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Ct 


University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


• 


sr^^wv«^^. 


^,M.^^lj^fra^ 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

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http://www.archive.org/details/conciseoxforddicOOfowlrich 


The  Concise 

Oxford  Dictionary 

of  Current  English 

Adapted  by 
H.  W.  FOWLER  and  F.  G.  FOWLER 


Authors  of  'The  King^s  English' 


from 
The  Oxford  Dictionary 


THIRD   IMPRESSION 


Oxford 

At  the  Clarendon  Press 

1912 


Henry  Frowde,  M.A. 

Publisher  to  the  University  of  Oxford 

London,  Edinburgh,  New  York 

Toronto  and  Melbourne 


PREFACE1 

THE  steady  advance  towards  completion  of  the  great  Oxford 
English  Dictionary  has  made  it  possible  for  the  Delegates  of  the 
Clarendon  Press  to  authorize  the  preparation  and  issue  of  this  book, 
which  in  its  own  province  and  on  its  own  scale  uses  the  materials  and 
follows  the  methods  by  which  the  Oxford  editors  have  revolution- 
ized lexicography.  The  book  is  designed  as  a  dictionary,  and  not 
as  an  encyclopaedia ;  that  is,  the  uses  of  words  and  phrases  as  such 
are  its  subject  matter,  and  it  is  concerned  with  giving  information 
about  the  things  for  which  those  words  and  phrases  stand  only  so 
far  as  correct  use  of  the  words  depends  upon  knowledge  of  the 
things.  The  degree  of  this  dependence  varies  greatly  with  the 
kind  of  word  treated,  the  difference  between  cyclopaedic  and  dic- 
tionary treatment  varies  with  it,  and  the  line  of  distinction  is 
accordingly  a  fluctuating  and  dubious  one.  It  is  to  the  endeavour  to 
discern  and  keep  to  this  line  that  we  attribute  whatever  peculiarities 
we  are  conscious  of  in  this  dictionary  as  compared  with  others  of  the 
same  size.  One  of  these  peculiarities  is  the  large  amount  of  space 
given  to  the  common  words  that  no  one  goes  through  the  day  with- 
out using  scores  or  hundreds  of  times,  often  disposed  of  in  a  line  or 
two  on  the  ground  that  they  are  plain  and  simple  and  that  every  one 
knows  all  about  them  by  the  light  of  nature,  but  in  fact  entangled 
with  other  words  in  so  many  alliances  and  antipathies  during  their 
perpetual  knocking  about  the  world  that  the  idiomatic  use  of  them 
is  far  from  easy;  chief  among  such  words  are  the  prepositions,  the 
conjunctions,  the  pronouns,  and  such  '  simple '  nouns  and  verbs  as 
hand  and  way,  go  and  put.  Another  peculiarity  is  the  use,  copious 
for  so  small  a  dictionary,  of  illustrative  sentences  as  a  necessary 
supplement  to  definition  when  a  word  has  different  senses  between 
which  the  distinction  is  fine,  or  when  a  definition  is  obscure  and 
unconvincing  until  exemplified ;  these  sentences  often  are,  but  still 
more  often  are  not,  quotations  from  standard  authors;  they  are 
meant  to  establish  the  sense  of  the  definition  by  appeal  not  to  ex- 
ternal authority,  but  to  the  reader's  own  consciousness,  and  there- 
fore their  source,  even  when  authoritative,  is  not  named.  A  third 
and  a  fourth  peculiarity  are  the  direct  results  of  the  preceding  ones; 
if  common  words  are  to  be  treated  at  length,  and  their  uses  to  be 
copiously  illustrated,  space  must  be  saved  both  by  the  curtest 

1  The  remarks  likely  to  be  needed  for  reference  on  pronunciation,  inflexion,  &c,  will 
be  found  facing  the  letter  A ;  on  the  page  before  these  remarks  is  a  list  of  the  abbrevia- 
tions used  in  the  Dictionary. 


vi PREFACE 

not  been  excluded  in  favour  of  the  judgement,  rime,  ax,  preferred  by 
the  O.E.D.,  but  are  retained  at  least  as  alternatives  having  the  right 
to  exist.  In  dealing  with  verbs  such  as  level,  rivet,  bias,  whose 
parts  and  derivatives  are  variously  spelt,  the  final  consonant  being 
often  doubled  with  no  phonetic  or  other  significance,  we  have  as  far 
as  possible  fallen  in  with  the  present  tendency,  which  is  to  drop  the 
useless  letter,  but  stopped  short  of  recognizing  forms  that  at  present 
strike  every  reader  as  Americanisms ;  thus  we  write  riveted,  riveter, 
but  not  traveling,  traveler.  On  another  point  of  varying  usage — 
the  insertion  of  a  mute  e  in  derivatives  in  -able,  -age,  -ish,  &c,  to 
indicate  the  'long'  sound  of  the  stem  vowel  (likable  or  likeable, 
milage  or  mileage,  latish  or  lateish) — we  have  thought  ourselves 
justified  in  taking  a  bolder  line,  and  have  consistently  omitted  the 
-e- ;  it  is  against  all  analogy  (or  why  not  smileing,  Romeish,  doteage, 
tideal,  indescribeable,  desireable,  exciteable  ?),  it  is  used  chiefly  in 
words  not  familiar  or  important  enough  to  have  their  form  respected 
as  established,  it  obscures  the  different  and  more  valuable  use  by 
which  a  soft  g  or  c  is  indicated  as  in  manageable  and  serviceable,  and 
it  tempts  bad  spellers  to  such  monstrosities  as  unpalateable,  loveable, 
and  moveable.  In  words  of  the  type  ardour,  colour,  favour,  where 
the  O.E.D.  recognizes  both  -our  and  -or,  we  have  excluded  the 
latter  as  being  (except  in  particular  words  like  horror  and  torpor,  in 
which  it  is  usually  the  only  form)  entirely  non-British.  Words  in 
which  -y-  has  intruded  itself  without  completely  dispossessing  a 
more  correct  -i-,  as  sylvan,  tyro,  tyre,  we  have  given  with  the  -i- 
form  either  alone  or  placed  first.  In  stating  the  plural  of  words  in 
-o,  we  have  found  it  impossible  to  draw  any  satisfactory  line 
between  the  words  that  prefer  -os  and  those  that  prefer  -oes ;  it  may 
perhaps  be  laid  down  that  on  the  one  hand  words  of  which  the 
plural  is  very  commonly  used,  as  potato,  have  almost  invariably 
-oes,  and  on  the  other  hand  words  still  felt  to  be  foreign  or  of 
abnormal  form,  as  soprano,  chromo  for  chromolithograph,  have 
almost  invariably  -os  ;  of  many  other  words  it  may  be  said  with 
confidence  that  they  use  one  form  only  (cf.  punctilios,  noes)  ;  but 
the  majority  fluctuate,  and  we  have  not  seen  our  way  to  doing 
otherwise.  We  have  also  to  admit  that  after  trying  hard  at  an 
early  stage  to  arrive  at  some  principle  that  should  teach  us  when  to 
separate,  when  to  hyphen,  and  when  to  unite  the  parts  of  com- 
pound words,  we  had  to  abandon  the  attempt  as  hopeless,  and 
welter  in  the  prevailing  chaos. 


PREFACE  vii 


PRONUNCIATION 

When  the  pronunciation  of  a  word  is  not  sufficiently  determined 
by  the  placing  of  the  stress-mark  or  by  vowel  quantities,  further 
information  follows  in  round  brackets.  The  phonetic  values  of  the 
letters  employed  in  these,  and  the  use  of  the  stress-mark,  are 
explained  on  the  page  facing  the  letter  A. 

Derivatives  are  to  be  understood,  unless  the  contrary  is  indicated, 
as  following  the  pronunciation  of  the  main  word  under  which  they 
are  given  or  to  which  they  are  referred  in  the  etymological  note. 

The  pronunciation  of  many  words  is  omitted  on  the  assumption 
that  the  reader  is  already  familiar  with  the  normal  values  of  some 
letters  and  combinations.  The  hard  sounds  of  th  and  s,  and  the 
sounds  of  c  (s)  and  g  (j)  before  i,  e,  and  y,  are  recorded  only  for 
special  purposes;  a  vowel  that  is  short  before  two  consonants  or 
a  single  final  consonant,  or  long  before  a  single  consonant  followed 
by  e  mute,  is  not  usually  marked;  and  the  pronunciation  of  the 
suffix  -ation  (-ashn)  and  of  the  a  in  path  &c.  (-ah-,  -a-)  is  not  given. 

To  some  suffixes  no  less  familiar  than  -ation  pronunciation  is 
added  in  view  of  certain  ignorant  or  pedantic  tendencies.  The 
pleasant  fiction  that  cottage  is  pronounced  kotaj,  though  still  pre- 
valent in  dictionaries,  has  perhaps  never  deceived  any  one;  but 
we  have  all  heard  furniture  (-tur),  knowledge  (no-),  and  often  (-t-). 
Against  these  and  other  results  of  the  undue  influence  of  spelling 
warnings  are  freely  given. 

In  the  choice  or  rejection  of  alternative  pronunciations  the  O.E.D. 
has  always  been  consulted,  but  is  not  always  followed. 

ORDER  OF  SENSES 

From  the  order  in  which  the  senses  of  a  word  are  here  given  no 
inference  must  be  drawn  as  to  their  historical  or  other  relations,  the 
arrangement  being  freely  varied  according  to  the  requirements  or 
possibilities  of  the  particular  word.  Sense-development  cannot 
always  be  convincingly  presented  without  abundant  quotation  from 
authorities,  and  the  historical  order  is  further  precluded  by  the 
uniform  omission  of  obsolete  senses.  Occasionally,  when  a  rare  but 
still  current  sense  throws  light  on  the  commoner  senses  that  follow 
or  forms  the  connecting  link  with  the  etymology,  it  has  been  placed 
at  the  beginning ;  but  more  commonly  the  order  adopted  has  been 
that  of  logical  connexion  or  of  comparative  familiarity  or  im- 
portance. 


viii  PREFACE 


ETYMOLOGY 


Etymology  is  given  in  square  brackets  at  the  end  of  each  article. 

Words  of  Teutonic  origin  are  illustrated  by  all  or  some  of  the 
forms  found  in  cognate  languages.  With  words  that  have  passed 
through  several  languages  on  their  way  to  English,  the  forms  taken 
in  successive  languages  are  recorded  in  full,  with  the  following 
exceptions.  (1)  When  OF  or  the  like  at  the  beginning  of  the  etymo- 
logy is  not  followed  by  the  old  French  form  written  in  full,  it  is 
because  the  latter  is  identical  in  spelling  with  the  English  or  differs 
from  it  only  in  some  unimportant  detail  specified  in  brackets. 
(2)  The  Latin  form  of  a  Greek  word  is  usually  omitted,  and  is  to  be 
inferred  according  to  the  rules  of  transliteration  given  below!  Thus 
(under  pleonasm)  '  f .  L  f .  Gk  pleonasmos '  is  to  be  read  '  f .  L 
pleonasmus  f.  Gk  pleonasmos1.  A  similar  omission  of  a  word  in 
any  other  language  implies  absolute  identity  of  form. 

Greek  words  are  written  with  the  corresponding  English  letters 
(♦»  X'  ^  P>  Pp5=Pn?  kh>  ps,  rh,  rrh,  and  a,  y],  a>,=ai,  ei,  6i),  and  not 
according  to  the  Latin  transliteration,  the  rules  for  which  are  as 
follows:  Greek  k= Latin  c;  ai=ae;  ou=u;  u  (exc.  in  diphthongs) 
= y ;  ei = i  or  e ;  oi = oe  (but  in  nom.  pi.  =  i) ;  g  (before  g  or  k) = n ;  also, 
-6s  (nom.  masc),  -6n,=-us,  -um;  -es,  -e,  (1st  decl.  nom.)=-a;  -on 
(nom.)=-o;  -6s  (genit.)=-is;  -a  (accus.  sing.  masc.  or  fern.  )  = -em. 

French  nouns  of  Latin  origin  are  with  few  exceptions  derived 
from  the  Latin  accusative ;  but  the  Latin  nominative  is  here  given 
except  when  (e.g.  in  words  in  -atio)  a  change  of  stress  is  involved. 

Greek  tj  (e)  and  w  (6),  and  the  e  of  Latin  infinitives  of  2nd  conj. 
(-ere,  -eri),  are  regularly  marked  long.  The  accented  letters  (a,  ee, 
&c.)  in  forms  quoted  from  Old  English  or  other  Teutonic  languages 
are  long. 

F,  G,  &c,  must  not  be  taken  to  imply  that  the  word  to  which 
they  are  prefixed  is  current,  or  is  so  spelt,  in  the  modern  language; 
nor  does  it  follow  from  a  word's  being  given  as  OF  that  it  is  obsolete. 

The  etymology  often  contains  references  in  small  capitals  to 
words  and  suffixes. 

Hence  introduces  one  or  more  of  the  direct  derivatives  of  the  word 
treated;  whence  introduces  such  derivatives  under  a  particular  sense 
to  which  they  are  restricted;  so  introduces  words  derived  from 
another  language;  hence  or  cogn.,  whence  or  cogn.,  introduce  groups 
of  partly  English  and  partly  foreign  derivation.  The  suffixes  of 
such  derivatives  are  commonly  printed  in  small  capitals,  and  are 
thus  referred  to  the  suffix  article  in  its  alphabetical  place.  The 
numbers  enclosed  in  brackets  indicate  subdivisions  of  the  suffix 


PREFACE  ix 


article,  and  are  often  used  to  distinguish  among  the  possible  senses 
of  the  derivative  word  those  in  which  it  is  chiefly  current. 

The  first  element  of  a  Latin  or  other  compound  word  is  often 
referred  to  a  prefix  article,  and  the  remainder  treated  separately 
within  brackets ;  meanings  given  within  the  bracket  belong  to  the 
simple  word,  those  of  the  compound  being  added  if  necessary  outside 
it.  Thus  convene  is  [f.  F  convenir  f.  L  ccm(venire  vent-  come) 
assemble,  agree,  fit].  The  stem  vent-  and  the  senses  agree,  fit,  are 
here  added  for  the  purposes  of  convention  and  convenience,  which 
are  referred  to  convene.  The  first  element  of  a  Greek  compound 
similarly  treated  is  sometimes  written  according  to  the  current 
(Latin)  transliteration,  to  facilitate  reference  to  the  prefix  article; 
Greek  kakoepeia,  under  cacoepy,  accordingly  appears  as  CACO(epeia). 
Certain  similar  devices  for  saving  needless  repetition  will,  it  is 
believed,  explain  themselves. 

The  etymology  of  all  words  from  A  to  R  was  drawn  in  the  first 
instance  from  the  O.E.D.,  but  was  occasionally  modified  after 
reference  to  Prof.  Skeat's  Etymological  Dictionary  (Clarendon 
Press,  4th  edition,  1910).  From  S  to  Z  Prof.  Skeat's  work  has 
been  our  main  authority,  the  Century  and  other  dictionaries  being 
consulted  for  the  words  that  he  omits. 


REFERENCE  BY  SMALL  CAPITALS 

The  use  of  small  capitals  for  etymological  purposes  is  explained 
above. 
In  the  same  way  reference  is  made 

(1)  from  the  word  treated  to  another  word  for  the  purpose  of 
contrast,  distinction,  correlation,  or  the  like.  Of  this  kind  are  the 
references  from  slander  to  libel  and  scandal,  from  creationism  to 
evolution  and  vice  versa,  and  from  tenon  to  mortise  and  vice  versa. 

(2)  from  any  member  of  a  group  to  the  word  under  which  the 
group  is  collected  or  further  explained.  Ruby  (print.)  is  in  this 
way  referred  to  type  ;  order  (nat.  hist.)  to  class1 ;  and  the  iron1, 
golden,  and  silver  ages  to  brazen 1. 

(3)  from  one  or  more  words  of  a  proverb  or  the  like  to  that  under 
which  alone  the  proverb  is  explained.  Play *  and  drake 8  contain 
such  references  to  duck  \  flesh  and  herring  to  fish  \  . 

(4)  from  a  compound  of  the  word  treated  to  its  other  component 
for  explanation.  The  sign  (=)  prefixed  to  such  a  reference  indicates 
that  the  simple  word  treated  is  itself  used  in  the  sense  of  the  com- 
pound. Thus,  under  pie1,  sea-pie  is  merely  referred  (sEA-p.)  to  sea, 
but  magpie,  besides  being  referred  to  the  article  magpie,  is  recorded 
(= magpie)  as  one  of  the  senses  of  pie. 


PREFACE 


ABBREVIATIONS 

In  any  article,  when  the  word  treated  in  it  is  to  be  quoted  or 
mentioned,  its  initial  letter  followed  by  a  period  is  used  instead 
of  the  whole  word  ;  this  stands  only  for  the  exact  form  that  heads 
the  article  ;  e.g.,  in  the  verb  love,  I.  means  love  (verb  or  noun), 
but  not  loving,  loved,  &c. ;  the  plural  of  nouns  is  represented  by 
doubling  the  letter  ;  e.g.,  in  extreme,  nut,  ee.,  nn.,  mean  extremes, 
nuts  ;  in  the  part  of  an  article  obviously  restricted  to  a  derivative 
the  letter  may  stand  for  that  derivative ;  e.g.,  representation,  given 
in  the  article  represent,  is  followed  by  a  bracket  in  which  r.  stands 
not  for  represent,  but  for  representation  •  in  the  part  of  an  article 
restricted  to  a  compound,  the  hyphened  initials  of  the  two  parts  are 
used ;  e.g.,  when  in  doing  ground-floor  under  the  article  ground  the 
phrase  get  in  on  the  ground-floor  is  to  be  explained  in  a  bracket, 
g.-f.  is  used  for  ground-floor. 

Of  other  abbreviations,  a  list  including  all  that  are  not  either  too 
obvious  to  need  explanation  or  generally  current  (and  accordingly 
to  be  found  in  the  abbreviation  lists  given  in  the  first  article  of  each 
letter  of  the  alphabet)  follows  on  the  opposite  page.  In  this  list, 
three  points  require  mention  :  (1)  the  appending  of  &c.  means  that 
the  abbreviation  stands  for  derivatives  or  inflexions  as  well  as  for 
the  simple  word  given  ;  e.g.,  metaphor  &c.  means  metaphor,  meta- 
phorical, or  metaphorically  ;  explain  &c.  means  explain,  explains, 
explained,  explaining,  or  explanation ;  this  system  is  used  also  with 
abbreviations  omitted  as  obvious  ;  thus  adv.  stands  not  only  for 
adverb,  but  also  for  adverbial  and  adverbially  ;  (2)  abbreviations  of 
nouns,  such  as  ex.  (example),  prep,  (preposition),  are  often  used 
with  the  last  letter  doubled  (exx.,prepp.)  as  plurals ;  it  has  not  been 
thought  necessary  to  give  these  plural  forms  except  in  one-letter 
abbreviations  (aa.,  nn.);  similar  plurals  occur  for  forms  that  have 
been  omitted  as  obvious  (adjj.  for  adjectives  &c);  (3)  abbreviations 
given  in  the  list  with  initial  capital  have  always  the  capital  in  use ; 
but  those  given  with  initial  small  letter  have  either  form  according 
to  circumstances  ;  similarly,  though  the  list  is  all  in  Roman  type, 
the  abbreviations  are  sometimes  for  reasons  not  affecting  their  sense 
printed  in  italics. 

June,  1911 


LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


a.,  adjective 
aa.,  adjectives 
abl.,  ablative 
abs.,  absolute  &c. 
ace,  according,  accusative 
AF,  Anglo-French 
alch.,  alchemy  &c. 
alius.,  allusive  &c. 
anal.,  analogy;  &c. 
ant.,  antiquities 
arch.,  architecture  &c. 
Ass.,  Assyrian 
assim.,  assimilate  &c. 
assoc,  associated  &c. 
astr(on).,  astronomy  &c. 
astrol.,  astrology  &c. 
attrib.,  attributive  &c. 
augment,  augmentative 
&c. 

b.,  born 

back-form., back-formation 

bibl.,  biblical  &c. 

Boh.,  Bohemian 

Bret.,  Breton 

c,  century,  circiter 

cc,  centuries 

cl.,  classical 

cogn.,  cognate 

colloq.,  colloquial  &c. 

comb.,  combination  &c. 

comp.,  composition,  com- 
parative 

compd,  compound 

compl.,  complement 

compp.,  compounds 

conj.,  conjunction,  conju- 
gation 

conn.,  connect  &c. 

constr.,  construct  &c. 

contr.,  contraction  &c. 

cop.,  copulative 

Corn.,  Cornish 

correl.,  correlative  &c. 

d.,  died 

Da.,  Danish 

dat.,  dative 

deriv.,  derivative  &c. 

dial.,  dialectal 

din*.,  different 

different.,  differentiate  &c. 

dim.,  diminutive  &c. 

dissim.,  dissimilate  &c. 

Du.,  Dutch 

dub.,  dubious 

E,  English 

eccl.,  ecclesiastical  &c. 
ellipt.,  elliptical  &c. 
erron.,  erroneously 
eth.,  ethics  &c. 
etym.,  etymology  &c. 
euphem.,  euphemism  &c. 
ex.,  example 
exag.,  exaggeration  &c. 
exc.,  except 

excl.,  exclusive  &c,  excla- 
mation &c. 
expl.,  explain  &c. 
expr.,  expressing  &c. 


F,  French 
f.,  from 

facet.,  facetious  &c. 

fig.,  figurative  &c. 

foil.,  (the)  following  (word) 

found.,  founding 

Fr„  French 

freq(uent).,    frequentative 

&c. 
Fris.,  Frisian 

G,  German 

gen.,  general  &c,  genitive 

Gk,  Greek 

gr.,  grammar  &c. 

Hind.,  Hindi,  Hindustani 
hist.,  history,  historical  &c. 
hort.,  horticulture  &c. 

i.,  intransitive 
iniit.,  imitative  &c. 
ind.,  indicative,  indirect 
inf.,  infinitive 
infl.,  influence  &c. 
instr.,  instrumental  (case) 
int.,  interjection 
intr.,  intransitive 

joe,  jocose  &c. 

L,  Latin 

LG,  Low  German 
lit.,  literal,  literally 
LL,  late  Latin 

ME,  middle  English  (1200- 

1500) 
med.,  medicine  &c. 
med.  L,  medieval  Latin 
metaph.,  metaphor  &c. 
MHG,  middle  high  German 
min.,  mineralogy 

n.,  noun 

neg.,  negative  &c. 

nn.,  nouns 

nom.,  nominative 

N.T.,  New  Testament 

num.,  numeral 

O,  old  (with  languages) 

obj.,  object  &c. 

obs.,  obsolete 

occ(as).,  occasional  &c. 

OHG,  old  high  German 

ON,  old  Norse 

ONF,  old  northern  French 

opp.,  (as)  opposed  (to) 

opt.,  optics  &c. 

ord.,  ordinary 

orig.,  origin  &c. 

O.T.,  Old  Testament 

part.,  present  participle 
partic,  participial 
path.,  pathology  &c. 
phr.,  phrase 

fl.,  plural 
'ol.,  Polish 
pol.,  politics  &c. 
pop.,  popular  Sec 


p.p.,  past  or  passive  parti- 
ciple 

Pr.,  Provencal 

pr.,  pronounce  &c. 

prec.,(the)preceding  (word) 

pred.,  predicate  &c. 

pref.,  prefix 

prep.,  preposition 

pres.,  present 

prob.,  probable  &c. 

pron.,  pronoun  &c,  pro- 
nounce &c. 

prop.,  proper,  properly 

pros.,  prosody  &c. 

Pro  v.,  Provencal 

pro  v.,  proverb  &c,  pro- 
vincial &c. 

R.-C,  Roman-Catholic 
ref.,  reference 
refash.,  refashioned  &c. 
refl.,  reflexive  &c. 
rel.,  relative 
repr.,  represent  &c. 
Rom.,  Roman,  Romance 

s.,  singular 
Sc,  Scotch 
sci.,  science  &c. 
sent.,  sentence 
Skr.,  Sanskrit 
somet.,  sometimes 
st,  stem 

subj.,  subject  &c,  subjunc- 
tive 
suf.,  suffix 
sup.,  superlative 
surv.,  surveying 
Sw.,  Swedish 

t.,  transitive 
term.,  termination 
thr.,  through 
trans.,  transitive  &c. 
transf.,  in  transferred  sense 
transl.,  translation  &c. 
translit.,  transliteration 
typ.,  typography 

ult.,  ultimately 
unexpl.,  unexplained 
U.S.,  United  States 
usu.,  usual,  usually 

v.,  verb 

var.,  variant,  various 

vbl,  verbal 

voc.,  vocative 

vv.,  verbs 

W,  Welsh 

w.,  with 

WG,  West  German 

*,  sign  affixed  to  all  forms 
not  recorded  but  merely 
inferred,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  those  called  Aryan 
or  OTeut.  (all  of  which 
are  inferential) 


NOTE  ON  ACCENT,  PRONUNCIATION,  INFLEXION,  AND 
FOREIGN  WORDS 

ACCENT 

Accent  is  marked  by  the  turned  period  (*),  which  is  normally  placed  after  the 
accented  vowel  or  diphthong  (a'etop,  allow,  a'ccent  noun,  acce'nt  verb,  exag- 
gepa'tion,  exa'^greratop) ;  two  equal  accents  in  one  word  are  both  marked  (ti'tbi't) ; 
and  the  ■  is  used  for  the  secondary  as  well  as  for  the  main  accent  in  long  words  where 
the  former  might  be  doubtful  (eip'eumg-ypa'te,  a'biogene'tieally). 

But  the  place  of  the  turned  period  in  syllables  whose  vowel  sound  is  modified  by  r  or 
re  is  after  the  whole  combination  (pop'tep,  pupe'ly),  any  possible  confusion  being 
guarded  against  by  the  -oru  (mepe'ly,  but  hepe'tieal).  Similarly  it  stands  after 
silent  consonants  (mlgh*ty,  deb'top,  blaek'guapd),  consonants  that  merely  modify 
a  vowel  sound  (cal'mness),  or  e  mute  following  the  accented  vowel  (blue'bell). 

Some  miscellaneous  examples  are  added :— foTest,  fore'noon,  fortnight,  fore'nsic ; 
bar'ring,  ba Track;  bal'my,  ba'lsam  ;  arraig'n  ;  demes'ne;  sig'ning,  signature;  high'er; 
Cadme'an;  defray;  bye'-law;  da'ffadowndi'lly ;  ca'noniza'tion. 

PRONUNCIATION 

When  necessary,  a  bracket  is  placed  immediately  after  a  word,  with  directions  for 
pronouncing  it  or  some  part  of  it.    In  these  brackets, 

(1)  Vowel  sounds  have  the  value  shown  by  the  roman-type  letters  in  :— mate,  mete, 
mite,  mote,  mute,  moot ;  ruck,  reck,  rick,  rock,  ruck,  rook ;  caw,  cow ;  bah,  boil. 

(2)  Vowel-combinations  with  r  (the  r  is  not  trilled  before  a  consonant  or  mute  e)  are 
as  follows  :— 

maxe,  mere,  mire,  more,  demure,  moor ;  dowry ;  part,  pert,  port. 

(3)  Italicized  vowels  or  vowel-combinations  have  the  indistinct  sound  shown  in 
again,  moment,  admiral,  morose,  swpport,  certain,  connoisseur,  comfort,  jealows,  murder. 

(4)  Each  consonant  or  consonant-combination  has  only  one  sound;  the  value  of 
ambiguous  or  specially  used  ones  is  :— 

ch  as  in  loch ;  dh  as  in  dhen  (=then) ;  g  as  in  get ;  J  asin,?e£ ;  ng  as  in  singer ;  ngg 
asm  finger;  n-g  as  in  un-gardtd  (=unguarded) ;  pas  in  rat  (and  see  vowel-combina- 
tions above) ;  s  as  in  sister ;  th  as  in  thinketh ;  tsh  as  in  tship  (=chip) ;  w  as  in  wit  (and 
see  vowel  sounds  above) ;  y  as  in  yet ;  zh  as  in  fuzhn  (=fusion). 

Letters  marked  -  or  «  in  the  word  itself  have  the  same  value  as  in  the  brackets, 
except  that  e  is  also  used,  when  there  is  no  danger  of  confusion,  to  show  that  e  is  not 
mute  or  part  of  a  compound  sound  ;  so  ni'cety,  ca'ffeine. 

INFLEXION 

The  rules  assumed,  exceptions  to  which  are  noted  in  a  bracket  placed  after  a  word's 
grammatical  description,  are  as  follows  :— 

1.  Verbs  add  -s  in  3rd  sing,  pres.,  -ed  in  past  and  p.p.,  -ing  in  pres.  part.,  -er  to  form 
agent-noun. 

2.  Verbs  and  adjectives  drop  final  mute  e  before  -ing,  -ed,  -er,  -est. 

3.  Before  -ed,  -ing,  -er,  -est,  -eth,  monosyllabic  verbs  and  adjectives  double  a  final 
single  consonant  (except  x)  if  preceded  by  a  single  vowel. 

4.  (a)  nouns,  (b)  adjectives,  (c)  verbs,  in  -y  preceded  by  a  consonant  have  (a)  plurai 
-ies,  (b)  comparative  -ier,  superlative  -iest,  adverb  -ily,  noun  -iness,  (c)  3rd  sing.  pre?. 
-ies,  past  and  p.p.  -ied,  agent-noun  -ier. 

5.  Nouns  in  -s,  -x,  -z,  -ch=tsh,  and  -sh,  and  some  in  -o,  form  plural  by  adding  -es ; 
others  add  -s. 

6.  Monosyllabic  adjectives  and  disyllables  in  -y  compare  in  -er,  -est ;  others  with 
more,  most. 

FOREIGN  WORDS 

Words  usually  or  often  printed  in  italics  as  either  incompletely  naturalized  or  com- 
pletely foreign  are  in  sloping  type.  When  either  the  word  itself  or  any  of  its  sounds 
is  distinctly  un-English,  the  reader  is  warned  by  a  bracket  containing,  instead  of  pro- 
nunciation, the  letter  or  letters  standing  for  the  language  it  belongs  to.  Otherwise, 
pronunciation  is  given  for  sloped  words  to  the  same  extent  as  for  others,  but  is  often 
to  be  taken  as  merely  approximate. 


ENGLISH   DICTIONARY 


ABASE 


A,  letter  (pi.  As,  A's,  Aes).  (Mus.)  note,  and 
the  corresponding  scale.  (In  argument)  first 
imaginary  person  or  case.  (Alg.)  first  known 
quantity.  (Naut.)  Al  (a  wun),  first-class  ship 
in  Lloyd's  register;  excellent,  best,  (colloq.). 
(Naut)  AS,  third-class  ship  at  Lloyd's. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  ab,  A.U.C.  (urbe  con- 
dita) ;  able,  A.B.  (-bodied) ;  acting,  as 
A.A.Q.M.O.  (assistant  quartermaster  gen- 
eral) ;  assistant,  as  A.A.G.  (adjutant  general), 
A.Q.M.G.  (quartermaster  general) ;  adjutant, 
as  A.G.  (general) ;  aide,  A.D.C.  (-de-camp) ; 
anno,  as  A.D.  (domini),  A.H.  (hegirae) ;  ante, 
as  a.m.  (meridiem) ;  army,  as  A.S.C.  (service 
corps) ;  Associate,  as  A.R.A.  (Royal  Academy) ; 
authorized,  A.V.  (version). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  ab  init.,  ab  initio ;  Abp, 
Archbishop  ;  a/e.,  account ;  Adm.,  Admiral ; 
advt,  advertisement ;  aet.,  aetatis  ;  Ala., 
Alabama ;  Alas.,  Alaska ;  Alban.,  Bishop 
of  St  Alban 's ;  Ariz.,  Arizona ;  Ark.,  Arkan- 
sas ;  arr.,  arrives. 

a1,  an,  a.  (sometimes  called  indefinite  article. 
Before  all  consonants  except  silent  h,  use  a ; 
a  history,  a  historian,  though  some  still  write 
an  before  h  in  unaccented  syllable,  but  an 
hour :  before  all  vowels  except  eu,  u,  use  an ; 
an  ulcer,  but  a  unit,  a  eulogy;  also  a  one. 
Placed  after  many,  such,  what,  or  any  adj. 
preceded  by  how,  so,  as,  too.  Used  with  ap- 
parent plurals  of  number,  a  dozen  rae«=a 
dozen  or  men  ;  also  with  pi.  adjj.  few,  good 
•many,  great  many).  (Unemphatic  substitute 
for)  one,  some,  any  ;  one  like  (a  Daniel) ;  (after 
all  of,  many  of,  &c.)  the  same  {all  of  a  size) ; 
(distrib.)  each  (£U0  a  year,  where  a  is  orig.  = 
foil.),    [weakening  of  OE  an  one] 

a2,  prep.  On,  to,  towards,  into,  in.  Mostly 
now  written  as  pref.,  or  oftener  omitted  than 
expressed,  or  confused  w.  a1.  On :  abed,  afoot. 
To:  ashore.  Towards:  aback,  afar,  aside. 
Into :  apart,  asunder.  In  :  now-a-days,  twice  a 
day ;  w.  vbl  nouns,  passively,  a-building, 
actively,  was  (a-)  fighting,  and  esp.  w.  go,  set, 
as  he  went  a  begging,  they  set  the  bells  a  ring- 
ing,   [weakening  of  OE  prep,  an,  on] 

a-,  pref.  f.  various  sources.  (1)  OE  ar-  or  a-, 
away,  on,  up,  out,  and  so  to  express  intensity, 
as  arise ;  cf.  G  er-.  (2)  OE  an,  on  prep. ;  see 
prec.  (3)  OE  of  prep.,  as  akin,  (i)  L  ad-  to, 
either  directly,  as  aspect,  or  through  F  a-  as 
achieve  ;  many  words  derived  in  the  latter  way 
have  been  later  assimilated  to  L  spelling,  as 
a(d)dress,  a(g)grieve.  (5)  L  a,  ab,  from; 
directly,  as  avert,  or  through  F  a-,  as  abridge  ; 
again  somet.  assimilated  to  L  spelling,  as 
a(b)stain.  (6)  L  ex-  out,  utterly,  through  AFa- 
f.  OF  e-,  es-,  as  amend.  (7)  Gk  a-,  an-,  not, 
without ;  directly,  as  amorphous,  through  L, 
as  acatalectic,  or  through  L  and  F,  as  adamant ; 
compounded  chiefly  w.  Gk  words,  but  also  w. 
others,  as  a-moral. 


-a,  suf.  (1)  Nn.  f.  Gk,  L,  and  Rom.  fern,  sing., 
as  idea  (Gk),  arena  (L),  piazza  (It.),  duenna 
(Sp.),  esp.  Nat.  Hist,  terms,  ancient  or  latinized 
mod.  (hyena,  dahlia),  geogr.  names  (Africa), 
and  names  of  women,  ancient  or  latinized  mod. 
(Lydia,  Hilda).  (2)  Gk  and  L  neut.  pi.  nouns 
(genera,  phenomena),  esp.  names,  often  f.  mod. 
L,  of  classes  of  animals  (mammalia). 

aard-vark  (ard),  n.  S. -African  quadruped 
between  armadilloes  and  ant-eaters,  [f.  Du. 
aarde  earth +vark  pig,  cf.  OE  fearh  and  L 
porcus  pig] 

aard-wolf  (ard),  n.  S. -African  carnivore 
between  hyenas  and  civets,    [see  prec] 

Aaron's  beard  (ar-),  n.  Kinds  of  plant, 
esp.  Great  St  John's  wort.  [ref.  to  Ps.  cxxxiii. 
2] 

Aar'on's  pod  (ar-),  n.  Kinds  of  plant,  esp. 
Great  Mullein  and  Golden  Rod.  [ref.  to  Num. 
xvii.  8] 

ab-,  pref.  Away,  from,  off,  apart,  [f.  L  ab, 
cf.  Gk  apo,  E  of,  off,  G  ab-.  In  L  reduced 
to  a-  before  v,  m,  v,  changed  to  au-  before  /, 
and  to  abs-  before  c,  t\  in  F  often  reduced 
to  a-] 

aba'ck,  adv.  Backwards.  (Naut.)  of  square 
sails  pressed  against  mast  by  head  wind ;  taken 
a.,  of  ship  w.  sails  in  that  state  ;  (fig.)  surprised. 
[a  2+ back  l] 

a-bacus,  n.  (pi.  -ci  pr.  -si).  Calculating-frame 
w.  balls  sliding  on  wires,  used  before  adoption 
of  the  nine  figures  and  zero.  (Arch.)  upper 
member,  often  square  flat  slab,  of  capital,  sup- 
porting architrave.  [L  abacus  f.  Gk  abax 
-akos  tablet] 

Aba-ddon.  Hell ;  the  devil  (Rev.  ix.  11). 
[Heb.  word,  destruction  (abad  he  perished)] 

aba'ft  (-ahft),  adv.  &  prep.  (naut.).  In  stern 
half  of  ship  ;  behind.  [A*+baft=OE  be  by+OE 
aeftan  adv.  behind] 

aba'ndon  *,  v.t.  Give  up  to  another's  con- 
trol or  mercy;  yield  oneself  completely  to  a 
passion  or  impulse ;  give  up  (a  possession  or 
habit) ;  forsake  (a  person,  post),  [f.  OF  aban- 
doner  (a  to+bandon  jurisdiction,  mettre  a 
bandon  meaning  to  put  a  person  under  any 
one's,  including  his  own,  control)] 

aba'ndon  2  (or  as  F),  n.  Careless  freedom, 
letting  oneself  j?o.    [F  ;  see  prec] 

;e.    [p.  p. 


Of  ABAN- 


aba'ndoned,  a.    Profligate 

DON1] 

aba*ndonee%  n.  (law).  Underwriter  to 
whom  salvage  of  wreck  is  abandoned,  [aban- 
don *  -(-  -ee] 

abandonment,  n.  Giving  up  or  forsaking ; 
being  forsaken  ;  self-surrender ;  careless  free- 
dom of  manner,  impulsiveness.  [f.  F  aban- 
donnement  (abandon  *,  -ment)] 

aba*se,  v.t.  Lower,  humiliate,  make  base. 
Hence  aba'seMENT  n.  [f.  OF  abaissier  (now 
abaisser)  (a  to  +  baissier  to  lower  f.  LL 
bassare  f.  bassus  short)] 

1 


ABASH 


AB  INITIO 


aba'sh,  v.t.  Put  out  of  countenance ;  (chiefly 
in  pass.)  be  confounded.  Hence  aba'sh- 
ment  n.  [f.  OF  esbair  astound  f.  es-  «  a-  (6)+ 
bahir  cry  bah!;  see  -ish2  &  cf.  punch  = 
punish] 

aba'sk,  adv.    In  warm  light.    [a2+bask] 

aba'te,  v.t.  &  i.  Diminish  (t.  &  L).  Do  away 
with  (nuisance) ;  blunt  (edge) ;  lower  (price) ; 
deduct  (specified  or  unspecified  part  of  price) ; 
mitigate  (violence);  weaken  (energy).  Grow 
less  (of  flood  or  epidemic).  (In  law)  quash  (writ 
or  action).  So  aoa'teMENT  n.  [f.  OF  abatre 
<d  to +  batre  f.  LL  batere  f.  L  batuere  beat)] 

a'batis,  aba'ttis,  n.  Defence  made  of  felled 
trees  w.  boughs  pointing  outwards.  Hence 
aba'tisED2  a.  [F  abatis,  OF  abateis  f.  LL 
*abateticius  of  throwing  down ;  cf.  OF  abatre, 
see  abate] 

abattoir  (F),  n.    Public  slaughterhouse. 

abb,  n.    Woof,    [a-  (1)  +  webJ 

A'bba,  n.  Father.  Used  w.  Father  in  invok- 
ing God  (Mark  xiv.  36).    [Aram.] 

a'bbacy,  n.  Office,  jurisdiction,  or  tenure, 
of  an  abbot,  [earlier  abbatie  (see  -CY)  f.  LL 
abbatia  (abbat-  nom.  -as  abbot)] 

abba'tial  (-ashal),  a.  Of  an  abbey,  abbot, 
or  abbess.  [F,  f.  LL  abbatialis  (abbatia  ab- 
bacy, -al)] 

a'bbe*  (a),  n.  Frenchman  (orig.  abbot)  en- 
titled to  wear  ecclesiastical  dress,  esp.  without 
official  duties.  [F,  f.  L  abbatem  nom.  -as  abbot] 

a'bbess,  n.  Lady  superior  of  a  nunnery. 
[OF  abaesse  (Pr.  abadessa)  f.  LL  abbatissa 
(abbat-  abbot)] 

a'bbey,  n.  Buildings  occupied  by  monks  or 
nuns  under  an  abbot  or  abbess  ;  the  monks  or 
nuns  as  a  body ;  a  church  or  house  that  was 
once  an  abbey  or  part  of  it.  [f.  OF  abate,  Pr. 
abadia,  t  hit  abbatia  abbacy] 

a'bbot,  n.  Head  of  abbey  of  monks ;  Abbot 
of  Misrule  or  of  Unreason,  leader  in  medieval 
burlesque  festivities.  Hence  a'bbotCY,  a*b- 
botSHip,  nn.  [OE  abbod,  f.  L  f.  Gk  abbas 
-at-  (abba)] 

abbreviate1  (-at),  a.  Relatively  short  (esp. 
in  nat.  hist.),  [f.  L  abbreviatus  p. p.  of  abbre- 
viare  shorten  (ab  off  or  ad  to +brevis  short)] 

abbreviate  2,  v.t.  Make  short  (chiefly  now 
of  writing  part  of  word  for  whole,  but  also  of 
visit,  story,  &c.)  Hence  abbreviATiON  n. 
[f .  prec. ;  see  -ate  3] 

A  B  C,  n.  The  alphabet ;  rudiments  of  any 
subject ;  alphabetical  railway  guide. 

a'bdicate,  v.t.  Renounce  formally  or  by 
default  (a  power,  office,  right ;  also  abs.,  esp.  of 
the  crown).  Henc3  abdie  a  tion  n. ,  a'bdicat- 
ed  i(2)  a.    [f.  L  AB(dicare  declare),  -ate  3] 

abdo-men,  n.  (Anat.)  belly,  including 
stomach,  bowels,  and  other  nutritive  organs 
(Zool.)  hinder  part  of  insects,  spiders,  &c.  [L 
etym.  dub.] 

abdo-minal,  a.  Of  the  abdomen  in  either 
sense;  (of  fish)  having  the  ventral  fins  under 
the  belly,    [f.  abdomin-  stem  of  prec.  +  -al] 

abdo'minous,  a.  Corpulent.  [asprec.+-ous] 

abdireent,  a.  (anat.).  Drawing  awav  (of 
muscles  that  open  or  pull  back  the  part  they 
are  fixed  to),  [f.  L  abducent-  part.  st.  of  ab- 
(d  ucere  d  act-  draw)] 

abdu'et,  v.t.  Kidnap  ;  take  away  (esp.  a 
woman)  by  force  or  fraud;  draw  (limb  &c.) 
from  its  natural  position,  [f.  L  abduct-  see 
prec] 

abdu'ction,  n.  Illegal  carrying  off,  esp.  of 
a  child,  ward  ;  forcible  carrying  off  of  any  one, 
as  of  a  voter ;  withdrawal  of  limb  from  natural 
position ;  shrinking  of  sides  of  a  wound,  causing 
it  to  gape  ;  syllogism  of  which  the  minor  pre- 


miss, and  therefore  the   conclusion,  is   only 
probable,    [f.  L  abductio  (prec,  -ion)] 
abdu'ctop,  n.   Person  who  abducts  another ; 
(also  a.  muscle)  muscle  that  abducts  a  limb. 

[as  ABDUCT  + -OR2] 

abea'm  (-em),  adv.  (naut).  On  a  line  at  right 
angles  to  the  ship's  length ;  a.  of  us,  opposite 
our  centre,_abreast.    [a  2  +  beam] 

a'becedar'ian  (abisi-),  a.  &  n.  Arranged 
alphabetically,  as  the  119th  Psalm ;  elementary, 
ignorant.  Pupil  learning  the  alphabet  (com- 
mon in  U.S.).    [f.  med.  L  abecedarium  alphabet 

(ABCD  +  -ARIUM)  +  -AN] 

abe'd,  adv.    In  bed.    [a2+bed1] 

abele  (abe'l,  a'bl),  n.  The  white  poplar, 
[f.  Du.  abeel  f.  OF  abel  earlier  aubel  f.  LL 
albellus  dim.  of  albus  white] 

aberglaube  (G),  n.  Excessive  belief,  super- 
stition.   [G] 

a'berdevrne,  n.  Birdfancier's  name  for 
the  siskin.    [?] 

abe'rrant,  a.  Straying  from  moral  stand- 
ard ;  (in  nat.  hist.)  diverging  from  normal  type. 
Hence  abe'PPANCE,  abe'PPANCY,  nn.  [f.  L 
aberrant-  part.  st.  of  AB(errare  stray)] 

abeppa'tion,  n.  A  straying  from  the  path, 
lit.  and  fig.  ;  breaking  of  rules ;  moral  slip ; 
intellectual  deficiency;  deviation  from  type. 
(Optics)  non-convergence  of  rays  to  one  focus. 
(Astron.)  displacement  of  heavenly  body's  true 
position  to  observer,  [f.  L  aberratio ;  see 
prec,  -ation] 

abe't,  v.t.  (-tt-).  Countenance  or  assist 
(offence  or  offender  ;  esp.  aid  and  a.).  Hence 
abe'tMENT,  abe'ttER1,  abe'ttOR2,  nn. 
Abettor  is  the  legal  and  the  commoner  general 
form.    [f.  0_F  abeter  (a  to+beter  bait  !)] 

ab  e'xtra,  adv.    From  outside.    [LL] 

abeyance  (-ba-),  n.  State  of  suspension, 
dormant  condition  liable  to  revival,  (of  rights 
&c  ;  mostly  in  phrr.  be  in  or  fall  into  a.),  [f.  OF 
abeance  (a  to+beer  =  It.  &  LL  badare  gape)] 

abhop*.  v.t.  (-rr-).  Regard  with  disgust  and 
hatred,    [f.  L  AB(horrere  shudder)] 

abhd'ppenee,  n.  Detestation;  detested 
thing  (flattery  is  my  a.).    [folL,  -ence] 

abnd'ppent,  a.  Inspiring  disgust,  hateful, 
of  conduct,  &c,  often  with  to  (person) ;  incon- 
sistent (from) ;  (archaic)  feeling  disgust  (of), 
as,  the  Greeks  were  a.  of  excess,  [f.  L  abhor- 
rent- part.  st.  see  abhor] 

abhop*pep,  n.  (hist.).  Nickname  of  those 
who  signed  addresses  to  Charles  II  in  1680.  [ab- 
hor+  -er  l] 

abi'dance,  n.  Continuance,  dwelling  (in), 
abiding  (by  rules,  &c).   [abide  +  -ance] 

abi'de,  v.t.  &  i.  (past  &  p.p.  abode  some- 
times abided).  Remain  over ;  continue ;  dwell ; 
stand  firm ;  (with  by)  remain  faithful  to,  act 
upon  (terms).  Wait  for;  encounter,  sustain; 
submit  to,  suffer ;  (negatively  as  I  cannot,  who 
can—1)  put  up  with  (noun  or  infinitive).  [OE 
abidan  f.  A-(l)+bidan  bide] 

abi'ding-,  a.  Permanent.  Hence  abi'd- 
ing-LY  2  adv.    [part,  of  abide] 

ablet-,  stem  of  several  chemical  terms.  Of 
resin,  or  fir.    [L  abiet-  nom.  abies  fir-tree] 

a'big-ail,  n.  Lady's-maid,  [character  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  Scornful  Lady,  perh.  w. 
ref.  to  1  Sam.  xxv.  24-31] 

abi'lity,  n.  Sufficient  power,  capacity  (to  do 
something) ;  legal  competency  (to  act) ;  financial 
competency  to  meet  a  demand ;  cleverness, 
mental  faculty,  (general  in  sing.,  special  in  pi.), 
[f.  OF  ableU  t.  L  habilitat-  n.  st.  f.  habilis 
deft ;  in  F  and  E  it  was  later  corrected  into 
habileU,  hability,  whence  the  mod.  form] 

ab  inrtt'o,  adv.    From  the  beginning.    [L] 


ABIOGENESIS 


ABOUND 


a,biog,e*nesis,  n.  Spontaneous  generation. 
(Allied  words)  a*biog,ene,tic,  connected  w. 
the  doctrine  ;  a'biogene'tiCALLY  adv.,  by 
spont.  gen.  or  according  to  the  doctrine ; 
abid'geniST^)  n.,  one  who  believes  in  it; 
abid*g"enous  a.,  so  produced;  abid'genY1 
n.,  =  abiogenesis.   [f.  Gk  abios  t  A-  (7)+bios  life 

+GENESIS] 

a'bject,  a.  &  n.     Brought  low,  miserable; 
craven,  degraded,  despicable.    (Bibl.  and  ar- 
chaic) a  person  of  the  meanest  condition.  Hence 
a'bjectLY2  adv.,  a'bjectNESS  n.     [f.  L  ab- 
jectus  p.p.  of  ab( jicere=jacere  throw)] 
abjection,  n.    Abasemept,  low  estate.    [F, 
f.  L  abjectionem  (abject,  -ion)] 
abjupa'tion,  n.      Action  or   form   of   re- 
nunciation on  oath,  in  all  senses  of  abjure 
(in   hist.   esp.    of   the    Stuart   claim),      [f.   L 
abjuratio  (abjure,  -ation)] 
abjure*,  v.t.    Renounce  on  oath  (an  opinion, 
heresy,  cause,  claim,  or  claimant) ;  swear  per- 
petual absence  from  (one's  country,  &c).    [f.  F 
abjurer  f.  L  ab( jurare  swear)] 
ablacta'tion,  n.  Weaning  from  the  mother, 
[f.  L  ABdaetatio  f.  lactare  suckle  f.  lact-  nom. 
lac  milk)] 

abla'tion,  n.  Removal  (esp.  in  surgery,  of 
any  part  of  body) ;  (Geol.)  waste  of  a  glacier  or 
rock  by  melting  or  water  action,  [f.  L  ablatio 
f.  AB(lat-  p.p.  st  of  ferre  carry)] 
a'blative,  a.  &  n.  The  case  in  Latin  nouns 
that  expresses  source,  agent,  cause,  instrument, 
of  action  =from  or  by  with  the  noun  (usu. 
noun;  adj.  with  case,  sense,  &c).  A.  absolute, 
a  construction  of  noun  and  participle  inL  Gram, 
giving  time  or  circumstances.  [F  ablatif  f.  L 
ablativu8  brought  from  (ablat-  see  prec)] 
a'blau  t  (or  as  G),  n.  Systematic  vowel  change 
in  derivation,  as  in  sing,  sang,  sung.  [Gl 
abla'ze,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  On  fire ;  glitter- 
ing; excited.  [a2+blaze] 
a'ble,  a.  Talented,  clever;  competent, 
having  the  means  or  power  (to),  esp.  w.  parts 
of  be  to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  can ;  legally 
qualified;  a.-bodied  seaman  (abbr.  a.b.),  of 
special  class.  Hence  a'bLV2  adv.  [f.  OF 
hable,  able,  (now  habile)  f.  L  habilis  handy 
(habere  to  hold)] 

-able,  suf.  f.  F  -able  f.  L  -a-  of  first  conjug.  + 
-bili-  see  -ble.  In  F  extended  to  vbs  of  all 
conjugg.  In  E  now  appended  even  to  native 
vbs  as  bearable,  nouns  as  clubbable,  and  phrase 
vbs  as  get-at-able ;  prob.  f.  confusion  w.  the 
unrelated  adj.  able.  (Meaning)  able  to  (com- 
fortable), able  to  be  (eatable),  fit  for  (salable). 
a'blet,  a'blen,  n.  Name  for  the  freshwater 
fish  bleak.  [F  ablette  f.  LL  abula  for  albula  dim. 
of  alba  white] 

a'bling-s,  a'blins,  ai'blins,  adv.  (Sc.  & 
north.).    Possibly,  perhaps,    [able  + -lings] 
abloo'm,  adv.  &  pred.  a.     In  or  into  bloom. 
[a  2 -f  bloom] 

ablu'sh,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Blushing.  [a  2+ 
blush] 

ablu'tion,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Ceremonial  washing 
of  person,  hands,  or  sacred  vessels;  ordinary 
persona]  washing ;  (sing.)  water  in  which  things 
have  been  washed,  esp.  in  Catholic  Ritual. 
Hence  ablu'tion arv  i  a.  [f.  L  AB(lutio  f.  luere 
hit-  wash,  -ion)] 

a'bnegate,  v.t.  Deny  oneself  (something), 
renounce  (a  right  or  belief),  [f.  L  AB(negare 
deny),  -ate3] 

abnega'tion,  n.    Denial ;  rejection  {of  doc- 
trine) ;  self-sacrifice  (now  oftener  self-a.).    [f.  L 
abnegatio  (prec,  -ation)] 
abnop'mal,  a.    Exceptional,  irregular,  de- 
viating from  type.    Hence  abnormalnv  n., 


the  quality  or  an  instance  of  it,  abnop'mal- 
ly2  adv.  [earlier  &  F  anormal  f.  med.  L 
anormalus  corrupted  f.  Gk  anbmalos  anoma- 
lous ;  but  now  regarded  as  f .  L  abnormis  see 
foil.] 

abnop'mity,  n.  Irregularity  ;  a  monstrosity, 
[f.  L  abnormitas  f.  AB(normis  f.  norma  rule)  see 
-ty] 

aboar'd,  adv.  &  prep.  On  or  into  a  ship 
(ship  either  expressed  or  omitted) ;  alongside, 
near,  esp.  close  or  hard  a.  Lay  (another  ship) 
a.,  place  one's  own  alongside  of  her  to  fight ; 
fait  a.,  fall  foul  of  (another  ship).    [a2+board] 

abo'de,  n.  Dwelling-place,  house  ;  stay,  habit 
of  dwelling,  as  in  make  one's  a.  [vbl  n.  of 
abide  ;  cf.  ride,  rode,  road] 

aboi'l,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  A-boiling,  boiling. 
[a2+boil] 

abd'lish,  v.t.  Do  away  with  (customs,  in 
stitutions).  Hence  abo'lishABLE  a.,  abo*- 
lishER1,  abo'lishMENT,  nn.  [f.  F  abolir  (-ish2) 
f.  L  abolescere  inceptive  of  abolere  become 
effete,  destroy,  (ab-,  *olere  grow)] 

aboli'tion,  n.  Doing,  being  done,  away  with. 
In  the  18th  and  19th  cc.  w.  ref.  to  negro  slavery 
and  the  movement  against  it,  whence  also 
aboli*tioniSM(3),  aboli*tioniST(2),  nn.  [f. 
L  abolitio  (prec,  -ion)] 

abo'minable,  a.  Detestable,  odious,  mor- 
ally or  physically  loathsome ;  (by  conscious  ex- 
aggeration) unpleasant.  Hence  abo'min- 
ableNESS  n.,  abo'minabLY2  adv.  [F  (ab., 
abh.),  t.  L  abominabilis  f.  AB(ominari  f.  omen) 
deprecate ;  the  older  spelling  was  regularly 
abh.,  due  to  confusion  w.  homo,  and  the 
violence  of  the  meaning  (inhuman  instead  of 
ill-omened)  results  from  the  mistake] 

abo'minate1,  v.t.  Loathe;  (by  exaggera- 
tion) dislike,    [f.  L  abominat- ;  see  prec] 

abo'minate2  (-at),  a.  (poet.).  Abominated, 
[f.  L  abominatus  p.p.,  see  abominable] 

abomina'tion,  n.  Loathing  ;  odious  or  de- 
grading habit  or  act ;  an  object  of  disgust  (to). 

[F  (ABOMINATE  1,  -ATION)] 

abopi*ginal,a.  &  n.  Indigenous,  existing  in  a 
land  at  the  dawn  of  history,  or  before  arrival  of 
colonists  (of  races  and  natural  objects) ;  (noun ; 
pi.  -als,  but  aborigines  commoner)  aboriginal 
inhabitant  or  (rarely)  thing.  Hence  abori- 
g-ina'liTY  n„  aborrginalLY 2  adv.  [f.  L 
ab  from+ origin-  nom.  origo  origin  +  -al] 

aborl'gines  (-ez),  n.  pi.  (aboriginal  usual  for 
sing. ;  also  the  indefensible  form  abori'gine",  a,n& 
rarely  abo'rigin  or  -en).  First  inhabitants,  or 
those  found  in  possession  by  colonists  (also  of 
native  plants  and  animals).  [L,  f.  phr.  ab  ori- 
gine  from  the  beginning] 

abop't,  v.i.  Miscarry,  have  premature  de- 
livery of  a  child.  (Biol. )  become  sterile,  remain 
undeveloped,  shrink  away,  (of  plants  and  ani- 
mals—the race,  the  individual,  or  part  of  the 
body),    [f.  L  abort-  p.p.  st.  of  AB(oriri  be  born)] 

abop'ted,  a.  Untimely  born,  undeveloped ; 
rudimentary  (thorns  are  aborted  branches). 
[ABORT+  -ed  1  (2)] 

abop'tion,  n.  Miscarriage  of  birth ;  the  pro- 
curing of  this,  whence  abop'tioniST(l)  n. ; 
arrested  development  of  any  organ ;  a  dwarfed 
or  misshapen  creature ;  failure  of  a  project  or 
action,    [f.  L  abortio  (abort,  -ion)] 

abop'tive,  a.  Premature  (birth  &c) ;  fruit- 
less, unsuccessful;  rudimentary  (organ  &c), 
arrested  in  development.  Hence  abop*tlve- 
ly2  adv.,  abop'tiveNESS  n.  [f.  L  abortivus 
(abort,  -ive)] 

abou'nd,  v.i.  (Orig.)  overflow,  either  of 
vessel  or  of  liquid.  Be  plentiful ;  be  rich  (in) ; 
teem  or  be  infested  (with),    [t  OF  abundert 


ABOUT 

abonder,  habonder,  f.  L  AB(undare,  f.  unda 
wave) ;  the  h-  common  in  older  F  and  E  is  due 
to  confusion  w.  L  habere  have] 

abou't^adv.  &prep.  All  round  from  outside, 
as  compass  it  a.,  He  is  a.  my  path,  beat  a.  the 
bush;  all  round  from  a  centre,  as  look  or  lay  a. 
you;  somewhere  round,  as  lie  a.,  hang  a.  (the 
door),  the  fields  a.  Oxford,  people  or  objects  a.  us, 
have  not  a  penny  a.  me ;  here  and  there  (in,  or 
abs. ),  as  smallpox  is  a. ,  move  or  order  a. ,  he  put 
the  tale  a.,  I  was  much  put  a.  (distracted),  dotted 
a.  the  fields,  man  a.  town ;  near  in  number, 
scale,  degree,  Sec,  as  a.  half,  fifty,  right,  tired, 
midnight,  my  size  (somet.  much  a.);  facing 
round,  as  right-a.  turn,  the  wrong  way  a.,  put 
(the  ship)  or  go  a. ;  round  a  party,  as  take  turns 
a.,  read  verse  a. ;  occupied  with,  as  a.  my 
father's  business,  send  a.  his  btisiness,  what  are 
you  a.  ?,  go  a.  to  do,  am  a.  to  do  (so  all  fut. 
participles) ;  in  connexion  with,  as  quarrels 
a.  trade,  something  vrrong  a.  it ;  circuitously, 
as  he  went  a  long  way  a.,  I  brought  it  a.,  it  came 
a.  TOE  on-butan  f.  on+butan  without  {be  by+ 
locati ve  of  ut  titan  out) ;  orig.  meaning  is  there- 
fore on  the  outside  (of)) 

aboirt2,  v.t.  Change  the  course  of  (ship)  to 
the  other  tack.    [f.  about  adv.] 

about-sledge,  n.  Largest  hammer  used  by 
smiths. 

above  (-uv),  adv.  &  prep.  (Adv.)  at  a  higher 
point  (w.  spec,  meanings  ace.  to  context) ;  over- 
head, on  high ;  up  stream,  upstairs ;  in  heaven  ; 
on  the  upper  side ;  earlier  in  a  book  or  article 
(as  ivas  remarked  a. ;  the  a.-cited  passages ; 
the  a.);  in  addition  (over  and  a.);  at  least  (a. 
a  hundred).  (Prep.)  over,  on  the  top  of,  higher 
than  (a.  par;  can't  get  a.  C—  in  music),  up 
stream  from,  projecting  from  (head  a.  water ; 
heard  a.  the  tumult ;  a.  ground =a.\ive),  further 
north  than,  earlier  in  hist  than  (not  traced  a. 
third  century),  out  of  reach  of  (a.  criticism, 
measure,  my  understanding),  too  great  or 
good  for  (a.  meanness,  ones  station),  more 
important  than  (a.  all),  of  higher  rank  than. 
A  bove  is  also  treated  as  a  noun  in  from  above. 
[f.  a  2f  OE  bufan  (be  by +ufan  locative  of  uf- 
cf.  G  auf  up)] 

abo've-boapd,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Undis- 
guisedly ;  fair,  open,    [metaph.  f.  cards] 

S.'bpacada'bra,  n.  Spell,  magic  formula ; 
gibberish.  Cabbalistic  word  supposed  when 
written  triangularly,  and  worn,  to  cure  agues 
&c.    [L,  etym.  dub.] 

ab  ovo,  adv.  (Relating  tediously)  from  the 
very  beginning.    [L;  Hor.  A.  P.  147] 

abra'de,  v.t.  Scrape  off,  injure,  (skin  &c.) 
by  violent  rubbing.  [f.  L  AB(radere  ras- 
scrape)] 

abra'nehial,  abra'nehiate,  (ki),  a. 
Without  gills,  [a-  (7)+Gk  bragkhia  gills  +  -al 
and  -ate2] 

abra'sion  (-azhn),  n.  Scraping  off  (of  skin 
&c);  the  wounded  place  that  results,  [f.  L. 
abrasio  abrade,  -ion)] 

abrea'st,  adv.      On  a  level  and  facing  the 


same  way  ;  keeping  up,  not  behind,  (of  ov  with 

f)rogress,  thought,  &c,  or  as  prep.,  a.  the  times). 
A2  +  BREAST  r] 


abrrdg-e,  v.t.  Shorten  (interview  &c); 
condense  or  epitomize  (book  &c);  curtail 
(liberty;  of  limbs  &c.  only  now  w.  playful 
archaism) ;  deprive  (person  o/).  [f.  OF  abregier, 
abreger,  f.  L  abbreviare  abbreviate] 

abri'dgment,  -ement,  n.  Shortening  (of 
time  or  labour),  curtailment  (of  rights) ;  epi- 
tome, abstract,  [f.  OF  abregement  f.  abreger 
(prec,  -ment)] 

abroa'ch  (-otsh),  adv.  &  pred.  a.     Pierced, 


ABSOLUTION 

so  as  to  let  the  liquor  run  (of  casks).  [a2+ 
broach] 

abpoa'd  (-awd),  adv.  Broadly,  widely,  in 
different  directions;  in  motion  (there  is  a 
rumour  a.) ;  out  of  doors,  in  or  to  foreign  lands  ; 
in  error  (all  a.).  Also  treated  as  a  noun  in 
from  a.    [a  2+ broad  a. ;  cf.  along,  at  large] 

a'brogate,  v.t.  Repeal,  cancel,  (law  or  cus- 
tom). So  abnog-A-TiON  n.  [f.  obs.  adj.  abro- 
gate f.  L  abrogatus  p.p.  of  AB(rogare  propose 
law)] 

abrirpt,  a.  Sudden,  hasty,  disconnected ; 
steep,  precipitous;  (Bot.)  truncated;  suddenly 
cropping  out  (of  geol.  strata).  Hence  abPirpt- 
ly  2  adv.,  abrirptNESS  n.  [f.  L  abruptus  p.p. 
of  AB(rumpere  break)] 

abpu'ption,  n.  Breaking  away  of  part 
from  a  mass.    [f.  L  abruptio  (abrupt,  -ion)] 

abs-,  pref.    From,  away,  off.    See  ab-. 

a'bscess  (-ses),  n.  Collection  of  pus  formed 
in  a  cavity  of  the  body.  [f.  L  abscessus agoing 
away  f.  ABS(cedere  cess-  go)] 

a'bsciss(e)  (pi.  -es),  absci'ssa  (pi.  -ae),  (-si-), 
n.  Portion  of  given  line  intercepted  between 
fixed  point  within  it  and  ordinate  drawn  to 
it  from  given  point  without  it.  [L  abscissa 
(linea)  p.p.  of  AB(scindere  sciss-  cut)] 

absci'ssion  (-si-),  n.  (surg.).  Cutting  off, 
violent  separation,    [f.  L.  abscissio  (see  prec, 

-ION)] 

absco'nd,  v.i.  Go  away  secretly,  fly  from 
the  law.    Hence  absco'ndENCE,  absco'nd- 

er  1,  nn.  [f.  L  ABS(coNdere  stow,  f.  dare  put) ; 
orig.  transitive  in  E  also,  then  refl.,  then 
intr.] 
a'bsence,  n.  Being  away  from  a  place; 
time  of  being  away ;  non-existence  or  want 
of;  abstraction  of  thought  (esp.  in  phr.  a.  of 
mind);    rollcall.      [F,  f.  L   absentia   (absent- 

ABSENT1)] 

a'bsent1,  a.  Notpresent ;  not  existing.  Ab- 
stracted in  mind,  whence  a'bsentLY2  adv., 
absent-mi'ndED2  a.,  absent-mrnded- 
ly2  adv.,  absent-mrndedxEss.  a'bsent- 
ness,  nn.  [F,  f.  L  absentem  nom.  -ens  part,  of 
AB(es.se  be)] 

abse'nt2,  v.refl.  Keep  oneself  away.  [f. 
F  absenter  f.  L  absentare  f.  absent-  absent  l] 

absentee*,  n.  A  person  not  present.  A  per- 
son habitually  living  away  from  home  ;  esp.  a 
landlord  so  doing,  whence  absentee'iSM  (2)  n. 
[absent  2+-ee] 

absidal.    See  apsidal. 

a'bsinth,  n.  Wormwood,  the  plant  or  its 
essence;  a  liqueur  made  (orig.  at  least)  from 
wine  and  worm-wood.     [f.  L  f.  Gk  apsinthion] 

a'bsolute  (-oot,  -ut),  a.  Complete,  perfect, 
pure  (as  a.  alcohol),  mere ;  unrestricted,  inde- 
pendent ;  ruling  arbitrarily ;  out  of  grammati- 
cal relation  (ablative  a.) ;  real,  not  merely  re- 
lative or  comparative ;  unqualified,  uncon- 
ditional ;  self-existent  and  conceivable  without 
relation  to  other  things  (the  a.,  as  noun). 
Hence  a'bsolutexEss  n.  [f.  mid.  F  absolut 
(now  absolu)  f.  L  absolutus  p.p.  see  absolve] 

a'bsolutely.  adv.  Independently,  in  and 
by  itself;  arbitrarily,  without  external  con- 
trol ;  without  qualification  ;  without  the  usual 
accompaniments  (as  a  transitive  vb  used  a., 
i.  e.  without  its  obj.) ;  unconditionally  ;  posi- 
tively, though  you  would  not  believe  it ;  con- 
clusively, completely,  quite ;  at  all  (w.  nega- 
tives),   [f.  prec.  +  -LV2] 

absolu'tion,  n.  Formal  setting  free  from 
guilt,  sentence,  or  obligation ;  ecclesiastical 
declaration  of  forgiveness  of  sins ;  remission 
of  penance;  forgiveness.  [F,  f.  L  absolutionem 
(absolve,  -ion)] 


ABSOLUTISM 

a'bsolutism,  n.  (Theol.)  doctrine  that  God 
acts  absolutely  in  the  affair  of  salvation. 
(Polit.)  principle  of  absolute  government,  [ab- 
solute +  -ism  (3)] 

a'bsolutist,  n.  Partisan  of  political  ab- 
solutism (also  adj.,  as  a.  principles).  A  meta- 
physician who  identifies  subject  and  object. 

[ABSOLUTE  +  -1ST  (2)] 

abso'lve  (-S-,  -z-),  v.t.  Set,  pronounce,  free 
(from  blame  &c,  of  sin,  from  obligation  &c, 
or  abs.) ;  acquit,  pronounce  not  guilty,  [f.  L 
AB(solvere,  solut-  loosen)] 

a'bsonant,  a.  Discordant,  alien  (from),  un- 
reasonable, [f.  ab-  +  sonant-  part.  st.  of  L  son- 
are  sound  on  anal,  of  dissonant,  consonant, 
and  L  absonus] 

absop'b,  v.t.  Swallow  up,  incorporate  (be 
absorbed  by,  lose  one's  identity  in) ;  engross  the 
attention  of ;  suck  in  (liquids) ;  take  in  (heat, 
light,  &c.)  by  chemical  or  molecular  action, 
[f.  F  absorber  f.  L  AB(sorbere  sorpt-  suck 
in)] 

absorbable,  a.  Easily  sucked  in.  Hence 
absorbam "lit y  n.    [prec.  +  -able] 

absop'bed,  a.  Intensely  engaged  or  in- 
terested. Hence  absor'bedLY  2  adv.  [p.p.  of 
absorb] 

absopbefa*cient(-shnt),a.  &n.  Causingthe 
absorption  or  drying  up  (e.  g.  of  a  tumour) ;  agent 
that  does  this.  [f.  L  absorbere  absorb+ 
-facient] 

absop'bent,  a.  &  n.  Having  a  tendency  to 
suck  in  (abs.,  or  of);  a  substance  of  this  kind  ; 
one  of  the  vessels  in  plants  and  animals  (e.  g. 
the  root  tips)  that  absorb  nutriment,  [f.  L  ab- 
sorbent- part.  st.  of  absorbere  absorb] 

absop'bing-,  a.  Engrossing,  intensely  in- 
teresting. Hence  absop'bingrLY2  adv.  [part, 
of  absorb] 

absop'ption,  n.  Disappearance  through  in- 
corporation in  something  else;  natural  or 
medical  removal  of  tissues ;  mental  engross- 
ment; sucking  in  of  fluid,  light  &c,  or  nutri- 
ment,   [f.  L  aosorptio  (absorb,  -ion)] 

absop'ptive,  a.  Having  a  tendency  to  suck 
in.  Hence  absoP'ptiveNESS  n.   [f.  L  absorpt- 

(ABSORB,  -IVE)J 

absqua'tulate  (-kwot-),  v.i.  Make  off,  de- 
camp. [American-made  jocular  vb  w.  L  pref. 
and  suf.  j 

abstai'n,  v.i.  Keep  oneself  away,  refrain, 
(from).  Refrain  from  alcohol,  whence  ab- 
stai'nER1  n.,  abstai'niNG2  a.  [f.  Fabstenir 
f.  L  ABS(tinere  tent-  =  tenere  hold)] 

abste*mious,a.  Sparing,  notself-indulgent, 
esp.  in  food  and  drink.  Used  of  persons,  habits, 
meals.  Hence  abste'miousLV 2  adv.,  ab- 
ste'miousNESS  n.  [f.  L  ABS(temius  f.  temum 
strong  drink  inferred  f.  temulentus,  temetum) 
-f-ous] 

abste'ntion,  n.  Keeping  off  (abs.,  or  from 
any  pleasure) ;  esp.,  not  using  one's  vote.  [F 
(abstain,  -ion)] 

abstep'g-ent,  a.  &  n.  Cleansing  ;  a  cleansing 
substance,  [f.  L  abstergent-  part.  st.  of  abs- 
(tergere  ters-  wipe)] 

abstep'sion,  n.  Cleansing,  purgation.  [F, 
see  prec,  -ion] 

abstep'sive,  a.  Cleansing,  [f.  F  ( -if,  -ive), 
as  prec,  -ive] 

a'bstinence,  n.  Refraining  (from  any 
pleasure,  or  abs.  in  sense  of  continence,  fasting, 
or,  usu.  total  a. ,  going  without  alcohol).  Somet. 
=  foil.   [F,  f.  L  abstinentia  (abstinent,  -ence)] 

a'bstinency,  n.  Habit  of  refraining  from 
pleasures,  esp.  food.  [f.  L  abstinentia  see 
prec  &  -ency] 

a*bstinent,a.  Practising  abstinence.  Hence 


ABYSM 

a'bstinentLY2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  abstinent-  (AB- 
STAIN-, -ENT)] 

a'bstpact1,  a.  Separated  from  matter, 
practice,  or  particular  examples,  not  concrete  ; 
ideal,  not  practical ;  abstruse ;  (with  the,  as 
noun)  the  ideal  or  theoretical  way  of  regarding 
things  (in  the  a.).  Hence  a'bstpaetLY  2  adv., 
a'bstpaetNESS  n.  [f.  L  abstractus  p.p.  of 
ABS(trahere  draw)] 

a'bstpact2,  n.  Essence,  summary ;  abstrac- 
tion or  abstract  term,    [see  prec] 

abstract3,  v.t.  Deduct,  remove,  (an  obj. 
much  &c  is  somet.  omitted);  (euphemism) 
steal ;  disengage  (obj.  attention  &c  somet. 
omitted)  from;  consider  apart  from  the  con- 
crete; summarize,    [f.  abstract1] 

abstracted,  a.  Withdrawn  in  thought, 
not  attending.    Hence  abstractedNESS  n. 

[-ED1] 

abstractedly,  adv.  In  the  abstract, 
ideally ;  separately  (from— esp.  after  consider) ; 
in  an  absent-minded  way.    [-ly  2] 

abstraction,  n.  Taking  away,  with- 
drawal ;  (euphemism)  stealing.  Process  of 
stripping  an  idea  of  its  concrete  accompani- 
ments ;  the  idea  so  stripped,  something  vision- 
ary, whence  abstra'ction  -  monger  n. 
Absence  of  mind.      [F,  f.   L   abstractionem 

(ABSTRACT1,  -ION)] 

abstpu'se,  a.  Hard  to  understand,  pro- 
found. Hence  abstru'seLY2  adv.,  ab- 
stPU'seNESS  n.  [f.  L  ABS(trusus  p.p.  of  trudere 
push)] 

absup'd,  a.  Incongruous,  unreasonable, 
ridiculous,  silly.  Hence  absur'dLY2  adv.  [f. 
F  absurde  f.  L  absurdus  (ab-  utterly +su?'dus 
deaf,  dull)] 

absup'dity,  n.  Folly,  unreasonableness; 
an  absurd  statement  or  act.  [f.  F  absurdiU  f. 
L  absurditatem  (absurd,  -ity)] 

abu'ndance,  n.  Quantity  more  than  suf- 
ficient, plenty;  overflowing  emotion  (a.  of  the 
heart) ;  many  people  (there  are  a.  who) ;  afflu- 
ence, wealth.  [OF  (ab-,  hub-,  see  abound),  f. 
L  abundantia  (as  foil.,  -ance)] 

abirndant,  a.  More  than  sufficient,  plenti- 
ful ;  rich  (in).  Hence  abu'ndantLY 2  adv. 
[OF  (ab-,  hab-,  see  abound),  f.  l,abundant-  part. 
st.  (abound,  -ant)] 

ab  ur'bo  co'ndita,  adv.  (abbr.  A.  u.  a). 
Counting  from  the  foundation  of  Rome.    [L] 

abu'se1  (-uz),  v.t.  Misuse,  make  bad  use 
of;  deceive  (archaic,  but  still  used  esp.  in 
pass.) ;  maltreat  (archaic);  revile,  [f.  F abuser 
f.  L  *abusare  f.  ab(us-  p.p.  st.  of  uti  use)] 

abu'se2  (-us),  n.  Misuse,  perversion  (of);  an 
established  unjust  or  corrupt  practice.  Re- 
viling, whence  abirsivE  a.,  abu'siveLY2 
adv.,  abu'siveNESS  n.  \l.  F  abus  f.  L  abusus 
n.  f.  abus-  see  prec. 

abu't,  v.i.  (-tt-).  Have  a  common  boundary 
with,  border,  (upon ;  or  somet.  without  prep, 
as  trans,  vb  ;  of  estates  or  countries) ;  end  on 
or  against,  lean  on,  (of  parts  of  a  building), 
[mixed  meanings  f.  OF  abouter  place  end  to 
end  (a  to+bout  end),  and  OF  abuter  touch 
with  one  end  (a  to+but  end)] 

abu'tment,  n.  A  lateral  support ;  (esp.  in 
architecture)  that  on  which  an  arch  or  bridge 
rests ;  point  of  junction  between  such  support 
and  thing  supported,    [abut  +  -ment] 

abu'ttep,  n.  (In  law)  owner  of  the  adjoining 
property,    [abut  +  -er1] 

aby,  abye\  v.t.  (archaic;  past  and  p.p. 
abought).  Redeem,  pay  the  penalty  of,  (an 
offence ;  usu.  w.  dearly,  sore),  [earlier  abuggen, 
abeggen,  I.  a-  (1)  away+BUY] 

aby'sm,    n.      Earlier   form,    still   used   in 


ABYSMAL 


ACCENT 


poetical  style,  of  abyss.  [OF  abisnie  f.  LL 
*abyssimtis  super],  of  abyssus  abyss] 

aby'smal,  a.  Bottomless,  esp.  fig.,  as  a. 
ignorance.  Hence  abysmalLY  2adv.  [abysm 
+  -al] 

aby'ss,  n.  The  primal  chaos,  bowels  of  the 
earth,  lower  world  ;  a  bottomless  chasm,  deep 
gorge ;  depth  (a.  of  light).  [Earlier  abime, 
abysme,  f.  F  see  abysm,  later  corrected  after 
L  abyssus  f.  Gk  abussos  bottomlessj 

aby'ssal,  a.  More  than  300  fathoms  below 
sea  surface  (water,  zone,  mud).  [f.  LL 
abyssalis  f.  abyssus  ;  see  abyss  and  -al] 

ac-,  pref.  to  words  in  c-,  k-,  qu-.  Properly 
the  L  assimilated  form  of  ad-  to,  in  addition. 
In  passing  through  OF  it  became  a- ;  this  being 
rectified  later,  ac-  was  mistakenly  written  also 
for  a-  representing  other  preff.  (see  a-),  e.g. 
OE  a-  (on)  in  acknowledge. 

-ae,  suf.  forming  adjj.,  which  are  often  also 
(if  not  only)  used  as  nouns.  From  Gk  -akos, 
the  modification  of  adj.  suf.  -kos  appended  to 
nouns  in  -ia,  -ios,  -ion,  and  imitated  in  L.  E 
wds  in  -ac  may  be  f.  Gk  (-akos),  L  (-acus),  or  F 
{-aque). 

aca'cia  (-sha),  n.  Genus  of  trees,  of  Mimosa 
tribe,  yielding  gum  arabic;  the  Locust-tree 
or  False  Acacia,  grown  in  England  for  orna- 
ment; gum  arabic.  [L,  f.  Gk  akakia;  perh. 
f.  ake  point  (in  ref.  to  its  thorns)] 

a'cademe,  n.  (Prop.)  =  Academus  (see  aca- 
demy); (used  by  mistake  in  poetic  style  for) 
the  Gk  Academy,  a  college,  university.  [Gk 
Akademossee  academy;  mistake  perh.  caused 
by  Milton's  '  grove  of  Academe ',  P.  R.  iv.  144] 

acade'mic,  a.  &  n.  Belonging  to  or  agreeing 
with  the  philosophic  school  of  Plato  (academy), 
(w.  ref.  to  some  of  his  successors'  views) 
sceptical;  an  ancient  Platonist  Scholarly, 
(and  by  implication)  abstract,  unpractical, 
cold,  merely  logical;  (as  sing,  noun)  member 
of  a  university,  one  too  much  enslaved  to  the 
principles  (in  painting  &c.)  of  an  academy ; 
(as  pi.  noun)  merely  theoretic  arguments, 
university  robes.  Of  an  academician  or 
academy  (a.  rank),  [f.  med.  L  academicus 
see  academy] 

academical,  a.  Belonging  to  a  college 
or  university ;  (as  pi.  noun)  college  costume 
(commoner  than  academics),    [prec.  +  -al] 

academically,  adv.  Theoretically,  un- 
practically ;  rarely  also  in  any  of  the  senses  of 
the  two  precc.    [prec.  +  -LY2] 

aca'demi'cian,  n.  Member  of  an  Academy 
or  art  society,  esp.  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Painting  &c.  [f.  F  acad6micien  f.  med.  L 
academicus  (foil.) ;  see  -ian] 

Aca'demy,  n.  The  garden  near  Athens  in 
which  Plato  taught;  Plato's  followers  or 
philosophical  system;  a  place  of  study,  in- 
cluding universities,  but  gen.  used  preten- 
tiously or  depreciatingly  of  something  between 
a  school  and  a  university  ;  a  place  of  training 
in  a  special  art  (Royal  Military  A.) ;  a  society 
for  cultivating  literature,  art,  &c,  of  which 
membership  is  an  honour,  esp.  the  Royal  A.  of 
Painting  &c. ;  the  R.A.'s  annual  exhibition, 
[f.  F  acadimie  f.  Lf.  Gk  akademeia(Akademos 
the  man  or  demigod  f.  whom  Plato's  garden 
was  named)] 

Aca'dian,  a.  &  n.  Nova-Scotian.  [f.  F 
AcadU  Nova  Scotia +  -an] 

-acal,  compd  suf.  =  -aC+  -at*  Adjj.  in  -ac 
being  often  used  as  nouns  also,  -al  was  ap- 
pended to  distinguish  the  adj.  (demoniac, 
-acal),  and  even  when  there  was  no  noun 
(heliacal).  In  adjj.  -acal  often  differs  f.  -ac  in 
suggesting  looser  connexion  w.  the  orig.  noun  ; 


e.g.,  cardiac  arteries  (of  the  heart),  cardiacal 
herbs  (having  influence  on  the  h.). 

a*caleph(e),  n.  Jellyfish,  medusa,  sea- 
nettle.    [Gk  akalephe  nettle] 

acalye-  (akal-  or  akal-),  stem  of  several  bot. 
terms.  Without  calyx,  [a-  (7)+Gk  kalux  -ukos 
flower-cup] 

aca'nthus,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  esp.  Bear's 
Breech  or  Brank-Ursine  ;  a  conventional  repre- 
sentation of  its  leaf  used  in  Gk  architecture. 
Hence  aeanth(o)-  comb.  form.  [L,  f.  Gk 
akanthos  (akantha  thorn  f.  ake  point)] 

aea'psular,  a.  Not  having  capsule,  [a-  (7) 
+L  capsula  capsule+  -ar  l] 

acar'diae,  a.  (physiol.).  Without  a  heart, 
[f.  Gk  akardios  f.  a-  (l)+kardia  heart +-ac] 

acarpe'llous,  a.  Without  carpels,  [a-  (7), 
carpel,  -ous] 

acar'pous,  a.  (bot).  Not  producing  fruit. 
[a-  (7)+Gk  karpos  fruit+  -ous] 

acatale'ctic,  a.  &  n.  (A  verse)  not  docked 
of  a  syllable,  complete,  [f.  LL  acatalecticus 
f.  Gk  akatalektos,  see  a-  (7),  catalectic)] 

aca'talepsy,       n.  Incomprehensibility 

(philos.  term),  the  quality  in  the  object  answer- 
ing to  agnosticism  in  the  subject.  So  acata- 
le'ptic  a.  [f.  med.  L  f.  Gkakatalepsia  f.  a-  (7)+ 
kata  thoroughly +lepsis  grasping  (lab-  st.  of 
lambano  take)] 

acairlous,  a.  (also  -e'scent,  -ine,  -ose) 
(bot.).  Apparently  stemless,  having  very  short 
stem,  [a-  (7)+L  caulis  stem+  -ousf 

Acca'dian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Accad  in  Shinar  (Gen. 
x.  10) ;  a  language  preserved  in  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions. 

accede  (-ks-),  v.i.  Enter  upon  (an  office); 
join  (a  party);  assent  to  (opinion  or  policy). 
Abs.,  or  w.  to  if  the  office  &c.  is  stated,  in  all 
senses,    [f.  L  AC(cedere  cess-  come)] 

accelera'ndo  (-ks-),  musical  direction. 
Gradually  increase  speed.    [It.] 

accelerate  (-ks-),  v.t  &  i.  Make  quicker; 
cause  to  happen  earlier ;  become  swifter  (of  a 
motion  or  process),  [f.  obs.  adj.  accelerate  f. 
L  AC(celerare  f.  celer  swift) ;  see  -ate  2> 3] 

accelerated,  a.  (physics).  Progressively 
quicker  (a.  motion).  Hence  acee'leratedLY2 
adv.  [p. p.  of  prec] 

accelerating-,  a.  Causing  progressively 
quicker  motion  (a.  force),    [-ing2] 

acceleration  (aks-),  n.  Making  quicker; 
being  made  quicker.  (Physics)  rate  of  increase 
of  velocity  per  time  unit,  as  with  falling  bodies. 
(Astr.)  a.  of  stars,  time  gained  daily  by  them 
over  sun ;  a.  of  planets,  increased  velocity 
from  aphelion  to  perihelion ;  a.  of  moon, 
increase  in  speed  of  mean  motion  ;  a.  of  tides, 
amount  of  local  advance  on  calculated  time, 
[f.  L  acceleratio  (accelerate,  -ion)]  . 

aeee'lerative,  a.  Tending  to  increase 
speed,  quickening,    [f.  accelerate  +  -ive] 

accelerator,  n.  Person  or  thing  that  in- 
creases anything's  speed  ;  esp.,  one  of  a  class  of 
nerves  and  muscles,    [accelerate  +  -OR2] 

a'ceent  J,  n.  Prominence  given  to  a 
syllable,  whether  by  higher  musical  pitch 
(ancient  Gk  and  L,  Swedish  and  Norw.),  or 
by  stress  (most  mod.  langg.,  but  perh.  not  F). 
Three  marks  called  acide  ('),  grave  O,  and 
circumflex  C  or  ')  accents  (systematically  em- 
ployed only  in  Gk,  and  to  a  less  degree  in  F) 
used  for  various  purposes,  e.g.  to  indicate 
syllabic  pitch  (Gk),  quality  of  vowel  sound 
(F),  etymological  hist  (F,  E),  metrical  stress, 
syllabic  stress  (dictionaries  &c),  the  fact  of 
a  letter's  not  being  silent,  or  conventional 
distinction  between  homonyms  (F).  Indi- 
vidual, local,  or  national  mode  of  pronuncia- 


ACCENT 


ACCOMMODATE 


tion ;  modulation  to  express  feeling;  in  pi., 
speech  (poet.).  (In  prosody)  rhythmical 
stress.  (Mus.)  stress  recurring  at  intervals. 
(Fig.)  intensity,  sharp  distinction.  [F,  f.  L 
AC(centus  -us  =  cantus  singing)  lit.  transl.  of 
Gk  prosodia  (pros  to+ ode  song)] 

accent2,  v.t.  Pronounce  with  accent,  em- 
phasize (word  or  syllable) ;  put  the  written 
accents  on  ;  heighten,  make  conspicuous,  [f. 
obs.  F  oocenter  see  prec] 

accentual,  a.  Of  accent;  a.  prosody  or 
verse,  of  which  the  principle  is  accent  or  stress, 
not  quantity.  Hence  accentually  2  adv. 
[f.  L  accentus  accent  *  +  -al] 

accentuate,  v.t.  =  accent2,  but  more  used 
than  it  in  the  fig.  sense,  [f.  med.  L  accentuare 
[accentus  accent1),  -ate3] 

accentua'tlon,  n.  Accenting  (all  senses 
from  accent),  [f.  med.  L  accentuatio  see  ac- 
centuate, -ion] 

accept,  v.t.  Consent  to  receive  (gift), 
answer  affirmatively  (offer,  invitation,  suitor) ; 
regard  with  favour  (esp.  unfair  favour,  as  a. 
the  person  of,  a.  persons) ;  receive  as  adequate 
(a.  service  of  writ),  allow  the  truth  of,  believe  ; 
undertake    (office) ;    take   responsibility   for, 


agree  to  meet,  (bill  of  exchange).    Of  may  be 

of  writ,  bill) 
slight  suggestion  of  formality  or  condescension. 


added  (exc.  w.  service  of  writ,  bill)  with  a 


Hence  acceptER 1  n.  [f.  F  accepter  f.  L  ac- 
ceptare  frequent,  of  AC{cipere  =  capere  take)] 
acceptable  {also  a'-),  a.  Worth  accepting, 
pleasing,  welcome.  Hence  or  cogn.  ac- 
ce*ptabLY2adv.,  acceptaBi'LiTY,  aecept- 
ableNESS,  nn.    [F,  f.  L  acceptabilis  (accept, 

-ABLE)] 

acceptance,  n.  Consent  to  receive  (gift, 
payment,  pleasure,  duty) ;  favourable  recep- 
tion (act.  &  pass.),  approval,  belief;  a.  of 
persons,  partiality;  engagement  to  meet  a 
bill ;  a  bill  so  accepted.  [OF ;  see  accept  and 
-ance] 

acceptation,  n.  A  particular  sense  given 
to  a  word  or  phrase";  its  generally  recognized 
meaning.  [F,  f.  LL  acceptationem  (accept, 
-ation)] 

acce'pted,  a.  Generally  recognized  or 
believed  in  (Free  &  A.  Masons,  see  free1- 
mason).    Hence  accepted  ly 2  adv.    [-ed1] 

acce'ptor,  n.  One  who  accepts  a  bill  (pre- 
ferred to  accepter  in  this  sense).  [AF  acceptour 
f.  L  acceptorem  (accept,  -or  2)] 

a'ceess  (also  -e's,  see  etym.),  n.  Approach; 
addition ;  right  or  means  of  approaching  (to) ; 
being  approached  (easy  of  a.);  advance  (a. 
and  recess);  passage,  channel,  doorway;  ad- 
hesion, growth,  (usu.  now  accession) ;  attack 
or  outburst  (of  illness,  anger,  emotion).  [The 
doubtful  accent  is  due  to  double  derivation. 
1.  (sense  attack,  pron.  a--)  f.  F  acces  f.  L  ac- 
cessus  n.  f.  AC(cedere  cess-  come);  2.  (other 
senses,  pron.  akse's)  direct  f.  L  accessus.  The 
two  pronunciations,  however,  have  now 
ceased  to  be  significant] 

accessary  (also  akse's-),  n.  &  pred.  a.  (see 
also  accessory).  Helper  in  any  act,  one 
privy  to  it  (as  pred.  a.,  be  a.,  were  made 
accessary) ;  accompaniment,  adjunct  [f.  ac- 
cess +  -ary  x  formed  as  f.  L  access-  like 
emissary,  adversary;  the  adj.  (first  spelt 
-ary)  being  corrected  later  to  -ory  on  L  ac- 
cessorius  drew  the  noun  after  it,  and  the  two 
spellings  are  often  confused] 

accessible,  a.  Able  to  *be  reached  or 
entered  (abs.,  or  to);  open  to  influence,  to  the 
influence  of,  (to).  Hence  aeeessiBi'LiTY  n., 
acce'ssibLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  accessibilis  (ac- 
cede, -ble)] 


accession,  n.  Coming  into  presence  or 
contact;  coming  into  an  office  or  condition 
(as  manhood) ;  Deing  added ;  assent ;  thing 
added,  addition ;  (in  law)  improvement  or 
natural  growth  of  property.  [F,  f.haccessionem 

(ACCEDE,  -ION)] 

accessory  (also  akse's-),  a.  &  n.  (see 
also  accessary).  Additional,  subordinately 
contributive  (of  things),  adventitious ;  a  thing 
of  that  character,  esp.  in  pi.  the  accessories. 
[f.  LL  accessorius  adj.  (accede,  -ory)] 

a'ceidence,  n.  The  part  of  grammar,  or  a 
book,  dealing  with  inflexions  (i.  e.  the  accidents 
or  non-essentials  of  words) ;  the  elements  of 
any  subject,  [corruption  of  accidents  =  F  pi.  n. 
accidens  transl.  of  L  neut.  pi.  accidentia  the 
things  that  befall  (a  word),  see  accident  ;  or 
perh.  direct  f.  accidentia  treated  as  fern.  sing, 
noun] 

a'ceident,  n.  Event  without  apparent  cause, 
unexpected  (so  chapter  of  aa.,  unforeseen 
course  of  events) ;  unintentional  act,  chance, 
fortune,  (by  a.);  mishap;  irregularity  in 
structure ;  a  property  not  essential  to  our 
conception  of  a  substance  (so  of  material 
qualities  of  bread  and  wine  after  transubstan- 
tiation) ;  a  mere  accessory.  [F,  f.  L  accidens 
-entis  part,  and  n.  f.  AC(cidcre  =  cadere  fall)] 

accide'ntal,  a.  &  n.  Happening  by  chance, 
undesignedly,  or  unexpectedly;  occasional; 
not  essential  to  a  conception  (so  also  an  a.  as 
n.) ;  subsidiary.  (Mus.)  a.  sharps,  flats, 
naturals,  and  a.  as  noun,  signs  attached  to 
single  notes,  not  in  signature.  (Optics)  a. 
colours,  those  presented  Tby  subjective  sensa- 
tion, not  external.  (In  painting)  a.  lights, 
and  accidentals  as  n.,  effects  of  other  than 
ordinary  day  light.  [F  (now  -el),  prob.  f.  LL 
accidentalis  f.  accidens  see  prec] 

accidentally,  adv.  By  chance,  uninten- 
tionally.    [-LY  2] 

aeei'pitral  (aksip-),  a.  Hawklike ;  rapa- 
cious ;  keensighted.  [f.  L  accipitr-  nom.  -ter 
hawk  +  -al] 

acclai'm  \  v.  t.  Applaud  loudly  or  enthusias- 
tically; (w.  obj.  and  compl.)  hail  as  (king, 
winner,  saviour;  acclaimed  him  king),  ff.  L 
AC(clamare  shout),  spelling  assimilated  to 
claim] 

acclai'm  2,  n.    Shout  of  applause,    [f.  prec] 

acclamation,  n.  Loud  and  eager  assent  to 
a  proposal  (voted,  carried,  by  a.);  shouting  in 
a  person's  honour  (usu.  pi.),  [f.  L  acclamatio 
(prec,  -ation)] 

acclima'tion,  n.  =  acclimatization  (see foil.), 
or  distinguished  from  it  as  a  natural  process, 
not  imposed  on  animals  by  man.  [syncopated 
for  acclimatation  (acclimate  t.  F  acclimater 

ACCLIMATIZE)] 

acclimatize  (also  a'cclimate),  v.t.  &  i. 
Habituate  (animals,  plants,  oneself)  to  new 
climate ;  (rarely)  become  so  habituated.  Hence 
accli'matizATioN   (also   acclimatation) 

n.  [f.  F  acclimater  (d  to+climat  climate)  + 
-ize] 

accli'vity,  n.  Upward  slope  of  a  hill  (cf. 
declivity),  [f.  L  acclivitas  t.  AC(clivisf.  clivtis 
slope)] 

accola'de  (-ad  or  -ahd),  n.  Sign  at  bestowal 
of  knighthood,  whether  embrace,  kiss,  or 
stroke  on  shoulder  with  flat  of  sword.  (Mus.) 
vertical  line  or  brace  coupling  staves.  [F,  f. 
It.  accollata  n.  from  p.p.  st.  of  accollare  (ac-  + 
L  collum  neck)] 

accommodate,  v.  t.  Adapt  (thing  or  person 
to  another) ;  prove  such  adaptation  in,  har- 
monize, (somet.  w.  implication  of  sophistry) ; 
reconcile,  settle  differences  between ;  compose 


ACCOMMODATING I 

(quarrel) ;  equip,  supply,  (person  with) ;  oblige, 
confer  favour  on  ;  find  lodging  for.  [f.  obs. 
adi  accommodate  f.  p.p.  of  L  AC(commodare 
-at-  f.  commodus  fitting  =  com-  +  modus  mea- 
sufg)1 

acco'mmodating,  a.  Obliging,  easy  to 
deal  with,  pliable,  lax.  Hence  acco'mmo- 
datingrLY2  adv.    [-ing2] 

accommoda'tion,  n.  Adjustment  (e.  g.  of 
eyes  for  various  distances) ;  adaptation  of  any- 
thing to  a  purpose  or  meaning  different  from 
the  original ;  self-adaptation  ;  settlement,  com- 
promise ;  serviceable  thing,  convenience  (so  in 
comp.  as  a.-road);  lodgings,  entertainment; 
money  loan  (so  in  a. -bill4).  [F,  f.  L  accommo- 
dationem  (accommodate,  -ion)] 

acco'mpaniment  (-urn-),  n.  Appendage, 
thing  that  attends  another.  (Mus.)  subsidiary 
part  vocal  or  instrumental,  usu.  the  latter  as 
used  to  support  the  voice,  [f.  F  accompagne- 
ment  (foil.,  -ment)] 

acco'mpany  (urn-),  v.t.  Supplement  (a 
thing  with,  as  word  w.  blow) ;  go  with,  escort, 
attend ;  coexist  with  (of  things),  characterize. 
(Mus.)  support  (singer,  player,  piece)  by  per- 
forming additional  part,  whence  acco'm- 
paniST  (also  -nyist)  n.  After  pass.,  by  has 
almost  ousted  older  with,  now  only  used 
when  accompanied  =  combined,  [f.  F  accom- 
pagner  (a to+compagne  companion)] 

accomplice,  n.  Partner,  usu.  subordinate, 
in  crime,  [f.  earlier  &  F  complice  (whether 
by  mistake  from  a  complice,  cf.  newt,  or  by 
assim.  to  foil.)  f.  L  compltcem  nom.  -plex closely 
connected  (com-  +plic-  fold)] 

accomplish,  v.t.  Fulfil,  perform,  com- 
plete, finish.  Perfect  (a  person)  in  graceful 
acquirements,  whence  aeeomplishED1  a. 
[f.  OF  acomplir  f.  LL  AC(complere  complete)  ; 
see  -ish  2] 

aeco-mplishment,  n.  Fulfilment,  comple- 
tion; thing  done  or  attained,  achievement; 
faculty   that  perfects  a  person   for   society, 


(disparagingly)    merely    superficial    acquire- 
ment,     [f.    F 
-ment] 


accomplissement ;     see    prec 


accompt,  -ant,  archaic  for  account,  -ant. 

aeeop'd1,  v.t.  &  i.  Be  in  harmony  or  con- 
sistent (abs.,  or  with;  chiefly  of  things); 
grant  (indulgence,  request,  welcome,  &c).  [f. 
OF  acorder  f.  LL  AC(coreZare  f.  cor  cordis 
heart)] 

aeeop'd2,  n.  Consent  (with  one  a.),  mutual 
agreement ;  treaty  of  peace ;  harmonious 
correspondence  in  colour,  pitch,  tone;  assent 
(of  one's  own  a.),  [f.  OF  acord  agreement  (a- 
corder  accord1)] 

accor'dance,  n.  Conformity,  agreement, 
esp.  in  phr.  in  a.  with.  [OF  acordance  (as 
prec,  -ance)] 

accordant,  a.  In  tune,  agreeing,  (abs.,  or 
with).  Hence  accop'dantLY2  adv.  [OF 
acordant  as  prec,  -ant] 

accop'ding-,  adv.  (only  now  in  the  compd 
conj.  a.  as,  and  the  compd  prep.  a.  to).  A. 
as :  in  proportion  as  (of  a  process  varying  w. 
another);  in  a  manner  depending  on  which 
of  certain  alternatives  is  true.  A.  to:  in  a 
manner  consistent  with  or  degree  proportioned 
to  ;  on  the  authority  of.    [-ing  2] 

accordingly,  adv.  As  the  (stated)  circum- 
stances suggest ;  therefore ;  a.  as  =  according 

as.     [-LY2] 

accop'dion,  n.  Portable  musical  instru- 
ment made  of  bellows,  keys,  and  metal  reeds. 
Hence  aecop*dioniST(3)  n.  [f.  It.  and  LL 
accordare  attune  see  accord^  ;  termination 
imitated  f.  clarion] 


ACCOUTRE 

accd'st  l,  v.t.  Make  up  to  and  address,  open 
conversation  with.  [f.  F  accoster  f.  LL  ac- 
(costare  i.  costa  rib)] 

accd'st2,  n.  Greeting,  opening-remark,  [f. 
prec] 

accowchement  (-ooshmong,  or  as  F),  n. 
Lying  in,  delivery  m  child-bed.    [F] 

accoucheur"  (-oosher), n.  (fern. -euse  pr.  -erz). 
Man-midwife,  midwife.    [F] 

account1,  v.t.  &  L  Consider,  regard  as, 
(followed  by  obj.  &  complement  or  infin. ;  a. 
him  a  hero,  wise,  to  be  guilty).  Be  accounted 
of,  be  esteemed  (alw.  w.  little,  much,  &c). 
Account  for:  give  reckoning  (of  money  held 
in  trust);  answer  for  (conduct,  performance 
of  duty) ;  explain  the  cause  of ;  serve  as  ex- 
planation of  (that  accounts  for  it) ;  (sport)  be 
responsible  for  the  death  of,  kill.  [f.  OF  aconter 
f.  LL  accomptare  for  *AC(computare  L  =  com- 
pute) ;  the  form  accompt  is  due  to  14th-c 
correction  in  F  passing  into  E,  the  oldest  E 
being  acunte  (see  AC-)] 

accou'nt2,  n.  (1)  Counting,  calculation,  in 
phrr.  cast  accounts  (reckon  up),  money  of  a. 
(names  not  of  coins,  but  of  sums,  as  guinea). 
(2)  Reckoning  of  debit  and  credit,  in  money  or 
service.  Statement  of  money  received  and 
expended,  with  balance ;  so  open  or  close  an 
a.  ivith,  render  or  send  in,  pay  or  settle,  an  a. ; 
a.  current  (whence  a/c  =  account),  one  kept 
going  w.  occasional  entries;  j oint  a.,  in  which 
two  persons  not  otherwise  partners  count  as 
one;  keep  aa.,  enter  all  expenditure  for  com- 
parison w.  income ;  balance  or  square  aa.  with 
some  one,  receive  or  pay  the  balance  due ;  cash, 
proftt-and-loss,  &c,  a.,  headings  of  subdivision 
in  ledger;  sale  for  the  a.,  on  the  Stock  Exch., 
not  for  cash,  but  payable  at  next  periodic 
settlement;  A  in  a.  with  B,  having  credit 
relations  with ;  for  a.  of,  to  be  sold  for  (person) ; 
on  a.,  as  interim  payment;  on  one's  a.,  for 
his  service;  on  ones  own  a.,  for  and  at  one's 
own  purposes  and  risk,  whence  generally  on  a. 
of,  because  of,  and  on  no  a.,  Dy  no  means, 
certainly  not.  A  favourable  result  of  the 
reckoning,  profit;  find  one's  a.  in,  profit  by, 
turn  to  a.,  make  useful.  Statement  of  ad- 
ministration as  required  by  creditor;  ask, 
demand,  yield,  render,  an  a.,  call  or  bring  to 
a. ;  extended  from  money  to  conduct  generally, 
so  the  great  a.,  Day  of  Judgment,  gone  to  his 
a.,  dead ;  give  a.  of,  find  cause  of,  explain,  (in 
sport)  give  a  good  a.  of,  dispose  of  (opponents, 
game)  successfully.  (3)  Estimation.  Person 
or  thing  of,  or  held  in,  some  or  no  a. ;  make 
little  a.  of;  take  into,  leave  out  of,  a. :  take  a. 
of;  lay  one's  a.  with,  include  in  ones  calcu- 
lations, expect.  (4)  Narration,  report,  descrip- 
tion, of  event,  person,  &c  [f.  OF  acont  (a  to+ 
cont  t.  LL  comptum  for  computum  f.  L  com- 
putare  compute)] 

accountable,  a.  Bound  to  give  account, 
responsible,  (for  things,  to  persons,  or  abs.); 
explicable  (somet.  followed  by  for).  Hence 
aecountaBixiTY,  accou'ntableNESS,  nn., 

[f.   ACCOUNT  1  +  -ABLE] 

accountant,  n.  (Law)  one  liable  to  render 
account;  defendant  in  an  action  of  account. 
Professional  keeper  and  inspector  of  accounts ; 
a.-general,  chief  a.  in  public  offices;  whence 
accountants  hip  n.  [F  (loth  c)  accomptant 
part,  of  accompter  OF  aconter  account  *] 

accoutre  (-ooter),  v.t.  (-tring,  -tred).  Attire, 
equip,  esp.  w.  special  costume  (chiefly  used  in 
p.p.).  [f.  med.  F  accoustrer  (now  accoutrer) 
etym.  dub.,  perh.  AC-  +  coustre  vestry-keeper 
and  so  rober  which  is  perh.  f.  LL  *custor  t 
custos  guardian] 


ACCOUTREMENT I 

accou'tpement  (-dbtrem-),  n.  (usu.  in  pi.). 
Equipment,  trappings.  (Mil.)  soldier's  outfit 
other  than  arms  and  garments,  e.  g.  belt,  straps, 
valise.    [MF  accoustrement  (prec,  -ment)] 

aeere'dit,  v.t.  Gain  belief  or  influence  for 
(adviser,  advice);  send  out  (ambassador,  &c.) 
with  credentials  to  person,  to  or  at  a  court; 
a.  thing  (saying,  policy)  to  person,  or  a.  him 
with  it,  put  it  down  to  him.  [f.  F  AC(crediter  f. 
credit  credit)] 

aeepe'dited,  a.  Officially  recognized  (per- 
sons); generally  accepted,  orthodox,  (beliefs), 
[p.p.  of  prec] 

accrete1,  v.t.  &  i.  Grow  together  or  into 
one  ;  form  round  or  on  to,  as  round  a  nucleus  ; 
attract  (such  additions),  [f.  L  accret-  p.p.  st.  of 
AC{crescere  grow)] 

accrete2,  a.  (bot.).  Grown  into  one  with 
something  else.    [f.  L  accretus  p.p.  see  prec] 

accretion,  n.  Growth  by  organic  enlarge- 
ment; the  growing  of  separate  things  (as 
particles)  into  one ;  the  whole  resulting  from 
this ;  adhesion  of  extraneous  matter  to  any- 
thing; the  matter  so  added;  (Law)  =  accession, 
also  increase  of  legacy  &c  by  share  of  failing 
co-legatee,    [f.  L  accretio  (accrete  1,  -ion)] 

accrue*  (-00),  v.i.  Fall  {to  one,  from  a 
thing)  as  a  natural  growth,  advantage,  result ; 
esp.  of  interest  on  invested  money.  Hence 
accPUE'D l  (2)  a.  [f.  obs.  accrue  n.  =  F  accrue 
p.p.  of  accroitre  OF  acreistre  f.  L  accrescere 
accrete  ]] 

aeeirmulate,  v.t  &  i.  Heap  up,  gain  by 
degrees,  (usu.  fig.,  a  fortune,  ill  will,  &c,  or 
abs.),  amass,  make  money;  take  (University 
degrees)  by  accumulation  (obj.  expressed,  or 
abs.),  i.  c,  more  than  one  step  at  a  time ;  grow 
numerous,  form  an  increasing  mass  or  neap 
(lit.  and  fig.,  as  dirt,  disasters,  had  accumu- 
lated), [f.  obs.  accumulate  a.  f.  L  AC(cumulare 
f.  cumulus  heap),  -ate  2» 3] 

accumulation,  n.  Collection  (act.  or 
pass.),  amassing;  money-making;  growth  of 
capital  by  continued  interest;  combination  of 
distinct  acts  into  one  (degrees,  see  prec,  or 
church  services  &c);  a  mass  (as  snow,  papers, 
property),     [f.  L  accumulatio  (prec,  -ion)] 

accumulative,  a.  Arising  from  accumu- 
lation (a.  proof,  evidence,  now  being  ousted  by 
cumulative);  so  arranged  as  to  accumulate 
(sinking  fund) ;  acquisitive,  given  to  hoarding. 
Hence  accu*mulativeLY  2  adv.  [as  prec.  + 
-ive] 

accumulator,  n.  One  who  collects; 
money-maker;  taker  of  degrees  by  accumu- 
lation; apparatus  for  storing  electricity.  [L 
(as  prec,  -or2)] 

a'ccupate,  a.  Careful,  precise,  in  exact 
conformity  with  a  standard  or  with  truth. 
Hence  a'ccuPACY  n.,  a'ecupateLY2  adv.  [f. 
L  AC(curare  f.  cura  care),  -ate  2] 

accursed  (-id),  aeeup'st,  a.  Lying  under 
a  curse,  ill-fated ;  involving  misery,  execrable, 
detestable,  [p.p.  f.  obs.  occur se  earlier  acurse 
(a-  imitated  as  intensive  f.  OE  ar-  see  a-  (1)  +  OE 
cursian  curse  v.)] 

accu'sal,  n.  Sometimes  used  for  foil.  [f.  ac- 
cuse +  -AL  (2)] 

accusation,  n.  Accusing ;  being  accused ; 
a  charge  of  offence  or  crime ;  indictment.  [F, 
f.  L  accusationem  (accuse,  -ion)] 

accu'sative,  a.  &  n.  A .  case  (or  a.  as  noun), 
the  grammatical  case  used  in  Gk  &  L  for  the 
goal  of  motion  or  obj.  of  action  ;  in  uninflected 
langg.,  applied  to  the  wd  that  stands  as  obj., 
though  with  no  mark  of  case.  Hence  ac- 
eusatrvAL  adj..  aeeu'sativeLY2  adv.  [F 
(-if,   -ive),  f.   L   accusativus  lit.   transl.  of  Gk 


ACETATE D 

aitiatike  causal  (also  accusing),   the  goal  or 
obj.  being  the  final  cause  of  motion  or  action] 

accusatorial,  a.  A.  procedure  &c,  in 
which  prosecutor  and  judge  are  not  the  same, 
opposed  to  inquisitorial,    [as  foil.  +  -al] 

accu'satopy,  a.  A.  language,  manner,  &c». 
conveying  or  implying  accusation,  [f.  L  ac- 
cusatorius  (foil.,  -ory)J 

accu'se  (-z),  v.t.  Charge  with  a  fault,  indict, 
(person),  whence  p.p.  as  noun,  the  accused; 
blame,  lay  the  fault  on,  (person  or  thing,  as 
the  times).  A.  as  offender,  of  offence.  Point 
to  (subj.  evidence,  &c,  obj.  a  person*.  Hence 
accu'SER1  n.,  aeeu'singLY2  adv.  [earlier 
acuse  f.  OF  acuser  f.  L  Ac(cusare=ca\isare  f. 
causa  cause)] 

accu'stom,  v.t.  Habituate  (oneself,  person, 
or  thing,  to  do  or  to;  commoner  in  pass.), 
[earlier  acustom  (see  ac-)  f.  OF  acostumer  (now 
accoutumer)  (a  to,  custom)] 

accu'stomed,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  also, 
usual,   [p.p.  of  prec.  in  obs.  sense  make  usual] 

ace,  n.  The  one  on  dice ;  ambs  ace,  throw  of 
two  ones,  deuce  ace,  of  two  and  one  (formerly 
two  ones);  the  one  on  dominoes,  cards;  one 
point  at  racquets  &c ;  the  smallest  possible 
amount,  hair's-breadth,  as  within  an  ace  of; 
ace-point,  first  or  starting  point  on  backgam- 
mon table.    [F  as  f.  L  as  unity] 

-acea,  L  suf.  freely  used  to  form  names 
(neut.  pi.  agreeing  w.  animalia)  for  orders  of 
animals;  the  names  are  L  and  pi.,  the  sing, 
being  supplied  by  E  adjj.  in  -acean  used  as 
noun ;  so  the  Crustacea,  a  crustacean,  [f.  L 
-aceus  (-ac-  +  -e-us)  compd  adj.  formative] 

-aeeae,  L  suf.  freely  used  to  form  names 
(fem.  pi.  agreeing  w.  plantae)  for  orders  of 
plants,  [f.  -aceus  see  prec] 

-acean,  a.  &  n.  suf.  As  adj.,  =  -aceous  ;  as 
n.,  see  -acea.    [f.  L  -aceus  see  -ace a  -I-  -an] 

Aceldama  (-k-),  n.  Field  of  bloodshed, 
scene  of  slaughter.    {Acts  i.  19] 

-aceous,  suf.  freely  used  to  form  adjj.  to  the 
Nat. -Hist,  nouns  in  -acea,  -ace.*,  as  crustacc- 
ous,  rosaceous,    [f.  L  -aceus  see  -acea  +  -ous] 

aeephal-,  stem  of  several  bot.,  zool.,  &  eccl. 
terms.  Headless,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  akephalos  f.  a- 
(7)+kephale  head] 

ace'phalous,  a.  Headless ;  recognizing  no 
chief;  (Zool.)  having  no  part  of  body  specially 
organized  as  head;  (Bot.)  with  head  aborted 
or  cut  off;  (in  prosody),  (verse)  wanting  the  re- 
gular first  syllable,    [as  prec  +  -ous] 

a'eerbate,  v.t.  Sometimes  used  for  ex- 
acerbate. 

acep'bity,  n.  Astringent  sourness,  harsh 
taste ;  bitterness  of  speech,  manner,  or  temper, 
[f.  F.  acerbite  t.  L  acerbitatem  (acerbus  sour- 
tasting,  -TY)] 

a'eervate,  a.  Growing  in  compact  clusters 
(of  spines,  &c).  [f.  L  acervare  (acervus  a 
heap),  -ate2] 

ace'scent,  a.  Turning  sour,  rather  sour,  lit. 
and  fig.  [f.  L  acescere  inceptive  of  acere  be 
sour  (ac-  sharp),  -ent] 

acet-,  stem  of  many  chem.  terms.  Vinegar. 
[L  acetum  vinegar  (acere  be  sour)] 

acetabulum,  n.  (pi.  -la).  (Rom.  antiq.) 
cup  to  hold  vinegar.  (Zool.)  cup-shaped  sucker 
of  cuttle-fish,  &c ;  socket  of  thighbone,  or  of 
joints  in  insects.  [f.  L  acetum  vinegar  ■+- 
-abulum  dim.  of  -abrum  receptacle] 

aeetar'ious,  a.  (Of  plants)  used  in  salads, 
[f.  L  acetaria  salad  plants,  neut.  pi.  of  acetaris 
(as  acetic,  see  ■ar1)+  -ous] 

a'cetated,  a.  Treated  with  acetic  acid, 
[p.p.  of  acetate  v.  (ACETrc+  -ate  3)  not  otherwise 
used1 

1* 


ACETIC 


[f.   L 


ace'tic,   a.      Pertaining  to  vinegar. 
aeetum  vinegar+  -ic] 

aee'tify,  v.t.  &i.  Convert  into  vinegar;  be- 
come sour.  Hence  acetiFiCA'TiON,  ace'tifi- 
er1  (2),  nn.    [as  prec  +  -fy] 

a'eetous,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  vine- 
gar ;  sour,    [as  prec.  +  -ous] 

aee'tylene,  n.  A  colourless  gas,  burning 
with  a  bright  flame,  [as  prec,  see  -yl  and 
-ene]  * 

acharnement  (F),  n.    Ferocity ;  gusto. 

Achates  (-k-).  Faithful  friend  of  Aeneas 
(Verg.  Aen.)\  any  faithful  friend. 

ache1  (ak),  v.i.  Suffer  continuous  or  pro- 
longed pain.  [OE  acan;  earlier  and  correct 
spelling  of  the  verb  was  ake] 

ache  2  (ak),  n.  Continuous  pain.  [OE  xce  f. 
acan  v. ;  earlier  pronunciation  of  the  noun  was 
atsh  (cp.  bake  batch,  wake  watch)] 

ache  3  (atsh),  n.    Name  of  letter  H. 

achieve,  v.t.  Accomplish,  carry  out;  ac- 
quire ;  reach  (an  end).  Hence  achle'VABLE  a. 
ff.  F  achever(dchef  venirt  LL  ad  caput  venire 
.come  to  a  head  with)] 

achievement,  n.  Completion,  accomplish- 
ment ;  thing  accomplished ;  escutcheon  or  en- 
sign armorial  in  memory  of  a  distinguished 
feat ;  =  hatchment,  [f.  F  achevement  {achever 
achieve)] 

aehrlous(-k-),a.(bot.).  Without  lips.  [f.  Gk 
•a-  not+kheilos  lip+-ous] 

achlamy'deous,  a.  (bot.).  Without  calyx 
or  corolla,  [f.  Gk  a-  not+khlamus  -udos  cloak 
-r  -EOUS] 

achromatic,  a.  (opt).  Free  from  colour; 
transmitting  light  without  decomposing  it. 
Hence  aehnoma'tiCALLY  adv.,  aehro- 
mati'eiTY,  aehi»6*matiSM(2),  nn.,  aehro*- 
matiZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  Gk  akhromatos  (a-  not+ 
khroma  -matos  colour) +-ic] 

a'eid1,  a.    Sour;  (Chem.)  with  the  essential 

Eroperties  of  an  acid2.  So  aci'diTY  n.  [f. 
i  acidus  (acere  be  sour)] 

a*cid2,  n.  A  sour  substance;  (Chem.)  one 
of  a  class  of  substances  that  neutralize  and  are 
neutralized  by  alkalis,  and  are  compounded  of 
hydrogen  and  another  element  or  elements,  and 
of  which  the  principal  types  are  sour  and  turn 
vegetable  blues  to  reds.    [f.  prec] 

aei'dify,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  become,  sour; 
(Chem. )  convert  into  an  acid.  Hence  aei'difi- 
able  a.,  acidiFiCATiON,  aci*difiER](2),  nn. 
[as  acid,  see  -fy] 

aeidi'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  measuring 
strength  of  acids,    [as  prec,  see  -meter] 

aci'dulated,  a.  Made  somewhat  acid.  [p.p. 
of  acidulate  v.  (foil.  +  -ate  3),  not  otherwise 
used] 

aci*dulous,  a.  Somewhat  acid.  [f.  L  aci- 
dulus  (dim.  of  acidus  sour)  +  -ous] 

a'cinus,  n.  (pi.  acini).  One  of  the  small  berries 
that  make  up  a  compound  fruit  such  as  the 
blackberry;  the  compound  fruit  itself;  seed 
of  a  grape  or  berry ;  (Anat.)  racemose  gland. 
Hence  aci'niFORM  a.    [L,  =  berry,  seed] 

-acious,  suf.  forming  adjj.  meaning  'in- 
clined to',  'abounding  in',  [f.  L  -ax  -acts, 
added  to  vb  stems  to  form  adjj.,+  -ous] 

-aeity,  suf.  forming  nouns  of  quality  corre- 
sponding to  adjj.  in  -acious  directly  f.  L 
-acitat-  or  thr.  F  -aciU. 

acknowledge  (aknol-),  v.t.  Admit  the 
truth  of ;  own  (person  &c  to  be  something) ; 
recognize  the  authority  or  claims  of ;  recognize 
in  legal  form ;  express  appreciation  of ;  an- 
nounce receipt  of  ;  reward  (a  service),  [a-  (2)+ 
knowledge  ;  or  from  the  obs.  noun  acknow- 
ledge] 


10 ACRE 

acknowledgment,  -ement,  n.  Act  of 
acknowledging ;  thing  given  or  done  in  return 
for  a  service,  message,  &c    [prec.  +  -m  ent] 

acli'nic,  a.  A.  line,  magnetic  equator,  on 
which  magnetic  needle  has  no  dip.  [f.  Gk 
aklines  (a-  not+ klino  bend)  +  -ic] 

a'eme,  n.  Highest  point,  point  of  perfection. 
[Gk,=  point] 

a*cne,  n.  Pimple;  disease  marked  by  pim- 
ples,   [perh.  corrupt,  of  acme] 

aco'ck,  adv.  (Of  the  hat)  in  cocked  fashion  ; 
defiantly,    [a  prep.  +  cock  v.] 

a'eolyte,  n.  Inferior  officer  in  the  church  ; 
attendant,  assistant;  novice,  [f.  Gk  akolouthos 
follower] 

a'conite,  n.  Monk's-head  or  wolf's-bane,  a 
poisonous  plant;  extract  from  this.  Hence 
aconi'tic  a.,  aed'nitiNE5  n.  [f.  F  aconit  f. 
Gk  akoniton  (etym.  dub.)] 

a'copn,  n.  Fruit  of  the  oak ;  a.-shell,  multi- 
valve  cirriped,  allied  to  barnacles.  [OE  secern, 
perh.  w.  orig.  meaning  'fruit  of  the  open 
country '  (OE  aecer) ;  conf  us.  w.  corn] 

aeotyle'don,  n.  Plant  with  no  distinct 
seed-lobes.  Hence  acotyle'donous  a.  [f. 
mod.  L  acotyledones  f.  Gk  a-  not  +  kotuledon 
cup-shaped  hollow  (kotule  cup)] 

acou'chy  (-ooshi),  n.  Small  rodent  allied  to 
guinea-pig.  [f.  Facouchi,  perh.  f.  native  name 
in  Guiana] 

acou'stic  (-ow-),  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sense 
of  hearing.  Hence  acou'stic  a  l  a.,  aeou'stie- 
alLY2  adv.,  acousti'ciAN,  acou'stics,  nn. 
[f.  F  acoustique  f.  Gk  akoustikos  (akouo 
hear)] 

acquai'nt,  v.t.  Make  (person,  oneself  $ 
aware  of  (with  facts,  that,  how,  &c) ;  make 
oneself  familiar  (with  circumstances  &c); 
(pass. )  have  personal  knowledge  of  (with  person 
or  thing),  [f.  OF  acointer  f.  LL  Accognitare 
f.  cognit-  p.p.  st.  of  co(gnoscere  come  to 
know)] 

acquaintance,  n.  Knowledge  of  (with) 
person  &c  more  than  mere  recognition  and 
less  than  intimacy ;  person(s)  with  whom  one 
is  acquainted  (pi.  now  usu.  -ances  in  this  sense). 
Hence  aequarntancesHip  n.  [f.  OF  acoint- 
ance  (acointer  acquaint)] 

acque'st,  n.     Thing  acquired;   (Law)  pro- 

f)erty  gained  otherwise  than  by  inheritance, 
f.  OF  acquest  f.  LL  acquistum  f.  L  acquisi- 
tum  (see  acquire)] 

acquiesce  (-ies),  v.i.  Agree  tacitly ;  a.  in, 
accept  (arrangements,  conclusions).  So  ac- 
quie'seENCE  n.,  acquie'scENT  a.  [f.  MF 
acquiescer  f.  L  AC(quiescere  rest)] 

acquire*,  v.t.  Gain  by  oneself  and  for  one- 
self; (of  qualities  &c)  win  (person  a  good 
name  &c) ;  come  into  possession  of ;  an  ac- 
quired taste  (not  natural),  [f.  OF  acquerre  f. 
L.  AC(quirere  quisit-  =  quaerere  seek)] 

acquisition,  n.  Act  of  acquiring;  thing 
acquired.  So  acqui'siti ve  a. ,  acqui'siti ve- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  acquisitio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

acqui't,  v.t.  (-U-).  Pay  (a  debt);  declare 
(person)  not  guilty  (of  offence) ;  discharge  one- 
self  of  (duty,  responsibility) ;  a.  oneself  (per- 
form one's  part)  well,  ill,  &c  [f.  OF  aquiter  f. 
LL  *AC(quitare  =  L  quietare  settle  f.  quies  -etis 

acqui'ttal,  n.  Discharge  from  debt ;  deliver- 
ance from  a  charge  by  verdict  &c ;  per- 
formance (of  duty),    [prec  +  -al  (2)] 

acqui'ttance,  n.  Payment  of  debt ;  release 
from  debt ;  receipt  in  full.  [f.  OF  aquitance 
(aquiter  acquit,  see  -ance)] 

acre  (a'ker),  n. «.  Measure  of  land,  4,840  sq. 
yds ;  piece  of  tilled  or  enclosed  land,  field  (only 


ACREAGE 

in  special  uses,  as  broad  aa.,  God's  A.,  Long 
A.).  Hence  ( -  )a*cPED 2  a.  [f.  OE  secer,  acer  (cf. 
OHG,  achar  L  ager  Gk  agros  Skr  ajras)  tilled 
or  enclosed  land  (orig.  open  country) ;  adopted 
in  med.  L  as  acra,  in  OF  as  acre,  hence  mod. 
spelling  for  the  regular  aker] 
acreage  (a'kerij),  n.  Amount  of  acres ; 
acres  collectively  or  in  the  abstract,    [acre  + 

-AGE] 

a'erid,  a.  Bitterly  pungent,  irritating,  corro- 
sive ;  of  bitter  temper  or  manner.  Hence 
aeri'diTY  n.  [irreg.  f.  L  acer  -cris  pungent + 
-id,  perh.  assimilated  to  acid] 

a'crimony,  n.  Bitterness  of  temper  or 
manner.  So  aepimo'nious  a.,  acrimo'ni- 
ousLY2,adv.  [f.  L  acrimonia  pungency  (acer 
-cris  sharp ;  see  -mony)  perh.  thr.  F  acrimonie] 

A'erita,  n.  pi.  (zool.).  Animals  with  no  dis- 
tinct nervous  system,  [mod.  L  f.  Gk  akritos 
undistinguishable  (a-  not+krino  distinguish)] 

aero-  in  comb.  Highest,  topmost,  terminal ; 
tipped  with  ;  at  the  point  or  extremity  of.  [f. 
Gk  akros  topmost,  outermost] 

a'crobat,  n.  Rope-dancer,  tumbler.  Hence 
aeroba'tic  a.,  aeroba*tiCALLY  adv.,  a*cro- 
batiSM  n.  [f.  Facrobate  f.  Gk  akrobatos  walk- 
ing on   tiptoe,  climbing  aloft  (acro-  +  batos 


vbl  adj.  f.  baino  go)] 

a'epog-en,  n.  (botT).  Cryptogamous  plant 
having  perennial  stem  with  growing  point  at 
extremity,  as  ferns  and  mosses.  Hence  aero*- 
genous  a.    [acro-  +  Gk  -genes  born] 

a'crolith,  n.  Statue  with  head  and  extremi- 
ties of  stone,    [acro-  +  Gk  lithos  stone] 

acro'nyehal,  a.  Happening  at  nightfall 
(esp.  of  rising  or  setting  of  stars).  Hence 
aero'nyehalLY2  adv.  [f.  Gk  akronukhos 
(acro-  +  nux  nuktos  night)  4-  -al] 

acrd'petal,  a.  Developing  from  below  up- 
wards. Hence  aero'petalLY.2  adv.  [acro- 
+  L  petere  seek  +  -al] 

acro'polis,  n.  Citadel  or  elevated  part  of 
a  Greek  city,  esp.  of  Athens.  [Gk  akropolis 
(acro-  +polis  city)] 

acro'ss,  adv.  &  prep.  In  the  form  of  a  cross, 
as  with  arms  a. ;  forming  a  cross  with,  making 
angles  with,  (object  expressed  or  understood), 
as  a  line  drawn  a.  (the  road) ;  into  contact 
with,  as  came  a.  a  tiger,  an  instance-,  from 
side  to  side  (of),  as  run  a.  (the  road) ;  on  the 
other  side  (of),  as  by  this  time  he  is  a.  (the 
Channel),  [a  prep.  +  cross  1 ;  Caxton  has  in 
cross  f .  F  encroix] 

aero'stie,  n.  Poem  or  other  composition  in 
which  the  initial  (single  a.),  the  initial  and 
final  (double  a.),  or  the  initial,  middle,  and  final 
(triple  a.)  letters  of  the  lines  spell  a  word  or 
words ;  Hebrew  poem  of  which  the  lines  begin 
with  the  successive  letters  of  the  alphabet. 
Hence  aero'stie  a.,  aero'stiCALLY  adv. 
[acro-  +  Gk  stikhos  row,  line  of  verse] 

act *,  n.  Thing  done,  deed  ;  process  of  doing, 
operation,  as  in  the  very  a.  of,  A.  of  Ood 
(operation  of  uncontrollable  natural  forces) ;  de- 
cree passed  by  a  legislative  body  &c. ;  main 
division  of  a  play  ;  (in  Universities)  thesis  main- 
tained by  a  candidate  for  a  degree  &c.  [f.  F 
acte  f.  L  actus  -us  doing  and  f.  L  actum  thing 
done ;  see  foil.] 

act 2,  v.t,  &  1.  Perform  a  play  or  part ;  per- 
sonate (character  in  a  play  or  in  life),  as  a. 
Othello,  a.  the  fool ;  perform  actions,  behave, 
as  a.  (behave)  generously,  a.  (serve)  as  in- 
terpreter, a.  upon  (execute)  a  suggestion,  a. 
up  to  (put  into  practice)  a  principle  ;  perform 
special  functions,  as  the  policeman  declined  to 
a.,  the  brake  refused  to  a.,  alcohol  acts  on  the 
brain,    [f.  L  agere  act-  do] 


11 ACULEUS 

a'cting-,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp :  doing  duty 
temporarily,  as  A. -Captain ;  doing  alone  duties 
nominally  shared  with  others,  as  A. -Manager, 
-  Trustee,    [act  2  +  -ing  2] 

Acti'nia,  n.  (pi.  -ae,  -as).  Genus  of  Zoophytes 
belonging  to  the  family  Actiniadae;  (pop.) 
sea-anemone,    [mod.  L  f.  Gk  aktis  -inos  ray] 

a'ctinism,  n.  That  property  of  the  sun's 
rays  by  which  chemical  changes  are  produced, 
as  in  photography.  So  aeti'nic  a.  [as  prec.  + 
-ism] 

a'ction,  n.  Process  of  acting,  exertion  of 
energy  or  influence,  as  men  of  a.,  put  in  a.,  a. 
of  an  acid ;  thing  done,  act ;  (in  drama)  series 
of  events  represented  ;  mode  of  acting,  manage- 
ment of  body,  &c,  as  a.  of  a  player,  horse, 
piano ;  mechanism  of  an  instrument ;  legal  pro- 
cess; engagement  between  troops.  [F,  f.  L 
actionem  (as  act  2,  see  -ion)] 

a'ctionable,  a.  Affording  ground  for  an 
action  at  law.  Hence  a'ctionabLY2  adv. 
[action  +  -able] 

a'ctive,  a.  Given  to  outward  action  ;  work- 
ing, effective;  energetic,  diligent;  acting  of 
one's  own  accord,  acting  upon  others ;  (Gram.) 
the  active  voice  comprises  all  forms  of  intransi- 
tive verbs,  and  those  forms  of  transitive  verbs 
that  attribute  the  verbal  action  to  the  person 
or  thing  whence  it  proceeds  (the  logical  subject), 
as  We  punished  him ;  not,  like  the  forms  of  the 
passive  voice,  to  the  person  or  thing  to  whom 
it  is  directed  (the  logical  object),  as  He  teas 
punished  by  us.  Less  correctly,  verbs  are 
themselves  called  active.  Hence  aetiveLY2 
adv.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  activus  (as  act  2,  see  -ive)_; 
or  direct  f.  L  in  theol.  phr.  vita  activa] 

aeti*vity,  n.  Exertion  of  energy ;  quality  of 
being  active,  diligence,  nimbleness ;  (pi.)  active 
forces,  spheres  of  action,  [f.  F.  activity  f.  med. 
L  activitatem  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

a'cton,  n.  Jacket  of  quilted  cotton  worn 
under  mail ;  mail-plated  jacket  of  leather  &c. 
[f.  OF  auqueton  (mod.  hoqueton)  padding, 
padded  jacket,  f.  Sp.  alcoton  (mod.  algodon) 
cotton  f.  Arab,  al-qutun  the  cotton] 

a'ctor,  n.  Dramatic  performer,  whence 
a'ctrESS l  n. ;  (rarely)  doer.  [L,  =  doer,  actor 
(as  act2,  see -or2)] 

a'ctual,  a.  Existing  in  fact,  real ;  present, 
current.  [f.  F  actuel  f.  LL  actualis  (actus 
vbl  n.  f.  agere  act2;  see  -al)] 

actua'lity,  n.  Reality ;  realism ;  (pi.) existing 
conditions,  [f.  med.  L  actualitas  (as  prec, 
see  -ty)] 

a'ctualize,  v.t.  Realize  in  action  ;  describe 
realistically.  Hence  actualizATiON  n.  [ac- 
tual +  -ize] 

a'ctually,  adv.  In  actual  fact,  really;  for 
the  time  being  ;  even  (strange  as  it  may  seem). 

[-LY2] 

a'etuary,  n.  Expert  authority  on  rates  of 
mortality  and  other  details  of  life,  fire,  or  ac- 
cident insurance ;  (formerly)  registrar,  notary. 
Hence  aetuar'iAL  a.  [f.  L.  actuarius  amanu- 
ensis, book-keeper   (actus;    see   actual   and 

-ARYl)] 

a'ctuate,  v.t.  Communicate  motion  to  (a 
machine  &c);  serve  as  motive  to  (person). 
Hence  aetUA'TiON  n.  (f.  med.  L  actuare 
(actus,  as  prec,  see  -ate3)] 

aeu'ity,  n.  Sharpness,  acuteness  (as  of 
needle,  acid,  disease,  wit),  [f.  F  acuite  f.  med. 
L  acuitatem  (acus  -us  needle ;  see  -ity)] 

acu'leate  (at),  acirleated,  aa.  (Zool.) 
having  a  sting;  (Bot.)  prickly;  pointed,  in- 
cisive,   [f.  L  aculeatus  (aculeus,  see  -ate2)] 

acu'leus,  n.  (pi.  -i).  (Zool.)  sting;  (Bot.) 
prickle.    [L  aculeus  sting,  dim.  of  acus  needle] 


ACUMEN 


12 


ADDUCT 


acu'men,  n.  Keen  discernment,  penetra- 
tion. [L  acumen  -minis  anything  sharp  (acuere 
sharpen)] 

acu'minate1  (-at),  a.  (nat.  hist).  Tapering 
to  a  point,    [f.  L  acuminare  (prec.),  see  -ate2] 

acu'minate2,  v.t.  Sharpen,  point;  give 
poignancy  to.  Hence  aeuminATiON,  n.  [as 
prec,  see  -ate3] 

acu'te,  a.  Sharp,  pointed ;  (of  angles)  less 
than  a  right  angle  ;  (of  diseases)  coming  sharply 
to  a  crisis,  opp.  to  chronic ;  (of  sensations,  senses, 
intellect)  keen ;  (of  sounds)  high,  shrill ;  (of 
letters)  bearing  the  acute  accent.  Hence 
aeu'teLY2  adv.,  aeirteNESS  n.  [f.  L  acuere 
-id-  sharpen] 

acuti-  in  comb.  Sharp,  as  -foliate  sharp- 
leaved,  -lobate  sharp-lobed.  [L  comb,  form  of 
acutus  acute] 

-acy,  suf.  forming  nouns  of  state  or  quality 
from  or  modelled  on  L  -acia  or  -atia  or  Gk 
-ateia.  (1)  n.  of  quality  f.  L  -aci-a  f.  adjj.  in 
-aci- :  fall-  deceive  fall-aci-  deceitful  fall-aci-a 
fallacy.  (2)  n.  of  state  or  quality  f.  L  -ati-a  f. 
nouns  in  -at-  (nom.  -as,  -i-  being  part  of  stem 
or  connecting  link) :  med.  L  primed-  primati-a 
primacy ;  and  by  analogy  supremacy.  (3)  n.  of 
state  f.  med.  L  -ati-a  f.  nouns  in  -atus:  ad- 
vocat-us  advocat-ia  advocacy ;  and  by  analogy 
curacy.  This  formation  was  extended  to  adjj. 
f.  L  -atus  to  form  accuracy,  obstinacy,  from 
accurate,  obstinate,  where  L  has  nouns  in  -alio ; 
hence  other  L  words  in  -atio  appear  in  E  with 
-acy  where  E  has  no  corresponding  adj.  in  -ate, 
as  conspiracy ;  similarly,  E  -acy  for  L  -atus 
(n.  of  4th  decl.),  as  magistr-atus  magistracy, 
gives  rise  to  episcopacy  as  if  f.  E  episcopate ; 
and  lunacy  is  formed  to  match  lunatic  on  anal. 
of  diplomacy  diplomatic.  (1)  n.  of  state,  through 
L,  f .  Gk  -ateia  f.  n.  in  -ates  or  vb  in  -ateuein: 
peirates  peirateia  piracy. 

ad-,  pref.  (1)  t.  Lad  to,  with  sense  of  motion 
or  direction  to,  change  into,  addition,  adher- 
ence, increase,  or  mere  intensification.  Before 
cfglnpqrst,  and  prob.  before  b,  ad  was  in 
later  L  assimilated ;  before  vowels  and  d  h  j 
m  v,  it  was  unchanged.  In  OF,  L  ad,  wherever 
recognized  as  such,  became  a-,  even  before 
vowels,  as  aorner  f.  L  adornare ;  but  later 
the  spelling  was  Latinized,  sometimes  with 
changed  pronunciation,  both  in  F  and  still 
more  in  E,  where  the  OF  forms  had  been 
adopted.  (The  use  of  ad-,  ab-,  in  pairs  like 
adoral,  aboral,  situated  at  and  away  from 
mouth,  is  unknown  to  L.)  (2)  The  pedantic 
spelling:  ad-  for  a-  was  sometimes  extended  to 
a-  coming  not  from  L  ad-  but  f.  L  ab-  (advance 
F.  avancer  L  ab-anteare),  t.  OF  en-  (addebted 
OF  endette),  f.  OF  es-  f.  L  ex-  (affray  OF  es- 
frayer),  t.  OE  a-  (accurse  ME  a-curse),  &c;  so 
admiral  f.  Arab,  amiral.  New  native  com- 
pounds with  E  a-  were  falsely  spelt  in  the  same 
way. 

-ad,  suf.  of  nouns.  (1)  f.  Gk  -ad-  (nom.  -as), 
in  collective  numerals  (monad,  dyad,  triad, 
chiliad,  myriad) ;  in  fem.  patronymics  (Dryad, 
Naiad) ;  in  names  of  poems  (Iliad,  and  by  anal. 
Dunciad,  Rosciad) ;  and  in  family  names  of 
plants  (liliad,  asclepiad).  (2)  f.  F  -ade ;  see  the 
more  usual  -ade. 

a'dag-e  (-Ij),  n.  Traditional  maxim,  proverb. 
[F,  f .  L  adagium  (ad  to +agi-,  root  of  aio  I  say)] 
>  ada*glo(adahj-),adv.  a.,n.,(mus.).  Leisurely; 

(n.)  adagio  movement    [It] 

A'dam,  n.      The  first  man;  old  A.  (unre- 

generate  condition),  A.'s  ale  or  wine  (water), 
A.'s  apple  (projection  of  the  thyroid  cartilage 

of  the  larynx).    [Heb.  a-dam  man] 

a'damant,  n.    A  thing  impenetrably  hard ; 


(formerly)  loadstone  ;  diamond.  Hence  ada- 
ma'nti  n  e  2  a.  [f .  OF  adamaunt  f .  L  adaman- 
tem  (nom.  -mas)  f.  Gk  adamas  -mantos  un- 
tamable (a-  not+damao  I  tame) ;  used  in  Gk 
of  the  hardest  metal,  prob.  steel ;  in  med.  L  of 
the  loadstone,  from  confusion  with  ad-aman- 
tem  having  an  attraction  for;  from  17th  cent, 
often  a  synonym  for  diamond] 

A'damite,  n.  Child  of  Adam,  human  being ; 
unclothed  man;  (Eccles.)  name  of  sects  who 
imitated  Adam  in  this  respect;  (pi.)  a  section 
of  humanity  supposed  by  some  to  be  alone  de- 
rived from  Adam.    [adam+  -ite] 

ada'pt,  v.t.  Fit  (a  thing  to  another) ;  make 
suitable  (to  or  for  a  purpose).  Hence  or  cogn. 
adaptaBrLiTY,  adaptATiON,  nn.,  ada'pt- 
able,  ada'ptiVE,  aa.  [f.  F  adapter  f.  L  ad- 
(aptare  f.  aptus  fit)] 

ad  captcrndum  (vu'lgus),  adv.  &  a.  (Cal- 
culated) to  take  the  fancy  (of  the  rabble).    [L] 

add,  v.t.  &  i.  Join  (one  thing  to  another), 
as  a.  your  entreaties  to  mine,  a.  insult  to  in- 
jury, this  adds  to  (increases)  our  difficulties,  he 
added  (stated  further)  that—,  a.  up  or  to- 
gether (find  the  sum  of),  a.  (perform  the  pro- 
cess of  summation)  correctly,  a.  in  (include). 
[f.  L  AT>(dere  dit-  =  dare  putjj 

addendum,  n.  (pi.  -da).  Thing  to  be  added ; 
appendix,  addition.  [L  gerundive  of  addere 
add] 

a'ddep,  n.  Small  venomous  snake,  esp. 
Common  Viper;  Puff,  Death,  Horned,  A., 
species  of  Viperidae;  Flying  A.,  dragon-fly; 
A.'s  tongue,  genus  of  ferns,  [f.  OE  nxdre  (cf. 
OLG  nadra,  OHG  natra)  serpent ;  n-  lost  in 
ME  by  wrong  division  of  a  naddre  into  an 
addre  ;  nedder  survives  in  dial.] 

addi'ct,  v.t.  Devote,  apply  habitually,  (to  a 
practice),  as  his  tastes  a.  him,  he  addicts  him- 
self or  his  mind,  he  is  addicted,  to ;  (Rom.  Law) 
deliver  over  by  sentence  of  a  judge.  So  ad- 
di'ctiON  n.    [f.  L  AD(dicere  diet-  say)  assign] 

addi'tion,  n.  Process  of  adding ;  thing 
added.    [F,  r.  L  additionem  (as  add,  see  -ion)] 

additional,  a.  Added,  supplementary. 
Hence  additionally  2  adv.    [prec.  +  -al] 

a'ddle  \  a.  A.  egg,  rotten  one,  one  that  pro- 
duces no  chicken ;  empty,  vain ;  muddled,  un- 
sound, as  a.-brained,  -head,  -pated.  [f.  OE 
adela  mud  (cf.  MLG  adele  G  adel) ;  now  used 
only  as  adj.] 

a'ddle  2,  v.t  &  i.  Muddle,  confuse ;  (of  eggs) 
grow  addle,    [f .  prec.  ] 

a'ddled,  a.  Made  addle,  [addle  a.  assim.  to 
p.p.  form,  apparently  before  addle  v.  existed] 

address J,  v.t.  Communicate  with  (by  word 
or  letter),  as  a.  myself  or  my  remarks  or  a 
letter  to  a  person,  a.  an  audience,  a.  a  letter 
(write  on  cover  directions  for  delivery)  to  a 
person ;  apply  oneself  to  i  (a  task).  [f.  F 
adresser  f.  LL  * AD(drictiare  f.  d?*ictum  for 
directum  direct)] 

addre'ss2,  n.  Readiness,  skill,  dexterity, 
adroitness ;  superscription  of  letter,  name  of 
place  to  which  person's  letters  are  directed ; 
act  of  dispatching  a  ship;  manner,  bearing, 
in  conversation ;  (pi.)  courteous  approach, 
courtship,  [f.  prec.  and  f.  F  adresse  n.  f. 
adresser] 

addressee",  n.  Person  to  whom  a  letter  is 
addressed,    [address  H-ee] 

addu'ee,  v.t  Cite  as  proof  or  instance. 
Hence  addu'oeABLE,  addu'ci ble,  aa.  [f.  L 
AD(ducere  duct-  lead)] 

addu'eent,  a.  (physiol.).  (Of  muscles)  draw- 
ing to  a  common  centre,    [as  prec,  see  -ent] 

addu'et,  v.t.  (physiol.).  Draw  to  a  common 
centre,   [as  adduce] 


ADDUCTION 


IS 


ADMEASURE 


addu'ction,  n.  Act  of  adducing;  act  of 
adducting.    [¥,  f.  L  adductionem  (as  prec,  see 

-ION)J 

-ade,  suf.  of  nouns.  (1)  f.  F  -ade,  the  form  in 
which  Pr.,  Sp.,  or  Port,  wds  in  -ada  f.  L  -ata 
(fern.  sing.  p.p.  of  verbs  in  -are)  were  adopted 
in  F,  often  supplanting  native  F  -ie  direct  f. 
L,  as  in  accolade  OF  acolee.  Now  a  living  suf. 
both  in  F  wds,  many  of  which  are  borrowed 
by  E  (tirade,  gasconnade),  and  in  E  {blockade, 
orangeade) ;  E  drops  F  e  in  ballad,  salad. 
Meanings :  action  done  (tirade, fusillade),  body 
concerned  in  action  or  process  (ambuscade, 
cavalcade),  thing  produced  by  action  or  from 
material  (masquerade,  lemonade).  (2)  tF-ade 
f.  Gk  -ada  (nom.  -as),  as  decade ;  but  in  E  usu. 
-ad.  (3)  f.  Sp.  or  Port,  -ado,  masc.  form  corr. 
to  (1)  above,  with  similar  meaning  (brocade), 
or  that  of  the  person  affected  (renegade). 

a'denoids,  n.  pi.  Mass  of  spongy  tissue 
between  back  of  nose  and  throat,  often  hinder- 
ing inflation  of  lungs,  [f.  Gk  aden  -enos  acorn, 
gland] 

adept,  n.  &  a.  (One  who  is)  thoroughly  pro- 
ficient (in  anything),  [f.  L  adeptus  p.p.  of 
AD(ipisci  =  apisci  f.  root  ap-)  attain,  used  in 
med.  L  as  title  by  alchemists  who  'had  attained ' 
the  great  secret] 

a'dequate,  a.  Proportionate  (to  the  require- 
ments); sufficient.  Hence  a'dequACY  n., 
adequateLY2  adv.  [f.  L  XDaequare  make 
equal  (aequus),  see  -ate  3] 

a  deux  (F),  adv.  &  a.  For  two ;  between 
two. 

adhere',  v.i.  Stick  fast,  cleave,  to  (a  sub- 
stance, person,  party,  opinion),  [f.  L  ad- 
(haerere  haes-  stick)] 

adheirent,  a.  &  n.  Sticking  (to  substance) ; 
due  to ;  connected  with  (to) ;  (n.)  supporter  (of 
party  &c).  So  adhep'ENCE  n.  [f.  F  adherent 
(as  prec,  see  -ent)] 

adhe'sion,  n.  Adhering  (lit.  and  fig.) ;  give 
in  one's  a.,  announce  ones  concurrence,  [f. 
F  adhesion  f.  L  adhaesionem  (as  adhere,  see 
-ion)] 

adhesive,  a.  Having  the  property  of  ad- 
hering ;  sticky.  Hence  adhe'siveLY 2  adv. 
[f.  F  adhesif,  -ive  (as  adhere,  see  -ive)] 

adhi'bit,  v.t.  Put  on,  affix ;  apply,  ad- 
minister, (remedies).  So  adhibi'tiON  n.  [f. 
L  AV(hibere  hibit-  =  habere  hold)  employ] 

ad  hoc,  a.  Arranged  for  this  purpose,  special. 
[L] 

a'diaba'tie,  a,  (physics).  Impervious  to 
heat,  maintaining  a  constant  temperature. 
Hence  a'diaba'tiealLY  2  adv.  [f.  Gk  adia- 
batos  impervious  (a-  \\ot+dia  through+oa^os 
passable  f.  baino  go)  +  -ic] 

adia'ntum,  n.  Genus  of  ferns  including  the 
True  Maidenhair;  {pop.)  Black  Maidenhair. 
[L,  f.  Gk  adianton  maidenhair,  lit.  un wetted  (a- 
not-f-  diaino  wet)] 

adia'phorism,  n.  Latitudinarianism.  So 
adia'phoriST  n.  [f.  Gk  adiaphoros  (a-  not 
+diaphoros  different  f.  dia  apart  +phero  bear) 
+ -ism] 

adieu  (a&u'),  int.  &  n.  Good-bye;  make, 
take,  one's  a.,  say  good-bye.  [F  (a  to+Dieu 
God)l 

ad  infinitum,  adv.  Without  limit,  forever. 
[L] 

ad  i'nterim,  adv.  &  a.  For  the  meantime. 
[LI 

a'dipocere,  n.  Greyish  fatty  substance 
generated  in  dead  bodies  subjected  to  moisture, 
[f.  F  adipocire  (L  adeps  -ipis  fat+  -o-  +cire 
wax  f.  L  cera)] 

a'dipose,  a.  &  n.    Pertaining  to  fat,  fatty ; 


(n.)  animal  fat.  Hence  adipd'siTY  n.  [f. 
L  adeps  -ijjis  fat+  -ose] 

a'dit,  n.  Approach;  (of  mines)  horizontal  en- 
trance ;  act  of  approaching,  [f.  L  AT>itus_-us 
(ire  it-  go)] 

adja'cent,  a.  Lying  near,  contiguous.  So 
adja'CENCY  n.    [f.  L  AT>(jacere  lie),  see  -ent] 

a'djeetive,  a.  &  n.  Additional,  not  standing 
by  itself,  dependent :  a.  colours  (not  permanent 
without  a  basis) ;  Law  A.  (subsidiary  part  of 
law,  procedure) ;  (Gram.)  a.,  noun  a.,  the  name 
of  an  attribute,  added  to  the  name  of  a  thing 
to  describe  the  thing  more  fully.  Hence  ad- 
jeetrvAL  a. ,  adjeeti*valLY  2,  a'djeetiveL  y2, 
advv.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  adjectivus  t  AG(jicere 
ject-  =  jacere  throw),  see  -IV*] 

adjoi'n,  v.t.  Join,  unite,  (one  thing  to 
another) ;  be  contiguous  with.  [f.  OF  ajoindre 
f.  L  AD(jungere  junct-  join)] 

adjoup'n  (-ern),  v.t.  &  i.  Put  off,  postpone 
postpone  further  proceedings ;  (intr.,  of  persons 
met  together)  suspend  joint  proceedings  and 
separate  ;  change  the  place  of  meeting.  Hence 
adjou'pnMENT  n.  [f.  OF  ajorner  I.  LL  ad- 
jurnare.  appoint  a  day  (jurn-us  day,  cf.  It. 
giorno  F  jour,  f.  L  diurnus  daily  f.  dies 
day)] 

adj  u'dge,  v.  t.  Adjudicate  upon  (a  matter) ; 
pronounce  judicially  (that  a  thing  is  or  a  thing 
to  be) ;  condemn  (person  to  penalty  or  to  do) ; 
award  judicially  (thing  to  person).  Hence 
adju'dg-MENT  n.   [f.  OF  ajuger  (as  foil.)] 

adju'dieate,  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  a  judge  or  court) 
decide  upon  (claim  &c.) ;  pronounce  (person  to 
be  something);  (intr.)  sit  in  judgment  and 
pronounce  sentence.  Hence  adjudieATiON, 
adju'dieatoR2,  nn.,  adjirdieatiVE  a.  [f. 
L  AT>(judicare  f.  judex  -ids  judge),  see  -ate3] 

a*d junct,  n.  Subordinate  (thing,  person, 
to  another);  personal  enhancement;  (Gram.) 
amplification  of  the  predicate,  subject,  &c. ; 
(Logic)  non-essential  attribute.  Hence  ad- 
ju'netivE  a.,  adju'netiveLY2  adv.  [f.  L  as 
adjoin] 

adjure*  (-joor),  v.t.  Charge  (a  person)  under 
oath  or  penalty  of  curse  (to  do);  request 
earnestly.  Hence  adjuPA"TiON  n.  [f.  L  ad- 
(jurare  swear)  in  LL  sense  '  put  person  to  an 
oath '] 

adju'st,  v.t.  Arrange,  put  in  order;  har- 
monize (discrepancies) ;  adapt  (to  standard  or 
purpose).  Hence  adju*stABLE  a.,  adju'st- 
ment  n.  [f.  16th-c.  F  adjuster  (mod.  Fojuster) 
f.  med.  L  adjustare  (not,  as  was  thought,  ad 
+justus  just,  but)f.  OF ajuster,  ajouster  (mod. 
F  ajouter)  f.  LL  AJ>(juxtare  bring  together  f. 
juxta  near) ;  those  meanings  of  OF  ajuster  that 
seemed  connected  with  L  Justus  being  given 
to  the  new  adjuster,  formed  when  the  conn, 
of  OF  ajuster  with  adjustare  came  to  be  con- 
cealed by  the  new  spelling  ajouter] 

adj  u'tag-e,  aj-,  n.  Mouthpiece  of  an  artificial 
fountain,  [f.  F  ajoutage  (ajouter  add,  join; 
see  prec.  and  -age)] 

a'djutant,  a.  &  n.  Assistant ;  (Mil.)  officer 
in  the  army  who  assists  superior  officers  by 
communicating  orders,  conducting  correspon- 
dence, &c,  whence  a'djutancY  n. ;  gigantic 
Indian  stork,  [f.  L  adjutare  frequent,  as  foil., 
see  -ant] 

a-djuvant,  a,  &  n.  Helpful,  auxiliary; 
person,  thing,  that  helps.  [F,  f.  L  Ai>(juvare 
jut-  help),  see  -ant] 

ad Irbitum, adv.  (abbr. ad  lib.).  At  pleasure, 
to  any  extent.    [L] 

admea'sure  (-zher),  v.t.  Apportion,  assign 
in  due  shares,  [f.  OF  amesurer  t  LL  ad- 
(mensurare  measure)] 


ADMEASUREMENT 

admeasurement,  n.  Process  of  admea- 
suring ;  comparison ;  dimensions,  [f.  OF  a- 
mesurement  (as  prec,  see  -ment)] 

adminicle,  n.  Auxiliary ;  (Law)  corrobora- 
tory evidence.  Hence  admini'cuLvR 1  a.  [f . 
L  Avminicvlum  prop  (manus  hand)] 

administer,  v.t  &  i.  Manage  (affairs); 
dispense  (justice,  sacraments,  to) ;  tender  (oath 
to) ;  furnish,  give,  (thing  to) ;  apply  (remedies 
to) ;  (intr.)  act  as  administrator;  contribute  to 
(one's  comfort  &c).  Hence  admi'nistPABLE 
a.  [f.  OF  aministrer  f.  L  AT>(ministrare  min- 
ister)] 

administration,  n.  Management  (of  busi- 
ness) ;  management  of  public  affairs,  govern- 
ment; the  ministry,  the  Government;  (Law) 
management  of  deceased  person's  estate ;  Let- 
ters of  A.,  authority  to  administer  estate  of 
an  intestate,  opp.  to  probate ;  dispensation  (of 
justice,  &c);  tendering  (of  oath) ;  application 
(of  remedies),  [(perh.  thr.  F)  f.  L  administratio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

administrative,  a.  Pertaining  to  manage- 
ment of  affairs ;  executive.  Hence  admi'ni- 
strativeLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  administrativus  (as 
prec,  see  -ive)] 

administrator,  n.  Manager ;  one  capable 
of  organizing;  one  who  performs  official  duties 
(of  religion,  justice,  &c);  applier  or  giver  (of) ; 
one  authorized  to  manage  estates  for  legal 
owner  during  minority,  &c,  or  estates  of  one 
who  dies  without  appointing  competent  execu- 
tors. Hence  admi'nistratorsHip,  admi'n- 
istraTRix,  nn.     [L,  as  administer,  see  -or2] 

a'd  mirable  (-mer-),  a.  Surprisingly  good,  ex- 
cellent Hence  a'dmirabLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  L 
admirabilis  (as  admire,  see  -able)] 

a'dmiral  (-mer-),  n.  Commander-in-chief  of 
a  country's  navy  (in  England,  formerly  Lord 
High  A.);  naval  officer  of  highest  rank,  com- 
mander of  fleet  or  squadron ;  A.  of  the  Fleet, 
A.,  Vice- A.,  Rear- A.,  the  four  grades  of  A.  in 
England ;  privileged  commander  of  fishing  or 
merchant  fleet;  ship  that  carries  the  a.,  Flag- 
ship ;  Red  A.,  White  A.,  two  European  species 
of  butterfly.  Hence  a'dmiralSHip  n.  [f.  OF 
amiral  f.  Arab,  amir  commander  al  of  the 
(Faithful,  Sea,  &c),  Latinized  as  amiralis,  but 
refashioned  (see  ad-)  as  admiralis,  and  con- 
fused with  L  admirari  wonder  at,  whence 
med.  L  admirabilis  mundi  ruler  of  the  world] 

a'dmiralty,  n.  Office  of  admiral ;  branch 
of  the  executive  that  superintends  the  navy 
(in  England,  Lords  Commissioners  of  A.); 
Court  of  A.,  tribunal  for  trial  and  decision  of 
maritime  questions  and  offences,  [f.  OF  ad- 
miralty ;  see  admiral  and  -ty] 

admira'tion  (-mer-),  n.  Pleased  contempla- 
tion ;  (formerly)  wonder;  the  a.  of,  admired  by; 
note  of  a.  (!).  [F,  f.  L  admirationem  (as  foil., 
see  -ation)] 

admire*,  v.t  Regard  with  pleased  surprise 
or  approval;  (formerly)  wonder  at,  wonder, 
[f.  F  admirer  f.  L  AD(rairart  wonder  at)] 

admir'er,  n.    One  that  admires;  lover,  [ad- 

MIRE+-ER1] 

admissible,  a.  (Of  idea  or  plan)  worthy 
to  be  entertained;  (law)  allowable  as  judicial 
proof;  capable  of  being  admitted  (to  office  or 
position).  Hence  admissiBi'LiTY  n.  [F,  f. 
LL  admissibilis  (as  admit,  see  -ble)] 

admi'ssion,  n.  Admitting,  being  admitted, 
(to  society  of  persons  or  class  of  things);  ac- 
knowledgment (of  thing  as  true,  that  it  is 
true),    [f.  L  admissio  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 

admi'ssive,  a.  Tending  to  admit  [f.  L 
admi8sivus  (as  foil.,  see  -ive)] 

admi't,  v.t  &  i.  (-U-).  Allow  (person  &c)  en- 


14 ADORER 

trance  or  access  (to  place,  class,  privileges,  &c) ; 
accept  as  valid  or  true,  whence admi'ttedLY2 
adv.;  acknowledge  (thing  to  be,  that  it  is); 
(abs.)  this,  I  admit,  ivas  wrong;  (of  enclosed 
spaces)  have  room  for ;  a.  of,  leave  room  for 
(doubt,  improvement),  [f.  F  admettre  f.  L. 
AD(mittere  miss-  let  go)] 

admi'ttable,  a.  Capable  of  being  admitted 
(usu.  to  a  place),    [prec  +  -able] 

admittance,  n.  Admitting,  beingadmitted, 
(usu.  to  a  place).    [admit+  -ance] 

admi'x,  v.t.  &  i.  Add  as  an  ingredient; 
mingle  (with  something).  So  admi'xtUREn. 
[ad- +  mix;  perh.  due  to  admixt,  really  f.  L 
admixt-  p.p.  of  AD(raiscere  mixt-  mix),  but 
taken  for  an  E  p.p.] 

admd'nish,  v.t.  Exhort  (person  to  do,  that 
he  should  do) ;  give  advice ;  warn  (of  a  thing) ; 
inform,  remind,  (of  a  thing,  that).  Hence  ad- 
mo'nishMENTn.  [OKamonestf.  OF amonester 
I.  LL  admonestare  irreg.  f.  AD(monere  monit- 
warn) ;  amonest  having  dropped  final  -t  (sup- 
posed to  be  p.p.  ending)  became  admonish  on 
anal,  of  aboliss  abolish  &c] 

admoni'tion,  n.  Admonishing  ;  warning, 
reproof.  So  admo'nitoRY  a.  [f.  OF  amoni- 
tion  L  L  admonitionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

ad  nau'seam,  adv.    To  a  disgusting  extent. 

im 

adno'minal,  a.  Belonging  to  an  adnoun; 
attached  to  a  noun.  [f.  L  adnomen  variant  of 
agnomen  in  the  sense  (not  L)  'attached  to  a 
noun'  (ad  to+ nomen  noun)] 

a'dnoun,  n.  Adjective,  word  added  to  a 
noun  substantive;  adjective  used  substan- 
tively,   [t  L  ad  to-f  noun  on  anal,  of  adverb] 

ado*  (-00),  n.  Action,  business,  fuss ;  difficulty, 
[f.  Norse  at  (  =  to  with  infinitive)-)- do;  much 
ado  prop.  =much  to  do;  but  much  being  taken 
as  adj.,  ado  is  treated  as  n.] 

-ado,  suf.  of  nouns.  (1)  f.  Sp.  or  Port  -ado 
t.  L  -atus  p.p.  of  vbs  in  -are,  as  desperado  L 
desperatus  (desperare);  sometimes  changed 
in  E  to  -ode,  as  renegado,  now  renegade.  (2) 
Ignorant  refashioning  of  nouns  in  -ade  f.  F 
-ode=Sp.  -ada  It  -ata,  as  crusado  Sp.  cruzada, 
scalado  Sp.  escalada. 

adolescent  (-esnt),  n.  &  a.  (Person)  growing 
up,  between  childhood  and  manhood  (14  to 
25)  or  womanhood  (12  to  21).  So  adole'seENCE, 
-ency,  nn.  [F,  f.  L  AD(olescere  ult-  incept,  of 
olere  grow),  see  -ent] 

Ado'nis,  n.  Beautiful  youth  loved  by 
Venus;  beau,  dandy;  (Bot)  genus  including 
Pheasant's  Eye;  (Entom.)the  butterfly  Clifton 
Blue.  (Gk,  £.  Phoen.  adon  lord,  title  of  a 
divinity] 

a-donize,  v.  refl.  &  i.  Adorn,  dandify,  (one- 
self) ;  play  the  Adonis.    [adonis+  -ize] 

adept,  v.t.  Take  (person)  into  a  relationship 
he  did  not  previously  occupy;  take  (idea,  &c) 
from  some  one  else;  choose.  Hence  adopt- 
aBixiTY,  ado'ptiON,  nn.,  ado'ptABLE  a,  [f. 
F  adopter  f.  L  AV>(optare  choose,  frequent, 
of  obs.  opere  opt-  wish)  adopt  esp.  child] 

ado'ptive,  a.  Due  to  adoption,  as  a.  son, 
father:  apt  to  adopt  Hence  ado'ptiveLV2 
adv.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  adoptivus ;  see  prec.  and 
-ive] 

adore*,  v.t.  Regard  with  the  utmost  respect 
and  affection;  (poet.)  worship  as  a  deity;  (in 
R.  C.  Church)  reverence  with  representative 
honours  (the  Host  &c).  So  ador'ABLE  a., 
ador*abLY2adv.,  adorA'TioN  n.  [f.  F  adorer 
f.  L  AD(orare  speak  f.  os  oris  mouth)  salute 
worship] 

ador'er,  n.  Worshipper;  ardent  admirer, 
lover.    [prec-f-ER1] 


ADORN 15 

adop'n,  v.t.  Add  beauty  or  lustre  to ;  furnish 
with  ornaments.  So  aaop'nMENT  n.  [f.  F 
adorner  f.  L  AD(ornare  furnish)  deck  out] 

ado  wn,  adv.  &prep.(archaic,poek). = down  3. 
[f.  OE  of  dune  off  the  mount  (see  down1  n.)] 

ad  rem,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  To  the  point;  to 
the  purpose.    [L] 

adri'lt,  adv.  In  a  drifting  condition,  at  the 
mercy  of  wind  and  tide  or  of  circumstances. 
[a  prep.  +  drift1] 

adroi't,  a.  Having  address,  dexterous. 
Hence  adroi'tLY2adv.,  adroi'tNESS  n.  [F, 
orig.  =  rightly  (a  to+droit  right  f.  OF  dreit 
f.  LL  drictum  f.  L  directum  right;  see  di- 
rect2)] 

adry*,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Dry;  thirsty,  [a- 
4-dry1  on  anal,  of  acold,  athirst,  the  prep.  A  in 
these  being  misunderstood] 

adsciti'tious,  a.  Adopted  from  without; 
supplemental,  [f.  L  AD(sciscere  scit-  inceptive 
of  scire  know)  +  -itious] 

adscri-ptus  gle'bae,  a.  &  n.  (Serf)  at- 
tached to  the  soil.    [L] 

a'dsum,  v.i.    I  am  here.    [L] 

a'dulate,  v.t.  Flatter  basely.  So  adu- 
Iation,  a-dulatoR2,  nn.,  a'dulatORY  a. 
[f.  L  adidari  fawn  on,  see  -ate3] 

Adu'llamite,  n.  M.P.  seceding  from  Liberal 
Party  in  1866.  [Adullam  (1  Sam.  xxii.  1,  2)+ 
-ite] 

adu'lt,  a.  &  n.  (One  who  is)  grown  up; 
mature,    [as  adolescent] 

adulterant,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  employed  in 
adulterating,    [as  foil.,  see  -ant] 

adulterate1  (-at),  a.  Stained  (in  conduct 
or  in  birth)  by  adultery ;  (of  things)  spurious, 
counterfeit,    [as  foil.,  see  -ate2] 

adu 'Iterate2,  v.t.  Falsify  by  admixture  of 
baser  ingredients.  So  adulter  a  'tion,  adu'l- 
teratOR2,  nn.  [f.  L  adulterare  corrupt  (a- 
dulter  adulterer,  perh.  f.  ad  to+alter  other) ; 
replaces  obs.  vb  adulter  f.  OF] 

adu'lterer,  n.  One  guilty  of  adultery.  So 
adu'lterESS1  n.  [f.  adulter  v.  (see  prec.  and 
-er1);  obs.  adulter,  avouter,  are  f.  OF  avoutre 
f.  L  adulter] 

adu'lterine,  a.  Of,  born  of,  adultery;  a- 
dulterated,  counterfeit;  illegal,  unlicensed,  [f. 
L  adulterinus  born  of  adultery,  spurious 
(adulter  adulterer,  see  -ine1)] 

adu'ltery,  n.  Voluntary  sexual  intercourse 
of  married  person  with  one  of  opposite  sex, 
married  (double  a.)  or  not  (single  a.).  So 
adulterous  a.,  adu'ltepousLY2  adv.  [f. 
OF  avoutrie,  aiilterie  (L  adulter  adulterer, 
see  -y1),  reformed  on  F  adultere  f.  L  adulte- 
rium] 

adu'mbral,  a.  Overshadowing,  shady,  [f. 
ad-  +  L  umbra  shade  +  -al] 

a'dumbrate,  v.t.  Represent  in  outline; 
faintly  indicate;  typify,  foreshadow;  over- 
shadow. Hence  or  cogn.  adumhPATiON  n., 
adu'mbpaTiVE  a.  [f.  L  Ai>(umbrare  f.  umbra 
shade),  see  -ate3] 

ad  un-guem  (fa'ctus),  a.  Highly  finished. 
[LJ 

adu'st,  a.  Scorched/dried  up,  parched ;  sun- 
burnt; atrabilious,  gloomy,  [f.  liAD(urere  ust- 
burn)] 

ad  valor-em,  adv.  &  a.  (Of  taxes)  in  pro- 
portion to  estimated  value  of  goods.    [L] 

advance1,  v.t.  &  i.  Move  or  put  forward ; 
promote  (plans,  persons) ;  bring  forward  (claims, 
suggestions) ;  accelerate  (events) ;  pay  (money) 
before  it  is  due  ;  lend ;  raise  (price) ;  (intr.)  move 
forward;  make  progress;  rise  (in  price);  (p. p.) 
far  on  in  progress,  as  advanced  studies,  ideas. 
So  adva'nceMENT  n.     [f.  OF  avancer  f.  LL 


ADVERSE 

abanteare  (abante  =  ab  away  +  ante  before, 
whence  F  avant ;  see  ad-)] 

adva'nce2,  n.  Going  forward;  progress; 
personal  approach,  overture;  rise  in  price; 
payment  beforehand,  loan;  in  a.,  before  (of 
place  or  time),  [f.  prec.  and  f.  F  avance  n.  (as 
prec.)] 

advantage1  (-ij),  n.  Better  position,  prece- 
dence, superiority^  favourable  circumstance, 
whence  advantageous  a.,  advanta'- 
gfeousLY2  adv. ;  (in  Tennis)  next  point  or  game 
won  after  deuce  points  or  games ;  have  the  a. 
of,  gain  an  a.  over,  have,  acquire,  a  better 
position  than ;  take  a.  (avail  oneself)  of  a  cir- 
cumstance; take  a.  of  (overreach)  a  person; 
take  a  person  at  a.  (by  surprise) ;  a.-ground 
(usu.  vantage-),  position  that  gives  superiority, 
[f.  F  avantage  (avant;  see  advance  v.  and 

-AGE)] 

advantage2  (-ij),  v.t.  Be  beneficial  to ;  be  an 
advantage  to ;  further,  promote,  [f.  F  avan- 
tager  (avantage;  see  prec.)] 

a'dvent,  n.  Season  before  the  Nativity; 
coming  of  Christ,  Incarnation ;  second  coming 
of  Christ;  any  (important)  arrival,  [f.  OF 
advent,  auvent  f.  L  adventus  -us  arrival  f. 
AD(venire  vent-  come)] 

adventitious,  a.  Coming  from  without; 
accidental,  casual ;  (Law,  of  property)  coming 
from  a  stranger  or  by  collateral,  not  direct, 
succession.  Hence  adventi'tiousLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  adventicius  (med/  L  -itius)  coming  to  us 
from  abroad  (as  prec,  see  -itious)] 

adve'nture1  (-tsher),  n.  Risk,danger;  daring 
enterprise ;  unexpected  incident ;  commercial 
speculation ;  hazardous  activity,  [f.  OF  aven- 
ture  f.  L  adventura  (res  thing)  about  to  happen 

(as  ADVENT)] 

adve'nture2  (-tsher),  v.t  &  i.  Hazard,  im- 
peril, (oneself,  thing);  incur  risk;  dare  to  go 
or  come  (into,  in,  upon,  a  place) ;  dare  to  enter 
on,  upon,  (undertaking),  [f.  OF  aventurer  (as 
prec.)] 

adventurer,  n.  One  who  seeks  adven- 
tures ;  soldier  of  fortune ;  speculator ;  one  who 
lives  by  his  wits.  [f.  F  aventurier  (as  ad- 
venture1, see  -er1)] 

adventuresome,  a.  Given  to  adventures. 
[adventure  j  -f  -som  e] 

adventuress,  n.  Female  adventurer; 
woman  on  the  look-out  for  a  position,  [f.  ad- 
venturer, see  -ess] 

adventurous,  a.  Rash,  venturesome ; 
enterprising.  Hence  adventurousLY2  adv. 
[f.  OF  aventuros  (as  adventure1,  see  -ous)] 

a'dvepb,  n.  Word  that  modifies  or  qualifies 
an  adjective,  verb,  or  other  adverb,  express- 
ing a  relation  of  place,  time,  circumstance, 
manner,  &c.  (e.  g.  gently,  so,  now,  where,  why). 
[f.  F  aaverbe  f.  L  xoverbium  (verbum  word, 
verb)  transl.  of  Gk  epirrhema  addition  to  a 
predication] 

advep'bial,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  adverb ;  of 
the  nature  of  an  adverb.  Hence  advep'bialL  y  2 
adv.  [  f.  L  adverbialis  (adverbium ;  see  prec. 
and  -al)] 

ad  ver-bum,  adv.  &  a.  Word  for  word.    [L] 

a'dvepsapy,  n.  Opponent,  antagonist, 
enemy ;  the  A.,  the  Devil,  [f.  OF  aversxer  f.  L 
adversarius  opposed  (as  adverse,  see  -ary1)} 

ad vep'sative,  a.  (Of  words,  &c. )  expressing 
opposition  or  antithesis.  Hence  adveTsa- 
tiveLY2  adv.  [f.  L  adversativvs  (adversari 
oppose,  see  foil,  and  -ive)] 

a'dverse,  a.  Contrary,  hostile,  (to) ;  hurtful, 
injurious,  (to) ;  placed  opposite.  Hence  a*d— 
verseLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  avers  f.  L  AV(vertere 
vers-  turn)] 


ADVERSITY 


adver'sity,  n.  Condition  of  adverse  for- 
tune ;  misfortune,  [f.  OF  aversite  f.  L  adver- 
sitatem  (as  prec.,  see  -tv)J 

adver't,  v.i.  Refer  to  (in  speaking  or  writ- 
ing), [f.  14th-c.  E  avcrte  f.  F  avertir  f.  LL 
Ai>(vertere—li  vertere  turn)  draw  attention  to ; 
F  avertir  (see  ad-)  was  written  adv-  to  dist. 
it  from  obs.  avertir  f.  LL  avertere  turn  away 
(ab),  and  E  adopted  this  in  advert  and  ad- 
vertise] 

a'dvertise  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Notify,  warn,  in 
form,  (person  of  thing,  that) ;  make  generally 
known  (thing  by  circular,  in  journal,  also  abs.) ; 
a.  for,  ask  for  by  public  notice,  [f.  F  avertir  (st. 
-iss-) ;  see  advert] 

advertisement,  n.  Public  announcement 
(usu.  by  placards  or  in  journals),  [f.  F  aver- 
tissement  (as  prec,  see  -ment)] 

advree,  n.  Opinion  given  or  offered  as  to 
action,  counsel ;  information  given,  news ;  (pi.) 
communications  from  a  distance ;  (commerc.) 
formal  notice  of  transactions,  [f.  OF  avis  f. 
LL  *advisum  (ad  to+visum  p.p.  of  vidire  see)] 

advi'sable,  a.  To  be  recommended ;  ex- 
pedient. Hence  ad visaBi 'lit y,  advi'sable- 
ness,  nn.,  advi'sabLY2  adv.  [f.  foil.  + 
-able] 

advi'se  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Offer  counsel  to ;  (com- 
merc.) announce ;  take  counsel  with.  [f.  F  aviser 
f.  LL  advisare  (advisum,  see  advice)] 

advi'sed,  a.  Deliberate,  considered,  whence 
advi*sedLY2adv. ;  judicious;  ill-a.,  injudici- 
ous,   [p.p.  of  prec] 

advrsory  (-z-),  a.  Giving  advice ;  consisting 
in  giving  advice,    [advise  +  -ory] 

ad  vl'tam  aut  cwlpam,  adv.  During 
good  behaviour.    [L] 

a'dvoeaey,  n.  Function  of  an  advocate ; 
pleading  in  support  of.  [f.  F  advocacie,  -tie,  f. 
med.  L  advocatia  (as  foil.,  see  -acy)] 

a-dvocate1  (-at),  n.  One  who  pleads  for 
another;  one  who  speaks  in  behalf  of  (pro- 
posal, &c) ;  professional  pleader  in  courts  of 
justice;  Faculty  of  A  a.,  Scotch  bar;  Lord  A., 
principal  law-officer  of  crown  in  Scotland. 
Hence  a'dvocatesHip  n.,  a'dvoeatORY  a. 
[f.  F  avocat  f.  L  advocatus  p.p.  (as  n.)  of  ad- 
(vocare  call)] 

a'dvoeate2,  v.t.  Plead  for,  defend,  recom- 
mend publicly,    [f.  prec] 

advowson,  n.  Right  of  presentation  to  a 
benefice,  [f.  OF  avoeson  f.  med.  L  advocationem 
function  of  patron  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

adyna'mia,  n.  Want  of  vital  force  ;  phy- 
sical prostration.  Hence  adyna'mic  a.  [Gk 
adunamia  (a-  not+dunamis  power)] 

a'dytum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Innermost  part  of  a 
temple ;  private  chamber,  sanctum.  [L,  f.  Gk 
aduton  not  to  be  entered  (a-  not+duton  vbl  adj. 
of  duo  enter)] 

adze,  n.  &  v.t.  Tool  for  cutting  away  sur- 
face of  wood,  like  axe  with  arched  blade  at 
right  angles  to  handle  ;  (vb)  cut  with  a.  [OE 
aaesa,  etym.  dub.] 

ae,  ae,  symbol  repr.  a  vowel  sound  betw.  a 
and  e.  (I)  In  OE  short  as  repr.  orig.  Teut.  short 
a,  the  sound  oe.  a  in  man ;  replaced  after  1100 
usu.  by  a  sometimes  by  e.  Long  x  repr.  same 
sound  prolonged,  and  was  replaced  in  13th  c 
by  e  or  ec.  (2)  In  16th  c.  x  was  reintroduced  to 
repr.  L  ae  and  Gk  ai ;  as,  xdify  (L  aedificare), 
xther  (Gk  aither).  In  familiar  wds  as  gave 
place  to  e,  (edify,  ether),  being  kept  (pron.  e)  in 
some  Gk  and  L  proper  names  (JEneas,  Cxsar, 
but  Judea,  Etna),  in  names  of  Gk  and  Roman 
antiquities  (xdile,  xgis),  and  in  some  scientific 

terms  (xtiology,  phxnogamous  but  pheno- 
menon, museum). 


16_ AESCULAPIUS 

-se,  -ae,  pi.  suf.  of  L  nouns  of  1st  decl.  in  -a, 
and  L  form  of  Gk  -ai  pi.  of  nouns  of  1st  decl.  in 
-e,  -a,  -es,  -as ;  kept  in  non-naturalized  words 
(laminae,  larvae),  esp.  in  proper  names  (Hera- 
clidae)  and  names  of  animal  and  plant  orders 
(Felidae,  Rosidae) ;  varying  with  -as  in  some 
wds  ace  to  degree  of  familiarity  (actiniae,  -as) 
or  of  technicality  (mathematical  formulae, 
theological  formulas) ;  familiar  wds  take  -as 
(areas,  hyenas,  Julias). 

ae'dlle,  n.  Roman  magistrate  who  superin- 
tended public  buildings,  shows,  police,  &c 
Hence  ae'dilesmp  n.  [f.  L  aedilis  (aedes 
house,  see  -ile)] 

ae'ger  (ejer),  n.  (In  Eng.  \inivv.)  note  certi- 
fying that  student  is  ill.    [L, = sick] 

aegis  (e'jis),  n.  Protection,  impregnable  de- 
fence ;  (Myth.)  shield  of  Zeus  or  Athene.  [L, 
f.  Gk  aigis,  etym.  dub.  1 

aegro'tat,  n.  (In  Eng.  univv.)  certificate 
that  student  is  too  ill  to  attend  examination, 
&c.    [L,  =he  is  sick  (aeger)] 

Aeoiian,  a.  (1)  Of  Aeolis,  district  of  Asia 
Minor  colonized  by  ancient  Greeks ;  (Mus.)  A. 
mode,  ninth  of  the  church  modes.  (2)  Of 
Aeolus,  god  of  winds ;  A.  harp,  stringed  instru- 
ment producing  musical  sounds  on  exposure 
to  wind.  [f.  L  Aeolius  (1.  Aeolis  Gk  Aiolis ; 
2.  Aeolus  Gk  Aiolos)  +  -an] 

Aeoiie,  a.  &  n.  Aeolian  (dialect),  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  aiolikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)j 

ae'olipyle,  -pile,  n.  Instrument  for  show- 
ing force  of  steam  escaping  through  narrow 
aperture,  [f.  F  xolipyte  f.  L  Aeoli  pylae  f. 
Gk  Aiolou  pulai  gates  of  Aeolus,  god  of 
winds] 

aeolo'tropy,  n.  Change  of  physical  quali- 
ties consequent  on  change  of  position,  [f.  Gk 
aiolos  changeful  +  -tropia  turning] 

ae*on,  e*on,  n.  An  age  of  the  universe, 
immeasurable  period;  eternity;  (Platonic 
philosophy)  a  power  existing  from  eternity, 
emanation  or  phase  of  the  supreme  deity.  [L 
aeon  f.  Gk  aion  age] 

a'erate,  v.t.  Expose  to  mechanical  or 
chemical  action  of  air;  charge  with  carbonic 
acid  gas  (formerly  called  fixed  air).  Hence 
aePA'TiON  n.     [f.  L  aer  air-f-  -ate  3] 

aer'ial,  a.  Of  air,  gaseous;  thin  as  air, 
etherial ;  immaterial,  imaginary ;  of,  in,  the 
atmosphere,  atmospheric;  existing,  moving, 
in  the  air.  Hence  aeria'liTY  n.,  aep#ialLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  aerios  (aer  air)+  -al] 

aerie,  aery,  eyrie,  eyry,  (a'eri,  iri),  n. 
Nest  or  bird  or  prey,  esp.  eagle,  or  of  raven 
or  other  bird  that  builds  high  up ;  human  re- 
sidence perched  high  on  mountain ;  brood  of 


bird  of  prey.      ff.  med.  L  aeria,  aerea,  f.  F 
aire,    perh.    f.    L 
atrium  hall] 


aire,    perh.    f.    L  area  level    ground    or    L 


a'eriform,  a.  Of  the  form  of  air,  gaseous ; 
unsubstantial,  unreal,    [f.  L  aer  air+  -form] 

aero-  in  comb.  Air,  atmosphere,  as :  -drome, 
aviation  course ;  -dyiiamics,  branch  of  pneu- 
matics treating  of  air  in  motion;  -lite,  -lith, 
meteorite;  -naut,  balloonist,  whence  -nauti- 
cal), aa.,  -nautics,  n. ;  -plane,  flying-machine 
using  plane(s)  for  support;  -stat,  aviator, 
(formerly)  balloon ;  -static,  of  air-navigation  or 
aerostatics  (science  of  equilibrium  and  pres- 
sure of  air)  ;  -station,  air-navigation.  [Gkcomb. 
form  of  air  air] 

aeru'ginous  (eroo-),  a.  Of  the  nature  or 
colour  of  verdigris,  or  copper-rust,  [f .  F  irugi- 
neuxt.  L  aeruginosus  (aerugo  -inis  verdigris  f. 
aes  aeris  brass,  see  -ous)] 

Aescula'pius,  n.  Roman  god  of  medicine  ; 
physician.    Hence  Aeseula'pLvN  a.    [L] 


AESTHETE 17 

aesthete  (es-),  n.  Professed  appreciator  of 
the  beautiful,  [f.  Gk  aisthetes  one  who  per- 
ceives (as  foil.)] 

aesthetic,  a.  Belonging  to  the  apprecia- 
tion of  the  beautiful;  having  such  apprecia- 
tion ;  in  accordance  with  principles  of  good 
taste.  Hence  aesthetic al  a.,  aesthe'ti- 
eali.v2  adv.,  aesthe'ticiSM,  aesthetics, 
nn.  [f.  Gk  aisthetikos  (aisthanomai  perceive, 
see  -ic)] 

aestho-physielogy,  n.  Scientific  study 
of  the  organs  of  sensation,  [irreg.  f.  Gk  aisth- 
perceive+PHYSiOLOGY] 

aestival,  estival,(e'stival,  estl'val),  a.  Be- 
longing to,  appearing  in,  summer.  [F  (es-),  f.  L 
aestivalis  f.  aestivus  (aestus  heat),  see  -I ve,  -al] 

ae'stivate  (est-,  est-),  v.i.  Spend  the  summer, 
esp.  (Zool.)  in  state  of  torpor,  [f.  L  aestivare, 
see -ate3] 

aestivation  (est-,  est-),  n.  (Zool.)  aestivat- 
ing ;  (Bot.)  arrangement  of  petals  in  flower-bud 
before  expansion,    [f.  prec,  see  -ation] 

aeticlogy,  n.  Assignment  of  a  cause; 
philosophy  of  causation  ;  (Med.)  science  of  the 
causes  of  disease.  So  aetiolo'g'iCAL  a., 
aetiolo'g-iealLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  aitiologia 
(aitia  cause,  see  -logy)] 

af-,  pref.  =  ad-  before/. 

afar*,  adv.  From  a  distance ;  at,  to,  a  dis- 
tance (in  prose,  usu.  a.  off),  [f.  OE  feor  far 
adv.,  with  prepp.  of,  on] 

a'ffable,  a.  Easy  of  address,  courteous, 
complaisant.  Hence  or  cogn.  affaBi'LiTY  n., 
a'ffabLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  affabilis  f .  AF(fari 
speak),  see  -ble] 

affair*,  n.  Thing  to  be  done  ;  concern,  busi- 
ness, matter,  as  that  is  my  a. ;  (pi.)  ordinary 
pursuits  of  life  ;  a.  of  honour,  duel  ;  (colloq., 
of  material  things)  a  gorgeous  &c.  a.  [f.  OF 
afaire  (a /aire  to  do),  cf.  ado] 

affe'et1,  v.t.  Practise,  use,  as  a.  a  costume ; 
(of  things)  tend  to  assume  (form,  shape,  &c.) ; 
assume  (character),  as  a.  the  freethinker ;  pre- 
tend to  have  or  feel  (indifference  &c.) ;  pretend 
(to  do),  [f.  F  affecter  f.  L  affectare  aim  at, 
pretend  to  have,  frequent,  of  AF(ficere  feet-  = 
facere  do)] 

affe'et2,  v.t.  Attack  (as  disease);  move, 
touch,  (in  mind),  whence  affe'eting-LY  2  adv. ; 
produce  (material)  effect  on ;  (pass.,  archaic)  be 
assigned,  allotted,  (to  particular  service  &c). 
[(perh.  thr.  F)  f.  L  afficere  attach  to  (see  prec.)] 

affecta'tion,  n.  Studied  display  of;  arti- 
ficiality of  manner ;  pretence,  [f.  L  affectatio 
pursuit  after  (as  affect  1,  see  -ation)] 

affected,  a.  Artificially  assumed  or  dis- 
played ;  pretended ;  (of  persons)  full  of  affecta- 
tion, artificial,  whence  affectedLY2  adv., 
affe'ctedNESS  n. ;  (with  adv.)  disposed,  in- 
clined, (toivards  or  abs.) ;  attacked  (as  by  dis- 
ease) ;  moved  in  the  feelings ;  acted  upon 
physically,    [affect  *»  2+  -ed  *] 

affection,  n.  Affecting;  mental  state, 
emotion,  whence  affe'ctionAL  a. ;  disposition 
(towards) ;  goodwill,  love,  (towards) ;  bodily 
state  due  to  any  influence ;  malady,  disease ; 
mode  of  being;  property,  quality,  attribute. 
[F,  f.  L  affectionem  (as  affect2,  see  -ion)] 

affectionate  (-at),  a.  Loving ;  fond ;  (of 
things)  showing  love  or  tenderness.  Hence 
affectionateLY 2  adv.,  affectionateNESS 
n.    [Latinized  f.  F  affectionrU] 

affe'etive,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  affections, 
emotional.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  med.  L  affectivus 
(as  affect2,  see  -ive)] 

a'ffepent,  a.  Conducting  inwards  or  to- 
wards, as  a.  nerves,  a.  vessels,  [f.  L  AF(ferre 
bring),  see  -ent] 


AFFLUX 

afTettuo'so,  adv.  (mus.).    Feelingly.    [It.] 

affi'ance K  n.  Faith,  trust  (in) ;  pledging  of 
faith,  esp.  plighting  of  troth  in  marriage,  [f. 
OF  afiance  f.  after  trust  f.  LL  AFfidare  (fides 
faith),  see  -ance] 

affi'ance2,  v.t.  Promise  solemnly  in  mar- 
riage (usu.  pass.),  [f.  OF  afiancer  f.  afiance, 
seeprec] 

aff  ida'vit,  n.  Written  statement,  confirmed 
by  oath,  to  be  used  as  judicial  proof.  (Strictly, 
deponent  swears  an  a.,  judge  takes  it;  but 
in  pop.  use  deponent  makes  or  takes  it.)  [L,= 
has  stated  on  faith  or  oath,  f.  AFfidare,  see  af- 
fiance 1] 

aff  i'liate,  v.t.  (Of  an  institution)  adopt  (per- 
sons as  members,  societies  as  branches) ;  attach 
(persons,  societies)  to,  connect  (them)  with,  (a 
society);  (Law)  fix  paternity  of  (illegitimate 
child  on  putative  father)  for  purpose  of  main- 
tenance ;  ascribe  (child)  to  its  parent ;  father  (a 
thing)  upon,  trace  (it)  to.  So  affili ation  n. 
[f.  L  AFfiliare  adopt  (filius  son),  see  -ate  3] 

affi'ned,  a.  Related,  connected,  [f.  F  ajfine 
(ajffin  f.  L  affinis,  see  foil.)  +  -ed  l ;  no  vb  in  F 
or  E^ 

aff  rnity,  n.  Relationship,  relations,  by  mar- 
riage ;  relations,  kindred,  in  general ;  structural 
resemblance  (between  animals,  plants,  lan- 
guages) ;  (fig.)  similarity  of  character  suggesting 
relationship,  family  likeness ;  liking  ;  attrac- 
tion ;  (Chem.)  tendency  of  certain  elements  to 
unite  with  others,  [f.  F.  affinity  f.  L  affinita- 
tem  (AFfinis  related,  lit.  bordering  on,  r.  finis 
end,  see  -ty)] 

afflp'm,  v.t.  &  i.  Assert  strongly,  aver; 
make  formal  declaration ;  (Logic,  Gram.)  state 
in  the  affirmative  ;(Law)  confirm,  ratify,  (judg- 
ment). Hence  afflr'niABLE,  afflr'matORY, 
aa.  [f.  OF  afermer  f.  L  AFfirmare  (firmus 
strong)] 

affirmation,  n.  Affirming,  esp.  (Law) 
solemn  declaration  by  person  who  con- 
scientiously declines  taking  an  oath.  [F,  f.  L 
affirmationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

affirmative,  a.  &  n.  Affirming,  answering 
yes ;  (Logic)  expressing  agreement  of  the  two 
terms  of  a  proposition ;  answer  in  the  a. , 
answer  yes,  say  that  a  thing  is  so.  Hence 
affirTnativeLY 2  adv.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L 
affirmativus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

affi'x1,  v.t.  Fix,  fasten,  (thing  to,  on);  im- 
press (seal,  stamp) ;  add  in  writing  (signature, 
Sostscript);  attach  (censure,  salary),  [(perh.  thr. 
IF  affixer,  occas.  refash.  of  OF  aficher  F 
afiicher)  1.  med.  L  affixare  frequent,  of  L 
af(  figere  fix-  fix)] 

a'ffix2,  n.  Appendage,  addition;  (Gram.) 
addition  placed  at  the  beginning  or  end  of 
root,  stem,  or  word,  to  modify  its  meaning, 
[f.  F  ajfixe  f.  L  affigere  (see  prec)] 

affi'xture,  n.  Affixing,  [f.  affix  x  after  fix- 
ture ;  correct  form  (on  L)  would  be  afilxure] 

affla'tus,  n.  Communication  of  super- 
natural knowledge ;  divine  impulse,  poetic  or 
other ;  inspiration.    [L  vbl  n.  f.  af(  flare  blow)] 

affii'ct,  v.t.  Distress  with  bodily  or  mental 
suffering,  [f.  14th-c  afflict  adj.,  f.  OF  afiit  f.  L 
AF(fiigere  -fiict-  dash)] 

afni'etion,  n.  Misery,  distress;  pain,  cala- 
mity. So  affli'ctiVE  a.  [F,  f.  L  afilictionem 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

a'ffluent1,  a.  Flowing  freely,  copious; 
abounding  (esp.  in  riches),  wealthy.  Hence 
or  cogn.  a*flluENCE  n.,  a*ffl  uentL v  2  adv.  [F, 
f.  L  AF(fiuereflux-  flow),  see  -ent] 

affluent2,  n.  Tributary  stream,  [f.  prec, 
prob.  after  F] 

a'ffiux,  n.      Flow  towards  a  point,  eap.  of 


AFFORD JB 

humours;  accession,  [f.  med.  L  ajjluxus  -us, 
vbl  n.  as  affluent] 

affor'd,  v.t.  (With  can)  have  the  means,  be 
rich  enough,  (to  do),  manage  to  spare ;  furnish, 
bestow  ;  (of  things)  yield  supply  of.  [OE  gefor- 
thian  (ge-  pref.  implying  completeness  +for- 
thian  advance  f.  forth  forward)-;  ge-  was  re- 
duced to  a-,  which  was  corrupted  to  af-  after 
L  (see  ad-)] 

affd'rest,  v.t  Convert  into  forest  or  hunt- 
ing-ground. So  afTorestATiON  n.  [f.  med. 
L.  Avforestare  (foresta  forest)] 

affra'nchise,  v.t.  Free  from  servitude  or 
obligation,  [f.  F  affranchiss-  lengthened  st.  of 
affranchir  (a  to  +franchir  free  f.  franc,  see 
frank)] 

affray,  n.  Breach  of  the  peace,  caused  by 
fighting  or  riot  in  a  public  place,  jf.  OF  effrei 
f.  esfreer,  vb  f.  LL  EXfridare  (LLfrtdus  f.  Teut. 
fridhu,  OE  fridh,  peace) ;  cf.  afraid] 

affriglrt \  v.t.  (archaic).  Frighten,  [late 
formation  on  fright  v.,  partly  due  to  obs. 


AGAMOGENESIS 


affright  p.p.  of  OE  *afyrhtan  (a-  intensive)] 
affrteh- 
prec] 


affpiglrt 2,  n.  (archaic).    Alarm,  terror,    [f. 


affno'nt1  (-tint),  v.t.  Insult  openly;  put  to 
the  blush,  offend  the  modesty  or  self-respect 
of ;  face,  confront,  [f.  OF  afronter  slap  in  the 
face,  insult,  f.  LL  wfrontare  (frons  -tis  face)] 

affro'nt2  (-tint),  n.  Open  insult,  as  put  a. 
upon,  offer  an  a.  to,  feel  it  an  a.    [f.  prec] 

afftrsion,  n.  Pouring  on,  esp.  of  water  on 
the  body  in  one  kind  of  baptism;  (Med.)  pour- 
ing of  water,  usually  50°  to  70°  Fahr.,  upon  fever 
patients,    [f.  L  AV(funderefus-  pour),  see  -ion] 

afie'ld,  adv.  On  or  in  the  field  (esp.  of 
labour  or  battle);  to  the  field;  away  from 
home,  at  a  distance,  as  far  a.    [a  prep.] 

afire*,  ad  v.  &  pred.  a.  On  fire  (lit.  &  fig.),  [a 
prep.] 

afia'me,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  In  flame,  in  a  glow 
of  light,  (lit.  &  fig.),    [a  prep.] 

afioa't,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  In  a  floating  condi- 
tion ;  at  sea,  on  board  ship,  in  naval  service ; 
full  of  water;  floating  in  the  air;  out  of  debt, 
paying  one's  way;  in  full  swing;  in  general 
circulation,  current ;  (Commerc.)  in  currency  as 
negotiable  document;  unsettled,  adrift.  [OE 
onftote  (on  prep.  +  float  n.)j 

&  fond  (F),  adv.    Thoroughly,  fully. 

afoo't,  adv.  &  pred.  On  one's  own  feet; 
astir,  on  the  move;  in  operation  or  employ- 
ment,   [a  prep.] 

afore\  adv.  &  prep.  (Naut.)  in  front,  in 
front  of,  as  a.  the  mast ;  (archaic)  previously,  [f. 
OE  onforan'(on  prep.  +foran,  adv.,  in  front, 
dat.  of  for,  which  was  used  as  noun  or  adj.] 

afore-  in  comb.  Before,  previously,  as  -cited, 
-going,  -named,  -said  ;  -thought,  premeditated, 
asmah'ce  a. ;  -time,  previously,    [prec] 

a  fortiori,  adv.  With  stronger  reason,  more 
conclusively.    [L] 

afrai'd,  pred.  a.  Alarmed,  frightened,  (abs. 
or  of) ;  a.  (of  the  consequences,  and  therefore 
unwilling)  to  do  a  thing,  a.  of  a  thing's  happen- 
vng,  a.  lest  it  should  happen,  a.  {that)  U  will 
happen,  [p.p.  of  obs.  vb  affray  f.  OF  esfreer, 
see  affray] 

^'fpeet»  _pit»  -Plto,  n.  Evil  demon  in 
Mohammedan  mythology.     [Arab,  'ifrit) 

afre'sh,  adv.    Anew,  with  fresh  beginning. 

[A-  <3)  +  FRESH] 

Afrikander,  n.  &  a.  Native  of  S.  Africa 
born  of  European  (esp.  Dutch)  settlers ;  A .  Bond, 
organization  for  furtherance  of  A.  interests  and 
ultimate  formation  of  United  StatesofS.  Africa, 
[(perh.  f.  S.-African  Du.  Afrikaander)  f.  Du. 
Afrikaners  African,altered on Englander&c] 


aft,  adv.  (naut.).  In  or  near  stern  of  ship  ;  to- 
wards the  stern;  fore' and  a.,  from  stem  to 
stern,  lengthwise  (also  as  adj.  f.-and-a.).  [OE 
aeftan  cogn.  w.  Goth,  aftana  from  behind,  f. 
afta  behind  (af  off  +  -ta  superl.  suf.) ;  after,  aft, 
are  orig.  com  par.  and  superl.] 

a'fter1,  adv.,  prep.,  conj.  Behind  (prep.  & 
adv.) ;  in  pursuit  of,  as  run  a.,  inquire  a. ;  con- 
cerning, as  look,  see,  a. ;  for,  as  hanker,  yearn, 
a. ;  following  in  point  of  time ;  a.  (the  lapse  of) 
three  months  ;  in  view  of,  as  a.  such  behaviour ; 
next  in  importance  to ;  according  to,  as  a.  this 
pattern,  a.  a  fashion ;  in  imitation  of  (person), 
as  a.  Rembrandt ;  in  allusion  to,  as  named  a. ; 
(conj.)  in,  at,  the  time  subsequent  to  that  at 
which,  as  a.  he  went,  goes,  has  gone,  had  gone. 
[OE  xfter  (af  off  +  compar.  suf.  -ter)  cogn.  w. 
OHG  aftar,  Gk.  apotero;  cf.  prec] 

a'fter2,  a.  Later,  following,  as  a.  years; 
(Naut.)  hinder,  posterior,  as  a.  cabin,  masts. 
[f.  prec] 

a'fterbirth,  n.  Membrane  enveloping  the 
foetus  in  the  womb,  so  called  because  its 
extrusion  follows  that  of  the  infant,    [after  a.] 

afterglow,  n.  Glow  in  the  West  after 
sunset,    [after  a.] 

a'fter-grass,  n.  Grass  that  grows  after 
first  crop  has  been  mown  for  hay,  or  among 
stubble  after  harvest,    [after  a.] 

a'ftermath,  n.  After-grass,  [after  a.  + 
math  mowing,  OE  maeth  f.  OTeut.  root  mas  mow] 

a'ftermost,  a.  (naut.).  Nearest  the  stern, 
most  aft.  [OE  xftemest,  a  treble  superl.  of  af 
off  with  compar.  suf.  inserted,  af+  te  (r)  +  me 
+  st] 

afternoo'n,  n.  The  time  from  noon  to  even- 
ing, as  in,  during,  the  a.,  on  Wednesday  a., 
(fig.)  the  a.  of  life,    [after  prep.l 

a'fterpiece,  n.  Farce  or  smaller  entertain- 
ment after  a  play,    [after  a.] 

a'fterthought,  n.  Reflection  after  the  act ; 
later  expedient  or  explanation,  [after  a.  or 
adv.] 

a'fterwards,  adv.  Later,  subsequently. 
[OE  xftanweard,  a.  (xftan  aft  +  ward,  cor- 
rupted in  OE  to  xfterweard,  +  adv.  genit. 
suf.  -es] 

ag-,  pref.  =  ad-  before  g. 

a'ga  (or  agatr),  n.  Commander,  chief  officer, 
in  Ottoman  empire.    [Turk,  agha  master] 

agar  n,  adv.  Another  time,  once  more ;  a. 
and  a.,  time  and  a.,  repeatedly;  ever  and  a., 
now  and  a.,  occasionally ;  as  much  a.,  twice  as 
much ;  half  as  much  a.,  one-and-a-half  times 
as  much  ;  further,  besides ;  on  the  other  hand, 
as  these  a.  are  more  expensive ;  back  a.  (to  the 
original  position  or  condition) ;  in  return,  as 
answer  a. ;  in  response,  as  rocks  echoed  a., 
glasses  rang  a. ;  proportionately  to  specified 
act  or  condition,  as  the  loaded  table  groaned 
a.  [OE  ongedn,  ongxgn  (on  in  +  gagn  oppo- 
site), cf.  G  entgegen ;  12th-c  againes  (see  -es)  be- 
came against  by  confus.  w.  superlatives] 

agarnst,  prep.  In  opposition  to,  as  fight  a., 
I  am  a.  reform ;  in  contrast  to,  as  a.  a  dark 
background-,  in  anticipation  of,  as  a.  hl<i 
coming,  a.  a  rainy  day ;  in  preparation  for,  as 
warned  a.  pickpockets  ;  into  collision  with,  as 
ran  a.  a  rock,  (colloq.)  ran  a.  (chanced  to  meet) 
a  friend ;  opposite  to,  as  a.  the  horsepond  (usu. 
over  a. ).    [see  prec.  ] 

a'gami,  n.  Tropical  American  bird,  the 
Trumpeter,    [native  name  in  Guiana] 

aga'mic,  a.  (zool.).  Characterized  by  absence 
of  sexual  action,    [as  foil.  +  -ic] 

a'gamoge'nesis,  n.  Asexual  reproduction. 
So  agamogene'tic  a.,  agamogene*tio 
ally  adv.  [as  foil.  +  genesis  birth] 


AGAMOUS 


19 


AGNAIL 


a'gamous,a.  (biol.).  Without  (distinguish- 
able) sexual  organs,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  agamos  (a-  not 
+  gamos  marriage)  +  -ous] 
aga'pe J,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  On  the  gape ;  open- 
mouthed  with  wonder  or  expectation,  [a  prep.] 
a'gape2,  n.  Love-feast  held  by  early  Chris- 
tians in  connexion  with  Lord's  Supper.  [Gk, 
=  brotherly  love] 

a'garie  (or  aga'ric),  n.  Mushroom ;  name 
of  various  fungi,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  agarikon  perh.  f. 
a  place  A  garia] 

aga'strie,  a.  (zool.).  Without  distinct  ali- 
mentary canal,  [f.  Gk  a-  not  +  gaster  -tros  belly] 
a'gate  (-at),  n.  Name  of  several  varieties  of 
precious  stone  (semipellucid  variegated  chalce- 
donies) ;  burnishing  instrument  of  gold-wire- 
drawers;  (in  U.S.)  the  printing-type  called  in 
England  ruby.  [f.  F  agathe  (16th-c.)  f.  It.  agata 
f.  L  f.  Gk  akhates  agate] 

Aga've  (-1),  n.  (hot.).  Genus  of  plants  in- 
cluding American  Aloe.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Agaue, 
prop,  name  in  myth.] 
aga'ze,  adv.  On  the  gaze.  [a  prep.] 
age  \  n.  Length  of  life  or  of  existence ;  Moon's 
a.,  time  elapsed  since  new  moon  ;  duration  of 
life  required  for  a  purpose,  as  come  of  a.,  full 
a.  (in  Eng.  Law,  21  years),  a.  of  discretion  (14), 
over  a. ;  latter  part  of  life,  as  peevishness  of 
a. ;  a  generation  ;  brazen  i  &c  a. ;  (Hist.,  Geol.) 
great  period,  as  Patriarchal  A.,  Ice  A.;  (colloq.) 
long  time,  as  waiting  for  aa.  If.  OF  aage, 
edage,  f.  hh*aetaticum  f.  aetas-atis  contraction 
of  aevitas  iaevum  an  age) ;  see  -age] 
age2,  v.t.  &  i.  (Cause  to)  grow  old.  [f.  prec] 
-age,  suf.  OF  f .  LL  -aticum '  belongings '  neut. 
of  adj.  suf.  -aticus  -atic  (med.  L  -agium  is 
readopted  f.  F,  e.g.  homagium  f.  hommage 
instead  of  hominaticum) ;  afterwards  added  as 
living  suf.  in  F  and  in  E.  Meaning:  (1)  collec- 
tive belongings  or  aggregate  of  (cellarage) ;  (2) 
function,  condition,  (baronage,  bondage) ;  (3) 
action  (breakage) ;  (4)  fees  payable  for,  cost  of 
using,  (cartage,  demurrage). 
aged,  a.  (a'jid)  having  lived  long,  old  ;  (ajd)  of 
the  age  of,  as  a.  thirteen.  Hence  a'gedNESS 
n.    [f.  age  v.  +  -ED  !] 

a'geless,  a.  Never  growing  old.  [age  n.  + 
-less] 

a'geney,  n.  Active  operation,  action,  as 
moral,  free,  a. ;  instrumentality,  as  by  the  a. 
of;  action  personified,  as  aninvisible  a.;  (Com- 
merc.)  office  of  agent ;  establishment  for  busi- 
ness purposes,  as  Renter's  A.  [f.  med.  L 
agentia  (L  agere  do,  see  -ence)] 
agenda,  n.  Things  to  be  done,  items  of 
business  to  be  considered  at  a  meeting;  me- 
morandum book.  [L,  neut.  pi.  of  gerundive 
of  agere  do] 

a'gent,  n.  One  who  exerts  power  or  produces 
an  effect ;  (of  things)  efficient  cause ;  a  natural 
force  acting  on  matter,  as  chemical  a.;  one 
who  does  the  actual  work ;  a.  provocateur  (F), 
a.  enticing  one  suspected  of  sedition  &c.  to 
commit  himself,  (improp.)  ringleader.  So 
age-ntiAL  (-shl)  a.  [as  act  2,  -ent] 
aggld'merate \  v.t.  &  i.  Collect  into  a 
mass.  Hence  agglomerATiON  n.,  ag- 
glo'meratiVE  a.  [r.  L  AGglomerare  (glomus 
-mcris  ball),  see  -ate3] 

agglo'merate2  (-at),  a.  &  n.  (Collected  into) 
a  mass;  (Geol.)  mass  of  volcanic  fragments 
united  under  heat,  opp.  to  conglomerate,  [as 
prec,  see  -ate2] 

agglu'tinate 1  (-at),  a.  Glued  together ;  con- 
sisting of  simple  words  combined  into  com- 
pounds without  change  of  form  or  loss  of 
meaning,  [f.  L  AQglutinare  (gluten  -tinis  glue) 
see  -ate2] 


agglu'tinate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Unite  as  with 
glue ;  combine  simple  words  to  express  com- 
pound ideas;  (t.  &  i.)  turn  into  glue.  Hence 
agglutinA-TioN  n.,  agglu'tinativE  a.  [as 
prec,  see  -ate3] 

a'ggrandize,  v.t.  Increase  the  power, 
rank,  wealth,  of  (person,  State);  exaggerate, 
embellish.  Hence  aggra'ndizeMENT,  n.  [f.  F 
agrandir  (st.  -iss-)  prob.  f.  It.  \G(grandire  t.  L 
grandis  large)] 

a'ggravate,  v.t.  Increase  the  gravity  of 
(burden,  offence,  &c);  (colloq.)  exasperate 
(person).  So  aggravATiON  n.  [f.  l,AGgravare 
make  heavy  (gravis),  see  -ate2  ;  replacing  obs. 
aggrege  f.  OF  agreger  f.  *LL  aggreviare)] 

a'ggregate  *  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Collected  into 
one  body ;  collective,  total ;  (Law)  composed 
of  associated  individuals,  as  corporation  a. ; 
sum  total ;  assemblage  j  (Physics)  mass  of 
homogeneous  particles ;  in  the  a.,  as  a  whole, 
[f.  L  AGgregare  unite  in  a  flock  (grex  gregis)] 

a'ggregate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Collect  together; 
(trans.)  unite  (individual  to  company).  Hence 
aggregATiON  n.,  a'ggregativE  a.  [f.  prec] 

aggpe'ss,  v.t.  &  i.  Begin  a  quarrel ;  (trans.) 
attack.  So  aggre'ssiON,  aggre'ssoR2,  nn. 
[f.  F  aggresser  f.  LL  aggressare  frequent,  of 
AG(gredi  gress-  =  gradi  step)] 

aggre'ssive,  a.  &  n.  Of  attack ;  offensive ; 
disposed  to  attack;  assume  the  a.,  begin  the 
quarrel.  Hence  aggre*ssiveLY2adv.,  ag- 
gpe'ssiveNESS  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ive] 

aggrie've,  v.t.  Grieve,  distress,  oppress, 
(usu.  pass.),    [f.  OF  agrever  as  aggravate] 

agha'st  (agah-,  aga),  a.  Terrified ;  struck 
with  amazement,  [p. p.  of  obs.  vb  agast  (a-  (1)4- 
gasten,  OE  gxstan,  alarm)] 

a'glle  (aj-),  a.  Quick-moving,  nimble,  active. 
Hence  or  cogn.  agi'liTY  n.,  a'gileLY  2  adv. 
[F,  f.  L  agilis  (agere  do)] 

a'gio  (aj-,  aj-),  n.  Percentage  charged  on  ex- 
change of  paper-money  into  cash,  or  of  one 
currency  into  another  more  valuable ;  excess 
value  of  one  currency  over  another ;  exchange 
business.    [It.,  =  ease] 

a'giotage  (-ij),  n.  Exchange  business ;  specu- 
lation in  stocks;  stock-jobbing.  [F  f.  agioter 
(prec+connecting  -t-) ;  see  -age] 

agi'st  (-j-),  v.t.  Take  in  live  stock  to  feed ; 
charge  (land  or  its  owner)  with  a  public  burden. 
Hence  agi'stMENT  n.  [f.  OF  agister  (a  to+ 
gister  f.  Ljacitare  frequent,  of  jacere  lie)] 

a'gitate,  v.t.  Move,  shake ;  disturb,  excite, 
(feelings,  persons) ;  revolve  mentally,  discuss, 
debate,  (plans  &c) ;  (abs.)  keep  up  an  agitation 
(for),  [f.  L  agitare  move  to  and  fro,  frequent, 
of  agere  drive,  see  -ate  3] 

agita'tion,  n.  Moving,  shaking ;  commotion, 
disturbance,  (mental  or  physical) ;  debate,  dis- 
cussion ;  keeping  of  a  matter  constantly  before 
the  public ;  public  excitement.  [F,  f.  L  agita- 
tionem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

agita'to  (-tah-),  adv.  (mus.).  In  an  agitated 
manner.    [It.] 

a'gitator,  n.  One  who  agitates,  esp.  politic- 
ally; apparatus  for  shaking  or  mixing.  [L 
(see  agitate  and  -or2)] 

a'glet,  ai'glet,  n.  Metal  tag  of  a  lace; 
spangle  or  other  metallic  ornament  of  dress ; 
tagged  point  hanging  from  shoulder  upon 
breast  of  some  uniforms  (usu.  aiguillette) ; 
catkin  of  hazel,  birch,  &c  [f.  F  aiguillette  dim. 
of  aiguille  needle  f.  L  acucula  =  acicula  dim. 
of  acus  needle] 

aglow,  adv.  &  pred.  a.    In  a  glow,    [a  prep.] 

a'gnail,  n.  Torn  skin  at  root  of  finger- 
nail; (formerly)  corn  on  toe  or  foot.  [OK 
angnaegl  f.  ang-  (Goth,  aggums)  tight,  painful, 


AGNATE 


90 


AIGRETTE 


+nsegl  (Goth,  nagls)  nail  (of  iron  &c),  hard  ex- 
crescence fixed  in  the  flesh ;  mod.  sense,  and 
forms  hang-nail,  (Sc.)  anger-nail,  result  from 
false  etym.,  nail  being  taken  as  finger-nail] 

a'gnate,  n.  &  a.  (One  who  is)  descended 
by  male  links  (also,  by  male  or  female  links) 
from  same  male  ancestor;  sprung  from  same 
forefather,  of  same  clan  or  nation;  (fig.)  akin, 
of  same  nature.  So  agna'tic  a.,  agna'tiON 
n.  [f.  F  agnat  f.  L  agnatus  related  by  father's 
side  (ad  to+gnatus  born  p.p.  of  (g)nasci  f.  stem 
gen-  beget)] 

agno'men,  n.  A  fourth  name  sometimes 
assumed  by  Romans ;  (loosely)  nickname.  [L, 
{ad  to+(g)nomen  name)] 

agno'stie,  n.  &  a.  One  who  holds  that 
nothing  is  known,  or  likely  to  be  known,  of  the 
existence  of  a  God  or  of  anything  beyond 
material  phenomena ;  pertaining  to  this  theory. 
Hence  agno'stieiSM  n.  [f.  Gk  agnostos  un- 
known (a-  not+gno-  know) ;  see  -ic] 


A'gnus   Ca'stus, 


Tree  once  held  a 


preservative  of  chastity.  [L,  f.  Gk  agnos  (name 
of  tree),  confused  w.  hagnos  chaste,  whence 
L  cashes  is  added] 

A'gnus  Dei,  n.  (Rom.  Cath.).  Part  of  Mass 
beginning  A.  D. ;  figure  of  lamb  bearing  cross 
or  flag ;  cake  of  wax  stamped  with  such  figure 
and  blessed  by  Pope.  [L,  =  lamb  of  God] 
ago*,  a.  &  adv.  (Adj.,  always  following 
noun)  past,  gone  by,  as  ten  years  a. ;  (adv.)  long 
a.,  long  since,  [orig.  agone  p.p.  of  obs.  vb  ago 
(a-  forth +go)] 

ago'g,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  On  the  move,  eager, 
expectant,  [perh.  f.  OF  en  gogues  (gogue  fun, 
etym.  dub.)] 

agd'nic,  a.  Making  no  angle ;  a.  line,  line 
of  no  magnetic  variation,  [f.  Gk  agonios  with- 
out angle  (a-  not+gonia  angle)  +  -ic] 
agoni'stic,  a.  Pertaining  to  athletic  con- 
tests (esp.  of  Ancient  Greece) ;  (Rhet.)  polemic, 
combative ;  strained,  aiming  at  effect.  Hence 
agoni'stiCAL  a.,  agoni'sticalLv  2  adv.  [f. 
Gk  agonistikos  pertaining  to  a  combatant, 
agonistes,  in  the  games  (agones  f.  ago  lead, 
bring)] 

a'gonize,  v.t.  &  i.  Torture ;  suffer  agony, 
writhe  in  anguish ;  contend  in  arena,  wrestle 
(lit.  &  fig.) ;  make  desperate  efforts  for  effect. 
Hence  a'gonizingLY  2  ad  v.  [f.  med.  L  agon- 
izaref.Gkagdnizomaicontend.(agon,seeyrec.)] 
a'gony,  n.  Mental  anguish;  a.  column  Cm 
newspaper),  column  of  advertisements  for 
missing  friends  &c. ;  paroxysm  of  pleasure ; 
pangs  of  death;  extreme  bodily  suffering; 
struggle,  [prob.  formed  by  Wyclif  on  Vulgate 
L  agonia  r.  Gk  agonia  contest,  anguish ;  see 
agonistic] 

agoirti,  agoirty  (-goo-),  n.  Genus  of  rodents 
of  Cavy  or  Guinea-pig  family,  esp.  a  hare-like 
animal  of  W.  Indies,  [(thr.  F)  f.  native  Ind. 
aguti]_ 

agrarian,  a.  &  n.  Relating  to  landed 
property  ;  a.  outrage  (arising  from  discord  be- 
tween landlords  and  tenants) ;  relating  to  culti- 
vated land  ;  (n.)  advocate  of  redistribution  of 
landed_  property,  whence  agrar'ianisM  n., 
agrarianiZE  v.t.  &  i.  [f.  L  agrarius  (ager 
agri  land,  see  -ary  !)-f -an] 
agree*,  v.i.  &  t.  Consent  (to  proposal,  state- 
ment, to  do) ;  concur  (with  person  that) ;  be- 
come, be,  in  harmony  (with  person);  (pi.)  a. 
together,  cannot  a.,  get  on  with  one  another; 
suit  the  constitution  of,  as  work,  lobster,  does 
not  a.  with  him;  (Gram.)  take  same  number, 
gender,  case,  person  ;  (trans.)  bring  (balance, 
items  of  accounts)  into  harmony,  [f.  OF  agrter 
f.  LL  "AGgratare  make  agreeable  (gratus)] 


agreeable  (-rerbl),  a.  Pleasing  (to  or 
abs.);  (colloq.,  of  persons)  well-disposed  (to  a 
thing,  to  do,  or  abs.) ;  conformable  to,  as  a.  to 
all  experience.  Hence  agree'able.NESS  n., 
agree'abLY2  adv.     [f.    F   agreable   (agrter 

AGREE,  See  -ABLE)] 

agree'ment,  n.  Mutual  understanding, 
covenant,  treaty;  (Law)  contract  legally  bind- 
ing on  parties  ;  accordance  in  opinion  ;  (Gram.) 
concord  in  gender,  number,  case,  person.  [OF 
(agreer  agree,  see  -ment)] 

agr6ments  (F),  n.  pi.  Agreeable  qualities 
or  surroundings. 

agrestic,  a.  Rural,  rustic ;  uncouth,  [f.  L 
agrestis  (ager  field) +-ic] 

a'grieulture,  n.  Cultivation  of  the  soil. 
Hence  agrieu'lturAL  a.,  agrieuitur(al)- 
ist,  nn.  [(prob.  thr.  17th-c.  F)  f.  L  agricultura 
(ager  agri  field+cultura  culture)] 


a'grimony,  n.  Genus  of  plants,  esp.  species 
A.  Ejupatoria,  common  in  Britain,  [f.  L  agri- 
monia  perh.  f.  Gk  argemone,  etym.  dub.] 


agro'nomy,  n.  Rural  economy,  husbandry. 
So    agron6,mic(AL)     aa.,     agrono'mics, 

agro'nomiST,  nn.  [f.  Gk  agronomos  overseer 
of  land  (agros  land+  -nomos  f.  nemo  dispense), 
see  -y  !] 

agroirnd,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Upon  the  bottom 
of  shallow  water,  as  be,  run,  a.,  (of  ships).  La 
prep.] 

a'gue  (-u),  n.  Malarial  fever,  with  cold,  hot, 
and  sweating  stages  ;  shivering  fit ;  quaking 
(lit.  &  fig.) ;  a.-cake,  enlargement  of  spleen  or 
liver  caused  by  a.  Hence  a'gUED2  a.  [OF,  f. 
L  acuta  sharp] 

a'guish,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  ague  ;  tending 
to  produce  ague ;  subject  to  ague ;  ague-like, 
quaking;  coming  by  fits  and  starts.  Hence 
a'guishLY  2  adv.    [f.  prec.  +  -ish  j] 

an,  int.  expr.  sorrow,  regret,  surprise,  ad- 
miration, entreaty,  remonstrance,  dislike,  con- 
tempt, mockery,  [not  in  OE  ;  ME  has  a,  perh. 
f.  OF  a,  ah) 

aha1  (ahhah*),  int.  expr.  surprise,  triumph, 
mockery,  irony,  [f.  ah+ha;  formerly  written 
a  ha] 

aha2,  n.    See  ha-ha  n. 

ahea'd,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  In  advance ;  in 
the  direct  line  of  one's  forward  motion,  as 
breakers  a. ;  straight  forwards ;  forward  at  a 
rapid  pace,  as  go  a. ;  in  advance  of  (lit.  &  fig.). 
[a  prep.] 

ahea'p,  adv.  In  a  heap,  all  of  a  heap,  [a 
prep.] 

ahe'm,  int.  used  to  attract  attention  or  gain 
time,    [lengthened  form  of  hem] 

ahoy,  int.  Nautical  call  used  in  hailing. 
[a  int.  +  hoy] 

a  huts  clos  (ah  we  klo),  adv.  With  closed 
doors,  in  private.    [F] 

ahuil,adv.  (naut.).  With  sails  taken  in  and 
helm  lashed  on  lee  side,    [a  prep.-f  hull] 

ai  (ahi),  n.  Three-toed  Sloth  of  S.  America, 
[f.  Braz.  ai,  repr.  its  cry] 

aid1,  v.t.  Help  (person  to  do,  or  abs.);  pro- 
mote (recovery  &c  ).  [f.  OF  aider  f.  L  adjutare 
frequent,  of  ADijuvarejut-)] 

aid2,  n.  Help ;  (Law)  help  claimed  by  de- 
fendant from  one  who  has  joint-interest ;  (Hist.) 
grant  of  subsidy  or  tax  to  king,  (later)  ex- 
chequer loan  ;  helper ;  material  source  of  help 
(usu.  pi.),  as  aa.  and  appliances,  [f.  OF  aide, 
aiude  (Prov.  ajuda)  f.  LL  adjuta,  fern.  p.p.  of 
adjuvare  aid  l  used  as  n.] 

aide-de-camp  (a'dekong),  n.  (pi.  aides-de- 
camp  pron.  a'dekongz).  Officer  assisting  general 
by  carrying  orders,  &c.    [F] 

aigrette  (a 'grit),  n.     Lesser  White  Heron 


AIGUILLE 


21 


ALARY 


(usu.  egret)  ;  tuft  of  feathers  or  hair ;  spray 
of  gems  &c.    [F,  dim.  f.  OHG  heigir] 
aiguille  (a'gwil),  n.   Sharp  peak  of  rock,  esp. 
in    Alps.     Hence  aiguillESQUE  a.     [F,  see 

AGLET] 

aig-uillette  (agwilet),  n.    See  aglet. 

ail,  v.t.  &  i.  Trouble,  afflict,  as  what  ails 
him  ? ;  be  ill.  Hence  ai'lMENT  n.  [f.  OE  eglan 
(cogn..  w.  Goth,  ag/jan)  f.  egle  troublesome 
(Goth,  aglus)] 

aim ],  v.t.  &  i.  Direct  (blow,  missile,  at) ; 
point  (gun  &c.)  towards  (at);  direct  an  act  or 
proceeding  against  {at) ;  (intr.)  deliver  blow, 
discharge  missile,  (at);  take  aim  (abs.) ;  form 
designs  (abs.).  Iprob.  f.  two  vbs  (1)  Picard. 
amer,  OF  and  Prov.  earner,  f.  L  aestimare 
reckon  (2)  OF  aesmer  f.  LL  adaestimare  ;  ME 
sense  was  estimate] 

aim  2,  n.  Direction  of  a  missile  at  an  object, 
as  take  a. ;  design,  purpose,  object,  whence 
ai'mLESS  a.,  ai'mlessLY2  adv.,  ai'mless- 
ness  n.     [f.  prec.l 

air»6  (a'na),  n.    Elder  son  (cf.  cadet).    [F] 

air1,  n.  (1)  Gaseous  substance  enveloping 
earth,  mixture  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen, 
breathed  by  all  land  animals ;  atmosphere ; 
free  space  overhead,  as  birds  of  the  a. ;  un- 
con fined  space,  as  open  a. ;  fresh  a.,  also 
simply  a.,  a.  not  exhausted  of  its  oxygen ; 
breeze,  light  wind;  take  a.,  become  known; 
(of  projects  &c.)  quite  in  the  a.  (uncertain); 
(of  opinions,  feelings)  in  the  a.,  spreading  about ; 
castles  in  the  a.,  visionary  projects.  (2)  Ap- 
pearance, as  an  a.  of  absurdity ;  mien,  gesture, 
as  with  a  triumphant  a. ;  affected  manner  (esp. 
in  pi.),  as  gave  himself  aa„  aa.  and  graces; 
(Mus.)  melody,  tune,  esp.,  in  harmonized  com- 
position, predominant  (usu.  soprano)  part.  (3) 
Combb. :  a.-ball,  inflated  toy  ;  a.-bed,  inflated 
mattress;  a.-bladder,  one  filled  with  a.,  in 
animals  or  plants;  a. -brake  (worked  by  a.- 
pressure) ;  a.-chamber  (in  hydraulic  machines), 
a. -receptacle  which  when  condensed  maintains 
constant  pressure;  a. -engine  (actuatedby  heated 
a.) ;  a.-gun  (projecting  balls  &c.  by  elastic  force 
of  condensed  a.) ;  a.-jacket  (inflated,  to  support 
wearer  in  water) ;  a.-line,  bee-line  ;  a.-poise, 
instrument  for  weighing  a. ;  a.-pump,  machine 
for  exhausting  a.  of  vessel  by  strokes  of 
piston ;  a.-ship,  machine  for  navigating  a., 
esp.  without  balloon  ;  a.-thermometer  (with  a. 
instead  of  mercury) ;  a.-threads  (of  gossamer 
spider) ;  a.-tight,  impermeable  to  a. ;  a.-trap 
(preventing  escape  of  sewer-gas) ;  a.-way,  ven- 
tilating passage  in  mine.  [(1)  OF  f.  L  aerem, 
nom.  aer  f.  Gk  air  (ad  breathe).  (2)  perh. 
developed  f.  (1)  in  F ;  taken  by  E  f.  F  about  1600] 

aip  2,  v.t.  Expose  to  open  air,  ventilate  ;  dry 
at  Are;  (refl.)  go  out  into  fresh  air;  parade 
(qualities,  grievances,  theories,  fine  clothes), 
[f.  prec] 

air'less,  a.  Stuffy ;  breezeless,  still.  [air+ 
-less] 

aip'y,  a.  Aerial,  lofty  ;  breezy ;  immaterial ; 
of  thin  texture  ;  light  in  movement;  sprightly  ; 
graceful,  delicate ;  unsubstantial ;  superficial, 
flippant.    Hence  air'iLY  2  adv.,  air'iNESS  n. 

[AIR1  +  -V2] 

aisle  (il),  n.  Division  of  church,  esp.  one 
parallel  to  and  divided  by  pillars  from  the  nave, 
choir,  or  transept ;  passage  between  rows  of 
pews.  Hence  aislED2  a.  [f.  OF  ele  f.  L  ala, 
contr.  of  axilla  wing;  confused  in  E  with 
He  island,  refash.  with  this  as  isle,  and  again 
modified  to  aisle  after  F  refash.  aile  (on  L 
axilla) ;  the  F  spelling  aisle  (after  med.  L 
ascella  =  L  axilla)  is  mere  coincidence;  sense 
passage  from  confus.  of  L  ala  w.  OF  alUe  alle  v ] 


ait  (at),  n.  Small  isle,  esp.  in  a  river,  [perh. 
f.  OE  iggath,  iggeoth ;  eyet,  eyot,  are  artificial 
spellings  on  islet  and  F  Hot] 

ai'teh-bone,  n.  (Cut  of  beef  lying  over) 
buttock  or  rump  bone.  [ME  nage  f.  OF  nache, 
nage,  f.  LL  *natica,  adj.  (L  natis  buttock)+ 
bone  ;  for  loss  of  n  (a  nage-  becoming  an  age-), 
cf.  adder  ;  pop.  etym.  gives//-, ice-, edge-,  bone) 

ajar*1,  adv.  (Of  doors)  slightly  open,  [a 
prep.+c/iar  (OE  cyrr  a  turn)] 

ajar*2,  adv.  In  a  jarring  state,  [a  prep.+ 
jar  n.] 

a-ki-mbo,  adv.  (Of  the  arms)  with  hands  on 
hips  and  elbows  turned  outwards,    [etym.  dub.] 

aki'n,  adv.  and  pred.  a.  (Connected)  in  rela- 
tionship ;  (allied)  in  character,    [a  prep.] 

-al,  suf.  (1)  Adj.  f.  L  -alis  (adj.  suf.  varying 
w.  -aris  -ar1  by  dissim.  f.  prec.  syllable,  as 
regularis  but  generalis)  direct  or  through  F-el 
(since  corrected  to  -al  in  E) ;  now  appended 
freely  to  L  nouns  (cordial),  Gk  nouns  (colossal), 
L  adjj.  (individual),  and  Gk  adjj.  in  -kos,  -oides, 
(comical,  rhomboidal) ;  -ical  indicates  vaguer 
connexion  w.  the  orig.  n.  than  -ic  (comic  paper, 
comical  story),  cf.  -acal  ;  other  suff.  are  some- 
times appended,  as  generality,  centralize.  (2) 
Nouns  f.  L  -alis,  -al,  -ales,  -alia,  parts  of  above 
used  as  nouns  (rival,  animal,  annals,  Saturn- 
alia), with  new  imitations  (cardinal,  regi- 
mentals), -alia  became  in  F  -aille,  in  E  -aille, 
-ail,  -al  (L  sponsalia,  OF  espousaille,  E 
spousaille  now  espousal),  the  last  now  freely 
imitated  to  form  vbl  nn.  (reprisal,  recital, 
bestowal),  partly  on  false  anal,   of   bridal, 

BURIAL. 

a  la  (ah  lah),  prep.  After  the  manner  of,  as 
a  la  Russe,  a  la  Reform.    [F,  for  d  la  mode] 

alaba'step  (or  ai),  n.  &  a.  Name  of  several 
varieties  of  carbonate  or  sulphate  of  lime ; 
(Mineral.)  massive  fine-grained  sulphate  of  lime 
(Modern,  Gypseous,  A.),  as  distinct  from  the 
carbonates  used  by  the  ancients  for  holding 
unguents  (Oriental,  Calcareous,  A.) ;  box  made 
of  a.;  (adj.)  of  a.,  like  a.  in  whiteness  or  smooth- 
ness. So  alaba'stPiXE1  a.  [f.  OF  alabastre 
f.  L  alabaster  f.  Gk  alabast(r)os,  etym.  dub.] 

a  la  carte,  adv.    By  the  bill  of  fare.    [F] 

ala'ck,  int.  (archaic)  expressing  regret  or 
surprise,  esp.  in  phr.  alack-a-day.  [perh.  f.  a 
int.+ZafcLACK] 

ala'erity,  n.  Briskness,  cheerful  readiness. 
If.  L  alacritas  (alaccr  brisk,  see  -TV)] 

a'lamode,  a  la  mode,  adv.  &  a.  In  the 
fashion,  fashionable;  a.  beef,  scraps  of  beef 
boiled  down  into  stew ;  a.  silk  (also  as  n., 
alamode),  a  thin  glossy  black  silk.  [F  (a  la  m.), 
=in  tho  fashion] 

a'lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  wings;  winglike, 
wing-shaped  ;  (Bot.  &  Physiol.)  axillary,  [f.  L 
alaris  (ala  wing,  see  -ar1)] 

alap'm  *,  n.  Call  to  arms ;  warning  sound 
giving  notice  of  danger ;  warning,  as  give,  take, 
the  a. ;  excited  anticipation  of  danger ;  (Fenc- 
ing) stamp  on  ground  made  with  advancing 
foot ;  a.-post,  place  for  troops  to  assemble  at  in 
case  of  alarm ;  mechanism  that  sounds  the 
alarm  (usu.  al&'mm);  alarum-clock,  one  with 
apparatus  that  rings  at  appointed  hour.  [f.  OF 
alarme  f.  It.  allarme  (all'armc  !  to  arms !) ;  form 
alarum  now  only  of  alarm-signal] 

alap'm2,  v.t.  Arouse  to  sense  of  danger; 
disturb;  agitate,  excite  with  fear.    [f.  prec] 

alap'mist,  n.  One  who  raises  alarms  on 
slight  grounds ;  panic-monger.  So  alap'miSM 
n.    [alarm  n.+  -isr] 

alarum,  n.    See  alarm  n. 

a'lapy,  a.  Pertaining  to  wings  or  winglike 
parts,    [f.  L  alarius  (ala  wing,  see  -arv  j)J 


ALAS 

ala*s,  int.  expressing  grief,  pity,  concern, 
[f.  OF  ha  las  (mod.  F  httas)  f.  ha  ah -Has  lasse 
wretched  f.  L  lassus  weary] 

Ala'stop,  n.  Avenging  deity,  nemesis.  [Gk 
(a-  not+last-  f.  lath-  forget)] 

a*late(d),  a.  Having  wings  or  winglike 
appendages,  [f.  L  alatus  (ala  wing,  see  -ate2)] 

alb,  n.  White  vestment  reaching  to  feet, 
worn  hy  priests,  and  by  some  consecrated 
kings,    [f.  LL  alba  (tunica)  white  (tunic)] 

a'lbaeore,  n.  Large  species  of  Tunny ;  other 
fish  of  same  genus.  [f.  Port,  albacor  (F 
albicore,  also  used  in  E)  f.  Arab,  al  the  +  bukr 
young  camel,  heifer] 

alba'ta,  n.  White  metal,  German  silver. 
If.  L  albata  whitened  (albus  white)] 

a'lbatposs,  n.  Family  of  birds  allied  to 
Petrels,  inhabiting  Pacific  and  Southern 
Oceans;  esp.  great  A.,  largest  of  sea-fowls. 
[17th-c.  algatross,  perh.  f.  obs.  alcatras  Frigate- 
bird  (f.  Sp.  and  Port,  alcatruz  f.  Arab,  al- 
?adus  the  bucket,  Arab,  name  of  Pelican, 
rom  its  supposed  water-carrying  habit) ;  -b- 
under  influence  of  L  albus  white] 

albe'it  (awl-),  conj.  Though,  as  a.  that  he 
failed,  a.  he  failed,  he  tried  a.  without  success. 
[=all  though  it  be  that] 

a'lbert,  n.  (Also  A.  chain)  kind  of  watch 
chain,  [f.  Prince  Albert  consort  of  Queen 
Victoria] 

albe'scent,  a.  Growing  white,  shading 
into  white,  [f.  L  albescere  (albus  white),  see 
-ent] 

albi'no  (-be-),  n.  Human  being  marked  by 
congenital  absence  of  colouring  pigment  in 
skin  and  hair,  which  are  white,  and  eyes,  which 
are  pink  and  unable  to  bear  ordinary  light ;  any 
animal  so  distinguished.  Hence  albi'nESS1, 
a'lbiniSM,  nn.  [Port.,  orig.  of  white  negroes, 
f.  L  albus  white] 

a'lbite,  n.  White  or  soda  feldspar,  [f.  L 
albus  white  +  -ite  l] 

album,  n.  Blank  book  for  insertion  of  auto- 
graphs, photographs,  &c.  [L,  neut.  sing,  of 
albus  white] 

albu'men,  n.  White  of  egg ;  a  constituent 
of  animal  solids  and  fluids,  of  seeds,  and  of 
tuberous  or  fleshy  roots,  found  nearly  pure 
in  white  of  egg;  (Bot.)  substance  found  be- 
tween skin  and  embryo  of  many  seeds,  usu. 
the  eatable  part.  Hence  albu'minosE,  al- 
bu'minous,  aa.  [L  albumen  -minis  white  of 
egg  (albus  white,  see  -men] 

albu'menize,  v.t.  (phot).  Coat  (paper)  with 
an  albuminous  solution,    [prec.  +  -ize] 

albu'minoid,  a.  &  n.  Like  albumen ;  (n. 
pi.)  proteids,  class  of  organic  compounds  form- 
ing chief  part  of  organs  and  tissues  of  animals 
and  plants.     Hence  albuminoi'dAL  a.     [f. 

ALBUMEN +-OID] 

albur'num,  a'lburn,  n.  Recently  formed 
wood  in  exogenous  trees,  sap-wood.  Hence 
albup'nous  a.    [L  alburnum  (albus  white)> 

alcahest.    See  alkahest. 

Alca'ic,  a.  &  n.  Pertaining  to  Alcaeus  (Gk 
lyric  poet,  b.  c.  600),  or  to  the  metre  he  invented ; 
(n.  pi.)  Alcaic  strophes,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Alkaikos 
(Alkaios)] 

alche'mie,  a.  Pertaining  to  alchemy.  Hence 
alche'micAL  a.,  alchemical  i.y-  adv.  [f. 
med.  L  alchimicus  or  F  alchimique :  see  al- 
chemy and  -ic] 

a'lehemist,  n.  One  who  studies  or  practises 
alchemy.  Hence  alchemi'stic(AL)  aa.  [f. 
OF  alquemiste  ;  see  alchemy  and  -ist] 

a-lchemize,  v.t.  Change  as  by  alchemy  ; 
transmute,    [back-formation  on  prec] 

alchemy  (-k-),  n.     Chemistry  of  the  middle 


22 ALEURON 

ages ;  esp.,  pursuitof  the  transmutation  of  baser 
metals  into  gold  (also  fig.),  [f.  OF  alquimie  f. 
med.  L  alchimia  f.  Arab,  al-kimia,  al  the  + 
kimia,  apparently  =  khemia  (Gk  form  of  native 
name  of  Egypt,  but  confused  with  Gkkhumeia 
pouring  i.khu-  perf.  st.  of  khed  pour,  whence 
the  spelling  alchymy)] 

a'lcohdl,  n.  Pure  spirit  of  wine ;  any  liquor 
containing  this;  (Chem.)  large  class  of  com- 
pounds of  same  type  as  spirits  of  wine.  Hence 
a*lcoholATEM3)  n.,  alcoho'lic  a.  [med.  L, 
f.  Arab,  al  the  +  koKl  powder  for  staining 
eyelids  (kahala  v.  stain)] 

a'lcoholism,  n.  Action  of  alcohol  on  human 
system,    [prec.  +  -ism] 

a'lcoholize,  v.t.  Saturate  with  alcohol ; 
subject  to  alcoholic  influence.  Hence  aleo- 
holizA'TiONn.    [alcohol  + -ize] 

alcoholo'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  measur- 
ing alcoholic  strength  of  spirits.     Hence  al- 

COholO'METRY  n.     [f.  ALCOHOL  +  -O-  +  METER] 

Alcoran  (a'lkorahn,  alkorah'n),  n.  Koran, 
sacred  Mohammedan  book.  Hence  Aleor- 
a'nic  a.  [(thr.  F)  f.  Arab,  al-qoran  the  reading 
(qara'a  v.  read)] 

a'lcove,  n.  vaulted  recess  in  room-wall, 
esp.  (in  Spain)  recess  for  bed ;  recess  in  garden 
wall  or  hedge ;  summer  house.  [F,  f.  Sp. 
alcova,  -ba,  f.  Arab,  al-qobbah  the  vault  (qubba 
v.  vault)] 

a'ldehyde,  n.  Colourless  volatile  fluid  of 
suffocating  smell,  obtained  by  oxidation  of 
alcohol ;  class  of  compounds  of  this  type. 
Hence  aldehy'dic  a.  [abbr.  of  L  alcohol 
dehydrogenatum  (deprived  of  hydrogen)] 

a'lder  (awl-),  n.  Tree  related  to  Birch  ;  other 
trees  not  related,  as  Black,  White, Red,  A.  [OE 
alor,aler  (cf.  ON  blr,  elrir,  OHG  elira,  mod.  G 
erle,  eller)  w.  phonetic  d] 

a'lderman  (awl-),  n.  Magistrate  in  English 
and  Irish  cities  and  boroughs,  next  in  dignity 
to  Mayor.  Hence  aldepma'nic  a.,  a'lder- 
manSHiP  n.  [f.  OE  aldor  patriarch  (aid  old 
+  -or  noun  suf.)  +  -man] 

a'ldermanpy,  n.  Ward,  district  of  a 
borough  having  its  own  alderman ;  rank  of 
alderman,    [prec.  +  -Rv] 

A'ldine  (awl-),  a.  Printed  by  Aldus  Manutius, 
Venetian  printer  of  16th  cent ;  name  of 
certain  style  of  type.    [f.  Aldus  +  -ine  l] 

ale,  n.  Liquor  made  from  an  infusion  of 
malt  by  fermentation,  flavoured  with  hops 
&c. ;  merry-making  at  which  ale  was  drunk  ; 
alecost,  costmary ;  a.-house,  one  at  which  ale 
is  retailed  ;  a.-wife,  woman  who  keeps  an  ale- 
house, American  fish  allied  to  herring.  [OE  alu] 

a'leatory,  a.  Depending  on  the  throw  of 
a  die  or  on  chance.  [f.  L  aleatorius  (aleator 
dice-player  f.  alea  die)! 

alee*,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  On  the  lee  or  sheltered 
side  of  ship;  to  leeward,  [f.  ON  a  on + hi 6 
shelter ;  see  leeI 

a'legar,  n.  Sour  ale ;  malt  vinegar,  [f. 
ALK+egre  =  F  aigre  sour,  on  anal,  of  vinegar] 

ale'mbic,  n.  Apparatus  formerly  used  in 
distilling ;  also  fig.,  as  a.  of  fancy,  [f.  F 
alambic  f.  Arab,  al  the  +  ambiq  still  f.  Gk 
ambix  -ikos  cup ;  lembick,  livibeck,  were  usu. 
in  15-17th  cc] 

aler't,  a.  &  n.*  Watchful,  vigilant ;  lively, 
nimble  ;  (n.)  warning  call,  alarm  ;  on  the  a.,  on 
the  look-out.  Hence  aler'tLY2  adv.,  aler't- 
ness  n.  [f.  F  alerte,  earlier  allerte,  d  Vairte, 
f.  It  alVtrta  (alia  to  the +erta  look-out,  watch- 
tower,  fern.  p.p.  of  ergere  f.  L  erigere  erect)] 

aleup'on,  aleur'bne,  n.  Albuminoid  sub- 
stance found  in  seeds  of  plants,  &c.  [Gk 
aleuron  flour] 


ALEXANDRINE 


Alexa'ndpine,  a.  &  n.  A.  (verse),  iambic 
line  of  six  feet  or  twelve  syllables,  [f.  F  alex- 
andrin,  of  doubtful  orig.] 

alexiphar'mie,  a.  &  n.  (Having  the  quality 
of)  an  antidote,  [earlier  -ac  f.  h  alexiphar- 
maque  f.  Gk  alexipharmakon  remedy  for 
poison  (alexo  keep  ott'+pharmakon  poison)] 

alfre'sco,  adv.  &  a.  In  the  open  air ;  open- 
air,  as  a.  lunch,  [f.  It.  alfresco  in  the  fresh  (air)] 
.  a'lg-a,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Sea-weed.  Hence  a'lgAL, 
a'lg-oiD,  algolo'gicAL,  aa.,  a'tgiST^)  (-j-), 
alg-o'LOGisr,  alg-o'LOGY,  nn.    [L] 

a'lgebra,  n.  Investigation  of  the  properties 
of  numbers  by  means  of  general  symbols ; 
quadruple  a.,  quaternions.  Hence  alg*e- 
bra*ic(AL)  aa.,  algebraical  ly  2  adv.,  a'lg-e- 
braiST,  a'lgebriST,  nn.  [It.,  f.  Arab,  aljebr 
reunion  of  broken  parts  (jabara  reunite)] 

a'lgid  (-j-),  a.  Cold,  esp.  of  cold  stage  of 
ague.  Hence  algl'diTY  n.  [f.  F  algide  f.  L 
algidus  (algere  be  cold,  see  -id  ])] 

algorism,  n.  Arabic  (decimal)  notation  ; 
cypher  in  a.,  mere  dummy,  [f.  OF  augorisme 
f.  med.  L  algorismus  f.  Arab.  al-Khowarazmi 
the  man  of  Khiva,  surname  of  a  mathema- 
tician ;  mod.  misspelling  -ithm  by  confus.  w. 
Gk  arithmos  number] 

alguazi'l  (-gwa-),  n.  Spanish  warrant- 
officer  or  sergeant.  (Sp.  (now  -cil)  f.  Arab. 
al-wazir  the  vizier,  minister  (wazara  carry  on)] 

a'lgum,  n.  Tree  mentioned  in  Bible  (2  Chron. 
ii.  8  ;  in  1  Kings  x.  11  wrongly  given  as  almug), 
prob.  a  kind- of  sandal- wood.  [Heb. ;  a  foreign 
word  perh.  =  Skr.  valguka  sandal- wood  tree] 

Alha'mbra,  n.  Palace  of  Moorish  kings  at 
Granada.  Hence  alhambrESQUE  a.  [f.  Arab. 
al-hamra  the  red  house] 

a'lias,  adv.  &  n.  (pi.  -ases).  (Name  by  which 
one  is  called)  on  other  occasions.    [L,  adv.] 

a'libi,  adv.  &  n.  (The  plea  that  when  an 
alleged  act  took  place  one  was)  elsewhere.  [L, 
adv. ;  old  locative  of  alius  another] 

a'lidad,  -ade,  n.  Index  of  astrolabe,  quad- 
rant, &c,  showing  the  degrees  cut  off  on  the 
arc.  [F  (-ade),  f.  med.  L  alhidada  f.  Arab,  al- 
idadah  the  revolving  radius  (add  upper  arm)] 

a'lien  l,  a.  &  n.  Not  one's  own  ;  foreign, 
under  foreign  allegiance ;  differing  in  nature 
(from) ;  repugnant  (to) ;  stranger  ;  non-natural- 
ized foreigner  ;  one  excluded  from  ;  (Law)  a.- 
friend,  -enemy,  alien  owing  allegiance  to 
friendly,  hostile,  country.  Hence  a*IieniSM(2) 
n.  [OF,  f.  L  alienus  belonging  to  another 
(alius)] 

a'lien  2,  v.t.  (Poet.)  estrange  ;  (Law)  transfer 
ownership  of.  Hence  a'lien  able  a.,  aliena- 
bixity  n.  [f.  OF  aliener  f.  L  alienare  (as 
prec.)] 

a'lienate,  v.t.  Estrange  ;  transfer  owner- 
ship of ;  turn  away,  divert  (from).  Hence 
a'lienatOR  2  n.    [f.  L  as  prec,  see  -ate  2] 

aliena'tion,  n.  Estrangement ;  transference 
of  ownership  ;  diversion  to  different  purpose  ; 
(mental)  a.,  insanity,  [f.  MF  alienacion  f.  L 
alienationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

alienee*,  n.  One  to  whom  transfer  of  pro- 
perty is  made,    [alien  2  +  -ee] 

a'liform,  a.  Wing-shaped,  [f.  L  ala  wing  + 
-form] 

alijrn't1,  v.i.  Dismount  (from  horse),  de- 
scend (from  carriage) ;  settle,  come  to  earth, 
from  the  air.    [OE  alihtan  (A-  (\)+lihtan  light)] 

aligh't2,  a.  Kindled;  on  Are:  lighted  up. 
[p.p.  of  obs.  alight  kindle ;  now  only  used  pre- 
dicatively,  on  anal,  of  a-blaze  and  other  adv. 
compds] 

aligrn,  ali'ne,  v.t.  &  i.  Place,  lay,  in  a  line ; 
bring  into  line ;  esp.  bring  three  or  more  points 


23 ALL 

into  a  straight  line,  as  a.  the  sights  (of  rifle) 
and  bull's-eye ;  (intr.)  form  in  line  (as  troops). 
Hence  aligrnMENT  n.  [f.  F  aligner  (a  to 
+  ligner  f.  L  lineare  (linea  line)] 

ali'ke,  pred.  a.  &  adv.  Similar,  like ;  (adv.) 
in  like  manner.  [OE  gelic  a.  gelice  adv.  (OHG 
gelih,  mod.  G  gleich)  f.  ge-  together  +  lie  like  ; 
also  f.  ON  alikr  a.  dlika  adv.  (cogn.  w.  OE  aalic 
a.  anlice  adv.)  f.  a  prep,  on,  to,  +  lik  like] 

a/liment,  n.  Food;  (fig.)  support,  mental 
sustenance.  Hence  alime'ntAL  a.,  ali- 
me'ntalLY2  adv.  [f.  L  alimentum  (alere 
nourish,  see  -ment)] 

alime'ntary,  a.  Nourishing;  performing 
functions  of  nutrition,  as  a.  canal ;  providing 
maintenance,  [f.  L  alimentarius  (as  prec,  see 
-ary  i)] 

alimenta'tion,  n.  Nourishment ;  mainten- 
ance, [f.  med.  L  alimentatio  (alimentare,  as 
aliment,  see  -ation)] 

alimony,  n.  Nourishment;  maintenance; 
allowance  due  to  wife  from  husband's  estate, 
on  separation  from  certain  causes,  [f.  L  ali- 
monia  nutriment  (alere  nourish,  see-MONY)] 

a'liquot,  a.  &  n.  A.  (part),  part  contained  by 
the  whole  an  integral  number  of  times,  integral 
factor,  [f.  F  aliquote  f.  L  aliquot  some,  so 
many] 

-ality,  compd  noun-suf.  =  -al  +  -ty.  Quality, 
or  instance  of  it,  (generality,  a  g.) 

ali've,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  In  life,  living  ;  fully 
susceptible  to  (an  idea,  &c) ;  active,  brisk,  as 
(colloq.)  look  a.,  be  brisk;  swarming  with,  as 
river  a.  with  boats;  any  man  a.  (whatever); 
man  a.!  (colloq.  expletive),  [f.  a  prep.-f-ME 
live,  OE  life  dat.  of  lif  life;  =  on  life] 

ali'zarin,  n.  Red  colouring  matter  of 
madder,  [f.  F  alizari  madder  prob.  f.  Arab,  al 
the  +  'acarah  extract  (acara  v.  press) ;  see  -in] 

a'lkanest,  n.  Alchemist's  supposed  uni- 
versal solvent  (also  fig.),  [sham  Arab.,  prob. 
invented  by  Paracelsus] 

alkalescent,  a.  &  n.  Incipiently  or  slightly 
alkaline  (substance).  Hence  alkale'scENCE, 
alkale'scENCY,  nn.    [f.  foil.,  see  -escent] 

a'lkali,  n.  (pi.  -lis,  -lies).  (Chem.)  series  of 
compounds  called  bases,  including  soda,  potash, 
and  ammonia,  highly  soluble  in  water,  pro- 
ducing caustic  or  corrosive  solutions  that 
neutralize  strong  acids,  and  turn  vegetable 
yellows  to  brown,  reds  to  blue,  purples  to 
green ;  (Commerc)  caustic  soda,  caustic  potash, 
other  alkaline  products.  Hence  a'lkalifi'- 
able  a.,  a'lkaliFY  v.t.  [f.  F  alcalit.  Arab. 
al-galiy  calcined  ashes  (qalay  fry)] 

alkali'metry,  n.  Measurement  of  strength 
of  alkalis.  Hence  alkalime'triCAL  a.  Ial- 
kali  +  -metry] 

a'lkaline,  a.  Of  alkalis ;  of  the  nature  of  an 
alkali ;  a.  metals,  those  whose  hydroxides  are 
alkalis,    [f.  alkali  -f  -ine  l] 

a'lkaloid,  n.    Nitrogenous  basic  substance  : 


esp.  vegeto-alkaloids,  vegetable  alkalis.  Hence 
alkaloi'dAL  a.    [f.  alkali  +  -oid] 
a'lkanet,  n.    (Plant  whose  root  yields)  a  red 


dye.  [f.  Sp.  alcana  (f.  Arab,  al-henna  the  henna 
shrub)  +  dim.  suf.  to  dist.  this  shrub  from 
henna] 

all  (awl),  a.,  n.,  adv.  (1)  (adj.  w.  noun  &c 
expressed  or  understood).  The  entire,  as  a. 
day,  a.  England,  a.  his  life,  a.  this,  take  it  a., 
a.  whom  fsaiv ;  the  greatest  possible,  as  a. 
speed;  (w.  pi.)  the  entire  number  of,  as  a. 
men,  a.  the  others ;  a.  kind  of,  every  kind  of ; 
any  whatever,  as  renounce  a.  connexion.  (2) 
(n.).  All  men,  as  a.  are  agreed ;  (w.  of)  the 
whole,  every  one,  as  a.  of  it,  a.  of  you  ;  every- 
thing, as  that  is  a.,  a.  is  lost;    one's  whole 


ALLAH 

property,  as  he  lost  his  a. ;  a.  bid,  everything 
short  of  (used  adv.),  as  a.  but  impossible,  he 
was  a.  bid  drowned',  a.  in  a.,  of  paramount  or 
exclusive  importance ;  at  a.,  in  any  way,  as  not 
at  a.,  did  you  speak  at  a.  ?  (not  in  affirmative 
sent.);  in  a.,  in  total  number;  one  and  a.,  a. 
and  some  (archaic),  a.  and  sundry,  'a.  indi- 
vidually and  collectively.  (3)  (adv.).  Wholly, 
quite,  as  dressed  a.  (orig.  an  adj.)  in  white, 
a.  covered  with  mud,  a.  right,  a.  the  better, 
a.  the  same,  a.  at  once,  a.  too  soon.  (4)  Combb. : 
A.- father,  Odin,  God;  A.  Fools'  Day,  first  of 
April;  A.  Saints'  Day.  general  celebration  of 
saints,  November  1st;  A.  Souls'  Day,  day  of 
s\ipplication  for  souls  of  faithful  deceased, 
Nov.  2nd.  All  is  prefixed  to  many  adjj.,  as 
a.-bountiful,  a.-righteous,  a.-sujficient,  and 
esp.  to T>a.vtt.,  &s  a.-suttcing,  a.-seexng,  a.-know- 
ing.    [com.-Teut. :  OHG  al,  ON  allr] 

A'llah,  n.  Name  of  God  among  Moham- 
medans. [Arab,  allah  contr.  of  al-ilah  (al  the 
+  ilah  god  =  Heb.  eloah] 

allay,  v.t.  Putdown,  repress ;  alleviate  (pain 
&c.) ;  diminish  (pleasure  &c).  [f.  a-  (1)  +  lay 
v. ;  confused  with  obs.  allege  alleviate  and  obs. 
allay  alloy] 

allegation,  n.  Alleging ;  assertion  (esp.  one 
not  proved),  [f.  F  allegation  f.  Lallegationem 
(allegare  allege,  see  -ation)] 

alle'g-e  (-ej),  v.t.  Affirm;  advance  as  argu- 
ment or  excuse,  [f.  adlegiare  E  Latiniz.  of 
OF  esligier,  Norm,  alegier,  f.  LL  exlitigare 
clear  at  law ;  but  treated  as  repr.  L  allegare 
cite,  adduce,  which  would  give  alleague  (cf. 
F  alUguer)] 

alle'g-ianee  (-jans),  n.  Duty  of  subject  to 
sovereign  or  government;  loyalty  (lit.  and 
fig.).  [ME  ligeaunce  f.  OF  ligeance  (liege)  ;  ch- 
added in  E  perh.  thr.  confusion  with  obs. 
allegeance,  n.  f.  prec] 

allego'pic,  a.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature 
of,  allegory.  Hence  allego'pic  al  a.,  alle- 
g-o'riealLY 2  adv.  [f.  F  f.  L  f.  Gk  allegorikos 
(as  foil.,  see  -ic)] 

a-lleg-orize,  v.t.  &  i.  Treat  as  an  allegory ; 
make  allegories.  Hence  a'llegOPiST  n.  [f.  F 
alUgoriser  f.  L  allegorizare  (as  foil.,  see  -ize)J 

a'llegopy,  n.  Narrative  description  of  a 
subject  under  guise  of  another  suggestively 
similar ;  emblem,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  allegoria  (alios 
other  +  -agoria  speaking  f.  agora  assembly)] 

allegre'tto  (mus.).  Somewhat  briskly.    [It.] 

alle'gro  (-la-),  a.,  adv.,  n.  (mus.).  Lively, 
gay ;  (movement)  in  brisk  time.    [It.] 

allelu'ia  (-looya),  n.  Song  of  praise  to  God. 
[f.  L  f.  (Septuagint)  Gk  allelouia  f.  Heb.  hallelu- 
yah  praise  ye  Jehovah] 

alle'viate,  v.  t.  Relieve,  mitigate.  Hence 
allevi  ation,  alle*viatOR2,  nn. ;  alle*via- 
ti ve,  alle'viatoRY,  aa.  [f.  L  xUeviare  lighten 
(levis  light),  see  -ate  3] 

a'lley,  n.  (pi.  -eys).  Walk,  passage,  esp.  in 
park  or  garden;  narrow  street;  blind  a.,  one 
closed  at  end ;  enclosure  for  skittles  &c.  [f.  OF 
alee,Fallie,  walking,  passage,  f.  alter  go,  etym. 
dub.] 

All-ha'llow(s),  n.  All  saints  (in  heaven), 
as  All  hallows'  day,  Allhallowmass.  [all  + 
hallow  f.  OE  hdlga  saint] 

allia'ceous,  a.  Of  the  genus  Allium,  in- 
cluding garlic,  onions,  and  leeks ;  smelling, 
tasting,  of  garlic  &c.  [f.  L  allium  garlic  + 
-aceous] 

alli'ance,  n.  Union  by  marriage ;  relation- 
ship ;  confederation  (esp.  between  States) ; 
community  in  nature  or  qualities ;  (Bot.)  group 
of  allied  natural  Orders,  [f.  OF  aliance  (as 
ally  *,  see  -ance)] 


i ALLOY 

a'lligatop,  n.  Genus  of  saurian  reptiles  of 
crocodile  family,  found  in  America;  other 
large  American  saurians ;  a.  apple,  pear,  fruit 
of  W.  Indian  trees ;  a.  tortoise,  snapping  turtle, 
[corrupt,  of  Sp.  el  lagarto  the  lizard  f.  L 
lacerta] 

alli'tepate,  v.i.  (Use  words  that)  begin  with 
the  same  letter.  Hence  alli'tepatiVE  a., 
alli'tepativeLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  ad  to  +  litera 
letter  +  -ate  3,  on  anal,  of  obliterate] 

allitepa'tion,  n.  Commencement  of  words 
in  close  connexion  (esp.  in  early  Teut.  poetry,  of 
accented  syllables)  with  the  same  letter,  [f. 
prec.  + -ation] 

a'llocate,  v.t.  Assign,  devote,  (to  person  or 
object) ;  locate.  Hence  alloc  ation  n.  [f. 
med.  L  xilocare  (locus  place),  see  -ate  3] 

al(l)o*dium,  n.  Estate  held  in  absolute 
ownership,  without  acknowledgment  to  a 
superior  (opp.  to  feudum).  Hence  allo'diAL 
a..  allo'dlalLY2  adv.,  allo'dialiSM,  alio* 
dialiST,  nn.  [f.  med.  L  f.  G  *alod  entire  property 
(all+ OLG  6d estate);  sometimes  written  allod, 
allody] 

alld'g-amy,  n.  (bot.).  Cross-fertilization,  [f. 
Gk  alios  other  +  -gamy] 

allo'nge  (F),  n.  Slip  of  paper  gummed  to  end 
of  bill  of  exchange  to  give  room  for  further 
endorsements. 

allo*pathy,  n.  Curing  of  a  diseased  action 
by  inducing  another  action  of  a  different  kind 
(opp.  to  homoeopathy).  Hence  allopa'thic 
a.,  allopa'thiCALLY  adv.,  allo'pathiST  n. 
[f.  Gk  alios  other  +  -pathy] 

allophylian,  a.  &  n.  (One  whose  native 
tongue  is)  neither  Aryan  nor  Semitic,  [f.  L  f .  Gk 
allophulos  (alios  other  +phule  tribe)  +  -ian] 

allo't,  v.t.  (-U-).  Distribute  by  lot  or  with 
authority ;  assign  (to),  [f.  OF  aloter  (a  to  + 
loter  divide  by  lot  f.  lot,  Teut.  wd,  OE  Mot)] 

a'llotheism,  n.  Worship  of  strange  gods, 
[f.  Gk  alios  other  +  theos  god  +  -ism] 

allotment,  n.  Apportioning ;  lot  in  life ; 
share  allotted  to  one  ;  small  portion  of  land 
let  out  for  cultivation,  [f.  F  allotement  (aloter, 
see  prec.  and  -ment)] 

allo'tpopy,  n.  Variation  of  physical  pro- 
perties without  change  of  substance.  Hence 
allotPO*pic(AL)  aa.,  allotPO'piealLY2  adv., 
allo'tPoprsM  n.  [f.  Gk  allotropia  f.  allo- 
tropos  (alios  other  +  tropos  manner  f.  trepo 
turn)] 

allottee*,  n.  One  to  whom  allotment  is  made, 
[f.  allot  +  -ee] 

allow,  v.t.  Admit  (thing  to  be,  that) ;  (U.  S.) 
form  the  opinion  (that) ;  permit  (practice,  per- 
son to  do) ;  (refl.)  indulge  oneself  in  (conduct) ; 
(intr.)  admit  of;  give  (limited  periodical  sum), 
as  a.  him  £200  a  year ;  add,  deduct,  in  considera- 
tion of  something ;  a.  for,  take  into  considera- 
tion, make  addition  or  deduction  corresponding 
to.  Hence  alloWABLE  a.,  allowafoLY2  adv. 
[f.  OF  alouer  f.  (1)  L  Ailaudare  praise,  (2)  L  al- 
locare  place] 

allowance1,  n.  Permission  ;  tolerance 
(of)  ;  limited  portion,  esp.  yearly  income ;  de- 
duction, discount ;  make  a.  for,  allow  for.  [f. 
OF  alouance  (as  prec,  see  -ance)] 

allowance2,  v.t.  Make  allowance  to  (per- 
son) ;  supply  (thing)  in  limited  quantities,  [f. 
prec] 

alloy1,  n.  Standard,  quality,  (of  gold  or 
silver) ;  inferior  metal  mixed  esp.  with  gold  or 
silver  (also  fig.);  mixture  of  metals,  [orig. 
allay  f.  OF  aley  (F  aloi)  f.  aleier  combine  f. 
L  Ailigare  bind ;  meaning  influenced  by  con- 
fusion with  F  d  loi  to  law] 

alloy2,  v.t.     Mix  with  baser  metal;  mix 


ALLSEED 25 

(metals) ;  debase ;  moderate,  [f.  F  aloyer  f.  OF 
aleier,  see  prec] 

a'llseed  (awl-),  n.  Name  of  various  plants 
producing  much  seed. 

a'llspice  (awl-),  n.  Jamaica  pepper,  Pimenta, 
supposed  to  combine  flavour  of  cinnamon,  nut- 
meg, and  cloves;  other  aromatic  shrubs,  as 
Carolina  A.,  Japan  A.,  Wild  A. 

allu'de  (-00-,  -u-),  v.L  Refer  covertly,  in- 
directly, to;  (improp.)  a.  to,  mean.  [f.  L  al- 
(ludere  lus-  play)] 

allure*,  v.t.  Tempt,  entice,  win  over,  (to, 
from,  person,  place,  conduct);  fascinate, 
charm.  Hence  allure'MENT  n.  [f.  OF  aleur- 
rer  attract  (d  to  +  leurrer  lure)] 

allu'sion,  n.  Covert,  implied,  indirect,  re- 
ference  (to),     [f.  L  allusio  (as  allude,  see 

-ION)] 

allu'sive,  a.  Containing  an  allusion  (to) ; 
abounding  in  allusions;  (Her.)  a.  (canting) 
arms.  Hence  allu'siveLY  2  adv.,  allu'sive- 
ness  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ive] 

allu'vion  (-00-,  -u-),  n.  Wash  of  sea,  river, 
against  shore,  banks ;  flood ;  matter  deposited 
by  flood ;  (Law)  formation  of  new  land  by  water's 
action.  [F,  f.  L  XLluvionem  (nom.  -vio)  t.  lucre 
wash] 

allirvium,  n.  Deposit  of  earth,  sand,  &c, 
left  by  flood.  Hence  allu'viAL  a.  [L,  neut. 
of  adj.  ALluvius  (luere  wash)] 

ally*1,  v.t.  Combine,  unite,  for  special  ob- 
ject to,  with,  (esp.  of  marriage  and  alliance 
with  foreign  states) ;  (of  things)  allied  to,  con- 
nected with.    [f.  OF  alier  f.  L  wligarc  bind] 

ally*" 


Person,  state,  &c,  allied  with 


another,    [f.  prec] 

a'lly3,  n.  Choice  playing-marble  of  marble 
or  alabaster,     [perh.  dim.  of  alabaster] 

a'lma(h),  n.  Egyptian  dancing-girl.  [Arab. 
'almah  knowing  ( atama  know)] 

a'lmagest  (-J-),  n.  Great  astronomical 
treatise  of  Ptolemy ;  other  books  on  astrology 
and  alchemy,  [f.  F  f.  Arab,  al  the  +  majisti  = 
Gk  megiste  greatest] 

A'lma  Ma'ter.n.  Name  used  of  Universities 
and  schools.    [L, = bounteous  motherl 

a'lmanac  (awl-),  n.  Annual  calendar  of 
months  and  days,  with  astronomical  and  other 
data.    [med.  L,  etym.  dub.] 

a'lmandine,  n.  A  garnet  of  violet  tint, 
[corrupt,  of  obs.  alabandine  f.  L  alabandina 
(A  labanda,  city  in  Caria)] 

almig-h'ty  (awl-),  a.  All-powerful,  esp.  A. 
God,  the  A. ;  (slang)  great,  (adv.)  exceedingly. 
Hence  almigb'tlNESS  n.  [OE  xlmeahtig  (all 
adv.  +  MIGHTY)] 

almond  (ahm-),  n.  Kernel  of  a  stone-fruit 
borne  by  two  trees  (sweet,  bitter,  a.) ;  allied 
to  plum  and  peach ;  anything  a. -shaped  ;  A. 
(Tumbler),  kind  of  pigeon,  [f.  OF  almande 
f.  L  f.  Gk  amygdale ;  al-  perh.  by  confus.  w. 
Arab,  al  the] 

a*lmonep  (or  ahmn-),  n.  Official  distributor 
of  alms ;  Hereditary  Grand  A.,  Lord  High  A., 
(officers  in  royal  household  of  Great  Britain), 
[f.  OF  aumoner  f.  LL  almosinarius  =  eleemosy- 
narius  (as  alms,  see  -ary1)] 

aimost  (awl-),  adv.  Very  nearly  (qualifying 
v.,  adv.,  adj. ;  also  noun,  as  his  a.  impudence), 
[t  all  +  most  adv.] 

alms  (ahmz),  n.  (usu.  as  sing.).  Charitable 
relief  of  the  poor ;  donation ;  a.-folk,  alms- 
man, (supported  by  charity) ;  a.-giving ;  a.- 
house,  one  founded  by  charity  for  reception 
of  poor.  [OE  xlmysse  f.  L  f.  Gk  eleemosune 
compassionateness  (eleemon  adj.  f.  eleos  com- 
passion)] 

a'lmug.    See  algum. 


ALTAR 

a*loe  (-6),  n.  Genus  of  plants  with  erect  spikes 
of  flowers  and  bitter  juice ;  (pi.)  purgative 
drug   procured   from  juice    of    aloes ;    other 

Elants,  as  American  A.,  Agave.  [OE  aluwe  f. 
1  f.  Gk  aloe] 

aloe'tie,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine)  containing  aloes, 
[f.  Gk  aloe  aloe  on  false  anal,  of  diuretic  &c] 

ald'ft  (or  -aw-),  adv.  &  pred.  a.  High  up  (lit. 
and  fig.) ;  upward,  [f.  ON  d  on,  to,+lopt  sky, 
loft] 

alo'ne,  pred.  a.  &  adv.  Solitary ;  standing 
by  oneself  (in  opinion  &c) ;  let,  leave,  a.,  ab- 
stain from  interfering  with ;  (adv.)  only,  ex- 
clusively,   [f.  all  adv.  +  one] 

alo'ng-,  adv.  &  prep.  From  end  to  end  of ; 
through  any  part  of  the  length  of ;  onward, 
as  get  a. ;  a.  with,  in  company  with,  in  con- 
junction with ;  all  a.,  all  the  time ;  a.-ships, 
directed  fore  and  aft ;  a.-shore,  a.  by  the  shore, 
a.  and  on  the  shore ;  alongside,  close  to  side  of 
ship ;  alongside  of,  side  by  side  with  (lit.  and 
fig.).      [OE  and-lang  (and-  against,  facing, + 


lang  long),  orig.  adj.] 

aloo'f,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Away,  apart,  (lit.  and 
fig.),  as  stand,  keep,  hold,  a. ;  (Naut.)  away 
to  windward,  as  spring  a.  (cf.  luff).  Hence 
aloofNESS  n.    [f.  Aprep.+LOOF] 

alou'd,  adv.  Loudly ;  not  in  a  whisper ; 
(colloq. )  palpably,  as  reeks  a.  [f .  A  prep. + lo  u  D ; 
cf.  foil.] 

alow*  (-6),  adv.  (naut).  In,  into,  lower  part 
of  vessel,    [f.  a  prep.+LOW  a. J 

alp,  n.  Mountain-peak ;  (in  Switzerland) 
green  pasture-land  on  mountain  side;  Alps, 
mountain  range  separating  France  and  Italy, 
[(pi.)  f.  L  Alpes  prop,  n.,  etym.  dub.] 

alpa'ca,  n.  Kind  of  llama  with  long  woolly 
hair;  its  wool;  fabric  thence  made.  [f.  Sp. 
(Arab,  al  the  4-  paco,  native  Peru  v.  name)] 

a*l  penstock,  n.  Long  iron-shod  staff  used 
in  climbing  Alps  &c    [G,  =  stick  of  the  Alps] 

a'lpha,  n.  Greek  name  of  letter  A;  A.  and 
Omega,  beginning  and  end ;  (Astr.)  chief  star 
of  constellation.    [Gk,  f .  Heb.  aleph  ox,  leader] 

alphabet,  n.  Set  of  letters  used  in  a  lan- 
guage ;  first  rudiments.  Hence  alphabetic 
a.  jr.  L  alphabetum  (Gk  alpha,  beta,  first  two 
letters  of  alphabet)] 

alphabetical,  a.  Of  the  alphabet,  as  a. 
order.  Hence  alphabetical  v2  adv.  [as 
prec.  +  -ical] 

A'lpine,  a.  Of  the  Alps  or  any  lofty  moun- 
tains, [f.  L  Alpinus  (Alpes,  see  alp  and  -ine1)] 

A'lpinist,  n.  Alpine  climber,  [f.  F  alpiniste 
(as  prec,  see  -ist)] 

alrea'dy  (awl-),  adv.  Beforehand ;  by  this 
time,  thus  early,    [f.  all  adv.  +  ready] 

Alsa'tia,  n.  Province  west  of  Rhine,  de- 
batable ground  between  France  and  Ger- 
many; White  Friars  in  London,  once  sanctu- 
ary for  lawbreakers.    Hence  Alsa'ti  an  a.  &  n. 

a'lsike,  n.  Kind  of  clover.  [Alsike  in 
Sweden] 

a'lso  (awl-),  adv.  In  addition,  besides,  [f. 
all  +  so  ;  orig.  in  antecedent  and  relat.  as  well 
as  demonstr.  functions,  now  superseded  in 
relat.  by  its  shortened  form  as,  and  in  antec. 
by  as  and  so] 

alt,  n.  (Mus.)  high  tone,  esp.  in  a.,  in  octave 
above  treble  stave  beginning  with  G  ;  (fig.)  in 
a.,  in  an  exalted  frame  of  mind.  [Pr.,  f.  L  altum 
high] 

a'ltar  (awl-),  n.  Flat-topped  block  for  offer- 
ings to  deity  ;  Communion  Table  ;  lead  to  the 
a.,  marry;  a.-cloth,  (prop.)  linen  cloth  used  at 
Communion  or  Mass,  (loosely)  silk  frontal  and 
super-frontal ;  a.-piece,  reredos.  [f.  L  altare 
(alius  high)] 


ALTAR  WISE 


AMAZON 


a'ltarwise,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an 
altar. 

alta'zimuth,  n.  Instrument  for  determin- 
ing altitude  and  azimuth  of  heavenly  bodies. 
[alt-  for  altitude^ azimuth] 

a'lter  (awl-),  v.t  &  i.  Change  in  character, 
position,  &c.  Hence  or  cogn.  altera- 
bi#lity,  altePA'TiON,  nn.,  a'lterABLE  a.  [f. 
14th-c.  F  alUrer  f.  med.  L  alterare  (L  alter 
other)] 

alterative,  a.  &  n.  Tending  to  alter;  (n.) 
medicine,  treatment,  that  alters  processes  of 
nutrition,    [prec.  +  -ati  ve] 

altercate  (alt-,  awlt-),  v.i.  Dispute  hotly, 
wrangle,  {with).  So  altercA'TiON  n.  [f.  L 
altercarit  see  -ate  3] 

a'lter  e'go,  n.  One's  other  self ;  intimate 
friend.    [L,  lit.  other  I] 

alter'nant,  a.  &  n.  Alternating ;  (Mineral.) 
of  alternating  layers;  (n.)  a.  quantity.  [F, 
part,  of  alterner  f.  L  alternare  alternate] 

alternate1  (awl-,  -at),  a.  (Of  things  of  two 
kinds)  coming  each  after  one  of  the  other  kind  ; 
(Biol.)  a.  generation  (by  a.  processes,  as  first  by 
buddkig,nextby  sexual  reproduction);  a.  leaves, 
angles,  (placed  alternately  on  the  two  sides  of 
stem,  line).  Hence  alter'nateLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
alternare  do  one  thing  after  the  other  (alternus 
every  other  f.  alter  other),  see  -ate2] 

alternate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Arrange,  perform,  (two 
sets  of  things)  alternately ;  interchange  (one 
thing)  alternately  with,  by,  another;  (of  two 
things)  succeed  each  other  by  turns ;  (of  a 
whole)  consist  of  alternate  things ;  (of  one  class 
of  things)  appear  alternately  with  another.  So 
alternATiON  n.    [f.  prec] 

alternative,  a.  &  n.  (Of  two  things) 
mutually  exclusive ;  (strictly)  permission  to 
choose  between  two  things ;  (loosely)  either  of 
two  possible  courses,  as  I  had  no  (other)  a. ;  one 
of  more  than  two  possibilities.  Hence  alter*- 
nativeLY2  adv.  [f.  med.  L  altemativus  (as 
prec,  see  -ative)] 

although*  (awl-),  conj.  Though,  [f.  all  adv. 

+THOUGH] 

altitude,  n.  Height ;  depth ;  (Geom.)  length 
of  perpendicular  from  vertex  to  base ;  height 
above  sea  level;  (usu.  in  pi.)  high  place ;  (fig.) 
eminence,  [f.  L  altitudo  (altus  high),  see  -tude] 

alto,  n.  (mus.).  Highest  male  voice,  counter- 
tenor ;  its  musical  part ;  female  voice  of  simi- 
lar range,  contralto  ;  its  part ;  singer  with  alto 
voice;  a.-clarinet,  -viola,  instruments  similar 
to  the  clarinet,  viola,  but  of  higher  pitch.  [It. 
alto  (canto)  high  (singing)] 

altogether  (awl-),  adv.  &  n.  Totally;  on 
the  whole  ;  (n.)  an  a.,  a  whole,    [all  a.] 

alto-relie'vo  (-rile'vo),  n.  (sculp.).  High 
relief.    [It.  alto-rilievo] 

a'ltruism,  n.  Regard  for  others  as  a  prin- 
ciple of  action.  Hence  altruiST  n.,  al- 
trui'stic  a.,  altrui'stiCALLY  adv.  [f,  F  al- 
truisme  (It.  altrui  others'  f.  L  alteri  hum  to  this 
other,  see  -ism)] 

alum,  n.  A  double  sulphate  of  aluminium 
and  potassium  ;  series  of  salts  including  this  ; 
family  of  compounds  including  these ;  (Mine- 
ral.) various  native  minerals,  alums  proper 
and  pseudo-alums.    [OF,  f.  L  alumeri] 

alu-mina,  n.  One  of  the  earths,  the  only 
oxide  of  aluminium,  [f .  L  alumen  alum,  on  type 
of  soda  &c] 

alumi'nium,  n.  White  light  sonorous 
ductile  malleable  metal,  not  oxidized  in  air, 
used   for   instruments   and   as    an   alloy;   a. 

bronze,  alloy  of  a.  and  copper,  [f.  alumina  ; 
formerly  alumium,  aluminum] 

alu'minous,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  alum  or 


alumina,  [f.  F  alnmineux  f.  L  aluminosus 
(alumen  alum,  see  -ous)] 

alu'mnus,  n.  (pi.  -ni).  Pupil  of  a  school  or 
university.    [L,  =  foster-child] 

alveolate  (-at),  a.  Honey-combed,  pitted 
with  small  cavities,  [f.  L  alveolatus  f.  foil., 
see  -ate  2] 

alve'olus,  n.  Small  cavity ;  socket  of  tooth, 
whence  alve'olAR1  a.  ;  cell  of  honey-comb: 
conical  chamber  of  a  Belemnite.  [L,  dim.  of 
alveus  cavity] 

always  (awl-),  adv.  At  all  times ;  on  all 
occasions,  [f.  all  a.  +  way  ;  alway  (now  archaic 
or  poet  for  always)  orig.  meant  '  all  the  way, 
continually',  always  (gen.  case)  having  prob. 
the  sense  '  on  every  occasion  '] 

am.    See  be^ 

a'madou  (-00),  n.  German  tinder,  prepared 
from  fungi,  used  as  a  match  and  styptic  [F 
f.  Pr.  (OPr.  amador),  f.  L  amatorem  lover 
(amare,  see  -or2)] 

amai'n,  adv.  (archaic,  poet).  Vehemently ; 
in  all  haste,    [a  prep.  +  main,  OE  maegn,  force] 

amalgam,  n.  Mixture  of  a  metal  with 
mercury,  as  gold  a. ;  plastic  mixture  of  any 
substances  (also  fig.),  ff.  F  amalgame,  med.  L 
amalgama,  perh.  f.  L  f.  Gk  malagma  an 
emollient  (malasso,  st  malak-,  soften)] 

amalgamate 1  (-at),  a.  Combined,  esp.  of 
languages,  [f.  med.  L  amalgamare  (as  prec, 
see  -ate  2)] 

amalgamate 2,  v.  t  &  i. 1  Mix ;  unite 
(classes,  societies,  ideas) ;  (of  metals)  combine 
with  mercury.  Hence  amalgamATioN, 
ama'lgamatOR  2,  nn.,  amaigamatiVE  a. 
[f.  prec,  see  -ate3] 

amanue'nsis,  n.  (pi.  -nses).  One  who  writes 
from  dictation.  [L,  adj.  used  as  n.,  f.  (servus)  a 
manu  secretary  +  -ensis  belonging  to] 

a*marant(h),  n.  Imaginary  unfading 
flower ;  genus,  including  Prince's  Feather  and 
Love-lies-bleeding;  purple  colour.  Hence 
amara*nt(h)iNE 1  a.  [f.  F  amarante  f.  L  f. 
Gk  amarantos  everlasting,  name  of  a  flower 
(a-  not  +  maran-  st  of  maraino  fade) ;  h  by 
confusion  with  Gk  anthos  flower] 

amaryllis,  n.  Genus  of  autumn-flowering 
bulbous  plants.  [L,  f.  Gk  Amarullis,  name  of 
a  country  girl] 

amass,  v.t.  Heap  together ;  accumulate  (esp. 
riches),  [f.  12th-c  F  amasser  (a,  to  +  masser  f. 
masse  mass  n.] 

a'mateur  (-tur),  n.  One  who  is  fond  of; 
one  who  cultivates  a  thing  as  a  pastime. 
Hence  amateurnsH  a.,  amateurlshLY2 
adv.,  amateurish  ness,  amateur'iSM,  nn. 
[F,  f.  L  amatorem  (amare  love,  see  -OR2)] 

a'mative,  a.  Disposed  to  loving.  Hence 
a'mativeNESS  n.  [f.  L  amare  love,  see  -ative] 

a'matory,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  lover  or  to 
sexual  love.  Hence  amator'iAL  a.  [f.  L 
amatorius  (amare  love,  see  -ory)] 

amauro'sis,  n.  Partial  or  total  loss  of 
sight  from  disease  of  optic  nerve.  Hence 
amauronc  a.  [Gk,  f.  amauroo  darken 
(amauros  dark),  see  -osis] 

amaze1,  v.t  Overwhelm  with  wonder. 
Hence  ama'zedLY  \  ama'zlngLY  2,  advv., 

ama'zeMENT  n.  [a-  (1)  +  maze  v.,  etym. 
dub.] 

ama-ze  2,  n.  (poet.). = amazement,    [f .  prec] 

A'mazon  (a-),  n.     Fabulous  race  of  female 

warriors  in  Scythia ;  female  warrior  (lit.  and 

fig.) ;  masculine  woman.     Hence  Amazo'n- 

ian  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  (prob.  foreign  word,  but  ex- 
plained by  Greeks  as  a-  not  +  mazos  breast, 

from  destruction  of  right  breast  to  facilitate 

use  of  bow)] 


AMBAGES 


27 


AMERICAN 


amba'ges  i-jez),  n.  pi.     Roundabout  ways. 

^L  {amb-  about  +  ag-  f.  agere  drive ;  16th-c  E 
lad  a'mbage,  pi.  a'mbages] 
amba'ssador,  n.  Minister  sent  by  one 
sovereign  or  State  on  mission  to  another  (usu. 
A.  extraordinary);  minister  permanently  re- 
presenting sovereign  or  State  at  foreign  court 
(Ordinary,  Resident,  A. ;  formerly  A.  Leger) ; 
A.  Plenipotentiary  (with  full  power  to  sign 
treaties  &c.) ;  official  messenger.  Hence  am- 
bassado'riAL  a.  [f.  F  ambassadeur  f.  OSp. 
ambaxadorf.  med.  L  *ambactiator  agent-noun 
of  ambactiare  f.  ambactia  office  f.  Celt,  am- 
bactus  servant (ambietbout+ag-  drive,  cogn.  w. 
L  agcre)] 

ambassadress,  n.  Female  ambassador; 
ambassador's  wife.  [f.  prec.  +  -ess  *] 
a'mber,  n.  Yellow  translucent  fossil  resin, 
found  chiefly  on  S.  shore  of  Baltic ;  a.  Fauna, 
Jb  lora,  animals,  plants,  of  which  remains  are 
found  in  a.  [f.  F  ambre  f.  Arab,  'anbar  am- 
bergris, to  which  the  name  orig.  belonged] 
a'mbergrris  (-es),  n.  Wax-like  substance 
found  floating  in  tropical  seas,  and  in  intestines 
of  sperm-whale,  odoriferous  and  used  in  per- 
fumery, formerly  in  cookery,  [f.  F  ambre  gris 
gray  amber] 

ambidexter,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  able  to  use 
left  hand  as  well  as  right;  double-dealing. 
Hence  ambidexte'rrTY  n.  [med.  L  (amb-  on 
both  sides  -f  dexter  right-handed] 
ambidext(e)rous,  a.  =prec.  Hence  ambi- 
de'xtrousLY 2  adv.,  ambide'xtrousNESS 
n.    [as  prec.  +  -ous] 

a'mbient,  a.  Surrounding,  circumfused. 
[f.  L  ambiens  -entis  part,  of  ambire  go  about 
(amb-  on  both  sides  +  ire  go)] 
ambigu'lty,  n.  Double  meaning;  expres- 
sion capable  of  more  than  one  meaning,  [f. 
med.  L.  ambiguitas  (as  foil.,  see  -ty)] 
ambi'guous,  a.  Obscure  ;  of  double  mean- 
ing; of  doubtful  classification;  of  uncertain 
issue.  Hence  ambi'guousLY2  adv.,  am- 
bi'guousNESS  n.  [f.  X  ambiguus  doubtful  f. 
ambigere  (amb-  both  ways  +  agere  drive)  + 
-ous] 

a'mbit,  n.  Precincts ;  bounds ;  compass,  ex- 
tent,   [f.  L  ambitus  a  going  round  (ambire,  see 

AMBIENT)] 

ambi'tion,  n.  Ardent  desire  for  distinction ; 
aspiration  (to  be,  to  do) ;  object  of  such  desire. 
[F,  f.  L  ambitionem  (ambire  -it-,  canvass  for 
votes,  see  ambient  and  -ion)] 

ambi'tious,  a.  Full  of  ambition  ;  strongly 
desirous  (of  a,  thing,  to  do) ;  showing  ambition, 
as  an  a.  attempt.  Hence  ambi'tious i.v  2  adv., 
ambi'tiousNESS  n.  [f.  L ambitiosiis  (as  prec, 
see  -ous)] 

a'mble1,  v.L  (Of  horses  &c.)  move  by  lift- 
ing two  feet  on  one  side  together;  ride  an 
ambling  horse,  ride  at  an  easy  pace ;  move  in 
a  way  suggesting  an  ambling  horse,  [f.  F 
ambler  f.  L  ambulare  walk] 

a'mble  %  n.  Pace  of  an  ambling  horse ;  easy 
pace.    [f.  F  amble  f.  ambler,  see  prec] 

amblyo'pia,  n.  Impaired  vision.  Hence 
amblyo'pic  a.  [Gk,  f.  ambluopos  a.  (amblus 
dull  -f  dps  opos  eye)] 

a'mbo,  n.  (pi.  -bos,  -bo'nes).  Pulpit  in  early 
Christian  churches.    [LL,  f.  Gk  ambon] 

amboyna(wood),  n.  Finely  marked  wood 
of  an  Asiatic  tree.    [Amboyna  Island] 

ambrosia  (-zia,  -zhya),  n.  (Myth.)  food  of 
the  gods;  anything  delightful  to  taste  or 
smell ;  bee-bread,  [f.  L  f.  Gk,  fern,  of  ambro- 
sios  of  the  immortals  f.  ambrotos  (a-  not  + 
(m)brotos  mortal)] 

ambro'sial  (-zial,  -zhyal),  a.    Divinely  frag- 


rant; divine.  Hence  ambpo'siali.v  -  adv. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  ambrosios,  see  prec.  and  -al] 

a'mbry,  n.  (archaic).  Pantry ;  wall-press ; 
dresser ;  closed  recess  in  wall  of  church,  [f.  L 
armarium  tool-chest  (arma  tools,  see  -ary  *), 
with  I  for  r  by  dissim.,  and  phonetic  -b-] 

ambs-ace  (amz-),  n.  Both  aces,  lowest  throw 
at  dice;  bad  luck;  worthlessness.  [f.  OF 
ambes  as  f.  L  ambas  as,  see  ace  ;  also  written 
antes-] 

a'mbulanee,  n.  Moving  hospital  following 
army;  waggon  for  conveying  wounded  off  field 
of  battle.    [F  (L  ambxdare  walk,  see  -ance)] 

a'mbulatony,  a.  &  n.  Pertaining  to  walk- 
ing ;  adapted  for  walking ;  movable  ;  not  per- 
manent. (X.)  place  for  walking ;  arcade,  cloister, 
[f.  L  ambulatorius  (as  prec,  see  -ory)] 

ambusca'de1,  n.  Ambush,  [f.  F  embus- 
cade  f.  It.  imboscata  or  Sp.  emboscada  (imbos- 
care,  see  ambush  v.  and  -ade] 

ambusca'de2,  v.t.  &  i.  Lie,  conceal,  in  am- 
bush,   [f.  prec] 

a'mbush 1  (-60-),  n.  Concealment  of  troops, 
troops  concealed,  in  a  wood  &c. ;  (generally) 
lying  in  wait;  make,  lay,  an  a.,  lie  in  a.  [f. 
OF  embusche  (as  foil.);  am-  perh.  due  to 
ambages] 

a'mbush2,  v.t.  &  i.  Conceal  (troops,  only 
in  p.p.) ;  lie  in  wait  for ;  (intr.)  lie  in  wait.  [f.  OF 
embuscher  (Sp.  emboscar,  It.  imboscare)  f.  LL 
*iM&oscare  (boscus  bush)  ;  see  prec] 

dme  damnee  (ahm  dahna"),  n.  Tool,  de- 
voted adherent.    [F]  _ 

ameer',  amir*  (-er),  n.  Title  of  various 
Mohammedan  rulers  in  Scinde  and  Afghani- 
stan. [Arab,  amir  commander  (amara  com- 
mand)] 

ameliorate,  v.t.  &  i.  (Cause  to)  become 
better.  Hence  ameliorATioN,  ame'liora- 
tOR2,  nn.,  ame'lioratiVE  a.  [f.  F  ameliorer 
f.  OF  ameillorer  (a  to  +  meillorer  f.  L  meliorare 
f.  melior  better)] 

ame'n  (a-,  ah-),  int.  So  be  it.  [f.  L  f.Gk  f.  Heb. 
amen  certainty,  certainly  (aman  strength)] 

amenable,  a.  (Of  persons)  responsible  (to 
law  &c.  or  abs.) ;  (of  things)  liable  to ;  capable 
of  being  tested  by  (to) ;  responsive,  tractable. 
Hence  amenaBixiTY,  ame'nablexESS,  nn., 
ame'nabLY2  adv.  [AF,  f.  amener  bring  to 
(a  to  +  mener  bring  f.  L  minare  threaten),  see 
-able] 

ame'nd,  v.i.  &  t.  Abandon  evil  ways; 
(archaic)  improve  in  health ;  correct  an  error 
in  (legal  document),  make  professed  improve- 
ments in  (measure  before  Parliament) ;  make 
better.  Hence  ame'nd  able  a.,  ame'n  d- 
ment  n.  [f.  OF  amender  f.  L  Kmendare  free 
from  faults  (menda  fault)] 

amende  honorable  (F),  n.  Public  apology 
and  reparation. 

amends,  n.  Reparation,  restitution,  com- 
pensation, as  make  a.  [f.  OF  amendes  penalties, 
fine,  pi.  of  amende  reparation  f.  amender 
amend  ;  pi.  now  treated  in  E  as  sing.] 

amenity,  n.  Pleasantness  (of  places,  per- 
sons. &c) ;  (pi.)  pleasant  ways.  [f.  Ij  amoemtas 
(amoenus  conn.  w.  amare  love,  see  -ty)] 

a  me'nsa  et  to'ro,  adv.  From  board  and 
bed.    [L] 

amentum,  ame'nt,  n.  Catkin.  Hence 
amentA'CEOUS,  amenti'FEROus,  ame'nti- 
form,  aa.    [L,  =  thong] 

amer'ce,  v.t.  Fine  ;  (loosely)  punish.  Hence 
amer*eiABLE  a.,amer*eeMENT,  amer'cia- 
ment,  nn.    [orig.  amercy  f.  AF  amercier  (a  at 

+mctci  mercy)] 

American,  a.  &  n.  Belonging  to  continent 
of  America  or  to  United  States.   (X.)  native  of 


AMERICANISM 


AMPHIBIOUS 


America  of  European  descent ;  citizen  of 
United  States,    [-an] 

Ame'rieanism,  n.  Word  or  phrase  peculiar 
to  or  extending  from  United  States ;  attach- 
ment to,  sympathy  with,  United  States,  [prec. 
+  -ism] 

Americanize,  v.t.  &  i.  Naturalize  as  an 
American ;  make  American  in  character ; 
become  American  in  character ;  use  American- 
isms,   [as  prec.  +  -ize] 

ames-ace.    See  ambs-ace. 

a'methyst,  n.  Precious  stone,  kind  of 
quartz,  purple  or  violet ;  Oriental  A.,  rare 
violet  variety  of  sapphire.  Hence  amethyst- 
ine  !  a.  [f.  OF  ametiste  f.  L  f.  Gk  amethustos 
not  drunken  (a-  not+vbl  adj.  f.  methusko  in- 
toxicate f.  methu  wine),  the  stone  being  sup- 
posed to  prevent  intoxication] 

a-miable,  a.  Feeling  and  inspiring  friendli- 
ness; lovable.  Hence  amiaBixiTV,  a'mi- 
ableNESS,  nn.,  a'miabLY2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L 
amicabilis  amicable  ;  confused  with  OF 
amable  (mod.  F  aimable)  f.  L  amabilis  lovable 
(amare  love,  see  -ble)] 

amia*nt(h)us,  n.  Mineral,  variety  of  as- 
bestos, splitting  into  flexible  fibres ;  green 
fibrous  chrysolite.  [L,  f.  Gk  amiantos  undefiled 
(a-  not+vbl  adj.  f.  miaino),  i.  e.  purified  by 
fire,  being  incombustible  ;  tov-h-ci.  amaranth] 

a'mic,  a.  (chem.).    Pertaining  to  ammonia. 

[f.  AMMONIA  +  -IC] 

a'micable,  a.  Friendly ;  done  in  a  friendly 
spirit.  Hence  amieaBULiTY,  a'micable- 
ness,  nn.,  a'mieabLY2  adv.  [f.  L  amicabilis 
(amicare  make  friendly  f.  amicus,  see  -ble)] 

a'mice1,  n.  Square  of  white  linen  worn  by 
celebrant  priests,  formerly  on  head,  now  (in 
Church  of  Rome)  on  shoulders,  [earlier  amyt 
f.  OF  amit  f.  L  amictus  garment;  -ce,  or  -s, 
perh.  due  to  confus.  w.  foil.] 

a'mice2,  n.  Cap,  hood,  cape,  of  religious 
orders ;  badge  worn  by  French  canons  on  left 
arm.  [f.  OF  aumusse,  perh.  f.  Arab,  al  the-f  G 
mutze  cap ;  early  confused  w.  prec] 

ami'cus  cur  iae,  n.  Friend  of  the  court, 
disinterested  adviser.    [L] 

ami'd,  ami'dst,  prep.  In  the  middle  of 
(lit.  and  fig.) ;  in  the  course  of.  [OE  on  middan 
(dat.  of  mid)  in  the  middle,  followed  by  geni- 
tive ;  see  also  -es] 

a'midin,  n.  Soluble  matter  of  starch ;  starch 
in  state  of  solution,  [f.  amid-  com. -Rom.  form 
of  L  amylum  starch  +  -in] 

ami'dships,  adv.  In  middle  of  ship.  [f. 
amid  +  ship  +  -es] 

amir,  n.    See  ameer. 

ami'ss,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Not  up  to  the  mark ; 
out  of  order ;  wrongly ;  untowardly,  as  come 
a. ;  take  a.,  take  offence  at ;  not  a.,  appropriate. 
[a  prep. + miss  n.] 

a'mity,  n.  Friendship,  friendly  relations, 
[f.  F  amitU,  earlier  amiste,  f.  pop.  Lamicitatem 
{amicus  friend,  see  -ty)] 

a'mmeter,  n.  Instrument  for  measuring 
force  of  electric  currents,  [f.  am(pere)  + 
-meter] 

ammo'nla,  n.  A  colourless  gas  with  pungent 
smell  and  strong  alkaline  reaction,  spirit  of 
hartshorn ;  (Chem.)  large  series  of  compounds, 
analogous  to  ammonia  ;  Liquid  A.,  solution  of 
a.  in  water,    [f.  foil.] 

ammo'niac,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  nature  of  am- 
monia ;  Sal  A.,  hard  white  crystalline  salt, 
said  to  have  been  prepared  from  camels'  dung 
near  temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon ;  Gum  A.  (also 
A.),  a  gum  resin  used  in  medicine  and  as 
cement  Hence  ammoni'acAL  a.  [F,  f.  L  f. 
Gk  ammoniakon  belonging  to  Ammon] 


ammo'niated,  a.  Combined  with  am- 
monia,   [f .  prec.  +  -ate  *  (3) +-ED1] 

a'mmonite,  n.  Fossil  genus  of  Cephalopods. 
[after  med.  L  cornu  Ammonis  horn  of  (Jupiter) 
Ammon,  see  -iteH2)] 

ammuni'tion,  n.  Military  stores  (formerly 
of  all  kinds,  now  of  powder,  shot,  shell,  &c); 
a.-boots,  -bread,  -hat  (supplied  to  soldiers),  [f. 
F  amunition,  vulg.  amonition,  by  confus.  of 
la  munition  (see  munition)  with  I  amonition] 

amne'sia,  n.  Loss  of  memory.  [Gk,  =  for- 
getfulness] 

a*mnesty,n.,&v.t.  Intentional  overlooking; 
act  of  oblivion,  general  pardon ;  (v.t.)  give  a.  to. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  amnestia  oblivion  f.  amnestos  a. 
(a-  not +mne-  remember)] 

a'mnion,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Innermost  membrane 
enclosing  foetus  before  birth.  [Gk, =caul  (dim. 
of  amnos  lamb)] 

amoe'ba  (ame-),  n.  Microscopic  animalcule 
perpetually  changing  shape.  Hence  amoe'bi- 
form,  amoe'boiD,  aa.    [f.  Gk  amoibe  change] 

amoebae'an,  a.  Alternately  answering,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  amoibaios  interchanging  (amoibe 
change),  see  -an] 

amo'ng,  amo'ngst  (amu-),  prep.  In  the 
assemblage  of,  surrounded  by ;  in  the  number 
of;  within  the  limits  of  (collectively  or  dis- 
tributively),  as  five  shillings  a.  us,  divided 
a.  us;  in  comparison  with,  as  one  a.  many ; 
by  joint  action  of,  as  kill  him  a.  you ;  reci- 
procally, as  quarrelled  a.  themselves.  [OE  on 
gemang  (on  in+gemang  assemblage  f.  gemengan 
mingle)  foil,  by  gen.  case ;  see  -es] 

a'morous,  a.  Inclined  to  love  ;  in  love ;  of, 
pertaining  to,  love.  Hence  a'morousLY2 
adv.,  a'morous  nt  ess  n.  [OF,  f.  L  amorosus 
(amor  love,  see  -ous)] 

amorphous,  a.  Shapeless;  anomalous; 
(Min.,  Chem.)  uncrystallized  •  unorganized. 
Hence  amor'phiSM,  amor'phousNESs,  nn. 
[f.  Gk  amorphos  shapeless  (a-  not  +  morphe 
form)  +  -ous] 

amortize,  v.t.  Alienate  in  mortmain ; 
extinguish  (debt,  usu.  by  means  of  sinking 
fund),  whence  amortizA'TiON  n.  [f.  F  amor- 
tir  (si.  -iss-)  bring  to  death  f.  LL*  admortire 
(ad  mortem  to  death)] 

amou'nt  *,  v.i.  Come  to  (so  much) ;  be  equi- 
valent (in  significance)  to.  [f.  OF  amonter  f. 
amont  upward  (d  mont  hillward  f.  L  ad 
montem)] 

amou'nt2,  n.  Total  to  which  a  thing 
amounts ;  full  value,  significance,  &c. ;  quantity, 
as  a  considerable  a.  (of),    [f.  prec.J 

amour*  (-moor),  n.  Love-affair;  intrigue. 
[F,  =  love  f.  L  amorem,  nom.  -or,  t.  amare] 

amourette  (-moor-),  n.  Petty  love-affair. 
[F,  dim.  of  amour] 

amour- pro' pre  (a 'moor-pro  *pr),  n.  Self- 
esteem.    [F]  _ 

ampere*  (-er),  n.  (electr.).  Current  that  one 
volt  can  send  through  one  ohm,  unit  of  current, 
[name  of  electrician] 

ampersa'nd,  n.  The  sign  &  (and,  L  et). 
[also  ampus-,  ampassy-,  ampussy-,  corrupt,  of 
'  and  per  se  (=  by  itself)  and'] 

amphi-  in  comb.  Both,  of  both  kinds,  on 
both  sides,  around.    [Gk,  prep.] 

Amphi'bia,  n.  pi.  Division  of  Vertebrata, 
intermediate  between  reptiles  and  fishes,  as 
frogs,  newts,  &c.  Hence  amphi'biAN  a.  &  n. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  amphibia  (zoa)  (animals)  living  in 
both  elements  (amphi-  +  bios  life)] 

amphibio'log-y,  n.  Branch  of  zoology 
treating  of  Amphibia,    [prec.  +  -logy] 

amphi'bious,  a.  Living  both  on  land  and 
in  water ;  connected  with  both  land  and  water ; 


AMPHIBOLOGY 


a 


ANAEMIA 


having  two  lives,  connected  with  two  classes, 
&c.  Hence  amphi'biousLY2  adv.  [f.  am- 
phibia +  -ous] 

amphibo'logry,  n.  Quibble ;  ambiguous 
wording.  Hence  amphibolo'giCAL  a.  [f.  F 
amphibologie  f.  L  f.  Gk  AMPHi(bolia  I.  hallo 
throw) ;  assim.  to  words  in  -logy] 

Amphi'etyons,  n.  pi.  Deputies  from  ancient 
Greek  states  forming  council.  So  Amphic- 
tyd'nic  a.    [f.  Gk  amphiktuones  neighbours] 

a'mphigam,n.  (bot.).  Plant  with  no  distinct 
sexual  organs.  Hence  amphi'gamous  a. 
[f.  F  amphigame  (am phi-  +  Gk  gamos  mar- 
riage)] 

amphigoup'i  (-oori),  a#mphig-opy,  n. 
Nonsensical  composition.    [?] 

amphio'xus,  n.  The  fish  Lancelet,  [f. 
amphi-  +  Gk  oxus  sharp] 

amphi'poda,  n.  pi.  Order  of  Crustacea, 
with  feet  of  two  kinds.  Hence  a'mphipod 
n.,  amphi'podAN,  amphi'podous,  aa.  [am- 
phi- +  Gk  potis  podos  foot] 

amphi'prostyle,  a.  With  portico  at  both 
ends.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  amphiprostulos  (amphi- 
+prostulos  prostyle) 

amphisbae'na,  n.  Fabulous  serpent  with 
head  at  each  end ;  (Zool.)  genus  of  worm-like 
lizards.  [L,  f.  Gk  amphisbaina  (amphis  both 
ways-f  baino  go] 

amphithe'atre,  n.  Oval  or  circular  build- 
ing, with  seats  rising  behind  and  above  each 
other  round  a  central  open  space ;  part  of  a 
theatre ;  (fig.)  scene  of  a  contest.  Hence 
amphithea'triCAL  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  amphi- 
theatron  (see  amphi-  and  theatre)] 

Amphi'tryon,  n.  Host,  entertainer.  [Mo- 
liere,  Amphitryon,  iii.  5] 

a'mphora,  n.  Greek  or  Roman  two-handled 
vessel.  [L,  f.  Gk  amphoreus  for  AMT?m(phoreus 
1.  phero  bear)] 

amphd'pic,  a.  (med.).  Like  the  sound  pro- 
duced by  blowing  into  large  vessel  with  small 
mouth,    [f.  prec.  +  -ic] 

a'mple,  a.  (-er,  -est).  Spacious ;  extensive ; 
abundant;  copious;  quite  enough.  Hence 
a*mpLY2  adv.,  a'mpleNESS  n.  [F,  f.  L 
amplus] 

a'mpliative,  a.  (logic).  Extending  a  simple 
conception,  [f.  L  ampliare  widen  {amplus), 
see  -ative] 

amplification, n.  Extension, enlargement; 
making  the  most  of  a  thing,  [f.  L  amplificatio 
(as  foil.,  see  -ation)] 

a'mplify,  v.t.  &  i.  Enhance  ;  enlarge  (story, 
statement) ;  expatiate,  [f.  F  amplifier  f.  L 
amplificare  (as  ample,  see  -FY)] 

a'mplitude,  n.  Breadth ;  abundance  ;  wide 
range ;  dignity ;  (Astr.)  space  by  which  celestial 
body  rises,  sets,  wide  of  due  east,  west.  [F,  f. 
L  amplitiido  (as  ample,  see  -tude)] 

ampu'lla,  n.  Roman  two-handled  flask ; 
vessel  for  sacred  uses;  (Biol.)  dilated  end  of 
vessel,  canal,  duct,  in  an  animal.  Hence  am- 
PuIIaceous  a.    [?] 

a'mputate,  v.t.  Cut  off  (part  of  animal 
body  &c.  or  abs.).  Hence  amputATiON, 
a'mputatOR2,  nn.   [f.  L amputare  (amp-  about 

+  putare  prune),  see  -ate  3] 

amu'ck,  adv.  Run  a.,  run  about  in  frenzied 
thirst  for  blood  (also  fig.),  [f.  Malay  amoq  rush- 
ing in  frenzy] 

a'mulet,  n.  Thing  worn  as  charm  against 
evil  (lit.  and  fig.),    [f.  L  amvletum,  etym.  dub.] 

amu'se  (-z),  v.t.   Divert  from  serious  business 

(with  trifles,  by  trifling) ;   tickle  the  fancy  of ; 

be   amused  with,   by,   at.     So   amu'SABLE, 

amu'sivE,  aa.    [f.  OF  amuser  cause  to  muse 

(causal  a  to+mttser  stare)] 


amu'sement,  n.  Pleasant  diversion  ;  ex- 
citement of  risible  faculty;  pastime,  [f.  F 
amusement  (amuser,  see  prec.  and  -ment)J 

amygda'lic,  a.  Of  almonds,  as  a.  acid. 
[f.  L  amygdala  almond  +  -ic] 

amygdaloid,  a.  &  n.  (Igneous  rock  con- 
taining mineral  nodules)  of  almond  shape,  [f. 
Gk  amugdale  almond  +  -oid] 

amyla'ceous,  a.  Of  starch,  starchy,  [f.  L 
amylum  starch  +  -a  ceo  us] 

a*myloid,  a.  &  n.  Starchy  (food),  [as  prec. 
+  -oid] 

an,  a.    See  a,  adj. 

an-,  pref.  (1)  f.  an  =  on,  as  in  anon,  anent.  (2) 
f .  L  ad  before  n,  see  ad-.  (3)  f.  L  an-  =  ambi-, 
as  in  ancipitous.  (i)  f.  Gk  ana-.  (5)  f.  Gk  an- 
=  a-  not  (before  vowel),  as  in  anarchy. 

-an,  suf.  of  adjj.  (often  used  as  nn.),  f.  L 
-anus  direct  or  through  F  -ain  (the  early  E 
form,  retained  in  certain,  captain,  chaplain) 
or  -en,  or  It.,  Sp..  Port.,  -ano,  and  freely  used 
in  new  words ;  added  esp.  to  names  of  place, 
system,  zool.  order,  or  founder  (Chilian,  Angli- 
can, reptilian,  Lutheran) ;  often  as  E  termina- 
tion to  L  adjj.  in  -vus,  giving  -ian  as  a  mere 
phonetic  variant  (cf.  Chrxst-ian,  Moham- 
med-an).     See  also  -ane. 

a'na,  n.  (With  pi.  anas)  collection  of  person's 
memorable  sayings ;  (collect,  pi.)  anecdotes, 
literary  gossip,  about  a  person.    [=  -ana] 

ana-,  pref.  =  Gk  ana  up,  back,  again,  anew  ; 
before  a  vowel  an-. 

-ana,  suf.  Neut.  pi.  of  L  adjj.  in  -anus  (see 
prec.)  appended  in  16th-c.  F  to  names  =  the 
sayings  of ;  in  E  from  18th  c,  now  including 
anecdotes  about,  publications  bearing  on,  places 
or  persons,  as  Tunbrigiana,  Shaksperiana. 

anaba'ptism,  n.  Re-baptism ;  doctrine  of 
anabaptists,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  anabaptismos  (ana- 
+baptismos  baptism)] 

anaba'ptist,  n.  One  who  baptizes  over 
again  ;  (opprobriously)  =  baptist.  Hence  ana- 
bapti'stiCAL  a,    [as  prec,  see  -ist] 

a'nabas,  n.  Genus  of  fishes  that  leave  water 
and  ascend  trees.  [Gk  part,  of  anabaino  walk 
up] 

ana'basis,  n.  Military  advance,  esp.  that 
of  Cyrus  the  younger  into  Asia,  narrated  by 
Xenophon.    [Gk,  =  ascent  f.  AHA(baino  go)] 

anachrd'nic,  a.  Involving  anachronism  ; 
out  of  date.    [f.  ana-  +  Gk  khronos  time  +  -ic] 

ana'chronism,  n.  Error  in  computing 
time  ;  thing  out  of  harmony  with  the  present. 
So  ana'ehroni'stic  a.  [f.  F  anachronisme 
f.  L  f.  Gk  anakhronismos  f.  anakhronizo  (as 
prec.)] 

anacla'stic,  a.  Pertaining  to  refraction ; 
springing  back  with  crackling  sound,  as  a. 
glasses,  [f.  Gk  anaklastos  refracted  f.  ana- 
(klao  bend)] 

anacolu'thon,  n.  (pi.  -a).  Sentence,  words, 
lacking  grammatical  sequence,  [f.  Gk  ana- 
kolouthon  (an-  (S)+akolouthos  following  f.  a- 
copul.  +keleuthos  road)] 

anaco'nda,  n.  Large  snake  of  Ceylon  ; 
large  S. -American  Boa ;  any  large  snake  that 
crushes  its  prey.    [?] 

anacpeo'ntic,  a.  &  n.  (Poem)  in  the  manner 
or  metre  of  Anacreon's  lyrics ;  convivial  and 
amatory,  [f.  L  Anacreonticus  (Gk  Anakreon, 
name  of  poet)] 

anacpu*sis,n.  (prosody).  Unstressed  syllable 
at  beginning  of  verse,  [f.  Gk  anakrousis 
(AHAkroud  strike  up)] 

ana'dromous,  a.  (Of  fishes)  ascending 
rivers  to  spawn,  [f.  Gk  AHA(dromos  running) 
+  -ous] 

anaemia,  n.    (med.).     Lack  of  blood,  un- 


ANAESTHESIA 


90 


ANBURY 


healthy  paleness.    Hence  anae'mic  a.    [f.  Gk 
anaimia  (an-  (o)+haima  blood)] 
anaesthe'sia,    n.     Insensibility   (lit.),     [f. 
Gk  anaisthesia  (an-  (5)  +  aisthesis  sensation 
f.  st.  aisthe-  perceive)] 

anaesthe'tie,  a.  &  n.  (Agent)  that  produces 
insensibility.  Hence  anaesthetic  ally  adv. 
[f.  Gk  anaisthetos  insensible  (as  prec.)  +  -ic] 
anaesthetize,  v.t.  Render  insensible  .(lit. 
and  fig.).  Hence  anaesthetizATiON  n.  [as 
prec.  +  -ize] 
a*nag-lyph,  n.  Embossed  ornament  in  low 
relief.  Hence  anagly'phic  a.  [f.  Gk  ana- 
gluphe  (glupho  carve)] 

anagrior'isis,  n.  Denouement  in  a  drama. 
[L  f.  Gk,  f.  anagnorizo  recognize] 
anago'ge  (-je),  n.  Spiritual  or  allegorical 
interpretation.  So  anag,6*g'ic(AL)  aa.,  ana- 
g-o'griealLY  2  adv.  [L,  f.  Gk  anagoge  f.  anago 
lead  up  (an-  4)] 

a'nagram,  n.  Transposition  of  letters  of 
word  or  phrase,  to  form  new  word  or  phrase. 
Henceanagpammatic(AL)aa.,anagpam- 
ma'tiealLY2  adv.  [f.  F  anagramme  f.  Gk 
ASA(grapho  write),  see  -m] 
anagra'mmatize,  v.t.  Form  into  an  ana- 
gram. Hence  anag-pa'mmatiSM,  ana- 
gT»a*mmatiST,  nn.  *\t.  Gk  anagrammatizo 
(as  prec,  see  -ize)] 

a'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  situated  near,  the 
anus.    [f.  anus  +  -al] 

a'nalects,  anale'eta,  n.  pi.  Literary 
gleanings,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  analekta  things  gathered 
(ANAZegro  pick  up)l 

anale'ptic,  a.  &  n.  Restorative  (medicine), 
[f.  Gk  analeptikos  f.  ANA(lambano  take)  re- 
store, see  -ic] 

anald'gic,  a.    Of  analogy,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  ana- 
logikos  (as  analogy,  see  -ic)] 
analogical,  a.    According  to  analogy;  ex- 
pressing an  analogy.    Hence  analo'gicalLY2 
adv.    fprec.  +  -al] 

ana'logist,  n.  One  occupied  with  analogies ; 
philosopher  who  saw  in  words  images  of  the 
things  they  expressed,  [as  foil.,  see  -ist] 
ana'logize,  v.t.  &  i.  Represent  by  ana- 
logy ;  show  to  be  analogous ;  employ  analogy  ; 
be  in  harmony  (with),  ff.  analogy  +  -ize] 
analogous,*.  Similar,  parallel,  (to).  Hence 
anaiogousLY,2  adv.,  ana'logous.vi sss  n. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  analogos  (ana  up  to+logos  propor- 
tion) +  -ous] 

a'nalog-ue  (-6g),  n.  Analogous,  parallel,  word 
or  thing.  [F,  f.  Gk  analogon  neut.  adj.,  see 
prec] 

ana'logy,  n.  (Math.)  proportion ;  agreement, 
similarity,  (to,  with,  between) ;  analogue ;  (Logic) 
process  of  reasoning  from  parallel  cases ; 
(Lang.)  imitation  of  inflexion  or  construction  Of 
existing  words  in  forming  inflexions  or  con- 
structions of  others,  without  intervention  of 
the  formative  steps  through  which  these  at 
first  arose;  (Nat.  Hist.)  resemblance  of  form 
or  function  between  organs  essentially  diffe- 
rent, [f.  L  f.  Gk  analogia  proportion  (as  ana- 
logous)] 

a'nalyse,  v.t.  Examine  minutely  the  con- 
stitution of;  (Chem.,  Physics)  ascertain  the 
elements  of  a  compound;  find,  show,  the 
essence  of  (treatise  &c);  (Gram.)  resolve 
sentence  into  its  grammatical  elements.  Hence 
a'nalysABLE  a.  Ff.  F  analyser  (analyse,  as 
foil.) ;  also  -yze  in  E  by  assim.  to  vbs  in  -ize] 
ana-lysis,  n.  (pi.  -yses).  Resolution  into 
simple  elements  (in  all  senses  of  the  vb) ;  bowl- 
ing a.,  register  of  the  result  of  each  ball.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  analusis  f.  asa(Iuo  loose)] 
a-nalyst,  n.    One  skilled  in  (usu.  chemical) 


analysis,  [f.  F  analyste  f.  analyser  analyse,  on 
anal,  of  nouns  in  -iste  -ist  f.  vbs  in  -iser  -ize] 

analytic,  a.  Pertaining  to  analysis.  Hence 
analytics  n.  [f.  med.  L  f.  Gk  analutikos  (as 
analysis,  see  -ic)] 

analytical,  a.  Employing  the  analytic 
method  ;  (Lang.)  using  separate  words  instead 
of  inflexions.  Hence  analytical ly  2  adv. 
[prec.  +  -al] 

anamnesis,  n.  Recollection  (esp.  of  a  pre- 
vious existence).    [Gk  (AXAmimnesko  remind)] 

anamorphosis,  n.  Distorted  drawing  ap- 
pearing regular  from  one  point;  (Bot.)  ab- 
normal transformation.  [Gk  anamorphosis 
(ANAmorphoo  transform  f.  morphe  form,  see 
-osis)] 

ana'nas  (ana-,  anah-),  n.  Pine-apple,  [prob. 
f.  Peruv.  Nanus ;  also  anana,  -s  being  taken 
for  plural] 

ana'ndpous,  a.  (bot).  Without  stamens, 
[f.  Gk  anandros  husbandless  (an-  (5)  +  aner 
andros  male)  +  -ous] 

a'napaest,  n.  (Prosody)  foot  consisting  of 
two  short  syllables  followed  by  one  long. 
Hence  anapaestic  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  anapaistos 
reversed  (ana-  +paio  strike)] 

ana'phora,  n.  Repetition  of  word  or  phrase 
in  successive  clauses.  [L,  f.  Gk  anaphore  = 
carrying  back  f.  ASA(phero  bear)] 

a'napch  (-k),  n.  (poet.).  Leader  of  revolt,  [f. 
Gk  anarkhos  without  ruler  (an-  (5)+arkhos)] 

anar'chic,  -ical,  aa.  Lawless".  Hence 
anairehlealLY 2  adv.    [as  prec.  +  -ic,  -ical] 

a*nai»chist,  n.  Advocate  of  anarchy.  So 
a'napchiSM  n.    [as  prec.  +-ist] 

a'narehy,  n.  Absence  of  government ;  dis- 
order ;  confusion,    [f.  Gk  anarkhia  (as  prec.)] 

anar'throus,  a.  (Greek  Gram.)  used  with- 
out the  article ;  (Physiol.)  join tless.  [f.  an-  (5)+ 
Gk  arthron  joint,  article,  +  -ous] 

anasap'ca,  n.  A  dropsical  affection.  Hence 
anasar'cous  a,  [f.  Gk  ana  up+sarka  (nom. 
sarx)  flesh] 

anastatic,  a.  In  relief ;  a.  printing  (from 
reliefs  on  zinc  plates),  ff.  Gk  anastatos  set  up 
(ANA.s-ta-  stand  up)  +  -ic] 

anastomose,  (z),  v.i.  Communicate  by 
anastomosis,  [f.  F  anastomoser  (anastomose, 
as  foil.)] 

anastomosis,  n.  Cross  connexion  of 
arteries,  branches,  rivers,  &c.  [Gk,  f .  anastomoo 
furnish  with  mouth  (stoma),  see  -osis] 

ana'thema,  n.  Accursed  thing;  curse  of 
God  ;  curse  of  the  church,  excommunicating  a 

fierson  or  denouncing  a  doctrine;  imprecation. 
L,  =  excommunicated  person,  excommunica- 
tion, f.  Gk  anathema  thing  devoted,  (later) 
accursed  thing  (an Atithemi  set  up)] 

ana'thematize,  v.t.  &  i.  Curse,  [f.  F 
anathematiser  f.  L  f.  Gk  anathematizo  (as 
prec,  see  -ize)] 

anatd'mical,  a.  Belonging  to  anatomy; 
structural.  Hence  anato'miealLY2  adv.  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  anatomikos  (as  anatomy,  see  -ic)] 

ana'tomist,  n.  Dissecter  of  bodies  ;  (fig.) 
analyser,    [f.  F  anatomiste,  see  foil,  and  -ist] 

ana'tomize,  v.t.  &  i.  Dissect;  (fig.) analyse. 
[f.  med.  L  anatomizare  t.  anatomia  anatomy, 
as  if  f.  a  Gk  anatomizo] 

ana'tomy,  n.  Dissection  ;  science  of  bodily 
structure ;  anatomical  structure  ;  analysis  ; 
(pop.)  skeleton,  mummy,  emaciated  creature, 
[f.  F  anatomie  f.  L  f.  Gk  anatomia  abstr.  n.  = 
ASA(tome  t.  temno  cut)] 

ana'tta,  n.  Orange-red  dye,  used  for  colour- 
ing cheese.    [?] 

a'nbury,  amb-,  n.  Soft  tumour  on  horses 
and  oxen ;  disease  of  turnips  and  allied  plants. 


-ANCE 


31 


ANEROID 


[pevh.=ang-berry   (OE   ang-   painful,  cf.    ag- 
nail)] 

!  -ance,  suf.  forming  nn.  of  quality  or  action, 
chiefly  thr.  F  -ance  t.  L  -antia  and  -entia  f.  L 
pres.  part,  in  -ant-,  -ent-  (nom.  -ans,  -ens).  OF 
gave  -ance  both  for  existing  L  -antia,  -entia, 
and  for  wds  formed  in  F  on  same  model ;  thus, 
assistance,  nuisance,  where  L  would  have 
-entia.  Later  F  followed  L  vowel:  elegance, 
temperance  (L  -antia), but  diligence,  prudence 
(L  -entia).  E  adopted  F  forms  of  both  kinds, 
and  usu.  retains  F  form ;  but  after  1500  -ence 
was  in  some  wds  restored  where  L  would  have 
-entia,  and  mod.  formations  follow  L  vowel. 
F  -ance  also  became  living  suf.  in  E  on  native 
vbs  as  furtherance,  forbearance,  riddance. 
a'ncestor,  n.  Forefather.  Hence  a'nees- 
tPESS 1  n.  If.  OF  ancestre,  ancessor,  f.  L  ante- 
cessor, -orem,  f .  ANTE(cedere  cess-  go),  see  -or  2] 
ancestral,  a.  Belonging  to,  inherited  from, 
ancestors,  [f.  OF  ancestrel  {ancestre,  see  prec. 
and  -al)] 

a'neestry,  n.  Ancestral  lineage  ;  ancient 
descent;  ancestors,  [f.  OF  ancesserie  (as  an- 
cestor, see  -y1)] 

a'nehithere  (-kither),  n.  Fossil  animal,  size 
of  small  pony,  regarded  as  ancestor  of  the  horse, 
[f.  Gk  agkhi  near  +  therion  wild  beast] 
a'nchoP1  (-k-),  n.  Heavy  iron,composed  of  long 
shank,  with  ring  at  one  end  to  which  cable  is 
fastened,  and  at  other  end  two  barbed  arms, 
used  for  mooring  ship  to  bottom  of  water ; 
sheet,  bower,  hedge,  -a.,  (largest,  middle, 
smallest  size) ;  (fig.)  source  of  confidence ;  cast, 
weigh,  a.,  let  down,  take  up,  a.  ;ata.,  anchored ; 
come  to  {an)  a.,  anchor;  a.-plate,  heavy  piece 
of  timber  or  metal  serving  as  point  of  support 
for  cables  of  suspension-bridge  &c. ;  a.-watch, 
watch  set  while  ship  lies  at  anchor.  [OE  ancor 
f.  h  ancora  (not  anch-)  perh.  cogn.  w.  or  adop- 
tion of  Gk  agkura  (st.  agk-  hook)] 
a'nehop  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Secure  (ship)  with  anchor ; 
(fig.)  fix  firmly;  (intr.)  cast  anchor,  come  to 
anchor,  [perh.  f.  F  ancrer  f.  ancre  anchor] 
a'nehorage,  n.  Anchoring;  lying  at  an- 
chor ;  anchorage-ground ;  (fig.)  thing  to  depend 
upon  ;  anchorage-dues.  [prec.  +  -age] 
a'nehoress,  a'neress,  n.  Female  an- 
choret [f.  obs.  anchor  (OE  ancra,  short  form 
of  L  anachoreta,  see  foil.)  +  -ess  al 
a'nehoret,  -ite,  n.  Hermit;  person  of 
secluded  habits.  Hence  anehorfc'tic  a.  [f. 
F  anachorete  f.  L  anachoreta  (med.  L  -ita) 
f.  Gk  anakhoretes  (AHAkhoreo  retire,  see  -ete), 
influenced  by  OE  ancra,  see  prec] 
aneho'vy  {also  a'ntsho-),  n.  Small  fish  of 
herring  family  ;a.-sauce,  a.-toast,  (made,  spread, 
with  anchovies) ;  a.-pear,  W. -Indian  fruit  eaten 
like  mango,  [f.  Sp.  anchova  perh.  f.  Basque  an- 
chua  (perh. =antzua  dry)] 
a'nchylose  (z),  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  joints,  bones) 
stiffen,  unite,    [f.  foil.] 

anchylo'sis  (k-),  n.  Formation  of  stiff  joint 
by  consolidation  of  articulating  surfaces,  [f.  Gk 
agkxdosis  {agkuloo  crook  f.  agkulos,  see  -osis) ; 
-ch-  for  -c-  to  preserve  hard  sound] 
ancien  regime  (F),  n.  Time  before  French 
Revolution. 

a'neient1,  a.  &  n.  Belonging  to  times  long 
past  (esp.  before  fall  of  Western  Roman  Em- 
pire) ;  having  existed,  lived,  long;  the  A.  of 
Vays,  God ;  the  ancients,  civilized  nations  of 
antiquity.  Hence  a'ncientLV2  adv.,  a*n- 
cientNESS  n.  [f.  F  ancien  f.  LL  antianum 
{ante  before,  see  -an)  ;  -t  by  confus.  w.  -ent] 
a'neient2,  n.  (archaic)  =  ensign,  [corrupt.] 
a'neientry,  n.  Ancientness;  old-fashioned 
etyle.    [ancient  +  -by] 


a'ncillary,  a.  Subservient,  subordinate, 
{to),     [f.  L  ancillarius  (ancilla  handmaid,  see 

-ARYl)] 

a'neon,  n.  (Physiol.)  elbow  ;  (Arch. )  quoin  of 
wall  or  rafter,  console,  pretended  support  to 
cornice;  A.  sheep,  race  with  long  bodies  and 
short  legs,  the  fore-legs  crooked.  [L,  f.  Gk 
agkon  bend,  elbow] 

-aney,  suf.  Mod.  E  different,  f.  -ance  (see 
-y1),  usu.  denoting  only  quality  or  state,  as 
opposed  to  -a/ice,  which  has  besides  this  mean- 
ing that  of  action  or  process. 
and,  conj.  connecting  words,  clauses,  and 
sentences,  as  cakes  a.  buns,  black  a.  brown 
bread,  buy  a.  sell.  Special  uses:  four  a. 
twenty  (but  twenty  -four) ;  two  hundred  a. 
forty,  two  thousand  a.  forty  (but  two  thou- 
sand four  hundred) ;  two  a.  ten  pence,  two 
pounds  a.  ten  pence  (but  two  pound  ten) ; 
miles  a.  (=  innumerable)  miles;  nice  a. 
{=  nicely)  thin;  try  a.  (to)  come,  mind  a. 
(to)  bring ;  there  are  books  a.  (different  kinds 
of,  good  and  bad)  books ;  two  a.  two,  by  twos ; 
stir,  a.  (=  if  you  stir)  you  are  a  dead  man. 
[OE  and  prep.  =  against,  end  conj,  f.  OTeut. 
*anda,  *andi] 

anda'nte,  adv.  &  n.  (mus.).  (Movement)  in 
moderately  slow  time.    [It.] 

andantfno  (-te-),  adv.  &  n.  (Movement) 
rather  quicker  (orig.  slower)  than  andante. 
[It.,  dim.  of  prec.] 

a'ndiron  (irn),  n.  Firedog,  for  supporting 
burning  wood  on  hearth,  [f.  OF  andxer  (mod. 
F  landxer),  etym.  dub.] 

androe'eium  (-re-),  n.  (bot.).  The  stamens 
taken  collectively,  [f.  Gkandro-male+oikion 
house] 

andro'gynous  (-J-V,  a.  Hermaphrodite, 
whence  andro'gynY  *  n.  (Bot.)  with  stamens 
and  pistils  in  same  flower  or  on  same  plant,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  androgunos  (aner  andros  male+gune 
woman)  +  -ous] 

-ane,  suf.  (1)  Variant  of  -an,  usu.  w.  differ- 
entiation {germane,  urbane,  humane),  butsome- 
times  alone  {mundane).  (2)  (Chem.)  formed  to 
give  a  series  with  Gk  -ene,  -ine,  -one,  for 
naming  hydrocarbon  types. 

a'needotag-e,  n.  Anecdotes  ;  (facet.)  garru- 
lous old  age.    [-age] 

a'necdote,  n.  Narrative  of  detached  inci- 
dent; (pi.)  unpublished  details  of  history.  Hence 
a'necdotiST  n.,  a-necdotu.,  anecdo't- 
ic(al),  aa.  [f.  med.  L  f.  Gk  anekdota  things 
unpublished  (an-  (5)  +  ekdotos  f.  ekdidomi  give 
out)] 

ane'le,  v.t.  (archaic).  Anoint ;  give  extreme 
unction  to.  [orig.  anelien  (an-  (1)  +  elien  oil  f. 
OE  ele,  n.  f.  L  oleum] 

ane'mograph,  n.  Instrument  for  record- 
ing on  paper  the  direction  and  force  of  wind. 
Hence  anemogra'phica.  [f.  Gk  anemos  wind 
-f  -graph] 

anemo'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  measur- 
ing force  of  wind,  whence  anemome*tPic  a., 
anemo'METRY  n. ;  apparatus  for  showing 
wind-pressure  in  organ,    [as  prec.  +  -meter] 

ane'mone  (-ni),  n.  Genus  of  plants,  esp. 
A.  nemorosa  (also  called  Wind-flower) ;  Sea  A., 
popular  name  of  various  actinoid  zoophytes, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  anemone  daughter  of  the  wind  (as 
prec.  +  -one  patronymic  suf.)] 

anemd'philous,  a.  Wind-fertilized,  [f.  Gk 
anemos  wind,  see  -phil] 

ane'nt,  prep,  (archaic,  Sc).  Concerning. 
[OE  has  on  efen  on  a  level  with] 

-aneous,  suf.  f.  Ladjj.  in  -aneus  {-an-  +  -eo-) 
+  -ous. 

a*nerold,  a.  &  n.    A.  (barometer),  one  that 


ANEURYSM 32 

measures  air-pressure  by  its  action  on  elastic 
lid  of  box  exhausted  of  air,  not  by  height  of 
fluid  column.  [£.  F  aneroide  (Gk  a-  not-f 
neros  wet,  see  -oid)] 

a'neupysm,  -ism,  n.  Morbid  dilatation 
of  an  artery;  abnormal  enlargement.  Hence 
aneupysmAL,  -i'smAL,  a.  [f.  Gk  aneu- 
rusma  (aneuruno  widen  out  f.  eurus  wide)] 

anew,  adv.  Again  ;  in  a  different  way. 
[a-  (3)  +  new] 

anfpaetuo'sity,  n.  Circuitousness,  in- 
tricacy, (lit.  and  fig.);  (usu.  pi.)  winding  pas- 
sage, [f.  F  anfractuosiU  f.  L  anfractuosus 
f.  anfractus  a  bending  (amb-  about  +frangere 
fract-  break),  see  -ose  and  -ty] 

a'ngel,  n.  Divine  messenger ;  lovely  or  inno- 
cent being;  minister  of  loving  offices;  old 
English  gold  coin  (in  full  a.-noble){  from  6s.  M. 
to  10.9.,  showing  Michael  piercing  dragon ; 
good,  evil,  a.,  attendant  spirits;  a.  (messenger) 
of  death  ;  a.-fish,  kind  of  shark,  [f.  L  angelus 
f.  Gk  aggelos  messenger,  used  to  transl.  Heb. 
maVdk  messenger  (of  Jehovah)] 

angelic,  a.  Pertaining  to  angels;  like  an 
angel,  of  superhuman  qualities;  A.  Doctor, 
Thomas  Aquinas.  Hence  ange'licAL  a.,  an- 
ge'liealLY2  adv.  [f.  F  angelique  f.  L  f.  Gk 
aggelikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

angelica,  n.  Aromatic  plant,  used  in  cook- 
ing and  medicine ;  candied  angelica  root.  [f. 
med.  L  (herba)  angelica  angelic  herb] 

angelo'latpy,  n.  Angel-worship,  [f.  Gk 
aggelos,  see  angel  and  -latry] 

angelo'logy,  n.  Doctrine  as  to  angels,  [as 
prec.  +  -logy] 

a'ngelus,  n.  Devotional  exercise  commemo- 
rating Incarnation,  said  by  Roman  Catholics  at 
morning,  noon,  and  sunset,  at  sound  of  bell 
(a.-bell  or  a.),  [f.  opening  words  Angelus 
domini\ 

a'ngep1  (-ngg-),  n.  Rage,  hot  displeasure, 
[f.  ONangr  trouble  (root  ang  strait)] 

a'ngep  2,  v.t  Make  angry,  enrage,  [f.  ON 
angra  vex  (as  prec.)] 

angi'na  (-j-),  n.  Quinsy ;  a.  pectoris,  spasm 
of  chest  resulting  from  over-exertion  when 
heart  is  diseased.  [L  angina  quinsy  (formerly 
thought  to  be  angina,  whence  usu.  E  pronunc), 
cf.  anglre  choke  and  Gk  agkhone  strangling] 

angio-  in  comb.  =  Gk  aggeion  vessel  dim.  of 
aggos  chest,  chiefly  in  terms  relating  to  seed- 
or  blood-vessels. 

a'ngle1,  n.  Space  between  two  meeting 
lines  or  planes ;  inclination  of  two  lines  to  each 
other ;  acute,  obtuse,  right,  a. ;  corner ;  sharp 
projection ;  a.-iron,  L-shaped  piece  of  iron  to 
strengthen  frame  work;  a.-wise,  angularly. 
Hence  (-)a'nglED2  a.  [F,  f.  L  angidus  dim. 
of  *angus,  cf.  Gk  agkos  bend] 

a'ngle2,  v.i.  Fish  with  hook  and  bait  (for 
or  abs.),  lit.  and  fig.  [f.  obs.  n.  angle  hook  (OE 
angul  cogn.  w.  OHG  angul  mod.  G  angel,  cf.  L 
uncus  and  angulus,  see  prec.)] 

A'ngle3,  n.  (PI.)  Low-German  tribe  settled 
in  Northumbria,  Mercia,  and  E.  Anglia.  [f.  L 
Anglus  f.  OTeut  angli-  (OE  engel)  f.  Angul 
a  district  of  Holstein  (as  prec.)] 

a'nglep,  n.  One  who  angles ;  (Zool.)  a  British 
fish  that  preys  upon  small  fish,  attracting  them 
by  filaments  attached  to  head  and  mouth,    [f. 

ANGLE2 +  -ER1] 

A'nglican,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent)  of  the  re- 
formed church  of  England,  esp.  of  High  Church 
principles.  Hence  A'nglicaniSM  n.  [f.  med. 
L  Anglicanus  (Anglicus  f.  Angli  English)] 
A'ngtice  (-se),  adv.  In  English.  [L] 
A'nglielsm,  n.  English  idiom ;  English 
political  principles,    [f.  foil.,  see  -ism] 


ANIMAL 

A'nglicize,  v.t.  Make  English  in  form  or 
character,    [f.  L  Anglicus  English  +  -ize. 

Anglo-  in  comb.  English,  as  A  .-Catholic ; 
of  English  origin,  as  A.-American;  half  Eng- 
lish and  half  — ,  as  A. -French  (entente  &c). 
[comb,  form  of  L  Anglus  English] 

Angloma'nia,  n.  Excessive  admiration  of 
English  customs.  So  A'ngloPHOBE,  Anglo- 
pho'bia,  nn.    [prec.  + -mania] 

Anglo-Sa'xon,  n.  &  a.  English  Saxon  (as 
distinct  from  Old  Saxons  of  the  continent) ; 
Old  English  (people,  language)  before  Norman 
Conquest  (in  this  dictionary  called  OE) ;  of 
English  descent  (wherever  found),  whence 
Anglo-Sa'xonDOM  n.  [f.  L  Anglo-Saxones 
(Pi.)] 

Anglo-Sa'xonism,  n.  Belief  in  claims  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  race.    [prec.  +  -ism] 

angola,  angOP'a,  n.  Fabric  made  from 
wool  of  angora  goat;  A.  cat  (long-haired 
variety),  [f.  Angora  (L  Ancyra,  Gk  Agkura), 
town  in  Asia  Minor,  corrupted  to  angola] 

angostup'a,  angus-,  a.  &  n.  Bark  used 
as  febrifuge  and  tonic,  as  A.  bitters,  [f.  Angus- 
tura,  town  on  the  Orinoco,  now  Ciudad.  Bolivar] 

a'ngpy,  a.  Enraged,  wrathful,  resentful, 
(at,  about,  thing,  at,  with,  person) ;  irritable, 
passionate.  Hence  a'ngpiLY  2  adv.  [f.  anger 
n. +-y2] 

a'nguine  (-gw-),  a.  Snake-like.  [f.  L  anguis 
snake,  see  -ine  2] 

a'nguish  (-gw-),  n.  Severe  bodily  or  mental 
pain.  [f.  OF  anguisse,  angoisse  choking  (It. 
angoscta)  f.  hangustia  tightness  (angustus,  cf. 
angina)] 

a'ngulap,  a.  Having  angles;  sharp-cor- 
nered; placed  in,  at,  an  angle ;  measured  by 
angle,  as  a.  divergence  ;  wanting  plumpness ; 
wanting  suavity.  Hence  angula'PiTY  n., 
angular  l y  2  adv.    [f.  L.  angularis  (angulus 

ANGLE,  See-AR1] 

a'ngulate  (-at),  a.  Formed  with  corners. 
Hence  a'ngulATE  3  v.t.,  angulA'TioN  n.  [f.  L 
angulare,  see  -ate  2] 

ahgusti-  in  comb.  With  narrow  — ,  as 
-foliate,  -rostrate,  (leaves,  beak).  [L  angustus 
narrow] 

anhydrous,  a.  (chem.).  Without  water  of 
crystallization,  [f.  Gk  anudros  (an-  (5)  +  hudor 
water)  +  -ous] 

anlgh',  adv.  &  prep.  Near.  [mod.  sham 
archaism,  after  afar  I 

a'nil,  n.  Indigo  (shrub  and  dye).  [F,  =  Sp. 
anil  f.  Arab,  an-nil  (al  the  +  nil  f.  Skr.  nili 
indigo] 

a*nile,  a.  Old-womanish ;  imbecile,  [f.  L 
anilis  (anus  old  woman,  see  -ile)] 

a'niline,  n.  A  chemical  base,  the  source  of 
many  dyes,  obtained  originally  from  indigo, 
now  chiefly  from  coal-tar.    [anil  4-  -ine  6] 

anility,  n.  Dotage,  [f.  Lanilitas  (as  prec, 
see  -ty)] 

animadversion,  n.  Criticism;  censure, 
[f.  L  animadversio  (animadvertere  -vers-,  see 
foil,  and  -ion)J 

animadvep't,  v.i.  Pass  criticism  or  cen- 
sure on  (conduct,  fault,  &c).  [f.  L  animad- 
vertere r.  animus  mind  +  AD(vertere  vera- 
turn)] 

a'nimal,  n.  &  a.  Organized  being  endowed 
(more  or  less  perceptibly)  with  life,  sensation, 
and  voluntary  motion ;  other  a.  than  man  ; 
quadruped  ;  man  no  better  than  a  brute ;  per- 
taining to  the  functions  of  animals,  as  a. 
spirits  (natural  buoyancy),  a.  magnetism  (mes- 
merism) ;  pertaining  to  animals  as  opp.  to 
vegetables;  carnal.  Hence  a'nimalLV2adv. 
[L,    for  animate    neut.    of   animalis  having 


ANIMALCULE 


88 


ANNULET 


breath  (anima  breath,  see  -al)  ;  the  adj.  orig. 
f.  Ladj.] 

anima'lcule,  n.  Microscopic  animal,  [f.  L 
animalculum  (animal,  see  prec.  and  -cule)] 
anima'leulism,  n.  Reference  of  physio- 
logical phenomena  to  agency  of  animalcules. 
So  animaleulisT  n.  [r.  prec.  +  -ism] 
a'nimalism,  n.  Animal  activity ;  sensu- 
ality; doctrine  that  men  are  mere  animals. 
[animal  +  -ism] 

anima'lity.  n.  Animal  nature  or  system ; 
merely  animal  nature ;  the  animal  world,  [f. 
F  animalite  (animal  a.,  see  -ty)] 
a'nimalize,  v.t  Convert  into  animal  sub- 
stance; sensualize.  Hence  animalizA'TiON 
n.    [animal +  -ize] 

a'nimate1  (-at),  a.  Living;  lively.  [L  L 
animare  quicken,  see  -ate  2] 
a'nimate2,  v.t.  Breathe  life  into ;  enliven ; 
inspirit  (esp.  in  p.p.) ;  an  animated  (lively) 
discussion ;  inspire,  actuate.  Hence  a'nima- 
tedLY2  adv.,  animATiON,  a'nimatOR2,  nn. 
[f.  prec,  see  -ate3] 

d'nime  (-ma),  n.  A  W.  Indian  resin  used 
in  making  varnish;  other  resins.  [F,=ani- 
mated  (by  the  many  insects  contained)] 
a'nimisra,  n.  Doctrin e  of  th e  anima  mundi 
(that  phenomena  of  animal  life  are  produced 
by  an  immaterial  soul) ;  attribution  of  living 
soul  to  inanimate  objects  and  natural  pheno- 
mena ;  spiritualism  (as  opposed  to  materialism). 
Hence  a'nimiST  n.,  animi'stic  a.  [f.  L 
anima  life,  soul  +  -ism] 

animcrsity,  n.  Active  enmity  (against, 
between),  [f.  F  animosite  f.  L  animositatem 
(animosus  spirited  f.  foil.,  see  -ose  and  -ty)] 
a'nimus,  n.  Animating  spirit ;  animosity. 
[L,=soul,  mind,  mental  impulse] 
a'nise  (is),  n.  Umbelliferous  plant  with 
aromatic  seeds,  [f.  F  anis  f.  L  f .  Gk  anison, 
anethon,  anise,  dill] 

a'niseed,  n.  Seed  of  anise,  used  as  a  car- 
minative. 

anise'tte  (-z-),  n.  Liqueur  flavoured  with  ani- 
seed. [F,  dim.  of  anis  anise] 
aniso-  in  comb.  Unequal,  as  -merous,  un- 
symmetrical,  -sthe'nic,  of  unequal  strength. 
[f.  Gk  anisos  (an-  (5)  +  isos  equal)] 
a'nker,  n.  Measure  of  wine  and  spirits  in 
Holland,  N.  Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden, 
Russia,  and  formerly  in  England  (84  imp.  gals) ; 
cask  holding  the  quantity.  [Du.,  etym.  dub.] 
a'nkle,  a'ncle,  n.  Joint  connecting  foot 
with  leg ;  slender  part  between  this  and  calf, 
[earlier  ankel  (Du.  enkel,  G  enkel)  f.  root  ank- 
bend  (cf.  L  angulus) ;  OE  has  ancleow  perh.  f. 
Du.  anklaauw  (ending  assim.  to  klaauw  claw)] 
a'nklet,  n.  Ornament  or  support  for  ankle, 
[prec.  +  -let] 

a'nna,  n.    Sixteenth  part  of  a  rupee ;  half  a., 
|     quarter  a.,  E.  Indian  coins.    [Hind,  ana] 

a'nnalist,  n.      Writer  of  annals.     Hence 
annali'stic  a.    [f.  foil.  +  -ist] 
a'nnals,  n.  pi.    Narrative  of  events  year  by 
1     year ;  historical  records,    [f.  L  annates  (libri) 
i     yearly  (books)  f.  annus  year,  see  -al] 

a'nnates,  n.  pi.  (Rom.  Cath.)  first  year's 
revenue  of  see  or  benefice,  paid  to  Pope.  [f.  F 
annate  f.  med.Lan.nafa  year's  proceeds  (annus, 
see  -ade)] 

annea'l,  v.t.  Toughen  by  gradually  dimin- 
ishing heat,  temper  (lit  and  fig.).  If.  an-  (1)  + 
OE  selan  burn,  bake  ;  partly  also  f.  OF  neeler 
enamel  f.  LL  nigellare  blacken  (nigellus,  dim. 
of  niger)] 

anne'ctent,  a.    Connecting,  as  a.  link.    [f.  L 
as  annex,  see  -ent] 
Annelida,  n.  pi.  (zooL).    The  class  of  red- 

F.D. 


blooded  worms.  Hence  a'nnelm3  n.,  an- 
ne'lidAN  a.  [mod.  L,  f.  F  anneles  ringed  (OF 
annel  ring  f.  L  a(n)nellus  dim.  of  anulus  ring) 
+  ida,  cf.  -id3] 

annex  v.t.     Add  as  subordinate  part;  ap- 
pend (to  book  &c.) ;  take  possession  of  (terri- 
tory &c.) ;  attach  as  an  attribute,  addition,  or 
consequence.    Hence  or  cogn.  anne'XABLE  a., 
annexATiON  n.      [f.   F  annexer  f.   annexe 
thing  joined  f.  L  xn(nectere  nex-  bind)] 
anne'x(e),    n.      Addition  to  a  document ; 
supplementary  building.    [F  (-xe),  see  prec] 
annihilate,   v.t.      Blot  out  of  existence. 
Hence  anni'hilatOR 2  n.      [f.  L  ANnihilare 
(nihil  nothing),  see  -ate2] 
annihilation,  n.  Utter  destruction ;  (Theol.) 
destruction  of  soul  as  well  as  body,  whence 
annihilation  ism,    annihila'tioniST,   nn. 
[F  (annihiler  f.  Las  prec,  see  -ation)] 

anniver'sary,  n.  Yearly  return  of  a  date ; 
celebration  of  this.  [f.  L  anniversarius  (annus 
year  +  versus  turned,  see  -ary  *)] 

anno  aetatis  suae,  phr.  In  the  —  year  of 
his  or  her  age.    [L] 

Anno  Do'minI,  phr.  In  the  year  of  our 
Lord,  of  the  Christian  era,  (usu.  A.D.).    [L] 

a'nnotate,  v.t.  &  i  Furnish  with  notes 
(book,  author) ;  (intr.)  make  notes  (on).  So 
annotATiON,  a'nnotatoR2,  nn.  [f.  L  an- 
notare  (nota  mark),  see  -ate3] 

announce,  v.t.  Proclaim  ;  intimate  the 
approach  of ;  make  known  (without  words)  to 
senses  or  mind.  Hence  annou'nceMENT  n. 
[f.  OF  anoncer  f.  L  ADnuntiare  bear  a  mes- 
sage (nuntius  messenger)] 

annoy*1,  n.  (archaic,  poet).  Annoyance, 
[f.  OF  anox,  enoi  (OSp.  enoyo,  OVenet  inodio) 
f.  L  phr.  in  odio  in  hatred,  hateful ;  -n-  doubled 
by  assim.  to  ennoble  &c] 

annoy2,  v.t  Irritate;  molest,  harass,  [f. 
OF  anuier,  anoier,  f.  com. -Rom.  inodiare  (as 
prec)] 

annoyance,  n.  Molestation  ;  vexation  ; 
disgust  [f.  OF  anuiance,  anoiance  (anuier, 
see  prec.  and  -ance)] 

a'nnual,  a.  &  n.  Reckoned  by  the  year ;  re- 
curring yearly;  lasting  for  one  year;  (plant) 
that  lives  only  for  a  year ;  (book  &c)  published 
in  yearly  numbers.  Hence  a*nnualLY2adv. 
[f.  OF  annuel  f.  L  annualis= class.  L  annalis 
(annus  year,  see  -al)] 

annuitant,  n.  One  who  holds  an  annuity, 
[f.  foil.  +  -ant,  by  assim.  to  accountant  &c] 

annuity,  n.  Yearly  grant;  investment  of 
money  entitling  investor  to  series  of  equal 
annual  sums ;  life,  terminable,  perpetual,  a. 
(ceasing  at  death  of  investor,  after  specified 
term,  on  repayment  of  principal) ;  immediate, 
deferredoTreversionary,a.(comn\encing  at  end 
of  first  interval  of  payment  after  investment, 
after  specified  interval  or  event),  [f.  F  annuite 
f.  med.  L  annuitatem  (annuus  yearly,  see  -ty)] 

annul,  v.  t  (-11-).  Annihilate  ;  abolish,  can- 
cel ;  declare  invalid.  Hence  annu'lMENT  n. 
[f.  OF  anulter  (mod.  F  annuter)  t  LL  ANnuZ- 
lare  (nullus  none)] 

a'nnular,  a.  Ring-like ;  a.  space  (between 
inner  and  outer  surface  of  cylinder) ;  a.  liga- 
ment (girding  wrist  and  ankle) ;  a.  eclipse  of 
sun  (when  moon,  projected  on  sun's  disk, 
leaves  ring  of  light  visible).  Hence  a*nnu- 
laPLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  an(n)ularis  (an(n)ulus  ring, 
see  -ar1)] 

a*nnulate(d),  a.  Furnished,  marked,  with 
rings;  formed  of  rings.  Hence  annulA'TioN 
n.    If.  L  annulatus  (as  foil.,  see  -ate2)] 

a*nnulet,  n.  Small  ring ;  (Arch.)  small  fillet 
encircling  column,    [f.  L  annulus  ring  +  -et  1] 

2 


ANNULOID 


M 


ANTECEDENT 


ige  pain;  (anything)  mentally  soothing, 
f.  Gk  anodunos  painless  (an-  (5)  -f-  odune 


annuloid,  a.  Ring-like.  So  annulosE^. 
[as  prec.  +  -oid] 

annu'nciate  (-shi-),  v.t.  Proclaim;  inti- 
mate as  coming  or  ready,     [f.  L  annuntiare 

ANNOUNCE,  See  -ATE3] 

annuneia'tion  (-si-),  n.  Announcement; 
intimation  of  the  incarnation,  made  by  the 
angel  Gabriel  to  the  Virgin  Mary;  festival 
commemorating  this,  Lady-day,  March  25th. 
[f,  F  annonciation  f.  L  annuntiationem  (as 
prec,  see  -ation)] 

annu'nciatop,  n.  Announcer;  indicator 
showing  in  which  direction  attendance  sum- 
moned T>y  bell  or  telephone  is  needed,  [f.  L 
annuntiator  (as  prec,  see  -OR2)] 

a*node,n.  ( Electropositive  pole  (cf.  cathode). 
[f.  Gk  anodos  way  up  (ana  up  +  hodos  way)] 

a'nodyne,  a.  &  n.    (Medicine,  drug)  able  to 
assuaj 
ILL 
pain) 

anoi'nt,  v.t  Apply  ointment,  oil,  to  (esp. 
as  religious  ceremony  at  baptism  or  on  con- 
secration as  priest  or  king) ;  moisten,  rub  ;  the 
Lord's  Anointed,  Christ,  (also)  king  by  divine 
right,  [f.  obs.  adj.  anoint  f.  OF  enoint  p. p.  of 
enoindre  f.  L  iN(ungere  unci1)] 

anomalistic,  a.  (astr.).  A.  year,  time 
earth  takes  to  pass  from  perihelion  to  perihe- 
lion ;  a.  month,  time  moon  takes  to  pass  from 
perigee  to  perigee,  [f.  Gk  anomalos  anomal- 
ous +  -1ST  +  -ICJ 

anomalous,  a.  Irregular;  abnormal.  Hence 
ano'malousLV2  adv.,  ano'malousNESS  n. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  anomalos  (an-  (5)  +  homalos  even)] 

ano'maly,  n.  Unevenness  of  motion  &c  ; 
irregularity;  (Astr.)  angular  distance  of  planet 
or  satellite  from  its  last  perihelion  or  perigee, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk.  anomalia  (anomalos  see  prec)] 

anomo-  in  comb.  Irregular,  as  -carpoxis, 
bearing  unusual  fruit,  -phyllous,  with  leaves 
irregularly  placed,  [f.  Gk  anomos  without  law 
(a-  not  +  nomos)] 

ano'n,  adv.  Soon,  presently ;  (of  contrast) 
now  again  ;  ever  and  a.,  every  now  and  then. 
[OE  on  an  into  one,  on  ane  in  one  (body,  mind, 
state,  way,  movementmoment)] 

anona'ceous,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pine- 
apple, [f.  mod.  L anona  pine-apple  (cf.  ananas) 
+  -aceous] 

a'nonym,  n.  Person  who  remains  name- 
less ;  pseudonym,    [f.  F  anonyme  (as  foil.)] 

anony'mity,  n.  State  of  being  anonymous, 
[as  foil.,  see  -tv] 

and'nymous,  a.  Of  unknown  name ;  of  un- 
known authorship.  Hence  ano'nymousLY  2 
adv.,  ano'nymousNESs  n.  [f.  Gk  anonumos 
nameless  (an-  (5)  +  onoma  name)] 

ano'smia,  n.  Loss  of  sense  of  smell,  [mod. 
L  f.  an-  (5)  +  Gk  osme  smell] 

another  (-u-),  pron.  &  a.  (pi.  other  a.,  others 
pron.).  An  additional  (one),  as  try  a.  pear, 
try  a. ;  a  counterpart  to,  as  a.  Solomon ;  such  a., 
a.  of  the  same  sort;  a  different  (one),  as  take 
this  towel  away  and  bring  me  a. ;  (contrasted 
or  coupled  with  one)  one  man's  meat  is  a. 
man's  poison,  taken  one  with  a. ;  one  a.  [an+ 
other  ;  in  OE  other  was  used  by  itself,  an  not 

yet  being  weakened  to  indef.  article] 

anourous  (-owr-),  a.  Tailless,  [f.  an-  (5)  + 
Gk  oura  tail  +  -ous] 

a-nserine,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  goose; 
silly,    [f.  L  anserinus  (anser  goose,  see  -ine  *)] 

a'nswep l  (-ser),  n.  Reply  ;  defence  ;  solu- 
tion ;  thing  done  in  return,  [orig.  =  solemn  affir- 
mation to  rebut  a  charge,  OE  andswaru  f. 


OTeut,  andsioard-  (and-  against  4-  *swara- 
affirmation  f.  swarjan,  OE  swerian  swear)] 

a'nswep 2,  v.t.  &  i.  Reply,  as  a.  me,  my 
question,  to  me,  to  my  question ;  a.  to  (acknow- 
ledge, have)  the  name  of  X;  a.  (summons  to) 
the  door ;  reply  to  (charge) ;  be  responsible  (for 
person  or  thing) ;  a.  (correspond  to,  also  a.  to)  my 
hopes,  your  description ;  a.  (fulfil)  my  purpose  ; 
will  not  a.  (do,  succeed).  [OE  andswarian  (as 
prec)] 

a'ns werable,  a.  Responsible  (to  person,  for 
act) ;  (archaic)  corresponding  (to),  [prec.  +  -able] 

ant,  n.  A  small  social  hymenopterous  in- 
sect celebrated  for  industry,  emmet,  pismire ; 
a.-eggs,  larvae  of  aa. ;  a.-catcher,  a.-thrush,  bird 
of  thrush  family  living  on  aa. ;  a.-eater,  name  of 
various  animals  that  live  on  aa. ;  a.-fiy,  winged 
a.,  used  as  bait  in  angling;  a.-hill,  mound 
over  ant's  nest,  conical  nest  of  termites ;  White 
A.,  termite,  destructive  social  insect  of  neuro- 
pterous  order.  [OE  xmete,  imete.  cogn.  w.  "WG 
*dmaitjo  (a  off  +  maitan cut);  xmete  became 
ant,  imete  emmet] 

ant-  =  anti-  before  vowel. 

-ant,  suf.  forming  adjj.  (&  nn.)  f.  F  ant  (or 
direct)  f.  L  -antem,  -intern,  -intern,  accus.  of 
pres.  part.  (nom.  -ans,  -ens).  OF  levelled  all  L 
partt.  under  ending  -ant,  though  later  F  pre- 
served L  -ent-.  E  adopted  F  -ant  as  -aunt, 
which  on  loss  of  accent  reappeared  as  -ant  (de- 
fiant L  diffidentem,  pliant  L  plicantem,  Ser- 
jeant L  servientem,  tenant  L  tenentem).  Most 
old  wds  retain  -ant,  but  since  1500  some  have 
been  re  fash.,  universally  (apparent)  or  partly 
(dependent,  -ant) ;  belligerant  (L  belligerare)  is 
wrongly  changed  to  -ent  on  L  gerire.  Mod., 
wds  in  -ant  are  f.  L  -ant-,  direct  or  thr.  F,  or ' 
on  L  anal,  (rarely  where  no  vb  exists,  as  be- 
nignant on  anal,  of  malignant).  Noun  mean- 
ings :  (1)  personal  agent,  (2)  thing,  esp.  drug,  pro- 
ducing effect. 

anta*cid,  a.  &  n.  Preventive  of  acidity  (esp. 
in  stomach),    [ant-  +  acid] 

antagonism,  n.  Active  opposition  (to, 
against,  thing ;  between  two ;  come  into  a. 
with) ;  opposing  principle,  [f.  Gk  antagonisma 
(as  foil.,  see  -ism)] 

anta'g-onist,  n.  Opponent,  adversary;  (Phys.) 
counteracting  muscle.  Hence  antagonist- 
ic a.,  antag-oni'stiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk  ant- 
agonistes  (as  foil.,  see  -1ST)] 

anta'g-onize,  v.t.  Oppose  actively  (in  E 
use  only  of  like  forces;  in  U.S.  person  may  a. 
thing) ;  counteract,  neutralize ;  render  an- 
tagonistic, pit  against  each  other,  [f.  Gk  ant- 
agonizomai  (agon  contest,  see  -ize)] 

anta'lkali,  n.  Substance  that  counteracts 
an  alkali.  Hence  anta'lkaliNE  *  a.  [ant-  + 
alkali] 

antaphpodi'siac  (diz-),  a.  &  n.  Preventive 
of  venereal  desire,    ff.  ant-  +  aphrodisiac] 

antap'ctic,  a.  Southern,  of  south  polar 
regions  ;  A.  Pole,  S.  pole  of  earth  or  heavens ; 
A.  Circle,  parallel  of  66°  32' S.  [re fash.  f.  OF 
antartique  f.  L  f.  Gk  \NT(arktikos  arctic)] 

ante-,  pref.  =  L  ante  before,  prep,  and  adv., 
used  esp.  in  E  to  form  adjj.  with  or  without 
adj.  ending,  as  ante-reformation(al). 

antece'dence,  n.  Precedence,  priority,  (in 
time  or  causal  relation) ;  (Astr.)  retrograde 
motion,    [f.  L  antecedentia  (as  foil,  see  -ence)] 

antecedent,  a.  &  n.  Previous  (to) ;  pre- 
sumptive, a  priori ;  preceding  thing  or  circum- 
stance ;  (Logic)  the  part  of  a  conditional  pro- 
position on  which  the  other  depends ;  (Gram.) 
noun,  clause,  sentence,  to  which  a  following 


For  other  compounds  of  ante-  see  ante-. 


ANTECHAMBER 35 

(esp.  relative)  pronoun  or  adverb  refers; 
(Math.)  first  term  of  a  ratio;  (pi.)  past  history 
(esp.  of  persons).  Hence  antece'dentLV  2 
adv.  [f.  F  antecedent  t  L  AtiTE(cedere  go), 
see  -ent] 

a'ntechambep,  n.  Room  leading  to  chief 
apartment  [f.  F  antichambre  {anti-  for  ante- 
+  chambre  chamber)] 

a'ntechapel,  n.  Outer  part  at  west  end  of 
chapel,    [ante- +  chapel] 

a'ntedate1,  n.  Date  before  the  true  time 
(esp.  of  writing),    [ante-  +  date  n.] 

a'ntedate2,  v.t.  Affix,  assign,  an  earlier 
than  the  true  date  to  (document,  event) ;  pre- 
cede ;  anticipate,    [f.  prec] 

antedilu'vian,  a.  &  n.  Belonging,  referring, 
appropriate,  to  the  time  before  the  flood ;  (n.) 
old-fashioned  person,  (also)  very  old  person. 
[f.  ante-  +  L  diluvium  deluge  +  -an] 

a'ntelope,  n.  Deer-like  ruminant  genus  of 
animals,  [f.  OF  antelop  f.  L  anthalopus  f.  Gk 
antholops,  etym.  dub.] 

a'nte  meridiem,  phr.  (abbr.  a.m.).  Be- 
tween midnight  and  noon,  as  7.30  a.m.    [L] 

antemu'ndane,  a.  Existing,  occurring, 
before  creation  of  world,  [f.  ante-  +  L  mundus 
world  +  -aneI 

antena'tal,  a.  Previous  to  birth.  |ante-  + 
natal] 

antenna,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Sensory  organ  found 
in  pairs  on  heads  of  insects  and  Crustacea, 
feeler ;  (Bot.)  irritable  processes  in  male  flower 
of  some  orchids.  Hence  ante'nnAL,  an- 
te'nnARV  \  antenni'FEROUS,  ante'nni- 
form,  aa.  [L,= sail-yard,  perh.  f.  Gk  anateino 
stretch  out] 

antepe-ndium,  n.  Veil  for  front  of  altar. 
[L  A^iTKpendium  (pendere  hang)] 

antepenu'lt,  a.  &  n.  Last  but  two  (orig. 
and  usu.  of  syllables),  [abbrev.  of  L  (syllaba) 
antepaenultima,  see  foil.] 

antepenu'ltimate,  a.  &  n.  =prec.  [f.  L 
ASTEpaenultijnus  (paene  almost  +  ultimus last) 

+  -ATE2] 

antepna'ndial,  a.  Before-dinner,  [f.  ante- 
+  L  prandium  +  -al] 

antep'iop,  a.  More  to  the  front ;  prior  (to). 
Hence  anterioTrrv  n.,  antep'ioPLY2  adv. 
[L,  =  fore,  former,  f.  ante  before] 

a'nte-poom,  n.    Room  leading  to  another. 

[ANTE- +  ROOM] 

anth-,  pref.  =  anti-  before  aspirate. 

anthe'lion,  n.  Luminous  ring  projected  on 
cloud  or  fog  bank  opposite  to  sun.  [late  Gk, 
neut.  of  anthelios  opposite  to  sun  (anth-  + 
helios  sun)] 

anthelmintic,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine)  of  use 
against  intestinal  worms,  [f.  anth-  +  Gk  hel- 
mins  -minthos  worm  -f  -ic] 

a'nthem,  n.  Composition  sung  antiphon- 
ally ;  prose  composition  (usu.  from  Scriptures 
or  Liturgy)  set  to  sacred  music  ;  song  of  praise 
or  gladness.  [OE  ante/ne  f.  Rom.  *antefena 
t  LL  anti/ona  f.  Gk  antiphona,  see  antiphon, 

i  development  being  ante'fne,  ante'mne, 
a'ntem,  a'nthem] 

a'nthep,  n.  (bot).  Part  of  stamen  contain- 
ing pollen ;  a.-dust,  pollen:  a.-valve,  opening 
by  which  pollen  is  shed.  Hence  a'nthePAL, 
antherl'FERous,  a*nthepoiD,  aa.  [f.  F  an- 
there  f.  L  anthera  medicine  extracted  from 
flowers  f.  Gk  anthera  flowery,  fern.  adj.  f. 
anthos] 

antho'log-y,  n.  Collection  of  small  choice 
poems,  esp.  epigrams,  (orig.  Greek);  literary 
collection.     Hence  antho'logisr  n.     [f.  L  f. 

For  other  compounds  of  ante-  see  ante-. 


ANTICIPATE 

Gk  anthologia  (anthos  flower  +  -logia  collec- 
tion f.  lego  gather)] 

A'nthony  (-to-),  n.  St.  A.,  patron  of  swine- 
herds ;  A.,  smallest  pig  of  litter  ;  (St.)  A. 's  fire, 
erysipelas. 

a'nthraeite,  n.  Non-bituminous  variety  of 
coal.  Hence  anthpaci'tic,  a'nthpaeitous, 
aa.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  anthrakites  coal-like  (anthrax 
-akos  coal)] 

a'nthrax,  n.  Malignant  boil ;  splenic  fever 
of  sheep  and  cattle  ;  malignant  pustule  caused 
in  man  by  infection  from  animals  so  affected. 
[L  f.  Gk,= carbuncle] 

anthpopo-  in  comb.  =Gk  anthropos  man, 
as :  -ce'ntric,  centring  in  man  ;  -geny,  study  of 
origin  of  man  ;  -graphy,  science  of  geographical 
distribution  of  mankind  :  -lite,  -lith,  fossil  man  ; 
-metry,  measurement  or  human  body ;  -phag- 
ous,  -phagy,  man-eating. 

a'nthpopoid,  a.  &  n.  Man-like;  (n.)  being 
that  is  human  in  form  only,  esp.  a.  ape.  [f.  Gk 
anthropoeid.es  (anthropo-,  see  -oid)J 

anthpopo'log-y,  n.  Whole  science  of  man  ; 
physiological  and  psychological  science  of 
man ;   study   of   man  as  an  animal.     Hence 


anthPopolo'giCAL  a.,  anthropological - 

ly2  adv.,  antni 

logy] 


ly2  adv.,  anthpopo'LOGiST  n.     [as  prec.  + 


anthpopomop'phic,  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
anthropomorphism,    [as  foil.  +  -ic] 

anthropomorphize,  v.t.  Attribute  hu- 
man form  or  personality  to  (God  &c.  or  abs.). 
Hence  anthpopomop'phiSM,  anthpopo- 
mop'phiST,  nn.    [as  foil.  +  -ize] 

anthropomorphous,  a.  Of  human  form, 
[f.  Gk  ANTHROPomorpAos  (morphe  form)  +  -ousl 

anti-,  pref.  =Gk  anti  (before  unaspir.  vowel 
ant-,  before  aspirate  anth-)  opposite,  against, 
in  exchange,  instead,  rivalling :  in  words  f.  Gk, 
and  as  living  pref.  in  E  (1)  combining  with 
nouns  to  form  nouns,  anti-  having  adj.  force 

=  rival(-pope,-Mnflr),  opposing,  counter,  (chorus, 

•league),  reverse  of  (-climax) ;  (2)  forming  adjj. 
on  nouns  governed  by  anti-  (-slavery  society, 
-vaccination  league)  or  on  adjj.  implying  a 
noun  so  governed  (-national,  -ritualistic),  with 
sense  'opposed  to';  many  of  these  are  also 
nouns,  esp.  names  of  medicines  (-dysenteric)  \ 
(3)  forming  derivative  nouns  and  adjj.  by  addi- 
tion of  a  suf.,  esp.  -ist,  (-alcoholist,  -tobacconist, 
•Sabbatarian)  with  sense  '  one  opposed  to ',  also 
corresponding  abstract  nn.  in  -ism  (-Darwin- 
ism) 

a'ntiap,  n.  Upas  tree  of  Java ;  poison  thence 
obtained.    [Jav.  antjar] 

antibi'lious,  a.  Of  use  against  biliousness. 
[anti-  (2)] 

a*ntie,  a.  &  n.  (Archaic)  grotesque,  bizarre  • 
grotesque  posture  (usu.  pi.);  (archaic)  mounte- 
bank, clown,  [f.  It  antico  f.  L  antiquus  ancient, 
apparently  from  ascription  of  grotesque  work 
to  the  ancients] 

a'ntichpist,  n.  Enemy  of  Christ ;  great 
personal  opponent  of  Christ  expected  by  early 
church  to  appear  before  end  of  world ;  the 
Pope.  [f.  OF  ante-crist  t.  L  antechristus  f.  Gk 
antichristos  (anti-  (1)  +  khristos  Christ)] 

antichpi'stian,  a.  Pertaining  to  Anti- 
christ ;  opposed  to  Christianity.  Hence  anti- 
chpl'stianiSM  n.  [f.  prec,  with  extended 
meaning] 

anticipate,  v.t  Use  in  advance ;  forestall 
(person  or  thing) ;  accelerate,  as  a.  one's  ruin ; 
discuss,  consider,  realize,  beforehand ;  look 
forward  to,  expect,  (event,  that  it  will  happen). 
Hence  anti'eipANT  a.  &  n.,  anti'cipatiVE 

For  other  compounds  of  anti-  see  anti-. 


ANTICIPATION 


M 


ANTITHESIS 


a.,  anti'cipativeLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  antidpare 
(anti-  for  ante-  +  -cipare  f.  capere  take)  see 

-ATE  2] 

anticipation,  n.  Action  of  anticipating  (in 
senses  of  the  vb) ;  (Med.)  occurrence  of  pheno- 
mena before  usual  time ;  (Mus.)  introduction 
beforehand  of  part  of  a  chord  about  to  follow, 
[f.  L  anticipatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

anti'cipatop,  n.  One  who  anticipates. 
Hence  anti'eipatORY  a.      [L  (as  prec,  see 

antieli'max,  n.  Opposite  of  climax,  addi- 
tion of  a  particular  that  weakens  the  effect ; 
descent  contrasting  with  previous  rise. 
[anti-(I)] 

anticli'nal,  a.  (Geol.)  forming  ridge  on 
which  strata  lean  against  each  other,  and 
from  which  they  slope  down  in  opposite  direc- 
tions ;  (Anat.)  with  upright  spine  towards 
which  spines  on  both  sides  incline,  [f.  anti-  + 
Gk  klino  lean  +  -al]  ._ 

antiey'elone,  n.  Rotatory  outward  flow  of 
air  from  atmospheric  area  of  high  pressure ; 
whole  system  of  pressure  and  outward  flow. 
[anti-  (1)] 

a'ntidote,  n.  Medicine  given  to  counteract 
poison  or  disease  {against,  for,  to).  Hence 
aTitidotAi.ii.  [f.  Lf.  Gk  antidoton  neut.  of 
ASTidotos  given  against] 

antigrd'pelds,  n.  pi.  Waterproof  leggings, 
[perh.  for  anthygropelos  (anti-  (2)  +  Gk  hugros 
wet  +  pelos  mud)] 

anti-Ja'cobin,  a.  &  n.  (One)  opposed  to 
the  Jacobins  (revolutionary  party  in  France, 
1789)  or  the  French  revolution,    [anti-  (2)] 

antilo'garlthm,  n.  Number  to  which  a 
lagarithm  belongs,  as  100  is  the  a.  of  2. 
[anti-  (1)] 

anti'log-y,  n.  Contradiction  in  terms,  [f. 
Gk  antilogia  (anti-  +  -logia  speaking)] 

antimaca'ssar,  n.  Covering  thrown  over 
chairs  &c,  as  protection  from  grease  or  as  an 
ornament    [anti-  (2)] 

a'ntimasque,  -mask,  n.  Grotesque  inter- 
lude between  acts  of  masque,    [anti-  (1)] 

antimonar'chical,  a.  Opposed  to  mon- 
archy,   [anti-  (2)] 

a'ntimony,  n.  Brittle  metallic  substance, 
bluish-white,  of  flaky  crystalline  texture,  [f. 
med.  L  antimonium.  prob.  of  Arab,  orig.] 

antino'mian,  a.  8c  n.  Opposed  to  the  obliga- 
toriness of  moral  law;  pertaining  to  Antino- 
mians ;  one  who  maintains  that  the  moral  law 
is  not  binding  on  Christians,  [f.  L  Antinomi, 
name  of  sect  in  Germany  (1535)  alleged  to 
hold  above  opinion  (anti-  +  Gk  nomos  law)  + 
-an] 

anti'nomy,  n.  Contradiction  in  a  law,  or 
between  two  laws ;  conflict  of  authority ;  para- 
dox,   [f.  L  f.  Gk  ANTino»ua  (nomos  law)] 

antipathe'tic,  a.  Opposed  in  nature  or  dis- 
position (to).  Hence  antipathetic  al  a., 
antipathe*ticalLY2  adv.    [f.  Gk  AKTipathed 

(as  ANTIPATHY),  See  -ETIC] 

antipa'thic,  a.  Of  contrary  character  (to) ; 
(Med.)  having,  producing,  contrary  symptoms, 
[f.  F  antipathique  f.  anttpathie  (as  foil.)] 

anti'pathy,  n.  Constitutional  or  settled 
aversion  (against,  to,  between  persons),  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  antipatheia  f.  AKTipathes  opposed  in 
feeling  (pathos  -eos)] 

antiphlogistic,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine,  paste, 
&c.)  reducing  inflammation.  So  antiphlo- 
gi'stiNE^n.    [anti-(2)J 

a'ntiphon,  n.  Versicle,  sentence,  sung  by 
one  choir  in   response  to  another;   prose  or 


verse  composition  consisting  of  such  passages ; 
anthem,  [f.  F  antiphone  t.  med.  L  antiphona, 
fern,  sing.,  f.  Gk  ANTiphona  (neut.  pi.  of  anti- 
phonos)  things  sounding  in  response  (phone 
vocal  sound)] 

anti'phonal,  a.  &  n.  Sung  alternately; 
responsive ;  collection  of  antiphons.  Hence 
anti'phonalLY 2  adv.  [OF  (antiphone,  see 
prec.  and  -al)] 

anti'phonary,  n.  Book  of  antiphons.  [f. 
med.  L  antiphonarium  (as   antiphone,  see 

-ARYl)] 

anti'phony,  n.  Antiphon  ;  antiphonal  sing- 
ing; response,  echo.  [f.  Gk  antiphonos,  see 
antiphon  and  -y  J] 

anti'podes,  n.  pi.  Place(s)  diametrically 
opposite  (to  each  other),  esp.  region  opposite  to 
our  own  ;  (sing,  antipoae,  pron.  -6d)  exact 
opposite  (of,  to).  Hence  anti'podAL,  anti- 
pode'AN,  aa.  if.  L  f.  Gk  antipodes  having  the 
feet  opposite,  pi.  of  AUTipous  adj.  (pous  podos 
foot)] 

a'ntipole,  n.  Opposite  pole  ;  direct  opposite. 
[anti-  (1)] 

a'ntipope,  n.  Pope  elected  in  opposition  to 
one  (held  to  be)  canon ically  chosen,  [f.  F  anti- 
pape  f.  med.  L  antipapa ;  assim.  to  pope] 

antiquap'ian,  a.  &  n.  Connected  with 
study  of  antiquities ;  large  size  of  drawing 
paper;  antiquary,  whence  antiquap'ian  ism 
n.,  antiquap'ianizE  v.i.    [as  foil.  +  -an] 

a'ntiquary,  n.  Student,  collector,  of  anti- 
quities, [f.  L  antiquarius  (antiquus  ancient, 
see  -ary  ] ] 

a'ntiquate,  v.t.       Make  obsolete  (esp.  in 

f).p.),  abolish  as  out  of  date;  make  antique, 
f.  obs.  adj.  antiquate  (L  antiquare  L  antiquus 
ancient,  see  -ate2] 

anti'que  (ek),  a.  &  n.    Of  old  times ;  exist- 
ing since  old  times  ;   old-fashioned ;  after  the 
manner   of   the    ancients;   archaic;   relic   of 
ancient  art  or  of  old  times ;  the  a.,  antique 
style.   Hence  anti'queNESS  n.   [f.  It  antiquus, 
anticus,   former,    ancient    (ante    before ;    cf. 
posticus),  ^whence  also  antic] 
anti'quity,  n.    Ancientness  ;  old  times,  esp. 
time  before  middle  ages;  the  ancients j  (pi.) 
customs,  events,  precedents,  of  ancient  times ; 
(usu.  pi.)  ancient  relics,     [f.  F  antiquity  f.  L 
antiquitatem  (antiquus,  see  prec.  and  -ty)] 
antipphi*num,  n.    Genus  of  plants,  Snap- 
dragon.   [L,  f.  Gk  antirrhinon  (anti  counter- 
feiting +  rhis  rhinos  nose)] 
antisabbatap'ian.  a.  &  n.     (Person)  op- 
posed to  observance  or  Sabbath,    [anti-  (3)] 
antiscopbu'tic,  a.  &  n.    (Medicine)  against 
scurvy,    [anti-  (2)] 
antiscri'ptupal,  a.    Opposed  to  Scripture. 
[anti-  (2)] 

antiseptic,  a.  &  n.    (Agent)  counteracting 
putrefaction  (lit.  and  fig.).    Hence  antise'pt- 
ically  adv.    [f.  anti-  (3)  +  Gk  septikos  putrefy- 
ing (septos  adj.  f.  sepo  rot,  see  -ic)] 
antiso'cial,  a.      Opposed  to  principles  on 
which  society  is  based,    [anti-  (2)] 
anti'stpophe,  n.    (Lines  recited  during)  re- 
turning movement  from  left  to  right  in  Greek 
choruses ;  inverse  relation.    [L  f.  Gk,  =  turning 
about  (AHTistrepho  turn  against)] 
antistpd'phic,  a.     Pertaining  to  antistro- 
phes.    [f.  Gk  anttstrophikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 
antithe'ist,  n.    One  opposed  to  belief  in  ex- 
istence of  a  God.     Hence  antithei'stic  a., 
antithe'isM  n.    [anti-  (3)] 
anti-thesis,  n.  (pi.  -theses).  Contrast  of  ideas 
I  expressed  by  parallelism  of  strongly  contrasted 


For  other  compounds  of  anti-  see  anti-. 


ANTITHETIC 


37 


APHONIA 


words ;  opposition,  contrast,  (of,  betxccen,  two 
things) ;  direct  opposite  (of,  to).  [L  f.  Gk  (vbl 
n.  f.  ASTitithemi  set  against)] 

antithetic,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  antithesis ; 
contrasted  ;  consisting  of  two  opposites.  Hence 
antithe-ticAi.  a.,  antithe'tiealLY 2  adv.  [f. 
Gk  antithetikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

a'nti-tpade,  a.  &  n.  A.  (wind),  one  that 
blows  in  opposite  direction  to  trade  wind. 
[anti-  (2)] 

antitrinitar'ian,  a.  &  n.  (One)  opposed  to 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  Hence  antitpini- 
tar'ianiSM  n.    [anti-  (3)] 

a'ntitype,  n.  That  which  a  type  or 
symbol  represents.  Hence  antity'piCAL  a. 
[f.  Gk  ASTitxipos  responding  as  an  impression 
to  the  die  (tupos  stamp  f.  st.  tup-  strike)] 

a'ntlep,  n.  Branched  horn,  branch  of  a  horn, 
of  stag  or  other  deer.  Hence  antlerED2  a. 
[f.  OF  antoillier  f.  LL  antocularem  (ramum) 
(branch)  in  front  of  the  eyes  (ante-  +  oculus 
eye) ;  orig.  =  lowest  branchj 

antonoma'sia,  n.  Substitution  of  epithet 
&c.  for  proper  name  (e.  g.  the  Iron  Duke) ;  use 
of  proper  name  to  express  general  idea  (e.  g. 
a  Solomon).  [L  f.  Gk,  f.  xxronomazd  name 
instead  (onoma  name)] 

a'nus,  n.  Posterior  opening  of  alimentary 
canal  in  animals.    [L] 

a'nvil,  n.  Block  (usu.  iron)  on  which  smith 
works  metal ;  (Physiol.)  a  bone  of  the  ear.  [OE 
onfilti,  etym.  dub.  J 

anxi'ety  (angz-),  n.  Uneasiness,  concern  ; 
solicitous  desire  (for  a  thing,  to  do),  [f.  L 
anxietas  -atis  (as  foil.,  see  -tv)] 

a'nxious  (kshus),  a.  Troubled,  uneasy 
(about) ;  earnestly  desirous  (for  a  thing,  to  do) ; 
causing  anxiety,  as  an  a.  business.  Hence 
a'nxiousL y  2  adv.  [f.  L  anxius  (angere  choke) 
-f  -ous] 

a*ny  (e-),  a.  &  pron.  (With  interrog.)  one,  some, 
(no  matter  which),  as  have  you  a.  wool  ?  have 
you  a.  of  them  ?  teas  a.  Frenchman  there  ? ; 
(after  negative  expr.  or  implied)  canlnot  see  a. 
difference,  to  prevent  a.  loss,  cannot  find  a.  of 
them;  (in  affirmative  sent.)  whichever  (of  all) 
is  chosen,  every,  as  a.  chemist  will  tell  you.  at 
a.  rate,  a.  one  (adj.),  whatever  individual  is 
chosen ;  a.  one  (pron.),  any  person,  anybody. 

g>E  xnig  (cogn.  w.  OHG  einic,  mod.  G  einib, 
u.  eenig)  f.  an  one  +  -ig  adj.  ending  (see  -Y  2), 
here  perh.  dim.] 

a'nybody,  n.  or  pron.  Any  person  ;  if  you 
wish  to  be  a.  (of  any  importance) ;  two  or  three 
anybodies  (ordinary  people). 

a'nyhow,  adv.  &  conj.  In  any  way  what- 
ever; in  any  case,  at  any  rate;  at  haphazard, 
as  does  his  work  a.,  things  are  all  a. 

a'nythingr,  pron.  &  n.  Whatever  thing; 
a  thing,  no  matter  which;  a  thing  of  any 
kind. 

a'nyway,  adv.  &  conj.  =  anyhow. 

a*ny where,  adv.     In  any  place. 

a'nywise,  adv.    In  any  wise. 

a'opist,  a.  &  n.  (Gram. )  indefinite,  implying 
no  limitation  ;  (Gk  Gram.)  a.  (tense),  one  de- 
noting simply  occurrence  (in  indicative,  past 
occurrence),  without  limitations  as  to  con- 
tinuance &c.  So  aopi'stic  a.  [f.  Gk  aoristos 
unlimited  (a-  riot+horizo  limit  f.  horos)] 

aop*ta,  n.  Great  artery  or  trunk  of  the 
arterial  system,  issuing  from  left  ventricle  of 
heart.  Hence  aop'tic  a.  [f.  med.  L  f.  Gk 
aorte  that  which  is  hung  (aeiro  lift)] 

A  outrance  (F),  phr.    To  the  death. 

ap-  =  ad-  before  p. 


ee,  adv.  Swiftly,  quickly,  [a  prep.+ 
pace] 

a'panage,  app-,  n.  Provision  for  main- 
tenance of  younger  children  of  kings,  &c, 
(orig.  province  or  lucrative  office) ;  perquisite  ; 
(of  territory)  dependency ;  natural  accompani- 
ment or  attribute.  [F,  f.  apaner  endow  with 
means  of  subsistence!  med.LAPpa  na  re  (panis 
bread),  see  -age] 

apap't,  adv.  Aside,  separately,  indepen* 
dently,  (from) ;  set  a.,  devote,  reserve,  (for) ; 
jesting  a.  (laid  aside),  [f.  F  a  part  (a  to,  part 
side)] 

apar'tment,  n.  Single  room  of  a  house ; 
(pi.)  set  of  rooms,  [f.  F  appartement  f.  med.  L 
appartimentum     (APpartire    apportion,     sec 

-MENT)] 

apathe'tie,  a.  Insensible  to  emotion :  in- 
different. Hence  apathe'tiCALr.Y  adv.  [f. 
foil.,  after  pathetic] 

a'pathy,  n.  Insensibility  to  suffering  ;  pas- 
sionless existence ;  indolence  of  mind.  [f.  F 
apathie  f.  L  f.  Gk  apatheia  f.  apathes  without 
feeling  (a-  not+pathos  -eos  suffering] 

ape'.n.  Tailless  monkey  (gorilla,  chimpanzee, 
orang-outan,  gibbons);  imitator,  mimic;  play 
the  a.,  mimic;  Sea  A.,  fish  (Sea  Fox).  [OE 
apa   masc.    ape   fern.   (Du.   aap,   OHG   affo, 

MHG  affe)] 

ape2,  v.t.    Imitate,  mimic,    [f.  prec.j 

apea'k,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  (naut.).  Vertical, 
as  oars  a.    [f.  F  a  pic  (a  to,  at,  pic,  summit,  soo 

PEAK)] 

ape'psy,  n.  Lack  of  digestive  power,  [f. 
Gk  apepsia  (a-  not+pepto  digest)l 

aper^u  (F),  n.  Summary  exposition,  con- 
spectus.   [F,  p.p.  of  apercevoir  perceive] 

ape'pient,  a.  &  n.  Laxative  (medicine),  [f. 
L  aperire  open,  see  -ent] 

ape'pitive,  a.  &  n.  =  prec.  [f.  F  aperitif  f. 
med.  L  aperitivus  variant  of  aptrtivus  (as 
prec,  see  -ive)] 

a'peptupe  (-tsher),  n.  Opening,  gap ;  space 
through  which  light  passes  in  optical  instru- 
ments,   [f.  L  apertura  (as  prec,  see  -ure)] 

a'pepy,  n.  Mimicry ;  apish  performance. 
[ape  n.  +  -ry] 

apetalous,  a.  Without  petals,  [f.  Gk  ape- 
talos  leafless  (a-  not+petalon  leaf)  +  -ous] 

a'pex,  n.  (pi.  -ices,  -exes).  Tip,  top,  peak ; 
vertex  (of  triangle,  cone).  [L,  =  small  rod  at 
top  of  flamen's  cap,  peak,  tip,  perh.  f.  ap-  fit  to. 
cf.  vertex  f.  vertere] 

apha'sia,  n.  Loss  of  speech,  as  result  of  cere- 
bral affection.  Hence  apha'sic  (z-),  a.  &  n. 
[Gk,f.  aphatos  speechless  (a-  not+vha-  speak] 

aphe'lion,  n.     Point  farthest  from  sun  (of 

Elanet's  or  comet's  orbit).  [Graecized  f.  mod. 
i  aphelium  t  Gk  aph'  heliou  from  the  sun] 

apheliotPO'pie,  a.  (hot.).  Turning  from  the 
sun.  Hence  apheliotPO'piCALLY  adv.,  a- 
phelio'tPopiSM  n.  [f.  Gk  as  prec -HroptAro.s 
turning  (trepo)] 

a'phesis,  n.  Gradual  loss  of  unaccented 
vowel  at  beginning  of  word,  as  in  (e)squire. 
[Gk,  =  letting  go,f.  aphiemi  (apo  away +hiemi 
send)] 

aphe'tic,  a.  Pertaining  to  aphesis.  Hence 
a'phetiZE  v.t  [f.  Gk  aphetos  vbl  adj.  (as 
prec.)  4--IC] 

a'phis,  n.  (pi.  d'phides).  Plant-lice,  minute 
insects,  the  food  of  ladybirds,  and  tended  by 
ants  for  the  honey-dew  they  yield.  Hence 
aphi'diAN  a.    [?] 

aphonia,  n.  Total  loss  of  voice.  [Gk,  f. 
aphonos  voiceless  (a-  not+phone  voice)] 


For  other  compounds  of  anti-  see  anti-. 


APHORISM t 

a'phorism,  n.  Short  pithy  maxim  ;  defini- 
tion. Hence  or  cogn.  aphopi'smic,  apho- 
pi'stie  [-ist],  aa.,  aphori'stiCALLY  adv.  [f. 
Gk  aphorizo  (apo-  +  horizo  f.  horos  boundary), 
see  -ism] 

aphrodi'siac  (-diz-),  a.  &  n.  Venereal; 
(drug)  producing  venereal  desire,  [f.  Gk  aphro- 
disiakos  f.  aphrodisios  (Aphrodite  Venus), 
see  -ac] 

aphyllous,  a.  (hot.).  Naturally  leafless, 
[f.  Gk_aphullos  (a-  not+phullon  leaf)  +  -ous] 

apiarian,  a.  Pertaining  to  bee-keeping, 
fas  foil.  +  -an] 

a'piary,  n.  Place  where  bees  are  kept. 
Hence  a'piaPiST  n.  [f.  L  apiarium  (apis 
bee,  see  -ary1)] 

a'pical,  a.  Belonging  to  an  apex ;  placed  at 
the  tip.  Hence  a'piealLY2  adv.  [f.  L  apex 
-icis  +  -al] 

a'picultupe,  n.  Bee-keeping,  [f.  L  apis 
bee+cuLTURE] 

apiece,  adv.  Severally,  each,  as  five  pounds 
a.    [orig.  a  piece] 

a'pish,  a.  Of  the  nature,  appearance,  of  an 
ape ;  ape-like  in  manner,  silly.  Hence  a'pish- 
ly  2  adv.,  a'pishxESS  n.    [f.  ape  n.  +  -ish] 

aplomb  (F),  n.  Perpendicularity ;  self- 
possession.  [F,  =  a  plomb  according  to  plum- 
met] 

apnoe'a  (-nea),  n.  Suspension  of  breathing, 
[mod.  L,  f.  Gk  apnoia  f.  apnoos  breathless  (a- 
not  +  pnoe  breath)] 

apo-,  pref.  (before  unaspirated  vowel  ap-, 
before  aspirate  aph-),  =  Gk  apo  prep,  off,  from, 
away,  un-,  quite ;  in  compels  f.  Gk,  and  in 
mod.  scientific  wds  (not  on  Gk  anal.)  with 
sense  '  detached,  separate  \ 

apd'ealy pse,  n.  Revelation,  esp.  that  made 
to  St  John  in  island  of  Patmos;  book  recording 
this.  So  apo*calyptic(AL)aa.,  apo'ealyp- 
tiealLY2  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  apokalupsis  (apo- 
kalupto  uncover)] 

apd'eope,  n.  Cutting  off  of  last  letter  or 
syllable  of  word.    [Gk  (APOkopto  cut  off)] 

apd'epypha,  n.  Books  of  Old  Testament 
included  in  Septuagint  and  Vulgate,  but  not 
originally  written  in  Hebrew,  nor  counted 
genuine  by  Jews,  and  excluded  from  Canon  at 
Reformation.  [LL  apocrypha  (scripta)  hidden 
writings  f.  Gk  apokruphos  (APOkrupto  hide 
away) ;  treated  in  E  as  sing.,  with  pi.  -as\ 

apd'cpy phal,  a.  Of  the  apocrypha ;  of  doubt- 
ful authenticity ;  sham,  false,    [as  prec.  +  -al] 

a*  pod,  n.  Bird,  reptile,  fish,  without  (or 
with  undeveloped)  feet  or  ventral  fins.  Hence 
a'podAL  a.  [f.  Gk  apous  footless  (a-  not+ 
pous  podos  foot)] 

apodi'ctie,  -dei'ctic  (-di),  a.  Of  clear 
demonstration ;  clearly  established.  Hence 
apodi'ctiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  apodeiktikos 
(APOdeikmimi  show,  see  -ic)] 

apd'dosis,  n.  Concluding  clause  of  sen- 
tence (cf.  protasis)  ;  consequent  clause  of 
conditional  sentence,  wherever  placed.  [L  f. 
Gk  (APOdidomi  give  back)] 

a'poeee  (j-),  n.  Point  (in  orbit  of  moon  or 
any  planet)  farthest  from  earth ;  greatest 
distance  of  sun  from  earth  when  latter  is  in 
aphelion  ;  (fig.)  most  distant  spot,  highest  point. 
Hence  apoge'AN  a.  [f.  F  apogee  t.  L  f.  Gk 
Apogaion  (neut.  adj.)  away  from  earth  (gaia, 
ge,  earth)] 

apolau'stic,  a.  Self-indulgent,  [f.  Gk  apo- 
laustikos  (APOlauo  enjoy,  see  -ic)] 

Apo'llyon,  n.  The  Devil,  [f.  Gk  apolluon 
part,  of  apolluo  (apo-  +  olluo  destroy)] 

apolog-e'tic,  a.  &  n.  Regretfully  acknow- 
ledging, excusing,  fault  or  failure ;  vindica- 


APOTHECARY 

tory ;  (n.,  usu.  pi.)  argumentative  defence, 
esp.  of  Christianity.  Hence  apolog-e'ticAL 
a.,  apologre'ticalLY 2  adv.  [f.  F apologetique 
f .  L  f .  Gk  apologetikos  (apologeomai  speak  in 
defence,  see  apology  and  -ic)] 

apo'logrist,  n.  One  who  defends  (esp. 
Christianity)  by  argument,  [f.  F  apologiste  f. 
Gk  apologia,  see  apology  and  -ist] 

apo'log-ize,  v.i.  Make  an  apology  (for). 
[f.  apology  +  -ize] 

a'polog-ue(-og),  n.  Moral  fable.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk 
apologos  fable  (apo  off-f  logos  speech)] 

apo'logy,   n.      Regretful  acknowledgment 
of  offence  ;  assurance  that  no  offence  was  in- 
tended ;  explanation,  vindication,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  \ 
apologia  defence   (apo   away  +  -logia  speak- 
ing)] 

a'pophtheg-m  (em),  n.  Terse  saying; 
pithy  maxim.  Hence  apophthegma'tic 
(-eg-)  a.,  apophtheg-ma'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk 
apophthegma  -matos  (APOphtheggomai  speak 
out)] 

apople'ctic,    a.      Pertaining    to,    causing, 
apoplexy ;  suffering  from,  tending  to,  apoplexy. 
Hence  apople'etiCALLY,  adv.     [f.  L   f.  Gk: 
apoplektucos  (APoplesso  strike  completely,  see  ; 
-ic)] 

a'poplexy,  n.  Malady  arresting  powers  of  ! 
sense  and  motion,  usu.  caused  by  effusion  of 
blood  or  serum  in  brain,  [f.  F  apoplexie  f.  L 
t  Gk  apoplexia  (as  prec.)] 

aposiope'sis,  n.  (rhet.).  Sudden  breaking-offi 
in  speech.    [L,  f.  Gk  f.  APO(siopao  keep  silent)] 

apo'stasy,  n.  Abandonment  of  religious  • 
faith,  vows,  principles,  or  party,  [t  L  f.  Gk 
apostasia  (APOsta-  withdraw)] 

apo'state  (-at),  n.  &  a.  (One)  guilty  of  apos- 
tasy. So  aposta'tiCAL  a.  [F,  t  L  (-ta)  t  Gk 
apostates  (APOsta-  withdraw)] 

apo'statize,  v.i.  Become  an  apostate  {from 
one  to  another),  [f.  LL  apostatizare  (as  apo- 
state, see  -ize)] 

a  posterior'!,  adv.  &  adj.  phr.  (Reasoning) . 
from  effects  to  causes ;  inductive.  [L,  =  from 
what  comes  after] 

apo'stil,  n.  Marginal  note.  [f.  F  apostille, 
etym.  dub.] 

apo'stle  (-si),  n.  Messenger,  esp.  any  of  the 
twelve  whom  Christ  sent  forth  to  preach 
Gospel ;  first  successful  Christian  missionary 
in  a  country,  as  a.  of  Germany ;  leader  of  re- 
form, as  a.  of  temperance ;  a.  spoons  (with 
figures  of  aa.  on  handles).  Hence  apo'stle- 
ship  n.  [f.  OF  apostle,  apostre  (mod.  apotre)  t 
L  f.  Gk  apostolos  (APOstello  send  away) ;  OE 
had  apostol] 

apo'stolate,  n.  Apostleship  ;  leadership  in 
a  propaganda,    [f.  L  apostolatus  (as  prec,  see 

-ATE1)] 

apostd'lic,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Apostles; 
of  the  character  of  an  apostle ;  of  the  Pope, 
papal,  as  A.  See,  succession.  Hence  apos- 
to'licAL  a.,  aposto'licalLY2  adv.  [f.  F 
apostolique  t  L  f.  Gk  apostolikos  (as  apostle, 
see  -ic)] 

apo'stpophe1  (-fO,  n.  (rhet).  Exclamatory 
address,  in  course  of  public  speech  or  in  poem,  to 
particular  person  (often  dead  or  absent).  Hence 
apostro'phii  a.,  apo'stPophiZE  v.t.  &  L 
[L  f.  Gk,  lit.  turning  away  (as  foil.)] 

apo'stpophe2  (-fl),  n.  Sign  of  omission  of 
letter,  or  of  possessive  case,  (e.  g.  can't,  boy's.) 
Hence  apostPO'phic  a.  [confused  w.  prec, 
but  prop,  three  syllables  (-strof) ;  F,  f.  L  f.  Gk 
(he)  apostrophos  (prosodia)  (the  accent)  of 
elision  (APOstrepho  turn  away)] 

apo'thecary,  n.  (archaic).  Druggist,  pharr 
maceutical  chemist,  as  Apothecaries?  Company. 


APOTHEOSIS J 

[f.  OF  apotecaire  f.  \iLapothecarius  f.  apotheca 
t.  Gk  apotheke  storehouse  ( APOtithemi  lay  away), 
see  -ary  J] 

apotheo'sis,  n.  Deification  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
canonization ;  deified  ideal ;  (loosely)  release 
from  earthly  life.  Hence  apo'theosiZE  v.t. 
[L  f.  Gk  (APOtheoo  make  a  god  of,  f.  theos  god, 
see  -osis)] 

appa'l  (-awl),  v.t.  (-11-).  Dismay,  terrify. 
Hence  appa'lling-LYSadv.  [perh.  f.  OF  apalir 
make  pale  ;  but  cf.  pall  v.] 

appanage.    See  apanage. 

apparatus,  n.  (pi.  -uses).  Mechanical 
requisites  for  scientific  or  other  work ;  organs 
by  which  natural  processes  are  carried  on  ; 
critical  a.,  a.  criticus,  materials  for  critical 
study  of  document.  [L  (APparare  make  ready 
for,  see  -ate  j)J 

appa'pel1,  v.t.  (-11-).  Attire,  dress.  [f.  OF 
apareiller  f.  Rom.  *Avpariculare  make  fit 
(pariculus  dim.  otpar  equal)] 

appa'pel2,  n.  Ornamental  embroidery  on 
ecclesiastical  vestments;  (archaic)  clothing, 
dress,    [f.  OF  aparail  f.  apareiller,  see  prec] 

appa'pent  (or  -ar-),  a.  Manifest,  palpable ; 
seeming ;  heir  a.  (whose  right  cannot  be  super- 
seded by  birth  of  nearer  heir,  cf.  presumptive). 
Hence  appa'pentLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  aparant 
f.  L  as  appear,  see  -ent] 

appapi'tion,  n.  Appearance,  esp.  of  a  super- 
natural being ;  ghost.  [F,  f.  L  apparitionem 
(as  appear,  see  -ion)] 

appa'pitop,  n.  Public  servant  of  Roman 
magistrate ;  officer  of  civil  or  ecclesiastical 
court ;  herald,  usher.    [L  (as  prec,  see  -or  2)] 

appeal1,  v.i.  Call  to  (higher  tribunal)  for 
deliverance  from  decision  of  lower  (also  abs.) ; 
a.  to  the  country  (i.  e.  from  parliament),  dissolve 
parliament ;  call  to  (witness)  for  corroboration  ; 
call  attention  to  (evidence) ;  make  earnest  re- 
quest (to  person,  for  thing  or  to  do) ;  pictures  a. 
(address  themselves)  to  the  eye,  do  not  a.  (prove 
attractive)  to  me.  [t  OF  apeler  t  L  APpellare 
address] 

appea'l2,  n.  Act  of  appealing;  right  of 
appealing;  Court  of  A.  (hearing  cases  pre- 
viously tried  in  inferior  courts),  [f.  OF  apel 
(as  prec.)] 

appeasable,  a.  That  can  be  appealed 
against ;  that  can  be  appealed  to.  [appeal  v. 
+  -able] 

appear*,  v.i.  Become,  be,  visible  ;  present 
oneself  formally,  publicly ;  be  published ;  be 
manifest;  seem.  [f.  aper-  st.  of  OF  apareir  t. 
L  APparere  -rit-  come  in  sight] 

appearance,  n.  Act  of  appearing  (in  vbl 
senses) ;  look,  aspect ;  semblance ;  to  all  a.  (so 
far  as  can  be  seen) ;  save,  keep  up,  aa.  (outward 
semblance) ;  apparition,  phantom,  [f.  OF  apar- 
ance  f.  L  apparentia  (as  prec,  see  -ence)] 

appea'se  (-z),  v.t.-  Pacify,  quiet,  (strife, 
anger,  person) ;  soothe  ;  satisfy  (appetite,  pre- 
judice).   So  appea'SABLE a.,  appea'se.MExr 

n.    [f.  OF  apeser,  apaisier  (a  to  +  pais  peace  f. 

L  pacem,  nom.  pax)] 

appellant,  a.  &  n.  Appealing ;  (Law)  con- 
cerned with  appeals ;  (n.)  one  who  appeals  to 

higher  court    [F  (as  appeal \  see  -ant)] 

appellate  (-at),  a.     Taking  cognizance  of 

appeals,  as  a.  jurisdiction,    [f.  L  as  foil.,  see 

-ATE  2] 

appella'tion,  n.  Name,  title;  nomencla- 
ture.   [F,  f.  L  as  appeal1,  see  -ation] 

appellative,  a.  &  n.  (Of  words)  designat- 
ing a  class,  common  (as  opp.  to  proper) ;  com- 
mon noun,  applicable  to  any  member  of  a 
class;  appellation.  Hence  appe'llativeLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  as  appeal1,  see  -ative] 


1 APPLY 

appe'nd,  v.t.  Hang  on,  annex;  add  in 
writing,  [f.  L  APpendere] 
appendage,  n.  Thing  attached ;  addition  ; 
accompaniment,  [prec.  +  -age] 
appendant,  a.  &  n.  (Possession,  thing, 
person)  attached  in  subordinate  capacity  (To 
another).  [F,  part,  of  appendre  f.  L  appendere 
(for  -ere)  hang  to  (intr.)] 

appendix,  n.  (pi.  -ices,  -ixes).  Subsidiary 
addition  (to  book  or  document) ;  small  process 
developed  from  surface  of  any  organ,  esp. 
vermiform  a.  (of  the  intestine),  whence  ap- 
pendieiiis  n.  [L  appendix  -icis  (APpendire 
hang  to,  trans.)] 

apperception,  n.  Mind's  perception  of  it- 
self ;  mental  perception,  [f.  F  aperception  (LL 
APpercipere  -cept-  perceive,  see  -ion)] 
appeptai'n,  v.i.  Belong  as  possession  or 
right  to;  be  appropriate  to ;  relate  to.  [f.  OF 
apartenir  f.  LL  APipertinere  pertain)] 
a'ppetenee,  -ey,  n.  Longing  after,  desire, 
(of,  for,  after) ;  affinity  ( for),  [f.  F  appetence 
f.  L  appetentia  (APpetere  seek  after,  see  -ence, 
-ency] 

a'ppetent,  a.     Eagerly  desirous  (after,  of). 
[I.  L  appetere,  see  prec.  and  -entJ 
a'ppetite,  n.    Desire,  inclination,  (for) ;  de- 
sire to  satisfy  natural  necessities,  esp.  hunger  ; 
relish.    So  appetitivE  a.    [f.  OF  apetit  t  L 
appetitus  (as  prec,  see  -ite2)] 
a'ppetize,  v.t.      (Of  things)  give  appetite 
(only  in  part,  -izing).    Hence  a'ppetizER l  n. 
[f.  F  appUissant  part,  as  if  f.  L  appetitiare  (as 
prec),  assim.  to  vbs  in  -ize] 
applau'd,  v.t.  &  i.     (Intr.)  express  approval 
loudly,  as  by  clapping  hands;  (trans.)  express 
approval  of,  praise,     [f.  L  APplaudere  -plaus- 
clap  hands] 

applau'se  (-z),  n.  Approbation  loudly  ex- 
pressed ;  marked  approval.  Hence  applavrs- 
ive  (-s-)  a.,  applau'siveLY  2 adv.  [f.  L applau- 
sus  -us  (as  prec)] 

a'pple,  n.  Round  firm  fleshy  fruit  of  a  rosa- 
ceous tree;  (Bot.)  any  inferior  fleshy  many-celled 
fruit ;  A.  of  discord,  golden  a.  contended  for  by 
Juno,  Minerva,  and  Venus ;  A.  of  Sodom,  Dead 
sea  a.,  fruit  dissolving  into  ashes  ;  a.  of  the  eye, 
the  pupil,  any  cherished  object;  a.-brandy, 
spirit  distilled  from  cider ;  a.-butter,  sauce  of 
apples  stewed  in  cider;  a.-cheese,  compressed 
a.-pomice ;  a.  -pomace,  pulp  remaining  after  juice 
is  expressed ; a. -Jack,  Amer.  name  fora. -brandy ; 
a.-john,  kind  or  a.  said  to  keep  two  years  and 
to  be  best  when  withered ;  a.-pie  bed,  one  with 
sheets  so  folded  that  one's  legs  cannot  get 
down  ;  a.-pie  order,  perfect  order.  [com.-Teut. : 
OE  xppel,  OHG  aphul,  mod.  G  apfel] 
applrance,  n.  Applying ;  thing  applied  as 
means  to  an  end.  [f.  apply  +  -ance] 
applicable,  a.  Capable  of  being  applied ; 
having  reference,  appropriate,  (to).  Hence 
applicaBixiTY  n.  ff.  L  as  apply,  see  -able] 
a'pplicant,  n.  One  who  applies  (for),  [as 
prec,  see  -ant] 

application,  n.  Putting  of  one  thing  to 
another  ;  employment  of  means  ;  (application  of ) 
plaster,  liniment,  &c  ;  bringing  (of  a  general 
rule  &c)  to  bear  upon  particular  case ;  rele- 
vancy ;  diligence ;  making  of  a  request ;  re- 
quest made.  [F,  f.  L  applicationem  (as  foil.,  see 
-ation)] 

apply',  v.t.  &  L  Put  close  (to) ;  administer 
(remedy  &c.  to;  lit.  and  fig.);  devote  (to); 
make  use  of ;  use  as  relative  or  suitable  (to) ; 
set  oneself  closely  (to  task,  to  do) ;  have  refer- 
ence (to) ;  attend  closely  (to) ;  address  oneself 
(for  help  &c  to),  [f.  OF  aplier  f.  L  APplicare 
fold,  fasten  to] 


APPOGGIATURA 


40  APSE 


appoggiatu'ra  (-djatoo),  n.  (raus.).  Grace- 
note  prefixed  to  an  essential  note.  [It.] 
appoi'nt,  v.t.  Fix  (time,  place,  for  purpose) ; 
prescribe  (thing,  that) ;  (Law)  declare  the  desti- 
nation of  (property,  also  abs.) ;  nominate,  as 
a.  him  governor,  to  govern,  to  be  governor,  a. 
him.  Hence  appointEE'  n.  [f.  OF  apointer 
[a  point  to  the  point)] 

appointment,  n.  Appointing ;  engagement, 
assignation ;  decree,  ordinance  ;  office  assigned  ; 
(usu.  pi.)  outfit;  keep,  break,  an  a.,  appear, 
fail  to  appear,  at  fixed  place  and  time.    [f.  OF 
apointement  (as  prec,  see  -ment)] 
appop'tion,  v.t.     Assign  as  due  share  (to) ; 
portion  out.  Hence  apportion  me  NT  n.  [f.  OF 
apportionner  (a  to  +  portionner  f.  portion)] 
a'pposite  (-Z-),  a.  Well  put ;  appropriate  (to). 
Hence  a'ppositeLY2  adv.,  a'ppositeNESS  n. 
[f.  L  AP(ponere  posit-  put)] 
apposi'tion,  n.    Application  (of  seal) ;  plac- 
ing side  by  side ;  (Gram.)  placing  of  word  In 
syntactic  parallelism  with  another,  esp.  addi- 
tion of  one  noun  to  another.    Hence  apposi*- 
tionAL  a.    [f.  L  appositio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
apppai'se  (-z),  v.t.     (Esp.  of  official  valuer) 
fix  price  for  estimate.     Hence  apppai'SAL, 
apppai'seMENT,  nn.,  apppai'SABLE  a.    [f. 
praise  v.  (formerly  used  in  the  same  sense), 
perh.  on  anal,  of  apprize] 
appreciable  (-sha-),  a.     Capable  of  being 
estimated ;  perceptible,  sensible.     Hence  ap- 
ppe'eiabLY  2  adv.    [as  foil.,  see  -ble] 
appreciate    (-shl-),    v.t.    &   i.        Estimate 
worth,  quality,  amount,  of;  estimate  aright; 
be  sensitive  to ;  esteem  highly ;  raise  in  value  ; 
rise  in  value.     Hence  apppe'ciativE,  ap- 
ppe'eiatORY  (-sha-),  aa.,  appreciative  ly  2 
adv.    [f.  L  xppretiare  appraise  (pretium  price), 
see  -ate3] 
appreciation  (-si-),  n.    Estimation,  judg- 
ment ;  perception ;  adequate  recognition  ;  rise 
in  value  ;  critique,    [f.  F appreciation  f.  apprb- 
cier  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
apprehend,  v.t.    Seize,   arrest;    perceive 
(by  senses  or  intellect) ;  understand ;  fear  (thing, 
that),     [f.  F  apprkhender  f.  L  AP(prehendere 
-hens-  lay  hold  of),  whence  also  F  apprendre 
learn] . 
apprehe-nsible,    a.       Capable    of    being 
grasped  (by  senses  or  intellect).     Hence  ap- 
ppehensiBi-LiTV  n.    [f.  L  apprehensibilis  (as 
prec,  see  -ble] 

apprehe'nsion,  n.  Seizure,  arrest ;  grasp- 
ing (of  ideas),  conception;  understanding; 
dread,  [f.  L  apprehensio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
apprene'nsive,  a.  Pertaining  to  sensuous 
or  mental  perception ;  perceptive  (of);  intelli- 
gent ;  uneasy,  fearful,  (of  thing,  that  it  may 
happen,  for  person,  for  his  safety).  Hence 
apprehe'nsiveLY2  adv.,  apprehe'nsive- 
ness  n.  [f.  med.  L  apprehensivus  (as  prec, 
see  -ive)] 

ap pre-n tiee  \  n.  Learner  of  a  craft,  bound 
to  serve,  and  entitled  to  instruction  from,  his 
employer  for  specified  term  ;  tiro.  Hence  ap- 
ppe'ntieesHiP  n.  [f.  OF  apprentis  f.  ap- 
prendre (see  apprehend),  suggested  by  words 
in  -tis,  -tif,  f.  L  -tivus  (see  -ive)] 
apprentice2,  v.t.  Bind  as  apprentice,  [f. 
prec] 

apppl'se  (-z),  v.t.  Inform ;  (pass.)  be  aware 
of.  [f.  F  appris  -ise  p.p.  of  apprendre  learn, 
teach,  (see  apprehend)] 

appri'ze,  v.t.  (archaic).     Appraise ;  appreci- 
ate,   [f.  OF  aprisier  (a  to  +  prisier  praise)] 
approach1,    v.t    &   i.       Come    near(er); 
approximate  in  character  &c  to;  come  near 
to ;  approximate  to ;  (Mil.)  make  approaches  to. 


Hence  approaeham  lh  v  n.,  approach - 
able  a.  [f.  OF  aprochier  f.  LL  xnpropiare 
draw  near  ipropius  compar.  of  prope  near)J 

approach2,  n.  Act  of  .approaching;  ap- 
proximation; access,  passage,  (lit.  and  fig.); 
(Mil.)  entrenchments  enabling  besiegers  to 
approach.    If.  prec] 

a'pppobate,  v.t.  (U.S.).  Approve  formally, 
sanction,  [f.  L  AP(probare  test  Lprobus  good) 
see  -ate  3] 

approbation,  n.  Sanction  ;  approval.  So 
a'pppobatoRY  a.  [F,  f.  L  approbationem  (as 
prec,  see  -ation)] 

appro-priate 1  (-at),  a.  Belonging,  peculiar, 
(to) ;  suitable,  proper,  (to,  for).  Hence  appro'- 
ppiateLY2adv.,  appropriates  ess  n.  [f.  L 
APpropriare  (proprius  own),  see  -ate  2] 

appropriate2,  v.t.  Take  possession  of; 
take  to  oneself;  devote  to  special  purposes. 
Hence  or  cogn.  apppoppiA'rioN,  appro'- 
ppiatOR2,  nn.,  apppo'ppiativE  a.  [f.  prec, 
see  -ate  3] 

apppo'val  (-00-),  n.  Approbation  ;  sanction, 
[f.  foil.  +-al  (2) ;  rare  before  1800,  -ance  being 
used  instead] 

apppo've  (-dbv),  v.t.  &  i.  Give  evidence  of 
(quality);  (refl.)  show  oneself  to  be;  confirm, 
sanction ;  commend ;  a.  of,  pronounce,  con- 
sider, good.    [f.  OF  aprover  f.  L  as  approbate] 

apppo'vep,  n.  One  who  approves  ;  one  who 
turns  King's  evidence,    [f.  prec.  +  -er  1] 

approximate l  (-at),  a.  Very  near ;  closely 
resembling ;  fairly  correct.  Hence  approxi- 
mate lv2  adv.  [f.  L  APproximare  (proximtis 
very  near),  see  -ate2] 

approximate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring,  come, 
near  (to  thing,  esp.  in  quality,  number,  &c). 
Hence  approximA'TioN  n.,  apppo'xima- 
tiVE  a.,  apppo'ximativeLY2  adv.  [f.  prec, 
see  -ate3] 

appui*  (-we),  n.  (Mil.)  defensive  support; 
point  of  a.  (F  point  d'a.),  fixed  object  on  which 
troops  commence  formation  into  line.  [F,  f. 
appuyer  f.  LL  APpodiare  (podium  support  f. 
Gk  podion  base  f.  pous  podos  foot)] 

appup'tenance,  n.  Belonging;  appen- 
dage ;  accessory,  [f.  AF  apurtenance  (OF  aper-, 
apar-)  f.  LL  appertinentia  (as  appertain,  see 

-ANCE)] 

appur'tenant,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  belonging, 
appertaining,  pertinent,  (to),  [f.  OF  apartenant 
part,  as  appertain] 

a'ppicot,  n.  Orange  -  coloured  stone-fruit 
allied  to  plum,  [(also  earlier  apricock)  f.  Sp. 
albar(i)coque  f.  Arab,  al  the  +  burquq  f.  Gk 
praikolcion  prob.  f.  L  praecoquum  variant 
of  praecox  early-ripe;  -cot  by  assim.  to  F 
abricot] 

A'ppil  (a-),  n.  Fourth  month  of  year ;  A.-fool, 
one  sportively  imposed  upon  on  A.-fool-day 
(April  1).    Jf.  OF  avrill  f.  L  aprilis] 

a  priori,  adv.  &  a.  (Reasoning)  from  cause 
to  effect ;  deductively  ;  (loosely)  presumptively, 
as  far  as  one  knows.  Hence  a-ppi6*PiTY  n. 
[L,  =from  what  is  before] 

a'ppon,  n.  Garment  worn  in  front  of  body 
to  protect  clothes;  official  dress,  as  bishop's, 
dean's,  freemason  s,  a. ;  leather  covering  for 
legs  in  open  carriage  ;  skin  covering  stuffing  of 
roast  goose  or  duck ;  tied  to  a.-strings  of  (wife, 
mother,  &c),  unduly  controlled  by.  Hence 
a'pponED2  a.,  a'pronFUL  n.  [f.  OF  naperon 
dim.  of  nape  table-cloth  f.  L  muppa  napkin ; 
for  loss  of  n-  (an  apron  =a  napron)  cf.  adder] 

apropos*  (-po),  adv.,  a.,  n.  To  the  purpose  ; 
in  respect  of;  appropriate(ness).  [F,  &  to  -f 
propos  purpose] 

apse,  n.    Semi-circular  or  polygonal  recess, 


APSIDAL 


ARBOREAL. 


arched  or  dome-roofed,  esp.    in   church,     [f. 

a'psidal,  a.  Of  the  form  of  an  apse ;  of  the 
apsides,    [f.  foil.  +  -al] 

a'psis,  n.  (pi.  a'psldes,  apsi'des).  Aphelion, 
perihelion,  of  planet ;  apogee,  perigee,  of  moon  ; 
line  of  aa.,  straight  line  joining  these.  [L,  f. 
Gk  (h)apsis  -idos  fastening,  felloe  of  wheel, 
vault,  (hapto  join)] 

apt,  a.  Suitable,  appropriate  ;  having  a  ten- 
dency to  (do) ;  quick-witted  (at).  Hence  a'pt- 
ly2  adv.,  a'ptNESS  n.  [f.  L  aptus  fitted  p.p. 
of  *apere  fasten] 

a'pterous,  a.  Wingless;  (Bot.)  having  no 
membranous  expansions.  [1  Gk  apteros  (a- 
not  +pteron  wing)  +  -ous] 

a'pteryx,  n.  New-Zealand  bird,  size  of 
goose,  with  rudimentary  wings  and  no  tail, 
[f.  Gk  a-  not  +pterux  wing] 

a'ptitude,  n.  Fitness;  natural  propensity 
(for);  ability.  [F,  t  L  aptitudinem  (as  apt, 
see  -tude)] 

a'qua,  n.  (chem.).  Liquid,  solution,  as  a. 
fortis,  nitric  acid,  a.  regia,  mixture  of  nitric 
and  hydrochloric  acids,  able  to  dissolve  gold  and 
platinum.    [L,  =  water] 

aquamari'ne  (-en),  n.  Bluish-green  beryl ; 
bluish  green  (also  as  adj.).  [f.  L  aqua  manna 
sea-water] 

aquarelle,  (-rel),  n.  Kind  of  painting  with 
Chinese  ink  and  thin  water  colours.  [F,  f.  It. 
acquerella  water-colour  dim.  of  acqua  f.  L 
aqua  water] 

aquarium,  n.  (pi.  -turns,  -ia)  Artificial  pond 
or  tank  for  the  keeping  of  live  aquatic  plants 
and  animals ;  place  of  public  entertainment 
containing  such  tanks.     [L  (aqua  water,  see 

-ARIUM]] 

Aquarius,  n.  Zodiacal  constellation ; 
eleventh  sign  of  Zodiac,  which  sun  enters  on 
Jan.  21.    [L,  =  water-carrier  (as  prec,  see  -ary  J] 

aquatic,  a.  &  n.  (Plant,  animal)  growing, 
living,  in  or  near  water ;  (of  sports)  conducted 
in  or  upon  water,  [f.  F  aquatique  f.  L  aquati- 
cus  (aqua  water,  see  -atich 

a'quatint,  n.  Method  of  engraving  on 
copper  by  use  of  a  resinous  solution  and  nitric 
acid.  [f.  F  aqua-tinte,  It.  acqua  tinta,  f.  L 
agua  tincta  dyed  water  (tingere  dye)] 

aqua-vrtae,  n.  Ardent  spirits,  esp.  of  the 
first  distillation.    [L,  =  water  of  life] 

a'queduct,  n.  Artificial  channel,  esp.  ele- 
vated structure  of  masonry,  for  conveyance  of 
water;  conduit;  (Physiol.)  small  canal,  esp.  in 
head  of  mammals,  [f.  L  aquae  ductus  convey- 
ance of  water  (ducere  duct-  lead)] 

a'queous,  a.  Of  water,  watery ;  (Geol.)  pro- 
duced by  water,  as  a.  rocks,  [as  f .  a  L  aqueus 
(aqua  water)  +  -ous] 

a'quiline,  a.  Of  an  eagle  ;  eagle-like,  as  a. 
nose  (hooked),  [f.  L  aquUinus  (aquila  eagle, 
see  -ine1)] 

aquo'sity,  n.  Wateriness.  [f.  med.  L  aquo- 
sitas  f.  aquosus  (aqua  water),  see  ose  and  -ty] 

ar-,  pref .  =  ad-  before  r. 

-ar1,  suf.  (1)  f.  L  -arts  (varying  with  -alis 
-al),  adj.  suf.  taken  direct  or  thr.  F,  or  imitated 
with  L  nouns.  OF  had  -er,  new  F  wds  have 
-aire  ;  E  corrects  -er  (scholar),  but  sometimes 
uses  -ary2  instead  of  -ar  for  -aire  (military). 
(2)  noun  suf.,  f.  L  -are,  -ar,  neut.  of  above 
(altar,  exemplar). 

-ar2,  suf.  Occas.  (for  regular  -er2,  -ary1)  f. 
L  -arius,  -arium,  in  nouns  thr.  OF  -ier  (bursar) 
or  F  -aire  (vicar). 

-ar  a,  suf.  Variant  for  regular  -er  ',  -or  2,  in 
nouns  (beggar,  liar),  perh.  on  anal,  of  scholar 

("AR1). 


A  Tab,  n.  &  a.  Native  of  Arabia ;  Arab 
horse  ;  street  a.,  homeless  child ;  (adj.)  Arabian, 
[f.  FArabe  t  L  Arabem  (nom.  -bs)  f.  Gk  Araps 
-abos] 

arabe'sque,  a.  &  n.  Arabian  ;  fantastic ; 
decoration  in  colour  or  low  relief,  with  fanciful 
intertwining  of  leaves,  scroll-work,  &c.  [F,  = 
Arabian,  see  -esque] 

Ara'bian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Arabia;  A.  nights, 
collection  of  fabulous  stories ;  A.  bird,  phoenix, 
[f.  Arabia  +  -an] 

A'rabie,  a.  &  n.  Arabian  ;  gum  A.  (exuded 
by  some  kinds  of  acacia) ;  A.  mimerals,  1,  2,  3, 
&c. ;  (n.)  language  of  the  Arabs,  [f.  OF  Arabic 
f.  L  Arabicus  (Arabs  arab,  see  -ic)] 

A*rabist,n.  Student  of  Arabic,  [arab  +  -ist] 

a'rabie,  a.  &  n.  (Land)  fit  for  tillage,  [f.  L 
arabilis  (arare  plough,  see  -ble)1 

ara'chnid  (-k-),  n.  (zool.).  Member  of  the 
Arachnida,  class  comprising  spiders,  scorpions, 
and  mites,    [f.  Gk  arakhne  spider  +  -id  3] 

ara'chnoid,  a.  &  n.  (Bot.)  covered  with 
long  cobweb-like  hairs;  (n.)  serous  membrane 
lining  the  dura  mater,  and  enveloping  brain 
and  spinal  cord.  [f.  Gk  arakhnoeides  (arakhne 
cobweb,  see  -oid)j 

Aramaic  (a-),  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  Aram 
or  Syria;  northern  branch  of  Semitic  family 
of  languages,  including  Syriac  and  Chaldee. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Aramaios  of  Aram  +  -ic] 

Arane'idan,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  the 
Araneida  or  spiders,  [f.  L  aranea  spider,  see 
-id  »] 

Arauear'ia,  n.  Genus  of  trees  including 
monkey-puzzle.    [Arauco,  name  of  province] 

ar'balest,  ar'blast,  n.  Crossbow,  [f.  OF 
arbalcstef.  Larcuballista  (arcus  bow+ballista 
military  engine)] 

ar'biter,  n.  Judge ;  one  appointed  by  two 
parties  to  settle  dispute,  umpire  ;  one  who  has 
entire  control  (of).  [L,  perh.  f.  ar-  =  ad  to  + 
bitere  go,  one  who  goes  to  see] 

arbitrage  (-ij ),  n.  Traffic  in  bills  of  exchange 
or  stocks  to  take  advantage  of  different  prices 
in  other  markets.  [F,  f.  arbitrer  as  arbitrate, 
see  -age] 

ar'bitral,  a.  Pertaining  to  arbitration.  [F, 
f.  LL  arbitralis,  see  arbiter  and  -al] 

arbitrament,  -ement,  n.  Deciding  of 
dispute  by  arbiter  ;  authoritative  decision,  [f. 
OF  arbitrement  (arbitrer,  see  arbitrage  and 

•MENT)] 

airbitrary,  a.  Derived  from  mere  opinion  ; 
capricious ;  unrestrained  ;  despotic  ;  (Law)  dis- 
cretionary. Hence  ar'bitrariL  y  2  adv.,  ar*- 
bitrariNESS  n.  [f.  L  arbitrarius,  see  arbiter 
and  -ary1] 

arbitrate,  v.t.  &  i.  Decide  by  arbitration, 
[f.  L  arbitrari  judge,  see  arbiter  and  -ate  3] 

arbitration,  n.  Settlement  of  a  dispute 
by  an  arbiter ;  a.  of  exchange,  determination 
or  rate  of  indirect  exchange  between  two 
currencies.  [OF,  f.  L  arbitrationem  (as  prec, 
see  -ation)] 

arbitrator,  n.  (Now  the  legal  term  for) 
arbiter.  Hence  ar'bitratorsHiP  n.  [f.  OF 
arbitratour  by-form  of  arbitrour  f.  L  arbitra- 
torem  (as  arbitrate,  see  -or2)] 

ar'bitress,  n.  Female  arbiter,  mediatress  ; 
absolute  mistress,  [f.  OF  arbitresse  fern,  of 
arbitre  t.  L  arbiter,  see  -ess  j] 

ar'bor,  n.  Main  support  of  machine ;  axle 
or  spindle  on  which  wheel  revolves,  [f.  F 
arbre  tree,  axis,  f.  L  arbor ;  refash.  on  L] 

arbora'ceous,  a.  Tree-like ;  wooded,  [f. 
L  arbor  tree,  see  -aceous] 

arbor*eal,  a.  Of,  living  in,  connected  with, 
trees,    [f.  L  arboreus  (as  prec,  see  -al] 

2* 


ARBOREOUS 


arboireous,  a.  Wooded ;  arboreal ;  arbor- 
escent,   [as  prec,  see  -ous] 

arbope'seent,  a.  Tree-like  in  growth  or 
general  appearance ;  (Arch.)  branching  out. 
Hence  arbore'seENCE  n.,  arbore*seentLYa 
adv.  [f.  L  arborescere  grow  into  a  tree  (arbor), 
see  -ent] 

ap'borieulture,  n.  Cultivation  of  trees 
and  shrubs.  Hence  apbopieu'ltuPAi,  a., 
apborieirltupisx  n.  [f.  L  arbor  -oris  tree 
+  culture] 

arbopiza'tion,  n.  Tree-like  appearance 
(Min.,  Chem.)  in  aggregation  of  crystals,  (Anat.) 
from  distension  or  injection  of  capillary  vessels, 
[as  prec.  +  -ize  +  -ation] 

ap'bop  vi'tae,  n.  Popular  name  of  several 
evergreens.    [L,  =  tree  of  life] 

ap*boup,  n.  Bower,  shady  retreat  with  sides 
and  roof  formed  by  trees  or  lattice- work  covered 
with  climbing  plants.  Hence  ap'bouPED2  a. 
[orig.  (h)erber  f.  OF  (h)erbier  grass  lawn  f.  L 
herbarium  (herba  grass,  herb,  see  -arium), 
phonetic  change  to  ar-  being  assisted  by  assoc. 
with  L  arbor  tree] 

ar-butus,  n.  Genus  of  evergreens  including 
strawberry  tree.    [L] 

arc,  n.  Part  of  circumference  of  circle  or 
other  curve;  diurnal,  nocturnal,  a.,  part  of 
circle  that  a  heavenly  body  appears  to  pass 
through  above,  below,  horizon  ;  belt  contained 
between  parallel  curves.  [OF,f.  L  arcus  bow, 
curve] 

apea'de,  n.  Passage  arched  over;  any 
covered  walk,  esp.  with  shops  along  one  or 
both  sides ;  (Arch.)  series  of  arches  on  same 
plane.  Hence  apea*dED2a.  [F,  f.  It.  areata 
arch  f.  med.  L  areata  (L  arcus  bow),  see  -ade] 

Area'dian,  a.  &  n.  Ideal(ly)  rustic,  [f.  L 
Arcadius  (Gk  Arkadia  mountain  district  in 
Peloponnese)  +  -an] 

apca'num,  n.  (Usu.  in  pi.  -na)  mystery, 
secret.    [L,  neut.  of  arcanus  {area  chest,  see 

-AN)] 

apch  *,  n.  Curved  structure,  bearing  weight 
or  ornamental ;  curve ;  vault ;  archway,  vault- 
ed passage,  arched  entrance.  Hence  ap*eh- 
wise  adv.  [f.  OF  arche  (f.  L  area  chest,  but 
confused  with  arc  f.  L  arcus  bow)] 

apch  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  with  an  arch ;  form 
into  an  arch ;  overarch,  span  ;  (intr.)  form  an 
arch.  [f.  OF  archer  (as  prec.)] 

apch  3,  a.  (sup.  -est).  Chief,  pre-eminent,  as 
a.  rogue,  knave,  impostor,  (but  now  usu.  a.-) ; 
cunning,  clever,  innocently  roguish,  whence 
ap'chLY  2  adv.,  ap'chNESS  n.    [=  foil.] 

apeh-  (-tsh,  exc  in  archangel),  pref.  -  Gk 
arkhi-,  arkh-,  arkhe-,  comb,  form  of  arkhos 
chief  cogn.  w.  arkho  begin  (OE  erce-,  arce-,  OF 
arce-,  later  arche  ;  whence  G  erz-,  Du.  aarts) ;  in 
mod.  literary  wds  f.  Gk  archi-  is  used,  as  arch- 
deacon but  archidiaconal.  Meaning:  (1)  in 
titles  of  office  &c.  '  chief,  superior ',  as  arch- 
bishop, -duke,  esp.  in  titles  of  Holy  Roman  or 
German  empire,  as  -butler,  -chamberlain ;  (2) 
4  pre-eminent,  leading ',  as -antiquary,  -builder, 
-prophet,  -wag ;  esp.  '  extreme,  worst ',  as  -buf- 
foon, -knave,  -liar ;  (3)  rarely  =  'first,  original', 
as  -founder,  -messenger;  (4)  of  things,  'chief, 
as  -diocese. 

apchae'an  (-k-),  a.  Of  the  earliest  geological 
period,  [f.  Gk  arkhaios  ancient  (arkhe  be- 
ginning) +  -an] 

apehaeo'logy.  n.  Study  of  antiquities,  esp. 
of  the  prehistoric  period.  So  apchaeolo'g-- 
ic(al)  aa.,  archaeological  i.v  -  adv.,  areh- 
aeo'log-iST  n.  [f.  Gk  arkhaiologia  (as  prec, 
see  -logy)] 

areha'ie  (-k-),  a.    Primitive,  antiquated  ;  (of 


42 ARCHITECTONIC 

language)  no  longer  in  common  use,  though  re- 
tained for  special  purposes.  Hence  apcha'ic- 
ally  adv.  If.  Gk  arkhaikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 
archaism,  n.  Retention,  imitation,  of 
what  is  old  or  obsolete  (esp.  in  language  and 
art) ;  archaic  word  or  expression.  Hence 
ap'ehaisr  n.,  archarstic  a.  [f.  Gk  arkh- 
aismos  (arkhaizo,  see  foil,  and  -ism)] 
ap'chaize,  v.t.  &  i.  Imitate,  affect,  the 
archaic;  (trans.)  render  archaistic  [f.  Gk 
arkhaizo  copy  the  ancients  (arkhaios  ancient, 
see  -ize)] 

archangel  (-k-),  n.  Angel  of  highest  rank ; 
kind  of  dead-nettle ;  kind  of  pigeon.  Hence 
apchange'lio  a.  [OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  arkhaggelos 
(see  arch-  and  angel)] 

ar'ehbi'shop,  n.  Chief  bishop;metropolitan. 
Hence  apehBrsHOPRic.  [f.  L  archiepiscopus 
(see  arch-  and  bishop)] 

ap*chdea*con,  n.  Ecclesiastical  dignitary 
next  below  bishop,  superintending  rural  deans 
and  holding  lowest  ecclesiastical  court,  with 
power  of  spiritual  censure.  Hence  apeh- 
dea'conSHiP  n.  [OE  arce-diacon  f.  L  f.  Gk 
arkhidiakonos  (see  arch-  and  deacon)] 
apchdea'conpy,  n.  Jurisdiction,  rank, 
residence,  of  archdeacon,  [prec.  +  -ry] 
arehdi'oeese,  n.  See  of  an  archbishop.- 
[arch-  (4)] 

archduchess,  n.  Wife  of  an  archduke ; 
daughter  of  Emperor  of  Austria,  [f.  F  archi- 
duchesse  (see  arch-  and  duchess)] 
archduke,  n.  Son  of  Emperor  of  Austria. 
So  ap*chDU'CAL  a.,  ap'ehDUCHY  n.  [f.  OF 
archeduc  (see  arch-  and  duke)] 
ap*eh-e*nemy,  n.  Chief  enemy ;  Satan. 
[arch-  (2)J 

ar'cher,  n.    One  that  shoots  with  bow  and 
arrows  ;  Sagittarius,  ninth  Zodiacal  constella- 
tion.    So  ap*chERY(2)  n.    [AF,  f.  OF  archier 
f.  L  arcarius  (arcus  bow,  see  -ary  *)] 
ar'chetype  (-k-),  n.    Original  model,  proto- 
type.   Hence  ap*ehetypAL  a.,  ap'ehetyp- 
alLY2  adv.     [f.  L  f.  Gk  arkhetupon  (arkhe- 
arch-  +  tupos  stamp)] 
arch-fie'nd,  n.    Satan.    [ARCH-  (2)] 
arehidia'eonal  (-k-),  a.    Pertaining  to  an 
archdeacon,    [f.  L  as  archdeacon  +  -al] 
arehiepi'seopal  (-k-),  a.    Pertaining  to  an 
archbishop,     [f.  L  as  archbishop  +  -al]. 
ar'ehll   (-tsh-,   -k-),   n.     (Violet  dye   from) 
various  kinds  of  lichen,    [corrupt,  of  orchil  f. 
OF  orchel  f.  It.  orcello,  etym.  dub.] 
archimandrite  (-k-),  n.    Superior  of  mon- 
astery or  convent  in  Greek  church,    [f.  med. 
L  archimandrita  f.  late  Gk  arkhimandrites 
(arkhi-  arch-  •+■  mandra  monastery)] 
Arehime'dean   (-k-),   a.      Of  Archimedes 
(Greek  mathematician) ;  A.  screw,  instrument 
raising  water  by  tube  in  form  of  screw  wound 
round  cylinder,    [f.  L  Archimedeus  +  -an] 
archipe'lagro   (-k-),    n.     Aegean  sea ;    sea 
with  many  islands ;  group  of  islands,     [f.  It. 
arcipelago  (arci-  arch-  (4)  +pUago  gulf,  pool, 
f.  L  r.  Gk  pelagos  sea)] 

architect  (-k-),  n.  Professor  of  building, 
who  prepares  plans  and  superintends  work  ; 
designer  of  complex  structure,  esp.  the  Creator ; 
(fig. )  achiever,  as  a.  ofhts  ovmfortunes.  Hence 
ap'chiteetiVE  a.  [f.  L  arehitectus  f.  Gk 
arkhitekton  (arkhi-  arch-  +  tekton  builder) ; 
some  derivatives  formed  as  if  L  -tectus  were 
p. p.  of  tegere  cover] 

apchlteetd'nie,  a.  Of  architecture  or 
architects ;  constructive  ;  controlling  ;  pertain- 
ing to  systematization  of  knowledge,  whence 
apchitecto'nics  n.,  apchitecto'nicAL  a. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  arkhitektonikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 


ARCHITECTURE 43 

architecture  (-tsher),  n.  Science  of  build- 
ing ;  thing  built,  structure ;  style  of  building ; 
construction.  Hence  arehite'eturAL a.,  ar- 
chite'eturalLY 2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  architectura 
(architectus  architect,  see  -ure)] 

architrave  (-k),  n.  Epistyle,  main  beam 
resting  immediately  on  the  abacus  on  capital 
of  column ;  the  various  parts  surrounding 
doorway  or  window ;  moulding  round  exterior 
of  arch.  [f.  archi-  arch-  +  L  trabs  -abis 
beam] 

archive  (-kiv),  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Place  in  which 
public  records  are  kept ;  records  so  kept.  [F 
(•if,  -ive),  f.  hh  archi(v)uml.  Gk  arkheion  public 
office  (arkhe  government)] 

archivist  (-ki-),  n.  Keeper  of  archives,  [f. 
prec.  +  -1ST] 

arehivolt  (-k-),  n.  Under  curve  of  arch 
from  impost  to  impost;  mouldings  decorat- 
ing this.  [f.  It.  archivolto,  arcovolta  (arco  f. 
L  arcus  arch  +  volta  vault,  volto  arched)] 

ar'chon  (-k-),  n.  One  of  nine  chief  magistrates 
at  Athens i;  ruler,  president.  Hence ap'chon- 
ship  n.    [Gk,  =  ruler  (part,  of  arkhd)] 

ar*etie,  a.  Of  the  north  pole,  northern  ;  A. 
circle  (of  earth),  parallel  of  66°  32'  N.  [f.  OF 
artvque  f.  L  f.  Gk  arktikos  (arktos  bear,  Ursa 
Major,  see  -ic)] 

Aretur'us,  n.  Brightest  star  in  constella- 
tion Bootes.  [L,  f.  Gk  arktouros  {arktos  bear 
+  our os  guardian)] 

arcuate(d),  a.  Bent  like  a  bow ;  arched, 
[f.    L  arcuatus   (arcuare   f.   arcus  bow,  see 

-ATE  2)1 

-ard,  suf.  forming  nouns,  usu.  of  censure 
(sluggard,  drunkard),  but  cf.  standard  (orig. 
st a  uder),  "placard ;  also  spelt  -art  (braggart). 
[ME  &  OF,  f.  G  -hart,  -hard,  hardy,  in  proper 
names] 

ardent,  n.  Burning,  red-hot ;  parching ;  a. 
spirits  (prop.  =  inflammable,  but  now  under- 
stood of  their  taste),  alcoholic  spirits ;  eager, 
zealous;  fervent  (of  persons  and  feelings). 
Hence  ardENCv  n.,  ar*dentLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
ardant  f.  L  ardentem  (ardere  burn),  see  -ant] 

ardour  (-er),  n.  Fierce  heat ;  warm  emo- 
tion ;  fervour,  zeal,  (for).  [OF,  f.  L  ardorem 
(ardere  burn,  see  -or5)] 

arduous,  a.  Steep,  hard  to  climb ;  hard  to 
achieve,  laborious ;  strenuous,  energetic.  Hence 
ar*duousLY2adv.,  ar'duousxi:ss  n.  [f.  L 
arduus  steep,  difficult  +  -ous] 

are1  (ar),  n.  French  metric  unit  of  square 
measure,  square  whose  side  is  10  metres 
(119-6  sq.  yds).    [F,  f.  L  area] 

are2.    See  be. 

area,  n.  Vacant  ground ;  level  space ;  sunk 
court  railed  off  from  pavement  and  giving 
access  to  basement  of  house,  as  a.-bell ;  super- 
ficial extent ;  region,  tract ;  scope,  range.  [L, 
=  vacant  piece  of  ground  in  town] 

a*reea,n.  Genus  of  palms;  a.  -nut,  astringent 
seed  of  a  species  of  a.  [Port.,  f.  Tamil  adaikay 
(adai  close-clustering  +  kay  nut)] 

a're'na,  n.  (pi.  -as).  Central  part  of  amphi- 
theatre, in  which  combats  take  place;  (fig.) 
scene  of  conflict,  sphere  of  action.  [L  (h)arena 
sand,  sand-strewn  place  of  combat] 

arenaceous,  a.  Sand-like;  sandy.  So 
areno'SEia.  [f.  L  arenaceus  (as  prec,  see 
-aceous)] 

are'ola,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Very  small  area,  as 
that  between  veins  of  a  leaf ;  interstice  in 
tissue ;  circular  spot,  as  that  surrounding  the 
human  nipple;  (Biol.)  cell-nucleus  of  plant. 
Hence  are'olAR1,  are'olATE2,  aa,,  areolv- 
tion  n.    [L,  dim.  of  area] 

Ared'pagite  (-g-),  n.  Member  of  the  court  of 


ARIAN 

Areopagus,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  areiopagites  (see  foil, 
and  -ite)] 

Areo'pagus,  n.  Hill  at  Athens  where 
highest  judicial  court  sat.  [L,  f.  Gk  Areios 
pagos  Mars'  hill] 

arS'te  (-at),  n.  Sharp  ascending  ridge  of 
mountain.    [F,  f.  L  arista  ear  of  corn] 

ar'gala,  n.  Adjutant-bird,  gigantic  Indian 
stork.    [Hind,  hargila] 

ai-aali,  n.    Asiatic  wild  sheep.    [Mongol] 

argand,  n.  Lamp  with  cylindrical  wick ; 
gas  burner  on  same  principle,    [inventor] 

argent,  n.  &  a.  Silver  (colour,  esp.  in 
armorial  bearings).    [F,  f.  L  argentum] 

argentiferous,  a.  Yielding  silver,  [f.  L 
argentum  +  -ferous] 

argentine,  a.  &  n.  Of  silver ;  silvery ;  imi- 
tation silver ;  silvery  lamellae  on  scales  of  fish  ; 
(Zool.)  genus  of  small  fishes ;  (Min.)  slate-spar, 
[f.  F  argentin  f.  L  argentinus  of  silver  (argen- 
tum, see  -ine1)] 

argil  (-j-),  n.  Clay  (esp.  potter's).  So  argil- 
Ia'Ceous  a.  [f.  F  argille  t.  L  argilla  f.  Gk 
argillos  (arges  white)] 

argol,  n.  Tartar  deposited  from  fermented 
wines,  which  when  purified  becomes  cream  of 
tartar.    [?] 

argon,  n.  A  gas,  an  inert  constituent  of 
the  atmosphere.  7Gk,  neut.  of  argos  idle  (a- 
not  +  ergon  work)] 

Argonaut,  n.  (PI.)  legendary  heroes  who 
sailed  with  Jason  in  the  Argo  for  the  golden 
fleece  ;  genus  of  cephalopod  molluscs  including 

f>aper  nautilus.  Hence  Argonau'tic  a. 
f.  L  (-ta)  t  Gk  Argonautes  sailor  in  the  Argo] 

argosy,  n.  (hist,  poet).  Large  merchant- 
vessel,  esp.  of  Ragusa  and  Venice,  [earlier 
ragusye,  prob.  f.  It.  Ragusea  (nave)  Ragusan 
(vessel)] 

argot  (-go),  n.  Jargon,  slang,  of  a  class,  esp. 
of  thieves.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

argue  (-Q),  v.t  &  i.  Prove,  indicate,  as  it 
argues  him  (to  be)  a  rogm,  that  he  is  a 
rogue,  roguery  in  him ;  maintain  by  reasons 
(that),  whence  arguABLE  a. ;  treat  (matter) 
by  reasoning;  a.  %t  away,  get  rid  of  it  by 
argument ;  a.  (persuade)  a  person  into,  out  of', 
reason  (with,  against,  person,  for,  against, 
about,  thing),  [f.  OF  arguer  f.  L  argutare 
frequent,  of  arguere  make  clear,  prove,  accuse) 

argument,  n.  Reason  advanced  (for, 
against,  proposition  or  course) ;  (Logic)  middle 
term  in  syllogism ;  reasoning  process  ;  debate ; 
summary  of  subject-matter  of  book ;  a.  (usu. 
argumentum)  ad  hominem,  one  that  takes  ad- 
vantage of  character  or  situation  of  particular 
opponent  ad  crumenam,  of  his  avarice,  ad 
ignorantiam,  of  his  ignorance  of  the  facts. 
[F,  f.  L  argumentum  (arguere,  see  prec.  and 

-MENT)] 

arg-u  men  taction,  n.  Methodical  reason- 
ing ;  debate.  [F,  f.  ~Largumentationem  f.  argu- 
mentari  (as  prec),  see  -ation] 

argumentative,  a.  Logical ;  fond  of 
arguing.  Hence  argume'ntativeLY2  adv., 
argume'ntativeNESS  n.  [F  {-if,  -ive),  as 
prec,  see  -ative] 

Argus,  n.  Fabulous  person  with  a  hundred 
eyes  ;  watchful  guardian  ;  a.-eyed,  vigilant ; 
a.-shell, oculated porcelain-shell.  [L,LGkArgos] 

argu'te,  a.  Sharp,  shrewd ;  (of  sounds) 
shrill,   [f.  L  argutus  p.p.  of  arguere,  see  argue] 

argyr-,  argyro-,  (-ji-),  in  comb.  =  Gk  ar- 
guros  silver,  as  argy'ria  silver-poisoning, 
argyra'nthous,  with  silvery  flowers,  argyro- 
phy'llous,  silvery-leaved. 

ar*/a  (ar-Kn.  (mus.).    Air.    [It] 

Arian  (ar-),  a,  &  n.    (Holder)  of  the  doctrine 


ARIAN 


44 


ARMOUR 


of  Arius  of  Alexandria  (4th  c),  who  denied 
consubstantiality  of  Christ.  Hence  Ar'ian- 
ism  n.,  An*ianiZE  v.t.  &  i.  [f.  L  Arianus 
(Arius  f.  Gk  Arios,  Areios,  see  -an)] 

-apian,  suf.  forming  adjj.  and  nn.  chiefly 
denoting  (member)  of  a  sect  &c.  (veget-,  trinit-, 
humanit-),  or  (person)  of  an  age  given  by  L 
numerals  (oclogen-).  [L  -arius  +  -an;  first 
sense  perh.  w.  ref.  to  arian] 

a'pid,  a.  Dry,  parched,  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  (of  ground) 
barren,  bare.  Hence  api'diTY,  a'PidNESS,  nn. 
[f.  L  aridus  (arere  be  dry)] 

ap'iel,  n.  Species  of  gazelle  in  Western  Asia 
and  Africa,    [f.  Arab,  aryil  var.  of  ayyil  stag] 

Ap'ies  (ar-),  n.    The  Ram,  first  zodiacal  con- 


apis-h't,  adv.    Rightly,    [a  prep.  +  right  n.] 


stellation.    [L,=ram] 
le-h't,  adv.    Right  . 
-apious,  compd  adj.  suf.  =  L  -arius  (-ary  *) 
+  -ous. 

ari'se  (-z),  v.i.  (arose,  arisen).  (Archaic)  rise, 
get  up  ;  (poet.)  rise  from  the  dead  ;  (archaic)  be 
heard  (of  sounds) ;  originate  ;  be  born ;  come 
into  notice ;  result  (from) ;  present  itself,  [a-  (1) 
+  rise  v.] 

api'sta,  n.  Awn,  beard,  of  grain  and  grasses. 
[L] 

api 'state,  a.  Awned,  bearded,  [f.  L  arista- 
tus  (arista,  see  -ate2)] 

apisto'cpaey,  n.  Government  by  the  best 
citizens ;  supremacy  of  privileged  order,  oli- 
garchy ;  state  so  governed ;  ruling  body  of 
nobles ;  class  from  which  ruling  body  is  drawn, 
nobles ;  the  best  representatives  of  (intellect 
&c).  [f.  L  f.  Gk  aristokratia  (aristos  best  + 
•kratia  rule)] 

a'pistocpat,  n.  One  of  a  ruling  oligarchy ; 
one  of  the  class  of  nobles.  Hence  apisto*- 
CPatiSM  n.  [f.  F  aristocrate  (as  foil.)] 
aristoera'tie,  a.  Pertaining  to,  attached 
to,  aristocracy ;  grand,  stylish.  Hence  apisto- 
cpa'ticAL  a.,  aristoepa*tieali>v-  adv.  [f. 
F  aristocratique  t  Gkaristokratikos  (as  aristo- 
cracy, see  -ic)] 

arithmetic,  n.  Science  of  numbers ;  arith- 
metical knowledge,  computation ;  treatise  on 
computation.  Hence  apithmetrciAN  n.  [f. 
OF  arismetique  f.  LL  arismetica  for  L  arith- 
metica  f.  Gk  arithmetike  (tekhne)  (art)  of  count- 
ing f.  arithmeo  count  (arithmos  number),  see 
-ic ;  corrupted  in  ME  to  arsmetrike,  as  if  f.  L 
ars  metrica  art  of  measure] 
arithmetical,  a.  Of  arithmetic;  a.  pro- 
gression, (series  of  numbers  showing)  increase, 
decrease,  by  a  constant  quantity  (e.  g.  1,  2,  3,  4, 
&c,  9,  7,  5,  3,  &c).  Hence  arithmetical  ly  2 
adv.    [prec.  +  -al] 

apithmo'metep,  n.  Calculating  machine. 
If.  F  arithmometre  (Gk  arithmos  number + 
-meter] 

-arium,  noun  suf.  f.  L  neut.  of  adjj.  in  -arius 
(-ary1),  chiefly  in  antiquarian  words  as  sacra- 
rium,  occas.  popularized,  as  aquarium. 
ark,  n.  Chest,  box  ;  A.  of  the  Covenant,  A.  of 
Testimony,  wooden  coffer  containing  tables  of 
Jewish  law ;  covered  floating  vessel  in  which 
Noah  was  saved  at  the  Deluge ;  Noah's  a.,  toy 
ark  with  animals.  [com.-Teut. :  OE  arc  I. 
OTeut.  arka  prob.  f.  L  area  chest] 
awn1,  n.  Upper  limb  of  human  body  from 
shoulder  to  hand  ;fore-a.  (from  elbow  to  hand) ; 
fore  limb  of  an  animal ;  sleeve ;  thing  re- 
sembling a.,  as  a.  of  the  sea,  a.-chair  (with 
side  supports),  a.  of  lever,  balance,  (part  from 
fulcrum  to  point  of  application  of  power  or 
weight) ;  a.-hole  in  garment,  hole  through 
which  a.  is  put;  a.-pit,  hollow  under  a.  at 
shoulder ;  a.-in-a.  (of  two  persons  with  aa.  in- 
terlinked) ;  infant  in  aa.  (too  young  to  walk) ; 


with  open  aa.,  cordially;  keep  at  a.'s  length, 
avoid  familiarity  with;  secular  a.,  authority 
of  secular  tribunal.  Hence  aP'mFUL  n., 
ap'mless1  [-less]  a.  [com.-Teut.  (OE,  Du., 
G)  cogn.  w.  L  armus  shoulder ;  cf.  Gk  harmos 
joint  f.  Aryan  root  ar- join] 

arm2,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Weapons;  fire-aa.  (re- 
quiring gunpowder) ;  small-aa.  (not  requiring 
carriages) ;  stand  of  aa.,  set  for  one  soldier  ; 
(sing.)  particular  kind  of  weapon ;  take  up  aa., 
arm  oneself  (often  fig. ) ;  bear  aa.  .serve  as  soldier ; 
lay  down  aa.,  cease  hostilities ;  in  aa.,  armed  ; 
upin  aa.,  actively  engaged  in  rebellion  &c.  (also 
fig.) ;  under  aa.,  in  battle  array  ;  military  pro- 
fession ;  (sing.  &  pi.)  each  kind  of  troops,  in- 
fantry, cavalry,  &c. ;  heraldic  devices,  as  coat 
of  aa. ;  King-of-Aa.,  Chief  Herald.  Hence 
ap'mless2  [-less]  a.  [f.  F  amies  f.  L  arma 
arms,  fittings,  f.  root  ar-  join] 

arm  3,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  with  arms ;  armed 
neutrality  (of  nations  prepared  for  war) ;  fur- 
nish with  tools  or  other  requisites ;  plate  (with 
anything) ;  furnish  (magnet)  with  an  armature ; 
(intr.)  arm  oneself,  take  up  arms.  [f.  F  armer 
f.  L  armare  (arma)} 

apma'da,  n.  Fleet  of  ships  of  war,  esp.  the 
(Invincible)  A.  sent  by  Philip  II  of  Spain 
against  England  in  1588.  [Sp.,  f.  L  armata 
(armare  arm  v.,  see  -ade)] 

apmadi'llo,  n.  Burrowing  animal  of  S. 
America,  with  body  encased  in  bony  armour, 
and  habit  of  rolling  itself  into  ball  when  cap- 
tured ;  genus  of  small  terrestrial  Crustacea  with 
same  habit,  allied  to  wood-louse.  [Sp.,  dim.  of 
armado  one  armed  f.  L  as  arm  3,  see  -ado] 

armament,  n.  Force  (usu.  naval)  equipped 
for  war ;  military  equipments,  esp.  great  guns 
on  man-of-war ;  process  of  equipping  for  war. 
[f.  L  armamentum  (as  prec,  see  -ment)] 

ar'matupe,  n.  Arms,  armour;  defensive 
covering  of  animals  or  plants;  piece  of  soft 
iron  placed  in  contact  with  poles  of  magnet, 
increasing  its  power,  [f.  L  armatura  (as  prec, 
see  -URE)] 

arme  blanche  (F),  n.  Cavalry  sword  or 
lance. 

Apme'nian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Armenia ;  A.  bole, 
red  Armenian  earth,  used  medicinally;  A. 
stone,  blue  carbonate  of  copper;  native  of 
Armenia ;    adherent    of    Armenian    church. 

[-AN] 

ap'miger  (-j-),  n.  Esquire,  one  entitled  to 
bear  heraldic  arms.  [L,= bearing  arms  (arma 
arms  +  gerere  bear)] 

armi'llapy,  a.  Pertaining  to  bracelets ;  a. 
sphere,  skeleton  celestial  globe  of  metal  rings 
representing  equator,  tropics,  &c.  [f.  L  armiila 
bracelet,  see  -ary  1] 

Armenian,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent)  of  the  doc- 
trine of  Arminius,  Dutch  protestant  theologian, 
who  opposed  the  views  of  Calvin,  esp.  on  pre- 
destination. Hence  Apmi'nianiSM  n.  [f. 
Arminius,  Latiniz.  of  Harmensen  +  -an] 

ap'mistice  (-is),  n.  Cessation  from  arms  (lit. 
&  fig. ) ;  short  truce,  [f .  L  arma  arms  +  -stitium 
(sistere  -stit-  stop)] 

ap'mlet,  n.  Band  worn  round  arm  ;  small 
inlet  of  sea  or  branch  of  river,    [arm  1  +  -let] 

apmop'ial,  a.  &  n.  (Book)  pertaining  to 
heraldic  arms,    [armory  +  -al1] 

ap'mopy,n.  Heraldry.  Hence  ap'moPiST 
n.  [f.  OF  armoirie  f.  armoier  blazoner  f. 
armoier  v.  =  It.  armcqgiare  f.  L  arma  arms] 

ap'moup 1  (-er),  n.  Defensive  covering  worn  in 
fighting;  a.-bearer,  one  who  carries  another's 
a. ;  metal  sheathing  of  ship  of  war,  composed 
of  a.-plates ;  a.-clad,  furnished  with  this ; 
diver's  suit ;  protective  covering  of  animals  or 


ARMOUR 


id 


ARROW 


plants ;  heraldic  insignia,  [f.  OF  armeiire  f.  L 
armatura  armature] 

ar'mour2,  v.t.  Furnish  with  protective 
covering  ;  armoured  cruiser,    [f.  prec] 

ar'mourer,  n.  Manufacturer  of  arms; 
official  in  charge  of  ship's,  regiment's,  arms, 
[f.  AF  armurer,  OF  -urier,  i.  armeiire,  see 
prec.  and  -er  2] 

ap'moupy.n.  Place  where  arms  are  kept, 
arsenal;  (U.S.)  armourer's  workshop,  [perh. 
as  armory,  but  treated  as  f.  armour  +  -y  *] 

army,  n.  Organized  body  of  men  armed 
for  war;  standing  a.,  one  of  professional 
soldiers  permanently  on  foot;  the  a.,  the 
military  service ;  vast  host ;  organized  body  of 
men,  as  Salvation  A.,  Blue  Mibbon  A.;  a.- 
broker,  -contractor,  (carrying  on  business  in 
connexion  with  the  a.);  a.-corps,  main  divi- 
sion of  a.  in  the  field ;  a.-list,  official  list  of 
commissioned  officers ;  a.-worm,  larva  of  cot- 
ton-moth, [f.  F  armee  (cf.  -ade)  f.  L  armata 
fern.  p.p.  of  armare  arm] 

ap'nica,  n.  Genus  of  plants  including  moun- 
tain tobacco ;  medicine,  esp.  tincture,  prepared 
from  this.    [?] 

aroi'nt,  -oy'nt,  v.  or  int.  (archaic).  A.  thee, 
begone.    [?] 

aro'ma,  n.  (pi.  -as).  Fragrance,  sweet  smell ; 
subtle  pervasive  quality,  [earlier  (and  OF) 
aromat  f.  L  aromata  (pi.)  f.  Gk  aroma  -matos] 

aroma* tie,  a.  Fragrant;  spicy.  [f.  F 
aromatique  r.  L  f.  Gk  aromatikos  (aroma,  see 
-ic)] 

arose.    See  arise. 

arou'nd,  adv.  &  prep.  On  every  side,  in 
every  direction  ;  (U.S.)  about,  here  and  there, 
at  random,  as  fool  a. ;  on,  along,  the  circuit  of ; 
about,  enveloping,    [f.  a-  (2)  +  round] 

arou'se  (-z),  v.t.  Awaken ;  stir  up  into 
activity,    [a-  +  rouse,  on  anal,  of  rise,  arise] 

arpeggio  (-ejo),  n.  (mus.).  Striking  of  notes 
of  chord  in  rapid  (usu.  upward)  succession  ; 
chord  so  struck.    [It.] 

arquebus.    See  harquebus. 

a'rrack,  n.  Eastern  name  for  any  native 
spirituous  liquor,  esp.  that  distilled  from  the 
coco-palm,  or  from  rice  and  sugar,  [f.  Arab. 
'araq  juice] 

aTrah,  int.,  an  Anglo-Irish  expletive. 

arraigrn,  v.t.  Indict  before  a  tribunal ; 
accuse  ;  find  fault  with,  call  in  question,  (action, 
statement).  So  arraig-iiMENT  n.  [f.  AF 
arainer  f.  OF  araisnier  f.  L  AYtrationare 
reason,  talk  reasonably  (ratio  -onis  reason, 
discourse)] 

arra'nge,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  into  order,  adjust ; 
draw  up  (army);  (Mus.)  adapt  (composition) 
for  new  circumstances;  settle  (dispute,  &c); 
settle  beforehand  the  order,  manner,  of ;  (intr.) 
come  to  agreement  {with  person,  about  thing, 
to  do,  that,  or  abs.).  So  arra'ngeMENT  n. 
[f.  OF  arangier  (d  to  +  rangier  f.  rang  rank)] 

a'ppant,  a.    Notorious,  downright,  thorough- 

Saced,  as  a.  knave,  dunce,  hypocrite,  nonsense. 
[ence  a'rrantLY  2  adv.  [variant  of  errant, 
orig.  in  phrr.  like  a.  (= outlawed,  roving)  thief] 

a'rras,  n.  Rich  tapestry ;  hanging  screen  of 
this  formerly  hung  round  walls  of  rooms  (often 
not  too  closely  to  admit  person).  Hence 
a'rrasED2  a.  [Arras,  town  in  Artois  famous 
for  the  fabric] 

array* l,  v.t.  Marshal,  dispose,  (forces) ;  (Law) 
impanel  a  jury  ;  dress,  esp.  with  display ;  (reft.) 
dress  oneself  up ;  adorn  ;  (fig.)  clothe  (in  quali- 
ties &c).  [f.  AF  arayer=OF  areyer  (Prov. 
aredar,  early  Rom.  arredare)  f.  ad  to  +  *redo 
(OF  ret,  rai)  order,  preparation,  f.  LG  rede,  Goth. 
garaids  ready] 


array  2,  n.  Order,  as  battle  a. ;  (Hist.)  arm- 
ing of  militia,  as  Commission  of  A.  ;  military 
force ;  imposing  series  (of  persons  or  things) ; 
order  of  impanelling  jury  ;  (poet.)  outfit,  dress, 
[f.  AF  arai= OF  arei  f.  areyer,  see  prec] 

arrear*,  n.  (Archaic)  hinder  part,  esp.  of 
procession  ;  (pi.)  outstanding  debts ;  in  aa.  or 
a.,  behindhand,  esp.  in  payment ;  in  a.  of, 
behind,  [orig.  adv.  f.  OF  arere  (mod.  F  arriere) 
f.  LL  ad  retro  (ad  to  +  retro  backwards) ;  first 
used  in  phr.  in  arrear] 

arreap'age,  n.  Backwardness ;  unpaid 
balance  ;  thing  in  reserve ;  (pi.)  debts,  [f.  OF 
average  f .  arere,  see  prec.  and  -age] 

arre'et,  a.  (Of  the  ears)  pricked  up  ;  (fig.)  on 
the  alert,  [f.  L  arrectus  p.p.  of  AKrigere  raise 
up  (regere  straighten)] 

arre'st1,  v.t  Stop  (person,  cannon-ball,  de- 
cay) ;  (Law)  a.  judgment,  stay  proceedings 
after  verdict,  on  ground  of  error ;  seize  (per- 
son), esp.  by  legal  authority  ;  catch  (attention) ; 
catch  attention  of.  Hence  arre'stiVE  a., 
arre'stMENT  n.  [f.  OF  arester  (Prov.  arestar) 
f.  LL  ATtrestare  remain,  stop  (intr.)] 

arre'st2,  n.  Stoppage,  check  ;  a.  of  judg- 
ment (see  prec.) ;  seizure ;  legal  apprehension  ; 
imprisonment ;  under  a.  (legal  restraint),  [f. 
OF  arest  f.  arester,  see  prec.  J 

arri'de,  v.t.  (archaic).  Please,  gratify,  [f.  L 
ARridere  smile  upon,  be  pleasing  to] 

arriere-ban  (a Tier-),  n.  Summoning  of 
vassals  to  military  service  by  Frankish  king ; 
body  thus  summoned  or  liable  to  be  summoned  ; 
noblesse ;  (improp.)  summoning  of  inferior 
(arriere-)  vassals.  [F,  f.  OF  ariere-ban  for 
(h)ari-ban  f.  OHG  hari  army  +  ban  edict, 
altered  in  form  and  sense  by  pop.  etym.,  whence 
ban  et  arriere-ban  summoning  of  superior  and 
inferior  vassals] 

arriere-pensee  (F),  n.  Ulterior  motive; 
mental  reservation. 

a*rris,  n.  Sharp  edge  formed  by  angular 
contact  of  two  plane  or  curved  surfaces,  as 
a.-gutter  (V-shaped),  a.-urise,  ridge-wise.  [f.  F 
areste  (mod.  arete)  f.  L  arista  ear  of  corn] 

arri*val,  n.  Act  of  coming  to  end  of  journey 
or  destination  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  appearance  upon 
scene  ;  person,  thing,  that  has  arrived  ;  (colloq.) 
new-born  child ;  cargo  to  be  delivered  when 
ship  arrives,  [f.  AF  arrivaille  (arriver,  see 
foil,  and  -al  (2))] 

arri*ve,  v.i.  Come  to  destination  (lit.  &  fig.) 
or  end  of  journey  (at  Bath,  in  Paris,  upon  scene, 
at  conclusion) ;  (of  things)  be  brought ;  (of 
time)  come;  (of  events)  come  about,  [f.  OF 
ariver  f.  LL  arribare  f.  L  ADripare  come  to 
shore  (ripa)] 

a'rrogant,  a.  Overbearing ;  presiimptuous ; 
haughty.  Hence  or  cogn.  a*rrog"ANCE,  -ancy, 
nn.,   a'rrogantLY2  adv.     [F   (as   foil.,    see 

-ANT)] 

a*rrog?ate,  v.t.  Claim  unduly  (thing,  to  one- 
self a,  thing) ;  claim  unduly  that  one  possesses 
(a  quality) ;  claim  unduly  for  (to)  someone  else, 
[f.  L  AR(rogare  ask),  see  -ate3] 

arroga'tion,  n.  Unjust  claim  (of  or  abs.) ; 
unwarrantable  assumption,  [f.  L  arrogatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

arrondissement  (F),  n.  Administrative 
subdivision  of  French  department. 

a'prow,  n.  Pointed  missile  shot  from  bow  ; 
index,  pin,  ornament,  of  similar  shape ;  a.  or 
broad  a.-head,  mark  used  by  British  Board  of 
Ordnance ;  a.-stitch,  triangular  set  of  stitches 
securing  whalebone  in  stays ;  a.-headed  charac- 
ters, cuneiform  ;  arrowroot,  plant  from  which  a 
nutritious  starch  is  prepared.  Hence  a'rrowv2 
a.    [OE  earh,  arwe,  f.  OTeut.,  Goth,  arhwazna 


ARSE 

thing  belonging  to  the  bow  (arhw  cogn.  w.  L 
arcus  bow)] 

apse,  n.  Buttocks,  rump.  [com.  -  Teut., 
cogn.  w.  Gk  orrhos] 

ap'senal,  n.  Public  establishment  for  storage 
or  manufacture  of  weapons  and  ammunition 
(also  fig.),  [f.  It.  arsenate,  earlier  arzend  f. 
Arab,  dar  accina'ah  (dar  house  +  al  the-f 
cina'ah  art  t'cana'a  fabricate;  d-  dropped 
perh.  by  confus.  w.  de  prep.  ;  -ate  added  in  It.] 

ap'senie1,  n.  (Chem.)  brittle  steel-green 
semi-metallic  substance,  crystallizing  in  rhom- 
bohedrons,  and  volatilizing  without  fusion 
with  odour  of  garlic;  (pop.)  trioxide  of  a., 
white  mineral  substance,  a  violent  poison; 
flowers  of  a.,  same  sublimed.  Hence  arse'n- 
Ical  a.  [OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  arsenikon  yellow  orpi- 
ment  (identified  with  arsenikos  male,  from 
belief  that  metals  were  of  different  sexes,  but 
in  fact)  f.  Arab,  az-zernikh  the  orpiment  f. 
Pers.  zerni  (zar  gold)] 

arse'nie  2  a.  Of,  belonging  to,  arsenic ;  esp. 
(Chem.)  applied  to  compounds  in  which  arsenic 
combines  as  a  pentad,  [f.  prec,  -ic  being  identi- 
fied with  -ic  (1)] 

arse'nious,  a.  Containing  arsenic ;  esp. 
applied  to  compounds  in  which  arsenic  com- 
bines as  a  triad,  [f.  arsenic  n.  +  -ious  ;  see  also 
-ous] 

ap'sis,  n.  Accented  syllable  in  English 
scansion  (cf.  thesis).  [L  f.  Gk,  =  lifting  f.  airo 
lift ;  in  what  sense,  and  whether  orig.  of  voice 
or  foot  (in  beating  time),  is  disputed] 

arson,  n.  Wilful  setting  on  fire  of  another's 
house  or  similar  property  or  one's  own  when 
insured.  [OF,  f.  LL  arsionem  (ardere  ars-  burn, 
intr.,  see  -ion)] 

art  \  v.    See  be. 

apt2,  n.  Skill,  esp.  human  skill  as  opposed 
to  nature  ;  skilful  execution  as  an  object  in 
itself ;  skill  applied  to  imitation  and  design,  as 
in  painting  &c. ;  thing  in  which  skill  may  be 
exercised ;  esp.  (pi.)  certain  branches  of  learning 
serving  as  intellectual  instruments  for  more 

advanced  studies,  as  Bachelor,  Master,  of  Aa., 
one  who  has  obtained  standard  of  proficiency 
in  these;  black  a.,  magic  ;  practical  application 

of  any  science  ;  industrial  pursuit,  craft ;  guild, 

company  of  craftsmen ;  fineaa.,  those  in  which 

mind  and  imagination  are  chiefly  concerned  ; 

knack  ;  cunning ;  stratagem ;  a.  and  {or)  part, 

design  and  (or)  execution,  as  be  a.  and  part  in 

(accessary  in  both  respects).    [OF,  f.  L  artem, 

nom.  ars,  prob.  f.  ar-  fit] 
aptep'ial,  a.    Belonging  to,  of  the  nature  of, 

an  artery  ;  a.  drainage  (ramifying  like  artery). 

[F  (artere  artery,  see  -al)] 
aptep'ialize,    v.t.      Convert    venous   into 

arterial  (blood)  by  exposure  to  oxygen  in  lungs ; 

furnish   with   arterial    system.      Hence    ap- 

tep'ializATiON  n.    [prec.  -f  -ize] 
aptepio'tomy,  n.     Opening  of  artery  for 

blood-letting;   dissection  of  arteries,     [f.  Gk 

arteriotomia  (as  foil.,  see  -tomy)] 
ap'tepy,  n.    Tube  forming  part  of  system  by 

which  blood  is  conveyed  from  heart  (cf.  vein) 

to  all  parts  of  body  (also  fig.).    Hence  aptep- 

itis  n.   [f.  L  f.  Gk  arteria  prob.  f.  airo  raise] 
Apte'sian  (-zhn),  a.    A.  well,  perpendicular 

boring  into  strata,  producing  constant  supply  of 

water  rising  spontaneously  to  surface,     [r.  F 

artesien  (Artois,  old  French  province)] 
ap'tful,  a.     Cunning,  crafty,  deceitful,  (of 

persons  and  actions).    Hence  ap*tfulLY 2 adv., 

ap*tfuL\ESS  n.    [art  +  -ful] 
apthpi'tls,  n.    Inflammation  of  joint ;  gout. 

So  apthpi'tic  a.    [L  f.  Gk  (arthron  joint,  see 

-ITIS)] 


46 -ARY 

apthpo-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  arthron  joint,  as 
in  arthropathy,  painful  affection  of  joints, 
arthrosis,  articulation. 

ap'tichoke,  n.  Plant  (of  which  bottom  of 
flower  and  bases  of  its  scales  are  edible)  allied 
to  thistles,  native  of  Barbary;  Jerusalem 
(corrupt. of  girasole,  sunflower)  A.,  species  of 
sunflower  with  edible  tuberous  roots,  [f.  It. 
articiocco  corrupt,  of  *atearcioffo  (mod.  It. 
carciofo,  OSp.  alcarchofa)  f.  Arab,  alkharshuf] 

ap'ticle1,  n.  Separate  portion  of  anything 
written  ;  separate  clause  (of  agreement  &c.) 
as  Thirty-nine  Aa.,Aa.  of  war,  Apprenticeship, 
Association ;  literary  composition  forming  part 
of  magazine  &c.  but  independent ;  leading  a. 
in  newspaper,  large-type  a.  expressing  editorial 
opinion ;  particular ;  particular  thing,  as  the 
next  a. ;  (Gram.)  definite  a.,  'a,  an ',  indefinite 
a.,  '  the ' ;  in  the  a.  (moment)  of  death  (usu.  in 
articulo  mortis).  [F,  f.  L  articulus,  dim.  of 
artus  limb] 

ap'ticle2,  v.t.  Set  forth  in  articles;  indict; 
bind  by  articles  of  apprenticeship,    [f.  prec] 

apti'culap,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  joints,  [f.  L 
articularis  (as  article  *,  see  -ar  j)] 

apti'culate1  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Jointed;  dis- 
tinctly jointed,  distinguishable,  as  a.  speech' 
(n.)  articulate  animal.  Hence  apti'culate  i.v- 
adv.,  apti'culate  moss  n.  [f.  L  articulatus 
(as  prec,  see  -ate2)] 

apti'culate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Connect  by  joints, 
mark  with  apparent  joints  (usu.  pass.) ;  divide 
into  words,  pronounce  distinctly ;  (intr.)  speak 
distinctly.  Hence  apti'culatORY  a.  [f.  prec, 
see  -ate  3] 

apticula'tion,  n.  Act,  mode,  of  jointing; 
joint ;  articulate  utterance,  speech ;  consonant. 
[F,  f.  L  articulationem   (articulare  joint  as 

ARTICLE  *,  See  -ATION)] 

ap'tifice,  n.  Device,  contrivance ;  address, 
skill.  [F,  f.  L  artificium  {ars  artis  &rt-\—ficium 
making  f.  facere  make)] 

apti'ncep,  n.  Craftsman ;  inventor  (of),  [t 
prec  +  -er  1) 

aptifi'cial  (-shl),  a.  Made  by  art ;  not  natural ; 
not  real,  as  a.  flowers  ;  real,  but  produced  by 
art,  as  a.  ice.  Hence  aptificia'ln  v  (-shi-), 
aptifl'eialNESS,  nn. ,  aptifl'cializE  v.  t. ,  apti- 
fi'cialLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  artificialis  (as 
artifice,  see  -al)1 

apti'llepy,  n.  Engines  for  discharging  mis- 
siles, esp.  cannon,  ordnance ;  branch  of  army 
that  manages  cannon ;  a.-train,  ordnance 
mounted  on  carriages  and  ready  for  marching. 
Hence  apti'lleriST,  aptl'llepyman,  nn.  [f. 
F  artillerie  f.  artiller  maker  of  artillery  f.  LL 
*articularius  (articula  dim.  as  art,  see  -ary  *)] 

aptisa'n  (-z-)„  n.  Mechanic,  handicraftsman. 
[F,  perh.  f.  It.  artigiano  f.  LL  *artitianus 
(artitus  p.p.  of  artire  instruct  in  arts,  see  -an)] 

ap'tist,  n.  One  who  practises  one  of  the 
fine  arts,  esp.  painting;  one  who  makes  his 
craft  a  flne  art.  Hence  apti'stic(AL)  aa., 
apti'sticalLY  2  adv.,  ap'tistRY  n.  [f.  F 
artiste  f.  It  f.  lAjartista  {ars  artis  art, see  -ist)] 

apti'ste,  (-est),  n.  Professional  singer, 
dancer,  &c    [F,  see  prec] 

ap'tless,  a.  Unskilful,  uncultured ;  clumsy  ; 
natural;  guileless,  ingenuous.  Hence  ap't- 
lessLY  2  adv.,  ap'tlessNESS  n.    [art  +  -less] 

ap'um,  n.  Genus  of  endogenous  plants, 
including  Wake-Robin ;  a.  lily,  cultivated 
white  lily.    [L,  f.  Gk  aron] 

-apy  11  suf.  forming  adjj.  &  nn.  f.  L  -arius 
taken  directly  or  thr.  mod.  F  -aire,  or  imitated 
w.  L  nn.  (rarely  in  E  words  as  bloomary) ;  adjj. 
as  arbitrary  5  nouns  =  -arius,  as  actuary,  = 
-arium,  as  dictionary,  =  -aria,  as  fritillary ; 


■ARY 


47 


ASHLARING 


words  taken  thr.  OF  have  sometimes  -ER2 
instead,  as  primer.. 

-ary2,  suf.  Sometimes  in  adjj.  f.  L  -arts 
instead  of  regular  -ar  \  owing  to  passage  thr. 
F  -aire,  as  exemplary. 

Ar'yan  (ar-),  a.  &  n.  Applied  by  some  to 
family  of  languages  (also  called  Indo-European, 
Indo-Germanic)  that  includes  Sanskrit,  Zend, 
Persian,  Greek,  Latin,  Celtic,  Teutonic,  Sla- 
vonic, with  their  modern  representatives,  by 
others  only  to  the  Asiatic  portion  of  these ; 
member  of  A.  family,  [f.  Sk.  arya  noble  (in 
earlier  use  a  national  name  comprising  wor- 
shippers of  the  gods  of  the  Brahmans) ;  earlier 
Arian  is  f.  L  Arianus  of  Aria  (f.  Gk  Areia 
eastern  Persia,  prob.  f .  OPers.  ariya,  a  national 
name)] 

as1  (az,  az),  adv.,  conj.,  rel.  pron.  1.  adv. 
(in  main  sentence,  foil,  by  as  in  subord.  clause 
expressed  or  understood)  in  the  same  degree,  as 
I  came  as  soon  as  I  could,  I  know  that  as  well 
as  you,  you  might  as  well  help  me,  as  far  j  as. 
2.  rel.  adv.  or  conj.  in  subord.  clause,  with  or 
without  antecedent  as,  so,  expressing  manner, 
degree,  &c,  of  the  principal  sentence  ;  (degree) 
you  are  as  good  as  he,  it  is  not  so  (or  as)  easy 
as  you' think,  quick  as  thought  he  jumped  out, 
fair  as(  =  though)  she  is ;  (manner)  do  as  you 
like,  according  as  we  decide,  he  looks  as  if  he 
had  seen  a  ghost,  treat  him  as  a  stranger,  you 
are,  as  it  were(=  as  if  it  were  actually  so),  com- 
promised, they  rose  as  one  man,  late  as  usual, 
he  smiled,  as  who  should  say  (=  as  a  man 
would  smile  who) ;  (time)  it  struck  me  as  I  was 
speaking ;  (reason)  as  you  are  not  ready,  we 
must  go  on ;  (result)  he  so  arranged  matters 
as  to  suit  everyone,  be  so  good  as  to  come.  3. 
rel.  pron.  That,  who,  which,  as  I  had  the  same 
trouble  as  you,  such  countries  as  Spain ;  (with 
antecedent  inferred  from  main  sentence)  he 
xoas  a  foreigner,  as  (which  fact)  they  perceived 
from  his  accent.  4.  special  phrr. :  as  regards, 
so  far  as  it  concerns ;  as  yet,  up  to  this  time ; 
J  thought  as  much,  I  thought  so ;  as  well  (as), 
in  addition  (to);  as  good  as  dead,  practically 
dead.  [OE  allswd  (later  alsa,  als)  adv.  = 
wholly  so,  quite  so] 

Roman  copper  coin,  orig.  weighing 


i£] 


12  oz.,  but  finally  reduced  to  £  oz. 

as-,  pref.  =  ad-  before  «. 

asafoetida  (-fe-),  n.  Concreted  resinous 
gum  with  strong  smell  of  garlic  used  in  medi- 
cine and  cookery,  [med.  L  (asa  f.  Pers.  aza 
mastic  +foetida  stinking)] 

asbestine,  a.  Of,  like,  asbestos,  incom- 
bustible (lit  &  fig.)  [f.  L  f.  Gk  asbestinos  f. 
foil.,  see  -INE2] 

asbestos,  n.  Fibrous  mineral  that  can 
be  woven  into  an  incombustible  fabric  (also 
fig.).  Hence  asbe'stic,  asbe'stoiD,  aa.  [L  f. 
Gk, = unquenchable  (a-  not+sbestosf.  sbennumi 
quench)] 

ascend,  v.t.  &  i.  Go,  come,  up ;  (of  things) 
rise,  be  raised  ;  slope  upwards,  lie  along  as- 
cending slope ;  rise  in  thought,  rank,  degree  of 
quality  ;  (of  sounds)  rise  in  pitch  ;  go  back  in 
point  of  time  ;  (trans.)  go  up,  climb ;  a.  a  river, 
go  along  it  towards  its  source  ;  mount  upon, 
as  a.  the  throne,  [f.  L  ascendere,  AD(scendere 
scens-  =  scandere  climb)] 

asce'ndancy,  -ency,  n.  Dominant  control, 
sway,  (over),    [f.  foil.,  see  -ancy] 

ascendant,  -ent,  a.  &  n.  Rising ;  (Astr.) 
rising  towards  zenith ;  (Astrol.)  just  above 
eastern  horizon;  predominant  ;horoscope;  point 
of  ecliptic  or  degree  of  zodiac  that  (esp.  at  birth 
of  child)  is  just  rising  above  eastern  horizon; 
house  of  the  a,  (from  5  degrees  of  zodiac  above 


this  point  to  25  below  it) ;  lord  of  the  a.,  any 
planet  within  this;  in  the  a.,  supreme,  domi- 
nating, (improp.)  rising ;  supremacy ;  ancestor, 
[f.  OF  (-ant)  f.  L  as  prec,  see  -ent] 

asce'nsion,  n.  Act  of  ascending ;  ascent  of 
Christ  on  fortieth  day  after  resurrection  ;  A.- 
day,  Holy  Thursday,  on  which  this  is  com- 
memorated ;  rising  of  a  celestial  body,  as 
right  a.  (celestial  longitude).  Hence  asee'n- 
sionAL  a.    [f.  L  ascensio  (as  ascend,  see -ion)] 

asce'nsive,  a.  Rising,  progressive ;  (Gram.) 
intensive,    [as  prec,  see  -ive] 

asce'nt,  n.  Act  of  ascending ;  upward 
movement,  rise,  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  way  by  which  one 
may  ascend,  slope,  flight  of  steps,  [f.  ascend 
on  anal,  of  descent) 

ascertain,  v.t.  Find  out.  Hence  ascer- 
tain able  a.,  ascertain. mem  n.  [f.  OF 
acertener,  st.  acertaine-  (a  to  +  certain)] 

ascetic,  a.  &  n.  Severely  abstinent,  austere ; 
(n.)  one  who  practises  severe  self-discipline,  esp. 
(Eccl.  Hist.)  one  who  retired  into  solitude  for 
this  purpose.  Hence  asce*ticAL  a.,  asce- 
tieaiLY2  adv.,  asce'ticiSM  n.  If.  Gk  asketikos 
f.  asketes  monk  (asked  exercise),  see  -ete  and 
-ic] 

asci'dium,  n.  Genus  of  molluscs  with 
leathery  enveloping  tunic,  regarded  as  link  in 
development  of  Vertebrata.  [f.  Gk  askidion 
dim.  of  askos  wine-skin] 

Asclepiad,  n.  (Gk  and  Lat.  Prosody)  verse 
consisting  of  a  spondee,  two  or  three  choriambi, 
and  an  iambus.  Hence  Aselepiade'AN  a. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Asklepiadeios  (Asklepiades,  Greek 
poet,  the  inventor)] 

ascri'be,  v.t.  Attribute,  impute,  (to) ;  con- 
sider as  belonging  (to  person  or  thing).  Hence 
or  cogn.  aseri'bABLE  a,,*  ascri'ptiON  n. 
[earlier  ascrive  f.  OF  ascriv-  st.  of  ascrire  f.  L 
AV(scribere  script-  write)] 

aseptic,  a.  &  n.  Free  from  putrefaction 
or  blood-poisoning;  (n.)  non-putrescent  sub- 
stance, [f.  Gk  a-  not  +  septikos  putrefying 
(sepo  rot,  see  -ic)] 

ase'xual,  a.  (Biol.)  without  sex.  Hence 
asexua'liTY  n.    [f.  Gk  a  not  +  sexual] 

ash  lt  n.  Forest-tree  with  silver-grey  bark, 
pinnate  foliage,  and  close-grained  wood ;  wood 
of  this ;  a.-fly,  a.-grub,  (found  on  a.  and  used 
by  anglers) ;  a.-key,  winged  seed  of  the  a. ;  a.- 
leaf,&n  early  potato;  mountain  a.,  rowan-tree. 
[com.-Teut :  OE  aesc,  G  esche] 

ash2,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Powdery  residue  left 
after  combustion  of  any  substance;  (pi.)  re- 
mains of  human  body  after  cremation  (lit.  & 
fig.) ;  lay  in  aa.,  burn  to  the  ground  ;  sackcloth 
and  aa.  (symbol  of  repentance) ;  a.-fire,  low 
fire  used  in  chemical  operations;  a.-fumace 
(used  in  glass-making);  A.-Wednesday,  first 
day  of  Lent  (from  Rom.  Cath.  custom  of 
sprinkling  aa.  on  penitents'  heads),  [com.- 
Teut :  OE  asce,  axe,  Da.  aske] 

asha'med  (-md),  pred.  a.  Abashed,  discon- 
certed, by  consciousness  of  guilt ;  a.  of  (con- 
duct) ;  a.  for  (on  account  of)  you ;  a.  to  do 
(implying  reluctance,  but  not  always  absten- 
tion), [p.p.  of  obs.  vb  ashame  (A-  (1)  +  OE 
scamian  shame)] 

a'shen  \  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ash-tree ;  made 
of  ash.    [ash  1  +  -en  s] 

a'shen2,  a.  Of  ashes;  ash-coloured,  pale. 
[ash  2  +  -EN  5] 

a'shlar,  n.  Square  hewn  stone(s) ;  masonry 
constructed  of  this  ;  similar  masonry  as  facing 
to  rubble  or  brick  wall.  [f.  OF  diseler  f.  L 
axillaris  (axilla  dim.  of  axis,  assis,  axle, 
board,  see-AR1)] 
a'shlaring-,  n.    Short  upright  quartering  in 


ASHORE 48 

garrets,  cutting  off  acute  angle  formed  by 
rafters ;  ashlar  masonry,    [prec.  +  -ing  l] 

ashore',  adv.    To,  on  to,  on,  shore,    [a  prep.] 

a*shy,  a.  Of  ashes ;  covered  with  ashes ; 
ash-coloured,  pale,    [ash  2  +  -  y  2] 

Asia* tic  (ashi-),  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Asia, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Asiatikos  (Asiates  f.  Asia,  see  -ic)] 

asi'de,  adv.  &  n.  To,  on,  one  side,  away; 
set  a.,  quash   (verdict);   speak  a.  (apart,   in 

Erivacy) ;  (n.)  words  spoken  aside,  esp.  spoken 
y  an  actor  &  supposed  not  to  be  heard  by 
other  performers;  indirect  effort,  [orig.  on 
side,  see  a  prep.] 

a'sinine,  a.  Pertaining  to  asses ;  stupid. 
Hence  asini'niTY  n.  [f.  L  asininus  (asinus 
ass,  see  -ine  ])1 

-asis,  suf.  forming  names  of  diseases.  [L 
-dbsis  f.  Gk  -asis  in  nouns  of  state  f.  vbs  in  -ad] 

ask1,  v.t.  &  i.  Call  for  an  answer  to,  as  a. 
(him)  a  question,  a.  (him)  this,  a.  (him)  who  it 
is,  a.  him  the  time,  a.  a  question  of  a  person, 
a.  him  about  a  thing ;  make  a  request  (for),  as 
a.  a  favour  of  him,  a.  (him)  a  favour,  a.  (him) 
for  it,  ask  (abs.),  a.  him  to  do  it,  a.  that  it  may 
be  done,  a.  to  have  time  given  one ;  invite 
(person  to  dinner  &c);   (of  things)   demand, 


require,  as  it  asks  (for)  attention;  a.  (publish) 
the  banns;  (pop.)  be  asked  in  church,  have 
one's  banns  called.     [com.-Teut.  ;  OE  dscian 


ME  ox  ax  ex  ask  esk  ash  ass,  &c. ;  ax  was 
usu.  literary  form  to  1600] 

aska'nee,  -ant,  adv.  Sideways,  asquint; 
with  indirect  meaning;  look  a.  at,  view  sus- 
piciously.   [?1 

askew*,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Obliquely ;  look  a. 
(not  straight  in  the  face) ;  (adj.)  oblique,  [etym. 
dub.,  cf.  SKEW] 

asla'nt,  adv.  &  prep.  Obliquely;  (prep.) 
slantingly  across,  athwart    [a  prep.  +  slant] 

asleep,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  In,  into,  a  state  of 
sleep  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  (of  limbs)  benumbed,  [a  prep. 
+  sleep] 

aslo'pe,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Sloping,  crosswise, 
[prob.  f.  OE  aslopen  p.p.  of  aslupan  slip  away] 


?eut:  OE 


asp ».  n.  (also  aspen).    Kind  of  poplar  with 
specially  tremulous  leaves.   [com.-Te 
xspx,  aeps,  G  espe] 


asp 


Small  venomous  hooded  serpent  of 


Egypt  and  Libya ;  (poet. )  any  venomous  serpent, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  aspis] 

asparagus,  n.  Plant,  whose  vernal  shoots 
are  a  table  delicacy.  [L,  f.  Gk  asparagos,  etym. 
dub. ;  earlier  sperage,  sparagus,  sparrow- 
grass] 

a'speet,  n.  Way  of  looking ;  a  looking,  front- 
ing, in  a  given  direction ;  side  so  fronting ; 
phase ;  look,  expression  ;  appearance  (esp.  to 
the  mind),  [f.  L  aspectus  -us  (ADspicere  -spect- 
look  at)] 

a'spen,  a.  &  n.  Of,  like,  the  asp  (tree) ; 
quivering;  (n.)  =  ASP1.  [asp1-}- -en;  wrongly 
taken  as  noun  used  attrib.  in  aspen  leafSccT] 

aspergi'llum,  n.  Brush  for  sprinkling  holy 
water.  [L,  f.  aspergere  (ad  to  +  spargere 
sprinkle)  +  -ilium  dim.  suf.] 

aspe'pity,  n.  Roughness;  rough  excre- 
scence ;  severity  (of  weather) ;  harshness,  sharp- 
ness, (of  temper),  [f.  OF  asprete  f.  L  asperitatem 
(asper  rough,  see  -ty)] 

asper'se,  v.t.  Besprinkle  (with) ;  bespatter 
(person,  character,  with  damaging  reports) ; 
calumniate.  So  aspen'siON  n.  [f,  L  asper- 
gere -ers-,  see  aspergillum] 

aspersor'lum,  n.  Vessel  for  holy  water, 
[med.  L  (as  prec,  see  -ory)1 

a'sphalt1,  n.  A  smooth  hard  bituminous 
substance ;  mixture  of  bitumen,  pitch,  and  sand, 
for  pavements  &c. ;  similar  mixture  of  coal- 


ASSAY 

tar  with  sand  &c.  Hence  aspha'ltic  a.  [f. 
Gk  asphaltos,  of  foreign  orig.  | 

a'sphalt-,  v.t.  Lay  (road)  with  asphalt,  [f. 
prec] 

a'sphodel,  n.  Genus  of  liliaceous  plants ; 
(poet.)  immortal  flower  in  Elysium,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
asphodelos,  etym.  dub. ;  earlier  affodil,  whence 
daffodil] 

asphyxia,  -xy,  n.  Suspended  animation 
due  to  lack  of  oxygen  in  blood,  suffocation. 
Hence  asphyxiAL  a.,  asphyxiATE3  v.t. 
[f.  Gk  asphuxia  (a-  not  +  sphuxis  pulse)] 

a'spic1,  n.  (poet,).  =  asp2.  [F,  f.  L  aspidem, 
nom.  -is,  w.  unexpl.  -ic] 

a'spic2,  n.  Savoury  meat  jelly.  [F.  etym. 
dub.] 

a'splrant  (or  aspif-),  a.  &  n.  (One)  who 
aspires  (to,  after,  for).    [F,  as  foil.,  see  -ant] 

a-spirate1  (-at),  a.  &  n.  (Consonant)  pro- 
nounced with  a  breathing,  blended  with  sound 
of  h ;  the  sound  of  h.  [f.  L  aspirare,  see  aspire 
and -ate2] 

a'spirate2,  v.t.  Pronounce  with  a  breath- 
ing ;  draw  out  (gas)  from  vessel  [as  prec,  see 
-ate  3] 

aspira'tion,  n.  Drawing  of  breath  ;  desire 
(for,  after) ;  action  of  aspirating,  [f.  L  aspira- 
tio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

a'spirator,  n.  Apparatus  for  drawing  air, 
gas,  through  tube ;  instrument  for  drawing  pus 
from  abscesses ;  winnowing-machine.  [f.  L 
aspirare,  see  foil,  and  -or2] 

aspire*,  v.i.  Desire  earnestly  (to,  after,  at, 
to  do,  or  abs.) ;  mount  up  (usu.  fig),  [f.  L  ad- 
(spirare  breathe)] 

asqui'nt,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  (With  look  or 
sim.  vb)  obliquely,  out  at  the  corner  of  the 
eyes  (esp.  through  defect  in  the  eyes),  [prob. 
f.  or  corr.to  Du.  schuinte  slant  +  A  prep.] 

ass,  n.  Quadruped  of  horse  family  with  long 
ears  and  tuft  at  end  of  tail  (used  esp.  as  type 
of  ignorance,  stupidity,  &c.) ;  make  an  a.  of, 
stultify  (oneself,  or  another) ;  Asses'  bridge 
(Pons  Asinorum),  Euclid  1, 5.  [OE  has  isolated 
form  assa,  as  well  as  esol  for  com.-Teut,  esil 
f.  L  asinus] 

a'ssag-ai,  -seg-ai  (-gi),  n.  Slender  spear  of 
hard  wood,  esp.  a  missile  of  S.  African  tribes, 
[f.  F  azagaye  f.  Arab,  azzaghayah  (al  the  + 
Berber  word  zaghayah)] 

assa'i  (-ah-e),  adv.  (mus.).    Very.    [It] 

assai'l,  v.t.  Make  hostile  attack  upon  (lit. 
&  fig.) ;  approach  resolutely  (task) ;  overwhelm 
(with  questions  &c).  Hence  assai'lABLE  a., 
assai'lANT  n.  [f.  OF  asalir,  asaillir,  f.  LL 
ADsalire  -salt-  leap  at] 

assa'ssin,  n.  One  who  undertakes  to  kill 
treacherously ;  (Hist.)  Moslem  fanatic  in  time  of 
Crusades,  sent  by  the  Old  Man  of  the  Mountains 
to  murder  Christians.  [F,  f.  med.  L  assassinus 
f.  Arab,  hashshash,  hashishiyy  hashish  eater] 

assa'ssinate,  v.t."  Kill  by  treacherous  vio- 
lence. Hence  assassin  ation,  assa'ssina- 
tOR2,  nn.  [f.  med.  L  assassinare  (assassinus), 
see  prec.  and  -ate  3] 

assavrlt1,  n.  Hostile  attack  (lit.  &  fig); 
a.  of,  at,  arms,  attack  in  fencing,  display  of 
military  exercises  ;  rush  against  walls  of  fort- 
ress &c,  as  carry  by  a. ;  (Law)  unlawful  per- 
sonal attack  (including  menacing  words),  as 
a.  and  battery,    [f.  OF  asaut  f.  LL  adsaltus 


(as  ASSAIL)] 
assau'lt2,  v.t. 


Make  violent  attack  upon 


(lit.  &  fig.) ;  assail ;  attack  (fortress)  by  sudden 
rush.    Hence  assau'ltABLE  a,   [f.  OF  asauter 
f.  Rom.  assaltare  spring  at,  for  L  AT>(sultare  = 
saltare  frequent,  of  sahre  salt-  leap)] 
assay1,  n.    Trial  of  metals,  esp.  of  fineness 


ASSAY 49 

of  coin  or  bullion ;  metal  to  be  so  tried ; 
(archaic)  attempt.  [OF,  f.  L  exagium  weighing 
(exigere,  -agere,  weigh,  try)] 

assay* 2,  v.  t  &  i.  Try  the  purity  of  (precious 
metals,  also  fig.) ;  attempt  (anything  difficult, 
to  do).  Hence  assay'ABLE  a.  [f.  OF  asayer, 
essayer,  f.  LL  *exagiare  {exagium,  see  prec.)]         assig-'n' 

assemblage,  n.  Bringing,  coming,  to- 
gether ;  concourse  of  persons ;  collection.  [F 
(assembler,  see  foil,  and  -age)] 

asse'mble,  v.t.  &  L  Gather  together,  col- 
lect, [f.  OF  asembler  f.  L  Assimulare  in  the 
(late)  sense  of  bring  together  (simul)] 

assembly,  n.  Gathering  together,  con- 
course, esp.  deliberative  body,  legislative  coun- 
cil ;  military  call  by  drum  or  bugle  ;  a.-room. 
room  in  which  balls  &c.  are  given,  [f.  OF 
asemblee  fern.  p.p.  of  asembler,  see  prec] 

asse'nt1,  v.i.  Agree  {to  proposal),  defer  (to 
a  desire) ;  express  agreement  {to  statement, 
opinion,  or  abs.).    Hence  asse'ntOR2  n.    [f.  OF 


asenter  f.  L  assentare.  -art,  irreg.  frequent,  of 
ASsentiri  agree  to  (sentire  think)] 
asse'nt2,  n.  (Official)  concurrence,  sanction, 
as  royal  a.  (of  sovereign  to  bill  passed  by 
Parliament) ;  mental  acceptance,  [f.  OF  asente 
(asenter,  see  prec.)] 

assenta'tion,  n.  Obsequious  concurrence. 
[F,  f.  L  assentationem  (as  assent,  see  -ation)] 

asse'nt ient  (-shi-),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  that 
assents,  [f.  L  as  assent,  see  -ent] 

assert,  v.t  Vindicate  a  claim  to  (rights) ; 
a.  oneself,  insist  upon  one's  rights;  declare. 
Hence  assei»*tABLE,  asser*tivE,  aa.,  as- 
ser'tiveLY2  adv.,  asser'tive.vEss  n.  [f.  L 
AS(serere  sert-  join)  put  one's  hand  on  slave's 
head  to  free  him  (whence  obs.  sense  '  free '  in 
E)  or  claim  him,  claim,  affirm] 

asser'tion,  n.  Insistence  upon  a  right ;  self- 
a.,  insistence  on  recognition  of  one's  claims; 
affirmation,  positive  statement,  [f.  L  assertio 
(as  prec,  see -ion)] 

assertor,  n.  One  who  asserts ;  champion, 
advocate,  (of).    [L  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

assess,  v.t.  Fix  amount  of  (taxes,  fine) ; 
fix  amount  of  and  impose  (upon  person  or  com- 
munity); fine,  tax,  (person,  community,  pro- 
perty, in,  at,  so  much) ;  estimate  value  of  (pro- 
perty) for  taxation.  Hence  asse'ssABLE  a., 
assessable'2  adv.,  asse'ssMENT  n.  [f.  OF 
assesser  f.  LL  assessare  frequent,  of  AS(sidere 
sess-=sedere  sit)] 

assessor,  n.  One  who  sits  as  assistant, 
adviser,  to  judge  or  magistrate;  one  who 
assesses  taxes  or  estimates  value  of  property  for 
taxation,  [f.  OF  assessour  f.  L  assessorem 
assistant-judge  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

a'ssets,  n.  pi.  (sing.  -et).  (Law)  enough  goods 
to  enable  heir  to  discharge  debts  and  legacies 
of  testator ;  property  liable  to  be  so  applied ; 
effects  of  insolvent  debtor ;  property  of  person 
or  company  that  may  be  made  liable  for  debts ; 
(sing.)  item  of  this  in  balance-sheet,  (loosely) 
anv  possession,  [f.  AF  asetz  f.  OF  asez  enough 
f.  LL  ad  satis  to  sufficiency] 

asseverate,  v.t.  Solemnly  declare.  So 
asseverATroN  n.  [f.  L  ASseverare  (severus 
serious),  see  -ate3] 

assi'bilate,  v.t  Give  a  hissing  sound  to. 
Hence  assibil ation  n.  [f.  L  ASsibUare  hiss, 
see  -ate  3] 

assidu'ity,  n.  Close  attention ;  (pi.)  con- 
stant attentions,  [f.  L  assiduitas  (assiduus, 
see  foil,  and -ty)] 

assi'duous,  a.  Persevering,  diligent. 
Hence  assi'duousLY 2  adv.,  assiduous- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  assiduus  (as  assess)  4-  -ous] 

assig-n1,  v.t     Allot  as  a  share  (to);  make 


ASSONANCE 

over  (esp.  personal  property,  to) ;  appoint  (place 
&c  to) ;  fix,  specify ;  ascribe,  refer,  (event  to 
date) ;  ascribe  (reason  to,  for,  thing).  Hence 
assigfnABLE  a.,  assig-noir-  (-in-),  n.  [f.  OF 
assigner  f.  L  ASsignare  mark  out  to  (signum 
sign)] 


One  to  whom  property,  right, 


is  legally   transferred.     [ME   assigne   (three 
syllables)  f.  F  assign^  p.p.  of  assigner  (see 
prec.)  gives  both  assign  and  assignee] 
a'ssignat  (-ig-),  n.    Paper  money  issued  by 
revolutionary  government  of  France.    [F,  f.  L 
assignatum,  neut  p.p.  of  assignare  assign] 
assignation  (-ig-),  n.    Apportionment ;  for- 
mal transference;  appointment  (of  time  and 
place) ;  attribution  of  origin,  [f.  OF  assignacion 
f.  L  assignationem  (as  assign1,  see  -ation)] 
assignee*  (-ine),  n.    One  appointed  to  act  for 
another ;  assign ;  aa.  in  bankruptcy,  persons 
charged  with  management  of  bankrupt's  estate, 
[f.  OF  a(s)signe,  see  assign  n.] 

assignment,  n.  Allotment;  legal  trans- 
ference ;  document  effecting  this ;  attribution  ; 
allegement  (of  reasons),  [f.  OF  assignement  f. 
med.  L  assignamentum  (as  assign1,  see  -ment)] 

assi'milate,  v.t  &  i.  Make  like  (to,  with) ; 
compare  (to,  with) ;  absorb  into  the  system  (lit. 
&  fig.) ;  (intr.)  be  so  absorbed.  Hence  or  cogn. 
assimilaBiLiTY,  assimilATiON,  assi'mi- 
latOR2,  mi..  assi'milABLE,  assi'milativE, 
assi'milatORY,  aa.  [f.  L  Assimilare  (similis 
like),  see  -ate  3] 

assi'st,  v.t.  &  i.  Help  (person,  process,  per- 
son in  doing),  whence  assi'st  a  NT  a.  &  n., 
assi'stANCE,  n. ;  (intr.)  take  part  (in) ;  be  pre- 
sent (at),  [f.  F  assister  i.  L  Assistere  take  one's 
stand  by] 

assi'ze,  n.  Statutory  price  (of  bread  and 
ale);  trial  in  which  sworn  assessors  decide 
questions  of  fact,  esp.  periodical  sessions  in 
each  county  of  England  for  administration  of 
civil  and  criminal  justice ;  great  a.,  last  judg- 
ment [f.  OF  asise,  fern.  sing.  p.p.  (as  n.)  of 
asseoir  sit  at  f.  L  assidere,  cf.  assess] 

asso'ciable  (-sha-),  a.  That  can  be  con- 
nected in  thought  (with).  Hence  assoei- 
aBixiTY  n.    [F,  f.  associer  (as  foil.,  see  -able)] 

asso'eiate l  (-shiat),  a.  &  n.  Joined  in  com- 
panionship, function,  or  dignity  ;  allied  ;  part- 
ner ;  companion  ;  colleague ;  subordinate  mem- 
ber of  an  association  ;  thing  connected  with 
another.  Hence  asso'ciatesHiP  n.  [f.  L  as- 
sociare  (socius  sharing,  allied),  see  -ate2] 

asso'eiate 2  (-shi-),  v.t  &  i.  Join  (persons, 
things,  or  one  with  another) ;  connect  in  idea; 
make  oneself  a  partner  in  (a  matter) ;  (intr.) 
combine  for  common  purpose  ;  have  intercourse 
(with).  Hence  asso'eiativE,  asso'ciatORY, 
aa. ,  asso'eiatoR  2  n.    [as  prec. ,  see  -ate  3] 

association  (si-),  n.  Act  of  associating  (in 
all  senses) ;  organized  body  of  persons ;  deed 
of  a.,  document  giving  particulars  of  limited 
liability  company  ;  fellowship,  intimacy  ;  a.  of 
ideas,  mental  connexion  between  an  object 
and  ideas  related  to  it  [f.  L  associatio  (as 
prec,  see  -ation)] 

assoi'l,  v.t  (archaic).  Absolve  from  sin, 
pardon  ;  acquit ;  release  ;  atone  for.  [f.  OF  as- 
soil,  assoille,  pres.  ind.  and  subj.  of  assoudre 
f.  L  AB(solvere  loose) ;  Sc  has  assoilzie  (pron. 
-yi)  still  used  in  sense  '  acquit '] 

a'ssonance,  n.  Resemblance  of  sound  be- 
tween two  syllables  ;  rhyming  of  one  word  with 
another  in  the  accented  vowel  and  those  that 
follow,  but  not  in  the  consonants  (e.  g.  sonnet, 
porridge) ;  partial  correspondence.  So  a'sson- 
ant  a.  [F,  f.  L  Assonare  respond  to  (sonus 
sound),  see  -ance] 


ASSORT 


50 


ASUNDER 


assort,  v.t.  &  i.  Classify,  arrange  in  sorts  ; 
group  with  others ;  furnish  (store,  shop)  with 
an  assortment;  (intr.)  associate  with;  fall  into 
a  class  ;  suit  well  or  ill  with.  [f.  OF  assorter 
(a  to  +  sorte  sort)] 

assortment,  n.  Assorting ;  assorted  set 
of. 'goods  of  one  or  several  classes.    F-ment] 

assua'ge  (-sw-),  v.t.  Calm,  soothe,  (person, 
feelings,  pain);  appease  (appetite,  desire). 
Hence  assua'ge.MKNT  n.  [f.  OF  asouager  f. 
L  *ass uaviare  (suavvs  sweet)] 

assu'me,  v.t.  Take  upon  oneself  (aspect, 
air);  assuming,  taking  much  upon  oneself, 
arrogant;  undertake  (office,  duty);  usurp; 
simulate ;  take  for  granted  (thing,  thing  to  be. 
that).  Hence  assu'mABLE  a.,  assu'mabLV  2 
adv.    [f.  L  AS{sumere  sumpt-  take)] 

assirmption,  n.  Act  of  assuming  (in  all 
senses) ;  reception  of  Virgin  Mary  into  heaven  ; 
feast  in  honour  of  this ;  thing  assumed ;  arro- 
gance,   [f.  L  assumptio  (as  assume,  see  -ion)] 

assirmptive,  a.  Taken  for  granted  ;  arro- 
gant,   [f.  L  assumptivus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

assurance  (ashoor-),  n.  Formal  guarantee ; 
positive  declaration  ;  (Law)  securing  of  a  title ; 
compact  securing  value  of  property  in  the 
event  of  its  being  lost,  or  payment  of  specified 
sum  on  person's  death  (usu.  life-a.,  fire-,  mar- 
ine-, insurance) ;  certainty ;  self-confidence  ; 
impudence.     If.  OF  aseurance  {aseiirer,  see 

foil.  &-ANCE)l 

assure  (ashoor*),  v.t.  Make  safe;  a.  life 
(see  prec):  make  certain,  ensure,  (of  future 
events  &c.) ;  make  (person)  sure  (of  fact) ;  tell 
(person)  confidently  (of  a,  thing,  o/its  being  so, 
that  it  is  so).  Hence  assur'ed lv  2  adv.,  as- 
sure'dNESS  n.  [f.  OF  aseiirer  f.  LL  ad- 
securare  (securus  safe)] 

assup'gtnt,  a.  Rising;  (Bot.)  rising  ob- 
liquely ;  aggressive.  If.  L  Assicrgere  rise,  see 
-ent] 

Assyrlo'logy,  n.  Study  of  language,  history, 
antiquities,  of  Assyria.  Hence  Assyrio'LO- 
gist  n.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  Assuria  +  -logv] 

astatic,  a.  Not  tending  to  keep  one  position ; 
a.  needle  (unaffected  by  earth's  magnetism), 
[f.  Gk  astatos  unstable  (a-  not  +  sta-  stand)  + 
-ic] 

a'ster,  n.  Genus  of  plants  with  showy 
radiated  flowers;  China  a.,  flower  allied  to 
this.    [Lf.  Gk,=star] 

-aster,  suf.  expressing  contempt,  added  to 
L  and  Rom.  nn.,  as  oleaster,  poetaster,  mean- 
ing '  petty,  sham,  would-be'.  [L,  as  in  philo- 
sophaster] 

a*sterisk,  n.,  &  v.t.  Star  (*)  used  to  mark 
words  for  reference  or  distinction  ;  (v.t.)  mark 
with  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  aster iskos  dim.  as  aster] 

a'sterism,  n.  Cluster  of  stars ;  three  as- 
terisks (V),  calling  attention,  [f.  Gk  asterismos 
(aster,  see -ism)] 

aster*n,  adv.  (naut).  In,  at,  the  stern; 
away  behind  ;  backwards,    [a  prep.-;-  stern] 

a-steroid,  a.  &  n.  Star-shaped  ;  (n.)  name  of 
small  planets  revolving  round  sun  between 
orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter;  kind  of  firework. 
Hence  asteroi'dAL  a.  [f.  Gk  asteroeides 
(aster,  see  -OID)] 

a'sthma,  n.  A  disease  of  respiration,  char- 
acterized by  difficult  breathing,  cough,  &c. 
[Gk  asthma  -matos  (azo  breathe  hard,  see  -m)] 

asthmatic,  a.  &  n.  Pertaining  to,  suffer- 
ing from,  good  against,  asthma;  (n.)  person 
suffering  from  asthma.  Hence  asthma*- 
ticAL  a.,  asthmaticalLY2  adv.  [f.  Gk 
asthmatikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic-)] 

astigmatism,  n.  Structural  defect  in  the 
eye,  preventing raysof  light  from  being  brought 


to  common  focus  on  retina.  So  astigmatic 
a.    [f.  Gk  a-  not  +  stigma  -matos  point  +  -ic] 

astir*,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  In  motion  ;  out  of 
bed  ;  in  excitement,    [a  prep.  +  stir  n.] 

astd'nish,  v.t.  Amaze,  surprise.  Hence 
asto'nishMENT  n.  [altered  f.  obs.  astony 
unexpl.  form  of  obs.  astone  apparently  f.  OF 
estoner,  estuner  (mod.  etonner),  stupefy,  shock, 
f.  L  *KXtonare  (cf.  L  attonare  strike  with 
thunderbolt,  stun) ;  relation  to  stun  and  G 
staunen  is  uncertain] 

astou'nd(-ow-),  v.t.  Shock  with  alarm  or  sur- 
prise ;  amaze,  [f.  obs.  astound  a.  =  astoned 
p.p.  of  obs.  astone,  see  prec] 

astra'ddle,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  In  a  straddling 
position,    [a  prep.+  straddle  v.] 

a'stragal,  n.  (Arch.)  small  moulding  round 
top  or  bottom  of  columns  ;  (Gunn.)  ring  round 
cannon  near  mouth,    [f.  foil.] 

astra'ga/us,  n.  Ball  of  ankle-joint ;  genus 
of  leguminous  plants  including  milk-vetch. 
[L,  f.  Gk  astragalos  huckle-bone,  moulding, 
plant] 

astrakha'n  (-kan),  n.  Skin  of  young  lambs 
from  Astrakhan  in  Russia,  with  wool  like 
fur. 

a'stral,  a.  Connected  with,  consisting  of, 
stars ;  a.  spirits  (supposed  to  live  in  stars) ;  a. 
body,  spiritual  appearance  of  the  human  form ; 
a.  lamp  (throwing  no  shadow  on  table  below), 
[f.  L  astralis  (astrum  star,  see  -al)] 

astray,  adv.  or  pred.  a.  Out  of  the  right 
way  (lit.  &  fig.),  [perh.  orig.  f.  OF  estraie  p.p. 
of  estraier  f.  L  *extravagare  wander  out  of 
bounds ;  but  confused  w.  forms  like  a-Jioat, 
a-sleep  ;  no  early  noun  stray] 

astri'ct.  v.t.  (rare)  Bind  tightly  ;  make  cos- 
tive ;  bind  morally,  legally ;  restrict  (to).  So 
astri'ctiON  n.  [f.  L  astringere  -ict-  (ad  to  -h 
stringere  bind)] 

as  tractive,  a.  Tending  to  contract  organic 
tissue :  astringent,  styptic    [as  prec,  see  -ive] 

astri'de,  adv.,  pred.  a.,  prep.  In  a  striding 
position;  with  legs  on  each  side  (of);  (prep.) 
astride  of.    [a  prep.  +  stride  n.] 

astri'nge,  v.t.  Bind  together;  compress; 
constipate,    [as  astrict] 

astri'ng-ent,  a.  &  n.  Binding,  styptic; 
severe ;  austere ;  (n.)  astringent  medicine. 
Hence  astri-ngentLY  2  adv.,  astri-ng-ENcv 
n.    [as  prec,  see  -ent] 

astro-,  in  comb.  =  Greek  astron  star;  in 
wds  f.  Gk,  as  astronomy,  and  mod.  formations 
as  -gony,  stellar  cosmogony,  -lithology,  study 
of  meteoric  stones. 

a'strolte,  n.  Gem  known  to  the  ancients ; 
kind  of  madrepore,  [f.  L  astroites  (see  prec. 
and  -ite)] 

a'strolabe,  n.  Instrument  formerly  used 
for  taking  altitudes  &c  [f.  OF  astrelabe  f. 
med.  L  astrolabium  f.  Gk  astro-  (lab-  take)] 

astro'logy,  n.  (Formerly)  practical  as- 
tronomy (also  called  natural  a.) ;  art  of  judg- 
ing of  reputed  occult  influence  of  stars  upon 
human  affairs  (judicial  a.).  So  astro'LOGER 
n.,  astrolo'firic(AL)  aa.,  astrolo'gicali.v 2 
adv.    If.  F  astrologie  f.  L  f.   Gk  ASTRO(logia 

-LOGY)] 

astro'nomy,  n.  Science  of  the  heavenly 
bodies.  Soastro'nomER1  (3)n.,  astrono'm- 
ic(al)  aa.,  astrono'micalLY2  adv.  [f.  OF 
astronomie  f.  Lf.  Gkastronomiat  ASTROnomos 
a.  star-arranging  (nemo  arrange)] 

astute,  a.  Shrewd,  sagacious ;  crafty. 
Hence  astuteLY2  adv.,  astutexKSS  n.  [f. 
L  astidus  length,    form  of  astus  crafty] 

asu'nder,  adv.  (Of  two  or  more  things) 
apart  (in  motion  or  position) ;  tear  a.,  tear  to 


ASYLUM 


51 


-ATIVE 


pieces.     [OE  on  sundran,   see   A   prep,    and 
sunder] 

asylum,  n.  Sanctuary,  place  of  refuge,  esp. 
for  criminals  or  debtors ;  shelter,  refuge ;  in- 
stitution for  shelter  and  support  of  afflicted  or 
destitute  persons,  esp.  lunatics.  [L,  f.  Gk 
asulon  neut.  of  adj.  asulos  inviolable  (a-  not  + 
sule  right  of  seizure)] 

asymmetry,  n.  Want  of  symmetry,  [a- 
(7)4- symmetry] 

a'symptote  (-6t),  n.  Line  that  approaches 
nearer  and  nearer  to  given  curve  but  does  not 
meet  it  within  a  finite  distance,  [f.  Gk  asum- 
ptotos  not  falling  together  (a-  not  +  sum-  to- 
gether +  ptotos  falling  f.  pipto)] 
asyndeton,  n.  A  rhetorical  figure  that 
omits  the  conjunction,  [f.  Gk  asundeton  un- 
connected (a-  not  +  sunaetos  f.  sundeo  bind 
together)] 

at,  prep,  expressing  exact,  approximate,  or 
vague,  position,  lit.  &  fig.,  as  meet  a.  a  point, 
wait  a.  the  corner,  a.  the  top,  a.  Bath  (or  any 
town  except  London  and  that  in  which  the 
speaker  is),  a.  school,  a.  sea,  a.  a  distance,  a. 
arm's  length,  out  a.  elbows,  a.  work,  a.  dinner, 
play  a.  fighting,  good  a.  repartee,  a.  daggers 
drawn,  a.  a  disadvantage,  a.  his  mercy,  a.  a 
low  price,  a.  midday,  a.  first,  a.  least,  a.  all 
events,  annoyed  a.  finding,  impatient  a.  delay ; 
expr.  motion  towards,  lit.  &  fig.,  as  arrive  a.  a 
place,  get,  rush,  shoot,  laugh,  grumble,  hint, 
snatch,  aim,  a.  [com.-Teut.,  but  lost  in  G  and 
Du.  ;  OE  xt,  governing  dat.,  rarely  ace] 
at-,  pref.  =  ad-  before  t. 
atara'xia,  -xy,  n.  Stoical  indifference. 
[Gk  ataraxia  (a-  not  +  tarasso  disturb)] 
a'tavism,  n.  Resemblance  to  remote  an- 
cestors rather  than  to  parents ;  recurrence  of 
disease  after  intermission  of  some  generations. 
Hence  atavi'stic  [-ist,  -ic]  a.  [f.  F  atavisme 
f.  L  atavus  great-grandfather's  grandfather, 
see  -ism] 

ata'xic,  a.  Characterized  by  ataxy ;  a.  fever, 
malignant  typhus  fever,  [f.  foil.  +  -ic] 
ata'xy,  n.  Irregularity  of  animal  functions ; 
locomotor  a.,  constitutional  unsteadiness  in  use 
of  legs,  arms,  &c.  [f.  Gk  ataxia  (a-  not  +  tfixis 
order  f .  tasso  arrange)] 
ate.    See  eat. 

-ate1,  suf.  forming  nn.  orig.  f.  L  -atus  (gen. 
-us)  in  nouns  of  state  from  p.p.  stems  or  nouns, 
or  f.  L  -atus,  -ata,  -atum  (see  -ate  2),  which  in 
OF  became  -e"  (-ie),  but  in  learned  words,  and 
later  in  many  re-formed  words,  -at,  as  prilat, 
primat,  magistrat.  E  having  adopted  -at 
afterwards  added  -e  to  mark  quantity  of  a,  and 
later  words  took  -ate  at  once.  E  also  formed 
.wds  either  directly  on  L  as  curate  or  by  anal, 
as  aldermanate.  Most  nn.  in  -ate  are  (1)  nn.  of 
office,  as  marquisate,  syndicate,  (2)  participial 
nn.  as  legate  one  deputed,  precipitate  what  is 
thrown  down,  (3)  chem.  terms  denoting  salts 
formed  by  action  of  an  acid  on  a  base,  as  nitrate, 
sulphate. 

-ate2,  suf.  forming  adjj.  (1)  chiefly  (thr.  F) 
f.  L  p.p.  in  -atus  (1st  conjug.),  which  (cf.  prec.) 
became  successively  -at,  -ate,  as  desolate. 
Many  such  adjj.  formed  causative  vbs  (see 
foil.)  and  served  as  p.p.  to  them,  till  later  the 
native  -ed  was  added  ;  -ated  also  appears  with- 
out intervention  of  vb,  as  annulated,  and  as 
alternative  form  to  -ate  ;  (2)  L  participial  adjj. 
were  also  formed  on  nn.,  as  caudatus  tailed, 
and  on  adjj.  as  candidatus  white-robed  ;  these 
were  largely  adopted  in  E,  and  others  formed 
on  anal.  Many  nouns  in  -ate  1  were  orig.  adjj. 
In  cordate,  ovate,  &c,  the  sense  is  'shaped  like*. 
-ate3,  suf.  forming  vbs  to  correspond  to  adjj. 


in  -ate2,  and  subsequently  to  repr.  the  corr. 
L  vb  in  -are  (p.p.  -atus),  as  separate,  aggravate. 
As  these  vbs  usu.  have  F  equivalents  in  -er, 
-ate  was  further  used  to  form  vbs  on  model  of 
F  vbs  in  -er,  as  isolate  (F  isoler).  -ate  was  also 
used  to  form  vbs  that  L  might  have  formed, 
but  did  not,  on  nouns,  as  felicitate  (L  felicitas 
-atis),  and  even  vbs  on  nouns  not  of  L  orig.,  as 
camphorate. 

atelier  (atl-ya*),  n.    Workshop,  studio.    [F] 

atelo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  ateles  imperfect  (a-  not 
+  telos  end),  as  -glossia,  -gnathia,  -stomia,  im- 
perfect development  of  tongue,  jaws,  mouth. 

Athana'sian,  a.  Of  Athanasius  (arch- 
bishop of  Alexandria  in  reign  of  Constantine), 
as  A.  creed  (that  beginning  whosoever  will). 
[f.  Athanasius  +  -an] 

a'theism,  n.  Disbelief  in  the  existence  of 
a  God;  godlessness.  Soa*theiSTn.,athei#st- 
ic  a.,  athei'stiCALLY  adv.  [f.  F  ath&isme  f. 
Gk  atheos  without  God  (a-  not+theos  God),  see 
-ism] 

athenae'um,  n.  Literary  or  scientific  club ; 
reading-room,  library.  [L,  f.  Gk  Athenaien 
temple  of  Athene,  goddess  of  wisdom] 

athir'st,  pred.  a.  Thirsty  ;  eager  (for).  [OE 
ofthyrst  for  ofthyrsted  p.p.  of  ofthyrstan  be 


thirsty] 

"  ilete,  n.     competitor  in  pi 
cises  ;  robust,  vigorous,  man.    [f.  L  athleta  f. 


a'thlete,  n.     Competitor  in  physical  exer- 


Gk  athletes  f.  athleo  contend  for  prize  {athlon), 
see  -et2] 

athle'tic,  a.  &  n.  'Pertaining  to  athletes; 
physically  powerful ;  (n.  pi.)  practice  of  physical 
exercises.  Hence  athle*tiCALLY  adv.,  ath- 
le'ticiSM  n.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  athletikos  (as  prec.)] 

at-ho'me,  n.  Reception  of  visitors  within 
certain  hours  during  which  host  or  hostess  or 
both  have  announced  that  they  will  be  at  home. 

athwar't,  (-awt),  adv.  &  prep.  Across  from 
side  to  side  (usu.  obliquely) ;  crosswise,  per- 
versely; in  opposition  to;  (of  ship)  athwart- 
hawse,  across  stem  of  another  ship  at  ancher. 
[a  prep.+  thwart] 

-atic,  adj.  suf.  (=  F  -atique)  f.  L  -aticus 
(orig.  -at-  of  p.p.  stems  +  -ic,  but  extended  to 
nouns  as  fanaticus  f.fanum),  which  gives  also 
-age  ;  in  many  modern  formations,  as  lunatic, 
lymphatic  :  but  in  many  apparent  exx.  (drama- 
tic, piratic)  the  suf.  is  -ic,  and  -at-  part  of  the 
stem. 

-atile,  adj.  suf.  like  -atic  in  orig.  and  use  = 
-at-  +  -ile,  as  volatile,  fluviatile. 

a-ti'lt,  adv.  Tilted  ;  run,  ride,  a.  (in  en- 
counter on  horseback  with  thrust  of  lance, 
usu.  fig.),    [a  prep.  +  tilt] 

-ation,  suf.  (=  -at-  of  L  1st  conj.  p.p.  stems+ 
-ion)  forming  abstract  nouns  on  L  1st  conj. 
vbs  as  agitation,  Gk  vbs  in  -izo  (L  -izare  -ize) 
as  organization  F  vbs  in  -er  as  filtration,  and 
rarely  E  vbs  as  starvation,  the  last  on  false 
anal.  f.  vexation  &c,  formed  on  L  vexare,  not 
on  E  vex.  The  great  preponderance  of  -ation 
over  -ition  &c.  is  due  to  F  adoption  of  the  -er 
vb  (=  L  1st  conj.)  as  the  type  for  all  new  vbs. 
Wds  taken  f.  OF  have  often  -ison,  -son,  (orison, 
reason)  instead  of  -ation.  Most  wds  have  vb 
in  -ate  corr.  (creation),  many  a  shortened  vb 
f.  L  1st  conj.  (plantation,  plant,  not  plantate ; 
modify,  not  modificate),  a  lew  no  vb  (duration). 
Meanings:  (1)  vbl  action;  (2)  instance  of  this; 
(3)  resulting  state  ;  (4)  concrete  result  (planta- 
tion). 

-ative,  adj.  suf.  =  -at-  +  -ive  (cf.  -atic)  ;  most 
exx.  are  f.  vbs  in  -ate  as  demonstrative,  or  L 
1st  conj.  as  affirmative,  some  f.  nouns  in  -TT 
(L  st.  -tat)  as  authoritative,  and  some  on  E  vbs 
as  talkative. 


ATLANTIC 


52 


ATTENDANCE 


Atla'ntic,  a.  &  n.  Pertaining  to  mount 
Atlas  in  Libya;  hence  applied  to  sea  near 
western  shore  of  Africa,  and  later  to  whole 
ocean  between  Europe  and  Africa  on  east  and 
America  on  west;  (n.)  Atlantic  ocean,  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  Atlantikos  f.  foil.] 

a'tlas,  n.  Volume  of  maps ;  large  size  of 
drawing  paper;  (Physiol.)  uppermost  cervical 
vertebra,  supporting  skull.  [Atlas  -antos  (1) 
Greek  god  of  the  older  family,  who  held  up 
pillars  of  universe ;  (2)  the  mountain  in  Libya, 
regarded  as  supporting  the  heavens] 
atmo-  in  comp.  =  Gk  atmos  vapour,  as  -logy, 
science  of  aqueous  vapour,  -lysis,  separation  of 
vapours,  -meter  (for  measuring  evaporation), 
a'tmosphere,  n.  Spheroidal  gaseous  en- 
velope surrounding  heavenly  body ;  that  sur- 
rounding earth  ;  one  surrounding  any  sub- 
stance ;  mental  or  moral  environment ;  air  (in 
any  place);  (w.  pi.)  pressure  of  151b.  on  square 
inch  (that  exerted  by  atmosphere  on  earth's 
surface).  Hence  atmosphe'Pic(AL)  aa.,  at- 
mosphe'riealLY 2  adv.  [f.  atmo  -  +  Gk 
sphaira  ball] 

ato'll  (or  at-),  n.  Ring-shaped  coral  reef 
enclosing  lagoon.  [Maldive  atollon,  atoll, 
prob.  =  Malay alam  adal  closing] 
a'tom,  n.  Body  too  small  to  be  divided  ; 
physical  a.,  supposed  ultimate  particle  of 
matter;  chemical  aa.,  smallest  particles  in 
which  elements  combine  with  themselves  or 
each  other ;  minute  portion  ;  small  thing,  [f. 
F  atome  f.  L  f.  Gk  atomos  indivisible  (a-  not+ 
-tomos  cut  f.  temno)] 

ato'mic,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  atoms ;  a. 
philosophy,  doctrine  of  formation  of  all  things 
from  indivisible  particles  endued  with  gravity 
and  motion  ;  (Chem.)  a.  theory  (that  elemental 
bodies  consist  of  indivisible  atoms  of  definite 
relative  weight,  and  that  atoms  of  different 
elements  unite  with  each  other  in  fixed  pro- 
portions, which  determine  the  proportions  in 
which  elements  and  compounds  enter  into 
chemical  combination) ;  unit  of  a.  weight, 
weight  of  an  atom  of  hydrogen.  Hence  ato'm- 
Ical  a.,  ato-micalLY  2  adv.  [prec.  +  -ic] 
atomi'city,  n.  Combining  capacity  of  an 
element,  number  of  atoms  of  hydrogen  with 
which  one  of  its  atoms  normally  combines,  [f. 
preo.,  see  -ty] 

a'tomism,  n.    Atomic  philosophy ;  doctrine 
of  action  of  individual  atoms,    [atom  +  -ism] 
atomist,  n.     Holder  of  atomic  theory  or 
philosophy.  Hence  atomi'stic  a.  [atom  +  -ist] 
atomize,  v.t.     Reduce  to  atoms.     Hence 
atomizATiON  n.    [atom  +  -ize] 
a'tomizer,  n.   (med.).     Instrument  for  re- 
ducing liquids  to  fine  spray,    [prec.  +  -er1] 
a'tomy  *,  n.    Skeleton  ;  emaciated  body.    [f. 
anatomy,  an-  being  taken  as  article] 
atomy2,  n.    Atom,  tiny  being,    [f.  atomi  pi. 
of  L  atomus  atom] 

atd'ne,  v.t.  &  i.     Make  reconcilement,  satis- 
faction, (for  offender,  for  offence) ;  (archaic) 
expiate  (offence) ;  (t.  &  i.)  harmonize.    Hence 
ato'neMENTn.    [at  +  one, = set  atone,  unite] 
atd'nic,  a.  &  n.     Unaccented,  unstressed ; 
(Path.)  wanting  tone  ;    (n.)  unaccented  word 
(esp.  in  Gk  Gram.),    [f.  med.  L  atonicus  f.  Gk 
atonos  toneless  (a-  not  +  tonos)  tone,  see  -ic] 
ato'p,  adv.    On  the  top  (of),    [a  prep.] 
atnabi'lious,  a.     Affected  by  black  bile; 
melancholy;   acrimonious.     Hence  atrabi'- 
Housness  n.     [f.   L  atra  bilis  black  bile  + 
-ous,  after  L  biliosus  bilious] 
atpi'p,  adv.      (Of  anchor)  just  lifted  from 
ground  in  weighing,    [a  prep.  +  trip] 
atrium,  n.  (pi.  -a,  -urns).    Central  court  of 


Roman  house ;  covered  portico,  esp.  before 
church  door.    [L] 

atro'cious  (-shws),  a.  Heinously  wicked ; 
very  bad,  as  a.  pun.  Hence  atPO'eiousLY2 
adv.,  atro'eiousxESS  n.  [f.  L  atrox  -ocis 
(ater  black)  +  -ous] 

atPO'eity,  n.  Heinous  wickedness  ;  atrocious 
deed ;  bad  blunder,  [f.  L  atrocitas  (as  prec, 
see  -ty)] 

a'tpophy,  n.  Wasting  away  through  im- 
perfect nourishment;  emaciation  (lit.  &  fig.). 
Hence  atrophy  v.t.  &  i.  [f.  F  atropine  f.  L 
f.  Gk  atrophia  f.  atrophos  ill-fed  (a-  not  + 
trophe  food)] 

atropine,  n.  Poisonous  alkaloid  found  in 
deadly  nightshade,  [f.  atropa  deadly  night- 
shade f.  Gk  Atropos  inflexible,  name  of  one  of 
the  Fates,  see  -ine  5] 

atta-ch,  v.t.  &  i.  Fasten  (thing  to  another) ; 
join  oneself  (to  person,  company,  expedition) ; 
affix  (immaterial  things,  name,  liability,  &c, 
to) ;  attribute  (importance  &c.  to) ;  (Law)  seize 
(person,  property)  by  legal  authority  ;  adhere, 
be  incident,  as  no  blame  attaches  to.  Hence 
atta'chABLE  a.  [f.  OF  atachier  (mod.  at- 
tacher,  It.  attaccare)  f.  a,  to  +  root  found  in 
Genevese  tache,  Sp.  and  Port,  tacha,  nail,  tack] 

atta'che1  (-sha),  n.  One  attached  to  am- 
bassador's suite.    [F,  p.p.  of  attacher  (as  prec.)] 

atta'chment,  n.  Act  of  attaching;  thing 
attached  ;  means  of  attaching  ;  affection  ;  legal 
seizure,  esp.  foreign  a.  (of  foreigner's  goods,  to 
satisfy  his  creditors),  [f.  F  attachement  (at- 
tacher ATTACH,  See  -MENT)] 

atta'ck1,  v.t.  Fall  upon,  assault,  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
(of  physical  agents  or  diseases)  act  destructively 
upon.  Hence  atta'ckABLE  a.  [f.  F  attaquer 
f.  It.  attaccare,  see  attach] 

atta'ck2,  n.  Act  of  attacking  (lit.  &  fig.); 
offensive  operation,    [f.  prec] 

attai'n,  v.t.  &  i.  Arrive  at,  reach  ;  gain, 
accomplish ;  (intr.)  a.  to,  arrive  at.  Hence 
attainaBi'LiTY,  attai'nableNESS,  nn.,  at- 
tai'nABLE  a.  [f.  OF  ataign-  st.  of  ataindre  I. 
L  ATtingere  (tangere  touch)] 

attai'ndep,  n.  Consequences  of  sentence  of 
death  or  outlawry  (forfeiture  of  estate,  cor- 
ruption of  blood,  extinction  of  civil  rights). 
[OF  ataindre  attain  used  as  n.  ;  meaning  in- 
fluenced by  confus.  w.  OF  taindre  taint] 

attainment,  n.  Act  of  attaining ;  thing 
attained,  esp.  personal  accomplishment,  [at- 
tain +  -ment] 

attai'n t,  v.t.  Subject  to  attainder  ;  (of  dis- 
eases &c)  strike,  affect ;  infect ;  sully,  [f.  obs. 
attaint  a.  f.  OF  ataint  p.p.  as  attain  ;  con- 
fused in  meaning  with  taint] 

attap,  n.  Fragrant  essential  oil  from  rose- 
petals,  [f.  Pers.  "atar(-gal)  essence  (of  roses)  f. 
Arab,  'utur  aroma  f.  'atara  breathe  per- 
fume] 

atte'mpep,  v.t.  Qualify  by  admixture; 
modify  temperature  of ;  soothe,  mollify ;  ac- 
commodate to ;  attune  to ;  temper  (metal). 
Hence  atte'mpePMENT  n.  [f.  OF  atemprer  f. 
L  ATtemperare] 

attempt1,  v.t.  Try  (thing,  action,  to  do); 
try  to  master  (enemy,  fortress) ;  a.  the  life  of, 
try  to  kill.  Hence  atte'mptABLE  a.  [f.  OF 
attempter,  f.  L  ATtemptare  strive  after] 

atte'mpt2,  n.  Attempting ;  endeavour,  [f. 
prec] 

attend,  v.t.  &  i.  Turn  the  mind  to ;  apply 
oneself  (to  or  abs.) ;  be  present  (at) ;  wait  upon ; 
(trans.)  wait  upon  ;  escort,  accompany  ;  be  pre- 
sent at  (lecture  &c).  [f.  OF  atendre  t.  L  at- 
tendere  -tent-  stretch] 

attendance,  n.     Act  of  attending  (upon 


ATTENDANT 


AUDITION 


person,  at  lecture) ;  dance  a.  on,  attend  the 
convenience  of ;  body  of  persons  present,  [f. 
OF  atendance  (as  prec,  see  -ance)] 

attendant,  a.  &  n.  Waiting  (upon) ;  ac- 
companying, as  a.  circumstances ;  present,  as 
a.  crowd ;  (n.)  servant,  satellite.  [OF,  part,  as 
attend] 

attention,  n.  Act  of  attending,  as  pay, 
give,  a. ;  faculty  of  attending,  as  attract,  call, 
a.  ;  consideration,  care ;  (pi.)  ceremonious 
politeness ;  come  to,  stand  at,  a.  (military  atti- 
tude of  readiness),  [f.  L  attentio  (as  attend, 
see  -ion)] 

atte'ntive,  a.  Heedful,  observant;  polite, 
assiduous.  Hence  atte'ntiveLY  2  adv.,  at- 
te'ntiveNESS  n.    [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  as  attend, 

attenuate1,  v.t.  Make  slender;  make 
thin  in  consistency ;  reduce  in  force  or  value. 
So  attenuATiON  n,  [t  L  Aitenuare  (tenuis 
thin),  see  -ate3] 

att&'nuate2  (-at),  a.  Slender ;  rarefied,  [as 
prec,  see  -ate2] 

attest,  v.t.  &  L  Testify,  certify;  put  (per- 
son) on  oath  or  solemn  declaration  ;  (intr.)  bear 
witness  to.  Hence  atte*stOR2n.  [f.F  attester 
f.  L  ATtestari  (testis  witness)] 

attestation,  n.  Act  of  testifying;  testi- 
mony ;  evidence ;  formal  confirmation  by  signa- 
ture, oath,  &c. ;  administration  of  an  oath.  [F, 
f.  L  attestationem  (as  prec.,  see  -ation)] 

Attic1,  a.  &  n.  Of  Athens  or  Attica;  A. 
(dialect),  Greek  spoken  by  the  Athenians;  A. 
salt,  xvit,  refined  wit ;  A.  order,  square  column 
of  any  of  the  five  orders,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  Attikos] 

attic2,  n.  Structure  consisting  of  small 
order  placed  above  another  of  greater  height 
(usu.  Attic) ;  highest  story  of  house  ;  room  in 
this.    [f.  F  attique,  as  prec] 

atticism,  n.  Style,  idiom,  of  Athens;  re- 
fined amenity  of  speech  ;  attachment  to  Athens. 
So  atticizE  (2)  v.i.    [f.  Gk  attikismos] 

attire*,  v.t.,  &  n.  Dress,  array,  [(n.  f.  vb)  f. 
OF  atirer  (d  to  +  tire,  see  tier)] 

a*ttitude,  n.  Disposition  of  figure  (in  paint- 
ing &c ) ;  posture  of  body,  as  strike  an  a.  (assume 
it  theatrically) ;  settled  behaviour,  as  indicating 
opinion  ;  a.  of  mind,  settled  mode  of  thinking. 
[F,  f.  It.  attitudine  fitness,  posture,  f.  med.  L 
aptitudinem  (aptus  fit,  see  -tude)] 

attitudinize,  v.i.  Practise  attitudes ;  speak, 
write,  behave,  affectedly,    [f.  prec.  +  -ize] 

attor'n  (-ern),  v.t.  &  i.  (law).  Transfer ;  make 
legal  acknowledgment  of  new  landlord.  Hence 
attoirnMENT  n.  [f.  OF  atorner  (d  to  +  tourner 

TURN)] 

attoimey1  (-er-),  n.  One  appointed  to  act 
for  another  in  business  or  legal  matters ;  A.- 
General,  legal  officer  empowered  to  act  in  all 
cases  in  which  the  state  is  a  party.  Hence 
attorney  ship  n.  [f.  OF  atornb  p.p.  as 
attorn] 

attorney  2  (-er-),  n.  Letter,  warrant,  of  A.- 
(by  which  person  appoints  another  to  act  for 
him) ;  Power  of  A.,  authority  thus  conferred, 
[f.  OF  atornie  fern,  p.p.,  see  prec] 

attract,  v.t.  Draw  to  oneself  (esp.  of  physi- 
cal forces) ;  excite  the  pleasurable  emotions  of 
(person) ;  draw  forth  and  fix  upon  oneself 
(attention  &c).  Hence  attraetaBUUTY  n., 
attra'ct  able  a.    [f.  L  AT(trahere  tract-  draw)] 

attraction,  n.  Act,  faculty,  of  drawing  to 
oneself  (lit.. &  fig.);  drawing  force;  thing  that 
attracts  (fig.) ;  a.  of  gravity  (existing  between 
all  bodies,  and  varying  directly  as  their  masses, 
inversely  as  the  square  of  their  distance  apart) ; 
magnetic  a.,  action  of  magnet  in  drawing  iron ; 
molecular  a.  (between  molecules  of  bodies,  act- 


ing only  at  infinitesimal  distances) ;  capillary 
a.  (by  which  liquid  is  drawn  up  through  hair- 
like tube).    [F,  f.  L  attractionem  (as  prec,  see 

-ION)] 

attractive,  a.  Attracting,  capable  of  at- 
tracting (esp.  fig.).  Hence  attractiveLY  2 
adv.,  attra'etiveNESS  n.  [F(-if,  -ive),  as  prec, 
see  -ive] 

attribute1,  n.  Quality  ascribed  to  any- 
thing; material  object  recognized  as  appro- 
priate to  person  or  office ;  characteristic 
quality;  (Gram.)  attributive  word.  [f.  L  at- 
(tribuere  -ut-  assign)] 

attribute2,  v.t.  Ascribe  as  belonging  or 
appropriate  to  ;  refer  (effect  to  its  cause) ;  assign 
(to  time  or  place).  Hence  attri'butABLE  a. 
[as  prec] 

attribution,  n.  Act  of  attributing; 
authority  granted  (to  a  ruler  &c).  [F,  f.  L 
attributionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

attributive,  a.  &  n.  (Logic)  assigning  an 
attribute  to  a  subject ;  (Gram.)  expressing  an 
attribute  (e.  g.  old  in  the  old  dog  but  not  in  the 
dogisold);  (n.)  word  denoting  an  attribute  (usu. 
an  adjective  or  its  equivalent).  Hence  at- 
tri'butiveLY 2  adv.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  as  attri- 
bute l,  see  -ive] 

attrited,  a.  Worn  by  friction,  [f.  L  at- 
(terere  trit-  rub)] 

attrition,  n.  Friction  ;  abrasion  ;  (Theol.) 
sorrow  for  sin  (short  of  contrition),  [f.  L 
attritio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

attu'ne,  v.t.  Bring  into  musical  accord  (to, 
lit.  &  fig.) ;  tune  (instrument),    [at-  +  tune  v.] 

aubade  (obah'd),  n.  Musical  announcement 
of  dawn.    [F] 

auberge  (obar'zh),  n.    Inn.    [F] 

au'burn,  a.  Golden-brown  (usu.  of  hair), 
[f.  OF  auborne  f.  L  albumus  whitish] 

auction,  n.  Public  sale  in  which  articles 
are  sold  to  the  highest  of  successive  bidders ; 
Dutch  a.,  sale  in  which  price  is  reduced  by- 
auctioneer  till  a  purchaser  is  found,  [f.  L 
auctio  increase,  auction  (augere  auct-,  see  -ion)] 

auctioneer*,  n.,  &  v.i.  (One  whose  business 
is  to)  conduct  auctions,    [-eer] 

audacious,  a.  Daring,  bold ;  impudent. 
Hence  audaciousLY2  adv.,  audacious- 
ness,  audi 'city,  nn.  [f.  L  audax  (audere 
dare,  see  -acious)] 

audible,  a.  Perceptible  to  the  ear.  Hence 
au'dlbLY2  adv.,  audiBixiTY,  audible- 
ness,  nn.  [f.  med.  L  audibilis  (audire  hear,  see 

-BLE)] 

audience,  n.  Hearing;  give  a.,  listen; 
formal  interview ;  persons  within  hearing ; 
assembly  of  listeners ;  (of  a  book)  readers.  [F 
(refash.  on  L),  f.  OF  oiance  f.  L  audientia 
(audire  hear,  see  -ence)] 

audio'meter,  n.  Kind  of  telephone  for 
testing  hearing-power,  [f.  L  audire  hear  +  -o- 
+ -meter] 

audiphone,  n.  Instrument  that,  pressed 
against  upper  teeth,  assists  hearing,  [improp. 
f.  L  audire  hear  +  Gk  phone  sound,  on  tele- 
phone} 

audit  1,  n.  Official  examination  of  accounts  ; 
searching  examination,  esp.  Day  of  Judgment ; 
periodical  settlement  of  accounts  between 
landlord  and  tenants ;  a.  ale  (of  special  quality, 
brewed  in  English  Universities,  orig.  for  use 
on  day  of  a.);  a.-house,  -room,  (attached  to 
Cathedral  for  transaction  of  business),  [f.  L 
auditus  -us  hearing  (audire  -it-)] 

audit2,  v.t.  Examine  (accounts)  officially, 
[f.  prec] 

audition,  n.  Power  of  hearing  ;  listening, 
[f.  L  auditio  (audire  -it-,  see  -ion)] 


AUDITIVE 


54 


AUROCHS 


au'ditive,  a.  Concerned  with  hearing.  [F 
(■if,  -ive),  as  prec.,  see  -ive] 

au'ditop,  n.  Listener;  one  who  audits 
accounts.  Hence  au'ditopsmp,  au'ditPESS J, 
nn.  [f.  AF  auditour  f.  L  auditor  (as  prec, 
see  -or  2)] 

auditorial,  a.  Connected  with  an  audit, 
[f.  L  auditorius  (as  prec,  see  -orv)  +  -al] 

au'ditory,  a.  &  n.  Connected  with  hearing  ; 
received  by  the  ear;  assembly  of  hearers, 
audience ;  (also  -orium)  part  of  building  occu- 
pied by  audience,  [f.  L  auditorius,  -um,  (as 
prec,  see  -orv)]  _  .    . 

au  fait  (6  fa'),  pred.  a.  Conversant,  in- 
structed ;  put  a  person  aufait  of,  instruct  him 

Augean,  a.  Filthy,  like  the  stables  of 
Augeas,  which  Hercules  cleansed  by  turning 
river  Alpheus  through  them.  [f.  L  Augeas  f. 
Gk  Augeias  +  -an] 

au'grer  (-g-),  n.  Tool  for  boring  holes  in 
wood,  having  long  shank  with  cutting  edge 
and  screw  point,  and  handle  at  right  angles ; 
instrument  for  boring  in  soil  or  strata,  with 
stem  that  can  be  lengthened.  [OE  nafugar 
(nafu  nave  +  gar  piercer),  cf.  G  ndber,  Du. 
avegaar  ;  for  loss  of  n-  cf.  adder] 

aught  (awt),  n.  &  adv.  Anything ;  (adv., 
archaic)  in  any  degree  or  respect.  IOE  dwiht 
(a  ever  +  wiht  wight,  whit);  later  OE  dht, 
gives  mod.  ought,  now  less  usu.  form] 

au'gment1,  n.  Vowel  (in  Sanskrit  a,  in 
Greek  £)  prefixed  to  past  tenses  in  the  older 
Aryan  languages.  [F,  f.  L  augmentum  in- 
crease (augere,  see  -ment)] 

augment2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  greater,  in- 
crease ;  prefix  the  augment  to ;  (intr.)  increase, 
[f.  F  augmenter  f.  L  augmentare  increase 
(augmentum,  see  prec)] 

augmenta'tion,  n.  Enlargement ;  growth, 
increase  ;  addition ;  (Mus.)  repetition  of  a  sub- 
ject in  notes  double  or  quadruple  those  of  the 
original.  [OF,  f.  LL  augmentationem  (aug- 
mentare, see  prec.  and  -ation)] 

augmentative,  a.  &  n.  Having  the  pro- 
perty of  increasing ;  (Gram.,  of  affixes  or  de- 
rived words)  increasing  in  force  the  idea  of  the 
original  word ;  (n.)  augmentative  word.  [F  (-if, 
-ive),  f.  L  as  augment,  see  -ative] 


au'gup ' 


Roman  religious  official  who 


foretold  future  events  by  omens  derived  from 
the  actions  of  birds,  appearance  of  victims'  en- 
trails, celestial  phenomena,  &c  ;  soothsayer. 
Hence  au'gxiPSHiP  n.  [L,  perh.  f.  avis  bird  + 
-gar,  conn.  w.  garrire  talk,  Skr.  gar  shout, 
make  known] 

au'grup2,  v.t  &  L  Forebode,  anticipate ; 
a.  well,  ill,  have  good  or  bad  expectations  of, 
for ;  it  augurs  (promises)  ill.    [f.  prec] 

au'g-ural,  a.  Pertaining  to  augurs ;  signifi- 
cant of  the  future,  [f.  L  auguralis  (augur1, 
see  -al)] 

au'gupy,  n.  Divination  by  flight  of  birds 
&c  ;  augural  ceremony ;  omen ;  presentiment ; 
promise,  [f.  OF  augurie  f.  L  augurium  (augur  *)] 

augu'st1,  a.  Majestic,  venerable.  Hence 
augu'stLv2  adv.,  augu-stsiiss  n.  [f.  L 
augustus  consecrated,  venerable,  prob.  f. 
augur] 

Au'gust2,  n.  Eighth  month  of  year,  named 
after  Augustus  Caesar,  [earlier  Aust  f.  OF 
aoust  i.  L  augustus   (see  prec),  refash.  on 

Augu-stan,  a.  &  n.  Connected  with  reign 
of  Augustus  Caesar,  best  period  of  Latin 
literature ;  (of  any  national  literature)  classical ; 
A.  confession  (drawn  up  by  Luther  and 
Melanchthon   at   Augusta    Vindelicorum   or 


Augsburg) ;  (n.)  writer  of  the  Augustan  age  of 
any  literature,    [f.  L  Augustanus,  see  -an] 

auk,  n.  Northern  sea-bird,  with  short  wings 
used  only  as  paddles,  [cogn.  with  Swed.  alka, 
Da.  alke,  f.  ON  alka] 

au'lic,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  court ;  A.  Council, 
(in  old  German  empire)  personal  council  of 
emperor,  (now)  council  managing  Austrian 
war-department.  [f.  F  aulique  f.  L  f.  Gk 
aulikos  (aule  court,  see  -ic)] 

au  nature'l  (¥),  adv.  or  pred.  a.  (Cooked) 
in  the  simplest  way. 

aunt  (ahnt),  n.  Father's,  mother's,  sister; 
uncle's  wife  ;  A.  Sally,  game  at  fairs,  in  which 
players  throw  sticks  at  pipe  in  mouth  of 
wooden  woman's  head.  [f.  OF  aunte  (Prov. 
amda)  f.  L  amita ;  E  up  to  17th  c  had  also 
naunt  (my  naunt  =  mine  aunt),  still  used  in 
dial.  ;  F  tante  perh.  =  ta  ante] 

au  pied  de  la  lettre  (6  pya  de  lah  letr), 
adv.    Literally.    [F] 

au'pa,  n.  Subtle  emanation  (from  flowers 
&c);  (Electr.)  current  of  air  caused  by  dis- 
charge of  electricity  from  a  sharp  point ;  (Path.) 
sensation  as  of  current  of  cold  air  rising  from 
some  part  of  body  to  head,  premonitory  symp- 
tom in  epilepsy  and  hysterics.  Hence  au'pal 1 
[-al]  a.    [L  r.  Gk,=breeze,  breath] 

au'pal 2,  a.  Pertaining  to  organ  of  hearing ; 
received  by  the  ear.  Hence  au'palLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  auris  ear  +  -al] 

aune'lia,  n.     (Formerly)  chrysalis,  esp.  of 
butterfly ;    (Zool.)   genus    of    phosphorescent  , 
marine    animals.     [It.,  =  silkworm,    fern,    of 
aurelio  golden  f.  L  aurum  gold] 

aure'llan,  a.  &  n.  Of  an  aurelia ;  golden  • 
(n.)  collector,  breeder,  of  insects,    [prec.  +  -an] 

aupe'ola,  n.  Celestial  crown  won  by  martyr, 
virgin,  doctor,  by  victory  over  world,  flesh,  or 
devil ;  =  foil.  [L  (a.  corona)  golden  (crown) 
fem.  of  aureolus  t.  aureus  (aurttm  gold)] 

au'peole,  n.  Aureola;  (prop.)  gold  disk 
surrounding  head  in  early  pictures;  circle  of 
light  depicted  round  head ;  oblong  glory  sur- 
rounding divine  figures  ;  actual  halo,  esp.  that 
seen  in  eclipses,    [r.  prec] 

au  revoir  (6  revwar*),  adv.  (Good-bye)  till 
we  meet  again.    [F] 

au'pic,  a.  Pertaining  to  gold;  (Chem.)  in 
which  gold  combines  as  a  triad,  [f.  L  aurum 
gold,  see  -ic] 

au'picle,  n.  External  ear  of  animals ;  pro- 
cess shaped  like  lower  lobe  of  ear ;  either 
of  the  two  upper  cavities  of  the  heart.  Hence 
au*piclED2a.    [f.  foil.] 

aupi'cula,  n.  Species  of  primula,  bear's- 
ear ;  genus  of  molluscs.  [L,  =  external  ear, 
dim.  of  auris  ear] 

aupi'culap,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ear;  told 
privately  in  the  ear,  as  a.  confession ;  a.  wit- 
ness, one  who  tells  what  he  has  heard ;  per- 
taining to  auricle  of  heart ;  shaped  like  an 
auricle.  Hence  aupi'culaPLY 2  adv.  [f.  L 
auricularis  (auricula,  see  -ar1)] 

aupi*culate,a.  With  ear-shaped  projections, 
[as  prec,  see  -ate2] 

aupi'fepous,  a.  Yielding  gold.  [f.  L  aurifer 
(aurum  gold  +  -fer  producing)  +  -ous] 

au'riform,  a.  Ear-shaped,  [f.  L  auris 
ear  + -form] 

Aupi'ga,  n.  Northern  constellation,  the 
Waggoner.    [L,  =  charioteer] 

au'pilave,  n.  Instrument  for  cleaning  ears, 
[f.  L  auris  ear  +  lavare  wash] 

au'pist,  n.    Ear  specialist,    [as  prec  +  -istI 

au'rochs  (ow-,  aw-;  -ks),  n.  Extinct  wild 
ox;  (improp.)  European  bison.  [G;  OTeut. 
*urus,  etym.  dub.,  +  ochs  ox] 


AURORA 


55 


AUTOMATON 


auPOP'a,  n.  Luminous  atmospheric  (prob. 
electrical)  phenomenon  radiating  from  earth's 
northern  (a.  borealis)  or  southern  (australis) 
magnetic  pole ;  dawn  ;  colour  of  sky  at  sun- 
rise;  A.,  Roman  goddess  of  dawn.  Hence 
auror*AL  a.    [L  =  dawn,  goddess  of  dawn] 

au'rous,  a.  (chem.).  In  which  gold  combines 
as  a  monad,    [f.  L  aurum  +  -ousj 

au'pum,  n.  Gold ;  a.  fulminans,  fulminate 
of  gold  ;  a.  mosaicum,  bisulphide  of  tin,  bronze- 
powder  ;  a.  potabile,  drinkable  gold  (once  in 
repute  as  a  cordial).    [L] 

ausculta'tion,  n.  Act  of  listening,  esp. 
(Med.)  to  movement  of  heart,  lungs,  &c.  So 
airseultatOR2  n.,  auscu'ltatoRY  a.  [f.  L 
auscultare  listen  to  (etym.  dub.),  see  -ation] 

/lusgf/e/c#i(owsglIch),  n.  Political  agreement 
between  Austria  and  Hungary,  renewable 
every  tenth  year.    [G] 

avrspicate,  v.t.  &  L  Inaugurate,  initiate  ; 
(intr.)  augur,  [f.  L  auspicari  (auspex  -icis 
observer  of  birds  for  avispex  f.  avis  bird  + 
-spec-  observe),  see  -ate3] 

au'spice  (-Is),  n.  Observation  of  birds  for 
purposes  of  taking  omens ;  prognostic  ;  pros- 
perous lead,  patronage,  as  under  the  aa.  of. 
[f.  L  auspicium  (auspex,  see  prec.)] 

aus  pi 'clous,  a.  Of  good  omen,  favourable ; 
prosperous.  Hence  auspi'ciousLV 2  adv., 
auspi'ciousNESS  n.    [as  prec.  +  -ous] 

austere*,  a.  Harsh,  stern ;  stringently 
moral,  strict;  severely  simple ;  harsh  in  flavour. 
Hence  austene'LY2  adv.,  austerewESS, 
auste'PiTV,  nn.  [OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  attsteros 
drying,  harsh  (auo  v.  dry)] 

au'stral,  a.  Southern,  [f.  L  australis 
(Anster  south  wind,  see  -al)] 

Australa'sian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Aus- 
tralasia (Australia  and  adjoining  islands),  [f. 
Australasia  f.  F  Australasia  (L  australis, 
see  prec.+^4sfa)  +  -an] 

Australian,  n.  &  a.  Native  of,  colonist  or 
resident  in.  Australia;  (adj.)  of  Australia,  [f. 
F  Attstralien,  f.  L  as  austral] 

authentic,  a.  Reliable,  trustworthy;  of 
undisputed  origin,  genuine ;  (Mus.,  of  ecclesi- 
astical modes)  having  their  sounds  comprised 
within  an  octave  from  the  final.  Hence 
authe'ntiCALLY  adv.,  authenti'ciTV  n.  [f. 
OF  autentique  f.  L  f.  Gk  authentikos  t.  auth- 
entes  one  who  does  a  thing  himself  (auto-  + 
•hentes,  cf.  sunentes  fellow- worker),  see  -ic] 

authenticate,  v.t.  Establish  the  truth  of ; 
establish  the  authorship  of;  make  valid. 
Hence  authentic  ation,  authe'nticatOR2, 
nn.  [f.  med.  L  authenticare  (authenticus),  see 
prec.  and  -ate3] 

au'thor,  n.  Originator  (of  a  "condition  of 
things,  event,  &c);  writer  of  book,  treatise,  &c ; 
(loosely)  author's  writings.  Hence  au'thor- 
ess  i  n.,  authoriAL  a.  [f.  AF  autour  f.  OF 
autor  f.  L  auctor  (augere  auct-  increase,  origin- 
ate, promote,  see  -or2)  ;  auth-  at  first  a  scribal 
var.  of  aut-] 

authd'ritative,  a.  Commanding,  impera- 
tive; possessingauthority;proceedingfrom  com- 
petent authority.  Hence  autho'ritativeLY2 
adv.,  autho'ritativexEss  n.   [f.  foil.  +-ati ve] 

autho'rity,  n.  Power,  right,  to  enforce 
obedience ;  delegated  power  (to  do,  for  an  act, 
or  abs.);  person  having  authority;  personal 
influence,  esp.  over  opinion  ;  weight  of  testi- 
mony ;  book,  quotation,  considered  to  settle 
a  question  ;  person  whose  opinion  is  accepted, 
esp.  expert  in  (on)  a  subject.  If.  F  autorite  f. 
L  auetoritatem  (auctor,  see  author  and  -ty)] 


au'thorize,  v.t.  Sanction ;  give  ground  for, 
justify,  (thing) ;  give  authority  to,  commission, 
(person  to  do).  Hence  au'thorizABLE  a., 
authoriz ation  n.  [f.  F  autoriser  f.  med.  L 
auctorizare  (auctor,  see  author  and  -ize)J 

au'thorship,  n.  Occupation,  career,  as  a 
writer ;  origin  (of  book),    [-ship] 

auto-  in  comp.  =  Gk  auto-  (autos  self),  In 
sense  'self,  one's  own,  by  oneself,  indepen- 
dent(ly)',  in  wds  f.  Gk  and  new  formations,  as 
-car'pous,  consisting  of  pericarp  alone,  -gamy, 
self-fertilization,  -genous.  self-producing,  -geny, 
-0O«#,spontaneousgeneration,  -mor'phic,  -mor- 
phisvi,  ascribing  (of)  one's  own  characteristics 
to  another,  -phagous,  -phagy,  feeding  on 
oneself  (by  absorption  of  tissues,  during  starva- 
tion), -plasty,  repair  of  wounds  with  tissue 
from  same  body. 

autobio'grapher,  n.  One  who  writes  his 
own  history,    [auto-] 

autobiog-ra'phic,  a.  Pertaining  to,  en- 
gaged in,  autobiography.  Hence  autobio- 
g,ra*phicALa.,autobiog,ra*phicalLY2adv. 

lAUTO-1 

autobio-graphy,  n.  Writing  the  story  of 
one's  own  life  ;  story  so  written,    [auto-] 

au'tocar,  n.  Road  vehicle  driven  by 
mechanical  power,    [auto-] 

autoce'phalous,  a.  Having  its  own  head ; 
(of  bishop,  church)  independent,  [f.  Gk  auto- 
kephalos  (auto-  +  kephale  head)  +  -ous] 

auto'chthon  (-k-),  n.  (usu.  pi. ;  -ones,  -ons). 
Original,  earliest  known,  inhabitants ;   abori- 

fines.  Hence  auto'chthon  a  l,  autoch- 
hd'nic,  autochthonous,  aa.,  auto*ch- 
thoniSM,  auto'chthon  vK  n n.  [Gk,  =  sprung 
from  that  land  itself  (auto-  +  khthon  -onos 
land)] 

auto'eracy,  n.  Absolute  government ;  con- 
trolling   influence,      [f.    Gk   autokrateia    (as 

AUTOCRAT)] 

au'tocrat,  n.  Absolute  ruler ;  A.  of  all  the 
Russias  (title  of  the  Czar).  So  autocra'tic(AL) 
aa.,  autocra'ticalLY2  adv.  [f.  F  autocrate 
f.  Gk  autokrates  (auto-  +kratos  might)] 

auto'cratrix,  n.  Female  autocrat,  title  of 
empresses  of  Russia  ruling  in  their  own  right. 
[Latinized  fern,  of  Gk  autokrator  (auto- + 
kratos  might)l 

auto-da-fe'  (-dahfa),  n.  (pi.  autos-da-fe). 
Sentence  of  the  Inquisition -execution  of  this, 
esp.  burning  of  heretic.  [Port.,  =  act  of  the 
faith  ;  also  Sp.  -de-fe] 

au'tograph  i,  n.  Author's  own  manuscript ; 
person's  own  handwriting,  esp.  signature ;  copy 
produced  by  autography.  Hence  auto- 
g-ra'phic(AL)  aa.,  autogrra'phicali.v  -  ad\ . 
[f.  L  r.  Gk  autographon  neut.  of  autographos 
(auto-  +  -graphos  written)] 

au-tog-raph-,  v.t.  Write  with  one's  own 
hand  ;  copy  by  autography  ;  sign.    [f.  prec] 

auto'g-raphy,  n.  Writing  with  one's  own 
hand  ;  author's  own  handwriting;  lithographic 
reproduction  of  writing  or  drawing,  [as  prec, 
see  -Y J] 

automatic,  a.  Self-acting ;  working  of 
itself  (as  machinery) ;  mechanical,  unconscious ; 
unintelligent,  merely  mechanical.  Hence 
automa'ticAL  a.,  automa'ticalLY2  adv., 
automati'eiTY  n.    If.  automaton  +  -ic] 

auto'matism,  n.  Involuntary  action ;  doc- 
trine attributing  this  to  animals ;  unthinking 
routine;  faculty  of  originating  action  ormotion. 
If.  foil.  +  -ISM] 

auto'maton,  n.  (pi.  a,  -ons).  Thing  endued 
with  spontaneous  motion  ;  living  being  viewed 


For  other  words  in  auto-  see  auto-. 


AUTOMOBILE 


96 


AVOID 


materially ;  piece  of  mechanism  with  concealed 
motive  power  ;  living  being  whose  actions  are 
involuntary  or  without  active  intelligence. 
Hence  auto'matous  a.  [f;  Gk  AVTOmaton, 
neut.  adj.,  acting  of  itself  J 

automobile  (-el),  n.    Autocar.    [F] 

autonomous,  a.  Of,  possessed  of,  auto- 
nomy,   [f.  Gk  AUTO(nomos  law)  +  -ous] 

auto'nomy,  n.  Right  of  self-government; 
personal  freedom;  freedom  of  the  will  (in 
Kantian  doctrine);  aself-governing  community. 
So  autonomic  a.  auto'nomiST  n.  [f.  Gk 
autonomia,  as  prec] 

auto'psy  (or  aw't-),  n-  Personal  inspection  ; 
post-mortem  examination;  (fig.)  critical  dis- 
section. So  auto*ptic(  al)  aa.  [f.  Gk  autopsia 
f.  autoptos  (auto-)  +  op-  see] 

au'toty  pe,  n.  Facsimile ;  permanent  photo- 
graphic printing  process  for  reproducing  in 
monochrome.    Hence  au'toty  pe  v.t.    [auto-] 

au'tumn  (-m),  n.  Third  season  of  the  year, 
August,  September,  October  (Astr.,  Sep.  21  to 
Dec.  21);  (fig.)  season  of  incipient  decay,  [f. 
OF  autompne  f.  L  autumnus,  etym.  dub.) 

autu'mnal,  a.  Of  autumn ;  a.  equinox, 
time  when  sun  crosses  equator  as  it  proceeds 
southward  (Sep.  23);  maturing,  blooming,  in 
autumn ;  past  prime  of  life.  [f.  L  autumnalis 
(as  prec,  see  -al)] 

auxiliary,  a.  &  n.  (One  who  is)  helpful  to  ; 
(Mil.)  a.  troops,  aa.,  foreign  or  allied  troops  in 
a  nation's  service;  (Gram.)  a.  (verb),  one  used 
to  form  tenses,  moods,  voices,  of  other  verbs, 
[f.  L  auxiliarius  (auxilium  help,  see  -ary  j)] 

avai'l  \  v.t.  &  i.  Afford  help ;  be  of  value  or 
profit;  (trans.)  help,  benefit;  a.  oneself  of, 
profit  by,  take  ad  vantage  of.  [prob.  f.  vail  f.  F 
valoir  be  worth  f.  L  valere] 

avai'l2,  n.  Use,  profit,  only  in  phrr.  of  a.,  of 
no  a.,  without  a.,  to  little  a.    [f.  prec] 

available,  a.  Capable  of  being  used,  at 
one's  disposal,  within  one's  reach.  Hence 
availaBixiTV,  avai'lablexEss,  nn.,  avai'l- 
abLY  2  adv.    [avail  v.  +  -able] 

a-valanche  (-sh),  n.  Mass  of  snow,  earth, 
and  ice,  descending  swiftly  from  mountain 
(also  fig.).  [F,  dialect,  form  of  avalance  f. 
avaler  descend  (a  vol  to  the  valley),  see  -ance] 

avanta  (nea),  n.  (Extortionate)  tax  levied 
by  Turks,    [etym.  dub. ;  common  in  Levant] 

avant-couniep  (avo'ng-kdb'rier),  n.  One 
who  runs,  rides,  before;  esp.  (pi.)  scouts,  ad- 
vance-guard, [f.  F  avant-coureur  (avant  be- 
fore +  coureur  runner  f.  courir)] 

a'variee,  n.  Greed  of  gain,  cupidity ;  (fig.) 
eager  desire  to  get  or  keep.  Hence  avarl'eio  us 
a.,  avari'eiousLY  2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  avaritia 
(avarus  greedy,  see  -ice)] 

ava'st,  int.  (naut).  Stop;  cease,  [prob.  f. 
Du.  houa  vast  hold  fast] 

avatar*,  n.  (Hind.  Myth.)  descent  of  deity 
to  earth  in  incarnate  form ;  incarnation  ;  mani- 
festation, display;  phase,  [f.  Skr.  avatara 
descent  (ava  down  +  tar-  pass  over)] 

avau'nt,  ink  Begone,  [f.  F  avant  forward 
f.  LL  ab-ante  before  (L  ab  from  +  ante  before)] 

a've  (i),  ink  &  n.  Welcome;  farewell; 
shout  of  welcome  or  farewell ;  A.  Maria  (Hail, 
Mary),  devotional  recitation  (Luke  i.  28,  42)  and 
prayer  to  the  Virgin ;  a.-bell,  rung  when  this  is 
to  be  said.    [L,  2nd  sing,  imper.  of  avere  fare 

well] 

ave'nge,  v.t.  Inflict  retribution,  exact 
satisfaction,    on   behalf   of    (person,   violated 

right,  &c);  be  avenged,  a.  oneself ;  take  ven- 
geance for  (injury).     \t  OF  avengier  (a  to  + 

vengier  f.  L  vindicare)] 

a'vens,  n.      Wood  a.,  herb  bennet;  water 


a.,  plant  of  same  genus,  [f.  OF  avence  etym. 
dub.] 

ave'ntupine,  -in,  n.  Brownish  glass  with 
gold  spangles,  manufactured  first  at  Murano 
near  Venice ;  variety  of  quartz  resembling 
this.  [F,  f.  It.  avventurino  (avventura  chance, 
from  its  accidental  discovery)] 

avenue,  n.  Way  of  approach  (usu.  fig.) ; 
approach  to  country  house  bordered  by  trees ; 
roadway  marked  by  trees  or  other  objects  at 
regular  intervals;  (esp.  in  U.S)  wide  street. 
[F,  fern.  p.p.  (used  as  n.)  of  avenir  f.  L  ad- 
venire  come  to] 

aver*,  v.t.  (-rr-).  Assert,  affirm ;  (Law)  prove 
a  plea.  Hence  aveiTPABLE  a.  [f.  F  averer  f. 
LL  *AT>verare  verify  (verus  true)] 

a'veragre l  (-ij),  n.  Generally  prevailing  rate, 
degree,  amount;  ordinary  standard;  medial 
estimate,  as  on  an  a. ;  apportionment  of  loss  of 
ship,  cargo,  or  freight,  through  unavoidable 
accident  (particular  a.)  or  through  inten- 
tional damage  to  ship  or  sacrifice  of  cargo 
(general  a.),  among  the  owners  or  insurers, 
[etym.  dub. ;  F  avarie,  Sp.  averia,  Du.  avarij, 
haverij,  G  hafarei;  perh.  conn.  w.  OF  aveir 
goods,  see  avoirdupois] 

a'vepagre2,  a.  Estimated  by  average;  of 
the  usual  standard.  Hence  a*vepag"eL  y  2  adv. 
[f.  prec] 

a'vepagre3,  v.t.  Estimate  the  average  of 
(by  dividing  the  aggregate  of  several  quan- 
tities by  the  number  of  quantities) ;  estimate 
the  general  standard  of;  amount  on  an  average 
to ;  a.  (work  on  an  average)  six  hours  a  day. 
[as  prec] 

averment,  n.  Positive  statement,  affirma- 
tion ;  (Law)  offer  to  prove,  proof  of,  a  plea.  [f. 
F  averement  (as  aver)] 

aveppunca'top,  n.  Instrument  for  cutting 
off  branches  of  trees  high  above  head.  [f.  obs. 
vb  averruncate,  f.  L  averruncare  (a  off-f- 
verruncare  turn),  but  wrongly  explained  as 
f.  eruncare  weed  out] 

averse,  a.  Opposed,  disinclined,  (to,  from) ; 
unwilling  (to  do).  Hence  averseNEss  n.  [f. 
L  as  avert] 

avep'sion,  n.  Dislike,  antipathy,  (to,  from, 
for) ;  unwillingness  (to  do) ;  object  of  dislike, 
as  pet  a.    [f.  L  aversio  (as  avert,  see  -ion)] 

avert,  v.t.  Turn  away  (eyes,  thoughts, 
from) ;  ward  off.  Hence  avep*tiBLE,  -able, 
aa.  [f.  F  avertir  t.  LL  avertere,  L  -&re  (a  away 
+  vertere  vers-  turn) ;  cf.  advert] 

a'vian,  a.  Pertaining  to  birds,  [f.  L  avis 
bird  +  -an] 

a'viapy,  n.  Place  for  keeping  birds,  [f.  L 
aviarium  (as  prec,  see  -arium)] 

a'viate,  v.i.  Manage  or  travel  in  dirigible 
balloon,  airship,  flying-machine,  &c  So  avi- 
ation,  a'viatOR  2,  nn.    [f.  L  avis  bird,  -ate  3] 

a*vid,  a.  Eager,  greedy  (of,  for).  Hence 
a'vidLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  avidus  (avere  crave)] 

avi'dity,  n.  Ardent  desire,  greed,  [f.  F 
avidite"  f.  L  aviditatem  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

a'vi  fauna,  n.  Birds  (of  district,  country) 
collectively,    [f.  L  avis  bird  +  fauna] 

avi'so  (-ezo),  n.  Advice-boat.  [Sp.,  t  L 
advisum,  see  advice] 

avixa'ndum,  n.  (Sc  Law).  Private  con- 
sideration, [med.  L,  gerund  of  avizare  consider] 

avoca'tion,  n.  Distraction ;  minor  occu- 
pation; vocation,  calling,  ff.  L  avocatio 
(avocare  call  away,  see  -ation)] 

a'vocet,  -set,  n.  Wading  bird  allied  to 
snipe,    [f.  F  avocette  f.  It.  avosetta] 

avoi'd,  v.t.  Shun,  refrain  from  (thing,  doing) ; 
escape,  evade  ;  (Law)  defeat  (pleading),  quash 
(sentence^.      Hence   avoi'dABLE  a.      [f.    AF 


AVOIDANCE 


57 


AY 


avoider  t.  OF  evuider  clear  out,  get  quit  of  (es 
out  +  vuidier  f.  vuit,  vuide,  void)] 

avoi'dance,  n.  Act  of  avoiding;  vacancy 
(of  office,  benefice),    [prec.  +  -ance] 

avoirdupois  (a'verdupoi'z),  a.  &  n.  A. 
(weight),  system  of  weights  used  in  Great 
Britain  for  all  goods  except  precious  metals 
&  stones,  &  medicines ;  A.  pound  contains 
7,000 grains;  (U.S.)  weight,  heaviness,  [recent 
corrupt,  of  avoir-de-pois  f.  AF,  OF,  aveir  de 

Seis  (aveir,  avoir,  goods,  property,  f.  L  habere 
ave  4-  de  of  +  pols;  peis,  weight  f.  L  pensum)] 

avou'ch  (-ow-),  v.t.  &  i.  Guarantee ;  affirm  ; 
confess.  Hence  avou'chMENT  n.  [f.  OF 
avochier  f.  L  wvocare  (in  legal  use)  call  upon  as 
defender] 

avow,  v.t.  Admit,  confess;  (refl.  &  pass.) 
admit  oneself  to  be,  as  a.  himself  the  author, 
the  avowed  author.  Hence  avow'ABLE  a., 
avow'AL  n.,  avowedLY2adv.  [f.  F  avouer 
(a  to  +  vouer  f.  LL  votare  frequent,  of  vovere 
vow)] 

avu'lsion,  n.  Tearing  away ;  (Law)  sudden 
removal  of  land  by  flood  &c.  to  another  per- 
son's estate,  [f.  L  avulsio  (avellere  -vuls- 
pluck  away)] 

avu'neular,  a.  Of,  resembling,  an  uncle, 
[f.  L  avunculus  maternal  uncle  (dim.  of  avus 
grandfather)  +  -ar1] 

awai't,  v.t.  Wait  for ;  (of  things)  be  in  store 
for.  [f.  ONF  awaitier  (d  to  +  waitier,  OF 
guaitier,  see  wait  v.)] 

awa'ke1,  v.t.  &  i.  (past  awoke,  p.p.  awoke, 
awaked).  Cease  to  sleep ;  (fig.)  become  active ; 
a.  to,  become  conscious  of ;  rouse  from  sleep 
(lit.  &  fig.).  [(1)  OE  awxcnan,  awoc,  awacen, 
(a-  prob.  =  on) ;  of  which  present  tense  was 
early  treated  as  weak  vb,  with  past  awxcnede, 
whence  awaken,  awakened ;  (2)  OE  awacian, 
awacode,  in  form  a  compd  of  wacian  watch, 
but  in  sense  =  awxcnan ;  (3)  in  OE  these  were 
intr.,  the  trans,  sense  being  given  by  awecc(e)an, 
ME  awecche,  G  erwecken,  ousted  by  awake, 
trans.,  before  1300] 

awa'ke2, pred.  a.  Roused  from  sleep;  not 
asleep  ;  vigilant ;  a.  to,  aware  of.  [short  for 
awaken,  orig.  p.p.  of  prec] 

awa'ken,  v.t.  &  i.  =  awake1  (lit.  &  fig.) 
esp.  (fig.)  arouse  (to  a  sense  of),    [see  awake'] 

awap'd1  (-awd),  v.t.  Adjudge;  grant,  as- 
sign, [f.  AF  awarder  f.  OF  esguarder  f.  Rom. 
*EX(wardare,  -guardare,  f.  OLG  *  warden, 
OHG  warten,  watch  ;  cf.  ward)] 

awap'd2,  n.  Judicial  decision;  payment, 
penalty,  assigned  by  this.  [AF,  f.  OF  eswart, 
esguart,  f.  esguarder,  see  prec] 

aware*,  pred.  a.  Conscious,  knowing,  (of, 
that).  [OE  gewxr  (OHG  gawar,  MHG  geicar, 
G  gewahr)  f.  ge-  quite  +  wxr  wary] 

away,  adv.  To,  at,  a  distance  from  the 
place,  person,  thing,  in  question  (lit.  &  fig.),  as 
go  a.,  throw  a.,  give  a.,  he  is  a.,  waste  a.,  fool 
a.,  explain  a. ;  out  dh  a.,  beyond  comparison  ; 
constantly,  continuously,  as  work  a.,  peg  a. ; 
without  delay,  as  fire  a. ;  =  go  away  (imper.) ; 
a.  with  (imper.),  go  a.  with,  take  a. ;  (cannot)  a. 
with,  get  on  with,  tolerate ;  make  a.  with, 
destroy.  [OE  onweg  (phr.  on  \oeg  on  one's  way, 
onward,  along),  in  early  E  used  as  separable 
vbl  prefix] 

awe  \  n.  Reverential  fear  or  wonder,  as 
stand  in  a.  of,  hold,  keep,  in  a. ;  axvestruck, 
struck  with  a.  Hence  awe'LESS,  awe'soME, 
aa.  [f.  ON  agi ;  OE  has  ege ;  both  f.  agan  v. 
fear] 

awe2,v.t.   Inspire  with  awe.    rf.  prec. J 

awe3,  n.  One  of  the  float-boards  of  an 
undershot  water  wheel.    [?] 


awful,  a.  Inspiring  awe;  worthy  of  pro- 
found respect ;  solemnly  impressive  ;  (archaic) 
reverential ;  (slang)  notable  in  its  kind,  as  a. 
scrawl,  bore,  relief,  something  a.  Hence  aw- 
fulLY 2  adv.,  aw'fulNESS  n.  [awe  !  +  -ful] 
awhi'le,  adv.  For  a  short  time.  [OE  ane 
hwile  a  while] 

awkward,  a.  Ill-adapted  for  use ;  clumsy 
(person,  thing) ;  bungling;  embarrassing;  diffi- 
cult, dangerous,  to  deal  with.  Hence  awk- 
wardisii  *  (2)  a. ,  awkwardLY  2  ad  v. ,  awk- 
wardNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  adj.  awk  back-handed, 
untoward  (prob.  f.  ON  afug  turned  the  wrong 
way)  +  -ward] 

awl,  n.  Small  tool  for  pricking,  pricker,  esp. 
that  used  by  shoemakers.  [OE  xl,  cf.  OHG  ala, 
G  ahle] 

awn,  n.  Spinous  process,  beard,  terminat- 
ing grass-sheath  of  barley,  oats,  &c.  Hence 
awned i  [-ed  2],  awnLESS,  aa.  [prob.  f.  ON 
ogn  pi.  agnar ;  cf.  OHG  agana,  G  ahne] 
awning,  n.  Canvas  roof,  esp.  above  deck 
of  vessel ;  (Naut.)  poop-deck  beyond  bulkhead 
of  cabin  ;  shelter.  Hence  awned  2  [-ed  2]  a. 
[perh.  f.  F  auvent,  etym.  dub.] 
awry  (ari*),  adv.  &  a.  Crookedly,  askew ; 
look  a.,  look  askance  (lit.  &  fig.);  amiss,  im- 
properly; go,  run,  tread,  a.,  do  wrong;  (adj., 
usu.  pred.)  crooked  (lit.  &  fig.),  [a  prep.  +wry] 
ax(e),  n.  Chopping-tool,  usually  iron  with 
steel  edge  &  wooden  handle  ;  put  the  a.  in  the 
helve,  solve  a  puzzle ;  (U.S.  politics)  an  a.  to 
grind,  private  ends  to  serve.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE 
xx,  OHG  acchus,  G  ax,  axt ;  akin  to  Gk  axine 
&  perh.  L  ascia] 

a'xial,  a.  Forming,  belonging  to,  an  axis; 
round  an  axis.  Hence  axia'lrrv  n.,  a'xial  ly  2 
adv.    [f.  axis  +  -al] 

a*xil,  n.  Upper  angle  between  leaf  &  stem  it 
springs  from,  or  between  branch  &  trunk.  If. 
L  axilla  armpit] 

a'xile,  a.  (bot.,  physiol.)  Belonging  to  the 
axis.    fr.  axis,  see  -il] 

auxiliary,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  armpit ; 
(Bot.)  in,  growing  from,  the  axil.  [f.  F  axillaire 
f.  L  *axillaris  (as  axil)] 

a'xiom,  n.  Established  principle  ;  maxim  ; 
self-evident  truth,  [f.  F  axiome  f.  L  f.  Gk 
axioma  (axiod  hold  worthy  f.  axios,  see  -m)] 
axiomatic,  -leal,  aa.  Self-evident ;  charac- 
terized by  axioms  ;  full  of  maxims,  aphoristic. 
Hence  axioma'ticalLV2  adv.  [f.  Gk  axio- 
matikos  (axioma  -matos),  see  prec.  &  -ic,  -al] 
a'xis,  n.  (pi.  axes).  Imaginary  line  about 
which  a  body  rotates,  or  by  revolution  about 
which  a  plane  is  conceived  as  generating  a  solid 
(sphere,  cone,  cylinder) ;  line  dividing  regular 
figure  symmetrically;  (Optics)  ray  passing 
through  centre  of  eye  or  lens,  or  falling  per- 
pendicularly on  it;  (Physiol.)  central  core  of 
organ  or  organism ;  (Bot.)  central  column  of 
inflorescence  or  other  whorl  of  growth;  straight 
line  from  end  to  end  of  a  body,  as  a.  of  equator 
(polar  diameter  of  earth).  [L,  =  axle,  pivot] 
a'xle,  n.  Spindle  upon  or  with  which  wheel 
revolves;  (in  carriages,  prop.)  slender  ends  of 
a.-tree  (whole  bar  connecting  wheels),  (loosely) 
a.-tree;  wheel  &  a.,  a  mechanical  power; 
a.-box  (in  which  ends  of  aa.  revolve);  a.- 
journal,  polished  end  of  a.  revolving  under 
bearing  in  a.-box.  Hence  a'xlED2  a.  [first 
found  in  axle-tree,  ON  oxul-tree  ( ON  oxull  = 
Goth,  ahsuls  f.  OTeut.  ahsd,  cogn.  w.  Skr.  aksha, 
Gk  axon,  L  axis)] 

a'xolotl,  n.    Salamander-like  reptile  found 
in  Mexican  lakes.    [Aztec,  =  servant  (xolotl)  of 
water  (atl)\ 
ay  (i),  int.  &  n.  Yes ;  (n.)  affirmative  answer ; 


AYAH j 

the  ayes  have  it,  affirmative  voters  are  in 
majority.    [?] 

ayah  (Va),  n.  Native  Hindoo  nurse  or  lady's 
maid.  [Ind.  vernacular  aya  f.  Port,  aia  nurse, 
fern,  of  aio  tutor] 

aye  (a),  adv.  Ever,  always ;  on  all  occa- 
sions ;  for  a.,  for  ever.  [ME  agg,  ai,  ei,  f.  ON 
ei,  ey,  cogn.  w.  Goth,  aiw  f.  OTeut.  aiwoz,  cogn. 
w.  L  aevum  age  ;  cf.  Gk  aei  always] 

aye-aye  (li),  n.  Squirrel-like  animal  of  the 
size  of  a  cat,  found  only  in  Madagascar.  [F,  f. 
Malagasy  aiay] 

Aza'lea,  n.  Genus  of  flowering  shrubby 
plants,  natives  of  northern  hemisphere,  [t  Gk 
azalea  fern,  of  azaleos  dry  (from  its  dry  wood 
or  the  dry  soil  in  which  it  flourishes)] 

a'zarole,  n.  Fruit  of  the  Neapolitan  medlar, 
[f.  F  azerole  (Sp.  azarolla)  f.  Arab,  az-zurur 
(al  the  +  name  of  the  fruit)] 

a'zimuth,  n.  Arc  of  the  heavens  extending 
from  the  zenith  to  the  horizon,  which  it  cuts 
at  right  angles ;  a.-oircle,  one  of  which  this  is 
a  quadrant,  passing  through  zenith  &  nadir; 
true  a.  of  a  heavenly  body,  arc  of  horizon 
intercepted  between  north  (in  Southern  hemi- 
sphere, south)  point  of  horizon  &  the  point  where 
the  great  circle  passing  through  the  body  cuts 
the  horizon ;  magnetic  a.,  arc  intercepted  be- 
tween this  circle  &  magnetic  meridian.  Hence 
azimu'thAL  a.,  azimirthalLY 2  adv.  [f.  F 
azimut  f.  Arab,  assumut  (al  the  +  sumut  pi.  of 
samt  way,  direction)] 

azo'ic,  a.  Having  no  trace  of  life;  (Geol.) 
containing  no  organic  remains,  [f.  Gk  azoos 
(a-  not  +  zoe  life)  +  -ic] 

azo'te,  n.  Former  name  of  nitrogen.  Hence 
azd'tica.,  a*zotiZE(3)v.t.  [F,  f.  Gka-not+zoo 
(for  zao)  live,  from  its  inability  to  support  life] 

azure  (a'zher,  a'zhyer),  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.  Sky 
blue ;  unclouded  vault  of  heaven ;  bright  blue 
pigment;  lapis  lazuli;  (adj.)  sky-blue,  (fig.) 
cloudless,  serene  ;  (v.t.)  make  a.  [f.  OF  azur  f. 
med.  L  azur  a  f.  Arab,  al  the +lazward  f.  Pers. 
lazhward  lapis  lazuli] 

a'zygous,  a.  &  n.  (physiol.).  (An  organic 
part)  not  existing  in  pairs,  [f.  Gk  azugos  un- 
yoked (a-  not  +  zugon  yoke)  +  -ous] 


B  (be),  letter  (pi.  Bs,  Bs,  Bees).  (Mus.) 
seventh  note  in  scale  of  C  major  (B  flat, 
jocular  euphem.  for  bug).  (In  argument) 
second  hypothetical  person  or  thing.  (Alg.) 
second  known  quantity. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  bachelor,  as  B.A.  (of  Arts), 
B.D.  (of  Divinity),  B.Sc.  (of  Science),  LL.B. 
(of  Laws):  brandy,  B  &  S  (&  soda);  beata, 
B.V.M.  (Virgo  Maria  =  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Mary) ;  before,  B.C.  (Christ) ;  born,  as  b.  1851 ; 
British,  as  B.C.  (Columbia). 

Abbreviations  (2):  Bart,  baronet;  Beds., 
Bedfordshire ;  Berks.,  Berkshire ;  Bp, 
bishop;  Bros,  Brothers;  Bucks.,  Bucking- 
hamshire. 

baa  (bah),  n.,  &  v.i.  (baaing,  baaed  or 
baa'd).  =  bleat.  Baa-lamb,  nursery  name 
for  lamb,    [imit.] 

Ba*al,  n.  (pi.  Ba'alim).  Phoenician  god  ; 
(transf.)  a  false  god.  Hence  Ba*alisiu(3), 
Ba*alisT(2),  Ba*aliTE(l),  nn.  [Heb.  ba'al  lord] 

ba'bacoote  (bah-),  n.  Species  of  lemur 
(Madagascar).    [Malagasy  babakoto] 

Ba-bbit-metal,  n.  Soft  alloy  of  tin, 
antimony,  &  copper,    [inventor's  name] 

ba-bble^,  v.i.&t.  Talk  half  articulately, 
incoherently,  or  excessively ;  murmur  (of 
streams,    &c);    repeat    foolishly;    let     out 


BACHELOR 

(secrets).  Hence  ba'bbleMENT  n.  [imit.  of 
infant's  ba,  oa,+  -LE(3);  cf.  F  babiller,  LG 
babbelen,  G  pappelen] 

ba'bble2,  n.  Imperfect  speech;  idle  talk; 
murmur  of  water  &c.    [prec] 

ba'bbler,  n.  Chatterer;  teller  of  secrets; 
Long-legged  Thrush,    [-er  *] 

babe,  n.  (poet.).  Young  child,  baby ;  inex- 
perienced or  guileless  person,  [imit.  of  child's 
speech,  cf.  babble] 

ba'bel,  n.  The  tower  in  Shinar  (Gen.  xi) ;  a 
high  structure ;  visionary  plan ;  scene  of  con- 
fusion, noisy  assembly,  meaningless  noise, 
[perh.  f.  Ass.  bab-ilu  gate  of  God] 

babirou'ssa,  -ru'ssa  (-rob-),  n.  E. -Asiatic 
wild  hog  with  upturned  horn-like  tusks. 
[Malay  babi  hog+rusa  deer] 

baboo  (bah-),  n.  (As  Hindoo  title)  Mr ;  Hin- 
doo gentleman  ;  Indian  English-writing  clerk  ; 
(contemptuous)  half  anglicized  Hindoo.  [Hind. 
babu] 

baboo'n,  n.  Large  African  &  S.  -Asiatic 
monkey.    If.  13th_-c.  F  babuin  etym.  dub.] 

babou'che  (-oosh),  n.  Oriental  slipper.  [F, 
f.  Arab,  babush  f.  Pers.  paposh(pa  toot+posh 
covering) ;  for  p=b  cf.  pasha  &  bashaiv] 

ba'by,    n.      Very    young    child ;    childish 

eerson,  whence  ba'byiSH 1  a.,  ba'byishNESS, 
ia*byiSM(2),  nn. ;    thing  small   of  its  kind  ; 
b.-farmer,  one  who  contracts  to  keep  bb.  Hence 
ba'byHOOD  n.    [babe,  -y  3] 
Ba'bylon,  n.    Capital  of  Chaldean  empire  ; 
any  great  empire  or  vicious  city ;  Rome,  the 

Sipacy  (ref.  to  Rev.  xvii  &c),  London,  &c. 
ence  Babylo'ni a  x  a.  &  n.  [L,  f.  Gk  Babulon 
f.  Heb.  Babel  babel] 

baccalau'reate  (-riat),  n.  University 
degree  of  bachelor,  [f.  med.  L  baccalaureatus 
(baccalaureus  corrupted  after  bacca  lauri 
laurelberry)  f.  baccalarius  bachelor  ;  see  ate  ]] 

ba'ccara,  -at  (-rah),  n.  Gambling  card  game, 
[F] 

ba'ccate,  a.  (bot.)  Bearing  berries,  berry- 
shaped.  Hence  bacca'to-  comb.  form.  [f.  L 
baccatus  berried  (bacca  berry,  -ate2)] 

ba'cchanal  (-k-),  a.  &  n.  Of,  like,  Bacchus 
or    his    rites ;    riotous,     roystering.      Priest, 

{u-iestess,  votary,  of  Bacchus ;  drunken  revel- 
er ;  dance  or  song  in  honour  of  Bacchus,  [f.  L 
bacchanalis  (L  f.  Gk  Bakkhos  god  of  wine,  -al)] 

Bacchana'lia,  n.  pi.  Festival  of  Bacchus ; 
drunken  revelry.  [L  neut.  pi.  of  bacchanalis 
=  prec] 

Bacchana'lian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Bacchanals ; 
riotous,  drunken.  A  bacchanal,  tippler.  If.  L 
bacchanalis  bacchanal  +  -an] 

Ba'cchant,  n.  masc.  or  fem.,  &  a. ;  Bac- 
chante (baka"nt,  ba'kant,  baka'nti),  n.  fem. 
Priest,  priestess,  votary,  of  Bacchus ;  Bac- 
chus-worshipping, wine-loving.  Hence  Bac- 
eha'ntic  a.  [(-nte  F)  f.  L  bacchari  (-ant)  f. 
Gk  bakkheud  celebrate  Bacchic  rites] 

Ba'cchic,  a.  =  bacchanal  (adj.  meanings), 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  bakkhikos  of  Bacchus] 

Ba'cchus,  n.  Greek  god  of  wine.  [L,  f.  Gk 
Bakkhos] 

bacci'ferous,  ba'ceiform,  bacci*vor- 
ous,  (baks-),  aa.  Berry-bearing,  -shaped,  -eat- 
ing.   [L  baccifer  (-ferous)  ;  L  bacca  berry  + 

-FORM,  -VOROUS] 

Ba-charach  (bah  'charahch).  A  Rhine  wine, 
[town] 

ba'ehelor,  n.  Young  knight  serving  under 
another's  banner  (hist.) ;  hence  now,  knight  b., 
simple  knight  not  belonging  to  a  special  order ; 
man  or  woman  who  has  taken  the  university 
degree  below  Master;  unmarried  man.  B.'s 
buttons,  various  button-shaped  flowers   esp. 


BACILLARY 


00 


BAD 


double  buttercup,  also  small  ratafia  biscuits. 
Hence  ba'cheloPHOOD,  ba'ehelorsHip, 
ba*eheloriSM(4),  nn.  [f.  OF  bacheler  f.  L 
*baccalaris ;  cf.  baccalaria  piece  of  land, 
baccalarius  farm-labourer,  perh.  f.  bacca  LL 
for  L  vacca  cow] 

baci'llary,  a.  Of  little  rods  (tissue,  mem- 
brane) ;  connected  with  bacilli  (disease, 
research),    [bacillus  +  -arv  *1 

baei'lliform,  a.  Rod-shaped,  [foil.  + -form] 

baci'llus,  n.  (pi.  -Mi).  Genus  of  schizomy- 
cetae,  microscopic  rodlike  vegetable  organisms 
some  of  which  are  found  in  diseased  tissues  in 
anthrax,  phthisis,  &c.  [LL  dim.  of  L  baculus 
stick] 

back1,  n.  &  a.  Hinder  surface  of  human 
body  (at  the  b.  of,  behind  in  support,  pursuit, 
or  concealment ;  behind  one's  6. ;  give,  make, 
a  b.,  bend  down  at  leapfrog;  turn  one's  6. 
upon,  run  away  from,  abandon ;  on  one's  6., 
laid  up  ;  with  one's  6.  to  wall,  hard  pressed) ; 
body  as  needing  clothes  (6.  &  belly,  clothing 
&  food)  or  as  weight-carrier  (6.  equal  to  burden ; 
have  on  one's  6.,  be  burdened  with  ;  break 
one's  o.,  overburden  him,  &  see  break1  6. 
of) ;  surface  of  things  corresponding  to  human 
b.  (less  visible,  active,  or  important ;  6.  of  hand, 
leg,  door,  book,  knife),  side  away  from  spec- 
tator ;  upper  surface  of  animal's  body,  surface 
corresponding  to  this  (ridge-shaped,  &c.  ;  b.  of 


hill,  ship  esp.  in  broke  her  b. ;  on  the  b.  of,  in 
addition  to) ;  football  player  stationed  behind 
(full,  three-quarter,  half,  b.) ;  backband,  over 


cart-saddle  to  keep  shafts  up ;  backboard,  at 
b.  of  cart,  also  strapped  across  child's  b.  to 
straighten  it ;  backbone,  spine  (whence  ba'ck- 
bonED  2  a.  ;  to  the  backbone,  thoroughly),  main 
support,  axis,  watershed,  chief  strength,  firm- 
ness of  character  (whence  ba'ckboneLESS  a. ) ; 
backfall,  throw  on  b.  in  wrestling ;  backsword, 
with  only  one  edge,  also  singlestick.  (Adj.  ; 
no  com  p.,  superl.  backmost) :  situated  behind, 
remote,  inferior,  (take  b.seat,  humble  oneself) ; 
overdue  (6.  rent) ;  reversed,  counter,  (6.  cur- 
rent) ;  backdoor,  lit.,  &  fig.  secret  means  or 
approach,  (adj.)  clandestine,  underhand ; 
b.-end,  late  autumn ;  background,  part  of 
scene,  picture,  or  description,  that  serves  as 
setting  to  chief  figures  or  objects  and  fore- 
ground, obscurity,  retirement ;  backhand(ed), 
delivered  with  b.  of  hand  or  in  direction 
counter  to  the  usual,  indirect,  unexpected, 
(backhander,  such  blow,"  indirect  attack,  extra 

flass  got  by  bottle's  travelling  wrong  way) ; 
ackset,  counter  current,  check,  reverse  ;  back- 
side, posterior,  rump ;  b.-sight,  that  nearer 
stock  of  rifle  &c,  (Surv.)  sight  taken  back- 
wards; backstairs  n.  &  a.,  backstair  a.,  as 
backdoor  above;  backstays,  ropes  slanting 
abaft  from  masthead  to  sides  of  ship;  back- 
stroke, return  or  backhand  stroke  ;  backwash, 
motion  of  receding  wave  (lit.  &  fig.);  back- 
water, water  dammed  back,  currentless  water 
beside  stream  &  fed  by  its  backflow,  stagnant 
condition  of  things,  creek  communicating  with 
sea  by  barred  outlets,  water  cast  from  ship's 
paddles,  loss  of  power  caused  by  this ;  backway, 
bypath  (lit.  &  fig.);  backwoods  n.  &  a.,  back- 
wood  a.,  (connected  with)  remote  uncleared 
forest  land  (so  backwoodsman),  [a.  f.  n.,  OE 
bxc ;  Teut.,  now  almost  confined  to  E] 
back2,  v.t.  &  i.  Put,  or  be,  a  back,  lining, 
support,  or  background,  to ;  assist  with  coun- 
tenance, money,  or  argument,  bet  upon, 
whence  ba'ckER1  n. ;  (of  sporting  dogs)  follow 
suit  to  one  that  points ;  b.  up,  help  by  subor- 
dinate action,  esp.  in  cricket ;  ride  upon,  break 
in  to  the  saddle ;  countersign,  endorse ;  cause 


to  move  back  (horse,  boat,  engine,  &c. ;  b.  a 
sail,  yard,  lay  it  aback,  i.  e.  to  face  wind  ;  b. 
water,  reverse  boat's  motion  with  oars) ;  go 
backwards ;  (of  wind)  change  countersunwise 
(cf.  veer)  ;  b.  out  (of),  withdraw  (from  under- 
taking &c. ) ;  b.  down,  abandon  claim,    [f.  prec] 

back  3,  adv.  To  the  rear  (often  with  omission 
of  vb,  esp.  in  imperative),  away  from  what  is 
considered  the  front  (push  the  bolt  b.);  away 
from  a  promise  (go  b.from  or  upon  one's  word) ; 
into  the  past,  into  or  in  an  earlier  position  or 
condition,  home ;  in  return  (answer  b.  =  retort : 
pay  b.);  at  a  distance  (b.from  the  road) ;  in  a 
checked  condition  (keep  6.);=ago;  reckoning 
backwards  (for  years  o.);  behindhand;  6.  & 
forth=to  &  fro  ;  6.  of  (U.S.)  =  behind ;  backbite, 
slander,  speak  ill  of,  whence  ba'ckbitER J  n. ; 
ba'cklash(ing),  irregular  recoil  of  wheels  in 
machinery  due  to  defects  or  sudden  pressure  ; 
backslide  v.i.,  relapse  into  sin,  whence  back- 
sli'dER 1,  backsli'diNO  *,  nn. ;  backstitch 
n.  &  v.  t.  &  i. ,  se w(ing)  with  overlapping  stitches, 
[for  aback] 

back4,  n.  Shallow  vat  used  in  brewing, 
dyeing,  &c.  [1.  Du.  bak  tub  f.  F  bac  punt  cf. 
med.  L  baccus  ferryboat] 

backga'mmon,  n.  Game  played  on  special 
double  board  with  draughts  &  dice ;  most  com- 
plete form  of  win  in  this,  [back3  (because 
pieces  go  back  or  re-enter),  game  l] 

ba'eking-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  body  of 
supporters;  material  used  to  form  thing's 
back  or  support,    [back  2,  -ing  1] 

backsheesh.    See  baksheesh. 

ba*ekward(s),adv.,  backward,  a.  Away 
from  one's  front  (look,  lean,  &c);  back  fore- 
most (walk  &c.) ;  back  to  starting-point  (flow, 
roll,  &c. ;  not  of  living  things  exc.  in  b.  &  for- 
wards) ;  into  a  worse  state  (go  &c.) ;  into  the 
past  (reckon  &c.) ;  the  reverse  way  (spell  &c.  ; 
ring  the  bells  b.,  from  bass  upwards).  (Adj.) 
directed  to  rear  or  starting-point ;  reversed ; 
reluctant,  shy,  behindhand,  dull,  whence 
ba'ckwardNESS  n.  [orig.  for  abackneard, 
later  referred  to  back  1 ;  see  -ward,  -wards] 

backwardation,  n.  (St.  Exch.).  Per- 
centage paid  by  seller  of  stock  for  right  of 
delaying  delivery  (cf.  contango),  [f.  prec. 
used  as  vb  +  -ation  on  anal,  of  retardation] 

ba'eon,  n.  Cured  back  &  sides  of  pig  (save 
one's  b.,  escape  death  or  injury).  [OF,  r.  OHG 
bacho  MHG  backe  buttock  cf.  back  i] 

Bacd'nian,  a.  &  n.    Of  Francis  Bacon  or  his 

f)hilosophy,  experimental,  inductive;  a  fol- 
ower  of  Bacon.    [Bacon  +  -ian] 

ba'cony,  a.  Like  bacon  (esp.  b.  liver,  a 
disease,  fatty  degeneration),    [bacon  +  -y  l] 

bacterium,  n.  (pi.  -ria).  Genus  of  schi- 
zomycetae,  microscopic  rod-shaped  unicellular 
organisms  in  decomposing  liquids.  Hence 
baeter'iAL  a.,  baeterid'LOGY,  -6'logist,  nn. 
[mod.  L,  f.  Gk  bakterion  dim.  of  baktron  stick] 

ba'culine,  a.  Of  the  stick  or  flogging  (esp. 
6.  argument),    [f.  L  baculum  stick  +  -ine  x] 

bad,  a.  (worse,  worst),  &  n.  (Negatively) 
worthless,  inferior,  deficient,  of  poor  quality, 
incorrect,  not  valid,  (b.  air,  corrupt ;  b.  coin, 
debased ;  6.  debt ,  not  recoverable ;  6.  food,  not 
nourishing;  go  b.,  decay;  with  b.  grace,  re- 
luctantly; b.  shot,  wrong  guess;  b.  law,  not 
sustainable  ;  6.  form,  want  of  breeding ;  6.  pre- 
eminence, disrepute;  in  a  b.  sense,  unfavour- 
able; b.  success).  (Positively)  noxious,  de- 
praved, vicious,  offensive,  painful,  (b.  blood,  ill 
feeling;  b.  for,  injurious  to);  in  ill  health,  in- 
jured, in  pain,  (she  is  b.,  worse,  to-day ;  a  b.  leg). 
(N.)  ill  fortune  (take  the  b.  with  the  good),  wrong 
side  of  account  (£500  to  the  b.),  ruin  (go  to  the 


BADE < 

b.).    Hence  ba'ddiSH J  (21  a.    [ME  badde,  perh. 
f.  OE  baeddel  hermaphrodite,  womanish  man  ; 
for  loss  of  I  cf.  my  eel  much] 
bade.    See  bid  \ 

badge,  n.  Distinctive  mark,  formerly  of 
knight,  now  worn  as  sign  of  office  or  licensed 
employment  or  membership  of  a  society ; 
symbol,  something  that  betrays  a  quality  or 
condition.  [ME  ;  etym.  dub.] 
ba'dg-en1,  n.  (dial.)  Hawker,  esp.  of  pro- 
visions.   [?] 

ba'dg-er2,  n.  Grey-coated  strong-jawed 
nocturnal  hibernating  plantigrade  quadruped 
between  weasels  &  bears ;  fishing-fly,  &  paint- 
ing-brush, made  of  its  hair ;  b.-baiting,  -draw- 
ing, setting  dogs  to  draw  it  from  its  burrow 
or  a  cask;  b.-legged,  with  legs  of  unequal 
length  (popular  error),  [mod.  E  (older  brock  or 
bauson)  perh.  f.  badge  +  -ard  (earlier  bageard, 
badgerd)  with  ref.  to  its  white  forehead  mark] 
ba'dgfer3,  v.t.  Bait  like  a  badger,  worry, 
tease,    [f.  prec] 

badinage  (-ahzh),  n.  Light  raillery.  [F  (ba- 
diner  banter  f.  badin  silly  f.  LL  badare  gape)] 
ba'dly,  adv.  (worse,  worst).  Defectively, 
unsuccessfully,  faultily,  wickedly,  cruelly,  dan- 
gerously, by  much  (beaten),  very  much  (want 
a  thing  bX    [-ly2] 

ba'dminton,  n.  A  summer  drink  (claret, 
soda,  sugar) ;  game  with  net,  rackets,  &  shut- 
tlecocks. [Duke  of  Beaufort's  seat] 
ba'dness,  n.  Poor  quality  or  condition  ; 
faultiness,  invalidity ;  wickedness,  noxious- 
ness, adverseness.  [-ness] 
ba'ffle,  v.t.  Foil,  reduce  to  perplexity,  bar 
progress  of,  (person,  curiosity,  faculties,  efforts, 
ship);  baffling  winds,  variable,  preventing  a 
straight  course,  [perh.  f.  F  bejffler  mock  & 
bafouer  hoodwink,  both  perh.  f.  Pr.  bafar 
mockperh.  f.  bafinterj.  of  contemptl 
ba'ffy,  ba,fYihg,-spoon,  nn.  Wooden  golf 
club  for  lofting.  Tcf.  Sc  baffa.  blow] 
baft,  n.  Coarse  cheap  cotton  fabric  exported 
to  Africa.  [Pers.,  =  woven] 
bag1,  n.  Receptacle  of  flexible  material 
with  opening  at  top  (green  or  blue  b.,  barrister's 
for  briefs;  hyphened  with  nouns  showing 
contents  or  purpose,  as  mail-b.,  travelling-b. ; 
also  alone  for  such  compp.,  e.g.  for  money-b., 
so  bags  =  wealth,  or  for  game-b.,  also  for  g.-b.'s 
contents  or  all  a  sportsman  has  shot  or  caught ; 
b.  of  bones,  lean  creature ;  whole  b.  of  tricks, 
every  device,  everything,  all  the  lot;  inbottom 
of  b.,  as  last  resource  ;  let  cat  out  of  b.,  reveal 
secret,  esp.  involuntarily ;  b.  &  baggage,  with 
all  belongings,  esp.  of  utter  expulsion),  whence 
ba'grg'iNG  i  (3)  n. ;  cow's  udder ;  sac  in  body 
containing  honey,  poison,  &c.  ;  baggy  place 
under  eyes  &c. ;  (slang)  bb.,  trousers;  b.  fox, 
one  brought,  not  found ;  bagman,  commercial 
traveller,  also  =  b.  fox  ;  bagpipe(s),  musical 
instrument  (air-b.,  three  drones,  &  chanter) 
now  used  chiefly  in  Scotland ;  b.-sleeve,  loose 
except  at  wrist;  b.-wig,  18th-c.  wig  with  back 
hair  enclosed  in  b.  Hence  ba*g,FUL(2)  n. 
[perh.  f.  ON  baggi  etym.  dub.  ;  no  evidence  for 
connexion  with  belly,  bellows  (OHG  balg)] 
bag2,  v.i.  &  t  Swell,  bulge;  (Naut.)  drop 
away  from  course  ;  hang  loosely  ;  put  in  a  bag, 
secure  (game,  whether  lit.  bagged  or  not),  take 
possession  of,  (euphem.)  steal,  [prec] 
bag:',v.L  Cut  (wheat  &c.)  with  a  hook,  [also 
badge;  etym.  dub.] 

baga'sse  (-as),  n.    Refuse  products  in  sugar- 
making.    [F ;  perh.  =  bagage  lumber] 
bagate-lle,n.  Trifle,  negligibleamount;  light 

fiiece  of  music ;  minor  game  of  billiard  kind. 
F,  f.  It.  bagatella  dim.  perh.  f.  baga  baggage] 


| BAILIFF 

ba'ggage  <-ij),  n.  Belongings  with  which 
one  travels  (now  ousted  exc.  in  U.S.  by  lug- 
gage); portable  equipment  of  army;  good- 
for-nothing  woman  (now  only  used  playfully), 
saucy  girl.  [f.  OF  bagage  f.  baguer  tie  up  or 
bagues  bundles  pi.  of  bague  =  It.  &  LL  baga 
chest] 

ba'g-gy,  a.  Puffed  out,  hanging  in  loose 
folds.    Hence  ba'g-glNKSS  n.    [bag  *  +  -y  2] 

bagnio  (ba'nyo),  n.  Bathing-house  (not  now 
in  England) ;  oriental  prison  ;  brothel,  [f.  It. 
bagno  f.  L  balneum  bath] 

bah,  int.  of  contempt.    [F] 

Baha'dur  (ahd-),  n.  Complimentary  title 
appended  in  India  to  names  of  European 
officers.    [Hind.,  =  gallant] 

baignoire  (banwahT),  n.  Box  at  theatre  on 
level  of  stalls.    [F] 

bail !?  n.  Security  for  prisoner's  appearance, 
on  giving  which  he  is  released  pending  trial 
(forfeit  one's  b„  fail  to  appear;  save  one's  b., 
appear);  (joe.)  give  leg  b.,  run  away  ;  person(s) 
who  become(s)  surety  for  prisoner's  appearance 
(be,  become,  go,  b. ;  go  b.  for,  guarantee  truth 
of  anything;  magistrate  accepts,  admits  to, 
allows,  holds  to,  takes,  b. ;  prisoner  gives,  offers, 
surrenders  to  his,  b. ;  his  b.  surrender,  render, 
bring  in,  produce,  him).  [OF  bail  custody  f. 
baillier  take  charge  of  f.  L  bajulare  bear  a 
burden  (bajulus  porter)J 

bail2,  v.t.  1.  Deliver  (goods)  in  trust.  2.  Ad- 
mit to  bail,  release  on  security  given  for  appear- 
ance, (of  magistrate ;  archaic) ;  secure  libera- 
tion of,  by  becoming  bail  or  security  for  (b.  out 
if  already  in  prison),  tsense  1  f .  F  bailler  de- 
liver ;  sense  2  f.  bail  i] 

bail3,  n.  (Hist)  outer  line  of  fortification 
formed  of  stakes ;  wall  of  castle  court,  or  court 
itself.  (Mod.)  bar  separating  horses  in  open 
stable;  swinging  b.,  slung  from  manger  to 
ceiling ;  (cricket)  one  of  the  cross  pieces  (orig. 
one,  not  two)  over  stumps.  [OF  bail  perh.  f. 
baillier  enclose,  or  f.  L  baculum  stick] 

bail4,  n.  Half-hoop  for  supporting  wagon- 
tilt  &c. ;  hoop-handle  of  kettle  &c ;  (Australia) 
frame  holding  cow's  head  at  milking.  [ME 
beyl  f.  ON  beygla  swordguard  &c.  (beygya  = 
OE  began  to  bend)] 

bail5,  v.t.  Confine  (archaic);  (Australia)  b. 
up,  secure  (cow;  see  prec);  (of  bushrangers) 
make  hold  up  the  arms  to  rob,  (intr.  of  victim) 
throw  up  the  arms.  [f.  OF  baillier  enclose 
perh.  same  as  in  prec  &  bail2] 

bail6,  bale,  v.t  Throw  water  out  of  boat 
with  pails  &c  (b.  water  out,  b.  out  boat,  or  abs.). 
Hence  bai'lep  *  [-er1  (2)]  n.  [f.  obs.  n.  bail 
bucket  f.  F  bailie  f.  LL  bacula  dim.  of  baca, 
bacca,  water  vessel] 

bai'lable,  a.  Admitting  of  bail  (offence). 
[bail  1,2  +  -able] 

bailee*,  n.  One  to  whom  goods  are  entrusted 
for  a  purpose.    [bail2  +  -ee] 

bai'lep  2,  n.    Ball  that  hits  bails  at  cricket 

[BAILS-f-ER1] 

bai'ley,  n.  Outer  wall  of  castle ;  also  any  of 
its  inner  defensive  circuits,  or  any  of  the  courts 
enclosed  between  these;  Old  B.,  London  Cen- 
tral Criminal  Court,  standing  in  ancient  b.  of 
city  wall.  [ME  variant  of  bail3  perh.  f.  mod. 
L  form  ballium] 

bai'lie,  n.  Scotch  municipal  magistrate  =  Eng. 
alderman.    [ME  bailli  f.  OF  baillis  bailiff] 

bai'liff,  n.  (Orig.)  King's  representative  in 
a  district  (including  mayor,  sheriff,  &c),  esp. 
chief  officer  of  a  hundred  (still  in  High-B.  of 
Westminster,  B.  of  Dover  Castle,  &c  ;  used  as 
Eng.  equivalent  of  F  bailli,  G  landvogt,  Chan- 
nel-L  bailly  or  first  civil  officer) ;  officer  under 


BAILIWICK 


HI 


BALK 


sheriff  for  writs,  processes,  arrests ;  agent  of 
lord  of  manor ;  landholder's  steward.  IME  & 
OF  baillif  obj.  case  of  baillis  t  LL  bajulivus 
(L  bajulus  porter)] 

bai'liwiek,  n.  District,  jurisdiction,  of 
bailie  or  bailiff,    [bailie  +  wick  2] 

bailment,  m.  Delivery  of  goods  in  trust ; 
bailing  of  prisoner.  [OF  bailleme?it  see  bail2 
&  -ment] 

bai'lor,  n.  One  who  delivers  goods  to  another 
for  a  stated  purpose,    [bail2  +  -or2] 

bai'lsman,  n.  One  who  gives  bail  for 
another,    [f.  bail's  (bail1)  +  man] 

bain-marie  (F),  n.  Vessel  of  hot  water  in 
which  stewpans  are  stood  to  warm.  [F,  f.  L 
balneum  Mariae  bath  of  the  Virgin  perh. 
from  gentleness  of  process] 

Bairam  (birah'm),  n.  Mohammedan  festival 
(twice  a  year,  Lesser  &  Greater).  ITurk.  & 
Pers.] 

bairn,  n.  Child  (Sc.  form  now  borrowed  in 
literary  Eng.,  the  E  berne  having  perished,  & 
barne  become  dialectal).  [OE  beam,  com.- 
Teut.  f.  beran  bear  3J 

baitVv.t.  &i.  (Orig.)  cause  to  bite.  (1)  Worry 
(chained  animal)  by  setting  dogs  at  it  (with 
dogs,  or  abs. ;  also  of  the  dogs),  whence  (bear, 
Mill,  &c.)  -baitiNG1  n. ;  torment  (helpless 
person)  with  jeers  &c.  (2)  Give  food  to,  take 
food,  (of  horses  on  journey) ;  stop  at  inn  (orig. 
to  feed  horses,  then  also  for  rest  or  refresh- 
ment). (3)  Put  food  (real  or  sham)  on  or  in 
(hook,  trap,  fishing-place),  [sense  3  prob.  f. 
foil. ;  ME  bey  ten  f.  ON  beita  cause  to  bite  (bita 
bite  v.)  cf.  OF  beter] 

bait2,  n.  Food  to  entice  prey  (live  &.,  small 
fish  so  used) ;  (fig.)  an  allurement,  temptation  ; 
halt  fh  journey  for  refreshment  or  rest,  [partly 
f.  OX  beita  food,  partly  f.  prec] 

baize,  n.  Coarse  woollen  stuff  with  long 
nap  used  for  coverings,  [f.  F  baies  pL  fern,  of 
bat  f.  L  badiua  chestnut -coloured,  bay6, 
treated  by  mistake  as  sing.  cf.  bodice] 

bake,  v.  t.  &  i.  Cook  by  dry  heat  in  closed  place 
or  on  hot  surface  (not  by  direct  exposure  to  fire), 
whence  ba'kiNO  J(5)  n. ;  harden  by  heat ;  (half- 
baked,  immature,  half-witted) ;  (of  sun)  ripen 
(fruit),  tan  (skin) ;  (intr.)  undergo  the  process, 
be  cooked,  hardened,  tanned,  by  heat ;  bake- 
house, house  or  room  for  baking  bread,  or  for 
making  loaf-sugar ;  bakestone,  flat  stone,  slate, 
or  iron  plate,  on  which  cakes  are  baked  in 
oven ;  baking-powder,  substitute  for  yeast. 
[OE  bacan;  com.-Teut,  &  cf.  Gk  phogo  roast] 

ba'kep,  n.  Professional  breadmaker  (pull 
devil,  pull  b.,  encouragement  to  both  sides; 
b.'s  dozen,  thirteen,  13th  loaf  being  huckster's 
profit;  b.-legged,  knock-kneed) ;  (Fishing)  kind 
of  artificial  fly.  Hence  ba'kerESS1,  Da'k- 
ery(3),  nn.    [OE  bxcere  (bacan  bake  +  -er  j)] 

baksheesh, ba'khshish (-e-), n.  Gratuity, 
tip,  (article  not  used).  [Pers.,  f.  bakhsh idan give] 

Ba'laam  (-lam),  n.  Disappointing  prophet 
or  ally ;  (Journalism)  matter  kept  in  stock  to 
fill  up  gaps  in  newspaper  (Numb.  xxii.  28  or  38; 
b.-box,  receptacle  for  this). 

ba'lance1,  n.  Weighing -apparatus  with 
central  pivot,  beam,  &  two  scales ;  spring  or 
lever  substitute  for  this;  regulating  gear  of 
clock  or  watch ;  zodiac  constellation  (usu. 
Libra  or  The  Scales),  &  (not  now  corresponding) 
seventh  sign  of  zodiac.  The  weighing  of 
actions  or  opinions,  the  wavering  of  fortune  or 
chance,  power  to  decide  (hold  the  b.) ;  counter- 
poise, set-off;  equilibrium  \b.  of  power,  no 
State  greatly  preponderant) ;  (Art)  harmony  of 
design  &  proportion ;  steady  position  (lose  one's 
b.,  fall  physically  or  be  upset  mentally;  &.- 


wheel,  in  watch,  regulating  the  beat);  pre- 
ponderating weight  or  amount  (the  b.  of  ad- 
vantage lies  with  him).  (Accounts)  difference 
between  Cr  &  Dr,  statement  of  this  (strike  a 
b.,  determine  it;  b.-sheet,  written  statement  of 
it  with  details) ;  b.  of  trade,  difference  between 
exports  &  imports;  b.  in  hand,  amount  over 
after  realizing  assets  &  meeting  liabilities ;  6. 
due,  deficiency  ;  (slang)  the  remainder  of  any- 
thing. [F,  =  It.  bilancia  f.  L  (libra)  Bi(lanx- 
lancis  plate)  two-scaled  (balance)] 

ba'lance  2.  v.t.  &  i.  Weigh  (a  question,  two 
arguments  &c.  against  each  other);  match 
(thing)  with,  by,  against,  another ;  bring  (thing, 
oneself)  into,  or  keep  in,  equilibrium ;  equal 
or  neutralize  weight  of,  make  up  for ;  oscillate, 
waver;  (dancing)  move  conversely  with  one's 
partner..  (Accounts)  compare  Dr  &  Cr,  make 
the  entry  necessary  to  equalize  them  ;  account 
balances,  two  sides  are  equal ;  settle  account  by 
paying  deficit,    [f.  F  balancer  (balance  =  x>rec.)] 

ba'las,  n.  Species  of  ruby.  [f.  OF  balais 
ult.  f.  Pers.  Badakhshan  district  of  origin] 

ba'leony,  n.  Outside  balustraded  platform 
with  access  from  upper-floor  window ;  (Theatre) 
tier  of  seats  generally  between  dress-circle  & 
gallery.  Hence  ba*lconiED2a.  [f.  It.  balcone 
(balco  f.  OHG  balcho  =  balk1  +  -one  -oon)] 

bald  (bawld),  a.  With  scalp  wholly  or  partly 
hairless  (go  b.-headed  slang,  stake  everything, 
disregard  consequences) ;  (of  animals  &c.)  hair- 
less, reatherless,  treeless,  leafless,  napless ;  (of 
horses)  marked  with  white,  esp.  on  face ;  (of 
style)  meagre,  dull,  jejune,  monotonous,  (of  bad 
qualities)  undisguised,  whence  ba'IdL v  2  adv. ; 
baldhead,  baldpate,  (person)  with  bald  head, 
kinds  of  duck  (pate  only)  &  pigeon.  Hence 
ba'ldxESS  n.  [earlier  balled  perh.  f.  obs.  ball 
white  spot  cf.  W  (ceffyl)  bdl  (horse)  with  white 
forehead,  Ir.  &  Gael,  oal  spot,  +  -ED2] 

ba-ldachin  (-k-),  -quin,  n.  (Orig.)  rich 
brocade :  (now)  canopy  projecting,  suspended, 
or  on  pillars,  over  altar,  throne,  &c.  [F  &  Sp. 
baldaquin  f.  It.  baldacchino  (Baldacco  It.  form 
of  Bagdad,  place  of  origin)] 

ba-ld-eoot,  ba'ldicoot,  n.  The  coot,  from 
its  bare  white  forehead ;  bald  person. 

ba'lderdash  (bawl-),  n.  (Formerly)  frothy 
liquid,  mixture  of  liquors.  (Now)  jumble  of 
words,  nonsense ;  foul  language.     [?] 

ba'ldmoney  (bawl-),  n.  "Yellow-flowered 
umbelliferous  plant.    [?1 

ba'ldrie  (bawl-),  n.  Belt  for  sword,  bugle, 
&c,  hung  from  shoulder  to  opposite  hip.  Hence 
ba'ldrle-wiSE  adv.  [earlier  baudry  f.  OF 
baudrei  cf.  MHG  balderich  perh.  f.  L  balteus 
belt] 

bale1,  n.  Evil,  destruction,  woe,  pain, 
misery,  (poet.  &  archaic).  Hence  ba'leFUL  a., 
ba'lefulLY2  adv.  [OE,  OSax.,  &  OFris.  balu 
f.  OTeut.  *balwom  neut.  adj.  evil] 

bale  2,  n.  Package  of  merchandise  usu.  done 
up  in  canvas  &  corded  or  metal-hooped, 
(perh.  through  Flem.)  f.  OF  bale,  balle, 
balla,  palla,  either  from  OHG  balla,  palla, 
ball  x,  or  f.  Gk  palla  ball] 

bale3.    See  bail6. 

balee'n,  n.  &  a.  Whalebone.  IME  baleyne 
f.  OF  baleine  f.  L  balaena  whale] 

ba'lefire,  n.    Great  fire  in  the  open  ;  funeral 

Eyre;  beaconfire  (fire  added  only  in  19th  c); 
onfire.  [f.  OE  bxl  &  ON  bdl  great  fire  f. 
OTeut  balom  (cf.  Skr.  bhalas  lustre,  Gk  phalos 
shining)  +  fire] 

balk  \  baulk,  (bawk),  n.  Ridge  left  un- 
ploughed  ;  stumbling-block,  hindrance  ;  sanc- 
tuary area  on  billiard  table  (make  a  b.,  utilize 
this) ;    roughly    squared    timber  beam ;    tie- 


[ME 
f.  It 


BALK t 

beam  of  a  house  ;  headline  of  fishing-net.  [OE 
balca  ridge  &  perh.  ON  bdlkr  beam] 

balk  2,  baulk,  (bawk),  v.t,  &  i.  Shirk,  miss, 
(topic,  turn,  duty,  chance) ;  jib,  shy,  pull  up  ; 
hinder,  thwart,  disappoint,  discourage,  startle, 
[f.  prec] 

ball  l  (bawl),  n.  Solid  or  hollow  sphere ;  (with 
distinctive  adj. )  any  of  the  heavenly  bodies;hard 
or  soft,  inflated  or  solid,  large  or  small,  sphere 
used  in  games ;  (Cricket)  single  delivery  of  it 
by  bowler  (no  b.,  delivery  breaking  rules) ; 
solid  missile  (not  always  spherical)  for  cannon, 
rifle,  pistol,  &c.  (load  with  b.,  opposed  to  blank 
cartridge) ;  =  ballot  n.,  &  see  black1  ;  b.  of 
eye,  eye  within  lids ;  material  gathered  or 
v/ound  in  round  mass,  as  snow,  medicine 
(veterinary),  wool,  or  string;  b.  of  foot,  rounded 
part  at  base  of  great  toe,  so  b.  of  thumb. 
(Phrr.)  have  the  b.  at  one's  feet,  see  one's  way  to 
success  ;  keep  up  the  b.,  keep  the  b.  rolling,  do 
one's  part  in  talk  &c. ;  the  o.  is  with  you,  it  is 
your  turn ;  b.  &  socket,  joint  with  greatest  pos- 
sible freedom  ;  three  bb.,  pawnbroker's  sign;  &.- 
firing,  withb.  cartridge;  6. -proof  ;  b.-bearings, 
axle  fittings  avoiding  friction  by  use  of  small 
bb. ;  b.-cock,  -tap,  automatic  cistern-tap  with 
floating  b. ;  b.-floioer,  archit.  ornament.  [ME 
bal  f.  ON  bollr  I  OTeut.  balluz] 

ball 2  (bawl),  n.  Social  assembly  for  dancing 
(so  b.-room;  give  a  6.,  of  the  entertainer;  open 
the  &.,  lead  first  dance,  fig.  commence  opera- 
tions), [f.  F  bal  f.  baler,  bailer,  =  Pr.  balar,  It. 
&  LL  ballare  to  dance  perh.  f.  Gk  ballizo  dance] 

ball 3,  v.t.  &  i.  Squeeze  or  wind  into  a  ball ; 
grow  into  a  lump  or  lumps,    [ball  ]] 

ballad,  n.  Simple  song,  esp.  sentimental 
composition  of  several  verses,  each  sung  to 
same  melody,  with  accompaniment  merely 
subordinate  ;  poem  in  short  stanzas  narrating 
popular  story.  Hence  ballad-MONGER,  bal- 
ladR y  (5),  nn.  [ME  &  OF  balade  (F  ball-)  f.  Pr. 
balada  dancing-song  f.  balar  (ball2),-ade(1)] 

balla'de  (balahd),  n.  Poem  of  one  or  more 
triplets  of  seven-lined  or  eight-lined  stanzas, 
each  ending  with  same  refrain  line,  &  envoy; 
poem  of  equal  (usu.  seven  or  eight  line)  stanzas ; 
b.  royal,  stanzas  of  seven  or  eight  ten-syllable 
lines  (also  rhyme  royal),  [earlier  spelling  &pron. 
of  prec,  now  used  technically] 

ballast  *,  n.  Heavy  material  placed  in  ship's 
hold  to  secure  stability ;  in  b.,  in  the  hold,  (of 
ship)  laden  with  b.  only,  (of  material)  as  b.  ; 
experience,  principles,  &c,  that  give  stability 
to  character ;  slag  &c.  used  to  form  bed  of  rail- 
road or  substratum  of  road,  [so  in  most  Eur. 
langg. ;  perh.  OSw.  &  ODa.  barlast  (now  bal-) 
show  origin,  bar  bare,  mere,'+  last  load] 

ba'llast2,  v.t.  Furnish  with,  render  steady 
by  means  of,  b.  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  fill  in  (railroad bed) 
with  b.    Hence  ballastiNG l  (3)  n.    [f.  prec] 

balleri'na  (-enah),  n.  Dancing-woman, 
ballet-girl,    lit] 

ballet  (-la),  n.  Combined  performance  of 
professional  dancers  on  the  stage.  [F,  dim.  of 
bal  BALL2] 

ballfsta  (ba-),  n.  Ancient  military  engine  for 
hurling  great  stones  &c    [L,  f.  Gk  ballo  throw] 

balli'stic,  a.  Of  projectiles,  of  hurling  power. 
Hence  balli'stics  n.    [prec  +  -ic] 

ballon  d'essai  (F),  n.  Experiment  to  see 
whether  the  public,  or  foreign  States,  will 
tolerate  a  new  departure  in  policy  &c. 

balloo'n l,  n.  (Archit.)  large  ball  crowning 
pillar,  spire,  &c  j  (Chem.)  large  hollow  glass 
globe  used  in  distillations ;  round  or  pear- 
shaped  airtight  envelope  inflated  with  gas 
lighter  than  air  &  rising  sky-wards,  whence 
balloo*niST(3)  n.;  anything  hollow  &  inflated; 


I BAM 

shape  into  which,  or  frame  on  which,  trees  & 
plants  are  trained,     [f.  It.  ballone  large  ball 
(balla  see  bale  2  +  -one  see  -oon)1 
balloo'n2,  v.i.    Ascend  in  balloon,  whence 
balloo'nER J  n. ;  swell  out  like  b.  (gowns  &c). 


[f.  prec] 
bal 


Hot1,  n.  (Small  ball,  ticket,  or  paper- 
also  b. -paper— used  in)  secret  voting ;  votes  so 
recorded ;  lot-drawing  (whether  by  balls  or 
not) ;  b.-box,  used  in  voting  or  lot-drawing,  [f. 
It.  ballotta  dim.  of  balla  ball  see  bale2] 

ballot2,  v.i.  Give  secret  vote ;  b.  for,  select 
(officials  &c)  by  secret  vote;  draw  lots  (for 
precedence,  esp.  in  H.  of  Commons  for  right  of 
moving  resolutions  &c).  [f.  It.  ballottare  (bal- 
lotta ballot  J)J 

ballot*,  n.  Small  bale  of  70  to  1201b.  [Fdim. 
of  balle  bale2] 

ballotag-e  (-ij),  n.  French  second  ballot, 
between  two  highest  candidates  with  less  than 
legal  majority.    [F,  f.  ballotter  =  ballot2;  see 

-AGEl 

ballyrag-,  v.t.  &  i.  (slang)  (-gg-).  Maltreat 
by  hustling,  jeering,  or  playing  practical  jokes 
on  ;  indulge  in  horseplay.  Hence  b'allyrag'- 
g*iNG l  n.  [etym.  dub. ;  also  bullyrag,  prob.  by 
pop.  etym.1 

balm  (bahm),  n.  Fragrant  &  medicinal  exuda- 
tion from  certain  trees ;  ointment  for  anointing, 
soothing  pain,  or  healing ;  perfume,  fragrance  ; 
healing  or  soothing  influence,  consolation  ;  tree 
yielding  b.  (Asia  &  N.  Africa) ;  B.  Gentle  or  B.- 
mint,  Bastard  B.,  Field  B.,  fragrant  herbs ; 
B.  ofQilead  or  of  Mecca,  golden  oleo-resin  once 
much  used  as  antiseptic,  artificial  imitation  of 
this.  [ME  &  OF  basme  f.  L  balsamum  balsam  ; 
the  ME  has  been  variously  corrected  on  the  L 
(e.  g.  balsme),  whence  the  mod.  -1-] 

bal'm-cpicket  (bahm-),  n.  Cicada,  [earlier 
baum- ;  mistransl.  of  G  baumgrille  tree-cricket] 

balmd'pal,  n.  Kinds  of  laced  boot,  petti- 
coat, Scotch  cap.  [Queen  Victoria's  Scotch 
residence] 

bal'my,  a.  Yielding  balm ;  fragrant,  soft, 
mild,  soothing,  healing.  Hence  bal'miLY2 
adv.,  bal'miNESS  n.    [balm  +  -y  j] 

balsam  (bawl-),  n.  Resinous  product  = 
balm  ;  True  B.  or  B.  of  Mecca  =  balm  of 
Gilead  •  other  medicinal  oleo-resins ;  Canada 
B.,  used  in  mounting  for  microscope  ;  artificial 
oily  or  resinous  ointment,  esp.  various  sub- 
stances dissolved  in  oil  or  turpentine,  e.g.  B.  of 
Aniseed;  (fig.)  healing  or  soothing  agency; 
(Chem.)  compounds  of  resins  &  volatile  oils, 
insoluble  in  water ;  tree  yielding  b. ;  flowering 
plant  of  genus  Impatiens  ;  B.  Apple,  gourdlike 
plant  with  highly  coloured  fruit.  Hence  bal- 
samic (bawl-  or  bal-)a.,  balsa'miCALLY  adv., 
balsami'FEROUS  a.,  balsam y  2  (bawl-)  a. 
[f.  L  balsamum  ;  from  c.  1000  to  1600  either  vari- 
ants of  basme  were  used,  or  the  full  L ;  balsam 
before  &  after  those  dates] 

baltimore  (bawl-),  n.  N.-Amer.  orange  & 
black  starling,  [colours  of  Lord  Baltimore 
proprietor  of  Maryland's  coat  of  arms] 

baluster,  n.  Short  pillar,  slender  above, 
pearshaped  below;  post  helping  to  support 
rail ;  (pi.)  set  of  these  supporting  handrail  of 
staircase  (now  usu.  banisters),  [f.  F  balustre 
f.  It.  balausta  t.  L  f.  Gk  balaustion  wild- 
pomegranate  flower  (from  shape  of  its  calyx- 
tube)] 

balustra'de,  n.  Row  of  balusters  with  rail 
or  coping  as  ornamental  parapet  to  terrace, 
balcony,  &c  Hence balustra'dED  2  a.  [prec, 
-ade] 

bam,  v.t.,  &  n.  (slang,  archaic).  Hoax,  [from 
18th  c  ;  etym.  dub.] 


BAMBINO 


63 


BANIAN 


bambi'no  (-e-),  n.  Image  of  infant  Jesus  in 
swaddling-clothes  shown  in  Italian  churches 
at  Christmas.    [It. , = baby] 

bamboo',  n.  Genus  of  tropical  giant  grasses ; 
the  stem,  used  as  stick  or  material,  [bambu 
now  in  Java  &  Sumatra,  but  perh.  not  native] 

bamboo'zle,  v.t.  (slang).  Hoax,  mystify, 
cheat  into  doing  something  or  out  of  property 
&c.  Hence  bamboo'zleMENT  n.  [from  c. 
1700 ;  etym.  dub. ;  cf.  bam,  also  F  bambocher 
play  the  fool,  bamboche  puppet  f.  It.  bamboccio 
simpleton  (bambo  fool  +  -occio)] 

ban1,  v.t.  &  i.  Curse  (t  &  L,  archaic) ;  pro- 
hibit, interdict.  JOE  bannan  summon  &  ON 
banna  curse  f.  OTeut.  bannan  proclaim  f.  root 
ba-  (cf.  L/a-,  Gkpha)  speak] 

ban  2,  n.  Ecclesiastical  anathema,  interdict ; 
curse  supposed  to  have  supernatural  power; 
angry  execration  (archaic) ;  formal  prohibition ; 
sentence  of  outlawry,  esp.  B.  of  the  (Holy 
Roman)  Empire ;  tacit  prohibition  by  public 
opinion  (under  a  &.).  [OF,  f.  LL  bannum  f. 
Teut  bann  proclamation  with  penalties  {ban- 
nan ban  J)J 

ban3,  n.  Viceroy  of  districts  in  Hungary, 
Croatia,&c,commanding  in  war.  [Pers., =lord] 

ba'nal,  a.  Commonplace,  trite.  [F  (ban2, 
-al)  ;  orig.  a  feudal  word ;  the  use  of  the  lord's 
mill  was  compulsory  for  all  tenants  (bannal 
mill),  whence  the  sense  common  to  all] 

bana'lity,  n.  Triteness;  a  commonplace, 
[f.  F  banaliU  t  prec.  see  -ality] 

bana'na  (-nan-),  n.  Tropical  &  subtropical 
fruit  tree  ;  its  fruit,  finger-shaped  with  yellow 
rind,  in  clusters.  [Port,  or  Sp.  f.  the  native 
name  in  Guinea] 

banau'sic,  a.  Suitable  for  a  mere  mechanic, 
illiberal,  [f.  Gk  banausikos  {banausos  work- 
ing by  fire  f.  baunos  forge,  -ic)l 

Banbury  cake,  n.  Spiced  cake  made  at 
Banbury. 

banc,  ba'nco,  n.  Used  in  phrases  in  banc,  in 
banco, = on  the  bench,  applied  to  sittings  of  a 
Superior  Court  of  Common  Law  as  a  full 
court  (not  Nisi  Prius  or  circuit),  [banco  L  abl. 
of  bancus  bench ;  see  bank5] 

band  ">,  n.  (1)  Thing  that  restrains,  binds  to- 
gether, connects,  or  unites  (chiefly  archaic,  now 
ousted  by  the  orig.  identical  bond)  ;  (book- 
binding) straps  at  back  holding  sheets  together ; 
b.-stone,  one  passing  through  dry-stone  wall 
&  binding  it.  (2)  Flat  strip  of  thin  material ; 
hoop  round  anything  (of  iron,  elastic,  &c); 
strap  forming  part  of  a  garment  (shirt,  dress, 
hat,  &c),  (pi.)  development  of  neckband  or 
collar  into  two  pendent  strips  (clerical,  legal) ; 
reef -band,  strip  sewn  on  sail  at  eyelet  holes 
for  strength  ;  (Mech.)  belt  connecting  wheels  ; 
stripe  of  colour  or  distinguishable  material  on 
object;  bandbox,  of  paper-covered  chip  or 
cardboard  for  millinery  (orig.  for  clerical  bb. ; 
look  as  if  one  came  out  of  bandbox,  of  ex- 
treme neatness) ;  b.-saw,  endless  saw  running 
over  wheels :  b. -wheel,  worked  by  strap  from 
another.  (3)  Organized  company  of  armed  men, 
robbers,  persons  with  common  object  (B.  of 
Hope,  total  abstinence  association),  musicians 
(esp.  regimental  b. ;  German  b.,  any  itinerant 
open-air  musicians;  bandmaster,  conductor; 
bandstand,  platform ;  bandsman,  'member  of 
b.).  [all  meanings  ult.  f.  OTeut.  bindan  bind  l, 
but  1, 2, 3,  with  different  hist.  (1)  (tie),  ME  band 
f.  ON  band  f.  OTeut  (hence  also  bond);  (2)  (strip), 
late  M  E  bande  f .  F  bande,bende, = Pr.  &  1 t  benda 
f.  OHG  bindd  f.  OTeut. ;  (3)  (company),  15th-c. 
bande  f.  F  bande  =  Pr.,  Sp.,  It.,  banda  ribbon 
or  LL  bandum  banner  both  f.  Teut.] 
band2,  v.t.      Put  a  band  on;  mark  with 


stripes ;  form  into  a  league  (usu.  refl.  or  pass.), 
[f.  F  bander  f.  bande,  see  prec] 

ba'ndage  (-ij),  n.,  &  v.t.  Strip  of  material 
for  binding  up  limb,  wound,  &c,  or  anything 
used  for  blindfolding;  (vb)  tie  up  with  b., 
whence  ba'ndagiNG 1  (3)  n.  [F,  f.  bande 
band  * ;  see  -age] 

banda'nna,  -a'na,  n.  Richly  coloured 
yellow  or  white  spotted  (orig.  always  silk) 
handkerchief.  [Hind,  bandhnu  method  of  spot- 
dyeing] 

bandeau*  (-do),  n.  Fillet  for  binding  woman's 
hair.    [F] 

ba*ndep6l(e),  n.  Long  narrow  flag  with 
cleft  end  flown  at  masthead ;  ornamental 
streamer  on  knight's  lance  ;  ribbon-like  scroll 
(Arch.,  stone  band)  with  inscription ;  some- 
times = bannerol.  [F  banderole  dim.  of  ban- 
diere  banner] 

ba'ndicoot,  n.  (India)  rat  as  large  as  cat ; 
(Australia)  insectivorous  marsupial,  If.  Telugu 
pandi-kokku  pig  rat] 

bandit,  n.  (pi.  -itH,  -its).  Outlaw  ;  lawless 
robber,  brigand,  (usu.  in  organized  gangs); 
a  banditti,  set  of  brigands,  [f.  It.  bandito  pi. 
-iti  p.p.  of  bandire=med.  L  bannire  proclaim 
see  ban  !» 2] 

ba'ndog",  n.  •  Chained  dog ;  mastiff,  blood- 
hound,   [earlier  band-dog  f.  band  '] 

bandoleer*,  -Ier\  n.  Shoulder-belt  with 
cartridge-loops,  [f.  17th-c  F  bandouillere  f.  It. 
bandoltera  (bandola  dim.  of  banda  band  *] 

ba'ndoline,  n.  Gummy  preparation  for  fix- 
ing the  hair  or  moustache,  [perh.  f.  bandeau] 

ba'ndy l,  v.t.  Throw,  strike,  pass,  to  &  fro 
(ball,  or  fig.  stories  &c,  or  persons) ;  often  b. 
about ;  discuss  (names  &c.) ;  give  &  take  (blows 
&c),  exchange  (something  with  some  one),  [cf. 
F  bander  'bandie  at  Tennis*  perh.  f.  bande 
side;  -y unexplained] 

ba'ndy2,  n.  (Orig.)  special  form  of  tennis; 
(now  also  b.-ball)  hockey  ;  the  stick,  curved  at 
end,  used  in  the  game.    [perh.  f.  prec] 

ba'ndy3,  n.  Indian  cart  or  buggy,  [f. 
Telugu  bandi] 

ba'ndy4*,  a.  Wide  apart  at  the  knees  (of 
legs) ;  b.-legged,  (of  persons  or  animals)  having 
b.  legs.    [perh.  f.  bandy2 curved  stick] 

bane,  n.  Poison  (lit.  now  only  in  comb.,  as 
raVs-b.);  cause  of  ruin,  esp.  the  b.  of;  ruin, 
woe,  (poet.).  Hence  ba'neFUL  a.,  ba'neful- 
ly  2  adv.,  ba'nefulNESS  n.  [OE  bana  death, 
murder,  cf.  OHG  bano;  also  Gk  phonos 
slaughter] 

bang- 1,  v.t.  &  i.  Strike  (t.  &  i.)  noisily ;  shut 
(t.  &  l.  of  door)  with  noise;  make  sound  of 
blow  or  explosion ;  thrash ;  (slang)  surpass, 
[from  16th  c  ;  cf.  ON  banga  to  hammer,  LG 
bangen  strike] 

bang-2,  n.  Sounding  blow,  sound  of  a  blow, 
report  of  gun.    [f.  prec] 

bang3,  adv.  &  int.  With  sudden  impact, 
abruptly,  completely,  explosively ;  go  b.,  ex- 
plode;  conventional  imitation  of  gun-fire.    [f. 

BANG  1] 

bang4,  v.t,  &  n.  Cut  (front  hair)  straight 
across  forehead ;  fringe  resulting ;  b.-tail, 
horse  with  tail  cut  straight  across,    [f.  prec] 

ba'ngle,  n.  Ring  bracelet  or  anklet  Hence 
ba'nglED2  a.  [f.  Hind,  bangri,  glass  wrist- 
ring] 

ba'nian,  ba'nyan,  n.  Hindoo  trader; 
(Bengal)  native  broker  to  European  house ; 
Indian  flannel  jacket ;  (Naut)  b.-day,  on  which 
no  meat  is  served  out ;  b.-hospital,  for  animals ; 
b.-tree  (or  &.),  Indian  Fig,  branches  of  which 
root  themselves  over  great  extent.  [Port. 
banian  f.  Arab,  banyan  f.  Gujarati  vaniyo 


BANISH 


man  of  trading  caste.  B.  day,  hospital,  from 
caste  reverence  for  animal  life  ;  b.  tree,  E  name 
used  first  of  a  specimen  under  which  Banians 
had  built  pagoda] 

banish,  v.t.  Condemn  to  exile  (person 
from  place,  or  double  obj.  as  banished  him 
the  court,  or  obj.  of  person  only) ;  dismiss  from 
one's  presence  or  mind.  Hence  banishMENT 
n.    [f.  OF  banir  (-ish  2)  f.  LL  bannire  ban  i] 

banistep,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Upright(s)  support- 
ing stair  handrail  (also  in  pi.  for  uprights  &  rail 
together),    [corruption  of  baluster] 

banjo,  n.  (pi.  -os,  -oes).  Stringed  musical 
instrument  with  guitar  neck  &  head,  tam- 
bourine body,  played  with  fingers.  Hence 
ba*njoiST(3)  n.  [negro  corruption  of  earlier 
bandore  ult.  f.  Gk  pandoura] 

bank1,  n.  Raised  shelf  of  ground,  slope, 
elevation  in  sea  or  river  bed ;  flat-topped  mass 
of  cloud,  snow,  &c.  Sloping  margin  of  river, 
ground  near  river  (right,  left,  b.,  to  one  look- 
ing down  stream);  edge  of  hollow  place  (e.g. 
top  of  shaft  in  mining).  [ME  banke  cf.  Olcel. 
bakki  in   same  senses  f.  OTeut.  bankon  cf. 

BANK5] 

bank2,  v.t  &  i.  Contain  as  a  b.,  confine 
with  bank(s);  confine  watch -escapement  (of 
banking-pins),  strike  against  the  banking-pins 
(or  abs.  ;  of  escapement) ;  b.  up,  heap  or  rise 
into  bb.  (snow,  clouds),  pack  tightly  (fire,  for 
slow  burning),  [f.  prec] 
bank3,  n.  Establishment  for  custody  of 
money,  which  it  pays  out  on  customer's  order ; 
The  B.,  B.  of  England,  managing  the  public 
debt,  receiving  the  revenue,  issuing  legal-ten- 
der notes,  &  having  the  Government  for 
chief  customer;  (Gaming)  amount  of  money 
before  keeper  of  table ;  o.-bill,  drawn  by  one 
b.  on  another;  b.-book,  containing  customer's 
private  copy  of  his  account  with  b. ;  b.-credit, 
arrangement  by  which  customer  may  over- 
draw on  security  given ;  6.  holiday,  day  on 
which  bb.  are  legally  closed,  usu.  kept  as 
general  holiday  also;  b.-note,  banker's  pro- 
missory note  payable  to  bearer  on  demand  & 
serving  as  money  ;  b.-rate,  announced  percent- 
age at  which  B.  of  England  is  prepared  to  dis- 
count bills,  [f.  F  banque  t  It.  banca  t  Teut. 
bank  bench,  see  bank5] 

bank4,  v.t.  &  L  Keep  b.,  trade  in  money 
(banking-house,  commercial  firm  that  does 
some  banking) ;  keep  money  at  b. ;  deposit 
(money  &c.)  at  b.;  convert  into  money;  (Gaming) 
hold  table  fund.    If.  prec] 

bank 5,  n.  Galley-rower's  bench ;  tier  of 
oars  in  galley  ;  row  of  organ  keys ;  working- 
table  in  some  trades.  [ME  baunck  f.  OF  banc 
f.  Teut.  bank  t  OTeut.  bankiz  bench  f. 
bankon] 

bankable,  a.  That  will  be  received  at  a 
bank  (securities  &c).    [bank  3  +  -able] 

ba'nkep  *,  n.  Proprietor  or  partner  of  private 
bank,  governor,  director,  &c,  of  joint-stock 
bank ;  (Gaming)  keeper  of  the  bank  ;  dealer  in 
some  games  of  chance.    [bank3  + -er1] 

ba'nkep2,  n.  Labourer  (Eastern  counties) ; 
(Hunting)  horse  that  jumps  on  &  off  banks  too 
large  to  clear,    [bank  *  +  -er l) 

ba'nkep 3,  n.  Wooden  or  stone  bench  for 
trimming  bricks  or  stone  on.  [perh.  =  It.  banco 
statuary  s  bench] 

banking*,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  bank2»4; 
also,  fishing  on  a  sea  bank  (esp.  Newfoundland). 
[bank1] 

ba'nkpupt1,   n.      (Law)   insolvent  person 

whose  effects,  on  creditors'  or  his  own  petition 

to  Bankruptcy  Court,  are  administered  & 
distributed  fo*  benefit  of  all  creditors;  (pop.) 


64 BAOBAB 

insolvent  debtor,  [earlier  bankrout  &c.  f.  It, 
banca  rotta  broken  bank  (bank3,  L  rupt-  p.p. 
of  rumpere  break)  corrected  to  -rupt  on  L] 

ba-nkrupt-,  v.t.  Reduce  to  bankruptcy, 
[f.  prec] 

ba'nkpupt3,  a.  Under  legal  process  be- 
cause of  insolvency  ;  insolvent ;  bereft  (of  some 
quality  &c).    [perh.  the  short  p.p.  of  prec] 

bankruptcy,  n.  Being  declared  bank- 
rupt, being  insolvent ;  utter  loss  (of  something, 
e.  g.  reputation),    [prec.  +  -cv ,  irreg.  for  -rupcy] 

ba'nksia,  n.  Australian  flowering  shrub 
now  grown  in  Europe.    [Sir  J.  Banks,  -ia1] 

ba'nksman,  n.  Coal-mine  overlooker  above 
ground,    [bank  l] 

ba'nner,  n.  Cloth  flag  on  pole  used  as 
standard  of  emperor,  king,  lord,  knight,  for 
war ;  flag  of  a  country  &c  (ioin,  follow,  the  b. 
of;  now  chiefly  fig.) ;  ensign  (esp.  in  frame,  or 
with  two  poles)  borne  in  religious  or  political 
demonstrations ;  anything  used  as  symbol  of 
principles;  b.-screen,  fire-screen  hung  from 
standing  pole  or  mantelpiece.  Hence  ban- 
nePED  2  a,  [f .  OF  baniere  f .  LL  *bandaria  f . 
LL  bandum  t  Goth,  bandwa  perh.  f.  root  of 
band,  bind] 

ba'nneret,  n.  Knight  having  vassals  under 
his  banner;  one  knighted  on  the  field  for 
valour.  [ME  &  OF  baneret  (baniere  see  prec. 
-f-  -et  =  -ate2)  lit.  bannered] 

ba'nnepol,  n.  Banner  borne  at  great  men's 
funerals  &  placed  over  tomb ;  =  banderole. 
[var.  of  banderole] 

bannock,  n.  Scotch  &  N.-Eng.  homemade 
loaf,  usu.  unleavened,  flat,  &  round  or  oval.  [f. 
Gael,  bannach  perh.  f.  Lipanicium(panis  bread)] 

banns,  n.  pi.  Notice  in  church  of  intended 
marriage,  thrice  read  to  give  opportunity  of 
objection  (ask,  publish,  put  up,  forbid,  the  &.). 
[var.  of  ban  2] 

banquet  \  n.  Sumptuous  feast ;  dinner  with 
speeches  in  celebration  of  something  or  to 
further  a  cause.    [F,  dim.  of  banc  bench  bank5] 

banquet2,  v.t.  &  i.  Regale  (person)  -feast, 
carouse,  whence  banquetER*  n.  [f.  F  ban- 
queter (banquet  =  prec)] 

banque'tte  (-ket),  n.  Raised  way  behind 
rampart  &c  for  firing  from;  bench  behind 
driver  in  French  diligence.  [F,  f.  It.  banchetta 
dim.  of  banca  bench  see  bank  3] 

banshee,  n.  Spirit  whose  wail  portends 
death  in  a  house  (Irish  &  Scotch).  [Ir.  bean 
sidhe  f.  Olr.  ben  side  woman  of  the  fairies] 

bantam,  n.  Small  kind  of  domestic  fowl, 
of  which  the  cock  is  very  pugnacious ;  small 
but  spirited  person  ;  b.-weight,  lightest  class  in 
boxing  -  competitions,  [f.  Bantam  in  Java 
whence  they  were  perh.  brought,  though  perh. 
orig.  Japanese] 

banter,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Humorous  ridicule, 
good-humoured  personalities.  (Vb)  make  fun 
of,  rally ;  talk  jestingly,   [f.  17th  c  ;  etym.  dub.] 

banting-,  n.  Treatment  of  obesity  by  ab- 
stinence from  sugar,  starch,  &  fat ;  bant,  adopt 
this,    [for  Banting's  method] 

bantling-,  n.  Young  child,  brat.  [perh. 
corrupted  f.  G  bdnkling  bastard  f.  bank  (bench- 
begotten,  cf.  bastard);  or  f.  BAND2swathe+ 

-LING  *  (2)] 

bantu  (bahntoo*),  n.  &  a.  Used  to  include 
many  related  S.-Afr.languages  &  races,  [native, 
=  people] 

banxring,  n.  Javanese  squirrel-like  in- 
sectivorous animal.    [Javanese  bangsring] 

banyan.  See  ba  man  (used  esp.  for  the  tree). 

ba'obab,  n.  African  tree  called  also  Monkey- 
Bread  with  enormously  thickstem.  [mentioned 
1592] 


BAPTISM 


ba'ptism,  n.  Religious  rite  of  immersing 
(person)  in,  or  sprinkling  with,  water  in  sign 
of  purification  &  (with  Christians)  of  admis- 
sion to  the  Church,  generally  accompanied  by 
name-giving;  (fig.)  b.  of  blood,  martyrdom, 
b.  of  fire,  soldier's  first  battle ;  naming  of 
church  bells  &  ships.  Hence  bapti'smAL  a., 
bapti'smalLY 2  adv.  [ME  bapteme  f.  OF 
baptesme  f..L  f.  Gk  baptismos  (baptizo  baptize)] 

ba'ptist,  n.  One  who  baptizes,  esp.  John 
the  B.  ;  one  of  a  sect  (formerly  called  ana- 
baptists by  opponents)  objecting  to  infant 
baptism,  &  practising  immersion.  [f.  OF 
baptiste  f.  L  baptista  f.  Gk  baptistes  {baptizo 

BAPTIZE)] 

ba*ptist(e)ry,  n.  Part  of  church  (or  form- 
erly separate  building)  used  for  baptism  ;  (in 
Baptist  chapel)  immersion  receptacle,  [f.  OF 
baptisterie  f.  L  f.  Gk  baptisterion  bathing- 
place  {baptizo  BAPTIZE)] 

bapti'ze,  v.t.  Immerse  in  or  sprinkle  with 
■water,  as  sign  of  purification  or  initiation,  esp. 
into  the  Christian  Church ;  christen ;  (abs.) 
administer  baptism ;  (fig.)  purify,  elevate ; 
name  or  nickname,  [f.  F  baptiser  f.  L  bap- 
tizare  f.  Gk  baptizo  bathe  (bapto  dip)] 

bar ',  n.  Long-shaped  piece  of  rigid  material 
(metal,  wood,  soap,  &c. ;  b.-bell,  iron  b.  with 
ball  at  each  end  used  in  gymnastics,  cf.  dumb- 
bell ',  barwood,  red  wood  from  Gaboon  imported 
in  bb.  for  dyeing  &c.) ;  (medals)  slip  of  silver 
below  clasp  as  additional  distinction ;  band 
of  colour  &c.  on  surface,  (Herald.)  two  hori- 
zontal parallel  lines  across  shield  (b.  sinister,  by 
mistake  for  bend  or  baton,  supposed  sign  of 
illegitimacy) ;  rod  or  pole  used  to  confine  or  ob- 
struct (window,  door,  grate,  gate,  -b.) ;  barrier  of 
any  shape  ( Temple-b.,  tollb. ;  harbour-b.,  of  sand 
across  mouth) ;  (Mus.)  vertical  line  across 
stave  dividing  piece  into  equal  time-parts ; 
immaterial  barrier  ;  (Law)  plea  arresting  action 
or  claim  ;  moral  obstacle.  Barrier  with  some 
technical  significance,  as,  in  lawcourt,  place  at 
which  prisoner  stands ;  hence  b.  of  conscience, 
opinion,  &c.  ;  trial  at  b.,  in  King's- Bench 
division ;  a  particular  court  ( practise  at  par- 
liamentary, Chancery,  &c.  6.) ;  be  called  to  the 
b.  (i.  e.  that  in  Inns  of  Court  separating 
benchers),  be  admitted  a  barrister ;  be  called 
within  the  b.  (i.  e.  that  in  courts  within  which 
K.C.splead),beappointed  King's  Counsel  ;theb., 
barristers,  profession  of  barrister;  (Pari.)  rail 
dividing  off  space  to  which  non-members  may 
be  admitted  on  business;  (inn  &c.)  counter 
across  which  refreshments  are  handed,  space 
behind  or  room  containing  it ;  barman,  bar- 
maid, attendants  at  such  counter.  [ME  &  OF 
barre  f.  LL  barra  etym.  dub.] 

bar2,  v.t.  Fasten  (door  &c.)  with  bar(s) ; 
keep  (person)  in  or  out  {barring-out,  schoolboy 
rebellion) ;  obstruct  (path  &c.) ;  stay  (process 
or  party)  by  legal  objection  ;  exclude  from 
consideration  (esp.  in  imperative  used  as  prep., 
e.  g.  bar  one  in  betting) ;  (slang)  object  to,  dis- 
like, (person,  habit,  &c);  mark  with  stripe(s). 
[ME  barren  f.  OF  barrer  (barre  bar1)] 

bar3,  n.    Large  European  sea-fish.    [F] 

bapali'pton.    See  Barbara. 

ba'rathrum,  n.  Pit  at  Athens  into  which 
criminals  were  thrown ;  abyss.  [L,  f.  Gk 
barathrori] 

bapb  \  n.,  &  v.t.  Beardlike  feelers  of  barbel 
&c. ;  chin-piece  of  nun's  headdress;  lateral 
filament  branching  from  shaft  of  feather ;  sub- 
ordinate recurved  point  of  arrow,  fishhook, 
&c,  (fig.)  sting.  (Vb)  furnish  (arrow  &c.)  with 
b.  ;  barbed  wire,  for  fences,  with  wire  prickles 
at  intervals,    [f.  F.  barbe  f.  L  barba  beard] 

F.D. 


65 BARD 

barb2,  n.  Breeds  of  horse  &  pigeon  im- 
ported from  Barbary.  [f.  F  barbe  (Barbarie)] 
bap'bapa,  first  word  of  the  scholastic 
mnemonic  lines  for  figures  &  moods  of  the 
syllogism  (some  of  these,  esp.  barbara,  barbara 
celarent,  baralipton,  are  used  allusively  for 
logic  or  logical  training). 

barbarian,  n.  &  a.  (Foreigner)  differing 
from  speaker  in  language  &  customs,  esp.  in 
hist.,  (a)  non-Greek,  (one)  outside  the  Roman 
Empire,  (a)  non-Christian ;  rude,  wild,  or  un- 
cultured (person),  [f.  F  barbarien  (barbarous, 
-ian)] 

barba'rie,  a.  Rude,  rough,  like  or  of  bar- 
barians &  their  art  or  taste.  Hence  bar- 
ba'riCALLY  adv.  [f.  OF  barbarique  f.  L  f.  Gk 
barbarikos  (barbaros  barbarous  &  see  -ic)] 

bar'barism,  n.  Mixing  of  foreign  or  vulgar 
expressions  in  talk  or  writing ;  such  an  ex- 
pression ;  absence  of  culture,  ignorance  & 
rudeness ;  instance  of  this.  [f.  F  barbarisme  f. 
L  f.  Gk  barbarismos  (barbarizo  speak  like  a 
foreigner  f.  barbaros  barbarous,  -ize)] 

barba'rity,  n.  Savage  cruelty,  instance  of 
it ;  barbaric  style  or  taste,  instance  of  it,  (usu. 
barbarism),    [f.  hbarbarus  barbarous  +  -ty] 

bar'barize,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  bar- 
barous; corrupt  (language).  Hence  bar*- 
bapizATiON  n.  [f.  L  barbarus  barbarous  + 
-ize] 

barbarous,  a.  (Lang.)  not  Greek,  not 
Greek  or  Latin,  not  pure,  illiterate ;  (people) 
non-Greek,  beyond  Roman  Empire,  non-Chris- 
tian, outlandish  ;  uncivilized  ;  cruel ;  coarse. 
Hence  bar'barousiv2  adv.,  bar'barous- 
ness  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  barbaros  foreign  (pern, 
imit.  of  gibberish)  +  -ous] 

bar'bate,  a.  (bot. ,  zool. ).  Having  hairy  tufts, 
[f.  L  barbatus  bearded  (barba  beard,  -ate2)] 

bar'becue,  n.  Large  wooden  or  iron  frame- 
work for  smoking  or  broiling;  hog.  ox,  ice, 
roasted  whole,  whence  barbecue  v.t ;  (U.S.) 
large  entertainment  with  whole-roasting ;  floor 
for  drying  coffee-beans,  [f.  Sp.  barbacoa  f. 
Haitian  barbacoa  crate  on  posts] 

bar'bel  (-bl),  n.  Large  European  freshwater 
fish  with  fleshy  filaments  hanging  from  mouth; 
such  filament  in  any  fish,  whence  bairbel(l)- 
ed2  a.  [f.  OF  barbel  f.  LL  barbellus  dim.  of 
barbus  barbel  (barba  beard)] 

bar#ber.  n.  One  who  shaves  &  trims 
customers  beards  &  hair  (now  usu.  hair- 
dresser) ;  b.'s-block,  for  making  &  displaying 
wigs  ;  b.'s-pole,  spirally  painted  &  used  assign. 
[ME  &  AF  barbour  f.  OF  barbeor  f.  L  *barba- 
torem  (barba  beard),  see  -or2] 

bar'berry,  ber-berry,  n.  Shrub  with 
spiny  shoots,  yellow  flowers,  &  oblong  red 
berries ;  its  berry,  [f.  med.  L  barbaris,  6c?*- 
beris,  etym.  dub.) 

bar'bet,  n.  Bird  with  bristle-tufts  at  base 
of  bill.    [perh.  OF  barbet  adj.  =  barbu  bearded] 

barbette  (-et),  n.  Platform  within  fort  or 
in  ship  from  which  guns  fire  over  parapet  &c. 
without  embrasure.  [F  dim.  of  barbe  beard 
(F  barbette  =  also  linen  up  to  throat  showing 
above  dress)] 

bar'bican,  n.  Outer  defence  to  city  or  castle, 
esp.  double  tower  over  gate  or  bridge,  [f.  F 
barbacane  etym.  dub. ;  Arab.-Pers.  bab-khanah 
gate-house  is  suggested] 

bar'bule,  n.  Filament  branching  from  barb 
(of  feather)  as  barb  from  shaft,  [f.  L  barbida 
dim.  of  barba  beard] 

barcarole,  -olle,  n.  Song  of  gondolier; 
imitation  of  it.  [f.  F  barcarolle  t  It.  bar- 
caruola  boat-song  (barca  boat)] 

bard1,   n.      Celtic  minstrel,   (Wales)    poet 


BARD | 

recognized  at  Eisteddfod,  whence  bar*dic  a. ; 
early  poet ;  lyric  poet ;  poet,  whence  bar'a- 
ling  i  n.    [f.  Gael.  &  Ir.  bard] 

bard2,  n.  Armour  for  breast  &  flanks  of 
warhorse.  Hence  bar'dED2  a.  [f.  F  barde 
horse-armour  perh.  =  Sp.  &  Port,  albarda  (f. 
Arab.  ?)  packsaddle]  _ 

bare1,  a.  Unclothed,  undisguised,  uncov- 
ered, bald,  unfurnished,  unprotected,  thread- 
bare, unsheathed,  ill-provided,  empty,  un- 
adorned, scanty,  mere  ;  bareback  a.  &  adv.,  -ed 
a.,  with  b.  back,  on  unsaddled  horse;  bare- 
faced, without  beard  &c,  without  mask,  also 
xindisguised,  shameless,  or  impudent,  whence 
barefa/eedLY 2  adv.,  barefa'eedNESS  n. ; 
barefoot  a.  &  adv.,  barefooted  a.,  without  shoes 
or  stockings ;  b.-headed,  without  hat  or  cap. 
Hence  bai»,iSH1(2)  a.  [OE  bxr;  com.-Teut., 
cf.  G  &  Du.  baar) 

Uncover,   unsheathe,    reveal, 


bare2,    v.t. 
strip,    [f.  prec] 
bare'ge  ( 


n.  &  a.     (Of)  silky   gauze. 


[orig.  made  at  Bareges] 
bare'ly,  adv.    Openly,  explicitly  ;    merely  ; 
only  j ust ;  scarcely,    [bare  i  +  -l y  2] 
bare'ness,    n.      Lack    of    covering>     un- 
adorned state,    [bare  i  +  -NESS] 
bare'sark,  n.  &  adv.    Wild  Norse  warrior  ; 
without  armour,    [lit.  bare  shirt  (sark)  ;  mod. 
formembodyingsupposedetym.  of  berserker] 

bap'g-ain  *  (-gin),  n.  Agreement  on  terms  of 
give  and  take,  compact,  thing  acquired  by 
bargaining  (good,  bad,  b.,  result  cheaply  or 
dearly  bought ;  a  b.,  thing  acquired  or  offered 
cheap  ;  Dutch,  wet,  b„  closed  with  drink  ;  into 
the  b.,  beyond  the  strict  terms,  moreover; 
strike  a  b.,  come  to  terms  ;  make  best  of  bad  b., 
take  misfortune  &c.  cheerfully),  [f.  OF  bar- 
gaine,  -caigne,  f.  LL  *barcaneum  (barca  see 
foil.)] 

bar'gain2,  v.i.  &  t.  Haggle  (with  some  one, 
or  abs.)  over  terms  of  give  &  take ;  stipulate 
with  person  for  thing  or  to  receive,  give,  &c.  ; 
b.  for,  be  prepared  for,  expect,  (usu.  with  neg. 
or  more  than) ;  (trans.)  6.  away,  part  with  for 
a  consideration.  Hence  bap'gainER1  n.  [f. 
OF  bargaigner  f.  LL  barcaniare  perh.  f.  barca 
'barge  which  carries  goods  to  &  fro',  giving 
sense  either  of  '  off  &  on '  or  of  trading] 

bargre,  n.,  &  v.i  Flat-bottomed  freight-boat 
for  canals  &  rivers,  with  or  without  sails ;  second 
boat  of  man-of-war,  for  use  of  chief  officers ; 
large  ornamental  oared  vessel  for  state  occa- 
sions, house-boat  (e.  g.  College  b.) ;  (vb,  slang) 
lurch  or  rush  heavily  into,  against,  about. 
[OF,  prob.  =  bark  3] 

barge-,  comb,  form  in  architecture  =  gable. 
B. -couple,  two  gable  beams ;  b.-course,  roof 
projecting  beyond  them ;  b.-board,  ornamental 
screen  to  them ;  b.-stones,  forming  sloping  or 
stepped  line  of  gable,  [f.  med.  L  bargus 
gallows] 

bargee*,  n.    Man  in  charge  of  barge,    [-ee] 

baric,  a.  Of  or  containing  barium,  [barium 
+  -ic] 

bari'lla,  n.  Plant  (Salsola  Soda)  in  Spain, 
Sicily,  Canaries ;  impure  alkali  made  by  burn- 
ing_either  this  or  kelp.    [Sp.] 

barlum.n.  (chem,).  White  metallic  element, 
basis  pf  alkaline  earth  baryta,  [baryta +-ium] 

bark1,  n.  Outer  sheath  of  tree  trunks  & 
branches ;  tan ;  quinine  (also  Peruvian  or 
Jesuits'  b.);  (slang)  skin;  b.-bed,  hot-bed  of 
tan  ;  b.-bound,  hindered  in  growth  by  tight  b.  ; 
b.-pit,  of  b.  &  water  for  tanning;  b.-tree,  E 
name  of  cinchona,    [f.  Scand.  bark-  f.  OTeut. 

bark  a,  v.  t.    Strip  bark  from  (tree),  kill  (tree) 


; BARON 

by  ring-cutting  bark  (also  ring-b.) ;  abrade 
(one's  knuckles  &c.) ;  encrust,  [f.  prec] 
bark3,  barque  (-ark),  n.  Three-masted 
vessel  with  fore  &  main  masts  square-rigged, 
mizen  fore-&-aft  rigged  (usu.  barque),  whence 
bar'k-rig'g'ED 2  a.  (Poet.)  any  ship  or  boat 
(usu.  bark),  [f.  F  loth-c.  barque  f.  Pr.,  Sp.,  or 
It.,  barca  f.  L  barca  ship's  boat  perh.  f.  Celt.l 

bark  4,  n.  Usual  cry  of  dogs,  foxes,  squirrels; 
(fig.)  sound  of  gun  fire,  of  cough  ;  b.  worse  than 
bite,  of  testy  harmless  person,    [f.  foil.] 

bark5,  v.i.  &  t.  Utter  sharp  explosive  cry 
(of  dogs  &  some  other  animals) ;  speak  (&  b.  out, 
say)  petulantly,  imperiously;  b.  at,  abuse; 
(slang)  cough.  [OE  beorcan  cf.  ON  berkja ; 
perh.  variant  of  break] 

bar'ker,  n.  Noisy  assailant ;  shop  or  auc- 
tion tout ;  (slang)  pistol,  cannon,    [f.  prec] 

bar'ley,  n.  Hardy  awned  cereal  used  as 
food  &  in  making  malt  liquors  &  spirits ;  its 
grain ;  pearl  b.,  the  grain  ground  small ;  b.- 
broth,  strong  ale ;  barleycorn,  grain  of  b. 
(John  Barleycorn,  malt  liquor  personified),  its 
length  as  measure,  $  inch,  top  of  fore-sight  on 
rifle;  b.-mow,  stack;  b.-sugar,  twisted  sweet- 
meat ;  b.-water,  soothing  decoction  of  pearl  b. 
for  invalids.  [OE  bserlic ;  for  oaer-  cf.  obs.  bear 
barley  f.  OTeut.  bariz ;  -lie  =  -ly  l  (as  if  orig. 
an  adj.)] 

barm,  n.  Froth  on  fermenting  malt  liquor, 
yeast,  leaven.  [OE  beorma  ;  prob.  com.-Teut., 
cf.  G  bdrme] 

Bar'mecide,  n.  &  a.  (Giver  of  benefits  that 
are)  illusory,  imaginary,  disappointing,  [name 
of  Arabian-Nights  prince  whose  feast  to  beg- 
gar was  rich  dish-covers  with  nothing  below] 

barn,  n.  Covered  building  for  storing  grain 
&c.  ;  (contempt.)  unadorned  building  ;  b.-door, 
lit.,  &  fig.  target  too  large  to  be  missed,  also 
adj.  of  fowls  =  reared  at  the  b.-d.  ;  B.-oivl,= 
White,  Church,  Screech,  Owl ;  b.-stormer, 
strolling  player ;  b.-yard,  farmyard.  [OE  bere- 
ern  (bere  barley +  asm  place)] 

bar'naele1,  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  pincers  placed  on 
horse's  nose  to  coerce  him  into  quiet  for  shoe- 
ing &c  ;  (slang ;  pi.)  spectacles.  [ME bernak  f. 
OF  bernac  snub  with  dim.  ending  see  -le] 

bar'naele2,  n.  (1)  Arctic  goose  visiting 
Britain  in  winter  (also  bernacle  for  distinction 
from  2).  (2)  Stalked  cirriped  clinging  by  fleshy 
foot-stalk  to  ship's  bottom ;  follower  who 
cannot  be  shaken  off.  [ME  bemekke,  bernake, 
=  OF  bemaque  etym.  dub. ;  (Hi)bernicida 
(Irish  goose),  perna  (a  shellfish),  bare  +  neck, 
are  suggested;  pop.  mythol.  represented  the 
goose  as  developed  out  of  the  shellfish] 

b&'rog-raph,  n.  Self-recording  aneroid,  [f. 
Gk  baros  weight  +  -graph(2)] 

bard'logy,  n.  Science  of  weight,  [as  prec. 
+  -logy] 

bard'meter,  n.  Instrument  measuring  at- 
mospheric pressure  used  for  forecasting  weather 
&  ascertaining  height  above  sea-level ;  com- 
mon, siphon,  wheel,  aneroid,  b.,  various  sys- 
tems; (fig.)  b.  of  opinion  &c  Hence  baro- 
me*tnc(AL)  aa.,  barome'triealLY2  adv. 
baro'METRY  n.    [as  prec.  -f-  -meter] 

ba'ron,  n.  (Hist.)  one  who  held  by  military 
or  other  honourable  service  from  the  king  or 
other  superior  (restricted  later  to  king's  r>b., 
&  again  to  those,  Great  Bb.,  attending  Great 
Council  or  summoned  to  Parliament ;  hence, 
peer).  (Mod. )  one  of  the  lowest  order  of  nobility ; 

holder  of  foreign  title  (called  Baron ,  not, 

like  English  b.,  Lord );  b.  of  beef,  double 

sirloin  undivided.  [ME  &  OF  barun  f.  LL 
baronem  nom.  baro  man  (as  in  king's  man),  free- 
man, husband,  male,  perh.  f.  L  baro  -onis  dunce] 


BARONAGE 

ba'ronage  (-ij),  n.  Barons  or  great  vassals 
of  Crown  collectively ;  the  nobility ;  book  with 
list  of  peers  &  comments.  [ME  &  OF  barnage 
f.  LL  *baronaticum  f.  baro  (prec,  -age)] 

ba'poness,  n.  Baron's  wife ;  lady  holding 
baronial  title  in  her  own  right,  [f.  OF  bamesse 
see  baron,  -ess  x] 

ba'ponet \  n.  Member  of  lowest  hereditary 
titled  order,  commoner  with  precedence  of  all 
knights  exc.  K.G.s ;  abbr.  bart,  added  to  name, 
as  iSir  John  Jones,  Bart.    [dim.  of  baron  ;  see 

-ET] 

ba'ponet2,  v.t.  Raise  to  rank  of  baronet, 
[f.  prec.  on  anal,  of  knight] 

ba'ponetag-e  ( -ij),  n.  Baronets  collectively ; 
book  with  list  of  them  &  comments,  [-age  ;  cf. 
baronage] 

ba'ponetey,  n.  Baronet's  patent  or  rank, 
[-cv] 

bapo'nial,  a.  Of,  belonging  to,  befitting, 
baron(s).    [foil.  +  -al] 

ba'pony,  n.  Baron's  domain,  rank,  tenure ; 
(Ireland)  division  of  county ;  (Scotland)  large 
manor,  [f.  OF  baronie  f.  LL  baronia ;  see 
baron  &  -y  2] 

baro'que  (-ok),  a.  &  n.  Irregularly  shaped, 
grotesque ;  whimsical  style  or  ornamentation. 
[F,  f.  Port,  barroco,  Sp.  barrueco  rough  pearl, 
etym.  dub.] 

bapou'che  (-oosh),  n.  Four-wheeled  carriage 
with  collapsible  half-head,  for  four  occupants 
&  driver,  [f.  G  (dial.)  barutsche  t  It.  baroccio 
f.  L  birotvs  (bi-  la  +  rota  wheel)  perh.  after 
carroccio  chariot] 

barque,  n.    See  bark  3. 

bapquentine,  bark-,  (bar'kenten),  n. 
Vessel  with  foremast  square-rigged,  main  & 
mizen  fore-&-aft  rigged,  [f.  bark  3  after 
brigantine] 

ba'ppack,  n.,  &  v.t.  Permanent  building(s) 
in  which  soldiers  are  lodged  (usu.  pi.) ;  (transf.) 
building  in  which  others  (e.  g.  children)  are 
similarly  herded  together;  (vb)  place  in  bb. 
[f.  F  baraque  f.  It.  baracca  or  Sp.  barraca 
'souldier's  tent '  (1617)  etym.  dub.] 

barraeoo'n,  n.  Set  of  sheds  or  enclosure 
for  slaves,  convicts,  &c.  [f.  Sp.  barracon 
(as  prec. ;  see  -oon)] 

barracu'da,  -coo'ta,  -eou'ta,  (-00-),  n. 
Large  W.  -Ind.  sea-fish.    [  ?  Sp.  ] 

barrage  (-ij),  n.  Damming ;  dam  (esp.  of 
those  in  Nile).    [F,  f.  barre  bar  * ;  see  -age] 

ba'ppatop,  -ep,  n.  (legal).    Vexatious  liti- 

fant;  malicious  raiser  of  discord,  [f.  OF 
arateor  trickster  (barat  fraud  perh.  f.  Celtic, 
cf.  Olr.  mrath,  W  brad ;  meaning  influenced  by 
ON  bardtta,  strife] 

ba'ppatpy,  n.  (Marine  law)  fraud  or  gross 
negligence  of  master  or  crew  to  prejudice  of 
ship's  owners;  (Law)  vexatious  litigation  or 
incitement  to  it.  Hence  ba'ppatpous  a.  [f. 
OF  baraterie  (barat  see  prec.,-ERY)l 

bapped,  a.  In  vbl  senses;  also  [bar1] 
marked  with  bars,  (of  harbour)  obstructed  with 
sandbar. 

ba'ppel 1,  n.  Flat-ended  cylindrical  wooden 
vessel  of  hooped  staves,  cask ;  varying  measure 
of  capacity  (b.-bvlk,  5  cub.  ft) ;  revolving 
cylinder  in  capstan,  watch,  &  other  machines ; 
cylindrical  body  or  trunk  of  an  object,  belly 
&  loins  of  horse,  &c. ;  metal  tube  of  gun ; 
barrel-,  cylindrical  or  semi-cylindrical,  as 
b.-drain,  -vault ;  b.-organ,  with  pin-studded 
revolving  cylinder  acting  mechanically  on 
keys.    [f.  F  baril  perh.  f.  LL  barra  bar  *] 

ba'ppel2,  v.t.  (-11-).  Put  in  barrel(s);  bar- 
relled, also,  =  b.-shaped.    [f.  prec] 

ba'ppen,  a.  (-est),  &  n.      Not   bearing,   or 


67 BARYTONE 

incapable  of  bearing,  children,  young,  fruit, 
vegetation,  or  produce ;  meagre,  unprofitable, 
dull ;  (noun)  barren  tract  of  land ;  barrenwort, 

£urple-&-yellow-flowered  wood  plant.  Hence 
la'ppenLY2  adv.,  ba'ppenNESs  n.  [f.  OF 
baraine  (fern.),  brahain,  brehaing,  &c,  etym. 
dub.] 

ba'ppet,  n.  Flat  cap,  esp.  the  biretta.  [f.  F 
barrette  biretta] 

bappica'de  *,  (now  rarely)  -a*do,  n.  Hastily 
erected  rampart  across  street  &c.  of  barrels, 
carts,  stones,  furniture  ;  any  barrier,  lit.  or  fig. 
[f.  F  barricade  or  Sp.  barricada  (-ado)  f.  F 
barrique  or  Sp.  barrica  caskl 

bappica'de  2,  (now  rarely)  -a'do,  v.  t.  Block 
(street  &c.)  with  b. ;  defend  (place  or  person) 
with  b.    [f.  prec] 

ba'ppiep 2,  n.  Fence  barring  advance  or 
preventing  access;  (ancient  chariot-races) 
barred  starting-cells;  (foreign  towns)  gate  at 
which  customs  are  collected  ;  (til-ting)  the  lists 
or  enclosing  palisade,  also  railing  parallel  to 
which,  but  on  opposite  sides,  tilters  charged 
reaching  their  lances  across;  any  obstacle, 
boundary,  or  agency  that  keeps  apart.  [ME 
&  AF  barrere  r.  OF  barriere  f.  LL  barraria 
(barra  bar  J)  later  assim.  to  F  spelling] 

ba'ppiep 2,  v.t.  Close  or  shut  in  with  b. 
(usu.  with  off,  in),    [f.  prec] 

bap'ping-,  prep.  Except,  not  including, 
[part,  of  bar2] 

ba'PPistep,  n.  Law  student  «alled  to  bar 
&  having  right  of  practising  as  advocate  in 
superior  courts  (in  full,  b.-at-laiv) ;  revising-b., 
one  appointed  to  revise  lists  of  voters  at 
parliamentary  elections,  [f.  bar1  (orig.  the 
bar  in  Inn  of  Court,  later  connected  with  that 
in  lawcourts) ;  -ister  (formerly  -ester,  -aster) 
unexplained ;  perh.  f.  form  barre  +  -ster] 

ba-ppow1,  n.  (In  local  names)  hill; 
(Archaeol.)  grave-mound,  tumulus.  [OE 
beorg;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  berg  mountain  f. 
OTeut.  bergoz  f.  Aryan  bliergh  height] 

ba'ppow2,  n.  (Also  hand-b.)  rectangular 
frame  with  short  shafts  used  by  two  or  more 
men  for  carrying  loads  on,  stretcher,  bier; 
(also  wheel-b.)  shallow  box  with  shafts  & 
one  wheel  for  similar  use  by  one  man ;  (also 
coster 's-b.)  two  wheeled  handcart ;  a  barrowfuL. 
[ME  barewe  f.  OTeut.  barwd  f.  beran  bear3] 

bap'tep1,  v.t.  &  i  Exchange  (goods  or 
immaterial  things)  for  other  goods  (sometimes 
away) ;  part  with  for  a  (usu.  unworthy)  con- 
sideration (usu.  away),  whence  bap'tePER1 
n. ;  trade  by  exchange,  [prob.  f.  obs.  barat 
defraud  see  barrator  +  -er5] 

bap'tep2,  n.  Traffic  by  exchange,  truck, 
(also  fig.,  e.  g.  of  talk) ;  (Arith.)  reckoning  of 
quantity  of  one  commodity  to  be  given  for 
another,  values  being  known,    [t  prec] 

baptiza'n,  n.  Battlemented  parapet,  or 
overhanging  battlemented  corner  turret,  at 
top  of  church  tower  or  castle,  [mod.  form 
(Scott)  prob.  f.  bertisene  illit.  spelling  of  brat- 
ticing  see  brattice] 

bap'ton,  n.  Farmyard;  farm  not  let  with 
rest  of  manor,  but  retained  by  owner.  [OE 
bere-tun  (bere  barley-Krm  enclosure  see  town)] 

bapy'ta,  n.  Protoxide  of  barium,  alkaline 
earth  of  great  weight.  Hence  bapy*tic  a., 
bapyto-  comb.  form.    [f.  foil.] 

bapy'tes,  n.  Native  sulphate  of  barium, 
called  also  heavy  spar,  used  as  white  paint, 
[f.  Gk  barus  heavy,  or  perh.  mere  translit.  of 
barutes  weight,  with  pronunc  assim.  to  mineral 
names  in  -ites] 

ba'pytone  (-tn),  n.  &  a.  (Voice,  singer  with 
voice,  music  suited  to  voice)  between  tenor 


BASAL » 

&  bass ;  smaller  bass  saxhorn  in  B  flat  or  C ; 
(Gk  gr.)  (word)  without  acute  accent  on  last 
syllable.  [f.  F  baryton  or  It.  baritono  f. 
(gram,  meaning  direct  f.)  Gk  barutonos  (barus 
heavy-Konos  tone)] 

ba'sal,  a.  Of,  at,  or  forming,  the  base ;  funda- 
mental .  [f.  base  i  +  -al] 
basalt  (ba/sawlt,  basawlt),  n.  Dark  green 
or  brown  igneous  rock  often  in  columnar 
strata,  whence  basa'ltic,  basa'ltiFORM, 
aa. ;  black  porcelain  invented  by  Wedgwood, 
[f.  L  basaltes  f.  an  African  word] 
ba'san,  ba'zan,  n.  Sheepskin  tanned  in 
oak  or  larch  bark  (also  basil),  [f.  F  basane  f. 
Pr.  bazana  f.  Sp.  badana  f.  Arab,  bitanah 
lining] 
bas  bleu  (F),  n.  Bluestocking. 
ba'scule,  n.  Lever  apparatus  used  in  &.- 
bridge,  kind  of  drawbridge  x'aised  &  lowered 
with  counterpoise.  [F,  formerly  bacule  see-saw 
{battre  bump  or  bas  down  +  cul  buttocks)] 
base1,  n.  That  on  which  anything  stands 
or  depends,  support,  bottom,  foundation, 
principle,  groundwork,  starting-point  (b.-ball, 
U.S.  national  game,  more  elaborate  rounders, 
also  ball  used  in  it);  (Arch.)  part  of  column 
between  shaft  &  pedestal  or  pavement; 
(Bot.  &  Zool.)  end  at  which  an  organ  is 
attached  to  trunk;  (Geom.)  line  or  surface  on 
which  plane  or  solid  figure  is  held  to  stand ; 
(Chem.)  correlative  of  acid,  electro-positive 
compound  body  that  combines  with  acid  to 
form  salt  (including,  but  wider  than,  alkali)  ; 
(Mil.)  line  or  place  used  as  stronghold  or 
magazine  (also  6.  of  operations) ;  (Surv.) 
known  line  used  as  geometrical  b.  for  tri- 
gonometry ;  (Math.)  starting-number  for 
system  of  numeration  or  logarithms  (as  10  in 
decimal  counting).  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  basis  (baino 
step,  stand)] 

base  2,  v.t.    Found  (something)  on ;  establish 
(with  adv.,  as  firmly) ;  b.  oneself  on,  rely  upon 
(in  argument  Sec),    [f.  prec] 
base3,  a.    (Orig.)  of  small  height  (now  only 
in   plant   names  as   b.-rocket).    Morally  low, 
cowardly,  selfish,  mean,   despicable,  whence 
ba'seLY 2  adv. ;    menial ;    (Law)    b.    tenure, 
estate,  fee,  not  absolute,  but  determinable  on 
fulfilment  of  contingent  qualification  ;  (Lang.) 
not   classical   (b.   Latinity) ;    b.-born,   of  low 
birth,   illegitimate;   b.-court,  outer  court  of 
castle  or  court  behind  farmhouse ;  6.  metals, 
opposed  to  precious ;  b.  coin,  spurious,  alloyed. 
Hence  ba'seNESS  n.    [f.  F  bas  f.  LL  bassus 
short  (in  L  as  cognomen)  etym.  dub.] 
ba'seless,  a.  Groundless,  unfounded.  Hence 
ba'selessxESS  n.   [base  k,  -less] 
ba'sement,    n.      Lowest   or  fundamental 
part  of  structure ;  inhabited  storey  sunk  below 
ground  level,    [base  n.  or  v.  +  -ment] 
bash,  v.t.    Strike  heavily  so  as  to  smash  in 
(often  tn).    [perh.  imit.,  cf.  bang,  smash;  or  = 
Sw.  basa  flog,  Da.  baske  cudgel] 
bashaw,  n.    Earlier  form  of  pasha. 
ba'shful,  a.     Shy;   shamefaced,   sheepish. 
Hence  ba'shfulLY2  adv.,  ba*shfulNESS  n. 
If.  obs.  bash  vb  for  abash  +  -ful] 
bashi-bazovrk,  (-ook),  n.     Mercenary  of 
Turkish  irregulars,    notorious   for  pillage  & 
brutality.    Hence  bashibazou*kERY(l,  5)  n. 
[mod.  Turk.,  lit.  brain-turned] 
basi-,  stem  of  many  adjj.  in  Physiol.    Of,  at, 
forming,  the  base  of.    [base  \  basis] 
ba'sic,  a.     Of,  at,  forming,  base ;    funda- 
mental; (Chem.)  having  base  atomically  iuore 
than   acid   (salts);     (Min.)    slightly    silicated 
(igneous    rock);    prepared    by    non-siliceous 
process  (steel),    [base  l  +  -ic] 


BASS 

basi'city,  n.    An  acid's  relative  power  of 
combining  with  bases,    [prec.  +  -ty] 
ba'sil1  (-z-),  n.    Kinds  of  aromatic  herb,  esp. 
Common  or  Sweet  B.  &  Bush  or  Lesser  B., 
both  culinary.      [f.  OF  basile  f.  L  basilisca 
(basiliscus  basilisk),  the  Gk  name  basilicon 
royal  being  misinterpreted   as    antidote   for 
basilisk's  venom] 
ba'sil2,  n.    Corruption  of  basan. 
ba'silic,  a.    (Of  vein)  starting  from  elbow  & 
discharging  into  axillary  vein.    [f.  F.  basilique 
f.  L  f.  Gk.  basilikos  royal  (as  formerly  thought 
of  special  importance)] 

basi'lica,  n.  (Orig.)  royal  palace ;  hence, 
oblong  hall  with  double  colonnade  &  apse 
used  for  lawcourt  &  assemblies ;  such  a 
building  used  as  Christian  church ;  (in  Rome) 
one  of  the  seven  churches  founded  by  Con- 
stantine.  [L,  f.  Gk  basilike  (oikia,  stoa)  royal 
(house,  portico)  f.  basileus  king,  -ic] 
basi'licon,  -um,  n.  Kinds  of  ointment. 
[-on  Gk,  -um  L,  f.  Gk  basilikos  as  in  prec. ;  so 
called  as  a  *  sovereign '  remedy] 
ba'silisk  (-z-),  n.  Fabulous  reptile  (also  cocka- 
trice) hatched  by  serpent  from  cock's  egg, 
blasting  by  its  breath  or  look;  (fig.)  b.-glance 
&c,  evil  eye,  person  or  thing  that  blasts  (reputa- 
tion &c);  (Zool.)  small  American  lizard  with 
hollow  crest  inflated  at  will.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  basilis- 
kos  kinglet,  serpent,  golden-crested  wren] 
basin  (ba'sn),  n.  Hollow  round  metal  or 
pottery  vessel,  less  deep  than  wide,  &  con- 
tracting downwards,  for  holding  water  &c, 
bowl ;  hollow  depression ;  dock  with  flood- 
gates ;  land-locked  harbour ;  tract  of  country 
drained  by  river  &  tributaries ;  circular  or 
oval  valley ;  (Geol.)  formation  with  strata 
dipping  towards  centre,  the  deposit  (e.  g.  coal) 
contained  in  this.  Hence  ba*sinFUL(2)  n. 
[ME  &  OF  bacin  (F  bassin)  f.  LL  bachinus  perh. 
for  baccinus  (bacca  water- vessel)] 

ba'sinet,  ba'snet,  n.  Light  steel  headpiece, 
[f.  OF  bacinet  dim.  of  bacin  basin] 

ba'sis,  n.  (pi.  bases).  =  base1  (chiefly  in  fig. 
senses) ;  main  ingredient,  foundation,  begin- 
ning, determining  principle;  common  ground 
for  negotiation  &c. ;  military  base.    [L  =  base  ]  1 

bask,  v.i.  Revel  in  warmth  &  light  (usu. 
in  the  sun,  firelight,  &c.) ;  basking-shark, 
largest  species  of  shark  (also  Sunfish  & 
Sailfish).  [prob.  f.  ON  *bathask  (cf.  or  =  other) 
refl.  of  batha  bathe  l] 

ba'sket1,  n.  Wicker  vessel  of  osiers,  cane, 
rushes,  &c. ;  the  quantity  contained  in  it  (also 
basketful) ;  wicker  singlestick  handguard ; 
pick  of  the  b.}  best  of  the  lot ;  basket-,  of  b. 
shape  as  b.-hilt,  of  b.  material  or  fashion  as 
b.-carriage,  -work.  Hence  ba'sketRY(S)  n. 
[etym.  dub. ;  bascauda  is  mentioned  by  Martial 
as  a  British  utensil] 

ba'sket2,  v.t.  Put  in  a  b.,  waste-paper  or 
other,    [f.  prec] 

ba'son  1,  n.    =  basin. 

ba'son2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Bench  for  felting  hat 
material ;  (vb)  felt.    [perh.  =  basin] 

basque  (-sk),n.  &  A.  (1)  Biscayan,  (native  or 
language)  of  Western  Pyrenees.  (2)  Short  con- 
tinuation of  bodice  below  waist ;  bodice  having 
this.  [F,  f.  LL  Vasco  -onis ;  whether  2  is  from 
1  is  not  known] 

bas-relief,  bass-,  n.  (Piece  of)  shallow 
carving  or  sculpture  on  background  (less  than 
half  the  true  depth),  [f.  F  bas-relief  t.  It. 
basso-rilievo  low  relief  ;  see  base  3] 

bass *,  n.  Common  Perch  ;  Black  B.,  Perch 
of  Lake  Huron ;  European  sea-fish  (also  Sea- 
w>o//and  Sea-dace),  [earlier  barse  f.  OE  bxrs ; 
com.-Teut.  f.  root  bars-  bristle] 


BASS | 

bass  2,  n.  Inner  bark  of  lime,  used  for  mats, 
hassocks,  baskets,  &  for  tying  plants,  flowers, 
&c. ;  b.^oood,  Amer.  lime,  its  wood,  [corrup- 
tion of  bast] 

bass  3,  a.  &  n.  Deep-sounding ;  (of,  suited  to) 
lowest  part  in  harmonized  music  ;  (man  with) 
b.  voice ;  thorough-b.,  b.  part  with  shorthand 
indications  below  of  the  proper  harmony,  hence 
theory  of  harmony ;  b.-viol,  violoncello.  [ME 
bas  base  see  base  3 ;  now  bass  after  It  basso] 

ba'sset1,  n.  Short-legged  badger-dog.  [F, 
dim.  of  bas  basse  low ;  see  base  3] 

ba'sset2,  n.  Obsolete  card-game.  [f.  It. 
bassetta  f.  bassetto  dim.  of  basso  base  3] 

ba'sset3,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (geol.).  Edge  of  stratum 
cropping  out ;  (vb)  crop  out.    [?] 

ba*sset-horn,  n.  Tenor  clarinet,  [transl. 
of  F  cor  de  bassette  f.  It.  bassetto  see  basset2] 

bassinet,  n.  Hooded  wicker  cradle  or 
perambulator.    [F,  dim.  of  bassin  basin] 

bassoo'n,  n.  Wooden  double-reed  instru- 
ment used  as  bass  to  oboe ;  organ  stop  & 
harmonium  reeds  of  similar  quality.  Hence 
bassoo'n ist(3)  n.  [f.  F  basson  (bas  base  3  + 
-on  see  -oon,  or  bas  son  deep  sound)] 

basso-rilievo (It.),  n.  (pl.-os).  =  bas-relief. 

bast,  n.  Inner  bark  of  lime  (see  bass2); 
other  flexible  fibrous  barks.  [OE  bxst ;  com.- 
Teut,  etym.  dub.] 

ba'stard,  n.  &  a.  (Child)  born  out  of  wed- 
lock or  of  adultery,  illegitimate;  (of  things) 
unauthorized,  hybrid,  counterfeit;  b.  slip, 
sucker  of  tree  (also  f\g.,  =  bastard  n.);  (Bot.) 
nearly  resembling  another  species  (&.  balm)  ; 
(Zool.)  b.  wing,  rudimentary  extra  digit  with 
quill-feathers.  [OF,  f.  bast  (bat-)  packsaddle 
(used  as  bed  by  muleteer)  +  -ard  ;  cf.  bantling] 

ba'stardize,  v.t.  Declare  illegitimate. 
Hence  ba'stardiZATiON  n.    [prec.  +  -ize] 

ba'stardy,  n.  Illegitimacy,  [f.  AF  &  OF 
bastardie  ;  see  bastard,  -y  1] 

baste1,  v.t.  Stitch  together,  tack,  (as  prelim, 
to  regular  sewing),  [f.  OF  bastir  (now  bdtir) 
perh.  f.  LL  bastire  construct,  build;  but  cf. 
also  bast] 

baste2,  v.t.  Moisten  (roasting  meat)  with 
fat  to  prevent  burning ;  pour  melted  wax  &c. 
on  (wicks  in  candlemaking).    [?] 

baste3,  v.t.  Thrash,  cudgel,  [perh.  =  Sw. 
basa  flog  {basit,  baste,  baist,  as  past  or  p.p.  in 
early  exx. ;  cf.  hoist1*2);  or  fig.  use  of  prec. 
(cf.  '  dry  basting '  Shaksp.)] 

basti'lle  (-el),  n.  Fortress ;  Paris  prison- 
fortress  destroyed  1789;  prison.  [F,  f.  LL 
bastilia  pi.  of  bastile  f.  bastire  build] 

bastina'do,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Punish  with)  caning 
on  soles  of  feet.  [f.  Sp.  bastonada  (baston 
stick)  see  -ado(2)] 

ba'stion,  n.  Projecting  part  of  fortification, 
irregular  pentagon  with  its  base  in  the  line  (or 
at  an  angle)  of  the  main  works.  Hence 
ba*stionED2a.  [F,  f.  It.  bastione  f.  LL  ba- 
stire  build  perh.  f.  same  root  as  baston  baton] 

ba'sy  1(e),  n.  (chem. ).  Body  that  unites  with 
oxygen  to  form  a  base.  [f.  Gk  basis  base  J  +  -yl] 

bat1,  n.  Nocturnal  mouse-like  quadruped 
with  fingers  extended  as  frame  of  membranous 
wings ;  bat-,  often  =  purblind,  [f.  1575,  dis- 
placing ME  bakke  f.  Scand.] 

bat2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Cricket  implement  (ojT one's 
own  b.  cricket  or  fig.,  unaided ;  carry  one's  b., 
be  not  out  at  end  of  innings ;  (also  batsman) 
performer  with  it;  (vb)  use  b.,  have  innings), 
[f.  OF  batte  club  (battre  strike  see  abate)] 

bat 3,  n.  (slang).  Pace  of  stroke  or  step  (went 
off  at  a  rare  &.).    [?] 

bat-,  bat-  (bah,  baht),  comb.  form.  For 
officers' baggage  on  campaign  ;  b.-horse,  b.-pay 


I BATTALION 

or  -allowance,  b.-man  (in  charge  of  horse), 
[f.  F  bat  packsaddle  f.  OF  bast  f.  LL  bastum 
perh.  f.  Gk  bastazo  lift] 

batata  (-ahta),  n.  W. -Indian  plant,  Sweet 
or  Spanish  Potato.  [Sp.  &  Port.  f.  native 
American] 

Bata'vian,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  ancient 
Batavia  (between  Rhine  &  Waal)  or  of  modern 
Holland,  Dutch(man).  [f.  L  Batavia  (Batavi 
Pi.)] 

batch,  n.  Loaves  produced  at  one  baking  ; 
quantity  or  number  of  anything  coming  at 
once  or  treated  as  a  set.  [ME  bache  (bacan 
bake)  cf.  wake  watch] 

bate1,  v.t.  &  i.  Let  down  (6.  hope  &c),  re- 
strain {bated  breath) ;  deduct  (part  of ;  usu. 
with  neg.,  esp.  not  b.  a  jot  of) ;  fall  off  in  force, 
[for  abate] 

bate2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Alkaline  lye  for  suppling 
hides ;  (vb)  steep  in  this.  [=Sw.  beta  to  tan,  G 
beisse    maceration  f.    beissen  cause   to   bite 

BAIT  i] 

bath  i  (-th,  pi.  -dhz),  Bath,  n.  (1)  Washing ; 
immersion  in  liquid,  air,  &c,  (b.  of  blood, 
carnage) ;  water  &c.  for  bathing,  wash,  lotion, 
surrounding  medium;  vessel,  room  (also  &.- 
room),  or  building,  for  bathing  in  (see  Turk- 
ish) ;  town  resorted  to  for  medical  bathing. 
(2)  Order  of  knighthood  (B. ;  for  C.B.,  K.C.B., 
G.C.B.,  see  C,  K,  G)  named  from  the  b.  pre- 
ceding installation.  (3)  Town  in  Somerset 
named  from  hot  springs  (B.-bun;  B.-brick, 
preparation  for  cleaning  metal ;  B.  chair, 
wheeled  for  invalid  ;  B.  stone,  oolite  building- 
stone).  [OE  baeth;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  bad  f. 
OTeut.  bathom  perh.  f.  bajo-  foment  cf.  L 
fovere  keep  warm] 

bath2  (-ah-  or  -a-  in  all  parts),  v.t.  Subject  to 
washing  in  b.  (child  or  invalid,  of  nurse  &c). 
[f.  prec] 

bathe1  (-dh),  v.t.  &  i.  Immerse  (in  liquid, 
air,  light,  &c.) ;  (of  person  or  river,  liquid,  &c.) 
moisten  all  over ;  (of  sunlight,  &c.)  envelop ; 
take  a  bath  or  bathe,  so  bathing-machine, 
wheeled  dressing-box  drawn  into  sea  for  bath- 
ing from.  [OE  bathian  (-dh-);  com.-Teut.,  cf. 
G  baden ;  for  bathe  (-dh),  bath,  cf.  graze, 
grass] 

bathe2,  bather,  nn.  Taking,  taker,  of  a 
bath,  esp.  in  sea,  river,  swimming-bath.  [f. 
prec.  in  intr.  sense] 

bathetic,  a.  Marked  by  bathos,  [irreg.  f. 
Gk  bathos  on  false  anal,  of  pathetic  (f.  pathe- 
tos,  notjpathos)] 

batho'meter,  n.  Spring  balance  used  in 
ascertaining  depth  of  water,  [f.  Gk  bathos 
depth  +  -meterT 

bathos,  n.  Fall  from  sublime  to  ridiculous ; 
anticlimax ;  performance  absurdly  below  occa- 
sion.   [Gk,  =  depth] 

bathymetp-,  stem  of  scientific  words.  Of 
depth-measurement,  [f.  Gk  bathus  (translit. 
-ys)  deep  +  -meter] 

bating-,  prep.    Except,    [part,  of  bate  ^ 

bati'ste  (-est),  n.  &  a.  (Of)  fine  light  fabric 
like  cambric  in  texture.  [F,  f.  Baptiste  of 
Cambrai,  first  maker] 

baton  (batn),n.  Staff  of  office,  esp.  Marshal's 
b. ;  constable's  truncheon  ;  (Herald.)  truncheon 
in  shield  (o.  sinister,  badge  of  bastardy) ;  (Mus.) 
conductor's  wand  for  beating  time.  [f.  F  baton 
f.  OF  baston  etym.  dub.] 

batra'chian  (-k-),  a.  &  n.  Of  frogs ;  (one) 
of  the  Batrachia,  or  animals  that  discard  gills 
&tail.  [f.  Gk  batrakheios(batrakhos frog)+  -an] 

batta'lion,  n.  Large  body  of  men  in  battle 
array  (God  is  for  the  big  bb.,  force  prevails) ; 
body  of  infantry  composed  of  several  com- 


BATTELS 


70 


panies  &  forming  part  of  regiment,  body  of 
engineers,  [f.  F  battaillon  (now  bata-)  f.  It. 
battaglione  i.  battaglia  battle  *] 
ba'ttels,  n.  pi.  College  account  at  Oxford 
for  board  &  provisions  supplied,  or  for  all  col- 
lege expenses,  [perh.  f.  obs.  vb  battle  fatten  f. 
obs.  adj.  battle  nutritious  cf.  batten  4] 
ba'tten1,  n.  Board  (6ft  or  more  long, 
Tin.  x  2£  or  less  broad  &  thick)  used  for  floor- 
ing ;  bar  of  wood  used  for  clamping  boards  of 
door  &c. ;  (Naut.)  strip  of  wood  nailed  on  spar 
to  save  rubbing,  or  securing  hatchway  tar- 
paulin. Hence  batteniNG  M6)  n.  [var.  of 
batonI 

ba'tten2,  v.t.  Strengthen  with  bb. ;  (Naut) 
b.  down,  close  the  hatches  (see  batten  *).  [f. 
prec] 
ba'tten  3,  n.  Bar  in  silk-loom  striking  in  the 
weft.  [f.  F  battant  (battre  strike,  -ant)J 
ba'tten4,  v.i.  Feed  gluttonously  on,  revel 
in,  (often  implying  morbid  taste) ;  grow  fat. 
[perh.  f.  ON  batan  get  better  {bati  advantage 
cf.  BOOT2)] 

ba'ttep »,  v.t.  &  i.  Strike  repeatedly  so  as  to 
bruise  or  break  (person,  thing,  or  abs.  ;  also 
with  advv.  about,  doivn,  in;  &  intr.,  b.  at 
the  door);  operate  against  (walls  &c.)  with 
artillery ;  (tig.)  handle  severely  (theories,  per- 
sons);  beat  out  of  shape,  indent;  (Printing) 
deface  (type)  by  use ;  battering-charge,  full 
charge  of  powder  for  cannon  ;  battering-ram, 
swinging  beam  anciently  used  for  breaching 
walls,  sometimes  with  ram's-head  end ;  batter- 
ing-train, set  of  siege  guns.  [f.  obs.  vb  bat,  cf. 
OF  batre,  +  -er  (5)] 

ba'ttep  2,  n.  Mixture  of  ingredients  beaten 
up  with  liquid  for  cooking ;  defect  in  printing- 
type  or  stereotype  plate,  [f.  prec] 
ba'ttep 3,  v.i.  &  n.  (Have)  receding  slope 
from  ground  upwards  (of  walls  narrower  at 
top),  [perh.  F  abattre  depress] 
ba*ttepy,  n.  (Law)  infliction  of  blows,  or  of 
the  least  menacing  touch  to  clothes  or  person 
(esp.  in  phr.  assault  &  &.);  (Mil.)  set  of  guns 
for  combined  action  with  their  men  &  horses, 
platform  or  fortification  made  to  contain  guns, 
(fig.)  turn  a  man's  b.  against  himself  (in  argu- 
ment) ;  (in  various  sciences  &  arts)  set  of 
similar  or  connected  cells,  instruments,  or 
utensils  (electric,  galvanic,  optical,  cooking) ; 
hammered  brass  or  copper  vessels,  [f.  F  bat- 
terie  {battre  strike,  &  see  -ery)] 
ba'tting",  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  cotton 
fibre  prepared  in  sheets  for  quilts  &c.  [bat2 
+  -INO  M 

ba'ttle  ',  n.  Combat,  esp.  between  large 
organized  forces  (generals  b.,  decided  by 
strategy  or  tactics,  soldier's  b.,  by  courage; 
pitched  b.,  one  fought  by  common  consent ; 
b.  royal,  in  which  several  combatants  or  all 
available  forces  engage,  free  fight) ;  victory 
(the  b.  is  to  the  strong,  youth  is  half  the 
b.);  join,  give,  refuse,  accept,  offer,  do,  b. ; 
b.-axe,  medieval  weapon  ;  b.-piece,  picture  or 
literary  description  of  a  battle-scene  ;  line  ofb., 
troops  or  ships  drawn  up  to  fight ;  l.-of-b.  ship 
(obs.),  of  74  or  more  guns;  b.-ship  (mod.), 
adapted  by  armour  for  regular  engagement 
(opp.  cruiser  as  l.-of-b.  ship  to  frigate).  [ME 
batayle  f .  OF  bataille  f.  LL  battualia  neut.  pi. 
of  adj.  battualis  f.  battuere  beat] 
battle2,  v.i.  Struggle  with  or  against  (diffi- 
culties, the  waves,  &c).  [f.  F  batailler 
(bataille  =  prec.)] 

ba'ttledope,  n.  Wooden  instrument  like 
canoe  paddle  used  in  washing,  baking,  &c.  ; 
wooden,  stringed,  or  parchmented  bat  used 
with  shuttlecock  in  the  game  b.  &  shuttle- 


BAZAAR 

cock,     [from  1440 ;  perh.  f.  Pr.  batedor  beater 
(batre  beat  +  -dor  =  -tor)] 
ba'ttlement,   n.    (usu.    in   pi.).     Indented 
parapet  (raised  parts,  cops  or  merlons  ;  gaps, 
embrasures  or  crenelles) ;  parapet  &  enclosed 
roof.      Hence   ba'ttlementED 2  a.      [f.   OF 
batailles  temporary  wooden  turrets,  batailler 
provide  with  these  ;  etym.  dub. ;  the  F  vb  was 
later  identified  with  bastillier  cf.  bastille] 
battue  (batoo",  or  as  F),  n.    Driving  of  game 
by  beaters  to  the  sportsmen's  station  ;  shooting- 
party  on  this  plan  ;  wholesale  slaughter.  [F] 
bau'ble,  n.       Showy  trinket ;    court  fool's 
emblem,  a  stick  with  ass-eared  head  carved  on 
it ;  trifle,  toy,  thing  of  no  worth,    [f.  OF  babel 
child's  toy,  &  perh.  also  partly  f.  ME  babyll 
&  vb  bablyn  flicker  perh.  f.  bob  3] 
baulk.    See  balk. 
bawbee,  n.  (Sc.)    Halfpenny.    [?] 
bawd,  n.    Procuress  ;  obscene  talk.     [?] 
bawdy,  a.  &  n.     Obscene  (talk) ;  b.-house, 
brothel.    Hence  bawdiNESS  n.    [f.  prec] 
bawl,  v.t.  &  i.    Say,  speak,  in  a  noisy  way 
(often  with  out,  also  with  at,  against,  &c).  [f. 
med.  L  baulare  bark] 
bawn,  n.    Court  of  a  castle ;  cattlefold.    [f. 
Ir.  bdbhun  etym.  dub.] 

bay  *.  n.  Kind  of  tree  or  shrub ;  (pi.)  wreath 
of  its  leaves  worn  by  conquerors  or  poets, 
heroic  or  poetic  fame ;  b.-rum,  perfume  made 
from  the  leaves,    [f.  OF  baie  f.  L  baca  berry] 

bay2,  n.  Part  of  sea  filling  wide-mouthed 
opening  of  land ;  recess  in  mountain  range ; 
Bay-state,  Massachusetts,  [f.  F  baie  f.  LL 
baia  perh.  associated  with,  but  not  from, 
badata  in  foil.] 

bay  3,  n.  Division  of  wall  between  columns 
or  buttresses;  recess  (horse-b.,  stall;  sickb., 
part  of  main  deck  used  as  hospital) ;  space 
added  to  room  by  advancing  window  from 
wall  line  (b.-window,  filling  such  space),  [f.  F 
baie  OF  baie  (  =  L  badata)  f.  bayer  OF  baer, 
bier,  gape] 

bay4,  n.  Bark  of  large  dog,  of  hounds  in 
pursuit,  esp.  the  chorus  raised  as  they  draw 
close ;  (in  phrr.  lit.  of  hounds  &  quarry,  fig. 
of  persecutors  &  victim,  applied  to  the  hunted 
animal)  stand  or  be  at,  turn  to,  hold  hounds 
&c  at,  &.,  show  fight;  (applied  to  hounds) 
hold  or  have  at,  bring  or  drive  to,  b„  come  to 
close  quarters  (with  quarry),  [mixture  of  (1) 
OF  tenir  a  bay  =  It.  tenere  a  bada  hold  agape 
or  in  suspense  (see  badata  in  prec)  &  (2)  F 
etre  aux  abois  be  at  (close  quarters  with)  the 
barking  (OF  abai)] 

bay  5,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  large  dogs)  bark  ;  bark  at, 
esp.  b.  the  moon.  [OF  bayer  (mod.  aboyer) 
bark  perh.  f.  LL  badare  gape] 

bay6,  a.  &  n.  Reddish-brown,  (horse),  [f.  F 
bai  f.  L  badius] 

Bay'apd,  n.  Chivalrous  person.  [French 
hero,  'chevalier  sans  peur  et  sans  reproche', 
1475-1524] 

bayonet  *,  n.  Stabbing  blade  attachable  to 
rifle-muzzle ;  theb.,  or  bb.,  military  force ;  (with 
prefixed  number)  so  many  infantry  (cf.  sabre)  ; 
Spanish  b.,  a  plant,  species  of  Yucca,  [perh.  f. 
Bayonne  as  made  or  first  used  there] 

bayonet2,  v.t.  Stab  with  b. ;  b.  into, 
coerce  by  military  force  (or  fig.  by  pressure) 
into.    [f.  prec] 

bayou  (bi*u),  n.  Marshy  offshoot  of  river  in 
southern  N.  America,  [f.  F  boyau  gut  f.  L 
botxdus  sausage] 

bay-salt,  n.  Salt  in  large  crystals  obtained 
by  evaporation,    [perh.  =  sea  salt  f.  bay2] 

bazaar'  (-zar),  n.  Oriental  market ;  fancy 
fair  in  imitation  of  this,  esp.  sale  of  goods  for 


BDELLIUM 


71 


BEAN 


charities,  [f.  Pers.  bazar  prob.  through  Turk. 
&  It] 

bde'llium,  n.  Balsam-bearing  tree ;  its  resin. 
[L,  f.  Gk  bdellion  transl.  of  Heb.  b'dolakh  of 
uncertain  meaning  (carbuncle  or  crystal  or 
pearl)] 

be,  v.  substantive,  copulative,  &  auxiliary 
(pres.  ind.,  am,  art,  is,  pi.  are  ;  past  inch,  was 
pr.  woz,  wast  or  icert,  was,  pi.  were  pr.  war  & 
wer;  pres.  subj.,  be;  past  subj.,  were,  exc. 
2  sing,  wert;  imperat.,  be;  part.,  being;  p.p., 
been  pr.  ben.  Isn't,  wasn't,  aren't  pi.,  weren't, 
are  legitimate  in  actual  or  printed  talk; 
ain't,  an't,  for  am  not  is  sometimes  held 
vulgar ;  ain't  for  is  not,  are  not,  is  wrong). 

(1)  Vb  subst. :  Exist,  occur,  live,  (often  with 
there ;  God  is,  ttiere  is  a  God ;  for  the  time 
being,  temporarily);  remain,  continue,  (let 
it  be,  do  not  be  long);  (with  advv.  or  adv. 
phrr.)  occupy  such  a  position,  experience  such 
a  condition,  have  gone  to  such  a  place, 
busy  oneself  so,  hold  such  a  view,  be  bound 
for  such  a  place,  (is  in  the  garden,  has  been  to 
Borne,  be  off,  how  is  he  ?,  what  are  you  at?, 
I  am  for  tariff  reform,  for  London) ;  (with 
dat.)  befall  (woe  is  me).  (2)  Vb  cop. :  (with 
nouns,  adjj.,  or  adj.  phrr.)  belong  under  such 
a  description  (/  am  a  man,  sick,  of  good  cour- 
age) ;  coincide  in  identity  with,  amount  to, 
cost,  signify,  (thou  art  the  man,  twice  two  is 
four,  it  is  nothing  to  me,  what  are  these  pears  ?). 
(3)  Vb  aux. :  With  p.p.  of  trans,  vbs  forming 
passives  (this  was  done) ;  with  p.p.  of  some  intr. 
vbs,  as  fall,  come,  grow,  forming  perfects  (the 
sun  is  set,  Babylon  is  fallen) ;  with  pres.  part, 
act.  forming  continuous  tenses  act.  &  pass,  (he 
is  building  a  house,  the  house  was  building) ; 
with  pres.  part.  pass,  forming  continuous  tenses 
pass,  (the  house  was  being  built) ;  with  infin. 
expressing  duty,  intention,  possibility,  (I  am  to 
inform  you,  he  is  to  be  there,  the  house  is  to  let, 
he  is  to  be  hanged,  it  was  not  to  be  found) ;  were 
with  infin.  in  hypotheses  (if  I  were,  or  were 
I,  to  tell  you),  (i)  Parts  used  as  adjj.,  advv., 
nouns :  may-be,  perhaps,  a  possibility ;  the  to-be, 
the  future ;  might-have-beens,  past  possibilities ; 
woidd-be,  that  yearns,  or  fancies  himself,  to  be ; 
be-all,  whole  being,  essence,  [f.  three  vbs  (1) 
Aryan  es-,  Gk,  L,  &  OTeut.  es-,  Skr.  as-,  to  be ; 

(2)  OTeut.  wes-,  Skr.  vas-,  remain ;  (3)  Skr.  bhu-, 
Gk  phu-,  L  fu-,  OTeut.  beo-,  become.  From  (1) 
come  am  (cf.  Gk  esmi),  art  (cf.  ON  est,  later 
ert),  is,  are  (cf.  ON  erum,  L  sumus,  Gk  esmes) ; 
from  (2)  come  was,  wast,  wert,  were ;  from  (3) 
come  be,  being,  been] 

be-,  pref.  f.  OE  be-,  weak  form  of  prep.  &adv. 
bi  by,  accented  form  of  which  appears  in 
by-law,  by-word,  bygone,  &c.  The  orig.  mean- 
ing is  about,  which  is  variously  developed  as 
in  before  (about  the  front),  bespatter  (spatter 
all  about),  bespeak  (speak  about,  making  vbs 
trans.),  bedevil  (say  devil  about),  benight  (bring 
night  about),  behead  (take  the  head  from  about), 
bejewel  (put  jewels  about).  As  new  vbs  are 
constantly  formed,  &  only  the  well-estab- 
lished or  peculiar  ones  can  be  given,  the  chief 
varieties  are  here  numbered  for  reference  : 
(1)  Adding  notion  of  all  over,  all  round,  to  trans, 
vb,  as  beset,  besmear;  (2)  adding  notion  of 
thoroughness,  excess,  to  trans,  vb,  as  bedrug, 
bescorch ;  (3)  making  intr.  vbs  trans. ,  as  bemoan, 
bestraddle  ;  (1)  forming  trans,  vbs  =  to  make 
from  adjj.  &  nouns  as  befoul,  bedim,  be- 
bishop ;  (5)  making  trans,  vbs  =  to  call  so  &  so 
from  nouns,  as  bedevil,  bemadam ;  (6)  making 
trans,  vbs  =  to  surround  xoith,  to  affect  with, 


,c] 
a  b€ 


to  treat  in  the  manner  of,  from  nouns  as  be- 
cloud, beguile,  befriend;  (7)  making  adjj.  in 
-ED2,  from  nouns,  as  bewigged,  beflagged,  (usu. 
with  some  contempt). 

beach1,  n.  Water- worn  pebbles;  sea-shore 
covered  with  these  ;  shore  between  high  &  low 
water  mark ;  b.-comber,  long  wave  rolling  in, 
Pacific-island  settler ;  b.-master,  officer  superin- 
tending disembarkation  of  troops:  b.-rest, 
chair-back  for  sitting  against  on  b.    [?] 

beach2,  v.t.  Run  (ship,  boat)  ashore,  haul 
up.    If.  prec] 

bea'con 1  (-e-),  n.  Signal,  signal-fire  on  pole 
or  hill ;  signal  station ;  conspicuous  hill  (in 
names) ;  lighthouse  ;  guide  or  warning.  [OE 
biacn  f.  OTeut.  bauknom  cf.  beckon] 

bea'con  2,  v.t.  Give  light  to,  guide  ;  supply 
(district)  with  beacons,    jr.  prec] 

bead  *,  n.  (Orig.)  prayer.  Small  perforated 
ball  for  threading  with  others  on  string,  used 
in  counting  one's  prayers  (tell  one's  bb.) ;  the 
same  used  for  ornamen  t ;  drop  of  liquid,  bubble ; 
small  knob  in  fore-sight  of  gun  (draw  a  b.  on, 
take  aim  at) ;  (Arch.)  moulding  like  a  bead 
series,  or  small  one  of  semicircular  section; 
b.-roll,  list  of  names,  long  series,  (orig.  of  per- 
sons to  be  prayed  for) ;  beadsman,  pensioner 
bound  to  pray  for  benefactor,  almsman.  [ME 
bede  f.  OE  gebed  (or  *bedu)  prayer,  see  bid  !] 

bead2,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  with  bb. ;  string: 
together ;  form  or  grow  into  bb.    [f.  prec/ 

bea'ding*.  n.      In  vbl  senses;  also, 
moulding,    [bead  * ;  see  -ing  l] 

bea'dle,  n.  Apparitor  of  trades  guild  or 
company ;  parish  officer  appointed  by  vestry. 
Hence  bea'dlesmp  n.  [OE  bydel  f.  OTeut. 
budiloz  f.  biudan  announce] 

bea'dledom,      n.      Stupid      officiousness» 

[-DOM] 

bea'dy,  a.  (Of  eyes)  small  &  bright ;  covered 
with  beads  or  drops,    [bead  x] 

bea'gle,  n.  Small  dog  tracking  by  scent 
formerly  used  in  hare-hunting ;  spy.  bailiff,  &c. 
[perh.  f.  F  bi-gueule  open  throat  (beer  gape)] 

beak1,  n.  Bird's  bill  (esp.  in  birds  of  prey, 
&  when  strong  &  hooked) ;  similar  mandible- 
end  of  other  animals,  as  turtle  ;  hooked  nose ; 
projection  at  prow  of  ancient  war-ship ;  spout. 
Hence  beakED2  a.  [f.  F  bee  f.  LL  oeccus  of 
Gaulish  origin] 

beak2,  n.  (slang).    Magistrate.    [?] 

bea'kei*,   n.      Large  drinking-cup ;    lipped 

flass  vessel  for  scientific  experiments.  [ME 
iker  cf.  G  becher  perh.  f,  med.  L  bicarium 
perh.  f.  Gk  bikos] 

beam  *,  n.  Long  piece  of  squared  timber  in 
house  or  ship  building;  cylinders  in  loom  on 
which  warp  &  cloth  are  wound ;  chief  timber 
of  plough ;  bar  of  balance  (kick  the  b.,  prove 
the  lighter,  be  defeated);  shank  of  anchor; 
lever  in  engine  connecting  piston  rod  & 
crank;  (pi.)  horizontal  cross-timbers  of  ship 
supporting  deck  &  joining  sides  (starboard, 
larboard,  b.,  right  &  left  sides,  as  land  on 
I.  b.  &c);  =  ship  8  breadth  (on  her  b.-ends,  on 
her  side,  almost  capsizing,  fig.  in  danger,  at 
a  loss) ;  ray  or  pencil  of  light ;  radiance,  bright 
look,  smile.  [OE  be" am  tree  ;  com.-Teut,  cf.  G 
baum,  Du.  boom,  tree,  &  perh.  Gk  phu-,  Skr. 
bhu-,  grow] 

beam  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Emit  (light,  affection,  &c); 
shine.    Hence  bea'mixG  2  a,    [f.  prec] 

bea'my,  a.  Radiant  (rare) ;  (poet.,  of  spears 
&c)  huge  ;  broad  (of  ships),    [beam  »,  -Y  2] 

bean,  n.  (Kinds  of  leguminous  plants  bearing) 
smooth   kidney -shaped   seed   in    long   pods; 


For  compounds  of  be-  not  given  consult  be-. 


BEAN-FEAST 


:•_' 


BEAUTIFUL 


similar  seed  of  other  plants,  as  coffee  ;  full  of 
66.,  6. -fed,  in  high  spirits.    [OE  Man;   com.- 
Teut,  cf.  G.  bohne,  &  perh.  hfaba] 
bea'n-feast,  n.    Employer's  annual  dinner 
to  workpeople.    [?] 

bear1  (har),  n.  Heavy  partly  carnivorous 
thick-furred  plantigrade  quadruped ;  rough 
unmannerly  person,  whence  beap'iSH1  a., 
beap'ishNESS  n. ;  Great,  Little,  B.,  northern 
constellations ;  (St.  Exch.)  speculator  for  a  fall, 
one  who  sells  stock  for  future  delivery  hoping 
to  buy  it  cheap  meanwhile,  &  therefore  tries 
to  bring  prices  down  (cf.  bull,  &  see  foil.). 
B.'s-breech,  acanthus ;  B.'s-foot,  kinds  of  helle- 
bore; b.-garden,  scene  of  tumult;  b.'s-grease, 
pomade;  bearskin,  (wrap  &c.)  of  b.'s  skin, 
Guards'  tall  furry  cap;  b.-leader,  travelling 
tutor.  [OE  bera  ;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  bar,  &  perh. 
L  ferus  wild] 

bean2,  v.i.  &  t.  (St.  Exch.).  Speculate  for 
a  fall ;  produce  fall  in  price  of  (stocks  &c).  [f. 
prec,  perh.  w.  ref.  to  selling  the  b. 's  skin  before 
killing  the  b.] 

bear8  (bar),  v.t.  &  i.  (bore,  borne  or  born,  see 
below  *).  (1)  Carry  (poet,  or  formal,  exc.  in  the 
senses  or  contexts  following) :  6.  or  6.  away, 
win  (the  palm,  bell,  prize) ;  carry  visibly,  show, 
be  known  by,  (banner,  device,  arms,  the  marks 
of,  name,  relation  or  ratio  to  ;  6.  oneself  well  &c. , 
behave) ;  bring  at  need  (6.  witness,  company  ; 
6.  a  hand,  help) ;  wield  (office,  rule) ;  carry 
internally  (6.  a  grudge ;  6.  in  mind,  remember) ; 
wear  (6.  arms,  the  sword) ;  6.  out,  confirm ;  be 
borne  away  (by  external  force  or  influence,  or 
internal  impulse);  is  borne  in  upon  one,  be- 
comes one's  conviction.  (2)  Sustain  (weight, 
responsibility,  cost :  6.  a  part  in,  share) ;  stand 
(test  &c),  endure  (grin  &  6.  it),  tolerate,  put 
up  with  (cannot  b.  him),  whence  beap'ABLE 
a. ;  be  capable  of  upholding  weight  {ice  bears) ; 
6.  with,  treat  forbearingly ;  6.  up,  (trans.)  up- 
hold, (intr.)  not  despair ;  borne  on  the  books  of, 
paid  by.  (3)  Thrust,  strive,  apply  weight,  tend, 
(6.  down,  overthrow ;  6.  hard  on,  oppress ;  6. 
upon,  be  relevant  to;  bring  to  6.,  apply ;  6.  to 
the  right,  away,  off,  incline ;  6.  down,  swoop ; 
6.  up,  bring  ship  into  direction  of  wind  ;  6.  up 
/or,  change  ship's  course  so  as  to  sail  towards. 
(4)  Produce,  yield,  give  birth  to.  *  The  p.p.  is 
borne,  exc.  that  6orn  is  used  in  pass,  parts  re- 
ferring to  human  &  other  mammal  birth ;  even 
then  6ome  is  used  before  by  with  the  mother 
(has  borne  a  child  ;  6orra  1901 ;  6orn  of,  borne  by, 
Eve).  [Aryan  ;  OE,  OHG,  beran,  cf.  Gk  pher-, 
lifer-) 

beard1,  n.  Hair  of  lower  face  (exclud- 
ing usu.  the  moustache,  &  sometimes  the 
whiskers) ;  chin  tuft  of  animals ;  gills  of  oyster ; 
attachment  threads  of  some  shellfish ;  beak- 
bristles  of  birds ;  awn  of  grasses ;  Old-Man's 
B.,  =  Traveller's  Joy.  Hence  bear-din  2, 
beap*dLESS,  aa.,  bear'dless.VESS  n.  [com.- 
Teut.,  cf.  G  bart\ 

beapd2,  v.t.    Oppose  openly,  defy.    [f.  prec] 
beap'ep,  n.    Person  or  thing  that  carries ; 

S  art-carrier  of  coffin  ;  (India)  palanquin-carrier, 
omestic  servant ;  bringer  of  letters  or  message, 
presenter  of  cheque ;  (with  adj.  good  &c) 
plant  &c.  that  produces  well  &c.  [bear  3+-er  i] 
beap'ing,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
behaviour ;  heraldic  charge  or  device  ;  relation, 
aspect,  (consider  it  in  all  its  66. ;  what  is  the 
6.  of  this  on  the  argument?);  (pi.)  parts  of 
machine  that  bear  the  friction ;  direction  in 
which  a  place  &c.  lies,  (pi.)  relative  positions 
(have  lost  my  66.,  do  not  know  where  I  am); 
6. -rem,  fixed  rein  from  bit  to  saddle,  forcing 
horse  to  arch  its  neck,    [bear  3,  -ino  l] 


beast,  n.  Animal ;  quadruped  ;  (Farming) 
bovine  animal,  esp.  fatting-cattle  (collect,  pi. 
beast) ;  animal  for  riding  or  driving ;  brutal 
man  ;  person  that  one  dislikes ;  The  B.,  Anti- 
christ ;  the  6.,  the  animal  nature  in  man.  [f.  OF 
beste  f.  L  bestia] 

beastliness,  n.  Gluttony,  drunkenness, 
obscenity  ;  disgusting  food  or  drink,    [f.  foil.] 

bea'stly1,  a.  Like  a  beast  or  its  ways; 
unfit  for  human  use,  dirty  ;  (colloq.)  undesir- 
able.    [-LY1] 

bea'stly2,  adv.  (slang).  (Intensifying  adjj. 
&  advv.  used  in  bad  sense;  cf.  jolly)  very. 
regrettably,  (6.  drunk,  wet,  raining  6.  hard). 

[-LY2] 

beat1,  v.t.  &  i.  (past  beat;  p.p.  beaten,  but 
beat  in  dead-beat,  often  in  sense  surpassed,  & 
sometimes  in  other  senses).  Strike  repeatedly 
(t.  &  i. ;  6.  the  breast,  in  mourning ;  6.  black  & 
blue,  bruise ;  6.  the  air,  strive  in  vain ;  6.  at  door, 
knock  loudly ;  6.  path,  make  it  by  trampling), 
inflict  blows  on,  (or  sun,  rain,  wind)  strike  (upon 
something,  or  abs.) ;  overcome,  surpass  (6.  hol- 
low, easily),  be  too  hard  for,  perplex ;  move  up 
&  down  (t.  &  i.  of  wings) ;  move  rhythmically 
(heart  &c.  beats,  6.  time,  seconds,  &c) ;  shift, 
drive,  alter,  deform,  by  blows  (6.  down,  back, 
away,  off;  6.  in,  crush ;  6.  down  price  or  seller, 
cheapen  or  bargain  with  ;  6.  up  eggs  &c,  reduce 
to  froth,  powder,  paste ;  6.  or  6.  out  metal, 
forge) ;  (Naut.)  6.  up,  about,  strive,  tack,  against 
wind ;  strike  (bushes,  water)  to  rouse  game  (6. 
about  the  bush,  approach  subject  slowly,  shilly- 
shally ;  6.  up  recruits  &c,  collect ;  6.  up  the 
quarters  of,  visit;  6.  one's  brains,  search  for 
ideas  ;  6.  the  bounds,  mark  parish  boundaries 
by  striking  certain  points  with  rods) ;  play  the 
drum  (6.  a  parley,  a  retreat,  propose  terms,  re- 
tire). [OEMatan;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  ON  bauta 
f.  OTeut.  bautan] 

beat2,  n.  Stroke  on  drum,  signal  so  given  ; 
movement  of  conductor's  baton ;  measured 
sequence  of  strokes  or  sounds ;  throbbing ; 
sentinel's  or  constable's  appointed  course ; 
one's  habitual  round ;  sportsman's  range,  [f. 
prec] 

bea'ten,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
worn  hard,  trite  ;  shaped  by  the  hammer ;  ex- 
hausted, dejected,    [p.p.  of  beat  l] 

bea'tep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  man  em- 
ployed to  rouse  game  ;  implement  for  beating 
flat,    [beat  !  +  -er  !] 

beatrfie.  a.  Making  blessed,  [f.  L  beati- 
ficus  (beatus  p.p.  of  6e«  re  bless,  &  see  -fic)] 

beatiflca'tion,  n.  Making  or  being  blessed ; 
(R.-C.Ch.)  first  step  to  canonization,  announce- 
ment that  dead  person  is  in  bliss.  [F,  f.  L 
beatificare  (prec),  -ation] 

bea-tify,  v.t.  Make  happy  ;  (R.-C.Ch.)  an- 
nounce as  in  prec.    [f.  L  (prec,  -fy)] 

bea'ting-,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp. :  a  chastise- 
ment ;  a  defeat,    [f.  beat  l] 

bea'titude,  n.  Blessedness;  (pi.)  the  bless- 
ings in  Matt.  v.  3-11.  [F,  f.  L  beatitudo  (beatus 
see  beatific,  -tude)] 

beau  (bo),  n.  (pi.  beaux,  pr.  boz).  Fop; 
lady's-man,  lover.  [OF,  f.  L  bellus  pretty  perh. 
=*benlus  dim.  cf.  bene,  bonus  good] 

beau  ide'al  (bo),  n.  One's  highest  type  of 
excellence  or  beauty.  [F  (-6al),  =  the  ideal  Beau- 
tiful (often  misconceived  in  E  as  a  beautiful 
ideal) ;  see  prec.  &  ideal  a.] 

beau  monde  (bo  mawnd),  n.  Fashionable 
society.    [F| 

Beaune  (bon),  n.    A  red  Burgundy  wine. 

beauteous  (bu),  a.  Beautiful  (poet).  [ME 
beute  beauty  +  -ous] 

beau'tiful,  a.     Delighting  the  eye  or  ear, 


BEAUTIFY 

gratifying  any  taste,  (b.  face,  voice,  soup,  bat- 
ting) ;  morally  or  intellectually  impressive, 
charming,  or  satisfactory  (b.  patience,  organiza- 
tion, specimen).    Hence  beau'tifulLY  2  adv. 

[BEAUTY  +  -FUL] 

beau'tify  (bu-),  v.t.  Make  beautiful ;  adorn. 
Hence  beautiflER*  (1,  2)  n.    [beauty  +  -fy] 

beau'ty  (bu-),  n.  Combination  of  qualities, 
as  shape,  proportion,  colour,  in  human  face  or 
form,  or  in  other  objects,  that  delights  the 
sight ;  combined  qualities  delighting  the  other 
senses,  the  moral  sense,  or  the  intellect;  a b., 
beautiful  person  or  thing  (often  ironical); 
beautiful  women  ;  a  beautiful  trait  or  feature, 
ornament,  (that's  the  b.  of  it,  the  particular 
point  that  gives  satisfaction) ;  b.-sleep,  before 
midnight ;  o.-spot,  small  patch  placed  on  lady's 
face  as  foil  to  complexion,  beautiful  scene. 
(ME  bealte,  beute,  f.  OF  bealte,  beaute,  f.  L 
bellus  pretty ;  see  beau,  -ty] 

beaux yeux  (F),  n.    Beauty;  charms. 

bea'ver  \  n.  Amphibious  broad-tailed  soft- 
furred  rodent,  building  huts  and  dams ;  its  fur ; 
hat  of  this.  [OE  beofor  =  LG  bever,  G  biber,  L 
fiber ;  reduplicated  f.  Aryan  bhru-  brown] 

bea'ver^,  n.  Lower  face-guard  of  helmet. 
[ME  &  OF  baviere  bib  (bave  saliva)] 

bea'verteen,  n.  Cotton  twilled  cloth  with 
pile  of  loops,    [f.  beaver  !  after  velveteen] 

becal'm  (-ahm),  v.t.  (1)  Make  calm  (sea  &c). 
(2)  Deprive  (ship)  of  wind.  [(1)  be-(2)+calm  v., 
(2)  be-(6)  +  calm  n.] 

becau'se  (-6z,  -awz),  adv.  and  conj.  For  the 
reason  (that  &  clause,  archaic) ;  by  reason,  on 
account,  (of  &  noun) ;  for  the  reason  that, 
inasmuch  as,  since,  [by  prep.  +  cause  n. ;  the 
conj.  use  arises  by  omission  of  that) 

beeeafi'eo  (-fe),  n.  Small  migrant  bird 
eaten  in  Italy.    [It.  (beccare  peck  +Jico  fig)] 

be'chamel  (besh-),  n.  Kind  of  white  sauce, 
[inventor's  name] 

beche-de-mer  (F),  n.  Sea-slug,  a  Chinese 
dainty. 

beck.1,  n.  Brook,  mountain  stream,  (north- 
ern word),    [f.  ON  bekkr  cf.  G  bach] 

beck2,  n.  Significant  gesture,  nod,  &c. ;  the 
order  implied  (have  at  one's  b.,  be  at  person's 
b.  &  call,  of  entire  dominion  &  obedience). 
If.  foil.] 

beck3,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  mute  signal,  signal 
mutely  to,  (poet.),    [shortened  f.  beckon] 

be'cket,  n.  (naut).  Contrivance  for  securing 
loose  ropes,  tackle,  or  spars,  (rope-loop,  hook, 
bracket,  &c).    [?1 

be'ckon,  v.t.  &  i.  Summon,  call  attention 
of,  by  gesture ;  make  mute  signal.  [OE  biecnan 
f.  OTeut  baukno-  beacon] 

beclou'd,  v.t.  Cover  with  clouds ;  obscure. 
[be-(6)  +  cloud  n.] 

beco'me  (-um),  v.i.  &  t.  (-came,  -come).  Come 
into  being ;  what  has  b.  of  (happened  to)  him  ? 
(copulative)  begin  to  be  (followed  by  n.,  adj., 
or  adj.  phr.) ;  suit,  befit,  adorn,  look  well  on, 
whence  beeo'miNG2  a.,  beeo*mingLY2adv., 
beeo*ming*NESS  n.  [OE  becuman(BE-+cuman 
come)  arrive,  attain,  happen;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G 
bekommen] 

bedJ,n.  1.  Thingto  sleep  on,  mattress  (feather 
b.  &c),  frame- work  with  mattress  &  cover- 
ings ;  animal's  resting  place,  litter ;  (elliptical 
for)  use  of  b.,  being  in  b. ;  b.  and  board,  enter- 
tainment, connubial  relations;  narroxo  b.,  the 
grave ;  b.  of  down,  flowers,  roses,  easy  position ; 
o.  of  sickness,  invalid  state ;  brought  to  &.,  in 
child-birth,  of  child  or  abs. ;  die  in  one's  &.,  of 
natural  causes ;  go  to  b.,  retire  for  the  night ; 


73 BEDOUIN 

take  to,  keep,  one's  6.,  become,  be,  ill;  make 
the  &.,  arrange  the  coverings  ;  lie  in  the  b.  one 
has  made,  take  consequences  of  one's  acts ; 
bedchamber  (archaic  exc.  of  royal,  as  Groom, 
Lady,  &c,  of  the  b.-c.),  bedroom;  b.-clothes, 
sheets,  pillows,  &c,  of  b. ;  bedfellow,  sharer  of 
b.,  associate;  bedgown,  woman's  nightdress, 
northern  woman's  short  jacket ;  b.-key,  wrench 
for (un)fastening bedstead;  bedmaker,  (wo)man 
tending  college  rooms  at  Oxf.  &  Camb. ;  b.-pan, 
invalid's  chamber  utensil  for  use  in  b. ;  bed- 
post, upright  support  of  b.  (in  twinkling  of  bed- 
post, prob.  transf.  f.  bedstajf,  loose  cross-piece 
of  old  bedsteads  often  used  as  handy  weapon ; 
between  you  &me&  the  bedpost,  in  confidence) ; 
be'drid(den),  confined  to  b.  by  infirmity,  de- 
crepit, [OE  bedreda  (rida  rider),  -en  by  confu- 
sion w.  p.p.] ;  bedroom,  for  sleeping  in  ;  b.-side, 
side  of  esp.  invalid's  b.  (good  b.-s.  manner,  of 
tactful  doctors) ;  bedsore,  developed  in  invalid 
by  lying  in  b. ;  b.-spread,  coverlet ;  bedstead, 
framework  of  b. ;  bedstraw,  kinds  of  plant, 
esp.  (Our)  Lady's  b.-s. ;  bedtick,  quadrangular 
bag  holding  feathers  &c.  for  b.  ;  bedtime,  hour 
for  going  to  b.  2.  Flat  base  on  which  anything 
rests ;  garden  plot  filled  with  plants,  swamp 
with  osiers ;  bottom  of  sea,  river,  &c.  (b.-rock, 
solid  rock  underlying  alluvial  deposits  &c, 
fig.  ultimate  facts  or  principles  of  a  theory, 
character,  &c);  foundation  or  road  or  railway; 
slates  &c.  of  billiard  table ;  central  part  of 
gun-carriage ;  stratum ;  layer  of  oysters  &c. 
[com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  bett  perh.  f.  Aryan  bhodh- 
whence  Lifodere  dig] 

bed2,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  or  go  to  bed  (poet,  or 
archaic  exc.  of  horses  &c.) ;  plant  (esp.  b.  out)  ; 
cover  up  or  fix  firmly  in  something ;  arrange 
as,  be  or  form,  a  layer,    [f.  prec] 

beda'bble,  v.t.  Stain,  splash,  with  dirty 
liquid,  blood,  &c.    [be-(1)  +  dabble] 

beda'd,  int.  (Irish  &c.  for)  by  gad  *. 

bedau'b,  v.t.  Smear  with  paint  &c. ;  be- 
dizen.   [be-(1)  +  daub  v.] 

be'ddep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  plant  suited 
for  flower-bed.    (-er  *] 

be'dding",  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also :  mattress, 
bedclothes,  &c.  ;  litter  for  cattle ;  bottom 
layer;  (Geol.)  stratification,    [-ing1] 

bede'ek,  v.t.    Adorn.    [be-(1)  +  deck  v.] 

be'deguap  (-gar),  n.  Mosslike  excrescence 
on  rose-bush  produced  by  insect's  puncture, 
[f.  F  bedeguar  f.  Pers.  badawar  wind-brought] 

be'delfl),  n.  Official  at  Oxf.  &  Camb.  with 
duties  chiefly  processional.    [  =  beadle] 

bede*vil,  v.t.  (-11-,  -1-).  Treat  with  diabolical 
violence  or  abuse ;  possess,  bewitch ;  spoil,  con- 
found ;  call  devil.    [be-(5,  6)  +  devil  n.] 

bede'vilment,  n.  Possession  by  devil; 
maddening  trouble,  confusion,  [prec.  +  -ment] 

bedew*,  v.t.  Cover  with  drops,  sprinkle. 
[be-(6)  -f  dew] 

bedigh't,  v.t.  (past  and  p.p.  bedight).  Array, 
adorn,  (archaic ;  usu.  in  p.p.).    [be-(1)  +  dight] 

bedi'm,  v.t.  (-mm-).    Make  (eyes,  mind)  dim. 

[BE-(4)  +  DIMa.] 

bedi'zen,  v.t.  Dress  out  gaudily.  [be-(2) 
+  dizen] 

be'dlam,  n.  Hospital  of  St  Mary  of  Beth- 
lehem used  as  lunatic  asylum ;  any  madhouse ; 
scene  of  uproar,  [f.  Bethlehem  ^hospital  founded 
as  priory  1247,  converted  to  asylum  15471 

bedlamite,  n.  &  a.    Lunatic,    [-ite  *  (1)] 

bedouin  (bedboe'n),  n.  &  a.  (Arab)  of  the 
desert,  wandering ;  gipsy.  [F,  f.  Arab,  badawin 
pi.  of  badaioiy  dweller  in  the  desert  (badio 
desert) ;  -n  is  prop,  the  pi.  sign] 


For  compounds  of  be-  not  given  consult  be-. 


BEDRABBLBD 


bedra'bbled,  a.    Dirty  with  rain  and  mud. 
[be-(1),  &  see  drabble] 
bedpa'g-gle,  v.t.   Wet  (dress  &c. )  by  trailing 
it,  or  so  that  it  trails  or  hangs  limp.    [be-(1)  + 
draggle] 

bee,  n.  Four-winged  stinging  social  insect 
(queen,  drones,  &  workers)  producing  wax 
&  honey*;  allied  insects  (Humble,  Mason, 
Carpenter,  B.,  &c);  poet;  busy  worker; 
meeting  for  combined  work  or  amusement 
(chiefly  U.S.,  exc.  spelling-b.) ;  have  a  b.  in 
one's  bonnet,  be  mad  on  some  point ;  b.-bread, 
(honey  &)  pollen  used  as  food  by  bb. ;  b.-eater, 
kinds  of  foreign  bird ;  oeemvE ;  b.-line,  straight 
between  two  places:  b.-master,  -mistress,  keep- 
ers of  bb. ;  B.  orchis,  with  b. -shaped  flowers ; 
b.-skep,  straw  hive  ;  bees-wax,  secreted  by  bb. 
as  comb  material,  (v.t.)  polish  with  this.  [OE 
beo ;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  biene  perh.  f.  Aryan  bhi- 
fear,  quiver] 

beech,  n.  Smooth-barked  glossy-leaved 
mast-bearing  forest  tree ;  its  wood  ;  b.-fem, 
kind  of  polypody ;  beechmast,  fruit  of  b.  Hence 
bee'chEN 5  a.  [OE  boece,  bice,  cf.  G  buche  ; 
com.-Teut.  &  cf.  Gk  phagos,  phegos,  lufagus] 

beef,  n.  (pi.  -ves).  Flesh  of  ox,  bull,  or  cow ; 
(in  men)  size,  muscle ;  (usu.  pi.)  ox(en),  esp. 
fattened,  or  their  carcases ;  beefeater,  yeoman 
of  guard,  warder  of  Tower  of  London,  (f.  obs. 
sense  dependant);  b.-tea,  stewed  b.  juice  for 
invalids ;  beef  steak ;  b.-wood,  red  timber  of 
various  trees,  [f.  OF  boef  f.  L  bovem  nom.  60s 
ox=  Gk  bous,  Skr.  go-,  &  E  cowl 

bee'fy,  a.  Like  beef;  solid,  muscular; 
stolid.    Hence  bee'fiNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

Bee'lzebub  (bielzl-),  n.  The  Devil ;  a  devil. 
[L,  f.  Gk  beelzeboub  t  Heb.  ba'alz'bub  fly-lord] 

been.    See  be. 

beep  \  n.  Alcoholic  liquor  from  fermented 
malt  &c.  flavoured  with  hops  &c,  including 
ale  (pale)  and  porter  (dark) ;  other  fermented 
drinks,  as  nettle-b. ;  ginger-6.  ;  small  b.  (lit.) 
weak  b.,  (fig.)  trifling  matters  {think  no  small 
b.  of,  have  high  opinion  of);  b.-engine,  for  draw- 
ing b.  at  a  distance  ;  beerhouse,  licensed  for  b., 
not  spirits ;  b.-money,  servant's  allowance  in 
lieu  of  b. ;  b.-pull,  handle  of  b.-engine.  [OE 
Mor;  com.-WG,  cf.  G  bier ;  etym.  dub.] 

been2,  n.  One  of  the  ends  (so  many  threads) 
into  which  a  warp  is  divided.  [=bier,  cf. 
porter  in  same  sense  in  Scotland] 

been'y,  a.  Of,  like,  beer;  esp.,  betraying 
influence  of  beer,    [-Y2] 

bee'sting-s,  n.  pi.  First  milk  after  parturi- 
tion, [f.  obs.  beest  OE  Most,  com.-WG,  cf.  G 
biest ;  etym.  dub.] 

bee-swing  (-z-),  n.  Second  crust  in  long- 
kept  port;  old  wine,  [bee  +  wing,  from  its 
filmy  look] 

beet.  n.  Two  plants  with  succulent  root, 
Red  B.  used  for  salad,  White  B.  for  sugar- 
making;  beetroot,  root  of  b.  [OE  bite  f.  L 
beta] 

bee'tle1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Tool  with  heavy  head 
-&  handle  for  ramming,  crushing,  smoothing, 

&c.  (vb,  beat  with  this);  three-man  b.,  requir- 
ing three  to  lift  it;   b.-brain  &c,  blockhead. 
iOE  bietel  f.  OTeut.  bautiloz  f.  bautan  beat  l ; 
see  -le(1)] 
bee'tle2,  n.      Insect  having   upper  wings 

converted  to  hard  wing-cases  (pop.  only  of  the 

black  and  large   varieties,  also   wrongly  of 

insects  like  them,  as  the&ZacA:-&.  or  cockroach); 

short-sighted  person  (cf.  b.-eyed,  blind  as  a  b.). 

[OE  bitula  biter  f.  bitan  bite  *] 
beetle3,  a.    Projecting,  shaggy,  scowling, 

(&.  brows,  b.-browed).    [prob.  f.  prec.  w.  ref.  to 

tufted  antennae  of  some  beetles] 


74 BEGIN 

bee*tle4,  v.i.     Overhang  (of  brows,  cliffs), 
hang  threateningly  (of  fate  &c).    [f.  prec] 
beeves.    See  beef. 

befa*ll(-awl),v.t.  &i.  (-fell, -fallen).  Happen; 
happen  to  (person  &c. ).  [OE  befallan  f .  be-(2)  + 
fallan  pall  ;  cf.  G  befallen] 
befi't,  v.t.  (-U-).  Suit,  be  fitted  for ;  be  in- 
cumbent on ;  be  right.  Hence  befi'ttiNG2  a., 
befi'tting'LY  2  aa v,  [be-(2)  +  fit  v.] 
befo'g1,  v.t.  (-gg-).  Envelop  in  fog;  obscure. 
[be-(6)  +  fog  n.J 

befoo'l,  v.t.  Dupe.  [be-(5)  +  fool  n.] 
befope*,  adv.,  prep.,  &  conj.  (1)  Adv. :  ahead 
(go  b.) ;  on  the  front  (6.  &  behind) ;  previous 
to  time  in  question,  already,  in  the  past,  (longb.). 
(2)  Prep. :  in  front  of  (6.  the  mast,  of  common 
sailors  berthed  forward),  ahead  of ;  under  the 
impulse  of  (0.  the  wind,  recoil  b.,  carry  all  b. 
you) ;  in  presence  of  (appear  b.  judge,  bow  b. 
authority ;  b.  God  =  as  God  sees  me ;  the  ques- 
tion b.  us) ;  awaiting  {world  all  b.  them) ;  earlier 
than  (b.  Christ,  usu.  abbr.  B.  c. ,  appended  to  dates 
reckoned  backwards  from  birth  of  Christ) ;  this 
side  the  coming  of  (future  event) ;  farther  on 
than;  rather  than  (woulddie  b.  lying).  (3)  Conj. ; 
previous  to  the  time  when ;  rather  than  (would 
die  b.  I  lied).  [OE  beforan  (be-  +foran  adv. 
f.  OTeut.  fora  for)] 

before-hand,  adv.  In  anticipation,  in 
readiness ;  be  b.  with,  anticipate,  forestall ; 
b.  with  the  world,  having  money  in  hand, 
[orig.  two  wds ;  sense-development  doubtful] 
befou'l,  v.t.  Make  foul  (lit.  or  fig.) ;  b.  one's 
own  nest1.  [be-(4)  +  foul] 
befpie'nd,  v.t.  Help,  favour.  [be-(6)  + 
friend  n.] 

beer,  v.t.  &  i.  Ask  for  (food,  money,  &c) ; 
(abs.)  ask  alms;  ask  (for  alms  &c.) ;  live  by 
alms  ;  ask  earnestly  or  humbly  (thing,  for 
thing,  of  person,  person  to  do,  of  person  to  do, 
that  something  may  be  done) ;  (in  formal  and 
courteous  phrr.)  b.  pardon,  leave ;  b.  off,  get 
person  excused  penalty  &c. ;  b.  the  question, 
assume  the  truth  of  matter  in  dispute ;  go 
(a-)begging  (of  situations,  opportunities,  &c), 
find  no  accepter,  [perh.  shortened  f.  F  Mguiner 
be  a  beghard  or  odguin,  lay  brother  of  men- 
dicant order  named  f.  Lambert  Begue] 
bega'd,  int. = by  God  (in  fam.  speech). 
bege't,  v.t.  (-tt-,  -got,  -gotten).  Procreate 
(usu.  of  father,  sometimes  of  father  and 
mother,  cf.  bear3);  give  rise  to,  occasion. 
Hence  bege'ttER  *  n.  [OE  &  Goth,  begitan ; 
see  be-(2)  &  get] 

be'ggar1,  n.  One  who  begs ;  one  who  lives 
by  begging ;  poor  man  or  woman ;  (depreciat- 
ingly) fellow;    (playfully)  little  b.,  youngster 


&c. ;  a  good  o.  ( =  begger),  good  at  collecting 
for  char'  ' 
&  -ard] 


for  charities  &c.      [perh.  =  beghard  see  beg 


be'ggap2,  v.t.  Reduce  to  poverty ;  outshine, 
reduce  to  silence  (b.  description) ;  b.-my- 
neighbour,  card  game.    [f.  prec] 

beggarly,  a.  Indigent ;  intellectually  poor ; 
mean,    sordid.      Hence    be'ggapliNESS    n. 

[BEGGAR1  +-LY1] 

be'grgapy,  n.  Extreme  poverty,  [-y  l] 
begl'n,  v.t.  &  i.  (-nn-,  began,  begun).  Com- 
mence (to  do,  doing,  work  &c,  or  aos.  ;  in  pass, 
sense  either  it  has  begun  to  be  done,  or  it  has 
been  begun) ;  be  the  first  to  do  something ;  take 
the  first  step ;  start  speaking ;  b.  at,  start  from  ; 
b.  with,  take  first ;  to  b.  with,  in  the  first  place  ; 
b.  upon,  set  to  work  at;  come  into  being, 
arise;  have  its  commencement,  nearest 
boundary,  &c,  (at  some  point  in  space  or  time) ; 
b.  the  world,  start  in  life.  [com.-WG;  OE 
beginnan  cf.  G  &  Du.  beginnen  (be-  +  ginnan 


BEGINNER 


76 


BELIE 


perh.  =0E  ginan  gape  f.  Aryan  ghi-  open  cf.  L 
hiare)] 

begi*nnep,n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also,  tiro,  [-er1] 
beginning-,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also  or  esp. : 
time  at  which  anything  begins ;  source,  origin  ; 
first  part ;  the  b.  of  the  end,  first  clear  sign  of 
final  result,    [-ing  *  (1)] 

begip'd,  v.t.  (-irt).  Gird  round  or  encircle. 
[be-(1)  +  gird] 

bego'ne  (-awn,  -on),  vb  imperat.  =  be  gone 
(more  peremptory  than  go). 
bego'nia,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  with  coloured 
perianths  but  no  petals.  [Michel  Begon  c.  1680] 
beg*ot<ten).  See  beget. 
beg-ri'me,  v.t.  Soil  deeply.  [be-(6)+grime] 
begpirdge,  v.t.  Feel  or  show  dissatisfac- 
tion at  (thing),  envy  (one)  the  possession  of. 
[be-(2)  +  grudge  v.] 

begui'le  (-gil),  v.t.  Delude  ;  cheat  (person  of, 
out  of,  or  into  doing) ;  charm,  amuse ;  divert 
attention  from  (toil,  passage  of  time).  Hence 
begui'lER l,  beg-ui'leMENT,  nn.  [be-(2)  +  obs. 
vb  guile,  see  guile] 

beguinage  (be'ginahzh),  n.  House  of 
beguines.    Lf oil.  4-  -age] 

beguine  (-gen),  n.  Member  of  Netherlands 
lay  sisterhood  not  bound  by  vows.  [Lambert 
Begue,  founder  1180] 

be'gum,  n.    Hindoo  queen  or  lady  of  high 
rank.    [Hind,  begam  f.  East  Turk,  bigim  fern, 
of  big  prince  (Osmanli  bey)] 
behal'f  (-ahf),  n.     (Only  in  phrr.   '  on  or  in 

my  &c.  b.\  *on  or  in 's  b.',  'on  or  in  b. 

of ')  on  the  part  of,  on  account  of,  (a  per- 
son) ;  in  the  interest  of  (person  or  principle  &c. ). 
[mixture  of  earlier  phrr.  on  his  halve  &  bihalve 
him,  either  =  on  his  side  ;  see  half] 
beha've,  v.i.  &  refl.  (Intr.,  usu.  with  adv.) 
conduct  oneself,  act,  (rarely  abs.,  esp.  to  or  of 
children)  conduct  oneself  with  propriety,  b. 
towards,  treat  (well  &c.) ;  (refl.,  usu.  of  or  to 
children,  &  usu.  without  adv.)  show  good 
manners  ;  (of  machines  &c,  intr.  or  refl.)  work 
(well,  badly,  &c.) ;  behaved  p.p.  (with  well-, 
ill-),  having  good,  bad,  manners  or  conduct. 
[be-(2)  +  have] 

beha'vioup,  n.  Deportment,  manners; 
moral  conduct,  treatment  shown  to  or  towards 
others  ;  be  on  one's  good  b.,  do  one's  best  under 
probation ;  way  in  which  ship,  machine, 
substance,  &c,  acts  or  works,  [f.  prec,  the 
ending  due  to  confusion  w.  obs.  aver,  havour, 
havuoure,  possession,  =  F  avoir] 
behea'd,  v.t  Cut  the  head  from ;  kill  in 
that  way.  [OE  behba*dian  f.  be-  (from)  about 
+  hiafod  head  n.] 

behemoth  (bihe*-  or  bel-),  n.  Enormous 
creature,  [perh.  Egyptian  p-ehe-mau  water-ox 
(hippopotamus)  assimilated  to  Heb.  pi.  (of 
dignity)  of  b'hemah  beast,  see  Job  xl.  15] 
behe'st,  n.  Command  (poet.).  [OE  behxs 
cf.  behatan  later  behight  to  command,  &  G 
heissen] 

behi'nd,  adv.,  prep.,  &  n.  In  or  to'  the 
rear  (of),  on  the  further  side  (of),  hidden  (by), 
at  one's  back,  towards  what  was  one's  rear, 
further  back  in  place  or  time  (than),  past  in 
relation  to,  too  late,  in  concealment,  in  reserve, 
in  support  of,  in  an  inferior  position  (to),  under 
the  defence  of,  in  the  tracks  of,  outdone  (by), 
in  arrear  (with);  (n.)  the  posterior.  Phrr.: 
stay,  leave,  b.,  after  others',  one's  own,  de- 
parture or  death;  fall  b.,  not  keep  up;  b. 
the  scenes,  in  private ;  put  b.  one,  refuse 
to  consider;  go  b.  one's  words  &c,  look  for 
secret  motives  on  his   part ;    b.   one's   back, 


without  his  knowledge ;  b.  time,  unpunctual ; 
b.  the  times,  antiquated.  [OE  behindan  (be-  + 
hindan  =  G  hinten  f.  hind-  hind  3  +  -ana  from)] 

behindhand,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  In  arrear 
(with  payments  &c.) ;  out  of  date,  behind  time ; 
ill-provided  (with),  [prec.  +  hand,  cf.  before- 
hand] 

beho'ld,  v.t.  (beheld).  See,  become  aware  of 
by  sight;  (abs.  in  imperat.)  take  notice,  attend. 
Hence  beho'ldER  i  n.  [OE  bihaldan  f.  be-(2) 
+  haldan  hold  v.  keep  (in  view)] 

beho'lden,  pred.  a.  Under  obligation  (to). 
[p.p.  (obs.  exc.  in  this  use)  of  prec.  =  bound] 

behoo'f,  n.  (In  phrr.  to,  for,  on  b.,  or  the  b., 
of)  use,  advantage.  [OE  bihof  in  bihof-lic 
useful  cf.  G  behufi.  OTeut.  bihafjan  (be-  +  haf- 
jan  heave  cf.  L  capere  take)] 

beho've,  -hoo*ve,  v.t.  impers.  Be  incum- 
bent on  (person)  £6  (do  something).  [OE 
bihofianl.  bihof  see  prec] 

beige  (bazh),  n.  Kinds  of  dress-material 
made  of  undyed  and  unbleached  wool.  [F,  = 
natural-coloured,  grey  or  brown,  cf.  It.  bigio] 

be'ing*,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
existence  (in  b.,  existing) ;  constitution,  nature, 
essence;  anything  that  exists  (the  Supreme 
B.,  God) ;  a  person,    [be,  -ing  *, 2] 

bela'boup,  v.t.  Thrash  (lit.  &  fig.).  [be-(3) 
+  labour  v.  (exert  one's  strength  upon)] 

bela'ted,  a.  Overtaken  by  darkness ;  com- 
ing too  late.  [p.p.  of  obs.  belate  f.  be-(4)  + 
late] 

belaird,  v.t.  Load  with  praise.  [be-(2)+ 
laud  v.] 

belay,  v.t.  Coil  (running  rope)  round  cleat 
&c.  to  secure  it ;  (sailor's  slang  in  imperat.) 
stop !,  enough ! ;  belaying-pin,  fixed  wooden  or 
iron  pin  for  belaying  on.  [OE  belecgan  cf.  G 
belegen  t.  be-(1)  +  lecgan  lay  3  =  lay  round] 

belch !  (-tsh),  v.i.  &  t.  Emit  wind  noisily 
from  throat;  utter  noisily  or  drunkenly 
(abusive,  blasphemous,  or  foul  talk) ;  (of  gun  or 
volcano)  send  out  or  up.  [OE  bealcian  cf.  Du. 
balken  bray] 

belch2,  n.  Eructation;  sound  of  gun, 
volcano ;  burst  of  flame,    [f.  prec] 

be'lchep  (-tsh-),  n.  Parti-coloured  necker- 
chief.   [Jim  B.,  pugilist] 

be'ldam,  -dame,  n.  Old  woman,  hag; 
virago,  [earlier  =  grandmother  f.  bel-  (cf.  obs. 
belsvre,  &  see  beau)  expressing  relationship  + 
dam  mother] 

belea'guep  (-eger),  v.t.  Besiege  (lit.  &  fig.), 
[f.  Du.  belegeren  camp  round  f.  be-(6)  +  leger  a 
camp] 

beiemnite,  n.  Tapering  share-pointed 
fossil  bone  of  extinct  cuttlefish,  [f.  Gk  belem- 
non  dart  +  -ite  *  (2)] 

bel  esprit*  (-re),  n.  (pi.  beaux  esprits  pr.  boz 
espre).    A  wit.    [F] 

be'lfpy,  n.  Bell  tower,  attached  or  separate  : 
bell  space  in  church  tower.  Hence  be'lfpiED  2 
a.  [by  dissim.  f.  OF  berfrei  f.  LL  *berefridus 
f.  Teut.  (MHG  bercvrit  prob.  f.  bergen  shelter 
&  OHG  fridu  peace) ;  orig.  sense,  shed  or 
tower  for  cover  in  besieging] 

Belgian,  a.  &  n.    (Native)  of  Belgium,  [-an] 

Be'lg-ic,  a.  Of  the  Netherlands ;  of  the  an- 
cient Belgae.    [f.  L  Belgicus  (Belgae,  -ic)] 

Belg-pa'vian,  a.  Of,  suited  to,  Belgravia, 
fashionable  London  district,  [f.  Belgrave  Square 
f.  ground  landlord's  Belgrave,  Leics.] 

Be'lial,  n.  The  devil;  the  spirit  of  evil; 
man  of  B.,  reprobate,  [f.  Heb.  b'li-yaal  (b'li 
not  +  yaal  use)  worthlessness] 

belie*,  v.t.  (-lying).    Give  false  notion  of ;  fail 


For  compounds  of  be-  not  given  consult  be-. 


BELIEF 76 

to  act  up  to  (promise  &c.) ;  fail  to  justify  (hope 
&c.)    [OE  beliogan  f.  be-(3)  +  Uogan  lie] 

belie'f,  n.  Trust  or  confidence  (in) ;  accept- 
ance of  the  Christian  theology ;  acceptance  as 
true  or  existing  (of  any  fact,  statement,  &c. ; 
in,  or  of,  with  nn.,  that  with  clause);  thing 
believed,  religion,  opinion,  intuition  ;  The  B., 
Apostles'  Creed.  [ME  bileafe  (be-  +  OE  Uafa 
shortened  f.  ge-leafa  cf.  G  glaube  f.  OTeut. 
galaub-  dear)] 

belie've,  v.t.  &  i.  Have  faith  in,  trust 
word  of,  (person) ;  put  trust  in  truth  of  a 
statement,  efficacy  of  a  principle,  system, 
machine,  &c,  existence  of  anything;  give 
credence  to  (person,  statement,  &c,  or  that- 
clause) ;  be  of  opinion  that ;  make  &.,  pretend. 
Hence  belie'VABLE  a.,  belie*  ver1  n., 
belie'viNG 2  a.  [ME  bileven  f.  be-  +  OE  ge- 
lefan  cf.  G  glauben  f.  OTeut.  as  prec.l 

beli'ke,  adv.  Probably,  perhaps,  (often 
iron.).  [oe-  =  BY  prep.  +  like  a.  (by  what  is 
likely)] 

beli'ttle,  v.t.  Make  small,  dwarf ;  depre- 
ciate.   [be-(4)  +  little] 

bell  \  n.  Hollow  body  of  cast  metal  in  deep 
cup  shape  widening  at  lip  made  to  emit  musical 
sound  when  struck;  (Naut.)  one  to  eight  bb., 
half  hours  of  watch ;  b. -shaped  object,  as  flower 
corolla  (blue1,  canterbury,  B.).  Bear, 
carry  away,  the  &.,  be  first,  win;  b.,  book,  c& 
candle,  in  allusion  to  eccles.  cursing  formula  ; 
sound,  clear,  as  a  b.,  quite  sound  or  clear  (in 
other  senses  besides  the  acoustic) ;  b.-bird, 
Brazilian  and  Austral,  kinds  with  b.-like  note  ; 
b.-buoy,  with  warning  b.  rung  by  waves' 
motion;  b.-floiver,  any  plant  of  genus  Cam- 
panula', o.-founder,  -founding,  -foundry, 
caster,  casting,  &  manufactory,  of  bb. ;  &.- 
glass,  b. -shaped  as  cover  for  plants ;  b.-hanger, 
artisan  who  puts  up  bb.  &  wires ;  b.  -metal, 
alloy  of  copper  &  tin  (more  tin  than  in  bronze) 
for  bb. ;  b.-pull,  cord  or  handle  attached  to  b.- 
wire ;  b.-wether,  leading  sheep  of  flock  with  b. 
on  neck,  ringleader.  [OE  belle,  com.-LG  cf. 
Du.  bel] 

bell2,  v.t.  Furnish  with  bell(s);  6.  the  cat, 
take  the  danger  of  a  common  enterprise  on 
oneself  (fable  of  mice  &  cats),    [f.  prec] 

bell 3,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make  the)  cry  orstag  or  buck 
at  rutting-time.    [OE  bellan  cf.  G  bellen  bark] 

bellado'nna,  n.  (Bot.)  Deadly  Nightshade ; 
(Med.)  drug  prepared  from  this.  [mod.  L  f.  It., 
=  fair  lady,  pern,  because  a  cosmetic  is  made 
from  it] 

belle,  n.  Handsome  woman ;  reigning  beauty 
(the  b.  of  any  place).  [F,  f.  L  bella  fern,  of  bellus 
pretty  see  beau] 

belles-lettres  (bel-letr),  n.  Studies,  writ- 
ings, of  the  purely  literary  kind.  Hence 
belie'tnsT  (3)  n.,  belletri*stic  a.    [F] 

be'llicose,  a.  Inclined  to  fighting.  Hence 
bellie6*sity  n.  [f.  L  bellicosus  (bellum  war, 
-ic,  -ose  *)] 

belligerency,  n.  Status  of  a  belligerent, 
[f.  foil.,  see  -ENCv] 

belli'g-erent,  a.  &  n.  (Nation,  party,  or  per- 
son) waging  regular  war  as  recognized  by  the 
law  of  nations ;  of  such  nation  &c. ;  (loosely) 
any  opponent  engaged  in  conflict,  [wrong  cor- 
rection of  earlier  belligerant  f.  F  oelligerant 
f.  L  belligerare  wage  war  (bellum  +  ger ere), 

-ANT] 

Bello-na,  n.  War  personified;  woman  of 
commanding  presence.  [L,  =  goddess  of  war  f. 
bellum  war] 

be'llow  (-6),  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Roar  as  a  bull ; 
shout,  roar  with  pain  ;  utter  loudly  and  angrily 
(often  out,  forth) ;  (of  thunder,  cannon,  &c.)  re- 


BENCH 

verberate,  roar ;  (n.)  bellowing  sound,  [etym. 
dub. ;  cf.  bell  3] 

be'llows  (-6z),  n.  pi.  Portable  or  fixed  con- 
trivance for  driving  air  into  a  fire  or  through 
apertures  of  wind  instrument  ;pair  of  b.,  two- 
handled  for  fire ;  means  used  to  fan  passion  &c. ; 
the  lungs  (b.  to  mend,  of  broken- winded  horse), 
[earlier  belg  bag  =  belly  ;  the  present  wd  f. 
northern  form  belu,  belw] 

be'lly1,  n.  Cavity  of  human  body  below 
diaphragm  with  stomach  &  bowels  &  other 
contents,  abdomen ;  (externally)  lower  front  of 
body ;  corresponding  parts  of  animals ;  stomach ; 
the  body  as  food  consumer  (cf.  back  !),  appetite, 
gluttony ;  the  womb ;  cavity  of  anything ; 
bulging  part  (concave  or  convex) ;  front,  inner, 
or  Tower  surface;  b.-worship,  gluttony;  b.- 
timber,  food;  b.-pinched,  starving;  b.-ache, 
colic.  Hence  -be'lliED  2  a.  [ME  bali,  bely,  f. 
OE  bxlg  f.  OTeut.  balgiz  bag  f.  belgan  swell ; 
same  wd  as  bellows] 

be'lly2,  v.t.  &  i.  Swell  out  (usu.  of  sails,  & 
with  out),    [f.  prec] 

be'llyful,  n.  As  much  as  one  wants  of  any- 
thing, esp.  of  fighting.    [-ful(2)] 

belo'ng-,  v.i.  Pertain,  be  proper,  to  (as  duty, 
right,  possession,  natural  or  right  accompani- 
ment, example  in  classification,  characteristic, 
part,  member,  inhabitant,  appendage);  b.  under 
or  in,  be  rightly  classified  among.  [be-(2)  + 
obs.  vb  long  pertain  f.  OE  gelang  adj.  depen- 
dent on  (cf.  the  now  dialectal  '  along  of  ')  =  OHG 
gilang  akin  (perh.  f.  notion  corresponding  in 
length)] 

belo'nging's,  n.  pi.  A  person's  property,  re- 
latives, or  luggage  ;  everything  connected  with 
a  subject,    [f.  prec] 

belo'ved  (as  ad\  orn.  usu.  -uvid ;  asvb -iivd), 
p.p.,  a.,  &  n.  (Forming  pass,  parts  of  vb  obs. 
in  act.)  dearly  loved  (followed  by  of  or  by,  or 
abs.) ;  (n.)  darling  (common  in  voc,  &  with  my, 
his,  Sec).    [be-(2)  +  love  v.] 

below*  (-6),  adv.  &  prep.  Adv. :  at  or  to  lower 
level;  on  earth;  in  hell;  downstairs;  down 
stream ;  in  lower  rank  (the  court  b.) ;  at  foot 
of  page.  Prep. :  lower  than ;  too  low  to  be 
affected  by  (b.  flattery) ;  down  stream  from  ; 
on  inferior  side  of  dividing  line  (6.  par,  b.  the 
gangway)  j  at  or  to  greater  depth  than  ;  covered 
by ;  lower  in  amount,  degree,  &c,  than  (b.  one's 
breath,  less  audibly  than) ;  of  lower  rank  &c 
than;  unworthy  of.  Cf.  beneath,  under. 
[be-  =  by  +  low  a.] 

belt  \  n.  Encircling  strip  of  leather  &c.  worn 
round  waist  or  baldric- wise  to  confine  or  sup- 
port clothes  or  weapons  &c  (hit  below  the  b., 
fight  unfairly) ;  cincture  of  earl  or  knight ; 
strip  of  colour,  special  surface,  trees,  &c,  round 
or  on  anything;  endless  strap  connecting 
wheels ;  row  or  armour  plates  under  water- 
line;  Great  &  Little  B.,  channels  into  Baltic. 
[com.-Teut.,  cf.  OHG  balz  perh.  f.  L  balteus] 

belt2,  v.t.  Put  b.  round  (belted  cruiser,  with 
b.  &  metal-covered  deck) ;  fasten  on  with  b. ; 
mark  with  b.  of  colour  &c  ;  thrash  with  b.  [f. 
prec] 

belvedere 


-er),  n.    Raised  turret  to  view 
[It.  (bel  beautiful,  see  beau,  + 


scenery  from. 
vedere  see)] 

belying-.    See  belie. 

be'ma,   n.     Platform  in  ancient  Athenian 
public  assembly.    [Gk] 

bemii*e*,  v.t.     Cover  or  stain  with  mud ; 
(pass.)  be  stuck  in  the  mud.    [be-(6)  +  mire  n.] 

bemoa'n,  v.  t.  Weep  or  express  sorrow  for  or 
over.     [OE  bemxnan  r.  be-(3)  -f  mxnan  moan] 

bemu'se(-z),v.t.  Stupefy.  [be-(2)  +  musev.j 

bench  (-tsh),  n.    Long  seat  of  wood  or  stone  ; 


BENCHER 


77 


BENTHAMISM 


boat-thwart ;  judge's  seat,  office  of  judge,  law- 
court  (King's,  Queen's,  B.) ;  (collect.)  judges, 
magistrates ;  (Pari.)  seats  appropriated  to 
certain  groups  &c.  (Treasury,  front  *,  cross3, 
bishops ,  bb.) ;  be  raised  to,  be  on,  the  b.,  be 
(made)  a  judge  or  bishop  ;  working-table  of 
carpenter  &c. ;  ledge  in  masonry  or  earthwork ; 
b.-table,  stone  seat  in  cloister  &c. ;  b.-mark,  cut 
by  surveyors  to  mark  point  in  line  of  levels. 
[com.-Teut. ;  OE  bene,  cf.  Sw.  bank,  G  bank, 
f.  OTeut.  bankiz;  same  wd  as  bank1,  5,  which 
came  through  Rom.] 

bencher,  n.  Senior  member,  sharing  man- 
agement, of  Inn  of  Court.    [-ER l] 

bend1,  n.  (Naut.)  knot  of  various  kinds 
(fisherman's  >  weaver's,  &c.) ;  (Herald.)  parallel 
lines  from  dexter  chief  to  sinister  base  (b. 
sinister  in  opposite  direction,  sign  of  bastardy) ; 
shape  (half  butt)  in  which  hides  are  tanned 
(b.-leather,  the  thickest,  used  for  soles),  [earlier 
meaning  band,  bond,  which  wds  have  taken 
its  place  in  most  senses;  OE  bend  t.  OTeut. 
band-  st  of  bindan  bind  * ;  identified  with  OF 
bende,  bande,  band  i  (2)] 

bend  2,  n.    Bending,  curve ;  bent  part  of  any- 


thing,   (f.  foil.] 
bend  3.  \ 


bend3,  v.t.  &  L  (past  bent,  p.p.  bent  exc.  in 
bended  knees).  Force  out  of  straightness,  impart 
to  (rigid  object)  or  receive  a  curved  or  angular 
shape  ;  arch  (brows) ;  tighten  up,  bring  to  bear, 
(energies  &c.) ;  (pass.)  be  determined  (on  with 
gerund  or  noun) ;  attach  with  b.  or  knot  (cable, 
sail);  turn  (t  &  i.)  in  new  direction  (steps, 
eyes) ;  incline  (t.  &  i.)  from  the  perpendicular 
(head),  bow,  stoop,  submit,  (to  or  before),  force 
to  submit  (will  &c).  [OE  bendan  prob.  =  ON 
benda  join,  strain,  f.  OTeut.  bandjd-  string, 
band ;  the  orig.  sense  is  stringing  the  bow] 

benea'ped,  a.  Left  aground  by  neap-tide. 
[p.p.  f.  unused  beneap  see  be-(6)  &  neap] 

benea'th,  adv.  &  prep.  Below,  under,  under- 
neath, (poetic,  archaic,  &  literary,  but  usual 
in)  b.  contempt  &c,  not  worth  despising  &c, 
b.  one,  unworthy  of  him.  [OE  beneothan  =  be- 
+neothan  cf.  G  nieden  f.  OTeut.  nithar  nether 
+  -ana  from] 

benedi'cite  (-ti),  n.  Blessing  invoked;  grace 
at  table;  the  B.,  one  of  the  canticles.  [L,  = 
bless  ye,  imperat.  of  benedicere  -diet-  bless  (bene 
well  +  dicere  speak)] 

be'nedick.  n.  Newly  married  man,  esp.  con- 
firmed bachelor  who  marries.  [Shaksp.,  Much 
Ado] 

benedi'etine,  a.  &  n.  (Monk)  of  the  order 
founded  529  by  St  Benedict,  black  monk;  a 
liqueur,  [f.  F  bene'dictin  f.  L  benedictus  p.p. 
see  benedicite] 

benedi'ction,  n.  Utterance  of  a  blessing, 
generally  at  table,  at  end  of  church  service,  or 
as  special  R.-C.  service ;  a  blessing,  blessedness, 
[f.  L  benedictio  (benedicite,  -ion)] 

benedi'etopy,  a.  Of,  expressing,  benedic- 
tion,   [f.  med.  L  benediclonus  see  prec.  and 

-ORY(l)] 

Benedi'ctus,  n.  One  of  the  canticles, 
[first  word  in  L  version ;  see  Benedictine] 

benefa*etion,  n.  Doing  good;  gift  for 
charitable  purpose,    [f .  L  benef  actio  (benefit  *, 

-ION)] 

be'nefaetop,  n.  Person  who  has  given  one 
friendly  aid  ;  patron  of  or  donor  to  a  cause  or 
charitable  institution.  Hence  be'nefactPESS1 
n.    [f.  L  benefactor  (benefit1,  -or2)] 

be'nefice  (-is),  n.  Church  living.  Hence  be*- 
nefleEDSa,  [f. libeneficium(bene vrell+-ficium 
a  doing)] 


bene'ficence,  n.,  bene-ficent,  a.  Doing 
good,  (showing)  active  kindness.  Hence  bene*- 
fieentLY  2  adv.  [f .  L  beneficentia  n.  and  bene- 
ficus  a.,  comparat.  benejicentior,  (bene  well, 
and  see  -fic,  -ence)] 

benefl'eial  (-shl),  a.  Advantageous ;  (Law) 
of,  having,  the  usufruct  of  property.  Hence 
benefi'eialLY2  adv.  [F  beneficial  f.  L  bene- 
ficialis  (benefice,  -al)] 

benefreiary  (-sha-),  a.  &  n.  (Law)  holder, 
holding  or  held,  by  feudal  tenure  ;  holder  of  a 
living ;  receiver  of  benefits,  [f  .L  beneficiarius, 

See  BENEFICE,  -ARY  l] 

be'neflt  \  n.  Advantage  (for  the  b.  of,  on 
behalf  of) ;  exemption  from  ordinary  courts  by 
the  privilege  of  one's  order  (b.  of  clergy, 
peerage) ;  performance  at  theatre,  game  &c, 
of  which  proceeds  go  to  particular  players 

( 's  &.,  b.-night,  b.-match) ;  b.-club,  -society,  for 

mutual  insurance  against  illness  or  age.  [ME 
&  AF  benfet  f.  L  benefactum  neut.  p.p.  of 
benef  acere  do  well] 

be'neflt2,  v.t.  &  L  Do  good  to ;  receive  b. 
(by  thing),    [f.  prec] 

bene'volence,  n.  Desire  to  do  good,  chari- 
table feeling ;  (Eng.  Hist.)  forced  loan.  [f.  OF 
benivolence  f.  L  benevolentia  t  benevolens 
-entis  =  foil.] 

bene'volent,  a.  Desirous  of  doing  good, 
charitable.  Hence  bene'volentLY 2  adv.  [f. 
OF  benivolent  f.  L  bene  volentem  nom.  -ens 
well  wishing  (velle  wish)] 

Beng-a'l  (-awl),  a.  B.  light,  firework  used 
for  signals  ;  B.  stripes,  striped  gingham,  orig. 
from  B. ;  B.  tiger,  the  tiger  proper.  [Indian 
province] 

Benga'li,  -a'lee,  (-aw-),  n.  &  a.  (Native, 
language)  of  Bengal,    [f.  native  Bangali] 

benig-h-ted,  p.p.  &  a.  (Forming  pass,  of 
vb  obs.  in  act.)  overtaken  by  night ;  involved 
in  intellectual  or  moral  darkness,  ignorant. 

[BE-(6)  +  NIGHT] 

benigfn,  a.  Gracious,  gentle ;  fortunate, 
salutary ;  (of  diseases)  mild,  not  malignant. 
Hence  benig-nLY 2  adv.  [f.  OF  benigne  f.  L 
benignus  prob.  =  benigenus  (bene  well  +  -genus 
born)] 

beni'g-nant,  a.  Kind,  kindly,  to  inferiors  ; 
gracious;  salutary.  Hence  beni'g-nANCY  n., 
beni'g-nantLY 2  adv.  [recent  formation  f. 
prec.  on  anal,  of  malignant] 

beni'g-nity,  n.  Kindliness,  kindness,  (usu. 
in  the  old),  [f.  OF  benigniU  f.  L  benignitatem 
(benign,  -ty)] 

be*nison,  n.  A  blessing  (archaic),  ^bene- 
diction, see  -son] 

Be'njamin1,  n.  Youngest  child,  darling.. 
[Gen.  xlii.  41 

be'njamin2,  n.  =  benzoin  ;  B.  tree,  (a)  that 
yielding  benzoin,  (b)  a  N.-Amer.  shrub  with 
aromatic  bark,    [corruption  of  benzoin] 

be'nnet,  n.    See  herb  6.,  and  foil. 

bent1,  n.  Reedy  rushlike  stiff-stemmed 
grass  of  various  kinds  (with  pi.,  or  collect.) ; 
(also  bennet)  stiff  flower-stalk,  old  stalk  of 
grasses ;  couch-grass ;  Way  B.,  Stool  B.,  &c, 
kinds  of  plant;  heath,  unenclosed  pasture. 
[OE  beonet  perh.  =  G  binse  rush] 

bent2,  n.  Twist,  inclination,  bias,  tendency : 
to  the  top  of  one's  6.,  to  heart's  content,  [f. 
bend  3  on  F  anal,  of  descent,  extent] 

bent3.    See  bend3. 

Benthamism,  n.  Greatest  happiness  of 
the  greatest  number  as  guiding  principle  of 
ethics.  So  Be'nthamiTE1  (1)  n.  [Jeremy 
Bentham,  1748-1832  ;  see  -ism  (3)] 


For  compounds  of  be-  not  given  consult  be-. 


BEN  TROVATO 


78 


BESPATTER 


ben  trovcfto  (-ah-),  a.  Well  invented,  charac- 
teristic if  not  true.    [It.] 

benu'mb  (-um),  v.t.  Make  torpid,  insensible, 
powerless,  (usu.  of  cold) ;  paralyse  (mind,  action), 
[earlier  benum  (cf.  dumb,  limb)  f.  OE  benumen 
p.p.  of  beniman  deprive  (be-  +  niman  cf.  G 
nehmen  take)] 


be'nzene,  -Ine  (-en),  n.    Aromatic  hydro- 
Is 
zoic  +  -ene] 


carbon  used  for  removing  grease  stains,    [ben- 


benzo-.banz-,  forming  names  of  substances 
connected  with  benzene. 

benzd'ic,  a.    Of  benzoin,    [foil.  +  -ic] 

be'nzoin  (-oin  or  -oin),  n.  (Also  gum  b.,  ben- 
jamin) fragrant  aromatic  resin  of  Javanese 
'tree,  [earlier  benjoin  through  F,  Sp. ,  It. ,  f.  Arab. 
luban  jawi  frankincense  of  Java  (lo-  being 
dropped  in  Rom.  as  if  the  article)] 

be'nzoline  (-en,  -in),  n.  Impure  benzene, 
used  for  removing  grease,    [-ine  4] 

bequea'th  (-dh),  v.t.  Leave  (to  person)  by 
will  (personalty ;  cf.  devise)  ;  transmit  to 
posterity  (example  &c).  [OE  becwethan  f. 
be-(3)  +  cwethan  say,  see  quoth] 

bequest,  n.  Bequeathing;  thing  be- 
queathed. [ME  biquyste  prob.  for  bicwis  (be- 
+  cwis  saying  cf.  prec. ;  for  -t  cf.  behest)] 

Ber'ber,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  the  N. -African 
stock  including  the  aboriginal  races  of  Barbary, 
speaking  allied  languages,  [f.  Arab,  barbar 
(Barbara  talk  confusedly)  or  perh.  f.  Gk  bar- 
baros  barbarous] 

ber'beppy,  n.    See  barberry. 

berea've,  v.t.  (bereaved  or  bereft).  Rob, 
dispossess,  of  (usu.  of  immaterial  things,  as  life, 
hope) ;  leave  desolate  (esp.  in  p.p.,  usu.  bereaved 
in  this  sense) ;  (of  death  &c.)  deprive  of  a  rela- 
tion, wife,  &c,  whence  berea'veMENT  n. 
[com.-Teut. ;  OE  ber&afian  cf.  G  berauben ;  see 

BB-(2),  REAVE  V.] 

bergr,  n.  =  iceberg. 

ber'gamot1,  n.  Tree  of  orange  &  lemon 
kind ;  perfume  extracted  from  its  fruit,  [f .  Ber- 
gamo town  in  Italy] 

bep'gamot2,  n.  Kind  of  pear.  [f.  F  ber- 
gamotte  f.  It.  bergamotta  f.  Turk,  beg-armudi 
prince's  pear] 

bep'ffsehpund  (bargshroo-),  n.  (mountain- 
eering). Crevasse  or  gap  at  junction  of  steep 
upper  slope  with  glacier  or  neve\    [G] 

berhyme,  v.t.  Write  verses  about,  [be- (6) 
+rhyme  n. ;  berime  would  be  more  correct] 

be*plbepi,  n.  Disease  like  dropsy  prevalent 
in  India.    [Cingalese,  f.  beri  weakness] 

Berkeleian  (barkle'an),  n.  &  a.  (Follower) 
of  Berkeley  or  his  philosophy,  which  denied 
the  objective  existence  of  the  material  world. 
[Bishop  Berkeley,  d.  1753 ;  see  -ean] 

Beplrn,  n.  &  a.  Four-wheeled  covered 
carriage  with  hooded  seat  behind  (also  berline) ; 
B.  black,  iron- varnish  ;  B.  iron,  for  casts ;  B. 
warehouse,  shop  for  B.  wool,  fine  dyed  knitting 
wool ;  B.  gloves,  knitted.    [B.  in  Germany] 

bepm,  n.  Ledge  in  fortification  between 
ditch  &  base  of  parapet,  [f.  F  berme  cf.  ON 
barmr  brim^ 

Bep'napdme,  a.  &  n.  =  Cistercian. 

be*ppy  i,  n.  (Pop.)  any  small  roundish  juicy 
fruit  without  stone ;  (Bot.)  many-seeded  in- 
ferior pulpy  fruit  (inferior,  i.  e.  below  calyx, 
admits  e.  g.  the  cucumber  &  excludes  the  straw- 
berry); egg  in  fish-roe  (in  b.,  of  hen-lobster 
carrying  eggs).  Hence  (-)be'PPiED  2  a.  [com.- 
Teut.,  cf.  G  beere,  Goth,  basi] 

be*ppy2,  v.i.  Come  into  b.,  fill  out;  go 
gathering  bb.  [f.  prec] 

bersaglieri  (It. ),  n.  pL  Italian  sharpshooters. 

bep'sepk(ep),    n.       Wild    Norse    warrior 


fighting  with  mad  frenzy,  [f.  Icel.  berserkr 
prob.  =  bear-sark,  bear-coat] 

berth  i,  n.  Convenient  sea-room  (give  wide 
b.  to,  avoid) ;  room  for  ship  to  swing  at  anchor ; 
ship's  place  at  wharf;  proper  place  for  any- 
thing ;  sleeping-place ;  situation,  appointment, 
[prob.  f.  bear  v.  (make  room  by  bearing  off)  + 
-th  ! ;  of  same  formation,  but  prob.  later  &  inde- 
pendent, as  birth  (early  spellings  coincide)] 

berth2,  v.t.  Moor  (ship)  in  suitable  place; 
provide  sleeping-place  for.    [f.  prec] 

bep'tha,  bepthe  (-th),  n.  Deep  falling 
(usu.  lace)  collar  to  low-necked  dress.  [F 
(-e),  the  woman's  name] 

Beptillon  system,  n.  Method  of  identi- 
fying criminals  by  measurements.  [French 
anthropologist  b.  1853] 

be*pyl,  n.  Precious  stone,  pale-green  passing 
into  light  blue,  yellow,  &  white ;  mineral  species 
including  also  the  emerald.  [OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk 
berullos] 

beryllium,  n.  A  metal,  =  glucinum.  [prec. 
+  -ium] 

besee'eh  (-tsh),  v.t.  (-sought  pr.  -sawt).  Ask 
earnestly  for  (esp.  leave  &c) ;  entreat  (person, 
person  that  or  to  do  or  for  thing).  [be-(2)+ME 
secen,  sechen,  seken,  seek] 

beseeching-,  a.    Suppliant  (of  look,  tone, 


&c).    Hence  besee'chingXY 2  adv.    [-ing2] 

be  fitting  or  creditable 
to,   (abs.,  or  with  well,  ill,  &c).    Hence  be- 


besee'm,  v.t.    Suit, 


mingXY  2  adv.    [be-(2)  +  seem] 

bese't,  v.t.  (-tting,  past  &  p.p.  -set).  Hem  in, 
set  upon,  (person) :  occupy  &  make  impassable 
(road  &c);  (of  difficulties,  temptations,  &c) 
assail,  encompass,  (besetting  sin,  that  most 
frequently  tempts  one).  [OE  besettan  (be-(1), 
&  see  set  v.)] 

bese'tment,  n.  Besetting  sin ;  being  hemmed 
in.    [prec  +  -ment] 

beshpew,  I  v.t.  (Now  only  as  mock-heroic 
imprecation)  plague  take  (me,  person,  or  thing). 
[be-(2)  +  ME  schrewen  to  curse  f.  shrew] 

besi'de,  prep,  (formerly  also  adv.  =  foil.). 
Close  to,  by,  near ;  on  a  level  with,  compared 
with ;  wide  of  (mark,  question,  &c) ;  6.  oneself, 
out  of  one's  wits.    [OE  be  sidan  (by,  side  n.)] 

besi'des,  adv.  &  prep.  In  addition  (to), 
moreover ;  [otherwise,  else,  (than) ;  (neg.  & 
interrog.)  except,    [prec-f- es] 

besie'g-e,  v.t.  Invest,  lay  siege  to;  crowd 
round;  assail  with  requests.  Hence  be- 
sie'g-ER1  n.  [ME  besegen  f.  be-(1)  +  segen  f. 
OF  asegier  f.  LL  assediare  (ad-  +  sedium  t.  L 
sedere  sit)] 

besla*vep,  v.t.  Cover  with  slaver;  flatter 
fulsomely.    [be-(1)  +  slaver  v.] 

beslo'bbep,  v.t.  =  prec  ;  also,  kiss  effusively. 

[BE-(l)  +  SLOBBER  V.] 

beslu'bbep,  v.t.  Besmear.  [be-(1)  +  slub- 
ber v.] 

besmear*,  v.t.  Smear  with  greasy  or  sticky 
stuff  (also  of  the  stuff  as  subj.).  [OE  bi- 
smierwan  see  be-(1)  &  smear  v.] 

besmirch  (-tsh),  v.t.  Soil,  discolour;  dim 
brightness  of.    [be-(1)  +  smirch  v.] 

be'som  (or  -z-),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Sweep  with) 
bundle  of  twigs  tied  round  stick  for  sweeping, 
kind  of  broom.  [OE  besema,  com.-WG  cf.  G 
besen  Du.  bezem] 

beso*t,v.t(-tt-).  Stupefy  mentally  or  morally. 
[be-(4)  +  sot] 

besough-t.    See  beseech. 

bespa'ngle,  v.t.  Set  about  with  spangles. 
[be-(6)  +  spangle] 

bespatter,  v.t.  Spatter  (object)  all  over; 
spatter  (liquid  &c)  about ;  cover  with  abuse  or 
flattery.    [be-(1)  +  spatter] 


BESPEAK 


-spoke,    p.p. 
Engage  beforehand  ;  order  (goods) 


-spoke, 


bespea'k,    v.t.    (past 
spoken).    Engage  before 

stipulate  for;  speak  to  (poet.);  suggest,  be 
evidence  of;  bespoke  bootmaker  &c.  (prop. 
bespoke-boot  maker),  opposed  to  ready-made 
dealer.  [OE  besprecan;  com.-WG  cf.  G  be- 
sprechen ;  see  be-(3)  &  speak] 

bespre'nt,  p.p.  (poet.).  Sprinkled  (with) ; 
scattered  about,  [f.  OE  besprengan  f.  be-(1)  + 
OTeut.  sprangjan  causal  of  springan  spring  v.  ] 

besppi'nkle,  v.t  Sprinkle  or  strew  over 
(with ;  lit.  &  fig. ;  also  with  the  liquid  &c.  as 
subj.  or  obj.).  [ME  besprengil  frequent,  of  OE 
besprengan,  see  prec.  &  -le] 

Be'ssemep,  a.  &  n.  B.  process,  for  decar- 
bonizing &  desiliconizing  pig-iron  by  passing 
currents  of  air  through  it  when  molten  &  so 
making  B.  iron,  B.  steel,  or  B.  [Sir  H.  B., 
inventor  1856] 

best1,  a.  &  adv.  (superL  of  good,  well).  Of, 
in,  the  most  excellent  kind,  way  (often,  like 
good,  well,  used  for  specific  adjj.  &  advv.  as 
kindest,  most  skilfully).  Phrr. :  the  b.  part, 
most ;  had  b.,  would  find  it  wisest  to ;  b.  man, 
bridegroom's  supporter;  put  b.  leg  or  foot 
foremost,  go  at  full  pace ;  bad  is  the  b.,  no  good 
event  possible ;  with  the  b.,  as  well  as  anyone ; 
do  one  S3  b.,  all  one  can ;  be  at  one's  &.,  in  the  b. 
state;  one's  6.  or  Sunday  b.,  b.  clothes;  have 
the  b.  of  it,  win  in  argument  &c. ;  make  the  b. 
of  things,  be  contented  ;  make  the  b.  of  one's 
way,  go  as  fast  as  possible ;  atb.,  on  the  most 
hopeful  view  ;  did  it  for  the  b.,  with  good  in- 
tentions ;  to  the  b.  of  one's  power  &c,  as  far  as 
one's  power  &c  allows ;  the  b.  is  the  enemy  of 
the  good,  too  high  standard  bars  progress.  [OE 
betst ;  com.-Teut  f.  OTeut.  batist  cf.  better] 

best2,  v.t.  (colloq.).  Get  the  better  of,  cir- 
cumvent, worst    [r.  prec] 

bestea'd  (-ed),  v.t.  &  L    Avail,  help,    [be-  (2) 

+STEAD] 

beste'd,  p.p.  (With  ill,  hard,  sore,  &c.) 
situated,  circumstanced,  pressed.  [ME  bistad 
f.  be-(2)  -f  stad  f.  ON  staddr  p.p.  of  stethja  stop] 

be'stial,  a.  Of,  like,  a  beast  or  beasts  esp. 
quadrupeds;  brutish,  barbarous;  depraved, 
lustful,  obscene.  Hence  or  cogn.  bestia'l- 
ity  n.,  be*stializE(3)  v.t,  be'stialLY2  adv. 
[OF,  f.  L  bestialis  (bestia  beast  +  -al)] 

bestip*,  v.  refl.  (-rr-).  Exert,  rouse,  (oneself). 
[OE  bestyrian  t  BE-(2)  +  styrian  stir  v.] 

bestow*  (-6),  v.t.  Deposit ;  provide  with  lodg- 
ing; confer  (thing)  upon  (person)  as  gift  Hence 
bestow*AL(2)  n.  {ME  bistowen,  see  be-(2), 
stow  v.] 

bestrew*,  v.t  (p.p.  -ewed  or  -ewn).  Strew 
(surface)  ivith ;  scatter  (things)  about ;  lie  scat- 
tered over.  [OE  bestriowian  see  be-(1)  & 
strew  :  p.p.  -ewn  is  recent,  but  now  common] 

bestpi'de,  v.t  (past  -ode ;  p.p.  -idden,  -id, 
-ode).  Get  or  sit  upon  (horse,  chair)  with  legs 
astride;  stand  astride  over  (place  or  fallen 
friend  or  enemy;  also  fig.  of  rainbow  &c). 
[OE  bestridan,  see  be-(3),  stride  v.] 

bet,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t  (bet).  (Engagement  to) 
risk  one's  money  &c,  risk  (an  amount  &c.) 
against  another's  on  the  result  of  a  doubtful 
event  (on  or  against  result  or  competitor,  that 
so-&-so  will  happen);  (slang)  you  b.,  you  may 
take  it  as  certain  ;  betting-book,  for  entering  bb. 
in.  [perh.  f.  abet  v.  (or  obs.  n.);  whether  vb 
or  n.  is  prior  is  doubtful] 

be*ta,  n.  Second  letter  of  Greek  alphabet, 
used  as  name  of  second  star  in  a  constellation, 
&  in  other  numberings.    [Gk] 

beta'ke,  v.  refl.   (-took,  -taken).     Commit 


79 BETWEEN 

oneself  to  (i.  e.  try)  some  course  or  means ; 
convey  oneself  to  (i.  e.  go  to)  a  place  or  person. 
[ME ;  be-,  take] 

be'tel,  n.  Leaf  of  Piper  betle,  which  Indians 
chew  with  areca-nut  parings ;  (hence  by  mis- 
take) b.-nut,  the  areca  nut.  Ipart  f.  Malay alam 
vet(ila] 

bete  noire  (bat  nwahr),  n.  (One's)  abomina- 
tion.   [Fl 

be'thel,  n.  Hallowed  spot  (Gen.  xxviii.  19) ; 
nonconformist  chapel.  [Heb.  beth-el  house  of 
God] 

bethe'sda  (-z-),  n.  Nonconformist  chapel. 
[John  v.  2 ;  Heb.,  =  house  of  mercy] 
bethi'nk,  v.  refl.  (-thought)  (alw.  with  self  or 
archaic  refl.  me,  him,  &c).  Reflect,  stop  to 
think ;  remind  oneself  of,  how,  or  that ;  take 
into  one's  head  to.  [OE  bethencan,  com.-Teut 
cf.  G  bedenken ;  see  be-(3),  think] 

beti'de,  v.i.  &  t  (only  in  3  sing.  pres.  subj.). 
Happen  (whatever  b.) ;  happen  to  (woe  b.  him 
&c).    [ME  bitiden  see  be-(2),  tide  v.] 

beti'mes,  adv.  Early  in  day,  year,  life,  &c. ; 
in  good  time,    [by  time  (ME)  +  -es] 

betise  (bate'z),  n.  Foolish,  ill-timed,  remark 
or  action.    [F] 

beto'ken,  v.t.  Augur,  indicate,  suggest 
[ME  bitacnten  cf.  G  bezeichnen,  see  be-,  token] 

be'tony,  n.  Purple-flowered  plant  [f.  F 
Mtoine  f.  LL  betonia  t  L  vettoniea  f.  name  of 
Gaulish  tribe] 

betook.    See  betake. 

betray,  v.t.  Give  up  treacherously  (person 
or  thing  to  enemy) ;  be  disloyal  to :  lead  astray ; 
reveal  treacherously ;  reveal  involuntarily ;  be 
evidence  or  symptom  of.  Hence  betpay*AL(2), 
betpay'ER1,  nn.  [ME  betraien  t.  be(2)  -f-  obs. 
tray  f.  OF  trair  t  L  tradere  (trans  over  +  dare 
give)] 

betPO'th  (odh),  v.t.  Bind  with  a  promise  to- 
marry  (usu.  in  p.p.).  Hence  betPO*thAL(2)n., 
betPO'thED1  a.  &  n.  [ME  bitreuthien  f. 
be-(6)  +  treuthe  truth,  later  assimilated  to- 
troth] 

be'ttepi,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  (comp.  otgood,  well). 
Of,  in,  a  more  excellent  kind,  way  (often,  like 
good,  well,  for  specific  wd  as  more  virtuous, 
more  plentifully).  Phrr. :  no  b.  than,  prac- 
tically; no  b.  than  one  should  be,  improper; 
one's  b.  feelings,  higher  self;  b.  part,  most; 
one's  b.  half,  wife  J>  b.  than  (with  number  &c), 
above  ;  had  b.,  would  find  it  wiser  to ;  be,  get, 
b.,  less  unwell;  b.  than  one's  word,  more 
liberal  than  one  promised  to  be ;  one's  &.,  more 
skilful  person  ;  one's  bb.,  people  of  higher  rank ; 
get  the  b.  of,  defeat,  outwit ;  know  b.,  refuse  to 
accept  statement  not  be  so  foolish  (as  to  do 
something) ;  think  b.  of  it,  change  one's  mind ; 
change  for  the  b. ;  6.  off,  richer,  more  com- 
fortable. [OE  betera ;  com.-Teut  cf.  G  besser 
t.  OTeut  batizon-  f.  bat-  see  boot  3  +  -er  3] 

be'tteP2,  v.t  &  i.  Amend,  improve;  sur- 
pass (a  feat,  &c);  b.  oneself,  get  b.  situation, 
wages,  &c.  Hence  bettePMENT  n.  [ME 
beteren  cf.  G  bessern  &  see  prec] 

be'ttep  3,  -op,  n.  One  who  bets,  [bet  +  -er1] 

betwee'n,  prep.  &  adv.  (the  orig.  restriction 
to  relations  involving  only  two  limits  &c  still 
tends  to  be  observed  wherever  among  is  ade- 
quate for  higher  numbers).  In,  into,  along,  or 
across,  a  space,  line,  or  route,  bounded  by  (two 
or  more  points,  lines,  &c);  in,  into,  along,  or 
across,  an  interval ;  separating  ;  connecting ; 
intermediately  in  place,  time,  or  order,  (to) ; 
owing  partly  to,  partaking  of,  shared  by, 
(each);  to  &  fro  (go-b.) ;   to  &  from  (plies  b. 


For  compounds  of  be-  not  given  consult  BE-. 


BETWIXT 


BIBLIOPHIL(E) 


London  &  Brighton) ;  reciprocally  on  the  part 
of  ;  confined  to  (b.  ourselves,  b.  you  &  me) ;  by 
combination  of;  taking  one  &  rejecting  the 
other  of  {choose  b.).  Far  b.,  at  wide  intervals  ; 
6.  cup  &  lip,  of  dashed  hopes ;  b.  wind  &  water, 
at  a  vulnerable  point;  b.  devil  &  deep  sea, 
with  no  escape ;  betwixt  &  b. ,  half-&-half ;  stand 
b.,  mediate,  be  protector;  b.  whiles,  in  the  in- 
tervals. [OE  betwionum,  betwion,  (be-  +  dat. 
&  ace.  pi.  of  distrib.  num.,  =  L  bini,  of  two); 
orig.  constr.,  bi  (saem  &c.)  tweonum  =  by  (seas 
&c.)  twain] 

betwi'xt,  prep.  &  adv.  (Poet.,  archaic,  or 
dial.,  for)  between,  [earlier  beticixen  (be-  + 
OSax.  twisc  f.  OTeut.  twiskjo-  twofold  cf.  G 
zwischen  between)] 

Beu'lah,  n.  Nonconformist  chapel.  [Is. 
lxii.  4] 

be*velM-vl),  n.  Joiner's  &  mason's  tool  for 
setting  off  angles ;  a  slope  from  the  horizontal 
or  vertical,  surface  so  sloping ;  6.  edge,  as  in  a 
chisel;  b.-gear,  working  one  shaft  from  another 
at  angle  to  it  by  b.-wheels,  cogged  wheels  with 
working  face  oblique  to  axis.  [f.  OF  *bevel 
4  now  beveau)  etym.  dub.] 

be'vel2,  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Reduce  (square  edge) 
to,  take,  a  slope,    [f.  prec] 

be'verage  (-Ij),  n.  Drinking-liquor.  [f.  OF 
bevrage  (beivre,  now  boire,  f.  L  bioere  drink  + 

-AGE)] 

be*vy,  n.  Company  (prop,  of  ladies,  roes, 
quails,  larks),  [etym.  dub. ;  perh.  =  drinking 
company  (cf.  prec.)] 

bewarl,  v.t.  &  L  Wail  (over),  mourn  (for). 
[be-(3)  +  wail  v.] 

beware*,  v.i.  &  t.  (not  inflected,  and  used 
only  where  be  is  the  vbl  part  required,  as  I  will 
b.,  but  not  lb.).  Be  cautious,  take  heed ;  take 
heed  of,  lest,  how,  that  not.  [as  now  used,  f. 
be  v.  +  OE  wxr  cautious,  but  with  traces  of  OE 
vbs  warian,  bewarian,  take  care  of,  defend, 
(surviving  in  '  Ware  holes ! ')] 

bewi'lder,  v. t.  Lead  astray, perplex,  confuse, 
Hence  bewMderingLY2  adv.,  bewi'lder- 
ment  n.    [be-(6)  +  obs.  wilder{n)  wilderness] 

bewi'tcn,  v.t.  Affect  by  magic,  put  a  spell 
on  ;  delight  exceedingly,  whence  bewi'teh- 
ing2  a.,  bewi'tehing-LY 2  adv.,  bewi'teh- 
ment  n.  [ME  biwicchen  f.  be-(2)+OE  wiccian 
enchant  f.  wicca  witch  n.] 

bewray  (bira*),  v.t.  Reveal,  esp.  involun- 
tarily.   [be-(2)  -f-OE  wrtgan  accuse  cf.  G  riigen)] 

bey,  beylic,  (ba-),  nn.  (Bey)  Turkish  gov- 
ernor ;  (beylic)  his  district,  [formerly  beg  t. 
Osmanli  bey] 

beyo'nd,  adv.,  prep.  &  n.  At,  to,  the  farther 
side  (of),  past,  outside,  besides ;  later  than ;  out 
of  reach,  comprehension,  or  range,  of  (b.  mea- 
sure,exceedingly) ;  surpassing ;  more  than  (with 


objective  case,  as  you  have  prospered  b. 
vie) ;  (neg.  &  interrog.)  except.  (N.)  the  b.,  the 
future  life,  the  unknown;  the  back  of  b.,  the 


remotest  corner  of  the  world.  [OE  begeondan 
(be-  about  +  geond across  +  -ana  from) ;  cf.  yon 
&  Gjen-  that] 

be'zant  (also  biza'nt),  n.  Gold  coin  (10/-  to 
20/-)  current  in  Europe  from  9th  c;  also  silver 
(1/-  to  2/-).  \t  OF  besan  f.  L  Byzantius  (mini- 
mus coin)  of  Byzantium] 

be'zel,  n.  Sloped  edge  of  chisel  &c. ;  oblique 
faces  of  cut  gem;  groove  holding  watch-glass 
or  gem.    [f.  OF  *bezel  (now  bizeau)  etym.  dub.] 

bezi'que,  (ek),  n.  Card-game  for  two  or 
four.    [f.  F  besigue  etym.  dub.] 

bhang  (ba-),  n.  Indian  hemp  used  as  nar- 
cotic &  intoxicant  (smoked,  chewed,  eaten,  & 


drunk),  [earlier  bangue,  bang;  f.  Hind.  &c. 
bhang] 

bi-,  pref.  f.  L  bi-  (earlier  dui-,  cf.  Gk  di-,  Skr. 

dvi)  twice,  doubly,  having  two ,  freely  used 

in  English,  esp.  with  wds  f.  L,  but  also  with  E 

wds  (bi-iveekly).    (1)  Adjj.,  (a)  having  two , 

as  bicentral,  bicristate;  (b)  doubly,  in  two 
ways,  as  biconcave ;  (c)  in  Bot.  &  Zool.,  twice 
over,  i.  e.  divided  into  similarly  divided  parts, 

as  bipinnate ;  (d)  lasting  for  two ,  appearing 

every   two ,   as    biennial;   (e)   appearing 

twice  in  a ,  as  biannual,  bi-monthly ;  many 

wds  are  ambiguous  between  this  &  the  last, 
&  semi-,  half-,  would  be  better  here;  (f)  joining 

two ,  as  bi-parietal.    (2)  Nouns,  double,  as 

bi-millionaire.  (3)  Chem.  nouns  &  adjj.,  having 
twice  the  amount  of  acid,  base,  &c,  indicated 
by  the  simple  wd,  as  bicarbonate. 

bras  \  n.  (In  bowls)  lopsided  form  of  a  bowl, 
its  oblique  course,  the  weight  or  influence 
deflecting  it ;  (metaph.  from  bowls)  inclination, 
predisposition  (towards),  prejudice,  influence  ; 
(Dressmaking  &c. ;  as  a.,  n.,  &  adv.)  cut  on  the 
b.,  cut  &.,  cut  obliquely  across  the  texture,  b. 
band  &c,  band  so  cut.  [f.  F  biais  oblique, 
obliquity,  etym.  dub. ;  L  bifacem  nom.  -fax 
two-faced  is  suggested] 

bras2,  v.t.  (-s-  or  -ss-).  Give  a  bias  to,  in- 
fluence (usu.  unfairly),  inspire  with  prejudice, 
[f.  prec] 

bia'xial,  a.   With  two  (optic)  axea    [bi-(1  a) 

+AXIAL] 

bib  *,  v.i.  Drink  much  or  often,  [perh.  f.  L 
bibere  drink] 

bib2,  n.  Child's  chin-cloth  to  keep  dress- 
front  clean ;  adult's  apron- top  (best  b.  &  tucker, 
best  clothes),    [perh.  f.  prec] 

bib3,  n.  A  fish,  the  whiting-pout,  [from  an 
inflatable  membrane  on  head  resembling  prec] 

biba*sic,  a.  Having  two  (chem.)  bases. 
[bi-(1  a)  +  base  !  -{  -ic] 

bi'bber,  n.,  bi'bbing-,  n.  &  a.  Tippler, 
tippling,  (usu.  in  comb.,  as  wine  &c  -&.).  [bib 
v^-erJ,  -ing*.  2] 

Bi'ble,  n.  The  Scriptures  of  the  Old  &  New 
Testament,  a  copy  of  them,  a  particular  edition 
of  them;  authoritative  textbook;  B.-oath, 
taken  on  the  B. ;  B.-reader,  one  employed  to 
read  the  B.  from  house  to  house  ;  B.-Christian, 
a  member  of  sect  so  called ;  B.-clerk,  student 
at  some  Oxford  colleges  who  reads  lessons  in 
chapel.  [F,  f.  LL  f.  Gk  biblia  books  pi.  of 
bibhon  dim.  of  biblos  papyrus  bark] 

bi'blical,  a.  Of,  concerning,  contained  in, 
the  Bible,    [f.  med.  L  biblicus  (see  -ic,  -al] 

bi'blieo-,  comb,  form  of  biblical,  as  biblico- 
poetical.    [-0-] 

biblio-,  comb,  form  of  biblion  see  bible.  Of 
books  or  the  Bible. 

bibliograph-.  See  foil.,  &  -graph,  -graph- 

ER,  -GRAPHIC,  -GRAPHY. 

biblio'grraphy,  n.  History  of  books,  their 
authorship,  editions,  &c  ;  book  containing  such 
details ;  list  of  books  of  any  author,  printer, 
country,  subject,  [f.  Gk  bibliographia ;  see 
biblio-,  -graphy] 

biblid'later,  n.,  biblid'latrous,  a.,  bib- 
li6*latry,  n.  Worshipper  of,  worshipping, 
worship  of,  books,  a  book,  or  the  Bible,  [biblio-, 

-LATRY] 

biblioma'nla,  biblioma'niac,  nn.  Rage 
for  collecting,  enthusiastic  collector  of,  books, 
[see  biblio-,  -mania] 

bi'bliophil(e),  n.  Book-fancier,  -lover. 
Hence  biblio*philiSM(3),  biblio-philiST(3), 
nn.    [F  bibliophile  (biblio-,  -PHIL)] 


For  words  in  bi-,  bin-,  not  given  consult  bi-,  bin-, 


BIBLIOPOLE 


81 


BILIOUS 


bi'bliopole,  biblid'poly,  nn.  Seller,  sell- 
ing, of  (esp.  rare)  books,  [f.  L  {-la)  f.  Gk  biblio- 
poles (BiBLio-,  -poles  -seller)] 

bi'bulous,  a.  Absorbent ;  addicted  to  drink. 
Hence  bi'bulousLY2  adv.  [f.  L  bibulus 
freely  drinking  (bibere  drink)  +  -ous] 

bicameral,  a.  With  two  (legislative) 
chambers.  [bi-(1  a)  +  Reamer  a  chamber  +  -al] 

biear'bonate.    See  bi-(3) 

bice,  n.  Pigment  prepared  from  smalt,  yield- 
ing dull  light  blue  and  (by  mixture)  green,  [f. 
F  bis  dark-coloured  f.  It.  bigio  etym.  dubj 

bicentenary  (also  -ente'n-),  a.  &  n.  (Festi- 
val) of  the  two-hundredth  anniversary,  [bi- 
(la)  +  L  centenarius  centenary  ;  used  of  years 
by  confusion  with  centennial] 

bicente'nnial,  a.  &  n.  Lasting,  occurring 
every,  two  hundred  years;  (n.)  =  prec.  [bi- 
(1  d)  +  centennial] 

blee'phalous,  a.  Two-headed.  [Bi-(la)  + 
-cephalous] 

bi'ceps,  n.  Muscle  with  double  head  or 
attachment,  esp.  the  upper-arm  flexor ;  muscu- 
larity.  [L,  =  two-headed  f.  bi-(1  a)  +  capvt  head] 

bichlop'ide,  n.  Compound  in  which  double 
amount  of  chlorine  combines  with  metal  &c. 

[BI-(3)] 

bichrd'mate,  n.  Salt  with  double  amount 
of  chromic  acid.    [bi-(3)] 

bi'cker,  v.i.  Quarrel ;  (of  stream,  rain,  &c.) 
brawl,  patter;  (of  flame,  light,  &c.)  flash, 
glitter.  [ME  bikeren  perh.  frequent,  of  obs. 
bike  to  thrust,  pierce] 

bicu'spid,  a.  &  n.  (Tooth)  with  two  cusps. 
[bi-(1  a)  +  L  cuspis  -idis  point] 

bi'cycle,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Ride  on)  two- wheeled 
velocipede.  Hence  bi*cycliST(l)  n.  [F,  f.  bi- 
(1  a)  +  Gk  kuklos  wheel] 

bid1,  v.t.  &  i.  (past  bad,  bade,  bid,  p.p. 
bidden,  bid).  Command  to  (usu.  without  to  ; 
now  literary,  archaic,  or  poet.,  for  tell  with  to  ; 
also  abs.,  as  do  as  you  are  b.) ;  invite  (esp. 
in  bidden  guest) ;  salute  (person)  with  ivel- 
come,  farewell,  &c. ;  offer  price,  offer  (a  certain 
price)  for  (past  &  p.p.  bid),  whence  bi'ddER1 
n. ;  proclaim  (defiancef  the.  banns) ;  b.fair  to  do, 
show  promise  of  doing  j  bidding-prayer,  in- 
viting congregation  to  join,  [mixture  of  (1) 
OE  beodan  offer,  proclaim,  cf.  G  bieten  f.  OTeut. 
beudan  cf.  Skr.  budh-  present  &  perh.  Gkputh- 
ascertain,  (2)  OE  biddan  press,  beg,  cf.  G  bitten 
f.  OTcut.  bidjan  cf.  Skr.  bddhate  press;  the 
variety  of  forms  is  due  to  this  confusion] 

bid  2,  n.  Offer  of  price,  esp.  at  auction,  [f. 
prec.l 

biddable,  a.    Obedient,    [-able] 

bi'dding,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  the  offers 
at  auction  ;  a  command,    [-ing  *  (1)] 

bide,  v.t.  &  i.  (Archaic  and  poet,  for  abide, 
but  the  regular  wd  in)  b.  one's  time,  await  best 
opportunity.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  bidan  cf.  OSax. 
bidan,  OHG  Mtan] 

biennial,  a.  &  n.  Lasting,  recurring  every, 
two  years;  (n.,  bot.)  plant  that  springs  one 
year,  &  flowers,  fructifies,  &  perishes,  the 
next.  Hence  bie'nnialLY  2  ad  v.  [f.  L  biennis 
f.  Bi-(ld)  +  annus  year  +  -al] 

bicns&ance  (F),  n.    Decorum. 

bier  (ber),  n.  Movable  stand  on  which  coffin 
(or  corpse)  is  taken  to  grave.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE 
bser  cf.  G  bahre  &  see  barrow  ;  mod.  spelling 
affected  by  F  Mere] 

bi'ffin,  n.  Deep-red  cooking-apple,  f  =  beef- 
ing f.  beef  4-  -ing(3)  with  ref.  to  the  colour] 

bl'fld,  a.  Divided  by  a  deep  cleft  into  two 
parts.    Jf.  L  m(fidus  f.  st.  of  findere  cut)] 

bifo'liate  (-at),  a.  Of  two  leaves.  [Bi-(la) 
+  L  folium  leaf  +  -ate2  (2)] 


brfureate1,  v.t.  &  i.  Divide  into  two 
branches,  fork.  [f.  foil.,  first  in  p.p.  -ated] 
brfureate2  (-at),  a.  Forked  (esp.  in  Bot.). 
[f.  med.  L  m(furcatus  f.  furca  fork,  -ate2)] 
bifupea'tion,  n.  Division  into  two  branches ; 
the  point  of  division ;  the  branches  or  one  of 
them.    [f.  bifurcate1] 

big,  a.  &  adv.    Large  ;  grown  up  ;  pregnant 
(b.  with  young,  also  b.-bellied,  &  esp.  fig.  as 
b.  with  fate,  news) ;   important  (a  b.  man) ; 
boastful(ly)  (b.  words,  looks;  look  or  talk  &.); 
(as  distinctive  epithet)  &.  drum,  toe,  game; 
b.-horn,  Rocky-Mountain  sheep ;  bigwig,  per- 
son of  importance.    Hence  bi'gNESS  n.    [?] 
bi'gamist,  n.  Man  (woman)  with  two  wives 
(husbands),    [see  bigamy,  -ist] 
bi'gamous,    a.         Guilty    of,     involving, 
bigamy,    [f.  med.  L  bigamus  see  foil,  -f  -ous] 
bi'gamy,  n.    Having  two  wives  or  husbands 
at  once.      [f.  F  bigamie  (-y1)  f.  OF  bigame 
bigamous  f.  med.  L  m{gamus  f.  Gk  -gamos 
-married)] 

bigapocrn,  n.  Large  white-heart  cherry, 
[f.  1  bigarreau  f.  bigarri  variegated] 

bigeminal,  a.  Arranged  in  two  pairs.  Ibi- 
(1  c)  +  L  geminus  twin  +  -al] 

bigg,  big-,  n.  Four-rowed  barley,  [f.  ON 
byog  =  OE  Mow  grain,  cf.  Gk  phu-,  Skr.  bhu-, 
growl 

bight  (bit),  n.  Loop  of  a  rope ;  curve,  recess, 
of  coast,  river,  &c,  bay.  [OE  byht  cf.  G  bucht 
f.  OTeut.  bugan  to  bow] 

bi'got.  n.  One  who  holds  irrespective  of 
reason,  &  attaches  disproportionate  weight  to, 
some  creed,  or  view.  Hence  bi'gotED2  a. 
[F,  etym.  dub. ;  Visigoth,  &  Sp.  bigote  mous- 
tache, have  been  suggested] 

bi'gotpy,  n.  Conduct,  mental  state,  act,  of 
a  bigot,    ff.  F  bigoterie ;  see  bigot,  -ry] 

bi'jou  (be'zhoo),  n.  (pi.  -oux,  pr.  -oo)  &  a. 
Jewel,  trinket ;  small  &  elegant  [F,  prob.  f. 
Breton  bizou  ring  with  stone  f.  biz  =  Corn,  bis, 
W  bys,  finger] 

bijowterie  (-zhoo-,  or  as  F),  n.  Jewelry, 
trinkets,  &c.    [F,  see  prec.  &  -ry] 

bike,  n.,  &  v.i.    (Abbrev.  for)  bicycle. 

bila'tepal,  a.  Of,  on,  with,  two  sides ; 
affecting,  between,  two  parties.  Hence  bila*- 
teralLY  2  adv.  [bi-(1  a)  +  L  latus  eris  side  -f 
-al] 

bi'lbeppy,  n.  Fruit  of  dwarf  hardy  X.- 
European shrub  growing  on  heaths  &  in  moun- 
tain woods  (also  whortle,  blae,  -b.).  [cf.  Da. 
bollebxr] 

bi'lbo,  n.    Sword,    [f.  Bilbao  in  Spain] 

bi'lboes,  n.  pi.  Iron  bar  with  sliding 
shackles  for  prisoner.    [?] 

bile,  n.  Brownish-yellow  bitter  fluid  secreted 
by  the  liver  to  aid  digestion  ;  derangement  of 
the  b. ;  peevishness  ;  b.-stone,  calculus  in  gall- 
bladder.   [F,  f.  L  bilis] 

bilge1,  n.  Nearly  horizontal  part  of  ship's 
bottom,  inside  or  out;  the  foulness  that  col- 
lects inside  the  b. ;  belly  of  barrel ;  b.-keel, 
timber  fastened  under  b.  to  prevent  rolling ; 
b.-water,  stinking  water  collected  in  b.  [cor- 
ruption of  bulge  f.  OF  boulge  now  bouge] 

bilge2,  v.t.  &  i.  Stave  in,  spring  a  leak  in, 
the  b. ;  bulge,  swell  out.    If.  prec] 

brliapy,  a.  Of  the  bile.  [f.  F  biliaire,  see 
bile,  -ary2] 

bili'ngual  (-inggwal),  a.  Having,  speaking, 
spoken  or  written  in,  two  languages,  [f.  L 
bilinguis  f.  Bi-(la)  +  lingua  tongue  +  -al] 

bi'lious,  a.  Liable  to,  affected  by,  arising 
from,  derangement  of  the  bile  ;  peevish.  Hence 
bi'liousLY2  adv.,  bi'liousNESS  n.  [f.  F 
bilieux  f.  L  biliosus  ;  see  bile,  -ose  *,  -ous] 


-BILITY 

-bility,  suf.    See  -ble. 

bilk,  v.t.  Evade  payment  of  (creditor,  bill) ; 
cheat,  give  the  slip  to.  [etym.  dub. ;  perh.  = 
balk  ;  earliest  vise  in  cribbage,  =  spoil  oppo- 

bill  *,  n.  Obsolete  weapon,  halberd  ;  (also 
billhook)  concave-edged  lopping  implement  for 
pruning  &c.    [com.-WG  cf.  G  bille] 

bill2,  n.  Bird's  beak  (esp.  when  slender, 
flattened,  or  weak,  &  in  pigeons  &  web-footed 
birds) ;  muzzle  of  platypus  ;  narrow  promon- 
tory (Selsea  B.  &c.) ;  point  of  anchor-fluke. 
Hence  -billED2  a.    JOE  bile  etym.  dub.] 

bill 3,  v.i.  Stroke  b.  with  b.  (of  doves) ;  ex- 
change caresses  (esp.  b.  &  coo),    [f.  prec] 

bill4,  n.  Draft  of  proposed  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment ;  (Law)  written  statement  of  (esp.  plain- 
tiffs) case  (find  a  true  b.,  ignore  the  b.,  forms 
by  which  Grand  Jury  sends,  does  not  send, 
case  for  trial);  note  of  charges  for  goods 
delivered  or  services  rendered  ;  poster,  placard, 
programme  of  entertainment;  (also  b.  of  ex- 
change) written  order  by  drawer  to  drawee  to 
pay  sum  on  given  date  to  drawer  or  to  named 
payee  (if  drawn  not  against  value  received,  but 
to  raise  money  on  credit,  the  b.  is  known  as  an 
accommodation  b.);  b.  of  fare,  list  of  dishes  to 
be  served,  menu,  (fig.)  programme ;  b.  of  health, 
certificate  regarding  infectious  disease  on  ship 
or  in  port  at  time  of  sailing  (clean  b.  ofh.,  no 
disease);  b.  of  lading,  ship-master's  detailed 
receipt  to  consignor;  6.  of  sale,  transferring 

Eersonal  property,  or  authorizing  its  seizure 
y  lender  of  money  if  payment  is  delayed ;  b.- 
poster,  -sticker,  man  who  pastes  up  placards ; 
o.-broker,  -discounter,  dealer  in,  discounter  of, 
bb.  of  exchange.  [ME  bille  f.  L  bulla  amulet 
in  medieval  sense  of  seal,  papal  bull,  docu- 
ment) 

bill 5,  v.  t.  Announce,  put  in  the  programme ; 
plaster  with  placards,    [f.  prec] 

bi'llet1,  n.  Order  requiring  person  to  board 
&  lodge  the  soldier  bearing  it  (every  bullet 
has  its  b.,  hits  only  by  providential  order) ; 
destination;  appointment,  situation.  [ME 
billette  dim.  of  bille  bill4] 

bi'llet2,  v.t.  Quarter  (soldiers)  on  (town, 
householder,  &c),  in,  at.    [f.  prec] 

bi'llet3,  n.  Thick  piece  of  firewood;  small 
bar  of  metal ;  short  roll  inserted  at  intervals 
in  hollow  moulding  (Norman  archit.).  [f.  F 
billette  &  billot  dim.  of  bille  tree-trunk  etym. 
dub.] 

billet-doux  (briidob*),  n.  Love-letter  (jocu- 
lar).   [F] 

bi'lliards,  n.  pi.  Game  played  with  cues 
&  ivory  balls  on  cloth-covered  table ;  billiard- 
marker,  attendant  keeping  the  score,  [f.  F 
billard  cue  dim.  of  bille  see  billet  3] 

bi'lling-sg-ate,  n.  Abuse,  violent  invective, 
[from  the  scolding  of  fish  women  in  Billingsgate 
market] 

bi'llion,  n.  A  million  millions ;  (in  U.S.)  a 
thousand  millions.  [F,  coined  in  16th  c.  out  of 
Bi-  &  million  to  denote  the  second  power  of  a 
million ;  meaning  afterwards  changed  in  France 
(so  U.S.)  but  not  in  England] 

bi'llow1,  n.  Great  wave;  (poet.)  the  sea; 
(fig.)  anything  that  sweeps  along,  as  sound, 
troops.  Hence  bi'llowY  2  a.  If.  ON  bylgja  t 
com.-Teut.  belgan  swell] 

bi'llow2,  v.i.    Rise,  move,  in  bb.    [f.  prec] 

bi'lly,n.  (Austral.).  Tin  can  used  as  kettle  &c. 
in  camping  out.    [prob.  the  male  name] 

bi'llyboy,  n.  One-masted  flat-bottomed 
trading  ship  or  barge.    [?] 


82 BINE 

bi'llyeoek,  n.  Round-crowned  hard  felt  hat. 
[bully-cocked  hat  1721  =  cocked  after  the  fashion 
of  the  bullies] 

bi'lly-g-oat,  n.  Male  goat.  [Billy  male 
name] 

bilo'bate  (-at),  a.  With  two  lobes.  [bi-(1  a), 
&  see  lobe,  -ate2  (2)] 

biltong,  n.  Strips  of  sun-dried  meat.  [S.-Afr. 
Du.  f.  bil  buttock  (from  which  it  is  cut)  +  tony 
tongue  (which  it  looks  like)] 

bi'manal,  brmanous,  aa.,  bi'mane,  n. 
(Individual)  of  the  Bimana  or  two-handed 
order  of  mammalia,  two-handed,  [bimane  F  f. 
bi-(1  a)  +  L  manus  hand,  &  see  -al,  -ous] 

bi'mbo,  n.  Kind  of  punch  (drink).  [= bumbo] 

bimeta'llic,  a.,  bimetallism,  n.,  bime*- 
tallist,  n.  &  a.  Of,  system  of,  advocate  of, 
using  both  gold  &  silver  as  legal  tender  to 
any  amount  at  fixed  ratio  to  each  other,  [f.  F 
birrUtallique  186Q;  see  bi-(1  a,),  metallic,  -ism(3), 
-ist(2)] 

bin,  n.  Receptacle  (orig.  of  wicker,  now  usu. 
fixed,  of  wood)  for  corn,  coal,  dust,  bottled 
wine,  &c  ;  wine  from  a  special  b. ;  canvas  re- 
ceptacle used  in  hop-picking.  [OE  binn  perh. 
f.  LL  benna  hamper  cf.  It.  benna  wicker  sleigh] 

bin-,  sometimes  used  for  bi-  before  vowels, 
perh.  on  anal,  of  F  binocle  (f.  L  bini,  not  bi-, 
oculi)  and  of  a  an,  co-  con- ;  for  meanings  see  bi-. 

bi'nary,  a.  Dual,  of  or  involving  pairs ; 
(Mus.)  b.  measure,  of  two  beats  to  bar ; 
b.  form,  of  movement  with  two  themes ; 
(Astron.)  6.  system,  two  stars  revolving  round 
common  centre  or  each  other  ;  (Chem.)  b.  com- 
pound, of  two  elements,  b.  theory,  making  all 
acids  compounds  of  hydrogen,  all  salts  similar 
compounds  with  metal ;  (Math.)  b.  scale,  with 
2  (not  10)  as  base  of  notation,  [f.  L  binarius  f. 
bini  two  together] 

bi*nate,  a.    In  pairs,    [f.  L  bini  two  together 

+  -ATE2(2)] 

bind  1,  v.t.  &  i.  (bounder,  bow- ;  also  archaic 
p.p.  in  bounden  duty).  Tie  ;  fasten,  attach,  to, 
on ;  put  in  bonds,  restrain  ;  fasten  or  hold  to- 
gether ;  be  obligatory,  exercise  authority,  im- 
Eose  constraint  or  duty,  on,  (pass.)  be  required 
y  duty  to  (do  something);  subject  to  legal 
obligation  (esp.  b.  over  to  appear,  to  good  be- 
haviour, to  keep  the  peace;  fig.,  Ill  be  bound, 
go  bail  for  statement),  indenture  as  apprentice ; 
ratify  (b.  the  bargain) ;  make  costive ;  bandage 
(usu.  b.  up) ;  wreathe  (head  8cc.)vjith,  (material) 
round,  about,  on ;  edge  with  braid,  iron,  &c  ; 
cohere  (of  snow,  &c);  (Bookbind.)  fasten  (sheets) 
into  stiff,  esp.  leather,  cover  (half-bound,  with 
leather  at  back  &  corners  only),  b.  up,  together 
in  one  vol.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  bindan  cf.  G  bin- 
den  f.  Aryan  bhendh] 

bind2,  n.  Indurated  clay  between  coal 
strata;  (Mus.)  curved  line  between  two  notes 
to  be  sounded  continuously ;  =  bine.    [f.  prec] 

bi'nder,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also  or  esp. :  book- 
b. ;  obstetric  apparatus ;  long  fencing-withe ; 
tie-beam ;  through-stone  in  wall ;  wisp  of 
straw,  part  of  reaping-machine,  for  sheaf- 
binding  ;  loose  cover  for  unbound  newspapers 

&c     [-ERl] 

bi'nding1,  a.    Obligatory  (on),    [-ixg2] 
bi'nding:2,  n.     In  vbl  senses ;  also,  book- 
cover;   braid  &c.   for  protecting  raw  edges. 

[-ING1] 

bi'ndweed,  n.  Kinds  of  convolvulus  & 
other  climbing  plants,    [bind  *  +  weed] 

bine,  n.  Flexible  shoot ;  stem  of  climbing 
plant,  esp.  the  hop.  [orig.  dial,  form  of  bind2, 
now  adopted  in  its  place] 


For  words  in  bi-,  bin-,  not  given  consult  bi-,  bin-. 


BINNACLE 


SO 


BISQUE 


bi'nnaele,  n.  Box  on  deck  holding  compass, 
[earlier  bittacle  f.  Sp.  bitdculaf.  Lihabitaculum 
lodge  (habitare  dwell  f.  habere  hold) ;  confusion 
with  bin] 

bino'eular,  a.  &  n.  (Field  or  opera  glass) 
adapted  for  two  eyes.  [f.  L  bini  two  together 
-f  oculus  eye  +  -ar  *] 

bino'mial,  a.  &  n.  Consisting  of  two  terms ; 
B.  theorem,  formula  for  finding  any  power  of 
a  b.  without  multiplying  at  length ;  (n.)  alge- 
braic expression  of  two  terms  joined  by  +  or  - . 
[f.  LL  brnomius  (  =  L  binominis)  having  two 
names,  f.  bi-(1  a)  +  nomen  name] 

bino'minal,  a.  Of  two  names  (esp.  6. 
system,  of  scientific  nomenclature  by  genus 
&  species),    [f.  L  binominis  see  prec.  -f  -al] 

bio-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  bios  (course  of)  life, 
which  meaning  it  has  in  actual  borrowings  f. 
Gk,  as  biography ;  in  mod.  formations  it  is  ex- 
tended to  include  organic  life  (Gk  zoe). 

biogenesis,  n.  Hypothesis  that  living 
matter  arises  always  from  living  matter, 
[prec.  +  Gk  genesis] 

bi'ograph,  n.  Photographic  reproduction 
of  continuous  action,    [bio-  +  -graph] 

bI6*gPa,phee\  n.  Person  whose  life  is 
written,  [formed  as  correl.  to  biographer ;  see 
foil.  &  -ee] 

bice-raphy,  n.  Written  life  of  a  person  ; 
branch  of  literature  dealing  with  persons' 
Jives ;  life-course  of  a  living  being.  So  bio*- 
grapher  n.,  bioGRA'PHic(AL)  aa.,  biogra*- 
phicalLY2adv.  [f.  late  Gk  biographia  see  bio-, 
-graphy] 

bio'logy,  n.  Science  of  physical  life,  dealing 
with  the  morphology,  physiology,  origin,  &  dis- 
tribution, of  animals  &  plants.  So  biolo*- 
UIC(al)  aa.,  biold'giealLY 2  adv.,  bid'logiST 

D.      [BIO-,  -LOGY,  -LOGIST] 

bi'oplasm,  broplast,  nn.  The  germinal 
matter,  a  small  separate  portion  of  it,  from 
which  all  living  things  spring,  [bio-  4-  Gk 
plasma,  thing  moulded,  plastos  moulded 
(plasso  to  mould)] 

bi'oscope,  n.    =  biograph.    [bio-,  scope] 

bi'ped,  a.  &  n.,  bi'pedal,  a.  Two-footed 
(animal),  [f.  L  bipes  -edis  f .  bi-(1  a)  +  pes  pedis 
foot] 

bipi'nnate,  a.  Having  lobes  that  them- 
selves have  lobes.    [bi-(1  c) -(-pinnate] 

bi*  plane,  n.    Two-planed  aeroplane,    [bi-] 

bipo'lar,  a.  With  two  poles  or  extremities. 
[Bi-(la)] 

Bipcntine,  a.  Printed  at  Zweibriicken 
(editions  of  classics),  [bi-  two-  +  L  pons  pontis 
bridge  (transl.  of  the  name)  +  -ine  A 

biquadratic,  a.  &  n.  (Number)  of  the 
fourth  power,  square  of  a  square;  6.  (eoua- 
tion),  in  which  the  unknown  quantity  is  b. 
[Bi-(lb)] 

birch l  (-tsh),  n.  Kinds  of  smooth-barked  slen- 
der-branched northern  forest  tree ;  (also  b.-rod) 
bundle  of  its  twigs  used  for  flogging  schoolboys 
&c.  Hence  bir'chEN  5  a.  [OKberc  =  ON  bjork 
(whence  northern  birk),  &  OE  bierce  =  OHG 
biricha,  both  f.  Aryan  bhergo-  cf.  Skr.  bhurja] 

birch  2,  v.t.    Flog  with  a  b.    [f.  prec] 

bird,  n.  Feathered  vertebrate;  game  b., 
esp.  the  partridge;  little  &.,  unnamed  inform- 
ant; 66.  of  a  feather,  people  of  like  character; 
b.  in  hand,  in  bush,  certainty,  contingency; 
6.  r.s-  flown,  prisoner  &c.  escaped  ;  kill  two  66. 
with  one  stone,  gain  two  ends  at  once ;  6.  of 
Jove,  eagle,  of  Juno,  peacock,  of  paradise, 
New  Guinea  family  with  beautiful  plumage, 
of  passage,  migratory  (also  fig.  of  sojourner), 
of  prey,  member  of  orders  Raptores  &  Ae- 
cipitres,  as  hawk,  eagle,  owl ;  b.-cage,  for  b.  or 


bb. ;  b.-fancier,  one  who  knows  about,  collects, 
breeds,  or  deals  in,  bb. ;  b.-lime,  sticky  stuff 
spread  on  twigs  to  catch  bb. ;  6. -seed,  special 
seeds  given  to  caged  birds;  b.'s-eye,  kinds  of 
plant  with  small  bright  round  flowers  as 
Mealy  Primrose  OP  Germander  speedwell,  (to- 
bacco) in  which  ribs  are  cut  as  well  as  fibre, 
b.'s-eye  view,  conspectus  of  town,  district,  &c, 
as  seen  from  above,  or  resume"  of  subject,  (of 
pattern  &c.)  marked  with  spots ;  Ws-foot,  kinds 
of  vetch,  fern,  trefoil,  &  starfish;  b.'s-nest, 
b.-nest,  nest  of  b.,  kinds  of  plant  as  Wild  Carrot, 
b.-n.  orchid,  (v.i.,  esp.  in  gerund)  hunt  for  nests. 
[OEbrid;  excl.  E,  etym.  dub.] 

bir'eme,  n.  Ancient  galley  with  two  banks 
of  oars.    [f.  L  biremis  f.  bi-(1  a)  +  remus  oar] 

biretta,  n.  Square  cap  worn  by  R.-C.  and 
some  Anglican  clerics,  [f.  It.  berrctta  f.  LL 
birretum  {birrus  silk  or  wool  cape  ~rob.  f.  Gk 
purrhos  flame-coloured)] 

birth,  n.  Bringing  forth  of  offspring  (so  many 
at  a  b.);  coming  into  the  world  {give  6.  to); 
origin,  beginning ;  parentage,  descent,  inherited 
position  ;  noble  lineage,  high-born  people  ;  new 
6.,  regeneration ;  birthday,  (anniversary  of) 
day  of  one's  b.  (b.-d.  present,  given  on  this  ; 
b.-d.  book,  for  entering  friends^  b.-dd. ;  b.-d. 
honours,  knighthoods  &c.  given  on  King's  b.  -d. ) ; 
b.-mark,  on  one's  body  at  or  from  b.  (sob.-blind- 
ness  &c);  b.-place,  at  which  one  was  born; 
b.-rate,  percentage  of  births  to  population  ; 
bir'thright,  rights  belonging  to  one  as  eldest 
son,  as  born  in  a  certain  station  or  country, 
or  as  a  human  being.  [ME  byrthe  prob.  f.  ON 
byrthr  t.  OTeut.  (ga)burthiz  r.  beran  bear3  + 
-th1] 

bis,  adv.  (Mus.)  over  again,  repeat.  Twice 
(calling  attention  to  a  double  occurrence  in 
references  &c).    [F  &  It.  f.  L,  =  twice] 

bi'scuit  (-kit),  n.  &  a.  Piece  of  unleavened 
bread  of  various  materials,  usu.  crisp,  dry, 
hard,  &  in  small  flat  thin  cakes ;  porcelain 
&c.  after  baking  but  before  glazing  &  paint- 
ing; (of)  light-brown  colour;  b.-throw  (naut.), 
short  distance,  [earlier  bisket  (now  assim.  to 
mod.  F)  f.  OF  oescoit  (L  bis,  coctus  p.p.  of 
coguere  cook)] 

bise  (bez),  n.  Keen  dry  N.  wind  in  Switzer- 
land, S.  France,  &c.    [F] 

bisect,  v.t.  Cut  or  divide  into  two  (usu. 
equal)  parts.  Hence  bise'CTioN  n.  [bi-,  L 
secare  sect-  cut] 

bisector,  n.    Bisecting  line,    [-or  2] 

bisexual,  a.  Of  two  sexes ;  having  both 
sexes  in  one  individual.    [bi-(1  a)  +  sexual] 

bi'shop,  n.  Clergyman  consecrated  as  eccl. 
governor  of  a  diocese;  6.  in  partibits  (infi- 
delium),  having  the  title,  &  competent  to  con- 
firm &c,  but  with  no  diocese  (the  nominal 
one  being  in  heathen  possession) ;  mitre-shaped 
piece  in  chess  ;  mulled  &  spiced  wine  ;  Bishops' 
Bible,  version  of  1568;  b.s-cap,  -hat,  -leaves, 
-weed,  various  plants.  [OE  biscop  f.  L  f.  Gk 
episkopos  overseer  (epi  on  +  -skopos  -looking] 

bi'shopric,  n.  Office  of  bishop.  TOE  bis- 
ceoprice  (prec.  +  rice  realm  cf.  G  reich)) 

bisk,  n.  Rich  soup  made  by  boiling  down 
birds  &c.    [f.  F  bisque  crayfish  soup] 

bi'smuth  (-z-),  n.  A  reddish-white  metal. 
[GJnow  wismut),  etym.  dub.] 

bi'son,  n.  Wild  ox  of  two  species,  (also 
aurochs)  formerly  over  Europe,  and  still  in 
Lithuania,  (also  buffalo)  about  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, [f.  L  6i.son.  -ontis  f.  OTeut.  xcisand  cf. 
OE  xcesend,  OHG  wisunt] 

bisque1  (-k),  n.  (Tennis)  right  of  scoring 
one  point  without  winning  it  at  any  time  in 
the  set.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 


BISQUE 84 

bisque2  (-k),  n.  Unglazed  white  porcelain 
used  in  statuettes,    [f.  biscuit] 

bisse'xtile,  a.  &  n.  Leap(-year).  [f.  L  bi(s)- 
sextilis  (annus),  year  containing  the  bis  sextus 
dies  or  doubled  24th  Feb.  (vi  Kal.  Mart.)] 

bi'stort,  n.  Herb  with  cylindrical  spike  of 
flesh-coloured  flowers,  [f.  L  bistorta  (bis  twice 
+  torta  fern.  p.p.  of  torquere  twist)  w.  ref.  to 
twisted  form  of  root] 

bi'stoupy  (-tori),  n.  Surgeon's  scalpei.  [f. 
F  bistouri  etym.  dub.] 

bi'stre  (-ter),  n.  &  a.  Drown  pigment  pre- 
pared from  soot;  colour(ed)  like  this.  [F, 
perh.  f.  OF  behistre  =  besistre  =  bissextile, 
the  meaning  gloomy  from  notion  of  unlucky 

bit  l,  n.  Something  to  eat  (a  b.  &  a  sup) ; 
boring-piece  of  drill,  cutting-iron  of  plane, 
nipping-part  of  pincers  &c,  part  of  key  that 
grips  lock-lever;  mouthpiece  of  bridle,  (fig.) 
control,  (draw  b.,  slacken  pace ;  take  b.  between 
teeth,  reject  control).  [OE  bite,  com-.-Teut.  f. 
OTeut.  bitiz  cf.  G  biss  t.  bitan  to  bite] 
bit2,  n.  Morsel  of  food  (dainty,  tit-,  &.); 
small  piece  of  anything  (&.  by  b.,  gradually ; 
give  a  b.  of  one's  mind,  speak  candidly) ;  piece 
of  scenery  actual  or  painted ;  short  passage  in 
book  &c. ;  bb.  of,  poor  little  (children,  furni- 
ture) ;  a  b.  of  a,  rather  a  (coward  &c.) ;  a  b., 
rather,  not  a  b„  not  at  all,  every  b.  as,  quite 
as ;  a  short  time  (wait  a  6.) ;  small  coin  (U.S., 
of  fractions  of  Spanish  dollar ;  in  Engl.,  three- 
penny b.,  Sec).  [OE  bita  com.-Teut.  f.  OTeut. 
biton  cf.  G  bisse  f.  bitan  to  bite] 
bit3,  v.t.  Put  b.  into  mouth  of  (horse) ;  ac- 
custom to  the  b. ;  restrain,  [f.  bit  j] 
bitch,  n.  Female  of  dog,  fox,  wolf,  (usu. 
b.  fox,  &  b.  wolf) ;  harlot.  [OE  bicce  etym.  dub.] 
bite1,  v.t.  &  i.  (past  bit;  p.p.  bitten  some- 
times bit).  Cut  into  or  nip  with  the  teeth ; 
(with  off  &c.)  detach  with  the  teeth ;  snap  at ; 
(of  serpents,  fleas,  &c.)  sting,  suck ;  accept  bait 
(lit.  &  fig.);  (of  sword  &c.)  penetrate;  cause 
glowing,  smarting,  &c,  pain  to  (frost-bitten) ; 
corrode;  (of  wheels,  anchor,  &c.)  grip;  b.  the 
dust  or  ground,  fall  &  die ;  b.  one's  tips,  to 
control  anger  &c. ;  bitten  with,  infected  with  (a 
mania,  enthusiasm,  &c).  [OE  bitan',  com.- 
Teut.,  cf.  G  beissen  f.  OTeut.  bitan  cf.  Skr. 
bhid-,  L  fid-  (findere  cut)] 
bite2,  n.  Act  of,  wound  made  by,  piece 
detached  by,  biting ;  food  to  eat  (6.  <fc  sup) ; 
taking  of  bait  by  fish;  grip,  hold,  (lit.  &  fig.), 
[f.  prec] 

bi'tep,  n.    In  vbl  senses ;  also,  swindler  (only 
now  in  the  b.  bit),    [-er1] 
bi*tingr»  a.     In  vbl  senses ;   esp.,  pungent, 
stinging,  sarcastic.     Hence  bl'tingLY2  adv. 
[part,  of  bite  ^] 

bi'ttep,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  Tasting  like  worm- 
wood or  quinine,  opposite  to  sweet  (b.-cup, 
cup  of  quassia  wood  giving  b.  tonic  property 
to  liquid  drunk  from  it);  unpalatable  to  the 
mind,  full  of  affliction  ;  virulent,  relentless ; 
biting,  harsh;  piercingly  cold  (also  as  adv.,  it 
teas  b.  cold) ;  to  the  b.  end,  last  extremity ; 
hence  bi'ttepiSH1  (2)  a.,  bi*ttePLY2  adv., 
bi'ttePNESS  n.  (N.)  bitterness  (the  b.  with  the 
sweet,  the  bb.  of  life);  (pi.)  liquor3  impregnated 
with  wormwood  &c.  taken  as  stomachics ; 
=  bitter  beer  ;  b.-sxveet,  sweet(ness)  with  bitter 
after-taste  or  element  (lit.  &  flg.),  Woody 
Nightshade.  [OE  biter;  com.-Teut.  prob.  f. 
bitan  to  bite  ;  the  b.  end  may  be  f.  Naut., 
where  the  wds  mean  the  last  part  of  a  cable 
left  round  the  bitts  when  the  rest  is  over- 


BLACK 

board,  bitter  being  the  turn  at  any  moment  on 
the  bitts] 

bi'ttepn,  n.  Kinds  of  marsh  bird  allied  to 
herons,  esp.  one  known  for  its  booming  note. 
[ME  botor  f.  OF  butor  etym.  dub.] 

bi'ttoek,  n.    Little  bit.    [bit2  +  -ock] 

bitts,  n.  pi.  Pair  of  posts  on  deck  for  fasten- 
ing cables  &c.  [etym.  dub. ;  in  most  European 
langg.  ;  perh.  f.  bitan  bite] 

bitu'men,  n.  Mineral  pitch,  asphalt;  (Sci.) 
kinds  of  native  oxygenated  hydrocarbon,  as 
naphtha,  petroleum.  Hence  bitu'miniTER- 
ous,  bitu'minous,  aa.  [L,  genit.  -minis,  cf. 
Skr.  gatu  gum] 

bitu'minize,  v.t.  Convert  into,  impregnate 
or  varnish  with,  bitumen.  Hence  bitu*- 
minizA'TiON  n.    Iprec.  +  -ize  (3,  5)] 

bi'valent,  a.    =  divalent. 

brvalve,  a.  &n.,  bi'valved,  biva'lvulap, 
aa.  With  two  valves;  (mollusc)  with  hinged 
double  shell ;  oyster.  [bi-(1  a)  +  valve,  valvED  2, 

&  see  -ULE,  -AR  !] 

bi'vouac  (-do-),  v.i.,  &  n.  (-acking,  -acked). 
(Remain,  esp.  for  the  night,  in)  temporary  en- 
campment without  tents:  bivouacked,  in  b., 
see  -ed  l  (2).  [F,  prob.  f.  G  beiwacht  (by,  watch) 
additional  guard  at  night  (in  Argau  &  Zurich)] 
bizappe*  (-ar),  a.  Eccentric,  fantastic,  gro- 
tesque, mixed  in  style,  half  barbaric.  So 
bixarrerie'  (-re)  [-ery]  n.  [F  ;  cf.  Sp.  bizarro 
handsome,  brave,  It.  bizzarro  choleric  perh.  f. 
Basque  bizarra  beard] 

blab,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Talk  or  tell  foolishly 
or  indiscreetly,  reveal,  let  out,  (secrets  &c,  or 
abs.);  hence  bla'bbER1  n.  (N.)  person  who 
blabs,  [etym.,  &  relation  of  vb  to  n.  &  to  older 
obs.  vb  blabber,  doubtful] 
black1,  a.  Opposite  co  white,  colourless 
from  the  absence  or  complete  absorption  of  all 
light ;  so  near  this  as  to  have  no  distinguishable 
colour;  very  dark-coloured  (b.  in  the  face, 
purple  with  strangulation  or  passion) ;  dark- 
skinned;  dark-clothed;  (of  sky,  deep  water, 
&c.)  dusky,  gloomy;  (of  hands,  linen)  dirty; 
(as  specific  epithet)  b.  bear,  currant,  snake, 
heart-eherry ;  deadly,  sinister,  wicked,  hateful, 
(b.-hearted ;  6.  ingratitude  ;  crimes  of  blackest 
dye) ;  dismal  (b.  despair) ;  angry,  sulky,  threat- 
ening, (b.-browed  ;  b.  looks;  look  b.) ;  implying 
disgrace  or  condemnation  (b.  mark,  of  dis- 
credit against  one's  name ;  b.  book,  list,  of 
persons  suspect,  tabooed,  &c.  ;  deep  in  one's 
b.  books,  quite  out  of  his  favour).  B.  &  blue, 
discoloured  with  bruise ;  b.  &  tan,  (dog)  so 
coloured;  b.  &  white,  ink  drawing  (down  in 
b.  &  w.,  recorded  in  writing  or  print) ;  b.  art, 
magic  [6.  partly  in  sense  wicked,  partly  by 
assoc.  w.  med.  L  nigromantia  corrupt,  of 
necromancy]  ;  b.  ball,  used  to  reject  candidate 
in  club  ballot,  whence  blackball  v.t. ;  &.- 
beetle,  cockroach;  blackberry,  bramble  or  its 
fruit  (plentiful  as  blackberries,  as  can  be ; 
blackberry ing,  gathering  them) ;  blackbird, 
European  song-bird,  kidnapped  negro  on  slave- 
ship  (blackbirding,  trade  in  these) ;  b.-board,  in 
lecture  -  room  for  demonstrations  in  chalk ; 
b.  cap,  put  on  by  judge  in  sentencing  to  death ; 
blackcap,  kinds  of  bird,  esp.  the  B.  Warbler ; 
b.  cattle  ;  6.  cock,  male  (opp.  grey  hen)  of  B. 
Grouse ;  B.  Country,  smoky  district  in  Staffs. 
&c. ;  6.  dog,  sulks ;  6.  draught,  an  aperient-; 
b.  eye,  discoloured  with  bruise,  also  with  dark 
iris  whence  black-eyED2  a.  ;  b.-face,  dark- 
faced  sheep;  b. fellow,  Australian  native;  &.- 
fish,  a  species,  also  salmon  just  after  spawning ; 
b.  flag,  used  by  pirates,  also  signal  of  execution 


For  words  in  bi-,  bin-,  not  given  consult  bi-,  bin- 


BLACK 

completed  ;  b.  friar,  Dominican ;  &.  game,  B. 
Grouse  <&  see  6.  cock);  black'guard,  scoun- 
drel(ly),  foul-mouthed  (person),  whence  blaek*- 
guardLY1  a.,  black'guapdiSM  (2)  n.,  (v.t.) 
call  blackguard,  abuse  scurrilously  [orig.  col- 
lect, n.,  applied  at  various  times  to  menials  of 
royal  household,  camp-followers,  bodyguard, 
criminal  class,  &  vagrants];  b.-head,  kinds 
of  bird,  esp.  kind  of  gull;  b.  hole,  military 
lock-up  (so  B.  H.  of  Calcutta) ;  b.-jack,  tarred- 
leather  wine  -  bottle ;  b.-lead,  (polish  with) 
plumbago  [named  from  marking  like  lead] ; 
blackleg,  swindler  esp.  on  turf,  workman  who 
works  for  master  whose  men  are  on  strike 

I  orig.  of  senses  unknown];  b.  letter,  old  type 
ike  the  German ;  blackmail,  (Hist.)  tribute 
exacted  by  freebooters  for  protection  &  im- 
munity, (mod.,  v.t.  &  n.)  (force  to  make)  pay- 
ment for  not  revealing  discreditable  secrets 
&c,  whence  blackmai'lER x  n.  [obs.  mail 
rent,  OE  mdl  f.  ON  mat  agreement  perh.  =  OHG 
mahal  assembly];  b.  Maria,  vehicle  for  taking 
prisoners  from  &  to  gaol;  &.  monk,  Bene- 
dictine ;  b.  pudding,  sausage-shaped  of  blood, 
suet,  &c. ;  B.  Rod,  gentleman  usher  of  Lord 
Chamberlain's  department,  House  of  Lords,  & 
Garter ;  b.  sheep,  scoundrel ;  blacksmith,  smith 
working  in  iron  (cf.  WHiTEsmith) ;  black- 
thorn, thorny  shrub  bearing  white  flowers 
before  leaves  &  small  plums  or  sloes  {black- 
thorn xointer,  time  of  its  flowering,  cold  with 
NE  winds),  cudgel  or  walkingstick  of  this ; 
B.  Watch,  42nd  Highlanders  [f.  orig.  uniform]. 
Hence  bla'ekiSH1  (2)  a.,  bla'ckxicss  n.  [OE 
blxc,  blac,  =  OHG  blah-,  blach-,  perh.  cogn.  w. 
GkpAZegroburn] 

black  2,  n.  B.  colour ;  b.  paint,  dye,  varnish  ; 
b.  speck ;  fungus,  smut,  in  wheat  &c. ;  particle 
of  soot ;  b.  cloth(es) ;  negro  or  negrito,  whence 
bla'ekY3  n.    [f.  prec] 

black3,  v.t.  Make  b. ;  polish  with  black- 
ing ;  b.  out,  obliterate,    [f.  black  l] 

bla'ckamoop,  n.  Negro ;  dark-skinned  per- 
son,   [black  1  +  moor] 

bla'cken,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  grow,  black  or 
dark  ;  speak  evil  of  (person's  character).  [ME 
blaknen  (black1,  -en6)] 

bla'cklng*,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also,  paste  or 
liquid  for  blacking  boots,    [-ing  J] 

bla'dder,  n.  Membranous  bag  in  human 
&  other  animal  bodies  (esp.  the  urinary  b., 
also  gall,  air,  swimming,  -b.) ;  the  same  or  part 
of  it  prepared  for  various  uses,  inflated  &c.  ; 
(fig.)  anything  inflated  &  hollow,  wordy  man, 
windbag ;  inflated  pericarp  or  vesicle  in  plants 
&  seaweeds  (b.-wrack,  common  sea- weed  with 
these  in  its  fronds).  Hence  bla'dderv2  a. 
[OE  blxdre,  com.-Teut.  cf.  G  blatter  f.  OTeut. 
blxdron-  f.  vb  st.  blx-  blow  l  +  -dron  instr.  suf. 
cf.  Gk  -tron] 

blade,  n.  (Vague  &  poet.)  leaf;  flat  lanceo- 
late leaf  esp.  of  grass  &  cereals;  whole  of 
such  plants  before  ear  comes  (in  the  &.); 
(Bot.)  expanded  part  of  leaf  apart  from  foot 
stalk;  flattened  part  of  instrument,  as  oar, 
bat,  spade,  paddle-wheel;  cutting-piece  of 
edged  tool,  as  sword,  chisel,  knife ;  sword ; 
(also  b.-bone)  flat  bone,  esp.  shoulder-b.  as  joint 
of  meat  or  otherwise ;  jovial,  hectoring,  gay, 
&c,  fellow  (usu.  with  epithet).  Hence  (-)blad- 
ed  2  a.  [OE  blxd  ;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  blatt,  perh. 
partic.  form  with  -do-,  Aryan  -to-,  f.  OTeut.  vb 
st.  bio-  blow  3  cf.  L  Jlos  ;  OE  not  using  blxd, 
but  Uaf,  in  the  vegetable  sense,  it  is  likely 
that  the  mod.  use  is  a  re  transfer  f.  sword-b., 
helped  by  med.  L  bladum,  OF  bled  (now  bU), 
corn] 

blaeberry  (a),  n.  =bilberry.  [blae  livid, 


85 BLASPHEME 

dark-blue,  the  direct  descendant  of  the  OTeut. 
blxwoz  cf.  G  blau  f.  which  blue  comes  in- 
directly through  F  bleu] 

blague  (ahg),  n.    Pretentiousness.    [F] 

blain,  n.  Inflamed  sore  on  skin,  pustule. 
[OE  blegen  cf.  Du.  blein) 

blame1,  v.t.  Find  fault  with;  flx  the  re- 
sponsibility on ;  be  to  b.,  deserve  censure. 
Hence  bla'mABLE  a.,  bla#mabLY2adv.  [f. 
OF  bldmer,  blasmer,  f.  L  as  blaspheme] 

blame2,  n.  Censure  ;  responsibility  for  bad 
result  {lay  theb.  on,  bear  the  b.).  [f.  OF  bldme 
cf.  prec] 

bla'meful,  a.  (Rare)  conveying,  (usu.) 
deserving,  censure,    [-ful] 

bla'meless,  a.  Innocent.  Hence  bla*me- 
lessLY  2  adv.,  bla'melessxESS  n.    [-less] 

bla'mewopthy,  a.  Deserving  blame.  Hence 
bla'mewopthiNESS  n. 

blanch,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  white  by  with- 
drawing colour,  peeling  (almonds),  or  depriving 
of  light  (plants) ;  make  or  grow  pale  with  fear, 
cold,  &c. ;  b.  orer,:palliate  by  misrepresentation, 
[f.  F  blanchir  (blanc  blank)] 

blancmange  (blamah'nzh),  n.  Opaque 
white  jelly  of  isinglass,  gelatine,  or  cornflour, 
and  milk.  [f.  OF  blancmanger  white  food 
(blanc  blank  +  manger  eat  f.  L  manducare 

MANDUCATE)] 

bland,  a.  Gentle,  polite,  in  manner  •  ironi- 
cal ;  balmy,  mild.  Hence  bla'ndLY-  adv., 
bla#ndNESS  n.    [f.  L  blandus] 

bla'ndish,  v.t.  Flatter,  coax.  Hence 
bla*ndishMENT  n.  (usu.  in  pi.),  [f.  F  blandir 
(-ish  2)  f.  L  blandiri  (blandus)] 

blank »,  a.  Not  written  or  printed  on  (of 
paper) ;  (of  document)  with  spaces  left  for 
signature  or  details  (in  b.,  drawn  in  &.,  so  pre- 
pared ;  b.  cheque,  with  amount  left  for  payee  to 
fill  in,  hence  =  carte  blanche)  ;  empty,  not 
filled,  (&.  space  &c.  ;  b.  cartridge,  without  ball) ; 
void  of  interest,  incident,  result,  expression; 
look  b.,  nonplussed;  unrelieved,  sheer;  un- 
rhymed  (b.  verse,  esp.  the  five-foot  iambic). 
Hence  bla'nkNESS  n.  [f.  F  blanc  white,  com.- 
Rom.  cf.  It.  bianco  f.  OHG  blanch  f.  OTeut, 
blankoz  shining  cf.  blink] 

blank2,  n.  Lottery  ticket  that  gains  no 
prize ;  space  left  to  be  filled  up  in  document, 
empty  surface  (one's  mind,  memory,  Sec,  is  a 
b.,  has  no  sensations  &c);  words  printed  in 
italics  in  Pari,  bills ;  time  without  incident, 
thing  without  meaning;  coin-disk  before 
stamping ;  dash  written  instead  of  word  or 
letter,  whence  blank,  blanky,  blanked,  as  sub- 
stitutes for  abusive  nouns  and  adjj.  [uses  of 
prec] 

bla'nket1,  n.  Large  woollen  sheet  used  for 
bed  covering,  for  horse-cloth,  &  by  savages 
for  clothes ;  xoet  b.,  person  who  extinguishes 
conversation  ;  born  on  icrongside  ofb.,  illegiti- 
mate,  ff.  OF  blanquette  (blanc  blank  +  -ette)] 

bla'nket2,  v.t.  Cover  with  a  b. ;  toss  in  a 
b.  as  punishment;  take  wind  from  sails  of 
(another  yacht)  by  passing  to  windward,  [f. 
prec] 

bla'nkly,  adv.  Without  expression,  vacu- 
ously, (look  b.  Sec.) ;  flatly  (deny  b.  Sec),  [blank  l 

+  -LY2] 

blare,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  sound  of  trumpet; 
utter  loudly,  [perh.  imit. ;  cf.  MDu.  blaren,  G 
pldrren] 

blap'ney,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Use,  assail  with) 
cajoling  talk.  [Blarney,  Irish  castle  with 
stone  conferring  a  cajoling  tongue  on  whoever 
kisses  it] 

bla-se  (-ahza),'a.  Cloved,  tired  of  pleasure.  [F] 

blasphe'me,   v.i.  &  t.      Talk  impiously; 


BLAST 

utter  profanity  about,  revile.  So  blas- 
phe*mER2(4),  bla'sphemY1,  nn.,  bla's- 
phemous  a.,  bla'sphemousLY  2  adv.  [ME 
blasfemen  f.  OF  blasfemer  f.  L  blasphemare 
f.  Gk  blasphemed  f.  blasphemos  (bias-  etym, 
dub.,  perh.  blab-  hurt  +  -phemos  -speaking)] 

blast  \  n.  Strong  gust  of  wind ;  sound  of 
wind-instrument ;  current  of  air  in  smelting 
&c.  (in,  out  of,  b.,  of  furnace  working  or  not) ; 
quantity  of  explosive  used  in  blasting  opera- 
tion ;  b.-furnace,  smelting  furnace  into  which 
compressed  hot  air  is  driven  by  engine.  [OE 
blxst ;  com.-Teut.  f.  OTeut,  blxstuz,  f.  blxsan 
blow  see  blaze  5] 

blast2,  v.t.  Blowup  (rocks  &c.)  with  ex- 
plosives; wither,  shrivel,  blight,  (plant,  ani- 
mal, limb,  prosperity,  character;  esp.,  with 
subj.  God  understood,  in  curses,  whence 
blasted,  damnable),    [f.  prec] 

blasto-,  first  element  in  many  biological 
terms,  meaning  germ,  bud.  [f.  Gk  blastos 
sprout] 

bla'stoderm,  n.  Germinal  membrane 
round  yolk  in  impregnated  ovum,  dividing 
later  into  three  layer's  (epiblast,  mesoblast, 
hypoblast)  from  which  all  parts  of  the  animal 
are  developed,  [prec.  +  Gk  derma  skin  (dero 
flay,  -M)] 

bla* 


tant,  a.  Noisy,  vulgarly  clamorous. 
Hence  bla'tantLv2 adv.,  bla'tANCY  n.  [prob. 
invented  by  Spenser,  (F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  37,  b.  beast) 
perh.  in  sense  bleating] 

blaze1,  n.  Bright  flame  or  fire  (in  a  b.,  on 
fire) ;  (slang)  bb.  =  hell  (go  to  bb.,  ivhat  the  bb.), 
like  bb.,  impetuously;  violent  outburst  (b.  of 
passion  &c.) ;  glow  of  colour,  bright  display  ; 
full  light  (b.  of  publicity).  [OE  blase,  blxse, 
torch,  cf.  G  blass  pale,  &  blaze  3  ] 

blaze2,  v.i.  Burn  with  flame  (b.  up,  burst 
into  b.) ;  be  brilliantly  lighted ;  burn  with 
excitement  &c.  (b.  up,  burst  out  in  anger); 
show  bright  colours  ;  emit  light ;  b.  aioay,  fire 
continuously  with  rifles  &c,  work  enthusiasti- 
cally at  anything ;  blazing  indiscretion,  rash 
&  conspicuous  piece  of  candour ;  (Hunting) 
blazing  scent,  very  strong  (opp.  to  cold  scent). 
If.  prec] 

blaze3,  n.  White  mark  on  horse's  or  ox's 
face,  or  made  on  tree  by  chipping  bark  to  mark 
route,  [from  17th  c. ;  =  ON  blesi  star  on  horse's 
forehead,  cf.  G  bldsse  in  same  sense  &  G  blass 
pale] 

blaze4,  v.t.  Mark  (tree,  and  so  path)  by 
chipping  bark.    [f.  prec] 

blaze5,  v.t.  Proclaim  as  with  trumpet, 
esp.  b.  abroad,  spread  (news)  about,  [prob.  f. 
ON  blasa  blow  f.  OTeut,  blxsan  t  root  blx-  cf. 
L  flare  blow  i] 

bla'zer,  n.  Coloured  jacket  for  boating, 
golf,  &c  ;  (slang)  outrageous  lie.    [blaze2  + 

■ERl] 

bla'zon !,  n.  Heraldic  shield,  coat  of  arms, 
bearings,  or  banner;  correct  description  of 
these ;  record,  description,  esp.  of  virtues  &c 
[f.  F  blason  etym.  dub. ;  orig.  meaning  shield 
in  lit,  sense] 

bla'zon2,  v.t.  Describe  or  paint  (arms) 
heraldically ;  inscribe  (object)  with  arms, 
names,  &c,  in  colours  or  ornamentally;  give 
lustre  to  ;  set  forth  in  fitting  words  ;  proclaim. 
Hence  bla'zon ment  n.  [f.  prec.  partly  con- 
fused in  sense  with  blaze5] 

bla'zonpy,  n.  (Art  of  describing  or  painting) 
heraldic  devices,  armorial  bearings  ;  brightly 
coloured  display,    [prec  +  -ry] 

-ble,  suf.  OF  f.  L  -bilis  forming  vbl  adjj. 
active  or  passive  (penetrabilis  penetrating  or 
penetrable)  f.  vb  or  p.p.  stems.     L  has  -ab., 


86 BLENNY 

-eb.,  -ib.,  or  -ib.,  ace  to  conjug.  (-lb.  also  f.  p.p. 
stems  as  flexibilis).  F  in  making  new  was 
uses  only  -able ;  E  vacillates  between  this 
&  using  -ible  w.  L  3rd-conj.  or  p.p.  stems,  -able 
elsewhere ;  to  this  confusion,  incurable  at 
present,  is  added  that  between  -able  &  -eable  ; 
-cable  is  necessary  after  soft  -c,  -g,  (cf.  navi- 
gable, manageable) ;  it  is  also  used  arbitrarily 
in  some  wds  to  affect  the  vowel  of  the  previous 
syllable  (tameable).  See  also  -able,  -ible. 
The  E  meaning  in  new  wds  is  always  passive, 
in  old  ones  (capable)  often  active.  From  adjj. 
in  -ble  are  formed  nouns  in  -bility  (L  -bilitus, 
see  -ty)  as  well  as  in  -bleness. 

bleach  (-tsh),  v.t.  &i.  Whiten  by  exposure 
to  sunlight  or  by  chemical  process ;  bleach  in  g- 
poivder,  (so-called)  chloride  of  lime.  [OE 
blxcan ;  com.-Teut.  f.  OTeut.  blaikjan  cf.  OE 
bide  pale] 

bleak »,  n.  Small  river  fish,  &  allied  seafish, 
of  various  species,  [prob.  f.  ON  bleikjat.  OTeut. 
blaikjon  white  cf.  prec] 

bleak2,  a.  Wanting  colour;  bare,  exposed, 
windswept ;  chilly  ;  dreary,  [perh.  northern 
form  of  obs.  bleach,  bleche,  OE  blxc  variant  of 
bide  see  bleach] 

bleap  (-er),  a.,  &  v.t,  (Make)  dim-sighted, 
dull,  filmy,  (eyes  or  mind) ;  (make)  indistinct  in 
outline;  b.-eyed,  having  blear  eyes;  without 
foresight  or  penetration.  [ME  Mere  adj.,  etym. 
dub.] 


bleat,  v.i.  &t.,&n.  (Make)  sheep's,  goat's 
or  calf's,  cry ;  speak  (&  b.  out,  say)  feebly  oi 
foolishly.  [OE  blxtan,  com.-WG  cf.  Du.  blaten 


or 


G  bloken] 

bleb,  n.  Small  blister  or  bubble  on  skiu,  in 
water  or  glass,  [imit.  of  making  bubble  with 
lips,  cf.  blob,  blubber] 

bleed,  v.i.  &  t.  (bled).  Emit  blood  (heart 
bleeds,  is  in  acute  distress) ;  suffer  wounds  or 
violent  death  (often  for  cause  &c) ;  (of  plants) 
emit  sap ;  part  with  money,  pay  lavishly, 
suffer  extortion ;  draw  blood  surgically  from  ; 
extort  money  from ;  bleeding-heart,  pop.  name 
of  various  plants,  as  Wallflower.  [OE  bUdan 
f.  OTeut.  blodjan  (cf.  G  bhiten)  t  blodom 
blood] 

ble'mish1.  v.t.  Mar,  spoil  the  beauty  or 
perfection  or,  sully,  [f.  OF  blemir  (-ish2)  f. 
blaisme,  blcsme,  bleme,  pale,  etym.  dub.] 

ble'mish2,  n.  Physical  or  moral  defect, 
stain,  flaw.    [f.  prec] 

blench  (-tsh),  v.i.  &  t.  Start  aside,  flinch, 
quail ;  close  the  eyes  to,  disguise  from  oneself, 
[there  is  OE  blencan  cheat,  &  prob.  connexion 
&  confusion  with  blink] 

blend1,  v.t.  &  i.  (blended  or  blent).  Mix 
(things)  together  (esp.  sorts  of  tea,  spirit,  to  get 
certain  quality) ;  mingle  (t.  &  i.  of  element) 
intimately  %oith ;  mix  (components)  so  as  to  be 
inseparable  &  indistinguishable  ;  become  one, 
form  harmonious  compound ;  pass  imper- 
ceptibly into  each  other  (esp.  of  colours), 
[there  is  OE  blandan  mix ;  but  ME  blenden 
is  prob.  f.  ON  blanda] 

blend2,  n.  Mixture  made  of  various  sorts 
of  tea,  spirits,  &c    [f.  prec] 

blende,  n.  Native  sulphide  of  zinc.  [G 
blendendes  Erz  deceiving  ore  '  because  while 
often  resembling  galena  it  yielded  no  lead  1 

Blenheim  (-enim),  n.  &  a.  Kind  of  spaniel : 
B.  Orange,  golden-coloured  apple.  [Duke  of 
Marlborough's  seat  at  Woodstock] 

blenno-,  blenn-,  stem  of  many  wds  in 
pathology.    Of  mucus.    [Gk  blennos  mucus] 

ble'nny,  n.  Small  spiny-finned  sea-fish,  [as 
prec.  (through  L  blennius)  from  mucous  coat- 
ing of  its  scales] 


BLENT 87 

blent.    See  blend1. 

ble'pharo-,  stem  of  pathological  words. 
Of  the  eyelids,    [f.  Gk  blepharon  eyelid] 

bless,  v.t.  (past  &  p.p.  blessed,  sometimes 
blest,  &  see  under  blessed).  Consecrate  (esp. 
food  ;  not  a  penny  to  b.  oneself  with,  w.  ref.  to 
cross  on  silver  penny) ;  call  holy,  adore,  (God) ; 
attribute  good  fortune  to  (esp.  one's  stars)  ; 
pronounce  words  that  bring  supernatural 
favour  upon  (of  father,  priest,  &c);  invoke 
God's  favour  on;  make  happy  or  successful 
(abs.  or  with  something) ;  God  b.  me,  b.  me,  God 
b.  you,  b.  you,  b.  the  boy,  b.  my  soul,  I'm  blest, 
exclamations  of  surprise  or  indignation; 
(euphem.)  =  damn,  curse,  &c  [OE  bloedsian, 
bUdsian,  bUtsian;  excl.  E,  but  formed  on 
OTeut.  blodisojan  f.  blodom  blood  (consecrate 
by  sacrifice) ;  meaning  influenced  (1)  by  the 
word's  being  used  at  the  Eng.  conversion  to 
translate  L  benedicere,  (2)  by  confusion  with 
the  independent  bliss] 

ble'ssed,  blest,  (for  pronunc.  see  under 
etym.),  a.  Consecrated;  revered;  fortunate; 
6.  with,  fortunate  in  the  possession  of  (esp. 
iron.) ;  in  paradise  («sp.  as  n..  the  b.) ;  blissful, 
bringing  happiness  (b.  ignorance  &c.) ; 
(euphem.)  cursed,     [p.p.  of  prec. ;  as  p.p.  & 

Sast  tense  blessed  is  usu.  monosyl.,  as  adj. 
isyl.  ;  of  the  adj.  forms  blessed  is  the  ordinary, 
blest  the  poet.,  also  used  in  some  phrr.  as  Isles 


BLOCK 


of  the  Blest] 
ble- 


'ssedness,  n.  Happiness ;  enjoyment  of 
divine  favour  ;  single  b.,  jocular  phr.  for  being 
unmarried  (perversion  of  Shaksp.  M.  N.  D.,  I. 
i.  78).    [prec.  +  -ness] 

blessing-,  n.  Declaration,  invocation,  or 
bestowal,  of  divine  favour;  grace  before  or 
after  food  {ask  a  b.) ;  gift  of  God,  nature,  &c, 
thing  one  is  glad  of.    [bless  +  -ing  *] 

blether,  blather,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Talk)  loqua- 
cious nonsense.  [ME  blather  t.  ON  blathra  talk 
nonsense  (blathr  nonsense) ;  blether  is  the 
Scotch  form  adopted  from  Burns  &c] 

blew,  past  of  blow  L  3. 

blight1  (-it),  n.  Disease  of  unknown  or 
atmospheric  origin  affecting  plants  ;  plant  dis- 
ease caused  by  fungoid  parasites,  mildew,  rust, 
smut ;  species  of  aphis ;  hazy  close  state  of 
atmosphere ;  any  obscure  malignant  influence, 
[from  17th  c,  etym.  dub.] 

blight2,  v.t.  Exert  baleful  influence  on,  nip 
in  the  bud,  wither,  mar.    [f.  prec] 

blind »,  a.  Without  sight ;  without  foresight, 
discernment,  or  moral  or  intellectual  light  (6.  to, 
incapable  of  appreciating ;  one's  b.  side,  direc- 
tion in  which  one  is  unguarded) ;  reckless ; 
mechanical,  not  ruled  by  purpose,  (b.  forces) ; 
hard  to  trace  (b.  track) ;  (Post  Office)  b.  letter, 
man,  reader,  of  ill-addressed  letters  and  the 
officials  dealing  with  them ;  concealed  (b.  ditch ; 
b.-stitch,  sewing  visible  only  on  one  side,  also 
as  v.t.  &  i.  sew  thus) ;  b.  door  &c,  walled  up ; 
closed  at  one  end  (b.  alley) ;  b.  hazard,  hookey, 
card-gameb;  b.-man's-buff,  game  in  which  blind- 
fold player  tries  to  catch  others,  who  push  him 
about  [f.  obs.  buff  =  buffet] ;  b.-story,  triforium 
below  clerestory  admitting  no  light ;  6.  man's 
holiday,  time  before  candles  are  lighted ;  b. 
coal,  burning  without  flame,  anthracite ;  &.- 
worm,  m  sLOW-worm  (f.  small  size  of  eyes). 
[com.-Teut.] 

blind2,  v.t.  Deprive  of  sight  permanently 
or  temporarily ;  rob  of  judgment,  deceive, 
[f.  prec] 

blind3,  n.  Obstruction  to  sight  or  light; 
screen  for  window,  esp.  on  roller  ( Venetian  b., 
of  laths  running  on  webbing) ;  (Fortif.)  =  foil.  ; 
pretext,  stalking-horse,    [f.  prec] 


bli'ndage  (ij),  n.  Screen  for  troops  in 
fortification,  sieges,  &c    [-age] 

bli'ndfold1,  v.t.  Deprive  (eyes,  person)  of 
sight  with  bandage  (also  fig.).  [corruption 
(through  notion  of  folding)  of  ME  blindfellen 
(fell  v.)  strike  blind,  chiefly  used  in  p.p., 
whence  the  -d,  which  helped  the  confusion] 

bli'ndfold  2,  a.  &  adv.  With  eyes  bandaged  ; 
without  circumspection,  [p.p.,  earlier  blind- 
felled  see  prec] 

bli'ndly,  adv.  Without  seeing,  gropingly  ; 
recklessly,    [-ly  2] 

bli'ndness,  n.  Want  of  sight ;  want  of  in- 
tellectual or  moral  sense,  folly,  recklessness. 

[-XESS] 

blink,  v.i.  &  t.  Move  the  eyelids  ;  look  with 
eyes  opening  and  shutting ;  shut  the  eyes  for 
a  moment;  shine  with  unsteady  light,  cast 
momentary  gleam  ;  ignore,  shirk  consideration 
of,  (esp.  the  fact).  [ME  blinken,  more  usu. 
Menken ;  cf.  Du.  &  G  blinken  perh.  f.  stem  blik- 
shine] 

blink,  n.  Momentary  gleam  or  glimpse  ; 
(also  ice-b.)  whiteness  about  horizon,  reflection 
of  distant  ice-fields,    [f.  prec] 

bli'nker,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also,  (usu.  pi.) 
screen(s)  preventing  horse  from  seeing  side 
ways,    [-er  l] 

bliss,  n.  Gladness,  enjoyment;  perfect  joy, 
blessedness ;  being  in  heaven.  Hence  bli'ss- 
ful  a.,  bli'ssfulLY2  adv.,  bli'ssfulNESS  n. 
[OE  bliths  (blithe  blithe  +  OTeut.  suf.  -sjd-) ; 
the  sense  has  shifted  from  earthly  to  heavenly 
joy  by  confusion  with  bless] 

bli'ster,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Vesicle  on  skin  filled 
with  serum,  caused  by  friction,  burning,  &c  ; 
similar  swelling  on  surface  of  plant,  metal, 
painted  wood ;  (Med.)  anything  applied  to 
raise  a  b.  (Vb)  raise  b.  on ;  become  covered 
with  bb. ;  (slang)  bore,  waste  time  of.  [ME 
blester  perh.  f.  OF  blestre  f.  ON  bldstr swelling 
(blasa  to  blow)] 

blithe  (-dh),  a.  Gay,  joyous,  (chiefly  poet.). 
Hence  bli'theLY2  adv.,  blithesoME  adj. 
[OE  blithe,  com.-Teut.,  cf.  OHG  Midi  perh.  f. 
vb  st.  Mi-  shine] 

bli'zzard,  n.  Blinding  snow-storm,  [first 
common  in  U.S.  newspapers  in  severe  winter 
1880-1 ;  imit.,  cf.  blow,  blast,  blind,  &  see  -ard] 

bloat1,  v.t.,  bloater,  n.  Cure  (herring)  by 
salting  &  smoking  slightly  into  bloated  her- 
ring or  bloater,  [f.  obs.  adj.  bloat  ME  Mote 
perh.  =  ON  blautr  soaked] 

bloat2,  v.t.  &  L,  bloated,  a.  Inflate,  swell 
(t.  &  i.);  (chiefly  in  p.p.  as  adj.)  puffed  up,  esp. 
with  gluttony,  overgrown,  too  big,  pampered, 
[f.  obs.  adj.  bloat  ME  blowt,  blout,  perh.  variant 
of  ME  Mote  see  prec] 

blob,  n.  Drop  of  liquid ;  small  roundish 
mass;  spot  of  colour;  (Cricket) = duck's  egg. 
[imit.,  cf.  bleb] 

blo'bber-lipped,  a.  With  thick  protruding 
lips,  [imit.,  cf.  bleb;  blabber,  blubber,  are 
found  in  same  sense] 

block1,  n.  Log  of  wood,  tree-stump,  (chip 
of  old  6.,  child  like  his  father  esp.  in  character; 
cut  bb.  with  razor,  waste  ingenuity  &c) ;  large 
piece  of  wood  for  chopping  or  hammering  on 
(the  b.,  death  by  beheading)  or  mounting  horse 
from ;  mould  for  shaping  hats  on,  shape  ; 
barber's  b.,  wooden  head  for  wigs ;  pulley, 
system  of  pulleys  mounted  in  case ;  piece  of 
wood  engraved  for  printing;  bulky  piece  of 
anything ;  unhewn  lump  of  rock ;   prepared 

Eiece  of  building-stone ;  collection  of  buildings 
ounded  by  (usu.  four)  streets ;  stolid  or  hard- 
hearted person,  whence  blo'ckisH *  a.  ;  ob- 
struction, (Pari.)  notice   that  a  bill  will   be 


BLOCK I 

opposed,  which  prevents  its  being  taken  at 
certain  times  &  so  often  kills  it ;  (traffic) 
jammed  vehicles  unable  to  proceed  ;  B.  system 
on  railways,  by  which  no  train  may  enter  a 
section  till  it  is  clear ;  (Cricket)  spot  on  which 
batsman  blocks  ball  &  rests  bat  before 
playing ;  b.-chain,  kind  of  endless  chain  used 
in  bicycle  &c. ;  blockhead,  dolt ;  blockhouse, 
detached  fort  (orig.  one  blocking  passage),  some- 
times one  of  connected  chain  of  posts,  also  one- 
storeyed  timber  building  with  loopholes,  also 
house  of  squared  logs.  [prob.  f.  F  bloc,  which 
is  perh.  f.  OHG  bloh  (G  block)] 
block2,  v.t.  Obstruct  (passage  &c.) ;  put 
obstacles  in  way  of  (progress  &c.) ;  b.  up,  in, 
confine;  (Pari.)  announce  opposition  to  (bill; 
see  prec.) ;  (Cricket)  stop  (ball)  with  bat ;  shape 
(hats) ;  emboss  (book  cover) ;  b.  out,  in,  sketch 
roughly,  plan,  (work),  [f.  F  bloquer  f.  bloc  see 
prec] 

blocka'de  \  n.  Shutting-up,  total  or  on  land 
or  sea  side,  of  a  place  by  hostile  forces  in  order 
to  starve  it  into  surrender  or  prevent  egress 
&  ingress  (paper  b.,  one  declared  but  not 
made  effective ;  raise  b.,  cease  blockading, 
compel  blockaders  to  cease;  run  b.,  evade 
blockading  force ;  b.-runner,  ship,  captain, 
&c,  doing  this);  imprisonment  by  snow  &c. 
[f.  prec.  on  anal,  of  F  wds  in  -ade] 
blocka'de2,  v.t.  Subject  to  b.  (see  prec); 
obstruct(door,view,&c).  Hence blocka'dER1 
n.    [f.  prec] 

bloke,  n.  (colloq.).  Man,  fellow,  chap;  dull 
or  rustic  person.    [?] 

blond,  blonde  (see  etym.),  a.  &  n.  (Of  hair) 
light-auburn-coloured ;  (of  complexion)  fair  (n., 
person  with  such  hair  &  skin);  (also  b.  lace) 
silk  lace  of  two  threads  in  hexagonal  meshes 
(orig.  of  raw-silk  colour,  now  white  or  black), 
[f.  F  blond  fern,  blonde  cf.  It.  biondo ;  OE 
blanden-feax  grizzled  (blandan  blend),  and  the 
ancient-German  custom  of  dyeing  hair  yellow, 
suggest  a  deriv. ;  blonde  is  used  of  the  lace, 
&  or  the  adj.  &  n.  as  applied  to  a  woman,  blond 
elsewhere] 

blood1  (-fid),  n.  Red  liquid  circulating  in 
veins  of  higher  animals,  corresponding  liquid 
in  lower  animals,  (flesh  <&  b.,  the  animal 
nature ;  let  b.,  surgically) ;  (fig.)  sap, grape-juice, 
&c ;  taking  of  life,  murder,  sacrifice,  guilt  of 
bloodshed ;  passion,  temperament,  mettle,  (bad 
b.,  ill  feeling;  in  cold  b.,  deliberately);  i*ace 
(blue  b.,  high  birth ;  fresh  b.,  new  members 
admitted  to  family,  society,  &c  ;  b.  royal,  royal 
family;  runs  in  the  b.,  is  a  family  trait); 
relationship,  relations,  (own  flesh  &  b.\  b.  is 
thicker  than  water,  the  tie  of  kindred  is  real) ; 
descent,  good  parentage,  (of  men,  horses,  &c  ; 
bit  of  b.,  O.-horse,  thorough-bred) ;  dandy,  man 
of  fashion,  (young  b.,  either  in  this  sense,  or  as 
personal  form  of  fresh  b.  above,  =  younger 
member  of  party) ;  b.  feud,  between  families  of 
which  one  has  spilt  the  other's  b. ;  b.-guilty,  re- 
sponsible for  murder  or  death,  whence  bloo'd- 
g-uiltiNESS  n. ;  b.-heat,  ordinary  heat  of  b.  in 
health,  98'4°  F.;  bloodhound,  large  keen-scented 
dog  with  which  cattle,  slaves,  &c,  used  to  be 
tracked,  detective,  spy;  b.-letting,  surgical 
removal  of  some  of  patient's  b.,  (facet.)  blood- 
shed ;  b.-vioney,  reward  to  witness  for  securing 
capital  sentence,  fine  paid  to  next  of  kin  for 
slaughter  of  relative ;  b.  orange,  with  red  juice ; 
b.-poisoning,  state  resulting  from  introduction 
of  septic  matter  into  b.  esp.  through  wound ; 
6. -red,  red  as  b. ;  b.-relation,  one  related  by  b., 
not  marriage ;  bloodshed,  spilling  of  b.,  slaugh- 
ter [f.  phr.  to  shed  &.];  bloo'dshot,  (of  eye)  suf- 
fused, tinged,  with  b.  (see  things  bloodshot, 


| BLOTCH 

find  incitements  to  slaughter  or  traces  of  b.  in 
them);  b.-stained,  stained  with  b.,  disgraced 
by  bloodshed ;  bloodstone,  kinds  of  precious 
stone  spotted  or  streaked  with  red,  esp.  Helio- 
trope; b.-sucker,  leech,  extortioner;  b.-thirsty, 
eager  for  bloodshed,  whence  bloo'dthlrsti- 
ness  n. ;  b.-vessel,  flexible  tube  (vein  or  artery) 
conveying  b. ;  bloodworm,  bright-red  kind  used 
in  fishing;  b.-wort,  kinds  of  plant  with  red 
roots  or  leaves,  esp.  Bloody  Dock.  [OE  Mod, 
com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  blut  f.  OTeut.  blodom] 

blood2,  v.t.  (Surg.)  remove  a  little  of  the  b. 
of  (usu.  bleed) ;  allow  first  taste  of  b.  to  (hound  ; 
also  fig.  of  inciting  persons),    [f.  prec] 

bloo'dless,  a.    Without  blood  ;  unfeeling; 

{•ale ;  without  bloodshed,  whence  bloo'd- 
essLY2adv.    [-less] 

bloo'dy1,  a.  &  adv.  Of,  like,  running  or 
smeared  with,  blood  (b.  nose,  bleeding ;  b.fltix, 
dysentery);  red  (b.  hand,  armorial  device  of 
baronet) ;  involving,  loving,  resulting  from, 
bloodshed  ;  (also  b. -minded)  sanguinary,  cruel ; 
(in  foul  language) = damned  &c,  or  as  mere 
intensive  (not  a  b.  one);  (similarly  as  adv.) 
=  confoundedly,  very ;  (in  pop.  plant  names) 
B.  Finger,  Foxglove.  Hence  bloo'diLY  2  adv. , 
bloo'diNESS  n.  [OE  blodig,  com.-Teut.  cf.  G 
bhdig  ;  see  blood,  -y  2] 

bloo'dy2,  v.t.  Make  b.,  stain  with  blood, 
[f.  prec.  J 

bloom1,  n.  Flower,  esp.  of  plants  grown  or 
admired  chiefly  for  the  flower,  florescence  (in 
&.);  prime,  perfection;  flush,  glow;  powdery 
deposit  on  grapes,  plums,  &c,  freshness,  (take 
the  b.  off,  stale) ;  kind  of  raisin.  [ME  blom  f. 
ON  blom  cf.  G  blume  f.  OTeut.  blomon-  f.  vb  st. 
bio-  blow3  +  suf.  -wion-] 

bloom2,  v.i.  Bear  flowers,  be  in  flower; 
come  into,  be  in,  full  beauty;  culminate, 
flourish,    [f.  prec] 

bloom3,  n.  Mass  of  puddled  iron  hammered 
or  squeezed  into  thick  bar.  [OE  bloma  in  same 
sense] 

bloom4,  v.t.  Make  (puddled  iron)  into  a 
bloom  3.  Hence  bloo'mERY  (3)  (also  -ary)  n. 
[f.  prec] 

bloo'mep,  n.  &  a.  (Female  costume)  of  short 
skirt  &  trousers  (as  n.,  usu.  pi.).  [Mrs  B. 
American  inventor] 

bloo'mingr,  a.  In  vbl  senses  (bloom2); 
also  slang,  euphemistic  substitute  for  vulgar 

BLOODY.     [-ING2] 

blo'ssom1,  n.  Flower,  esp.  as  promising 
fruit ;  mass  of  flowers  on  fruit  tree  &c  (in  b.) ; 
early  stage  of  growth,  promise ;  b.-faced,  -nosed, 
bloated.  Hence  blo'ssom  v  2,  blo'ssomLESS, 
aa.  [OE  blostm  prob.  f.  same  root  as  bloom  l 
(bio-  extended  to  st,  bios-,  cf.  L  flos,  or  with 
double  suf.  -st  +  -m)] 

blo'ssom2,  v.i.  Open  into  flower  (lit.  &  fig.). 
[OE  blostmian  cf.  prec] 

blot1,  n.  Spot  of  ink  &c,  dark  patch;  dis- 
figurement, blemish,  defect ;  disgraceful  act 
or  quality  in  good  character,  ff.  14th  c,  etym. 
dub. ;  cf.  ON  blettr,  Da.  plet ;  there  was  16th-c. 
F  blotte  clod,  blotter  to  stain] 

blot2,  v.t.  &  i.  Spot  with  ink ;  smudge  ;  (of 
pen,  ink)  make  bb. ;  cover  with  worthless 
writing ;  sully,  detract  from,  (fair  fame) ;  6.  out, 
obliterate  (writing),  exterminate,  destroy  ;  dry 
with  blotting-paper,  absorbent  paper  for  drying 
wet  ink-marks  (blotting-book,  -case,  -pad,  ar- 
rangements of  this),  whence  blo*ttER1(2)  n. 
[f.  prec] 

blot3,  n.  Exposed  piece  in  backgammon; 
weak  point  in  strategy  &c.  letyni.  dub. ;  cf. 
Da.  blot  naked,  G  Moss] 

blotch,  n.     Inflamed  patch,  boil,  &c,  on 


BLOTTESQUE 


BLUNDER 


skin ;  dab  of  ink  or  colour ;  (school  slang) 
blotting-paper.  Hence  blotchED  2,  blo'teh y2, 
aa.  [f.  1600 ;  excl.  E,  perh.  compounded  f.  blot 
&  botch  or  patch] 

blottesque,  a.  &  n.  (Piece  of  painting  or 
description)  done  with  heavy  blotted  touches. 

[-ESQUE] 

blou'se  (-owz),  n.  Workman's  loose  linen 
or  cotton  upper  garment  usu.  belted  at  waist 
(chiefly  French);  woman's  loose  light  bodice 
visible  only  to  waist,  and  there  belted.  [F, 
etym.  dub.] 

blow1  (-6),  v.i.  &  t.  (blew;  blown  8c,  in  sense 
'cursed',  Mowed).  (Of  wind,  air,  'it')  move 
along,  act  as  air-current,  (b.  great  guns,  violent 

fale) ;  send  strong  air-current  from  mouth  (b. 
ot  &  cold,  vacillate),  puff,  pant ;  (of  whales) 
eject  air  &  water ;  cause  air-current  by 
means  of  (6.  bellows) ;  exhaust  of  breath  (esp. 
in  pass.) ;  send  out  by  breathing  (6.  air  into ; 
6.  off  steam,  get  rid  of  superfluous  energy); 
(with  advv.  &  prepp.)  drive,  be  driven,  by 
blowing  (b.  over,  pass  oft) ;  sound  (wind-instru- 
ment, note  or  signal  on  or  with  it,  or  with  it  as 
subject  to  blow  t.  or  i. ;  6.  one's  own  trumpet, 
praise  oneself) ;  direct  air-current  at  (b.  fingers, 
fire  ;  6.  out,  extinguish) ;  clear  by  air-current 
(nose,  egg) ;  b.  up,  inflate,  shatter  or  be  shat- 
tered by  explosion,  reprove ;  (slang)  betray ; 
(of  flies)  deposit  eggs  in;  (slang)  curse,  con- 
found, (I'll  be  blowed  if  8cc);  b.  upon,  stale, 
discredit,  tell  tales  of ;  blowball,  seed-head  of 
dandelion  &c. ;  blowfly,  the  Meatfly ;  blowhole, 
nostril  of  whale  &c,  vent  for  air,  smoke,  &c, 
in  tunnel  &c. ;  blowpipe,  tube  for  heating  flame 
by  blowing  air  or  other  gas  into  it,  tube  used 
in  glass-blowing,  Amer.-Ind.  dart  tube.  [OE 
bldwan  cf.  OHG  bldhan  f.  OTeut.  blxjan  cf.  L 
flare] 

blow2,  n.  Blowing,  taste  of  fresh  air ;  blow- 
ing of  flute,  one's  nose,  &c. ;  =  fly  J-blow ;  b.- 
out  slang,  abundant  meal  or  feed.    [f.  prec] 

blow3  (-6),  v.i.  (blew,  blown).  Burst  into,  be 
in,  flower.     [OE  bldwan  cf.  OHG  bluojan,  G 


bliihen,  f.  OTeut.  blojan  cf.  hflos] 
blow4,  n.  Blossoming  (in  full 
prec] 


blow4,  n.     Blossoming  (in  full  b.  &c.)    [f. 


blow5  (-6),  n.  Hard  stroke  with  fist,  instru- 
ment, &e. ;  disaster,  shock  ;  come  to,  exchange, 
bb.,  fight ;  strike  a  b.  for,  against,  help,  oppose ; 
at  one  b.,  in  one  operation,  [f.  loth  c,  etym. 
dub.] 

blower,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ot  blow  hi;  also : 
apparatus  for  increasing  a  fire's  draught,  esp. 
sheet  of  iron  before  grate-front ;  escape  of  gas, 
or  fissure  allowing  it,  in  coal  mine,  [blow1, 
-er1] 

blowy,  a.  Windy,  wind-swept,  [blow1,  -y2] 

blowzed,  blowzy,  (-ow-),  aa.  Red-faced, 
coarse-looking,  dishevelled,  [f.  obs.  n.  blowze 
beggar's  wench,  etym.  dub.,  but  suggesting 
blush  &  blow] 

blub,  v.i.  (schoolboy  slang).  Shed  tears, 
[short  for  blubber3] 

blu'bber1,  n.  Whale  fat;  jelly-fish  (sailor's 
name) ;  weeping.  [ME  blober ;  prob.  imit.  (obs. 
meanings  foaming,  bubble),  cf.  bleb,  bubble] 

blu'boeP2,  a.  Swollen,  protruding,  (of  lips), 
[as  prec] 

blu'bber3,  v.t.  &  i.  Utter  with  sobs,  weep 
noisily  ;  wet,  disfigure,  swell,  (face)  with  weep- 
ing,   [as  prec] 

blu'ehers  (-k-),  n.  pi.  Old-fashioned  low 
boots  or  high  shoes,  [named  after  the  Prussian 
Field  Marshal  Bliicher] 

blu'dgeon  (-ujn),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Strike  re- 
peatedly with)  heavy-headed  stick,  [etym. 
dub. ;  from  18th  c  only] 


blue  \  a.  Coloured  like  the  sky  or  deep  sea 
(also  of  things  much  paler,  darker,  &c,  as 
smoke,  distant  hills,  moonlight,  bruise;  & 
qualified  by  or  qualifying  other  colours  &c, 
as  b.-black,  deep  6.,  navy  6.,  Prussian  b.); 
look  b.,  nervous,  depressed ;  b.  funk,  uncon- 
trollable ;  true  b.,  faithful ;  dressed  in  b.  (Foot- 
Guards  B.);  the  B.  (squadron),  one  of  three 
divisions  (Red,  White,  B.)  of  Navy  ;  belonging 
to  a  particular  political  party,  usu.  Tory ;  (of 
women)  learned  (see  bluestocking);  drink 
till  all's  b.,  to  drunkenness.  Bluebell,  (Scotland 
&  N.  Eng.)  light  -  blue  -  flowered  Campanula 
growing  in  dry  places  &  flowering  in  summer 
&  autumn,  harebell,  (S.  Eng.)  wild  hyacinth 
with  blue  or  white  flower  growing  in  moist 

E laces  &  flowering  in  spring;  6.  blood,  high 
irth  ;  b.-book,  Parliamentary  or  Privy-Council 
report ;  bluebottle,  B.  Cornflower,  Meat  fly  or 
Blowfly  ;  b.-coat  boy,  scholar  in  charity  school, 
esp.  Christ's  Hospital ;  b.  devils,  depression ; 
b.  gum,  kind  of  eucalyptus  tree;  bluejacket, 
seaman  in  Navy;  b.  light,  firework  used  for 
signals;  B.  Mantle,  one  of  four  pursuivants 
of  College  of  Arms ;  once  in  a  b.  moon,  very 
rarely;  b.  mould,  in  certain  cheeses  when 
mature ;  B.  Peter,  b.  flag  with  white  square, 
hoisted  before  sailing;  6.  pill,  mercurial  & 
antibilious ;  6.  ribbon,  ribbon  of  the  Garter, 
greatest  honour  in  any  sphere,  sign  of  teeto- 
talism  ;  b.-rock,  kind  of  pigeon ;  b.  ruin,  bad 
gin  ;  bluestocking,  woman  having  or  affect- 
ing literary  tastes  &  learning  [Blue  Stocking 
Society  (in  sense  '  not  in  full  evening  dress  ) 
name  given  to  meetings  about  1750  at  houses 
of  Mrs.  Montague  Sec.  to  talk  on  literature  &c 
instead  of  playing  cards;  blue- worsted,  i.e. 
ordinary,  stockings  were  worn  by  some  of  the 
men  attending  instead  of  black  silk] ;  b.  water, 
open  sea ;  b.-water  school,  strategists  regarding 
the  fleet  as  sufficient  defence  for  Gt  Britain. 
Hence  blu#iSH l  (2)  a.,  blue'NESS  n.  [ME  blew 
f.  OF  bleu  f.  OHG  bldw- f.  OTeut.  blxwoz,  cf.  L 
flavus] 

blue2,  n.  B.  colour  ;  b.  pigment ;  b.  powder 
used  by  laundresses ;  b.  cloth  &c ;  the  sky 
(bolt1  from  the  b.);  the  sea;  (pi.)  the  Royal 
Horseguards ;  colour,  member,  of  a  political 
party;  (badge  given  to)  one  who  has  repre- 
sented his  university  in  athletics  &c  ;  =blue ' 
stocking  ;  (pi.)  the  dumps,    [f.  prec] 

blue3,  v.t.  Make  b. ;  treat  with  laundress's 
b.    [f.  blue  J] 

bluff1,  a.  With  perpendicular  broad  front 
(of  ship's  bows,  cliffs) ;  (of  person,  manner) 
abrupt,  blunt,  frank,  hearty.  Hence  blu'ffLY  - 
adv.,  blu'fTNESS  n.  [naut.  wd,  etym.  dub.,  but 
cf.  MDu.  blaf,  flat,  broad] 

bluff2,  n.  Headland  with  perpendicular 
broad  face.    [f.  prec] 

bluff3,  v.t.  &  i.  (Game  of  poker)  impose 
upon  (opponent)  as  to  value  of  one's  hand  & 
induce  him  to  throw  up  his  cards ;  treat 
(political  opponents  or  rival  States)  so ;  prac- 
tise this  policy,  [earlier  meaning,  hoodwink 
(lit.);  the  prec  n.  also  meant  earlier  horse's 
blinker;  etym.  dub.] 

bluff4,  n.  Overbearing  demeanour,  threats 
designed  to  operate  without  action,    [f.  prec] 

blu'nder1,  v.  i.  &  t.  Move  blindly,  stumble, 
(often  on,  along) ;  b.  upon,  find  by  fluke  ;  makt* 
gross  mistake;  mismanage  (a  business  &c); 
6.  out,  utter  thoughtlessly ;  b.  away,  waste  by 
mismanagement.  Hence  blu'ndePER1  n., 
blu-nderlng-LY  2adv.  [ME  blondren,  perh.  f. 
obs.  blond,  bland,  mix,  cf.  blend,  +  -er5] 

blu'nder2,  n.  Stupid  or  careless  mistake, 
[prob.  f.  prec,  but  found  earlier] 


BLUNDERBUSS 

blu'nderbuss,  n.  Ancient  short  gun  with 
large  bore  firing  many  balls,  [perverted  f.  Du. 
donderbus  thunder  gun  (orig.  boxcf.  G.  biichse)] 

blu'nderhead,  n.  =  dunderhead  (cf.  prec.). 

blunge  (-j),  v.t.  (Pottery)  mix  (clay,  flint- 
powder,  &c.)  up  with  water  by  revolving 
machinery,    [after  plunge,  blend] 

blunt1,  a.  &  n.  Dull,  not  sensitive  ;  without 
edge  or  point;  plain-spoken;  hence  blu'nt- 
ISHM2)  a.  (N.)  short  thick  needle;  (slang) 
ready  money.    [?] 

blunt2,  v.t.  Make  less  sharp  or  sensitive, 
[f.  prec] 

blu*ntly,  adv.  Obtusely  (shaped  &c.) ; 
rudely,  curtly,    [-lv  2] 

blu'ntness,  n.  Dullness  of  point  or  edge ; 
outspokenness,    [-ness] 

blur1,  n.  Smear  of  ink  &c. ;  dimness,  con- 
fused effect,  [etym.  dub.,  perh.  formed  on 
blear  &  blot] 

blur2,  v.t.  &  i.  Smear  (clear  writing  &c.) 
with  ink  &c. ;  sully,  disfigure ;  make  indistinct ; 


efface  ;  dim  (perception  &c.)    [as  prec] 
blurt,  v.t.    Burst  out  with,  utter  abi 
[imit.  after  blow,  spurt,  &c] 


blush l,  v.i.  Become  red  (in  the  face  ;  also 
with  face  Sec.  as  subj.)  with  shame  or  other 
emotion  ;  be  ashamed  (6.  to  own  &c) ;  be  red, 
pink.  Hence blu'shin^LV2 adv.  [MEblusche, 
blosche,  blysche,  OE  ablisian ;  cf.  wds  in  ON  & 
LG  pointing  to  a  st.  blusi-  f.  vb  root  blus-  glow 
(Du.  blozen  blush)] 

blush2,  n.    Glance,  glimpse,  {at  the  first  b., 
prima  facie) ;  reddening  of  face  in  shame  &c 
(put  to  the  b.) ;  rosy  glow,  flush  of  light ;  blush-, 
pink,  rosy,  (b.-rose,  b.-tint,  Sec),    [f.  prec] 
blu'ster  *,  v.i.  &  t.     Storm  boisterously  (of 
wind,  waves,  persons) ;  (trans,  with  out,  forth) 
utter  overbearingly ;  (refl.)  storm  (oneself)  into 
(anger  &c).     Hence  blu'sterER1  n.,  blu's- 
teringLY 2  adv.    [perh.  imit.  on  blow,  blast, 
&c  ;  ME  blostre  stray  is  prob.  separate] 
blu'ster2,   n.      Boisterous   blowing,  noisy 
self-asserting   talk,   threats.      Hence   blu's- 
terous,  blu'sterY2,  aa.    [f.  prec] 
bo,  boh,  int.  used  to  startle  (cant  say  bo  to 
a  goose,  of  shy  or  timid  person). 
bo*a,   n.      S.-Amer.    genus    of    large    non- 
poisonous  snakes  killing  by  compression  (pop. 
extended   to   Old- World  pythons;   so  also  6. 
constrictor,  prop,  a  Brazilian  species  of   b.) ; 
lady's  long  fur  throat-wrap.    [?] 
Bo'aner'ges,  n.     Loud-voiced  preacher  or 
orator.     [Gk,   r.   Heb.    b'ney   regesh   sons   of 
thunder  (Mark  iii.  17)] 

boar,  n.  Male  uncastrated  pig;  its  flesh. 
[OE  bar  cf.  G  bar  etym  dubj 
board1,  n.  1.  Long  thin  usu.  narrow  piece 
of  sawn  timber  (strictly,  over  4in.  broad,  under 
2£  thick) ;  wooden  slab  (of  one  or  more  breadths 
of  b.  bare  or  covered  with  leather  &c)  used 
for  various  purposes,  as  in  games,  for  posting 
notices, &c  ;  (pi.)  the  stage  (on  the  66., employed 
as  actor) ;  thick  stiff  paper  used  in  bookbinding 
(covered  with  paper,  'in  bb.\  or  cloth,  'cloth 
bb.'),  &  for  other  purposes.  2.  Table  (only  in 
spec  senses  or  contexts) ;  above  b.,  open(ly) ; 
sweep  the  6.,  take  all  the  cards  or  stakes  ;  table 
spread  for  meals  (bed  &  6.,  conjugal  relations  ; 
groaning  6.,  plentiful  meal) ;  food  served,  daily 
meals  provided  at  contract  price  or  in  return 
for  services  (b.-money,  -wages,  servant's  pay  in 
lieu  of  food ;  esp.  6.  &  lodging) ;  council-table, 
councillors,  committee  ;  b.-school,  managed  by 
b.  according  to  Elementary  Education  Act  of 
1870.  3.  Ship's  side  (only  in  spec,  phrases, 
cf.  overboard),  go  by  the  6.,  (of  masts  &c) 
fall  overb.,  on  6.=  aboard  (in  various  senses), 


90 BOB 

usu.  now  on  or  into  ship  (orig.  meaning  within 
the  sides,  not  on  the  deck),  train,  coach,  &c 
[OE  bord  mixture  of  two  com.-Teut.  words 
meaning  (1)  board  (2)  border,  respectively  f. 
OTeut.  bordom  Se  bordoz  ;  the  second  was 
further  adopted  in  F  &  returned  with  spec 
developments] 

board2,  v.t.  &  i.  1.  (f.  prec.  =  wood)  cover 
with  boards  (6.  up,  close  with  bb.).  2.  (f.  prec 
=  table)  provide  (lodger  or  daily  guest)  with, 
receive,  stated  meals  at  fixed  rate  ;  6.  with,  be 
entertained  for  pay  in  the  house  of.  3.  (f.  prec 
= ship's  side)  come  alongside  (usu.  to  attack) ; 
force  one's  way  on  b.  (ship  or  abs.) ;  embark  on. 
[f.  prec,  with  influence  of  F  aborder] 

boar'der,  n.  One  who  boards  with  someone 
(prec  2),  esp.  schoolboy  at  boarding-school, 
[prec  +  -er  J] 

boar'ding1,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
erection  of  boards ;  b.-house,  -school,  in  which 
persons,  boys,  board  (board2,  2) ;  b.out,  (intr.) 
feedingelse where  than  athome,  (trans.)  placing 
(destitute  children)  in  families,    [board  1>2 + 

-ING1] 

boast1,  n.  Vain-glorious  statement;  self- 
exaltation  in  words ;  fact  one  is  proud  of ; 
make  6.  of,  announce  proudly.  Hence  boast- 
ful  a.,  boa'stfulLY2  adv.,  boa*stfuL\ES& 
n.    [ME  bost  etym.  dub.] 

boast2,  v.i.  &  t.  Extol  oneself  (also  refl.), 
brag  of  or  about ;  vaunt,  brag  of,  brag  that  ; 
possess  as  thing  to  be  proud  of.  Hence 
boa'stER1  n.    [ME  bosten  as  prec] 

boat  i,  n.  Small  open  oared  or  sailing  vessel, 
fishing-vessel,  mail  packet,  or  small  steamer 
(take  6.,  embark;  have  oar  in  everyone's  6.,  of 
busybodies;  in  the  same  b.,  with  like  risks 
&c) ;  b. -shaped  utensil  for  sauce  &c  ;  boat- 
hook,  long  pole  with  hook  &  spike  ;  b.-house, 
shed  at  water's  edge  for  keeping  b. ;  ship's  6., 
carried  on  board  ship ;  6.  train,  timed  to  catch- 
er meet  steam  packet ;  b.-jly,  water-bug  swim- 
ming on  water  on  its  back  ;  boatman,  "hirer- 
out  or  rower  or  sailer  of  b.  for  hire  ;  b.-bill,  S.- 
Amer.  heron  ;  boatrace,  between  rowing  boats ; 
boatswain  (bo'sn),  ship's  officer  in  charge  of 
sails,  rigging,  &c,  &  summoning  men  to 
duty  with  whistle  [late  OE  bdtsxoegen,  cf.  Icel. 
sveinn  &  see  swain].  Hence  boa'tAGE(4), 
boa*tFUL(2),  nn.  [OE  bat  cf.  ON  beit  and  (f. 
the  OE)  bdtr ;  borrowed  in  other  Teut.  langg. 
f.  these,  &  possibly  in  Rom.  also  (F  bateau  Sec. )] 

boat2,  v.i.  &  t  Go  in  a  b.,  amuse  oneself  so 
(boating  man) ;  place,  carry,  in  a  b.    [f.  prec] 

bob x,  n.  Weight  on  pendulum,  plumb-line, 
or  kite-tail ;  knot  of  hair,  tassel-shaped  curl  (6.- 
wig,  also  6.,  with  short  curls,  opp.  to  full- 
bottomed  ;  cf.  cherrv-6o6)  ;  horse's  docked 
tail ;  (Metre)  short  line  at  end  of  stanza,  [etym. 
dub. ;  f.  14th  c] 

bob2,  v.i.  Fish  (for  eels)  with  bunch  (cf. 
prec.)  of  lobworms. 

bob3,  v.i.  Move  up  &  down,  dance,  re- 
bound; catch  with  the  mouth  (for  cherries 
&c  floating  or  hanging) ;  curtsy,  [etym.  dub. ; 
cf.  bob1.  7] 

bob  4,  n.  Jerk,  bounding  movement ;  curtsy ; 
(Bellringing)  kinds  of  change  in  long  peals 
(treble  6.  in  which  treble  bell  has  a  dodging 
course,  6.  minor  on  6  bells,  triple  on  7,  major 
on  8,  royal  on  10,  maximus  on  12).    [f.  prec] 

bob5,  n.  Dry,  wet,  -6.,  cricketing,  boating, 
Etonian  ;  light.-b.,  soldier  of  light  infantry, 
[prob.  =  Robert] 

bob6,  n.  (slang).  Shilling,  [etym.  dub.; 
quoted  f.  1812] 

bob7,  v.t.  Rap,  jerk.  [ME  6o6en  etym. 
dub.] 


BOBADIL 91 

Bd'badil,n.  Braggart.  [Jonson,  Every  Man 
in  his  Humour] 

bo'bbery,  n.  Disturbance,  row,  fuss.  [Hind. 
bap  re  O  father !  int.  of  dismay] 

bo'bbin,  n.  Cylinder  for  holding  thread, 
yarn,  wire,  &c..  &  giving  it  off  as  wanted, 
reel,  spool ;  small  bar  &  string  for  raising  door- 
latch,    [f.  F  bobine] 

bo'bbinet,  n.  Machine-made  cotton  net 
imitating  lace  made  with  bobbins  on  pillow, 
[prec,  net] 

bo'bbish,  a.  (slang).  Brisk,  well,  (esp. 
pretty  b.).  [bob  3+  -ish1  (2)  irregularly  append- 
ed to  vb] 

bo'bby,  n.  (slang).  Policeman,  [as  bob  5  + 
-y  3  (Sir  Robert  Peel,  Home  Sec.  1828)] 

bd'bolink,  n.  N.-Amer.  songbird,  [imit., 
cf.  cuckoo] 

bo*b-sled,  -sleigh,  n.  Two  short  sleighs 
coupled,  used  for  drawing  logs,  &  in  tobog- 
ganing. [U.S.  &  Canadian  wd,  now  also 
Anglo-Swiss] 

bo*bstay,n.  Ropeholdingbowspritdown.  [?] 

bo'btail,  n.  &  a.  Docked  tail ;  with  this ; 
horse  or  dog  with  this ;  tag-rag  &  b.,  the 
rabble,    [bob  *] 

boeap'do,  n.    Logical  formula,  see  Barbara. 

bode,  v.t.  &  i.  Foresee,  foretell,  (evil) ;  por- 
tend, foreshow ;  promise  well  or  ill.  Hence 
bo'ding-LY 2  adv.,  bo'deMEXT  n.  [OE  bodian 
f.  bocla  messenger,  cf.  ON  botha] 

bo'deful,  a.  Ominous,  [mod.  formation  f. 
prec.  or  obs.  n.  bode  omen-f  -ful(1)] 

bode'ga,  n.  Cellar  or  shop  selling  wine 
only.  [Sp.»  f.  L  f.  Gk  apotheke  see  apothe- 
cary] 

bd'dice,  n.  Close-fitting  upper  part  of 
woman's  dress,  down  to  waist ;  also,  inner  vest 
over  stays,  [orig.  pair  of  bodies  (cf.  pair  of 
stays),  being  a  whalebone  corset;  now  spelt 
&  understood  as  sing. ;  cf.  baize  &  (perh.) 
accidence] 

bo'died,  a.  Possessed  of  body  or  a  body, 
embodied ;  esp.  in  comb.,  as  full-b.,  able-b. 
[body  j  +  -ED  2] 

bo'diless,  a.  Incorporeal ;  separated  from 
the  body,    [-less] 

bo'dily1.  a.  Or,  affecting,  the  human  body 
or  physical  nature  ;  b.fear,  of  physical  harm. 
[body  !+ -ly1] 

bo'dily  2,  adv.  ,In  the  body,  in  person ;  with 
the  whole  bulk,  as  a  whole,    [body  \  -ly  2] 

bo'dkin,  n.  Pointless  thick  needle  with 
large  eye  for  drawing  tape  &c.  through  hem ; 
long  pin  for  fastening  hair ;  person  squeezed 
between  two  others  (ride,  sit,  o.).    [?] 

bd'dy1,  n.  Man  or  animal  as  material 
organism  {keep  b.  &  soul  together,  remain 
alive) ;  corpse  (b:-snatcher,  exhumer  of  corpses 
for  dissection) ;  6.  of  Christ,  sacramental 
bread ;  b.-servant,  valet ;  b.-guard,  (rarely, 
member  of)  dignitary's  retinue,  escort,  personal 
guard.  Trunk,  main  portion  (stem,  hull,  nave, 
&c,  ace.  to  context) ;  upper  garment  (minus 
sleeves  &  collar,  or=bodice) ;  document  minus 
preamble  &c. ;  majority.  Human  being,  per- 
son, {heir  of  one's  b.,  good  sort  of  b.,  anyb.,  &c). 
Aggregate  of  persons  or  things  (in  a  b.,  all 
together ;  b.  politic.  State) ;  society,  league, 
military  force  ;  collection  of  precepts,  informa- 
tion, &c.  Piece  of  matter  (heavenly  b.,  sun, 
star,  &c),  quantity ;  comparative  solidity  or 
substantial  character  (b.-colour,  opaque  ;  wine 
of  good  b.),  thing  perceptible  to  senses.  [OE 
bodig ;  now  excl.  E,  unless  =  G  bottich  cask, 
referred  to  med.  L  butica  f.  Gk  apotheke  see 
apothecary] 

bo'dy2,  v.t.    Provide  with  b.  (rare).    (Usu. 


BOISTEROUS 

with  forth)  give  mental  shape  to ;  exhibit  in 
outward  shape  ;  typify,    [f.  prec] 

Boeotian  (beo-shn),  a.  &  n.  Crass,  dull, 
(person),    [of  Gk  nation  derided  bv  Athenians] 

Bo-er,  n.  &  a.  (Of)  Dutch  or  Dutch-descended 
S.-African(s).  [Du.,  =  peasant,  farmer,  cf.  G 
bauer  &  see  boor] 

bog- »,  n.  (Piece  of)  wet  spongy  ground,  morass 
(in  many  plant  names  as  b.  violet,  BUTTERwort, 
b.-berry,  cranberry) ;  b.  butter,  fatty  hydrocar- 
bon found  in  Irish  peat-b. ;  b.  oak,  ancient 
preserved  in  black  state  in  peat;  b.-tr otter, 
Irishman.  Hence  bo'ggY2  a.,  bo'ggiNESS 
n.    [f.  Ir.  or  Gael,  bogach  (bog  soft)] 

bog"2,  v.t.    Submerge  in  b.  (usu.  in  pass.). 

bog3,  n.    A  privy  (vulgar). 

bo'gey,  Colonel  Bogey,  (g),  n.  Score 
that  good  golf  player  should  do  hole  or  course 
in.    [t.  bogy  as  imaginary  person  ?] 

bo'ggle,  v.i.  Start  with  fright,  shy ;  hesi- 
tate, demur,  at  or  about;  equivocate;  fumble, 
[var.  of  bogle  used  as  vb] 

bo'gie  (-gi),  n.  Under-carriage  with  two  or 
more  wheel-pairs,  pivoted  below  end  of  loco- 
motive or  railway-car;  b.-car,  &c.  fitted  on 
these,    [northern  dial,  wd,  etym.  dub.] 

bo'gie,  n.  Phantom,  goblin ;  bugbear ; 
scarecrow,  [introduced  f.  Scotch  writers; 
etym.  dub. ;  earlier  bog  in  same  sense,  &  bug 
(nowonlyin  bugbear),  may  be  f.W  bwg  ghosi] 

bo'gus,  a.  Sham,  fictitious.  [U.S.  wd, 
etym.  dub.] 

bo'gy,  -gey,  (-g-),  n.  (pi.  -ies,  -eys).  The 
devil ;  goblin  ;  bugbear,  [quoted  f.  1840  only ; 
etym.  dub.,  see  bogle] 

bohea*  (-he),  n.  Black  tea  of  lowest  quality 
(last  crop  of  season),  [f.  Chin.  Wu-i  name  of 
district] 

Bohe-mian,  a.  &  n.  Socially  unconventional 
(person) ;  of  free-&-easy  habits,  manners,  & 
sometimes  morals  (esp.  of  artists  &c).  Hence 
bohe*mianiSM(2)  n.,  bohe'miamzE(l)  v.i. 
[f.  F  bohemien  gipsy] 

boil l.  n.  Hard  inflamed  suppurating  tumour. 
[OE  byl,  ME  bile;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  beule  f. 
root  bid-  blow] 

boil2,  v.t.  &  i.  Bubble  up,  undulate,  (of 
liquid  at  the  heat  that  converts  it  to  gas ;  also 
of  containing  vessel) ;  b.  over  (of  liquid  or  ves- 
sel), overflow  or  be  overflowed  thus;  seethe, 
be  agitated,  like  boiling  water  or  its  vessel  (of 
sea  &c,  feelings,  feeling  person) ;  bring  (liquid, 
vessel)  to  heat  at  which  it  boils ;  subject  to 
heat  of  boiling  water,  cook  thus ;  undergo 
cookery  by  boiling;  b.  down,  away,  reduce, 
convert  to  vapour,  by  boiling;  keep  the  pot 
boiling,  get  a  living ;  blood  boils,  with  indigna- 
tion, [f.  OF  boillir  (now  bouillir)  f.  L  bullire 
(bulla  bubble)] 

boil3,  n.  =  boiling,  boiling-point,  (esp.  on, 
at,  to,  the  b.). 

boi'ler,  n.  One  who  boils  ;  vessel  for  boiling, 
esp.  large  vessel  of  riveted  wrought-iron  plates 
for  making  steam  in  engine;  tank  attached  to 
kitchen  range;  laundry  vessel ;  vegetable  &c. 
suited  to  boiling ;  b.-iron,  -plate,  rolled  iron  k 
to  £  in.  thick;  b.-tube,  internal  air-pipe  carry- 
ing heat  through  b.    [-er  ]] 

boi'ling,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  the  whole  b. 
(slang),  all  the  lot;  b.-point,  temperature  at 
whichanything  boils(water  at  sea-level,  212°F., 
100°  C),  high  excitement,    [-ing  ]] 

boi'stepous,  a.  Violent,  rough,  (wind,  sea, 
behaviour,  speech,  persons) ;  noisily  cheerful. 
Hence  boi'sterousLY  2  ad  v.  [earlier  boistous 
(also  -eous,  -uous)  etym.  dub. ;  AF  boistous 
(OF  bolsteus  now  boiteux  lame)  does  not  suit 
sense] 


BOLD    

bold,  a.  Courageous,  enterprising,  confident ; 
make  (so)  6.  (as),  presume,  venture ;  forward, 
immodest ;  vigorous,  free,  well-marked,  clear, 
(imagination,  drawing,  description,  features, 
headland,  &c).  Hence  bo'ldLY  2  adv.,  bo'ld- 
ness  n.  [OE  bald ;  com.-Teut.  cf.  G  bald  quickly] 

bole,  n.  Stem,  trunk,  [f.  ON  bolr  cf.  G 
bohle  plank] 

bole'etion,  a.  &  n.  (Moulding)  raised  above 
panel  &c.    []] 

boter-o  (-aro),  n.    Spanish  dance.    [Sp.] 

bo'lide,  n.  Large  meteor,  fire-ball.  IF,  f.  L 
f.  Gk  bolts  -idos  (ballo  throw)] 

boll,  n.  Rounded  seedvessel,  as  in  flax  or 
cotton.    HencebollED2a.    [=bowl1] 

bd*llai»d,  n.  Post  on  ship  or  quay  for  secur- 
ing ropes  to.    [perh.  f.  bole+  -ard] 

bold'metep,  n.  Radiation-measurer.  [Gk 
bole  ray+  -o-  +  -meter] 

bd'lsten1,  n.  Long  stuffed  (esp.  under-) 
pillow  of  bed  or  couch  ;  pad  or  support  in 
many  machines  and  instruments.  [OE  ;  com.- 
Teut.  cf.  G.  polster  f.  root  bul-  swell] 

bo'lster2,  v.t.  (Usu.  with  up)  support  with 
b.,  prop,  aid  and  abet,  countenance,  preserve 
from  (merited) destruction  ;  pad  ;  (with school- 
boys) belabour  with  b.,  (intr.)  have  b.-flght. 
[f.  prec] 

bolt1,  n.  Short  heavy  arrow  of  crossbow, 
quarrel,  (fool's  b.  soon  snot,  soon  speaks  and  is 
soon  silenced) ;  discharge  of  lightning  (6.  from 
the  blue,  complete  surprise) ;  door-fastening  of 
sliding  bar  &  staple,  sliding  piece  of  lock ; 
headed  metal  pin  for  holding  things  together, 
usu.  riveted  or  with  nut;  (as  measure)  roll  of 
canvas  &c,  bundle  of  osiers ;  b.-rope,  round 
sail-edge  to  prevent  tearing,  [cf.  G  bolz,  Du. 
bout ;  etym.  dub.] 

bolt2,  v.i.  &  t.  Dart  off  or  away,  (horse) 
break  from  control ;  gulp  down  unchewed ; 
fasten  (door  &c.)  with  b.,  b.  in  or  out,  shut  in, 
exclude,  by  bolting  door  ;  fasten  together  with 
bolts,    [f.  prec] 

bolt3,  n.  Sudden  start;  running  away, 
[f.  prec] 

bolt 4,  adv.    (With  upright) = as  a  bolt,  quite. 

bolt5,  boult  (bolt),  v.t.  Sift;  investigate, 
[f.  OF  bulter=\t.  burattare  (buratto  sieve  perh. 
f.  bura  kind  of  cloth  see  bureau)] 

bo'ltep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  bolt2'5;  esp.: 
horse  given  to  bolting;  (also  boulter)  sieve, 
sifting  machine,    [-er1] 

bo'lus,  n.  Large jrill.  [mod.  L,f  Gk667os  clod] 

bomb  (-6m  or  -um,  the  latter  in  army),  n. 
Hollow  iron  sphere  filled  with  explosive  fired 
from  gun  or  (now  usu.)  thrown  by  hand  & 
exploded  by  fuse  or  by  striking  an  object, 
shell ;  b.-proof,  (shelter)  strong  enough  to  resist 
shells ;  b.-shell,  artillery  b.  (now  usu.  shell 
except  in  similes,  fell  like  a  b.-s.  &c).  [f.  F 
bombe  f.  Sp.  bomba  f.  L  f.  Gk  bombos  hum] 

bombard,  v.t.  Batter  with  shot  &  shell 
(esp.  of  warships  attacking  town) ;  (fig.)  assail 

Eersistently  with  abuse,  argument,  &c  Hence 
lombap'dMENTn.  [f.  F  bombarder discharge 
bombarde  f.  med.  L  bombarda  stone-throwing 
engine  prob.  f.  L  bombus  hum] 

bombardier  (bumbardef),  n.  Artillery 
non-commissioned  officer.    [F,  see  prec.  &  -ier] 

bd'mbardon,  -o*ne,  n.  Low-toned  brass 
instrument;  bass  reed-stop  on  organ.  [It. 
(one),  f.  bombardo  +  -one,  see  bombard,  -oonJ 

bo'mbasine  (-6m-  or  -um-,  -zen),  n.  Twilled 
dress-material  of  worsted  with  silk,  with 
cotton,  or  alone,  much  used  for  mourning,  [f. 
F  bombasin  f.  L  bombycinus  silken  (bombyx 
-ycis  silk  or  silk- worm  f.  Gk  bombux)] 

bdmbast,  n.     Turgid  language,  tall  talk. 


92 BONE 

Hence    bomba'stic    a.,    bomba*stiCALLV 

adv.  [earlier  &  OF  bombace  (-t  phonetic,  cf. 
behest)  f.  LL  bombacem  nom.  -ax  cotton  (&  so 
padding)  corruption  of  bombyx  see  prec] 

bon,  bonne,  (F),  a.  French  for  good,  com- 
mon in  some  senses  &  phrases,    [f.  L  bonus] 

bo'na  frde,a.  &adv.  Genuine(ly),sincere(ly). 
[L  abl.  s.  of  foil.  ;  as  adj.  it  may  be  hyphened, 
not^as  adv.] 

bo'na  Fi'des,  n.  (legal).  Honest  intention, 
sincerity.      [L,  =  good  faith  ;  not  hyphened] 

bona'nza,  n.  &  a.  (Prop.)  prosperity,  good 
luck ;  (pop.)  greatly  prospering,  a  large  output, 
{esp.  of  mines),  worked  with  all  best  appliances 
(a  b.farm),  a  run  of  luck  (in  6.).  [U.S.  f.  Sp.,= 
fair  weather  f.  L  bonus  good] 

bon-bon  (F),  n.    Sweetmeat,    [bon] 

bonce,  n.    Large  playing-marble.    [?] 

bond l,  n.  Thing  restraining  bodily  freedom, 
imprisonment,  (rare,  only  in  pi.,  esp.  in  66.); 
fagot- withe ;  restraining  or  uniting  force ;  bind- 
ing engagement,  agreement ;  deed  by  which  A 
binds  himself  &  his  heirs  &c  to  pay  a  sum  to  B 
&  his  ;  government's  or  public  company's  docu- 
mentary promise  to  pay  borrowed  money,  de- 
benture, (bondholder,  person  holding  such 
document);  (Customs,  of  goods)  in  6.,  stored 
under  charge  of  Customs  in  'bonded  ware- 
house '  till  importer  pays  duty  (take  out  of  6.) ; 
(Bricklaying)  various  methods  (English  6., 
Flemish  6.,  &c)  of  holding  wall  together  by 
making  bricks  overlap ;  b.-stone,  stone  or  brick 
running  through  wall.    [ME  var.  of  band  l] 

bond2,  v.t.  Bind  together  (bricks  &c,  see 
prec) ;  put  customable  goods  into  b.  (see  prec  > ; 
encumber  with  bonded  debt  (see  bonded),  [f. 
prec] 

bond",  n.  League,  confederation,  (see  Afri- 
cander).   [Du.,  cf.  G  bund  f.  binden  bind] 

bond4,  a.  In  slavery,  not  free,  (archaic). 
Hence  bo'ndman,  bo'ndmaid,  bo'nd- 
servant,  bo'ndserviee,  bo'ndslave,  nn. 
[influenced  in  sense  by,  but  orig.  separate  f., 
bond1  ;  f.  OE  n.  bonda,  bunda,  husbandman  f. 
ON  bonde=boande  part.  n.  f.  bua,  boa,  dwell; 
after  the  conquest,  the  bonde  sank  into  a  serf, 
&  the  wd  changed  in  sense] 

bo'ndage  (-ij),  n.  Serfdom,  slavery:  con- 
finement ;  subjection  to  constraint,  influence, 
obligation,  &c    (ME  f.  AF ;  see  prec  &  -age] 

bo'nded.  a.  (Of  goods)  placed  in  bond,  (of 
warehouse)  for  such  goods,  (bond  i) ;  (of  debt) 
secured  by  bonds  (bond  !).    [bond  1.  -ed  2] 

bo'ndsman,  n.  Villein,  serf ;  slave  (lit.  & 
fig.)  [var.  of  bondman  (bond4)  as  though  f. 
bond's  genit.  of  bond1] 

bone i,  n.  One  of  the  parts  making  up  verte- 
brate animal's  skeleton  ;  (pi.)  the  body  (my  old 
66.  &c),  its  remains  (his  66.  were  laid),  its 
hard,  solid,  or  essential  part  ( flesh  &  6. ;  skin 
&  6.,  thin  person ;  bred  in  the  6.,  ineradicable ; 
to  the  b.,  penetrating,  of  cold,  wound,  &c); 
material  of  which  bb.  consist ;  similar  sub- 
stance, as  ivory,  dentine,  whalebone  ;  thing 
made  of  bone,  as  (pi.)  dice,  castanets,  stay-ribs ; 
a  small  or  nearly  finished  joint  of  meat 
(knuckle-b.,  broiled  66.) ;  subject  of  dispute  (6. 
of  contention,  6.  to  pick  with  someone) ;  make 
no  bb.  of,  aboid,  or  to,  not  hesitate ;  b.-setter, 
one  who  sets  broken  or  dislocated  bones,  esp. 
without  being  qualified  surgeon  ;  b.-shaker, 
bicycle  without  rubber  tires ;  b.-spavin,  callous 
growth  in  horse's  leg  becoming  as  hard  as  b. 
[OE  ban ;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  bein  ;  in  most  langg. 
the  meaning  is  leg  as  well  as  bone] 

bone2,  v.t.  1.  Take  out  the  bones  from 
(meat,  fish).  2.  (slang)  steal.  [1  f.  prec,  &  perh. 
2  (as  dog  makes  off  with  b.)] 


BONFIRE 


93 


BOOT 


bo'nflpe,  n.  Large  open-air  fire  in  celebra- 
tion of  some  event ;  fire  for  consuming  rubbish 
{make  a  b.  of,  destroy),  [earlier  bonefire  f. 
bone  n.,  bones  being  the  chief  material  for- 
merly used] 
bonhomie  (bo'nome"),  n.  Geniality.  [F 
(bon,  homme  f.  L  homo  man,  -Y  l)] 
Bo'niface,  n.  Innkeeper.  [Farquhar,  Beauaf 
Stratagem] 

bon  mot  (F),  n.  (pi.  bons  mots).  Witty  saying. 
[F  (bon  +  mot  saying  f.  L  muttum  a  grunt)] 
bonne,  n.  (French^nursemaid,  maid,  [bon] 
bonne  bouche  (-oosh),  n.  Tit-bit,  esp.  to 
end  up  with.  [F  (bon,  bouche  mouth  i.  L 
bucca  cheek  perh.  =pouch)  ;  phr.  not  used  in 
this  sense  in  F] 

bonnes  fortunes  (F),  n.  Ladies'  favours, 
as  a  thing  to  boast  of  or  pride  oneself  on. 
bo'nnet l,  n.  (Man's)  Scotch  cap  ;  woman's 
out-door  head-dress  without  brim,  with  strings, 
&  covering^no  part  of  forehead ;  6.  rouge  (F, 
pr.  bona  roozh),  red  cap  as  revolutionary  sym- 
bol ;  (Naut.)  additional  canvas  laced  to  sail- 
foot  ;  cowl  of  chimney  &c,  protective  cap  in 
various  machines ;  (Gaming,  Auctions,  &c.)  ac- 
complice, decoy  ;  bee  inones  b.,  an  eccentricity. 
Hence  bo'nnetED2  a.  [ME  bonet  f.  OF  bonet 
short  for  chapel  de  b.  cap  of  (med.  L)  bon(n)etus 
an  unknown  material] 

bo'nnet2,  v.t.  Put  b.  on  (person);  crush 
down  hat  over  the  eyes  of  (person),  [f.  prec] 
bo'nny,  a.  (chiefly  Sc).  Comely,  healthy- 
looking  ;  satisfactory.  Hence  bo'nniLY  2  adv. 
[etym.  dub.,  perh.  f.  bon] 
bon  ton  (F),  n.  Good  breeding,  the  fashion- 
able world,  (archaic). 

bo'nus,  n.    Something  to  the  good,  into  the 
bargain;  esp.,  extra  dividend  to  shareholders 
of  company ,  distribution  of  profits  to  insurance- 
policy-holders,  gratuity  to  workmen  beyond 
their  wages,     [j  ocular  or  ignorant  use  of  L 
bonus  good  (man)] 
bon  vivant  (F),  n.    Gourmand. 
bo'ny,  a.    Of,  like,  bone(s) ;  big-boned ;  with 
little  flesh,    [bone  i  +  - y  2] 
bonze,  n.     Japanese  or  Chinese  Buddhist 
priest.    [F,  f.  Port,  bonzo  perh.  f.  Jap.  bonzo 
I.  Chin,  fan  seng  religious  person] 
boo,  int.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.    (Make)  sound  of  dis- 
approval  or   contempt;    hoot   (speaker,    an- 
nouncement, &c).    [imit,  of  cow's  lowing] 
boo'by,  n.    Silly  dull-witted  fool,  lout ;  &.- 
trap,  things  placed  on  top  of  door  ajar  to  fall 
on   first  opener ;   kinds   of   Gannet.     Hence 
boo'byiSH !  a.    [prob.  f.  Sp.  bobo  (both  fool  & 
bird)  perh.  f.  L  balbus  stammering] 
boo'dle,  n.    Crowd,  pack,  lot,  (the  whole  b. 
or  caboodle) ;  money  for  political  bribery  &c. ; 
a  card-game,    [now  U.S.,  cf.  obs.  buddle] 
boohoo*,  n.,  &  v.i.    (Make)  sound  of  noisy 
weeping.    [imit.l 

book1,  n.  Portable  written  or  printed 
treatise  filling  a  number  of  sheets  fastened 
together  (forming  roll,  or  usu.  with  sheets 
sewn  or  pasted  hinge  wise  &  enclosed  in  cover) ; 
literary  composition  that  would  fill  such  a  set 
of  sheets  (or  several)  if  printed ;  (fig.)  anything 
from  which  one  may  learn,  also  imaginary  re- 
cord, list,  &c,  (6.  of  fate ;  b.  of  life,  list  of 
those  who  shall  be  saved) ;  the  Bible  (esp. 
swear  on  the  b.) ;  main  division  of  treatise  or 
poem  (Bk  I  &c),  or  of  Bible  (B.  of  Genesis) ; 
=  libretto  ;  back-hinged  set  of  blank  sheets 
for  writing  accounts,  notes,  exercises,  &c,  in 
(pi.,  merchant's  accounts) ;  (Turf)  one's  bets  on 
a  race  or  at  a  meeting  ;  set  of  tickets,  stamps, 
cheques,  tricks  at  whist,  &c.,  bound  up  or  col- 
lected.   B.  of  reference ;  not  read  continuously 


but  used  intermittently  for  information  ;  speak 
by  the,  like  a,  b.,  in  formal  phrases,  or  with 

correct  information  ;  take  a  leaf  out  of 'e  6., 

imitate  him ;  without  b.,  without  authority, 
from  memory  ;  on  the  bb.,  entered  in  list  of 
members  &c.  (so  take  one's  name  off  the  bb.); 

in 's  bad  or  black,  good,  bb.,  in  disfavour  or 

favour  with  him  ;  bring  to  b.,  call  to  account. 
Bookbinder,  -ding,  binder,  binding,  of  bb. ; 
bookcase  (-k-k-),  case  containing  bookshelves ; 
b.-keeper,  -ping,  one  who  keeps,  art  of  keeping, 
the  accounts  of  a  merchant,  nublic  office,  &c. ; 
b.-learning  or  -lore,  -learned,  mere  theory, 
knowing  bb.  but  not  life,  so  boo'kiSH1  a., 
boo'kishLY2  adv.,  boo'kishNESS  n. ;  b.- 
maker,  -king,  compiler,  compiling,  of  bb.  (esp. 
for  mercenary  motives),  also  professional  bet- 
ting man  or  boo'kie  [-Y  3]  n.,  his  profession  ; 
bookman,  literary  man ;  b.-mark(er),  thing  to 
keep  place  in  b. ;  b.-muslin,  fine  kind  folded  in 
booklike  way  when  sold ;  b.-plate,  label  with 
owner's  name,  crest,  &c,  for  pasting  into  bb. ; 
b.-rest,  adjustable  support  for  b.  on  table ; 
bookseller ;  b.-slide,  expanding  stand  for  a  few 
bb. ;  b.-work,  study  of  rules  or  text-bb.  (opp.  to 
working  sums,  chemical  analysis,  &c.) ;  book- 
worm, maggot  eating  its  way  through  bb.,  per- 
son devoted  to  reading.  Hence  boo'kLET  n. 
[OE  bdc ;  com.-Teut.  cf.  G  buch ;  the  supposed 
connexion  with  beech  (as  providing  bark  or 
tablets)  is  doubtful] 

book  2,  v.t.  Enter  in  book  or  list ;  engage 
(seat  &c.)  by  previous  payment,  (guest,  sup- 
porter, &c.)  for  some  occasion  ;  enter  name  of 
(person  engaging  seat  &c),  issue  railway  ticket 
to ;  take  railway  ticket ;  give,  take  down,  ad- 
dress of  (goods  to  be  transmitted) ;  Tm  booked, 
caught,  cannot  escape;  booking-clerk,  -office, 
person,  place,  for  buying  tickets  from.  [OE 
bocian  f.  prec] 

boom 1,  n.  Long  spar  with  one  end  attached 
stretching  sail-foot ;  floating  barrier  of  timber 
across  river  or  harbour  mouth.    [Du.,  =  beam] 

boom2,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Make)  deep  resonant 
sound ;  hum,  buzz ;  (make)  bittern's  cry.  limit.] 

boom',  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  (Show)  sudden  acti- 
vity, development,  (esp.  of  commercial  ven- 
tures, prices,  &c.) ;  (win)  sudden  popularity  for 
(an  invention,  cause,  &c.)  by  advertising  &c, 
launch  with  eclat.  [U.S.  wd  perh.  f.  prec.  (cf. 
make  things  hum)] 

boo'merang,  n.  Australian  curved  hard- 
wood missile  with  convex  edge  returning  to 
its  thrower,    [native  name,  perh.  modified] 

boon  i,  n.  Request,  thing  asked  for ;  favour, 
gift ;  blessing,  advantage,  [f.  ON  bon  =  OE  bin 
prayer;  the  change  f.  prayer  to  gift  prob. 
helped  by  confusion  with  foil.] 

boon2,  a.  Bounteous,  benign,  (poet. ;  of 
nature,  air,  life,  &c.) ;  congenial,  jolly,  (b.  com- 
panion),   [f.  bon  ;  from  14th  c] 

boor,  n.  Peasant ;  clumsy  or  ill-bred  fellow. 
Hence  doop'ish1  a.,  boop'ishLY2  adv., 
boop'ishNESS  n.  [either  f.  OE  gebur  dweller 
f.  bur  bower1  &  cf.  neighbour,  or  f.  the 
cognate  LG  bur,  Du.  boer] 

boost,  v.t.  (slang).    Shove,  hoist.    [U.S.] 

boot1,  n.  Outer  foot-covering,  usu.  all  or 
partly  of  leather,  coming  above  ankle  ;  (Hist.) 
instrument  of  torture,  luggage-receptacle  in 
coach  under  guard's  &  coachman's  seat ;  b.  is 
on  the  other  leg,  truth  or  responsibility  just 
the  other  way  round;  over  shoes  over  bb.,  as 
well  risk  much  as  little  ;  heart  in  one's  &&.,  in 
terror;  b.  &  saddle  [perversion  of  F  boute- 
selle,  place  saddle],  cavalry  signal  to  mount ; 
bootjack,  for  pulling  bb.  off;  bootlace,  string  or 
I  leather  strip  for  lacing  bb. ;  bootmaker ;  &.- 


BOOT 94 

trees,  moulds  for  keeping  bb.  in  shape  ;  (slang) 
yet,  give,  the  b.,  be  dismissed,  dismiss,  from 
employment.  Hence  boo'tED2  a.  IME  bote 
f.  OF  bote  (now  botte),  etym.  dub.] 

boot2,  n.  Good,  advantage,  (now  only  in  to 
boot,  as  well,  to  the  good,  additionally).  [OE 
bot ;  com.-Teut.  cf.  G  6its.se  making  good,  ex- 
piation ;  prob.  f.  root  bat-,  Aryan  bhad-,  whence 
better] 

boot3,  v.t.  (archaic ;  usu.  impers.  &  abs.).  Do 
good  (to),  avail,  as,  what  boots  (it)  to,  (it)  little 
boots,  (it)  boots  (me)  not.  LME  boten  f.  bot 
boot  2] 

bootee*,  n.  Kind  of  lady's  boot;  infant's 
wool  boot.    [cf.  coatee,  see  -ee] 

booth  (-dh),  n.  Temporary  shelter  of  can- 
vas &c. ;  covered  stall  in  market,  tent  at  fair, 
&c. ;  polling-b.,  for  voting  at  elections.  [ME 
bothe  cf.  Da.,  Sw.,  bod,  f.  East  Norse  boa 
dwell] 

boo'tless,  a.  Unavailing.  [OE  botUas,  see 
boot2,  -less] 

boots,  n.  Hotel-servant  who  cleans  boots, 
conveys  luggage,  &c. 

boo'ty,  n.  Plunder  or  profit  acquired  in 
common  &  to  be  divided  ;  gain,  a  prize  ;  play  b., 
act  as  decoy  for  confederates,  practise  collusion, 
[perh.  f.  F  butin  f.  ON  byti  barter,  influenced  in 
form  by  bot  boot2] 

booze,  v.i.,  &  n.  Drink  deeply,  go  on  drink- 
ing ;  (n.)  drink,  a  drinking-bout.  [earlier 
bouse,  bowse,  ME  bousen  perh.  f.  MDu.  busen 
(buise  drinking-cup)] 

boo'zy,  a.  Addicted  to  drink;  fuddled, 
[prec  +  -Y  2] 

bo-pee*p,  n.  Game  of  hiding  &  suddenly 
appearing  to  child;  play  b.,  of  elusive  politi- 
cians, arguers,  &c.     [bo  +  peep  v.] 

bora'eie,  a.    Of  borax,    [-ic] 

borage  (buTij),  n.  Blue-flowered  hairy- 
leaved  plant  used  to  flavour  claret-cup  &c. 
If.  med.  L  borrago  or  F  bourrache ;  cf.  perh. 
LLJmrra  shaggy  garment] 

bop'ax,  n.  A  native  salt,  in  white  powder 
or  crystal  when  pure.  [ME  &  OF  boras  f. 
med.  L  borax  f.  Arab,  bauraq  prob.  f.  Pers. 
burah] 

Bordeaux*  (-do),  n.  Southern  French  wine, 
claret. 

bop'deP1,  n.  &  a.  Side,  edge,  boundary  or 
part  near  it ;  frontier  of  country,  (pi.  after 
within,  out  of,  &c.)  territory ;  the  B.,  boundary 
&  adjoining  districts  between  England  & 
Scotland,  (U.S.)  frontier  of  civilization,  (also 
Border  adj.  in  these  senses) ;  continuous  bed 
round  garden  or  part  of  it,  distinct  edging  for 
strength  or  ornament  or  definition  round  any- 
thing. [ME  &  OF  bordure  =  LL  bordatura  f. 
*bordare  f.  bordus  f.  Teut.  bord  board  1] 

bop'dep  2,  v.  t.  &  i.  Put  or  be  a  b.  to,  whence 
bop*depiNGM3)  n. ;  adjoin  (trans.,  or  intr. 
with  on,  upon) ;  b.  i  ion,  resemble,    [f.  prec] 

bop'depep,  n.  Dweller  on  or  near  frontier, 
esp.  that  of  England  &  Scotland,    [border  n. 

+  -ERM*)] 

bope1,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  hole  in  usu.  with  re- 
volving tool,  hollow  out  evenly  (tube  &c), 
whence  dop'ing1^)  n. ;  make  (a  hole,  one's 
way)  by  boring,  persistent  pushing,  or  excava- 
tion ;  (of  horse)  thrust  the  head  out ;  (Racing) 
push  (another)  out  of  the  course.  [OE  borian  ; 
com.-  Teut.  cf.  OE  &  ON  bor  augur,  &  L/omre 
bore,  Gk  pharos  plough] 

bope 2,  n.  Hollow  of  gun-barrel ;  diameter 
of  this,  calibre ;  small  deep  hole  made  in  earth 
to  find  water  &c.    [f.  prec.] 

bope  3,  n.  Nuisance  (usu.  as  pred. ) ;  tiresome 
person,  twaddler,    [f.  1750,  etym.  dtib. ;  early 


BOSK 

quotations  imply  F  deriv. ;  bourrer  stuff, 
satiate?] 

bore4,  v.t.  Weary  by  tedious  talk  or  dull- 
ness, [etym.,  &  relation  to  prec.  &  to  bore1, 
doubtful ;  of  same  date  as  bore  3  ;  bore  (bore  l) 
one's  ears  =  gain  a  hearing  by  emphasis  or  re- 
petition occurs  over  a  hundred  years  earlier] 

bope5,  n.  Great  tide- wave  with  precipitous 
front  moving  up  some  estuaries,  [perh.  f.  ON 
bdra  wave] 

bore  6.    See  bear  3. 

bop'eal,  a.  Of  the  North  or  north  wind.  [f. 
L  borealis  (foil.,  -al)] 

Bop'eas,  n.  (God  of)  the  north  wind.  [L  f. 
Gk] 

bope'eole,  n.  =  kail.  [f.  Du.  boerenlcool 
peasant's  cabbage] 

bope'dom,  n.  Being  bored,  ennui,  [bore  4 
+  -dom] 

bop'ep,  n.  Person,  tool,  or  machine,  that 
bores  holes  ;  horse  that  bores  ;  kinds  of  boring 
insect,    [bore  *  +  -er  i] 

bop'ie,  a.    Of  boron,    [-ic] 

born,  p.p.  &  a.  Be  b.,  come  into  the  world 
by  birth ;  b.  of,  owing  origin  to ;  b.  again, 
regenerate;  (with  compl.)  destined  to  be  (6. 
rich,  tired,  to  be  hanged,  a  poet;  cf.  also  b. 
orator,  an  orator  b.,  &c.) ;  b.  with  silver  spoon 
in  mouth,  under  lucky  star,  destined  to  wealth, 
good  luck ;  often  in  comb,  with  adjj.  &  advv., 
as  base,  first,  -b.    [p.p.  of  bear3] 

borne.    See  bear3. 

borne  (F),  a.  Having  limitations,  of  limited 
ideas,  narrow-minded. 

bopo-,  comb,  form  of  foil. 

bop*on,  n.  Non-metallic  solid  element  (a 
dark-brown  powder),  [f.  borax  with  ending 
of  carbon,  which  it  resembles  in  some  respects] 

boroug-h  (buTit),  n.  (Munic.)  town  with 
corporation  &  privileges  conferred  by  royal 
charter;  (Pari.)  town  sending  members  to  par- 
liament ;  the  B.,  of  South wark ;  (Hist.)  own, 
buy,  b.,  power  of  controlling  election  of  mem- 
ber, close,  pocket,  b.,  so  controlled,  rotten  b.,  no 
longer  (before  1832)  having  real  constituency. 
[OE  burg,  burh;  com. -Teut.,  cf.  G  burg  castle, 
prob.  f.  OTeut.  bergan  to  shelter;  Sc.  form, 
burgh] 

boroug-h-Eng-lish  (burw),  n.  Tenure  in 
some  parts  of  England,  by  which  all  lands  & 
tenements  fall  to  youngest  son.  [f.  AF  tenure 
en  Burgh  Engleys  (i.  e.  not  French,  but  existing 
in  some  English  boroughs)] 

bo'ppow,  v.t.  Get  temporary  use  of  (money 
&c.  to  be  returned) ;  adopt,  use  without  being 
the  true  or  original  owner  or  inventor,  derive 
from  another,  import  from  an  alien  source ; 
(Golf)  play  ball  up-hill  to  roll  back.  Hence 
bo'PPOWER 1,  bo'PPOWiNG  1(2),  nn.  [OE  bor- 
gian  f.  borg,  borh,  pledge,  f.  OTeut  bergan 
protect,  cf.  G  borgen  borrow;  orig.  meaning, 
take  on  pledge] 

bopt,  n.  Diamond  fragments  made  in  cut- 
ting,   [perh.  f.  OF  bort  bastard] 

bos,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.,  (slang).  (Also  b.-shot)  bad 
shot  or  guess,  miss ;  bungle,  mess ;  (vb)  miss, 
bungle.    [?] 

bo'scage,  -kage,  (-ij),  n.  Masses  of  trees  or 
shrubs.  [ME  boskage  f.  OF  boscage  (LL  boscum 
wood  &  see  -age)] 

bosh1,  n.  &  int.  (slang).  Nonsense,  foolish 
talk,  folly.  [Turk.,  =  empty ;  introduced  by 
Morier's  novel  Ayesha] 

bosh2,  v.t.  (school  slang).  Make  a  fool  of, 
tease,    [f.  prec] 

bosk,  bo'sket,  -quet  (-k-),  nn.  Thicket, 
plantation,  [bosk  prob.  mod.  back-formation 
L  bosky  (but  cf.  ME  bosk  var.  of  busk  bush1)  ; 


BOSKY 


95 


BOULTER 


bosket  f.  F  bosquet  f.  It.  boschetto  dim.  of  bosco 
wood ;  cf.  bouquet] 

bo'sky,  a.  Wooded,  bushy,  [f.  bosk  not 
recorded  betw.  14th  &  19th  cc.  +  -Y2] 

bosom  (bdb'zm),  n.  Person's  breast ;  enclo- 
sure formed  by  breast  &  arms  (wife  of  one's  6.) ; 
breast  of  dress,  space  between  dress  &  breast, 
old  equivalent  of  pocket  (put  in  one's  b.)',  sur- 
face of  lake,  ground,  &c. ;  the  midst  (b.  of  one's 
family,  of  the  church);  the  heart,  thoughts, 
desires,  &c.  (comes  home  to  one's  b.,  b.-fricnd). 
[OE  bosm  cf.  G  busen,  etym.  dub.] 

boss  \  n.  Protuberance ;  round  metal  knob 
or  stud  on  centre  of  shield  or  ornamental 
work  ;  (Arch.)  projection  at  intersecting-point 
of  vault-ribs;  (Mech.)  enlarged  part  of  shaft. 
Hence  bossED2,  bo'SSY2,  aa.  [ME  &  OF 
boce  (now  bosse)  =  It.  bozza  ulcer] 

boss  2,  n.  (slang).  Master.person  in  authority ; 
(U.S.)  manager  of  political  organization  ;  per- 
son or  thing  that  is  best  at  any  thing,  champion. 
[U.S.  wd  f.  Du.  baas  uncle,  master,  cf.  G  base 
female  cousin] 

boss  3,  v.t.  (slang).  Be  master  or  manager  of 
(b.  the  show,  make  all  arrangements),  [f.  prec] 

Bo 'swell  (-z-),  n.  Biographer  like  James  B., 
writer  of  Johnson's  life.  Hence  Boswe'lliAN 
a.,  Bo*swelliSM(3)  n.,  Bo'swelliZE(l)  v.i. 

bot,  bott,  n.  Parasitic  worm;  the  botts, 
horse  disease  caused  by  it. 

bd'tanist,  n.  Student  of  botany,  [f.  F 
botaniste,  see  botany,  -ist(3)] 

bo'tanize,  v.i.  Study  plants,  esp.  by  seeking 
them  as  they  grow.  [f.  Gk  botanizo  gather 
plants,  see  botany,  -ize] 

bd'tany,  n.  Science  of  plants.  Hence 
bota'niCAL  a.  (also  bota'nic  in  names  of  old 
societies),  bota'niCALLY  adv.  [historically 
botanic  is  the  parent  word,  f.  med.  L  f.  Gk 
botanikos  (botane  plant  f.  bosko  feed) ;  botany 
on  anal,  of  astronomy  -ic  &c. ;  see  -Y J] 

botap'go,  n.  Relish  of  mullet  or  tunny  roe. 
[It.,  f.  Arab,  butarkhah  f.  Copt,  outarakhon 
(Copt,  ou-  indef.  art.+Gk  tarikhion  pickle)] 

botch,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Make  a)  clumsy 
patch ;  bungle(d)  work ;  repair  badly.  Hence 
bo'tehER !  n.  [etym.  dub. ;  cf.  patch  &  G 
batzen] 

both,  a.,  pron.,  &  adv.    (Adj.)  the  two  ( s) 

&  not  only  one,  as  6.  (the)  brothers  are  dead. 
(Pron.)  the  two  &  not  only  one  (a)  with  no 
n.,  as  b.  are  dead ;  (b)  with  of  &  n.  or  pron.,  as 
6.  of  them  (or  of  the  brothers)  are  dead; 
(c)  with  n.  or  pron.  as  subj.,  &  b.  in  the  pred. 
in  apposition,  as  they  (or  the  brothers)  are  b. 
dead,  they  were  gentlemen  b.  (Adv. )  with  equal 
truth  in  two  cases  (a)  where  b.  might  still  be 
held  pronominal,  as  6.  brother  &  sister  are 
dead;  (b)  clearly  adv.,  as  she  is  b.  dead  & 
buried ;  (c)  of  more  than  two  nouns  &c,  as  6. 
God  &  man  &  beast,  [earlier  bo,  OE  bd ;  ME 
bathe  t.  ON  bdthar  cf.  G  beide ;  bdthar  perh. 
resulted  f.  the  addition  of  the  def.  art.  (both 
the)] 

bo'ther1  (-dh-),  v.t.  &  i.  Pester,  worry;  be 
troublesome ;  worry  oneself,  take  trouble  ;  (sub- 
junct.  as  mild  imprecation)  confound,  [etym. 
dub. ;  first  in  Irish  writers,  Swift,  Sterne,  &c] 

bo'ther2,  n.    Worry,  fuss.    [f.  prec] 

bothera'tion,  n.  &  int.=  prec. ;  (int.)  con- 
found it !    [bother  v.  +  -ation] 

bo'ttle1,  n.  Narrow-necked  vessel,  usu.  of 
glass,  for  storing  liquid  ;  the  amount  of  liquid 
in  it ;  the  b.,  drinking,  over  a  b.,  while  drinking ; 
bring  up  on  the  b.,  of  child  not  fed  from  the 
breast ;  b.-brush,  cylindrical  brush  for  cleaning 
bb.,  kinds  of  plant  as  Horsetail ;  b.-glass,  coarse 
dark-green  glass ;   b.-green,  dark  green ;   o.- 


holder,  pugilist's  attendant  at  prizefight, 
second,  supporter,  understrapper;  b.-nose, 
swollen  nose,  B.-nosed  whale  ;  b.-washer,  fac- 
totum, underling,  [f.  OF  bouteille  f.  LL  buticula 
dim.  of  butis  butt1] 

bo'ttle2,  v.t.  Store  in  bb. ;  b.  up,  conceal, 
restrain  for  a  time,  (resentment  &c).    [f.  prec] 

bo'ttle  3,  n.  Bundle  of  hay  or  straw  (lookfoi 
needle  in  b.  of  hay,  of  hopeless  search),  [f.  OF 
botel  dim.  of  *bot  (botte  bundle)] 

bo'ttle*,  n.  Blue,  White,  Yellow,  B.,B.  of 
all  sorts,  kinds  of  plant,  [partly  corruption 
of  buddle,  bothel,  etym.  dub.,  partly  from  shape 
of  ovary  or  calyx] 

bo'ttom1,  n.  &  a.  Lowest  part,  part  on 
which  thing  rests  (stand  on  own  b.,  be  inde- 
pendent ;  b.  up,  upside-down) ;  the  posterior ; 
seat  (of  chair) ;  ground  under  water  of  lake 
&c  (go,  send,  to  the  b.,  sink;  touch  b.,  be  at 
the  lowest  point  or  on  firm  facts  ;  to,  from,  b. 
of  heart,  genuinely,  profoundly) ;  river-basin 
&c,  low-lying  land ;  less  honourable  end  of 
table,  class,  &c  ;  farthest  or  inmost  point  (b.  of 
bay) ;  keel,  horizontal  part  near  keel,  hull, 
ship  ;  foundation,  basis,  origin,  (be  at  the  b.  of, 
cause) ;  essential  character,  reality,  (search  to 
the  b.,  get  to  the  b.  of;  at  b.);  stamina.  (Adj.) 
lowest,  last  (bet  your  b.  dollar,  stake  all) ;  fun- 
damental ;  hence  bo'ttomMOST  a.  [OE  botm 
f.  WG  *bothm  (G  boden),  cf .  Gk  puthmen,  Skr. 
budhna,  L  fundus  (for  fudnus)] 

bottom-*,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  b.  to  (saucepan, 
chair) ;  base  (argument  &c)  upon ;  touch  b. 
of  sea  &c.  ;  touch  b.  of,  sound,  find  the  extent 
or  real  nature  of.    [f.  prec] 

bo'ttomless,  a.  Without  bottom  (chair 
&c) ;  unfathomable,    [-less] 

bo'ttomry1,  n.  System  of  lending  money 
to  shipowner  for  purposes  of  voyage  on  security 
of  ship,  lender  losing  the  money  if  ship  is  lost. 
[bottom  n.  =  ship  +  -RY  after  Du.  bodmerij] 

bo*ttomry 2,  v.t.    Pledge  (ship ;  see  prec). 

boudoir  (boo#dwahr),  n.  Lady's  small  pri- 
vate room.  [F,  =  sulking-place  f.  bonder  sulk, 
etym.  dub. ;  termin.  as  in  parlour  (F  -oir)] 

Boirgainvillae'a, -vi'lia, (bob), n.  Tropi- 
cal plant  with  large  bracts.  [Bougainville, 
French  navigator,  c  1750] 

bough  (-ow),  n.  Tree-branch  (if  on  tree,  one 
of  the  chief  branches).  [OE  bog,  boh;  com.- 
Teut.  (in  etym.,  but  not  in  sense)  cf.  G  bug,  Du. 
boeg,  shoulder,  bow  of  ship ;  also  Skr.  bahus, 
Gk  pakhus  arm ;  bow6  of  ship  is  same  wd 
adopted  separately  f.  Scand.  or  LG] 

bought.    See  buy. 

bougie  (boo'zhe),  n.  Wax  candle;  thin 
flexible  surgical  instrument  for  exploring, 
dilating,  &c,  the  passages  of  the  body.  [F,  f. 
Arab.  Bijiyah  Algerian  town  with  wax  trade] 

bouillabaisse  (boolyaba's),  n.  French  (esp. 
Marseilles)  dish,  rich  fish-stew.    [F] 

ibou////(boolye*),  n.  Stewed  or  boiled  meat.  [F] 

bouillon  (F),  n.  Broth,  soup  ;  (Dress)  puffed 
fold,    f  F,  f.  bouillir  boil] 

bou'ldep  (bol-),  n.  Water-worn  rounded 
stone,  cobble ;  large  erratic  block  of  weather- 
worn stone  (in  mining,  of  detached  ore) ;  b.- 
clay,  -drift,  -formation,  -period,  geol.  terms  w. 
ref.  to  the  Ice  Age.  [short  for  boulderstone, 
ME  bulderston,  cf.  Sw.  dial,  bullersten  large 
stone  in  stream  (puller  noise)] 

boulevard  (boo'lvahr),  n.  Broad  street  with 
rows  of  trees.  [F,  f.  G  bollwerk  bulwark  orig. 
promenade  on  demolished  fortification] 

boulever'sement  (F),  n.  Turning  upside- 
down. 

bou'lter  (bol-),  n.  Long  fishing-line  with 
many  hooks.    [?| 


BOUNCE * 

bounce » (bow-),  v.  i.  &  t.  Rebound  ;  throw 
oneself  about ;  burst  noisily,  angrily,  &c,  into 
or  out  of  (room),  in  or  out ;  talk  big ;  hustle 
(person)  by  bluff  or  assumptions  into  doing  or 
out  of  (something);  bouncing  girl  &c,  big, 
hearty,  bustling,  noisy.  [ME  bunsen  thump 
(a  now  archaic  sense  of  bounce) ;  perh.  imit.  of 
sound  cf.  G  dial.  bu?)is  for  gunfire  &c.] 

bounce  2,  n.  Rebound ;  boast,  exaggeration, 
swagger,    ff.  prec]  . 

bounce3,  adv.  Suddenly,  noisily,  (come  b. 
against  &c.  cf.  bang),    [as  prec] 

bou'ncep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also :  unblushing 
lie  ;  thing  big  of  its  kind.    1-er  ij 

bound1  (bow-),  n.  Limit  of  territory  or 
estate  ;  (usu.  pi.)  limitation,  restriction,  (out  of 
bb.,  beyond  limits  set  by  school  rules \:  go beyond 
the  bb.  of  reason,  put  bb.  to),  [f.  OF  bodne  = 
med.  L  bodena  earlier  butina]     ■  • 

bound2,  v.t.  Set  bounds  to,  limit,  (esp.  in 
pass,  with  by) ;  be  the  boundary  of.    [f.  prec] 

bound 3  (bow-),  v.i.  (Of  ball  &c)  recoil  from 
wall  or  ground,  bounce  ;  (of  living  thing,  wave, 
&c)  spring,  leap,  advance  lightly,  [f.  J  bondir 
(only  of  sound  till  15th  c)  perh.  f.  L  bombitare 
(bombus  hum)] 

bound4,  n.  Springy  movement  upward  or 
forward  ;  (advance  by  leaps  &  bb.,  with  start- 
ling speed) ;  (of  ball  &c)  recoil  (on  the  first  6., 
between  first  two  touchings  of  ground),  [f .  prec.  ] 

bound5  (bow-),  a.  Ready  to  start,  having 
started,  for  (or  with  preceding  adv.  as  home- 
ward &.).  [ME  boun,  f.  ON  buinn,  Norw.  buen, 
p.p.  of  btia  get  ready ;  -d  is  due  to  the  ME 
form's  not  looking  like  a  p.p.] 

bound  6,  p.p.  of  bind.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.  6. 
up  with,  having  the  same  interests  as,  closely 
connected  with  ;  b.  to  win  &c,  certain. 

bou'ndary,  n.  Limit-line ;  thing  that  limits. 

[BOUND1  +  -ARY1] 

bou'nden.    See  bind1. 
bou'ndep,  n.     In  vbl  senses  of  bound  2»  3 ; 
esp.,  (slang)  cheerfully  or  noisily  ill-bred  person. 

[-ERl] 

bou'ndless,  a.  Unlimited.  Hence  bou'nd- 
lessLY2adv.,bou*ndlessNESS  n.  [bound1  + 
-less] 

bou*nteous  (bow-),  a.  Beneficent,  liberal ; 
freely  bestowed.  Hence  bou'nteousLv2  adv., 
bou'nteousNESS  n.  [ME  bontyvous  f.  OF 
bontif  (bo nte1  bounty)  +  -ous,  altered  later  as 
though  f.  bounte  bounty  +  -ous] 
bou'ntiful,  a.  =  prec. ;  also,  ample.  Hence 
bou'ntif uIly  2  adv.  [foil.  +  -ful] 
bou'nty  (bow-),  n.  Munificence,  liberality 
in  giving;  gift  (Queen  Anne's  B.,  fund  for 
augmenting  poor  benefices) ;  gratuity  to  sol- 
diers &  sailors  on  joining  &c;  sum  paid  to 
merchants  &c  to  encourage  trade  enterprise 
ib.-fed  products),  [f.  OF  bontet  f.  L  bonitatem 
f.  bonus  good  (bon,  -ty)] 

bou'quet  (bdb'ka),  n.  Bunch  of  flowers ;  per- 
fume of  wine.    [F,  =  It.  boschetto  bosket] 

bourdon  (boor-),  n.  Bass  (usu.  16ft)  stop  in 
organ;  similar  stop  in  harmonium.  [F,=  bag- 
pipe-drone, perh.  imit] 

bourgeois l  (boorzh  wah),  n.  &  a.  (Member) 
of  shop-keeping  middle  class,  (person)  of  hum- 
drum middle-class  ideas.  [F,  f.  LL  burgewsis 
(burgits  town  f.  WG  burg  borough] 

bourgeois  2  (berjoi's),  n.  &  a.  (Printing 
type)  between  long  primer  &  brevier,  [perh. 
a  French  printer's  name] 

bourgeoisie  (boorzhwahze'),  n.  The  middle 
class.    [F] 

bourgeon.    See  burgeon. 

bourn J  (boom),  n.  Small  stream,  [southern 
var.  of  burn  >] 


BOWER 

bourn(e)2  (boorn),  n.     Limit,  goal.     [f.   F 
borne  f.  OF  bodne  bound1] 
bourse  (boors),  n.    Foreign  money-market, 
esp.  that  of  Paris.    [F] 

boustrophe'don  (bow-),  a.  &adv.  (Written) 
from  right  to  left  &  from  left  to  right  in 
alternate  lines.  [Gk,  adv.  =  as  ox  turns  in 
ploughing  (f.  boiis  ox,  -strophos  turning,  -don 
adv.  suf.)] 

bout  (bowt),  n.  Spell  of  or  turn  at  work  or 
exercise ;  fit  of  drinking  or  illness ;  trial  of 
strength;  this  b.,  on  this  occasion,  [perh.  = 
obs.  bought,  which  was  perh.  (being  only  from 
loth  c.)  assim.  of  bight  to  bow  3] 
bo'vine,  a.  Of,  like,  an  ox ;  inert,  dull.  [f. 
L  bovinus  (bos  bovis  ox,  see  cow)] 
bow l  (bo),  n.  Curve  ;  rainbow ;  weapon  for 
shooting  arrows  (bend,  draw,  the  b. ;  two  strings 
to  one's  b.,  more  resources  than  one  ;  draw  the 
long  b.,  exaggerate) ;  =  saddle-6.  ;  rod  with 
stretched  horse-hair  for  playing  violin  &c, 
single  passage  of  this  across  strings  ;  =  bail4; 
=  bow-window  ;  slipknot  with  single  or  double 
loop,  ribbon  &c  so  tied;  66.,  b.-compass(es), 
compass  with  jointed  legs  ;  b.-head,  Greenland 
whale  ;  b.-legged,  bandy  ;  b.-saw,  narrow  saw 
stretched  like  bow-string  on  wooden  frame; 
bowshot,  distance  to  which  b.  can  send  arrow ; 
b.-string,  (strangle  with)  string  of  b.  (Turkish 
method  of  execution).  [OE  boga;  com.-Teut. 
cf.  G  bogen  t  bug-  st.  of  OTeut  beugan 
bend] 

bow2,  v.t.  Use  the  bow  on  (violin  &c)  [f. 
prec] 

bow3  (-ow),  v.i.  &  t.  Submit  to,  bend  or 
kneel  in  sign  of  submission  or  reverence  to  or 
before  (often  with  down) ;  incline  head  in  salu- 
tation, assent,  &c  (bowing  acquaintance,  that 
stops  at  this,  slight);  express  (thanks  &c), 
usher  in  or  out,  by  bowing ;  cause  to  bend  (lit. 
&  fig.,  knee,  back  &c  for  burden,  urill) ;  6.  down, 
crush,  make  stoop,  (esp.  bowed  down  by  care 
&c)  [OE  bugan  f.  OTeut.  beugan  f.  st,  bug- 
cf.  Skr.  bhuj-  bend,  L  fugere,  Gk  pheugo  flee  ; 
bow  has  also  taken  the  senses  of  obs.  bey  its 
causal  form  f.  OTeut.  baugjan] 
bow4,  n.  Bending  of  head  or  body  in  saluta- 
tion, respect,  consent,  &c;  make  one's  6., 
retire,    [f.  prec] 

bow5  (-ow),  n.  Fore-end  of  boat  or  ship  from 
where  it  begins  to  arch  inwards  (often  pi.) ;  on 
the  6.,  of  objects  within  45°  of  the  point  right 
ahead ;  rower  nearest  the  b.  (b.-oar,  his  oar  or 
himself);  b.-chaser,  see  chase1,  [only  from 
1600 ;  =  LG  bug,  Du.  6oegr,  Da.  boug,  shoulder, 
ship's  bow ;  OE  had  6ogr,  boh,  shoulder,  bough, 
but  without  the  naut  sense ;  see  bough] 
bowdlerize  (bow-),  v.t  Expurgate  (book, 
author).  Hence  bowdlensM(3),  bowd- 
leriZA'TiON,  nn.  [T.  Bowdler  1818,  expurgator 
of  Shakspere,  +  -ize  (4)] 

bowel,  n.  Division  of  alimentary  canal 
below  stomach,  intestine,  gut,  (sing,  only  in 
med.  use):  (pi.)  entrails,  inside  of  body;  pity, 
tender  feelings,  (66.  of  mercy  &c ) ;  interior  of 
anything.  [ME  buel  f.  OF  6oeZ  =  It  budello  f. 
LL  botellus  dim.  of  botulus  sausage] 
bower1  (bow-),  n.  Dwelling,  abode,  (poet J  ; 
inner  room,  boudoir, (poet. );  place  closed  in  with 
foliage,  arbour,  summerhouse,  whence  bow- 
erY2  a. ;  b.-bird,  Australian  starling  construct- 
ing elaborate  runs  adorned  with  feathers,  shells, 
&c  [OE  bur  dwelling  (cf.  G  bauer  birdcage)  f. 
OTeut.  bdrom  f.  Aryan  bhurom  f.  bhu  (Teut. 
bu-)  dwelll 

bower 2  (bow-),  n.  (Also  b.-anchor,  -cable) 
either  of  two  anchors  (best  &  small)  carried  at 
ship's  bow  or  of  their  cables,    [bow 5  +  -er  '] 


BOWER  97 

bower5  (bow-),  n.  One  of  two  cards  (right  b., 
knave  of  trumps,  left  b.,  knave  of  same  colour) 
at  euchre.  If.  G  bauer  peasant,  knave  at 
cards,  see  boer] 

bowie-knife  (bo-),  n.  Long  knife  with  10- 
loin.  blade  double-edged  at  point  used  as 
weapon  in  wild  parts  or  U.S.    [Col.  J.  Bowie] 

bowl1  (bol),  n.  Basin  (hist.,  deep-shaped 
basin  ;  now  differing  only  as  more  dignified  or 
poetic  wd) ;  drinking-vessel  (the  b.,  convivi- 
ality) ;  contents  of  a  b.  ;  b.-shaped  part  of 
tobacco-pipe,  spoon,balance,&c.  Hence foowl- 
ful(2)  n.  [var.  of  boll  OE  bolla;  com.-Teut. 
f.  bul-  swell] 

bowl2  (bol),  n.  1.  Wooden  ball  made 
slightly  out  of  spherical  shape  to  make  it  run 
curved  course  (bias).  2.  Flattened  or  spheri- 
cal wooden  ball  at  skittles.  3.  (PI.)  game 
played  with  bb.  (sense  1)  on  grass,  or  with 
round  balls  in  room.  4.  (Dial.;  pi.)  skittles. 
[ME  &  F  boule  f.  L  bulla  bubble ;  bowl*  has 
taken  its  pronunc.  f.  bowl1,  &  bowl  *  its  spell- 
ing f.  bowl2) 

bowl  3  (bol),  v.fc.  &  i.  Play  bb. ;  trundle  (ball, 
hoop,  &c.)  along  ground  ;  go  along  by  revolving 
or  by  means  of  wheels,  esp.  b.  along,  go  fast  & 
smoothly  ;  (Cricket)  deliver  (ball,  over,  orabs.), 
knock  o#(bails)  or  down  (wicket), dismiss  (bats- 
man ;  out  or  abs.),  whence  bowler1  1-er  l)  n. ; 
b.  over,  knock  down,  (fig.)  disconcert,  render 
helpless.    If.  prec] 

bowler2  (bo),  n.    =  billycock,    [f.  bowl1 

+  -ER1] 

bowline  (bolin),  n.  Rope  from  weather 
side  of  square  sail  to  bow;  (also  b.-knot)  a 
simple  but  very  secure  knot,  [in  all  Teut. 
langg.  connected  with  bow5,  but  found  in  E 
centuries  before  that,  &  now  with  different 
pronunc] 

bowling",  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  b.-crease, 
line  from  behind  which  bowler  delivers  ball ; 
b.-alley,  long  enclosure  for  playing  skittles; 
b.-green,  lawn  for  playing  bowls,    [-ing  x] 

bowman1  (bo-),  n.  (pi.  -men).  Archer. 
Ibow1] 

bowman2  (bow-),  n.  (pi.  -men).  Oarsman 
nearest  the  bow.    [bow5] 

bowsprit  (bo-),  n.  Spar  running  out  from 
ship's  stem,  to  which  forestays  are  fastened, 
[earlier  recorded  than  bow5,  &  with  its  first  part 
very  various  (bore,  boar,  bolt-,  bole-,  bow-) ; 
therefore  prob.  not  an  E  compd,  but  borrowed 
entire  ;  cf.  Du.  boegspriet  see  bow5,  sprit] 

Bow-street  (bo-),  n.  &  a.  Street  near 
Covent  Garden  with  chief  metropolitan  police- 
court  ;  B.-runner,  -officer,  old  names  for  police 
officer. 

bow-window  (bo-),  n.  Curved  (not  angular) 
bay-window ;  (slang)  large  belly.  Hence  bow- 
wi*ndowED2a.    [bow1] 

bow-wow,  int.  &  n.  Dog's  bark  ;  imitation 
of  it ;  (mirsery  talk  &c.)  dog. 

bowyer  (bo),  n.    Maker,  seller,  of  bows. 

[BOW1  +  -YER] 

box  *,  n.  Kinds  of  small  evergreen  shrub,  esp. 
one  with  small  dark  leathery  leaves,  much  used 
in  garden  borders ;  (also  box-wood)  its  wood, 
used  by  turners  &  engravers  ;  (with  qualifica- 
tion) similar  plant  (Bastard  B.  &c).  If.  L 
buxus,  cf.  Gk  puxos] 

box2,  n.  Receptacle  (usu.  lidded,  rectangular 
or  cylindrical,  &  for  solids)  of  wood,  cardboard, 
metal,  &c. ;  driver's  seat  (from  the  box  under 
it); -boxful  as  quantity;  money-box  (put  in 
the  &.);  separate  compartment  at  theatre,  in 
tavern,  &c,  in  stable  or  railway  truck  for 
horse  (loose  6.,  in  which  it  can  move  about) ; 
= J  ury-6.,  W1TNESS-&. ;  hut  for  sentry  or  signal- 

F.D. 


BRACER 

man  ;  fishing,  shooting,  &c.,-&„  small  country 
house  for  such  temporary  uses  ;  protective  case 
in  various  machines ;  inthe  wrong b.,  awkward 
position.  B.-bed,  ;with  wooden  roof  &  sides 
opening  with  sliding  panels,  also  bed  made  to 
fold  up  &  look  like  b. ;  b.-cloth,  close- woven 
cloth  like  buff;  b.-coat,  heavy  overcoat  (for 
driving);  b.-office,  in  theatre  for  booking  seats; 
b.-pleat,  double  fold  in  cloth ;  b.-drain,  of  quad- 
rangular section ;  b.-iron,  for  ironing,  hollow 
for  reception  of  heater.  Hence  bo*XFUL(2)  n. 
[either = prec,  or  f.  L  buxum  boxwood,  or  f.  L 
f.  Gk  puxis  pyx] 

box  3,  v.t.  Provide  with,  put  into,  a  b. ;  b.  up, 
confine  uncomfortably,  squeeze  together ;  lodge 
(document)  in  Law  Court ;  divide  off  from  other 
compartments ;  (old  slang)  b.  the  watch,  over- 
turn watchman  in  his  b.;  b.  the  compass,  (Naut.) 
rehearse  the  points  in  correct  order,  (fig.)  make 
complete  revolution  &  end  where  one  began 
(in  politics,  argument,  &c).    [f.  prec] 

box4,  n.    Slap  with  hand  on  the  ear(s).    [?] 

box5,  v.t.  &  i.  Slap  person's  ears;  fight 
(someone,  or  intr.)  with  fists  (usu.  in  padded 
gloves  &  merely  for  exercise),    [f.  prec.  ] 

bo'xer,  n.  Pugilist ;  (B~)  member  of  Chinese 
anti-foreign  secret  society,    [prec,  -er1] 

box-haul,  v.i.  Veer  ship  round  on  her  keel 
(for  want  of  room),    [box  3] 

Bo'xing'-day,  n.  First  week-day  after 
Christmas,  [on  which  Christmas-boxes  are 
given,  f.  obs.  sense  of  box3  f.  'money)BOX'2] 

boy,  n.  Male  child  (strictly  till  puberty, 
loosely  till  19  or  20,  'the  bb. '  also  of  grown-up 
sons  of  a  family) ;  person  who  retains  tastes 
or  simplicity  of  boyhood  j  servant,  slave, 
native  labourer,  male  native,  in  various 
countries  with  subject  races  (cf.  post-boy 
&c);  (familiar  voc)  old,  my,  b.;  the  b.  slang, 
champagne  ;  ooy-,often=male  (b.-child),  young 
(b.-husband)-,  boy's-love,  Southern -wood.  [cf. 
EFris.  boi  young  gentleman  perh.  =  Du.  boef 
knave  f.  MflG  buobe  (G  bube)] 

boycott,  v.t.,  &  n.  Punish',  coerce,  (person, 
class)  by  systematic  refusal  of  social  or  com- 
mercial relations ;  combine  in  abstaining  from 
(goods  &c)  with  this  aim ;  (n.)  such  treatment. 
[Capt.  B.,  Irish  landlord  so  treated ;  f.  1880] 

boyhood,  n.    Boyish  age ;  boys,    [-hood] 

boyish,  a.  Proper  to  boys ;  as  of  a  boy, 
spirited,  puerile.  Hence  boyish ly  2  adv., 
boyish n ess  n.    [-ishMD] 

bra'bble,  v.i.,  &  n.,  (archaic).  (Engage  in) 
paltry  noisy  quarrel.  [etym.  dub.,  but  cf. 
Dutch  brabbelen  jabber,  stammer] 

brace1,  n.  Thing  that  clasps,  tightens, 
unites,  secures;  (pi.)  suspenders  for  trousers; 
thong  for  tuning  drum;  strap  suspending 
carriage-body  from  springs  ;  connecting  mark 
in  printing  ({);  pair,  couple,  (dogs,  game, 
contemptuously  or  persons) ;  strengthening 
piece  of  iron  or  timber  in  building ;  b.  &  bit, 
revolving  tool  for  boring,  screw-driving,  &c  ; 
(Naut.)  rope  attached  to  yard  for  trimming 
sail  (splice  the  main  b.,  drink),  [f.  OF  brace, 
brase,  the  two  arms,  f.  L  brachia  (pi.)  arms  ; 
the  naut.  meaning  is  perh.  f.  F  bras  arm] 

brace2,  v.t.  Fasten  tightly,  stretch,  string 
up,  give  firmness  to,  (b.  oneself  up,  b.  one's 
energies,  &c  ;  bracing  air) ;  support ;  couple 
together;  (Naut.)  move  (sail)  by  bb.  [partly  f. 
OF  bracier  embrace,  partly  f.  prec. ;  the  naut. 
perh.  f.  F  brasser] 

bra'celet,  n.  Ornamental  band,  chain,  &c, 
for  wrist  or  arm  ;  wrist-fetter.  Hence  bra'ce- 
letED2  a.  [OF,  dim.  of  bracel  f.  Lbrachiale 
(brachium  arm)  see  -al  (2)] 

bra'cer,  n.    Wrist-guard  in  archery  &  feno 

4 


BRACH 


BRANCH 


ing.     [f.   OF  brasseiire  as  f.  L  *brachiatura 
(brachium  arm),  see  -ure  &  cf.  border1] 
brach    (-atsh),    n.     Bitch   hound,     [f.    OF 
bracket  dim.   of  brae  f.  OHG  bracco  hound 
hunting  by  scent] 

branchial  (-ak-),  a.     Of  the,  like  an,  arm. 
[f.  L  brachialis  (brachium  arm)  see  -al] 
branchiate  (-ak-,-at),  a.  (hot).  With  branches 
in  pairs  at  right  angles  to  stem,  each  pair  at 
right  angles   to   the   last.     [f.  L  brachiatics 
armed  see  prec.  &  -ate  2  (1)] 
braehy-  (-k-),  comb,  form  of  Gk  brakhus 
short,  in  many  scientific  terms. 
braehyeepha'lie  (-kisl-),  a.    Short-headed 
(of  skulls  with  breadth  at  least  four-fifths  of 
length ;  or  of  person  or  race  with  such  skull), 
[prec.  +  -cephalic] 

braehylogy(-ki-),n.  Conciseness  of  speech, 
condensed  expression,  incorrectness  of  speech 
due  to  excessive  condensation,  [f.  Gk  brakhu- 
logia,  see  brachy-,  -logy] 
bra'cken,  n.  A  fern  abundant  on  heaths 
&c. ;  any  large  fern  ;  (collect.)  mass  of  ferns. 
[ME  (northern)  broken  cf.  Sw.  brdken] 
bra'eket1,  n.  Flat- topped  projection  from 
wall  serving  as  support  to  statue,  arch,  &c. ; 
shelf  with  slanting  under-prop  for  hanging 
against  wall ;  wooden  or  metal  angular  sup- 
port ;  side-piece  of  gun-carriage  supporting 
trunnion  ;  support  projecting  from  wall  of  gas 
or  other  lamp  :  pairs  of  marks,  (),[],  {  },  (cf. 
brace),  used  for  enclosing  words,  figures,  &c 
(b.-turn  in  skating,  like  one  of  the  third  pair), 
[earlier  bragget  f.  Sp.  bragueta  dim.  of  braga  f. 
L  braccae  breeches,  meaning  affected  by  con- 
fusion with  L  brachium  arm] 
bra'eket2,  v.t.  Enclose  in  bb.  as  paren- 
thetic, spurious,  (Math.)  having  spec,  relations 
to  what  precedes  or  follows,  &c. ;  couple  (names 
&c.)  with  a  brace,  imply  connexion  or  equality 
between  (bracketed,  equal),  [f.  prec] 
bra'ekish,  a.  Between  salt  &  fresh  (of 
water).  If.  obs.  adj.  brack  f .  Du.  brak,  -ish  J] 
bract,  n.  Small  leaf  or  scale  below  calyx. 
Sobpa,et6AL,bi»a,et6ATE2(2),  aa.  [f.  L  brac- 
tea  thin  plate,  gold  leaf] 
brad,  n.  Thin  flat  slightly-headed  nail, 
[earlier  brod  prob.  f.  ON  broddr =OE  brord 
spike] 

bra'dawl,  n.  Small  non-spiral  boring-tool, 
[perh.  f.  prec.  +  awl] 

brady-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  bradus  slow,  as 
■pepsy  slow  digestion. 

brae  (-a),  n.    Steep  bank,  hill-side.    [Sc.  wd 
used  by  E  writers,  f.  ON  6ra=OE  brxw  brow] 
brag-,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.    (Indulge  in)  boastful 
talk;   boast  of,  boast  that;   card-game  like 
poker,    [etym.  dub. ;  F  braguer  &c.  later] 
brag-g-ado'eio  (-shio),  n.    Empty  vaunting, 
[formeci  by  Spenser  (meaning  boaster)  on  prec. 
&  It.  augmentative  -occhio] 
bra'g'gart,  n.  &  a.    (Person)  given  to  brag- 
ging,   [f.  F  bragard  f.  braguer  brag  +  -ard] 
brahmapoo-tra,  brah'ma,  n.    Kind  of 
domestic  fowl,    [river  Brahmaputra,  whence 
brought] 

brah'min,  -man,  n.  Member  of  Hindu 
priestly  caste.  Hence  brahmi*nic(AL), 
-ma*nic(AL),  aa.,  brah*miniSM(3),  -man- 
ism(3),  n.  ,  [f.  Skr.  brahmana  f.  brahman 
worship] 

brahminee* »,  n.   Female  brahmin,   [f .  Skr. 
brahmani  fern,  see  prec] 
bralyminee2,  a.      Belonging  to  brahmin 
caste  &c.    [f.  brahmin  on  anal,  of  Bengalee 
&c]       4 

braid  \  n.  Entwined  hair,  plait ;  band  &c 
entwined  with  the   hair;   silk,  thread,  &c, 


woven  into  a  band.  Hence  brai'diNG 1  (3, 6)  n. 
[see  foil.] 

braid2,  v.t.  Plait,  interweave,  (hair, flowers, 
thread) ;  arrange  (hair)  in  bb. ;  confine  (hair, 
&c)  with  ribbon  &c  ;  trim,  edge,  with  b.  [OE 
bregdan  com.-Teut.  move  to  &  fro,  move 
suddenly  sideways] 

Brai'dism,  n.  =  hypnotism,  [first  scientific- 
ally applied  &  explained  by  Dr  J.  Braid,  1812 ; 
-ism  (3)1 

brail,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Haul  up  with)  small  rope(s) 
on  sail-edges  for  trussing  sails  before  furling. 
[OF,  f.  L  bracale  waist-belt  (bracae  breeches) 
see  -al(2)] 

braille  (-al),  n.  System  of  writing  &  printing 
for  the  blind.  [M.  Braille,  French  inventor, 
1834] 

brain,  n.,  &  v.t.  Convoluted  nervous  sub- 
stance in  skull  of  vertebrates  (sing,  of  the 
whole  as  an  organ,  pi.  of  the  substance  ;  blow 
out  one's  66.,  shoot  him  in  the  head);  centre 
of  sensation,  thought,  &c  (usu.  pi.,  sing,  with 
dignified  or  exalted  effect ;  cudgel  &c  one's  66., 
think  hard  ;  have  something  on  the  6.,  be  crazy 
about  it ;  turn  one's  6.,  make  him  vain  &  silly) ; 
intellectual  power  (suck,  pick,  one's  6.,  extract 
&  use  his  ideas) ;  b.-fag,  nervous  exhaustion ; 
b.-fever,  inflammation  of  the  b. ;  b.-pan,  skull ; 
b.-sick,  mad ;  hence  bral'nLESS  a.  (Vb)  dash 
out  bb.  of.  [OE  brxgen  =  Du.  brein,  cf.  perh. 
Gk  brekhmos  forehead] 

brai'ny,  a.    Clever  (chiefly  U.S.).    [-Y2] 

braird,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Come  up  in)  fresh  shoot3. 
[f.  OE  brerd  brim  cf.  brord  see  brad] 

braise  (-z),  v.t.  Stew  tender  with  bacon, 
herbs,  &c.  [f.  F  braiser  (braise  hot  char- 
coal)] 

brake1,  n.  = bracken,  [perh.  borrowed 
f.  northern  bracken  with  loss  of  -en  as  though 
pi.  ending] 

brake2,  n.  Thicket,  brushwood,  [cf.  MLG 
brake  tree-stumps  (breken  break  v.)] 

brake  3,  n.  Toothed  instrument  for  braking 
flax  &  hemp  ;  (also  b.-harrow)  heavy  harrow ; 
instrumentforpeelingoffwillow-bark.  [=MLG 
brake  or  ODu.  braeke  flax-brake  f.  Du.  breken 

BREAK1] 

brake4,  v.t.  Crush  (flax,  hemp)  by  beating, 
[f.  prec] 

brake6,  n.  Apparatus  for  checking  wheel's 
motion  ;  (also  b.-van)  railway-carriage  contain- 
ing this,  guard 'scompartment.  Hence  bra'ke- 
less  a.  [etym.  dub. ;  perh.  f.  obs.  or  techn. 
brake = lever  f.  OF  6rac  oblique  of  bras  arm] 

brake6,  v.t.  Apply  b.  to  (wheel,  car,  train), 
[f.  prec] 

bra'kesman,  n.   Man  in  charge  of  brake  5. 

Bra'mah-.  (Lock,  press,  pen,  &c)  invented 
by  J.  B.  c  1790. 

fora'mble,  n.  Rough  prickly  shrub ;  black- 
berry-bush. Hencebra*mblY2a.  [OE  brem- 
bel  earlier  brimel  (for  -6-  cf.  humble,  number) 
dim.  of  OTeut.  wd=OE  6rom  broom  cf.  G 
brom-beere  blackberry] 

bra'mbling-,  n.  The  Mountain  Finch,  [prec 


+  -LING1  (1)1 

bran,  n.  Husks  or  gre 
after  grinding,    [f.  OF  bren  etym.  dub.] 


[usks  of  grain  separated  from  flour 


bra'neard,  n.  A  horse-litter.  [F,  =  litter 
(foil.,  -ARD)] 

branch1  (-tsh),  n.  Limb  springing  from  tree 
or  bough  (bough,  6.,  twig,  is  the  ordei*,  but  6. 
sometimes  for  either  of  the  others) ;  lateral 
extension  or  subdivision  of  mountain-range, 
river,  road,  family,  genus,  subject  of  know- 
ledge, argument,  legislature,  bank  or  other 
business,  &c. ;  root-&-b.  adj.,  root  &  b.  adv., 
thorough(ly),radical(ly).  Hence(-)branehED2, 


BRANCH        ! 

bra'nchLESS,  aa.,  bra'nehLET  n.  If.  F 
branche  branch  f.  LL  branca  paw  J 

branch2,  v.i.  Put  branches  out,  forth; 
spring  out,  spread  forth,  tend  away  or  off, 
diverge  into.    [f.  prec.J 

bra'nchia(e)  (-kla,  -kie),  n.  pi.  Gills.  Hence 
bra'nehiAL,  bra'nehiATE  2(2),  bra'nehi- 
ferol's,  bra'nehiFORM  aa.,  bra*nehio- 
comb.  form.  [L  branchia,  pi.  -ae,  L  Gk 
bragkhia  pi.] 

bra'nehy,  a.    With  many  branches.    [-Y  21 


brand 


Burning  or  charred  log  or  stick 


(b.  from  the  burning,  rescued  person,  convert), 
torch  (poet.) ;  mark  made  by  hot  iron  ;  stigma ; 
trade-mark,  particular  kind  of  goods;  iron 
stamp  for  burning  a  mark  in ;  kind  of  blight 
(leaves  &c.  with  burnt  look) ;  sword  (poet. ; 
perh.  as  flashing).  [com.-Teut.,  f.  OTeut.  bran- 
doz  (bran-  pret.  st.  otbrinnan  BURN2+suf.  -do 
as  in  word)] 

brand-,  v.t.  Burn  with  hot  iron  (surgically, 
penally,  or  showing  ownership  or  quality); 
impress  on  memory;  stigmatize,    [f.  prec.J 

bra'ndish,  v.t.  Wave  about,  flourish, 
(weapon,  threat)  as  preliminary  to  action  or 
in  display.  [f.  F  brandir  (-ish2)  f.  Teut. 
brand1  sword] 

bra'ndlingr,  n.  Red  worm  with  brighter 
rings  used  as  bait,    [brand1  +  -ling^I)] 

bra'nd-new,  bran-,  a.  Conspicuously 
new.    If.  brand  1,  as  if  freshly  stamped] 

bra'ndreth,  n.  Wooden  stand  for  cask, 
hay-rick,  &c.  [f.  ON  brandreith  grate  (brandr 
BKAND1+reith  carriage)] 

bra'ndy,  n.  Strong  spirit  distilled  from 
wine  ;  b.-ball,  kind  of  sweet ;  b.-paumee  [Hind. 
pani  water],  b.-&- water;  b.-snap,  gingerbread 
wafer,  [earlier  brandwine,  brandewine,  f.  Du. 
brandewijn  =  burnt  (distilled)  wine] 

bra*nk-ur*sine,  n.  Bear's  breech,  Acan- 
thus, [f.  med.  L  branca  ursina  bear's  claw  cf. 
branch] 

bran-new.    See  brand-new. 

bran t( -goose).    See  brent. 

brass,  n.  &  a.  (Hist.)  alloy  of  copper  with 
tin,  zinc,  or  other  base  metal;  (mod.)  yellow 
alloy  of  I  copper  with  I  zinc  (cf.  bronze)  ; 
inscribed  sepulchral  table  of  b. ;  the  b.,  the  b. 
instruments  of  a  band ;  (slang)  money ;  ef- 
frontery, shamelessness ;  (adj.)  made  of  b. ; 
b.  band,  set  of  musicians  with  b.  instruments  ; 
b.  farthing,  least  possible  amount,  esp.  don't 
care  ab.f;  b.  plate,  on  door,  gate,  or  window- 
ledge,  with  name,  trade,  &c.  [OE  braes  etym. 
dub.l 

bra'ssagre  (-Tj),  n.  Mint-charge  for  coining 
money.  [F,  f.  brasser  stir  melted  metals 
together ;  see  -age] 

brassar'd,  n.  Badge  worn  on  arm.  [F 
{bras  arm  &  see  -ard)] 

bra'ssy,  a.  &  n.  Like  brass  in  colour, 
sound,  taste  ;  impudent ;  pretentious  ;  hence 
bra*ssiLY  2  adv. ,  brassiNESS  n.  (X.)  b. -soled 
golf-club.    [-Y2] 

brat,  n.  Child  (usu.  contempt.),  [etym. 
dub.,  but  cf.  obs.  or  dial,  brat  cloth,  applied  in 
OW  (brith  pi.)  to  swaddling-clothes] 

bra-ttice,  bra'ttieing-,  nn.  (Coal-min- 
ing) wooden  partition  or  shaft-lining,  [formerly 
wooden  parapet  on  fortress ;  ME  brutaske  f. 
OXF  breteske  perh.  f.  G  brett  board+Rom. 
suf.  -esca  -esque] 

brava'do  (-vah-,  -va-),  n.  (pi.  -oes,  -os).  Show 
of  courage,  bold  front,  [f.  Sp.  bravada,  F 
bravade  ;  see  foil.,  -ado  (2),  -ade  (1)] 

brave  '}  a.  &  n.  Courageous  (the  b.,  b.  men) ; 
(archaic-literary)  finely  dressed,  showy, worthy, 
honest,   admirable;    hence  bra'veLY2  adv. 


I BREACH 

(X.)  Red-Indian  warrior.  [F,  f.  It.  bravo  etym. 
dub. ;  L  rabidus  mad,  &  barbarus,  have  been 
suggested] 

brave  2,  v.t.  Defy,  encounter  with  courage  ; 
b.  it  out,  carry  oneself  defiantly  under  sus- 
picion or  blame,    [f.  F  braver  see  prec] 

bra'very,  n.  Daring;  splendour,  ostenta- 
tion, finery,  [prob.  f.  F  braverie  f.  braver  see 
prec.  (orig.  E  sense  bravado);  -ery] 

bra'vo1  (-ah-),  n.  (pi.  -oes,  -os).  Hired 
assassin,  desperado.    [It.,  see  brave  i] 

bra'vo2  (-ah-),  n.  &  int.  Cry  of  approval, 
esp.  to  actors  &c.  (sometimes  brava,  bravi,  to 
actress,  company;    also  bravissivw  superl.). 

[It.  =  BRAVE1] 

bravura  (-oora),  n.  Brilliant  or  ambitious 
execution,  forced  display ;  passage  of  music 
requiring  exceptional  powers.    [It.] 

brawl,  v.i.,  &  n.  Squabble,  (engage  in) 
noisy  quarrel;  (of  streams)  murmur.  Hence 
brawlER l  n.  [quoted  from  1375,  etym.  dub. ; 
cf.  mod.  Du.  &  G  brallen  brag,  shout]   ' 

brawn,  n.  Muscle  ;  pickled  or  potted  boar's 
flesh,  [f.  OF  braon  flesh  f.  WG  brddo  (brddan 
roast  cf.  OE  brsedan  &  G  braten  f.  Aryan  bhre- 
burn) ;  sense  boar's  flesh  is  excl.  E] 

brawny,  a.  Strong,  muscular.  Hence 
brawniNESS  n.    [-y  2] 


bray] 


&  v.i.  &  t.    (Make)  the  cry,  or  a 


wi»jr  -,    xi.,     »*/    v.i.    «<    k.       \xua&c;  nit   » 

sound  like  the  cry,  of  ass  or  trumpet ;  b.  out, 
utter  harshly,  [f.  F  braire  cf.  Lfragor  crack- 
ling noise] 

bray2,  v.t.  Pound,  beat  small,  esp.  with 
pestle  &  mortar,  [f.  OF  breier  (now  broyer) 
etym.  dub.] 

braze1,  v.t.  Colour  like  brass.  [perh.  =  OE 
brasian  (braes  brass)  make  of  brass  (not  found 
betw.  1000  and  1550),  but  prob.  mod.  form  on 
glass,  glaze] 

braze2,  v.t.  Solder  with,  alloy  of  brass  & 
zinc.  [perh.  f.  F  braser  solder  f.  ON  brasa 
expose  to  fire] 

bra'zen  *,  a.  Made  of  brass ;  strong,  yellow, 
or  harsh-sounding,  as  brass ;  (also  b.-faced) 
shameless,  whence  bra'zenL  v  2  adv. ;  6.  age, 
third  stage  in  human  deterioration  (golden, 
silver, b.,  iron).  [OE  braesen  (braes  brass+  -en5)] 

bra'zen2,  v.t.  B.  out,  carry  off  impudently 
('it ',  matter,  deed) ;  make  shameless,  [f.  prec] 

bra'zlerM-zher),  n.  Worker  in  brass.  Hence 
bra*zlERY(l)  n.  [braze  1  +  -ier,  cf.  glazier, 
grazier] 

bra'zier  2,  (-zhcr),  n.  Pan  for  holding  lighted 
charcoal,    [f.  F  brasier  (braise  hot  coal)] 

Brazl'l,  n.  &  a.  (Also  B.-wood)  kinds  of 
hard  red  S.-Amer.  wood  yielding  dyes;  B.-nut, 
large  three-cornered  nut.  [etym.  dub. ;  orig. 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  F  name  of  E.-Ind.  wood,  trans- 
ferred to  S.-Amer.  similar  species  &  thence 
to  the  country] 

breach J  (-e-),  n.  (Naut.)  breaking  of  waves 
(clear  b.,  rolling  over  without  breaking  ;  clean 
b.,  carrying  away  of  masts  &  everything  on 
deck) ;  breaking  or  neglect  (of  rule,  duty,  con- 
tract, someone's  privileged  rights,  or  promise, 
esp.  to  marry) ;  &.  of  close,  trespass,  of  the 
peace,  riot  or  affray ;  breaking  of  relations, 
separation,  alienation,  quarrel ;  broken  state ; 
gap,  esp.  in  fortifications  made  by  artillery 
(stand  in  the  &.,  bear  brunt  of  attack,  lit.  or 
fig.) ;  whale's  leap  clear  out  of  water.  [OE 
bryce  (f.  OTeut.  st.  brek-  see  break)  gave  ME 
bruche ;  ME  breche  (f.  F  breche  t.  same  Teut.) 
combined  with  and  has  displaced  bruche, 
helped  by  such  analogies  as  speak  speech] 

breach2,  v.t.  &  i.  Break  through,  make 
gap  in;  (of  whale)  leap  clear  out  of  water, 
[f.  prec] 


BREAD 


100 


BREATHE 


bread  (-ed),  n.  Flour  moistened,  kneaded, 
&  baked,  usu.  with  leaven  [break  b.,  take  food, 
join  in  Lord's  supper;  6.  &  butter,  b.  slices 
spread  with  butter,  necessary  food,  a  liveli- 
hood ;  b.-&-butter  miss,  school-girl ;  b.  & 
cheese,  simple  food,  a  livelihood ;  b.  &  ■milk, 
broken  b.  in  boiling  m. ;  b.  &  wine,  Lord's 
supper  ;  know  which  side  one's  6.  is  buttered, 
where  one's  interest  lies ;  b.  buttered  on  both 
sides,  easy  prosperity ;  take  the  b.  out  of  one's 
mouth,  take  away  his  living  by  competition 
&c.  ;  eat  the  b.  of  idleness,  affliction,  be  idle, 
afflicted ;  daily  b.,  livelihood ;  make  one's  b., 
earn  a  living) ;  b.-basket,  (slang)  stomach ;  b.- 
crumb,  inner  part  of  loaf,  b.  crumbled  for  use 
in  cooking  ;  b.-fruit,  -tree,  South-Sea  tree  with 
farinaceous  fruit;  b.-stuffs,  grain,  flour;  b.- 
winner,  person  (also  art,  trade,  tool)  that  sup- 
ports a  family.  Hence  brea'dLESS  a.  [OE 
bread  (cf.  G  brod,  brot)  f.  OTeut.  braudoz ; 
orig.  sense  prob.  fragment  or  piece,  loaf  being 
the  Teut.  wd  for  bread] 

breadth  (-e),  n.  Broadness,  measure  from 
side  to  side,  (to  a  hair's  b.,  exactly) ;  piece  (of 
cloth  &c.)  of  full  b. ;  extent,  distance,  room; 
largeness  (of  mind,  view,  &c),  liberality, 
catholicity,  toleration ;  bold  effect.  Hence 
brea'dthWAYS,  -wise,  adv v.  [formed  on  obs. 
brede,  OE  brxdu,  in  same  sense,  +  -th  l  on 
anal,  of  length  &c] 
break  i  (-ak),  v.t.  &  i.  (broke  &  in  Bible 
brake ;  broken  sometimes  broke  see  broke  2). 
1.  (Of  a  whole)  make  or  become  discontinuous 
otherwise  than  by  cutting,  divide  into  two  or 
more  parts,  (b.  bulk1;  b.  a  set,  sell  parts 
separately ;  b.  up,  dismiss,  depart,  b.  small ; 
b.  a  lance  with,  argue  against ;  b.  bread  with, 
be  entertained  by;  b.  Priscian's  head,  use 
bad  grammar ;  6.  person  on  wheel,  of  medieval 
execution ;  6.  butterfly  on  wheel,  waste 
power ;  b.  ground,  plough,  begin  siege,  or  fig. 
any,  operations ;  6.  the  ice,  get  over  initial 
shyness  or  reserve ;  b.  the  ranks,  disorder  by 
leaving  them  ;  troops  b.,  disperse  in  confusion ; 
clouds  b.,  show  gap) ;  crack,  graze,  (b.  ahead) ; 
shatter  ;  dislocate  (neck ;  6.  the  neck  or  back  of, 
kill,  dispose  of) ;  make  by  separating  obstacles 
(a  way  Sec.) ;  penetrate  by  breaking  (b.  open) ; 
interrupt;  change,  (gloom,  spell,  journey, 
silence,  one's  fast;  voice  breaks,  with  emotion 
or  at  manhood ;  b.  off,  bring  to  an  end,  cease) ; 
disrupt  (broken  bonds  &c).  2.  (Of  a  part) 
disconnect  or  depart  from  something  otherwise 
than  by  cutting,  (b.  bough  from  tree,  person 
of  habit;  b.  with,  quarrel  or  part  with;  6.  an 
officer,  dismiss;  b.  piece  off;  ball  breaks, 
changes  from  its  course,  back  from  off,  in  from 
leg,  side).  3.  Make  a  way,  come,  produce,  with 
effort,  suddenness,  violence,  &c.  (b.  into  house, 
out  of  prison,  throug  h  obstacles  ;  6.  in,  intrude, 
interpose;  disease,  war,  6.  out;  b.  out,  ex- 
claim ;  b.  news,  a  jest,  reveal  it ;  day  breaks  ; 
abscess  breaks) ;  escape,  emerge  from,  (prison, 
bounds,  covert;  6.  freeov  loose ;  b.  away  from). 
4.  Make  or  become  weak,  disable,  discourage, 
ruin,  destroy,  cease,  exhaust,  (b.  the  heart, 
heart  breaks  ;  frost,  weather,  breaks ;  b.  bank, 
exhaust  its  resources ;  merchant  breaks,  is 
bankrupt;  b.  blow, fall,  weaken  its  effect;  b. 
down,  demolish,  collapse,  fail);  tame,  discipline, 
overpower,  (with  in,  to,  or  abs. ;  b.  a  horse, 
b.  a  horse  to  the  rein ;  b.  in  child ;  b.  one's 
will,  spirit ;  b.  resistance,  a  rebellion) ;  make 
of  no  effect,  transgress,  violate,  neglect,  (law, 
Sabbath,  contract,  promise,  one's  word).  Hence 
brea'kABLE  a.,  brea*kAGE(3)  n.  [OE  brecan 
cf.  G  brechen  f.  OTeut.  st.  trek-  =  Lfrag-) 
break 2,  n.     Breaking ;   b.  of  day,  dawn  ; 


(Cricket)  deviation  of  ball  on  pitching  (b.-back, 
f.  offside);  (Billiards)  points  scored  continu- 
ously ;  gap,  broken  place,  interruption  of  con- 
tinuity; (Mus.)  point  of  separation  between 
different  registers  of  voice ;  irregularity.  If. 
prec] 

break3,  n.  Carriage-frame  with  no  body 
for  breaking  in  young  horses ;  large  wagonette, 
[f.  break1  (  =  '  b. -horse  '),  or  f.  obs.  n.  brake - 
curb,  bridle,  which  may  be  special  use  of 
brake3] 

break-down,  n.  Collapse,  stoppage;  failure 
of  health  or  power  ;  negro  dance  (bra*kdown). 
brea'ker1,  n.  In  vbl  senses  (esp.  in  comb, 
as  horse-b.) ;  also,  heavy  ocean-wave  breaking 
on  coast  or  over  reefs.  f-ER  l\ 
brea'ker2  (-a-),  n.  (naut.).  Small  keg.  [f. 
Sp.  barrica  cask] 

brea'kfast  (brek-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.     (Take, 
entertain  at)  first  meal  of  day.  Hence  brea'k- 
fastLESS  a.    [break  j  interrupt+FAST  n.J 
brea'kneek,  a.    Dangerous  (b.  pace,  road, 
climb). 

break-up,  n.  Disintegration,  decay,  col- 
lapse, dispersal,  [f.  phr.  to  break  up] 
brea'kwater,  n.  Object  breaking,  mole 
&c.  built  to  break,  force  of  waves. 
bream1,  n.  Yellowish  arch-backed  fresh- 
water fish.  [ME  breme  f.  F  breme  OF  bresme 
f.  Teut.  (VVG  brahsm-,  brehsm-,  perh.  f.  st.  of 
brehwan  glitter)] 

bream2,  v.t.  Clear  (ship's  bottom)  by  singe- 
ing with  burning  furze  &c.  [perh.  f.  Du.  brem 
broom,  furze] 

breast l  (-e-),  n.  Either  milk -secreting  organ 
in  woman,  corresponding  rudiment  in  man, 
(sometimes  of  beast's  dug);  (fig.)  source  of 
nourishment ;  upper  front  of  human  body  or  of 
coat,  dress,  &c. ;  corresponding  part  of  animals ; 
heart,  emotions,  thoughts,  (make  clean  b.  of, 
confess) ;  breastbone,  thin  flat  vertical  bone  in 
chest  connecting  ribs;  b.-drill,-hoe,  &c,  pushed 
with  b. ;  b.-harness,  with  b.-band  instead  of 
collar ;  b.-high,  high  as  the  b.,  (submerged)  to 
the  b.,  (of  scent)  so  strong  that  hounds  race 
with  heads  up;  b.-pin,  jewelled  &c.  worn  in 
tie;  breastplate,  piece  of  armour  covering  b., 
lower  shell  of  turtle,  tortoise,  &c,  inscription- 
plate  on  coffin  ;  b.-wall,  confining  a  bank  of 
earth;  b.-wheel,  water-wheel  with  water 
admitted  near  axle ;  breastwork,  temporary 
defence  or  parapet  a  few  feet  high.  Hence 
-brea'stED  2  a.  [OE  bre'osti.  OTeut.  breustom 
cf.  G  brust ;  perh.  related  to  OSax.  brustian 
to  bud] 

breast2,  v.t.  Oppose  the  b.  to,  face,  contend 
with,  (waves,  hill),  [f.  prec] 
brea'stsummer,  bre'ssummer,  n. 
Beam  across  broad  opening,  sustaining  super- 
structure, [breast  l  +  summer  beam  f.  F 
sommier  f.  L  sagmarius  (sagma  packsaddle)] 
breath  (-eth),  n.  Exhalation  as  perceptible 
to  sight  or  smell;  slight  movement  of  air; 
whiff  of  perfume  &c. ;  air  taken  into  and 
expelled  from  lungs  (draw  b.,  breathe,  live  ;  a 
b.  of  fresh  air;  spend,  waste,  b.,  talk  vainly  ; 
keepb.  to  cool  porridge,  abstain  from  talk;  b. 
of  life,  nostrils,  a  necessity) ;  respiration  (catch, 
hold,  one's  b„  in  fear  or  absorbing  emotion) ; 
one  respiration*  (say  inconsistent  things  in  one 
orthesameb.)  ;powerof  breathing (owio/6.,  not 
able  to  breathe  quick  enough  ;  take  b.,  pause, 
rest) ;  whisper,  murmur,  (not  a  b.  heard  ;  also 
below  one's  b.,  in  a  whisper).  [OE  brxth  smell 
of  burning  f.  OTeut.  brxthoz  f.  Aryan  bhreto- 
(bhre-  burn)] 

breathe  (-edh),  v.i.  &  t.  Use  the  lungs ;  live  ; 
seem  alive ;   take  breath,   pause,   (b.  again. 


BREATHER 


101 


BRICK 


freely,  recover  from  fear  &c.,  be  at  ease) ; 
sound,  speak,  (of  wind)  blow,  softly  (6.  upon, 
tarnish,  taint) :  send  out  (new  life  into  ;  frag- 
rance ;  6.  one's  last  breath  or  last,  die) ;  take 
in  {b.  foul,  wholesome,  air) ;  utter  softly,  also 
passionately  (b.  strife),  exhibit  (6.  simplicity) ; 
allow  to  b.,  give  rest  to ;  force  to  b.,  exercise, 
tire.    [ME  brethen  t  prec] 

breather (-edh->, n.  In vbl senses ; esp., short 
spell  of  exercise,    [-er  JJ 

breathing*1  (-edh-),  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.  : 
(Gk  Gram.)  rough,  smooth,  b.,  signs  (c),  ('),  indi- 
cating that  initial  vowel  is  or  is  not  aspirated  ; 
b.-space,  time  to  breathe,  pause,    [-ing1] 

breathing*2  (-edh-),  a.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp., 
life-like  (statue  &c.)    [-ing2] 

breathless  (-eth-),  a.  Lifeless ;  panting ; 
holding  the  breath ;  unstirred  by  wind,  [-less] 

breathlessly  (-eth-),  adv.  Pantingly  ;  in 
suspense,    [-ly  2| 

breathy  (-eth-),  a.  (Of  singing-voice)  not 
clear-cut  at  beginning  of  sound,  using  breath 
before  vocal  chords  are  tense.  Hence  breathi- 

NESSH.     [-Y2] 

bre'eeia  (-tsha),  n.  Rock  of  angular  stones 
&c.  cemented  by  lime  &c.  [It.,  =  gravel  or 
rubbish  of  broken  walls  cf .  F  breche  f.  Teut.  = 

BREAK] 

bred.    See  breed  v. 

breeeh,  n.  (PI.)  breeches  (-itshiz)  or  pair  of 
bb.,  short  trousers  fastened  below  knee  (Bb. 
Bible,  Geneva  Bible  of  1560  with  66.  for  aprons 
in  Gen.  iii.  7)  and  (now)  used  only  for  riding  or 
in  court  costume  &c.  (cf.  knickerbockers); 
(loosely)  trousers  or  knickerbockers  ;  wear  the 
bb.,  of  wife  ruling  her  husband.  (Gunnery) 
part  of  cannon  behind  bore,  back  part  of  rifle 
or  gun  barrel ;  b.-block,  closing  b.  aperture  in 
guns  ;  breech-loader,  -loading,  (gun)  loaded  at 
breech,  not  through  muzzle.  [OE  6r^c  pi.,  f. 
OTeut.  broks  loin  and  thigh  garment ;  breeches 
a  double  pi.,  breech  being  a  pi.  like/ee£] 

bree'ehing  (-itsh-),  n.  Leather  strap  round 
shaft-horse's  hind-quarters  for  pushing  back ; 
(Xaut.)  rope  securing  gun  to  ship's  side.  [f. 
prec.  + -ing1] 

bree'chless  (-Itsh-),  a.  Without  breeches. 
[-less] 

breed1,  v.t.  &  i.  (bred).  Bear,  generate, 
(offspring) ;  cherish  in  womb  or  egg ;  propagate ; 
be  pregnant ;  yield,  produce,  result  in  ;  make 
propagate,  raise,  (cattle) ;  train  up ;  fit  for  being, 
adapt  to,  (6.  him  a  lawyer,  to  the  law),  bring 
up  ;  arise,  spread  :  6.  in  &  in,  always  marry 
near  relations.  Hence  bree'dER1  n.  [OE 
bredan  cf.  G  bruten  f.  OTeut.  brodjan  (brodd- 
warmth  see  brood)] 

breed  2,  n.  Race,  stock,  strain  ;  family  with 
hereditary  qualities,    [f.  prec] 

breeding*,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.,  result  of 
training,  behaviour,  good  manners,    [-ing1] 

breeze1,  n.  Gad-fly.  [OE  briosa  etym. 
dub.] 

breeze2,  n.  Gentle  wind  ;  wind  off  land,  or 
sea,  at  certain  hours ;  (slang)  quarrel,  display 
of  temper.  Hence  bree'zeLESS  a.  [earlier 
brize  f.  OSp.  briza  NE  wind  perh.  =  F  bize,  bise, 
X  wind ;  F  6ri.se  is  later] 

breeze  3,  n.  Small  cinders,  coke,  coke-dust, 
&c,  used  by  brickmakers.    [perh.  f.  F  braise, 

cf.  BRAZIER2] 

bree'zy,  a.  Wind-swept ;  pleasantly  windy  ; 
fresh,  lively,  jovial.  Hence  bree'ziLY  2  adv., 
bree*zi\ESS  n.    [-v2J 

Bre'hon,  n.  &  a.  Ancient  Irish  judge  ;  B. 
law,  Irish  code  abolished  under  James  I.  [f.  Olr. 
brithem  judge] 

brent(-g-oose),  brant-,  n.  Smallest  species 


of  wild  goose,  visiting  Britain  in  winter,  [etym. 
dub. ;  cf.  G  brandgans] 

brer,  n.  (U.S.  negro  dial,  contraction  for) 
brother  (esp.  in  beast-fable  personifications,  as 
B.  Fox,  Babbit). 

bre'ssummer.    See  breastsummer. 

brethren.    See  brother. 

Breton,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Brittany  in 
France.    [F,  =  briton] 

Bretwa'lda  (-61-),  n.  Lord  of  the  Britons, 
title  given  to  Egbert  &  Old  Eng.  Kings  of 
various  states  who  held  nominal  or  real 
supremacy  over  the  rest. 

breve,  n.  (Hist.)  authoritative  letter  from 
sovereign  or  pope;  (Mus.)  note  =  two  semibreves 
now  rarely  used ;  short  prosody  mark  M  in 
printing,    [var.  of  brief1] 

bre'vet,  n.,  &  v.t.  Document  conferring  a 
privilege  from  sovereign  or  government,  esp. 
rank  without  corresponding  pay  in  army  (6. 
rank,  6.  officer) ;  honorary,  nominal,  position  ; 
(vb)  confer  b.  rank  on.    [F,  =  note,  dim.  of  bref 

BRIEF1] 

brevi-,  comb,  form  in  scientific  terms  of  L 
brevis  short,  as  brevirostrate  short-beaked. 

bre'viary,  n.  (R.-C.  Ch.)  book  containing 
the  Divine  Office  for  each  day,  to  be  recited  by 
those  in  orders,  [f.  L  breviarium  summary 
(brevis  short,  -art1)] 

brevier*  (-ver),  n.  Printing-type  size  between 
bourgeois  &  minion,    [used  in  breviaries] 

bre'vity,  n.  Shortness  of  expression,  con- 
ciseness;  short  span  (of  life),  [f.  AF  brerete 
f.  L  brevitatem  (brevis  short,  -ty)] 

brew1,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  (beer  &c.)  by  in- 
fusion, boiling,  &  fermentation  (drink  as  you 
have  brewed,  take  consequences) ;  make  (tea, 
pxinch)  by  mixture  or  infusion  ;  undergo  these 
processes;  concoct,  bring  about,  set  in  train, 
grow  to  ripeness,  fester,  gather  force,  (usu.  of 
evil  results  ;  mischief  is  brewing,  6.  rebellion) ; 
brewhouse,  =  brewery  (but  now  less  used). 
Hence  brew'ER1,  brew#ERY(3),  nn.  [OE 
briowan  ;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  brauen ;  perh.  also 
L  defrutum  new  wine  boiled  down] 

brew2,  n.  Process  of  brewing;  amount 
brewed  at  once  ;  quality  of  stuff  brewed,  [f. 
prec] 

brewage  (-ij),n.  Concocted  drink ;  process 
or  result  of  concoction  (lit.  &  fig.).    1-age] 

brew'is,  n.  Broth  (archaic  &  dial.).  [ME 
browes  f.  OF  brouetz  nom.  of  brouet  dim.  of 
6ro  f.  OHG  brod  brothJ 

Brewster  Se'ssions,  n.  Sessions  for 
issue  of  licences  to  trade  in  alcoholic  liquors, 
[f.  obs.  brewster  (orig.  female)  brewer,  see  -ster] 

bri'ar.    See  brier. 

Brrareus  (-roos),  n.  Many-handed  person. 
[Gkmythol.] 

bribe1,  n.  Money  &c  offered  to  procure 
(often  illegal  or  dishonest)  action  in  favour  of 
the  giver,  [perh.  f.  OF  &ro'6e  piece  of  bread 
given  to  beggar,  etym.  dub.] 

bribe2,  v.t.  Pervert  by  gifts  or  other  in- 
ducements the  action  or  judgment  of  ;  (abs.) 
Eractise  bribery.  Hence  brrbER1,  bribEE\ 
•ribaBi'LiTV,  bri*bERV(4),  nn.,  bri'bABi.E 
a.    [f.  prec] 

brie-a-brae  (bri'kabrak),  n.  Curiosities, 
old  furniture,  china,  fans,  &c  [F,  perh.  =  de 
brie  et  de  broc  by  hook  or  by  crook] 

brick1,  n.  &  a.  Clay  kneaded,  moulded,  & 
baked  by  fire  or  sun ;  block  (usu.  rectangular 
&  about  9 in.  x  4|  x  28)  of  this;  b. -shaped  loaf, 
block  of  tea,  &c  ;  child's  wooden  toy  building- 
block  ;  (slang)  generous  or  kind  person  ;  b.-bat, 
piece  of  b.,  esp.  as  missile  [bat2];  b.-dust, 
powdered  b.,  colour  like  it ;  b.-field,  -kiln,  in 


BRICK 


102 


BRIMSTONE 


which  bb.  are  made,  baked  ;  bricklayer,  work- 
man building  in  b. ;  brickwork,  building  in  b.; 
hence  (rare)  bpi'ekEN5  a.  (Adj.)  built  of  b. 
[prob.  f.  F  brique  broken  piece  f.  Teut.  brek- 
break] 

brick2,  v.t.  B.  up,  block  (window  &c.)  with 
b.-work  (&  used  with  other  advv.).    [f.  prec] 

bpi'eky,  a.  Littered  with,  coloured  or  look- 
ing like,  bricks.    [-Y2] 

bri'eole  (-ikl),  n.  Indirect  stroke  in  tennis 
&  billiards.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

bpi'dal,  n.  &  a.  Wedding-feast,  wedding. 
(Adj.)  of  bride  or  wedding  (b.  cheer,  veil) ;  hence 
bri'dalLY2  adv.  [=  bride  ale  or  festivity; 
OE  bryd-ealo  ;  the  prevailing  adj.  use  results  f. 
confusion  with  -al] 

bride1,  n.  Woman  on  her  wedding-day  & 
for  some  days  or  weeks  before  &  after  it; 
bri'decake,  rich  cake  eaten  at  wedding,  sent 
round  to  friends,  &c.  [OE  bryd;  com. -Teut. 
cf.  G  braut,  f.  OTeut.  brudiz  bride,  daughter- 
in-law,  perh.  f.  bru-  to  cook] 

bride2,  n.    Delicate  network  connecting  the 

Eatterns  in  lace;  bonnet-string.  [F,=  bridle1, 
Teut.] 

bri'degpoom,  n.  Man  at  or  soon  before  or 
after  his  marriage.  [OE  had  brydguma  (guma 
man  cf.  L  homo)  com.-Teut. ;  guma  becoming 
obs.  in  ME,  perh.  groom  was  substituted  by 
mistake  ;  but  as  there  is  more  than  a  century  s 
gap  between  instances  of  the  old  &  new  form, 
the  latter  may  be  independent  =  bride  lad 
(bride  in  loth  &  16th  cc.  being  of  either  sex)] 

bpi'desmaid,  n.  Unmarried  woman  (usu. 
one  of  several)  attending  bride  at  wedding, 
[earlier  bridemaid,  altered  when  the  attrib. 
sense  of  bride  was  missed] 

b ri 'desman,  n.  Bridegroom's  attendant, 
best  man.    [earlier  brideman,  cf.  prec] 

bri'dewell,  n.  House  of  correction,  gaol. 
[St.  Bride's  Well,  near  the  London  b.] 

bridge1,  n.  (northern  form,  in  writers  for 
local  colour,  brig).  Structure  carrying  road 
or  path  across  stream,  ravine,  road,  &c.  (b.  of 
boats,  over  boats  moored  abreast ;  b.  of  gold, 
golden  b„  easy  retreat  provided  for  beaten 
enemy) ;  (Naut.)  platform  amidships  for  officer 
in  command ;  upper  bony  part  of  nose ;  mov- 
able piece  over  which  violin  strings  are 
stretched ;  (Billiards)  support  for  cue  formed 
with  left  hand ;  b.-head,  fortification  protecting 
end  of  b.  towards  enemy;  b.-train.  Mil.  En- 
gineers with  material  for  building  floating 
bridges.  Hence  bri'dgeLESS  a.  [OE  brycg ; 
com.-Teut.  cf.  G  brucke] 

bridge2,  v.t.  Span  as,  with,  or  as  with,  a  b. 
[OE  brycgian  see  prec] 

bridge  3,  n.  Card -game  of  Russian  origin  re- 
sembling whist,  in  which  each  player  in  turn 
looks  on  while  his  exposed  hand  is  played,  by 
his  partner.   [?] 

bpi'dle »,  n.  Head-gear  of  harness,  including 
head-stall,  bit,  &  rein  (give  horse  the  b.,  lay 
b.  on  his  neck,  abandon  control ;  horse  going 
well  up  to  &.,  willing  goer) ;  restraint,  curb ; 
(Naut.)  mooring-cable;  (Physiol.)  ligament 
checking  motion  of  a  part;  b.-bridge,  -path, 
-road.  Sec,  fit  for  riders  but  not  for  vehicles. 
[OE  bridel  f.  bregdan  twitch  see  braid2  4- 
-le(1)1 

bpi'dle2,  v.t.  8c  i.  Put  bridle  on  (horse  &c) ; 
curb,  hold  in,  bring  under  control ;  express 
offence,  vanity,  &c,  by  throwing  up  head  & 
drawing  in  chin  (often  b.  up).  [OE  bridlian 
see  prec] 

bPidoo*n,  n.  Snaffle  &  rein  of  military 
bridle,    [f.  F  bridon  (bride2,  -oon)] 

brief1,  n.    Pope's  letter  on  matter  of  discip- 


line to  person  or  community  (less  formal  than 
bull) ;  (Law)  summary  of  facts  &  law-points  of 
a  case  drawn  up  for  counsel  (hold  b.  for,  be 
retained  as  counsel  for,  argue  in  favour  of) ; 
a  b.,  piece  of  employment  for  barrister,  whence 
bPie'f  less  a.  [ME  &  OF  bref  f.  L  breve  dis- 
patch, note,  neut.  of  brevis  short] 

brief 2,  v.t.  (Law)  reduce  (facts  &c)  to  a  b. ; 
instruct  (barrister)  by  b.,  employ,    [f.  prec] 

brief3,  a.  &  n.  Of  short  duration ;  concise ; 
be  b.,  speak  shortly;  in  b„  in  short.  Hence 
bpie'fLY2  adv.,  bPie'fNESS  n.  [ME  &  OF 
bref  f.  L  brevis  short] 

bpi'ep1,  fopi'ap,  n.  (also  brere  archaic). 
Prickly  bush,  esp.  of  wild  rose  ;  Sweet  B.,  wild 
rose  with  fragrant  leaves  &  flowers ;  B.-rose, 
Dog-rose.  Hence  bri'ePY2,  -aPY2,  a.  [OE 
orser,  brtr,  etym.  dub. ;  cf.  frere,  friar] 

bpi'ep  2,  bpi'ap,  n.  The  White  Heath,  of 
which  the  root  is  used  for  tobacco  pipes,  [at 
first  (the  material  was  introduced  only  c  1859) 
bruyer  f.  F  bruyere  heath] 

brig",  n.  Two-masted  square-rigged  vessel, 
but  with  additional  lower  fore-&-aft  sail  on 
gaff  &  boom  to  mainmast,  [abbr.  of  brigan"- 
tine,  f.  which  the  type  of  ship  was  developed] 

briga'de l,  n.  Subdivision  of  army,  varying 
in  different  countries  &  times;  organized  or 
uniformed  band  of  workers  (Boys',  Church, 
&c,  B.,  organizations  on  military  model  for 
disciplining  &  occupying  boys  &c).  [F,  f.  It. 
brigata  company  (brigare  brawl  f.  LL  briga 
strife) ;  see  -ade] 

briga'de2,  v.t.  Form  into  b.  or  bb. ;  join 
(regiment  &c)  with  others  into  a  b.    [f.  prec] 

bpigadiep*.  n.  (fully  B.-Oeneral).  Officer 
commanding  brigade  (local  or  temporary  rank 
between  major-general  &  colonel),    [-ier] 

bpi'gand,  n.  Bandit,  robber.  Hence  or 
cogn.  bpi,g,andAGE(3),  bPi*gandiSM(2),  nn„ 
bri'gandiSH  i  a.  [ME  f.  OF,  prob.  f.  It.  bri- 
gante  (brigare  see  brigade1)] 

bpi'gantine  (-en),  n.  Two-masted  vessel 
with  square-sailed  fore-mast  &  f ore-&-af t  main- 
mast, [f.  F  brigandin  (now  -tin)  I.  It.  brigan- 
tino  perh.  =  skirmisher  cf.  prec] 

bright l  (-it),  a.  Emitting  or  reflecting  much 
light,  shining ;  lit  up  with  joy,  hope,  &c  ;  vivid 
(b.  red  Sec);  illustrious;  vivacious,  quick- 
witted, (often  iron.).  Hence  bPigh'tEN6  v.t. 
&  i.,  bPigh*tisHM2)  a.,  bpigh'tLY2  adv., 
bpigh'tNESS  n.  [OE  beorht ;  com.-Teut.,  but 
now  lost  exc  in  E,  f.  OTeut.  berhtoz  t.  Aryan 
bhrag-  cf.  Lfiagrare] 

bpig-ht2,  adv.  =  brightly  (shine  b.,  b.-beam- 
ing,  Sic).  [OE  beorhte  with  adv.  -e  now  lost ; 
see  prec] 

Bright's  disease,  n.  Granular  degenera- 
tion of  the  kidneys.    [Dr  R.  Bright.  1827] 

bPill,  n.    Flat-fish  resembling  turbot.    [?] 

bri'lliant \  a.  Bright,  sparkling ;  illustrious, 
striking;  talented,  showy.  Hence  bpi'lli- 
ance,  dpI'IHancy,  nn.,  bpi'lliantLY 2  adv. 
[f.  F  brillant  part,  of  briller  shine  referred  to 
LL  *berillare  (beryl)] 

bpi'lliant2,  n.  Diamond  of  finest  cut  and 
brilliance  (b.  shape  has  two  horizontal  tables, 
joined  by  facets),    [f.  F  as  prec.  used  as  n.] 

bpi'lliantine  (-en),  n.  Cosmetic  for  hair, 
[f.  F  brillantine  see  brilliant1  +  -ine4J 

brim J,  n.  Edge  or  lip  of  cup,  bowl,  or  hol- 
low ;  projecting  edge  of  hat ;  b.-full,  to  the  b. 
Hence  bri'mLESS,  bpimmED2,  aa.  [ME 
brimme  etym.  dub. ;  cf.  G  brdme] 

brim2,  v.t.  &  i.  Fill,  be  full,  to  the  b.  (lit.  & 
fig.) ;  b.  over,  overflow,    [f.  prec] 

bpi'mmep,  n.    Full  cup.    [brim  2  +  -er  T] 

bri'mstone  (-on),  n.    (Old  name  for)  sulphur 


BRINDLED 


103  BROAD 


(6.  &  treacle,  nursery  medicine) ;  fuel  of  hell- 
fire  ;  6.  butterfly,  moth,  sulphur -coloured 
species.  Hence  bri*mstonY2a.  [ME(bernen, 
brinnen,  burn  2  +  stone)] 

bri'ndled,  bri'ndle,  a.  Brownish  or  tawny 
with  streaks  of  other  colour,  [earlier  brinded 
(perh.  p.p.  of  a  possible  vb  brenden  f.  brand1 
burning)  has  been  ousted  by  brindled  (perh. 
with  dim.  sense) ;  f.  which  brindle  is  perh. 
a  mistaken  back-formation] 

brine  \  n.  Salt  water ;  the  sea ;  tears  (poet. ) ; 
b.-pan,  iron  vessel  or  shallow  pit  for  getting 
salt  by  evaporation.  Hence  fori'nY  2  a.  [OE 
bryne  etym.  dub. ;  cf.  Du.  brijn] 

brine  \  v.t.  Steep  or  pickle  in,  or  wet  with, 
b.    [f.  prec] 

bring:,  v.t.  &  i.  (brought,  pr.  -awt).  Cause 
to  come,  come  with  or  conveying  whether  by 
carrying,  leading,  impelling,  or  attracting, 
[take  expresses  the  corresponding  notions  with 
go  for  come) ;  cause,  result  in  ;  prefer  (charge), 
adduce  (argument) ;  b.  home  to,  convict  or  con- 
vince of ;  b.  into  world,  give  birth  to ;  cause  to 
become  (6.  low) ;  b.  to  pass,  cause  to  happen  ; 
persuade  {cannot  b.  myself  to  believe).  B. 
about,  cause  to  happen,  reverse  (ship) ;  b.  back, 
call  to  mind ;  b.  down,  kill  or  wound,  cause 
penalty  to  alight  on,  abase,  lower  (price),  con- 
tinue (record)  to  a  point,  (Theatr.)  b.  d.  the 
house,  elicit  tumultuous  applause ;  b.  forth, 
give  birth  to,  cause  ;  b.  forward,  carry  sum  of 
page's  figures  to  next  page;  6.  in,  introduce 
(custom),  realize  as  profit,  adduce,  pronounce 
(guilty,  not  g.);  b.  off,  rescue  from  wreck  &c, 
conduct  (enterprise)  to  success ;  b.  on,  lead  to, 
cause  discussion  of;  b.  out,  express,  exhibit 
clearly,  introduce  (girl)  to  society,  publish  ;  b. 
over,  convert ;  6.  round,  restore  to  conscious- 
ness ;  b.  through,  save  (sick  person) ;  6.  to, 
check  motion  of,  come  to  a  stop,  restore  to 
consciousness ;  6.  under,  subdue ;  6.  up, 
educate,  rear,  sue  in  court,  anchor  (ship),  come 
to  a  stop,  call  attention  again  to,  continue 
(accounts  &c.)  to  a  further  point;  b.  up  the 
rear,  come  last.    Icom.-Teut.  cf.  G  bringen] 

brink,  n.  Edge  of  steep  place  or  abyss  {on 
b.  of  grave,  soon  to  die) ;  border  of  water,  esp. 
when  steep  (shiver  on  the  b.,  hesitate  to  plunge); 
verge  (of  discovery,  ruin,  eternity,  &c).  [ME, 
prob.  f.  Scand.,  cf.  Da.  brink  precipice] 

brto  <-eo),  n.    Vivacity.    [It.] 

briquette,  bri'quet,  (-k-),  n.  Block  of 
compressed  coal-dust.  [F  (-ette),  dim.  of  brique 
brick] 

brisk1,  a.  Active,  lively,  (usu.  of  move- 
ment; b.  pace,  trade,  wind,  &c.) ;  enlivening, 
keen,  (champagne,  air,  &c).  Hence  bri'skr-Y2 
adv.,  bri'skNESS  n.  [f.  16th  c,  perh.  f.  W. 
brisg  quick  -  footed  cf.  Olr.  brisc  brittle,  or 
perh.  =  F  brusque] 

brisk2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  b.  (usu. 
with  up),    [t.  prec] 

bri'sket,  n.  Breast  of  animals  (esp.  as 
joint  of  meat),  [etym.  dub. ;  there  is  F  brechet 
in  same  sense] 

bri'stle1  (-isl),  n.  One  of  stiff  hairs  on  hog's 
back  &  sides ;  short  stiff  hair  of  other  ani- 
mals, man's  short-cropped  beard,  or  plants ; 
set  up  one's,  another's,  66.,  show  or  rouse  tem- 
per. Hence  bri'stlv2  (-isli),  bri'stlED2,  aa. 
[ME  brustel  f.  OE  byrst  &  see  -le(1)  ;  f. 
OTeut.  bors-] 

bri'stle2,  v.i."&  t.  (Cause  to)  stand  upright 
(hair  &c),  raise  or  rise  like  bb.  or  in  to.  rough- 
ness, (often  with  up) ;  show  temper,  prepare  for 
fight;  be  thickly  set  with  hair,  difficulties  &c. 
[f.  prec.] 

Bri'tain  (-itn),  n.     (Also  Great  B.)  England, 


Wales,  &  Scotland,  the  British  Empire  ;  North 
B.,  Scotland ;  Greater  B.  (descriptive  or 
rhetorical,  not  official),  Gt  B.  &  the  colonies. 
[ME  Bretayne  f.  OF  Bretaigne  f.  L  Brittannia 
or  Brittania  (L  Britannia  would  have  pro- 
duced F  bri-  breaigne)] 

Brita'nnia,  n.  Personification  of  Britain  ; 
B.-metal,  alloy  of  tin  &  regulus  of  antimony 
resembling  silver.  [L  Britannia,  Brittannia, 
Brittania,  =  Gk  Brettania  f.  Brittanni  or 
Brittani  =  Gk  Brettanoi] 

Brita'nnic,  a.  Of  Britain  (chiefly  in  phr. 
His  B.  Majesty),  [prob.  f.  F  britannique  f.  L 
Britannicus] 

bri'ticism,  n.  =  Britishism.  [U.S.  wd, 
non-existent  Britic  +  -ism  (4)J 

Bri'tish,  a.  Of  the  ancient  Britons :  of 
Great  Britain  or  its  inhabitants  (esp.  in  politi- 
cal or  imperial  connexion,  &  in  botany  &c.) ; 
the  B„  B.  soldiers,  people,  &c.  [OE  Brettisc  f. 
Bret  Briton  ;  see  -ish  l\ 

Bri'tisher,  n.  Native  of  Great  Britain  (as 
opposed  to  American),  [prob.  a  U.S.  wd ;  cf. 
foreigner,  -er  l\ 

bri'tishism,  n.  Idiom  used  in  Gt  Britain 
&  not  in  U.S.  &c.    [-ism  (i)] 

Bri'ton,  n.  One  of  the  race  found  by  Romans 
in  S.  England ;  native  of  Great  Britain  or  the 
British  Empire  (poet.,  melodramatic,  &c); 
North  B.,  Scotsman.  [ME  &  F  breton  f.  L 
Brittonem  nom.  Britto,  f.  the  native  name, 
which  displaced  Brittanni  after  the  Roman 
conquest] 

brrttle,  a.  Apt  to  break,  fragile.  Hence 
bri'ttleNESS  n.  [ME  brittd  cf.  OE  bi^otan 
break] 

bri'tzka,  -tzska,  (-itska),  n.  Open  car- 
riage with  calash  top  &  space  for  reclining, 
[f.  Pol.  bryczka  dim.  of  bryka  wagon] 

brize  (-ez).    =  breeze  h 

broacb l  (-otsh),  n.  Roasting-spit ;  church 
spire  risingfrom  tower  without  parapet;  boring- 
bit.  [ME  &  F  broche  =  It.  brocca  cf.  L  brocci 
dentes  projecting  teeth  ;  var.  of  brooch] 

broach2,  v.t.  Pierce  (cask)  to  draw  liquor, 
begin  drawing  (liquor) ;  begin  discussion  of, 
moot,  (subject),    [f.  prec] 

broach5,  v.t.  &  i.  (Usu.  6.  to)  veer  or  cause 
(ship)  to  veer  &  present  side  to  wind  &  waves, 
[perh.  f.  obs.  use  of  prec.  =  turn  on  the  spit] 

broad  (-awd),  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Large  across, 
wide,  not  narrow;  =  in  breadth  (6ft  6.);  ex- 
tensive (6.  lands);  full,  clear,  main,  explicit, 
(6.  daylight,  facts,  distinction,  hint) ;  coarse 
(6.  story) ;  downright  in  sound,  not  mincing, 
(6.  Yorkshire,  Scotch) ;  generalized  (6.  rtde) ; 
tolerant  (B.  Church,  churchmen  favouring 
comprehension  &  not  pressing  doctrines); 
bold  in  effect  or  style ;  as  b.  as  it  is  long,  in- 
different ;  6.  arrow  ;  broadcloth,  fine  plain- 
wove  double-width  dressed  black  cloth  [phr.  in 
Act  of  Pari. .  1482  kept  as  name  for  quality 
rather  than  width] ;  6.  gauge  ;  b.-glass,  win- 
dow-glass ;  broadsheet,  large  sheet  of  paper 
printed  on  one  side  only ;  broadside,  ship's 
side  above  water  between  bow  &  quarter 
(broadside  on,  to,  with  this  presented),  (dis- 
charge of)  all  guns  on  one  side  of  ship,  also 
= broadsheet ;  b.-silk,  -weaver,  (of)  silk  in  piece 
not  in  ribbons  ;  broadsword,  b.-bladed  cutting- 
sword.  (Noun)  the  b.  part  (6.  of  the  back) ;  (E. 
Anglia)  large  piece  of  fresh  water  formed  by 
widening  of  river.  (Adv.)  =  broadly  (speak  b.f 
6.  awake) ;  b.-bloum,  in  full  bloom  ;  broa'dcast, 
a.,  adv.,  &  v.t.,  (of  seed)  scattered  over  surface 
(not  in  drills  or  rows),  (sow)  in  this  manner, 
(also  fig.  of  pamphlets,  spies,  &c).  Hence 
broa*dEN6  v.t.  &  i.,  broa'dLY2,  broa'd- 


BROADNESS 


104 


BROTHER 


ways,  broa'dwiSE,  advv.    [OE  brad,  com.- 
Teut.  cf.  G  breit] 

broa'dness,  n.     (Superseded  by  breadth, 
exc.  in  sense)  indelicacy  (of  speech),   [-ness] 
Bpo'bdingnag",  n.    Land  of  giants.    Hence 
brobding'na'g'iAN  (-ag-)  a.  [Swift,  Gulliver's 
Travels] 

bpoea'de1,  n.  Fabric  woven  with  raised 
patterns ;  Indian  cloth  of  gold  &  silver,  [f. 
Sp.  &  Port.  brocado  =  It.  broccato  cf.  broach1 
&  see  -ade] 

bpoea'de2,  v.t.  Work  with  raised  pattern, 
[f.  prec] 

bp6*c(c)oli,  rn.  Cultivated  cabbage  with 
edible  flower  head,  hardy  variety  of  cauli- 
flower. [It.,  pi.  of  broccolo  cabbage-top  dim.  of 
brocco  see  broach  ]] 

brochure  (-6'shoor,  or  as  F),  n.  Stitched 
booklet,  pamphlet.    [F] 

brock,  n.  Badger;  stinking  fellow.  [OE 
broc  f.  Celt.  cf.  Gk  phorkos  grey] 
bPO'cket,  n.  Second-year  stag  with  straight 
horns,  [f.  F  broeart  (broche  broach  1  +  -ard)] 
brogue1  <-6g),  n.  Rude  Irish  &  Scotch- 
Highland  shoe  of  untanned  leather;  fishing- 
66.,  waterproof  leggings  with  feet;  nailed  & 
goloshed  shoe  for  golf  &c  [f.  Gael.  &  Ir.  brog 
f.  Olr.  broce  shoe  perh.  f.  OCelt.  bracca  whence 
L  braccae  see  breech] 

bpog-ue2   (-6g),   n.       Dialectal,    esp.   Irish, 
accent,    [etym.  dub.;   perh.  =  speech  of  those 
who  wear  the  brogue  J] 
bpoi'dep,  v.t.,bPoi*depy,  n.  (Poet.  &  archaic 
for)  embroider(y). 

bpoil  *,  n.  Quarrel,  tumult,  [f.  obs.  vb  broil 
mix,  quarrel,  f.  F  brouiller  cf.  It.  broglio  n. 
hurly-burly,  &  brogliare  v.,  etym.  dub.] 
broil2,  v.t.  &i.  Cook  (meat)  or  be  cooked 
on  fire  or  gridiron  ;  make,  be,  very  hot  (of  per- 
son in  sun  &c).  [etym.  dub. ;  the  form  brule, 
.common  before  1500,  may  be  assim.  to  F  briiler 
burn] 

bpoil3,  n.    Broiled  meat.    [f.  prec] 
broke1,  n.    Short-stapled  wool  on  certain 
parts  of  fleece.    [OE  6roc  f.  brecan  break] 
broke2,  p.p.  of  break,  still  often  used  in 
some   spec,    senses,   as  =  ruined   (esp.,  slang, 
stony-b.),  &  dismissed  the  service. 
bPO'ken,  a.    In  vbl  senses  of  break  l ;  also 
or  esp.,  6.  meat  &c,  remains;  6.  tea,  sittings; 
6.  water,  choppy ;  6.  ground,  uneven  ;  6.  sleep, 
intermittent;  6.  weather,  uncertain ;  6.  English, 
imperfect;   6.  numbers,  fractions;  6.  money, 
small  change;  b.-hearted,  crushed  by  grief; 
b.-winded,  (of  horse)  incapacitated  for  hard 
work  by  ruptured  air-cells,    [p.p.  of  break] 
bro'kenly,  adv.     Spasmodically,  by  jerks, 
with  breaks,    [prec.  +  -ly  2] 
bPO'kep,  n.    Dealer  in  second-hand  furniture 
&c. ;  middleman  in  bargains ;  agent,  commis- 
sioner ;    person   licensed   to  sell  or  appraise 
distrained  goods.     Hence  bPO*kePAGE(4)  n. 
[ME  &  AF  orocour  f.  L  *broccatorem  nom.  -or 
(see  -or2)  broacher  (broach1)  of  cask,  retailer 
of  wine] 

bPO'king*,   n.      Broker's    trade,   acting   as 
broker,    [f.  obs.  vb  broke  cf.  prec] 
bpd'mal,  n.    Compound  produced  by  action 
of  bromine  on  alcohol,     [brom(ine)  +  al-  of 
alcohol] 

bpd'mie,  a.  Containing  bromine  in  chem. 
combination.  Hence  bPO'mATE^S)  n.  I  bro- 
mine, -ic] 

bpo'mide,  n.    Compound  (see  -ide)  of  brom- 
ine, esp.Jb.  of  potassium,    [foil.  +  -ide] 
brd'mine,    n.      Non-metallic    element   re- 
sembling chlorine  (poisonous  dark  liquid  with 
rank  smell)  used  in  various  preparations  as 


sedative.  Hence  bPO*miZE(5)v.t.,bPO,miSM(5) 
n.    If.  F  brome  f.  Gk  bromos  stink  +  -ine  5] 

bpomo-,  bpom-,  comb,  forms  of  bromine  as 
in  bromobenzoic,  bromacetic.    [-o-] 

bro'nchi,  bro'nchia  (-k-),  nn.  pi.  (Form  -i, 
with  sing,  -us)  two  main  divisions  of  windpipe ; 
(-ia)  ramifications  of  these  in  lungs.  Hence 
bPO'nehiAL  a.,  bpo'nehio-,  bpo'neho-, 
comb,  forms,  bPoneho'TOMiST,  -tomy,  nn. 
[L,  f.  Gk  brogkhos,  brogkhia] 

bponehrtis  (-k-),  n.  Inflammation  of  bron- 
chial mucous  membrane.  Hence  bponehl'tic 
a.    [prec.  +  -itis] 

bPO'nehoeele  (-sel),  n.  Swelling  of  thyroid 
gland,  goitre,  [f.  Gk  brogkhokele  (broncho-, 
-cele)] 

bro'nco,  n.  Wild  or  half-tamed  horse  of 
California  &c    [Sp.,=rough] 

bronze1,  n.  &  a.  Brown  alloy  chiefly  of 
copper  and  tin  (about  8:1);  work  of  art  made 
of  this;  colour  of  b.;  hencebPO*nzY2a.  (Adj.) 
made  of,  coloured  like,  b.  [F,  f.  It.  bronzo, 
bronzino,  f.  L  {aes)  Brundusinum  (brass)  of 
Brundusium] 

bronze2,  v.t.  &i.  Give  b.-like  surface  to; 
make  or  become  brown,  tan.    [f.  prec] 

bpooeh(-otsh),  n.  Ornamental,  jewelled,  &c, 
safety  pin  for  fastening  some  part  of  female 
dress^  esp.  the  neck.    [ME  broche =  broach  ]] 

bpood1,  n.  Hatch  of  young  birds  or  other 
egg-produced  animals ;  (usu.  contempt.)  human 
family,  children ;  swarm,  crew,  of  men, 
animals,  or  things ;  brood-,  for  breeding  (&.- 
mare,  -hen).  [OE  brod  cf.  G  brut  f.  Teut.  vb 
root  bro-  warm] 

brood2,  v.i.  Sit  as  hen  on  eggs;  hang  close 
over  or  on  (of  night  &c) ;  meditate  on  or  over 
(esp.  insults,  ill  designs,  &c);  meditate  (often 
sullenly),    [f.  prec.  ] 

bpoo'dy,  a.  Wishing  to  sit  or  incubate  (of 
hen).    Hence  bPOO'diNESS  n.    [brood  1+-y2] 

bPdbk ',  n.  Small  stream  ;  broo'klime,  kind 
of  Speedwell  common  in  ditches  TOE  hleomoc 
name  of  the  plant].  Hence  bPOO'KLET  n.  [OE 
6roc  cf.  G  bruch  moor,  marsh  ;  etym.  dub.] 

bpdbk2,  v.t.  Put  up  with,  tolerate,  (in  neg. 
context).  [OE  brucan ;  com.-TeutM  cf.  G  brau- 
chen  use,  f.  OTeut.  briik-  use  cf.  Lfruifruct-] 

broom,  n.,  &  v.t.  Yellow-flowered  shrub 
growing  on  sandy  banks  &c  ;  genus  to  which 
it  belongs;  sweeping-implement  usu.  on  long 
handle  (vb,  sweep  with  this) ;  new  6.,  newly 
appointed  official  eager  to  sweep  away  abuses ; 
broo'mrape,  genus  of  parasitic  herbs  on  roots 
of  broom  &c  (brown,  leafless,  fleshy-stemmed, 
bracteate)  [med.  L  rapum  root-knob] ;  b.-stick, 
handle  of  b.  [OE  brom  f .  OTeut.  brxmoz  thorny 
shrub  whence  bramble] 

bpose  (-6z),  n.  Dish  of  oatcake  with  boiling 
water  or  milk  poured  on  it.    [  =  bre wis] 

broth  (-aw-,  -6-),  n.  Water  in  which  some- 
thing, esp.  meat,  has  been  boiled,  thin  soup  ; 
(Irish)  6.  of  a  boy,  good  fellow.  [com.-Teut.  f. 
vb  root  bru-  boil,  brew.-H-tii1] 

bpo'thel,  n.  House  of  ill  fame,  bawdy-house, 
[orig.  =  ruined  man  f.  OE  brothcn  p.p.  of 
briothan  go  to  ruin,  but  confused  with  bordel 
cabin,  hut,  f.  OF  f.  It.  bordello  (med.  L  borda 
f.  Teut.  bord  board)] 

bPO'thep  (u-),  n.  (pi.  brothers  &  in  some 
senses  brethren,  see  below).  Son  of  same 
parents  or  (strictly  half-b.)  parent  as  another 
person  (the  latter  usu.  specified  by  my  &c  or  a 
possessive  case ;  pi.  abbr.  Bros,  in  title  of  firm, 
as  Smith  Bros  &  Co.);  close  friend  ;  fellow 
citizen,  countryman,  or  man,  equal,  (a  man  & 
a  6.,  esp.  of  negro  slaves) ;  fellow-member  of 
religious  society  (pi.  brethren) ;  fellow-member 


BROTHERHOOD 


105 


BRYONY 


of  guild,  order,  profession,  &c.  (pi.  brethren) ; 
official  of  certain  companies  &c.  (Elder  B., 
Brethren,  of  Trinity  House) ;  companion,  asso- 
ciate, (pi.  brothers)  often  with  specification  as 
6.  in  arms,  of  the  angle  ;  member  of  religious 
order  (as  title ;  either  pi.) ;  vocative  of  sove- 
reigns to  each  other ;  b.  german,  on  both  sides, 
b.  uterine,  of  same  mother  only ;  b.-in-law,  b. 
of  one's  husband  or  wife,  husband  of  one's 
sister.  Hence  bro'therLESS  a.,  bro'ther- 
like  a.  &  adv.,  bro'thePLY  h 2  a.  &  adv., 
bro'therliNESS  n.  [Aryan ;  OE  brothorct.  G 
bruder,  Skr.  bhratr,  Gk  phrater,  L  /rater, 
\V  bvawd] 

bro'therhood,  n.  Fraternal  tie;  com- 
panionship ;  (members  of)  association  for 
mutual  help  &c. ;  community  of  feeling.  [OK 
brotherred  ME  brotherhede  -hode ;  see  -head] 

brougham  (-oom,  -oo'am),  n.  One-horse 
closed  carriage.    [Lord  B.] 


brought.    See  bring. 
brow ',  n. 


Arch  of  hair  over  eye  (usu.  in  pi. ; 
knit,  bend,  one's  66.,  frown) ;  forehead ;  edge, 

Srojection,  of  cliff  &c,  top  of  hill  in  road, 
fence  -browED  2  a.     [OE  bru  f.  OTeut.  briis 
cf.  Skr.  bhrus,  Gk  ophrus] 

brow  2,  n.  (naut.).  Gangway,  inclined  plane 
of  planks,    [perh.  f.  Da.  bru  bridge] 

browbeat,  v.t.  Bully,  bear  down,  with 
looks  &  words,    [brow1] 

brown l.  a.  Of  the  colour  given  by  mixing 
orange  &  black  or  by  toasting  bread ;  as  dis- 
tinctive epithet  of  species &c.  (6.  bear,  willow; 
b.  coal,  lignite ;  6.  bread,  of  unbolted  flour ;  6. 
paper,  coarse  unbleached  kind  used  for  parcels 
&c. ;  6.  sugar,  half  refined  ;  6.  ware,  common 
/>ort  of  pottery) ;  dark-skinned,  tanned ;  (slang) 
do  6.,  take  in,  cheat;  B.  Bess,  old  army  flint- 
lock musket ;  6.  study,  reverie.  Hence 
brownisH  i(2)  a., brownNESS  n.  [OE  brun ; 
com.-Teut.  cf.  G  braun  f.  OTeut.  briinoz,  Aryan 
bhrunos,  root  bhru-  cf.  beaver  ;  Rom.  wds,  as 
F  brun,  It.  bruno,  adopted  f.  the  Teut.] 

brown  2,  n.  B.  colour ;  b.  pigment ;  (ellipt. 
for)  b.  butterfly,  fishing-fly,  clothes;  (slang) 
copper  coin.    [f.  prec] 

brown3,  v.t.  &  L  Make  or  become  b.  by 
roasting,  sunburn,  or  (gun-barrel  &c.)  chemical 
process. 

brow 

haunting  house  and  doing  household  work 
secretly,    [brown  *  +  -Y3] 

browse1  (-z),  n.  Twigs,  young  shoots.  &c, 
as  fodder  for  cattle ;  act  of  browsing,    [foil.] 

browse  2  (-z),  v.i.  &  t.  Feed  on,  crop,  (leaves, 
twigs,  scanty  vegetation) ;  (abs.)  feed  thus.  [f. 
16th-c.  F  brouster  vb,  broust  n.  (now  brout),  f. 
Teut.,  cf.  OSax.  brustian  see  breast] 

Bru'in,  n.  (Personifying  name  for)  bear. 
[MDu.,  =  brown  1,  name  in  Reynard  the  Fox] 

bruise l  (-ooz),  n.  Injury  by  blow  to  body 
(also  to  fruit  &c.)  discolouring  skin,    [t  foil.] 

bruise  a  (-ooz),  v.t.  &  i.  Injure  by  blow  that 
discolours  skin  without  breakingit  or  any  bone, 
contuse,  (human  or  animal  body,  also  fruit, 
plant,  &c.) ;  dint,  batter,  (wood,  metal);  (fig.) 
disable  ;  pound,  bray,  grind  small ;  (Hunting) 
ride  recklessly;  (with  easily  Sec.)  show  effects 
of  blow.  [OE  brysan  crush  combined  w.  AF 
brascr  (now  bnser)  break  perh.  f.  Teut.] 

brui'ser,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  prize- 
fighter.    [-ER1] 

bruit1  (-oot),  n.  (archaic).  Report,  rumour. 
[F,=  noise  (bruire  roar  perh.  f.  L  rugire)] 

bruit- (oot),  v.t.  (archaic).  Spread  (report) 
a6road,a6ou£,niakefanious,celebrate.  [f.  prec] 

Bpu'mmagem,  n.  &  a.  (Dial.  &  contempt, 
form  of)  Birmingham;  (article)  made  at  B., 


ess. '  [f.  brown  J] 

)W'nie,  n.      Benevolent   shaggy  goblin 


counterfeit,  cheap  &  showy,  [allusion  to  coun- 
terfeit groats  made  there  in  17th  c,  &  to  its 
plated  goods] 

bru'mous  (-oo-),  a.  Wintry,  foggy,  [f.  L 
bruma  ( =  brevima  shortest  day  f .  brevis)  +  -ous] 

brune'tte  (-oo),  n.  &  a.  Dark-skinned  & 
brown-haired  (woman).  [F,  fern,  of  brunet  dim. 
of  brun  brown  1  see  -etteJ 

Bru'nswick,  a.  From  B.  in  Germany ;  esp., 
B.  line,  of  Eng.  sovereigns  from  George  I. ;  B. 
black,  a  varnish,    [f.  G  Braunschweig] 

brunt,  n.  Chief  stress  (usu.  of  the  attack 
&c,  &  in  phr.  bear  the  6.  of),  [etym.  dub. ; 
there  is  ON  bruna  to  advance  like  fire] 

brush  I;  n.  (Archaic  &  U.S.,  Austral.,  &c.| 
brushwood  or  underwood,  thicket,  small  trees 
&  shrubs  growing  or  (in  U.S.)  cut  in  fagots ; 
implement  of  bristles,  hair,  wire,  &c,  set  in 
wood  &c.  for  scrubbing  or  sweeping  ;  bunch  of 
hairs  &c.  in  straight  handle,  quill,  &c,  for 
painting  &c.  ;  the  b.,  art  of  painting,  6., 
painter  s  style,  painter  (from  the  same  6.) ;  tail, 
esp.  of  fox;  b.-like  tuft;  (Electr.)  b.-like  dis- 
charge of  sparks,  piece  of  metal  ending  in 
wires  or  strips  securing  good  metallic  con- 
nexion ;  (Optics)  bright  or  dark  figure  with 
vague  edge  ;  application  of  b.,  brusbing,  esp. 
6.  up,  [f.  foil.] ;  short  smart  encounter,  skir- 
mish, graze,  abrasion,  [f.  foil.];  b.-pencil, 
artist's  colour-b.  ;  brushwood,  undergrowth, 
thicket;  b.-work,  painter's  (style  of)  manipu- 
lation. Hence  bru'shv2  n.  [(sense  b.-wood) 
ME  brusche  f.  OF  brosse,  broce,  (other  senses) 
ME  brusshe  f.  OF  brosse,  broisse ;  whether 
6roce  &  broisse  are  identical  in  etym.,  and  f. 
Teut.  (cf.  G  borste  bristle,  biirste  brush),  is 
uncertain] 

brush2,  v.t.  &  i.  Move  briskly,  esp.  by, 
through,  against ;  sweep  or  scrub  clean,  put  in 
order,  with  b. ;  6.  up,  furbish,  (fig.)  renew  one's 
memory  of ;  6.  over,  paint  lightly ;  graze  or 
touch  in  passing ;  remove  (dust  &c.)  with  b. ; 
6.  away  (fig.),  ignore,  pass  over;  injure  by 
grazing,  [partly  f.  prec,  perh.  partly  f.  F 
brosser  dash  through  underwood  (brosse 
brushwood)] 

brusque  (-dbsk,  -usk),  a.  Blunt,  off-hand, 
(of  or  in  manner, speech).  Hence  bru'squei.v 2 
adv.,  bru'squeNESS,  brusquerie*  (-dbskere) 
[-ery],  nn.    [F,  f.  It.  brusco  sour,  etym.  dub.] 

Bru'ssels,  a.  Made  or  grown  at,  or  adopted 
from,  B.,  as  B.  carpet,  lace,  sprouts  (edible 
buds  of  kind  of  cabbage). 

bru'tal,  a.  Sensual,  rude,  coarse,  savagely 
cruel.  Hence  bru*taliSM<2),  bruta'lrr y,  nn., 
bru'talL y 2  adv.    [f  L  brutus  brute +  -al] 

bru'talize,  v.t.&i.  Make  (rarely  grow)  brut- 
al. Hence  bru'talizA'TiON  n.  [prec+-iZE(3)] 

brute,  a.  &  n.  (Beast)  not  gifted  with 
reason ;  stupid,  sensual,  unspiritual,  beastlike, 
cruel,  or  passionate  (person ;  &  in  same  adj. 
senses  of  acts,  motives,  &c) ;  unconscious, 
merely  material,  (6.  force,  matter) ;  lower 
animal ;  lower  nature  in  man.  Hence  bru'te- 
hood  n.,  brufiSHMD  a.,  bru'tishLV2  adv., 
bru'tishNESs  n.,  bru'tiFV  v.t.,  bru'tiFiCA'- 
tion  n.    [f.  F  brut  f.  L  brutus  dull] 

brwtum  Fu'lmen,  n.  Empty  threat,  blank 
cartridge  (fig.).    [L] 

Bru'tus,  n.  Style  of  wig  (19th  cent.).  [F 
name  in  honour  of  Roman  hero] 

bryo'logist,  -log'y,  nn.  Person  learned  in, 
the  lore  of,  mosses.   [Gk  bruon  kind  of  seaweed 


+  -rX)GIST,  -logv] 
bry-ony.n.    Gt..u 
or  White  B.,  common  species  ;  Black  B.,  Bas- 


Jenus  of  climbing  plants;  Red 


tard  B.,  plants  resembling  but  not  belonging 
to  the  genus.    If.  L  f.  Gk  bruonia  (bruo  swell)) 


BUBBLE 


106 


BUFFER 


bu'bble1,  n.  Spherical  or  hemispherical  en- 
velope of  liquid  enclosing  air  &c. ;  air-filled 
cavity  in  solidified  liquid,  as  glass,  amber; 
unsubstantial  or  visionary  project,  enterprise, 
&c.  (also  adj.  in  this  sense) ;  sound  or  appear- 
ance of  boiling  ;  b.-&-squeak,  cold  meat  fried 
with  chopped  vegetables.  Hence  bu'bblY2  a. 
[f.  foil.] 

bu'bble2,  v.i.  &  t.  Send  up,  rise  in,  make 
the  sound  of,  bb.  (lit.,  &  fig.  as  b.  over,  or  b.,  ivith 
laughter,  wrath) ;  delude  (archaic),  [prob. 
imit.  of  sound  of  bursting  bubbles,  or  of  the 
action  of  lips  in  making  one ;  cf.  bleb, 
blubber] 

birbbly-joek,  n.  Turkey-cock,  [bubbly 
(bubble  1)+Jock=Jack] 

bu'bo,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  Inflamed  swelling  in 
glandular  part,  esp.  groin  or  armpit.  Hence 
bubd'nic  a.    [LL,  f.  Gk  bonbon  groin]. 

bubd'nocele,  n.  Hernia  of  groin,  fprec, 
-cele] 

buccaneer*,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Be  a)  sea-rover, 
pirate,  esp.  of  the  Spanish- American  coasts ; 
adventurer.  Hence  buecaneer'iSH  ]  a.  [f.  F 
boucanier  hunter  of  oxen  (boucan  barbecue- 
frame  Brazilian  wd)] 

bu'eeinator  (buks),  n.  Flat  thin  cheek- 
muscle.  [L  (buccinare  blow  the  trumpet  f. 
buccina,  -tor)] 

Buce'phalus,  n.  Riding-horse  (facet.), 
[charger  of  Alexander  of  Macedon] 

buck1,  n.  Male  of  fallow-deer,  reindeer, 
chamois,  antelope,  hare,  rabbit;  dandy  (also 
oldb.,  vocative=old  fellow),  whence  bu'ekiSH1 
a.,  bu'ckishLY2  adv. ;  b.-horn,  as  material 
for  knife  handles  &c.  (also  buck-,  as  buck- 
handled)  ;  b.-hound,  small  variety  of  stag- 
hound  (not  now  used  for  hunting) ;  b.-shot, 
coarse  shot  (b.-shot  ride,  in  Ireland,  by  armed 
constabulary) ;  buckskin,  (leather  made  of)  b.'s 
skin,  (pi.)  breeches  of  it ;  b.-tooth,  one  that  pro- 
jects. [OE  buc  &  bucca,  cf.  G  bock  he-goat; 
F  bouc,  W  bwch,  are  f.  the  Teut.] 

buck2,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  horse)  jump  vertically 
with  back  arched  &  feet  drawn  together  (also 
b.-jump,  whence  bu'ckjumpER «  n.);  6.  off, 
throw(rider)thus.  Hence  bu'ekER1^  [f.prec.j 

buck 3,  v.i.  &  t.  (slang).  (With  up)  make 
haste,  become  or  make  vigorous  or  cheerful, 
(esp.  intr.  in  imperat.).  [pern.  f.  buck  l  in  sense 
dandy] 

buck4,  n.    Basket  for  trapping  eels.    [?] 

buck5,  n.  Body  of  cart  (chiefly  in  comb,  as 
b.-board,  b.-cart,  in  various  local  senses), 
[perh.  f.  obs.  bouk  belly  cf.  bulk  n.] 

bu'ck-bean,  n.  Water  plant  with  pinkish 
racemes,  [transl.  (1578)  of  Flem.  bocks  boonen 
goat's  beans] 

bu'cket1,  n.  Wooden  or  other  vessel  for 
drawing  or  carrying  water ;  piston  of  pump ; 
compartment  of  water-wheel,  scoop  of  dredg- 
ing-machine  or  grain-elevator ;  socket  for  whip, 
carbine,  wooden  leg,  &c. ;  kick  the  b„  die  (but 
perh.  f.  obs.  bucket  beam,  yoke) ;  b.-shop,  (chiefly 
U.S.)  office  for  gambling  in  stocks,  speculating 
on  markets,  &c.  [accidental ;  story  connected 
with  elevator  of  office  first  so  called].  Hence 
bu*cketFUL(2)  n.  [perh.  f.  OE  buc  pitcher,  or 
f.  OF  buket  tub] 

bu'eket2,  v.i.  &  t.  Ride  hard  (horse,  orabs.) ; 
(Rowing)  hurry  the  forward  swing,  row  hurried 
stroke,    [f.  prec,  cf.  pump= exhaust] 

bu'ckle  1,  n.  Metal  rim  with  hinged  spiked 
tongue  for  securing  strap,  ribbon,  &c    [f.  F 

boucle  f.  L  buccula  cheek-strap  (bucca  cheek, 
see  -ule)] 

bu'ckle2,  v.t.  &  i.    Fasten  with  b.  (often  up, 

on,  &c> ;  b.  to  (with  to  prep.)  prepare  for,  set 


about,  (with  to  adv.)  get  to  work,  start  vigor- 
ously ;  (cause  to)  give  way,  crumple  up,  under 
longitudinal  pressure  (t.  &  i.  of  wheel,  saw,  &c). 
[f.  prec. ;  the  last  sense  perh.  f.  F  boucler  bulge] 

bu'cklep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  round  shield  usu. 
held  by  handle  ;  protection,  protector,  (vb,  pro- 
tect) ;  also  technically  in  various  naut.,  zool., 
&  anat.  senses,  [f.  OF  boucler  (now  bouclier) 
f.  L  *buecularius  f.  buccula  buckle  l,  -er2(2)] 

bu'ekram,  n.  &  a.  Coarse  linen  or  cloth 
stiffened  with  gum  or  paste  ;  stiffness,  stiff,  (of 
manner) ;  strong,  strength,  in  appearance  only ; 
men  in  b.,  b.  men,  non-existent  (1  Hen.  IF,  n. 
iv.  210-50).  [f.  OF  boquerant  or  It.  bucherame 
etym.  dub.] 

bu'ckwheat,  n.  A  cereal  plant  with  seed 
used  for  horse  and  poultry  food,  &  in  U.S.  for 
breakfast  cakes.  [=  beech  wheat,  from  its 
three-cornered  seeds  like  beechmast;  either 
transl.  of  Du.  bockweit  or  made  on  obs.  buck- 
mast  = beechmast] 

bucd'lic,  a.  &  n.  Of  shepherds,  pastoral, 
rustic  ;  (usu.  pi.)  pastoral  poems  (the  Bb.,  those 
of  Virgil).  Hence  bueo'liCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  boukolikos  f.  boukolos  herdsman  (bous 
cow,  kol-  cf.  L  colere  tend)] 

bud1,  n.  Rudiment  of  branch,  leaf-cluster, 
or  flower ;  flower  not  fully  open ;  (Zool.)  animal 
forming  by  gemmation,  anything  still  un- 
developed; in  b.,  putting  forth  buds;  nip  in 
the  b.,  destroy  at  early  stage  (fig.).  Hence 
bu'dLESS  a.,  bu'dLET  n.  [ME  buddc,  bodde, 
etym.  dub.] 

bud2,  v.i.  &  t.  Put  forth  bb.,  spring  forth  ; 
begin  to  grow ;  (Zool.)  produce,  be  produced, 
by  gemmation  ;  (Gardening)  ingraft  (trans,  or 
abs.)  into  alien  stock,    [f.  prec] 

bu'dded,  p.p.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  that  has 
budded,  is  in  bud.    [-edM2)] 

Buddha  (bdb'da),  n.  The  Enlightened, 
title  of  successive  teachers  past  &  future  of 
the  Asiatic  religion  bu*ddhiSM(3)  (botrdl-)  n., 
but  applied  esp.  to  Sakyamuni,  Gautama,  or 
Siddartha  (5th  c.  B.C.,  in  N.  India).  Hence 
bu*ddhiST(2)  n.  &  a.,  buddhi'stic(AL)  aa. 
[Skr.,  p.p.  of  budh  awake] 

budge,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  the  slightest  move- 
ment, force  to  do  this,  (in  neg.  sentences),  [f. 
F  bouger  stir  perh.  (cf.  Pr.  bolegar)  =  It.  buli- 
care  f.  LL  bullicare  frequent,  of  bullire  boil] 

bu'dgret,  n.  Contents  of  a  bag  or  bundle 
(mostly  fig.,  esp.  of  news,  &  as  title  of  news- 
papers) ;  annual  estimate  of  revenue  &  ex- 
penditure by  Chancellor  of  Exchequer  in 
House  of  Commons ;  private  person's  similar 
estimate.  Hence  bu'dgetARY l  a.  [f.  F 
botigette  dim.  of  bouge  leather  bag  f.  L  bulga 
(f.  Gallic)  knapsack] 

buff1,  n.  &  a.  (Of)  stout  velvety  dull-yellow 
leather  of  buffalo  or  ox-hide  ;  the  human  skin 
(in  b.,  naked) ;  (of)  dull-yellow  colour  (the  Buffs, 
East  Kent  Regt,  f.  former  colour  of  facings) ; 
(Path.)  coagulated  coating  on  blood  drawn 
from  fever  patients,  whence  bu'ffv2  a. ;  b.-coat, 
-jerkin,  formerly  worn  by  soldiers  as  proof 
against  sword-cut;  b.-stick,  -wJieel,  polishing 
tools  covered  with  b. ;  b.-tip,  kind  of  moth.  [f. 
F  buMc  BUFFALO] 

buff2,  v.t.  Polish  (metal)  with  b. ;  make 
(leather)  velvety  like  b.    [f.  prec] 

bu'ffalo,  n.  Kinds  of  ox  (Bos  bubalus, 
India,  Asia,  Europe,  N.  Africa ;  Bos  caffer, 
S.  Africa ;  incorrectly,  American  bison),  [prob. 
f.  Port,  biifalo,  f.  L  f.  Gk  boubalos  antelope] 

bu'ffer ',  n.  Apparatus  for  deadening  by 
springs  or  padding,  or  sustaining  by  strength 
of  beams  &c,  a  concussion,  esp.  of  railway 
vans  ;  b,  Statef  small  State  between  two  large 


BUFFER 


107 


BULL 


ones  diminishing  chance  of  hostilities,  [f.  obs. 
vb  buff  (prob.  imit.  of  sound  made  by  soft  body 
struck,  cf.  puff  &  F  bouffer)  +  -ER l] 

bu'ffer2,  n.  (slang).  (Usu.  old  b.)  old- 
fashioned  or  incompetent  fellow,  [etym.  dub. ; 
Wyclif 's  Bible  has  it  =  stammerer—'  the  tunge 
of  bufferes  swiftli  shal  speke  '] 

bu'fFet1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Strike  with)  blow 
of  the  hand  ;  (of  fate  &c.)  knock,  hurt,  plague  ; 
contend  with  (waves) ;  contend  with.  [OF,  dim. 
of  buffc  blow  (also  in  obs.  E  buff  cf.  blind  j- 
vian's-b.)] 

bii'fFet2,  n.  1.  Sideboard,  recessed  cup- 
board, for  china,  plate,  &c.  2.  (pr.  bdb'fa,  or 
as  F)  refreshment  bar.  [F,  etym.  dub. ;  sense  2 
of  later  introduction  than  1 ;  there  is  also 
buffet  stool,  hassock,  (obs.  exc.  in  dial.  &  in 
Little  Miss  Muffet  sat  on  a  &.)] 

buffo  (bob  to),  n.  &  a.  Burlesque,  comic, 
(actor).    [It] 

bufToo'n,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Play  the)  wag,  jester, 
mocker.  Hence  buffoo*nERY(4)n.  [f.  Fbuffon 
f.  It.  buffone  (buffa,  jest,  buff  are  to  puff),  -oon] 

bug-,  n.  Flat  ill-smelling  blood -sucking  insect 
infesting  beds ;  (loosely)  small  insect  (often  with 
defining  word  as  harvest,  May,  -b. ;  b.-hunter 
&c,  entomologist).    Hence  bu'efg-Y  2 a.    (?) 

bu'g-aboo,  bu'g-beap,  nn.  Fancied  object 
of  fear ;  false  belief  used  to  intimidate  or  dis- 
suade, [etym.  &  mutual  relation  doubtful ; 
cf.  bogy,  bogle,  &  obs.  bug  in  same  sense] 

bu'gg-er,  n.  (Law)  sodomite,  man  having 
unnatural  intercourse  with  beast  or  man, 
whence  bu*grgERY(4)  n  ;  (in  foul  or  low  talk, 
abusively  or  humorously)  fellow,  beggar,  chap, 
beast,  [f.  F  bougre  f.  L  Bulgarus  llth-c  heretic 
from  Bulgaria,  supposed  capable  of  any  crime] 

bu'g-gy,  n.  Light  vehicle  for  one  or  two 
persons  (esp.  in  U.S.,  India,  colonies).    [?] 

bu'gle1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Brass  instrument 
like  small  trumpet  used  for  military  signals ; 
(vb)  sound  b.,  sound  (call)  on  b.  Hence  birgl- 
ER 1  n.  [orig.  hunting-horn,  short  for  b.-horn  f. 
obs.^fe  dial.  &  OF  bugle  young  bull.f.  L  buculus 
dinu  of  bos  boms  ox  see  cow] 

bu'g-le2,  n.   Kinds  of  plant.   [F,  f .  LL  bugula] 

bu'gle  3,  n.  Tube-shaped  glass  bead  sewn  on 
dress  &c.  for  ornament,  [etym.  dub. ;  there  is 
Du.  beugel  ring] 

bu'g-let,  n.    Small  (bicyclist's)  bugle,    [-et  *] 

bu'gloss,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  allied  with 
borage,  [f.  F  buglosse  f.  L  buglossa  f.  Gk 
bouglossos  ox-tongued  (bous,  glossa),  from 
shape  &  roughness  of  leaves] 

buhl  (bool),  n.  &  a.  (Inlaid  with)  brass,  tor- 
toise-shell, &c,  cut  in  ornamental  patterns  for 
inlaying.  [Germanized  f.  Boule  name  of  carver 
temp.  Louis  XIV] 

build » (bl-),  v.t.  (built).  Construct  by  putting 
parts  or  material  rightly  together  (house,  ship, 
carriage,  organ,  engine,  nest,  or  other  structure 
large  relatively  to  the  builder) ;  (abs.)  be  busy 
making  one's  house  or  nest;  b.  up,  round,  in, 
surround  (person,  place,  &c.)  with  houses  &c, 
block  up ;  (with  material  as  obj.)  lay  in(to  wall 
&c.)  in  building;  establish,  make  gradually, 
(often  with  up ;  system,  empire,  reputation) : 
base  (hopes  &c.)  upon,  rely  upon ;  built  (with 

f receding  adv.),  of  such  &  such  a  build2. 
ME  bidden  f.  OE  bold  dwelling  f.  OTeut.  bu- 
dwell,  cf.  booth] 

build  2,  n.  Style  of  construction,  make ;  pro- 
portions of  human  body  [sturdy  b.  &c ).   [prec.  ] 

bui'ldep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  master- 
builder,  contractor  for  building  houses,    [-er  j] 

bui'ldinc-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  house, 
edifice ;  b.-Tease,  permitting  lessee  to  build  on 
the  land ;  b.-society,  of  contributors  to  fund 


for  loan  to  members  when  needing  house. 
[-ing  J] 

bulb1,  n.  Nearly  spherical  underground 
stem  of  lily,  onion,  &c,  sending  roots  down- 
wards &  leaves  &c.  upwards ;  leaf-bud  detach- 
ing itself  from  stem  &  becoming  separate 
plant;  (Anat.)  roundish  swelling  of  any  cylin- 
drical organ,  as  of  hair-root  or  spinal  cord ; 
dilated  part  of  glass  tube  (b.-tube,  ending  in 
a  b.).  Hence  bulbED  2,  bulbi'FEROUs,  bu*l- 
biFORM,  aa.,  bulbo-  comb.  form.  [f.  L  bulbus 
f.  Gk  bolbos  onion] 

bulb2,  v.i.    Swell  into  bulb(s).    [f.  prec] 

bu'lbous,  a.  Of,  having,  like,  springing 
from,  a  bulb,    [bulb  l  +  -ous] 

bulbul  (bdb'lbdbl),  n.  Eastern  song-thrush  ; 
singer,  poet.    [Pers.  f.  Arab.] 

bulg-e  *,  n.  Convex  part,  irregular  swelling, 
tendency  to  swell  out,  on  flat  or  flatter  surface  ; 
=  bilge.  Hence  bulgY2  a.,  bu'lg/iNESS  n. 
[ME,  f.  OF  boulge,  bouge,  (or  direct)!.  L  bulga 
see  budget] 

bulg-e  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Swell  outwards  irregularly 
&  usu.  faultily ;  extend  (bag  &c.)  by  stuffing  it. 
[f.  prec] 

bu'lger,  n.  (golf).  Convex-faced  brassy  or 
driver,    [prec, -er1] 

bu'limy,  buli-mia,  n.  (Med.)  morbid  hun- 
ger; (fig.)  voracity  (for  books,  &c).  [f.  Gk 
boulimia  ox-  (i.  e.  vast)  hunger  (bous,ox  +  limos 
hunger);  latinized  bulimia  now  preferred  in 
medical  use] 

bulk ],  n.  Cargo  (break  b.,  begin  unloading ; 
b.  not  equal  to  sample ;  in  b.,  loose,  not  in 
package ;  load  in  6.,  put  grain  &c  in  loose ; 
sell  in  b.,  in  large  quantities,  as  it  is  in  the 
hold) ;  large  shape,  person,  body  ;  size,  magni- 
tude ;  great  size  ;  mass,  large  mass  ;  the  greater 
part  or  number  of.  [perh.  f.  ON  *bulki  cargo, 
but  with  the  meanings  also  of  obs.  bouk  OE 
buc  belly  cf.  G  bauch] 

bulk2,  v.i.  &  t.  Seem  in  respect  of  size  or 
importance  (6.  large,  larger) ;  6.  up,  form  con- 
siderable sum  &c,  amount  to ;  pile  in  heaps 
(fish) ;  (Customs)  ascertain  weight  of  (tea  &c) 
by  emptying  out  of  chest.    If.  prec] 

bu'lkhead,  n.  Upright  partition  dividing 
ship's  cabins  or  water-tight  compartments; 
compartment,  stall,  [f.  obs.  bidk  framework 
before  shop,  stall,  perh.  f.  ON  batkr  balk  11 

bu'lky.a.  Large :  too  large.  Hence  btrlki- 

NESS  n.     [BULK1  -r-Y2] 

bull l  (bdbl),  n.  &  a.  Uncastrated  male  of  ox 
or  any  bovine  animal  (b.  in  china  shop,  reck- 
less or  clumsy  destroyer;  take  b.  by  horns, 
meet  not  evade  difficulty) ;  male  of  whale,  ele- 
phant, &  other  large  animals  (usu.  b.  whale  or 
whale-b.  &c);  constellation  &  sign  Taurus; 
(St.  Exch.)  person  trying  to  raise  prices  (see 
bear1)  ;  (adj.)  like  that  of  a  b.  (b.  head,  neck, 
voice;  also  b.  operations  on  St.  Exch.);  bull- 
calf,  male  calf,  simpleton  ;  bulldog,  powerful 
&  courageous  large-headed  smooth-haired 
breed  of  dog,  tenacious  &  courageous  (person). 
University  proctor's  attendant,  gun  or  pistol 
(esp.  of  a  certain  pattern),  [f.  use  in  b. -baiting, 
or  f.  its  b.  head] ;  bullfight,  Spanish  sport  of 
baiting  b.  with  horsemen  &c ;  bullfinch, 
strong-beaked  handsome-plumaged  songbird, 
also  [perh.  =6.  fence,  cf.  minch  dial,  for  mince] 
quickset  hedge  with  ditch ;  bullfrog,  large 
Amer.  species  ;  bullhead,  small  big-headed  fish 
=Miller  s  thumb ;  beheaded,  obstinate,  im- 
petuous, blundering ;  b.-of-the-bog,  bittern  ; 
b.-puncher  (Austral.),  bullock-driver;  b.-pup, 
•bitch,  young,,  female,  bulldog ;  bullring, 
arena  for  bullfight;  b.'s-eye,  boss  of  glass 
formed  at  centre  of  blown  glass  sheet,  hemi- 


BULL 


108 


BUNG 


spherical  piece  or  thick  disk  of  glass  as  light  in 
ship's  side,  hemispherical  lens,  (lantern)  with 
such  lens,  small  circular  window,  centre  of 
target,  kind  of  sweetmeat ;  b.-terrier,  cross  be- 
tween bulldog  &  terrier ;  bulltrout,  fish  of 
salmon  tribe.  [OE  bide-  (in  comb,  only),  cf. 
MLG  bulle,  prob.  connected  with  bellow] 

bull2,  v.i.  &  t.  (St.  Exch.)  speculate  for  the 
rise ;  try  to  raise  price  of  (stocks),  [f.  prec. ; 
bull  i,  2  perh.  merely  correl.  to  the  more  ex- 
plicable bear  *, 2] 

bull  3  (bdbl),  n.   Papal  edict,  [f .  L  bulla  bill  *] 

bull4  (bdbl),  n.  (Often  Irish  b.)  expression 
containing  contradiction  in  terms  or  implying 
ludicrous  inconsistency  (often  an  intelligible 
statement  made  absurd  by  compression),  [etym. 
dub.  ;  f.  1630  (connexion  with  Irish  is  more  re- 
cent ;  there  is  OF  boul,  bole,  trickery] 

bull 5  (bdbl),  n.  Drink  made  of  water  flavoured 
in  empty  spirit  cask.    [?] 

Bull  6.     =  JOHN  Bull. 

bullace  (bob  lis),  n.  Wild  plum  tree  or  fruit. 
[f.  OF  beloce  f.  LL  pilota  pellet] 

bu'llate,  a.  (bot.,  physiol. ).  Puffy,  blistered- 
looking.    [f.  L  bullatus  (bulla  bubble,  -ate2)] 

bu'llet  (bob-),  n.  Missile  of  lead  &c,  spheri- 
cal or  conical,  used  in  muskets  &  rifles ;  b.- 
drawer,  instrument  for  extracting  b.  from 
wound  ;  b.-head,  -headed,  (with)  round  &  pre- 
sumably thick  head  ;  6. -proof,  [f.  F  boulette 
dim.  of  boule  ball  f.  L  bulla  knob] 

bu'lletin  (bob-),  n.  Short  official  statement 
of  public  event  or  of  invalid's  condition.  [F,  f. 
It.  bulletino  dim.  of  bulletta  lottery  ticket  dim. 
of  &wZZaseal,  bull3] 

bu'llion  l  (bob-),  n.  &  a.  Gold  or  silver  be- 
fore (or  as  valued  apart  from)  coining  or  manu- 
facture ;  (made  of)  solid  or  real  gold  or  silver. 
[  AF,  prob.  =  F  bouillon  soup  f.  med.  L  bullionem 
nom.  -io  (L  bxdlire  boil  +  -ion)  ;  but  the  mean- 
ings are  E  only] 

bu'llion2  (bob-),  n.  Fringe  of  gold  &  silver 
thread  twists,  [f.  F  bouillon,  see  prec,  in 
sense  bubble  (independent  adoption)] 

bu'llionist,  n.  Advocate  of  metallic  cur- 
rency.    [BULLION  1  +  -1ST  (2)] 

bu'lloek  (bob),  n.    Castrated  bull,  ox.    [OE 

bulluc  (-OCK)] 

bu'lly1  (bbb-),  n.  Blusterer,  tyrant  (esp. 
among  boys),  coward  &  tyrant ;  hired  ruffian, 
fobs,  senses  lover,  sweetheart,  gallant,  fine 
fellow,  perh.  f.  Du.  boel  lover  cf.  G  buhle\ 
bu'lly  2,  v.t.  Persecute,  oppress,  tease,  physi- 
cally or  morally ;  frighten  into  or  out  of;  (abs.) 
play  the  b.    [f.  prec] 

bu'llys,  a.  &  int.  (esp.  U.S.  &  colonial). 
Capital,  first-rate ;  b.  for  you,  him,  &c,  =  bravo, 
[f.  bully  M 

bu*lly  4  (b<5b-),  n.  Scrummage  in  (prop.  Eton) 
football. 

bu'llys  (bob),  n.    (Also  6.  beef)  tinned  beef. 
[perh.  =  BOUiLLi,  or  f.  bull1] 
bullyrag.    See  ballyrag. 
bu'lrush  (bob-),  n.    Kinds  of  tall  rush  (pop. 
the   Cat's  Tail ;   in   Bible,   papyrus),      (bole 
(strong-stemmed)?,  or  bull1  (big  cf.  bullfrog, 
bulltrout,  &  Gk  use  of  bou-  see  bulimy)?] 
bulwark  (boo-),  n.    Rampart,  earthwork, 
&c  ;  mole,  breakwater;  person,  principle,  &c, 
that  acts  as  a  defence  ;  ship's  side  above  deck, 
[cf.  Du.  bolwerk,  G  bollwerk;  perh.  =  bole + 
work  (log-rampart)] 

bum,  n.  Backside,  buttocks  ;  b.  -bailiff  (also 
&.),  employed  for  arrests  (from  touching  debtor 
on  the  back) ;  b.-boat,  plying  with  fresh  pro- 
visions for  ships  (orig.  scavenger  boat),  [cf. 
bump  ;  earlier  than,  not  contracted  f.,  bottom 
in  this  sense  J 


bu'mble,  n.  Beadle  ;  consequential  jack-in- 
office.  Hence  bu'mbleDOM  n.  [name  of 
beadle  in  Oliver  Twist] 

bu'mble-bee,  n.    Large  kind  of  bee.     [f. 


bu'mble- puppy,  n.  Whist  played  un- 
scientifically, [prop,  an  obs.  out-of-door  baga- 
telle ;  etym.  dub. ;  there  is  obs.  vb  bumble 
bungle] 

bu'mbo,  n.  Cold  rum-punch,  [cf.  It.  bombo 
child's  wd  for  drink] 

bu'mmalo,  n.  Small  fish  of  S. -Asiatic 
coasts,    [f.  Mahratti  bombil] 

bummaree',  n.  Middleman  at  Billingsgate 
fish-market.    [?] 

bu'mmer,  n.  (U.S.).  Idler,  loafer,  [cf.  G 
bummler] 

bump  \  v.t.  &  i.,  &  adv.  Push,  throw  down, 
(box  &c)  against  or  on  (wall,  person,  floor, 
&c);  hurt  (one's  head  &c)  by  striking  it 
(against,  on,  or  abs.) ;  seize  by  arms  &  legs  & 
strike  the  posterior  of  (person)  against  floor, 
wall,  &c  ;  come  with  a  b.  against ;  go  along 
with  repeated  bumps;  (Boat-racing,  see  foil.) 
overtake ;  (adv.)  with  a  b.,  suddenly,  violently, 
(come,  go,  &c,  &.,  cf.  bang,  bounce),  [express- 
ing the  sound,  or  shape  of  swelling] 

bump  2,  n.  Dull-sounding  blow,  knock,  colli- 
sion; swelling  caused  by  it;  (Phrenol.)  pro- 
minence on  skull,  faculty  indicated  by  it ;  (Boat- 
racing)  touching  of  boat  by  next,  a  win  for 
latter  (b.-supper,  in  celebration  of  this),  [f.  prec.  1 

bump  3,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Make)  bittern's  cry.  [imit] 

bu'mper,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  brim-full 
glass  of  wine ;  (slang)  anything  unusu.  large  or 
abundant  (harvest,  full  theatre) ;  (Whist)  score 
of  two  games  against  nil.    [-ER1] 

bum'pkin,  n.  Country  or  awkward  or  bash- 
ful fellow,  [perh.  f.  Du.  boomken  little  tree  or 
MDu.  bommekijn  little  barrel] 

bu'mptious  (-shws),  a.  Self-assertive.  Hence 
bu'mptlousLY  2  adv.,  mrmptiousNESS  n. 
[jocular  form,  on  bump2  &  effractions] 

bu'mpy,  a.  Full  of  bumps,  causing  jolts, 
(esp.  of  road  or  cricket  pitch).  Hence  bu'mpi- 

NESSn.     [-Y2] 

bun !,  n.  Small  soft  round  sweet  cake  with 
a  few  currants  (the  usu.  Eng.  sense,  but  with 
local  variations) ;  hot  cross  b.,  marked  with 
cross  &  eaten  on  Good  Friday,  [perh.  f.  OF 
bugne  bump,  swelling,  (at  Lyons  =  fritter, 
whence  mod.  F  beignet)] 

bun2,  n.  (Personifying  name  of)  squirrel, 
rabbit,  [etym.  dub.;  there  is  Sc  bun,  hare's  tail] 

bunch1,  n.  Cluster  of  things  growing  or 
fastened  together  (flowers,  grapes,  keys),  lot 
( best  of  the  b. ).    Hence  bu#nch  y  2  a.    [? J 

bunch2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  into  bunch(es), 
gather  (dress)  into  folds;  come  or  cling  to- 
gether,   [f.  prec] 

bu'ncombe.    See  bunkum. 

bundesrat(h)  (boo'ndesraht),  n.  Federal 
council  of  German  Empire  (58  members  from 
26  states).    [G] 

bu'ndle1,  n.  Collection  of  things  fastened 
together  (esp.  clothes  &  odds  &  ends  in  hand- 
kerchief) ;  set  of  sticks,  iron  rods,  &c,  bound 
up ;  set  of  parallel  fibres,  nerves,  &c  ;  20  hanks 
of  linen  yarn.  [perh.  f.  MDu.  bondel  cf.  G 
biindel  (OTeut.  bindan  bind)  ;  see  -le(1)] 

bu'ndle2,  v.t.  &  i.  Tie  in,  make  up  into,  a  b. ; 
throw  confusedly  in  to  any  receptacle  ;  go,  put 
or  send  (esp.  a  person),  in  a  hurry  or  uncere- 
moniously out.  off,  away,  &c    [f.  prec] 

bung1 ',  n.  Stopper,  esp.  large  cork  stopping 
hole  in  cask  ;  b.-hole,  for  filling  cask.  Tcf.  MDu. 
bonghe  =  *bonde  f.  L  puncta  orifice  (pungere 
punct-  prick)] 


BUNG 


109 


BURLESQUE 


bung"2,  v.t.  Stop  (cask)  with  b.  ;  eyes  bunged 
up,  closed  with  swelling  from  blow,  or  sealed 
with  rheum  ;  (slang)  throw  (stones),    [f.  prec.J 

bungalow  (bu'nggalo),  n.  Lightly  built 
one-storeyed  or  temporary  house,  [f.  Hind. 
bangla  belonging  to  Bengal] 

bu'ngle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  clumsy  work, 
confusion  ;  blunder  over,  fail  to  accomplish, 
(task).  Hence  bu'nglER1  n.  limit.,  cf.  bum- 
ble, boggle] 

bu'nion,  n.  Inflamed  swelling  on  foot, 
fperh.  f.  It.  bugnone  (bugno  boil,  lump,  cf.  F 
bugne  bun  1,+  -one  -oon)J 

bunk  *,  n.    Sleeping-berth.    [?] 

bunk2,  v.i.  (slang).    Make  off,  vanish.    [?] 

bu'nker,  n.  Ship's  coal-bin ;  (Golf)  sandy 
hollow  on  links.    [?] 

bu'nkum,  -combe  (-km),  n.  Humbug,  clap- 
trap, sophistry,  [anecdotic ;  member  for  Bun- 
combe in  N.  Carolina  speaking  needlessly  in 
Congress  to  impress  his  constituents] 

bu'nny,  n.  Pet  name  for  rabbit.  Tbun2  + 
-y3] 

Bu'nsen('s)  (boon-,  bun-),  a.  Invented  by 
Prof.  B.  of  Heidelberg  (B.  burner,  lamp,  burn- 
ing air  with  gas  for  heating  &  blow-pipe  work ; 
B.  battery,  cell,  voltaic  of  spec.  kind). 

bunt  \  n.  Cavity,  baggy  part,  of  fishing-net, 
sail,  &c.    [I] 

bunt2,n.  (Also  Smut -ball)  disease  of  wheat.  [1] 

bu'nting  *,  n.  Sub-family  of  birds  including 
Common  or  Corn  B.,  Yelloio  B.  (or  Yellow 
Hammer),  Black-headed,  Reed,  Snow,8cc.,  B.; 
grey  shrimp.    [?] 

bu'nting2,  n.  (Open-made  worsted  stuff 
used  for)  flags.  [perh.  =  bolting-cloth  (bolt5) 
f.  obs.  bunt  sift,  orperh.=G  bunt  parti-coloured 

+  -ING11 

buoy  i  (boi),  n.      Anchored   float  showing 


chain] 

buoy2  (boi),  v.t.  (Usu.  with  up)  keep  afloat ; 
bring  to  surface  of  water ;  sustain  (person, 
courage,  &c. ),  uplift.  (Without  up,  sometimes 
with  out)  mark  with  buoy(s).  [see  prec,  but 
the  vb  is  perh.  directly  f.  a  foreign  source] 

buoyage  (-ij),  n.  Providing  of  buoys.  T-age] 

buoyancy,  n.  Floating  power  (of  solid  to 
stay,  of  liquid  to  keep  object,  afloat) ;  (Hydrost.) 
loss'of  weight  by  immersion  in  liquid  ;  elasti- 
city, recuperative  power,  (of  spirits,  also  of 
prices,  &c).    [f.  foil. ;  see  -ancy] 

buoyant  (boi-),  a.  Apt  to  float,  rise,  keep 
up,  or  recover,  springy ;  able  to  keep  things  up  ; 
light-hearted.  Hence  buoyantLV2  adv.  [  =  , 
&  perh.  f.,  Sp.  boyante;  earlier  than  buoy2; 
see  buoy  ]] 

bup,  burr,  n.  (Any  plant  with)  clinging  seed- 
vessel  or  flower ;  female  hop-catkin ;  person 
hard  to  shake  off.    [  =  Da.  borre] 

bup*ble,  v.i.  Simmer  (with  rage,  mirth),  [on 
burst,  bubble  ;  but  cf.  obs.  burble  bubble] 

bup'bot,  n.  Eel-like  flat-headed  bearded 
fresh-water  fish.  [f.  F  bourbotte  cf.  bourboter 
wallow  f.  LL  borba  f.  Gk  borboros  mud] 

bup'den1,  bur'then  (-dh-),  n.  (usu.  -den 
exc.  =  tonnage).  Load  (lit.,  or  of  labour,  duty, 
sorrow,  &c. ;  6.  of  proof,  obligation  to  prove 
falling  on  maker  of  statement) ;  obligatory  ex- 
pense ;  ship's  carrying-capacity,  tonnage :  bear- 
ing of  loads  (ship,  beast,  ofb.);  (bibl!)  oracle, 
heavy  fate  ;  (=obs.  senses  of  bourdon)  refrain, 
chorus,  of  song,  chief  theme  or  gist  of  poem, 
book,  speech,  &c.  [OE  byrthen =OSax.  bur- 
thinnia  (st.  of  bears  4-  suf.  -innja) ;  for  -d-  cf. 
murther,  murder) 


bup'den2,  bur'then,  v.t.  Load  (lit.  &  fig.), 
encumber,  oppress,  tax.    [f.  prec] 

burdensome,  a.  Oppressive,  wearying. 
Hence  burdensomexEss  n.    [-some] 

burdock,  n.  Coarse  plant  with  prickly 
flower-heads  (bur)  &  dock-like  leaves,  [bur  + 
dock  i] 

bureau  (buro"),  n.  (pi.  -eaux,  pr.  -6z).  Writ- 
ing-desk with  drawers,  escritoire ;  office, 
government  department.  [F,=  office,  desk, 
orig.  baize  f.  OF  buret  dim.  of  Sure  coarse 
cloth  cf.  buire  brown  f.  L  burrus  red  perh.  f. 
Gk purrhos  red] 

bureau'eraey  (okra-),  n.  Government  by 
bureaux,  centralization  :  officialism  ;  officials. 
Allied  wds :  bureau'CRATn.,  bureaucrat- 
ic a.,  bureaucra'tiCALLY  adv.,  bureau*- 
eratiSM(2),  bureau*eratiST(2),  nn.  [f.  prec. 
+  -cracy] 

bure'tte,  n.  Graduated  glass  tube  for  mea- 
suring small  quantities  of  liquid.  [F,  dim.  of 
buire  vase] 

bur'gage,  n.  An  ancient  tenure  (hold  in  b.). 
[f.  med7  L  burgagium  (burgus  see  borough)] 

burgee*,  n.  Small  tapered  pennant  used  by 
yachts  &c.    [?] 

burgeon,  bour'geon,  (berjn),  n.,  &  v.i. 
(Put  forth,  spring  forth  as)  young  shoot(s),  bud, 
begin  to  grow,  (poet.,  &  also  in  Zool.  of  gemma- 
tion).   [ME  borioun  f.  OF  tmrjon  etym.  dub.] 

bur'gess,  n.  Inhabitant  of  borough  with 
full  municipal  rights,  citizen  ;  (Hist.)  member 
of  parliament  for  borough,  corporate  town,  or 
university.    [ME  &  OF  burgeis= bourgeois1] 

burgh  (buTu),  n.  (Sc).  Scotch  chartered 
town  (used  in  E  in  writing  of  Scotch  borough), 
[see  borough] 

burgher  (ber'ger),  n.  (archaic).  Citizen 
(chiefly  of  foreign  towns),  [f.  G  or  Du.  burger 
(burg  fortified  town),  later  assim.  to  E  burgh] 

bur'glar,  n.  One  who  breaks  into  house  by 
night  with  intent  to  commit  felony.  Hence 
bur'glarv1  n.,  burglarious  a., burglar*- 
Iously  2  adv.  [f.  AngTo-L  burglator,  burgator, 
perh.  made  on  burgh-breche  the  native  term 
for  burglary] 

bur*gle,  v.i.  &  t.  Commit  burglary ;  enter 
or  rob  (house)  burglariously,  [recent  back- 
formation  f.  prec,  but  cf.  burgulare  13541 

bur'gomaster,  n.  Mayor  of  Dutch  or  Flem- 
ish town.    [f.  Du.  burgemeester  (borough)] 

bur'gonet,  n.  (hist.).  Visored  helmet ;  steel 
cap.  [7.  OF  bourguignotte  f.  Bourgogne  Bur- 
gundy] 

bur'gundy,  n.  Kinds  of  (usu.  red)  wine  of 
Burgundy. 

bu'rial  (be-),  n.  Depositing  under  earth, 
burying,  esp.  of  dead  body,  funeral ;  b.-ground, 
cemetery ;  b.-service,  religious  form  (esp.  that 
in  Ch.-of-Engl.  prayer-book)  at  funeral,  [f.  OE 
byrgels  cf.  OSax.  burgisli  (burg-  st.  of  bergan 
cover),  -s  dropped  as  though  pi.,  cf.  pea] 

bur'in,  n.  Tool  for  engraving  on  copper. 
Hence  bur*iniST(l)  n.  [F,  perh.  f.  OHG  bora 
boring- tool  (bore1)] 

burke,  v.t.  Avoid,  smother,  (publicity,  in- 
quiry) ;  hush  up,  suppress,  (rumour,  book). 
[Burke  executed  1829  for  smothering  people  to 
sell  bodies  for  dissection] 

burl,  n.,  &  v.t.  Knot  in  wool  or  cloth  ;  (vb) 
clear  of  bb.    [f.  OF  bourle\ 

bur'lap,  n.  Coarse  canvas.  [cf.Du.6oe/t7aj3 
etym.  dub.] 

burlesque  (-esk),  a.  &  n.,  &  v.t.  Imitative, 
imitation,  imitate,  for  purpose  of  deriding  or 
amusing ;  bombast(ic),  mock-serious(ness) ;  cari- 
cature,parody,esp.(of)literary&dramaticwork. 
[F,  f.  It.  burlesco  (burla  mockery,  -esque)] 


BURLY 


110 


BUSINESS 


bup'ly,  a.  Sturdy,  corpulent.  Hence  bup*- 
Hness  n.  [ME  borlich  prob.  f.  an  OE  burlic 
(handsome,  fit  for  the)  bower  I,  +  -ly  !] 

burn1,  n.  (Sc,  north.,  poet.).  Small  stream. 
[com.-Teut.  cf.  Du.  born,  &  S.-Engl.  bourn1] 
burn2,  v.t.  &  i.  (burnt  sometimes  burned). 
Consume,  waste,  by  fire  (t.  &  i.,  the  heat,  heat- 
ing person,  or  heated  thing,  being  subject; 
b.  away,  out,  to  nothing,  to  extinction  ;  &.  up, 
get  rid  of  by  fire ;  b.  out,  consume  contents  of  ; 
b.  one's  boats,  commit  oneself  irrevocably  to  a 
course) ;  blaze,  glow,  with  fire  (b.  up,  flash  into 
blaze;  b.  down,  low,  less  vigorously  as  fuel 
fails) » ;  give,  make  to  give,  light  (lamp,  candles, 
gas,  oil  &c. ;  b.  blue  &c,  give  blue  &c.  light ; 
b.  candle  at  both  ends,  not  husband  energy; 
6.  daylight,  use  artificial  light  by  day) ;  put,  be 
put,  to  death  by  fire ;  harden,  produce,  (bricks, 
lime,  charcoal)  by  heat;  make  (hole  &c.)  by 
heat  (money  burns  hole  in  pocket,  clamours  to 
be  spent) ;  injure,  be  injured,  by  fire  or  great 
heat  (b.  one's  fingers,  suffer  for  meddling  or 
rashness) ;  char,  scorch,  in  cooking  (t.  &  L), 
adhere  to  saucepan  &c. ;  cauterize,  brand, 
(b.  in,  into,  impress  indelibly) ;  eat,  make  acid 
&c.  eat,  its  way  (into  material,  material,  or 
abs.) ;  parch,  freckle,  tan,  colour,  (t.  &  i.  ;  abs. 
or  with  brown,  dry,  &c.) ;  give,  feel,  sensation 
or  pain  (as)  of  heat  (burnt  child  dreads  fire ; 
ears  b.,  when  one  is  talked  of;  6.,  get  near  dis- 
covery or  truth,  as  in  child's  game) ;  make,  be, 
hot  or  passionate,  glow,  blaze,  rage,  yearn  ;  b. 
person  out,  expel  him  by  fire ;  b.  the  water, 
spear  salmon  by  torchlight;  burning-glass, 
convex  lens  or  concave  mirror  concentrating 
sun's  rays  enough  to  ignite  object  at  focus ; 
bxtrnt  offering,  sacrifice  made  by  burning.  [OE 
brinnan  intr.,  bxrnan  trans. ;  coni.-Teut.  cf.  G 
brennen] 

burn3,  n.  Sore,  mark,  on  body  made  by 
burning,    [f.  prec] 

bup'nep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  in  comb,  as 
brick-b. ;  also,  part  of  lamp  &c.  that  shapes 
the  flame,    [-er1] 

bup'net,  n.  Kinds  of  brown-flowered  plant, 
[f.  obs.  adj.  burnet  f.  OF  burnete  see  brun- 
ette] 

bur'ning,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  flagrant 
(b.  shame,  disgrace) ;  hotly  discussed,  exciting, 
(b.  question) ;   b.    scent   (in  hunting),  strong. 

[-ING2] 

bur-nish,  v.t  &  i.  Polish  by  friction  ;  (with 
well  &c.)  take  a  polish.  Hence  bup'nishER  l(2) 
n.    [f.  OF  bumir=brunir  (brun  brown),  see 

-ISH2] 

burnoirs(e)  (-oos,  -ooz),  n.  Arab,  Moorish, 
&  lady's,  hooded  cloak.  [F  (-s),  f.  Arab,  burnus] 

burr1,  n.  Nebulous  disk  round  moon  or 
star ;  rough  ridge  left  on  cut  or  punched  metal 
or  paper  (b.-drill,  dentist's) ;  siliceous  rock  used 
for  mill-stones ;  whetstone;  kinds  of  limestone ; 
rough  sounding  of  letter  r  as  in  Northumber- 
land ;  whirring  sound ;  =  bur.  [etym.  dub. ; 
perh.  four  different  wds  ;  &  cf.  bur] 

bupp2,  v.t.  &  i.  Pronounce  with  sound  of 
Northumbrian  r,  also  of  French  r ;  speak  with- 
out clear  articulation,    [cf.  prec] 

bu'ppow,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Make,  live  in)  hole 
excavated  in  earth,  as  of  foxes,  rabbits,  &c. ; 
make  by  excavating  (hole,  one's  way) ;  retire 
out  of  sight;  (fig.)  investigate  mysteries  &c. 
Hence  bu'ppowER  *  n.    [perh.  =  borough] 

bup'sap,  n.  Treasurer,  esp.  of  a  college ; 
exhibitioner  in  Scotch  Universitv  or  school, 
whence  bup'saPY1  n.  [f.  med.  L  bursarius 
(bursa  bag  f.  Gk  =  hide)] 

bupsap'ial,  a.    Of  bursar(y).    [-al] 

bupst  \  v.t.  &  i.  (past  &  p.p.  burst).    Fly  by 


expansion  of  contents,  send  (containing  case), 
violently  asunder,  split,  (powder,  shell,  &c. ; 
exaggeratively,  b.  with  food  or  emotion,  heart 
bursts) ;  get  away  from  or  through,  make  way 
out  or  in,  express  one's  feelings,  by  force  or 
suddenly  (river  bursts  banks  ;  b.  in,  come  into 
room,  interrupt ;  b.  out,  exclaim  ;  b.  into  tears, 
out  laughing,  break  into  tears,  laughter ;  b. 
upon  enemy's  country,  overrun  it) ;  open,  come 
open,  be  opened,  forcibly  (boil,  bud,  cloud,  b. ; 
b.  door,  door  bursts,  in  or  open) ;  fill,  be  full,  to 
overflowing  (grain  bursts  granary,  granary 
bursting ;  b.  with  joy,  envy,  pride,  a  secret) ; 
appear  suddenly  (b.  into  flame,  upon  the  view; 
sun,  war,  disease,  b.  out) ;  suffer  bursting  of 
(some  part ;  b.  a  blood-vessel,  one's  heart,  sides 
with  laughing,  buttons  with  food).  [OE  berstan 
f.  OTeut.  brestan  perh.  f.  brek-  break;  there 
has  been  double  metathesis,  OTeut.  brest-,  OE 
berst-,  ME  brest-,  mod.  burst] 

bupst2,  n.  Bursting,  split ;  b.-up  (often  bust- 
colloq.),  collapse;  sudden  issuing  forth  (b.  of 
flame),  explosion,  outbreak,  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  spurt ; 
continuous  gallop  ;  bout  of  drunkenness  &c. 
[f.  prec] 

bup'tnen.    See  burden. 

bupy  (be'ri),  v.t.  Deposit  in,  commit  to,  earth, 
tomb,  or  sea  (corpse) ;  (of  relatives)  to  have 
buried,  lost ;  (of  clergy)  perform  burial  rites ; 
put  under  ground  (b.  alive  ;  b.  the  hatchet,  re- 
nounce quarrel) ;  put  away,  forget ;  (chiefly 
refl.  &  pass.)  consign  to  obscurity;  hide  in 
earth  (treasure  &c),  cover  up,  submerge ; 
withdraw  from  view  (face  in  hands,  hands  in 
pockets) ;  (p.p.)  immersed  (buried  in  sloth) ; 
burying-ground,  -place,  graveyard,  cemetery. 
[OE  byrgan  cf.  burial] 

bus,  'b-,  n.  (pi.  -es),  &  v.i.    (Go  by)  omnibus. 

birsby  (-z-),  n.  Tall  fur  cap  of  Hussars, 
Artillery,  &  Engineers.    [?] 

bush1  (bobsh),  n.  Shrub,  clump  of  shrubs; 
bunch  of  ivy  as  ancienp  vintner's  sign  (good 
wine  needs  no  b.);  luxuriant  growth  of  hair, 
whisker,  &c. ;  woodland,  untilled  district,  (esp. 
in  colonies ;  take  to  the  b.,  become  bushranger) ; 
beat  1  about  b. ;  bush-  in  many  bird,  beast,  & 
plant  names ;  b.-fighter,  -ing,  (person  used  to) 
fighting  in  the  b.,  guerilla  warfare  ;  b.-harrow, 
heavy  frame  with  bars  between  which  branches 
are  inserted  for  harrowing  grass  land  or  cover- 
ing seed,  (vb)  harrow  with  this ;  bushman, 
aboriginal  of  a  S.-Afr.  tribe,  dweller,  farmer, 
or  traveller  in  the  Australian  b.,  whence 
bu'shmansHiP  (3)  n.  [after  Du.  boschjesman 
(bosch  bush)];  b.-ranger,  Australian  brigand 
(at  first  escaped  convict)  living  in  the  bush  ; 
b.-rope,  tropical  wild  vine  netting   trees  to- 

gjther.  [ME  busk  f.  ON  buskr,  cf.  G  bunch, 
u.  bosch  (whence  prob.  the  sense  woodland 
above),  f.  Rom.  bosco  see  bosk] 

bush  2,  v.t.  Set  (ground)  with  bb.  to  frustrate 
net-poaching  ;  b.-harrow  (ground),    [prec] 

bush3  (boosh),  n.,&  v.t.  Metal  lining  of  axle- 
hole  or  other  circular  orifice,  perforated  plug  ; 
(vb)  furnish  with  b.  [prob.  f.  MDu.  busse  box2 
cf.  blunderbuss] 

bu'shel  (bdbshl),  n.  Measure  of  capacity 
(8 gal.)  for  corn,  fruit,  &c.  (not  hide  light  or 
candle  under  b.,  set  example  ;  measure  others' 
corn  by  one's  own  b.,  judge  others  by  oneself). 
Hence  bu'shelFUL  (2)  n.  [ME  boyschel  f.  OF 
boissiel  f.  LL  buscellus  f.  buxis  box  2] 

bu'shy.a.  Abounding  in  bushes ;  growing 
thickly.    Hence  bu'shiNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

business  (bi'znls),  n.  Being  busy  (orig. 
sense,  now  obs.,  see  busyness);  task,  duty, 
province,  (make  it  one's  b.  to,  undertake): 
cause  of  coming  (what  is  your  b.  ?) ;  habitual 


BUSINESS-LIKE 


111 


BUTTER 


occupation,  profession,  trade ;  serious  work 
(means  b.,  is  in  earnest ;  on  b.,  with  definite 
purpose ;  b.  end  of  tin  tack,  point ;  b.  hours, 
hours  of  b.,  of  regular  work,  open  shop  or 
office,  &c.) ;  thing  needing  attention,  agenda, 
{the  b.  of  the  day,  meeting,  &c.) ;  dealings  with 
men  &  matters  (b.  man,  one  used  to  these,  & 
see  below ;  man  of  b.,  agent,  attorney) ;  diffi- 
cult matter  (what  ab.it  is  !,  make  a  great  b.  of 
it) ;  thing  that  concerns  one,  that  one  may 
meddle  with,  (mind  your  own,  go  about  your, 
send  about  his,  b.,  reproof  or  dismissal ;  has  no 
b.  to,  no  right) ;  (contempt.)  device,  machine, 
process,  concern,  course  of  events,  (sick  of  the 
whole  b.;  alath-&-plasterb.);  (Theatr.)  action, 
dumb  -  show  ;  buying  &  selling,  bargaining, 
(doing  a  great  b. ;  good  stroke  of  b. ;  b.  man, 
engaged  in  commerce,  also  see  above) ;  com- 
mercial house,  firm ;  do  one's  6.,  kill  him ; 
good  b.  I,  well  done !    [OE  bisignis  (busy  *  + 

-NESS)] 

business-like,  a.  Systematic,  practical, 
prompt,  well-ordered,    [-like] 

busk,  n.  Rigid  strip  stiffening  corset-front, 
[f.  F  busc  etym.  dub.] 

bu'skin,  n.  Boot  reaching  to  calf  or  knee  ; 
thick-soled  boot  lending  height  to  Athenian 
tragic  actor;  the  tragic  vein,  tragedy,  (see 
sock  ;  put  on  the  b.,  write  or  act  tragedy). 
Hencebu'skinED2a.  [in  many  Europ.langg.; 
the  E  perh.  f.  OSp.  boszegui,  F  brousequtn, 
Du.  brozeken,  Sec,  having br- ;  etym.  dub. ;  MIt. 
borzachino  suggests  borza  purse] 

buss,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (archaic).  Kiss,  [earlier 
bass  n.  &  v. ;  cf.  F  baiser,  L  basiare,  basium] 

bust,  n.  Sculpture  of  person's  head,  shoul- 
ders, &  chest ;  upper  front  of  body,  bosom,  esp. 
of  woman,    [f.  F  buste  f.  It.  busto  etym.  dub.J 

bu'stapd,  n.  Genus  of  large  swift-running 
birds,  [perh.  mixture  of  OF  bistarde,  oustarde, 
both  f.  L  avis  tarda  slow  bird  (the  inappro- 
priate adj.  unexplained)] 

bu'stle1  (busl),  v.i.  &  t.  Bestir  oneself; 
make  show  of  activity,  hurry  about ;  make 


(others)  hurry  or  work  hard.  [perh.  var.  of  obs. 
(ON  buask  refl.  of 

bu*stfe2,  n.    Excited  activity,  fuss.  \t.  prec] 

m 


buskle  f.  obs.  busk  prepare 
bua  prepare  cf.  bound*)] 


bustle3  (bu'sl),  n.  Pad  or  frame  puffing  out 
top  of  woman's  skirt  behind,    [perh.  =  prec] 

busy1  (bi"zi),  a.  Occupied,  working,  en- 
gaged, with  attention  concentrated,  (b.  in, 
with,  at ;  also,  prep,  being  dropped,  with  vbl 
n.  now  looking  like  part.,  as  he  was  b.  packing) ; 
unresting,  ever  employed,  stirring;  fussy,  med- 
dlesome, prying,  mischievous;  6.  idle(ness), 
spending  energy  on  trifles;  b.-body,  meddle- 
some person,  mischief-maker.  Hence  bu'siLY2 
adv.  [OE  bvrig;  only  E  &  LG  cf.  Du.  bezig; 
the  -u-  unexplained] 

bu*sy2,  v.t.  Occupy  (esp.  oneself,  one's 
hands,  eyes,  &c),  keep  b..  (with,  in,  at,  about, 
or  with  -ing,  or  abs. ).    [OE  bisgian  see  prec] 

bu'syness,  n.  State  or  quality  or  being 
busy.  [mod.  form  differentiated  in  spelling  Se 
pronunc  f.  business] 

but l  (orig.  adv.  &  prep.  =  outside,  without ; 
developed  into  conj.,  under  which  most  mod. 
uses  belong;  but  it  is  now  adv.,  prep.,  negative 
rel.  pron.,  subord.  &  coord,  conj. ;  clear  distinc- 
tion of  these  is  not  here  possible).  Only  (she  is 
b.  a  child,  lean  b.  do  it) ;  except,  if  not,  short 
of,  except  that,  if  it  were  not  that,  short  of  the 
condition  that,  (they  are  all  wrong  b.  he,  him ; 
no  one  b.  me,  I;  never  b.  once  ;  he  all  b.  did  it ; 
what  can  he  do  b.  die  ;  nothing  would  content 
him  b.  I  must  come) ;  otherwise  than  (cannot 
choose  b.,  cannot  b.,  do  it) ;  who  or  that  not 


(no  one  b.  knows  that) ;  without  the  result  &c 
that  (never  rains  b.  it  pours ;  justice  was  never 
done  b.  some  one  complained) ;  rather  than  so- 
&-so  shall  prove  untrue  (it  shall  go  hard  b.  I 
will  get  there ;  ten  to  one  b.  it  was  you) ;  that 
not  (not  such  a  fool  6.— also  b.  that,  b.  what— 
he  can  see  that ;  it  is  impossible  b.  that  offences 
will  come) ;  to  say  (that)  not  (not  b.  that— also 
what— he  believed  it  himself);  (after  neg.)  that 
(/  don't  deny,  doubt,  b.  that) ;  on  the  contrary, 
nevertheless,  however,  on  the  other  hand, 
moreover,  yet.  [OE  be-utan,  butan,  buta,  (be-, 
out)  outside,  without] 

but2,  n.,  &  v.t.  An  objection;  (vb)  utter, 
use,  (bb. ;  but  me  no  buts).    [uses  of  prec] 

butcher1  (bob-),  n.  Slaughterer  of  animals 
for  food  ;  dealer  in  meat ;  judge,  general,  &c, 
who  has  men  killed  needlessly  or  brutally ;  a 
salmon-fly;  b.'s  bill,  list  of  killed  in  war; 
b.-bird,  kind  of  shrike;  b.'s-broom,  low  spiny- 
leaved  evergreen  =  Knee  Holly;  b.'s  meat, 
excluding  poultry,  game,  &  bacon  &c.  [f.  OF 
bochier  (boc  buck1)  lit.  dealer  in  goat's  flesh] 

bu'tchep  2,  v.t.  Slaughter  (people)  wantonly 
or  cruelly;  ruin  by  bad  reading  or  editing, 
damage  by  harsh  criticism,    [f.  prec] 

bu'teheply,a.  Fit  for,  like,  a  butcher,  coarse, 
brutal,  bloody,    [-ly  l] 

bu'tehepy,  n.  Shambles  (in  barracks,  camp, 
ship.  &c) :  (attrib.)  butcher's  trade  (6.  trade, 
business,  Sec);  needless  or  cruel  slaughter  of 
peoj)le.    [f.  F  boucherie  (butcher,  -y  lf\ 

bu'tlep,  n.  Servant  in  charge  of  wine-cellar 
&  plate  &c,  head  servant,  [f.  AF  butuiller  f. 
OF  bouteillier,  see  bottle  *,  -er  2  (2)] 

butt1,  n.  Wine  or  ale  cask  (108-140 gal.); 
any  barrel,    [f.  Rom.  (F  &  It.  botte)  f.  LL  buttis] 

butt2,  n.  Thicker  end,  esp.  of  tool  or  weapon 
(give  fish  the  &.,  turn  b.  of  rod  towards  him  for 
firmer  hold) ;  trunk  of  tree  just  above  ground  ; 
b.  or  b.-end,  remnant  (b.-end  also = thicker  end) ; 
base  of  leaf-stalk ;  kinds  of  flat-fish,  as  sole, 
plaice,  turbot ;  hide  of  back  &  flanks  trimmed 
to  rectangle,  thickest  leather  (cf.  bend1); 
square  end  of  plank  meeting  a  similar  end 
(also  b.-end).  [cf.  Da.  but.  Du.  bot,  stumpy,  Sw. 
but  stump ;  whether  senses  belong  together, 
&  relation  to  other  wds  butt,  doubtful] 

butt3,  n.  Mound  behind  target ;  (pi. )  shooting- 
range  ;  target ;  end,  aim,  object ;  object  of 
(ridicule  &c) ;  object  of  teasing  &  ridicule, 
[f.  F  but  goal  cf.  foil.] 

butt  \  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Push  (v.  &  n.)  with  the 
head  (come  b.  or  full  b.  against,  run  into) ;  meet 
end  to  end  (b.  against,  upon) ;  come,  place 
(timber  &c),  with  end  flat  against  wall  &c. 
[f.  OF  boter,  buter,  (now  bouter)  thrust,  project, 
influenced  by  abut] 

buttep1,  n.  Fatty  substance  made  from 
cream  by  churning  (look  as  if  b.  would  not 
melt  in  mouth,  demure  ;  melted  b.,  sauce  of  b., 
flour,  Sec);  kinds  of  substance  of  similar  con- 
sistency or  look,  as  6.  of  almonds ;  fulsome 
flattery;  b.-dt-eggs,  kinds  of  plant  with  two 
yellows  in  flower,  as  toad-flax  ;  b.-boat,  sauce- 
boat  ;  b.-knife,  blunt,  of  silver  &c,  for  cutting 
b. ;  b.-scotch,  kind  of  toffee ;  butterbur,  plant 
with  large  soft  leaves ;  buttercup,  kinds  of 
yellow-flowered  Ranunculus ;  b.-fingers,  -fin- 
gered, (person)  unable  to  hold  things,  esp. 
a  catch  at  cricket ;  buttermilk,  liquid  left  after 
churning  b. ;  b.-nut,  N.-Amer.  oily  nut(-tree) ; 
b.-print,  wooden  stamp  for  marking  b. ;  butter- 
wort,  fleshy-leaved  violet -flowered  bog-plant. 
Hence  bu'ttepv2  a.,  buttepixEss  n.  [OE 
butere,  f.  L  f.  Gk  botduron  (bous  cow,  turon 
cheese,  or  perh.  barbarian  wd  so  accounted  for)J 

butter2,  v.t.    Spread,  cook,  sauce,  with  b. 


BUTTERBUMP  112 


BY- 


(fine  teds  b.  no  parsnips,  mere  professions  are 
valueless) ;  for  other  phrr.  see  bread)  ;  (also  6. 


up)  flatter,    [f.  prec] 
bu'tterbump,  n.    =  bittern,   [see  bump3] 
bu'tterfly,  n.  &  a.     Diurnal  erect-winged 


insect  with  knobbed  antennae ;  showy  or  fickle 
(person),  trifler;  b.-nut,  -screw,  (Mech.),  with 
wings  to  be  turned  by  thumb  &  finger ;  break  * 
b.  on  wheel.  [OE  buttor-flioge  cf.  Du.  boter- 
vlieg,  connexion  with  butter  unexplained] 
bu'tterine  (-en),  n.  Imitation  butter  of 
oleo-margarine  &  milk,  [-ine1] 
bu'tteris,  n.  Farrier's  tool  for  paring  hoof, 
[cf.  F  boutoir  &  obs.  E  butter] 
bu'ttery,  n.  Place  in  colleges  &c.  where 
bread  &  ale,  butter,  &c,  are  kept ;  b.-hatch, 
half-door  over  which  provisions  are  issued,  [f. 
OF  boterie  =  bouteillerie  (bottle1,  -ery)] 
bu'ttoek^n.  Half  of  rump  (usu.  in  pi.);  man- 
oeuvre in  wrestling  (usu.  cross-b.,  running-b., 
&c. ) ;  b.-steak,  =  rumpsteak.  [butt2  +  -ock] 
bu'ttoek2,  v.t.  Throw  by  using  b.  [f.  prec] 
bu'tton *.  n.  Knob  or  disk  sewn  to  garment 
to  fasten  it  by  passing  through  buttonhole,  or 
for  ornament  {boy  in  bb.,  page ;  take  by  the  6., 
detain,  see  buttonhole  below) ;  bud  ;  unopened 
mushroom ;  in  plant  names,  as  bachelor's  6. ; 
knob,  handle, catch,  as  in  electric  bell  (touchthe 
6. ,  produce  complicated  result  by  simple  action) ; 
small  bar  revolving  on  pivot  as  door-fastening ; 
small  rounded  body;  terminal  knob  (on  foil, 
making  it  harmless ;  also  as  ornament) ;  &.- 
boot,  fastened  with  bb. ;  buttonhole,  slit  made 
to  receive  fastening  b.,  (fig.)  small  mouth, 
flower(s)  worn  in  buttonhole,  (vb)  make  button- 
holes (in),  hold  by  a  coat  or  waistcoat  b., 
detain,  (reluctant  listener),  whence  bu'tton- 
holER1  n.  [last  sense  by  confusion  with  earlier 
b.-hold] ;  buttonhook,  for  pulling  b.  into  place. 
Hence  (-)  buttonED  2,  bu'ttonLESS,  aa., 
bu'ttonlessNESS  n.  [f.  OF  boton  bud  f.  LL 
*bottonem  nom.  -to  f.  bottare -push,  cf.  butt4] 
bu'tton2,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  with  button(s) ; 
fasten  (t.  &  i.)  with  bb.  (often  up) ;  enclose 
within  buttoned  garment  (person,  or  object 
carried  with  one ;  usu.  up),  [f.  prec] 
birttons,  n.  Liveried  page.  [pi.  of  button1] 
bu'ttony,  a.  With  many  buttons.  [-Y2] 
bu'ttpess,  n.,  &  v.t.  Support  built  against 
wall  &c  ;  prop  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  b.-like  projection 
of  hill ;  (vb)  support  (lit.  &  fig.,  often  with  up) 
with  b.,  by  argument,  &c  [perh.  f.  OF  bouterez, 
-et,  flying  buttress  {bouter  push  cf.  abut)] 
butyp-,  butypo-,  st.  &  comb,  form  of  tech- 
nical wds  as  butyr A'CEOVS,  butp'ric,  butyro- 
ac&'tic ;  of  butter,  esp.  in  its  chem.  aspect. 

bu'xom,  a.  Plump,  comely.  Hence 
birxomNESS  n.  [earlier  sense  pliant;  ME 
buhsum  t.  st.  of  bugan  bow3  +  -some] 
buy  (bi),  v.t.  (bought,  pr.  bawt).  Obtain  by 
paying  a  (usu.  money)  price  ;  serve  to  procure 
(money  cannot  6.) ;  get  by  some  sacrifice  (dearly 
bought) ;  gain  over  (person)  by  bribery  &c ;  6. 
in,  b.  a  stock  of,  withdraw  at  auction  by  naming 
higher  price  than  highest  offered ;  6.  into,  b. 
stock  or  shares  in  (the  Funds  or  a  company) ; 
6.  off,  get  rid  by  payment  of  (claim,  claimant, 
blackmailer),  get  (soldier)  discharged  so ;  6. 
out,  pay  person  to  give  up  post,  property,  &c  ; 
6.  overx  bribe  ;  6.  up,  b.  as  much  as  possible  of ; 
6.  pig  in  poke,  commit  oneself  inconsiderately. 
Hence  buy'ABLE  a.,  buy'ER1  n.  IOE  byegan 
cf.  Goth,  bugjan  etym.  dub.] 
buz(z)  i,  int.  =  Stale  news  f 
buzz2,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  humming  sound ; 
move,  hover,  about  (person  or  abs.)  annoyingly 
like  bluebottle  ;  (of  a  company  or  place)  sound 
confusedly;  circulate  (t.  &  i.  of  rumour  &c) ; 


utter  by   speaking    together    (6.    applause) ; 
throw  hard  (6.  stones),    [imit.] 
buzz3,  n.    Hum  of  bee  &c  ;  sound  of  people 
talking,  stir,  general  movement,    [f.  prec] 
buzz4,  n.    Downy  beetle,  fishing-fly  like  it. 
[perh.  as  expressive,  cf.  fuzzy  &  obs.  buzz  ivig] 
buzz5,  v.t.    Finish  (bottle  of  wine).     [?] 
bu-zzard,  n.    Kinds  of  falcon  (B.,  Bald  B.  or 
osprey ,  Honey  B. ,  Moor  B. ,  &c. ).    [f .  OF  6  usart 
f.  L  buteo  falcon  +  -ard] 
bu'zzep,   n.     In   vbl   senses ;    esp.    steam- 
whistle.     [BUZZ2, -ER1] 

by1,  prep.  &  adv.  Prep,  (bi,  sometimes  bi) : 
Near,  at  or  to  side  of,  in  postal  district  of, 
about  person  or  in  possession  of,  in  company 
of,  in  region  of,  slightly  inclining  to,  (Bromley- 
by-Bow,  Coniston-by- Ambleside ;  come  hereby 
me ;  stand  by,  be  faithful  to,  help ;  abide  by, 
accept,  observe ;  have  not  got  it  by  me ;  come 
by,  obtain ;  by  oneself,  alone ;  North  by  East, 
between  N  &  NNE :  by  the  head,  stern,  deeper 
in  water  there ;  by  land  &  sea,  adventures  by 
flood  &  field) ;  along,  in  passing  along,  through, 
via,  avoiding,  passing,  out-stripping,  (by  nearest 
road ;  by  the  way,  as  one  goes,  parenthetically ; 
so  by  the  by,  esp.  as  formula  introducing  di- 
gression ;  travel  by  Bale,  Paris ;  pass  him  by, 
go  by  him) ;  during,  in  the  circumstances  of, 
(by  day,  night,  daylight ;  by  the  space  of, 
biblical  for  during) ;  through  the  agency, 
means,  instrumentality,  or  causation,  of, 
owing  to,  in  such  a  manner,  with,  (by  oneself, 
without  help  or  prompting;  know,  say,  by 
heart  ;  multiply,  divide,  by ;  Sft  by  2ft ;  lead 
by  the  hand ;  set  by  the  ears,  egg  on  to  quarrel ; 

go,  be  known,  by  the  name  of ;  what  do  you 

mean  by  that?;  travel  by  rail;  by  all,  no, 
means ;  live  by  bread ;  do  it  by  one's  deputy ; 
have  children  by  such  a  father,  mother; 
authorized,  hanged,  made,  by  ;  no  gas  to  read 
by ;  case  goes  by  default ;  begin,  end,  by 
ing ;  by  way  of  a  joke ;  be  by  way  of  know- 
ing everybody,  profess  or  be  supposed  to ; 
cautious  by  nature ;  by  cheque,  &6.  5.  h,  in  Cr 
entries ;  by  chance ;  by  dint  of;  by  reason  of) ; 
as  soon  as,  not  later  than,  (by  now,  next  week, 
tomorrow,  the  time— with  or  oftener  without 
—that) ;  according  to,  after,  from,  (by  rote ;  by 
right ;  by  rights,  if  right  were  done ;  take 
warning,  example,  by ;  by  your  leave  ;  judge 
by  appearances  ;  sell,  buy,  by  retail,  measure, 
the  yard,  packet) ;  with  succession  of,  suc- 
ceeding, (by  degrees,  by  hundreds,  man  by 
man,  little  by  little) ;  to  the  extent  of  (missed 
by  a  foot,  too  moral  by  half,  better  by  far, 
much);  concerning,  in  respect  of,  (do  one's 
duty  by ;  French  by  blood,  Jones  by  name ; 
pull  up  by  the  roots) ;  as  surely  as  I  believe  in 
(by  Ood  ;  swear  by  all  one  holds  sacred  ;  swear 
by  vegetarianism,  declare  complete  belief  in 
it).  Adv.  (bi):  Near  (stand  by,  be  inactive, 
also  be  ready  for  action,  esp.  Naut.) ;  aside,  in 
reserve,  (put,  lay,  set,  by,  abandon  or  store 
up) ;  past  (they  marched  by ;  all  that  is  gone 
by).  JOE  bi,  bi,  be  ;  cf.  OHG  bi,  bi,  (G  bei,  be-) ; 
in  OE  the  prep,  was  sometimes  be ;  in  mod.E 
the  adv.  is  always  by,  the  prep.  usu.  by  some- 
times bp,  &  the  pre f.  either  by-  or  be-] 

by2,  bye,  a.  Subordinate,  incidental,  secon- 
dary, side,  sly,  out-of-the-way,  secret,  as  by(e) 
road,  the  by(e)  effects,  a  by(e)  consideration; 
6.  election,  [by  adv.  used  attrib. ;  often 
hyphened  with  noun;  usu.  by  when  this  is 
done,  &  bye  as  sep.  wd] 

by  3,  n.  =  bye  (-e  usu.  exc  in  by  the  by). 

by-,  pref.  (1)  usu.  with  one  of  the  meanings 
of  by  a. ;  it  may  be  written  as  separate  wd  (by 
path  or  bye  path),  hyphened  (by-path),  or,  if 


BY  AND  BY 


113 


CABINET 


the  combination  is  often  used,  as  one  wd  with 
the  other  (bypath) ;  (2)  sometimes  with  mean- 
ings of  by  adv.  as  in  bystander,  bygone. 

by*  and  by,  adv.  &  n.  Before  long,  pre- 
sently ;  (n.)  the  future,  fperh.  f.  by  prep,  denot- 
ing succession  (one  by  one  &c.)] 

by-blow,  n.  Side  blow  at  someone  else 
than  the  main  opponent ;  bastard  child,  [by  a.] 

bye,  n.  Something  subordinate  (by  the  by  or 
bye,  incidentally,  parenthetically) ;  (Cricket) 
run  scored  for  ball  that  passes  batsman  and 
wicket-keep,  leg-b.,  for  one  that  touches  bats- 
man ;  (Golf)  hole(s)  remaining  after  decision  of 
match  and  played  as  a  new  game ;  (in  games 
where  competitors  are  paired  off)  odd  man, 
being  odd  man.    [by  *  as  n.] 

bye'-bye  \  n.    (Nursery  word  for)  sleep,  bed. 

S sound  used  in  lullabyes  cf.  hushaby,  lullaby, 
tye  baby  bunting] 

bye-bye* 2,int.  =  Good-bye.  [colloq.& child- 
ish clipping  of  good-bye] 

by-end,  n.    Side  or  secret  purpose,    [by  a.] 

bygone,  a.  &  n.  Past,  departed ;  anti- 
quated ;(pl.  n.)the  past,  past  offences  (let  bb.  be 
bb.,  forgive  &  forget),     [by  adv.] 

by-lane,  n.    See  by-. 

by-law,  bye'-law,  n.  Regulation  made 
by  local  authority  or  corporation,  as  town  or 
railway  company,  [prob.  f.  obs.  byrlaw  local 
custom  (ON  by)ar  genit.  pi.  of  byr  OE  by  town, 
cf.  Derby  &c),  but  associated  with  by  a.] 

by-name,  n.  Secondary  name,  sobriquet ; 
nickname,    [by  a.] 

bypast,  a.    Gone  by,  elapsed,    [by  adv.] 

bypath,  n.  Retired  path  (lit.,  &  fig.  as  bb. 
of  history),    [by  a.] 

by-play,  n.  Action  apart  from  the  main 
course  of  events;  esp.,  dumb-show  of  minor 
characters  on  stage.    Tby  a.] 

by-product,  n.  Thing  produced  incident- 
ally in  manufacturing  something  else,    [by  a.] 

byre  (-Ir),  n.  Cow-house.  [OE  byre  perh. 
cogn.  w.  bur  bower] 

by-road,  n.  Little-frequented  road,   [by  a.] 

by'ssus,  n.  Fine  ancient  textile  fibre  & 
fabric  of  flax ;  tuft  of  silky  filaments  by  which 
some  molluscs  adhere  to  rock.  Hence  byss- 
A'CEOUS,  by'SSAL, bySSl'FEROUS,  byssiNE  2, 
byssoiD,  a  a.    [L,  f.  Gk  bussos] 

bystander,  n.    Spectator,    [by  adv.] 

bystreet,  n.    Out-of-the-way  street,   [by  a.] 

by-way,  n.  Secluded  road  or  track  (often 
highway  and  &.);  short  cut;  less  known  de- 
partment of  any  subject,    [by  a.] 

byword,  n.  Proverb ;  person,  place,  &c. 
taken  as  type  of  some  (usu.  bad)  quality  (esp. 
a  b.  for  iniquity  &c.)    [by  a.] 

by-wopfc,  n.  Work  done  by  the  way,  at 
leisure  moments,    [by  a.) 

byza'ntine  (y  or  y),  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of 
Byzantium  or  Constantinople  (B.  historians, 
of  Eastern  Empire  from  6th  to  15th  c.) ;  of  the 
style  in  architecture  &c.  developed  in  the 
Eastern  Empire  (round  arch,  cross,  dome, 
circle,  mosaic).  Hence  ByzantinE'SQUE  a., 
Byza*ntiniSM  n.,  Byza'ntinizE  (i)  v.t.  [f. 
L  Byzantinus  f.  L  f.  Gk  Buzantion] 


C 


C  (se),  letter  (pi.  Cs,  C's,  Cees).  C  springs,  see 
cee.  (Mus.)  first  note  of  natural  major  scale. 
(In  argument)  third  hypothetical  person  or 
thing.    (Alg.)  third  known  quantity. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  C,  centum,  100,  as  CI  101, 
CV  105,  CCL  250,  CM  900,  DC  600,  XC  90.  C, 
Centigrade,  as  15°  C. ;  Chartered,  C.  A.  (Ac- 
countant) ;  Companion, as  C.B.  (Bath),  C.M.G. 


(St  Michael  &  St  George),  CLE.  (Indian  Em- 
pire) ;  confined,  C.B.  (to  barracks) ;  County, 
C.C.  (Councillor) ;  Ceylon,  CCS.  (Civil  Ser- 
vice) ;  contagious,  CD. (diseases);  Civil,  C.E. 
(Engineer) ;  Church,  as  C.E.T.S.  (of  England 
Temperance  Society),  C.M.S.  (Missionary 
Society) ;  Channel,  CI.  (Islands) ;  Crown,  C.I. 
(of  India) ;  Commander,  as  C.V.O.  (Victorian 
Order);  Chief,  CJ.  (Justice);  Commanding, 
CO.  (Officer);  cash,  C.O.D.  (on  delivery); 
Charity,  C.O.S.  (Organization  Society),  e., 
chapter,  as  e.  XII,  ee.  I-V;  cent,  as  $1.75 c.; 
colt;  circiter,  as  e.  1750;  cum,  e.  div.  (divi- 
dend) ;  carte,  e.d.v.  (de  visite) ;  care,  c/o  (of). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  California  I ;  Cambs., 
Cambridgeshire ;  Can.(ada) ;  Cant.(icles) ; 
Cantuap.,  Abp  of  Canterbury;  cap.,  chap- 
ter ;  Capt.(ain) ;  Cels.(ius) ;  Cestp.,  Bp  of 
Chester ;  cf.,  confer  (L  =  compare) ;  eg"-*  centi- 
gram ;  en.(apter) ;  Ches.(hire) ;  Chpon.(icles); 
Cieestp.,  Bp  of  Chichester ;  eipc(iter) ;  el., 
centilitre;  cm.,  centimetre ;  Co.mnty  in  Ire- 
land); Co.(mpany);  Col.(onel) ;  CoL(ossians); 
Colo.(rado) ;  Conn.(ecticut) ;  Cop.(inthians) ; 
Copn.(wall) ;  Copp.(oral) ;  cp.,  compare ;  Cp, 
Creditor ;  epim.  con.,  criminal  conversation  ; 
Cumb.(erland) ;  cwt,  hundredweight. 

Caaba  (kah'aba),  n.  Sacred  building  at 
Mecca,  Mohammedan  Holy  of  Holies  con- 
taining the  black  stone,    [Arab,  ka'bah] 

cab1,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Go  in  a)  one-horsed  hackney 
carriage  with  two  or  four  wheels,  esp.  the 
hansom ;  driver's  shelter  on  locomotive ;  cab- 
man, driver  of  c. ;  c.-rank,  row  of  cc.  on  cab- 
stand, where  cc.  are  authorized  to  wait ; 
c.-runner,  -tout,  men  earning  pay  by  fetching, 
or  unloading  luggage  from,  cc.  Hence  ca*b- 
less  a.    [short  for  cabriolet] 

cab2,  n.,  &  v.i.  (slang).  (Use  secretly  in  pre- 
paring lessons)  a  translation,  crib,  [short  for 
archaic  cabbage  v.  &  n.  pilfer(ing)  perh.  f.  F 
cabas  basket  f.  Lcapacem  nom.  -ax capacious] 

caba'l,  n.,  &  v.i.  (-11-).  (Join  in  a)  secret  in- 
trigue; clique,  faction;  (Hist.)  the  C,  'Com- 
mittee for  Foreign  Affairs '  under  Charles  II. 
esp.  Clifford,  Arlington,  Buckingham,  Ashley, 
&  Lauderdale  (1672),  precursor  of  modern 
Cabinet.  Hence  caba'llER J  n.  [f.  F  cabale(r) 
i.  med.L  cabala  cabbala;  not  f.  initials  of 
Clifford  &c,  being  quoted  from  1646] 

caba'na  (-bah-),  n.    Brand  of  cigar,   [maker] 

ca'baret  (-a),  n.    French  pot-house.    [F] 

ca'bbage  (-rj),  n.  Kinds  of  cultivated  vege- 
table with  round  heart  or  head;  Sea  C,  sea 
kale  ;  c.  butterfly,  Large  White  or  Small 
White  ;  c-net,  for  boiling  c.  in  ;  c.-rose,  double 
red  rose  with  large  compact  round  flower ;  c- 
trec,  various  trees,  esp.  certain  palms  with 
terminal  bud  eaten  like  c.  [earlier  cabbage- 
cole  head-vegetable  f.  ME  &  F  caboche  head  = 
It.  capocchia  f.  capo  f.  L  caput] 

ca*b(b)ala,  n.  Jewish  oral  tradition  ;  mystic 
interpretation,  esoteric  doctrine,  occult  lore. 
Hence  ea*b(b)aliSM(3),  ea*b(b)aliST(2),  nn., 
eab(b)ali*stic  a.,  cab(b)ali,stiCALLY  adv. 
[med.  L,  f.  Heb.  qabbalah  tradition] 

ca'bby,  n.  (colloq.).    Cab-driver.    [-Y3] 

ca'bep,  n.  Roughly  trimmed  pine-trunk 
used  in  Sc.  Highland  sport  of  tossing  the  c.  [f. 
Gael,  cabar  pole] 

ca'bin,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  rude  dwelling; 
room  or  compartment  in  ship  for  sleeping  or 
eating  in,  officer's  or  passenger's  room  ;  c.-boy, 
waiting  on  officers  or  passengers  ;  (vb,  chiefly 
in  p.p.)  confine  in  small  space,  cramp.  [ME  & 
F  cabane  f.  LL  capanna] 

ca'binet,  n.  &  a.  Small  private  room,  closet ; 
case  with  drawers  &c.  for  keeping  valuables  or 


CABLE 


114 


CADET 


displaying  curiosities.  (Pol.)  council-room  of 
about  twelve  or  twenty  chief  ministers  of 
state  ;  those  ministers  collectively ;  c.  council, 
one  of  their  meetings:  C.  Minister,  one  of 
them  ;  c.  crisis,  difficulties  involving  change 
of  government  or  resignation  of  some  mem- 
berfs)  of  c.  C.  edition,  between  library  & 
popular  in  cost  &c. ;  c.  photograph,  size  larger 
than  carte-de-visite ;  c.-maker,  -king,  skilled 
joiner,  joinery,  (also  facet,  of  prime  minister 
forming  new  government),  [cabin  +  -ET1,  in- 
fluenced also  by  F  cabinet] 

ca'ble1,  n.  Strong  thick  rope  (Naut.,  10  in. 
or  more  in  circumf.,  cf.  cablet,  hawser)  of 
hemp  or  wire  strands;  (Naut.)  rope  or  chain 
of  anchor,  (as  measure)  100  fathoms;  (Teleg.) 
submarine  or  underground  line  containing 
insulated  wires,  also  =  cablegram  ;  (Arch.  & 
goldsmith's  work)  rope-shaped  ornament;  c- 
laid  rope,  of  three  triple  strands,  [cf.  Du.  kabel 
f.  Rom.  cf.  F  cable,  It.  cappio,  f.  LL  capulum 
halter  cf.  L  capulus  hilt  {capere  take) ;  but  the 
F  may  be  f.  L  *catabola  kind  of  ballista] 

ca'ble2,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish,  fasten,  with  c. ; 
(Arch.)  fill  lower  part  of  flutings  of  (column) 
with  convex  mouldings;  transmit  (message), 
communicate,  inform  (person),  by  c.    [f.  prec] 

ea'bleg-ram,n.  Message  by  submarine  cable. 
[cable1  +  -gram  (hybrid  on  telegram)] 

ca'blet,  n.  Cable-laid  rope  under  10  in.  in 
circumference,    [-et  l] 

cabo'bs,  n.  pi.  Meat  cooked  in  small  pieces 
with  ginger,  garlic,  &c.    [Arab,  kabab] 

cabpo'dle,  n.  (slang).  The  whole  c,  all  the 
lot  (persons  or  things).    [U.S.  wd  etym.  dub.] 

caboo'se,  n.  Cooking-room  on  ship's  deck, 
[cf .  Du.  kabuis  perh. = *kaban-huys  cabin-housej 

ca'botag-e  (-ij),  n.  Coasting-trade.  [F,  f. 
caboter  to  coast,  etym.  dub.] 

cabriolet*  (-a),  n.  Light  two- wheeled  hooded 
one-horse  chaise.  [F,  f.  cabriole  goat's  leap  f.  It. 
capriola  (caprio  f.  L  caprum  nom.  -per  goat)] 

caea'o,  n.  &  a.  Seed  of  tropical  Amer.  tree, 
giving  cocoa  &  chocolate ;  the  tree  (also  c.-tree). 
[Sp.,  r.  Mex.  caca(-uatl  -tree)] 

ca-ehalot  (shalot,  -shalo),  n.  Kinds  of 
whale  with  teeth  in  lower  jaw,  esp.  Common 
C.,  Sperm  whale.  [F,  =  toothed  f.  Gascon 
cachau  large  tooth] 

cache  (kash),  n.,  &  v.t.  Hiding-place  for  trea- 
sure, provisions,  ammunition,  &c,  esp.  as  used 
by  explorers  ;  the  hiding  (make  a  c.)  or  stores 
hidden  ;  (vb)  place  in  c.  [F,  f.  cacher  to  hide  f. 
L  co(actare  collect  frequent,  of  agere  bring)] 

cache-ctie  (-k-),  a.  Of,  suffering  from, 
cachexy,    [f.  Gk  kakhektikos  of  cachexy] 

ca'chei  (-sha),  n.  Stamp  (fig. ),  distinguishing 
mark,  internal  evidence  of  authenticity,  [obs. 
sense  seal,  cf.  F  lettre  de  c.  letter  under  king's 
private  seal  (cacher  see  cache)] 

eache'xy  (-k),  n.  Ill-conditioned  state  of 
body  or  mind.  [f.  Gk  kakhexia  (caco-  +  hexis 
habit  f.  ekho  hold,  be)] 

ca'chinnate  (k-),  v.i.  Laugh  loudly.  So 
caehinNA-TiON  n.,  ca'chinnatORY  a.  [f.  L 
cachinnare,  -ate  3] 

ca-cholong-  <-tsh-),  n.  Kind  of  opal.  [f. 
Kalmuck  kaschtschilon  beautiful  stone] 

ca'chou  (-shoo),  n.  =  catechu  ;  pill  used  by 
smokers  to  sweeten  breath.    [F,  =  cashew] 

cachwcha  (-tshootsha),  n.    A  dance.    [Sp.] 

caci'que  (sek),  n.  W. -Indian  &  Amer.-In- 
dian  native  chief.    [Sp.,  f.  Haytian] 

ca-ckle,  v.i.  &  t..  &  n.  (Make)  clucking  of 
hen  after  laying  ;  (indulge  in)  glib  noisy  incon- 
sequent talk  ;  boast ;  chuckle  ;  c.  out  &c,  say 
cacklingly.  Hence  ca'cklERi  n.  [ME  cake- 
len  ;  imit.,  cf.  Du.  kakelen,  G  gackeln] 


caco-,  pref.  —  Gk  kako-  (kakos  bad),  found 
in  some  wds  taken  direct  or  through  L  (&  F)  f. 
Gk ;  &  prefixed  in  med.  terms  (=  disease  of,  as 
cacophthalmia  eye-disease,  or  mal-,  as  coco- 
morphia  malformation)  usu.  to  Gk  compo- 
nents, rarely  to  L  as  cacodorous  ill-smelling. 

cacode'mon,  -ae'mon,  n.  Evil  spirit; 
malignant  person,  [f.  Gk  kakodaimon  (prec.  4- 
daimon  spirit)] 

ca'codyl,  n.  Stinking  poisonous  compound 
of  arsenic  &  methyl.  Hence  cacody'lic  a. 
[Gk  kakodes  stinking  (caco-  +  od-  root  of  ozo 
to  smell)  +  -yl] 

caco'epy,  n.  Bad  pronunciation  (cf.  or- 
thoepy). If.  Gk  CACO(epeia  f.  epos  word, 
see  -y1)] 

cacoe'thes  (ez),  n.  Ill  habit,  itch  for  doing 
something  unadvisable,  usu.  in  scribendi  c, 
scribbling-mania.  [f.  Gk  kakoethes  neut.  adj. 
(caco-  +  ethos  disposition] 

caco'grraphy,  n.  Bad  handwriting  or  spell- 
ing. Hence  eaco'GRAPHER  n.,  eaeoGRA'PHi- 
c(al)  aa.    [caco-,  -graphy] 

caco'logy,  n.  Bad  choice  of  words  or  pronun- 
ciation, [f.  Gk  kakologia  vituperation  (caco-, 
-logos  -speaking  f.  lego  speak)] 

cacoo'n,  n.  Large  flat  polished  bean  of 
tropical  shrub  with  6-8  ft  pods.    [African  ?] 

caco'phonous,  a.  Ill-sounding.  [Gk  caco- 
(phonos  -sounding  L  phone  sound)  +  -ous] 

caco'phony,  n.  Hi  sound  (cf.  euphony)  ; 
discord  (lit.  &  fig.),  [f.  F  cacophonie  f.  Gk 
kakophonia  as  prec.  &  see  -Y 1] 

ca'ctus,  n.  Kinds  of  succulent  plant  with 
thick  fleshy  stem,  usu.  no  leaves,  &  clusters  of 
spines.  Hence  eaetA'CEOUS,  ca'ctAL,  ca'ct- 
oid,  aa.    [L,  f.  Gk  kaktos  cardoon] 

cad,  n.  Omnibus  conductor ;  hanger-on  em- 
ployed about  (esp.  school  &  college)  games ; 
member  of  lower  classes ;  person  of  low 
manners;  person  guilty  or  capable  of  un- 
gentlemanly  conduct,  blackguard,  whence 
ca'ddiSH1  a.  [quoted  f.  1831 ;  prob.  short  for 
cadet  (cf.  caddie)  &  started  at  Eton  &  Oxford 
as  name  for  townsmen] 

cada'stpal,  a.  Of,  showing,  the  extent, 
value,  &  ownership,  of  land  for  taxation  (esp. 
c.  survey).  (F,  f.  cadastre  f.  L  capitastrum 
register  of  capita  (caput  head)  units  made  for 
Roman  capitatio  terrena  land-tax] 

cadave'Pic,  a.  (med.  &  physiol. ).  Character- 
istic of  a  corpse.  [L  cadaver  corpse  (perh.  f. 
cadere  fall)  +  -ic] 

cadaverous,  a.  Corpse-like ;  deadly  pale, 
[f.  F  cadavireux  f.  L  cadaverosus  (prec,  -ose  *)] 

ca'ddie,  n.  Golf-player's  attendant.  [Sc. 
(also  cadie),  f.  F  cadet2] 

ca'ddis,  -iee,  n.  Larva  of  May-fly  &c,  liv- 
ing in  water  &  making  cylindrical  case  of 
hollow  stems  &c,  used  as  bait;  also  c.-bait, 
-worm,    [also  cad,  cod,  etym.  dub.l 

ca'ddy,  n.  Small  box  for  holding  tea.  [f. 
Malay  kati  weight =1$  lb.] 

ca'dence,  n.  Rhythm ;  measured  move- 
ment, esp.  of  sound  ;  fall  of  voice,  esp.  at  end 
of  period  ;  intonation  ;  close  of  musical  phrase. 
Hence  (-)ca'dencED 2  a.  [F,  f.  It.  cadenza 
(L  cadere  fall,  -ence)] 

ca'dency,  n.  Descent  of  younger  branch, 
cadetship.    [as  prec,  -ency] 

cadenza  (-tsa),  n.  (mus.).  Flourish  of  voice 
or  instrument  at  close  of  movement.    [It.] 

cade't1,  n.  Younger  son  ;  student  in  naval 
or  military  college,  whence  cade'tSHiP  n. ; 
member  of  Russian  Constitutional-Democratic 
party,  [f.  foil.  f.  loth-c.  capdet  f.  Rom.  *  capit- 
etto  dim.  of  L  caput  head = little  chief] 

cadet-  (F),  n.     (Appended  to  surname  of 


CADGE 


115 


CALCEOLARIA 


younger  brother  for  distinction,  cf.  aIne)  the 
younger  (as  Coquelin  c). 

cadge,  v.i.  &  t.  Go  about  peddling  or  beg- 
ging ;  get  by  begging,    [perh.  var.  of  catch] 

ca'dg"ep,  n.  Carrier ;  itinerant  dealer  in 
eggs,  butter,  &c,  between  remote  farms  and 
towns  ;  street  hawker  ;  beggar,  loafer.    f-ER1] 

ca'di  (kah-,  ka),  n.  Civiljudge,  usu.  of  town 
&c.,  among  Turks,  Arabs,  Persians.    [Arab.] 

Cadmean.    See  victory. 

ca'dmium,  n.  Bluish-white  metal  resemb- 
ling tin  ;  c.-yellow,  intense  yellow  pigment. 
Hence  cadmiTEROUs,  ea'dmic,  aa.  [f.  obs. 
cadmia  calamine  f.  L  f.  Gk  kadmia  (ge)  Cad- 
mean (earth),  -ium] 

cadre  (kah'dr),  n.  Framework,  scheme; 
(Mil.)  permanent  establishment  of  regiment 
forming  nucleus  for  expansion  at  need.  [F,  f. 
It.  qnadro  f.  L  quadrum  square] 

cadirceus,  n.  (pi.  -el).  Ancient  herald's 
wand,  esp.  as  carried  by  messenger-god  Hermes. 
[L,  f.  Gk  karukion  (kerux  herald)] 

cadircity,  n.,  cadu'cous,  a.  Fleeting 
(nature) ;  perishable(ness) ;  (Zool.  &  Bot.,  of 
organs  and  parts)  falling  off  (n.  &  a.)  when 
work  is  done,  [n.thr.  F  caduciti  (-ty),  a.  f.  L 
caducus  falling  (cadere  fall)  +  -ous] 

eae'eum  (se-),  n.  (pi.  -a).  The  blind  gut,  first 
part  of  large  intestine  in  mammals  &c. ;  any 
tube  with  closed  end.  Hence  eae'CAL,  cae'ci- 
form,  aa.,  cae'ealLY2  adv.,  caeciTis  n.  [L, 
for  intestinum  caecum  f.  caecus  blind] 

Caesar,  n.  Roman  Emperor  from  Augustus 
to  Hadrian  ;  heir  presumptive  of  later  Roman 
Emperor;  (loosely)  any  Roman  Emperor;  an 
autocrat ;  the  civil  power  (Matt.  xxii.  21).  [L, 
family  name  of  C.  Julius] 

Caesa'rean,  -ian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Caesar  or  the 
Caesars,  imperial ;  C.  birth,  operation,  delivery 
of  child  by  cutting  walls  of  abdomen  (as  with 
Julius) ;  (n.)  adherent  of  Caesar  or  an  auto- 
cratic system,    [f.  L  Caesarianus  see  -ean] 

Cae'sarism,  -ist,  nn.  (Believer  in)  auto- 
cracy.    [-ISM(3),  -IST(2)1 

cae'sious  (se-),  a.  (bot.).  Bluish  or  greyish 
green,    [f.  L  caesius  -f  -ous] 

cae'sium  (se),  n.  (chem.).  An  alkali-metal, 
[as  prec^f.  its  spectrum  lines] 

eaesur'a  (-z-),  n.  (Clas.  prosody)  break 
between  words  within  a  metrical  foot ;  (Eng. 
prosody)  pause  about  middle  of  line.  Hence 
caesup'AL  a.    [L  (caedere  caes-  cut,  -ure)] 

ea'tfe1  (-a),  n.  Coffee-house,  restaurant  (esp. 
foreign  ;  c.  chantant,  with  music  and  entertain- 
ments, often  in  open  air).    [F,=coffee(-house)] 

caf6  2  (kafa-),  n.  Coffee ;  c.  au  lait  (6  la), 
with  milk ;  c.  noir  (nwahr),  without  milk.    [F] 

eafffe'ie,  a.  (chem.).  Of  coffee  (esp.  c.  acid). 
[f.  F  cafeique,  see  prec,  -ic] 

ca'ffeine,  n.  Vegetable  alkaloid  found  in 
coffee  &  tea  plants.  [f.Fcafeine(CAV±*<  Vine5)] 

Caffpe.    See  kafir. 

ca'ftan   {also   kaftah'n),  n.     Eastern  Ion 
under-tunic  with  waist  girdle.    Hence 
taiiED2  a.    [f.  Turk,  qaftan) 

cage,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fixed  or  portable  prison,  of 
wire  or  barred,  for  birds  or  beasts  ;  prison  (lit. 
or  fig.) ;  (Mining)  frame  for  hoisting  &  lowering 
cars  ;  open  framework  of  various  kinds ;  (vb) 

Elace   or   keep  in  c.     [F,  f.  L  cavea  (cavus 
ollow)  cf.  raqe  f.  rabies] 
caiman.    See  cayman. 
Cain,  n.    Fratricide,  murderer.    [Gen.  ivl 
cainozo'ic  (ki-),  a.  (geol.).    Of  the  third  geo- 
logical period  (= tertiary,  cf.  palaeozoic,  meso- 
zoic).    jr.  Gk  kainos  new  +  zoon  animal  -f-  -ic] 
caique (ka-e*k),  n.   Light Bosporan  row-boat ; 
Levantine  sailing-ship.    [F,  f.  Turk,  kaik] 


»g 


caipn,  n.  Pyramid  of  rough  stones  as  memo- 
rial, sepulchre,  landmark,  &c.    [f.  Gael,  earn] 

eaipngrop'm,  n.  (Also  c.  stone)  yellow  or 
wine-coloured  precious  stone,  [found  on  C, 
Scotch  mountain  (Gael,  earn  gorm  blue  cairn)] 

cai'sson,  n.  Ammunition  chest  or  wagon  ; 
large  water-tight  case  used  in  laying  founda- 
tions under  water ;  boat-shaped  vessel  used  as 
dock  gate.   [F  (caisse  f.  L  capsa  case  2,  -oon)] 

eai'tiff,  n.  &  a.  (poet.  &  archaic).  Base,  des- 
picable, (person) ;  coward(ly).  [f.  ONF  caitif 
f.  L  captivus  captive] 

cajo'le,  v.t.  Persuade  or  soothe  by  flattery, 
deceit,  &c.  (also  c.  person  into  doing,  out  of, 
something;  or  c.  something  out  of  person). 
Hence  eajo'leMENT,  cajo'lER  i,  cajo*iERY(l), 
nn.,  eajo'ling"LY  2  adv.  [f.  F  cajoler  etym. 
dub. ;  Cotgrave  has  also  cageoler  'jangle  like 
a  jay ',  whence  it  has  been  referred  to  cage] 

cake,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Small  flattish  loaf  of 
bread  (archaic,  as  in  King  Alfred  &  the  cc.) ; 
thin  oaten  bread  (Sc.  &  north. ;  also  oatc. :  land 
of  cc,  Scotland) ;  (usu.  Eng.  sense)  bread  with 
other  ingredients  besides  flour,  as  currants, 
spice,  eggs,  sugar— the  substance  (c.)  or  (a  c.)  a 
portion  of  it  baked  in  a  thick  disk  or  ornamental 
shape— ;  flattish  compact  mass  of  other  food 
(fish-c. ,  pan  l  -c. )  or  of  any  compressed  substance 
(c.  of  soap,  wax,  tobacco ;  cc.  and  ale,  merry- 
making; take  the  c,  carry  off  the  honours; 
cannot  eat  your  c.  and  have  it,  do  the  impossi- 
ble ;  hence  ea'kY  2  a.  (Vb)  form  into  compact 
flattish  mass.  [prob.  f.  ON  kaka  cf.  G  kuche 
etym.  dub.  (not  cogn.  with  L  coquere  cook)] 

ca'labash,  n.  Kinds  of  gourd  whose  shell 
serves  for  holding  liquid ;  fruit  of  American 
C.-tree,  so  used  ;  pipe  &c.  made  from  these  or 
of  like  shape,  [f.  F  calebasse  f.  Sp.  calabaca, 
Sicil.  caravazza,  perh.  f.  Pers.  kharbuz  melon] 

ca'labep,  -ar,  n.  Fur  of  grey  squirrel, 
[prob.  f.  F  Calabre  Calabria] 

calama'neo,  n.  Glossy  Flemish  woollen 
stuff  much  used  in  18th  c.  [etym.  dub. ;  cf.  Du. 
kalamink,  F  calmande] 

calama'nder,  n.  Hard  cabinet  wood  of  Cey- 
lon &  India,   [etym.  dub. ;  perh.  f.  Coromandel] 

ca'lamary,  n.  Kinds  of  cuttlefish  with 
pen-shaped  internal  shell,  [f.  L  calamarius 
(calamus  pen,  -ary  l)\ 

calamine,  n.  A  zinc  ore  found  in  England. 
[F,  f.  med.  L  calamina  (L  cadmia  cadmium)] 

ea'lamint,  n.  Kinds  of  aromatic  herb.  [ult. 
f.  Gk  kalaminthe] 

ca'lamite,  n.  Fossil  plant  allied  to  Mare's 
Tail.    [f.  L.  calamus  reed  +  -ite(2)] 

cala'mitous,  a.  Marked  by,  causing,  cala- 
mity. Hence  eala'mitousi.v  -  adv.  [f.  F 
calamiteux  f.  L  calamitosus  see  foil.,  &  -itous] 

cala'mity,  n.  Adversity,  deep  distress; 
grievous  disaster,  [f.  F  calamity  f.  L  cala- 
mitatem  (-ty)  cf.  incolumis  safe] 

cala-ndo,  mus.  direction.  Diminish  tone  & 
pace  gradually.    [It.] 

cala'sh,   n.     Light  low  hooded   carriage ; 
(Canada)  two- wheeled  one-seated  vehicle  with 
driver's  seat  on  splash-board ;  woman's  hooped  - 
silk  hood.     [f.  F  caleche  f.  Slav.  (Boh.  kolesa 
&c.)l 

calc- comb.  form=lime-;  c. -sinter,  crystal- 
line deposit  from  lime-springs ;  c.-spar,  crys- 
tallized carbonate  of  lime ;  c.-tujf,  porous 
calcareous  deposit,  [f.  G  kalk  f.  L  calx  -cis 
corrected  to  L  spelling] 

calcap'eous,  -ious,  a.  Of,  containing, 
carbonate  of  lime  or  limestone.  Hence  cat- 
cap'eo-,  comb.  form.  [f.  L  calcarius  (calc-, 
-ary  ')  +  -ous  ;  first  spelling  wrong  but  usu.] 

calceolap'ia,  n.   Kinds  of  plant  with  flower 


CALCEOLATE 


116 


CALL 


Hke  ancient  slipper.  [f.  L  calceolus  dim.  of 
calceus  shoe  +  fem.  of  -arius  -ARY ]] 

ca'lceolate,  a.  (bot.).  Slipper-shaped,  [as 
prec.,  -ate2] 

ca'lcic,  a.    Of  calcium,    [-ic] 

calci'ferous,  a.   Yielding  carbonate  of  lime. 

[CALC-,  -I-,  -FEROUS] 

ea'leify,  v.t.  &  i.  Convert,  be  converted, 
into  lime ;  replace  by  lime ;  harden  by  deposit 
of  salts  of  lime  ;  petrify.  Hence  ealci'Fic  a., 
ealciFiCA'TroN  n.  [calc-,  -i-,  -fy] 
ca'lcine,  v.t.  &  i.  Reduce  to  quick-lime  or 
finable  substance  by  roasting  or  burning;  desic- 
cate ;  refine  by  consuming  grosser  part :  burn 
to  ashes ;  (intr.)  suffer  these  processes.  Hence 
caleinATiON,  ca*lcinER  !(2),  nn.  [f.  med.  L 
calcinare  reduce  to  calx] 
ca'lcite,  n.  Native  carbonate  of  lime.  [f.  L 
calx  -cis  lime  +  -ite  j] 

ca'lcium,  n.  Chem.  element,  yellow  metal, 
the  basis  of  lime  (in  many  compd  terms,  as  c. 
chloride).  Hence  calcio-  comb.  form,  [as 
prec.  +  -ium] 

calculable,  a.  That  may  be  reckoned, 
measured,  computed,  or  relied  upon.  Hence 
ca'lculaBi-LiTYn.  [f.  Lcalculare (foil.),  -able] 

calculate,  v.t.  &  i.  Compute  (w.  noun  or 
clause,  or  abs.)  by  figures ;  ascertain  beforehand 
(event,  date,  &c.)  by  exact  reckoning ;  plan  de- 
liberately (t.  &  i.,  esp.  in  intr.  part.  &  p.p.= 
cold-blooded,  selfish);  (usu.  pass.)  arrange, 
adapt,  (conduct,  apparatus,  &c.)  for  (purpose), 
to  (do) ;  (in  p.p.)  fit,  suitable,  to  do ;  rely  upon ; 
(U.S.)  suppose,  believe.  Hence  ea'leulATiVE a. 
[f.  L  calculare  (calculus),  -ate3] 

calculation,  n.  (Result  got  by)  reckoning ; 
forecast.   [F,  f.  L  calculationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

ca'lculatop,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  set  of 
tables  for  use  in  calculation ;  calculating- 
machine.      [L  (CALCULATE,  -OR2)] 

calculous,  a.  Of,  suffering  from,  stone  or 
calculus,    [f.  L  calculosus  (foil.,  -ose *)] 

ca'lculus,  n.  (pi.  -i).  (Med.)  stone,  concretion 
in  some  part  of  body  (renal  &c.  c.  f.  the  particu- 
lar part ;  uric  acid  &c.  c.  f.  its  composition) ; 
(Math.)  particular  method  of  calculation,  as 
differential,  integral,  c.  [L,  =  small  stone  (calx 
-cis  stone,  -ule)  used  in  reckoning  on  abacus] 

cdldar  ium,  n.  (archaeol.).  Roman  hot  bath 
room.    [f.  L  calidus  hot,  see  -ary1] 

caldnon.    See  cauldron. 

Caledo'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  ancient 
Scotland  (also  used  in  mod.  titles  of  clubs  &c, 
&  facetiously  =  Scotch  or  Scot),  [f.  L  Caledonia 
northern  Britain,  -an] 

calefa'cient,  a.  &  n.  (Medical  agent)  pro- 
ducing warmth.  So  calefa'CTioN  n.,  ea-le- 
factiVE  a.  [f.  L  calefacere  (calere  be  warm, 
facere  make),  -ent,  -ant] 

calefa'ctopy,  a.  &  n.  Producing  warmth ; 
(Archaeol.)  warm  room  in  monastery,  [f.  L 
calefactorius  see  prec,  -tory] 

ca/embour  (F),  n.    Pun. 

calendar  1,  n.  System  by  which  beginning, 
length,  &  subdivision,  of  civil  year  is  fixed, 
esp.  the  Gregorian  c,  used  in  Engl,  from  1752  ; 
table(s)  with  months,  weeks,  &  festivals  &c,  of 
a  given  year,  or  with  dates  important  for  cer- 
tain classes,  as  Gardener's  c. ;  register,  list,  esp. 
of  canonized  saints,  prisoners  for  trial,  or  docu- 
ments chronologically  arranged  with  sum- 
maries ;  c.-month.  [f.  OF  calendier  f.  L  calen- 
darium  account-book  (calends,  -ary  *)] 

calendar'-,  v.t.  Register,  enter  in  list; 
arrange,  analyse,  &  index  (documents),  whence 
ca'lendaPER1  n.    [f.  prec] 

calender  i,  v.t,  &  n.  Press  (cloth,  paper, 
&c.)  in  a  c.  or  roller-machine  to  smooth  it. 


Hence  ca'lendRY  n.  [f.  F  calandre(r)  f .  med. 
L  calendra  f.  L  f.  Gk  ktdindros  roller] 

cd' lender -^  n.  Mendicant  dervish  in  Turkey 
or  Persia,    [f.  Pers.  qalander] 

calends,  k-,  n.  pi.  First  of  month  in 
Roman  calendar ;  on  the  Greek  C.,  never,  [f.  L 
kalendae  (cal-  cf.  calare,  Gk  kaleo,  proclaim)] 

ea'lentupe,  n.  Tropical  fever  or  delirium  in 
which  sailors  &c  leap  into  sea.  [F,  f.  Sp.  calen- 
tura  fever  f.  part.  st.  of  L  calere  be  hot,  -ure] 

calf1  (kahf),  n.  (pi.  -ves).  Young  of  bovine 
animal,  esp.  domestic  cow,  for  first  year  (cow 
in,  with,  c,  pregnant ;  slip  her  c,  suffer  abor- 
tion) ;  golden  c,  wealth  as  object  of  worship 
(Ex.  xxxii) ;  stupid  fellow ;  moon-c.  ;  child  (so 
c.-love,  childish  love  affair) ;  (also  caffskin)=c- 
leather,  esp.  in  bookbinding  (c.-bound)  &  shoe- 
making  ;  young  of  elephant,  whale,  deer,  &c  ; 
sea-c,  seal ;  (Naut.)  floating  piece  of  ice ;  c- 
knee,  knock-knee;  calfs  teeth,  milk  teeth; 
calves-foot  jelly.  Hence  cal'fHOOD  n.,  eal'f- 
ish  !(1)  a.    [com.-Teut.,  cf.  G  kalb] 

calf2  (kahf),  n.  (pi.  -ves).  Fleshyhinder  part 
of  leg-shank ;  c  part  of  stocking.  Hence  eal'f- 
less,  -ealvED2,  aa.    [f.  ON  kdlfl  etym.  dub.] 

Ca'liban,  n.  Man  of  degraded  bestial  nature. 
[Shaksp.,  Tempest,  &  see  cannibal] 

ca'libpate,  v.t.  Find  calibre  of;  calculate 
irregularities  of  (tube,  gauge)  before  graduat- 
ing.   Hence  calibPA'TiON  n.    [f oil.  + -ate  3] 

ca'libpe  (-er),  ca'libep,  n.  Internal  diameter 
of  gun  or  any  tube ;  weight  of  character,  stand- 
ing, importance.  Hence  -ea'libPED2  a.  [F 
(-bre),  f.  It.  calibro  perh.  f.  Arab,  qalibjnoxxla] 

ca'licle,  n.  (biol.).  Small  cup-like  body.  So 
cali'eulARia.  [f.  h  caliculus  dim.  olcalixcup] 

ca'lico,  n.  &  a.  (Of)  cotton  cloth,  esp.  plain 
white  unprinted,  bleached  or  unbleached  (&- 
ball,  dance  at  which  only  cotton  dresses  are 
worn) ;  c.-printer,  -ting,  producer,  production, 
of  coloured  patterns  on  c  [orig.  Calicut-cloth 
f.  town  on  Malabar  coast] 

ca'lipash,  ca'lipee,  nn.  Gelatinous  sub- 
stances in  turtle  regarded  as  dainties  (-ash, 
dull  green  next  upper  shell ;  -ee,  light  yellow 
next  Tower  shell).  [perh.W.-Ind.;  perh.  -ash  = 
carapace,  &  -ee  formed  for  distinction  f.  it] 

ca'liph,  -if,  n.  Successor  of  Mohammed, 
Mohammedan  chief  civil  &  religious  ruler. 
Hence  ca'liphATE 1  n.  [f.  F  caliphe  f.  med.  L 
calipha  f.  Arab,  khalifah  successor] 

ca'lix,  n.  (physiol. ;  pi.  -Ices).  Cup-like  cavity 
or  organ.   [L, =cup,  often  confused  w.  L  calyx] 

calk1  (kawk),  v.t.,  &  n.  (Provide  with) 
sharp  iron  to  prevent  horse-shoe  or  boot  from 
slipping,    [f.  L  calx  colds  heel,  cf.  calkin] 

calk2(cawk),  v.t.  Trace  by  colouring  back 
of  design  &  pressing  along  outlines,  [f.  F  cal- 
quer  f.  It.  &  L  calcare  tread] 

cal'kin  (kaw-,  also  kal-),  n.  Turned-down 
heels  of  horse-shoe,  also  turned  edge  in  front, 
esp.  when  sharpened  in  frost ;  iron  guards  on 
boots  or  shoes,  [perh.  f.  OF  calcain  heel  f.  L 
calcaneum  (calx  calcis  heel)] 

call1  (kawl),  v.t.  &  i.  1.  Cry,  shout,  speak 
loudly,  (lit.  &  fig.  &c,  as) :  (bird,  trumpet,  &c) 
utter  characteristic  note  ;  cry  out ;  cry  to  (per- 
son) ;  signal  (for  trumps) ;  pay  brief  visit  (at 
house,  on  person) ;  read  over  (names  to  ascer- 
tain presence) ;  c.  for,  order,  demand,  need,  go 
&  fetch ;  c.  on,  invoke,  appeal  to.  2.  Summon 
(lit.  &  fig.  &c,  as) :  demand  presence  of  (cab, 
witness,  actor  after  curtain ;  c.  into  being, 
create ;  c.  to  account2  ;  c.  into  play,  give  scope 
for ;  c.  in  question,  dispute ;  c.  to  mind  &c, 
also  c.  up,  recollect ;  c.  away,  off,  divert,  dis- 
tract ;  c.  in  money  lent,  doctor  &c  for  advice ; 
c.  forth,  elicit ;  c.  oxd,  elicit,  challenge  to  duel ; 


CALL 


117 


CAM 


c.  over  the  coals  ;  c.  up,  imagine) ;  rouse  from 
i ;  fix  the  moment  for  (c.  case  in  law  court ; 
lalt ;  c.  a  meeting) ;  urge,  invite,  nominate, 


sleep  ;  fix  the  moment  for  (c.  case  in  law  court 

a  halt ;  c.  ameeting) ; 
{duty,  pleasure,  calls ;  many  are  called  ;  c.  to 


the  bar1,  ministry  ;  c.  attention  to  ;  c.  to  wit- 
ness). 3.  (with  n.  or  adj.  as  compl.)  name,  de- 
scribe as,  (c.  a  spade  a  spade ;  c.  him  John, 
c.  him  by  the  name  of  John ;  c.  person  names, 
abuse  him  ;  c.  cousins  with) ;  consider,  regard 
as,  (c.  that  mean) ;  c.  (thing)  one's  own,  possess, 
[f.  ON  kalla,  com.-Teut.  cf.  Du.  kallen] ' 

call2,  n.  Shout,  cry;  (also  c.-ovcr) =roll-c.  ; 
special  cry  of  bird  &c,  imitation  of  this,  instru- 
ment imitating  it;  signal  on  bugle  &c,  sig- 
nalling-whistle ;  looking-in  on  business  (so 
house  of  c.) ;  short  formal  visit  (pay  c,  make 
one) ;  invitation,  summons,  (to  actor  for  ap- 
plause ;  to  the  bar  ! ;  from  God,  conscience,  or 
congregation,  to  be  pastor) ;  duty,  need,  occa- 
sion, (no  c.  to  blush) ;  demand  for  money,  esp. 
for  unpaid  capital  from  company  shareholders ; 
(St.  Exch.)  option  of  claiming  stock  at  given 
date ;  c.-loan,  -money,  lent  subject  to  recall 
without  notice ;  at,  within,  c,  ready  for  orders ; 
c.  -boy,  prompter's  attendant  summoning  actors ; 
c.-day,  -night,  at  Inns  of  Court,  for  calling  stu- 
dents to  bar.    [f.  prec] 

eal'lep1,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  person  who 
pays  call  or  visit,    [-er  l] 

ea'llep2,  a.  (Sc).  Fresh,  not  decaying,  (of 
herring  &c.) ;  cool  (of  air).    [?] 

calligraphy  (ka-),  n.  Beautiful  hand- 
writing; handwriting.  So  ea*lliGRAPH(l,  2, 3) 
n.  &  v.t.,  calli'GRAPHER,  ealli'g-raphiSTU), 
nn.,  calllGRA'PHic  a.  [ult.  f.  GkJcalligraphia 
(kallos  beauty,  -graph)] 

cal'lingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
divine  summons  to  salvation  or  self-devotion  ; 
impulse  to  do  something  as  right ;  occupation, 

{)rofession,  trade  ;  persons  following  a  particu- 
ar  business,    [-ing1] 

ea*l(l)iper,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.  C.  compasses  or 
cc,  compasses  with  bowed  legs  for  measuring 
diameter  of  convex  bodies,  or  with  out-turned 
points  for  measuring  calibre ;  c.-square,  rule 
with  movable  cross-heads  for  taking  internal 
or  external  diameters ;  (vb)  measure  with  cc. 
[prob.=  calibre] 

caUisthe'nic,  a.  Suitable  for  producing 
strength  with  beauty  (esp.  of  girls' gymnastics). 
Hence  callisthenics  n.  [f.  Gk  kallos  beauty 
+  sthenos  strength  +  -ic] 

calld'sity,  n.  Abnormal  hardness  &  thick- 
ness of  skin ;  hardened  insensible  part,  lump, 
(from  friction,  or  natural  as  on  horses'  legs), 
[f.  F  callosiU  f.  L  callositatem  (see  foil,  -ty)] 

ca'llous,  a.  (Physiol.,  Zool.)  hardened,  hard, 
(of  parts  of  skin) ;  (of  person,  heart,  &c.)  unfeel- 
ing, insensible,  whence  ca'llousNESS  n.  [f.  L 
callosus  (callum  or  callus,  -ose  j)] 

ea'llow,  a.  Unfledged;  downy  like  young 
birds;  raw,  inexperienced  ;  (Irish, a.  &  n.) low- 
lying,  often  flooded,  (meadow).  [OE  calu  f. 
WG  kalwo-  (cf.  G  kahl)  perh.  f.  L  calvwt  bald] 

ca'llus,  n.  (physiol.,  path.,  bot.).  Thickened 
part  of  skin  or  soft  tissue;  bony  material 
formed  while  bone-fracture  heals.    [L] 

calm1  (kahm),  n.  Stillness,  serenity,  (of 
weather,  air,  sea,  the  mind,  social  or  political 
conditions) ;  a  c,  windless  period,  [f.  F  calme 
f.  It.,  Sp.,  or  Port.,  calma  perh.  (with  infl.  of 
L  color  heat)  f.  Gk  kauma  heat  (kaio  burn)] 

calm2,  a..  &  v.t.  &  i.  Tranquil,  quiet,  wind- 
less, (lit.  &fig.) ;  hence  cal*mLY2adv.,  cal'm- 
n.    (Vb)  make  c,  pacify  ;  (intr. ;  alw.  w. 


down)  become  c.    [f.  F  calme  n.  &  a.,  see  prec] 
calmative   (also   kahm-),  a.  &  n.  (med.). 
Calming  (agent),  sedative,    [prec.  -f-  -ative] 


ca'lomel,  n.  (med.).  Mercurous  chloride 
used  as  purgative.  [F,  f.  Gk  kalos  fair,  melas 
black  (explained  anecdotically  in  various  ways)] 

ealore'seenee,  n.  (physics).  Change  of 
heat-rays  to  light-rays,  [for  calescence  (L 
calescere  grow  hot)  by  confusion  w.  foil.] 

ealori-,  comb,  form  of  L  color  heat  in  Phy- 
sics &  Physiol.  Hence  cal6*piFA*ciENT,  calo- 
pPfic,  calo*piME-TRic(AL),  aa.,   calopi'fic- 

ALLY  adv.,  CalO'PiFICA'TION,  CalOPl'METER, 

-metry,  nn.,  ealo'piFY  v.t 

cald'pic,  n.  Heat ;  c.-engine,  driven  by  hot 
air.    [f.  F  calorique  (L  color  heat,  -ic)] 

ca'lopie,  n.  (physics).  Unit  of  heat.  [F,  f.  L 
color  heat  +  -ie  (- Y  i)  irregularly  used] 

ealo-rimotop,  n.  Voltaic  battery  with 
large  plates  generating  heat,  [calori-  + motor] 

calo'tte,  n.  Skull-cap  of  priests  &c.  [F, 
dim.  of  cale  caul] 

calp,  n.    Irish  dark-grey  limestone.    [?] 

ca'ltpop,  n.  Four-spiked  iron  ball  thrown 
on  ground  to  maim  cavalry  horses :  kinds  of 
plant,  as  Star-thistle,  [found  earliest  as  plant 
name ;  but  prob.  transf.  f.  the  iron  ;  f.  L  calx 
-cis  heel  +  LL  trappa  f.  OHG  trapo  trap] 

ca'lumet,  n.  Amer.-Ind.  clay-bowled  reed- 
stemmed  tobacco  -  pipe  ;  symbol  of  peace ; 
smoke  the  c.  together,  make  peace.  [F,  esp. 
Fr.-Canadian  form  of  chalumet  tube  f.  L  cola- 
melius  dim.  of  calamus  reed] 

ealirmniate,  v.t.  Slander.  Hence  or  cogn. 
calumniATiON,  calu'mniatOR 2,  nn.,  ea- 
lirmniaroRY  a.    [f.  L  calumniari,  see  -ate  3] 

calu'mnious,  a.  Given  to,  marked  by, 
calumny.  Hence  calu'mniousLY 2  adv.  [f. 
L  calumniosus  (see  foil.,  -ous)] 

calumny,  n.  Malicious  misrepresentation  ; 
false  charge ;  slanderous  report,  [f.  L  columnia 
(&  F  calomnie)  f.  calvi  deceive] 

Ca'lvapy,  n.  Place,  (R.-C.  Ch.)  representa- 
tion, of  Crucifixion,  [f.  L  calvaria  skull  (cal- 
vus  bald)  transl.  of  Golgotha,  Matt,  xxvii.  33] 

calve  (kahv),  v.i.  &  t.  Give  birth  to  a  calf ; 
(esp.  in  pass,  of  calf)  give  birth  to ;  (of  iceberg 
&c.)  throw  off  mass  ofice.  [OE  cealfian  (calf  ])j 

-calved.    See  calf2. 

Ca-lvinism,  n.  Calvin's  theology  (esp.  the 
doctrines  of  Particular  election  &  redemption, 
Moral  inability  in  a  fallen  state,  Irresistible 
grace,  Final  perseverance) ;  adherence  to  this. 
So  Ca*lvlnisT(2)  n.  &  a.,  Calvini'stic(AL) 
aa.,  Calvini'sticalLY 2  adv.,  ca'lviniZE  (1) 
v.i.  &  t.    [John  Calvin,  1509-1564] 

calx,  n.  (pi.  calces).  Powder  or  friable  sub- 
stance left  when  a  metal  or  mineral  has  been 
burnt,  residuum.    [L,  genit.  calcis,  lime] 

calye-,  calyci-,  st.  of  calyx.  Calyci- 
flop*AL,  -flop* ate2,  -flop'ous,  aa.,  with 
stamens  &  petals  inserted  in  calyx  ;  ca'lyci- 
form  a. ;  caly'cinAL,  ca'lyciNE2,  aa.,  having 
a,  on  the,  calyx;  caly'einAR1  a.,  =  -al,  also 
(of  flower)  double  by  increase  of  calyx-lobes ; 
ea'lycom,  ealyeordEOUS,  aa. 

ca'lycle,  n.  (bot.).  Row  of  bracts  surrounding 
calyx-base;  adherent  crown  of  seed.  Hence 
or  cogn.  ca'lyclED2,  calyculAR1,  calycu- 
Iate2,  aa.  [f.  L  calyculus  dim.  of  calyx  (-ule)] 

calyptp-,  st.  of  bot.  terms  =  having,  like, 
a  hood.   [f.  Gk  kaluptra  veil  (kalupto  to  cover)] 

ca'lyx,  n.  (Bot.)  whorl  of  leaves  (sepal) 
forming  outer  case  of  bud  (for  derivatives  see 
calyc-)  ;  (Physiol.  &  Biol.)  =  calix.  [L,  f.  Gk 
kalux  (cf.  kalupto  to  cover)  case  of  bud,  husk] 

cam,  n.  Projecting  part  of  wheel  &c.  in 
machinery,  grooved,  toothed,  or  otherwise 
adapted  to  convert  circular  into  reciprocal  or 
variable  motion,  [var.  of  comb,  cf.  Du.,  Da., 
Sw.,  kam,  G  kamm] 


CAMARADERIE 


118 


CAN 


camara'derie'  (-ahdere),  n.    The  intimacy, 
mutual  trust,  &  sociability,  of  comrades.    [F] 
camari'lla,n.    Cabal,  clique,  junto.    [Sp.] 
ca'mbep,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.     Slight  convexity 
above,  arched  form,  (of  beam,  deck,  &c.) ;  (also 
c.-beam)  slightly  arched  beam  ;  (vb)  have,  im- 
part to  (beam  &c),  such  convexity,    [f.  F  cam- 
brel) f.  L  camerare  to  vault  (camera)] 
Camberwell  Beauty,  n.    A  butterfly, 
ca-mbist,  n.      Expert   in,  manual   of,  ex- 
changes; dealer  in  bills  of  exchange,    [f.  F 
cambiste  f.  L  cambium  exchange,  -ist] 
ca'mbium,  n.    Cellular  tissue,  below  bark 
of  exogens,  in  which  annual  growth  of  wood 
&  bark  occurs.    [L,  =  exchange] 
ea*mbpel,  n.    Butcher's  bent  wood  or  iron 
for  slinging  carcases  by  ankles,     [perh.  f.  W 
cambren  (cam  crooked  +  pren  wood)] 
Ca'mbrian,  a.  &  n.     Welsh(man) ;  (Geol.) 
(of)  palaeozoic  rocks  lying  below  the  Silurian  in 
Wales  &  Cumberland.   Tf.  L  Cambria  var.  of 
Cumbria  f.  Celt.  Cymry  Welshman  or  Cymru 
Wales  (OCelt.  Combroges  compatriots)] 
ca'mbric,  a.  &  n.  (Of)  fine  white  linen  ;  hand- 
kerchiefs.    [Cambray  orig.  place  of  making] 
came1,  n.    Grooved  slip  of  lead  as  used  in 
lattice  windows,    [cf.  Sc.  calm  casting-mould] 
cam  e  2.    See  co  m  e. 

ea'mel,  n.    Large  hornless  ruminant  long- 
necked      cushion  -  footed      quadruped      with 
(Arabian)  one  hump  or  (Bactrian)  two  humps ; 
thing  hard  to  believe  or  out  up  with  (Matt. 
xxiii.  24) ;  machine  for  floating  ship  over  shoals 
&c. ;  c.-brown,  fishing-fly ;  c.s-hair,  made  of 
c.'s  hair  or  (paint-brushes)  of  squirrel's  tail 
hairs.    [OE,  f.  L  f.  Gk  kamelos  f.  Semit.  (cf. 
Heb.  gamal  camel,  Arab,  jamala  carry)] 
cameleer',  n.    Ca'mel-driver.    [-eer] 
came'llia,  n.     Flowering   evergreen    from 
China  &  Japan.  VKamel,  Jesuit  &  botanist,  -ia1] 
came'lopard  (or  ka'-),  n.     =the  now  usu. 
giraffe,  [f.  L  camelopardus  f .  Gk  camelopar- 
dalis  (camel,  pard)] 
ea'melry,  n.    Troops  on  camels.    [-RY] 
Ca'membert  (-ar,  or  as  F),  n.    Small  soft 
rich  Norman  cheese,    [name  of  village] 
ca'meo,  n.    Piece  of  relief -carving  in  stone 
(sardonyx,  agate,  &c.)  with  colour-layers  uti- 
lized to  give  oackground  (cf.  intaglio).    \f.  It. 
cambo  cf.  med.  L  cammaeus  etym.  dub.] 
ca'mera,  n.    In  earner  A  (Lat.),  in  the  judge's 
private  room,  not  in  open  court ;  (for  c.  obscura) 
photographing-apparatus;  c.  obscura,   lucida 
(L,  =  dark,  light,  chamber),  two  kinds  of  appa- 
ratus projecting  on  paper,  for  tracing,  image 
of  distant  object.    [L,  =  vault,  cf.  Gk  kamara 
anything  with  arched  cover] 
Camero'nian,  a.  &  n.   (Follower)  of  Richard 
Cameron  or  his  doctrines  ;  Scottish  reformed 
presbyterian ;     (pi.)    first    battalion    Scottish 
Rifles  (formed  orig.  of  Cc).    [-ian] 
ca*misole,n.  Woman's  loose  neglige'  jacket. 
[F,  f.  Sp.  camisola  (camisa  chemise)] 
ca'mlet,  n.   Light  cloth  of  various  materials 
for  cloaks  &c.    [prig,  a  costly  Eastern  stuff  of 
silk  &  camel's  hair ;  f.  F  camelot  perh.  f.  camel, 
perh.  f.  Arab,  khaml  nap] 
ca'mmock,  n.     Rest-harrow ;  kinds  of  yel- 
low-flowered plant.      [OE  cammoc  etym.  dub.] 
ca'momile,    eh-,    n.      Aromatic   creeping 
composite  plant  with  daisy-like  flowers  used 
as  tonic ;  allied  kinds  of  plant,  Dog's,  Stinking, 
Purple,  C. ;  c.-tea,  infusion  of  the  flowers,    [f. 
F  camomille  t.  L  chamomilla  t.  Gk  khamai- 
melon  earth-applel 
Camo'rra,  n.    Secret  society  in  Naples  &c. 
camp  *,  n.    Place  where  troops  are  lodged  in 
tents  &c.  ;   army  on  campaign ;   military  life 


(courts  &cc.)\  temporary  quarters  of  nomads, 
gypsies,  travellers ;  camping  -  out ;  persons 
camping  out ;  adherents  of  a  doctrine  ;  c.-bed, 
-chair,  -stool,  folding  and  portable ;  c.-colour, 
flag  used  in  marking  out  c. ;  c.-fever,  esp. 
typhus ;  c.-follower,  non-military  hanger-on  of 
camp,  male  or  female;  c.-meettng,  American 
religious  open-air  or  tent  meeting  lasting 
several  days.  [F,  f.  It.  or  Sp.  campo  (cf.  F 
champ  direct)  f.  L  campus  level  ground,  esp. 
the  Campus  Martius,  exercising-ground] 
camp  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Encamp,  lodge  in  c. ;  (also 
c.-out)  lodge  in  tent  or  the  open,  take  up  quar- 
ters ;  station  (troops)  in  c.  [r.  F  camper  (prec.)] 
Campagna  (-ah'nya),  n.  The  C,  Italian 
plain  S.E.  of  Tiber,  [f.  L  Campania  (camp1)] 
campaig'n,  n.,  &  v.i.  Continuous  series  of 
military  operations ;  organized  course  of  action, 
esp.  (Pol.)  attempt  to  rouse  public  opinion  for 
or  against  a  policy;  Plan  of  C,  in  Ireland 
1886-7  for  forcing  landlords  to  reduce  rents. 
( Vb)  serve  on  a  c. ;  hence  campaig-nER l  n. 
[f.  F  campagne  open  country,  campaign,  f.  It. 
campagna  (cf.  F  champagne  champaign)] 

campani'le  (-ell),  n.  Bell-tower,  usu.  de- 
tached.   [It.,  f.  campana  bell] 

campanology,  n.  The  subject  of  bells 
(founding,  ringing,  &c).  Hence  campano'- 
loger,  eampano'LOGiST,  nn.,  ca'mpano- 
lo'gieAL  a.    ff.  LL  campana  bell  +  -logy] 

campa'nula,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  with  bell- 
shaped  flowers,  usu.  blue  or  white,  as  Canter- 
bury Bell.  Hence  campa*nulA*CEOUS  a. 
[mod.  L,  dim.  of  campana  bell] 

cam  pa  nulate,  a.  (zool.  &  bot.).  Bell- 
shaped,    [as  prec.  4-  -ate2] 

ca'mphor,  n.  Whitish  translucent  crystal- 
line volatile  substance  with  aromatic  smell 
and  bitter  taste.  Hence  camphd'Pic  a.  [f.  F 
cam/re,  med.  L  camphora,  f.  Arab,  kafur  f. 
Malay  kapur  chalk] 

ca'mphorate,  v.t.  Impregnate  or  treat 
with  camphor.    £ate  3] 

ca'mpion,  n.  Kinds  of  flowering  plant,  esp. 
the  Red  and  the  White  C.    [?] 

ca'mpshed,  v.t.    Face  with  campshot. 

ea'mpshot,  ca'mpshedding-,  ca*mp- 
sheeting*,  nn.  Facing  of  piles  &  boarding  to 
resist  water-action  on,  or  out-thrust  of,  a  bank, 
[etym.  dub. ;  cf.  wainscot] 

ea'mpylo-,  comb,  form  in  bot.  terms = bent-, 
[f.  Gk  kampulos] 

ca'mwood,  n.  Hard  red  W. -African  wood 
yielding  dye.    [native  name  kambiQ 

can1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Vessel  for  liquids,  usu.  of 
metal,  esp.  tin,  and  with  handle  over  top, 
whence  ca*nFUL(2)  n. ;  c-buoy,  large  conical 
buoy  over  sands  &c. ;  c.-dock,  water  lily ; 
(U.S.)  (put  in  a)  tin-plate  box  for  hermetic 
sealing  (meat,  fish,  fruit,  &c),  whence 
()ca*nnER  i  n.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  canne  f.  WG 
kanna  cf.  G  kanne] 

can2,  v.aux.  (2  s.,  canst;  3  s.,  can;  neg., 
cannot,  can't ;  past  &  condit.,  coxdd,  couldst  or 
couldest ;  infin.,  part.,  &  p.p.,  wanting  ;  defec- 
tive parts  supplied  f.  be  able  to).  Be  able  to ; 
have  the  right  to ;  be  permitted  to  (you  can  go ; 
also  as  mild  imperat.) ;  could,  feel  inclined  to 
(could  laugh  for  joy  ;  really  coiddn't  think  of 
it) ;  cannot  away  with ;  (with  ellipse)  will  do 
what  I  can.  [OE  cunnan,  com.-Teut.,  cf.  G 
konnen,  OTeut.  sense  know,  cogn.  w.  ken, 
know,  &  w.  L  (g)nosco,  Gk  gignosko,  learn  ;  as 
in  dare,  may,  must,  the  tense  used  as  pres.  is 
an  old  past,  coxdd  being  a  later  development ; 
coidd  (earlier  cuthe,  couthe,  coud)  has  -I-  merely 
on  anal,  of  would,  should ;  infin.  can  is  now 
obs.  or  a  conscious  archaism  or  jocular  exc.  in 


CANAAN 


119 


CANKER 


Sc;  part  cunning  now  only  as  adj.,  preserving 
orig.  sense  knoiv] 

Ca'naan  (-nyan,  -nan),  n.  Land  of  promise, 
paradise.    [O.-T.  name  of  Palestine] 

Ca'nada,  a.  Of,  from,  C.  (in  names  of  plants, 
animals,  products,  as  C.  balsam). 

Cana*dian,a.&n.  (Native)of  Canada,  [-ian] 

canaille  (Fj,  n.    The  rabble. 

cana'l,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Duct  in  plant  or 
animal  body  for  food,  liquid,  air,  &c. ;  artificial 
watercourse  for  inland  navigation  (cc.  of  Mars, 
markings  of  doubtful  nature  on  planet  Mars) ; 
(Zool.)  groove  in  shell  for  protrusion  of  breath- 
ing-tube. ( Vb)  make  c.  through  ;  provide  with 
cc.    [F,  f.  L  canalis] 

canali'culate(d),  a.  (nat.  hist).  With  longi- 
tudinal groove(s) ;  striated,    [f.  L.  canaliculus 

dim.  Of  CANALIS  +  -ATE  2»  3] 

canalize,  v.t=  canal  vb ;  convert  (river) 
into  canal  by  embanking,  straightening  course, 
locks,  &c.  Hence  canalizATiON  n.  [prob.  f. 
F  canaliser  (canal  +  -ize)] 

camnap6  (-a),  n.  Piece  of  fried  bread  with 
anchovies  &c.    [F] 

canard  (ka'nar,  kanar'd,  or  as  F),  n.  False 
reporthoax.    [F,  =  duck,  false  report] 

canap'y,  a.  &  n.  From  the  C.  Islands  ;  (also 
c.-bird)  yellow-feathered  song-bird  (green  in 
wild  state) ;  (also  C.-wine)  a  favourite  wine  in 
16th-18th  cc. ;  yellow  fishing-fly ;  c.-coloured, 
bright  yellow;  C.  creeper,  yellow-flowered  used 
esp.  in  window-boxes  ;  c.-seed,  used  as  food  for 
the  bird.  [f.  F  Canarie  f.  Sp.  &  L  Canaria 
(canis  dog),  one  of  the  islands  being  noted  in 
Roman  times  for  large  dogs] 

cana'ster,  n.  Tobacco  prepared  by  coarsely 
breaking  the  dried  leaves,  [orig.  the  rush 
basket  used  for  packing  it ;  f.  Sp.  canastra  t. 
*L  f.  Gk  kanastron  basket  see  canister] 

cancan  (F),  n.    Indecent  dance. 

ca'ncel1,  v.t.  (-11-).  Obliterate,  cross  out, 
annul,  make  void,  abolish,  countermand,  neu- 
tralize, balance,  make  up  for;  (Arith.)  strike 
out  (same  factor)  from  numerator  &  denomina- 
tor, from  two  sides  of  equation,  &c.  Hence 
eaneellATiON  n.  [f.  F  canceller  f.  L  cancel- 
lare  (cancelli  cross-bars,  lattice)] 

ca'ncel2,  n.  Countermand;  suppression  & 
reprinting  of  sheet  set  up,  the  suppressed  or 
the  substituted  sheet ;  {pair  of)  cc,  pincers  for 
punching  tickets,    [f.  prec] 

eaneellate(d),a.  (bot  &zool.).  Marked  with 
crossing  lines,  reticulated ;  (of  bone)  formed  of 
interlacing  fibres  &  plates  with  cavities,  porous, 
[f.  L  cancellatus  (cancel  *,  -ate  2» 3)] 

cancellous,  a.    (Of  bone) = prec.    [-ous] 

cancer,  C-,  n.  Zodiacal  constellation  the 
Crab  (C-) ;  fourth  sign  of  zodiac  (C-) ;  tropic 
of  C. ;  malignant  tumour  eating  the  part  it  is 
in,  spreading  indefinitely,  &  recurring  when 
removed,  (fig.)  evil  (sloth,  bribery,  &c.)  acting 
similarly,  whence  eancerED2,  eaneerous, 
aa.  [OE  (later  canker,  corrected  to  -cer  for  dis- 
ease c.  1600)  f .  L  cancer  -cri  crab,  cancer ;  tumour 
named  from  swollen  veins,  like  crab's  limbs] 

cancroid,  a.  &  n.  Crab-like ;  like  cancer. 
(N.)  crustacean  of  crab  family ;  disease  like 
cancer,    [as  prec.  +  -oid] 

candela'brum,  n.  (pi.  -bra ;  also  sing,  -bra, 

{)1.  -bras).  Large,  usu.  branched,  candlestick  or 
ampstand.  [L  (-um),  f.  candela  candle] 
candescent,  a.  Glowing  (as)  with  white 
heat  Hence  cande'SGENCE  n.  [f.  L  cande- 
scere  {candere  be  white,  -escent)] 
candid,  a.  Unbiased ;  not  censorious ; 
frank ;  c.  friend,  nominal  friend  glad  to  tell 
home-truths.  Hence  candidLY 2  adv.,  ean- 
didNEss  n.    [f.  L  candidus  white,  see  prec] 


candidate,  n.  One  who  puts  himself  or  is 
put  forward  for  appointment  to  an  office  or 
honour;  person  thought  likely  to  gain  any 
position,  [f.  L  candidatus,  as  prec.,  -ate2  (2), 
orig.  white-robed  (Roman  cc.  wearing  white)] 
candidature  (-tsher),  n.  Standing  for 
election,  being  candidate.  [F,  as  prec.  -f  -ure] 
candied.    See  candy. 

candle,  n.  Cylinder  of  wax,  tallow,  sper- 
maceti, &c,  enclosing  wick,  for  giving  light ; 
(also  c.-power)  unit  of  light  -  measurement ; 
Roman  c,  firework,  tube  discharging  coloured 
balls  ;  can't,  is  not  fit  to,  hold  a  c.  to,  is  not  to 
be  compared  with ;  sell  by  inch  ofc,  by  auction, 
last  bid  before  small  candle  expires  winning ; 
bell  book  &  c. ;  game  not  worth  thee,  result  not 
justifying  the  cost  or  trouble  ;  burn2  c.  at  both 
ends ;  hide  c.  under  bushel  ;  candleberry- 
myrtle  (N.-Amer.),  candleberry-tree  (Moluccas), 
yielding  wax  &  nut-kernels  used  for  cc. ;  c- 
ends,  remnants  of  c,  odds-&-ends  hoarded  by 
the  stingy ;  candlelight,  light  of  cc,  any  arti- 
ficial light,  evening ;  candlestick,  support  for 
(usu.  single)  c  ;  c.-tree,  Amer.,  with  c.-like 
fruit  some  feet  long.  [OE  candel  f.  L  candela 
(candere  shine)] 

Candlemas  (-as),  n.  Feast  of  purification 
of  Virgin  Mary;  (as  date)  2nd  Feb.  [OE 
Candelmxsse  (candle,  mass  j)] 

candour,  n.  Open-mindedness,  imparti- 
ality ;  freedom  from  malice  ;  frankness,  [f.  L 
candor  whiteness  {candere  shine,  -or1)] 

candy,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Crystallized  sugar 
made  by  repeated  boiling  and  slow  evaporation 
(also  sugar-c).  (Vb)  preserve  by  coating  with 
c. ;  form  (t  &i.)  into  crystals  ;  (p.p.)  glistening, 
(archaic)  honeyed,  flattering,  [f.  F  (sucre) 
candi  f.  Arab.-Pers.  qand  crystallized  sugar- 
cane juice  cf.  Skr.  khanda  piece] 

candytuft,  n.  Plant  with  white,  pink,  or 
purple  flowers  in  flat  tufts,  [f.  obs.  Candy 
(Candia  Crete)  +  tuft] 

cane1,  n.  Hollow  jointed  stem  of  giant  reeds 
&  grasses  (bamboo,  sugar  c)  or  solid  stem  of 
slenderpalms  (rattan,  Malacca,  &c.)  collectively 
&  as  material  (c),  or  with  pi.  {a  c,  cc.)  of  the 
stem  or  a  length  of  it  used  for  walking-stick  or 
instrument  of  punishment ;  any  slender  walk- 
ing-stick ;  stick  of  sealing- wax,  sulphur,  glass ; 
c.-apple,  Strawberry-tree;  c.-brake,  genus  of 
grasses ;  c.-chair,  with  seat  of  woven  c  strips. 
Hence  ea'nY  2  a.  [OF  (now  canne),  t  L  f.  Gk 
kanna  reed  perh.  f.  Semit  cf.  Heb.  qaneh] 

cane2,  v.t.  Beat  withe,  whence  caniNG  Ml) 
n. ;  drive  (lesson)  into  (person)  with  c. ;  insert  c. 
into  (chair-frame  &c).    [f.  prec] 

cane'phorus,  n.  (pi.  -i).  Sculptured  Greek 
youth  or  maid  bearing  basket  on  head  at  feast 
of  Demeter.  [L,  f.  Gk  kanephoros  {kaneon 
basket,  phero  carry)] 

eangue  (kangg),  cang,  n.  Heavy  wooden 
board  worn  round  neck  by  Chinese  criminals. 
[F  (-gut),  f.  Port,  cango  cf.  canga  yoke] 

canine  (also  koni'n),  a.  &  n.  Of,  as  of,  a  dog 
or  dogs;  c.  tooth  or  c,  one  of  the  four  strong 
pointed  teeth  between  incisors  &  molars,  [f.  L 
caninus  (canis  dog,  -ine1)] 

canister,  n.  Small  box  usu.  of  metal  for 
tea,  shot,  &c  ;  (R.-C.Ch.)  vessel  holding  wafers 
before  consecration ;  c.-shot  or  c.,=CA8K2-shot. 
[f.  L  canistrum  f.  Gk  kanastron  wicker  basket 
(kanna  cane1)] 

canker,  n.,  &  v.t  Ulcerous  disease  of 
human  mouth ;  disease  of  horse's  foot ;  disease 
of  fruit-trees  ;  (fig.)  corrupting  influence,  rotten 
tendency ;  c.-worm,  or  c,  caterpillar  or  larva 
destroying  leaves  or  buds;  c.-rash,  variety  of 
1  scarlet  fever  with  ulcerated  throat ;    hence 


CANNA 


120 


CANTILEVER 


ea'nkepous  a.    (Vb)  consume  with  c;  infect, 
corrupt ;  (p.p.)  soured,  malignant,  crabbed,    [f. 
JSF  canere  f.  L  cancrum  nova.,  cancer] 
ca'nna,  n.     Plant  with  bright  yellow,  red, 
or  orange  flowers  &  ornamental  leaves.    [L 

(CANE1)] 

ca'nnel,  n.  (Also  c.-coal)  bituminous  coal 
burning  with  bright  flame  &  used  in  making 
coal  oils  &  gas.  [perh.  f.  candle] 
ca'nnibal,  n.  &  a.  Man  who  eats  human 
flesh  ;  animal  feeding  on  its  own  species ;  hence 
ca*nnibaliSM(2)  n.,  cannibalistic  a.  (Adj.) 
of,  having,  these  habits.  [16th-c.  E  &  Sp.  Cani- 
bales  pi.,  var.  of  Carib  name  of  W.-Ind.  nation  ; 
Caliban  is  prob.  another  variant] 
ca'nnikin,  n.  Small  can.  [-kin] 
ca'nnon  \  n.  1.  (Now  being  ousted  by  gun) 
piece  of  ordnance,  gun  of  the  kind  that  needs 
mounting,  (collect,  sing.  usu.  instead  of  pi.) ; 
c.-ball,  projectile;  c.-bone,  tube-shaped  bone 
between  hough  &  fetlock ;  c.-clock,  fired  at 
noon  by  burning-glass.  2.  (Mech. )  hollow  cylin- 
der moving  independently  on  shaft ;  watchkey 
barrel.  3.  (Also  c.-bit)  smooth  round  bit  for 
horse,  i.  (Billiards)  hitting  of  two  balls  suc- 
cessively by  player's  ball.  5.  (Also  c.-curl) 
sausage-shaped,  prop,  horizontal,  curl,  [in  16th 
c.  also  canon  f.  F  canon  cf.  It.  cannone  great 
tube  (canna  cane  l,  -oon)  ;  sense  1  is  corrup- 
tion of  obs.  carom  short  for  carambole  (F,  f.  Sp. 
carambola  etym.  dub.) ;  sense  5= obs.  canion  f. 
Sp.  canon  ornamental  roll  on  breeches-legs 
(canna  as  above)] 

ca'nnon2,  v.i.  Make  a  c.  at  billiards  (of 
player  or  ball) ;  come  into  collision,  strike 
obliquely,  against,  with.    [f.  prec] 

cannona'de,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Continuous  gun- 
fire. ( Vb)  fire  continuously ;  bombard,  fire  fast 
at.    [cannon  !  +  -ade] 

cannot.    See  can2. 

ca'nny,  a.  Shrewd,  worldly-wise ;  natural, 
safe  to  meddle  with,  (esp.  w.  ne^.);  thrifty; 
gentle,  quiet,  circumspect,  (ca"  c,  Sc.  for  drive 
or  go  gently,  as  name  for  trade-union  policy  of 
limiting  output) ;  sly,  pawky.  Hence  ca'nni- 
lv2  adv.,  ca'nniNESS  n.  [Sc.  wd  (w.  senses 
differing  f.  above)  f.  can  2  know  +  - Y  2] 

canoe*  (-oo),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Go  in,  paddle)  boat 
propelled  with  paddle(s).  Hence  eanoe*iST(3) 
n.    [f.  Sp.  &  Haytian  canoa] 

ea'non,  n.  Church  decree ;  c.  law,  eccl.  law ; 
general  law  governing  treatment  of  a  subject ; 
criterion ;  list  of  Bible  books  accepted  by 
Church ;  part  of  Mass  containing  words  of  con- 
secration; (Mus.)  piece  with  different  parts 
taking  up  same  subject  successively  in  strict 
imitation;  (Typ.)  largest  size  of  type  with 
specific  name ;  metal  loop  on  bell  for  hanging 
it ;  member  of  cathedral  chapter,  whence 
ea*nonRY(2)  n. ;  minor  c.  [OE,  f.  L  f.  Gk 
kanon  rule  (kanna  cane)  ;  in  last  sense  short 
for  canonic,  meaning  (person)  living  (with 
others)  according  to  rule] 

canon.    See  canyon. 

cano'nical,  a.  &  n.,  cano'nic,  a.  (archaic). 
Appointed  by  canon  law  (c.  hours,  for  prayer, 
or  for  celebration  of  marriage,  8  a.m.  to  3  p.m. ; 
ft  dress,  of  clergy,  also  cc.  as  n.  pi.) ;  included 
in  canon  of  Scripture ;  C.  Epistles,  the  seven 
of  Peter,  James,  John,  Jude  ;  authoritative, 
standard,  accepted;  (Mus.)  in  canon  form;  of 
a  cathedral  chapter  or  a  member  of  it.  Hence 
cano'nical  i.y  -  adv.  [f.  med.  L  canonicalis 
f.  canonicus  (canon,  -ic)  +  -al] 

cano'nicate,  n.  =CANONry.  [f.  med.  L 
canonicatus  (as  prec,  -ate1)] 

canoni'city,  n.  Status  as  canonical  book, 
[f.  canonicus  canonical,  -ty] 


ca'nonist,  n.  Canon-lawyer.  Hence  can- 
oni'stic(AL)  aa.  [f.  F  canoniste  (canon,  -ist)] 
ca'nonize,  v.t.  Admit  formally  to  calendar 
of  saints ;  regard  as  a  saint ;  recognize  (book) 
as  canonical ;  sanction  by  church  authority. 
So  ca'nonizA'TiON  n.  [f.  med.  L  canonizare 
(canon,  -ize)] 

ea'nopy,  n.,  &  v.t.  Covering  suspended  or 
held  over  throne,  bed,  person,  &c.  (also  fig.  of 
any  overhanging  shelter,  sky,  &c);  (Arch.) 
roof -like  projection  over  niche  &c. ;  (vb)  supply, 
be,  such  a  covering  to.  [f.  F  canape  (now) 
couch  f.  med.  L  canopeumf.  Gk  konopeion  mos- 
quito net  (konops  gnat)] 

canop'ous,  a.  Melodious,  resonant,  [f.  L 
canorus  (canor  song  f.  canere  sing)  +  -ous] 

cant1,  n.  Bevel,  oblique  face,  of  crystal, 
bank,  &c. ;  push,  toss,  movement,  that  partly 
or  quite  upsets ;  tilted  or  sideways  position ; 
c.-board,  sloping  board,  [cf.  Du.  kant,  OF  cant, 
It.  canto,  corner,  edge,  &c,  perh.  f.  L  f .  Gk 
kanthos  corner  of  eye] 

cant2,  v.t.  &  i.  (Trans.)  bevel  off;  tilt ;  turn 
over,  turn  upside  down  ;  push,  pitch,  sideways. 
(Intr.)  take  inclined  position ;  lie  aslant;  (Naut.) 
swing  round,    [f.  prec] 

cant3,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.i.  Peculiar  language  of 
class,  profession,  sect,  &c,  jargon  ;  temporary 
catchwords  (esp.  as  adj.,c.  phrase  Sec.) ;  words 
used  for  fashion  without  being  meant,  unreal 
use  of  words  implying  piety ;  hypocrisy.  ( Vb) 
use  talk  of  these  kinds ;  (Herald. )  canting  arms, 
heraldry,  coat,  containing  allusion  to  name  of 
bearer ;  hence  ca'ntER l  n.  [earlier  of  musi- 
cal sound,  of  intonation,  &  of  beggars'  whining, 
Eerh.  f.  singing  of  religious  mendicants ;  prob.  f. 
icantus  song,  cantare  frequent,  of  canere  sing] 

can't.    See  can  2. 

Ca'ntab,  n.,  Cantabrigian,  n.  &a.  (Mem- 
ber) of  Cambridge  University,  [f.  L  Cantabri- 
gia  Cambridge  -f-  -an] 

ca-ntaloup  (-oop),  n.  Kind  of  melon.  [F,  f. 
It.  Cantalupo  in  Italy] 

eanta'nkerous,  a.  Cross-grained,  quarrel- 
some. Hence  canta*nkerousi,Y-  adv., 
canta'nkepousNESS  n.  [perh.  f.  ME  contak 
contention  on  anal,  of  traitorous,  rancorous] 

canta'ta  (-tah-),  n.  (mus.).  Choral  work,  kind 
of  short  oratorio,  or  lyric  drama  set  to  music 
but  not  acted.    [It.  (cantare  sing,  -ata  -ade)] 

cantatri'ce  (-etsha,  -es),  n.  Professional 
woman  singer.    [It.  &  F] 

canteen,  n.  Provision  &  liquor  shop  in 
camp  or  barracks  ;  box  of  cooking-utensils  for 
use  in  camp  ;  soldier's  water- vessel  of  tin,  wood, 
&c  [f.  F  cantine  f.  It.  cantina  cellar  etym.  dub.] 

ea'nter,  n.,  &  v.L  &  t.  Easy  gallop  (win  in 
a  c,  easily).  (Vb)  go  at  this  pace  (of  horse 
or  rider) ;  make  (horse)  go  thus,  [short  for 
Canterbw-y  pace,  gallop,  trot,  &c,  f.  easy  pace 
of  Canterbury  pilgrims] 

ea'nterbury,  n.  Stand  with  partitions  for 
music  &c 

Canterbury  Bell,  n.  Kind  of  Campanula, 
[f.  bells  of  Canterbury  pilgrims'  horses] 

cantha'rides,  n.  pi.  (med.).  Dried  Spanish 
Fly.    [L,  pi.  of  L  f.  Gk  kantharis  blister-fly] 

ca'nticle,  n.  Little  song,  hymn ;  one  of  the 
Prayer-Book  hymns,  as  the  Benedicite,  Nunc 
Dimittis,  Te  Deum ;  Canticles,  Song  of  Solo- 
mon, [f.  L  canticulum  dim.  of  canticum  song 
(cantus  song  f.  canere  sing)] 

ea'ntilever,  n.  Bracket  (of  length  many 
times  breadth  &  more  than  twice  depth)  pro- 
jecting from  wall  to  support  balcony  &c  ;  c 
bridge,  with  piers  each  of  which  has  two  cc, 
with  long  girders  connecting  cc.  of  adjacent 
piers,    [prob.  f.  cant  x  &  lever] 


CANTLE 


121 


CAPITALIST 


ca'ntle,  n.    Piece,  slice,  cut  off ;  hind-bow  of 
saddle.    If.  ONF  cantel  dim.  of  cant  i] 
ea'nto,  n.  (pi.  -os).     Division  of  long  poem. 
[It,  =  song,  as  cant3] 

eanto'n1    (also    ka'-),    n.      Subdivision    of 
country ;     State    of     Swiss     confederation ; 
(Herald.)  square  division  less  than  a  quarter  in 
upper  corner  of  shield.    Hence  ea'ntonAL  a. 
[OF,  =  corner  (cant*,  -oon)J 
eanto'n2  (also  -too'n),  v.t.     Divide  into  cc. 
(-ton);  (-toon)  quarter  (soldiers),    [f.  prec.] 
eanto'nment  (-oon-),  n.    Lodging  assigned 
to  troops  (in  India  also  permanent  military 
station ).    [prec.  +  -ment] 
eantop'ial,  a.    Of  the  precentor,  of  N.  side 
of  choir  (cf.  decanal),    [f.  L  as  foil.  +  -al] 
cantor-is,  mus.  direction.     To  be  sung  by 
cantorial  side  in  antiphonal  singing.    [L,  genit. 
of  cantor  precentor  (canere  cant-  sing,  -or2)] 
ca'nvas,  n.     Strong  unbleached   cloth   of 
hemp  or  flax,  for  sails,  tents,  painting   on ; 
under  c,  in  tent(s),  with  sails  spread  ;  racing- 
boat's  covered  end  ;  picture  ;  C.-back,  N.-Amer. 
duck  (f.  colour  of  back  feathers).   [ME  &  ONF 
canevas  f.  LL  *cannabaceus  (L  f.  Gk  /cannabis 
hemp,  -aceous)] 

ca'nvass,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Discuss  thoroughly ; 
solicit  votes,  solicit  votes  from  (constituency), 
ascertain  sentiments  of,  ask  custom  of,  whence 
ca'nvassER1  n. ;  (n.)  canvassing  for  votes, 
[f.  prec,  orig.  sense  being  toss  in  a  sheet,  &  so 
shake  up,  agitate,  &c] 

ea'nyon,  n.  Deep  gorge  with  stream,  [f.  Sp. 
canon  tube  (carta  f.  L  canna  cane  2)] 
canzonet,  n.  Short  light  song.  [f.  It.  can- 
zonetta  (canzone  f.  L  cantionem  F.  canere  sing)] 
caoutchouc  (kowtshook),  n.  &  a.  (Of) 
India-rubber.  [F,  f.  Carib.  cahuchu] 
cap !,  n.  Head-dress  (woman's,  esp.  of  muslin 
&c.  worn  indoors,  but  also  now,  like  man's  or 
boy's,  for  out-door  use,  brimless  &  of  cloth  or 
soft  material ;  c.  in  hand,  humbly ;  c.  fits, 
person  feels  that  general  remark  is  true  of 
him  ;  set  one's  c.  at,  try  to  attract  as  suitor) ; 
special  head-dress  (college  or  square  c. ;  steel 
c. ,  helmet ;  Scotch  c. ,  part  of  Highland  costume ; 
football  c,  of  velvet  &c,  sign  of  inclusion  in 
team;  c.  of  maintenance  ;  c.  of  liberty,  conical, 
given  to  Roman  slave  on  emancipation,  now 
Republican  symbol;  c.  &  bells,  jester's  in- 
signia ;  fool's  c.) ;  caplike  covering,  natural 
(mushroom  top,  knee-c,  &c),  or  added  for 
various  purposes  (windmill  top,  toe-c,  inner 
watch-case ;  percussion  c,  for  igniting  explo- 
sive in  cartridges  &c.) ;  (Naut.)  doubly  pierced 
block  for  lengthening  mast  by  extra  spar ; 
conical  paper  bag,  cornet;  c.-paper,  whity- 
brown  for  packing,  also  a  size  of  writing-paper ; 
c.-stone,  top  stone,  coping.  [OE  cseppe  f.  LL 
cappa,  the  Rom.  forms  of  which  meant  cloak, 
cape,  cope ;  cape,  cope,  are  separate  E  adop- 
tions of  the  same  wd  through  Rom.  or  in  its 
med.  L  form  capa] 

cap 2,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  c.  upon ;  (Sc  Univv.)  con- 
fer degree  on ;  put  percussion  c.  en  nipple  of 
(gun);  protect  (end  of  beam  &c.)  with  metal 
«c,  whence  ea'ppiNG1^  n. ;  lie  on  top  of, 
crown ;  outdo  (c.  anecdote,  quotation,  &c, 
produce  a  better  or  another  apposite  one ;  c. 
verses,  reply  with  one  beginning  with  the 
last's  last  letter) ;  touch  or  take  off  one's  hat 
to  (also  intr.  with  to) ;  injure  at  point  (horse 
caps  its  hocks),  [f.  prec] 
capability,  n.  Power  of  (action  &c ,  Acting 
Sec),  for  (being  done  something  to),  to  (do 
something) ;  undeveloped  faculty  (has  cc). 
[foil.,  -bility] 
ca'pable,    a.     Susceptible    (of,    or    abs.); 


having  the  power  or  fitness  for  (of);  wicked 
enough  for  (of) ;  gifted,  able.  Hence  ca'pa- 
bLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  LL  capabilis  irreg.  for  capi- 
bilis  (L  capere  hold,  -ble)  ;  earlier  sense  having 
room  (for)] 

capa'cious,  a.  Roomy.  Hence  capa*- 
ciousNESS  n.  [L  capax  (capere  hold),  -acious] 

eapa'citate,  v.t.  Render  capable  (for,  to 
do) ;  make  legally  competent,    [foil.,  -acitate] 

eapa'eity,  n.  Holding  -  power,  receiving- 
power,  (for  happiness,  heat,  moisture) ;  cubic 
content  (measure  of  c,  for  vessels  &  liquids, 
grain,  &c) ;  mental  power,  faculty ;  capability, 
opportunity,  to  do,  of  doing,  &c  (rare) ;  posi- 
tion, relative  character,  (in  a  civil  c  ;  in  my  c 
as  critic) ;  legal  competency,  [f.  F  capacity  f. 
L  capacitatem  (capacious,  -ty)] 

cap-a-pie  (ka*papr),  adv.  From  head  to 
foot,  (armed,  ready,  &c).    [f.  OF  cap  a  pie] 

capa'pison  (-zn),  n.  (often  pi.),  &  v.t.  Horse's 
trappings;  equipment,  outfit ;  (vb)  put  c  upon, 
[f.  F  caparasson  (now  -agon)  f.  Sp.  caparazon 
f.  med.  L  caparo  (capa  cape1)] 

cape1,  n.  Short  sleeveless  cloak,  either  as 
separate  garment  or  as  fixed  or  detachable 
part  of  longer  cloak  or  coat.  Hence  eapED  2  a. 
[F,  f.  Sp.  capa  or  It.  cappa  ;  see  cap  j] 

cape  2,  C-,  n.  &  a.  Headland,  promontory ; 
the  C,  of  Good  Hope,  also  =  C.  Colony  (C.  boy, 
S. -African  of  mixed  black  &  white  descent),  & 
as  adj.  of  its  products  (C.  urine  &c).  [f.  F  cap 
f.  Rom.  capo  f.  L  caput  head] 

ca'pep 1,  n.  Bramble-like  S.-European  shrub; 
(pi.)  its  flower-buds  pickled  (esp.  c-sauce); 
English  cc,  seed  vessels  of  Nasturtium  pickled. 
[ME  caperis,  caperes,  (sing.)  f.  L  f.  Gk  kap- 
paris ;  -s  lost  as  though  pi.  sign  cf.  pea,  mace] 

ca*peP2,n.,  &  v.i.  (Give  a)  frisky  movement, 
leap;  fantastic  proceeding;  cut  a  c,  cc,  =c 
vb.    [short  for  capriole] 

capepcai'lye,  -cai'lzie,  n.  Wood-grouse, 
largest  European  gallinaceous  bird  (Scotland 
&c).    [f.  Gael,  capull  coille  horse  of  the  wood] 

ca'perep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.,  caddis-fly 
(from  its  flight),    [caper2,  -er1] 

ea'pful,  n.  Enough  to  fill  a  cap ;  esp.,  c.  of 
ivind,  passing  gust.    [-FUL  (2)] 

cd'pids,n.    Writ  of  arrest.  [L,= take  thou] 

capilla-pity,  n.  (Power  of  exerting)  capil- 
lary attraction  or  repulsion,  [f.  F  capillarite 
see  foil.,  -ty] 

capi'llapy  (also  ka'-),  a.  &  n.  Of  hair ;  hair- 
like, thin  as  a  hair ;  (tube,  blood-vessel)  of 
minute  or  hair -like  diameter  (e.g.  one  of 
ramified  blood-vessels  intervening  between 
arteries  &  veins) ;  so  c  attraction,  repul- 
sion,   [f.  L  capillaris  (-ary2)  f.  capillus  hair] 

ca'pital1,  n.  Head  or  cornice  of  pillar. 
[  =  L  capitellum  (cf.  F  chapiteau)  dim.  of 
capitulum  dim.  of  caput  head] 

ca'pital2,  a.  &  n.  Involving  loss  of  life, 
punishable  by  death,  (c  sentence,  offence) ; 
vitally  injurious,  fatal,  (c  error) ;  standing  at 
the  head  (c.  letter,  also  c.  as  noun) ;  chief  (c 
manor,  held  in  capite  or  direct  from  king ;  c 
messuage,  occupied  by  owner  of  estate  with 
several  messuages ;  c.  town  or  city,  or  c  as 
noun,  head  town  of  country,  county,  &c) ;  im- 
portant, leading,  first-class ;  excellent,  first- 
rate,  (often  as  interj.  of  approval) ;  original, 
principal,  (c.  fund  or  c,  stock  with  which  com- 
pany or  person  enters  into  business,  accumu- 
lated wealth  used  in  producing  more ;  fixed  c, 
machinery  &c  ;  circulating  or  floating  c, 
goods,  money,  &c. ;  so  fig.,  make  c.  out  of,  turn 
to  account).  Hence  ca'pitali.Y2  adv.  [F,  f. 
L  capitalis  (caput  -itis  head,  -al)] 

ca-pitalism,  capitalist,  nn.    Possession 


CAPITALIZE 


122 


CARABINEER 


or  influence  or  system,  possessor,  of  capital  or 
fund  used  in  production.  Hence  ea'pita- 
li'stic  a.    [prec,  -ism(3),  -ist(3)] 

capitalize,  v.t.  Convert  into,  use  as, 
capital ;  compute  or  realize  present  value  of 
(income).    Hence  ea'pitaliz  ation  n.   [-ize(3)J 

ca'pitate(d),  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Ha ving distinct 
head ;  with  clustered  flowers  &c.  [f.  L  capita- 
tus  headed  (caput  -itis,  -ate2)] 

capita'tion,  n.  (Levying  of)  tax  or  fee  of  so 
much  a  head  ;  c.  grant,  of  so  much  for  every 
person  fulfilling  conditions,  [f.  L  capitatio 
poll-tax  (caput  -itis  head,  -ation)] 

Ca'pitol  (-tl),  n.  Roman  temple  of  Jupiter 
on  Tarpeian  hill  (later  Capitoline  hill  or  Capi- 
toline) ;  (U.S.)  Congress  house,  [f.  L  capitolium 
(caput  head)] 

eapi'tular,  a.  Of  a  cathedral  chapter ;  (Phys- 
iol. )  of  a  terminal  protuberance  of  bone,  [f .  med. 
L  capitularis  (L  capitulum  chapter,  -ar1)] 

capitulary,  n.  Collection  of  ordinances, 
esp.  of  Frankish  Kings,  [f.  med.  L  capitularius 
(as  prec,  -ary  j)] 

capi'tulate,  v.i.  Surrender  on  terms,  [f. 
med.  L  capitulare  draw  up  under  heads  (see 

CAPITULAR),  -ATE  3] 

eaprtula'tion,  n.  Stating  heads  of  subject ; 
agreement,  conditions,  (esp.  the  Cc,  by  which 
foreign  residents  in  Turkey  have  exterritori- 
ality) ;  surrender  on  terms,  instrument  con- 
taining these.  [F,  f.  med.  L  capitulationem 
(prec,  -ation)] 

capon,  n.  Castrated  cock.  Hence  ca'pon- 
ize(3)  v.t.    [OE  capun  f.  L  caponem  nom.  capo} 

caponier*,  n.  Covered  passage  across  ditch 
of  fort.  [f.  F  caponniere  f.  Sp.  caponera  orig. 
a  capon-cote  (see  prec)] 

cd'pora/  (-ahl),  n.    A  French  tobacco.    [F] 

capo't,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-tt-).  (In  piquet)  winning 
of  all  tricks  by  one  player ;  (vb)  do  this  against 
(opponent).    [F] 

capo'te,  n.  Soldier's,  traveller's,  &c,  long 
cloak  with  hood.    [F,  dim.  of  cape  cape  j] 

ea'ppie,  a.  (chem.).  C.  acid,  obtained  from 
butter,  coco-nut  oil,  &c  [f.  L  caper  -prl  goat 
+  -ic  (from  its  goatlike  smell)] 

cappi'ce  (-es),  n.  Unaccountable  change  of 
mind  or  conduct,  fancy,  freak  ;  inclination  to 
these ;  work  of  sportive  fancy  in  art  &c  [F, 
f.  It.  capriccio  sudden  start  (capro  goat  f.  L 
caper  -pri)] 

caprreious  (-shws),  a.  Guided  by  whim, 
inconstant,  irregular,  incalculable.  Hence 
cappi'eiousLY2  adv.,  cappi'ciousNESS  n. 

[f.  F  capricieux  f.  It.  capriccioso  (prec,  -ous)] 

Ca'ppieonn,  n.  Zodiacal  constellation  Goat ; 

tenth  sign  of  zodiac  ;  tropic  of  C.    [f.  L  capri- 

cornus  (caper  -pri  goat,  cornu  horn)] 

cappifica'tion,  n.    Hastening  of  ripeness  in 


figs  by  subjecting  them  to  puncture  by  wild- 
fig  gall-insects,    [f.  L  caprificatio  f.  cc 
wild  fig  (caper  goa,t,ficus  fig),  -ation] 


ca'ppine,  a.  Of,  like,  a  goat.  [f.  L  caprinus 
(caper  -pri,  -ine1)] 

ca'ppiole,  n.,  &  v.L  (Give  a)  leap,  caper, 
esp.  (in  man6ge)  horse's  high  leap  &  kick  with- 
out advancing.  [F  (now  cab-),  or  f.  It.  capriola 
dim.  of  L  capra  she-goat] 

cappo'ic,  a.  (chem.).  C.  acid,  found  with 
capric  &  butyric  acids  in  butter  &c  [var.  of 
capric  for  differentiation] 

capsicum,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  with  hot  cap- 
sules &  seeds,  Guinea  Pepper  &c  ;  the  pre- 
pared fruit,    [irreg.  prob.  f.  L  capsa  case  2] 

capsi'ze,  n.f  &  v.t.  &  i.  Upset,  overturn, 
iohip'  boat>-  Hence  eapsi*ZAL(2)  n.  [perh. 
f.  Sp.  cabezar  pitch  or  capuzar  sink  by  the 
head  (cabo  f.  L  caput  head)! 


ca'pstan,  n.  Revolving  barrel,  worked  by 
men  walking  round  &  pushing  horizontal 
levers,  for  winding  cable  in,  hoisting  heavy 
sails,  ace  [f.  F  or  Pr.  cabestan  f.  L  capistrare 
(capistrum  halter  f.  capere  hold),  -ant] 
ca'psule,  n.  (Physiol.)  membranous  enve- 
lope ;  (Bot.)  dry  seed-case  opening  when  ripe 
by  parting  of  valves  ;  (Chem.)  shallow  saucer 
for  evaporating  &c  ;  (Med.)  gelatine  envelope 
enclosing  pill ;  metallic  top  for  bottle.  Hence 
ea'psulAR1,  ca'psuliFORM,  aa.,  capsuli- 
comb.  form.  [F,  f.  L  capsula  (case2,  -ule)] 
ca'ptain1  (-in),  n.  Chief,  leader;  great 
soldier,  strategist,  experienced  commander; 
(Army)  chief  company  or  troop  officer.  (Navy) 
officer  commanding  man-of-war  (also  used,  by 
courtesy,  of  commander);  C.  of  the  Fleet, 
adjutant-general  of  a  force,  with  rear-admiral's 
uniform ;  chief  sailor  of  special  gang  (c.  of  fore- 
castle &c).  Master  of  merchant  ship ;  manager 
of  Cornish  mine  ;  foreman ;  head  boy ;  leader 
of  side  in  games ;  =  Grey  Gurnard.  Hence 
ca'ptaincY,  ea-ptainsmp,  nn.,  ea'ptain- 
less  a.  [ME  &  OF  capitain  f.  LL  capitaneus 
(a.  &  n.)  chief  (L  caput  head)] 
ca'ptain2,  v.t.  Be  c  of,  lead.  [f.  prec] 
capta'tion,  n.  Use  of  ad  captandum  argu- 
ments or  appeals,  [f.  L  captatio  (captare 
catch  at,  frequent,  of  capere  take,  -ation)] 
ca'ption,  n.  Legal  arrest ;  (Law)  certificate 
attached  to  or  written  on  document;  (U.S.) 
heading  of  chapter,  article,  &c  [f.  L  captio 
(capere  take,  -tion)  ;  last  meaning  f.  second] 
ca'ptious,  a.  Fallacious,  sophistical;  fond 
of  taking  exception,  trying  to  catch  people  in 
their  words.  Hence  ea'ptiousLY2  adv., 
ca'ptiousNESS  n.  [f.L captiosus  (prec,  -ose  ])j 
ea*ptivate,  v.t.  Fascinate,  charm.  Hence 
captivA'TiON  n.  [f.  L  captivare  take  cap- 
tive, -ate  3] 

ea'ptive,  a.  &  n.  (Person,  animal)  taken 
prisoner,  kept  in  confinement,  under  restraint, 
unable  to  escape ;  of,  like,  prisoner  (c.  state) ; 
lead,  take,  hold,  c. ;  c.  balloon,  held  by  rope 
from  ground.  So  capti'viTY  n.  [f.  F  captif 
f.  L  captivus  (capere  capt-  take,  -ive)] 
ca'ptop,  n.,  ca'ptpess,  n.  fem.  One  who 
takes  a  captive  or  prize,  [-or  L  (as  prec. , -or2); 
&  see  -ess  !] 

ca'ptupe  (-tsher),  n.,  and  v.t.  Seizing,  taking 
possession  of ;  thing  or  person  seized.  (Vb)  take 
prisoner,  seize  as  prize ;  hence  ca'ptuPER * 
n.  [F,  f.  L  captura  as  prec,  -ure] 
Ca'puehin  (-tsh-),  n.  &  a.  Franciscan  (friar) 
of  new  rule  of  1528 ;  woman's  cloak  and  hood  ; 
C.  monkey,  pigeon,  kinds  with  head  hair  or 
feathers  like  cowl.  [F  (now  -cin),  f.  It.  capuc- 
cino  (capuccio  cowl  f.  cappa  cap1)] 
ccrput  mor'tuum,  n.  Worthless  residue. 
[L,  =dead  head ;  alch.  term  for  residuum  of  any 
substance  after  distillation  or  sublimation] 
capy'bara,  n.  Large  S.-Amer.  rodent  allied 
to  guinea-pig.  [Brazilian] 
cap,  n.  Wheeled  vehicle  (chiefly  poet.  = 
chariot;  c.  of  the  sun,  triumphal  c,  c.  of 
Juggernaut,  &c ;  or  with  specification  as 
jaunt  Hng-c,  motor-c,  tramivay-c,  dining-c. ; 
in  U.S.  of  any  railway  carriage  or  van  ;  in 
Engl,  also  of  low  two- wheeled  truck  for  hogs- 
heads &c  &  of  other  low  heavy  carts) ;  pendant 
of  balloon  holding  passengers  ;  carman,  driver 
of  van  or  jaunting-c,  carter,  carrier.  Hence 
cap*FUL(2)  n.  [ME  &  ONF  carre  f.  LL  carra 
cf.  L  carrus  four-wheeled  vehicle  f.  Bret,  karr 
cf.  OW.  carr] 

capabineep*,  capb-,  n.  Soldier  with  car- 
bine ;  The  Carabineers,  6th  Dragoon  Guards, 
[f.  F  carabinier  (carbine,  -ier)] 


CARACAL 


123 


CARDINAL 


ea-raeal,  n.  Kind  of  lynx.  [F,  f.  Turk. 
qarah-qulaq  black-ear] 

ea*paeol(e),  n., & v.i.  (Execute) half-turn(s)  to 
right  or  left  (of  horse  or  rider),  [f.  F  caracole(r) 
f.  It.  caracollo  f.  Sp.  caracol  snail,  spiral  shell] 

cara'fe  (-ahf),  n.  Glass  water-bottle  for 
table.  [F,  cf.  It.  caraffa,  Sp.  garrafa  perh.  f. 
Arab,  gharafa  draw  water] 

ca'pamel,  n.  Burnt  sugar  used  for  colouring 
spirits  &c. ;  a  sweetmeat.    [F,  f.  Sp.  caramelo] 

ca'papace,  n.  Upper  shell  of  crustaceans. 
[F,  f.  Sp.  carapacho  etym.  dub.] 

ca'pat,  n.  Measure  of  weight  for  precious 
stones,  about  3£  grains ;  measure  of  purity  of 
gold,  pure  gold  being  24  c.  [F,  f.  It.  carato 
f.  Arab,  qirat  perh.  f.  Gk  keration  fruit  of 
carob  tree  (dim.  of  keras  horn)] 

capava'n,  n.  Eastern  or  N. -African  com- 
pany of  merchants,  pilgrims,  &c,  travelling 
together  for  safety,  esp.  through  desert; 
covered  cart  or  carriage,  house  on  wheels  (esp. 
of  menagerie  &c).  [16th. -c  carouan  f.  Pers. 
karwan,  perh.  assim.  to  F  caravane\ 

earava'nserai,  -sera,  -sapy,  n.  Eastern 
quadrangular  inn  with  great  inner  court  where 
caravans  put  up.  [f.  Pers.  karwan-sarai 
(prec,  sara  mansion)] 

ca'ravel,  eap#vel,  n.  (hist.).  Small  light 
fast  ship,  chiefly  Spanish  &  Portuguese  of  15th- 
17th  cc.  [f.  F  caravelle  f.  It.  caravella ;  cf.  LL 
f.  Gk  karabos] 

ca'paway,  n.  Umbelliferous  plant  with 
fruit  (c-seeds)  used  in  cakes,  [f.  med.  L  carui 
cf.  Arab,  al-karawiya  &  Gk  karon  cummin] 

capb-,  capbo-,  comb,  forms  of  carbon. 
Hence  ear'biDE  n. 

cap'bine,  ea'pa-,  n.  Short  fire-arm  for 
cavalry  use.  [F  (cava-)  weapon  of  carabin 
soldier  perh.  f.  Calabria  perh.  f.  med.  L  chada- 
bvla  kind  of  ballista  (Gk  katabole  overthrow)] 

eap*bo-hy*dpate,  n.  (chem. ).  Organic  com- 
pound of  carbon  with  oxygen  &  hydrogen  in 
the  proportion  to  form  water  (starch,  sugar, 
glucose). 

eapbd'lie,  a.  (chem.).  C.  acid,  powerful  anti- 
septic &  disinfectant.  Hence  eap'boliZE(o) 
v.t.     [CARB-,  -ol,  -ic] 

cap'bon,  n.  (chem.).  Non-metallic  element 
occurring  as  diamond,  graphite,  &  charcoal,  in 
carbonic  acid  gas,  the  carbonates,  &  most 
organic  compounds;  (Electr.)  charcoal  pencil 
used  in  one  form  of  electric  lighting  ;  c.  print- 
ing, process,  producing  permanent  prints  in 
black  and  white  ;  c.-paper,  for  taking  copies  of 
letters  &c.  Hence  cap*bonATE  *(3)  n.  [f.  F 
carbone  f.  L  carbonem  nom.  -o  charcoal] 

capbona'ceous,  a.  Of,  like,  coal  or  char- 
coal; consisting  of  or  containing  carbon,  [as 
prec,  -aceous] 

carbonari  (-e),  n.  Neapolitan  secret  society 
of  republican  revolutionists,  [perh.  f.  dis- 
guising themselves  as  charcoal-burners] 

eap'bonate,  v.t.  (chem.).  Form  into  a  c. ; 
impregnate  with  carbonic  acid  gas,  aerate, 
[f.  carbonate  n.  see  carbon,  -ate3] 

capbd'nic,  a.  (chem.).  Of  carbon ;  c  acid 
{gas),  the  gas  formed  in  combustion  of  carbon, 
given  out  in  breathing,  &  constituting  choke- 
damp,    [-ic] 

capboni'fepous,  a.  Producing  coal ;  (Geol.) 
c.  strata,  system,  formation,  palaeozoic  next 
above  Old  Red  Sandstone  ;  c.  age,  era,  period, 
in  which  these  strata  were  deposited,  [carbon, 

-I-,  -FEROUS] 

cap'bonize,  v.t.  Convert  into  carbon  ;  re- 
duce to  charcoal  or  coke ;  cover  (paper)  with 
carbon  for  taking  copies.  Hence  capboniz- 
A'TION  n.     [-ize(3,  5)] 


cap*boy.  n.  Large  coloured-glass  bottle  pro- 
tected with  basket-work.   [f.  Pers.  qarabah] 

carbuncle,  n.  Red  precious  stone  (formerly 
of  many  kinds,  e.  g.  ruby ;  now  garnet  cut  in 
boss  shape) ;  malignant  tumour,  anthrax, 
pimple  on  nose  or  face,  whence  cap*bunelED2, 
capbu'nculAR  i,  aa.  [ME  &  OF  charbucle  f. 
L  carbunculus  small  coal  (carbon,  -uncle)] 

capbupe't,  v.t.  (-U-).  Combine  (any  element) 
chemically  with  carbon ;  charge  with  carbon. 
Hence  capbupe*ttOR  2  (2)  or  capbupe'ttER l 
(2)  n.    [carbon,  -uret] 

cap'cass,  -ase,  n.  Dead  body  (of  human 
body  now  only  with  contempt) :  (with  butchers) 
beast's  trunk  without  head,  limbs,  or  offal ; 
mere  body,  dead  or  alive  (to  save  one's  a), 
worthless  remains  (of) ;  skeleton,  framework, 
(of  house,  ship,  &c);  (Mil.)  kind  of  fire-ball 
from  gun  for  igniting  buildings,  [partly  f.  OF 
charcois  f.  med.  L  carcosium,  partly  f.  16th-c. 
F  carcasse  f.  It.  carcassa  ;  etym.  and  mutual 
relations  of  carcosium,  carcassa,  doubtful] 

eapd1,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Cleanse,  comb,  get  into 
order,  also  scratch  or  torture,  with)  toothed 
instrument,  wire-brush,  or  wire-set  rubber  or 
vulcanite  strip,  for  raising  nap  on  cloth  or  pre- 
paring wool,  hemp,  &c. ;  c.-thistle,  teasel ;  card- 
ing-machine,  with  card-strips  fixed  on  rollers, 
[f.  F  carde  teasel-head  ult.  f.  L  carduus  thistle] 

eapd  2,  n.  (Also  playing-c.)  one  of  pack  of  52 
oblong  pieces  of  pasteboard  used  in  games 
(court  !-c. ;  make  a  c,  take  trick  with  it ;  house 
of  cc,  insecure  scheme  &c. ;  cc.,  card-playing; 
sure,  safe,  doubtful,  &c,  c,  such  a  plan,  ex- 
pedient; knowing,  queer,  c,  such  a  person; 
throw  up,  show,  one's  cc,  give  up,  let  out,  one's 
plan ;  c.  up  one's  sleeve,  plan  in  reserve ;  on  the 
cc,  likely,  possible) ;  flat  piece  of  thick  paper  or 
pasteboard  for  various  purposes  (speak  by  the 
c,  with  precision,  f.  obs.  use=mariner's  com- 
pass ;  post-c.  ;  corresp  ondence-c ,  for  short  notes ; 
-  ticket  of  admission  ;  =  invitation  ;  c.  or  visit- 
ing-c,  with  name  &c.,sentorleftinlieu  of  formal 
visit,  so  leave  aeon;  wedding,  Christmas,  &c, 
c,  sent  in  notification  or  compliment  to  friends ; 
collecting-c,  for  entering  subscribers  to  chari- 
ties ;  programme  of  events  at  race-meetings  &c. , 
or  of  cricket  scores,  esp.  correct  c  ;  the  c,  the 
correct  thing,  what  is  expected;  printed  or 
written  notice,  rules,  &c,  for  hanging  in  win- 
dow or  on  wall) ;  c-case,  for  carrying  visiting- 
cc. ;  c-basket,  -rack,  for  keeping  visitors'  cc. ; 
cardboard,  pasteboard  for  cutting  cc.  from  or 
making  boxes  &c. ;  c-sharper,  swindler  at  c- 
games.  [f.  F  carte  f.  It.  carta  (cf.  charte  direct) 
f.  L  charta  f.  Gk  khartes  papyrus-leaf ;  -d  for  -te 
unexplained] 

cardamom,  n.  Spice  from  seed-capsules  of 
E.-Ind.  plants,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kardamomon  (kar- 
damon  cress,  amomon  a  spice  plant)] 

cap'diae,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  heart  (esp.  path.,  as 
c  symptoms,  of  heart-disease) ;  of  upper  orifice 
of  stomach  ;  (n.)  heart-stimulant,  cordial,  [f.  F 
(-aque)  f.  L  f.  Gk  kardiakos  (kardia  heart,  -AC)] 

cap-dig-an,  n.  Knitted  woollen  over- waist- 
coat with  or  without  sleeves,  [named  after 
Earl  of  C.  c.  1855] 

eap'dmal,  C-,  a.  &  n.  On  which  something 
hinges,  fundamental,  important,  (c.  virtues,  the 
four  natural  &  three  theological,  see  virtue  ; 
c.  numbers,  the  simple  ones,  as  one,  six,  cf. 
ordinal;  c.  points,  xcinds,  North,  S.,  E.,  W. ; 
c.  church  hist.,  one  of  principal  churches  in 
Rome,  to  which  others  were  subordinate, 
whence  Cardinal,  noun,  orig.  person  in  charge 
of  one  of  these,  now  one  of  seventy  princes 
of  R.-C.  Ch.,  members  of  Pope's  council  of  6  c. 
bishops,  50  c.  priests,  &  14  c.  deacons,  &  electors 


CARDIO- 


124 


CARNY 


of  new  Pope,  whence  eap'dinalATE  *,  car*- 
dinalsHip,  nn. ;  also  prefixed  to  other  titles, 
as  C.-Legate),  whence  eap'dinalLY  2  adv. ;  of 
deep  scarlet ;  woman's  short  hooded  (orig.  scar- 
let) cloak;  small  scarlet  bird;  (Zool.)  of  the 
hinge  of  a  bivalve  ;  c.-flower,  Scarlet  Lobelia. 
[F,  f.  L  cardinalis  (cardo  -inis  hinge,  -al); 
sense  scarlet  f.  Cardinal's  robes] 

cardio-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  kardia  heart. 

eardoo'n,  n.  Composite  kitchen-garden 
plant  allied  to  artichoke,  [f.  F  cardon  f.  It. 
cardone  (cardo  f.  L  cardus,  carduus  thistle, 

-OON)] 

cape  1,  n.  Solicitude,  anxiety :  occasion  for 
these  ;  serious  attention,  heed,  caution,  pains, 
{take,  have  a,  c,  be  cautious) ;  charge,  protec- 
tion, (A,  c/o  or  c.  of  B,  in  addresses ;  have  the, 
take,  c  of;  in,  under,  one's  c.) ;  thing  to  be 
done  or  seen  to  (cc.  of  State  &c. ;  that  shall  be 
my  c.) ;  c.-laden,  -worn,  with  anxieties ; c.-taker, 
person  hired  to  take  charge,  esp.  of  house  in 
owner's  absence.  [OE  cam,  com.-Teut.  f.  OTeut. 
kard- ;  not  related  to  L  cura] 

cape2,  v.i.  Feel  concern  or  interest  for  or 
about;  provide  food,  attendance,  &c,  for 
(children,  invalids,  &c.) :  (w.  neg.  expressed  or 
implied)  feel  regard,  deference,  affection,  for, 
be  concerned  whether  &c.,  (often  with  expletive 
a  pin,  a  damn,  a  farthing  ;  I  don't  c.  if  I  do, 
am  willing).    [OE  carian  f.  prec] 

capee'n,  v.t.  &  i.  Turn  (ship)  on  one  side  for 
cleaning,  caulking,  &c.  ;  (cause  to)  heel  over, 
[ult.  f.  L  carina  keel] 

eapee'naafe,  n.    Careening  a  ship  ;  expense 
of  it ;  place  for  it.    [-age] 
>eapeep%  n.,  &  v.i.     Swift  course,  impetus, 
(in  full,   mid,    &c,   c);   course   or  progress 
through  life  ;  development  &  success  of  party, 

Erinciple,  nation,  &c.  ;  way  of  making  a  liveli- 
ood ;  (vb)  go  swiftly  or  wildly  (often  about). 
[f.  F  carriere  race-course  f.  LL  carraria  (via) 
carriage-(road)  f.  L  carrus  car  *] 

cape'ful,  a.  Concerned  for,  taking  care  of; 
painstaking,  watchful,  cautious,  (to  do,  that, 
what,  whether,  &c. ) ;  done  with  or  showing 
care.  Hence  eape'fulLY2  adv.,  cape'ful- 
ness  n.    [-PUL] 

cape'less,  a.  Unconcerned,  light-hearted  ; 
inattentive,  negligent  (of),  thoughtless ;  in- 
accurate. Hence  cape'less ly  2  adv.,  eape*- 
lessxKSs  n.    [-less] 

cape'ss,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fondling  touch,  kiss; 
blandishment.  (Vb)  bestow  these  on  •  pet, 
make  much  of ;  hence  cape'ssingLY 2  adv. 
[f.  F  caresse(r)  f.  It.  carezza(re)  f.  LL  *caritia 
(L  carus  dear)] 

ca'pet,  n.  Mark  («)  placed  below  line  to  show 
place  of  omission.    [L,  =  it  needs  (carere)] 

eap*«ro,  n.  Freight  of  ship.  [Sp.,=loading 
f.  med.  L  carricum  f.  LL  carricare  to  load  (L 
carrus  car1)] 

CaTib,  n.  &  a.  (One)  of  aboriginal  inhabi- 
tants of  Southern  W.-Ind.  islands.  [f.  Sp. 
Caribe  cf.  cannibal] 

capibou*  (-00),  -boo%  n.  N.-Amer.  reindeer. 
[-ou  Canad.  F,  prob.  f.  native  wd] 

capicatupe*,  n.,  &  v.t.  Grotesque  represen- 
tation of  person  or  thing  by  over-emphasis  on 
characteristic  traits  (pictorial,  literary,  or 
mimetic) ;  hence  capieatup*iST(l)_n.  (Vb) 
make,  give,  a  c.  of ;  hence  capicatup'ABLE  a. 
[F,  f.  It.    caricatura   (caricare   to  load   see 

CARGO,  -URE)] 

caries,  n.    Decay  (of  bones  or  teeth).    [L] 
ca-rillon  (-lyon,  or  as  F),  n.    Set  of  bells  that 
can  be  rung  either  by  hand  or  mechanically  ; 
air  played  on  bells ;   instrument  (or  part  of 
organ)  imitating  peal  of  bells.    [F,  f.  med.  L 


quadrilionem  nom.  -o  quaternary  (formerly 
four  bells)] 

carrna,  n.  (zool.  &  hot).  Ridge-shapcd 
structure.  Hence  capi'n al,  ea'Pin  ate  -,  aa. , 
eapino-  comb.  form.    [L,=keel] 

carious,  a.  Decayed  (esp.  of  bones,  teeth), 
[f.  L  cariosus  (caries,  -ose1)] 

cap'king*,  a.  Burdensome  (alw.  with  care). 
[f.  obs.  vb  cark  f.  ONF  carkier  f.  LL  carricare 
(cargo)] 

capl(e),  n.  (Sc).  Man,  fellow.  [OE  in  comb, 
as  hus-carli.  ON-karl  cogn.  w.  churl] 

ear 'line  1,  n.  (Sc).  Old  woman.  [ME  &  ON 
kerling  fern,  of  prec] 

cap'line2,  n.  Genus  of  composite  plants 
allied  to  thistle.  [F,  f.  med.  L  carlina  for  Caro- 
lina named  f.  Carolus  Charlemagne] 

Cap'lism,  Cap'list,  nn.  Spanish  legitimism, 
legitimist,  support(er)  of  Don  Carlos  second  son 
of  Charles  IV.    [-ism  (3),  -ist(2)] 

Carlo vi'nglan,  Capoli'ng-ian,  (-j),  a.  8r.  n. 
(One)  of  second  French  dynasty  founded  by 
Charlemagne,  [f.  F  carlovingien  after  mero- 
vingien  Merovingian] 

Caply'lism,  n.  Principles,  literary  manner, 
a  mannerism,  of  Carlyle.  So  CaplylE'AN, 
Caply •  Iian,  aa. ,  CaplylE  *se  a.  &  n.  [Thomas 
Carlyle  1795-1881 ;  -ism(3,  4)] 

Carrnagno'le  (-anyol),  n.  Song  &  dance 
among  French  revolutionists  of  1793.    [F] 

Cap'melite,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  mendicant 
order  of  friars  (also  White  Friars  f.  their  white 
cloak) ;  fine  woollen  stuff,  usu.  grey.  TMt  Car- 
mel,  place  of  foundation  (12th  c),  -ite  m2)] 

ear-minative,  a.  &  n.  (Drug)  curing  flatu- 
lence, [f.  L  carminare  card,  -ive,  gross  hu- 
mours being  combed  out  like  tangled  wool] 

cap'mine,  n.  &  a.  (Coloured  like,  colour  of) 
crimson  pigment  made  from  cochineal,  [f.  F 
or  Sp.  carmin  f.  med.  L  carminus  for  carmesi- 
nus  crimson] 

carnage  (-ij),  n.  Great  slaughter,  esp.  of 
men.  [F,  f.  It.  carnaggio  f.  LL  carnaticum  (L 
caro  carnis  flesh,  -age)] 

carnal,  a.  Sensual,  fleshly ;  sexual ;  un- 
sanctifled,  worldly.  Hence  cap*naliSM(2), 
eapna*liTY,nn.,  eapiializE(3)  v.t.,cap*nal- 
ly2  adv.    [f.  L  carnalis  (caro  see  prec,  -al)] 

capna'tion  *,  n.  &  a.  (Of)  rosy  pink  colour, 
[orig.  flesh-colour  f.  L  carnatio  (caro  see  car- 
nage) fleshiness] 

capna'tion2,  n.  Cultivated  kinds  of  Clove- 
pink,  [formerly  also  incarnacyon,  coronation, 
cornatxon ;  pern.  orig.  coronation  as  indented 
like  coronet,  later  confused  w.  the  colour ;  for 
corn-,  earn-,  cf.  foil.] 

carneiian.  =cornelian.  [ca-  by  confusion 
w.  L  (carnation  J)  as  flesh-coloured] 

eap*nify,  v.t.  &  i.  (path.).  Change  (t.  &  i.  of 
bone,  lungs,  &c)  to  structure  of  flesh  or  muscle. 
Hence  cap*niFiCA'TiON  n.  [L  caro  carnis 
flesh,  -fy] 

cap'nival,  n.  Half-week  or  week  before 
Lent;  festivities  usual  during  this  in  R.-C. 
countries ;  riotous  revelry ;  reckless  indul- 
gence in  something  (of;  c.  of  bloodshed  &c). 
[f.  It.  carnevale  orig.  name  for  Shrove  Tuesday 
only,  f.  L  phr.  carnem  levare  put  away  meat] 

carnrvora,  n.  Large  order  of  flesh-eating 
mammalia,  including  cats,  dogs,  bears,  &c 
[L  neut.  pi.  see  carnivorous] 

cap'nivope,  n.  Carnivorous  animal  or 
plant.    [F,  as  foil.] 

carai'vopous,  a.  Feeding  on  flesh  (esp.  of 
the  carnivora,  &  of  plants  digesting  animal 
substance),  [f.  L  carnivorus  (caro  carnis 
flesh,  -voROUS)] 

eap'ny,  -ey,  v.t.  (colloq.).  Coax,  wheedle.  [?] 


CAROB 


125 


CART 


ea'pob,  n.  Horn-like  pod  of  Levantine  c.- 
tiee.  [f.  F  carobe  f.  Arab,  kharrubah bean-pod] 

ca'pol,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Joyous  song, 
human  or  of  birds,  esp.  Christmas  hymn.  (Vb) 
utter,  celebrate  with,  these  ;  hence  ea'PollER1 
n.  [obs.  senses  dance,  ring ;  f.  OF  carole(r) 
perh.  f .  L  choravla  f.  Gk  khoraules  flute-player 
for  chorus-dancing  (khoros  chorus,  aulos  flute), 
or  f.  L  corolla  ring] 

Ca'poline,  a.  Of  Charlemagne ;  of  the  time 
of  Charles  I  &  II  of  England,  [f.  L  Carolus 
Charles  +  -ink  *] 

Carolingian.    See  carlovingian. 

ea'rom.    See  cannon. 

eard'tid,  a.  &  n.  Of,  near,  the  two  great  ar- 
teries carrying  blood  to  head  ;  (n.)  one  of  these, 
[f.  Gk  karotides  pi.  (karoo  stupefy,  compression 
of  these  arteries  being  thought  to  do  this)] 

carou'se  (-owz),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Have,  engage 
in)  a  drinking-bout;  drink  deep.  Hence 
earou*SAL(2)  n.  [orig.  as  adv.  =  right  out,  in 
phr.  drink  c.  f.  G  gar  aus  trinken] 

carp1,  n.  A  fresh- water  fish  usu.  bred  in 
ponds,  [f.  OF  carve  t  LL  carpa  cf.  OHG 
charpho,  G  karpfen] 

carp2,  v.i.  Talk  querulously,  find  fault, 
(usu.  at)  ;  esp.  carping  tongue,  criticism,  cap- 
tious, [obs.  senses  talk,  say,  sing,  prob.  f.  ON 
karpa  to  brag,  but  mod.  sense  influenced  by  L 
carpere  pluck  at,  slander] 

ear*pal,  a.    Of  the  carpus,    [carpus,  -al] 

eap#pel,  n.  (bot.).  Pistil-cell,  whether  pistil 
is  one  cell  or  several.  Hence  cap'pellARY 1  a. 
[mod.  dim.  f.  Gk  karpos  fruit,  see  -le(2)] 

car'pentep,  n.,  &  v.L  &  t.  Artificer  in 
wood-work  (esp.  of  rough  solid  kinds  as  in  ship 
or  house  building,  cf.  joiner,  CABiNET-ma&er) ; 
c.-ant,  -bee,  kinds  boring  into  trees ;  c.-scene, 
played  before  a  painted  scene  (also  c.-scene)  to 

give  c.  time  for  preparing  elaborate  scene  be- 
ind ;  so  cap*pentR y  (2,  5)  n.  ( Vb)  do,  make  by, 
c.'s  work.  [f.  ONF  carpentier  (now  ch-)  f.  LL 
carpentarius  (carpentum  wagon  f.  Celt.)] 

eap'pet1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thick  fabric,  usu. 
woollen  &  patterned,  for  covering  floor  &  stairs 
(at  first  of  table-covering,  whence  on  the  c, 
under  discussion ;  &  as  floor-covering  long  a 
boudoir  luxury,  whence  c.-knight,  stay-at- 
home  soldier,  lady's  man) ;  smooth,  soft,  or 
bright  expanse  of  grass,  flowers,  &c. ;  c.-bed, 
garden  bed  with  dwarf  plants  arranged  in 
pattern  j  c.-dance,  informal ;  c.-rods,  keeping 
stair-c.  in  place  ;  c.-snake,  variegated  Austra- 
lian kind  ;  c.-bag,  travelling-bag,  orig.  made  of 
c. ;  c.-bagger,  candidate  for  election  or  political 
agitator  unconnected  with  district;  hence 
cap'petLESS  a.  (Vb)  cover  (as)  with  a  c, 
whence  cap'petiNG  *  (3)  n. ;  summon  (servant 
&c.)  into  the  room  for  reprimand,  reprove,  [f. 
OF  carpite  or  It.  carpita  p.p.  of  carpire  f.  L 
carpere  pluck,  the  fabric  being  perh.  a  patch- 
work ;  cf.  F  charpie  lint] 

eappho'logfy,  n.  Delirious  fumbling  with 
bed-clothes  &c.  [f.  Gk  karphologia  (karphos 
twig,  lego  pick,  -Y  *)] 

earpo-  \  comb,  form  of  carpus. 

eappo-2,  comb,  form  of  Gk  karpos  fruit. 
Hence  eappo'LOGY  n. 

car- pus,  n.  (anat.).  Part  of  skeleton  that 
unites  hand  &c.  to  fore-arm,  eight  small  bones 
in  higher  vertebrates  (in  man,  wrist ;  in  horse, 
knee),    [f.  Gk  karpos  wrist] 

ea'rriage  (-rij),  n.  Conveying,  transport; 
cost  of  conveying  (c.-free  ;  c.-forward,  not 
prepaid);  management  (of  enterprise  &c); 
passing  (o/Parl.  motion  &c);  manner  of  carry- 
ing (c.  of  head,  body,  &c),  bearing,  deportment ; 
wheeled  vehicle  for  persons  (hackney,  railway, 


-c),  esp.  four-wheeled  private  vehicle  with  two 
(c.  <£■  pair)  or  more  horses  (c-company,  -folk, 
who  keep  these),  whence  ca*ppiag-eFUL(2)  n. : 
wheeled  support  of  gun  (usu.  gun-c.) ;  wheeled 
framework  of  vehicle  apart  from  body ;  (Mech.) 
sliding  &c.  part  of  machinery  for  shifting  posi- 
tion of  other  parts ;  c.-dog,  spotted  Dalmatian ; 
c.-drive,  road  in  parks  &c.  Hence  ca'ppiag-e- 
less  a.  [f.  OXF  cariage  f.  carier  (carry,  -age)] 
ca'ppiag-eable,  a.  Available  for  carriages 
(of  road),    [-able] 

ca'ppick  bend,  n.  (naut.).  Kind  of  knot  or 
splice,  [bend  1 ;  carrick  perh.  f.  obs.  carrack 
armed  merchant  ship] 

ca'ppiep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  person 
plying  for  hire  with  cart  for  conveyance  of 
parcels  (common  c,  legal  term  including  also 
railway  and  steamship  companies  &c.) ;  part  of 
bicycle  &c.  for  carrying  luggage  ;  c. -pigeon  ; 
c.-nation  &c,  conducting  oversea  trade  for 
others,    [carry  +  -er  !] 

ca'ppiole,  n.  Small  open  carriage  for  one ; 
covered  light  cart;  Canadian  sledge,  [f.  F 
carriole,  med.  L  carriola  dim.  of  carra  car  l\ 
ca'ppion,  n.  &  a.  Dead  putrefying  flesh; 
anything  vile,  garbage,  filth  ;  c.-crow,  between 
raven  &  rook,  feeding  on  c,  small  animals,  &c. ; 
(adj.)  rotten,  loathsome.  [ME  &  ONF  caroinc 
perh.  f.  Rom.  *caronia  f.  L  caro  carnis  flesh] 
cappona'de,  n.  Short  large-calibred  ship's 
gun.  [Carron  orig.  place  of  making  -f  -ade] 
ca'ppot,  n.  (Plant  with)  tapering  orange- 
coloured  edible  root;  (pi.)  red  hair,  red-haired 
person,  whence  ea'PPOtY2  a.  [f.  F  carotte 
f.  L  carota  f.  Gk  karoton  perh.  f.  kara  head] 
ca'ppy,  v.t.  &  i.  Convey  in  vehicle,  ship, 
hand,  or  head  (as  news),  or  on  person  (also  of 
vehicle  &c,  or  water,  wind,  &c.,  as  subject;  c. 
corn,  from  field  to  stack  ;  fetch  &  c,  be  under- 
ling ;  c.  all  before  one,  succeed ;  c.  weight,  be 
handicapped  in  horse-racing  or  fig.) ;  conduct 
(pipes  c.  water,  wires  c.  sound ;  c.  into  effect; 
c.  one  back,  in  fancy  to  earlier  times ;  c.  off  to 
prison) ;  transfer  (figures  to  column  of  higher 
notation  ;  c.  conviction,  implant  one's  own  in 
other  minds  ;  c.  over,  forward,  entries  to  new 
page  or  account) ;  propel  to  specified  distance 
(of  gun  &c,  with  obj.  usu.  omitted ;  also  intr. 
=  go  of  missile) ;  cause  or  enable  to  go  to  (of 
motive,  journey-money,  &c.) ;  bring  to  (of  day's 
journey  &c.) ;  prolong,  continue,  to  (c.  tower  to 
500ft,  modesty  to  excess) ;  win  (prize ;  c.  it,  the 
day,  succeed;  c.  fortress  &c,  capture;  c. 
hearers  with  one,  persuade) ;  win  victory  for 
(candidate ;  c.  one's  point,  a  motion,  bill) ; 
wear,  have  with  one,  possess,  involve,  (arms,  a 
watch,  &c. ;  c.  one's  bat2  ;  c.  weight,  authority, 
be  influential ;  c.  with  one,  remember ;  loans  c- 
interest,  principles  c.  consequences) ;  hold  in  a 
certain  way  (c.  one's  head,  body,  oneself;  c. 
sword  &c,  in  saluting-position) ;  endure  weight 
of,  support,  (ships  c.  sail,  piers  c.  domeY;  c. 
away,  inspire,  transport,  deprive  of  self -control, 
(Naut.)  lose  (mast  &c.)  by  breakage  ;  c.  off,  re- 
move from  life,  win,  render  passable,  c.  it  off 
well,  make  brave  show ;  c.  on,  advance  (pro- 
cess) a  stage,  continue,  manage  (business), 
(colloq.)  behave  strangely;  c.  out,  put  in  prac- 
tice ;  c.  over  (St.  Exch.),  keep  over  to  next 
selling-day;  c.  through,  bring  safely  out  of 
difficulties,  complete,  [f.  ONF  carier  t  LL 
carricare  (L  carrus  car  j)1 
cart,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  L  Strong  two- wheeled 
vehicle  (cf.  wagon)  used  in  farming  &  for 
heavy  goods,  (also  spring,  mail,  dog,  -c.)  light 
two-wheeled  one-horse  vehicle  for  driving  in, 
(put  c.  before  horse,  reverse  order,  take  effect 
for  cause;  c.-horse,  thickset  &  fit  for  heavy 


CARTE 


126 


CASH 


work ;  c.-ladder,  rack  at  sides  or  ends  for  in- 
creasing capacity ;  c.  -  load,  =  cartful,  also 
large  quantity  of  anything ;  c.-road,  -way,  too 
rough  for  carriages  ;  c.-wheel,  wheel  of  c,  large 
coin  as  crown  &c,  lateral  summersault  of 
street  urchins  (turn  c.-w.);  c.-whip,  long  & 
heavy;  c.-wright,  maker  of  cc. ;  hence  eap't- 
age(4),  caP'tEB  \  cap*tFUL(2),  nn.  ( Vb)  carry 
in  a  c. ;  work  with  a  c. ;  (slang)  defeat  easily 
(in  match,  game,  &c).  [prob.  f.  ON  kartr  cart 
cf.  OE  crxt  of  doubtful  meaning] 

carte,  quarte  (kart),  n.  Fencing  position  (c. 
&  tierce,  sword-play).  [F  (q-),  f.  It.  quarta  fourth] 

carte  blanche  (F),  n.  Blank  paper  given 
to  person  to  write  his  own  terms  on  ;  full  dis- 
cretionary power.    [F  (card2,  blank)] 

eapte-de-visi*te  (de,  -zet),  n.  Photograph 
3$in.  x2*.   [F,  =  visiting  card,  its  orig.  purpose] 

eap*tel,  n.  Written  challenge  to  duel ;  (agree- 
ment for)  exchange  of  prisoners ;  (also  kartell) 
manufacturers'  union  to  keep  up  prices.  [F,  f. 
It.  cartello  dim.  of  carta  card  2j 

Carte'sian  (-zhn),  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of 
Descartes  or  his  philosophy  or  mathematical 
methods.  Hence  Cai»te'sianiSM(3)  n.  [Carte- 
sius  mod.  L  name  of  Rene"  Descartes,  1596-1650, 
-an] 

Capthu'sian  (-z-),  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  order 
of  monks  founded  by  St  Bruno  1086 ;  (member) 
of  Charterhouse  school  founded  on  site  of  C. 
monastery,  [f.  L  Cartusianus  f.  Chatrousse, 
place  of  their  first  monastery] 

car'tilag-e  (-ij),  n.  (Structure,  part,  in  verte- 
brates, of)  firm  elastic  tissue,  gristle,  (temporary 
c,  in  the  young,  changing  later  to  bone).  So 
eartlla'g-inoiD  a.    [F,  f.  L  cartilago  -inis] 

captila'ginous,  a.  Of,  like,  cartilage  (c.  fish, 
with  c.  skeleton),    [f.  L  (-osus,  see  prec,  -ous)] 

earto'g-raphy,  n.  Map  -  drawing.  So 
eapto'GRAPHER  n.,  eaptoGRA'PHic(AL)  aa. 
[f.  F  carte  chart  (card  2)  +  -graphy  ;  the  cor- 
rect form  f.  Gk  would  have  ch-] 

car'tomancy,  n.  Fortune-telling  by  play- 
ing-cards,   [f.  It.  carta  card2,  -mancy] 

cap-ton,'  n.  White  disk  within  bull  s-eye  of 
target,    [f.  F  as  foil.] 

captoo'n,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Drawing  on  stout 
paper  as  design  for  painting,  tapestry,  mosaic, 
&c. ;  full-page  (or  large)  illustration,  esp.  on  poli- 
tics in  comic  paper ;  hence  captoo'n ist(3)  n. 
(Vb)  draw  c,  represent  (person  &c.)  in  a  c.  [f. 
F  carton  or  It.  cartone  (carta  card2,  -oon)] 

captou'che  (-oosh),  n.  (Arch.)  scroll  orna- 
ment, e.g.  volute  of  Ionic  capital;  tablet 
imitating,  or  drawing  of,  scroll  with  rolled-up 
ends,  used  ornamentally  or  bearing  inscription ; 
(Archaeol.)  oval  ring  containing  hieroglyphic 
names  &  titles  of  Egyptian  kings  &c.  jF,  I.  It. 
cartoccio  augmentative  of  carta  card  2] 

cap'tpidgfe,  n.  Charge  of  explosive  for  fire- 
arms or  blasting  made  up  in  case  of  paper, 
flannel,  metal,  &c.  (small-arm  ball-c.  or  c. 
contains  bullet  also,  blank-c.  the  explosive 
only) ;  c-belt,  with  sockets  for  cc. ;  c.-paper, 
thick  and  rough,  used  also  for  drawing  &  for 
strong  envelopes,    [corrupt,  of  prec] 

cap'tulapy,  n.  Collection  of  records ;  regis- 
ter, [f.  med.  L  c(h)artularium  f.  L  cartula 
dim.  of  c(h)arta  card2,  -ary  j] 

ca'puncle  (also  karu'-),'n.  Fleshy  excres- 
cence, as  turkeycock's  wattles,  [f.  16th-c.  F  ca- 
runcule  f.  L  caruncula  (caro  carnis  flesh,  -un- 
cle)] 

carve,  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  -ed,  sometimes  -en).  Cut 
(in  gen.  sense  now  only  fig.,  as  c.  one's  way) ; 
produce  by  cutting  (statue,  portrait,  represen- 
tation in  relief  or  intaglio,  inscription,  design, 
out  of,  in,  or  on,  material),  change  by  cutting 


(material  into  something),  cover  or  adorn 
(material)  with  figures  cut  in  it,  cut  designs 
&c,  whence  cap*viNG1(2)  n. ;  cut  up  meat, 
cut  up  (meat  &c),  at  or  for  table  (carving-knife, 
long  for  this  purpose) ;  subdivide  (usu.  up) ; 
c.  out,  take  from  larger  whole,  acquire  esp.  by 
the  sword.  [OE  ceorfan,  com.-Teut.  cf.  Du. 
kerven,  prob.  cogn.  w.  Gk  graphd  write] 

eap*vel,  =  caravel  ;  c-buxlt,  with  planks 
flush  (cf.  clinker-built). 

eap*vep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also,  carving- 
knife,  (pi.)  carving  knife  &  fork,    [-er  l] 

capya'tid,  n.  Female  figure  used  as  pillar, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  karuatis  -idos  priestess  at  Caryae] 

casca-de,  n. ,  &  v.i.  (Fall  like  a)  waterfall,  or 
one  section  of  large  broken  waterfall ;  wavy 
fall  of  lace  &c.  [F,  f.  It.  cascata  (cascare  to 
fall  for  casicare  f.  L  cas-  see  foil.)] 

case  \  n.  Instance  of  thing's  occurring ; 
actual  state  of  affairs  (is,  is  not,  the  c,  is  true, 
false) ;  position,  circumstances,  in  which  one 
is,  plight,  (in  good,  evil,  c,  well,  badly,  off) ; 
(Med.)  person's  diseased  condition;  instance 
of  any  disease.  (Law)  cause,  suit,  for  trial; 
statement  of  facts  in  cause  sub  judice,  drawn 
up  for  higher  court's  consideration  (judge 
states  a  c);  cause  that  has  been  decided 
&  may  be  cited  (leading  c,  one  often  cited  & 
governing  subsequent  decisions) ;  sum  of  argu- 
ments on  one  side  (that  is  our  c. ;  make  out 
one's  c,  prove  it) ;  (fig.)  c.  of  conscience,  matter 
in  which  conscience  has  to  decide  between 
conflicting  principles.  (Gram.)  form  of  noun, 
adj.,  or  pronoun,  in  inflected  languages  express- 
ing relation  to  some  other  word  in  sentence  (in 
uninflected  languages,  this  relation  itself  apart 
from  form).  In  c,  if,  in  the  event  that,  lest ;  in  c. 
of,  in  the  event  of ;  put  (the)  c.  that,  suppose ;  in 
any  c,  whatever  the  fact  is,  whatever  may  hap- 
pen ;  in  that  c,  if  that  is  true,  should  happen ; 
c.-law,  law  as  settled  by  precedent.  [ME  & 
OF  cas  f.  L  casus  -us  fall  (cadere  cos-  fall)] 

case2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Enclosure  of  something, 
box,  bag,  sheath,  &c. ;  frame  for  plant-growing; 
glass  box  for  showing  specimens,  curiosities, 
Sec. ;  outer  protective  covering  (of  watch, 
sausage,  seed-vessel,  book,  &c.) ;  box  with 
proper  contents  (dressing-c.) ;  (Print.)  receptacle 
with  compartments  (upper  c,  capitals,  lower  c, 
small  letters) ;  c.-bottle,  square  for  fitting  into 
c.  with  others;  ca'se-harden  v.t.,  harden  sur- 
face of,  esp.  give  steel  surface  to  (iron)  by  chem. 
process,  (fig.)  render  callous ;  c.-knife,  worn  in 
sheath ;  c.-shot,  or  c. ,  bullets  in  tin  box  fired  from 
cannon  withoutfuse,also=SHRAPNEL ;  c.-worm 
-  caddis.  (Vb)  enclose  in  c,  surround  with,  (also 
with  up,  over) ;  hence  ca'siNG  *(3)  n.  [f.  ONF 
casse  (now  chdsse)  f.  L  capsa  (capere  hold)] 

ca'sein,  n.  A  proteid  or  albuminoid,  the  basis 
of  cheese.    [L  caseus  cheese  +  -in] 

ca'semate,  n.  Vaulted  chamber  in  thickness 
of  wall  of  fortress,  with  embrasures.  Hence 
ca'sematED2  a.  [F,  f.  It.  casamatta  (casa 
house,  perh.  matto  mad,  also  pseudo-)] 

casement  (-s-  or  -z-),  n.  Metal  or  wooden 
hinged  frame  with  glass  forming  (part  of) 
window  (often  c.-window) ;  (poet.  &c.)  window, 
[f.  med.  L.  casamentum,  or  f.  case2  +  -ment] 

ca'seous,  a.  Of,  like,  cheese,  [f.  L  caseus 
cheese  +  -ous] 

casep*n(e)  (-z-),  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  small  building(s) 
for  troops  between  ramparts  &  houses  of  for- 
tress.   FF  (-e),  f.  Sp.  caserna  (casa  house)] 

cash*,  n.  (no  pi.),  &  v.t.  Ready  money  (in, 
out  of,  c,  having,  not  having,  money  ;  c.  down, 
paid  on  the  spot);  (Banking  &c.)  specie,  or 
specie  and  bank-notes;  (Book-keeping)  c- 
account,  to  which  only  c.  is  carried,  &  from 


CASH 


127 


CASTOR 


which  all  payments  are  made,  c.-book,  for 
record  of  c.  received  and  paid  ;  c.-payment,  in 
ready  money ;  c.  price,  lowest,  for  ready  money ; 
hence  ea'shLESS  a.  (Vb)  give  or  obtain  c.  for 
(note,  cheque,  &c).  [f.  F  casse  (now  caisse) 
box  f.  L  capsa  case  2] 

cash2,  n.  (pi.  cash).  Kinds  of  E.-Ind.  and 
Chinese  small  coin,  esp.  a  Chinese  coin  perfor- 
ated for  stringing  =  t&o  of  tael.  [ult.  f.  Tamil 
kasu  a  small  coin  by  confusion  with  cash  l] 

ca'shew,  n.  W.-Ind.  &c.  tree  with  kidney- 
shaped  fruit  (c.-nut).  [f.  F  acajou  f.  Braz. 
acajoba] 


cashier- 


Person  in  charge  of  bank's  or 


merchant's  cash,    [f .  F  caissier  (cash  i,  -ier)] 

cashier'2,  v.t.  Dismiss  from  service,  depose ; 
discard,  [f.  Flem.  or  Du.  casseren  cf.  F  casser 
t.Lquassare  (quatere  quass-  shake), with  senses 
also  of  L  cassare  annul  (cassus  vain)] 

ca'shmere,  n.  (Also  c.-shawl)  shawl  of  fine 
soft  wool  of  Cashmere  goat;  the  material; 
imitation  of  it.    Hence  eashmei»E"rTE(2)  n. 

casi'no  (-se-),  n.  Public  music  or  dancing 
room.  [It.,  dim.  of  casa  house  f.  L  casa  cottage] 

cask,  n.  Wooden  vessel  (= barrel1);  this 
and  its  contents ;  varying  measure  of  capacity, 
[perh.  f.  F  casque  helmet] 

ca'sket.  n.  Small  box,  often  of  precious 
material  8c  workmanship,  for  jewels,  letters, 
&c.  fperh.  dim.  of  prec.  (-et  !),  but  quoted  from 
a  century  earlier] 

casque  (kask),  n.  (hist.,  poet).  Helmet.  [F, 
f.  Sp.  cased] 

Cassa-ndra,  n.  Prophet  of  ill ;  unregarded 
prophet.  [Trojan  prophetess  fated  to  prophesy 
truly  &  be  unbelieved] 

cassa'tion,  n.  Annulment,  [f.  LL  cassatio 
(L  cassare  cashier2,  -ation)] 

cassa'va  (-sah-),  n.  W.-Ind.  &c.  plant  with 
tuberous  roots ;  its  starch  or  flour,  bread  made 
from  these,    [f.  Haytian  casavi  &c] 

ca'sserofe,  n.  A  heat-proof  earthenware 
vessel  in  which  meat  &c.  is  cooked  &  served 
(en  c,  so  served).    [F] 

ca'ssia  (also  -sha),  n.  Inferior  kind  of 
cinnamon;  genus  of  plants  yielding  senna- 
leaves,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kasia  f.  Heb.  q'tsi'ah 
\qatsa'  cutoff  bark)] 

ca'ssock,  n.  Long  close  tunic  worn  by  some 
Anglican  clergymen  under  gown  or  short 
surplice,  or  as  ordinary  attire.  Hence  ea*s- 
soekED2  n.  [f.  F  casaque  etym.  dub.,  perh. 
f.  It.  casacca  habitation,  also  long  coat,  (casa 
see  casino)  ;  cf.  chasuble] 

cassole'tte,  n.  Vessel  for  burning  per- 
fumes ;  perfume-box  with  perforated  top.  [F, 
dim.  of  cassole  dim.  of  casse  pan] 

ea'ssowary,  n.  Kinds  of  large  cursorial 
bird  related  to  ostrich,    [f.  Malay  casuari] 

cast  i,  v.t.  &  i.  (cast).  Throw  (poet,  or  archaic 
exc.  in  spec,  uses,  as  :  c.  dice  ;  c.  a  vote,  give  or 
deposit  it ;  c.  lots  ;  c.  ashore ;  c.  net,  hook,  fly ; 
casting-net,  one  thrown  &  at  once  drawn  in  ; 
c.  the  lead  i,  in  sounding ;  c.  anchor ;  c.  in  one's 
teeth,  reproach  him  with,  that ;  c.  an  eye, 
glance,  look ;  c.  a  spell  on,  bewitch  ;  c.  light,  a 
shadow,  on  ;  c.  blame,  one's  cares,  upon ;  c.  into 
prison) ;  overthrow  in  a  lawsuit ;  throw  off, 
get  rid  of,  lose,  (c.  not  a  clout  till  May  be  out ; 
c.  aside,  give  up  using,  abandon  ;  horse  casts 
shoe  ;  snake,  deer,  c.  slough,  horns ;  cow,  tree, 
c.  calf,  fruit,  drop  prematurely;  c.  soldier, 
policeman,  horse,  dismiss,  reject ;  c.  loose,  de- 
tach, detach  oneself) ;  reckon,  calculate,  (c. 
accounts,  do  sums  ;  c.  a  column  of  figures  &c, 
add  up ;  c.  a  horoscope  or  nativity) ;  arrange 
(c.  facts  into  such  a  shape  ;  c.  actors  for  parts, 
parts  to  actors) ;  form,  found,  (molten  metal) 


into  some  shape,  (figure  &c.)  of  metal,  whence 
ca'stiNG  M2)  n. ;  c.  about,  go  this  way  &  that 
in  search,  devise  means,  (for,  to  do,  how);  c. 
away,  reject,  (pass., of  ship)  be  wrecked ;  c.  back, 
revert ;  c.  down,  depress ;  c.  in  one's  lot  with, 
share  fortunes  of;  c.  off,  abandon,  (Knitting) 
close  loops  &  make  selvedge  ;  c.  up,  calculate, 
[f.  ON  kasta  perh.  cogn.  w.  L  gerere  gest- ;  it 
displaced  OE  weorpan,  &  has  been  displaced 
in  ordinary  literal  use  by  throw] 

cast2,  n.  Throw  of  missile  &c,  distance  so 
attained,  (archaic) ;  throw,  number  thrown,  at 
dice,  whence  chance  or  try;  throw  of  net, 
sounding-lead,  or  fishing-line  (also  in  fishing 
the  fly  with  hook  &  gut;  &  good,  bad,  &c. 
place  for  casting) ;  casual  lift  in  cart  &c. ;  un- 
digested food  thrown  up  by  hawk,  owl,  &c. ; 
calculation,  adding  of  columns  in  account; 
set  of  actors  taking  the  parts  in  play,  or  the 
distribution  among  them ;  form  into  which 
any  work  is  thrown ;  model  made  by  running 
molten  metal  or  pressing  soft  material  into 
mould  (also  the  negative  mould  itself) ;  twist, 
inclination,  (c.  in  eye,  slight  squint);  tinge- 
shade,  of  colour;  type,  quality,  (esp.  c.  oj 
features,  c.  of  mind),    [f.  prec] 

Casta'lian,  a.  Poetic,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Kastalia 
fountain  of  the  Muses  +  -an] 

ca'stanet  (or  -et),  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  hard-wood 
or  ivory  instrument(s)  used  in  pairs  to  rattle  in 
time  with  dancing,  [f.  Sp.  castaneta  dim.  of 
castana  f.  L  castanea  chestnut] 

ea'staway,  n.  &  a.  Reprobate ;  shipwrecked 
(person),    [p.p.  of  cast  *,  away] 

caste,  n.  Indian  hereditary  class,  with 
members  socially  equal,  united  in  religion,  & 
usu.  following  same  trade,  having  no  social 
intercourse  with  persons  of  other  cc. ;  heredi- 
tary more  or  less  exclusive  class  elsewhere ; 
this  system,  the  position  it  confers  (lose,  re- 
nounce, c,  descend  in  social  scale).  Hence 
ca'steLESS  a.  [f.  Sp.  &  Port,  casta  lineage 
perh.  orig.  fern,  of  casto  chaste] 

ea'stellan,  n.  Governor  of  castle.  [ME  & 
ONF  castelain  f.  L  castellanus  (castle,  -an)] 

castellated,  a.  Castle-like ;  battlemented ; 

(of  district  &c.)  having  castles,    [f.  med.  L  cas- 

tellatus  (CASTLE,  -ATE  2)] 

ca'stigate,  v.  t.  Chastise,  punish  with  blows 
or  words ;  correct  &  emend  (book  &c).  Hence 
castigATiON,  ca'stig-atOR  -.  nn.,  ca'stiga- 
torv  a.  [f.  L  castigare  (see  -ate3)  perh.  = 
castum  agere  make  chaste] 

ca*sting-vote,  n.  Vote  that  decides  be- 
tween two  equal  parties,  [part,  of  cast1  in 
obs.  sense,  cf.  castor2] 

cast  iron,  n.,  east-iron,  a.  Iron  shaped 
by  being  run  into  mould.  (Adj.)  made  of  c.i. ; 
hard,  untiring,  rigid,  unadaptable. 

castle1  (kah'sl,  ka'sl),  n.  Large  fortified 
building  or  set  of  buildings,  stronghold  ;  man- 
sion that  was  once  such;  (Ireland)  The  C, 
government  system  (f.  Dublin  C,  seat  of  vice- 
regal court  &  government) ;  Englishman's 
house  his  c,  none  may  force  entrance ;  (Chess) 
piece  made  with  battlemented  top,  also  Rook ; 
c.  in  the  air,  or  as  Gallicism  c.  in  Spain,  vision- 
ary project,  day-dream,  (so  c.-builder).  Hence 
ea'stlED 2  a.,  ca'stlewiSE  adv.  [f.  ONF  castel 
f.  L  castellum  dipi.  of  castrum  fort] 

ea'stle2,  v.t.  &  i.  (chess).  Move  c.  next  king, 
&  king  round  c.  (c.  the  king,  or  abs.).    [f.  prec] 

ea'stop »,  n.  Substance  obtained  from  beaver 
used  in  medicine  &  perfumery;  (slang)  hat. 
[obs.  wd  for  beaver,  F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  kastor] 

ea'stor2,  _ePf  n#  i#  Condiment-bottle  for 
table,  (pi.)  cruet-stand;  c.-sugar,  white,  pow- 
dered. 2.  Saiall  swivelled  wheel  on  leg  of  chair. 


CASTOR 


128 


CATARACT 


table,  &c.  [cast *  +  -or2,  -er  1 ;  sense  1  orig.  of 
perforated-top  bottle  for  casting  pepper  &c. ; 
sense  2  f.  obs.  sense  of  cast  l  =  veer,  turn] 

ea*stoPa,  n.  Horny  external  knob  inside 
horse's  leg  (also  chestnut),  [perh.  =  obs.  castane 
chestnut  (ONF  castanie  f.  L  castanea)] 

ca'stop  oil,  n.  Nauseous  vegetable  oil  used 
as  purgative  (cold-drawn  c.o.,  expressed  from 
seeds  without  heat),  [etym.  dub. ;  perh.  so 
called  as  having  succeeded  castor1  in  med.  use] 

eastpame  taction,  n.  (archaeol.).  Laying 
out  of  camps,  [f.  F  castrarnUation  f.  L  castra 
camp,  metari  measure,  -ation] 

eastpa*te,  v.t.  Remove  testicles  of,  geld; 
deprive  of  vigour ;  expurgate  (book).  Hence 
castPA'TiON  n.    [f.  L  castrare,  -ate  3] 

ca'sual  (-zhob-,  -zu-),  a.  &  n.  Accidental; 
irregular;  undesigned;  unmethodical,  care- 
less ;  c.  labourer,  who  works  when  the  chance 
comes;  c.  poor,  who  sometimes  need  poor- 
relief  (also  c.  as  noun) ;  c.-ward,  for  their  re- 
lief in  work-house.  Hence  ea'sualLY2  adv., 
ca'sualNESS  n.     [f.  F  casuel  f.  L  casualis 

{Casus  CASE 1,  -:AL)] 

ca'sual ty,  n.  Accident,  mishap,  disaster, 
esp.  (pi.)  list  or  number  of  killed,  wounded,  & 
invalided,  in  a  battle,  march,  war,  &c.  [f.  L 
casualitas  (prec,  -ty)  on  anal,  of  royalty  Sec] 
ca'suist  (-zhob-,  -zu-),  n.  Person,  esp.  theo- 
logian, who  lays  down  application  of  ethical 
rules  to  special  cases,  weighs  conflicting  obliga- 
tions, classifies  exceptions,  &  draws  distinc- 
tions ;  sophist,  quibbler.  Hence  easui'stic(AL) 
aa.,  casui'sticalLY 2  adv.,  ca'sulstRY  n.  [f. 
F  casuiste  f.  L  casus  case  l,  -ist(3)] 
cd'sus  belli,  n.  Act  justifying  war.  [L] 
cat1,  n.  Small  domesticated  carnivorous 
quadruped  (male,  Tom-c.) ;  Wild  C,  larger 
native  British  kind ;  spiteful  woman,  scratching 
child ;  (Zool.)  any  member  of  genus  Felis,  as 
lion,  tiger,  panther,  leopard  (esp.  the  Cc,  the 
great  Cc.) ;  c.-like  animal  of  other  species  (civet, 
musk,  -c);  (Hist.)  pent-house  in  sieges;  (also 
cathead)  horizontal  beam  from  each  side  of 
ship's  bow  for  raising  &  carrying  anchor ;  (also 
c.-o'-nine-tails)  rope  whip  with  nine  knotted 
lashes  formerly  used  for  flogging  sailors  & 
soldiers ;  six-legged  tripod  always  standing  on 
three  of  its  legs ;  tapered  short  stick  in  game 
tip-c. ;  turn  c.  in  pan,  change  sides,  be  turn- 
coat ;  c.  may  look  at  king,  rebuke  to  the  exclu- 
sive ;  care  killed  the  c.  (for  all  its  nine  lives ; 
therefore  be  cheerful) ;  wait  for  the  c.  to  jump, 
see  which  way  the  c.  jumps,  cult  of  the  jumping 
c,  &c,  of  politician  refusing  to  advise  until 
public  opinion  has  declared  itself;  fight  like 
Kilkenny  cc.,  to  mutual  destruction;  bell2 
the  c. ;  not  room  to  swing  ac,  confined  space  ; 
c.-&-dog  life  &c,  full  of  quarrels,  esp.  that  of 
husband  &  wife  ;  rain  cc.  &  dogs,  very  hard ; 
catbird,  Amer.  thrush ;  catcall,  shrill  whistle 
(sound  or  instrument)  expressing  disapproval 
at  theatre  &c.  (also  as  v.l  &  t.,  use,  reprove 
with,  this) ;  c.-eyed,  able  to  see  in  dark ;  catfish, 
of  various  kinds,  esp.  large  Amer.  river-fish ; 
c.-ice,  milky-looking,  bubbly,  not  solid,  irregu- 
lar by  receding  of  water ;  c-lap,  slops,  tea,  &c; 
c.-mint,  blue-flowered  aromatic  plant ;  c.-nap, 
-sleep,  brief,  in  chair  &c. ;  c.'s-cradle,  child's 
game  with  transfers  of  string  between  fingers 
of  two  players;  c/s-eye,  precious  stone  of 
Ceylon  &  Malabar;  c.'s-foot,  ground-ivy;  c.'s- 
meat,  horse-flesh  prepared  &4bawked  as  food 
for  cc. ;  c.'s-paw,  person  used  as  tool  by  another, 
slight  breeze  rippling  water  in  places ;  c.7s-tail, 
various  plants,  as  Reed-mace.  Hence  ea't- 
hood  n.,  ca'tLiKE  a.  [com.-Europ.  f.  L  catta] 
cat2,  v.i.  &  t.  (colloq.).    Vomit,    [f.  prec] 


cata-,  cat-,  cath-,  pref.  in  wds  taken  from 
Greek,  and  in  others  formed  with  Gk  materials 
or  on  Gk  analogy;  meanings:  down,  away, 
wrongly,  mis-,  entirely,  down  upon,  according 
to,  alongside  of,  thoroughly,    [f.  Gk  kata prep.] 

cataenpe'sis,  n.  Perversion,  improper  use, 
of  words.  So  eataehpe*stic(AL)  aa.,  cata- 
chpe'sticalLY2  adv.  [L,  f.  Gk  CATA(kh7-esis 
f.  khraomai  use)] 

ca'taclasm,  n.  Violent  break,  disruption, 
[f.  Gk  CATA(klasma  f.  klao  to  break)] 

ca'taclysm,  n.  Deluge  (esp.  in  Geol.  as 
required  by  theory  of  school  that  believed  in 
repeated  destructions  of  all  life  followed  by 
new  creations) ;  political  or  social  upheaval. 
Hence  cataclysm al,  cataclysmic,  aa., 
cataclysmiST(3)  n.  [f.  F  cataclysme  f.  Gk 
cata (klusmos  flood  f.  Mud  wash)] 

ca'tacomb  (-kom),  n.  Subterranean  ceme- 
tery (orig.  that  under  basilica  of  St  Sebastian 
near  Rome,  supposed  burying-place  of  Peter  & 
Paul) ;  (usu.  pi.)  the  many  Roman  subterranean 
galleries  with  recesses  excavated  in  sides  for 
tombs;  similar  works  elsewhere  (in  Paris, 
worked-out  stone-quarries  with  bones  from 
emptied  churchyards) ;  wine-cellar,  [etym. 
dub. ;  the  cc.  generally,  while  in  use,  were  not 
so  called ;  that  of  St  Sebastian  was,  catacumbas 
(Gk  cata-  kumbas  at  the  boats  ?)  being  possibly 
name  of  district  or  an  inn] 

cata'dpomous,  a.  (zool.).  Descending  to 
lower  river  or  sea  to  spawn,  [f.  Gk  CATA(dro- 
mos  -running)  +  -ous] 

ca'tafalque  (-k),  n.  Decorated  stage  for 
coffin  or  effigy  of  distinguished  person  during 
funeral  service ;  open  hearse.  [F,  f.  It.  cata- 
falco  etym.  dub.;  but  cf.  F  ichafaud  scaffold] 

Ca'talan,  a.  &  n.  (Native,  language)  of 
Catalonia. 

catale'ctic,  a.  Wanting  a  syllable  in  last 
foot  (of  verse),  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  cat A(lektikos  ceas- 
ing f.  lego  cease)] 

ea'talepsy,  n.  Disease  in  which  trances 
occur;  (Philos.)  apprehension,  grasping  by 
mind.  [f.  med.  L  catalepsia  f.  Gk  CATA(lepsis 
seizure)  see  foil.] 

cataleptic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  subject  to,  the  dis- 
ease catalepsy  (n.,  a  c.  person) ;  (Philos.)  mental 
apprehension,  [f.  LL  catalepticus  f.  Gk  cata- 
(leptikos  seizing  f.  lambano  seize)] 

ca-talog-ue  (-6g),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Enumerate, 
enter,  in  a)  complete  list,  usu.  alphabetical  or 
under  headings,  &  often  with  particulars  added 
to  items.  Hence  ea'talogxiER J  n.  [F,f.LLf. 
Gk  katalogos  f.  CATA(lego  choose)  enroll] 

cata'lpa,  n.  Kinds  of  tree  with  heart-shaped 
leaves  &  trumpet-shaped  flowers.   [W.-Ind.] 

cata'lysis,  n.  (chem.).  Effect  produced  by 
a  substance  that  without  undergoing  change 
itself  aids  a  chemical  change  in  other  bodies. 
So  catalytic  a.  [f.  Gk  CATA(lusis  loosing  f. 
luo  to  loose)  dissolution] 

catamapa*n,  n.  Raft  or  float  of  logs  tied 
side  by  side,  longest  in  middle,  used  for  com- 
munication with  shore  or  short  voyage ;  raft 
of  two  boats  fastened  side  by  side ;  quarrel- 
some woman,  [f.  Tamil  kat$a-maram  tied  tree] 

ca'tamite,  n.  Sodomite's  minion,  [f.  L  cata- 
mitus  f.  Gk  Ganumedes  cup-bearer  of  Zeus] 

catamou'ntaln,  eat-o  -m-,  n.  Leopard ; 
wild  quarrelsome  person. 

ca'tapult,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Ancient  engine 
worked  by  lever  &  ropes  for  discharging  darts, 
stones,  &c. ;  boy's  shooting  contrivance  of  fork- 
ed stick  &  elastic ;  (vb)  shoot  or  pepper  (bird, 
&c,  or  abs.)  with  this.  [f.  L  catapulta  I.  Gk 
katapeltes  perh.  f.  cata-  +  pallo  hurl] 

ca'tapact,  n.  Waterfall  (prop,  large  &  sheer, 


CATARRH 


129 


CATGUT 


cf.  cascade)  ;  downpour  of  rain,  rush  of  water ; 
(Path.)  eye-complaint  producing  partial  blind- 
ness ;  (Mech.)  steam-engine  governor  acting  by 
flow  of  water,  [f.  F  cataracte  f.  L  cataracta  f. 
Gk  katarrhaktes  f.  CAT(arasso  dash)  or  cata- 
(rrhegnumi  break) ;  the  path,  sense  prob.  f.  obs. 
sense  portcullis] 

eatapph*,  n.  Inflammation  of  mucous  mem- 
brane, a  cold.  Hence  eatap'phAL  a.  [f.  F 
catarrhe  f.  L  catarrhus  f.  Gk  katarrhous  f. 
hatarrhea  (cata-,  rheo  to  flow)] 

ea*ta(r)rhine,  a.  &  n.  (zool.).  (Monkey) 
having  nostrils  close  together,  oblique,  & 
directed  downwards,  &  opposable  thumbs  on 
all  limbs,    [f.  Gk  cata-,  rhis  rhinos  nostril] 

eata'stpophe,  n.  Denouement  of  drama ; 
disastrous  end,  ruin  ;  event  subverting  system 
of  things,  esp.  in  Geol.  (cf.  cataclysm,  uni- 
formitarian),  whence  eatastPO'phic(AL) 
aa.,  cata*stPophiSM(3),  eata'stPophiST(2), 
nn. ;  sudden,  widespread,  or  signal  disaster, 
[f.  Gk  cat  A(strophe  turning  f.  strepho  to  turn)] 

Catawba,  n.  U.S.  grape  &  wine,    [river  C. J 

catch  *,  v.t.  &  i.  (caught  pr.  kawt).  Capture, 
en.;nare  (c.  crab1),  overtake  (alsoc.  up ;  caught 
in  storm),  lay  hold  of  (also  c.  hold  of;  c.  a 
tartar  ;  c.  up  habit  Sec,  adopt),  be  in  time  for 
(train  &c.) ;  surprise,  detect,  (at  or  in,  or  doing ; 
c.  me !,  him !,  you  may  be  sure  we  shall  not) ; 
hit  (usu.  with  part  specified ;  caught  him  on  the 
nose  ;  also  caught  him  a  blow  or  one) ;  (of  fire 
or  combustible)  ignite,  be  ignited,  (c.  fire  or  c.) ; 
be  entangled,  take  hold,  (usu.  c.  in  a  thing ; 
bolt  catches-,  c.  on,  become  popular);  snatch 
(esp.  c.  up,  away;  c.  at,  often  fig.  =  be  glad  to 
get) ;  intercept  motion  of  (nail  catches  dress  ; 
at  cricket,  c.  ball,  prevent  its  touching  ground 
off  bat,  also  c.  or  c.  out  batsman,  dismiss  by 
doing  this) ;  check  suddenly  (c.  one's  breath  ;  c. 
up  speaker,  interrupt) ;  receive,  incur,  be  in- 
fected with,  (cold,  a  cold,  a  fever ;  a  scolding, 
thrashing,  or  '  it ' ;  enthusiasm,  a  habit,  an  ac- 
cent; c.  one's  death;  pond  &c.  catches,  is 
coated  with  ice) ;  grasp  with  senses  or  mind 
(meaning,  sound,  tune  ;  c.  a  likeness,  see  &  re- 
produce it ;  c.  glimpse  of,  see  for  a  moment ; 
don't  c.  on,  fail  to  see  meaning) ;  arrest,  capti- 
vate, (attention,  eye,  fancy ;  c.  Speaker's  eye, 
succeed  in  being  called  on  to  speak  in  H.  of 
Commons) ;  c.-drain,  along  hillside  to  prevent 
water's  running  off;  c.-'em-alive-o,  sticky  fly- 
paper; c.-fly,  a  sticky-stemmed  plant;  catch- 
penny (adj.),  claptrap,  intended  merely  to  sell ; 
catchioeed,  Goosegrass;  catchword,  word  so 
placed  as  to  draw  attention,  e.  g.  first  of  diction- 
ary article,  rhyming  word  in  verse,  last  word 
(cue)  of  actor's  speech,  also  influential  tempor- 

Hence 
1(1,  2)  n.  [catch  & 
chase  are  respectively  f.  ONF  cachier  &  OF 
chacier  (now  chasser)  both  f.  LL  *captiare  (L 
captus  captive  f.  capere  take) ;  the  gen.  sense 
of  catch  (take,  not  pursue)  is  excl.  E,  the  orig. 
meanings  (still  in  Rom.)  having  been  taken  by 
the  later  adoption  chase  2] 

catch2,  n.  Act  of  catching ;  amount  of  fish 
caught;  chance  of,  success  in,  catching  at 
cricket  (also  a  good,  safe,  c,  one  skilful  at  it) ; 
cunning  question,  deception,  surprise ;  contriv- 
ance for  checking  motion  of  door  &c. ;  thing  or 
person  caught  or  worth  catching  (no  c,  bad 
bargain,  unwelcome  acquisition) ;  (Mus.)  com- 
position for  several  voices,  second  &c.  beginning 
same  melody  when  first  &c.  is  a  line  further  on, 
usu.  with  arrangement  for  ludicrous  verbal 
combinations,    [f.  prec] 

cartelling',  a.  In  vbl senses;  esp.:  infectious; 
attractive,    [-ing2] 
f.d. 


ary  phrase  in  politics,  religion,  &c.     Hen 
ca*tchABLE  a.,  (-)eatehER  *(1,  2)  n.    [catch 


ea'tehment,  n.  C.-basin,  -area,  from  which 
rainfall  flows  into  river  &c.    [catch  i,  -ment] 

ca'tchpole,  -poll,  n.  Sheriff's  officer,  bum- 
bailiff,  [f.  med.  L  cacepollus  cf.  OF  chacepol 
chase-fowl  (chase,  L  pullus  fowl)] 

ca*tchy,  a.  Attractive;  easily  caught  up 
(of  tune  &c. )    [catch  J  +  -y  2] 

cate,  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  choice  food,  [for  obs.  acate  f. 
OF  acat  purchase  f.  acater  now  acheter  buy  f.  LL 
AC(captare  frequent,  of  L  capere  take)  catch  at] 

cateche'tic(al)  (-ke-),  aa.  Of,  by,  oral  teach- 
ing ;  according  to  a,  or  the  Church,  catechism ; 
consisting  of,  proceeding  by,  question  &  answer. 
Hence  cateche'ticalLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
katekhetikos  f.  katekhetes  oral  teacher  (kate- 
khed  CATECHIZE),  -ic] 

ca'techism  <-k-),  n.  Instruction  by  question 
&  answer ;  published  example  of  this,  esp.  on 
religious  doctrine  (Church  C,  the  Anglican ; 
Longer  &  Shorter  C,  of  Presbyterians) ;  series 
of  questions  put  to  any  one.  Hence  cate- 
chi'smAL  a.    [f.  L  catechismus  (foil.,  -ism)] 

ca'techize  (-k-),  v.t.  Instruct  by  question  & 
answer,  or  by  use  of  Church  Catechism ;  put 
questions  to,  examine.  Hence  or  cogn.  ca'te- 
chiST(l),  ca'techizER \  nn.  [f.  L>catechizare 
f.  Gk  katekhizo  t._CAT(ekheo  sound)  make  hear] 

ca'techu  (-tshoo),  n.  Astringent  substances 
with  much  tannin  from  bark,  wood,  or  fruits, 
of  Eastern  plants,    [f.  Malay  kachu] 

catechu'men  (-ku-),  n.  A  convert  under  in- 
struction before  baptism,  [f.  F  cat&humene  t 
pass.  part,  of  Gk  katekheo  catechize] 

eatego'rieal,  a.  (Logic :  of  proposition)  un- 
conditional, absolute;  explicit,  direct,  plain- 
speaking  ;  (Ethics)  c.  imperative,  bidding  of 
conscience  as  ultimate  moral  law.  Hence 
categ-o-plcalL  y  2  ad  v.  [f .  L  f .  G  k  kategorikos 
f.  CAT(egoros  -speaking)  +  -al] 

ea'tegopy,  n.  (Orig.  Gk  meaning,  statement) 
one  of  a  possibly  exhaustive  set  of  classes 
among  which  all  things  might  be  distributed 
(the  cc.  of  Aristotle  are :  substance,  quantity, 
quality,  relation,  place,  time,  posture,  posses- 
sion, action,  passion) ;  one  of  the  a  priori  con- 
ceptions applied  by  the  mind  as  frames  to 
material  supplied  by  sense ;  class,  division,  [t 
L  f.  Gk  kategoria  statement  as  prec.] 

catena,  n.    Connected  series.    [L,= chain] 

cate'nary,  catenarian,  aa.  &  nn.  (Like) 
curve  formed  by  uniform  chain  hanging  freely 
from  two  points  not  in  one  vertical  line  (c. 
bridge,  suspension,  hung  from  such  chains), 
[f.  L  catenarius  (prec,  -ary1,  -an)] 

ea'tenate,  v.t.  Connect  like  links.  So 
catenATiON  n.    [f.  L  catenare  as  prec,  -ate 3] 

ca'tep1,  n.  The  four  of  cards  or  dice.  [f.  F 
quatre  f.  L  quatuor  four] 

ca'tep  2,  v.i.  Purvey  food  (usu.  for) ;  provide 
amusement  &c  for.  Hence  ca'tePER  *  n.  [f. 
obs.  noun  cater  (now  caterer) = obs.  acater  f.  OF 
acateor  buyer  (cate,  -or2)] 

ca'tepan,  n.  (Sc).  Highland  fighting-man, 
marauder,  cattle-lifter,  [f.  Gael,  ceatnairne 
peasantry] 

ca'tep-cousin,  n.  Intimate ;  be  cc,  on  good 
or  familiar  terms,  [perh.  f.  cater2  as  feeding 
together] 

ca'tepplllap,  n.  Larva  of  butterfly  or  moth ; 
rapacious  person,  [pern.  f.  OF  chatepelose  lit. 
hairy-cat,  with  -s  dropped  as  pi.  sign,  &  spell- 
ing influenced  by,vb  pul  rob,  strip] 

ca'tep  waul,  v.l.,  &  n.  (Make)  cat's  scream- 
ing ;  quarrel  like  cats,    [cat,  waul] 

ea'tgut,  n.  Material  used  for  strings  of  fiddle 
&c  made  of  twisted  intestines  of  sheep,  horse, 
or  ass  (not  cat) ;  stringed  instruments,  [expl.of 
cat  doubtful] 

5 


CATH- 


130 


CAUSB LESS 


eath-.    See  cata-. 

cathar'sis,  n.  (Med.)  purgation ;  outlet 
to  emotion  afforded  by  drama  (ref.  to  Arist., 
Poet.  6).  [f.  Gk  katharsis  (kathairo  cleanse 
f.  katharos  clean)] 

cathap'tie,  a.  &  n.  (med. ).  Purgative  (medi- 
cine), [f.  L  f.  Gk  kathartikos  as  prec] 
cathe'dpal,  a.  &  n.  (Also  C.  church)  prin- 
cipal church  of  diocese,  with  bishop's  throne ; 
c.  utterance  &c,  delivered  ex  cathedra,  [f. 
med.  L  cathedralis  f.  L  f.  Gk  CAT(hedra  chair 
f.  tied-  sit),  -al] 

Catherine- wheel,  n.  Circular  spoked  win- 
dow or  window-compartment;  rotating  fire- 
work ;  lateral  summersault  (turn  cc).  [spiked 
wheel  in  St  Catherine's  martyrdom] 
ca'theter,  n.  (med.).  Tubular  instrument 
for  passing  into  bladder.  [L,  f.  Gk  katheter  f. 
CAT(hiemi  send)] 

ca'thode,  n.  (electr.).  Negative  pole  of  cur- 
rent, [f.  Gk  CAT(hodos  way)  descent] 
ca'tholic,  a.  &  n.  1.  Universal ;  of  interest 
or  use  to  all  men  ;  all-embracing,  of  wide  sym- 
pathies, broad-minded,  tolerant;  C.  Epistles, 
encyclical  (those  of  James,  Peter,  Jude,  & 
John— 2  &  3  John  being  irregularly  included— ; 
of.  canonical).  2.  (Eccl.)  C.  Churchy  whole 
body  of  Christians ;  c,  belonging  (a)  to  this, 
(b)  to  the  church  before  separation  into  Greek 
or  Eastern  &  Latin  or  Western,  (c)  to  the  Latin 
church  after  that  separation  (cf.  orthodox), 
(d)  to  the  part  of  the  Latin  church  that  re- 
mained under  the  Roman  obedience  after  the 
reformation,  (e)  to  any  church  (as  the  Anglican) 
claiming  continuity  with  (b) ;  orthodox,  in  ac- 
cord with  the  church  in  any  of  above  senses, 
esp.  =  roman  catholic  as  (c)  in  contrast  with 
Protestant,  Reformed,  Lutheran,  &c. ;  C.  King, 
his  C  Majesty,  of  Spain ;  hence  eatho'liCALLY, 
ea'tholicLY2,  advv.,  eatho*lieiSM(2,  3)  n., 
catho*liciZE(3)  v.t.,  eatho'lieo- comb.  form. 
(N.)  member  of  the  church  in  above  senses ; 
a  Roman  Catholic  (cf.  C.  emancipation  &c,  i.e. 
of  Roman  Cc.) ;  Old  C,  member  of  party  that 
seceded  from  Rome  1870-1  in  Germany,  [f.  F 
catholique  f.  L  f.  Gk  katholikos  f.  CATH-  holou 
on  the  whole,  universally] 
eatholi'eity,  n.  Comprehensiveness,  free- 
dom from  prejudice ;  wide  prevalence  ;  agree- 
ment with  Catholic  or  R.-C.  Church  doctrine, 
Catholicism,  [prec.,  -ity] 
cathd'licdn,  n.  Panacea.  [F,  f.  Gk  katho- 
likon  neut.  catholic] 

Ca'tiline,  n.    Profligate  conspirator.    [Cati- 
lina  Roman  noble  d.  63  B.C.] 
ca'tkin,  n.    Downy  hanging  inflorescence  of 
willow,  birch,  &c.   [f.  Du.  katteken  (cat  1,  -kin)] 
ca*tling\  n.    Small  cat ;  fine  cat-gut ;  ampu- 
tating knife.    [-ung1(2);  surg.  sense  unexpl.] 
cato'ptpie,  a.     Of  mirror,  reflector,  or  re- 
flexion.   Hence  eato'ptpics  n.    [f.  Gk  katop- 
trikos  f.  CAT(optron  t.  op-  see,  -tron  instr.  sufT)] 
ca'ttle,  n.    Live  stock  ;  oxen  (as  c.  &  sheep) ; 
(slang)  horses ;  black  c,  oxen  of  Scotch  &  Welsh 
highland  breeds,  orig.  black ;  contemptible  per- 
sons; c-feeder,  machine  regulating  amount  of 
food  for  c. ;   c-leader,  nose-ring;  c.-lifter,  c- 
stealer;  c-pen1  ;  c.-piece,  picture  with  c. ;  c- 
ptoflfi*e,contagiousdiseaseof c, rinderpest.  [ME 
&  ONF  catel  f.  LL  captale  f.  L  capitate  neut. 
capital  in  sense  chief  property ;  cf .  chattel, 
to  which  the  orig.  meaning  of  c.  now  belongs] 
Cauca-sian  (-shn),  a.  &  n.    (Member)  of  the 
white  race,  Indo-European,     [the  Caucasus, 
supposed  starting-place,  +  -ian] 
cau'cus  i,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.    Local  political  usu. 
elective  party  committee  for  fighting  elections, 
defining  policy,  &c.  (gen.  used  only  of  oppon- 


ents' organization) ;  the  c,  c.  system  as  a  politi- 
cal power ;  hence  eau'cusno  m  n.  ( Vb)  use  the 
c.  system ;  organize,  dictate  to,  by  its  means ; 
hence  eau'eusER1  n.  [U.S.  wd  (in  sense  meet- 
ing) perh.  f.  Algonkin  =  elder] 
cau'dal,  a.  Of,  at,  like,  tail.  Hence  or  cogn. 
cau'dalLY  2  adv.,  eau'dATE2  a.  [f.  L  cauda 
tail  +  -al] 

cau'dle,  n.    Warm  gruel  with  spice,  sugar, 
&  wine,  for  invalids,  esp.  women  in  child-bed. 
[f.  ONF  caudel  f.  med.  L  caldellum  dim.  of  L 
cal(i)dum  hot  drink  (calidus  warm)] 
caught.    See  catch  K 

caul,  n.  Plain  part  at  back  of  woman's  cap ; 
membrane  enclosing  foetus;  portion  of  this 
sometimes  found  on  child's  head  (good  omen, 
&  charm  against  drowning),  [f.  icale  small 
cap  etym.  dub.] 

eau'ldron,  eal-,  n.     Large  boiling-vessel 
(usu.  of  deep  basin  shape  with  hoop  handle  & 
removable  lid),  [f.  ONF  caudron  f .  L  caldarium 
hot  bath  (L  cahdus  warm,  -ary  j),  -oon] 
caulescent,  a.  (bot.).     With  visible  stem, 
[f.  L  caulis  stalk  after  arborescent  &c] 
eau'liflowep  (ko-),  n.    Cabbage  with  large 
fleshy  flower-head.    [f.  F  chouflori  (now  -fleur) 
f.  L  caulis  stem  +  F  p.p.  of  Jjflorere  to  flower, 
w.  assim.  in  E  to  L  caulis  &  E  flower] 
cau'line,  a.  (bot.).   Of,  on,  stem.    [f.  L  caulis 
stem,  -ine  !] 

caulk  (kawk),  v.t.  Stop  up  seams  of  (ship), 
stop  up  (seams),  with  oakum  &  melted  pitch. 
Hence  eaul'kER1  n.  [f.  OF  cauquer  squeeze 
f.  L  calcare  tread  (calx  heel)] 
caulo-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  kaulos  or  L  caulis 
stem,    [-o-] 

cau'sal  (-z-),  a.  Of,  acting  as,  expressing,  due 
to,  a  cause  or  causes;  of  the  nature  of  cause 
and  effect.  Hence  cau'salLY-  adv.  [f.  L 
causalis  (causa,  -al)] 

eausa'lity,  n.  The  being,  having,  or  actings 
as,  a  cause ;  relation  of  cause  and  effect,  doc- 
trine that  everything  has  cause(s).  [prec,  -ity] 
causa'tion  (-z-),  n.  Causing,  producing  an* 
effect ;  relation  of  cause  and  effect ;  doctrine 
that  all  things  have  causes,  whence  causa*- 
tioniSM(3),  causa*tioniST(2),  nn.  [f.  hcausa- 
tio  pretext,  but  w.  sense  f.  med.  L  causare  to 
cause  (L  causa),  -ation] 

cau'sative  (-z-),  a.  Acting  as  cause,  pro- 
ductive of;  (Gram.)  expressing  cause.  Hence 
cau'satlveLY2  adv.  [f.  F  causatifl.  L  causa- 
tivus  (causari  give  as  pretext,  -ive)] 
cause1  (-z),  n.  What  produces  an  effect; 
antecedent^)  invariably  and  unconditionally 
followed  by  a  certain  phenomenon ;  person 
who,  agent  that,  occasions  something ;  ground, 
reason,  motive,  for  action  ;  adequate  motive  or 
justification  (esp.  show  c.) ;  efficient  c,  produc- 
ing force,  material  c,  the  requisite  matter, 
formal  c,  the  idea  or  definition,  final  c,  pur- 

J)Ose;  First  G.the  Creator.  (Law,  and  from 
aw)  matter  about  which  person  goes  to  law ; 
his  case  (plead  ac);  law-suit ;  side  of  any  dis- 
pute espoused  by  person  or  party,  mifitant 
movement,  propaganda,  (make  emmmonc.  with); 
c.-list,  of  cases  awaiting  trial.    [F,  f.  L  causa] 

cause2  (-z),  v.t.  Effect,  bring  about,  pro- 
duce ;  induce,  make,  (person  or  thing  to  do, 
to  be  done  something  to).  Hence  eau'SER1  n. 
[f.  med.  L  causare  (cf.  L  causari  plead  causes, 
give  as  pretext)] 

cause  ceiebre  (koz  sele'br),  n.  (pi.  causes 
c6lebres,  pr.  as  sing.).  Law-suit  that  excites 
much  attention.    [F] 

cau'seless,  a.  Fortuitous ;  without  natural 
cause ;  unjustifiable,  groundless,  whence 
cau'selessLY  2  adv.    [-less] 


CAUSERIB 131 

causerie  (kozere"),  n.  (pi,  -s,  pr.  as  sing.). 
Newspaper  article  of  an  informal  or  conversa- 
tional kind,  esp.  on  literary  subjects.    [F] 

causeuse  (kozerz),  n.  (pi.  -s,  pr.  as  sing.). 
Small  sofa  for  two.    [F] 

cau'seway,  eavrsey,  (-z-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Raised 
road  across  low  or  wet  place  or  piece  of  water ; 
raised  footway  by  road ;  (vb)  provide  with  c. 
[causeway •= causey  (ONF  caucze  t.  LL  calciata 
trodden  f.  L  calcare  f.  calx  -cis  heel)  +  way] 

cairstic,  a.  &  n.  (Substance)  that  burns  or 
corrodes  organic  tissue  (Common  or  Lunar  c, 
nitrate  of  silver  for  surg.  use ) ;  sarcastic,  biting, 
whence  eairstiCALLY  adv. ;  (Math.)  (surface, 
curve)  formed  by  intersection  of  rays  reflected 
or  refracted  from  curved  surface.  Hence 
causti'eiTV  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kaustikos  (kaustos 
burnt  f.  kaio  burn,  -ic)] 

eau'terize,  v.  t.  Sear  with  hot  iron  or  caustic ; 
(fig.)  make  callous.  Hence  eauteriZATiON  n. 
If.  Fcaute' riser  f.  LL  cauterizare  f.  Gk  kauterion 
branding-iron  (kaio  burn)] 

eairtery,  n.  Metal  instrument  for  searing 
tissue ;  cauterizing,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kauterion  see 
prec. ;  second  sense  on  anal,  of  nouns  in  -ery] 

eau'tion  (-shn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Prudence,  taking 
care,  avoidance  of  rashness,  attention  to  safety, 
(c.  money,  deposited  as  security  for  good  con- 
duct, esp.  at  Universities  &  Inns  of  Court), 
whence  eau'tious  a.,  eairtiousLY  2  adv.; 
warning  (in  drill,  preliminary  word  of  com- 
mand), fact  that  acts  as  warning,  warning  with 
reprimand  (dismissed  with  a  a),  whence  cau*- 
tionARY  i  a. ;  (slang)  extraordinary  thing, 
hideous  or  strange  person.  (Vb)  warn  (person, 
often  against,  to  or  not  to  do);   warn  &  re- 

Erove.  [F,  f.  L  cautionem  (cavere  caut-  take 
eed,  -ion)] 

cavalca'de,  n.  Company  of  riders.  [F,  f. 
Pr.  cavalcada  f.  cavalcar  ride  f.  LL  caballicare 
f.  L  caballus  horse ;  see  -ade] 

eavaliep*,  n.  &a.  Horseman  ;  courtly  gentle- 
man, gallant,  esp.  as  escorting  a  lady,  whence 
eavaliep*  v.t. ;  I7th-c.  royalist ;  (adj.) ofF-hand, 
curt,  supercilious,  whence  eavaliep*LY  2  adv. 
[earlier  -Hero,  -liero,  f.  Sp. ;  present  form  F,  f. 
It.  cavaliere  (cavallo  see  cavalry,  -ier)] 

eava'lly,  n.  Kinds  of  tropical  fish,  horse- 
mackerel,    [f.  Sp.  cavalla  mackerel] 

ca'valpy,  n.  Horse-soldiers  (usu.  w.  pi.  vb). 
[f.  F  cavallerie  f.  It.  cavalleria  (cavallo  f.  L 
caballus  horse,  -ery)] 

cavati'na  (-te-),  n.  Short  simple  song; 
smooth  melodious  air.    [It.l 

cave1,  n.  Underground  hollow  usu.  with 
horizontal  opening,  den ;  idols  of  the  c. ;  (Pol.) 
secession  of  part  of  party  on  some  question 
(adullamite),  the  seceders ;  c.-dweller,  esp.  of 
prehistoric  men  living  in  cc. ;  c.-fish,  -man,  -rat, 
-spider,  -swallow,  kinds  living  in  caves  (alsoc- 
bear  &c.  of  extinct  kinds  whose  remains  are 
found  in  cc).  Hence  ea*veLET  n.  [F,  f.  L  cava 
neut.  pi.  of  cavus  adj.  hollow] 

cave2,  v.t.  &  i.  Hollow  out,  make  into  a  c. ; 
form  political  cave  \  C.  in :  subside,  recede, 
(of  earth  &c.  over  hollow ;  of  wall  yielding  in- 
wards cf.  bulge)  :  yield  to  pressure,  submit, 
withdraw  opposition ;  smash  in  (esp.  person's 
hat  or  head),  spoil  shape  of.  [f.  prec. ;  but  c.  in 
may  be  f.  obs.  calve  fall  in  cf.  Flem.  in-kalven, 
Du.  af-kalven,  in  similar  sense] 

ea*ve 3,  int.  (schoolboy  slang).  Look  out ! 
(warning  of  master's  approach).  [L, = beware] 

ca*veat,  n.  (Law)  process  to  suspend  pro- 
ceedings (enter,  put  in,  a  c).  Warning ;  pro- 
viso.   [L, = let  him  beware] 

ca*vendish,  n.  Tobaccosoftened,  sweetened, 
&  pressed  into  cake,  negro-head.    [?] 


CELEBRITY 

cavern,  n.  Underground  hollow  (rhet.).  [f. 
F  caverne  f.  L  caverna  (cavus  hollow)] 

ca*vepned,a.  Like,  in,with,  cavern(s).  [-ed2] 

cavernous,  a.  Full  of  caverns ;  as  of,  huge 
or  deep  as,  a  cavern  (c.  darkness,  mouth,  eyes) ; 
porous,    [f.  L  cavemosus  (cavern,  -ose1)] 

eaviap*,  caviare'  (-ar),  n.  Sturgeon-roe 
pickled,  eaten  as  relish  ;  c.  to  the  general,  good 
thing  unappreciated  by  the  ignorant    [?] 

ea-vil,  v.i.  (-11-),  &  n.  (Raise)  captious  objec- 
tion (at,  about).  Hence  ea*viUER  *  n.  [t  OF 
caviller  f.  L  cavillari  (cavilla  mockery)] 

ea'vity,  n.  Empty  space  within  solia  body, 
[f.  F  caviti  (L  cavus  hollow,  -ty)] 

eavo-Pt,  v.i.  (U.S.  slang).    Prance.    [?] 

ea'vy,  n.  Amer.  rodent,  [f.  cabiai  native 
name  in  French  Guiana] 

caw,  n.  &  int.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Make)  rook's, 
crow's,  raven's,  cry;  c.  out,  utter  in  cawing 
tone,    [imit.] 

Ca-xton,  n.  Book  printed  by  W.  C.  (first 
Engl,  printer,  d.  1492) ;  printing-type  in  imita- 
tion of  C.'s. 

cay,  n.  Insular  bank  or  reef  of  coral,  sand, 
&c.    [=quay] 

caye'nne,  n.  (Also  C.  pepper)  pungent  red 
pepper  of  capsicum,  ff.  Braz.  kyynha  assim. 
to  Cayenne  capital  of  French  Guiana] 

cayman,  cai'man,  n.  Kinds  of  large 
saurian  of  crocodile  family  (prop,  an  American 
genus  with  round  short  muzzle),  [prob.  f .  Carib 
acayouman] 

ce.     =CEE. 


*,  v.i.  &  t.  Desist  from ;  stop  doing,  be- 
ing, &c. ;  (of  feelings,  actions)  come  to  an  end ; 
bring  to  an  end  (strife,  endeavours,  &c.) ;  (Mil.) 
c.  fire,  discontinue  firing.  [ME  cessen  f.  F  ces- 
ser f.  L  cessare  frequent,  or  cedere  cess-  yield] 

cease2,  n.  Ceasing  (obs.  exc.  in  without  c, 
incessantly).  Hence  cea'seLESs  a.,  cea'se- 
lessLY2  adv.,  cea'selessNESs  n.  [f.  OF  ces 
(cesser  see  prec.)] 

ce'city.n.  Blindness  (usu.  fig.).  [i.Lcaecitas 
(caecus  blind,  -ty)] 

ce'dap,  n.  Kinds  of  cone-bearing  tree  in- 
cluding C.  of  Lebanon,  Atlas  C,  &  Deodar ; 
various  trees  resembling  c. ;  =c.-wood.  Hence 
(poet. )  ce'dapn  [-en  5]  a.  [ME  &  OF  cedre  f .  L 
f.  Gk  kedros] 

cede,  v.t.  Give  up,  grant,  admit,  surrender 
(territory),    [f.  L  cedere  retreat] 

cedl'lla,  n.  Mark  (i)  written  under  c  to 
show  that  it  is  sibilant.  [Sp.,  f.  It.  zediglia 
dim.  of  zeta  Gk  name  of  Z] 

eee,  n.  The  letter  C ;  cee  spring,  C-spring, 
spring  so  shaped  supporting  carriage  body. 

ceil  (sel),  v.t.  Line  roof  of  (room),  whence 
cei*liNG1(2)  n.  [prob.  f.  F  del  heaven,  ceiling, 
f .  L  caelum  heaven,  w.  infl.  of  L  caelare  emboss] 

ee-ladon,  n.  &  a.  Willow  green.  [F,  perl* 
f .  name  of  character  in  D'Urfes  A  stree] 

ce'landine,  n.  Two  yellow-flowered  plants, 
Greater  C,  &  Lesser  C.  (Pile-wort,  Fig-wort). 
[t  OF celidoinef.  Itchelidoniaf.  Gkkheltdonion 
(khelidon  swallow) ;  for  -n-  cf.  passenger] 

-cele  (sel),  in  medical  compound  words,  = 
tumour  of  the .    [f.  Gk  kele  tumour] 

ee'lebrant,  n.  Officiating  priest,  esp.  at 
Eucharist,    [f.  L  celebrare  (foil.),  -ant] 

ce'lebpate,  v.t.  &  i.  Perform  publicly  & 
duly  (religious  ceremony  &c);  officiate  at 
Eucharist ;  observe,  honour,  with  rites,  festivi- 
ties, &c.  (festival,  event) ;  publish  abroad, 
praise,  extol,  (p.p.)  famous.  Hence  eelefoPA'- 
tion  n.  [f.  obs.  celebrate  adj.  f.  L  celebrare 
(celeber  -bris  frequented),  -ate2*  3] 

cele'bpity,  n.  Being  famous ;  well-known 
person,   [f.  L  celebritas  (celeber  see  prec,  -ty)] 


CELERIAC  

eele'riac,  n.  Turnip-rooted  celery,  [f.  cel- 
ery, -ac  unexplained] 

eele'pity,  n.  Swiftness,  dispatch  (of  living 
movement  or  agency),  [f.  F  ceie'riU  f.  L  celeri- 
tatem  (celer  swift,  -ty)J 

celery,  n.  Plant  of  which  hlanched  stem 
is  used  as  salad  &  vegetable,  [f.  F  cileri  ult.  f. 
Gk  selinon  parsley] 

cele'ste,  n.  &  a.  Sky  blue ;  (also  voix  c.) 
organ  &  harmonium  stop;  (adj.)  sky-blue.  [f. 
F  celeste  f.  L  caelestis  (caelum  heaven)] 

cele'stial,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  sky  (c.  globe,  map) ; 
heavenly,  divine,  divinely  good,  beautiful,  &c, 
whence  eele'stialLY  2  adv. ;  C.  Empire,  China 
(transl.  of  native  title ;  so  C.  =  Chinese,  a.  &  n.). 
[OF  (L  caelestis  see  prec,  -al)] 

celibate  (-at),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  not  married, 
bound  or  resolved  not  to  marry ;  unmarried  (of 
life,  habits).  So  ee'libACY  n.,  celibatAR'iAN 
a.  &  n.   [f .  L  caelebs  -ibis  unmarried  +  -ate  2(2)] 

cell,  n.  1.  Dependent  nunnery  or  monastery 
(hist. ) ;  anchoret  s  one-roomed  dwelling ;  cottage 
(poet.) ;  grave  (poet.) ;  single  person's  small 
room  in  monastery  or  prison  (condemned  c,  for 
one  condemned  to  death) ;  compartment  in  bees* 
comb ;  (Electr.)  voltaic  apparatus  with  only  one 
pair  of  metallic  elements,  unit  of  battery.  2. 
Enclosed  cavity  in  organism  or  mineral  (cc.  of 
brain,  imaginary  compartments  assigned  to 
various  faculties) ;  (Biol.)  portion  of  protoplasm 
usu.  enclosed  in  membrane,  ultimate  element 
of  organic  structures ;  (Zoophytes)  cup-like 
cavity  of  individual  polype  in  compound  poly- 
pidom.  Hence  (-)eellED2,  ee'lliPORM,  aa.  [f. 
OF  celle  f.  L  cella  small  room] 

ee'llar,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Put,  store,  in  an)  under- 
ground room ;  (also  wine-c.)  place  in  which  wine 
is  kept,  one's  stock  of  wine  (keeps  a  good  c.) ;  c- 
flap,  trapdoor  into  c. ;  c.-plate,  in  pavement  over 
hole  into  coal-c.  Hence  ee'llar  age  n.  [f.  OF 
celier  t  L  cellarium  (prec,  -ar2,  -ary1)] 

eellapep,  n.  Monastic  keeper  of  wine  &  pro- 
visions,   [f.  OF  celerier  (celier  see  prec,  -ier)] 

eellare't,  n.  Case  or  sideboard  for  keeping 
winebottles  in  dining-room.    [-ET1] 

'ee'llo  (tsh-),  n.    (Short  for)  violoncello. 

ee'llulap,  a.  Of,  having,  small  single  rooms 
or  compartments  or  cavities ;  (Physiol.)  con- 
sisting of  cells  (as  c.  tissue):  c.  plant,  without 
distinct  stem,  leaves,  &c.  Hence  eellula'pi- 
TYn.    [as  foil., -AR1] 

ce'llule,  n.  (physiol.).  Cell  or  cavity  (see 
cell,*  2 ;  the  derivatives  are  formed  from 
cellule,  not  cell).  Hence  or  cogn.  eellul  ate  2, 
-ated,  eellull-PEROus,  ee'llulous,  aa., 
eellulA'TiON  n.,  ce'llulo-  comb.  form.  [f.  L 
cellula  (cella  cell,  -ule)] 

celluloid,  a.  &  n.  Like  cells ;  (n.)  substance 
like  ivory,  made  chiefly  of  cellulose,    [irreg. 

f .  CELLULOSE  2  +  -OID] 

cellulose1,  a.  Consisting  of  cells.  Hence 
celluld'siTY  n.    [cellule,  -ose  *] 

cellulose2,  n.  (chem.).  Substance  forming 
solid  framework  of  plants.  [F,  f.  L  cellula 
cellule  +  -OSE2] 

Cel'sius.    See  centigrade. 

Celt1,  Kelt,  n.  (Member)  of  one  of  the 
peoples  akin  to  the  ancient  Galli  (Bretons, 
Cornish,  Welsh,  Irish,  Manx,  Gaels),  [f.  F 
Celle  f.  L  Celta  ;  cf.  Gk  Keltoi,  Keltai,  pi.] 

celt 2,  n.  (archaeol. ).  Bronze  or  stone  (or  iron) 
chisel  -  edged  prehistoric  implement.  [wd 
founded  on  a  perh.  false  reading  in  Vulgate  of 
Job  xix.  24— stylo ferreo,  et  plumbi  lamina,  vel 
celte  (v.  1.  certe)  sculpantur  ;  cf.  fylfot] 

Celtic,  K-,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  the  Celts. 
Hence  ee'ltiCALLY  adv.,  ce*lticiSM(2,  i)  n., 
ee*ltlciZE(2, 3)  v.i.  &  t.  [f .  Lrcelticus  (celt  *,  -ic)J 


132 CENTESIMAL. 

ce'lto-,  comb,  form  of  celt1.    Hence  eel- 

to'LOGiST,  celtOMA-NiAC,  ce'ltoPHiL,  nn.  [-o-] 

cement,  n.,  &  v.t.     Substance  applied  as 

Saste  &  hardening  into  stony  consistency  for 
inding  together  stones  or  bricks  &  for  forming 
floors,  walls,  &c,  strong  mortar  of  calcinated 
lime  &  clay  (hydraulic  c,  hardening  under 
water) ;  any  substance  applied  soft  for  sticking 
things  together ;  (fig.)  principle  of  union  ;  sub- 
stance for  stopping  teeth ;  bony  crust  of  tooth- 
fang.  (Vb)  unite  (as)  with  c. ;  apply  c  to,  line 
or  cover  with  c  [ME  cyment  f.  OF  ciment  f.  L 
caementum  for  caedimentum  (caedere  cut, 
-ment)  chippings  of  stone] 

cemetery,  n.  Place  for  burials,  not  being 
a  churchyard,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  koimeterion  dormi- 
tory (koimao  put  to  sleep)] 

ce'nobite.    See  coenobite. 

ce'notaph,  n.  Sepulchral  monument  to 
person  whose  body  is  elsewhere ;  tomb  from 
which  one  has  risen,  [f.  F  c&notaphe  f.  L  f.  Gk 
kenotaphion  (kenos  empty,  taphos  tomb)] 

cense,  v.t.  Perfume,  worship,  with  burning 
incense,  [f.  obs.  cense  noun  short  for  incense2] 

ce'nsep,  n.  Vessel  in  which  incense  is  burnt, 
[f.  OF  (en)censiert  LincensumincEHSEl,-En2(2)] 

censor,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ancient-Roman  magis- 
trate drawing  up  register  or  census  of  citizens 
&  supervising  public  morals  •  person  expressing 
opinions  on  others'  morals  &  conduct ;  official 
licensing,  or  suppressing  as  immoral,  seditious, 
or  inopportune,  books,  plays,  news,  or  military 
intelligence  (vb,  exercise  such  control  over, 
make  excisions  or  changes  in) ;  various  Uni- 
versity officials.  Hence  or  cogn.  eensor'i al 
a.,  ce'nsopsHiP  n.    [L,  f.  censere  tax,  -or2] 

censorious,  a.  Fault-finding,  over-critical. 
Hence  censop'iousLY 2  adv.,  censop'ious- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  censorius  (censor,  -ory)  +  -ous] 

ce'nsure  (-sher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Adverse  judg- 
ment, expression  of  disapproval,  reprimand. 
(Vb)  blame,  criticize  unfavourably,  reprove  ; 
hence  ce'nsuPABLE  a.  [f.  F  censure(r)  f.  L 
censura  (censere  tax,  -ure)] 

census,  n.  Official  numbering  of  population 
with  various  statistics  (in  Gt  Britain  taken 
every  ten  years) ;  c.-paper,  form  left  at  every 
house  to  be  filled  up  with  names,  ages,  &c,  of 
inmates.    [L,  f.  censere  to  rate] 

cent,  n.  Per  c,  for,  to,  in:  every  hundred  (in 
stating  proportion,  esp.  of  interest) ;  three  &c 
per  cents,  public  securities  at  3  0/9  &c. ;  c.  perc, 
interest  equal  to  principal ;  (U.S.  &c)  hun- 
dredth of  a  dollar ;  typical  small  coin  (don't 
care  a  c).    [f.  F  cent  or  L  centum  hundred] 

cental,  n.  "Weight  of  1001b.  used  for  corn, 
[f.  L  centum  hundred,  perh.  after  quintal] 

ce'ntaup,  n.  Horse  with  human  body,  arms, 
and  head,  taking  the  place  of  its  neck  and 
head;  hybrid  creation,  person  or  thing  of 
double  nature ;  name  of  a  constellation ;  per- 
fect horseman.  Hence  ee'ntauPESS *  n.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  kentauros  etym.  dub.] 

ce'ntaupy,  n.  Name  of  various  plants,  [ult. 
f.  Gk  kentaurion  (kentauros  see  prec.)  said  to 
have  beenused  medicinally  by  centaur  Chiron] 

centenarian,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  a  hundred 
years  old.    [as  foil.  +  -an] 

centenary  (also  se--),  a.  &  n.  Of  a  hundred 
years.  (N.)  space  of  a  hundred  years  reckoned 
from  any  point  in  a  century ;  centennial  anni- 
versary, celebration  of  it.  [f.  L  centenarius 
(centeni  a  hundred  each,  -ary  l)] 

cente'nnial,  a.  &  n.  Of,  having  lived  or 
lasted,  completing,  a  hundred  years;  (of)  the 
hundredth  anniversary,  [f.  L  centum  hun- 
dred, &  as  biennial] 

eentesimaLa.  Reckoning,reckoned,byhun- 


CENTI- 


133 


CEREMONY 


dredths.  Hence  cente'simalrv 2  adv.  [f.  L 
centesimus  hundredth  {centum  hundred)  +  -al] 
cent!-,  comb,  form  of  L  centum  hundred, 
=  1/100  of  the  denomination  in  the  metric 
system.  Hence  ce'ntiGRAMME,  ee'ntiLiTRE 
(-leter),  ee'ntiMETRE,  nn. 
ee'ntigrade,  a.  Having  a  hundred  degrees 
(of  Celsius's  thermometer,  with  freezing-point 
0°  &  boiling-point  100°).  [F,  f.  L  centum  a  hun- 
dred +  gradus  step] 

eenti'llion,  n.  Hundredth  power  of  a  million 
(1  with  600  ciphers),  [centum  (prec),  billion] 
centime  (sahntem,  or  as  F),  n.    French  coin 
=  1/100  of  a  franc.    [F] 

ee'ntipede,  n.  Many-footed  wingless  crawl- 
ing animal,  [f.  L  centipeda  (centum  hundred, 
pes  pedis  foot)] 

ee'ntnep,  n.  German  weight,  about  1  cwt. 
[G.  f.  L  centenarius  centenary] 
ce'nto,  n.  Composition  made  up  of  scraps 
from  other  authors.  [L,  =  patchwork  garment] 
ce'ntpal,  a.  Of,  in,  at,  from,  containing,  the 
centre ;  leading,  principal,  dominant.  Hence 
centra'liTY  n.,  ee'ntralLY  2  adv.,  ee'ntpal- 
ness  n.  [f.  L  centralis  (centrum  centre,  -al)] 
ee'ntpalism,  ee'ntpalist,  nn.  (Upholder 
of)  a  centralizing  system,  [prec.  +  -ism  (3),  -ist(2)] 
centralize,  v.i.  &  t.  Come,  bring,  to  a 
centre;  concentrate  (administration)  at  sin- 
gle centre;  subject  (State  &c.)  to  this  system. 
Hence  ce'ntpalizATiONn.  [central,  -ize(3)] 
ce'ntre1,  ee'ntep,  n.  &  a.  Middle  point 
(strictly,  equidistant  from  ends  of  line  measur- 
ing along  it,  or  from  extremities  of  regular 
surface  or  body,  or  from  all  points  in  circum- 
ference of  circle  or  sphere,  &  at  mean  distance 
from  all  points  in  periphery  of  irregular  surface 
or  body);  point,  pivot,  axis,  of  revolution  (in 
lathe,  conical  adjustable  bearing  to  hold  re- 
volving object);  point  of  concentration  or 
dispersion,  nucleus,  source;  (Fenians  &c.) 
organizer,  leader,  (esp.  head-c.) ;  (hit  on)  part 
of  target  between  bull's-eye  and  outer  ;  (Arch.) 
wooden  mould  for  arch  or  dome  while  building ; 
(Mil.)  main  body  of  troops  between  wings; 
(Pol. ;  orig.  f.  French)  the  C.,  men  of  moderate 
opinions  (lej[t-c.,  left,  radical  grades;  right-c, 
right,  reactionary) ;  c.  of  attraction,  (Physics) 
to  which  bodies  tend  by  gravity,  (fig.)  drawing 
general  attention  ;  c.  of  gravity,  that  point  in 
body,  which  being  supported,  body  remains  at 
rest  in  any  position ;  c.  of  mass,  point  (in  rela- 
tion to  body)  any  plane  passing  through  which 
divides  body  into  two  parts  of  equal  weight ; 
dead  c. ;  c.-piece,  ornament  for  middle  of  table ; 
c.-rail,  third  rail  on  mountain  railways  for 
cogged  wheel  &c. ;  c.-second(s),  seconds  hand 
mounted  on  centre  arbor  of  clock  or  watch; 
c.-bit,  boring-tool  with  c.  point  &  side  cutters  ; 
c-board,  (flat-bottomed  boat  with)  board  for 
lowering  through  keel  to  prevent  lee- way; 
hence  ee'ntPeLESS,  ee*ntPic(AL),  aa.,  ee*n- 
tpiealLY2  adv.,  eentPi'eiTY  n.  (Adj.)  at,  of, 
the  c. ;  hence  ee'ntpeMOST  a.  [F  (-re),  f.  L  f. 
Gk  kentron  spike  (kented  to  prick)] 
ee'ntpe2,  ee'ntep,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  concentrated 
in,  on,  at,  round,  about ;  place  in  c. ;  mark  with 
a  c. ;  concentrate  in  &c. ;  find  c.  of.  [f.  prec] 
eentpi'fugal,  a.  Flying,  tending  to  fly, 
from  centre ;  c.  force,  with  which  body  revolv- 
ing round  centre  tends  to  fly  off",  inertia ;  c. 
machine  &c,  in  which  c.  force  is  utilized ; 
(Bot.)  c.  inflorescence,  in  which  end  flower 
opens  first  &  side  ones  in  downward  order. 
Hence  eentpi'fugralLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  centrum 
centre1  +  -fugus  -flying  (fugere  flee)  +  -al] 
centpi'petal,  a.  Tending  towards  centre ; 
c.  force,  machine  &c,  inflorescence,  opposite  of 


centrifugal.    Hence  eentrl'petalLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  -petus  -seeking  ( peter e  seek)  and  as  prec] 

ee'ntpo-,  comb,  form  of  L  centrum  centre  *, 
=  centre-,  central,  centrally. 

ce*n tuple,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Hundredfold  ;  (vb) 
multiply  by  a  hundred,  [f.  LL  centuplus  for  L 
centuplex  (centum  hundred,  -plic-  fold)] 

centu'plicate,  a.  &  n.  (-at),  &  v.t  (-at). 
=  prec,  esp.  in  c,  of  things  of  which  a  hundred 
copies  are  produced,  [f.  L  centuplicare  as 
prec,  -ate2'  3] 

centup'ion,  n.  Commander  of  century  in 
Roman  army.    [f.  L  centurio  -onis  (foil.)] 

ee'ntupy,  n.  (Rom.  hist.)  company  in  army, 
orig.  of  100  men  ;  political  division  for  voting. 
A  hundred  of  something  (esp.,  100  runs  at 
cricket) ;  one  of  the  hundred  -  year  periods 
counting  from  a  received  epoch,  esp.  from 
birth  of  Christ  (first  c,  1-100,  nineteenth  c, 
1801—1900,  &c) ;  any  hundred  successive  years, 
centenary,    [f.  L  centuria  (centum  hundred)] 

cepha'lic,  a.  Of,  in,  the  head.  [f.  F  cepha- 
lique  f.  L  f.  Gk  kephalikos  (kephale  head,  -ic)] 

-eepha'lie.   =  -cephalous. 

ce'phalo-,  comb,  form  =  head-,  head-& — . 
[see  cephalic,  -o-] 

ce'phalopod,  n.  Mollusc  with  distinct 
tentacled  head.    [prec.  +  Gk  pous  podos  foot] 

eephalothop'ax,  n.  Coalesced  head  & 
thorax  of  spider,  crab,  &c  [cephalo-,  thorax] 

-ce'phalous,  last  element  esp.  of  anthropo- 
logical terms  =  -headed,  as  brachyc,  with  short 
head.    [f.  Gk  kephale  head  +  -ous] 

cepa'mic,  k-,  a.  Of  the  art  of  pottery. 
Hence  cera'mics,  ee*pamiST(2),  nn.    [f.  Gk 

keramikos  (keramos  pottery,  -ic)] 

ee'pato-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  keras  -atos  horn, 

=  horn-& — ,  horny-,  &  esp.  of  the  cornea. 
Cep'bepus,  n.    Three-headed  dog  guarding 

entrance  to  Hades  (sop  to  C,  something  to  pro- 
pitiate an  official,  guard,  &c).    [L,  f.  Gk  Ker- 

beros] 
eepe,  n.    Naked  wax-like  membrane  at  base 

of  some  birds'  beaks,    [f.  F  cire  f.  L  cera  wax] 
eep'eal.  a.  &  n.  Of  corn  or  edible  grain ;  (n., 

usu.  pi.)  kinds  of  grain  used  for  human  food. 

[f.  L  Cerealis  (Ceres  goddess  of  corn,  -al)] 
cerebe'llum,  n.   Little  or  hinder  brain.   [L, 

dim.  of  cerebrum] 

ee'pebpal,  a.  Of  the  brain ;  c.  letter,  con- 
sonant sounded  by  turning  tongue-tip  to  top  of 

palate,    [f.  F  cireoral  (cerebrum,  -al)] 
eepebra'tion,  n.     Working  of  the  brain, 

esp.  unconscious  c,  of  results  reached  without 

conscious  thought,    [cerebrum  +  -ation] 
ee'pefopum,  n.    The  brain  proper,  in  front 

of  and  above  the  cerebellum.    Hence  ee'pe- 

bro-  comb.  form.    [L] 
eere'ment  (ser-),  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Grave-clothes. 

[f.  F  cirement  (cirer  to  wax,  wrap  in  waxed 

cloth,  see  cere)] 
cepemd'nial,  a.  &  n.    With  or  of  ritual  or 

ceremony,  formal ;  hence  eepemo*nialiSM(3), 

eepemo*nialiST(2),    nn.,    cepemo'nialL y 2 

adv.    (N.)  system  of  rites ;  formalities  proper 

to  any  occasion;  observance  of  conventions; 

(R.-C.  Ch.)  book  of  ritual,    [f.  L  caerimonialis 

(CEREMONY,  -AL)] 

ceremd'nious,  a.  Addicted  or  showing 
addiction  to  ceremony,  punctilious.  Hence 
eepemo'niousLY 2  adv.,  ceremo'nious- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  caerimoniosus  (foil.,  -ous)] 

ee'pemony,  n.  Outward  religious  rite  or 
polite  observance ;  empty  form ;  stately  usage  ; 
formalities ;  punctilious  behaviour  (without  c, 
off-hand ;  stand  upon  c,  insist  on  conventions, 
keep  one's  distance) ;  Master  of  the  Cc,  super- 
intending forms  observed  on  state  or  public 


CERIPH 


134 


CHAIN 


occasions,  [prob.  f.  OF  cerymonie  f.  L  caerl- 
monia  cf.  Sky.  karman  work,  rite,  (kri  do)] 

ce'riph,  seTif,  n.  Fine  line  in  letter,  esp. 
at  top  or  bottom  of  capitals,  [perh.  f.  Du.  & 
Flem.  8chreef  line] 

cepi'se  (-ez),  a.  &  n.  (Of)  a  light  clear  red. 
[F,=  cherry] 

cerium,  n.  A  metal.  Hence  cep'ic(l), 
eep'ous,  aa.  [f.  planet  Ceres,  discovered  (1801) 
just  before,  +  -ium] 

cero-,  comb,  form  of  L  cera  or  Gk  keros  wax. 

cepopla'stic,  a.  Modelled,  of  modelling,  in 
wax.  Hence  eepopla'stics  n.  [f.  Gk  kero- 
=cero( plastikos  adj.  f.  plasso  to  mould)] 

eep*tain  (-tn,-tm),  a.  Settled,  unfailing; 
unerring,  reliable;  sure  to  happen;  indisput- 
able ;  convinced  (of,  that) ;  destined,  un- 
doubtedly going,  to  do ;  that  might  but  need 
not  or  should  not  be  specified  (a  c.  person, 
lady  of  a  c.  age),  some  though  perhaps  not 
much  (felt  a  c.  reluctance),  existing  but  prob- 
ably unknown  to  hearer  (a  c.  John  Smith) ;  for 
c,  assuredly.  [OF  (L  certus  orig.  p.p.  of  cernere 
decide,  -an)] 

eep*tainly  (-tn-),  adv.  Indubitably;  in- 
fallibly ;  confidently ;  admittedly ;  (in  answers) 
I  admit  it,  no  doubt,  yes.    [prec.  +  -ly  2] 

certainty  (-tn-),  n.  Undoubted  fact  (bet  on 
a  c,  usu.  dishonestly  with  secret  knowledge  of 
result),  indubitable  prospect;  thing  in  actual 
possession  ;  absolute  conviction  (of  that) ;  to, 
for,  a  c,  beyond  possibility  of  doubt,  [f.  OF 
certaineU  (certain,  -ty)] 

ceptes  (-z),  adv.  (archaic).  Assuredly,  I 
assure  you.  [OF,  also  a  certes  perh.  f .  L  a 
certis  from  sure  (grounds)] 

certificate  (-at),  n.,  &  v.t.  Document 
formally  attesting  a  fact,  esp.  the  bearer's 
status,  acquirements,  fulfilment  of  conditions, 
right  to  company  shares,  &c. ;  bankrupt's  c, 
stating  that  he  has  satisfied  legal  requirements 
&  may  recommence  business.  (Vb)  furnish 
with,  license  by,  c. ;  hence  eepti'ficATiON  n. 
[f.  med.  L  certificatum  neut.  p.p.  (foil.)] 

eep'tify,  v.t.  Attest  formally,  declare  by 
certificate,  whence  eep*tifiABLE  a. ;  inform 
certainly,  assure.  Hence  eep*tifiERi  n.  [f. 
F  certifier  t  med.  L  certificare  (certain,  -fy)J 

certiorari,  n.  Writ  from  higher  court  for 
records  of  case  tried  in  lower.    [L  wd  in  writ] 

eep'titude,  n.  Feeling  certain,  conviction. 
[F,  f.  LL  certxtudinem  (certain,  -tude)] 

cerulean  (-00-),  a.  Deep-blue.  [f.  L  caeru- 
leus  prob.  for  caelul-  (caelum  sky)  +  -an] 

cepirmen  (-00-),  n.  Ear-wax.  So  eepu*- 
minous  a.  [f.  L  cera  wax  on  anal,  of  albumen] 

cep-use  (-00s),  n.  (Also  white  lead)  a  white 
paint  from  carbonate  &  hydrate  of  lead,  esp. 
as  cosmetic,  [f.  L  cerussa  prob.  f.  a  Gk 
keroussa  fem.  of  keroeis  waxy  (cero-)] 

cepvi'cal  (also  ser'vi-),  a.  (physiol.).  Of  the 
neck.  So  eepvreo-  comb.  form.  [f.  L  cervix 
•icis  neck  +  -al] 

cep*vine,  a.  Of,  like,  deer.  [f.  L  cervinus 
(cervus  deer  +  -ine  l)] 

Cesape'viteh,  -witch,  (ra),  n.  Tsar's 
eldest  son.    [Russ.] 

cess,  n.  Tax,  rate  (now  displaced  by  rate  in 
Engl.,  but  used  in  various  senses  in  Ireland, 
Scotland,  and  India),  [prop,  scss  for  obs. 
assess  n.  see  assess] 

cessation,  n.  Ceasing ;  pause,  [f.  L  cessatio 
(cessare  cease  *,  -ation)] 

ee'ssep,  n.  (legal).  Coming  to  an  end,  cessa- 
tion, (o/term,  liability,  &c).   [F  (cease  1,  -er*)] 

ee'ssion  (-shn),  n.  Ceding,  giving  up,  (of 
*'*£hts,  property,  or  esp.  of  territory  by  State). 
I* ,  f.  L.  cessxonem  (cedere  cess-  go  away,  -ion)] 


cessionary,  n.  =  assign  2.  [f .  med.  L  cessio- 
narius  as  prec.  +  -ary  *] 

ce'sspit,  n.    Midden,    [see  foil.] 

ce'sspool,  n.  Well  sunk  for  soil  from  water- 
closet  &c,  retaining  solids  &  letting  liquid 
escape  (also  fig.,  as  c.  of  iniquity),  [prob.  f.  It. 
cesso  privy  f.  L  secessus  secession] 

ce'stoid,  a.  &  n.  (zool.).  Ribbon-like  (in- 
testinal worm,  as  tape- worm),  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
kestos  girdle  +  -oid] 

eet-,  comb,  form  =  of  spermaceti,  in  chem. 
names,    [f.  L  cetus  -i  f.  Gk  ketos  -eos  whale] 

ceta'cean,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  the  mam- 
malian order  containing  whales.  So  eetA-- 
ceous  a.    [as  prec,  -acean] 

ce'teosaup,  -saup'us,  n.  Fossil  saurian, 
[f.  Gk  ketos  -eos  whale  &  sauros  lizard] 

ee'tepaeh  (-k),  n.  Kinds  of  fern  with  frond- 
backs  covered  with  scales,  [med.  L,  etym.  dub.] 

ce'teris  pa'ribus,  adv.  Other  things  being 
equal.    [L] 

Chablis  (sha'ble),  n.  A  French  white  wine, 
[place  name] 

chafe1  (tsh-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Rub  (skin,  to 
restore  warmth) ;  make,  become,  sore  by  rub- 
bing ;  (of  beast,  river)  rub  itself  against  (bars, 
rocks) ;  irritate ;  show  irritation,  fume,  fret. 
(N.) :  (sore  made  by)  friction ;  state  of  irritation, 
pet,  (in  a  c).  [f.  OF  chaufer  f.  L  calefacere 
(calere  be  hot,  facere  make)] 

cha'fep  (tsh-),  n.  Kinds  of  beetle,  usu.  the 
cockchafer.  [OE  cefer  cf.  G  kdfer  perh.  f. 
kaf-  gnaw  cf.  jowl] 

chaff  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  1.  Separated  grain- 
husks;  chopped  hay  and  straw;  bracts  of 
grass-flower ;  spurious  substitute  (caught  with 
c,  easily  deceived  or  trapped) ;  worthless  stuff; 
c.-cutter,  machine  chopping  fodder;  hence 
eha'ffY2  a. ;  (vb)  chop  (straw  &c).  2.  Banter 
(n.  &  v.t.)  [OE  ceafct  OHG  cheva  perh.  f.  kef- 
gnaw  cf.  jowl;  sense  2  may  be  fig.  use  of  1 
(starting  with  noun),  or  (starting  with  vb)  be= 
chape  (anger  playfully)] 

cha'ffep  (tsh-),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Haggle,  bargain 
(c.away,  =  bargain  away);  hence  eha'ffepER1 
n.  (N.)  =  chaffering.  [ME  ch(e)apfare  f.  OE 
cbap  see  chapman  +faru  fare] 

cha'ffinch  (tsh-),  n.  Common  British  small 
bird,    [chaff  (f.  haunting  barndoor)  +  finch] 

eha'nner-dish,  n.  vessel  with  burning 
charcoal  «c.  inside  for  keeping  warm  things 
placed  on  it    [f.  obs.  sense  of  chafe  =  warm] 

ehag-pin  (shagre"n),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Affect  with) 
acute  disappointment  or  mortification,  [f.  F 
chagrin(er)  f.  Turk,  saghri  rump  of  horse, 
prepared  hide,  shagreen  ;  sense  by  metaphor 
f.  use  of  shagreen  for  friction] 

chain  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Connected  series  of 
metal  or  other  links  (endless  c.) ;  fetters,  con- 
finement, restraining  force  ;  necklace,  watch- 
guard,  &c. ;  sequence,  series,  set,  (of  proof, 
events,  posts,  mountains ;  ladies'  c,  movement 
in  quadrille) ;  jointed  metal-rod  measuring- 
line,  its  length  (66  ft) ;  (also  c.-shot)  two  balls 
or  half  balls  joined  by  c.  for  cutting  masts  &c. ; 
(Naut)  fastening  for  shrouds  below  channel2 
(also  c.-plate),  the  cc.  (also  the  fore,  mizen, 
main,  -cc.),  whole  contrivance  (channel,  c.-plate, 
&  DEAD-eyes)  for  widening  basis  of  shrouds ; 
c.-armour,  -mail,  made  of  interlaced  rings; 
c.-bridge, = suspension ;  c.-coupling,  extra  coup- 
ling of  railway  vans  in  case  of  accident  to 
screw-coupling ;  c.-moulding,  archit.  ornament 
with  link  carving  ;  c.-stitch,  ornamental  sewing 
like  chain,  (sewing  machine)  simple  sewing  (cr. 
lock  ^-stitch) ;  c.-wale,  =  channel2;  c.-wheel, 
transferring  power  by  c.  fitted  to  its  edge: 
hence  chai'nLESS  a.,   chai'nLET  n.     (Vb) 


CHAIR 


13b 


CHANCE 


secure,  confine,  with  c.  (lit.  &  fig.),  [f.  OF 
chaeine  f.  L  catena] 

chaip  (tsh-),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Separate  seat  for  one,  of 
various  forms  (arm  1  or  elbow,  bath  i,  curule, 
deck1,  easy1;  take  a  c,  sit  down);  seat  of 
authority  ;  professorship  ;  mayoralty  (past  or 
above  the  C.,  below  the  C,  of  alderman  who  has, 
has  not,  heen  mayor) ;  seat,  office,  of  person 
presiding  at  meeting,  public  dinner,  &c.  (take, 
leave,  the  c,  begin,  end,  the  proceedings) ;  chair- 
man (address,  appeal  to,  the  c. ; '  chair  !  chair  ! ', 
protest  against  disorder) ;  (Railway)  iron  or 
steel  socket  holding  rail  in  place;  (Hist.)= 
sedan  ;  c.-bed,  that  can  be  unfolded  into  c. 
(Vb)  install  in  c.  of  authority  ;  place  in  c.  and 
carry  aloft  (winner  of  contest,  election,  Sec). 
[f.  OF  chaere  f.  L  f.  Gk  kathedra  (cathedral)] 

chairman,  n.  (pi.  -men ;  fem.  chair 'woman). 
Person  chosen  to  preside  over  meeting,  per- 
manent president  of  committee,  board,  &c. 
(C.  of  Committees,  in  Houses  of  Pari.,  presiding 
instead  of  Lord  Chancellor  &  Speaker  when 
House  is  in  Committee),  whence  chair"man- 
SHIP  n. ;  keeper  of  Bath-chair;  (Hist.)  one  of 
two  sedan -bearers. 

chaise  (shaz),  n.  Pleasure  or  travelling  car- 
riage of  various  shapes,  usu.  now  low,  four- 
wheeled,  &  open,  with  one  or  two  ponies ; 
post-c.    [F,  var.  of  chaire  f.  OF  chaere  chair] 

chalee'dony  (k-),  eal-,  n.  Precious  stone 
of  quartz  kind  with  many  varieties  as  agate, 
cornelian,  chrysoprase.  [f.  L  c(h)alcedomus  f. 
Gk  khalkedon  etym.  dub.] 

chalco-  (k-),  comb,  form  esp.  in  minera- 
logical  terms  =  copper-,  brass-,  [f.  Gk  khalkos] 

chaleo'graphy,  n.  Art  of  engraving  on 
copper,    [prec,  -graph y] 

chalco  pypnte  (-ir-),  n.  A  copper  ore,  yellow 
or  copper  pyrites,    [chalco-,  pyrite] 

Chalde'an  (k-),  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Chaldea 
or  Babylon ;  soothsayer,  astrologer,  [f.  Lf.  Gk 
khaldaios  +  -an] 

eha'ldron  (tshawl-),  n.  Coal  measure,  36 
bushels,    [f.  OF  chauderon  as  cauldron] 

chalet  (shaia),  n.  Swiss  mountain  dairy- 
hut  ;  Swiss  peasant's  wooden  cottage  ;  villa  in 
this  style ;  street  lavatory.  [F,  Swiss  wd  perh. 
dim.  of  casella  dim.  of  It.  casa  house] 

cha'lice  (tsh-),  n.  Goblet ;  eucharistic  wine- 
cup  ;  (poet.)  flower-cup,  whence  cha'liCED2  a. 
[OF  (now  calice),  f.  L  calix] 

chalk1  (tshawk),  n.  White  soft  earthy  lime- 
stone used  for  burning  into  lime  &  for  writing 
&  drawing ;  coloured  preparation  of  like  tex- 
ture used  in  crayons  for  drawing ;  as  like  as  c. 
&  cheese,  unlike  in  essentials;  by  (a)  long 
chalk(s),  by  far  (f.  use  of  c.  to  score  points  in 
games) ;  c.-bed,  stratum  of  c. ;  c.-pit,  quarry ; 
c.-stone,  gouty  concretion  like  c.  in  tissues  & 
joints  esp.  of  hands  &  feet.  [OE  cealc,  com.- 
WG,  cf.  G  kalk,  f.  L  calx  -cis  lime] 

chalk2,  v.t.  Rub,  mark,  draw,  write,  write 
up,  with  c. ;  c.  out,  sketch,  plan  as  thing  to  be 
accomplished  (often  for  oneself),    [f.  prec] 

chal'ky,  a.  Abounding  in,  white  as,  chalk ; 
like  or  containing  chalk-stones.  Hence 
chal'kiNESS  n.    [y2] 

cha'lleng-e1  (tsh-),  n.  Calling  to  account 
(sentry's  c,  'Who  goes  there ?^;  exception 
taken  (e.  g.  to  juryman) ;  summons  to  trial  or 
contest,  esp.  to  duel,  defiance,  [f.  OF  chalenge 
t.  L  calumnia  calumnyI 

challenge2,  v.t.  Call  to  account  (of  sentry, 
&  fig.) ;  take  exception  to  (evidence,  juryman), 
dispute,  deny;  claim  (attention,  admiration, 
&c);  invite  to  contest,  game,  or  duel,  defy. 
Hence  cha'lleng-eABLE  a.,  cha'llengER i  n. 
[f.  OF  chalenger  fTLL  calumniare  (calumny)] 


cha'llis  (tsh-),  n.    Lady's-dress  fabric.    [?] 

chalybeate  (k-),  a.  Impregnated  with  iron 
(of  mineral  water  or  spring).  Xirreg.  for  chaly- 
bate  f.  L  f.  Gk  khalups  -ubos  steel  +  -ate2] 

cham  (k-),  n.  Great  c,  autocrat  (esp.  of  domi- 
nant author  or  critic),    [obs.  form  of  khan] 

chamade  (shaman "d),  n.  Signal  for  retreat 
on  drum  or  trumpet.  [F,  f.  Port,  chamada 
(chamar  f.  L  clamare  call,  -ade)] 

cha'mber  (tsha-),  n.  Room,  esp.  bedroom 
(poet,  or  archaic ;  but  c.-music,  for  performance 
in  room,  not  at  theatre,  church,  &c. ;  c.-concert, 
of  c.  -music) ;  (pi. )  set  of  rooms  in  larger  building, 
esp.  in  Inns  of  Court,  let  separately,  judge  s 
room  for  hearing  cases  not  needing  to  be  taken 
in  court ;  (hall  used  by)  deliberative  or  judicial 
body,  one  of  the  houses  of  a  parliament ;  C.  of 
Commerce,  Agriculture,  board  organized  to 
forward  these  in  a  district ;  (also  c.-pot)  vessel 
for  urine ;  c.-counsel,  lawyer  giving  opinions 
in  private,  not  practising  in  court ;  chamber- 
maid, housemaid  at  inn ;  enclosed  space  in 
body  of  animal  or  plant,  or  in  machinery  &.c. 
(esp.  part  of  gun-bore,  of  larger  diameter  in 
some  cannon,  separate  in  revolver,  that  con- 
tains charge).  Hence  (-)chambei*ED2  a.  [f. 
F  chambre  f.  L  camera  f.  Aryan  kam-  cover 
over  cf.  Gk  kamara  vault] 

chamberlain  (tsha'mberlin),  n.  Officer 
managing  household  of  sovereign  or  great 
noble ;  Lord  Great  C.  of  England,  hereditary 
holder  of  ceremonial  office ;  Lord  C.  of  the 
Household,  with  part  management  of  Royal 
Household,  &  licenser  of  plays.  Hence  cha'm- 
berlainsmpn.  [OF,  f.  Teut.  *kamarling  (OHG 
chamarling)  f.  kamara  f.  L  camera  see  prep.] 

chame'leon  (k-),  n.  Small  prehensile-tailed 
long-tongued  lizard  with  power  of  changing 
colour  &  of  living  long  without  food ;  incon- 
stant person.  Hence  chameleo'mc  a., 
chame'leon-LiKE,  a.  &  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
khamaileon  (khamai  on  ground,  leon  lion)] 

eha'mfer  (tsh-),  v.t,  &  n.  Bevel  symmetri- 
cally (right-angled  edge  or  corner) ;  (n.)  surface 
so  given  (hollow  or  concave  c,  made  as  with 
gouge  instead  of  chisel) ;  channel,  flute,  (v.t.  ,& 
n.).  [f.  OF  chanfraindre  (cant1,  Lfranger'e) 
lit.  break-corner] 

chamois  (sha'mwah,  in  sense  2  shami),  n. 
1.  European  wild  antelope  of  goat  size.  2.  (Also 
c.-leather,    shammy,    shammy-leather)    soft 

f (liable  leather  from  sheep,  goats,  deer,  &c. 
F,  prob.  f.  Swiss  Rom. ;  cf.  It.  camozza,  also  G 
gemse  (OHG  gamz)] 

chamomile.    =  camomile. 

champ  (tsh-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Munch  (fodder) 
noisily;  work  (bit)  noisily  in  teeth;  (make) 
chewing  action  or  noise,    [prob.  imit.] 

champag-ne  (sh-),  n.  Kinds  of  wine  from 
E.  France  (usu.  white  &  sparkling),  [name  of 
province,  =  foil.] 

champaign  (tshampan),  n.  (Expanse  of) 
open  country,   [f .  OF  champaigne = campagn a] 

cha'mpion  (tsh-),  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.  Person  who 
fights,  argues,  &c,  for  another  or  for  a  cause 
(King's,  Queen's,  C.,  or  C.  of  England,  heredi- 
tary official  at  coronations);  athlete  &c, 
animal,  plant,  &c,  that  has  defeated  all  com- 
petitors (often  as  adj.,  c.  boxer,-  c.  turnip). 
Hence  cha'mpion  less  a.,  eha'mpionsHip 
n.  (Vb)  maintain  the  cause  of.  [OF,  f.  LL 
campionem  nom.  -to  fighter  (Lcampus  camp1)] 

chance  *  (tsh-),  n.  &  a.  Way  things  fall  out, 
fortune  ;  undesigned  occurrence  ;  opportunity ; 
possibility;  probability  (esp.  in  pi.,  as  the  cc. 
are  against  it) ;  absence  of  design  or  discover- 
able cause ;  course  of  events  regarded  as  a 
power,  fate ;  by  c,  as  it  falls  or  fell  out,  without 


chance: 


136 


CHAPE 


design ;  on  the  c,  in  view  of  the  possibility  (of, 
that);  take  one's  c,  let  things  go  as  they  may, 
consent  to  take  what  conies ;  the  main  c,  that 
of  getting  rich ;  stand  a  (good,  fair)  c,  have  a 
prospect ;  chance-,  =by  c,  as  c.-sown  tree ;  (adj.) 
fortuitous  (a  c.  companion,  meeting),  [f.  OF 
cheance  f.  LL  cadentia  n.  (L  cadere  fall,  -ence)] 

chance2,  v.i.  &t.  Happen  (archaic  in  abs. 
use,  getting  rare  in  constrr.  it  chanced  that,  he 
chanced  to  do) ;  c.  upon,  happen  to  find,  meet, 
or  come  upon ;  (colloq.)  risk  (esp.  c.  it),   [f.  prec] 

cha'ncel  (tsh-),  n.  Eastern  part  of  church 
reserved  for  clergy,  choir,  &c,  &  usu.  railed  off. 
[OF,  f.  LL  cancellus  f.  L  cancelli  lattice-bars] 

eha'neellepy  (tsh-),  -opy,  n.  Position, 
staff,  department,  official  residence,  of  a  chan- 
cellor ;  office  attached  to  embassy  or  consulate, 
[f.  OF  chancelerie  (chancelier  see  foil.,  -RY)] 

cha*ncellop  (tsh-),  n.  State  or  law  official 
of  various  kinds ;  Lord  C.  (also  C.  of  England, 
Lord  High  C),  highest  judge,  presiding  in  H. 
of  Lords  &  in  Chancery  Div.  of  Supreme  Court ; 
C.  of  exchequer  ;  C.  of  Duchy  of  Lancaster, 
member  of  government  (legally  representative 
of  King  as  Duke  of  Lancaster),  often  Cabinet 
minister  who  does  not  desire  departmental 
work;  C.  of  bishop  or  diocese,  bishop's  law 
officer ;  C.  of  Garter  or  other  order,  who  seals 
commissions  &c. ;  titular  head  of  university 

grice-C.  performing  duties) ;  (Germany,  Austro- 
ungary)  chief  minister  of  State.  Hence 
cha'neellopsHip  n.  [ME  c(h)anceler  I.  OF 
c\Ji)ancelier  (-or2)  f.  L  cancellarius  law-court 
usher  (cancelli  grating)] 
chance-me'dley,  n.  (Law)  action,  esp. 
homicide,  mainly  but  not  entirely  uninten- 
tional ;  inadvertency.  [AF  chance  medUe  (see 
meddle)  mixed  chance] 

eha'neepy  (tsh-),  n.  Lord  Chancellor's  court, 
a  division  of  High  Court  of  Justice  (formerly  a 
separate  court  of  equity  for  cases  with  no  re- 
medy in  common-law  Courts,  whence  the  mean- 
ing, still  in  U.S.  &  in  literature,  of  court  of 
equity) ;  office  for  public  records ;  (Boxing)  in  c, 
with  head  held  under  opponent's  arm  being 
pommelled  (from  difficulty  of  getting  clear  of 
old  Court  of  C).    [shortened  f.  chancellery] 

chancre  (sha'nker),  n.  Venereal  ulcer.  [F, 
=  cancer] 

cha'ncy,  a.  Uncertain,  risky,  [chance1, -y2] 

chandelier*  (sh-),  n.  Branched  hanging  sup- 
port for  several  lights.    [F,  see  foil.] 

cha-ndler  (tsh-),  n.  Dealer  in  candles,  oil, 
soap, paint,  &  groceries  (corn-c.,  in  corn ;  ship-c, 
in  cordage,  canvas,  &c).  Hence  cha*ndlERY(l) 
n.  [f.  OF  chandelier  (L  candela  candle,  -ary1)] 

change1  (tshanj),  n.  Alteration;  substitu- 
tion of  one  for  another,  variety  (for  a  c); 
whence  cha'ngrepuLd),  eha'ngreLESS,  aa. ; 
Change  (now  usu.  but  wrongly  'Change),  place 
where  merchants  meet  (on  C.,  engaged  there) ; 
arrival  of  moon  at  fresh  phase  (prop,  at  new 
moon  only) ;  c.  of  clothes,  second  outfit  in  re- 
serve ;  lower  coins  given  for  higher  one  or  for 
foreign  money ;  money  returned  as  balance  of 
that  tendered  for  article  (take  one's,  the,  c.  out 
of,  avenge  oneself  on) ;  (bell-ringing,  usu.  pi.) 
different  orders  in  which  peal  can  be  rung  (ring 
the  cc.  fig.,  exhaust  ways  of  putting  or  doing 
thing).  [OF,  f .  LL  cambium  (cambire  change  2H 

change2,  v.t.  &  i.  Take  another  instead  of 
(c.  one's  coat) ;  resign,  get  rid  of,  for :  give  or 

§et  smaller  or  foreign  coin  for  (money) ;  put  on 
ifferent  clothes ;  go  from  one  to  another  of 
(thing  changes  hands,  passes  to  different  owner ; 
c.  houses,  carriages  ;  also  abs.  =c.  trains,  boats, 
&c.) ;  give  &  receive,  exchange,  (c.  places  with, 
we  changed  places) ;  make  or  become  different 


(often  to,  into,  from),  (moon)  arrive  at  fresh 
phase,  esp.  become  new  moon  ;  c.  colour,  turn 
pale  or  blush ;  c.  front,  take  new  position  in 
argument  &c. ;  c.  one's  condition,  marry;  c.  one's 
mind,  adopt  new  plan  or  opinion  ;  c.  one's  note 
or  tune,  become  more  humble,  sad,  &c.  ;  c.  step, 
foot,  feet,  time  other  foot  to  drum  in  marching, 
[f.  OF  changer  f.  LL  cambiare  (cambium  f.  L 
cambire  barter  cf.  Gk  kamp-  turn  back)] 

eha'ng-eable,  a.  Irregular,  inconstant; 
alterable.  Hence  or  cogn.  eha'ngreaBi'LiTY, 
cha'ng'eableNESS,  nn.    [F,  see  prec,  -able] 

cha'ngclingv  n.  Thing  or  child  substituted 
for  another  by  stealth,  esp.  elf -child  thus  left 
by  fairies,    [change  2  +  -ling  j1 

eha'nnel1  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Natural  or 
artificial  bed  of  running  water ;  (Geog.)  piece  of 
water,  wider  than  strait,  joining  two  larger 
pieces,  usu.  seas  (The  C,  English  C.) ;  tubular 
passage  for  liquid ;  course  in  which  anything 
moves,  direction,  line ;  medium,  agency  ;groove, 
flute.  (Vb)  form  cc.  in,  groove ;  cut  out  (way 
&c).    [f.  OF  chanel  var.  of  canal] 

eha'nnel2  (tsh-),  n.  Broad  thick  plank  pro- 
jecting horizontally  from  ship's  side  abreast  of 
mast  to  broaden  base  for  shrouds,  [for  chain- 
wale  (wale)  cf.  gunnel  for  gunwale] 

chant  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Song ;  (Mus.) 
short  melody  with  long  reciting-note  for  psalms 
&  canticles  (single,  double,  quadruple,  as  one, 
two,  four,  verses  are  sung  to  it);  measured 
monotonous  song ;  singsong  intonation  in  talk. 
(Vb)  sing  j.  utter  musically ;  intone,  sing  to  a  c; 
c.  the  praises  of,  constantly  praise ;  c.  horses,  sell 
fraudulently,  [f.  Fchant(er)  song,  sing,  f.  Lcan.- 
tus  -us,  cantare,  (canere  cant-  sing)] 

chantage  (F) .  n.    Blackmailing. 

eha'ntep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also:  melody- 
pipe,  with  finger-holes,  of  bagpipe  ;  (also  horse- 
c.)  swindling  horse-dealer.    [-ER1] 

chantere'lle  (tsh-),  n.  Yellow  edible  fungus. 
[F,  dim.  f.  L  f.  Gk  kantharos  drinking-cup] 

cha'nticleep  (tsh-),  n.  (Personal  name  for) 
domesticcock.  [f.  OFchantecler  (chant,  clear), 
name  in  Reynard  the  Fox] 

cha'ntpess  (tsh-),  n.  Female  singer  (archaic 
or  poet.),  [f.  OF  chanteresse,  see  chanter,  -ess1] 

cha'ntpy  (tsh-),  n.  Endowment  for  priest(s) 
to  sing  masses  for  founder's  soul;  priests, 
chapel,  altar,  so  endowed,  [f.  OF  chanterie 
(chanter  chant,  -ery)] 

eha'nty,  n.  Sailors' song  while  heaving.  [-Y3] 

cha'os  (k-),  n.  Formless  void  or  great  deep 
of  primordial  matter  (C,  this  personified  as 
eldest  of  the  gods);  utter  confusion.  Hence 
(irreg.)  ehad'tic  a.,  chao'tiCALLY  adv.  [L, 
f.  Gk  khaos  ;  -otic  on  false  anal,  of  erotic  &c] 

chap1  (tsh-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Crack  (t.  &  i.)  in 
fissures  (usu.  of  skin,  by  wind  &c,  also  of  dried- 
up  earth  &c).  (N.,  usu.  pi.)  crack(s),  open 
seam(s),  esp.  in  skin  ;  hence  eha*ppY2a.  [ME 
chappen,  cf.  MDu.  cappent  &  chip,  chop] 

chap2,  chop,  n.    (PL)  jaws2  esp.  of  beasts 

(lick  one  s  cc,  w.  relish  or  anticipation),  cheeks 
(fat-chops,  fat-faced  person) ;  (sing.)  lower  jaw 
or  half  of  cheek,  esp.  of  pig  as  food  (Bath  chap  ; 

c.-f alien,  with  jaw  hanging  down,  dispirited, 
dejected) ;  chops  of  the  Channel,  entrance  from 

Atlantic  to  Channel,    [f.  prec] 

chap3  (tsh-),  n.  (colloq.).  Man,  boy,  fellow, 
[short  for  chapman  cf.  customer] 

cha*p-book  (tsh-),  n.  (bibliog.).  Specimen 
of  popular  literature  (usu.  small  pamphlet  of 
tales,  ballads,  tracts)  formerly  hawked  by  chap- 
men,   [mod.  wd,  see  chapman] 

chape  (tsh-),  n.  Metal  cap  of  scabbard-point ; 
back-piece  of  buckle  attaching  it  to  strap  &c  : 
sliding  loop  on  belt  or  strap.  [F,  f .  LL  capa  cap  *] 


CHAPEAU-BRAS 


137 


CHARITY 


chapeau-bras  (shapo-brah*),  n.  (hist). 
Three-cornered  flat  silk  hat  of  18th  c.,  carried 
under  arm.  [F,  =  arm-hat] 
cha'pel  (tsh-),  n.  Place  of  Christian  worship 
other  than  parish  church  or  cathedral,  esp.  one 
attached  to  private  house  or  institution  (c. 
royal,  of  royal  palace) ;  oratory  in  larger  build- 
ing, with  altar,  esp.  compartment  of  cathedral 
&c.  separately  dedicated  (Lady-c,  dedicated 
to  Virgin,  usu.  E.  of  high  altar) ;  subordinate 
Anglican  church,  esp.  c.  ofedse,  for  convenience 
of  remote  parishioners;  R.-C.  or  dissenters' 
place  of  worship  in  England;  c.  service  or 
attendance  at  c.  (keep  a  c,  be  present,  in  col- 
leges); (Print.)  printing-office,  journeyman 
printers'  association  or  meeting,  [f .  OF  chapele 
f.  LL  cappella  dim.  of  cappa  cloak  (cap1); 
first  c.  was  sanctuary  in  which  St  Martin's 
sacred  cloak  was  kept  by  cappellani] 
eha*pelpy,n.  District  served  by  chapel,  [-by] 
cha'peron  (sh),  n.,  &  v.t.  Married  or  elderly 
woman  in  charge  of  girl  on  social  occasions ; 
hence  eha'peponAGE  n.  (Vb)  act  as  c.  to. 
[F, =hood,  chaperon,  dim.  of  chape  cope  (cap  *)] 
eha'pitep  (tsh-),  n.  (bibl.).  Capital  of  column, 
[earlier  form  of  chapter] 
cha'plain  (-in),  n.  Clergyman  officiating  in 
private  chapel  of  great  person  or  institution ; 
nun  reciting  inferior  services  in  nunnery. 
Hence  eha'plaincY  n.  [f.  OF  chapelain  f.  LL 
cappellanus  (chapel,  -an)] 
cha'plet  (tsh-),  n.  Wreath  of  flowers,  leaves, 
gold,  gems,  &c,  for  head;  string  of  beads  for 
counting  prayers  (one-third  of  rosary  number), 
or  as  necklace  ;  string  of  eggs  in  toad  &c. ;  bead- 
moulding.  Hence  cha*pletED2  a.  [f.  OF 
chapelet  dim.  of  chape,  see  -let] 
cha'pman  (tsh-),  n.  Pedlar.  [OE  ciapmann 
(ciap  n.  barter,  mann  man)  cf.  G  kaufmann 
merchant,  Du.  koopman,  &  see  cheap] 
eha'ppie,  -y,  (tsh-),  n.  (colloq.).  Exquisite, 
man  about  town,  [chap  3  +  -Y  3] 
cha'ptep,  n.  Main  division  of  a  book  (abbr. 
cap.  ore),  (fig.)  limited  subject,  piece  of  narra- 
tive, &c. ;  Act  of  Pari,  numbered  as  part  of 
session's  statutes  for  reference  (5  &  6  Will.  IV. 
cap.  62  =  Statutory  Declarations  Act  1835) ; 
general  meeting,  whole  number,  of  canons  of 
collegiate  or  cathedral  church  or  monastic  or 
knightly  order  (c.-house,  used  for  such  meet- 
ings) ;  c.  <8?  verse,  exact  reference  to  passage, 
exact  authority  for  statement;  to  end  of  c, 
for  ever ;  c.  of  accidents,  [for  chapiter  f.  OF 
chapitre  f.  L  capitulum  dim.  of  caput  -itis 

chapMtsh-),  n.    Hill  trout  of  Wales  &c.    [?] 

char2.    See  chare. 

chap 3  (tsh-),  v.t.  &  i.  Burn  (t.  &  i.)  to  char- 
coal, scorch,  blacken  with  fire.  [prob.  back- 
formation  f.  charcoal] 

chap-a-banc  (shaTabang,  or  as  F),  n.  Long 
vehicle,  with  many  seats  looking  forward,  for 
holiday  excursions.    [F, = benched  carriage] 

cha*pacter  (k-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Distinctive  mark ; 
(pi.)  inscribed  letters  or  figures  ;  national  writ- 
ing-symbols (in  the  German  c.) ;  person's  hand- 
writing ;  characteristic  (esp.  of  species  &c.  in 
Nat.  Hist.) ;  collective  peculiarities,  sort,  style ; 
person's  or  race's  idiosyncrasy,  mental  or  moral 
nature ;  moral  strength,  backbone ;  reputation, 
good  reputation  ;  description  of  person's  quali- 
ties ;  testimonial ;  status  ;  known  person  (usu. 
public c.) ;  imaginary  person  created  by  novelist 
or  dramatist ;  actor  s  or  hypocrite's  part  (in,  out 
of,  c,  appropriate  to  these  or  not,  also  more 
widely  of  actions  that  are  in  accord  or  not  with 
person's  c.) ;  eccentric  person  (c.  actor,  who  de- 
votes himself  to  eccentricities).    (Vb,  poet.  & 


archaic)  inscribe  ;  describe,  [f .  F  caractere  f .  L 
f.  Gk  kharakter  stamp  (kharatto  engrave)] 

characteristic,  a.  &  n.  Typical,  distinc- 
tive, (trait,  mark,  quality),  whence  charac- 
teri'stiCALLV  adv.  ;  (Math.)  index  of  loga. 
rithm.    [f.  Gk  kharakteristikos  (prec,  -ist,  -ie)] 

cha'pactepize,  v.t.  Describe  character  of ; 
describe  as;  be  characteristic  of,  impact 
character  to.  Hence  eha'paetePizATiON  n. 
[f.med.  Lf.  Gk.kharakterizo  (character,  -ize)] 

eha'raeterless,  a.  Ordinary,  undistin- 
guished ;  without  testimonial,    [-less] 

chapade  (sharah'd),  n.  Game  of  guessing 
word  from  written  or  acted  clue  given  for  each 
syllable  &  for  the  whole.  [F,  f.  Pr.  charrada 
(charrd  chatter)] 

chap'coal  (tsh-),  n.  Black  porous  residue 
of  partly  burnt  wood,  bones,  &c,  form  of  car- 
bon ;  c.-burner,  maker  of  this.  [perh.  f.  chare 
+  coal  in  sense  (wood)  turned  coal] 

chape  (tshar),  chap,  n.,  (usu.  pi.),  &  v.i.  (-r-, 
-rr-).  (Do)  odd  job(s) ;  work  by  the  day  at  house- 
cleaning.    [OE  cerr,  cerran,  turn  ;  U.S.  chore] 

charge1  (tsh-),  n.  Material  load;  right 
quantity  to  put  into  thing,  esp.  of  explosive  for 
gun  ;  figurative  load  ;  expense  (at  his  own  c.) ; 
price  demanded  for  service  or  goods ;  task, 
duty,  commission  ;  care,  custody  (of ;  nurse  in 
c.  of  child,  child  in  c  of  nurse ;  curate  in  c,  on 
duty ;  give  person  in  c,  hand  over  to  police) ; 
thing  or  person  entrusted,  minister's  flock ;  ex- 
hortation, directions,  (parting  c,  bishop's  c, 
judge's  c.  to  jury) ;  accusation  (lay  to  one's  c, 
accuse  him  of ;  c.-shezt,  record  of  cases  at  police 
station);  impetuous  attack,  rush,  (return to  the 
c,  begin  again,  esp.  in  argument) ;  (Mil.)  signal 
sounded  for  attack.  [F,  f.  Rom.  carga  f.  LL 
carrica  (L  carricare  see  foil.)] 

charge2,  v.t.  &  i.  Load,  fill  to  the  fuU  or 
proper  extent,  (vessel,  gun  with  explosive); 
saturate  (air  with  vapour,  water  with  chemicals, 
accumulator  with  electricity,  memory  with 
facts) ;  entrust  with  (c.  oneself  with,  undertake); 
command  to  do,  exhort  (esp.  of  bishop,  judge) ; 
accuse,  impute,  (person  with  action,  fault  upon 
person) ;  saddle  with  (liability),  place  (liability) 
on ;  demand  (price)/or  (also  c.  person  price  for); 
attack  (t.  &  i.)  impetuously,  esp.  on  horseback ; 
place  (weapon)  in  position  for  use  (c.  bayonets. 
bring  down  to  receive  cavalry  c).  [f.  OF 
charger,  cf.  prec,  f.  L  carricare  (carrus  car1)] 

charge  (d'affaires)  (sharTzha  dafar),  n. 
(pi.  -6s  a'-).  Deputy  ambassador ;  ambassador  at 
minor  court.    [F, = one  charged  with  affairs) 

chargeable,  a.  1.  Expensive  (archaic).  2. 
Liable  to  be  charged  with  (accused  of) ;  subject 
to  a  money  demand  ;  liable  to  be  made  an  ex- 
pense (c.  to  the  parish) ;  imputable  to  (on) ;  pro- 
per to  be  added  to  an  account.  Hence  chap'ge- 

aBI'LITY  n.  [1  f.  CHARGE  1,  2  f.  CHARGE2,  +  -ABLE] 

chap'gep^n.  (archaic).  Large  flat  dish.  [ME 
chargeour  perh.  f.  charge  2  +  -or  2  (loader),  or 
f.  OF  *chargeoir  (charge2  &  as  parlour)] 

chap'gep 2,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  (Mil. 
officer's  norse.    [-er  j] 

cha'piot  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Stately  vehicle, 
triumphal  car,  (poet.  &  esp.  fig.  of  sun's  c.  &c.) ; 
18th-c.  four-wheeled  carriage  with  back  seats 
only ;  (Hist.)  car  used  in  ancient  fighting,  whence 
chapiotEER'  n. ;  (vb)  convey  as  or  in  c.  fOF, 
augment,  of  char  car] 

eha*pi  table  (tsh-),  a.  Liberal  in  giving  to 
the  poor ;  connected  with  such  giving ;  wont  to 
judge  favourably  of  persons,  acts,  &  motives. 
Hence  eha'pitableNESs  n.,  eha'pitabLY2 
adv.    [OF  (charite  =  foil.,  -able)] 

cha'pity  (tsh-),  n.  Christian  love  of  fellow 
men  (in,  out  of,  c.  with) ;  kindness,  natural 

5* 


CHARIVARI 


138 


CHATTEL 


affection,  (c.  begins  at  home,  is  due  first  to  kith 
and  kin) ;  candour,  freedom  from  censorious- 
ness,  imputing  of  good  motives  when  possible, 
leniency ;  beneficence,  liberality  to  the  poor, 
alms-giving  (cc,  acts  of  this),  alms ;  institution 
for  helping  the  helpless,  help  so  given,  (cold  as 
c,  in  allusion  to  mechanical  administration  ; 
c.-boy,  -girl,  brought  up  in  such  place) ;  Brother, 
Sister,  of  C.,  member  of  religious  society  de- 
voted to  relieving  poor;  C.  Commissioners), 
board  created  1853  to  control  charitable  trusts, 
[f.  OF  chariti  f.  L  caritatem  {carus  dear,  -ty)1 

chap*ivap*i  (sh-),  n.  Medley  of  sounds,  hub- 
bub. [F,  etym.  dub. ;  prop,  a  serenade  of  pans, 
trays,  &c,  to  unpopular  person] 

ehap'latan  (sh-),  n.  &  a.  Impostor  in  medi- 
cine, quack ;  of,  as  of,  empty  pretender  to  know- 
ledge or  skilL  Hence  ehap'latanisn  HI)  a., 
chap*lataniSM(2),  chap'latanuv,  nn.  [F,  f. 
It.  ciarlatano  (ciarlare  patter)] 

Charles's  Wain,  n.  (Also  Plough,  Great 
Bear)  constellation  Ursa  Major  or  its  seven 
bright  stara.  [OE  Carles  waegn;  wain  of 
Arcturus,  neighbouring  constellation,  became 
wain  of  Arthur,  who  was  confused  with  the 
other  great  hero  Charlemagne] 

chap-lock  (tsh-),  n.  Field  mustard.  [OE  cerlic] 

C  h  ap'lotte  (sh-) ,  n.  Pudding  of  cooked  apple 
covered  with  bread-crumbs:  C. Russe,  custard 
enclosed  in  sponge  cake.    [F] 

chapm1  (tsh-),  n.  Verse,  sentence,  word, 
act,  or  object  having  occult  power,  spell ;  thing 
worn  to  avert  evil  &c,  amulet;  trinket  on 
watch-chain  &c. ;  quality,  feature,  exciting 
love  or  admiration  (cc,  beauty) ;  attractiveness, 
indefinable  power  of  delighting  (esp.  as  literary 
critics'  word),    [f.  F  charme  f.  L  carmen  song] 

chapm2,  v.t.  Bewitch,  influence  (as)  by 
magic,  (abs.  or  with  pred.  as  c.  asleep,  away) ; 
c.  (secret,  consent,  &c.)  out  of;  endow  with 
magic  power  (bear  a  charmed  life) ;  captivate, 
delight ;  give  pleasure  to  (J  shall  be  charmed 
as  polite  formula) ;  (part.)  delightful,  whence 
ehap'ming'LY  2  adv.    [f.  F  charmer  (charm  !)] 

chap'mep,  n.  In  vbl  senses :  esp.,  beautiful 
woman  (now  joe.  or  archaic).    f-ER1] 

chap-nel-house  (tsh-),  n.  House  or  vault 
in  which  dead  bodies  or  bones  are  piled.  [OF 
charnel  burying-place  f.  LL  carnale  (carnal)] 

Chap'on  (k-),  n.  Ferryman  conveying  souls 
across  Styx  to  Hades  in  Ok  mythol.  (C.s  boat, 
ferry, Sec. ,  phrr.for  hour  of  death),  [f.  GkKharon] 

chap-poy  (tsh-),  n.  ( Anglo-Ind.).  Light  Indian 
bedstead,    [f.  Hind.  charpai\ 

chapt  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Navigator's  sea  map, 
with  coast  outlines,  rocks,  shoals,  &c. ;  outline 
map  with  conspectus  of  special  conditions,  as 
magnetic  c. ;  record  by  curves  &c.  of  fluctua- 
tions in  temperature,  prices,  &c;  sheet  of  tabu- 
lated information  ;  hence  chap*tLESS  a.  (Vb) 
make  c.  of,  map.    [OF,  f.  L  carta  card2] 

chap'teP1  (tsh-),  n.  Written  grant  of  rights 
by  sovereign  or  legislature,  esp.  creation  of 
borough,  company,  &c.  (Great  C,  magna 
oharta)  ;  deed  conveying  land ;  =  charter- 
party  ;  privilege,  admitted  right,  [f.  OF  chartre 
f.  L  cartula  dim.  of  carta  card2] 

ehap*tep2,  v.t.  Grant  c,  give  privilege,  to 
(chartered  accountant,  member  of  Institute  of 
Accountants  with  royal  c. ;  chartered  libertine, 
one  allowed  to  take  liberties);  hire  (ship)  by 
c. -party,  (loosely)  hire  (vehicle  &c).  Hence 
cnap'tePER l  n.    [f.  prec] 

ehap»tep-papty  (tsh-),  n.  Deed  between 
ship-owner  &  merchant  for  hire  of  ship  &  de- 
livery of  cargo,  [f.  F  charte  partie  divided 
.document,  indenture] 

chartism,  -1st,  (tsh-),  nn.  (hist).  Principles, 


adherent,  of  reform  movement  of  1837-48.  [f.  L 
charta  +  -ism  (3),  -ist(2),  name  taken  from  the 
democratic  manifesto  '  People's  Charter '] 

chapto'gpaphy  (k-),  &c.    See  cap-. 

ehaptpeuse(shartrer'z),n.  A  liqueur;  pale  ap- 
ple-green colour,  [made  by  Carthusian  monks] 

chap'tulapy  (k-).    See  cap-. 

charwoman  (tsh-),  n.  Woman  hired  by  the 
day  for  house- work,    [chare] 

ehap'y  (tsh-),  a.  Cautious ;  shy  of,  sparing  in, 
doing;  stingy  of  (c.  of  praise).  Hence  chap'iLV  2 
adv. ,  chap'iNESS  n.  [OE  cearig  =  OSax.  karag 
f.  OTeut.  kard  care] 

Chapy'bdis  (k-),  n.    See  scylla. 

chase1  (tsh-),  n.  Pursuit  (in  c.  of,  pursuing; 
give  c,  go  in  pursuit),  hunting  (the  c,  hunting 
as  sport) ;  (also  chace)  unenclosed  park-land  ; 
hunted  animal  or  pursued  ship  ;  (Hist.)  c, 
c.-port,  c.-gun,  chaser,  bow-c.,stern-c.,  bow,  stern, 
-chaser,  gun,  port,  in  bow  or  stern  for  use  while 
chasing  or  being  chased ;  (Tennis)  a  certain 
stroke.  [ME  &  OF  chace  (LL  *captiare  catch  *)] 

chase2  (tsh-),  v.t.  Pursue;  drive  from,  out 
of,  to,  &c.    [see  catch  *] 

chase3  (tsh-),  v.t.  Emboss,  engrave,  (metal), 
[for  poet.  &  archaic  enchase  =  set  (jewels),  inlay, 
engrave,  enshrine,  f.  F  enchdsser  (en  in, case2)] 

chase  4,  n.  Part  of  gun  enclosing  bore ;  groove 
cut  to  receive  pipe  &c.  [f .  F  chas  f .  LL  capsum 
hollow  of  the  chest  (L  capere  hold)] 

chase  5,  n.  Iron  frame  holding  composed  type 
for  page  or  sheet,    [f.  F  chdsse  case  2] 

chasm  (ka'zm),  n.  Deep  fissure ;  break  of 
continuity,  hiatus ;  wide  difference  of  feeling, 
interests,  &c,  between  persons  or  parties  ;  void, 
blank.  Hence  (poet.)  cha'smv 2  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
khasma  (khasko  gape,  -m)] 

chasse  (shahs),  n.  Liqueur  after  coffee  &c.  [F] 

chasse  (sha'sa),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  gliding 
step  in  dancing.    [F] 

c/mssepot(sha'sp6),  n.  French  army  breech- 
loading  rifle,    [inventor's  name] 

chassis  (sha'se),  n.  (pL  the  same).  Base- frame 
of  gun-carriage,  motor-car,  &c. ;  company's 
stock  of  motor-cars,  motor-buses,  &c.  [f.  F  chds- 
sis  (LL  capsus  wagon-body  f.  L  capere  take)] 

chaste  (tsha-),  a.  Abstaining  from  unlawful 
or  immoral  (also  from  all)  sexual  intercourse, 
pure,  virgin ;  decent  (of  speech)  ;  restrained, 
severe,  pure  in  taste  or  style,  unadorned,  simple. 
Hence  eha'steLY  2  adv.    [OF,  f.  L  castus) 

chasten  (tsha'sn),  v.t.  Discipline,  correct  by 
suffering,  (usu.  of  God,  Providence,  &c,  or  of 
trouble  &c.) ;  make  chaste  in  style  &c,  refine ; 
temper,  subdue,  (esp.  in  p. p.).  Hence  chaston- 
er  !  (-sener)  n.    [prec.  +  -en  6] 

chasti'se  (tsh-,-z),  v.t.  Punish  ;  beat.  Hence 
cha'stiseMENT,  chasti'SER1,  nn.  [form  un- 
explained ;  ME  has  chastien,  chasten,  (later 
chasty,  chaste)  f.  OF  chastier  f.  L  castigare] 

cha'stity,  n.  Continence;  virginity,  celi- 
bacy ;  simplicity  of  style  or  taste,  [f.  OF  chas- 
tete  f.  L  castitatem  (castus  chaste,  -ty)1 

cha'suble  (tshazu-),  n.  Short  back  and  breast 
vestment  of  celebrant  at  Mass  or  Eucharist. 
[F,  f.  med.  L  casubula  dim.  of  casa  cottage] 

chat 1  (tsh-),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Indulge  in)  easy  fami- 
liar talk.  Hence  cha*ttY  2  a.,  cha*ttiNESS  n. 
[short  for  chatter] 

chat2,  n.  Kinds  of  bird,  chiefly  Warblers 
(usu  in  comb,  as  Stone,  Whin,  -c).    [f.  prec.] 

ch&teau  (sha'to),  n.  (pi.  -x,  pr.  -z).  Foreign 
country-house.    [F] 

cha'telaine  (sh-),  n.  Set  of  short  chains 
attached  to  woman's  belt  for  carrying  keys, 
watch,  pencil,  &c.    [F  (chd-), = mistress  of  prec] 

cha'ttel  (tsh-),  n.  Movable  possession  (usu. 
pi.,  esp.  goods  &  cc).    [f.  OF  chatel  see  cattle] 


CHATTER 


139 


CHEMIST 


cha'tten  (tsh-),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  birds)  utter 
quick  series  of  short  notes ;  (of  persons)  talk 
quickly,  incessantly,  foolishly,  or  inopportunely; 
(of  teeth)  rattle  together  (also  of  ill-adjusted 
parts  of  machine).  (N.)  any  of  these  sounds ; 
chatterbox,  child  &c.  given  to  c.  [imit.,  see  -er  5] 

chairffep  (tsh-),  n.  Metal  basket  holding 
fire ;  portable  furnace  with  air-holes,  [f.  F 
chauffoir  f.  L  calefactorius  calefactory] 

chauffeur  (shofer'),n.    Motor-car  driver.  [F] 

chaumonte'l  (sho-),  n.  Large  kind  of  pear, 
[name  of  French  village] 

chaussure  (F),  n.    Boots  or  shoes. 

ehairvinism  (sho-),  n.  Bellicose  patriotism, 
foreign  jingoism.  So  chair  vimsT(2)  n.  &  a., 
chauvinistic  a.  [Chauvin,  Napoleonic  veter- 
an, person  in  Cogniard's  Cocarde  Tricolore  1831] 

chaw  (tsh-),  v.t.,  &  n.  (now  vulg.).  Chew; 
(U.S.)  c.  up,  utterly  defeat ;  c.  -bacon,  bumpkin ; 
(n.)  quid  of  tobacco,    [var.  of  chew] 

cheap  (tsh-),  a.  Inexpensive  (of  thing,  price, 
shop,  dealer) ;  worth  more  than  its  cost ;  easily 
got ;  worthless,  of  little  account,  staled,  {holdc, 
despise) ;  (as  pred.)  =  cheaply  {got  it  c.  &c.) ; 
dirt  c,  very  c. ;  on  the  c,  in  c.  manner ;  C.  Jack, 
travelling  hawker ;  c.  trip(per),  excursion(ist)by 
rail  &c.  at  reduced  fares.  Hence  ehea'pi, v  2 
adv.,  chea'piSH  M2)  a.,  ehea'pNESS  n.  [f.  phr. 
good  cheap  f.  obs.  cheap  n.,  OE  ceap  barter, 
price,  com.-Teut.  cf.  G  kavf  purchase] 

chea'pen,  v.t.  &  i.  Haggle  for  (archaic) ; 
make  or  become  cheap,  depreciate,    [-en  6] 

cheat  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Trick,  fraud ;  swin- 
dler, deceiver ;  card-game  in  which  undetected 
cheating  is  licensed.  (Vb)  deceive,  trick ;  deal 
fraudulently  ;  wile  away  (time,  fatigue).  [ME 
chete  short  for  escheat] 

check1  (tsh-),  int.  &  n.  (Announcement  of) 
exposure  of  chess  king  to  attack  ;  sudden  arrest 
given  to  motion,  rebuff,  repulse ;  slight  military 
reverse;  (Hunt.)  loss  of  the  scent;  stoppage, 
pause ;  restraint  on  action  (keep  in  c,  under 
control) ;  person  or  thing  that  restrains  ;  con- 
trol to  secure  accuracy  ;  token  of  identification 
for  left  luggage,  seat-holder,  &c. ;  (U.S.)  counter 
at  cards  (hence  colloq.,  hand  in  one's  cc,  die) ; 
c.-action  in  piano,  restraining  hammer  from 
striking  string  twice ;  c.-nut,  screwed  on  over 
nut  to  prevent  its  working  loose;  c.-rein,  attach- 
ing one  horse's  rein  to  other's  bit,  also  rein  pre- 
venting horse  from  lowering  head ;  c.-strtng, 
in  carriage  for  signalling  to  driver  to  stop ;  c- 
taker,  collector  of  pass  tokens  in  theatre  &c; 
c.-till,  in  shop,  recording  receipts,  [f.  OF  eschec 
f.  Arab.  f.  Pers.  shah  king] 

check2,  v.t.  &  i.  Threaten  opponent's  king  at 
chess  ;  suddenly  arrest  motion  of ;  (of  hounds) 
stop  on  losing  scent,  or  to  make  sure  of  it ;  re- 
strain, curb ;  test  (statement,  account,  figures, 
employes)  by  comparison  &c,  examine  accuracy 
of.    [f.  OF  eschequier^lsiy  chess,  check,  as  prec] 

check3  (tsh-),  n.  Cross-lined  pattern  ;  fabric 
woven  or  printed  with  this.  So  cheekED  2  a. 
[perh.  short  for  chequer] 

check  4,  n.  =  cheque. 

che-cker.    See  chequer. 

checkma'te,  int.  &  n.,  &  v.t.  (also  mate,  now 
more  usu.  in  chess  but  not  in  fig.  sense).  (An- 
nouncement to  opponent  of)  inextricable  check 
of  king  at  chess,  final  defeat  at  chess  or  in  any 
enterprise ;  (vb)  defeat,  frustrate,  [f.  OF  eschec 
mat  (see  check1  )  t.Ara,b.shah  mata  king  is  dead] 

Che'ddap  (tsh),  n.    Kind  of  cheese,    [place] 

cheek  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Side-wall  of  mouth, 
side  of  face  below  eye,  (c.-tooth,  molar ;  c.-bone, 
that  below  eye ;  c.  by  jowl,  close  together,  in- 
timate ;  to  one's  own  c. ,  not  shared  with  others) ; 
saucy  speech  (vb,  address   saucily),  whence 


check  v  2  a.,  cheekiiv  2  adv.,  chee*kiNES8 

n.;  cool  confidence,  effrontery,  (have  the  c.  to) ; 
side  post  of  door  &c. ;  (pi.)  jaws  of  vice,  side- 
pieces  of  various  parts  of  machines  arranged 
in  lateral  pairs.    [OE  cice  cf.  Du.  kaak] 

cheep  (tsh-),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Utter)  shrill  feeble 
note  as  of  young  bird.  Hence  (of  young  par- 
tridge or  grouse)  chee'pER 1  n.    [imit.1 

cheep !  (tsh-),  n.  Frame  of  mind  (what  c.  ?, 
how  do  you  feel  ? ;  be  of  good  c,  stout-hearted, 
hopeful);  food,  fare,  (make  good  c,  feast;  the 
fewer  the  better,  c,  more  to  eat);  shout  of  en- 
couragement or  applause  (three  cc,  successive 
united  hurrahs,  often  for  person  or  thing  ho- 
noured), [obs.  sense/ace,  ME  &  OF  there  f.  LL 
cara  face  perh.  f.  Gk  kara  head] 

cheer-,  v.t.  &  i.  Comfort,  gladden  ;  incite, 
urge  on,  esp.  by  shouts ;  applaud  (t.  &  i.),  shout 
for  joy ;  c.  up,  comfort,  take  comfort,   [f.  prec] 

cheep'ful,  a.  Contented,  in  good  spirits, 
hopeful ;  animating,  pleasant ;  willing,  not  re- 
luctant.   Hence  cheep*fulLY  2  adv.,  cheer •- 

fulNESS  n.     [CHEER  1  +  -FUL] 

cheep'less,  a.  Dull,  gloomy,  dreary,  miser- 
able. Hence  cheep'lessLV  2  adv.,  cheep'- 
less NESS  n.     [CHEER1  +  -LESS] 

cheep'ly,  adv.  (naut).  Heartily,  with  a  will, 
[formerly  adj.  &  adv.  (see  -ly  2)  f .  cheer  jl 

eheep*y,  a.  Lively,  in  spirits,  genial.  Hence 
cheep*iLY 2  adv.,  cheep'iNESS  n.   [-y  2] 

cheese1  (tshez),  n.  Food  made  of  pressed 
curds ;  a  c,  complete  cake  or  ball  of  this  with 
in  rind ;  green  c,  immature,  not  yet  dried  ; 
bread  &  c. ;  chalk  &  c. ;  make  cc.  (of  school- 
girls), spin  round  and  sink  suddenly,  inflating 
Setticoats ;  fruit  of  mallow ;  c.-cutter,  with 
road  curved  blade ;  c.-cake,  tartlet  filled  with 
sweet  yellow  compound  of  curds  &c. ;  c.-hopper, 
maggot  of  c.-fly;  cheesemonger,  dealer  in  c, 
butter,  &c. ;  c.-paring,  stingy,  stinginess,  (pi.) 
worthless  odds  and  ends ;  c.-plate,  5  or  6  in.  in 
diameter,  also  large  coat-button;  c.-rennet, 
name  for  Lady's  bedstraw;  c.-scoop,  -taster, 
instrument  forextracting  small  piece  as  sample. 
[OE  else,  cf.  G  kdse  f.  L  caseus] 

cheese  2,  n.  The  c,  the  correct  thing,  [prob. 
Anglo-Ind.  f.  Pers.  &  Hind,  chiz  thing] 

cheese 3  (tshez),  v.t.  (slang).  C.  it,  stop,  cease, 
give  over,  (only  as  imperat.).    [?] 

ehee'sy,  a.  Like,  tasting  of,  cheese ;  (slang) 
stylish.  Hence  chee'siNESsn.  [cheese1'2, -y2] 

chee'tah  (tsh-),  n.  Kind  of  leopard,  tamed 
in  India  &  trained  to  hunt  deer.  [f.  Hind,  chita 
f.  Skr.  chitraka  speckled] 

chef  (sh-),  n.    Head  cook  (male).    TF] 

chef-d'oeuvre  (sheder'vr),  n.  (pi.  chefs-,  same 
pronunc).    A,  one's,  master-piece.    [FJ 

cheil(o)-  (ki-).  =  chil(o)-. 

cheip(o)-  (kir-).  =  chir(o)-. 

cheiro'pteran,  n.,  cheiro'pterous,  a., 
(kir-).  (Member)  of  mammal  order  with  mem- 
braned  hands  serving  as  wings,  the  Bats.  [prec. 
+  Gk  pteron  wing  +  -an,  -ous] 

che'la  (tsha-),  n.  Novice  qualifying  for  initia- 
tion in  esoteric  Buddhism.    [Hind.,  =  pupil] 

che'mical  (ke-),  a.  &  n.  Of,  made  by,  re- 
lating to,  chemistry;  c.  combination  ;  (usu.  pi.) 
substance  obtained  by  or  used  in  c.  process. 
Hence  or  cogn.  che'micalLY2  adv..  che*- 
mieo-  comb.  form.  [obs.  chemic  (F  chimique 
or  mod.  L  chymicus,  assim.  of  alchimicus  al- 
chemic to  supposed  Gk  etym.)  +  -al] 

chemise  (shime'z),  n.  Woman's  body  under- 
garment.   [OF,  f.  LL  camisia  shirt] 

chemisette  (shg-),  n.  Bodice  with  upper 
part  like  chemise  ;  lace,  muslin,  &c,  filling  up 
opening  of  dress  below  throat.  [F.  dim.  of  prec] 

che'mist  (ke),  n.    Person  skilled  in  chem- 


CHEMISTRY 


140 


CHICKEN 


istry ;   dealer   in  medical  drugs,  apothecary, 
[f.  F  chimistef.  mod.  L  chymista  see  alchemist] 
ehe'mistpy,  n.    Science  of  the  elements  & 
their  laws  of  combination  &  behaviour  under 
various  conditions ;  applied  or  practical  c,  art 
of  utilizing  this  knowledge;  (fig.)  mysterious 
change  or  process,    [prec.,  -ry] 
ehe'mitype,  n.    (Process  for  getting)  relief 
cast  of  engraving,    [chemical  &c.  +  type] 
chenille  (shine  *1),  n.    Velvety  cord  used  in 
trimming  dresses  and  furniture.    [F,  =  cater- 
pillar f.  L  canicula  small  dog] 
cheque  (tshek),  check,  n.     Written  order 
to  banker  to  pay  named  sum  on  drawer's  ac- 
count to  bearer  or  named  person ;  blank1  c.  ; 
CROSsed  c. ;  c.-book,  number  of  stamped  &  en- 
graved forms  for  drawing  cc.  bound  &  issued  to 
customer,     [var.  of  check1  formerly  used  of 
counterfoils  for  checking  forgery] 
chequer1   (tshe"ker),   ehe'cker,   n.      (PI.) 
chess-board  as   inn-sign ;     (often  pi.)  pattern 
made  of  squares  or  with  alternating  colours, 
whence  ehe'quep-wiSE  adv.    [f .  OF  eschekier 
i.  LL  scaccarium  chess-board,  exchequer] 
ehe'quep2,  ehe'ckep,    v.t.     Mark    with 
squares,  esp.  of  alternate  colours;  variegate, 
break  uniformity  of,  (often  fig.,  esp.  in  p.p.  as 
chequered  lot,  fortunes),    [prob.  f.  prec] 
ehe'pish   (tsh-),  v.t.      Foster,    nurse,   keep 
warm ;  value,  hold  in  one's  heart,  cling  to,  (esp. 
hopes,  feelings,  &c).     [f.  F  ch&rir  (see  -ish2) 
f .  cher  f .  L  earns  dear] 

eheroo't  (sh-),  n.    Cigar  with  both  ends  open, 
[f.  Tamil  shuruttu  roll] 

ehe'ppy  (tsh-),  n.  &  a.  Small  stone-fruit ;  tree 
bearing  this  (also  c.-tree),  its  wood  (also c.-wood); 
make  two  bites  atac.,  boggle,  be  unenterprising 
or  formal ;  c.-bob,  two  cc.  with  joined  stems 
(bob  J) ;  c.-brandy,  dark-red  liqueur  of  brandy  in 
which  cc.  have  been  steeped;  c.-pie,  garden 
heliotrope;  c.-ripe,  fruit  hawker's  cry;  (adj.) 
red  (c.  lips,  ribbon ;  c.-breeches,  11th  Hussars). 
[ME  chery  f.  ONF  cherise  (s  lost  as  if  pi.  cf.  pea) 
f .  L  f.  Gk  kerasos  perh.  f.  town  name ;  OE  ciris 
(cf.  G  kirsche)  was  prob.  not  source  of  ME] 
cher'sonese  (k-,  -es),  n.  Peninsula,  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  khersonesos  (kliersos  dry,  nesos  island)] 
chept  (tsh-),  n.  A  flint-like  quartz.  [?] 
che'pub  (tsh-),  n.  (pi.  -s,  -im).  Angelic  being ; 
one  of  the  second  degree  of  nine-fold  celestial 
hierarchy,  gifted  with  knowledge  as  the  first 
(seraphim)  with  love ;  (Art)  winged  (head  of) 
child;  beautiful  or  innocent  child.  Hence 
chepu'bic  (-00-)  a.  [earlier  cherubin  sing.,  -ins 
pi.,  cherubim  sing.,  -ims  pi. ;  f.  F  cherubin 
through  L,  Gk,  f.  Heb.  k'rub  pi.  k'rubim] 
ehep'vil  (tsh-),  n.  Garden  herb  used  in  soup, 
salad,  &c.  [OE  cxrfille  f.  L  f.  Gk  khairephullon 
perh.  f.  khairo  rejoice  +  phullon  leaf] 
Che'shipe  (tsh-),  a.  C.  cat,  person  with  fixed 
grin.  [prov.  grin  like  a  C.  cat  unexpl.] 
chess  (tsh-),  n.  Game  for  two  players  with 
thirty -two  pieces  or  c.-men  on  c.  -  board 
chequered  with  sixty-four  squares.  [ME  ches  f. 
OF  esches  pi.  of  eschec  check1  (lit.  sense  kings)] 
che'ssel  (tsh-).  n.  Cheese -making  mould, 
[prob.  f.  cheese1  +  well1] 
chest  (tsh-),  n.  Large  strong  box ;  box  for 
sailor's  belongings ;  carpenter's,  medicine,  &c, 
c,  holding  special  requisites  ;  treasury,  coffer, 
of  institution  (usu.  fig.  for  the  sums  in  it) ;  case 
of  some  commodity,  esp.  tea  (&  so  as  variable 
measure) ;  c.  of  drawers,  frame  with  drawers 
for  keeping  clothes  in  bedroom ;  part  of  human 
or  lower  animal's  body  enclosed  in  ribs,  whence 
-ehestED  2  a. ;  c.-note,  -voice,  of  lowest  speak- 
ing orsinging  register ;  c.-protector,  flannel  &c. 
worn  on  c.  [OE  cest  f.  L  f.  Gk  kiste] 


che'stepfield  (tsh-),  n.  Kind  of  overcoat, 
also  of  couch.    [19th-c.  Earl  of  C] 

che'stnut  (tsh-),  n.  &  a.  Tree  (also  c.-tree, 
Spanish  c,  or  Sweet  c.)  or  its  edible  fruit ;  =c- 
wood ;  =  horse  x-c. ;  =  castor  3 ;  stale  anec- 
dote ;  (of)  c. -colour,  deep  reddish-brown  ;  horse 
of  this  colour,  [f.  obs.  chesten  (f.  OF  chastaigne 
f.  L  f.  Gk  kastanea  prob.  f.  place-name  +  nut] 

eheva'l-glass  (she-),  n.  Tall  mirror  swung 
on  uprights,    [f.  F  cheval  horse,  frame] 

chevalier*  (sh-),  n.  Member  of  certain 
orders  of  knighthood,  &  of  French  Legion  of 
Honour  &c. ;  (Hist.)  The  C.  or  C.  de  St  George, 
Old  Pretender,  The  Young  C,  Young  Pre- 
tender ;  soldier  cadet  of  old  French  noblesse ; 
c.  of  industry  (oftener  in  F  form  c.  d'industrie), 
adventurer,  swindler.  [OF  (L  caballus  horse, 
-ary  i,  orig.  sense  horseman),  cf.  cavalier] 

chevaux  cfe  frise  (shevo'defre'z),  n.  pi. 
Iron  spikes  set  in  timber  &c.  to  repel  cavalry 
&c.  in  war,  or  to  guard  palings  in  peace ; 
natural  protective  line  of  hair  in  plants,  eye- 
lashes, &c.  [F,  lit.  horses  of  Friesland,  invented 
by  17th-c.  Frisians  who  had  no  cavalry] 

chevelure'  ( F),  n.  (Arrangement  of)  the  hair. 

ehe'viot  (tsh-),  n.  &  a.  (Wool,  cloth)  got, 
made,  from  sheep  of  Cheviot  hills. 

ehe'vpon  (sh-),  n.  Bent  bar  of  inverted  V 
shape,  in  escutcheons,  as  archit.  ornament  (c- 
moulding,  consisting  of  series  of  these),  &  on 
sleeve  of  army  N.C.O.  indicating  rank  (3  bars 
for  sergeant,  2  for  corporal,  &c. ).  [F,  =  rafter, 
chevron,  circumflex,  f.  L  *caprionem  nom.  -io 
(L  caper  goat) ;  L  capreolus  chamois  was  used 
in  pi.  as  pair  of  rafters] 

ehe*vPotain,  -tin  (sh-),  n.  Small  Musk 
Deer.    [F,  dim.  of  OF  chevrot  (chevre  goat)] 

ehe'vy,  chi'vy,  (tsh- ;  usu.  spelt  -e-  &  pron. 
-1-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Chase  (n.  &  v.),  scamper  (n. 
&  v.) ;  game  of  prisoners'  base.  [prob.  f.  ballad 
Chevy  Chase  (place-name)] 

chew1  (tshoo),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Work  about 
between  teeth,  grind  to  pulp  or  indent  with 
repeated  biting;  (abs.)  c.  tobacco,  whence 
eneWER1  n. ;  turn  over  in  mind;  meditate 
upon  or  over;  c.  the  cud,  bring  back  half- 
digested  food  into  mouth  for  further  chewing, 
(fig.,  usu.  with  of  reflection,  fancy,  &c.)  medi- 
tate. (N.)  act  of  chewing;  quid  of  tobacco. 
[OE  ciowan  cf.  G  kauen] 

Chia'nti  (klah-),  n.    Dry  red  Ital.  wine.    [It.] 

chiaroscuro  (kvar'oskooro),  n.  &  a.  Treat- 
ment of  light  &  shade  in  painting ;  light  & 
shade  effects  in  nature ;  variation,  relief,  hand- 
ling of  transitions,  use  of  contrast,  in  literature 
&c.  (Adj.)  of  c. ;  half-revealed.  [It.,  bright- 
dark  (L  clarus,  obscurus)] 

chla'smus  (k-),  n.  Inversion  in  second 
phrase  of  order  followed  in  first  (I cannot  dig, 
to  beg  lam  ashamed).  [mod.L,  f.  Gk  khiasmos 
cross  arrangement  f.  khiazo  make  letter  khi 
(shaped  as  Eng.  X)] 

chibouk,  -que,  (tshiboo'k),  n.  LongTurkish 
tobacco  pipe.    [f.  Turk,  chibuk  tube] 

chic  (sh-),  n.  &  a.  Skill,  effectiveness,  style, 
stamp  of  superiority;  (adj.)  stylish,  in  the  fa- 
shion.   [F,  etym.  dub.  (adj.  use  Engl.)] 

ehiea'ne  (sh-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Use  chicanery ; 
cheat  (person)  into,  out  of,  Sec. ;  (n.)  chicanery, 
[f.  Fchicane(r)  perh.  f.  med.  Gk  tzoukanizo  play 
polo  f.  Pers.  tchaugan  polo-stick] 

chica'nepy,  n.  Legal  trickery,  pettifogging ; 
sophistry,    [r.  F  chicanerie  (prec,  -ery)] 

chick,  n.  Young  bird  before  or  after  hatch- 
ing ;  the  cc,  children  of  a  family  (so chickabiddy, 
term  of  endearment  of  or  to  child);  c.-weed, 
small  plant,    [short  for  foil.] 

chi'eken  (tsh-),    n.  (pi.  -ens,  -en).     Young 


CHICKLING 141 

bird,  esp.  cf  domestic  fowl,  flesh  of  this ;  youth- 
ful person  (esp.  in  no  a):  Mother  Gary's  c. 
Stormy  Petrel ;  count  one's  cc.  before  they  are 
hatched,  be  over-sanguine,  precipitate  ;  c- 
breast(ed),  (having)  malformed  projection  of 
breast  -  bone  ;  c.  -hazard,  game  at  dice  ;  c- 
heart(ed),  (with)  no  courage  ;  c.-pox,  children's 
mild  eruptive  disease.  [OE  cicen  cf.  Du.  kieken 
prob.  cogn.  w.  cock  x] 

chi'ckling*  (tsh-),  n.  Common  cultivated 
Vetch,  [earlier  chicheling  dim.  of  ME  &  OF 
chiche  ult.  f.  L  cicer] 

chi*ck-pea,  n.  Dwarf  pea.  [earlier  chich- 
pease  as  prec.  +  pease] 

chi'copy  (tsh-),  n.  Blue-flowered  plant  cul- 
tivated for  its  root ;  its  root  ground  for  use 
with  or  instead  of  coffee,  [f.  F  cichoree  (now 
(chico-)  f.  L  cichorium  f.  Gk  kikhora  succory] 
chide  (tsh-),  v.t.  &  i.  {chid,  chidden  or  chid). 
Make  complaints,  speak  scoldingly,  (esp.  fig.  of 
hounds,  wind,  &c.) ;  scold,  rebuke.  [OE  cidan] 
chief1  (tsh-),  n.  (Herald.)  upper  third  of 
shield  ;  leader,  ruler ;  head  man  of  tribe,  clan, 
&c,  whence  ehie'fESS1  n.;  head  of  a  depart- 
ment, highest  official ;  -in-c,  supreme,  as  Com- 
mander, Colonel,  -in-c.  Hence  ehie'fDOM, 
chie'fSHiP,  nn.,  ehie'f  less  a.  [f.  OF  chef  f. 
L  caput  head] 

chief2,  a.  &  adv.  (-er,  -est,  now  rare).    First 
by  title  (C.  Justice  &c);  first  in  importance, 
influence,    &c. ;    prominent,    leading ;    (adv.) 
chiefly,  especially,  (but  c.  or  chief  est  of  all,  for- 
get not),    [orig.  chief  l  used  in  apposition] 
chie'fly^a.  Proper  for  a  chief.  [chief1+  -ly1] 
ehie'fly  2,  adv.    Above  all ;  mainly  but  not 
exclusively,    [chief  2  +  -ly  2] 
chie'ftain  (tsh-,   -tin),  n.     Military  leader 
(poet.) ;  captain  of  robbers  ;  chief  of  Highland 
clan  or  uncivilized  tribe.  Hence  chie'ftainc  v, 
chie'ftainESS  1,  chie'ftainRY,  chie'ftain- 
8HIP,  nn.    [f.  OF  chevetaine  captain] 
ehi'ff-ehaff  (tsh-,  -tsh-),  n.    Bird  of  Warbler 
family,    [imit.] 

chiffon  (F),  n.    (Usu.  pi.)  adornments  of  fe- 
male dress  ;  (sing.)  thin  gauze.  [F,  f.  chijfe  rag] 
chiffonier*  (sh-),  n.    Movable  low  cupboard 
with  sideboard  top.    [F  (prec,  -ier)] 
chignon  (F),  n.  Mass  of  hair  on  pad  at  back 
of  head.     [F,  f.  13th-c.  chaaignon  nape  of  neck 
=  chainon  link  (chaine  chain)] 
chi'goe  (tsh-),  n.     W.-Ind.  flea,  burrowing 
into  skin.    [W.-Ind.] 

chi'lblain,  n.  Itching  sore  on  hand  or  foot 
from  exposure  to  cold.  [Hence  ehi'lblaiiiED  2, 
chi'lblain y2,  aa.  [chill  +  blain] 
child  (tsh-),  n.  (pi.  children).  Unborn  or  new- 
born human  being;  boy  or  girl ;  childish  person ; 
(slang)  this  c,  I,  me ;  son  or  daughter  (at  any 
age)  of  (or  with  my  Sec),  offspring ;  descendant 
lit.  or  fig.  or  follower  or  adherent  of  (c.  of  God, 
of  the  devil ;  cc.  of  Izaak  Walton,  anglers ; 
fancy's  c. ;  c.  of  nature) ;  result  of;  with  c,  preg- 
nant ;  c.'s-play,  easy  task ;  BURNtc.  dreads  fire ; 
childbed,  -birth,  parturition ;  c-wife,  very  young 
wife.  Hence ehrldLESS a. , ch i'ldless ness n. 
[OE  did  cf.  Goth,  kilthei  womb] 
Chi'ldermas,  n.  Festival  of  Holy  Inno- 
cents, 28th  Dec.  [OE  cildra  (prec.)  of  infants 
+  mxsse  mass1] 

chi'ldhood,  n.     Child's  state ;   time  from 
birth  to  puberty  ;  second  c,  dotage,    [-hood] 
chi'ldish,  a.    Of,  proper  to,  a  child  ;  puerile, 
improper  for  a  grown  person.    Hence  ehi'ld- 
ishLY  2  adv.,  chi'ldishNESS  n.    [-ish  *] 
chi'ldlike,   a.     Having  good   qualities   of 
child,  as  innocence,  frankness,  &c.    [-likeI 
ehi'ldly,  a.  &  adv.  (poet.).     Like  a  child, 
[mod.  revival  of  obs.  wd ;  -ly  1>  ^ 


CHIN 


chi'liad  (k-),  n.  A  thousand  ;  a  thousand 
years,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  khilias  -ados  f.  khilioi  adj.  a 
thousand,  -ad(2)] 

chi'liasm,  chi'liast,  (k-),  nn.    Doctrine  of 
or  belief  in,  believer  in,  the  millennium.  Hence 
chilia'stic  a.    [f.  Gk  khiliasmos,  -astes  (prec. 
+ending8  used  w.  vbs  in  -azo  cf.  -ism,  -ist)] 
chill1   (tsh-),    n.      Cold   sensation,    lowered 
temperature  of  body,  feverish  shivering,  {catch 
a  c. ;  also  of  special  part  as  liver-c.) ;  unpleasant 
coldness  of  air,  water,  &c.  (take  c.  off  water, 
warm  slightly) ;  depressing  influence  (cast  a  c. 
over) ;  coldness  of  manner.     [OE  cele  cogn.  w. 
cold;  but  the  noun,  after  giving  chill2' 3,  was 
dormant  1400-1600,  &  revived  as  deri  v.  of  chill3] 
chill 2,  a.    Unpleasantly  cold  to  feel ;  feeling 
cold ;  unfeeling,  unemotional,  abstract.   Hence 
ehi'llNESS  n.    [prob.  f.  prec] 
chill 3,  v.t.  &  i.   Make,  become,  cold  ;  deaden, 
blast,   with   cold;  depress,   dispirit;   harden 
(molten  iron)  by  contact  of  cold  iron  ;  (colloq.) 
take  the  c.  off  (liquid),    [prob.  f.  chill1] 
chi-lli,  -y,  (tsh-),  n.    Dried  pod  of  Capsicum 
(as  relish,  or  made  into  cayenne).    [Mex.] 
ehi'lly1,  a.      Rather  cold  to  feel;  feeling 
rather  cold  ^sensitive  to  cold ;  not  genial,  cold- 
mannered.  Hence  chi'lllNESS  n.  [chill1  +  -y2] 
chi'lly  2  (-Hi),  adv.  (rare).  In  cold  manner  (lit. 
&  fig. ).    [chill  2  +  -l y  2] 

chil(o)-,  cheil(o)-,  (k),  comb,  form  of  Gk 
kheilos  lip,  in  zool.  terms  as  chilopod  (having 
feet  serving  as  jaws). 

Chi'ltern  Hirndreds  (tsh-),  n.  pi.  Apply 
for,  accept,  the  C.  H.,  resign  seat  in  House  of 
Commons,  [a  Crown  manor,  administration 
of  which,  being  titular  office  under  Crown,  re- 
quires the  otherwise  illegal  vacation  of  seat] 
chime l  (tsh-),  n.  Set  of  attuned  bells  ;  series 
of  sounds  given  by  this ;  harmony,  melody, 
rhythm,  sing-song ;  agreement,  correspondence. 
[ME  chymbe  f.  L  f.  Gk  kumbalon  cymbal] 
chime  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  (bell)  sound ;  ring  cc. 
(of  person  or  bells) ;  ring  cc.  on  (bells) ;  show 
(hour)  by  chiming  (also  of  hour, = sound) ;  sum- 
mon by  bells  to;  repeat  mechanically;  be  in 
rhyme,  make  to  rhyme ;  be  in  agreement  (to- 
gether, with,  or  abs.) ;  join  in,  express  eager 
agreement,    [as  prec] 

chime  3,  chimb,  (tshim),  n.  Projecting  rim 
at  ends  of  cask.  [ME  chimbe  cf.  Du.  kim  edge] 
chimera,  -aer'a,  (k-),  n.  Monster  with 
lion's  head,  goat's  body,  and  serpent's  tail. 
Bogy  ;  thing  of  hybrid  character ;  fanciful  con- 
ception ;  whence  chime'PiCAL  a..  ehime'pi- 
calLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  chimere  t.  L  f.  Gk  khimaira 
she-goat,  chimera,  (khimaros  goat)] 
chimere*  (tsh),  n.  Bishop's  robe.  (=OF 
chamarre  etym.  dub.] 

chi'mney  (tsh-),  n.  Flue  carrying  off  smoke 
or  steam  of  fire,  furnace,  engine,  &c  ;  (also  c- 
stalk,  -top)  part  of  flue  rising  above  house-roof ; 
glass  tube  protecting  lamp  name ;  natural  vent, 
e.  g.  of  volcano ;  (Mountaineering)  narrow  cleft 
by  which  cliff  may  be  climbed  ;  c.-corner,  warm 
seat  within  old-fashioned  large  fire-place ;  c- 
jack,  rotating  cowl;  c.-piece = mantel  ;  c.-pot, 
earthenware  or  metal  pipe  added  to  c.-top  (c.- 
pot  hat,  tall  silk  hat) ;  c.-stack,  united  group  of 
c-stalks ;  c.-stalk,  see  above,  also = tall  factory 
c  ;  c-swallow,  common  swallow ;  c -sweep,  man 
who  sweeps  cc. ;  c-sweeper,  =  c -sweep,  also  = 
jointed  c-cleaning  brush,  [f.  OF  cheminte  f. 
LL  caminata  (perh.  camera)  fireplaced  (cham- 
ber) f.  L  caminus  oven,  -ate  2] 
chimpanzee*  (tsh-),  n.  African  ape  re- 
sembling man.  [native  name  in  Angola] 
chin  (tsh-),  n.  Front  of  lower  jaw ;  up  to  the 
c,  c.-deep,  deeply  immersed.    Hence  -chinn- 


CHINA 


142 


CHLOROSIS 


ed  2  a.    [OE  cin  cf.  G.  kinn,  &  Gk  geneion  chin, 
genus  cheek] 

Chrna,  a.,  chi'na,  n.  &  a.,  (tsh-).     From 
China  (C.  crape,  C.  aster,  &c.  ;  Chinaman, 
native  of  C. ).    (Made  of)  a  fine  semi-transparent 
earthenware,  porcelain  ;  things  made  of  this ; 
whence   ehi'naMA'NiA(c)   nn. ;  c.-closet,   for 
keeping  or  displaying  one's  c. ;  c.-clay,  kaolin. 
[not  native  name ;  found  in  Skr.  about  1st  c] 
chinchi'lla  (tsh-,  -tsh-),  n.    Small  S.-Amer. 
rodent;  its  soft  grey  fur.    [Sp.,  dim.  of  chinche 
bug  f.  L  cimex  -icis  (from  supposed  smell)] 
chine 1  (tsh-),  n.    Deep  narrow  ravine  (now 
only  in  Isle  of  Wight  &  Hampshire).    [OE  cinu 
cf .  Du.  keen  chap  in  skin] 
chine  2  (tsh-),  n.    Backbone ;  animal's  back- 
bone or  part  of  it  as  joint ;  ridge,  arete,    [f.  OF 
e8chine  perh.  f.  OHG  scina  splinter] 
Chinee*  (tsh-),  n.  (slang).  Chinaman,  Chinese, 
[due  to  taking  Chinese  for  pi.] 
Chine'se,  a.  &  n.  (pi.  the  same).    (Native, 
language)  of  China ;  C.  lantern,  collapsible  of 
paper  used  esp.  in  illuminating;  C.  white,  a 
white  paint.    {China  +  -ese] 
chink l  (tsh-),  n.    Crevice  ;  long  narrow  open- 
ing, slit,  peep-hole.    [f.  16th  c. ;  excL  E  ;  etym. 
dub.,  pern.  f.  chine  l,  which  it  has  replaced] 
chink2  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.     Sound  as  of 
glasses   or  coins   striking   together ;    (slang) 
ready  money.    (Vb)  make  this  sound;  cause 
(coin  &c.)  to  make  it.    [imit.] 
Chi'no-,  comb,  form  of  China,    [-o-] 
chintz  (tsh-),  n.  &  a.    (Of)  cotton  cloth  fast- 
printed  with  particoloured   pattern   &   usu. 
glazed,    [earlier  chints  pi.  f.  Hind,  chint  f .  Skr. 
chitra ;  for  sing,  use  cf.  baize] 
chip  *,  n.  Thin  piece  cut  from  wood  or  broken 
from  stone  &c.  ;  thin  slice  of  potato,  fruit,  &c. ; 
wood  split  into  strips  for  making  hats  (so  c. 
bonnet  Sec);  dry  asac,  flavourless,  uninterest- 
ing ;  c.  (scion)  of,  esp.  c.  of  old  block,  son  re- 
sembling father ;  place  in  china  &c.  from  which 
a  c.  has  been  knocked  off.    [f.  foil.] 
chip2  (tsh-),  v.t.  &  i.      Cut  (wood),  break 
(stone,  crockery),  at  surface  or  edge;  shape 
thus;  cut  or  break  (piece  &c.)  off,  from;  be 
susceptible   to  breakage  at  edge ;  carve  (in- 
scription) ;  crack  (egg-shell ;  esp.  of  chickens) ; 
(slang)  c.  in,  interrupt,     [dim.  of  chop1,  cf. 
dripm  drop,  tip  top  ;  cf.  also  EFris.  kippen  cut] 
chip  3  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t    Wrestling-trick  ;  (vb) 
trip  up.    [cf.  Du.  kippen  ensnare] 
chi'pmuck,  -unk,  (tsh-),  h.    North- Ameri- 
can squirrel.    [?] 

ehi'ppy,  a.  (slang).  Dry,  uninteresting; 
parched  &  queasy  after  drunkenness  &c. ; 
irritable.  Hence  chi'ppiNESS  n.  [chip1+-y2] 
chip(o)-,  cheiKo)-,  (kir-),  comb,  form  of 
Gk  kheir  hand,  as  chiro  'graphy  handwriting, 
c/iir'oMANCY  palmistry. 

chir'og-paph,  n.  Document  of  various  kinds 
formally  written  or  signed,    [f.  F  chirographe 
f.  L  f.  Gk  kheirographon  (prec,  -graph)] 
ehircrpodist,  ehipo'pody,  nn.    Treater, 
treatment,  of  hands,  feet,  nails,  corns,  bunions, 
&c.     [prob.  f.    chiro-,  Gk  pons  podos  foot, 
-ist(3);    but   there   is   Gk   kheiropodes   with 
chapped  feet  (kheiras  chap  f.  kheir  hand)] 
chirp  (tsh-),  v.i  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  short  sharp 
note  (as)  of  small  bird ;  utter  (song),  express 
(joy  &c),  thus;  talk  merrily;  speak  feeblv. 
[imit. ;  from  15th  c,  displacing  earlier  chark  (OE 
cearcian  creak),  chirk,  chirt] 
ehip'py,  a.    Lively,  cheerful.    Hence  ehip*- 
piNESsn.    [prec, -y2] 

ehipp  (tsh-),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Make)  prolonged  trill- 
ing sound  (as)  of  grasshopper,    [imit.] 
chi'ppup,  v.i.,  &  n.    (Make)  series  of  chirps, 


twittering ;  (make)  imitative  chirping  to  baby 
&c;  (slang)  act  as  paid  applauder  at  theatre 
&c,  whence  ehi'ppupER  *  n.    [form  of  chirp] 

chisel  (tshi'zl),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  (Cut,  shape, 
with)  steel-edged  tool  with  square  bevelled  end 
for  shaping  wood,  stone,  or  metal  (cold  c,  all  of 
steel  or  iron  for  trimming  cold  iron ;  chiselled 
features  &c,  clear-cut);  the  c,  sculptor's  c, 
(art  of)  sculpture ;  (slang)  defraud,  unfair  treat- 
ment. [ONF,  dim.  of  L  -cisum  neut.  p.p.  of 
-cidere  (caedere  cut)] 

chit 1  (tsh-),  n.  Young  child ;  young,  small,  or 
slender  woman  (depreciatingly,  esp.  c.  of  a  girl). 
[earlier = whelp;  var.  of  kit,  kitten] 

chit 2  (tsh-),  ehi'tty,  n.  (Anglo-Ind. ).  Note  or 
written  paper,  esp.  character  given  to  servant, 
[f.  Hind,  chitthi  f.  Skr.  chitra  mark] 

chit-chat  (tsh-,  -tsh-),  n.  Light  conversation; 
subjects  of  it,  gossip,    [redupl.  of  chat1] 

chi'tin  (k-),  n.  Substance  forming  horny 
cover  of  beetles  &  crustaceans.  Hence  chi*t- 
inous  a.  [should  be  chitonin ;  f.  F  chitine  f. 
Gk  khiton  -onos  tunic  -f  -in] 

ehi'ttepling'  (tsh-),  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Smaller  in- 
testines of  beasts,  esp.  as  cooked  for  food, 
[etym.  dub. ;  cf.  G  kutteln] 

ehi'tty.    See  chit2. 

chi'valpous,  (poet.  &c.)  -pie,  (see  foil.),  a. 
Of,  as  of,  the  Age  of  Chivalry ;  of,  as  of,  the 
ideal  knight,  gallant,  honourable,  courteous, 
disinterested ;  quixotic.  Hence  chi'valpous- 
ly2  adv.  [f.  OF  chevalerous  (chevalier,  -ous)  ; 
chivalric  f .  foil.  +  -ic] 

ehi*valpy  (formerly  tsh- ;  now  usu.  sh-,  as 
though  a  recent  F  importation),  n.  Horsemen, 
cavalry,  (archaic) ;  gallant  gentlemen ;  knightly 
skill  (archaic) ;  medieval  knightly  system  with 
its  religious,  moral,  &  social  code ;  ideal  knight's 
characteristics ;  devotion  to  service  of  women ; 
inclination  to  defend  weaker  party ;  flower  of  c. , 
pattern  knight,  elite  of  nation's  soldiers,  [f.  OF 
chevalerie  f.  L  caballarius  cavalier,  -ery] 

chive  (tsh-),  cive  (s-),  n.  Small  herb  allied 
to  onion  &  leek.    [F  (cive)  f.  L  cepa  onion] 

ehi'vy.    See  chew. 

chlop-  *» 2.  = chloro-  !> 2,  used  before  vowel. 

chlop'al,  n.  C.  hydrate  or  c,  a  hypnotic  & 
anaesthetic.  Hence  chlop*aliSM(5)  n.,  chlo- 
p*aliZE(5)  v.t.  [pop.  misuse  of  chloral,  strictly 
a  chem.  substance  first  got  by  action  of  chlorine 
on  al(cohol),  whence  the  name] 

chlop'ide,  n.  (Chem.)  compound  of  chlorine 
(-ide);  (pop.)  kinds  of  bleaching  agent  not  true 
cc,  as  c.  of  lime,  soda,  potash,    [chlor-2,  -ide] 

chlop'ine,  n.  (chem.).  Non-metallic  element, 
a  yellowish-green  heavy  ill-smelling  gas,  [f. 
Gk  khloros  green  +  -ine  5] 

chlopo-  lt  ehlop-,  comb,  form  in  hot.  &  min- 
eral, terms  of  Gk  khloros  green. 

chlopo-2,  chlop-,  comb,  form  in  chem. 
terms  of  chlorine.  Hence  ehlop'ATE  2(3)  n., 
chlop*ic(2),  ehlop'ous  (chem.),  aa. 

chlop'odyne,  n.  Patent  medicine,  narcotic 
&  anodyne,    [folk  +  Gk  odune  pain] 

chlop'ofopm,  n.,  &  v.t.  Anaesthetic,  thin 
colourless  liquid  whose  inhaled  vapour  pro- 
duces insensibility.  (Vb)  treat  (person)  with, 
render  insensible  by,  c,  whence  ehlop'o- 
fopmiST(l)  n. ;  soak  (thing)  in  c.  [f.  F  chloro- 
forme  f.  chloro-  a  +form(yl)  see  formic] 

chlop'ophyll,  n.  Colouring-matter  of  green 
parts  of  plants,  [f.  F  chloro1  (phy lie  f.  Gk 
phullon  leaf)] 

chlopo'sis,  n.  Green  sickness,  anaemic 
disease  of  young  women,  with  greenish  com- 
plexion ;  (Bot.)  Dlanching  of  green  parts,  or 
turning  green  of  petals  &c.  Hence  chlOPO'Tio 
a,    [chlor-1,  -osis] 


CHOCK  U3 


CHORE 


chock  i  (tsh-),  n.  Block  of  wood,  esp.  wedge 
for  stopping  motion  of  cask  or  wheel,  also  in 
various  senses  on  ship  esp.  of  wedges  support- 
ing boat  on  deck ;  (Turning ;  earlier  form  of) 
chuck  4.    [perh.  f.  ONF  choque  log] 

chock2,  v.t,  &  adv.  Make  fast  with  cc. ; 
place  (boat)  on  cc. ;  c.  up,  wedge  in  tightly, 
encumber  (room  &c. )  with  furniture  &c. ;  (adv. ) 
closely,  tightly,  close  up;  c.-full,  stuffed,  [f. 
prec. ;  the  var.  choke-full  for  c.-full  is  prob.  an 
etym.  guess,  &  misrepresents  pronunc] 

ehd'eolate  (tsh-),  n.  &  a.  (Cake)  of  cacao-seed 

Easte ;  drink  of  this  in  hot  milk  or  water ;  dark 
rown  (n.  &  a.) ;  c.-cream,  sweetmeat  of  c.  en- 
closing sweet  paste,  [f.  F  chocolat  f.  Mex. 
chocolatl  etym.  dub.  (not  f.  cacao  or  cocoa)] 

cho'ctaw  (tsh-),  n.  (skating).  Step  from 
either  edge  to  other  edge  on  other  foot  in  oppo- 
site direction,    [fancy  name,  cf.  mohawk] 

choice1  (tsh-),  n.  Choosing,  selection,  (make 
c.  of,  select;  take  one's  c,  decide  between 
possibilities ;  for  c,  by  preference,  if  one  must 
select) ;  power,  right,  faculty,  of  choosing  (at 
c,  at  pleasure ;  have  one's  c. ;  have  no  c,  don't 
care  which ;  HobsorCs  c,  to  take  or  leave  the 
one  offer) ;  elite,  flower,  of;  variety  to  choose 
from ;  thing  or  person  chosen ;  alternative  (have 
no  c.  but),  [f.  OF  chois  f.  choisir  choose  f.  Rom. 
causire  t.  Teut.  (Goth,  kausjan  test)] 

choice2,  a.  Of  picked  quality,  exquisite ;  care- 
fully chosen,  appropriate.  Hence  choi'ceLY  2 
adv.,  choi'ceNESs  n.  [perh.  mixture  of  prec. 
w.  obs.  chis  (OE  cis  etym.  dub.)  fastidious] 

choir  (kwir),  quire,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Band  of 
singers  performing  or  leading  in  musical  parts 
of  church  service ;  chancel  of  cathedral,  min- 
ster, or  large  church;  choral  society,  company 
of  singers  (also  of  birds,  angels,  &c.) ;  band  of 
dancers ;  c.-organ  (corruption  of  chair-),  softest 
of  three  parts  (great,  swell,  c,  organ)  making 
up  large  compound  organ,  with  lowest  of  three 
key-boards;  (vb)  sing  in  chorus  (intr.,  or  with 
strain,  hymn,  &c,  as  obj.).  [ME  quere  f.  OF 
cuer  f.  L  r.  Gk  khoros  song  and  dance] 

choke1  (tsh-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Stop  breath  of, 
suffocate,  temporarily  or  finally,  by  squeezing 
throat  from  without,  blocking  it  up  within,  or 
(of  water,  smoke,  &c.)  being  unbreathable ; 
(fig.,  of  emotion)  paralyse  (c.-pcar,  fact,  reproof, 
&c,  hard  to  swallow) ;  suffer  temporary  stop- 
page of  breath,  become  speechless  from  anger 
&c.  (n.,  this  condition);  smother,  stifle,  kill, 
(plant,  fire,  &c.^  by  deprivation  of  light,  air, 
&c. ;  suppress  (feelings) ;  block  up  wholly  or 
partly  (tube  by  narrowing  part  of  it ;  as  n.,  the 
narrowed  part,  whence  c.-bore,  of  gun  with 
bore  narrowing  towards  muzzle  ;  also  of  chan- 
nel with  sand,  stones,  &c,  stones  c.  or  c.  up 
channel,  channel  chokes),  fill  chock-full ;  c.  off, 
make  (person)  relinquish  an  attempt ;  c.-damp, 
carbonic  acid  gas  in  mines,  wells,  &c.  [OE 
aciocian  etym.  dub.] 

choke2,  n.  Centre  part  of  artichoke,  [prob. 
confusion  of  ending  w.  prec] 

cho'ker,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  white  c, 
white  tie  (slang),    [-er1] 

chol(e)-  (k-),  comb,  form  in  med.  &  chem. 
wds  of  Gk  khole  gall,  bile. 

ehd'ler  (k-),  n.  (Hist.)  one  of  the  four  hu- 
mours, bile ;  (poet.,  archaic)  anger,  irascibility. 
[ME  &  OF  colre  t.  L  f.  Gk  kholera  cholera 
perh.  f.  khole  bile] 

chd'lera  (k-),  n.  (Also  English,  bilious, 
summer,  c,  or  in  L  c.  nostras =ot  our  country) 
bilious  summer  &  autumn  disorder  with  diar- 
rhoea and  vomiting;  (also  Asiatic,  epidemic, 
malignant,  c.)  non-bilious  often  fatal  disease 
endemic  in   India  &   epidemic   in    Europe ; 


chicken  c,  infectious  disease  of  fowls.  Hence 
choleretic  a.    [L,  in  orig.  Gk  sense  (prec.)] 

eho'lerie,  a.  Irascible  ;  angry,  [f.  F  choli- 
rique  t.  L  f.  Gk  kholerikos  (choler,  -icH 

cho'lerine  (also  -en),  n.  Summer  cholera ; 
diarrhoea  often  prevalent  at  same  time  as 
Asiatic  cholera.    \F  (-£-),  t.  cholira  cholera] 

cho'liamb  (k-),  n.  =scazon.  Hence  cho- 
lia'mbic  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kholiambos  (khoios 
lame,  iambos  iambus)] 

chondri-,  -o-,  (k-),  comb,  form  of  Gk  khon- 
dros,  in  Med.  &  Physiol.  =  cartilage-. 

choose  (tshooz),  v.t.  &  i.  (chose,  chosen). 
Select  out  of  greater  number ;  (Theol.,  esp.  in 
p.p.)  destine  to  be  saved ;  decide  (to  do  one 
thing  rather  than  another);  think  fit,  be 
determined,  to  do ;  make  choice  between ; 
cannot  c.  but,  must,  have  to,  (archaic) ;  pick'dt 
c,  select  carefully,  be  fastidious ;  nothing  Sec. 
to  c.  between  them,  of  things  nearly  equal. 
Hence  choo'SER1  n.    [OE  ciosan  cf.  G  kiesen] 

chop1  (tsh-),  v.t.  &  1.  Cut  by  a  blow,  usu. 
with  axe  (c.  up,  c.  into  small  pieces,  mince ; 
often  c.  off,  away,  down) ;  deliver  such  blow 
at;  make  one's  way  by  such  blows  through; 
mince  (esp.  in  p.p.) ;  (fig.)cut  (words  &c.)  short  or 
into  distinct  parts  ;  c.  in,  intervene  in  talk ;  c. 
back,  reverse  one's  direction  suddenly,  double, 
(chopping  sea,  with  jerky  motion) ;  (of  strata) 
c.  up,  out,  come  to  surface,  [var.  of  chap  l  cf. 
Du.  &  G  kappen] 

chop 2,  n.  Cutting  stroke  with  axe  &c. ; 
thick  slice  of  meat,  esp.  mutton  or  pork,  usu. 
including  rib  (c.-house,  cheap  restaurant) ; 
broken  motion  of  sea.    [f.  prec] 

chop  3.    See  chap  2. 

chop  4,  v.t.  &  i. ,  &  n.  C.  &  change  (emphatio 
for  change,  usu.  intr.),  vacillate,  be  inconstant, 
(n.,  cc.  &  changes,  variations) ;  c.  round,  about, 
(esp.  of  wind)  change  direction  suddenly :  c. 
logic,  bandy  arguments.  Hence  cho'ppY  2  a. 
[etym.  dub.,  but  cf.  chop1  in  some  senses] 

chop5,  n.  (India,  China)  seal,  licence,  pass- 
port, permit;  (China)  trade-mark,  a  brand  of 
goods  ;  (Anglo-Ind.  &  colloq.)./?rs£,  second,  -ft, 
first,  second,  -class,    [f.  Hind,  chhap  stamp] 

cho'pper,  n.  One  who  chops ;  large-bladed 
short  axe ;  butcher's  cleaver,    [chop1  +  -er  ]] 

cho'pstick,  n.  Small  slip  of  ivory  &c  of 
which  two  held  in  one  hand  are  used  by 
Chinese  as  fork,  [transl.  of  Chin,  k'wai-tsze 
nimble  ones  f.  Chin,  chop  quick  4-  stick] 

chor'al 2  (k-),  a.  Of,  sung  by,  choir  (c.  service, 
with  canticles,  anthems,  &c,  so  sung;  full  c. 
service,  with  versicles  &  responses  also  sung) ; 
of,  with,  chorus.  Hence  cho'ralL y  2  adv.  [f. 
med.  L  choralis  (chorus,  -At)] 

choral(e)2  (korah'l),  n.  (Metrical  hymn  to) 
simple  tune  usu.  sung  in  unison  in  German 
reformed  church.  [G  (-1),  e  added  merely  to 
suggest  foreign  accent  as  in  morale,  locale] 

chor'alist,  n.  Chorus  singer,  [choral1,  -ist] 

chord J  (k-),  n.  String  of  harp  &c  (poet ; 
also  fig.,  as  touch  the  right  c,  appeal  skilfully 
to  emotion);  (Physiol.)  structure  resembling 
string,  as  vocal  c,  spinal  c,  (also  cord);  (Math.) 
straight  line  joining  ends  of  arc  [16th-c  correc- 
tion of  cord1  after  L  f.  Gk  khorde] 

chord2  (k-),  n.  (Mus.)  combination  of  three 
or  more  (rarely  two)  simultaneous  notes  accord- 
ing to  rules  of  harmony  (common  c,  also  c,  any 
note  with  its  major  or  minor  third,  perfect 
fifth,  &  octave;  break  or  spread  c,  play  its 
notes  successively) ;  harmonious  combination 
of  colours,  [earlier  cord  for  accord2  later 
confused  w.  prec] 

ehor'dal  (k-),  a.  Of,  like,  &c ,  chord  *> 2.  [-al] 

chore  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.i.,  (U.S.).    => chare. 


CHOREA 


144 


CHROMATO- 


chore'a  (k-),  n.    St  Vitus's  dance.    [L] 

choree*  (k-),  n.  =  trochee,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kho- 
reios  of  dance] 

ehore'ie,  a.  Of,  having,  chorea ;  of,  marked 
by,  chorees,    [-ic] 

cho'reogpaph  (k-),  n.  Designer  of  ballet. 
So  ehopeo'GRAPHER,  ehopeo'GRAPHY,  nn., 
ehopeoGRA'PHic  a.  [f.  Gk  khoreia  dancing 
(khoros  dancing-company)  +  -graph] 

chopi(s)-  (k-),  pref.  f.  Gk  khori(s)  apart,  used 
in  bot.  terms,  as  choripetalous  with  separate 
petals. 

ehd'piamb,  ehopia'mbus,  n.  Metrical 
foot  (-W-).  Hence  ehoria'mbic  a.  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  khoriambos  (choree,  iamb)] 

chop'le,  a.  Of,  like,  chorus  in  Greek  play, 
[f.  Gk  khorikos  (chorus,  -ic)] 

ehop'ion  (k-),  n.  Outer  membrane  of  foetus, 
[f.  Gk  khorion] 

chd'pistep  (k-),  n.  Member  of  choir,  esp. 
choir-boy  (also  fig.  of  angels,  birds),  [f.  med.  L 
chorista  (choir,  -ist,  &  cf.  barrister)] 

ehoro'^fraphy  (k-),  n.  Describing,  descrip- 
tion, of  districts  (more  limited  than  geography, 
less  than  topography).  Hence  or  cogn.  ehopo*- 
grapher  n.,ehoPOGRA'PHic(AL)  aa.,  chopo- 

f-pa'phiealLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  chorographie  f.  Gk 
horographia  (khora  land,  -graphy)] 

chop'oid,  a.  Like  chorion  in  shape  or  vascu- 
larity, esp.  c.  coat  (or  c.  as  noun),  membrane 
lining  eye-ball.  [f.  Gk  khoroeides  wrong  read- 
ing in  Gk  MSS  for  khorioeides  (chorion,  -oid)1 

ehoro'logy  (k-),  n.  Local  distribution  of 
species  &c.  Hence  ehopolo'giCAL  a.  [f.  Gk 
khora  land  +  -logy] 

chop* tie  (tsh-),  v.i.  Chuckle  loudly,  [in- 
vented by  Lewis  Carroll,  perh.  f.  chuckle,  snort] 

chop'us  (k-)?  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Gk  Ant.)  band 
of  dancers  &  singers  in  religious  ceremonies  & 
dramatic  performances  (also  representing  in- 
terested spectators  in  play;  so  in  some  Eng. 
plays) ;  (one  of)  their  utterances ;  personage 
speaking  prologue  &  commenting  on  action  in 
Elizabethan  plays;  band  of  singers,  choir; 
thing  sung  by  many  at  once ;  any  simultaneous 
utterance  of  many  (in  c,  all  speaking  &c.  to- 
gether) ;  (Mus.)  composition  in  several  (oftenest 
four)  parts  each  sung  by  several  voices ;  refrain 
of  song  in  which  audience  joins ;  (vb)  sing,  speak, 
6ay,  in  c.    [L,  f.  Gk  khoros] 

chose  jugee  (F),  n.  Thing  it  is^dle  to  dis- 
cuss, as  already  settled. 

ehose(n)._  See  choose. 

chou  (shoo),  n.  Rosette  or  ornamental  knot 
of  ribbon,  chiffon,  &c,  on  woman's  hat  or  dress. 
[F,  f.  L  caulis  cabbage] 

ehoug-h  (tshuf ),  n.  Red-legged  crow.  [cf.  Du. 
kauw,  OF  choue] 

chouse  (tshows),  v.t.,  &  n.  Swindle,  trick, 
[f.  1610 ;  f.  Turk,  chiaus  official  messenger,  in 
allusion  to  one  of  these  who  defrauded  Turkish 
merchants  in  England  1609] 

Chow  (tsh-),  a.  &  n.  (Slang,  Austral.)  Chinese 
(a.  &  n.) ;  dog  of  a  Chinese  breed. 

chow-chow  (tsh-),  n.  Chinese  preserve  of 
orange-peel,  ginger,  &c.    [Chin.] 

chowdep  (tsh-),  n.  Newfoundland  &  New- 
England  dish,  stew  of  fresh  fish  or  clams  with 
bacon,  onions,  biscuit,  &c.  [f.  F  chaudiere  pot 
f .  L  caldaria  (calidus  hot,  -ary  l)] 

chpemati'stie,  a.  Of  money-making,  econo- 
mic. Hence  ehremati'stics  n.  [f.  Gk  khre- 
matistikos  (khrematizo  traffic  f.  khremata  pi. 
money  f.  khraomai  use),  see  -ist,  -ic] 

ehresto'mathy,  n.  Collection  of  choice 
passages,  [f.  Gk  khrestomatheia  (khrestos  good, 
math-  st.  of  manthano  learn)] 

chrism,  n.  Consecrated  oil,  unguent,  anoint- 


ing, esp.  in  sacred  rites.  [OE  crisma  f.  L  f.  Gk 
khrisma  (khrio  anoint,  -M) ;  cf.  cream] 

chri'som,  n.  (hist.).  Child's  white  robe  at 
baptism,  used  as  shroud  if  it  died  within  a 
month;  c.-child,  in  its  first  month,  [var.  of 
prec,  perh.  orig.  a  head-cloth  to  keep  chrism 
from  being  rubbed  off] 

Christ,  n.  Messiah  or  Lord's  anointed  of 
Jewish  prophecy ;  (title,  now  treated  as  name, 
given  to)  Jesus  as  fulfilling  this ;  divine  ruler, 
saviour,  inspirer,  (esp.  the  or  a  C).  Hence 
Chpi'stHOOD  n.,  Chpi'stLESS,  Chpi'stLiKE, 
Chpi'stLY 1,  aa.,  Chpi'stlessNESS,  Chri'st- 
likeNESS,  nn.,  Chpi'stWARD(s)  adv.  [OE 
crist  f.  L  f.  Gk  khrtstos  anointed  one  (khrio 
anoint)  transl.  of  Heb.  see  Messiah] 

Chpist-eposs-pow,  criss-,  n.  (archaic). 
The  alphabet.  [Christ's  cross,  a  cross  before 
alphabet  in  horn-books,  +  row  (of  letters)] 

chpi'sten  (-Isn),  v.t.  &  i.  Admit  as  Christian 
by  baptism ;  administer  baptism ;  give  name  to 
(person  at  baptism,  or  as  nickname;  c.  him, 
c.  him  John  ;  also  ships,  bells,  &c,  with  analo- 
gous ceremony).  [OE  cristnian  make  Christian 
(cristen  f.  WG  cristin  f.  L  christians)] 

Ch  ri'stendom  (-isn-),  n.  Christians ;  Christ- 
ian countries,  [f.  cristen  adj.,  see  prec,  +  -dom] 

Chpi'stian  (-istshn),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  be- 
lieving in,  professing,  or  belonging  to,  the  re- 
ligion of  Christ  (also  as  adj.  of  communities) ; 
of  Christ  or  his  religion ;  (person)  showing 
character  consistent  with  Christ's  teaching,  of 
genuine  piety,  Christ-like,  (also  as  adj.  of  con- 
duct, feelings,  communities,  &c.) ;  human  (per- 
son) as  opposed  to  brute,  brutal ;  (slang)  civi- 
lized, decent,  (person) ;  C.  name,  given  at  bap- 
tism ;  C.  era,  reckoned  from  supposed  birth  of 
Christ;  C.  science,  scientist,  (adherent  of )  a  sys- 
tem of  combating  disease  &c.  without  medical 
treatment  by  mental  effect  of  patient's  C.  faith. 
Hence  or  cogn.  chpi*stiamzE(2,  3)  v.i.  &  t., 
chri'stianizATiON  n.,  ehpi'stianLiKE  a., 
chpi'stianLY  !> 2  a.  &  adv.,  chpistia'no- 
comb.  form.  [f.  L  Christianus  (christ, -i-,  -an)] 

Christianity  (or  -tshi-),  n.  The  Christian 
faith,  doctrines  of  Christ  &  his  apostles;  a 
Christian  religious  system ;  being  a  Christian, 
Christian  quality  or  character,  [f.  L  Christi- 
anitas  (as  prec,  -ty)] 

Christmas  (-i'smas),  n.  (Also  C.-day)  festi- 
val of  Christ's  birth,  25th  Dec. ;  (also  C.-tide) 
week  or  more  beginning  24th  Dec  (C.  eve) ; 
(attrib.)  appropriate  to  C,  as  C.  book,  card  (of 
greeting  by  post),  number  (of  magazine),  pre- 
sent, pudding ;  C.-box  (cf.  boxing-day),  money 
given  at  C.  to  postman  &c  in  general  acknow- 
ledgment of  indefinite  or  continuous  services  ; 
C.-tree,  small  tree  set  up  in  room  &  hung  with 
candles,  presents,  &c  ;  C.  rose,  white-flowered 
hellebore  blooming  Dec. -Feb.  Hence  Chri'st- 
masY  2  a.    [OE  Cristes  maesse  (mass1)] 

Chpi'sto-,  comb,  form  of  L  Christus  or  Gk 
Khristos  christ,  as  -phany,  manifestation  of 
Christ  Hence  Christd'LATRY,  Chpisto- 
ma'niac  (-ma-),  Chpisto'LOGY,  Chpisto'LO- 
GiST,nn.,  ChpistOLO'GiCAL  a. 

Chpisty  minstrels,  n.  pi.  Negro-song 
troupe  with  blacked  faces,    [inventor's  name] 

chpoma^tie,  a.  Of,  produced  by,  full  of 
bright,  colour  (c.  printing,  from  blocks  inked 
with  various  colours;  chromatics,  science  of 
colour).  (Mus.)  of,  having,  notes  not  included 
in  diatonic  scale,  admitting  notes  marked  with 
accidentals ;  c.  scale,  proceeding  by  semitones ; 
c.  semitone,  interval  between  note  &  its  flat  or 
sharp.  Hence  chpoma'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk 
khromatikos  (chroma  -atos  colour,  -ic)] 

ehro'mato-,  chpo'mo-,  comb,  forms  of  Gk 


CHROMATROPE 145 

khroma  -atos  colour,  as  in  chromatopsy  abnor- 
mally coloured  vision,  chromophotograph(y), 
photograph(y)  in  the  natural  colours,  chromo- 
sphere, red  gaseous  envelope  of  sun. 

chrd'matrope,  n.  Lantern  slide  of  two 
circular  disks,  one  rotating  in  front  of  other, 
giving  kaleidoscopic  movement  of  colours, 
firreg.  f .  prec.  +  Gk  -tropos  -turning  (trepo)] 

chrome,  n.  (Also  c.-yellow)  yellow  pigment 
&  colour  got  from  chromate  of  lead ;  c.  green, 
orange,  red,  pigments  from  other  compounds 
of  chromium.  [F,  orig.name  of  chromium,  f. 
Gk  khroma  colour] 

ehro'mie,  a.    Of  chromium,    [prec.  +  -icl 

ehrd'mium,  n.  (chem.).  Metallic  element. 
Hence  ehro*mATE  i(3)  n.    [chrome  +  -ium] 

ehromo-  *,  comb,  form  of  prec. 

ehpomo-2.    See  chromato. 

chpo'mogpaph,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Reproduce  with) 
gelatine  copying-apparatus  in  which  aniline 
dye  is  used  for  ink.    [chromo-2,  -graph] 

chromolithograph,  chro'mo  (pi.  -os),  n. 
Picture  printed  in  colours  from  stone.  So 
ehPomolitho'GRAPHER,  chromolitho*- 
graphy,     nn.,     chPO'molithoGRA'PHic    a. 

[CHROMO-  2  +  LITHOGRAPH] 

chpd'nic,  a.  Lingering,  lasting,  inveterate, 
(of  disease,  cf.  acute  ;  c.  invalid,  with  c.  com- 

Klaint ;  also  of  other  states  as  c.  doubt,  rebel- 
Ion);  (vulg.)bad,intense,severe.  Hence  ehro*- 
niCALLY  adv. ,  chroni'eiTY  n.  [f.  F  chronique 
f.  L  f.  Gk  khronikos  {khronos  time,  -ic)] 

chro'niele,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Enter,  relate,  in  a) 
continuous  register  of  events  in  order  of  time ; 
Chronicles,  two  books  of  O.T. ;  narrative,  ac- 
count ;  C,  newspaper  name.  Hence  ehro'ni- 
cIer  1  n.  [f.  OF  cronique  f .  med.  L  cronica  -ae 
f.  L  f.  Gk  khronika  neut.  pL  see  prec] 

chronique  scandaleuse  (F),  n.  Body  of 
scandalous  gossip  current  at  any  time  &  place. 

chpo'nogpam,  n.  Phrase  &c.  of  which  the 
Roman-numeral  letters  added  give  a  date,  as 
LorD  haVe  MerCIe  Vpon  Vs= 50+500+5+1000 
+100+1+5+5=1666.  Hence  chponogpam- 
ma'tic  a.  [f .  G  k  khronos  time  +  -gram  ;  -mafic 
after  Gk  grammatikos  adj.  f.  gramma] 

chpo'nbg-paph,  n.  Instrument  recording 
time  with  extreme  accuracy;  stop-watch. 
Hence  chronoGRA  *phic  a.  [as  prec.  +  -graph] 

chrono'logy,  n.  Science  of  computing 
dates ;  arrangement  of  events  with  dates,  table 
or  treatise  displaying  this.  Hence  or  cogn. 
ehrono'LOGER,  ehrono'LOGiST,  nn.,  ehro- 
noLOGiCAL  a.,  ehronolo'gicalLY2  adv., 
ehrono*logrzE(3)  v.t.    [as  prec.  +  -logy] 

ehrono'meter,  n.  Time-measuring  instru- 
ment, esp.  one  with  complete  provision  against 
disturbance  by  temperature,  used  for  fixing 
longitude  at  sea  &c.    [as  prec.  +  -meter] 

ehrono'metry,  n.  Scientific  time-measure- 
ment. So  ehPonoMETRic(AL)  aa,,  chrono- 
mctPiealLY  2  adv.    [as  prec.  +  -metry] 

chrd'nopher,  n.  Apparatus  for  distribut- 
ing electric  time-signals,  [as  prec.  Gk  -phoros 
-bearing  (phero  bear)] 

ehroTioseope.  n.  Apparatus  measuring 
velocity  of  projectiles,    [as  prec  +  -scope] 

chrys-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  khrusos  gold,  = 
yellow  in  chem.  &  mineral,  wds,  of  gold,  golden, 
yellow,  &c,  in  general  wds. 

chrysalis,  -id,  n.  (pi.  -ises,  -ids,  chrysd'- 
lides).  Form  taken  by  insect  in  the  torpid 
stage  of  passive  development  between  larva 
(caterpillar  &c)  &  imago  (butterfly  &c) ;  case 
then  enclosing  it;  (flg.)  preparatory  or  tran- 
sition state.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  khrusallis  -idos  lit. 
golden  thing,  see  prec] 

chpysa'nthemum,  n.    (Bot.)  genus  includ- 


CHURCH 

ing  Corn  Marigold;  (Gardening)  cultivated 
varieties  of  this  brought  from  Japan  &  bloom- 
ing in  Nov.  &  Dec.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  khrusanthemon 
(chrys-,  anthemon  flower)] 

chryselephantine,  a.  Overlaid  with  gold 
&  ivory  as  by  ancient  Greek  sculptors,  [f.  Gk 
khruselephantinos  (chrys-,  elephant,  -ine  2)i 

chryso-.  =  chrys-. 

chpysobe'pyl,  n.  Yellowish-green  gem. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  khrusoberullos  (chryso-,  beryl)] 

chrysolite,  n.  (Formerly)  green  gem  of 
various  kinds ;  (now)  olivine,  [f.  OF  crisolite 
f.  L  f.  Gk  khrusolithos  (chryso-,  lithos  stone)] 

chrysoppase  (az),  n.  (N.T.)  prob.  a  golden - 
green  variety  of  beryl ;  (now)  apple-green  variety 
of  chalcedony,  [f.  OF  crisopace  f.  L  f .  Gk  khru- 
soprasos  (chryso-,  prason  leek)] 

chub  (tsh-),  n.  Thick  coarse-fleshed  river  fish, 
dusky  green  above.    [?] 

chubb  (tsh-),  n.    Kind  of  lock,    [inventor] 

ehu'bby,  a.  Round-faced,  plump.  Hence 
ehu'bbixESs  n.    [chub  +  -y  2] 

chuck1  (tsh-),  int.,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  call  of 
fowl  or  person  calling  fowls  or  urging  horse, 
[imit.] 

ehuck2(tsh-),n.  Term  of  endearment.  Hence 
chu'ckY  3  n.    [prob.  var.  of  chick] 

chuck  3  (tsh-),  v.t.,  &  n.  Jerk  under  the 
chin  (n.  &  v.) ;  fling,  throw,  (n.  &  v.)  with  con- 
tempt, carelessness,  ease ;  c.  away,  waste,  lose 
{chance  Sec.) ;  c.  up  the  sponge,  give  up  contest 
or  attempt ;  c.  up,  abandon  in  disgust ;  c.  out, 
expel  (troublesome  person)  from  meeting,  music- 
hall,  &c,  whence  chuckER]-out  n. ;  (slang) 
c.  it,  cease ;  c.-farthing,  kind  of  quoit  game 
with  coins,  also  pitch  and  toss,  [in  16th  c  chock, 
perh.  f.  F  choc,  choquer] 

chuck4  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Contrivance  in  lathe 
&  the  like  for  holding  work  to  be  operated  on ; 
(vb)  fix  (wood  &c.)  to  this.    [var.  of  chock  j] 

chu'ckle  (tsh-),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Indulge  in)  sup- 
pressed laughter,  laugh  with  closed  mouth, 
(show)  signs  of  glee ;  exult  over ;  (make)  hen's 
call.    [imit.  &  cf.  chuck  »,  -le(3)1 

chu*ckle-head,  n.,  chu*ckle-headed, 
a.,  (tsh-).  Dolt(ish);  stupid  (fellow),  [f.  obs. 
chuckle  adj.  hulking  cf.  chuck4,  chock1] 

chum  (tsh-),  v.i.,  &  n.  Occupy  rooms  to- 
gether, whence  ehu*mmERY(3)  n. ;  be  inti- 
mate. (N.)  familiar  friend  (esp.  now  among 
boys) ;  (Australia)  new  c,  recent  immigrant, 
greenhorn,    [from  1684  ;  etym.  dub.] 

chump  (tsh-),  n.  Short  thick  lump  of  wood : 
thick  end,  esp.  of  loin  of  mutton  (so  c.  chop) ; 
(colloq.)  head,  esp.  off  one's  c,  mad  with  excite- 
ment &c    [mod.  wd  perh.  on  chop  &  lump] 

chunk  (tsh-),  n.  Thick  lump  cut  off  (wood, 
bread,  cheese,  &c).    [prob.  var.  of  chuck4] 

church J  (tsh-),  n.  Building  for  public  Chris- 
tian worship,  esp.  according  to  established  re- 
ligion of  country ;  all  Christians  (C.  militant. 
Christians  on  earth  warring  against  evil) ;  an 
organized  Christian  society  of  any  time  (primi- 
tive C),  place  (C.  of  Scotland),  or  distinguishing 
principle  (reformed  C.)\C.  of  England,  English 
or  Anglican  C,  English  branch  of  Western 
or  Latin  Church  rejecting  Pope's  supremacy 
since  reformation  ;  Established  C,  recognized 
by  State,  as  E.C.  of  England,  Scotland ;  organi- 
zation, clergy  &  other  officers,  of  a  religious 
society  or  corporation  ;  clerical  profession  (go 
into  the  C,  take  holy  orders);  high,  low1, 
broad,  c,  parties  with  different  views  of  doc- 
trine &  discipline,  whence  -churchman, 
-chur*chiSM(3),  nn. ;  public  worship  (go  to, 
after,  c. ;  c.-time  ;  c.-goer,  -going) ;  churchman, 
churchwoman,  churchmanship,  member,  mem- 
bership, of  c  ;  poor  as  a  c.  mouse,  of  poor  per- 


CHURCH 


146 


CINGULUM 


son ;  c.-rate,  levied  by  vestry  for  maintenance 
of  parish  c.  &  its  services;  c.-service,  public 
worship,  book  with  Common  Prayer,  proper 
lessons,  &c. ;  c.-text,  black  letter  in  monumen- 
tal inscriptions;  churchwarden,  elected  lay 
representative  of  parish  (usu.  one  of  two,  elected 
one  by  incumbent,  one  by  parishioners),  also 
long  clay  pipe  ;  churchyard,  enclosed  ground 
in  which  c.  stands,  sometimes  used  for  burial 
{churchyard  cough,  heralding  death;  fat 
churchyard,  many  deaths).  Hence  ehur'ch- 
less  a.,  chuirchwARD(s)  adv.  FOE  circe  f. 
W6  kirika  f.  Gk  kuriakon  (perh.  doma)  Lord's 
(house)  f.  kurios  lord,  -AC] 

church2,  v.t.  Bring  (woman)  to  c.  to  have 
thanks  offered  for  delivery  of  child,    [f.  prec] 

chup'chy,  a.  Obtrusively  or  intolerantly 
devoted  to  church  or  opposed  to  dissent.  Hence 
chuirchipv  v.t,  ehuirehiNESS  n.    L-y2] 

churl  (tsh-),  n.  Person  of  low  birth  {gentle- 
man ore);  peasant,  boor ;  ill-bred  fellow ;  cross- 
grained  or  niggardly  person,  whence  chur'l- 
ish1  a.,  chuirlishLY2  adv.,  chur*lishNESS 
n.    [OE  ceorl  f.  WG  kerl  man] 

churn  (tsh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Agitate  milk  or 
cream,  produce  butter,  in)  butter-making  ma- 
chine ;  work  this  machine ;  stir  (liquid)  about, 
make  it  froth ;  (of  sea  &c.)  wash  to  and  fro, 
foam,  seethe ;  large  milk-can  of  c.  shape ;  c- 
dash(er),  -staff,  appliance  for  agitating  milk  in 
c. ;  a  churning,  amount  of  butter  made  at  once. 
[OE  cyrin  com.-Teut  cf.  Du.  karn] 

ehurr  (tsh-),  v.L,  &  n.  (Make)  deep  trill  as  of 
night-jar.    [imit.,  cf.  chirr] 

chut  (tsh-),_int.  of  impatience. 

chute  (shoot),  n.  Smooth  rapid  descent  of 
water  over  slope ;  sloping  channel,  slide,  with 
or  without  water,  for  conveying  things  to  lower 
level  (also  shoot) ;  slope  for  snooting  rubbish 
down;  toboggan-slide,  [mixture  of  F  chute  = 
It.  caauta  (L  cadere  fall)  &  shoot] 

chutney,  -nee,  (tsh),  n.  Hot  Indian  con- 
diment of  fruits,  chillies,  &c.    [f.  Hind,  chatni] 

chyle  (k-),  n.  White  milky  fluid  formed  by 
action  of  pancreatic  juice  &  bile  on  chyme. 
[F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  khulos  juice  (khu-  pour)] 

ehylo-  (k-),  comb,  form  of  Gk  khulos  chyle. 

chyme  (k-),  n.  Food  converted  by  gastric 
secretion  into  acid  pulp.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  khumos 
juice  (khu-  pour) ;  khumos  &  khulos,  synonyms, 
were  differentiated  by  Galen] 

ehy'mist.    See  chemist. 

chy  mo-  (k-),comb.  form  of  Gk  khumos  chyme. 

cibor'ium,  n.  (Arch.)  canopy,  canopied 
shrine  ;  receptacle  for  reservation  of  Eucharist, 
shaped  like  shrine,  or  cup  with  arched  cover. 

If.  med.  L  f.  Gk  kiborion,  seed-vessel  of  water- 
ily,  cup  so  shaped] 

cica'da,  cica'la  (-kah-),  cigra*la  (-gah-),  n. 
Transparent  -  winged  shrill  -  chirping  insect. 
[(-cala  It. ;  -gala  f.  F  -gale)  f.  L  (-da)] 

ereatriee,  eiea'trix,  n.  (-ix,  pi.  -ices,  L  form 
in  scientific  use).  Scar  of  healed  wound  ;  scar 
on  tree  bark ;  (Bot.)  mark  left  by  fall  of  leaf  &c, 
hilum  of  seed.  Hence  cicatri'ciAL,  cica*- 
tricosE  K  aa.   [F  (-ice),  f.  L  cicatricem  nom.  -ix] 

cica*tric(u)le,  n.  (Biol. )  germ  of  chick,  round 
white  spot  on  yolk,  tread ;  (Bot.)  =  prec.  [f.  L 
cicatricula  (prec,  -ule)1 

ci'catrize,  v.t.  &  i.  Heal,  skin  over,  (t.  &  i.) ; 
mark  with  scars.  Hence  clcatriz action  n. 
[f.  F  cicatriser  f.  L  cicatricare  (cicatrice)  w. 
assim.  to  -ize  (prop,  cicatricize)] 

creely,  n.  Kinds  of  umbelliferous  plant 
(Sweet,  Wild,  Rough,  C).  [f.  L  f.  Gk  seselis  se- 
seli  w.  assim.  to  the  woman's  name  (  =  Cecilia)] 

cicerone  (tshltshero'nl),  n.  (pi.  -oni  pr.  -one), 
&  v.t.    (Conduct  traveller  &c.  as)  guide  who 


understands  &  explains  antiquities  &c.  [It., 
f.  L  Ciceronem  nom.  -o  the  Roman  orator] 

Cicero'nian,  a.  &  n.  Eloquent,  classical,  or 
rhythmical,  as  Cicero's  style ;  person  learned  in 
or  admiring  Cicero.  Hence  Cicero'nian- 
ism(3,  i)  n.    [f.  L  Ciceronianus  (prec,  -ian)] 

cicisbeo  (tshltshizba'o),  n.  (pi.  -bei  pr.  -bae). 
Recognized  gallant  of  married  woman.  So 
cicisbe'iSM(3)  n.    [It.] 

Cid,  n.  The  C,  title  (lord)  of  Ruy  Diaz,  1 1th  -c. 
Christian  champion  against  Moors,  &  of  epic 
relating  his  deeds.    [Sp.,  f.  Arab,  sayyid] 

-eide,  suf.  forming  nouns  meaning  (1)  slayer 
of  (F,  f.  L  -cida)  or  (2)  slaughter  of  (F,  f.  L 
-cidium)  both  f.  L  caedere  kill ;  taken  f.  L  as 
parricide,  or  formed  on  L  nn.  as  regicide  or 
facetiously  on  E  nn.  as  birdicide. 

ci'der,  n.  Fermented  drink  from  apple-juice; 
c.-cup  ;  c.-press,t  or  squeezing  juice  from  apples, 
[f.  OF  sidre  f.  LL  f.  Gk  sikera  f.  Heb.  shekar 
strong  drink  (shakar  drink  deeply)] 

ci-devant  iF),  a.  or  adv.  Former(ly),  that 
has  been  (with  the  earlier  name  or  state). 

cigar*,  n.  Roll  of  tobacco-leaf  for  smoking ; 
c.-shaped,  cylindrical  with  pointed  end(s) ;  c- 
holder,  mouthpiece  holding  c  [f.  Sp.  cigarro 
perh.  f.  cigarra  cicada  (of  similar  shape)] 

cig-are*tte,  n.  Small  cylinder  of  cut  tobacco 
or  of  narcotic  or  medicated  substance  rolled  in 
paper  for  smoking,    [dim.  of  prec] 

ci'lia,  n.  pi.  Eyelashes ;  similar  fringe  on  leaf, 
insect's  wing,  &c  ;  (Physiol.)  hair-like  vibrat- 
ing organs  on  animal  &  vegetable  tissue,  serv- 
ing many  lower  water  animals  for  locomotion. 
Hence  cHIary1,  cI'Hate2,  ci'liated,  aa.,ei- 
liATiONn.    [pi.  of  L  cilium  eyelash] 

ci'lice,  n.  (Garment  of)  hair-cloth.  (F,  also 
OE  cilic,  f.  Gk  kilikion  (Kilikia  Cilicia)] 

Cimme  *rian,  a.  Thick,  gloomy,  (of  dark- 
ness, night,  &c).  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kimmerios  (of 
Cimmeni,  people  in  perpetual  night)  +  -an] 

cincho'na  (-ko-),  n.  Kinds  of  evergreen  tree 
yielding  c  bark  or  Peruvian  bark  &  quinine  ; 
the  bark,  drug  made  from  it,  tonic  &  f ebrif vige 
(also  loosely  for  c  &  quinine).  Hence  cin- 
chonA'CEOUS  a.,  ci'nchoniNE6,  ci'nchon- 
ism(5),  nn.,  cl*nchoniZE(5)  v.t.  [Countess  of 
Chinchon,  introducer  of  drug  in  Spain  1640] 

Cincinna'tus,  n.  Great  man  in  retirement 
who  can  be  called  upon  in  a  crisis.  [Roman 
hero  called  from  plough  to  dictatorship] 

ci*ncture,n.,  &  v.t.  (Surround  with  or  as 
with  a)  girdle,  belt,  fillet,  border,  [f.  L  cinctura 
(cingere  cinct-  gird,  -ure)1 

ci'nder,  n.  Slag ;  residue  of  coal,  wood,  &c, 
that  has  ceased  to  flame  (whether  cold  or  not) 
but  has  still  combustible  matter  in  it ;  (loosely 
in  pi.)  ashes;  c.-path,  running-track  laid  with 
fine  cc  ;  c.-sifter,  for  separating  cc  from  ashes. 
Hence  cl'nderY  2  a.  [OE  sinder  cf.  G  sinter, 
Sw.  sinder,  w.  assim.  to  the  unconnected  F 
cendre  &  L  cinis  -eris] 

Cindere'lla,  n.  Person  of  unrecognized 
merit  or  beauty ;  C.  dance  or  C,  dance  closing 
at  twelve  o'clock,    [allusions  to  fairy-tale] 

cinematograph.    See  kinematograph. 

cinerar'ia,  n.  Bright-flowered  composite 
plant,  grown  chiefly  under  glass,  [f.  L  cinera- 
rijts  of  ashes  f.  cinis  -eris  ashes  (ash-coloured 
down  on  leaves)] 

ci'nerary,  a.  Of  ashes  (esp.  c.  urn,  holding 
ashes_of  dead  after  cremation),    [as  prec  ] 

ciner'eous,  a.  Ashen-grey  (esp.  of  birds  or 
plumage),  [f .  L  cinereus  (cinis  -eris  ashes)  +  -ous] 

Ci'ngale'se,  a.  &  n.  (Native,  language)  of 
Ceylon,    [f.  Skr.  sinhalas] 

ci'ngulum,  n.  Belt  (used  technically  in  Surg. , 
Anat,,  Zool.,  &c).    [L] 


CINNABAR 


147 


CIRCUMFLEX 


ei'nnabap,  n.  &  a.  Red  mercuric  sulphide  ; 
vermilion  (n.  &  a.),  [f.  L  cinnabaris  f.  Gk  kin- 
nabari  f.  Oriental  source] 

ci'nnamon,  n.  &  a.  (E.-Ind.  tree  yielding) 
aromatic  inner  bark  used  as  spice ;  c.-colour(ed), 
(of)  yellowish-brown  ;  c.-stone,  brown  or  yellow 
garnet.  Hence  or  cogn.  ci'nnamATE  ](3)  n., 
einnamo'mic,  cinnamo'nic,  aa.  [f.  F  cin- 
namome  f.  L  f.  Gk  kinnamomon  f.  Semit.  (Heb. 
ginnamon)] 

cinque,  cinq,  (sink),  n.  The  five  at  dice  & 
cards,    [f.  OF  cink  f.  L  quinque  five] 

cinquece'nto,  cinquece'ntist,  (tshink- 
witshe-),  nn.  Italian  style  of  art,  artist,  of  the 
16th  c.  (15-)  with  reversion  to  classical  forms. 
[It.  (-o,  -ista)  with  omission  (in  It.)  of  mil] 

ci*nq(ue)foil  (sinkf-),  n.  Kinds  of  plant  with 
compound  leaf  of  five  leaflets;  (Arch.)  five- 
cusped  ornament  in  circle  or  arch.  [thr.  OF  f. 
L  quinquefolium  five-leaf] 

Cinque  Ports  (sink),  n.  pi.  Certain  ports 
(orig.  five  only)  on  SE  coast  with  ancient  privi- 
leges.   If.  OF  cink  porz  five  ports] 

crphep J,  ey-,  n.  Arithmetical  symbol  (O)  of 
no  value  in  itself  but  multiplying  number  it  is 
placed  after,  and  dividing  decimal  number  it  is 
placed  before,  by  ten ;  person  or  thing  of  no  im- 
portance ;  any  Arabic  figure ;  secret  writing, 
thing  so  written,  key  to  it;  interlaced  initials 
of  person,  company,  &c,  monogram  ;  continued 
soundingoforgan-noteowingtodefective  valve. 
If.  OF  cy/re  f.  Arab,  ci/r  zero  (orig.  adj.  =  empty)] 

ci'phen 2,  ey-,  v.i.  &  t.  Do  arithmetic ;  work 
(usu.  out)  by  arithmetic,  calculate ;  put  into 
secret  writing  (cf.  decipher)  ;  (of  organ-note)  go 
on  sounding  when  not  pressed,    [f.  prec] 

ci'polin,  n.  Italian  white-&-green  marble. 
JF,  f.  It.  cipollino  (cipolla  onion)  from  resem- 
blance of  structure  to  coats  of  onion] 

c/r*caf  c/z-c/ter,  prepp.  (abbr.  c.  or  circ). 
About  (with  dates).    [L] 

Cir'ce,  n.  Enchantress,  temptress.  Hence 
Ciree'AN  a.    [proper  name  in  Gk  mythol.] 

cir'cinate,  a.  (bot.).  (With  leaves)  rolled  up 
from  apex  to  base,  as  in  most  ferns,  [f.  L  circi- 
nare  make  round  (circinus  compasses,  -ate  2)] 

cip'cle ],  n.  (Line  enclosing)  perfectly  round 
plane  figure  {square  the  c,  find  square  of  same 
area  as  given  c,  attempt  impossibilities  ;  great, 
tmall,  c,  c.  on  surface  of  sphere  whose  plane 
passes,  does  not  pass,  through  sphere's  centre  ; 
polar,arctic,antarctig,  c);  (loosely)  roundish 
enclosure  ;  orbit  of  planet ;  ring ;  curved  tier  of 
seats  at  theatre  &c.  (dress  c,  upper  c,  more  & 
less  expensive) ;  (Archaeol.)  ring  of  stones  as  at 
Stonehenge ;  period,  cycle,  round,  (come  full  c, 
end  at  starting-point) ;  complete  series  ;  (Logic, 
often  vicious  c.)  fallacy  of  proving  proposition 
from  another  that  rests  on  it  for  proof  ;  action 
&  reaction  that  intensify  each  other  (often  vi- 
cious c.) ;  persons  grouped  round  centre  of  inter- 
est ;  set,  coterie,  class,  (first,  upper,  cc. ;  cc.  in 
which  one  moves) ;  area  of  influence,  action,  &c, 
sphere.  Hence  eip'elewiSE  adv.  [OE  circul 
(ME  cercle  f.  F)  f.  lidrculus  dim.  of  circus  ring] 

cip'cle2,  v.t.  &  i.  Encompass  (poet) ;  encom- 
pass round,  about ;  move  in  a  c.  round,  about ; 
be  passed  round  (of  wine  &c.) ;  (Mil.)  sweep 
round  on  moving  flank  (of  cavalry,  cf.  wheel2); 
(p.p.)  rounded,  marked  with  cc.    [f.  prec] 

cip*clet,  n.  Small  circle ;  circular  band,  esp. 
of  gold,  jewelled,  &c,  worn  on  head  or  elsewhere, 
[f.  F  cerclet  (circle  \  -et)] 

cip'cuit  (-kit),  n.  Line  enclosing  an  area,  dis- 
tance round  ;  area  enclosed  ;  roundabout  jour- 
ney ;  sequence  of  changes,  acts,  &c. ;  journey 
of  judge  in  particular  district  to  hold  courts, 
this  district  (eight  in  Eng.  &  Wales),  the  barris 


ters  (member  of  a  c.)  making  the  c;  Methodist- 
Church  district  with  series  of  itinerant  preach- 
ers; (Electr.)  path  of  current  (short  c,  faulty 
shortening  of  a  c.  by  defective  insulation).  [F, 
f.  L  circuitus  f.  circum (ire  it-  go)] 

eireu'itous,  a.  Roundabout,  indirect.  Hence 
eipeu'itousLY 2  adv.,  ciPCU'itousNESS  n.  [f. 
LL  circuitosus  (circuit,  -ose1)] 

cip*culap.  a.  &  n.  Round  in  superficies ;  mov- 
ing in  a  circle  (c.  tour,  ending  where  it  began  by 
different  route,  c.  ticket,  for  this) ;  (Logic)  of, 
using,  the  vicious  circle  i  ;  addressed  to  a  circle 
of  persons,  customers,  &c.  (c.  note,  banker's  let- 
ter of  credit  in  traveller's  favour  to  several 
foreign  bankers ;  c.  letter  ore,  notice,  advertise- 
ment, &c,  reproduced  for  sending  round) ;  of, 
like,  the  geometrical  circle  ;  c.  sate,  toothed  disk 
revolving  by  machinery  for  sawing.  Hence 
eiPcula*piTY  n.,  eip'eulaPLY2  adv.  [f.  OF 
circulier  f.  L  circularis  (circle,  -ar1)] 

circularize,  v.t.  Send  circulars  to.   [-ize(I)] 

cip'culate,  v.i.  &  t.  Go  round  (blood  circu- 
lates through  veins,  water  in  pipes,  wine  on 
table,  newspaper  to  circle  of  readers) ;  (of  deci- 
mals) =  recur  ;  send  round,  give  currency  to, 
(book,  report,  scandal,  &c.) ;  circulating  library, 
with  books  taken  by  subscribers  in  succession  ; 
circulating  medium,  notes,  gold,  &c,  used  in 
exchange,    [f.  L  circulare  (circle  *),  -ate  3] 

circulation,  n.  Movement  of  blood  from 
and  to  heart,  similar  movement  of  sap  &c. ; 
movement  to  and  fro  (c.  of  water,  atmosphere, 
&c);  transmission,  distribution,  (of  news,  books, 
&c.) ;  number  of  copies  sold,  esp.  of  newspapers ; 
currency,  coin,  &c.  [F,  f.  L  circulationem  (cir- 
culare see  prec,  -ation)] 

cip'culative,  a.  Inclined  to,  promoting,  cir- 
culation,   [as  prec, -i ve] 

ciP'culatop,  n.  One  who  circulates  news, 
coin,  &c    [as  prec,  -or2] 

ciP'culatopy,  a.  Of  circulation  of  blood  or 
sap.    [f.  L  circutatorius  (as  prec,  -ory)] 

cireum-,  pref.  =  L  adv.  &  prep,  circum 
round,  about,  used  (1)  adverbially,  as  circumva- 
gant  wandering  round  or  about ;  (2)  preposition- 
ally,  as  circximoctdar  surrounding  the  eye.  E 
wds  are  some  f.  L  (direct,  as  circumscribe,  or 
thr.  F  as  circumcise),  some  formed  in  E  on  L 
elements  as  circumambient,  &  some  facetious 
hybrids  as  circumbendibus. 

cipcuma'mbient,  a.  Surrounding  (esp.  of 
air  or  other  fluid).   Hence  eipeuma'mbiENC  y 

n.     [CIRCUM-(l)  +  AMBIENT] 

cipcuma'mbulate,  v.t.  &  i.  Walk  round 
(place  &c) ;  walk  about ;  beat  about  the  bush. 
Hence  ciPCumambulATioN  n.,  circum- 
a'mbulatORY  a.  [f.  L  cmcvM(ambtdare 
walk),  -ate  3] 

cipcumbe'ndibus,  n.  (facet.).  Roundabout 
method ;  circumlocution.  Icircum-(I),  bend, 
ending  of  L  abl.  case] 

clP'cumcise  (-z),  v.t.  Cut  off  foreskin  of  (as 
Jewish  or  Mohammedan  rite,  or  surgically) ; 
purify  (c.  the  heart,  passions,  &c).  [f.  OF  cir- 
conciser  f.  L  ciRCUM(cidere  -cis-  =  caedere  cut)] 

cipcumci'sion  (-izhn),  n.  Act  or  rite  of, 
spiritual  purification  by,  circumcising;  (Bibl.) 
the  c,  the  Jews ;  (Eccl.)  festival  of  C.  of  Christ, 
1st  Jan.  [f.  OF  circumcisiun  f.  L  circumcisio- 
nem  (as  prec,  -ion)j 

cipcu'infepence,  n.  Encompassing  bound- 
ary, esp.  of  figure  enclosed  by  curve,  as  circle ; 
distance  round.  So  eireumfere'ntiAi.  a.  [f. 
L  circum  (fere  ntia  f.  ferent-  part.  st.  of  ferre 
bear,  &  see  -ence)] 

circumflex,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.t  C.  accent  or  c, 
mark  C  in  Gk,  a  elsewhere)  placed  over  vowel 
to   indicate   contraction,    length,    or    special 


CIRCUMFLUENT 


148 


CITR- 


quality  (vb,  mark  thus) ;  (Anat.)  curved,  bend- 
ing round  something  else,  (c.  artery,  muscle, 
&c.).  [f.  L  circum( jtexiis  p.p.  of  flectere  bend) 
transl.  of  6  k  perispomenos] 

eipeu'mfluent,  a.  Flowing  round,  ambient. 
Hence  eipeu'mfluENCE  n.  [f.  L  ciRCUM(.#we?is 
f.  fiuere  flow,  -ent)] 

cipcu'mfluous,  a.  =  prec. ;  surrounded  by- 
water,  [f.  L  circum^wws  flowing  or  flowed 
round  (fluere  flow)  +  -ous] 

cipcumfu'se  (-z),  v.t.  Pour  (fluid)  about  or 
round  (object) ;  surround,  bathe,  (object  with, 
or  of  fluid  as  subj.).  So  eipeumfirsiON  (-zhn) 
n.    [f.  L.ciRCUM(/imdere/ws-pour)] 

cip'oumg-ypa'te,  v.i.  Turn,  wheel,  travel, 
round.  Hence  eipeumgry pa-tion  n.,  eip- 
eumgypa'tORY  a.    [circum-(I)  +  gyrate] 

cipcumja'cent,  a.  Situated  around,  [f.  L 
CTRC\ju(jacertt-  part.  st.  oijacera  lie)] 

circumlittoral,  a.  Bordering  the  shore. 
[circum-(2)  +  L  littus  -oris  shore  +  -al] 

circumlocution,  n.  Use  of  many  words 
where  few  would  do ;  evasive  talk ;  a  round- 
about expression ;  C.  Office,  dilatory  Govern- 
ment office.  Hence  eipeumloeutionAL, 
ciPcumloeu'tionARY  *,  eiPCumld'cutORY, 
aa.,  eipeumloeirtionisT(l)  n.  [f.  L  circum- 
(locutio  LOCUTION)] 

eipcum-mepi'dian,  a.  (astr.).  Near  the 
meridian  (of  observations  taken  of  star  &c. 
when  so  placed).    [circum-(2)] 

cireumna'vig-ate,  v.t.  Sail  round  (esp.  the 
globe  or  world).  Hence  eipeumna'vigatOR  2 
n.    [f.  L  cmc\JM(navigare  navigate)] 

eipeumnutate,  v.i.  (bot.).  Bend  towards 
all  points  of  compass  successively  (of  growing 
parts  of  plant).  Hence  eipeumnutATiON  n. 
ICIRCUM-(I),  nutate] 

eipeumop'al,  a.  (physiol.).  Placed  round 
mouth.    [circum-(2),  L  os  oris  mouth,  -al] 

cipcumpo'lap,  a.  (Astr.)  c.  star,  motion, 
&c,  above  horizon  throughout  diurnal  course ; 

!Geog.)  about,  near,  one  of  the  earth's  poles. 
CIRCUM-(2),  L  polus  POLE,  -AR  *] 

cip*cumscpibe,  v.t.  Draw  line  round ; 
(Geom.)  describe  (figure)  round  another  touch- 
ing it  at  points,  but  not  cutting  it ;  lay  down 
limits  of,  confine,  restrict;  define  logically; 
sign  (round-robin),  whence  eipeumscpi'DER  * 
n.    [f.  L  ciRCUM(scr£6er*e  script-  write)] 

circumscription,  n.  Having,  marking 
out,  or  imposing,  of  limits ;  boundary ;  limited 
district;  definition;  (Geom.)  circumscribing 
(see  prec);  inscription  round  coin  &c  [f.  L 
circumscripta  (prec,  -ion] 

eipcumsd'lap,  a.  Revolving  round,  being 
near,  the  sun.    [circum-(2),  sol  i,  -ar  *] 

cip'cumspect,  a.  Cautious,  wary,  taking 
everything  into  account.  Hence  or  cogn.  eip- 
eumspe'etioN,  cip'eumspeetNESS,  nn., 
cip'cumspectiVE  a.,  eiP'eumspeetLY2 
adv.  [f.  L  ciKCUM{spectus  p.p.  of  -spicere  look 
at)  considered,  of  act,  &  transf.  of  persons] 

cip'cumstance,  n.  (PI.)  time,  place,  man- 
ner, cause,  occasion,  &c,  surroundings,  of  an 
act ;  external  conditions  affecting  or  that  might 
affect  an  agent  (in,  under,  the  cc,  owing  to  or 
making  allowance  for  them) ;  material  welfare 
(in  good,  bad,  easy,  reduced,  straitened,  cc.). 
(Sing.)  full  detail  in  narrative ;  ceremony,  fuss, 
(without  c,  unceremoniously ;  pomp  &  c.) ;  in- 
cident, occurrence,  fact  (esp.  the  c.  that).  Hence 
cip'eumstancED  2  a.  JOF,  f.  L  ciRCUM(s£aw- 
tia  f.  part,  of  stare  stand)  surrounding  state] 

cipcumsta-ntial  (-shl),  a.  Depending  on 
subordinate  details  (c.  evidence,  establishing 
the  doubtful  main  fact  by  inference  from 
known  facts  otherwise  hard  to  explain) ;  ad- 


ventitious, incidental ;  with  many  details  (c. 
story).  Hence  eipeumstantia'liTY  (-shl-)n., 
eipeumsta*ntialLY  2  adv.    [as  prec.  +  -al] 

cir-cum vallate,  v.t,  eireumvallation, 
n.  (Surround  with)  rampart  or  entrenchment ; 
process  of  doing  this.  [f.  L  cmcuM(vallare  f. 
vallum  rampart),  see  -ate  s,  -ation] 

circumve'nt,  v.t.  Entrap ;  overreach,  out- 
wit. So  eipeumve'ntiON  n.  [f.  L  circum- 
(venire  vent-  come)] 

eipeum volution,  n.  Rolling  round ;  coil ; 
period ;  sinuous  movement,  [f.  L  circum- 
(volvere  volut-  roll),  -ion] 

ciP'eus,  n.  Rounded  or  oval  arena  lined 
with  tiers  of  seats  for  equestrian  &  other 
exhibitions ;  amphitheatre  of  hills ;  open  circle 
with  streets  converging  on  it ;  travelling  show 
of  horses,  riders,  &c.    [L,  =  ring] 

cipque  (-k),  n.  Arena,  natural  amphitheatre, 
(chiefly  poet.  &  rhet.).    [F,  f.  L  as  prec] 

eippho'sis,  n.  Disease  of  liver,  chiefly  alco- 
holic.   [Gk  kirrhos  tawny,  -osis] 

elppi-,  cIppo-,  comb,  form  of  cirrus.  Hence 
cippi'FEROUS,  ci'ppiFORM,  aa.,  &  names  of 
cloud-forms  as  cirro-cumulus.    [-1-,  -o-] 

ci'ppiped(e),  n.     Marine  animal  in  valved 
shell  attached  to  other  bodies,  with  legs  lik 
curl  of  hair.  [f.  F  ciRRi(pede  f.  hpes  pedis  foot) 

ei'ppus,  n.  (pi.  -ri).  (Bot.)  tendril;  (Zool. 
slender  appendage,  as  beard  of  fishes,  feet  o 
cirripeds ;  (Meteor.)  form  of  cloud  with  diverg 
ing  filaments  like  lock  of  hair  or  wool.  Hence 
eippo  *se  \  ei'ppous,  aa.    [L, = curl] 

eis-,  pref.  =  on  this  side  of,  opp.  to  trans-  or 
ultra-,  retaining  in  some  orig.  L  wds  the 
Roman  sense  (cispadane,  cisalpine,  S.  or 
Rome-wards  of  Po,  Alps),  but  usu.  w.  ref.  to 
speaker's  or  majority's  position  (cismontane, 
N.  of  Alps  or  non-Italian ;  cis-Leithan,  W.  01 
Leitha,  Austrian,  non-Hungarian ;  cis-pontine 
in  London,  on  northern  or  better  known  sid( 
of  bridges  or  Thames) ;  prefixed  to  the  adj.  fornt 
of  the  second  element ;  often  used  in  wds  made 
for  the  nonce  in  opposition  to  wds  in  trans 
or  ultra-  (transatlantic  &  cisatlantic) ;  also  of 
time  as  cis-Elizabethan.    [L  prep.] 

cist,  n.  (archaeol.).  Prehistoric  stone  or  hoi 
lowed-tree  coffin;  box  for  sacred  utensils  in 
Gk  mysteries,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  kiste  box] 

Cistep'eian  (-shn),  n.  &  a.  (Monk)  of  order 
founded  1098  at  Cistercium  or  Clteaux,  stricter 
offshoot  of  Benedictines,  also  called  Bernardine 
as  patronized  by  St  Bernard  of  Clairvaux.  [-an] 

ei'stepn,  n.  Reservoir  for  storing  water,  usu, 
on  upper  storey  with  pipes  supplying  taps  on 
lower  levels  (also  fig.,  of  pond),  [f.  OF  cisterne 
f.  L  cistema  (cista  see  cist)  cf.  caverna] 

ci'stus,  n.  Kinds  of  shrub  with  large  white 
or  red  short-lived  flowers,    [f.  Gk  kistos] 

ci'tadel,  n.  Fortress,  esp.  one  guarding  or 
dominating  city ;  last  retreat  of  hard-pressed 
party,  belief,  &c  [f.  F  citadelle  f.  It.  cittadella 
dim.  of  cittade  f.  L  civitatem  city] 

cite,  v.t.  Summon  to  appear  in  law-court; 
quote  (passage,  book,  author)  in  support  of  a 
position  ;  mention  as  example.  Hence  or  cogn. 
ci'tABLE  a.,  eit ation  n.  [f.  F  citer  f.  L  citare 
frequent,  of  ciere  set  moving] 

erthep(n),  ci'ttern,  n.  (archaic  or  poet). 
Lute,  guitar,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kithara  harp  with 
seven  to  eleven  strings] 

ci'tizen,  n.  Burgess,  freeman,  of  city ;  towns- 
man ;  civilian  ;  member,  native  or  naturalized, 
of  a  State  (usu.  of;  c.  of  the  world,  cosmopoli- 
tan) ;  inhabitant  of.  Hence  ei*tixenHOOD, 
ci'tizensHip,  nn.  [ME  citesein  (-s-  perh.  on 
anal,  of  denizen)     f.  OF  citeain  (city,  -an)] 

citp-,  comb,  form  of  foil.  Hence  ei'tPATE 2  (3)  n. 


CITRIC 1< 

ei*ti»le,  a.  (chem.).  Of  citron  (esp.  c.  acid),  [f. 
L  citrus  citron  +  -ic] 

ei'trine,  a.  Lemon-coloured,  [f.  F  citrin  f. 
L  citrus,  -ine1] 

eitro-.    =citr-. 

ci'tpon,  n.  (Tree  bearing)  lemon-like  but  larg- 
er, less  acid,  &  thicker-skinned  fruit;  lemon 
colour.    [F,  f.  It.  citrone  (L  citrus,  -oon)] 

ci'ty,  n.  (Loosely)  important  town  ;  (strictly) 
town  created  c.  by  charter,  esp.  as  containing 
cathedral  (but  all  cathedral  towns  are  not  cc, 
nor  vice  versa) ;  c.  of  refuge  ;  Holy  C,  Jerusa- 
lem, Heaven ;  Eternal  C,  C.  of  the  Seven  Hills, 
Rome;  Celestial  C,  Heavenly  C,  C.  of  God, 
Paradise  ;  the  C,  part  of  London  governed  by 
Lord  Mayor  &  Corporation,  business  part  of 
this,  commercial  circles,  (C.  man,  in  commerce 
or  finance ;  C.-article,  in  newspaper  on  these  ; 
C.  Company,  corporation  representing  ancient 
trade-guild).  Hence  (-)citiED  2,  ei'tyLESS,  aa., 
ci'tywARD(s)  adv.  [f.  OF  citi  f.  L  civitatem 
(civis  citizen,  -ty)  citizenship,  community] 

ei'vet,  n.  (Also  c.-cat)  carnivorous  quadru- 
ped between  fox  &  weasel  in  size  &  look; 
strong  musky  perfume  got  from  anal  glands  of 
this.    [f.  F  civette  f.  Arab,  zabad] 

ei'vie,  a.  Of,  proper  to,  citizens  (c.  croxon, 
oak-garland,  Roman  honour  to  one  who  saved 
fellow-citizen's  life  in  war) ;  of  city,  municipal ; 
of  citizenship,  civil,  (c.  virtues,  activity),  whence 
ei'vics  n.  Hence  ci'viCALLY  adv.  [f .  L  civicus 
(civis  citizen,  -ic)] 

ei'vil,  a.  Of  gregarious  men  (c.  society,  life) ; 
of  a  citizen  community  (c.  institutions  ;  c.  war, 
confined  to  this,  between  fellow-citizens,  The 
C.  W.,  in  Eng.,  between  Charles  I  &  Parlia- 
ment, in  U.S., War  of  Secession) ;  of,  becoming, 
a  citizen  (c.  rights,  liberty ;  c.  spirit) ;  polite, 
obliging,  not  rude,  whence  (with  pi.  =  favours) 
civrliTY  n. ;  not  naval  or  military  (c.  engineer ; 
C.  Service,  all  non-warlike  branches  of  State 
administration,  C.  Servant,  member  of  one  of 
them) ;  not  ecclesiastical  (c.  magistrates,  &  for- 
merly c.  law) ;  not  criminal  (c.  law,  concerning 
q  uestions  of  private  rights  merely) ;  not  natural 
or  astronomical  (c.  day,  year,  as  recognized  for 
dating  &c.) ;  C.  Law,  Roman  law  (so  D.C.L  ;  & 
see  above) ;  c.  list,  Parliamentary  allowance  for 
King's  household  &  royal  pensions.  Hence 
ci'vilLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  civilis  (civis  citizen,  -il)] 

eivrlian  (-yan),  n.  &  a.  (Person)  not  of  navy 
or  army ;  (also  Indian  C.)  member  of  Indian 
Civil  Service,  [archaic  sense,  one  learned  in 
:  Civil  Law,  f.  OF  civilien  as  prec,  -ian] 

ci*viliza*tion,  n.  Making  or  becoming  civi- 
lized ;  stage,  esp.  advanced  staf;e,  in  social 
'  development ;  civilized  States,  [f.  toll.  +  -ation] 

ci'vllize,  v.t.  Bring  out  of  barbarism,  en- 
lighten, refine ;  c.  away,  get  rid  of  (barbarous 
habits  &c).  Hence  ei'vilizABLE  a.,  ei'vili- 
zer  in.    [f.  F  civiliser,  see  civil,  -ize(3)] 

clack,  n.,  &  v.i.  Sharp  sound  as  of  boards 
struck  together ;  flap  -  valve  in  pumps  &c. ; 
clatter  of  tongues.  (Vb)  chatter  loudly ;  make 
sound  as  of  clogs  on  stone,  [prob.  imit. ;  cf.  F 
claque(r),  Du.  klakken] 

clad.    See  clothe. 

elad(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  klados  young 
shoot,  in  bot.  terms  as  cladocarpous  with  fruit 
on  lateral  branchlets. 

claim1,  v.t.  Demand  as  one's  due  (recogni- 
tion &c,  to  be,  that  one  should  be,  recognized 
&c.) ;  represent  oneself  as  having  (c.  the  victory, 
accuracy) ;  profess  to  (be  the  owner,  have  told 
the  truth) ;  demand  recognition  of  the  fact  that ; 
(U.  S.)  contend,  assert ;  (of  things)  deserve  (esp. 
attention).  Hence  clalixiABLE  a.,  clai'm- 
ant(1)  n.    [f.  OF  cla(i)mer  f.  L  clamare  call  out] 


4 CLAP 

claim2,  n.  Demand  for  something  as  due 
(lay  c.  to) ;  right,  title,  to  thing,  right  to  make 
demand  on  person  ;  (Mining  &c.)  piece  of  land 
allotted,    [f.  OF  claime  see  prec.  J 

clairvoyance,  n.  Faculty  of  seeing  men- 
tally what  is  happening  or  exists  out  of  sight ; 
exceptional  insight.  [F  (L  clarus  clear,  videre 
6ee,  -ance)  ;  first  sense  given  in  E] 

clairvoyant,  n.  (sometimes  fern,  -te),  &  a. 
(Person)  having  clairvoyance.  [F,  as  prec,  -ant] 

clam  1.    See  clamp  K 

clam-,  n.  Various  bivalve  shell-fish,  esp. 
the  N.-Amer.  Hard  or  Round,  &  Soft  or  Long, 
C,  used  for  food.   [orig.  c.-shellf.  c7am=CLAMpi] 

clamant,  a.  Noisy,  insistent;  urgent,  [f. 
L  clamare  cry  out,  -ant] 

ela-mber,  v.i.,  &  n.  Climb  with  hands  & 
feet ;  climb  with  difficulty  or  labour,  [prob.  f. 
CLIMB  +  -ER5,  but  cf.  clamp  i  &  G  sich  Mam- 
mem  hook  oneself  on] 

cla'mmy,  a.  Moist,  usu.  cold,  &  sticky  or 
slimy  (of  the  hand,  ill-baked  bread,  any  surface). 
Hence  cla*mmiLY2  adv.,  cla*mmiNESS  n. 
[perh.  f.  OE  clam  clay] 

cla-moup,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Shout(ing) ;  (make) 
loud  appeal,  complaint,  or  demand  (abs.,  or 
for,  against,  to  do ;  also  as  v.t.,  c.  down,  silence, 
c.  out  of,  into,  force  by  c.) ;  (make)  confused 
noise.  So  cla'mopous  a.,  cla'mopousLY 2 
adv.    [f.  OF  f.  L  clamor  (clamare  call  out)] 

clamp1,  n.,  &  v.t.  (also  clam  in  some  tech- 
nical uses  of  n.).  Brace,  clasp,  or  band,  usu. 
of  iron,  for  strengthening  other  materials  or 
holding  things  together;  various  appliances 
or  tools  with  opposite  sides  connected  by  screw 
for  holding  or  compressing;  (vb)  strengthen, 
fasten  together,  with  c.  or  cc.  [f.  loth  c. ;  there 
was  OE  clam  in  same  sense] 

clamp  2,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Pile  (of  bricks  for  burning, 
potatos  &c.  under  straw  &  earth,  turf,  peat, 
garden  rubbish,  &c.) ;  (vb)  pile  (bricks  &c.)  up. 
[perh.  =  prec. ;  cf.  Du.  klamp  a  heap] 

clan,  n.  Scotch  highlanders  with  common 
ancestor,  esp.  while  under  patriarchal  control 
(clansman,  member,  fellow  member,  of  c); 
tribe ;  family  holding  together,  whence  cla'n- 
niSH1  a.,  cla'nnishLY  2  adv.,  cla'nnishNESS 
n. ;  party,  coterie ;  genus,  species,  class,  [f. 
Gael,  clann  t.  L  planto] 

clandestine,  a.  Surreptitious,  secret. 
Hence  clande'stineLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  clande- 
stine (clam  secretly,  cf.  intestine,  matutine)] 

clang-,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Loud  resonant  metallic 
sound  (esp.  of  trumpet,  arms,  large  bell,  some 
birds) ;  (vb)  make,  cause  (thing)  to  make,  this, 
[f.  L  clangere  cf.  Gk  Mag-] 

cla'ngroup  (-ngg-),  n.  Succession,  prevalence, 
of  clanging  noises.  Hence  ela'ng-orous  a.. 
cla'ne-OPOUSLY2  adv.  [f .  L  clangor  (prec. ,  -or1  )] 

clank,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Sound  as  of  heavy  chain 
rattling ;  (vb)  make,  cause  (bucket,  chain,  &c.) 
to  make,  this.  [f.  17th  c,  perh.  on  clang,  clink ; 
but  cf.  Du.  klank] 

cla'nship,  n.  The  clan  system;  division 
into  mutually  jealous  parties  ;  devotion  to  a 
leader,    [-ship] 

clap1,  n.  Explosive  noise  (of  thunder,  of 
hand-palms  struck  together);  slap,  pat,  (ar- 
chaic),   [perh.  f.  foil.] 

clap2  v.i.  &  t.  C.  one's  hands,  c.  (t.  &  i.), 
applaud  by  striking  palms  together  loudly 
(also,  usu.  w.  hands,  strike  them  for  warmth, 
as  signal,  &c.) ;  flap  (wings)  audibly ;  c.  on  the 
back,  slap  so  in  encouragement  or  congratula- 
tion ;  put,  place,  quickly  or  energetically  (spurs 
to  horse,  person  in  prison,  duty  on  goods  ;  c.  on 
all  sail ;  c.  up  peace,  bargain,  make  hastily  or 
carelessly ;  c.  eyes  on,  catch  sight  of,  esp.  w. 


CLAP 


150 


CLAW 


neg.) ;  c.-net,  fowler's  or  entomologist's,  shut  by- 
pulling  string,    [cf.  G  klappen,  ON  klappa] 
clap  3,  n.  (not  in  decent  use).    Venereal  dis- 
ease, gonorrhoea.    [?] 
ela'pper,  n.    Tongue  or  striker  of  bell ;  hand 
or  wind  rattle  for  scaring  birds,  [clap  2  +  -ek  ] ] 
ela#ppepelaw,  v.t.    Scratch  &  hit ;  abuse, 
criticize  spitefully,    [prec,  claw] 
cla'ptrap,  n.  &  a.     Language,  sentiment, 
meant  to  catch  applause ;  showy,  [clap  *,  trap] 
claque  (-ahk),  claqueur'  (-ker),  nn.    Hired 
body  of  applauders,  hired  applauder.    [F] 
elar'abella,  n.    Powerful  fluty  organ-stop, 
[f.  L  clarus  clear,  bellus  pretty] 
cla'rence,  n.    Four-wheeled  close  carriage 
with  seats  for  four  inside  &  two  on  box,  four- 
wheeler  cab.    [Duke  of  C.  (William  IV)] 
Cla*pene(l)eux  (-su),  n.     Second  KiNG^of- 
Arms.  [AF(-ceux),t  Clarence(Clare  inSuftolk), 
dukedom  of  Lionel  son  of  Edw.  Ill] 
cla'pendon,  a.  &  n.  (typog.).     Thick-faced 
(type),  thus,  of  various  sizes. 
ela'ret,  n.  &  a.    Kinds  of  red  French  wine 
imported  from  Bordeaux  (usu.  blends  of  light 
wine  with  Benicarlo) ;  (slang)  blood  (tap  one's 
c,  make  his  nose  bleed  with  blow  of  fist) ;  c- 
colour(ed),  reddish-violet ;  artificial  salmon-fly 
so  coloured ;  c.-cup  K  [OF(vin  c),  =  clairet  dim. 
of  clair  f.  L  clarus  clear  (orig.  of  light  red  wines 
between  white  &  red)] 

ela'pify,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  clear  (obscure  sub- 
ject, mind,  sight) ;  free  from  impurities,  make 
transparent,  (liquid,  butter,  air,  &c.) ;  become 
transparent  (lit.,  &  fig.  of  literary  style  &c).  [f. 
OF  clarijier  f.  L  clarificare  (clarus  clear,  -FY)] 
cla'pinet  (also  -e't),  n.  Wooden  single-reed 
instrument  played  by  holes  &  keys ;  organ-stop 
of  like  quality.  So  elapine*ttiST(3)  n.  [f.  F 
clarinette  dim.  of  clarine  =  £o\\.] 
ela'plon,  n.  &  a.  Shrill  narrow-tubed  trum- 
pet formerly  used  in  war;  rousing  sound ;  organ- 
stop  of  c.  quality;  (adj.)  clear  &  loud.  [f.  OF 
claron  f.  med.  L  clarionem  nom.  ~io  (clear)] 
.  clarionet,  n.  =  clarinet.  [prec.-ET1] 
cla'plty,  n.  Clearness.  [ME  &  OF  clarte  f. 
L  claritatem  (clarus  clear,  -ty)] 
elap'y,  n.  Kind  of  pot-herb.  [OE  slarie  f. 
med.  L  sclarea  etym.  dub.] 
clash,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  loud  broken  sound 
as  of  collision,  striking  weapons,  cymbals,  bells 
rung  together;  encounter,  conflict,  (v.i.,  &  n.) ; 
disagree(ment) ;  be  at  variance  with;  rush  or 
charge  (vb)  into,  against,  upon ;  ring  (bells)  all 
together,  [prob.  imit.,  pern,  on  clang,  crash] 
clasp  1,  n.  Contrivance  of  interlocking  parts 
for  fastening,  buckle,  brooch ;  metal  fastening 
of  book-cover ;  embrace,  reach ;  grasp,  hand- 
shake ;  bar  of  silver  on  medal-ribbon  with  name 
of  occasion  (in  campaign  commemorated  by 
medal)  at  which  wearer  was  present ;  c.-knife, 
folding,  with  catch  fixing  blade  when  open.  [f. 
14th  c. ;  excl.  E ;  etym.  dub. ;  var.,  elapse,  cf. 
hasp  hapse,  ask  ax] 

clasp2,  v.t.  &  i.  Fasten  (c.) ;  fasten  (t.  &  i.) 
with  or  as  c;  encircle,  hold  closely,  embrace  ; 
grasp  (another's  hand  ;  c.  hands,  shake  hands 
emotionally,  make  common  cause ;  c.  one's 
hands,  interlace  fingers),  [f.  prec] 
cla'spep,  n.  In  vol  senses ;  esp.,  (pi.)  appen- 
dages of  some  male  fish  &  insects  for  holding 
the  female,   [-er1] 

class,  n.,  &  v.t.  Rank,  order,  of  society 
(higher,  upper,  middle,  lower,  working,  cc. ; 
the  cc,  the  rich  or  educated,  opp.  the  masses) ; 
caste  system  ;  set  of  students  taught  together, 
their  time  of  meeting,  their  course  of  in- 
struction, (U.S.)  all  college  students  of  same 
standing,    (c.-fellow,   -male,   present  or  past 


member  of  same  c.  with  one ;  c.-book,  used  by 
c.) ;  division  of  candidates  after  examination 
(take  a  c,  gain  honours  ;  so  classman  opp.  to 
passman ;  c.-list,  issued  by  examiners) ;  division 
according  to  quality  (so  high,  low,  first,  second, 
&c,  -a,  as  adjj.  of  praise  or  depreciation,  & 
first,  second,  third,  c,  of  railway  carriages 
&c. ;  no  c.  slang,  quite  inferior) ;  number  of  in- 
dividuals having  common  name  as  like  in  any 
respect;  (Nat.  Hist.)  high  est  di  vision  (c,  order, 
family,  genus,  species)  of  animal,  vegetable, 
or  mineral  kingdom.  (Vb)  place  in  a  c;  hence 
cla'ssABLE  a.  [f .  F  classe  f .  L classis  assembly 
(calare  convoke)] 

cla'ssic,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  first  class,  of  allowed 
excellence;  of  the  standard  ancient  Latin  & 
Greek  authors,  art,  or  culture;  of  Latin  & 
Greek  antiquity ;  in  the  c.  style,  simple,  har- 
monious, proportioned,  &  finished  (cf.  roman- 
tic) ;  having  literary  associations  (c.  ground) ; 
the  c.  races.  Two  &  One  Thousand,  Derby, 
Oaks,  St  Leger.  (N.)  writer  or  artist  of 
admitted  excellence;  ancient  Greek  or  Latin 
writer ;  Latin  and  Greek  scholar ;  follower  of 
c.  models  (cf.  romantic)  ;  (pi.)  classical  studies, 
[f.  L  classicus  (prec,  -ic)  of  the  first  class] 

cla'ssical,  a.  Standard,  first-class,  esp.  in 
literature  ;  of  ancient  Greek  or  Latin  standard 
authors  or  art ;  learned  in  these ;  based  on  these 
(c.  education) ;  in,  following,  the  restrained 
style  of  c.  antiquity  (as  prec,  cf.  romantic). 
Hence  ela*ssiealiSM(3),  classiea'liTY,  nn., 
cla'sslcalLY  2  adv.    [as  prec.  +  -al] 

ela'ssicism,  -ist,  nn.  Following,  follower, 
of  classic  style ;  classical  scholar(ship) ;  advo- 
cacy, advocate,  of  classical  education  ;  (-ism)  a 
Latin  or  Greek  idiom.    [-ism(3,  i),  -ist(2,  3)] 

cla'ssicize,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  classic ;  imitate 
the  classical  style.    [-ize(2,  3)1 

elassieo-,  comb,  form  of  L  classicus  w. 
senses  of  classic.    Hence  elassied'LATRY  n. 

cla'ssify,  v.t.  Arrange  in  classes ;  assign  to 
a  class.  So  cla'sslf iable,  cla'ssificatoK  v, 
aa.,  classifi cation,  cla'ssifiEK1,  nn.    [f.  L 

CLASSES  +-FY] 

cla'ssy,  a.  (slang).    Superior,    [-y  2] 

cla*ttep,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  dry  confused 
sound  as  of  many  plates  struck  together ; 
(resound  with)  noisy  talk ;  c.  along,  down,  &c 
move,  fall,  with  a  c. ;  (v.t.)  cause  (plates  &c. 
to  c.    [OE  clatrian  cf.  Du.  klateren] 

clause,  n.  Short  sentence ;  (Gram.)  sub 
ordinate  words  including  subject  &  predicate 
but  syntactically  equivalent  to  noun,  adj.,  or 
adv.;  single  proviso  in  treaty,  law,  or  contract. 
IOF,  f.  LL  clausa  =  L  clausula  conclusion 
(claudere  claus-  shut,  -ule)] 

clau'stpal,  a.  Of  the  cloister,  monastic,  nar- 
row,   [f.  LL  claustralis  (cloister,  -al)1 

cla'vate,  a.  (bot.).  Club-shaped,  [f.  L  clava 
club  +  -ate  2] 

cla*vlehopd,  n.  Predecessor  of  piano,  firs 
string-instrument  with  key-board,  [f.  loth-c 
L  clavichordium  (Lclavis key,  chord  i)] 

cla'vicle,  n.  Collar-bone.  So  clavi'culAR 
a.    [f.  L  clavicula  dim.  of  clavis  key] 

ela'vifopm.a.  Club-shaped.  [LcZam,-FORM 

claw  *,  n.  Pointed  horny  nail  of  beast's  or 
bird's  foot  (pare,  cut,  the  cc.  of,  disarm) ;  foot 
so  armed,  oincers  of  shellfish ;  (contempt.) 
hand ;  contrivance  for  grappling,  holding,  &c. 
(c.-hammer,  with  bent  split  end  for  extracting 
nails ;  c.-h.  coat,  dress  coat).  Hence  HelawED2 
a.  [OE  clawu  f.  obi.  cases  of  cUa  cf.  clee  still 
dial. ;  cf.  Du.  klaauw,  G  klaue] 

claw2,  v.t.  Scratch,  tear,  seize  or  pull 
towards  one,  with  cc.  or  hands  (c.  me  &  rll  c. 
thee,  of  mutual  flattery  f.  obs.  sense,  still  Sc, 


CLAY 


151 


CLENCH 


scratch  gently) ;  (Naut.)  beat  to  windward,  esp. 
c.  off,  away  from  shore.    [£.  prec.] 

clay,  n.  Stiff  tenacious  earth,  material  of 
bricks,  pottery,  &c. ;  (material  of)  human  body 
{wet,  moisten,  one's  c,  drink) ;  (also  c.-pipe) 
tobacco  pipe  made  of  c.  (yard  of  c,  long  one) ; 
c-cold,  cold  as  c.  (usu.  of  the  dead).  Hence 
(with  -e-  to  separate  yy,  &  comp.  more,  most) 
clayey  2  a,  [OE  clxg,  com.-Teut.  cf.  Du.  & 
G  klei,  f.  kli-  to  stick  cf.  Gk  gloios,  L  gluten] 

claymore,  n.  Ancient  Scottish  two-edged 
broadsword ;  (incorrectly)  basket-hilted  often 
single-edged  broadsword  introduced  in  16th  c. 
[f.  GAelclaidheamh  mar  great  sword] 

clean1,  a.  Free  from  dirt,  unsoiled,  clear, 
(land  of  weeds,  ship  of  barnacles,  paper  of 
writing,  printing-proof  of  corrections ;  c.  bill4; 
c.  hands,  c.-handed,  c.-handedness,  innocence, 
innocent;  c.-fingered,  unbribed ;  c.  tongue, 
abstinence  from  foul  talk  ;  c.  breast  l ;  shoxo 
c.  pair  of  heels,  escape  by  speed;  c.-bred, 
thoroughbred) ;  (bibl.)  free  of  ceremonial  defile- 
ment or  of  disease  ;  (of  beasts  &c.)  fit  for  food 
(esp.  c.  fish,  not  at  or  soon  after  spawning) ; 
hostile  to  dirt  (c.  servant),  cleanly ;  well-formed, 
shapely,  (joints,  figure,  so  c.-limbed ;  c.  ship, 
with  tapering  lines) ;  smart,  adroit,  not  bung- 
ling, (c.  fielding);  even,  unobstructed,  clear- 
cut,  complete,  (c.  sweep,  complete  riddance ; 
c.  timber,  without  knots).  Hence  clea'nNESS 
n.    [OE  clxne  ;  com.-Teut.  cf.  G  klein  small] 

clean2,  adv.  Completely,  right,  outright, 
altogether,  simply,  absolutely,  (c.  gone,  c. 
bowled,  cut  c.  through,  c.  mad,c.  wrong) ;  c.-cut, 
sharply  outlined.    [OE  clxne  adv.  f.  prec] 

clean3,  v.t.,  &  n.  Make  clean  (o/dirt&c); 
empty  (one's  plate) ;  make  oneself,  make  one- 
self, become,  c.  (also  c.  up) ;  c.  up,  put  things 
tidy,  put  (things)  tidy,  clear  (mess)  away ;  c. 
out,  empty,  strip,  (esp.  slang,  person  of  his 
money) ;  c.  down,  c.  by  brushing  or  wiping ; 
hence  clea'nABLE  a.,  (-)elea*nER](l,  2),  n. 
(N.)  cleaning  (give  it  a  c).    [f.  clean  l] 

clea'nly1  (en-),  adv.     In  clean  way.     [OE 

ClxtlliC  (CLEAN  1  +  -LY  2)1 

elea'nly2  (-en),  a.  Habitually  clean,  atten- 
tive to  cleanness.  Hence  elea'nliLY2  adv., 
clea'nliNESS  n.    [OE  clxnlic  (clean  1  +  -ly  *)] 

cleanse  (-enz),  v.t.  Make  clean  (now  formal 
or  archaic  for  clean  in  lit.  sense) ;  purify  (o/sin 
&c,  or  with  sin  &c.  as  obj.) ;  (bibl.)  cure  (leper 
&c).    [OE  clxnsian  (clxne  clean  ])] 

clear1,  a.  &  adv.  Unclouded,  transparent, 
not  turbid,  lustrous,  unspotted,  (so  clear-starch 
v.t.,  =  starch  well);  distinct,  unambiguous,  in- 
telligible, not  confused,  manifest;  discerning, 
penetrating,  (so  clear-sighted,  -sightedness, 
usu.  fig.) ;  confident,  decided,  certain  ;  easily 
audible  ;  without  deduction,  net ;  rid  of;  com- 
plete (three  c.  days) ;  open,  unobstructed, 
(coast  is  c,  no  one  about  to  see  or  interfere) ; 
unengaged,  free,  unencumbered  by  debt.  (Adv.) 
clearly  (speak  loud  &  c;  c.-cut,  well  defined ; 
show,  shine,  c.) ;  quite  (c.  away,  off,  out, 
through;  three  feet  c.) ;  apart,  without  contact, 
(stand,  hang,  steer,  get,  a).  [ME  &  OF  cler 
(now  clair)  f.  L  clarus] 

clear2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  become,  c.  (c.  the  air, 
lit.  of  sultriness,  fig.  of  suspicion,  constraint, 
sulks,  &c. ;  c.  one's  throat,  by  slight  coughing) ; 
show  or  declare  innocent ;  free  from  obstruc- 
tion (c.  the  decks  for  action,  make  ready  to 
fight ;  c.  land,  cut  down  trees  &c.  before 
cultivating) ;  remove  (obstruction,  esp.  c.  out 
of  the  way) ;  melt  away  (also  slang  of  persons, 

So  away) ;  empty,  become  empty ;  pass  over  or 
y  without  touching  (esp.  in  jumping,  c.  6  ft, 
St  ft,  a  gate);  (Naut.)  free  (ship)  by  paying  all 


dues,  (intr.  of  ship)  sail ;  defray  (prospective 
charges)  by  single  payment ;  c.  away,  remove, 
remove  meal  from  table,  (of  mist  &c.)  dis- 
appear ;  c.  off,  get  rid  of,  melt  away,  (of  in- 
truders) go  away;  c.  out,  empty,  make  off; 
c.  up,  solve  (mystery),  make  tidy,  (of  weather 
&c.)  grow  c.    [f.  prec] 

clear'ance,  n.  Making  clear ;  removal  of 
obstructions ;  passing  of  cheques  through 
Clearing  House ;  (certificate  of)  clearing  of  ship 
at  Custom  House,    [prec.  +  -ance] 

clear'cole,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Paint  with)  size  and 
whiting  or  white-lead  as  first  coat  in  house- 
painting,    [f.  F  claire  colle  clear  glue] 

clearing",  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  piece  of 
land  in  primeval  forest  cleared  for  cultivation  ; 
C.  House,  banker's  institution  in  London  at 
which  cheques  &  bills  are  exchanged,  the  ba- 
lances only  being  paid  in  cash,   [clear2,  -ing1] 

clear'ly,  adv.  Distinctly  to,  with,  senses  or 
mind ;  manifestly  ;  undoubtedly,  (in  answers) 
yes,  no  doubt,    [clear1,  -ly2] 

clearness,  n.  Transparence;  distinctness 
to,  of,  senses  or  mind ;  freedom  from  obstruc- 
tion.   [clear1, -NESS] 

cleat,  n.  Wedge  ;  projecting  piece  bolted  on 
spar,  gangway,  &c. ,  to  give  footing  or  prevent 
rope  from  slipping;  piece  of  wood  or  iron 
bolted  on  for  fastening  ropes  to.  [cf.  Du.  kloot 
ball ;  cogn.  w.  clot] 

clea'vage,  n.  Way  in  which  thing  (mineral, 
party,  opinion,  State)  tends  to  split  (esp.  lines, 
planes,  ofc).    [foil.  +-age] 

cleave1,  v.t.  &  i.  (clove  or  cleft;  cloven  er 
cleft).  Split  (often  asunder,  in  two) ;  chop, 
break,  or  come,  apart,  esp.  along  the  grain  or 
line  of  cleavage  (cleft  palate,  malformation  in 
mouth  ;  in  a  cleft  stick,  in  tight  place  allowing 
neither  retreat  nor  advance ;  cloven  hoof,  of 
ruminant  quadrupeds,  of  god  Pan,  &  so  of 
devil,  whence  show  the  c.  h„  reveal  an  evil 
nature) ;  make  way  through  (water,  air) ;  hold 
(ground,  persons)  apart  (of  chasm  lit.  &  fig.). 
Hence  clea*VABLE  a.  [OE  cliofan,  com.-Teut. 
cf.  G  klieben,  also  Gk  gluph-  carve] 

cleave2,  v.i.  (cleaved  or  clave;  cleaved). 
Stick  fast,  adhere,  to  (archaic  exc  in  fig.  sense 
of  be  faithful).  [OE  clifan  &  clifian,  com.-Teut., 
cf.  G  kleben  f.  kit-  stick] 

elea'ver,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  butcher's 
chopping-tool  for  carcases,    [cleave  l  +  -er  ]] 

clea'vers,  eli'v-,  n.  (used  as  sing,  or  pi.). 
G  oose-grass,  creeper  sticking  to  clothes,  [earl  i- 
er  -er ;  perh.  f.  cleave2  +  -er1] 

cleek,  n.  Iron-headed  golf-club.  [Sc,  cogn. 
w.  ME  cleche  to  clutch] 

clef,  n.  One  of  the  three  symbols  (C,  tenor, 
or  alto ;  G  or  treble ;  F  or  bass)  indicating  pitch 
of  stave  in  music.    [F,  f.  L  clavis  key] 

cleft1,  n.  Fissure,  split,  [earlier  ctyft,  clift, 
cf.  Du.  &  G  kluft,  cogn.  w.  cleave  ]] 

cleft 2.    See  cleave  h 

cleg*,  n.  Large  grey  fly,  horse-fly.  [f.  ON 
kleggi] 

eleistog-a'mie  (kli-),  a.  (bot.).  Permanently 
closed  &  self-fertilizing  (of  certain  flowers). 
[Gk  kleistos  closed  (kleio)  +  -gamos  -married] 

clem,  v.t.  &  i.  (northern).  Starve,  [cf.  Du.  & 
G  klemmcn  pinch,  &  clam  1] 

cle'matls,  n.  Kinds  of  climbing  shrub 
(British  wild  species.  Traveller's  Joy  or  Old 
Man's  Beard).    [L,  f.  Gk  klematis] 

cle'mency,  n.,  ele'ment,  a.  Mild(ness)  of 
temper  or  weather;  (showing)  mercy,  [f.  L 
dementia,  clemens  -entis] 

clench,  clinch,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (choice between 
e  &  i  as  indicated).  Secure  (nail,  rivet)  by 
driving  point  sideways  when  through  (e,  i); 


CLENCHER 


CLINKER-BUILT 


close  (t.  &  i.  of  teeth  or  fingers)  tightly  (e) ;  grasp 
firmly  (e) ;  (Naut)  fasten  (rope)  with  special 
bend  (e,  i) ;  confirm,  settle  (argument,  bargain) 
conclusively  (i,  e) ;  (n.)  any  of  above  actions  or 
the  resulting  state.  [OE  clenc(e)an,  cf.  OHG 
klenkan,  cogn.  w.  cling,  w.  causal  sense] 
eleneher.  See  clincher. 
ele'psydra,  n.  Ancient  clock  worked  by 
flow  of  water.  [L,  f.  Gk  klepsudra  (klepto  steal, 
hudor  water)] 

clepe'stopy  (-ers-),  n.  Part  of  cathedral 
wall,  with  series  of  windows,  above  aisle  roofs, 
[perh.  f.  clear1  +  stor(e)y] 
elep'g-y,  n.  The  clerical  order,  all  persons 
ordained  for  religious  service  (the  c.  usu.  has 
pi.  vb ;  a  c,  ie.  the  c.  of  a  country  or  church, 
has  usu.  sing,  vb) ;  clergymen  (30  c.  were  pre- 
sent); (Hist.)  membership  of,  learning  proper 
to,  c.  (benefit  of  c,  exemption  from  trial  by 
secular  court,  &  later  from  sentence  for  first 
conviction,  enjoyed  by  all  who  could  read) ; 
clergyman,  ordained  minister,  esp.  of  Estab- 
lished Church ;  clergywoman,  wife,  daughter, 
&c,  of  clergyman,  esp.  if  dominating  parish, 
[f.  OF  clergte  (clerc  f.  LL  clericus,  -y t)] 
ele'pie,  a.  (archaic),  &  n.  Clergyman ;  of 
clergy.  Hence  elerieo-  comb.  form.  [f.  LL  f. 
Gk  klerikos  (kleros  lot,  Acts  i.  17,  Devi,  xviii.  2)] 
cle'rical,  a.  &  n.  Of  clergy,  clergyman,  or 
clergymen ;  of,  made  by,  clerk(s)  (c.error,  in  writ- 
ing out ;  c.  duties,  staff);  (n.)  member  of  c.  party 
in  a  parliament  &c.  Hence  cle*picaliSM(3), 
cle*picaliST(2),  nn.,  cle*picalizE(3)  v.t.,elepi- 
ca'liTY  n.,  cle'PicalLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  clericalis 
(prec.,-AL)l 

clerk  (-ark),  n.  (Alsoc.  in  holy  orders)  clergy- 
man (archaic,  legal,  &  sometimes  appended  to 
signature  to  show  status  of  writer) ;  lay  officer 
of  parish  church  with  various  duties;  (no) 
great  c,  (no)  scholar  (archaic) ;  officer  in  charge 
of  records  &c,  secretary,  man  of  business,  of 
town  (Town c),  corporation,  &c.  (usu.  a  lawyer) ; 
person  employed  in  bank,  office,  shop,  &c,  to 
make  entries,  copy  letters,  keep  accounts,  &c. ; 
C.  of  the  Weather,  personification  of  meteoro- 
logy ;  c.  of  the  works,  overseer  of  materials  &c. 
in  buildings  done  by  contract.  Hence  elep'k- 
dom,  clep*kSHiP(l,  3),  nn.,  elep'kLY !  a.  [OE 
cleric,  clerc,  as  cleric] 

ele'veP,  a.  Adroit,  dexterous,  neat  in  move- 
ment (c.  horse,  good  fencer ) ;  skilful,  talented  ; 
ingenious  (of  doer  or  thing  done).  Hence  cle*- 
vepiSH1(2)  a.,  ele'vePLY2  adv.,  cle'vePNESS 
n.  [etym.  dub. ;  diver  occurs  1220  =  quick  at 
seizing ;  cf.  EFris.  cliifer,  &  ME  clivers  claws] 
ele*vis,  n.  U-shaped  iron  at  end  of  beam  for 
attaching  tackle,  [perh.  cogn.  w.  cleave1] 
clew  (-oo),  n.,  &  v.t.  Ball  of  thread  or  yarn  ; 
this  as  used  in  mythol.  story  to  guide  through 
labyrinth;  =  clue.  (Naut.)  small  cords  suspend- 
ing hammock ;  lower  or  aft  corner  of  sail  by 
which  it  is  extended ;  (vb)  c.  up,  draw  lower 
ends  of  (sails)  to  upper  yard  or  mast  ready  for 
furling.  [OE  cliwen  n.  prob.  dim.  of  OHG  kliu ; 
clue  is  a  var.  spelling  merely,  but  the  two  are 
now  usu.  differentiated] 

cii*ch6  (-esha),  n.  Metal  cast  esp.  stereo  or  elec- 
tro duplicate ;  hackneyed  literary  phrase.  [F] 
click,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  slight  sharp  sound  as 
of  cocking  gun  ;  catch  in  machinery  acting  with 
this  sound ;  (of  horse)  touch  shoes  of  fore  &  hind 
feet (n.,  this  fault) ;  (S.-Afr.  langg.)  (make) sharp 
non- vocal  sucking  sound  as  articulation,  [imit. , 
cf .  Du.  klikken,  F  cliguer] 
eli'ent,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)  plebeian  under  pro- 
tection of  noble ;  (archaic)  dependant,  hanger- 
on  ;  employer  of  lawyer ;  employer  of  any  pro- 
fessional man,  customer.    Hence  cli*entAOE, 


cli'entSHiP,  nn.,  cli'entLESS  a.     [f.  L  cliens 
-entis  (cluere  hear,  obey,  -ent)] 

clientele,  n.  1.  Person's  dependants,  follow- 
ing. 2.  Customers,  supporters,  (of  physician, 
shop,  theatre,  &c).  [f.  L  clientela  as  prec.  in 
sense  1,  but  dropped  &  later  readopted  f.  F  in 
sense  2,  &  often  pronounced  &  written  (-tele)  as  F] 

cliff,  n.  Steep  rock-face,  usu.  overhanging 
sea ;  cliff sman, skilled  climber.  [OE, cf.  Du., clif] 

climacte'Pic,  a.  &  n.  Constituting  a  crisis, 
critical ;  (PhysioL  &  Med.)  occurring  at  period 
of  life  (45-60)  at  which  vital  force  begins  to  de- 
cline ;  (n.)  critical  period  in  life  (multiples  of  7, 
odd  multiples  of  7,  &c. ;  grand  c,  63rd  year), 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  klimakterikos  t  Mimakter  rung  of 
ladder  (klimax),  -ic] 

eli'mate  (-at),  n.  (Region  with  certain)  con- 
ditions of  temperature,  dryness,  wind,  light,  &c. 
Hence  elima*tic  a.,  elima'tiCALLY  adv.,  cli- 
mato'LOGY  n.,  eli'matoLO'GiCAL  a.  [f.  F  cli- 
mat  f.  LL  f.  Gk  Mima  -at-  (Mind  slope,  -m)] 

elrmax,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Ascending  scale; 
series  of  ideas  or  expressions  so  arranged  ;  last 
term  in  these ;  culmination,  apex ;  hence  (irreg.) 
clima'ctic  a.  (Vb)  come,  bring,  to  a  c.  [L,  f. 
Gk  klimax  -akos  ladder,  climax] 

climb  (-im),  v.t.  &  i.  (past  climbed  &  archaic 
clomb  pr.  -6m),  &  n.  Ascend,  mount,  go  up, 
(t.  &  i.)  esp.  with  help  of  hands ;  c.  down  (t.  &  i.), 
descend  (clifl  &c,  or  abs.)  similarly,  (intr.)  re- 
treat from  position  taken  up,  give  in ;  (of  sun 
&c.)  go  slowly  up;  (of  plants)  get  support  by 
tendrils  or  twining  from  tree,  trellis,  &c. ;  slope 
upwards;  rise  by  effort  in  social  rank,  intel- 
lectual or  moral  strength,  &c. ;  climbing-iron, 
spikes  attachable  to  boot  for  climbing  trees  or 
ice  slopes;  hence  cli'mbABLE  (-ma-)  a.  (N.) 
piece  of  climbing  (c.  down,  abandonment  of 
declared  intention),  place  (to  be)  climbed,  [cf. 
G  klimmen ;  prob.  cogn.  w.  cleave  2] 

eli'mbep  (-Imer),  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. : 
climbing  plant ;  kinds  of  bird,  usu.  with  two 
forward  &  two  backward  toes,    [-er1] 

clime,  n.  (poet.).  Tract,  country,  (with  or 
without  ref.  to  climate),    [f.  LL  as  climate] 

clinch.    See  clench. 

cli'nchep,  cle'nchep,  n.  In  vbl  senses; 
esp. :  remark,  argument,  that  triumphantly 
settles  a  question ;  clincher-built  =  clinker- 
built,    [prec.  +  -er  l] 

cling",  v.i.  (clung).  C.  together,  remain  in  one 
body  or  in  contact,  resist  separation ;  stick, 
adhere  to,  (whether  by  stickiness,  suction 
grasping,  or  embracing;  clinging  garments 
showing  form  of  body  or  limbs) ;  remain  faith 
ful  to  (friend,  habit,  idea) ;  clingstone,  kind  of 
peach  or  nectarine  in  which  flesh  adheres  to 
stone.  [OE  clingan,  cf.  EFris.  klingen  shrink, 
Sw.  Mange  climb,  tendril] 

cli'nic,  n.  Teaching  of  medicine  or  surgery 
at  the  hospital  bed-side.  [f.  F  clinique  f.  Gk 
klinike  (tekhne)  clinical  (art)] 

cli'nical,  a.  (med.).  Of,  at,  the  sick-bed  (esp. 
of  lectures,  teaching,  so  given  ;  c.  thermometer, 
for  taking  patient's  temperature).  Hence  cli'- 
niealLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Minikos  (Mine  bed 
f.  Mind  slope)  +  -al] 

clink1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Make,  cause  glasses 
Sec.  to  make)  sharp  ringing  sound ;  clinkstone, 
kinds  of  felspar  (f.  ringing  like  iron  when 
struck),    [imit. ;  cf.  Du.  klinken] 

clink  2,  n.  Prison,  lock-up,  (esp.  in  a),  [name 
of  a  South wark  prison  ;  prob.  =  clinch] 

cli'nkep,  n.  v  ery  hard  yellow  Dutch  brick ; 
brick  with  surface  vitrified  by  great  heat ;  mass 
of  bricks  fused  together  or  of  slag  or  lava.     [f. 

Du.  Minckaerd  (now  klinker)  t.  klinken  clink  l] 

elPnkep-built,  a.     (Of  boats)  made  with 


! 


CLINOMETER 


153 


CLOSET 


external  planks  overlapping  downwards  & 
fastened  with  clinched  copper  nails,  [f.  obs. 
clink  vb  =  clinch] 

elino'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  measuring 
slopes,    [f.  Gk  klino  to  slope,  -o-,  -meter] 

Cli'O,  n.  (The  Muse  of)  history,  [f.  Gk  Kleio 
{kleio  celebrate)] 

clip  *,  v.t.,  &  n.  Surround  closely,  grip  tightly ; 
(n.)  appliance  for  holding  things  together  or 
for  attachment  to  object  as  mark.  [OE  clyppan 
embrace  cf.  ON  klypa  pinch] 

clip2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Cut  with  shears  or  scissors, 
trim  thus,  take  away  part  of  (hair,  wool)  thus, 
remove  hair  or  wool  of  (sheep,  person)  thus,  (c. 
one's  wings,  disable  him  from  pursuing  his  am- 
bition) ;  pare  edge  of  (coin) ;  omit  letters  or 
syllables  of  (words) ;  omit  (letter  &c;  clips  his 
gs).  (N.)  operation  of  shearing  or  hair-cutting ; 
quantity  of  wool  clipped  from  sheep,  flock,  &c. 
[prob.  f.  ON  clippa] 

cli'pper,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp.:  in- 
strument for  clipping  hair ;  swift  mover  (esp. 
of  horse  or  ship) ;  ship  with  forward-raking 
bows  &  aft>raking  masts ;  (slang)  thing  excel- 
lent of  its  kind,    [clip  2,  -er  *] 

eli'pping1,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  piece 
clipped  off.    fCLIP  2,  -ing  J  ] 

clipping2,  a.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  (slang) 
first-rate,    [clip2, -ing2] 

clique  (-ek),  n.  Small  exclusive  party,  set, 
coterie.  Hence  eli'quiSH1,  eli*qu(e)Y2,  aa., 
cli'quishxEss,  cli*quiSM(2),  nn.  [F,  f.  cliquer 

CLICK  Cf.  CLAQUE] 

clivers.    See  cleavers. 

c/oa'ca,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Sewer;  excrementory 
cavity  in  birds,  reptiles,  &c. ;  gathering-place 
of  moral  evil.    Hence  eloa'CAL  a.    [L] 

cloak,  (archaic)  cloke,  n. ,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Loose 
usu.  sleeveless  outdoor  upper  garment ;  cover- 
ing (c.  of  snow) ;  pretence,  pretext,  {under  the 
c.  of);  c-room,  for  leaving  cc.,  hats,  &c,  or 
any  luggage.  ( Vb)  put  on  one's  c. ;  put  c.  on 
(oneseZ/  or  another) ;  conceal,  disguise,  [f.  ONF 
cloke  f.  med.  L  cloca  horseman's  cape  named 
from  its  bell  shape  (clock1)] 

clock1,  n.  Time-measuring  instrument 
periodically  wound  up,  kept  in  motion  by 
springs  or  weights  acting  on  wheels,  &  record- 
ing hours,  minutes,  &c,  by  hands  on  a  dial 
{o'clock  now  usu.  only  appended  to  the  actual 
hour,  as  six  o'clock,  but  quarter  to  six,  six 
fifteen,  7.25;  what  o'clock  is  it  ?,  what  is  the 
time  ? :  of  the  clock  still  in  formal  or  facetious 
use) ;  downy  head  of  dandelion  &c. ;  clockwise, 
counter-clockwise,  moving  in  curve  from  left  to 
right,  right  to  left,  as  seen  by  spectator  at 
centre  ;c.-work,  mechanism  on  c.  principle  {like 
c.-w. ,  regularly,  automatically),  (attrib. )  regular, 
mechanical,  [f.  MDu.  clocke  (cf.  G  glocke  bell), 
or  ONF  cloke  f.  LL  cloca  cf.  prec. ;  orig.  mean- 
ing bell,  prob.  in  imit.  of  the  sound] 

clock2,  n.  Pattern  worked  in  silk  on  side  of 
stocking.    Hence  (-)cloekED2  a.    [?] 

decking,  a.  C.  hen,  one  sitting  on  eggs, 
[part,  of  dial,  vb  clock = cluck] 

clod,  n.,  &  v.t.  Lump  of  earth  &c. ;  lump  of 
earth  (vb,  pelt  with  cc.) ;  the  c,  soil,  land,  mere 
matter ;  (also  c.-hopper)  bumpkin,  lout,  (so  c- 
hopping,  loutish),  whence  elo'ddiSH1  a., 
elo'ddishNESS  n.;  coarse  part  of  neck  of  ox 
as  meat.    [var.  of  clot  now  differentiated] 

clog1,  n.  Block  of  wood  fastened  to  leg  to 
impede  motion  ;  impediment,  encumbrance ; 
woman's  wooden-soled  over-shoe  for  wet 
ground;  wooden-soled  shoe  with  metal  rim; 
c.-dance,  performed  in  cc.    [?] 

clog2,  v.t.  &  i.  Confine  (animal)  with  c. ;  be 
an  encumbrance  to,  burden ;  impede,  hamper ; 


choke  up,  obstruct  by  stickiness  ;  fill  up  with 
choking  matter ;  stop  or  act  badly  from  being 
choked  up.    [f.  prec,  &  cf.  dial,  vb  clag  stick] 

elo'ggy,  a.    Lumpy,  knotty  ;  sticky,    [-y  2] 

cloisonne  (klwahzona*),  a.  &  n.  C.  enamel 
or  c,  enamel  in  w^iich  colours  of  pattern  are 
kept  apart  by  thin  outline  plates.    [F] 

cloi'ster,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Enclose,  shut  up,  in) 
convent,  monastic  house,  {the  c,  monastic 
seclusion) ;  covered  walk,  often  round  quad- 
rangle with  wall  on  outer  &  colonnade  or  win- 
dows on  inner  side,  esp.  of  convent,  college, 
cathedral  buildings,  whence  cloi'stePED 2  a. 
Hence  cloi'stPAL  a.  [ME  &  OF  cloistre  f.  L 
claustrum  (claudere  shut,  -trum  instr.  suf.)] 

cloke.    See  cloak. 

cld'nus,  n.  (path.).  Spasm  with  violent  suc- 
cessive muscular  contractions  &  relaxations. 
Hence  eld'nic  a.    [f.  Gk  klonos] 

cloop,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  sound  (as)  of  cork 
being  drawn,    [imit.] 

close l  (-6s),  a.  &  adv.  1.  Shut :  (of  vowels) 
pronounced  with  lips  or  mouth  cavity  con- 
tracted (e.  g.  o  in  not  is  open,  in  note  c.) ;  narrow, 
confined,  contracted,  stifling,  (c.  siege,  prisoner, 
air) ;  covered,  concealed,  secret,  given  to  se- 
crecy, {keep,  lie,  c,  be  in  hiding ;  c.-stool,  cham- 
ber-pot mounted  in  stool  with  cover) ;  niggard- 
ly (so  elose-fistED2  a.,  close-fi'stedNESS 
n.) ;  restricted,  limited,  (c.  corporation  &c. ;  c. 
scholarship,  not  open  to  all;  c.  borough)  ; 
under  prohibition  (c.  season,  time,  in  which 
something  is  forbidden,  esp.  killing  of  game 
&c).  2.  Near:  dense,  compact,  with  no  or 
slight  intervals,  (c.  texture,  thicket,  writing  ; 
c.  order,  combat ;  c.  quarters,  immediate  con- 
tact ;  c.  reasoner,  argument,  analysis,  leaving 
no  gaps  or  weak  spots,  coherent ;  also  adv.,  as 
shut  c,  c.  ranked,  c.-grained,  without  visible 
interstices,  stand,  sit,  c);  in  or  nearly  in  con- 
tact (c.  proximity ;  a  c.  shave,  near  the  skin, 
ai»o  fig.,  narrow  missing  of  collision  &c. :  c- 
hauled,  with  sail-tacks  hauled  c.  to  side  to  wind- 
ward ;  sail  c.  to  the  wind ;  esp.  in  adv.  or  prep, 
phrr.  c.  by,  c.  to,  c.  upon,  as  he  was  c.  by,  c.  to 
the  road,  c.  upon  two  hundred) ;  fitting  exactly 
(c.  cap,  c.  resemblance) ;  near  &  dear ;  nearly 
equal  (c.  contest) ;  concentrated  (c.  examination, 
attention).  Hence  clo'seLY2  adv.,  elo'se- 
ness  n.    [f.  F  clos  f.  L  claudere  claus-  shut] 

close  2  (-6s),  n.  Enclosed  place  (break  one  s  c. 
legal,  trespass  on  his  land) ;  precinct  of  cathe- 
dral ;  school  playground,  [f .  F  clos  f .  L  clausum 
neut.  p.p.  as  prec] 

closed  (.6z),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Shut  (t.  &  i.  of 
lid  or  box,  door  or  room  or  house ;  lit.,  or=de- 
clare  or  be  declared  not  open,  of  place  of  busi- 
ness &c ;  closing-time,  at  which  shops  stop 
business;  c.  upon,  of  hand,  box,  &c,  grasp  or 
imprison,  also  of  eyes,  lose  sight  of  by  shutting) ; 
be  the  boundary  of,  conclude,  bring  or  come 
to  an  end,  complete,  settle,  (c.  one's  days,  die  ; 
c.  bargain ;  abs.,  stop  speaking,  often  with  the 
remark  &c) ;  bring  or  come  into  contact  (c.  the 
ranks  or,  intr.,  c.  up  ;  c.  electric  current  or  cir- 
cuit, give  it  continuity),  come  within  striking 
distance,  grapple  with;  express  (often  eager) 
agreement  with  (offer,  terms,  or  person  offering 
them) ;  c.  in,  enclose,  come  nearer,  (of  days)  get 
successively  shorter ;  c.  up,  block,  fill,  coalesce. 
(N.)  conclusion,  end ;  grappling  of  combatants, 
[f.  OF  clos-  st.  of  clore  f.  L  claudere  shut] 

clo'set  (-6z-),  n„  &  v.t.  Private  or  small 
room,  esp.  for  private  interviews  (so  vb,  be 
closeted  with,  together,  hold  consultation)  or 
for  study  (c.  play,  to  be  read  not  acted ;  c.  stra- 
tegist &c,  theoretical) ;  cupboard,  as  china-c.  • 

=  WATER-C.      [OF  CLOSE  3,  -ET  J) 


CLOSURE 


151 


CLUMP 


clo'sure  (-zher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Closing,  closed 
condition.  (Pari.)  decision  by  rote  of  House  of 
Commons,  under  certain  restrictions,  to  put 
the  question  without  further  debate ;  (vb)  apply 
c.  to  (motion,  speakers,  &c).  [OF,  f.  L  clausura 
(claudere  claus-,  -ure)] 

clot,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Mass  of  material  stuck 
together ;  semi-solid  lump  of  coagulated  liquid, 
esp.  of  blood  (c.  of  blood,  pop.  name  for  throm- 
bosis). .(Vb)  form  (t.  &  L)  into  cc.  (clotted  hair, 
stuck  together  in  locks ;  clotted  cream,  got  by 
scalding  milk ;  clotted  nonsense,  utter  absurd- 
ity),    [cf.  G  klotZ  &  CLEAT,  CLOD] 

cloth  (-awth,  -6th,  pi.  -awdhz,  -oths),  n.  (pi. 
cloths,  &  in  differentiated  sense  clothes). 
(Piece,  used  for  any  purpose,  of)  woven  or  felted 
stuff;  (also  table-c.)  covering  for  table,  esp.  of 
linen  at  meals  (lay  the  c,  prepare  table  for 
meal) ;  woollen  woven  fabric  as  used  for  clothes ; 
c.  of  gold,  silver,  tissue  of  gold  or  silver  threads 
interwoven  with  silk  or  wool;  American  c, 
enamelled  c.  like  leather ;  cut  coat  according  to 
c,  adapt  expenditure  to  resources  ;  profession 
as  shown  by  clothes,  esp.  clerical  (respect  due 
to  his  c.  ;  also  the  c,  clergy) ;  c-binding,  cover 
of  book  in  cotton  c. ;  (Hist.)  c.-yard  shaft, 
arrow  a  yard  long.  [OE  cldth  (earliest  sense  a 
c.)  cf.  G  kleid,  prob.  f.  cli-  stick  cf.  clay] 

clothe  (-odh),  v.t.  (clothed  or  clad).  Provide 
with  clothes,  put  clothes  upon ;  cover  like  or  as 
with  clothes  or  a  cloth  (leaves  c.  trees ;  clothed 
with  righteousness,  toith  plantations;  body 
clothes  sotd;  also  c.  face  in  smiles,  ideas  in 
words).  Hence  elo'thiNG  Hi)  n.  [OE  clathian, 
whence  clothe,  &  cldethan,  whence  clad,  f.  cldth 
cloth  ;  cf.  G  kleiden] 

clothes  (-6z,  -odhz),  n.  pi.  "Wearing-apparel ; 
bed  J-c. ;  linen  &c.  to  be  washed  (c.-bag,  -basket, 
for  conveying  this  ;  c.-horse,  for  airing  it  on  ; 
c.-line,  -post,  -prop,  -peg,  rope,  supports  of  rope, 
wooden  clips  on  rope,  for  drying  it  after  wash- 
ing) ;  c-brush ;  c-moth,  destructive  to  c  ;  c- 
press,  cupboard  with  shelves  for  c. ;  (old-)c- 
man,  dealer  in  usu.  old  c.  [the  orig.  pi.  of  cloth, 
cloths  being  modern] 

clo*thiei>  (-odh),  n.  Maker  of  cloth ;  dealer 
in  cloth  or  clothes,    [orig.  clother,  see  -er  *] 

cloud  (-owd),  n.,  &  Y-t.  &  L  (Mass  of)  visible 
condensed  watery  vapour  (see  cirrus,  cumu- 
lus, nimbus,  stratus)  floating  high  above 
general  level  of  ground  (c.-drift,  c.  in  motion  ; 
c.-rack,  pile  of  broken  cc. ;  c.-burst,  violent  rain- 
storm ;  c-capped,  of  hill  with  top  veiled  in  c. ; 
escape,  picture,  picturesque  grouping,  of  cc; 
c.-kissing,  of  high  hill  or  building) ;  unsubstan- 
tial or  fleeting  thing ;  mass  of  smoke  or  dust 
(c.-compeller,  smoker,  facet,  use  of  Greek  epithet 
of  Zeus) ;  local  dimness  or  vague  patch  of  colour 
in  or  on  liquid  or  transparent  body ;  great  num- 
ber of  birds,  insects,  horsemen,  arrows,  moving 
together ;  light  woollen  scarf ;  obscurity  (under 
c.  of  night ;  a  c.  of  words) ;  in  the  cc.,  mystical, 
unreal,  imaginary,  (so  c-castle,  daydream ;  c- 
land,c.  -woWa,utopia,fairyland)  •  state  of  gloom, 
trouble,  suspicion,  louring  or  depressed  look, 
(c.  on  brow ;  under  a  c,  out  of  favour,  discre- 
dited) ;  cloudberry,  mountain  shrub  with  white 
flower  &  orange-coloured  fruit ;  hence  clou'd- 
less  a. ,  clou'dlessL  y  2  adv.  ,clou*dlessNESS, 
clou*dLET,  nn.,  clou'dY2  a.,  eloirdlLY2 
adv.,  eloirdlNESs  n.,  eloirdwARD(s)  adv. 
(Vb)  overspread,  darken,  with  cc,  gloom,  or 
trouble  ;  variegate  with  vague  patches  of  col- 
pur  ;  become  overcast  or  gloomy  (c.  tip,  over). 
[prob.  f.  OE  clud,  meaning,  &cogn.  w.,clod] 

dough  (-uf),  n.     Ravine,  steep  valley  usu. 

with  torrent  bed.    [cf.  G  klinge] 

clout  (-owt),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  (archaic  &  dial. ).    Patch 


(n.  &  v.);  a  cloth  (esp.  dish-c);  piece  of  clothing; 
rap,  knock,(n.  &  v.,  esp.  on  head  with  knuckles); 
(Hist.)  canvas  on  frame  as  mark  at  archery  (in 
the  c,  a  hit!)    [OE  clut  cogn.  w.  clot] 

clove !,  cloven.    See  cleave  *. 

clove  2,  n.  One  of  small  bulbs  making  up  com- 
pound bulb  of  garlic,  shallot,  &c  (usu.  of).    [OE 

Chvfu  COgn.  W.  CLEAVE  J] 

clove3,  n.  (Pungent  aromatic  dried  bud  of) 
tropical  tree  (oil  o/cc, extracted  from  cc.  &  used 
in  medicine) ;  (also  c.-gillyjlower)  c-scented 
Pink,  original  of  carnation  &  other  double 
pinks.  [ME  clow(e)  f .  F  clou  (de  girofle) ;  girojle 
(see  gillyflower)  was  orig.  name  of  the  spice  ; 
clou  (f.  L  clavus  nail)  de  girofle  was  used  of  it 
w.  ref.  to  its  shape,  transferred  to  the  similarly 
shaped  bud  of  Pink,  &  later  divided  into  clove 
for  the  spice,  &  gillyflower  for  the  Pink] 

clove-hitch,  n.  Hitch  by  which  rope  is  se- 
cured at  any  intermediate  part  round  spar  or 
rope  that  it  crosses  at  right  angles,  [old  p.p.  of 
cleave  x,  as  showing  parallel  separate  lines] 

eld'ver,  n.  Kinds  of  trefoil  used  for  fodder 
(be,  live,  in  c,  in  ease  &  luxury).  [OE  cldfre  cf. 
Du.  klaver,  G  klee] 

clown,  n.  Rustic ;  ignorant  or  ill-bred  man, 
whence  elownisH  i  a.,  elownishLY  2  adv., 
elownishNESS  n. ;  jester,  esp.  in  pantomime 
or  circus,  whence  elownERY(4)  n.  [prob. 
cogn.  w.  clot,  &  =  lump ;  cf.  Icel.  clunni] 

eloy,  v.t.  Satiate,  weary,  by  richness,  sweet- 
ness, sameness,  excess,  of  food  or  pleasure  (usu. 
with),  [f.  obs.  accloy  choke  (put  nail  into)  f.  OF 
encloyer  (AC-)  f.  LL  m(clavare  f.  L  clavus  nail)] 

club1,  n.  1.  Stick  with  one  thick  end  as 
weapon  (Indian  cc,  pair  swung  to  develop 
muscles ;  c.-law,  rule  by  physical  force) ;  kinds 
of  stick  used  in  games,  esp.  golf ;  structure  or 
organ  in  Bot.  &c.  with  knob  at  end ;  c.-foot(ed), 
(with)  congenitally  distorted  foot;  c.-moss,  kind 
with  upright  spikes  of  spore-cases ;  c-root,  dis- 
ease of  turnips  &c  ;  playing-card  of  suit  bear- 
ing black  trefoil  (cc,  the  suit).  2.  Association 
of  persons  united  by  some  common  interest 
meeting  periodically  for  co-operation  (Alpine, 
golf,  yacht,  benefit,  c)  or  conviviality;  body 
of  persons  with  cooptation  by  ballot  combined 
for  social  purposes  &  having  premises  (c.-house) 
for  resort,  meals,  temporary  residence,  &c  (c- 
land,  St  James's  in  London,  where  cc.  cluster), 
whence  elu'DDOM  n. ,  c1u#dless  a.  [ME  clubbe 
perh.  f.  ON  clubba  by  assim.  f.  clumba  =  clump; 
sense  2  prob.  =  knot  of  persons] 

club2,  V.t.  &  i.  Beat  with  c  ;  use  butt  of 
(gun)  as  c  ;  bring,  come,  into  a  mass ;  contri- 
bute (money,  ideas)  to  common  stock;  (intr.) 
combine  together,  with,  for  joint  action,  making 
up  a  sum,  &c. ;  (Mil.)  get  (one's  men)  into  a  con- 
fused mass.    [f.  prec] 

clu'bbable,  a.  Fit  for  membership  of  a  club. 
[club1,  -able] 

club-haul,  v.t.  Tack  (ship,  or  abs.)  by  an- 
choring &  cutting  cable,  as  device  for  getting 
off  lee-shore  when  there  is  not  room  to  wear.  [?J 

cluck,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  guttural  cry  of  hen. 
[cf.  obs.  &  dial  clock  (OE  cloccian) ;  imit.] 

clue  (-oo),  n.  Fact  or  principle  that  serves  as 
guide,  or  suggests  a  line  of  inquiry,  in  any  pro- 
blem, investigation,  or  study ;  thread  of  story, 
train  of  thought ;  (also  rarely  in  other  senses 
of)  clew.    Hence  clue'LESS  a.    [  =  clew] 

elu'mbep,  n.   Kind  of  spaniel.   [G  in  Notts.] 

clump,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Cluster  of  trees  or 
shrubs  (usu.  of);  (also  c.-sole)  extra  thickness 
of  leather  added  to  sole,  usu.  nailed  on.  (Vb) 
tread  heavily ;  heap  or  plant  together  ;  provide 
(boot)  with  c.  [cf.  G  klumpen,  Du.  klomp,  ON 
clumba  &  clubba  club] 


CLUMSY 


155 


COAT 


clu'msy  (-zl),  a.  Awkward  in  movement  or 
shape,  ungainly ;  ill-contrived ;  without  tact. 
Hence  elirmsiLY2  adv.,  elu'mslNESS  o.  [f. 
obs.  clumse  be  stiff  with  cold ;  cf.  Norw. 
klumsa  paralyse,  &  clem,  clammy] 

cluneh  (-tsh),  n.  Soft  white  limestone  used 
for  internal  carving- work.  [pern.  var.  of  clump, 
cf.  bump  bunch,  hump  hunch] 

clung-.    See  cling. 

clu'step,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Group  of  similar 
things,  esp.  such  as  grow  together,  bunch ; 
swarm,  group,  of  persons,  animals,  &c. ;  (vb) 
bring  or  come  into,  be  in,  a  c.  or  cc.  (clustered 
columns,  pillars,  shafts,  several  close  together, 
or  disposed  round  or  half  detached  from  pier). 
[OE  clyster  prob.  cogn.  w.  clot] 

clutch  \  v.t.  &  i.  Seize  eagerly,  grasp  tight- 
ly;  snatch  at.    [OE  clyccean  f.  OTeut.  (foil.)] 

clutch  2,  n.  Tight  grasp  ;  (pi.)  grasping  hands, 
cruel  grasp;  a  grasping  at',   (Mech.)  arrange- 


ment for  throwing  working  parts  into  or  out 

,  gripping-piece  of 
claw  n.  f.  OTeut.  kluk-  cf.  prec] 


of  action,  gripping-piece  of  crane.    [ME  cloke 


clutch  3,  n.  Set  of  eggs  ;  brood  of  chickens, 
[earlier  cletch  f.  deck  to  hatch  (cf.  bake  batch) 
f.  ON  clekja) 

elu'tter,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Bustle,  run,  with)  con- 
fused noise  or  movement,  loss  of  self-possession, 
[var.  of  obs.  clotter  coagulate  (clot,  -er5)] 

ely'peus,  n.  Shield-like  part  of  insect's  head. 
Hence  elypeAL,  elypeATE2,  elypeiFORM, 
aa.,  clypeo-  comb.  form.    [L,=  shield] 

co-,  pref.  L  short  form  of  com-  (cum  prep. 
with),  used  in  L  only  before  vowels,  h,  gn,  &  (in 
the  correct  clas.  form)  n,  but  in  E  as  living  pref. 
before  any  letter.  (1)  Prefixed  to  vbs,  =  with 
other  subjects  (cooperate)  or  objects  (co-adjust); 
to  adjj.  &  advv.,  =  jointly,  together,  mutually, 
(coeternally,  coadjacent) ;  &  to  nouns,  =  joint, 
mutual,  (coheir,  coeguality).  (2)  In  some  math, 
words,  short  for  complement,  = '  cf  tin  comple- 
ment', 'complement  o  ',  as  cosine,  co-diclxna- 
tion.  In  unfamiliar  words,  a  hyphen  or  diaere- 
sis is  used  to  indicate  pronunciation,  and  the 
three  methods  (cooperate,  co-operate,  cooperate) 
are  employed  arbitrarily. 

coacepva'tion,  n.  Heaping  together,  pile, 
[f.  L  co(acervatio  f.  acervare  I.  acervus  heap, 
see  -ation)] 

coach  (-tsh),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  State  carriage  ; 
(also  stage-c)  large  four-wheeled  &  usu.  four- 
horsed  close  carriage  with  seats  inside  and  on 
the  roof  carrying  passengers  at  fixed  rates  & 
times  with  stoppages  for  meals  &  relays  of 
horses ;  hackney-c  ;  mourning-c  ;  slow-c  ; 
(official  name  for)  railway  carriage ;  (Naut.) 
room  near  stern  of  man-of-war ;  private  tutor ; 
trainer  of  crew  for  boatrace;  drive  c.  &  six 
through  Act  of  Parliament,  stultify  it;  c.-box, 
driver's  seat ;  c. -dog,  =  CARRiAGE-dogr ;  c.-house, 
outhouse  for  carriages ;  coachman,  driver  of  any 
carriage,  whence  eoa*ehmansHTP(3)  n.;  hence 
coa*chFUL(2)  n.  ( Vb)  travel  in,  go  by,  stage-c. 
(in  the  old  coaching  days) ;  tutor,  train,  (pupil 
for  examination,  crew  for  race) ;  give  hints  to, 
prime  with  facts  ;  (intr.)  read  with  tutor,  [f.  F 
coche  f.  Magyar  kocsi  adj.  f.  Kocs  place-name] 

eoa'djutop,  n.  Assistant,  [f.  OF  coadjuteur 
f.  L  co(adjutorem  t.  AHjuvare  -jut-  help,  -or2)] 

coa'dunate  (-at),  a.  (physiol.  &  bot.).  Con- 
genitally  united,  ff.  L  co(adunatus  p.p.  of 
ADunare  make  one  r.  unus  one)] 

coa'gxilate,  v.t.  &  i.  Change  (t.  &  i.)  from 
fluid  to  more  or  less  solid  state,  clot,  curdle,  set, 
solidify.  Hence  or  cogn.  eoagnlATiON,  co- 
a'g-ulatoR  2(2),  eoa*g'ulANT(2),  nn.    [f .  obs.  co- 


agulate adj.  f.  L  coagulare  f.  coagulum  n.  f. 
co(agere  bring) usu.  cogere collect ;  -ate2.  3] 

coai'ta  (koi-),  n.  Small  S.-Amer.  monkey 
(Red-faced  Spider-monkey),    [f.  Braz.  coatd] 

coal,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Hard  opaque  black  or 
blackish  mineral  of  carbonized  vegetable  mat- 
ter found  in  seams  or  strata  below  earth's  sur- 
face &  used  as  fuel  &  in  manufacture  of  gas, 
tar,  &c.  (cc,  pieces  of  it  ready  for  supplying 
fire;  chief  kinds,  anthracite,  bituminous, 
lignite  ;  heap  cc.  of  fire,  return  good  for  evil, 
cf. Mom.  xii.  20 ;  blow  the  cc,  fan  flame  of  passion 
&c. ;  haul,  call,  over  the  cc,  reprimand ;  cc.  to 
Newcastle,  superfluous  action) ;  c.-bed,  -seam, 
stratum  of  c.  ;  c-black,  quite ;  c.-box,  -scuttle, 
(vulg.)  -vase,  receptacle  for  c.  to  supply  room 
fire  (c-scuttle  bonnet,  with  front  projection  as 
of  inverted  c-box) ;  c. -bunker;  c.-dust,  small 
cc. ;  c-factor,  middleman  between  c. -owners  & 
customers ;  c-field,  district  with  series  of  c. 
strata;  c-fish,  black  cod;  c.-flap,  -plate,  cover 
of  c.  -cellar  opening  in  pavement ;  c.-gas,  mixed 
gases  extracted  from  c.  &  used  for  lighting  & 
heating;  c-heaver,  man  employed  in  moving 
c. ;  c-hole,  small  c. -cellar ;  c-master,  -owner, 
owner  or  lessee  of  c.-mine  or  c-pit= colliery  ; 
c-measure  (geol.),  series  of  rocks  formed  by 
seams  of  c.  &  intervening  strata;  c-screen, 
frame  for  parting  large  from  small  cc. ;  c.-tar, 
tar  extracted  from  bituminous  c,  &  yielding 
paraffin,  naphtha,  benzene,  creosote,  &  aniline 
dyes;  c-tit,  =  coalmouse ;  c-whipper,  man. 
machine,  raising  c.  from  ship's  hold;  hence 
coa'lLESS,  coa'iY  2,  aa.  (Vb)  put  c.  into  (ship 
&c.) ;  take  in  supply  of  c.    [OE  col,  cf.  G  kohle] 

coalesce  (koale's),  v.i.  Come  together  &  form 
one  (of  material  or  immaterial  things) ;  com- 
bine in  a  coalition  (of  statesmen,  parties).  So 
coale'scENCE  n.,  coale'scENT  a.  [f.  L  co(a- 
lescere  alit-  grow  f.  alere  nourish)] 

eoali'tion,  n.  Union,  fusion ;  (Pol.)  tempo- 
rary combination  for  special  ends  between 
parties thatretaindistinctiveprinciples.  Hence 
coali'tioniST(l)  n.    [f.  L  coalitio  (prec,  -ion)] 

coa'lmouse,  cole-,  n.  Small  dark-coloured 
bird.  [ME  colmose  f.  OE  colmdse  (col  coal  + 
mdse  f.  W6  maisa  kinds  of  small  bird)] 

coaming  (ko-),  n.  Raised  border  round 
hatches  &c  of  ship  to  keep  out  water.    [?] 

coarse  (kors),  a.  Common,  inferior,  (c  fish, 
fare) ;  rough,  loose,  or  large,  in  texture,  grain, 
or  features;  not  delicate  in  perception,  manner, 
or  taste,  unrefined  ;  rude,  uncivil,  vulgar  ;  ob- 
scene (of  language) ;  c-fibred,  -grained,  lit.  of 
things,  also  fig.  of  persons  =  without  delicacy. 
Hence  eoap'seLY2  adv.,  coap'SEN6  v.t.  &  i., 
coap'seNESs  n.,  eoap'siSH  *(2)  a.  [f.  phr.  in 
or  of  course  =  ordinary,  cf.  sense  of  mean 
(average,  low)  &  plain  (ordinary,  ugly)] 

coast1,  n.  (Also  sea-c)  border  of  land  near 
sea,  sea-shore;  clear1  c;  (U.S.  &  Canada) 
toboggan  slide  ;  (hence  through  coast  2)  down- 
hill run  on  bicycle  with  feet  up  or  still ;  c- 
guard(sman),  Admiralty  c.  police(man).  Hence 
eoa'stwARD(s)  adv.,  coa'stwisE  a.  &  adv. 
[ME  &  OF  coste  (now  cote)  f.  L  costa  rib,  side] 

coast2,  v.i.     Sail  along  c,  trade   between 

Sorts  on  same  c  ;  slide  down-hill  on  toboggan, 
icycle  down-hill  without  pedalling,  [f.  OF 
costeier  (now  cotoyer)  f.  Rom. *costicare  as  prec] 
coat,  n.,  &  v.t.  Man '8  sleeved  usu.  cloth  body 
garment  (dress-c,  with  swallow  tails  for  the 
evening;  c  of  mail;  frock-c  ;  greatc,  out- 
door, worn  over  another;  red  c,  traditional 
uniform  of  British  soldier ;  so  redcoat,  soldier ; 
c  of  arms,  herald's  tabard,  gentleman's  heraldic 


For  compounds  oi  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


COATEE 


156 


COCK-A-HOOP 


bearings  or  shield  ;  c.  armour,  blazonry,  heral- 
dic arms  ;  c.-card,  now  usu.  court-,  playing-card 
with  coated  figure,  king,  queen,  or  knave ;  trail 
one's  c.-tails,  for  some  one  to  tread  on,  =  seek 
to  pick  quarrel ;  dust  one's  c,  beat  him ;  turn 
one's  c,  change  sides,  desert;  wear  the  king's 
a,  serve  as  soldier) ;  woman's  stout  buttoned 
overcoat ;  petticoat  (archaic  &  dial. ;  in  litera- 
ture esp.  in  kilt  one's  cc.) ;  covering  compared 
to  garment ;  beast's  hair,  fur,  &c. ;  (Physiol.) 
investing  membrane  &c.  of  organ  ;  skin,  rind, 
husk,  layer  of  bulb  &c. ;  covering  of  paint  &c. 
laid  on  at  once ;  hence  (-)coatED  2,  eoa'tLESS, 
aa.  (Vb)  put  or  (with  paint  Sec.  as  subj.)  be 
c.  of  paint,  tin,  &c,  upon,  (p.p.)  covered  over 
with  dust  &c.  [f.  OF  cote  (now  cotte  petticoat) 
f.  med.  L  cotta  cf.  OHG  chozza  (garment  of) 
shaggy  woollen  stuff] 

coatee*,  n.  Short-tailed  (esp.  mil.)  coat,   [-ee] 

coa'ti  (-ah-),  n.  American  carnivorous  mam- 
mal like  civet  &  racoon  with  long  flexible 
snout.    [Braz.  (cua  cincture,  tim  nose)] 

eoa'ting",  n.  Layer  of  paint  &c. ;  material 
for  coats,    [-ing  !] 

coax,  v.t.  &  i.  Persuade  by  blandishments 
{to  do,  into  doing  or  good  temper  &c. ;  c.  thing 
out  of  person) ;  c.  away,  out,  Sec,  entice ;  prac- 
tise wheedling.  Hence  eoa'XER1  n.  [=fool 
vb  f.  obs.  cokes  fool  n.  perh.  cogn.  w.  cockney] 

coa'xal,  -ial,  a.  (math.).  Having  common 
axis,    [co-,  axis,  -al] 

cob »,  n.  Male  swan  ;  stout  short  -  legged 
riding-horse,  whence  eo*fobY2a. ;  (also  c.-nut) 
large  kind  of  hazel-nut ;  roundish  lump  of  coal 
&c. ;  corn-c.    [?] 

cob2,  n.  Composition  of  clay,  gravel,  & 
straw,  used  for  building  walls.    [?] 

co'balt  (-a wit),  n.  Reddish-grey  metal  similar 
in  many  respects  to  nickel ;  deep-blue  pigment 
made  from  it.  Hence  eoba'ltic,  eo'balti*- 
perous,  coba'ltous  (chem.),  aa.,  cobalto- 
comb.  form.   [G,  prob.  =  kobold  goblin  of  mines] 

co'bble1,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Also  c.-stone)  water- worn 
rounded  stone  of  size  used  for  paving  (vb,  pave 
with  these) ;  (pi.)  coals  of  this  size.   Tcf.  cob  i] 

eo'bble  2,  v.t.  Put  together  roughly ;  mend, 
patch  up,  (esp.  shoes),  [etym.  dub. ;  foil,  is 
quoted  a  century  earlier] 

eo'bblep,  n.  Mender  of  shoes ;  clumsy  work- 
man ;  (often  sherry  c.)  iced  drink  of  wine,  sugar, 
lemon,  sucked  through  straw  (origin  unknown ; 
from  U.S.) ;  c.'s  wax,  resinous  substance  used 
for  waxing  thread.    [?] 

ed*ble,:n.  Flat-bottomed  six-oared  fishing-boat 
with  lug-sail.    [cf.  Wceubal,  Bret,  caubal] 

co-bra  (de  cape-llo)  (di),  n.  The  venomous 
Hooded  Snake  of  India,  with  neck  dilated  like 
hood  under  irritation.  [Port. ;  cobra  f.  L  colubra 
snake,  capello  hood,  =  F  chapeau] 

eo'bweb,  n.  &  a.  Spider's  network,  material 
of  it,  thread  of  this ;  thing  of  flimsy  texture  (so 
adj.,  thin,  flimsy),  subtle  fanciful  reasoning; 
musty  rubbish  (esp.  fig.  as  cc.  of  the  law,  of 
antiquity  ;  blow  away  the  cc,  take  an  airing) ; 
entanglement,  mesh.  Hence  co'bwebbED2 
eo'bwebbv2,  aa.,  eo'bwebbERY(o)  n.  fobs. 
cob  spider  is  prob.  f.  cobweb ;  but  cf.  Flem.  cobbe, 
coppe,  spider] 

eo*ca,  n.  (Leaves  of)  Bolivian  shrub  (chewed 
as  stimulant).    [Sp.,  f.  Peru  v.  cuca] 

coeai'ne,  n.  Drug  from  coca  producing  local 
insensibility.  Hence  cocai'niZE(o)  v.t.,  co- 
cainizA-TioN,  eoeal'niSM(o),  nn.    [-ine**] 

co-ecagree,n.  A  cider  apple,  cider  from  it. 
it.  It.  cac  a  ghetdh  goose  dung  (so  coloured)] 

eo'eeyx  (k6ks-),  n.     Small  triangular  bone 


ending  spinal  column  in  man  ;  analogous  part 
in  birds  Sec.  Hence  or  cogn.  coecy'g-eAL  a., 
eoeey'geo-,  eo'eeyg^o)-,  comb,  forms.  [L,  f. 
Gk  kokkux  -ugos  cuckoo  (like  its  bill)] 

eo'ehin-ehi'na  (kotsh-),  n.  &  a.  (Fowl)  of 
Cochin  China  breed. 

cochineal  (ko'tshinel),  n.  Dried  bodies  of 
insect  found  on  cactus  in  Mexico,  used  for 
making  scarlet  dye  &  carmine,  [f.  F  cochenille 
f.  It.  cocciniglia  (coccino  f.  L  coccinum  scarlet 
robe  f.  coccum  scarlet,  orig.  berry)] 

co'chlea  (-k-),  n.  (pi.  -leae).  Spiral  cavity  of 
internal  ear.    [L,  =  snail] 

cock1,  n.  1.  Male  bird  (alone  of  domestic 
fowl,  as  below,  also  of  black-c.  ;  of  other  birds 
only  when  aided  by  context ;  in  comb,  in  bird- 
names,  as  peacock,  woodcocA;,  &  prefixed  ■- 
male  as  c.-robin;  c.-sparrow,  male  sparrow, 
small  lively  pugnacious  person  ;  c.  of  the  wood, 
capercailye ;  c.  of  the  north,  brambling ;  c.-nest, 
built  by  some  cc,  as  wren,  to  roost  in) ;  male  of 
domestic  fowl  {cock-a-doodle-doo,  its  crow, 
child's  name  for  a);  game1-©.  ;  c.S-bull  story, 
idle  invention,  incredible  tale ;  c.-crow,  -crow- 
ing, dawn ;  c.-fighting,  setting  cc.  to  fight  as 
sport;  this  beats  c.-fighting,  is  inexpressibly 
delightful ;  live  like  fighting  cc. ,  on  best  of  fare ; 
that  c.  won't  fight,  that  plea,  plan,  will  not  do ; 
c.  lobster,  male ;  c.-shot,  -shy,  object  set  up  to 
be  thrown  at  with  sticks,  stones,  &c,  as  for- 
merly cc.  at  Shrovetide,  a  throw  at  this  ;  cocks- 
comb, crest  of  c,  Yellow  Rattle  &  other  plants, 
&  see  coxcomb  ;  cocksfoot,  a  pasture  grass ; 
cockshead,  kinds  of  trefoil ;  cockspur,  cock's 
spur,  gas-burner  of  same  shape  ;  c.  of  the  walk, 
dominant  person  (so  c.  of  the  school  among 
boys) ;  old  c,  familiar  vocative.  2.  Tapped 
spout,  tap,  (c.-metal,  two  parts  copper  to  one  of 
lead) ;  (not  decent)  penis ;  lever  in  gun  raised 
ready  to  be  released  by  trigger  {at  half,  full,  -c, 
of  gun  half-ready  or  ready  to  be  let  off) :  indi- 
cating-tongue of  balance.  [OE  cocc,  cf.  F  coq, 
LL  coccus  ;  prob.  imit.  from  its  cluck ;  sense  2 
perh.  f.  resemblance  of  tap  to  c's  head  &  comb] 

cock2,  v.t.  &  i.  Erect,  stick  or  stand  up, 
jauntily  or  defiantly  (c.  the  ears,  in  attention ; 
c.  one's  nose,  in  contempt;  c.  a  snook  ;  c.  one's 
eye,  glance  knowingly,  wink) ;  c.  one's  hat,  set 
it  on  aslant,  also  turn  up  the  brim  (cocked 
hat,  formerly,  with  brim  fixed  so,  now,  brim- 
less  triangular  hat  pointed  before,  behind,  & 
above,  of  various  uniform  costumes;  knock 
into  a  cocked  hat,  out  of  shape  or  recognition) ; 
raise  c.  of  (gun)  in  readiness  for  firing,  [f.  prec. 
w.  ref.  to  cock's  comb,  cro wing-attitude,  &c] 

cock3,  n.  Upward  bend  (of  nose  &c.) ;  sig- 
nificant turn  (of  eye);  way  of  cocking  hat; 
cocked  state  of  gun  (see  cock  j).    [f.  prec] 

cock4,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Heap  hay,  rarely  corn, 
into)  small  conical  heap(s)  in  the  field,  [cf. 
Norw.  kok  a  heap,  ON  kokkr  lump] 

cockabendy,  n.  Kind  of  fishing-fly.  [f. 
W  coch  a  bon  ddu  red  with  black  trunk] 

cocka'de,  n.  Rosette  &c  worn  in  hat  as 
badge  of  office  or  party  or  part  of  livery,  esp. 
black  leather  rosette  (badge  of  House  of  Han- 
over) worn  by  servants  of  persons  serving 
Crown.  Hence  eocka'dED  2  a.  [f.  F  cocarde 
fern,  of  16th-c  coquard  pert  (coq  cock  l,  -ard)] 

eo'ck-a-hoo'p,  a.  &  adv.  Exultant(ly), 
with  boastful  crowing,  [orig.  doubtful ;  there 
were  inn-signs  Hart,  Swan,  Cock,  &c,  on  the 
Hoop;  early  quotations  do  not  suggest  the 
bird  ;  an  explanation  (1670)  is  that  the  spigot 
(cock)  being  taken  out  and  laid  on  hoop  of 
barrel,  the  running  of  the  ale  produced  jollity] 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


COCKAIGNE 


157 


COERCE 


Coekaig-ne,  -ayne,  n.  Imaginary  land 
of  idleness  and  luxury ;  (punningly  w.  ref.  to 
cockney)  London,  [f.  OF  coquaigne  perh. 
=  cake-land  (L  coquere  cook)] 

coek-a-lee'kie.    =  cocky-leeky. 

cockatoo*,  n.  Kinds  of  parrot  with  mov- 
able crest,  [f.  Malay  kakatua  w.  assim.  to  cock  *] 

eo'ekatriee(-i-or-i-),n.  =  basilisk,  [t  OF  co- 
cat  ris  f.  L  *calcatricem  nom.  -ix  treader,  transl. 
of  Gk  ikhneumon  ichneumon  (ikhneuo  trace)] 

co'ckboat,  n.  Small  ship's  boat.  [f.  obs. 
cock  cf.  OF  coque,  Du.  kog,  etym.  dub.] 

co'ekehafep  (-tsha-),  n.  Greyish-chestnut 
\  beetle  flying  with  loud  whirring  sound,  [cock1 
perh.  expressing  size  or  vigour  +  chafer] 

cocker1,  v.t.  Indulge,  pamper,  coddle,  (child, 
invalid,  &c. ;  usu.  up),  [perh.  f.  obs.  cock  vb 
in  same  sense,  &  cf.  etym.  of  cockney] 

Co'eken2,  n.  According  to  C,  exact,  correct. 
[E.  C,  famous  teacher  of  arithmetic  d.  1675] 

eo'ekerel,  n.  Young  cock;  pugnacious 
youth,    [dim.  of  cock  \  ci.  pickerel,  mongrel] 

eo'ek-eyed,  a.  (slang).  Squinting ;  crooked, 
set  aslant,  not  level,    [cock  2] 

co'ek-hopse,  adv.  (Also  a-cock-horse,  see 
A2)  astride,  mounted,    [in  16th  c.  =  toy  horse] 

co'ckle1,  n.  (Also  Corn-c.)  purple-flowered 
plant  growing  among  corn,  esp.  wheat:  disease 
of  wheat  turning  grains  black.  [OE  coccul; 
excl.  E. ;  perh.  f.  a  L  dim.  of  coccum  berry] 

co'ckle \  n.  An  edible  bivalve ;  its  shell ; 
small  shallow  boat  (also  c.-shell,  c.-boat) ;  cc.  of 
the  heart,  one's  feelings  (delight,  warm,  the  cc. 
&c.)  [f.  F  coquille  shell  f.  L  conchylia  pi.  of  L 
f.  Gk  kogkhulion  dim.  of  kogkhe  mussel] 

co'ckle  3,  v.i.  &  t. ,  &  n.  (Make  to)  bulge,  curl 
up,  pucker;  (n.)  bulge  or  wrinkle  in  paper, 
glass,  &c.    [cf.  F  coquiller  blister  (of  bread)] 

co'ckle4,  n.  Radiating-stove  for  heating 
room.   [perh.  f.  Du.  kakel  f.  G  kachel  stove-tile] 

co'ek-loft,  n.    Small  upper  loft.    [?] 

co'ckney,  n.  &  a.  (Characteristic  of  a)  native 
of  London  (usu.  contemptuous,  esp.  c.  accent). 
Hence  co'ckneyDOM,  cockney  ese,  nn., 
eo'ckneyFY  v.t.,  eo'ckneyisH1  a.,  co'ek- 
neyiSM(2,  4)  n.,  co*ckneyizE(3)  v.t.  &  i.  [ME 
coken-ey  cock's  egg  (coken gen.  pi.,  ey  f.  OE  xg) ; 
orig.  sense  prob.  small  or  ill-shaped  egg  (still 
cock's  egg  in  dial.,  &  cf.  G  hahneneier) ;  obs. 
senses  are  'child  that  sucketh  long',  'one  made 
a  wanton  or  nestle-cock  of,  townsman,  the 
limitation  to  London  being  later] 

co'ckpit,  n.  Place  made  for  cockfights; 
arena  of  any  struggle ;  after  part  of  man-of- 
war's  orlop  deck,  quarters  of  junior  officers, 
used  in  action  as  hospital. 

co'ekroach,  n.  Nocturnal  voracious  dark- 
brown  beetle-like  insect  (also  blackbeetle)  in- 
festing kitchens,   [f.  Sp.  cucaracha  etym.  dub.] 

cock -sure,  a.  Certain  to  happen,  un- 
doubtedly about  to  do ;  quite  convinced  of, 
about ;  self-confident,  dogmatic, presumptuous, 
whence  cocksupe'NESS  n.  [cock1  used  in- 
tensively, sure] 

cocksy,  coxy,  coxiness.    =  cocky  &c. 

co'cktail,  n.  &  a.,  eo'ck tailed,  a.  (Horse) 
with  docked  tail,  of  racing  stamp  but  not 
;  thorough-bred  ;  (person)  placed  above  his  birth 
I  or  breeding ;  kind  of  beetle ;  drink  of  spirit 
with  bitters,  sugar,  &c.  (origin  doubtful ;  from 
U.S.).  [tail  like  that  of  cock,  or  that  cocks  up  ; 
sense  half-bred  f.  docking  of  hunters  &  stage- 
coach horses] 

eo'ek-up,  n.  (typog.).  Initial  letter  much 
taller  than  the  rest,    [cock2] 

eo'cky,  eo'eksy,  co'xy,  a.  Conceited,  pert 
Hence  co'ckiLY2.  co'xi-,  adv.,  co'ckiNESS, 
co'xi-,  n.    [cock  »,  -  y  2] 


cocky  -  lee'ky,  n.  Scotch  soup  of  cock 
boiled  with  leeks. 

eoekyo'lly  bird,  n.  (Nursery  phr.  for)  bird. 

co'co,  co'coa i  (-ko),  co'ker.  n.  (Also  c.-nut, 
c.-tree,  c.-nut-tree)  tropical  palm-tree;  c.-nut, 
its  large  ovate  brown  hard-shelled  seed  with 
edible  white  lining  enclosing  whitish  liquid 
(c-nut  milk),  (slang)  human  head ;  c.-nut  mat- 
ting, made  from  fibre  of  nut's  outer  husk; 
double  c.-nut,  much  larger  two-lobed  seed  of 
Seychelles  palm,  [-a  added  f.  confusion  w. 
foil. ;  f.  Port.  &  Sp.  coco  grimace ;  coker  chiefly 
in  commerc.  use  to  avoid  ambiguity] 

co'coa2  (-ko),  n.  Powder  made  from  crushed 
cacao  seeds  often  with  other  ingredients ;  drink 
made  from  this  or  from  the  seeds;  c.  bean, 
cacao  seed ;  c.  nib,  cotyledon  of  this ;  c.  powder, 
kind  of  gunpowder,    [corruption  of  cacao] 

cocoo'n,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Silky  case  spun  by 
larva  to  protect  it  as  chrysalis,  esp.  that  of 
silkworm,  whence  cocoo'iier v(3)  n. ;  similar 
structure  made  by  other  animals ;  (vb)  form, 
wrap  (oneself,  thing  &c.)  in,  c.  [f.  F.  cocon 
dim.  of  cogue  shell] 

cod,  n.  Large  sea  fish  (also  c.-fish) ;  c.-bank, 
submarine  bank  frequented  by  it ;  c.-liver  oil, 
used  as  medicine,    [excl.  E,  etym.  dub.] 

co'ddle,  v.t.,  &  n.  Treat  as  invalid,  'keep 
from  cold  &  exertion,  feed  up  ;  (n.)  person  who 
coddles  himself  or  others,    [perh.  =  caudle] 

code,  n.,  &  v.t.  Systematic  collection  of 
statutes,  body  of  laws  so  arranged  as  to  avoid 
inconsistency  &  overlapping,  whence  cd'diPY 
v.t.,  co'difiERi,  codiFiCATiON,  nn. ;  set  of 
rules  on  any  subject ;  prevalent  morality  of  a 
society  or  class  (esp.  c.  of  honour) ;  system  of 
mil.  or  nav.  signals  ;  (Telegr.)  set  of  words  arbi- 
trarily representing  others  or  sentences  &c. 
for  brevity  or  secrecy ;  (vb ;  also  codify)  put 
(message)  into  c.  words.    [F,  f.  L  codex] 

co-declina'tion,  n.  (astr.).  Complement  of 
the  declination,  North-Polar  distance.    [co-(2)] 

cd'deine,  n.  Alkaloid  in  opium  used  as 
hypnotic,    [f.  Gk  kodeia  poppy-head  +  -ine5] 

co'dex,  n.  (pi.  -dices).  Manuscript  volume, 
esp.  of  ancient  Bible  or  classical  texts.  [L, 
earlier  caudex  tree-trunk,  tablet,  book] 

co'dgep,  n.  (colloq.).  Fellow,  buffer,  queer 
old  person,    [perh.  var.  of  cadger] 

co'dicll,  n.  Supplementary  addition,  esp. 
modifying  or  revoking  will.  So  eodiei'llARY J 
a.    [f.  L  codicillus  (usu.  pi.)  dim.  of  codex] 

co'dliner1,  n.    Small  cod-fish,    [-ling1  (2)] 

co'dlinCg-)  2,  n.  Kinds  of  apple  of  long  taper- 
ing shape  ;  cc.-&-cream,  willow-herb,  [earlier 
querdling  perh.  f.  Ir.  cueirt  apple  +  -ling  j] 

co-educa'tion,  n.  Education  of  boys  &  girls 
together.    Hence  co-educa*tionAL  a,    [co-] 

coeff  i'eient,  n.  Joint  agent  or  factor ;  (Alg.) 
number  placed  before  and  multiplying  another 
quantity  known  or  unknown ;  (Physics)  multi- 
plier that  measures  some  property  (c.  of  fric- 
tion, expansion,  &c.) ;  differential  c,  quantity 
measuring  rate  of  change  of  a  function  of  any 
variable  with  respect  to  that  variable,    [co-] 

coe'liac  (se-),  a.  (physiol.).  Of  the  belly,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  koiliakos  (koilia  belly  f.  koilos  hollow)] 

coe'l(o)-  (se-),  in  sci.  wds,  r.  Gk  koilos  hollow. 

coe*n(o)-  (se-)  in  comb  =  Gk  koinos  common. 

coe-nobite  (se-),  ee'n-,  n.  Member  of  religi- 
ous community.  Hence  coenobi'tic(AL)  aa., 
coe*nobitiSM(3)  n.  [f.  LL  coenobita  f.  LL  f. 
Gk  koinobion  convent  (coeno-,  bios  life)] 

coe'qual,  a.  &  n.  (Archaic,  theolog.,  or  em- 
phatic, for)  equal.  Hence  coequa'liTY  (-kwol-) 
n. ,  ooe'qualLY  2  ad  v.    [co-] 

coer'ee,  v.t,  &  i.  Forcibly  constrain  or  impel 
(person)  into  quiet,  obedience,  or  any  course 


COERCION 


158 


COHORT 


(into,  rarely  to  do,  or  abs.) ;  use  force,  secure  by 
force  (a  coerced  obedience).  Hence  eoep*eiBLE 
a.  [f.  L  co(ercere  ercit-  =  arcere  shut  up)] 
coep'cion  (-shn),  n.  Controlling  of  voluntary 
agent  or  action  by  force ;  government  by  force, 
esp.  of  Ireland  by  suspension  of  ordinary  liber- 
ties (C.  Act,  Bill,  with  such  exceptional  provi- 
sions). Hence  coep'cion ary  *  a.,  coep'cion- 
ist(2)  n.  &  a.  [f.  OF  cohercion  f.  L  coerc(i)tionem 

(COERCE,  -ION)] 

eoep'eive,  a.    Of,  acting  by,  exercising,  coer- 
cion.  Hence  eoep'eiveLY  2  adv. ,  eoep'eive- 

ness  n.    [irreg.  f.  coerce  +  -ive] 
coesse'ntial,  a.    Of  the  same  substance  or 
essence,    [co-] 

coeta'neous,  a.    =  coeval  a.    [f.  LL  co(ae- 
taneus  f.  L  aetas  age)  +  -ous] 
coetep'nal,  a.    Alike  eternal.    So  eoetep'- 
nalLY  2  adv.    [co-] 

eoe'val,  a.  &  n.     (Person)  of  same  date  of 
origin,  of  same  age,  existing  at  same  epoch,  of 
same  duration.    Hence  eoeva'liTY  n.,  eoe*- 
valLY2  adv.    [f.  L  co(aevus  f.  aevum  age)] 
co-exe'cutor,  eo-exe'eutrix,  nn.  Joint 
executor,  executrix,    [co-] 
coexi'st,  v.i.    Exist  together  or  with.     So 
coexi'stENT  a.,  coexi'st  ence  n.    [co-] 
coexte'nsive,  a.      Extending    over  same 
space  or  time,    [co-] 

eo'ffee,  n.  Drink  made  from  seeds  of  a  shrub 
roasted  &  ground ;  light  meal  with  c,  c.  as  final 
course  at  dinner;  the  shrub,  its  seeds  raw, 
roasted,  or  ground ;  c.-bean,  the  seed ;  c.-cup, 
of  special  shape  or  size ;  c.-grounds,  sediment 
after  infusion;  c.-house,  refreshment  house; 
c.-mill,  for  grinding  seeds ;  c.-pot,  for  making 
or  serving  c.  in ;  c.-room,  public  dining-room 
of  hotel;  c.-tavern,  temperance  refreshment 
house,  [f.  Turk.  f.  Arab,  qahweh  the  drink] 
ed'ffep,  n.  Box,  esp.  for  valuables;  (pi.) 
treasury,  funds ;  sunk  panel  in  ceiling  &c. ;  c- 
dam,  water-tight  case  in  bridge  -  building, 
caisson,  [f.  OF  cofre  f.  Lf.  Gk.  kophinos  basket ; 
cf.  order,  F  ordre,  L  ordinem] 
ed'fnn,  n.2  &  v.t.  Chest  in  which  corpse  is 
buried;  drive  nail  into  one's  c,  hasten  his, 
one's,  death  by  annoyance,  intemperance,  &c. ; 
unsea worthy  ship  ;  horse's  hoof  below  coronet 
(c.-6one,  last  phalangeal  bone  of  foot;  c.-joint, 
at  top  of  hoof) ;  c.-plate,  of  metal  in  lid  with 
deceased's  name  &c. ;  hence  eo'fflnLESs  a. 
(Vb)  put  in  c,  store  away  (e.  g.  books)  inac- 
cessibly, [f.  OF  cofin  f.  L  as  prec] 
co'fne,  n.  Train  of  beasts,  slaves,  &c,  fas- 
tened together,  [f.  Arab.  qajUah  caravan] 
cog l,  n.  One  of  series  of  projections  on  edge 
of  wheel  or  side  of  bar  transferring  motion  by 
engaging  with  another  series  ;  hunting  c,  extra 
c.  on  one  wheel  &c.  securing  constant  variation 
in  the  cc.  engaged ;  c-wheel,  with  cc.  Hence 
co'ggED  2  a.  [cf.  gw.  kugge,  Norw.  kug] 
cog ■s,  v.t.  C.  dice,  fraudulently  control  the 
way  they  fall  (cogged  dice  for  loaded  dice  is  a 
mistake  of  modern  archaists).  [?] 
co'gent,  a.  Forcible,  convincing,  (of  argu- 
ment, &,  usu.  now  playfully  as  though  by 
transf.  from  this,  of  motive,  compulsion,  &c). 
Hence  eo'gENCY  n.,  co'gentLY2  adv.  [F,  f. 
L  cogere  =  co(agere  drive),  -ent] 
cd'gitable,  a.  Able  to  be  grasoed  by  reason, 
■conceivable,  [f.  L  cogitabilis  (foil.,  -able)] 
cd'gitate,  v.i.  &  t.  Ponder,  meditate ;  de- 
vise; (Philos.)  form  conception  of.  Hence  or 
cogn.  cogritATioN  n.,  eo'gitATiVE  a.,  eo'gi- 
tativeLY2  adv.,  co'gitativeNESs  n.  [fL 
cogitare=co(agitare  agitate)  think,  -ate5] 


cognac  (ko'nyak),  n.  French  brandy,  prop, 
that  distilled  from  C.  wine,    [place-name] 

co'gnate,  a.  &  n.  Descended  from  common 
ancestor  (cf.  agnate),  akin  in  origin,  nature, 
or  quality ;  a  relative.  (Philol.)  of  same  lin- 
guistic family;  representing  same  original 
word ;  of  parallel  development  in  different 
allied  languages  ( father  is  c.  with  L  pater,  pa- 
ternal is  derived  from  it) ;  a  c.  word ;  (Gram.) 
c.  object  or  accusative,  one  of  kindred  meaning 
to  vb,  used  adverbially,  not  as  true  object  (in 
die  the  death,  death  is  c,  in  he  slew  death  it  is 
object).  Hence  co'gnateNESS  n.  [f.  hco(gna- 
tus  born  usu.  natus  t.  gn-,  gen-,  gon-,  beget] 

eogna'tion,  n.  Cognate  relationship,  now 
esp.  in  philology,    [f.  L  cognatio  (prec,  -ion)] 

cognl'tion,  n.  (philos.).  Action  or  faculty  of 
knowing,  perceiving,  conceiving,  as  opposed  to 
emotion  &  volition ;  a  perception,  sensation, 
notion,  or  intuition.  So  cogni'tionAL,  co'g- 
nitiVE,  aa.  [f.  L  cognitio  T.  co(gnoscere  -gnit- 
apprehend  f.  gno-  know,  usu.  noscere)] 

cog*nizable  (also  ko"g-),  a.  Perceptible ; 
recognizable ;  within  the  jurisdiction  of  a  court 
&c.  Hence  cog'nizabLY2 adv.  [f.  foil.  +  -able] 

cog'nizance  (also  ko'g-),  n.  Being  aware, 
notice,  sphere  of  observation,  (have  c.  of,  know, 
esp.  in  a  legitimate  or  official  way ;  take  c.  of, 
attend  to,  not  allow  to  go  unobserved ;  fall 
within,  be  beyond,  one's  c,  of  things  that  fairly 
concern,  do  not  concern,  one) ;  (right  of)  dealing 
with  a  matter  legally  or  judicially  (with  phrr. 
as  above  in  legal  sense) ;  distinctive  mark,  as 
crest,  coat  of  arms,  badge,  [f.  OF  conis(s)ance 
var.  of  conoissance  f.  L  cognoscent-  part.  st.  of 
cognoscere  see  cognition,  -ance  ;  -z-  (cf.  the 
later  cognize)  due  to  confusion  w.  -ize] 

cdg'nizant  (also  ko-g-),  a.  Having  know- 
ledge, being  aware,  of;  (Philos.)  having  cogni- 
tion,   [f.  prec,  see  -ant] 

cogni'ze  (kog-),  v.t.  (philos.).  Have  cognition 
of.  [on  anal,  of  cognizance  &  recognize  &  of 
vbs  rightly  ending  in  -ize] 

eogno'men,  n.  Nickname ;  surname ;  name ; 
(Rom.  Ant.)  third  or  family  name,  as  Cicero, 
Caesar,  or  fourth"  name  or  personal  epithet,  as 
Africanus.  [L,  co-,  (g)nomen  name  f.  st.  of 
(g)noscere  knowI 

cogno'scible.  a.  Capable  of  being  known 
(esp.  philos.).  [r.  L  cognoscere  see  cognition 
+  -ible] 

cogno'vit,  n.  (legal).  Defendant's  acknow- 
ledgment, to  save  expense,  that  plaintiff  s  cause 
is  just    [L, =he  has  acknowledged] 

coha'bit,  v.i.  Live  together,  esp.  as  husband 
&  wife  (usu.  of  persons  not  married).  So  co- 
habitA'TiON  n.  [f.  Fcohabiterf.liCO(habitare 
dwell  frequent,  of  habere  hold)] 

coheir*,  coheip'ess  (koar-),  nn.  Male, 
female,  joint  heir,    [co-] 

cohere',  v.i.  Stick  together,  remain  united, 
(of  parts  or  whole) ;  be  consistent,  well  knit,  (of 
arguments,  style,  &c).    [f.  L  cohaerere  -haes-] 

coherent,  a.  Cohering;  consistent,  easily 
followed,  not  rambling  or  inconsequent,  (of 
argument,  narration,  &c).  So  cohep'ENCE, 
eohep'ENCY,  nn.,  cohep'entLY2  adv.  [f.  F 
coherent  f.  L  (prec,  -ent)] 

cohe'pitop.  n.    =  coheir,    [co-] 

cohe'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Sticking  together,  force 
with  which  molecules  cohere  ;  tendency  to  re- 
main united.  So  cohe'si ve  a. ,  cohe'siveLY  2 
adv.,  cohe'siveNESS  n.  [f.  F  cohesion  (L  co- 
haes-  see  cohere,  -ion)] 

co'hopt,  n.  Division  of  Roman  army  ;  band 
of  warriors;  persons  banded  together,    [f.  F 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


COIF 


159 


COLLAR 


cohorte  f.  L  cohortem  nom.  -ors  (CO-,  hort-  en- 
close, cf.  L  hortus  garden,  E  garth,  garden)] 

coif,  n.  (hist.).  Close  cap  covering  top,  back, 
and  sides,  of  head ;  serjeant-at-law's  white  cap. 
[f.  OF  coife  perh.  f.  MHG  kupfe] 

coiffeur  (kwahfer-),  n.    Hair-dresser.    [F] 

coiffure  (kwahfoor',  or  as  F),  n.  Way  one's 
hair  is  dressed. 

coign  (koin),  n.  C.  of  vantage,  place  affording 
good  view  of  something,  [old  form  of  COIN, 
quoin,  preserved  by  Macb.  I.  vi.  7] 

coil1,  v.t.  &  i.  Dispose  (rope  &c.)  in  concen- 
tric rings  ;  twist  (t.  &  i.,  often  up)  into  circular 
or  spiral  shape ;  move  sinuously,  [perh.  =  F 
cueillir  f.  L  coi,(ligere=legere  gather)] 

coil 2,  n.  Length  of  coiled  rope,  spring,  &c. ; 
arrangement,  thing  arranged,  in  concentric 
circles ;  single  turn  of  coiled  thing,  e.  g.  snake ; 
lock  of  hair  twisted  &  coiled  ;  wire,  piping,  &c, 
in  circles  or  symmetric  curves  ;  (Electr.)  spiral 
wire  for  passage  of  current,    [f.  prec] 

coil 3,  n.  (archaic  &  poet. ).  Disturbance,  much 
ado.  noise,  (this  mortal  c,  turmoil  of  life).    [?] 

coin1,  n.  Piece  of  metal  made  into  money 
by  official  stamp  ;  metal  money ;  money ;  false 
c,  imitation  in  base  metal  &c,  (fig.)  anything 
spurious;  pay  one  in  his  own  c,  give  tit  for 
tat.  Hence  eoi'nLESS  a.  [F,  =  wedge,  corner 
(cf.  coign,  quoin),  stamping-die,  f.  L  cuneus] 

coin  2,  v.t.  Make  (money)  by  stamping  metal 
(c.  money,  get  money  fast) ;  make  (metal)  into 
money ;  make  money  by  means  of  (one's  brains 
&c.) ;  invent,  fabricate,  (esp.  new  word),  [f.  OF 
coignier  f.  coin  see  prec] 

coi'nag-e,  n.  Coining ;  coins ;  system  of 
coins  in  use  (decimal  c,  in  which  each  value  is 
ten  times  the  next  below) ;  fabrication  (the  c. 
of  one's  brain),  invention,  coined  word.  [f. 
OF  coignaige  see  prec,  -age] 

coinci'de,  v.L  Occupy  same  portion  of 
space  ;  occur  at  and  occupy  same  time ;  agree 
together  or  with ;  concur  in  opinion  &c  [t.  F 
coincider  f.  med.  L  co-m(cidere=cadere  fall)] 

coincidence,  n.  (Instance  of)  being  coin- 
cident ;  notable  concurrence  of  events  or  cir- 
cumstances without  apparent  causal  connex- 
ion.   [F,  see  foil.,  -ence] 

coincident,  a.  Coinciding.  Hence  eoi'n- 
cidentLY  2  adv.    [F,  see  coincide,  -ent] 

coincidental,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  (a)  coin- 
cidence,   [f.  prec  +  -al] 

coi'nep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  maker  of 
counterfeit  coin,    [coin  2  +  -er  *] 

coinstanta'neous,  a.  Exactly  at  the  same 
moment,    [co-] 

coip,  n.  Coco-nut  fibre,  used  for  ropes,  mat- 
ting, kc.    [f.  Malayalam  kayar  cord] 

eortion,  n.  Sexual  copulation,  [f.  L  coitio 
f.  co(ire  it-  go)] 

coke,  n.,  &,  v.t.  (Convert  coal  into)  solid 
substance  left  when  volatile  parts  have  been 
distilled  from  coal.  [prob.  f.  obs.  colk  core  cf. 
OFris.  &  LG  kolk  hole] 

c61,  n.  Depression  in  mountain-chain.  [F,= 
*    neck,  col,  f.  L  collum  neck] 

col-,  form  taken  by  com-  before  I. 

cd'la,  k-,  n.  W.-Afr.  tree;  (also  c.-nut, 
-seed),  its  seed,  used  as  condiment,  tonic,  and 
antidote  to  alcohol.    [W.-Afr.] 

co'lander  (ku-),  eirllender,  n.,  &  v.t. 
(Pass  through  a)  perforated  vessel  used  as 
strainer  in  cookery  ;  similar  appliance  for  cast- 
ing shot,  [corruption  of  med.L  colatorium 
(colare  strain,  -ory)] 

co-latitude,  n.  (astr.).  Complement  of  lati- 
tude, difference  between  it  &  906.*    [co-(2)] 

colca'nnon,  n.  Irish  dish  of  cabbage  and 
potatoes  pounded  and  stewed.    [?] 


eo'lehieum  (-ki-),  n.  Meadow-saffron ;  drug 
extracted  from  it  used  for  gout.  [L,  f.  Gk 
kolkhikon  neut.  adj.  (Kolkhis  on  Black  Sea,  -ic)] 

co'lcothap,  n.  Red  peroxide  of  iron  used  in 
polishing  glass  &c    [f.  Arab,  qolqofar] 

cold1,  a.  Of  low  temperature,  esp.  when 
compared  with  human  body  or  with  that  usual 
in  things  like  the  one  in  question  (ice,  key, 
stone,  -c,  c  as  these ;  c.-blooded,  of  fish  &  rep- 
tiles, also  fig.  of  sluggish  persons,  &  see  below ; 
c.-livered,  unemotional;  c.  steel,  sword,  bayonet, 
&c ,  opposed  to  fire-arms) ;  not  heated  or  having 
cooled  after  heat  (c.  water ;  throw  c.  water  on 
plan,  discourage  it;  c.  in  death  or  c,  dead; 
c.-pig,  water  thrown  on  sleeper  to  wake  him, 
also  as  v.t. ;  c-hammer,  work  metal  in  c.  state ; 
c. -chisel  ;  c.  without,  c.  sugarless  spirit  & 
water ;  c.  meat ;  c.  shoulder,  of  roast  mutton, 
give  the  c.  s.  to,  entertain  poorly,  show  distaste 
for  company  of,  also  c.-s.  as  v.t. ;  in  c.  blood, 
without  the  excuse  of  heat  or  excitement,  of 
cruelty  &c,  whence  coldbloodED2  a.,  eold- 
bloo'dedNESS  n.) ;  feeling  c. ;  slow  to  absorb 
heat  (of  clayey  soil) ;  without  ardour,  friendli- 
ness, or  affection,  undemonstrative,  apathetic, 
(so  eold-heartED 2  a.,  cold-hear*tedNESs 
n.,  eold-heap*tedLY  2  adv. ;  idea  leaves  one 
c,  unmoved,  not  impressed) ;  chilling,  depres- 
sing, uninteresting,  (c.  comfort,  counsel,  news) ; 
faint  (of  scent  in  hunting) ;  c.  colours,  blue, 
grey,  &c,  opp.  red,  yellow,  &c;  c.-drawn 
castor  oil  ;  c.  coi7,  tube  coiled  round  inflamed 
part  with  o.  water  running  in  it ;  c.  blast,  of  c. 
air  forced  into  furnace;  c.  cream.  Hence 
co*ldiSH1(2)  a.,  co'ldLY2  adv.,  co'ldNESs  n. 
[OE  cold,  com.-Teut.  cf.  G  kalt,  cogn.  w.  L  gel-] 

cold  2,  n.  Prevalence  in  atmosphere,  or  rarely 
in  any  object,  of  low  temperature  (left  out  in 
the  c,  not  looked  after) ;  inflamed  state  of 
mucous  membrane,  with  hoarseness,  running 
at  nose,  sore  throat,  &c  (catch1  c).  Hence 
eo'ldPROOF  a.    [OE  cald  neut.  adj.  see  prec] 

co'ld-short,  a.  Brittle  in  its  cold  state  (of 
iron),  [f.  Scand.  (Da.  kold-skjbr)  skor  brittle 
w.  assim.  to  short  as  in  shortbread] 

cole,  n.  (Old  name,  now  rare  exc  in  cohib., 
for)  kinds  of  cabbage  &c,  as  Rape,  Sea-Kale  ; 
c-seed,  plant  from  which  colza  oil  is  got.  [f.  L 
caulis  stem,  cabbage] 

coleo'ptepous,  a.  Of  the  order  of  Coleoptera 
or  beetles,  with  front  wings  converted  into 
sheaths  for  hinder,  [f.  Gk  koleopteros  (koleon 
sheath,  pteron  wing)  +  -ous] 

e6'lic,n.  Severe  griping  pains  in  belly.  Hence 
co'lickY 2  a.  [f.  F  colique  f.  L  f.  Gk  kolikos 
(colon  l,  -ic)] 

colla'bopate,  v.i.  Work  in  combination 
(with,  or  abs.)  esp.  at  literary  or  artistic  pro- 
duction. So  eollaboPATiON,  eolla'bora- 
tOR2,  nn.    [f.  L  col  (laborare  labour2),  -ate  3] 

colla'pse,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Undergo,  experience, 
a)  falling  in,  sudden  shrinking  together,  giving 
way,  prostration  by  loss  of  nervous  or  muscular 
power,  breakdown  of  mental  energy,  loss  of 
courage.  Hence  colla'psED  1(2)  a.  [(n.  f.  L 
collapsus  -us)  f.  coL(labi  laps-  slip)]   * 

colla'psible,  -able,  a.  So  made  as  to  col- 
lapse when  required  for  packing  &c    [-ble] 

co'llap1,  n.  Neckband,  upright  or  turned 
over,  of  coat,  dress,  shirt,  &c  ;  band  of  linen, 
lace,  &c,  completing  upper  part  of  costume: 
neck-chain  of  order  of  knighthood ;  c.  ofSS  or 
esses,  formerly  badge  of  House  of  Lancaster, 
still  in  some  officials  costume ;  leather  or  metal 
band  round  dog's  or  prisoner's  neck  ;  roll  round 
horse's  neck  bearing  weight  of  draught  (c- 
harness,  opp.  breast  ^-harness ;  c.-work,  hard 
pulling  esp.  up  hill,  &  fig.  of  severe  effort,  so 


COLLAR 


160 


COLLOGUE 


also  against  the  c.) ;  restraining  or  connecting 
band,  ring,  pipe,  in  machines  &c. ;  arrange- 
ment connecting  several  fishing-flies ;  coloured 
stripe  round  animal's  neck;  piece  of  meat, 
brawn,  fish,  tied  in  roll ;  c.-bone,  joining  breast- 
bone &  shoulder-blade,  clavicle.  Hence  (-)eo'l- 
laPED2,  co'llaPLESS,  aa.  If.  OF  colier  f.  L 
collare  \collum  neck,  -ar  *)] 

co'llap  2,  v.  t.  Seize  (person)  by  the  c. ,  capture ; 
(Footb.)  lay  hold  of  and  stop  (opponent  holding 
ball);  (slang)  appropriate;  press  (meat  &c.) 
into  roll.    [f.  prec] 

c611ar»e*t(te),  n.  Woman's  collar  of  lace, 
fur,  &c.  [f.  F  collerette  (collier  collar  \  -ette)] 

collate,  v.t.  Compare  in  detail  (copies  of 
text  or  document,  one  copy  with  another) ; 
(Bookbinding)  verify  order  of  (sheets)  by  signa- 
tures ;  appoint  (clergyman)  to  benefice  (only  of 
the  Ordinary).  So  eoUa'tOR2  n.  [f.  L  COL- 
(lat-  p.p.  st  oiferre  bring)] 

eolla'teral,  a.  &  n.  Side  by  side,  parallel ; 
subordinate  but  from  same  source  or  contri- 
butory, connected  but  aside  from  main  subject, 
course,  &c ;  of  common  descent  but  by  diffe- 
rent line  (so  as  noun  =  c.  kinsman).  Hence 
eolla'teralLY2  adv.  [f.  med.  L  coUlateralis 
f.  lotus  -eris  side)] 

eolla'tion,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  collate  ; 
also :  (R.-C.  Ch.)  light  repast  in  evening  of  fast- 
day  ;  light  meal  (usu.  cold  c.)  often  at  ex- 
ceptional time.  [OF,  f .  L  collationem  (collate, 
-ion)  ;  sense  repast  from  Benedictine  monastery 
readings  of  Laves  of  the  Fathers  (collationes 
patrum ;  collatio  also  of  the  reading  &  debate 
on  it)  followed  by  light  repast] 

colleague  (eg),  n.  One  of  two  or  more 
holders  of  joint  office  (usu.  with  my  &c).  [f.  F 
collegue  f.  L  coL(tefira  f.  legere  choose)] 

eo'lleet  \  n.  Short  prayer  of  Common  Prayer 
Book,  esp.  one  of  those  appropriated  to  days  or 
seasons  &  read  before  Epistle  &  in  morning 
&  evening  prayer,  [f.  F  collecte  f.  L  collecta 
fem.  p.p.  of  colligere  collect2;  orig.  sense 
perh.  summing  up  (of  thought  appropriate  to 
occasion) ;  for  noun  use  of  p.p.  cf.  e.  g.  army] 

collect2,  v.t.  &  i.  Assemble,  accumulate, 
bring  or  come  together;  get  (taxes,  contribu- 
tions) from  a  number  of  people ;  secure  (speci- 
mens, books,  &c.)  for  addition  to  a  set ;  regain 
control  of,  concentrate,  recover,  (oneself,  one's 
thoughts,  energies,  courage  ;  collected,  not  dis- 
tracted, cool,  whence  colle'ctedLY  2  adv. ;  c. 
a  horse,  keep  him  in  hand,  not  let  him  sprawl) ; 
infer,  gather,  conclude.  Hence  collect  able, 
-ible,  a.  [f.  obs.  collect  adj.  f.  L  collectus  p.p. 
of  coi,(ligere=legere  pick)] 

collecta'nea,  n.  pi.  Collected  passages, 
miscellany.    [L,  neut.  pi.  adj.] 

collection,  n.  Collecting;  collecting  of 
money,  money  collected,  at  meeting  or  Church 
service  for  charitable  or  religious  purpose ; 
accumulation  of  water,  dust,  &c ;  group  of 
things  collected  &  belonging  together  (literary 
materials,  specimens,  works  of  art,  &c.) ;  (pi.) 
college  terminal  examination  at  Oxford  &c 
[OF,  r.  L  collectionem  (collect2,  -ion)] 

collective,  a.  &  n.  Formed  by,  constituting 
a,  collectionj  taken  as  a  whole,  aggregate,  (c. 
fruit,  resulting  from  many  flowers,  as  mul- 
berry) ;  of,  from,  many  individuals,  common, 

(c.  note,  signed  by  several  States  ;  c.  oumership, 

of  land,  means  of  production,  &c,  by  all  for 

benefit  of  all,  whence  colle'ctiviSM,   col- 

leetlvisT,  nn.);  (Gram.  &  Log.)  c.  noun,  c. 

idea,  or  c,  used  in  sing,   to  express  many 

individuals,  as  cattle,  troop,  duck.  Hence  col- 


le'ctiveLY2  adv.,  edlleeti'viTY  n.  [f.  L  col- 
lectivus  (as  prec,  -ive)] 

collector,  n.  One  who  collects  (specimens, 
curiosities,  railway  tickets  at  station,  money 
due,  esp.  taxes,  rent,  &  subscriptions) ;  collect- 
ing-apparatus in  various  machines;  (I.C.S.) 
chief  official  of  district  collecting  revenue  & 
holding  magisterial  powers,  whence  (office  & 
district)  collector  ate l  n.  Hence  collec- 
topsmp  n.    [med.  L,  as  prec.  +  -or  2] 

cellege  (-ij),  n.  Body  of  colleagues  with  com- 
mon functions  &  privileges  (Sacred  C,  c.  of 
cardinals,  the  Pope's  council  of  70 ;  Herald's 
C.  or  C.  of  Arms  ;  C.  of  Physicians,  Preceptors, 
&c.) ;  independent  corporation  of  scholars  in 
university,  usu.  with  master,  fellows,  scholars, 
&  students  not  on  foundation ;  similar  founda- 
tion outside  university  (as  Eton,  Dulwich); 
small  degree-giving  university  ;  institution  for 
higher  education  affiliated  to  university  ;  place 
of  professional  study  (army,  naval,  of  agricul- 
ture, &c.) ;  large  public  secondary  school  (Marl- 
borough); (pretentious  name  for)  private  school; 
buildings  of  any  of  these  ;  c.  living,  benefice  in 
gift  of  a  c. ;  c.-pudding,  small  plum-pudding  for 
one  person.  Hence  collegiAL  a.  [f.  OF  col- 
Uge  f.  L  collegium  (collega  colleague)] 

eelleger,  n.  One  of  seventy  foundation 
scholars  at  Eton,    [-er  l] 

collegian,  n.    Member  of  a  college,    [-an] 

collegiate  x  (-at),  a.  Constituted  as,  belong- 
ing to,  a  college  or  body  of  colleagues,  corpor- 
ate ;  c.  church,  endowed  for  chapter  but  with  no 
see,  (Sc.  &  U.S.)  under  joint  pastorate ;  c.  school, 
of  high  pretensions.  Hence  coUe*giateLY 2 
adv.    [f.  L.  collegiatus  (college,  -ate  2)] 

eolle'giate2,  v.t.    Make  c.    [as  prec, -ate3] 

co'llet,  n.  Encompassing  band,  ferrule,  sock- 
et, flange  holding  gem,  bezel.    [F,  dim.  of  col] 

eolli'de,  v.i.  Come  into  collision ;  be  in  con- 
flict,   [f.  L  coh(lidere  lis-  =  laedere  hurt)] 

co'llie,  -y,  n.  Scotch  sheep-dog.  [cf.  obs.  adj. 
colly  =  coaly ;  perh.  as  orig.  Dlack] 

cd'llier,  n.  Coal-miner,  whence  co*111ery(3) 
n. ;  coal-ship ;  sailor  on  this,    [coal,  -ier] 

co'lligate,  v.t.  Bring  into  connexion  (esp. 
isolatedfacts  by  a  generalization).  So  colligA*- 
tion  n.    [f.  L  coL,(ligare  bind),  see  -ate  3] 

co'llimate,  v.  t.  Adjust  line  of  sight  of  (tele- 
scope &c),  make  parallel  (telescopes,  rays). 
Hence  collimATiON  n.  [collimare  false  read- 
ing in  Cicero  for  coL,(lineare  f.  linea  line)] 

celllmatop,  n.  Small  attached  telescope 
for  collimating  an  instrument ;  tube  in  spectro- 
scope throwing  parallel  rays  on  prism,    [-or  2] 

eolli'near,  a.    In  same  straight  line,    [col-] 

colli'sion  (-izhn),n.  Dashing  together,  violent 
encounter  of  moving  body,  esp.  ship  or  railway 
train,  with  another ;  (fig.)  harsh  combination 
(of  consonants) ;  clashing  of  opposed  interests 
&c  (esp.  inc.,  come  intoc.  with) ;  (Naut.)  c.-mat, 
ready  for  putting  over  hole  made  by  c.    [f.  L 

COllisio  (COLLIDE.  -ION)] 

co'llocate,  v.t.  Place  together  ;  arrange  ; 
station,  set  in  particular  place.  So  coIIoca - 
tion  n.    [f.  L  coi.(locare  f.  locus  place)  station] 

co'llocutop,  n.  Partaker  in  talk,  as  my  c. 
said.    [LL,  f.  coUloqui  locut-  talk),  -or  ^ 

collo'dion,  n.  Solution  of  gun-cotton  in  ether 
filming  when  exposed,  used  in  photography  & 
surgery.  Hence  collo'dionED 2  a.,  collo*- 
dioniZE(5)  v.t.,  collodio-  comb.  form.  [f.  Gk 
kollodes  (kolla  glue,  -ode)] 

collegue  (-6g),  v.i.  Talk  confidentially  (with 
suggestion  of  plotting,  an  obs.  sense),  [cf.  F  col- 
logue conference,  &  obs.  colleague  vb  plot] 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  CO-. 


COLLOID 


161 


COLT 


co'lloid,  a.  &  n.  Gluey  (substance);  (Path.) 
c.  tissue  Sic,  degenerated  into  homogeneous 
gelatinous  consistency  (also a,  such  substance); 
(Chem.)  (substance)  in  non-crystalline  solid 
state.  Hencecolloi'dALa.  [GkifcoWaglue,-oiD] 

co'llop,  n.  Slice  of  meat ;  (bibl.)  fold  of  skin 
in  fat  person  or  animal,  [f.  14th  c,  orig.  sense 
fried  ham  and  eggs,  etym.  dub.] 

collo'quial,  a.  In  or  of  talk,  oral ;  belonging 
to  familiar  speech,  not  used  in  formal  or  ele- 
vated language.  Hence  eollo*quialiSM(3,  4), 
eollo*quialiST(l),  nn.,  coUo'quialLY 2  adv. 

[COLLOQUY,  -AL] 

co'lloquist,  n.   = collocutor.  [foll.,-iST(l)] 

eo'lloquy,  n.  Converse ;  a  conversation  ; 
judicial  and  legislative  court  in  Presbyterian 
Church,    [f.  L  coUloquium  f.  loqui  speak)] 

co'llotype,  n.  Thin  plate  of  gelatine  etched 
by  actinic  rays  &  then  printed  from  (c.  plate, 
process,  &c.)._  [f.  Gk  kolta  glue  +  type] 

collu'de  (-do-,  -u-),  v.  i.  (archaic).  Practise  col- 
lusion,   [f.  L  coUludere  lus-  play)] 

collu'sion  (-oo-,  -u),  n.  Fraudulent  secret  un- 
derstanding, esp.  between  ostensible  opponents 
as  in  law-suit.  Hence  collu'SiVE  a,  eollu*- 
siveLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  collusionem  (prec.,  -ion)] 

eo'loeynth,  n.  Bitter-apple,  gourd  plant  with 

!  drug ;  the 


larger  in- 
testine, from  caecum  to  rectum.  Hence  eo- 
loniTis  n.    [L,  f.  Gk  kolon] 

eo'lon2,  n.  Punctuation-mark  (:)  ranking 
between  period  and  semicolon,  &  used  esp.  to 
mark  antithesis,  illustration,  or  (often  with 
dash  :  — )  quotation.  [L,  f.  Gk  kolonlimb,  clause] 

colonel  (kernl),  n.  Highest  regimental  officer. 
Hence  eolonelCY  n.  [corrected  f.  coronel  f.  F 
coronnel  f.  It.  colonnello  (colonna  column)] 

colonelship,  n.  Being  a  colonel  (cf .  colonel- 
cy, ordinary  word  for  the  office),    [-ship] 

colo'nial,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  a  colony, 
esp.  of  a  British  self-governing  or  Crown  Colony; 
C.  Office,  State  department  in  charge  of  the 
Colonies.  Hence  colo*nialiSM(2,  4)  n.,  eolo*- 
nlalLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  colonia  colony  +  -al] 

cd'lonist,  n.  Settler  in,  part-founder  or  in- 
habitant of,  a  colony,    [colonize,  -ist] 

co-Ionize,  v.t.  &  L  Establish  colony  in  ;  es- 
tablish in  a  colony  ;  establish  or  join  a  colony. 
Hence  eo*lonlzA'TiON,  eo'lonizER1,  nn.  [f. 
L  colonics  farmer  (colere  till)  +  -ize] 

cdlonna'de,  n.  Series  of  columns  with  en- 
tablature ;  row  of  trees.  Hence  colonna'dED2 
a.    [F  (colonne  column,  -ade)] 

ed'lony.n.  (Gk  hist.)  independent  city  found- 
ed by  emigrants ;  (Rom.  hist.)  settlement  usu. 
of  veterans  in  conquered  territory  acting  as 
garrison;  settlement,  settlers,  in  new  country 
forming  community  fully  or  partly  subject  to 
mother  State ;  their  territory ;  people  of  one 
nationality  or  occupation  in  a  city,  esp.  if  living 
in  a  special  quarter  (so  of  animals,c.  of  sparrows 
&c.) ;  (Biol.)  aggregate  of  animals  as  in  coral. 
[f.  L  colonia  (colonus  farmer  f.  colere  till)] 

cd'lophon,  n.  Tail-piece  in  old  books,  often 
ornamental,  giving  information  now  placed  on 
title-page  (from  title-page  to  c,  from  cover  to 
cover).    [LL,  f.  Gk  kolophon  summit] 

eolo'phony,  n.  Dark  resin  distilled  from 
tui-pentine  &  water.  Hence  colo'phonATE  J(3) 
n..  eoloph-,  colophon-,  comb,  forms,  [f.  L 
colophonia  (resina  resin)  of  Colophon  in  Lydia] 

cdloqui'ntida,  n.    =  colocynth. 

C61ora*do  (-ah-)  beetle,  n.  Yellow  black- 
striped  b.  destructive  to  potatoes.    [C.  in  U.S.] 

eolo<u)pation  (ku-,  ko-),  n.  Colouring,  me- 
thod of  putting  on  or  arranging  colour ;  natural, 

F.D. 


esp.  variegated,  colour  of  living  or  other  things. 
[F,  f.  L  colorare  colour2,  -ation] 

eolopi'fie,  a.  Producing  colour;  highly  co- 
loured,   [f.  F  coloriflque  (colour  *,  -i-,  -fic)] 

colori'meter,  n.  Instrument  measuring  in- 
tensity of  colour.    [L  color,  -i-,  -meter] 

colo'ssal,  a.  Of,  like,  a  colossus  ;  gigantic, 
huge  ;  (colloq.,  f.  G)  remarkable,  splendid,  de- 
lightful. Hence  eolo'ssalLY  2  adv.  [folL-f-AL] 

colo'ssus,  n.  (pi.  -i,  -uses).  Statue  of  much 
more  than  life  size ;  gigantic  person  or  personi- 
fied empire  &c,  esp.  conceived  (like  C.  of 
Rhodes)  as  standing  astride  over  dominions. 
[L,  f.  Gk  kolossos] 

eo'loup  i  (ku-),  n.  Sensation  produced  on  eye 
by  rays  of  decomposed  light  (cf.  black,  effect 
produced  by  no  light  or  by  surface  reflecting  no 
rays,  &  white,  effect  produced  by  rays  of  unde- 
composed  light) ;  a  particular  hue,  one,  or  any 
mixture,  of  constituents  into  which  light  de- 
composes as  in  spectrum,  including  loosely 
black,  white  (accidental  c.  ;  complementary 
c,  that  combined  with  given  c.  makes  white  ; 
fundamental,  primary,  simple,  cc,  red,  green, 
&  violet,  or  with  painters  red,  blue,  &  yellow, 
giving  all  others  by  mixture;  secondary  c,  mix- 
ture of  two  primary ;  c.-blind,  unable  to  dis- 
tinguish certain  colours,  see  daltonism,  also 
fig.  in  U.S.,  impartial  between  whites  &  blacks, 
whence  eo'loup-blindNESS  n.) ;  man,  woman, 
Sec,  ofc,  of  non- white  race,  esp.  negro ;  ruddi- 
ness of  face  (lose,  gain,  c. ;  change  c,  turn  pale 
or  red);  appearance,  light,  (paint  in  bright, 
dark,cc;  see  in  its  true  cc;  put  false  cc.  upon); 
(Art)  colouring,  c. -system,  -perception,  effect  as 
of  c.  got  by  light  and  shade  in  engraving,  whence 
co*1oupist(3)  n.,  eoloupl'stic  a.;  pigment, 
paint,  (c.-box,  of  assorted  artists'  paints ;  water 
cc;  c-man,  dealer  in  paints).  (PI.)  coloured 
ribbon,  dress,  &c,  worn  as  symbol  of  party, 
membership  of  club,  &c.  (get  one's,  give  one  his, 
cc,  of  inclusion  in  athletic  team  ;  show  one's  cc, 
one's  party  or  character) ;  flag  of  regiment  or 
ship  (TROOPmfif  of  cc;  come  off  with  flying  cc, 
win  credit ;  nail  cc  to  mast,  persist,  refuse  to 
climb  down ;  c-sergeant,  army  sergeant  with 
duty  of  guarding  cc.) ;  coloured  dresses.  Show 
of  reason,  pretext,  false  plea,  (give  noc  for  say- 
ing; under  c  of);  (Mus.)  timbre,  quality,  also 
variety  of  expression;  (Gen.)  character,  tone, 
quality,  mood,  shade  of  meaning,  (take  one's  c. 
from) ;  (Literature)  picturesqueness,  ornate 
style,  (local  c,  use  of  details  giving  verisimili- 
tude, background,  or  atmosphere),  [f.  OF  color 
f.  L  colorem  nom.  -or] 

co'Ioup2  (ku-),  v.t.  &  i.  Give  c.  to;  paint, 
stain,  dye ;  disguise ;  misrepresent ;  imbue  with 
its  own  c.  (motive  colours  act);  take  on  c. ;  blush ; 
coloured  person,  wholly  or  partly  negro,  [f.  OF 
colorer  f.  L  colorare  (color  colour1)] 

co'loupable  (kii-),  a.  Specious,  plausible ; 
counterfeit.  Hence  co'loupabLY  2  ad  v.  [f.  OF 
colorable  (as  prec,  -able)] 

co'louping-  (ku-),  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. ,  style 
in  which  thing  is  coloured,  or  in  which  artist 
employs  colour,    [-ing  l] 

co'loupless,  a.  Without  colour;  pale;  dull- 
hued ;  wanting  in  character  or  vividness ;  neu- 
tral, impartial,  indifferent.  Hence  eo'loup- 
lessLY2  adv.,  co'louplessxiss  n.    [-leps] 

co'loupy  (kii-),  a.  (commerc).  Having'  the 
colour  that  goes  with  good  quality  (of  bope, 
coffee,  &c).    [-Y2] 

eolpopteup*  (-ter;  also  ko'-),  n.  Book- 
hawker,  esp.  one  employed  by  Society  to  dis- 
tribute Bibles.  [F  (colporter  vb  f.  L  collum 
neck,  partare  carry,  -or2)] 

colt,  n.,  &  v.t.    Young  of  horse  from  when  it 


COLUBRINE 


162 


COMB 


is  taken  from  dam  to  age  of  4  (with  thorough- 
breds 5);  inexperienced  person,  esp.  cricket 
professional  in  first  season ;  (Naut.)  rope  used 
for  chastisement  (vb,  thrash  with  c.) ;  coltsfoot, 
common  large-leaved  yellow-flowered  weed; 
c's  tail,  ragged-edged  cloud.  Hence  co'lt- 
hood  n.,  CO*ltlSH  i  a.    [?] 

cd'lubrine,  a.  Snake-like ;  esp.,  of,  like,  the 
colvbtr  (genus  of  harmless  snakes),  [f.  L  colu- 
brinu8  (coluber  snake)] 

cd'lumbine l,  n.  Garden  plant  with  flower 
like  five  clustered  pigeons,  ff.  F  colombine  f. 
med.  L  columbina  r.  L  columba  dove,  -ine  l] 

Cd'lumbine  2,  n.  Mistress  of  Harlequin  in 
pantomime,  [f.  It.  Colombina  character  in 
comedy,  proper  name  f .  L  as  prec] 

column  (-wm),  n.  (Arch. )  long  vertical  often 
slightly  tapering  cylinder  usu.  supporting  en- 
tablature or  arch,  or  alone  as  monument,  (fig.) 
support;  c. -shaped  object,  organ  in  Anat.  or 
Bot.,  part  of  machine,  &c.  (c.  of  water,  mercury, 
confined  vertical  cylindrical  mass ;  c.  of  smoke, 
rising  straight) ;  vertical  division  of  page  for 
figures  &c,  or  to  reduce  length  of  lines  esp.  in 
newspapers  (also  part  of  newspaper,  sometimes 
more  or  less  than  c,  devoted  to  special  subject, 
as  agony  c,  advertisement  cc. ;  our  cc.,  the  cc. 
of  The  Times,  contents  of  newspaper) ;  narrow- 
fronted  deep  arrangement  of  troops,  esp.  of 
regiment's  companies  behind  each  other  jbody 
of  ships,  esp.  following  one  another.  Hence 
or  cogn.  colvrmnARi,  co'lumnED2  (-wmd), 
eolirmnlFORM,  aa.  [f.  OF  colompne  f.  L 
columna  (eel-  whence  celsus  high)] 

eolure%  n.  One  of  two  great  circles  inter- 
secting rectangularly  at  poles  &  dividing 
equinoctial  &  ecliptic  into  four  equal  parts, 
one  passing  through  equinoctial,  &  one  through 
solstitial,  points  of  ecliptic,  [f .  L  f.  Gk  kolouros 
truncated] 

cd'lza,  n.  =  coiE-seed;  c-oil,  made  from  it 
&  used  in  lamps.    [F,  f.  LG  colsdt  coLE-seed] 

com-,  pref.  =  L  cum  in  comb.,  retained  as 
com-  before  b,  p,  m,  &  rarely  before  vowels, 
changed  to  cor-  before  r,  col-  before  1,  co-  before 
vowels,  h,  &  gn,  &  con-  before  other  consonants ; 
com-  occurs  in  E  also  before  f  (comfort).  Mean- 
ing, with,  together,  altogether,  completely. 

co'ma  *,  n.  Unnatural  heavy  sleep,  stupor, 
lethargy.  Hence  co'matoSE  a.  [f.  Gk  koma 
-atos  cf .  koimao  put  to  sleep] 

cd'ma2,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  (Bot)  tuft  of  silky  hairs 
at  end  of  seed ;  (Astr.)  nebulous  envelope  round 
nucleus  of  comet.    [L,  f.  Gk  kome  hair  of  head] 

comb l  (kom),  n.  Toothed  strip  of  horn,  metal, 
ivory,  &c,  for  arranging,  cleaning,  or  confin- 
ing, the  hair ;  =  curry  s-comb ;  thing  of  same 
shape,  look,  or  purpose,  in  many  machines,  esp. 
for  dressing  wool,  or  collecting  electricity,  or 
in  animal  structure;  red  fleshy  crest  of  fowl 
esp.  cock,  analogous  growth  in  other  birds,  (cut 
the  c.  of,  humiliate) ;  crest  of  hill  or  wave ;  = 
honeycomb1.  Hence  (-)combED2  a.  [com.- 
Teut.,  cf.  Du.  kam,  G  kamm ;  also  Gk  gomphos 
pin,  Skr.  gambhas  tooth] 

comb2,  v.  t  &  L  Draw  c.  through  (hair),  curry 
(horse),  dress  (wool,  flax)  with  c. ;  (of  wave)  curl 
over,    [earlier  kemb ;  present  vb  f.  prec] 

combat  (kumbat  or  ko'mbat),  n.,  &  v.t  &  i. 
(Do)  battle ;  single  c,  duel ;  (engage  in)  contest, 
struggle ;  oppose,  strive  against,  [f.  F  combat 
&  combattre  f.  LL  (com-,  battere,  batuere,  fight)] 

eo'mbatant  (kii-),  a.  &  n.  Fighting,  fighter ; 
(Mil.)  c.  officer,  opp.  non.-c.  of  medical  or  com- 
missariat branches.    [OF  part,  as  prec] 

co'mbative  (ku-),  a.     Pugnacious.     Hence 


co'mbativeLY 2  adv.,  co'mbative x ess  n. 
[COMBAT  v.  +  -ive] 

combe.    See  coomb. 

ed'mber  (-mer),  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp., 
machine  for  combing  cotton  or  wool  very  fine ; 

=  BEACH  !-C.     [-ER1] 

combina'tion,  n.  Combining;  combined 
state ;  combined  set  of  things  or  persons ; 
(Math.,  pi.)  different  collections  possible  of 
given  number  of  individuals  in  groups  of  given 
smaller  number ;  (Chem.)  union  of  substances 
in  compound  with  properties  differing  from 
theirs;  united  action;  (pi.)  woman's  or  child's 
close  garment  of  chemise  &  drawers  in  one ; 
c.  -room,  at  Cambridge = common  l-room.  [OF, 
f.  LL  combinationem  (combine,  -ation)]  k 

combi'ne,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Join  together  (per- 
sons, or  things  material  or  other);  possess 
(esp.  qualities  usu.  separate)  together;  (cause  to) 
coalesce  in  one  substance,  form  chemical  com- 
pound ;  cooperate ;  (n.)  combination  of  persons, 
esp.  to  raise  prices  or  obstruct  course  of  trade. 
So  co*mbinativE  a.  [f.  LL  C0M(&iware  f.  bini 
two  together)] 

co'mbing-  (-mi-),  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  (pi.) 
hairs  combed  off.    [-ING1] 

combu'stible,  a.  &  n.  (Matter,  thing) 
capable  of  or  used  for  burning;  excitable. 
Hence  combustiBi'LiTY,  n.  [F,  f.  LL  com- 
bustibilis  f.  L  comburere  -ust-  perh.  =  com-  + 
urere  burn  (-b-  unexplained)] 

combu'stion  (-ustshn),  n.  Destruction  by 
fire  (spontaneous  a).  (Chem.  &c)  develop- 
ment of  light  &  heat  going  with  chemical  com- 
bination ;  oxidation  of  organic  tissue.  [OF,  f. 
LL  combustionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

come !  (kum),  v.i.  (came,  come).  Start,  move, 
arrive,  towards  or  at  a  point,  time,  or  result 
(often  not  specified  because  obvious,  while 
point  of  departure,  if  it  matters,  is  always 
specified ;  cf.  go  ;  c.  into  world,  be  born ;  c.  to 
an  end,  cease ;  c.  short  ;  c.toa  point,  taper ; 
c.  to  blows,  fight ;  c.  home  to,  be  realized  by ; 
c.  &  go,  pass  to  &  fro,  pay  brief  visit,  be  tran- 
sitory ;  light  c.  light  go,  what  is  easily  won  is 
soon  lost ;  coming  nineteen,  in  nineteenth  year ; 
two  years  c.  Christmas,  including  time  from 
now  to  Christmas);  be  brought  (the  dinner 
came ;  c.  under  notice,  before  judge) ;  fall,  land, 
(m  (came  on  my  head);  move  relatively  by 
motion  of  beholder  &c  towards  on©  (c.  into 
sight,  to  one's  knowledge,  in  one's  way ;  c.  to 
light,  be  revealed);  reach  point  with  hand, 
instrument,  or  missile;  occur,  fall  to  lot  of, 
(comes  on  such  a  page ;  one  comes  before,  after \ 
another ;  c.  into  one  s  head ;  the  work,  ill  luck, 
comes  to  me)  j  happen  (how  comes  it  that—? ; 
to  c.  pred.  adj.,  future ;  for  a  year  to  c. ;  the 
to-c,  the  future;  c.  what  may,  whatever  hap- 
pens) ;  become  present  from  future  (c.  to  pass ; 
the  time  will  c.  when) ;  spring  of,  be  the  result 
of,  (that  '8  what  comes  of  grumbling  ;  c.  of  noble 
parents) ;  enter,  be  brought,  into  (collision,  play, 
prominence ;  c.  to  harm,  be  injured) ;  amount 
to  (comes  to  2/6 ;  it  comes  to  this,  that—,  is  as 
much  as  to  say  that) ;  take  form  (the  butter  will 
not  c.) ;  find  oneself  under  compulsion  or  in 
a  position  to  (have  c.  to  believe,  has  c.  to  be  used); 
(with  cogn.  obj.)  traverse,  accomplish,  (have  c. 
3  miles,  a  l**ng  way) ;  play  a  part  (slang ;  c.  the 
bully  ovet  \  c.  it  strong,  show  vigour ;  c.  it  too 
strong,  overdo  something,  exaggerate) ;  be- 
come, get  to  be,  prove,  (string  comes  untied, 
things  c.  right,  he  came  alive ;  comes  expensive, 
easy,  true,  natural) ;  (imperat.  as  exclamation) 
now  then  (encouraging),  think  again,  don't  be 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


COME 


163 


COMMAND 


hasty.  C.  about,  happen  ;  c  across,  meet  with ; 
c.  along,  (colloq.)  make  haste ;  c.  at,  reach,  dis- 
cover, get  access  to;  c.  away,  get  detached; 
c  back,  recur  to  memory ;  c.  by,  (prep.)  obtain, 
(adv.)  pass ;  c.  down,  extend  downwards  to,  be 
handed  down  by  tradition,  fall,  be  humbled 
(esp.  in  the  world,  lose  caste) ;  c.  down  upon, 
rebuke,  punish,  exact  reparation  from  ;  c.  down 
with,  pay  (money) ;  c.  forward,  present  oneself, 
answer  appeal ;  c.  in,  enter  house  or  room, 
begin  innings,  take  such  a  place  in  race  &c. 
(c.  in  third),  be  elected,  come  to  power,  be 
received  as  income,  become  seasonable  or 
fashionable,  serve  a  purpose  (esp.  c.  in  useful), 
find  a  place  (where  does  the  joke  c.  in  ? ;  where 
do  I  c.  in  ?,  hew  are  my  interests  advanced  ?) ; 
c.  in  for,  get  share  of,  get;  c.  into,  receive  pos- 
session of ;  c.  near  doing,  narrowly  escape  or 
fail ;  c.  off,  be  detached,  extricate  oneself  from 
contest  &c.  in  such  state  (with  flying  colours, 
badly),  be  accomplished,  fulfilled ;  c.  on,  (prep.) 
=  c.  upon,  (adv.)  continue  coming,  advance  esp. 
to  attack,  progress,  thrive,  supervene  (of  wind, 
storm,  disease),  arise  to  be  discussed,  appear 
on  stage,  begin  to  bowl,  (imperat.)  follow  me, 
I  defy  you ;  c.  out,  go  on  strike,  emerge  from 
examination  &c.  with  such  success,  emerge 
from  clouds,  be  found  out,  be  solved,  show 
itself  (of  photograph,  smallpox,  arrogance),  be 
published  (comes  out  on  Saturdays),  make  d6but 
on  stage  or  in  society ;  c.  out  with,  utter ;  c.  over, 
(prep.)  master  as  an  influence,  (adv.)  c.  from 
some  distance  or  across  obstacle  (came  over 
with  the  Conqueror,  over  from  London  to  see 
us),  change  sides  or  opinion ;  c.  round,  look  in 
for  casual  visit,  recover  from  ill  temper,  swoon, 
&c. ;  c.  to,  (prep.)  inherit,  return  to  (oneself, 
one's  senses  from  fainting-fit  or  from  folly), 
(adv. )  cease  moving,  revive ;  c.  under,  be  classed 
as  or  among,  be  subjected  to  (influence) ;  c.  up, 
join  university,  approach  person  for  talk,  get 
abreast  with,  spring  out  of  ground,  become 
fashionable,  be  mooted,  be  equal  to  standard 
&c.,  (imperat.,  to  horse)  go  faster;  c.  upon, 
attack  by  surprise,  strike  or  lay  hold  of  (nnnd), 
make  demand,  on,  be  a  burden  to,  meet  by 
chance  with.  [OE  cuman,  com-Teut.  cf.  Du. 
komen,  G  kommen ;  cogn.  also  w.  Skr.  gam,  Gk 
baino,  L  venire] 

come  2.  n.  C.-&-go,  passing  to  &  fro ;  c.-down, 
downfall,  degradation,    [f.  prec] 

come-a't-able,  a.    Accessible,    [-able] 

come'dian,  n.  Actor,  writer,  of  comedies. 
[f.  F  comedien  f.  L  comoedia  comedy  -f  -an] 

comedie'nne  (-mi-),  n.  Comedy  actress.  [F] 

comedietta,  n.  Short  or  slight  comedy.  [It., 
dim.  of  comedia  comedy] 

co'medist,  n.  Writer  of  comedies,  [foil., 
-I8T(3) ;  to  avoid  ambiguity  of  comedian] 

ed'medy,  n.  Stage-play  of  light,  amusing,  & 
often  satirical  character,  chiefly  representing 
everyday  life,  &  with  happy  ending  (cf.  tra- 
gedy) ;  branch  of  drama  concerned  with  ordin- 
ary persons  &  employing  familiar  language  ; 
life,  or  an  incident  in  it,  regarded  as  a  spectacle ; 
Old,  Middle,  New,  C,  classification  of  ancient 
Greekc,  the  first  farcical  &largely  political,  the 
last  corresponding  to  modern  c,  &  the  second 
transitional,  ff.  FcomMie  f.  L  f.  Gk  kdmo(i)dia 
f.  kdmo(i)dos  f.  komos  revel,  aoidos  singer] 

comely  (kumli),  a.  Pleasant  to  look  at  (usu. 
of  personal  appearance,  sometimes  of  behaviour 
or  conduct).  Hence  co'meliNESS  n.  [OEcym- 
lic  (cyme  fine  f.  W6  kiimi-,  -ly  j)] 

co'mep  (ku-),  n.  One  who  comes  (usu.  quali- 
fied, as  first  c.) ;  all  cc,  any  one  who  applies, 
takes  up  a  challenge,  &c.    [-er  j] 

come'stible,  n.  (usu.  pL).   Thing  to  eat.   [F, 


f.  LL  comestibilis  (oomest-  var.  of  comes-  p.p.  st. 
of  L  com  Mere  eat  up)] 

co-met,  n.  Body  with  star-like  nucleus  & 
train  or  tail  of  light  moving  round  sun  in 
elliptical  or  towards  &  from  it  in  parabolic 
course;  c.-year,  in  which  conspicuous  comet 
comes;  c.-wine,  made  in  c-year,  supposed  of 
superior  quality.  Hence  co'metARY1,  come't- 
ic,  aa.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kometes  long-haired  (star)  f. 
komao  wear  hair  long  (kome  hair)] 

co'mflt  (ku-),  n.  Sweetmeat,  sugar-plum, 
[f.  OF  confit  1.  L  cox(fectum= factum  neut.  p.p. 
of  facere  make)] 

co'mfopt  (ku-),  n. ,  &  v.t.  Relief  in  affliction, 
consolation,  being  consoled  ;  person  who  con- 
soles or  saves  one  trouble ;  cause  of  satisfaction ; 
conscious  well-being,  being  comfortable ;  pos- 
session of  cc,  things  that  make  life  easy ;  crea- 
ture cc,  good  food,  clothes,  &c.  (Vb)  soothe 
in  grief,  console ;  make  comfortable,  [f .  OF 
confortier)  f.  L  COM fortare  f.  fortis  strong)] 

co'mfoptable  (ku-),  a.  Such  as  to  obviate 
hardship,  save  trouble,  &  promote  content, 
ministering  to  comfort;  at  ease,  free  from 
hardship,  pain,  &  trouble ;  tranquil,  with  easy 
conscience.  Hence  eo'mfoptabLY 2  adv.  [f. 
AF  confortable  (prec,  -able)] 

co'mfoptep  (ku-),  n.  One  who  comforts  (the 
C. ,  Holy  Ghost ;  Job's  c ,  professed  consoler  who 
depresses) ;  woollen  scarf,    [-er1] 

co'mfoptless,  a.  Dreary,  without  provision 
for  comfort,    [-less] 

eo'mfpey  (ku-),  n.    Tall  rough-leaved  ditch 

f)lant  with  clusters  of  whitish  or  purplish  bells, 
f.  OF  confirie  etym.  dub.] 

cd'mic,  a.  Of  comedy  (c  opera,  with  c.  treat- 
ment &  much  spoken  dialogue,  also  mere  bur- 
lesque set  to  music) ;  mirth-provoking,  laugh- 
able or  meant  to  be  so,  facetious,  burlesque, 
funny,  (c  song,  paper ;  c  history  of  Borne  &c; 
has  its  c.  side).  Hence  comico-  comb.  form, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  komikos  prob.  f.  komos  revel] 

cd'mical,  a.  Mirth-provoking,  laughable; 
odd,  queer.  Hence  comica'liTY  n.,  co'mic- 
alLY  2  adv.    [as  prec.  •+•  -al] 

cd'mity,  n.  Courtesy ;  c.  of  nations,  friendly 
recognition  as  far  as  practicable  of  each  other's 
laws  &  usages,   [f.  L  comitas  (comis  courteous)] 

co-mma,  n.  Punctuation-mark  (,)  of  the 
least  separation  indicated  between  parts  of 
sentence,  also  used  to  separate  figures  &c. ; 
(Mus.)  definite  minute  interval  or  difference  of 
pitch ;  inverted  cc,  raised  or  superior  cc.  used 
to  begin  &  end  a  quotation,  the  first  (or  first 
pair)  inverted  (he  said '  no '  or  "  no  ") ;  c.  bacillus, 
c.-shaped  found  in  cholera,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  komma 
clause  (kopto  cut,  -m)] 

comma-nd  \  v.t.  &  i.  Order,  bid,  (what  God 
commands,  commands  us,  commands  us  to  do, 
commands  that  we  should  do,  commands  to  be 
done ;  also  ellipt.,  let  us  do  as  God  commands ; 
&  abs.,  God  commands  &  man  obeys);  have 
authority  over,  control  of ;  be  supreme ;  be  in 
c. ;  be  in  c.  of  (ship,  forces,  &c.) ;  c-in-chief,  be 
commander-in-chief  of,  or  abs.) :  restrain,  mas- 
ter, (passions,  oneself) ;  have  at  disposal  or  with- 
in reach  (sum,  skill,  person  ;  so  yours  to  c ,  obedi- 
ently); deserve  &  get  (sympathy  &c);  domi- 
nate (strategic  position)  from  superior  height, 
look  down  over.  [f.  OF  comander  f.  LL  com- 
(mandare  entrust)] 

comma-nd2,  n.  Order,  bidding,  (word  ofc, 
customary  order  for  movement  in  drill ;  at  or 
by  one's  c,  in  pursuance  of  his  bidding) ;  ex- 
ercise or  tenure  of  authority,  esp.  naval  or 
military  (in  c  of,  commanding ;  under  c  of, 
commanded  by) ;  control,  mastery,  possession, 
(great  c  of  language,  skill  in  speech ;  at  c,  ready 


COMMANDANT 


164 


COMMISSION 


to  be  used  at  will ;  c.  of  the  passes  Sec.) ;  body 
of  troops,  district,  under  commander;  c.-in- 
chief,  supreme  c. ;  c.-night,  with  theatre  &c. 
performance  given  by  royal  c.    [f.  or  as  prec] 
commanda'nt,  n.      Commanding  officer, 
esp.  governor  of  fortress.   Hence  eommand- 
antsmp  n.    [P  (command \  -ant)] 
commandeep',  v.t.     Impress  (men),  seize 
(stores),  for  military  service,     [f.  S.-Afr.-Du. 
komnianderen  (-ar-)  f.  F  as  prec.  J 
comma'ndep,  n.     In  vbl  senses;  also  or 
esp. :  C.  of  the  Faithful,  title  of  Caliph ;  (Navy) 
officer  ranking  between  captain  &  lieutenant ; 
member  of  higher  class  in  some  Orders  of 
Knighthood ;  large  wooden  mallet ;  C.-in-Chief, 
(Army)  of  all  military  land-forces  of  State,  of 
portion  of  them  quartered  in  colony,  or  of  ex- 
pedition in  foreign  country,  (Navy)  of  all  ships 
on  a  station.    Hence  eommandersHiP(l)  n. 
[f.  OF  comandere  (command1,  -er1)] 
comma'nding,  a.    In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  ex- 
alted, impressive,  (of  persons,  looks,  ability, 
&c.) ;  with  wide  view  (or  hill,  position),    [-ing  2] 
commandment,  n.    Divine  command  {the 
ten  cc,  Mosaic  decalogue  ;  eleventh  c,  any  pre- 
cept jestingly   classed   with   these),      [f.  OF 
comandement  (command  *,  -ment)] 
comma'ndo,  n.    Party  called  out  for  mili- 
tary service,  body  of  troops.     [Port.,  f.  com- 
mandar  command1,  wd  used  by  S.-Afr.  Dutch, 
&  familiarized  in  Boer  war] 
comme  il  faut  (kom  el  fo),  pred.  a.    Well- 
bred.    [F] 

commemorate,  v.t.    Celebrate  in  speech 
or  writing  ;  preserve  in  memory  by  some  cele- 
bration ;  (of  things)  be  a  memorial  of.    Hence 
eommemoratiVE  a.     [f.  L  coumemorare 
bring  to  remembrance,  see  -ate  3] 
commemoration,  n.  Act  of  commemorat- 
ing ;  service,  part  of  service,  in  memory  of 
saint  or  sacred  event;  (Oxford  Univ.)  annual 
celebration  in  memory  of  founders,    [f.  L  com- 
memoratio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
commence,  v.t.  &  L    Begin  (work,  doing, 
to  do) ;  (archaic)  start,  set  up,  as  (lawyer  &c ) ; 
take  the  full  degree  of  (M.A.  &c).     [f.   OF 
cumencer  f.  LL  *cowiinitiare  (see  initiate)] 
commencement,  n.    In  vbl  senses ;  also, 
ceremony  when  degrees  of  Master  &  Doctor 
are  conferred  at  Cambridge,  Dublin,  &  U.S. 
univv.    [OF  (cumencer,  see  prec.  &  -ment)] 
commend,  v.t.     Entrust  for  safe  keeping 
(to  person,  his  care) ;  praise  ;  (archaic)  c.  me  to, 
remember  me  kindly  to  (person) ;  c.  me  to,  give 
me  by  choice  (often  iron. ).   [f .  L  coM(mendare  = 
mandare  entrust,  see  mandate)] 
commendable,  a.    Praiseworthy.    Hence 
comme'ndableNESS  n.,  comme'ndabL y 2 
adv.     [OF,  f.  L  commendabilis  (prec,  -ble)] 
eommendam,  n.  Tenure  of  benefice  in  ab- 
sence of  regular  incumbent,    [med.  L  (in)  com- 
mendam  (depositum)  given  in  trust] 
commenda'tion,  n.     Praise ;  act  of  com- 
mending person  to  another's  favour.    [OF,  f.  L 
commendationem  (as  commend,  see  -ation)] 
commendatory,  a.  Commending,  holding, 
held,  in  eommendam.    [f.  LL  commendatorius 
(as  prec,  see  -ory)] 

commensal,  a.  &  n.  (One)  who  eats  at  the 
same  table  ;  (animal,  plant)  living  as  another's 
tenant  &  sharing  its  food  (cf.  parasite).  Hence 
eommensaliSM,  commensa'liTY,  nn.  [F, 
f.  med.  L  com (mensalist.  mensa  table,  see  -al)] 
commensurable  (-sher-),  a.  Measurable 
by  the  same  standard  (with,  to) ;  (of  numbers) 
divisible  without  remainder  by  the  same  quan- 


tity ;  proportionate  to.   Hence  commensur- 
aBi 'lit  y,  comme'nsupableNESS,  nn. ,  corn- 

me'nsurabLY  2  adv.   [f.  L  coM(mensurabilis, 
as  measure,  see  -ble)] 

commensurate    (-at),    a.      Coextensive 
(with) ;  proportionate  (to,  with).    Hence  com- 
me'nsurateLT2  adv.,  eommensurate- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  C0M(mensuratus,  prec,  -ate2)] 
comment1,  n.     Explanatory  note   or   re- 
mark; criticism;  (fig.,  of  events  Sec.)  illustra- 
tion.    [OF,   =  commentary  f.  L  commentum 
device,  comment,  neut.  p.p.  of  cou(minisci  f. 
root  men-  cf.  mens  mind)] 
comment2,  v.i.    Write  explanatory  notes 
(upon  a  text) ;  make  (esp.  unfavourable)  re- 
marks (upon),    [f.  prec] 
co'mmentary,  n.  Expository  treatise ;  com- 
ment. [f.L  commentarius  a.  (comment1,  -ary1)] 
commentation,  n.    Making  of  comments, 
[f.  L  commentatio  (commentari  discuss,  fre- 
quent, of  comminisci,  see  comment  & -ation)] 
commentator,  n.    Writer  of  commentary. 
[L  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

commerce,  n.  Exchange  of  merchandise, 
esp.  on  a  large  scale ;  chamber  of  c. ;  inter- 
course (esp.  sexual) ;  card  game.  [F,  f.  L  com- 
(mercium  t.  merx  mercis  merchandise)] 
commercial  (-shl),  a.  &  n.  Of,  engaged  in, 
bearing  on,  commerce ;  c.  (traveller),  trader's 
agent,  showing  samples  &  soliciting  orders. 
Hence  eommer'eialiSM,  eommer'eialisT, 
commereia'liTY  (-shl-),  nn.,  commer'cial- 
ize  v.t.,  commer'cialLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  commer- 
cium  commerce  +  -al] 

commina'tion,  n.    Threatening  of  divine 
vengeance;  recital  of  divine  threats  against 
sinners  in  Anglican  Liturgy.    [F,  f.  L  commina- 
tionem  t.  C0M(minari  threaten),  see  -ation)] 
eomminatory,  a.    Threatening,  denuncia- 
tory,   [f.  L  comminatorius  (as  prec,  see  -ory)] 
commingle,  v.t.&i.  Mingle  together,  [com-] 
comminute,  v.t.     Reduce  to  small  frag- 
ments ;  divide  (property)  into  small  portions. 
So  eomminu'tiON  n.   [f.  L  coyi(minuere  -ut- 
f.  minor  less)] 

commi'serate  (-z-),  v.t.  Feel,  show,  express, 
pity  for.  Hence  or  cogn.  eommiserA'TiON  n., 
eommi'serativK  a.,  eommi'serativeLY  2 
adv.  [f.  L  coM(miserari  f.  miser),  -ates] 
commissar'ial,  a.  Of  a  commissary,  [-al] 
commissariat,  n.  Department  (esp.  Mil.) 
for  supply  of  food  &c  [as  foil.,  see  -ate  j] 
commissary,  n.  Deputy,  delegate  ;  repre- 
sentative of  a  bishop  in  part  of  his  diocese,  or 
of  absent  bishop ;  officer  charged  with  supply 
of  food  &c  for  body  of  soldiers ;  C.  general, 
chief  c,  esp.  (Mil.)  chief  of  a  commissariat  ser- 
vice. Hence  eommissarysHip  n.  [f.  med.  ~ 
commissarius person  in  charge  (commit,  -ary1)] 
commi'ssion l,  n.  Command,  instruction  ; 
authority,  body  of  persons  having  authority, 
to  act ;  c.  of  the  peace,  (authority  given  to) 
Justices  of  the  Peace  ;  on  the  c,  having  this  [ 
warrant  conferring  authority,  esp.  that  of 
officers  in  the  army  and  navy  from  lieutenant 
upwards;  in  c,  (of  persons)  having  delegatec 
authority,  (of  an  office)  placed  by  warrant  ii 
charge  of  a  body  of  persons  instead  of  the  con- 
stitutional administrator,  (of  ship  of  war)  man- 
ned, armed,  &  ready  for  sea;  entrusting  of 
authority  &c  to  a  person ;  charge,  matter,  en- 
trusted to  person  to  perform ;  authority  to  act 
as  agent  for  another  in  trade,  as  have  goods 
on  c. ;  pay  of  a  c -agent,  percentage  on  amount 
involved ;  committing  (of  crime  &c) ;  c.-day, 
opening  day  of  assizes,  when  judge's  commis- 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  CO- 


COMMISSION 


165 


COMMUNALISM 


sion  is  read.    [F,  f.  L  commissionem  (as  prec, 

-ION)] 

commi'ssion2,  v.t.  Empower  by  commis- 
sion ;  give  (officer)  command  of  ship ;  order 
(ship)  for  active  service ;  give  (artist  &c)  a 
commission  for  piece  of  work.  [f.  prec] 
commissionaire*  (-shonar),  n.  Member  of 
the  corps  of  Cc.  organized  in  London  for  em- 
ployment as  messengers  &c.  [as  commissioner] 
commi'ssioned,  a.  Authorized ;  (of  officers) 
holding  rank  by  commission  ;  (of  ships)  put  in 
commission,    [-ed  2] 

eommi'ssioner,  n.  One  appointed  by  com- 
mission ;  member  of  a  commission,  esp.  of 
government  boards  &c,  as  Charity,  Civil  Ser- 
vice, C. ;  representative  of  supreme  authority 
in  a  district,  department,  &c.  Hence  eom- 
mi'ssionepSHiP  n.  [f.  F  commissionnaire  f. 
med.  L  commissionarius  (commission,  -aey  l)] 
eo'mmissure,  n.  Juncture,  seam;  joint 
between  two  bones ;  line  where  lips,  eyelids, 
meet;  bands  of  nerve  substance  connecting 
hemispheres  of  brain,  two  sides  of  spinal  cord, 
&c.  So  eommissur'AL,  a.  [f.  L  commissura 
junction  [as  foil.,  see  -ure] 
commi't,  v.t.  (-tt-).  Entrust,  consign,  for 
treatment  or  safe  keeping  (to  person,  his  care, 
his  judgment,  to  writing,  memory,  earth,  the 
flames) ;  c.  (to  prison),  consign  officially  to  cus- 
tody; refer  (bill)  to  committee;  perpetrate 
(crime,  blunder),  whence  eommittABLE  a ; 
compromise,  involve,  (character,  honour,  one- 
self) ;  bind  oneself  to  (a  course).  Hence  eom- 
mi'ttAL,  commi'tMENT,  nn.  [f.  L  cou(mit- 
tere  miss-  send)  join,  entrust] 
commi'ttee  (ti),  n.  Body  of  persons  ap- 
pointed for  special  function,  as  (Pari.)  C.  of 
Supply,  Way 8  &  Means,  House  resolves  itself 
into  a  C.,  goes  into  C,  is  in  C,  C.  of  the  whole 
House ;  Standing  C.  (permanent  during  exist- 
ence of  appointing  body) ;  Joint  C.  (of  members 
nominated  by  different  bodies) ;  c.-man,  mem- 
ber of  a  c. ;  (Law,  pron.  komite")  person  en- 
trusted with  charge,  as  cc,  for  lunatics,  [late 
AF,  for  F  commis  p.p.  of  commettre,  as  prec] 
commi'x,  v.t.  &  L  (archaic,  poet.).  Mix.  So 
eommi'xtURE  n.  [back-formation  on  com- 
mixt,  see  mix  v.] 

commo'de,  n.  Chest  of  drawers ;  chiffonier ; 
(esp.  night-c.)  close-stool.  [F,  f.  L  coM(modus 
measure)  convenient] 

commo'dious,  a.  Roomy;  (archaic)  handy. 
Hence  eommo'diousLY2  adv.,  commo'di- 
ousness  n.  [f.  F  commodieux,  -euse,  f.  med.L 
commodiosus  irreg.  f.  L  commodum  (neut.  adj. 
as  n.),  see  prec] 

commd'dity,  n.  Useful  thing;  article  of 
trade  (staple  c);  (archaic)  convenience,  [f.  F 
commodite  f.  L  commoditatem  (commode,  -ty)] 
eo'mmodore,  n.  Naval  officer  above  cap- 
tain and  below  rear-admiral  (in  Brit,  navy  a 
temporary  rank);  (courtesy  title)  senior  captain 
when  three  or  more  ships  cruise  together,  cap- 
tain of  pilots,  president  of  yacht-club ;  c's  ship. 
[17th  c.(-mand-)  f.  L  commandat  or  commander] 
co'mmon  *,  a.  (-er,  -est).  Belonging  equally 
to,  coming  from,  or  done  by,  more  than  one;  as 
our  c.  humanity,  c.  cause,  c.  consent ;  belonging 
to,  open  to,  affecting,  the  public,  as  c.  crier, 
goal,  alehouse,  nuisance,  scold;  of  ordinary 
occurrence,  as  a  c.  experience;  ordinary,  of 
ordinary  qualities,  as  c.  honesty,  no  c.  mind ; 
without  rank  or  position,  as  c.  soldier,  the  c. 
people ;  of  the  most  familiar  type,  as  C.  Night- 
shade, Snake;  of  inferior  quality;  vulgar; 
(Math.)  belonging  to  two  or  more  quantities,  as 
c.  factor,  multiple;  (Gram.)  c.  noun,  name  ap- 
plicable to  any  one  of  a  class,  c.  gender,  mascu- 


line or  feminine  ;  (Pros.)  of  variable  quantity ; 
(Mus.)  c.  time,  measure,  (two  or  four  beats  in 
bar),  c.  chord  ;  c.  law,  unwritten  law  of  Eng- 
land, administered  by  the  King's  courts,  pur- 
porting to  be  derived  from  ancient  usage; 
Court  of  C.  Pleas  (for  trial  of  civil  causes, 
abolished  1875) ;  C.  Prayer,  liturgy  set  forth 
in  Book  of  C.  P.  of  Edward  VI ;  c.  room  (at 
Oxford),  room  to  which  fellows  retire  after 
dinner ;  c.  sense,  normal  understanding,  good 
practical  sense  in  everyday  affairs,  general 
feeling  (of  mankind  or  community),  philosophy 
of  c.  sense  (accepting  primary  beliefs  of  man- 
kind as  ultimate  criterion  of  truth) ;  c.  weal, 
commonweal,  archaic,  public  welfare,  (also)  = 
commonwealth.    Hence  co'mmonNESS  n. 

tf .  OF  comun  f.  L  communis  (com-  +  -munis 
>ound,  obliged,  or  +  unus  one)] 

co'mmon2,  n.  Land  belonging  to  a  com- 
munity, esp.  unenclosed  waste  land ;  (right  of) 
c,  a  man's  right  over  another's  land,  as  c.  of 
pasturage;  out  of  the  c,  unusual;  in  c,  in 
joint  use,  shared,    [prec.  as  n.] 

co'mmonable,  a.  (Of  animals)  that  may  be 
pastured  on  common  land  ;  (of  land)  that  may 
be  held  in  common,  [f.  obs.  vb  common  f.  OF 
comuner  (as  common1)  +  -able] 

co'mmonage  (-Ij),  n.  Right  of  common ; 
land,  condition  of  land,  held  in  common  ;  com- 
monalty,   [-age] 

co'mmonalty,   n.     The  common  people ; 

fjeneral  body  (of  mankind  &c) ;  body  corporate, 
f.  OF  comunalte  f.  comunal  f.  L  communalis 
(commune  neut.  adj.  as  n.,  see  common  x  &  -al), 
see  -ty] 

eo'mmoner,  n.  One  of  the  common  people 
(below  rank  of  peer) ;  (rarely)  member  of  House 
of  Commons,  esp.  the  great  C,  elder  Wm  Pitt ; 
(in  some  Eng.  colleges)  student  not  on  founda- 
tion :  one  who  has  right  of  common,  [com  mon  2 
&  obs.  vb  common  (see  commonable)  +  -er  a] 

co'mmoney,  n.     Inferior  playing- marble. 

[COMMON1  +  -Y3] 

co'mmonly,  adv.  Usually ;  to  an  ordinary 
degree,  as  c.  honest ;  meanly,  cheaply,    [-ly  2J 

co'mmonplaee  \  n.  &  a.  Notable  passage, 
entered  for  use  in  a  c.-book ;  ordinary  topic ; 
every-day  saying;  platitude;  anything  com- 
mon or  trite ;  (adj.)  lacking  originality,  trite. 
Hence  eo'mmonplacexESS  n.  [=L  locus 
communis  =  Gk  koinos  topos  general  theme] 

co'mmonplaee2,  v.t.  &  i.  Extract  com- 
monplaces from ;  enter  in  commonplace-book ; 
utter  commonplaces,    [f.  prec] 

co'mmons,  n.  pi.  The  common  people ;  third 
estate  in  English  or  other  similar  constitution, 
represented  by  Lower  House  of  Parliament 
(House  of  C);  provisions  shared  in  common  : 
common  table,  as  doctors'  C. ;  (Oxf.,  Camb.) 
definite  portion  of  food  supplied  at  fixed 
charge  ;  daily  fare,  as  short  c.  [pi.  of  common2] 

co'mmon  wealth,  n.  Body  politic,  indepen- 
dent community;  republic  (also  fig.,  as  c.  of 
learning) ;  republican  government  in  England, 
1649-60 ;  title  of  federated  Australian  States ; 
company  of  actors  sharing  receipts ;  (formerly) 
public  welfare,  [common1  +  wealth,  cf.  F 
bien  public,  L  respublica] 

commo'tion,  n.  Physical  disturbance ; 
bustle,  confusion ;  tumult,  insurrection,  [f. 
OF  comocion  f.  hcommotionein  (as  foil. ,  see  -ion)] 

commo've  (-oov),  v.t.  Move  violently  (lit. 
&  fig.);  excite,  [f.  F  commouvoir  f.  L  com- 
(movere  mot-  move)] 

commu'nal  (or  ko'mu-),  a.  Of  a  commune ; 
of  the  Paris  Commune ;  of  the  commonalty. 
[F, f . med.  L communalis  (as  commune, see  -al)I 

communalism  (as  prec),  n.     Theory  of 


COMMUNALIZE 


COMPANY 


government  by  local  autonomy.  So  commu- 
nalisT  n..  eommunali'stic  a.   [prec.  +  -ism] 

commu'nallze,  v.t.  Make  (thing)  the  pro- 
perty of  a  local  community.  Hence  eom- 
munaliz  ation  n.    [-ize] 

co'mmune  *,  n.  French  territorial  division, 
smallest  for  administrative  purposes ;  similar 
division  elsewhere;  The  G  (of  Paris),  (1)  usurp- 
ing body  during  the  Reign  of  Terror,  (2)  com- 
munalistic  government  in  1871.  [F,  f.  med.  L 
communa  t.  LL  communia  (neut.  pL  adj.  as 
noun),  see  common1] 

eommu'ne2  (or  ko*m-),  v.i.  Hold  intimate 
intercourse  (with  person,  one's  own  heart.^o- 
gether);  (U.S.)  receive  Holy  Communion,  [f. 
OF  comuner  (as  common1)] 

eommu-nieable,  a.  That  can  be  imparted ; 
communicative.  Hence communieaBiLiTY, 
eommirnieableNESs,  nn.,  commu'ni- 
cabLYa  adv.    [prob.  F  (as  foil.,  see  -ble)] 

eommu'nieant,  n.  One  who  (esp.  regularly) 
receives  Holy  Communion ;  one  who  imparts 
information,    [as  foil.,  see  -ant] 

commu-nieate,  v.t  &  i.  Impart,  transmit, 
(heat,  motion,  feeling,  news,  a  discovery,  <o) ; 
share  (a  thing)  with ;  receive,  administer.  Holy 
Communion ;  hold  intercourse  with ;  (of  rooms 
&c.)  afford  access  to  (with),  [f.  Itcommunicare 
(as  common1  +  -te-  factitive  suf.),  see  -ate3] 

eommunlca'tion,  n.  Act  of  imparting 
(esp.  news) ;  information  given ;  intercourse ; 
(passage  giving)  access,  [f.  OF comunicacionf. 
L  communicationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

commu'nioative,  a.  Ready  to  impart; 
open,  talkative.  Hence  eommu'nieatlveLY  ■ 
adv.,  eommu'nieativeNESS  n.  [F(-i^,  -ive), 
as  communicate,  see  -ive] 

eommirnieator,  n.  Person,  thing,  that 
communicates ;  part  of  telegraph  instrument 
used  in  sending  message;  contrivance  for 
communicating  with  guard  or  driver  of  train. 
[L  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

commu'nion,  n.  Sharing,  participation  ; 
fellowship  (esp.  between  branches  of  Catholic 
Church);  body  professing  one  faith;  inter- 
course: participation  in^JLord's  Supper  (also 
Holy  G.) ;  close,  open,  c,  exclusion  from,  admis- 
sion to,  c  of  persons  not  baptized  according  to 
Baptist  principles ;  c-cloth,  -cup,  (used  at  Holy 
C);  c.-rail  (in  front  of  c. -table  in  some 
churches) ;  c.-table  (used  for  Holy  C).  [F,  f.  L 
communionem  (as  common  l,  see  -ion)] 

commu'nion  1st,  n.  Close,  open,  c,  ad- 
herent of  close,  open,  communion ;  fellow-c., 
member  of  same  communion,    [-ibt] 

communique  (F),  n.    Official  intimation. 

co'mmunism,  n.  Vesting  of  property  in 
the  community,  each  member  working  accord- 
ing to  his  capacity  and  receiving  according  to 
his  wants.  Hence  co'mmuniST  n.,  com- 
munistic a.  _[f.  L  as  common  i  +  -ism] 

communitarian,  n.  Member  of  commu- 
nity practising  communism,    [-arian] 

commu'nity,  n.  Joint  ownership,  as  c.  of 
goods ;  identity  of  character ;  fellowship ; 
organized  political,  municipal,  or  social  body ; 
body  of  men  living  in  same  locality ;  body  of 
men  having  religion,  profession,  &c,  in 
common,  as  the  mercantile  c,  the  Jewish  c; 
thee,  the  public ;  monastic,  socialistic,  or  other, 
body  practising  c.  of  goods,  [f.  OF  communeU 
f.  L  communitatem  (as  common1,  see  -ty)] 

co'mmunize,  v.  t.  Make  (land  &c )  common 
property.  Hence  eommunizATiON  n.  [f.  L 
as  common  1  +  -ize] 

commu'table,  a.    Exchangeable ;  that  can 


be  compounded  for.  Hence  commutaBixnr 
n.    [f.  L  commutabilis  (as  foil.,  see  -ble)] 

commutation,  n.  Commuting ;  money 
paid  by  way  of  c  ;  G.  Act  (for  c.  of  tithes  in 
England,  1836).  [F,  f.  L  commutationem  (as 
foil.,  see  -ation)] 

commutative  (also  ko'm-),  a.  Relating  to 
or  involving  substitution,  [f.  med.  L  commuta- 
tivus  (as  foil.,  see  -ative)] 

co'mmutatop,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  com- 
mutes; contrivance  for  altering  course  of 
electric  current,    [as  foil.,  see  -or2] 

commu'te,  v.t.  Interchange  (two  things) ; 
buy  off  one  obligation  by  (for,  into)  another ; 
change  (punishment  into  another  less  severe) ; 
change  (one  kind  of  payment  into,  for,  another), 
[f.  L  coMmutare  exchange] 

como'se.a.  Having  a  com  a  2 ;  hairy,  downy, 
[f.  L  comosus  (coma2,  see  -ose1)] 

co'mpact  i,  n.  Agreement  between  parties ; 
general  c,  common  consent ;  family,  social, 
c.    [f.  L  com (paciscipact-  covenant)] 

compa'ct2,  a.  Closely  or  neatly  packed 
together;  (of  style)  condensed,  terse.  Hence 
compa'etLY2  adv.,  compa'ctNESs  n.  [f.  L 
COM(  pingere  pact-  =  pangere  fasten)] 

eompa'ct',  v.t.  Join  firmly  together ;  con- 
dense ;  make  up,  compose,  (of),    [f.  prec] 

compa'ges,  n.  Framework,  complex  struc- 
ture (lit  &  fig. ).    [L  coM(pages  1.  pangere  fix)] 

compa'ginate,  v.t  Join  firmly  together. 
So  compaginA-xio.v  n.  [f.  LL  compaginare 
(compago  -gtnis =j>rec),  see  -ate3] 

compa'nlon1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  One  who 
accompanies  another ;  associate  in,  sharer  of, 
as  c-in-arms,  fellow-soldier,  c.  of  his  retreat ; 
title  of  handbooks,  as  Gardener's  C. ;  member 
of  lowest  grade  of  order  of  knighthood,  as  C.  of 
the  Bath:  person  (usu.  woman)  paid  to  live/ 
with  another ;  thing  that  matches  another  (also 
adj.,  as  c.  volumeY;  (v.t.)  accompany;  (v.i.) 
consort  with.  [f.  OF  compaignon  t  LL  com- 
(panionem  t.  panis  bread) :  vb  f.  n.] 

companion2,  n.  (naut).  Raised  frame  on 
quarter-deck  for  lighting  cabins  &c  below ;  c- 
hatch,  wooden  covering  overc-way;  c.-hatch- 
way,  opening  in  deck  leading  to  cabin;  c-lad- 
der  (from  deck  to  cabin) ;  c-way,  staircase  to 
cabin,  [cf.  Du.  kompanje,  It.  (camera  della) 
compagna  storeroom=LL  companaticum  (pa- 
nis bread)] 

compa'nionable,  a.  Sociable.  Hence  eom- 
pa'nionabLY  2  adv.,  compa'nionableNESs 
n.    [companion  i  +  -able] 

eompa'nionship,  n.  State  of  being  a  com- 
panion ;  (Printing)  company  of  compositors 
working  together,    [-ship] 

coTnpany  (kum-),  n. ,  &  v.  t  &  i.  Companion- 
ship ;  inc.,  not  alone ;  bear,  keep,  a  person  c, 
accompany  him ;  part  c.  (with),  part  (from) ; 
weep  for  c.  (because  one's  companion  weeps) ; 
keep  c,  associate  as  lovers ;  number  of  persons 
assembled ;  one's  usual  associates,  as  addicted 
to  low  c. ;  he  is  pood,  bad,  c.  (a  pleasant,  dull, 
companion) ;  social  party ;  guests ;  I  sin  in  good 
c,  better  men  have  done  the  same ;  body  of 
persons  combined  for  common  (esp.  commercial) 
object,  as  joint  2  Stock  G,  Limited  Liability  C. 
(liability  of  each  member  limited  usu.  to 
amount  subscribed  by  him),  John  C.  (East  India 
G);  partner(s)  not  named  in  title  of  firm,  as 
Smith  &  Go. ;  party  of  players ;  sub-division  of 
infantry  regiment  commanded  by  captain  (cf. 
troop,  battery;  c.  officer,  captain  or  lower 
commissioned  officer);  ship's  ft,  entire  crew; 
(v.t,  archaic)  accompany;  (v.i.)  consort  with. 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


COMPARABLE 


167 


COMPLEMENT 


[(vb   f.    OF   compaignier)    f.  OF  compaignie 
formed  on  compaignon  companion  l] 
cd*m  parable,  a.     That  can  be  compared 
(with) ;  fit  to  be  compared  (to).     Hence  corn- 
par  aBi  tit  y   n.      [F,  f.  L  comparabilis  (as 

COMPARE  l,  see  -BLE)] 

eompa'rative,  a.  &  n.  Of  or  involving 
comparison,  as  the  c.  method,  esp.  of  sciences, 
as  c.  anatomy;  (Gram.)  c.  adjective,  adverb, 
one  in  the  comparative  degree,  expressing  a 
higher  degree  of  the  quality  denoted  by  the 
simple  word ;  estimated  by  comparison,  as  the 
c.  merits  of ;  perceptible  by  comparison,  as  in 
c.  comfort ;  (n.)  c.  degree.  Hence  compa'ra- 
tiveLY2  adv.  [f.  Licomparativus  (foil.,  -ative)] 

compare*1,  v.t.  &  L  Liken,  pronounce 
similar,  (to),  esp.  with  negative,  as  not  to  be 
compared  to ;  estimate  the  similarity  of  (one 
thing  with,  to,  another ;  two  things  together) ; 
observe  the  similarity  or  relation  between 
(passages  of  book  &c. ;  abbr.  cp.) ;  c.  notes, 
exchange  views ;  (Gram.)  form  comparative 
&  superlative  degrees  of  (adjective,  adverb) ; 
(intr.)  bear  comparison,  as  no  lady  can  c.  with 
Sally,    [f.  L  couparare  (par  equal)] 

compare*2,  n.  Comparison,  as  beyond,  with- 
out, past,  c.  [f.  prec. ;  prob.  arising  f.  obs.  com- 
pare =  compeer,  misunderstood  in  without  c] 

comparison,  n.  Act  of  comparing ;  simile, 
illustration ;  in  c.  with,  compared  to  ;  degrees 
of  c,  positive,  comparative,  superlative,  (of  ad- 
jectives &  adverbs),  [f.  OF  comparaison  f.  L 
comparationem  (as  compare1,  see  -son)] 

compar't,  v.t.  Divide  into  compartments, 
[f.  L  coupartiri  (pars partis  part)] 

compar'tment,  n.    Division  separated  by 

Sartitions,  esp.  of  rail  way  carriage ;  water-tight 
ivision  of  ship.  [f.  F  compartiment  f .  LL  com- 
partimentum  (as  prec,  see  -ment)] 

co'mpass 1  (kum-),  n.  (Pair  of)  cc.,  instru- 
ment for  describing  circles,  with  two  legs  con- 
nected at  one  end  oy  movable  joint;  beam-cc. 
(with  sliding  sockets,  for  large  circles) ;  bow-cc. 
(with  legs  jointed  to  bend  inwards) ;  circum- 
ference, boundary ;  area,  extent,  (also  flg.,  as 
beyond  my  c.) ;  range  of  a  voice ;  roundabout 
way,  as  fetch,  go,  a  c. ;  instrument  showing 
magnetic  meridian  or  one's  direction  with  re- 
spect to  it  (Mariner's  C.) ;  box3  the  c. ;  c.-plane 
(convex,  for  planing  concave  surfaces) ;  c.-saw 
(with  narrow  blade,  for  curves);  c.-window, 
semicircular  bay-window,  [f.  F  compas  f.  med. 
L  coyipassus  pair  of  compasses  (pern,  passus 
step) ;  sense-history  of  compassus  and  vb  com- 
passare  is  obscure] 

co'mpass2  (kum-),  v.t.  Go  round ;  hem  in  ; 
grasp  mentally ;  contrive ;  accomplish.  Hence 
co'mpassABLE  a.  [f.  F  compasser  measure, 
contrive,  f.  L  *compassare,  see  prec] 

compa'ssion,  n.  Pity  inclining  one  to  spare 
or  help,  as  have  c.  on  us.  [F,  f.  LL  compas- 
sionem  f.  coM(pati  pass-  suffer),  see  -ion] 

compa'ssionate1  (-at),  a.  Sympathetic, 
pitying.  Hence  compa'ssionateL Y 2  adv., 
com  pa'ss  ion  ate  n  ess  n.  [f .  F  compassionni 
p.p.  of  compassionner  (as  prec),  -ate2] 

compa'ssionate  2,  v.t.  Regard,  treat,  with 
compassion,    [f.  prec.  j 

compatible,  a.  Consistent,  able  to  coex- 
ist, (with).  Hence  or  cogn.  compatiBi'LiTY 
n„  compatlbLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  med.  L.  com- 
patibilis  (coyipati  suffer  with,  -ble)] 

compa'iriot,  n.  Fellow-countryman.  Hence 
eompatrid'tic  a.  [f.  F  compatriote  t.  L  com- 
(patriota  patriot)] 

compeer*,  n.  Equal,  peer ;  comrade,  [f.  OF 
COM(  per  PEER)] 

compe-l,  v.t.  (-11-).    Constrain,  force,  (to  do, 


to  a  course) ;  bring  about  (an  action)  by  force, 
as  c.  submission ;  (poet. )  drive  forcibly.  Hence 
com  pe'll able  a.  [f.  OF  compeller  f.  L  com- 
(pellere  puis-  drive)] 

ccmpend,  n.  =  compendium. 

compe'ndious,  a.  Brief  but  comprehen- 
sive (of  works  &  authors).  Hence  eompe'n- 
diousLY2adv.,compe*ndiousNESsn.  [f.  OF 
compendieux  f.  L  compendiosus  (folL,  see  -ous)] 

compendium,  n.  (pi.  -urns,  -a).  Abridg- 
ment; summary;  abstract.  [L,  lit.  what  is 
weighed  together  f.  com( pendere  weigh)] 

compensate,  v.t.  &  L  Counterbalance; 
make  amends  (for  thing,  to  person,  with,  by, 
another  thing,  or  abs.)  •  recompense  (person/or 
thing);  (Mech.)  provide  (pendulum  &c.)  with 
mechanical  compensation.  Hence  compen- 
sative a.  &  n.,  co'mpensatOR 2  n.,  com- 
pe'nsatORY  a.  (f.  L  coM(pensare  frequent,  of 
pendire  pens-  weigh)] 

compensation,  n.  Compensating;  thing 
given  as  recompense ;  c.-balance,  c.-pendulum, 
of  chronometer  (neutralizing  effect  of  tempera- 
ture). Hence  compensa'tionAL  a.  [f.  L 
compensatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

compe'te,  v.i.  Strive  (with  another  for 
thing,  in  doing,  or  abs. ) ;  vie  (with  another  in  a 
quality),  [f.  L  com (petere  -tit-  seek),  in  class.  L 
=  coincide,  be  fitting] 

co'mpetenee,  -cy,  nn.  Sufficiency  of  means 
for  living,  easy  circumstances ;  ability  (to  do, 
for  a  task) ;  (of  court,  magistrate,  &c)  legal 
capacity,  [f.  F  competence  f.  L  competentia  (as 
prec,  see  -ence,  -ency)] 

competent,  a.  Properly  qualified  (to  do, 
for  a  task) ;  legally  qualified  (judge,  court,  wit- 
ness) ;  (of  things)  belonging,  permissible,  to,  as  it 
was  c.  to  him  to  refuse.  Hence  co'mpetent- 
ly  2  adv.  [f.  F  competent  (as  compete,  see  -ent)] 

competition,  n.  Act  of  competing  (for), 
by  examination,  m  market,  &c  ;  (Anglo-Ind.) 
c.-wallah,  member  of  I.C.S.  chosen  by  c.  [f.  L 
competitio  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 

competitive,  a.  Of,  by,  offered  for,  com- 
petition. Hence  compe'titiveLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
(as  compete,  see  -ive)J 

competitor,  n.  One  who  competes,  rival. 
Hence  compe'titORY  a.,  compe'titrESS J  n. 
[L  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

compila*tion,n.  Compiling;  thing  compiled. 
[F,  f.  L  compUationem  (foil.,  -ation)] 

compi'le,  v.t.  Collect  (materials)  into  a 
volume ;  make  up  (volume)  of  such  materials ; 
(Cricket  slang)  score  (so  many  runs),  [f.  F  com- 
piler (perh.)  f.  L  coMpilare  plunder  (pilare 
thrust  home  or  pilare  plunder)] 

compla'cence,  -ey,  nn.  Tranquil  pleasure ; 
self-satisfaction.  [f.  med.  L  complacentia, 
whence  F  complaisance,  f.  L  com  (placere 
please),  see  -ence,  -ency] 

compla*cent,a.  Self-satisfied.  Hence com- 
pla'centLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  prec,  see  -ent] 

complai'n,  v.i.  Express  dissatisfaction  with 
(of) ;  announce  that  one  is  suffering  from  (of  a. 
headache  &c, ) ;  state  a  grievance  (to  an  autho- 
rity of  offender  or  offence) ;  (poet.)  emit  mourn- 
ful sound,  [f.  F  complaindre  (st.  -aign-)  f.  LL 
cou(plangere  planet-  beat  the  breast)  bewail] 

complai'nt,  n.  Utterance  of  grievance^ 
formal  accusation ;  (U.S.)  plaintiffs  case  in  civil 
action  ;  subject,  ground,  of  c. ;  bodily  ailment, 
[f.  F  complainte  t.  LL  fem.  p.p.  as  prec] 

complaisa'nce  (or  ko'm-),  n.  Obligingness, 
politeness ;  deference.  So  complaisA'NT  a. 
[F  (see  COMPLACENCE)] 

complement J  (-ment),  n.  That  which  com- 
pletes; (Gram.)  c.  of  (words  completing)  the 
predicate ;  full  number  required  (to  man  ship. 


COMPLEMENT 


COMPOUND 


fill  conveyance,  &c.) ;  (Math.)  c.  of  an  angle,  its 
deficiency  from  90°  (cf.  supplement).  Hence 
eompleme'ntAL  a.,  eompleme'ntalLY  2 
adv.    [f.  L  complementum  (complete  *,  -ment)] 

complement-,  v.t.  Complete,  form  com- 
plement to.    [f.  prec] 

compleme'ntapy,  a.  Serving  to  complete ; 
c.  angles  (making  up  90°) ;  c.  colours,   [-ary  l\ 

comple'te l,  a.  Having  all  its  parts,  entire ; 
finished;  unqualified,  as  c.  surprise  ;  (archaic, 
of  persons)  accomplished,  as  c.  horseman. 
Hence  eomple'teLY2  adv.,  comple'te x ess 
n.    [f.  L  completus  p.p.  of  coMplere  fill  up] 

comple'te2,  v.t.  Finish;  make  whole  or 
perfect;  make  up  the  amount  of.  So  com- 
ple'tiON  n.,  eomple'tivE  a.    [f.  prec] 

co'mplex1,  n.  Complex  whole,  [f.  L  eom- 
plexus  -us  (as  foil.)] 

co'mplex2,  a.  Consisting  of  parts,  com- 
posite ;  complicated ;  c.  sentence,  one  contain- 
ing subordinate  clause(s).  Hence  eomple'x- 
ity  n.,  co'mplexLY2  adv.  [f.  L  c<m{plectere 
plex-  plait)  embrace] 

comple'xion,  n.  Natural  colour,  texture, 
&  appearance,  of  the  skin  (esp.  of  face) ;  (fig.) 
character,  aspect,  as  his  conduct  wears  another 
c.  Hence  -eomplexionED2,  eomple'xion- 
less,  aa.  [F,  f.  L  complexionem  (as  prec,  see 
-ion)  ;  orig.  =  combination  of  supposed  qualities 
determining  nature  of  a  body] 

compli'ance,  n.  Action  in  accordance  with 
request,  command,  &c;  in  c.  with,  according  to 
(wish  &c.) ;  base  submission,    [comply,  -ance] 

compli'ant,  a.  Disposed  to  comply,  yielding. 
Hence  compli'antLY  2  adv.    [-ant] 

complicacy,  n.  Complexity;  complicated 
structure,    [f.  L  as  foil.,  see  -acy] 

co*m  plicate,  v.  t.  Mix  up  {with  other  things) ; 
make  intricate  (esp.  in  p.p.).  [f.  L  com {plicare 
fold),  see  -ate  3] 

complication,  n.  Involved  condition ;  en- 
tangled state  of  affairs ;  complicating  circum- 
stance, as  here  is  a  further  c.  [f.  L  complicatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ationV] 

compli'clty.  n.  Partnership  in  an  evil  ac- 
tion. If.  L  com( plex  -plicis  f.  ptic-  fold),  see  -t y] 

co'mpliment1,  n.  Polite  expression  of 
praise,  as  pay,  make,  a  c. ;  act  implying  praise ; 
(pi.)  formal  greetings,  as  make,  pay,  send  one's 
cc. ;  cc.  of  (greetings  appropriate  to)  the  season ; 
(archaic)  gift,  gratuity.  Hence  complime'n- 
tARY 1  a.  [F,  r.  It.  complimento  f.  Sp.  cumpli- 
miento  fulfilment  of  the  duties  of  courtesy  f.  L 

as  COMPLEMENT1 :  cf.  COMPLY] 

co'mpliment2,  v.t.  Pay  a  compliment  to 
(person  on  thing) ;  present  (person  with  thing)  as 
mark  of  courtesy,    [f.  F  complimenter  (prec)] 

co'mplin(e),  n.  (R.-C.  Ch.)  last  service  of 
the  day.  [ME  cumplie  f.  OF  conplie  f.  L  com- 
pleta  (hora)  see  complete  ;  -in  unexplained : 
mod.  E  of  ten  uses  pi.,  after  F  complies ;  -eis  mod. 

corap' 
comman 
cumplir  complete,  cf.  compliment] 

co'mpo,  n.  (pL  -os).  Abbr.  of  composition, 
esp.  =  stucco,  plaster. 

compo'nent,  a.  &  n.  Forming  a  whole ;  (n.) 
c.  part.    [f.  L  coM{ponere  put),  -ent] 

eompop't,  v.t.  &  i.  Conduct,  behave,  oneself; 
c.  with,  suit,  befit,    [f.  L  com( portare  carry)] 

compose  (-z),  v.t.  (Of  elements)  make  up, 
constitute,  (esp.  pass.,  be  composed  of) ;  con- 
struct in  words,  produce  in  literary  form, 
(poem  &c,  or  abs.) ;  (Mus.)  invent  &  put  into 
proper  form :  set  (words)  to  music ;  (Print.)  set 
up  (type)  to  form  words  &  blocks  of  words,  set 


>ly,  v.i.    Act  in  accordance  {with  wish 
nd,  &c,  or  abs.).    [f.  It.  complire  f.  Sp! 


up  (article  &c)  in  type ;  put  together,  arrange, 
artistically;  adjust  (dispute  &c);  arrange  in 
specified  or  understood  manner,  or  for  specified 
purpose,  as  c.  yourself  to  write,  c.  your  counte- 
nance, c.  your  thoughts  for  action ;  tranquillize 
{oneself,  passions,  &c),  esp.  in  p.p.,  whence 
composed  ly  2  adv. ,  eompo'sedxKss  n.  [f. 
F  cou{poser  f.  LL  pausare  cease,  lie  down,  lay 
down,  see  pose  ;  confused  with  &  replacing  in 
compounds  pondre  f.  L  ponere  posit-  place)] 

compo'ser,  n.  One  who  composes  (usu. 
music),    [prec  +  -er  *] 

composing,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  c.-machine 
(for  setting  up  type)  j  c.-stick,  metal  instrument 
of  adjustable  width  in  which  type  is  set.  [-ing  2] 

composite  (-zi-  or  -zi-),  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  made 
up  of  various  parts  ;  (Arch.)  fifth  classical  or- 
der, Ionic  &  Corinthian  mixed  ;  (plant)  of  the 
Natural  Order  Compositae,  in  which  the  so- 
called  flower  is  a  head  of  many  flowers  (as 
daisy,  dandelion,  &c) ;  (of  ships)  built  of  both 
wood  &  iron ;  c.  (railway)carr2a#e,  one  with 
compartments  of  different  classes;  c.  candle 
(of  stearic  acid  &  stearin  of  coco-nut  oil).  Hence 
co'mpositeLY 2  adv.,  co'mpositexESS  n.  [f. 
L  com( ponere  posit-  put)] 

composition,  n.  Act  of  putting  together ; 
formation,  construction;  formation  of  words 
into  a  compound  word ;  construction  of  sen- 
tences, art  of  literary  production ;  act,  art,  of 
composing  music ;  setting  up  of  type  ;  mental 
constitution,  as  a  touch  of  madness  in  his  c. ; 
arrangement  (of  the  parts  of  a  picture  &c) ; 
thing  composed,  mixture;  piece  of  music  or 
writing;  agreement  for  cessation  of  hostilities ; 
compromise ;  agreement  for  payment  of  sum 
in  lieu  of  larger  sum  or  other  obligation,  as 
made  a  c.  with  his  creditors.  [F,  f.  L  composi- 
tionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

compd'sitive,  a.  Combining,  [f.  L  compo- 
sitivus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

compd'sitop,  n.  Type-setter,  [f.  AF  com- 
positour  f.  L  compositorem  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

compos  (me'ntis)fa.  In  one's  right  mind ; 
non  c,  not  in  one's  right  mind.    [L] 

compo'ssible,  a.  Able  to  coexist  {with). 
[F,  f.  med.L  com( possibilis  possible)] 

compost  i,  n.  Compound  manure ;  com- 
bination.   [OF,  f.  L  as  composite] 

compost 2,  v.t.  Treat  with,  make  into,  com- 


post,   [f.  OF  composter  (prec.)1 
composure  (-zher),  n. 

COMPOSE  +  -URE] 


composure  (-zher),  n.      Tranquillity,    [f. 


compota'tion,  n.  Tippling  together.  So 
co'mpotatOR2  n.  [f.  L  compotatio  f.  *com- 
{potare  drink)  see  -ation] 

co'mpote,  n.  Fruit  preserved  in  syrup.  [F, 
f.  OF  composte  f.  L  fern.  p.p.  as  composite] 

compou'nd1,  v.t.  &  l.  Mix  (ingredients, 
lit.  &  fig.);  combine  (verbal  elements)  into  a 
word ;  make  up  (a  composite  whole) ;  settle 
(matter  by  mutual  concession,  debt  by  partial 
payment,  subscription  by  lump  sum,  or  abs.); 
condone  (liability,  offence)  for  money  &c ;  c.  a 
felony,  forbear  prosecution  on  private  motive ; 
(intr.)  come  to  terms  {with  person  for  forgoing 
claim  Sec.,  for  offence).  Hence  compou'nd- 
able  a.  [ME  compownen  f.  OF  compondre  f. 
L  COM  {ponere  put),  whence  obs.  compone] 

compound2,  a.  &  n.  Made  up  of  several 
ingredients ;  consisting  of  several  parts ;  com- 
bined, collective ;  c.  fracture  (complicated  with 
skin  wound);  c.  addition,  subtraction,  &c, 
(dealing  with  various  denominations) ;  c.  in- 
terest1 ;  (Zool.,  Bot.)  consisting  of  a  combina- 
tion of  organisms,  or  simple  parts,  as  c.  animal, 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  CO- 


COMPOUND 


169 


CONCEPTION 


c  flower ;  c.  householder  (whose  rates  are  paid 
by  landlord  &  included  in  rent);  (n.)  mixture 
of  elements,  c.  thine,  esp.  c.  word.  [prig.  p.p.  of 
compoun,  see  prec.  J 

co*m pound3,  n.  (In  India,  China,  &c.)  en- 
closure in  which  house  or  factory  stands, 
(pern.  f.  Malay  kampong] 

comprador*,  n.  (In  China)  chief  native 
servant  in  European  house  of  business.  [Port., 

=buyer,  f.  LL  comparatorem  f.  com(  parare 
furnish),  see  -or2] 

comprehe'nd,  v.t.  Grasp  mentally,  under- 
stand, (person,  thing) ;  include,  take  in.  [f.  L 
COM( prehendere  -hens-  grasp)] 

eomprehe'nsible,  a.  That  may  be  under- 
stood ;  that  may  be  comprised.  Hen'  j  cora- 
ppehensiBi-LiTY  n.,  eomprehe-nsibi.v  - 
adv.  [f.  L  comprehensibilis  (as  prec,  see  -ble)] 

comprehe'nsion,  n.  Act,  faculty,  of  under- 
standing ;  inclusive  power,  as  a  term  of  wide  c. ; 
toleration  of  divergent  opinions  (esp.  Eccl.).  [f. 
hcomprehensio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

comprehe'nsive,  a.  Of  understanding,  as 
c.  faculty  ;  including  much,  as  c.  term,  c.  grasp 
(fig.  &  lit).  Hence  comprehe'nsiveLY2 
adv.,  comppehe'nsiveNESS  n.  [f.  L  com- 
prehensivus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

compre'ss1,  v.t.  Squeeze  together;  con- 
dense (air,  language,  thoughts).  Hence  eom- 
pre'ssiVE  a.  [f.  OF  compresser  f.  L  compres- 
sare  f.  cow(  primere  press-  =  premere  press)] 

co'mpress2,  n.  Soft  pad  of  lint  &c  for  com- 
pressing artery  &c ;  piece  of  wet  cloth  covered 
with  waterproof  bandage,  for  relief  of  inflam- 
mation,   [f.  F  compresse  t.  L  fern.  p.p.  as  prec] 

com  pre'ssible,  a.  That  may  be  compressed. 
Hence  comppessiBixiTY  n.  [compress  l  + 
-ible,  as  if  on  L  comprimere,  not  compressare] 

compression,  n.  Squeezing  together,  con- 
densation, (lit.  &  fig.).  So  compre-ssoR2  n. 
[F,  f.  L  compressionem  (as  compress  *,  see  -ion)] 

compri'se  (-z),  v.t.  Include,  comprehend; 
consist  of,  as  the  house  comprises  9  bedrooms 
&c.\  condense (within limits  Sec).  Hence com- 
pri'SABLE  a.  [f.  F  comprendre  (p.p.  compris) 
f.  L  as  comprehend,  prob.  after  enterprise] 

co'mpromlse l  (-z),  n.  Settlement  of  dispute 
by  mutual  concession  ;  adjustment  of  (between) 
conflicting  opinions,  courses,  &c,  by  modifica- 
tion of  each.  ff.  F  compromis  f.  L  com (promit- 
tere  promise)) 

co'm promise2,  v.t  &  i.  Settle  (dispute)  by 
mutual  concession ;  (intr.)  make  a  compromise; 
bring  (person,  oneself)  under  suspicion  by  in- 
discreet action,    [f.  prec] 

comptro'ller  (kon-),  n.  Mis-spelling  of  con- 
troller in  some  titles,  as  C.  of  accounts. 

compulsion,  n.  Constraint,  obligation.  [F, 
f.  L  compulsionem  (as  compel,  see  -ion)] 

compulsive,  a.  Tending  to  compel.  Hence 
compu'lsiveLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  compel,  -ive] 

eompu'lsory.a.  (Of  action,  agent) enforced; 
compelling.  Hence  compu'lsoriLY2  adv., 
compu'lsoriNESS  n.    [as  prec,  -ory] 

compu'netion,  n.  Pricking  of  conscience ; 
slight  regret,  scruple,  as  without  c.  Hence 
compu'nctious  a.,  compu'nctlousLY'2 
adv.  [OF,  f.  L compunctionem  t.  coM(pungere 
punct-  prick),  see  -ion] 

compurgation,  n.  Clearing  from  a  charge, 
vindication,  esp.  (Eng.  Hist)  trial  &  purgation 
by  oath.  So  co*mpurgatOR2  n.,  compur*- 
g-atoRY  a.  [f.  L  compurgatio  f.  com(  purgare 
purify)  see  -ation] 

compu'te,  v.t  Reckon  (number,  amount, 
that,  or  abs.).  So  computABLE  (or  ko"m-), 
eomputATiVE  (or  ko*m-), aa.,  comput ation 
n.    [f.  F  computer  f.  L  com  (putare  reckon)] 


co'mrade,  n.  Companion,  mate.  Hence 
co'mradesHip  n.  [f.  F  camarade  f.  Sp.  ca- 
marada  chamber-mate,  lit.  chamberful  (cama- 
ra  room  f.  L  camera,  see  -ade)  ;  -o-  prob.  to 
repr.  sound  of  Sp.  a] 

Cd'mtism,  n.  =  positivism.  So  C6*mtiST 
n.    [Auguste  Comte,  founder,  +  -ism] 

con  *,  v.t  C.  (over) :  study ;  learn  by  heart, 
[earlier  spelling  and  pron.  cun,  a  differentiation 
of  can  (pres.  st  cun-)] 

con2,  v.t.  Direct  steering  of  ship;  con- 
ning-tower,  shot-proof  pilot-house  of  ironclad. 


[perh.  weakened  form  of  cond,  condue,  f.  Fcon- 
duire  t.  Itconducere  conduct  v.] 
con  3,  prep.  (It).    With  (esp.  Mus.),  as  c.  brio 


(spirit),  espressione  (expression),  fuoco  (fire), 
moto  (spirited  movement). 

con-,  pref.  =  L  cum  (see  com-)  before  cdfg 
j  Im  njp  qst  v. 

co-nacre  (-ker),  n.  (In  Ireland)  letting  by 
tenant  of  small  portions  of  land  prepared  for 
crop,    [corn  +  acre] 

con  a  more,  adv.    Zealously.    [It] 

concatenate,  v.t.  Link  together  (flg.).  So 
concaten ation  n.  [f.  L  con (catenare  f. 
catena  chain),  see  -ate  31 

co'ncave,  a.  &  n.  With  outline  or  surface 
curved  like  interior  of  circle  or  sphere  (cf.  con- 
vex); (n.)csurface.esp.  vault  of  heaven.  Hence 
or  cogn.  co'ncaveLY  2  adv.,  conca'viTY  n. 
[F,  f.  L  cox(cavu8  hollow)] 

conca'vo-,  in  comb.  Concavely,  concave  & 
— ,  as  c.-concave,  concave  on  both  sides,  c.-con- 
vex,  concave  one  side,  convex  the  other.    [-0-] 

concea'l,  v.t  Keep  secret;  hide.  Hence 
eoneea'lMENTn.  [f. OFconcelert. LcoNceZare] 

conce'de,  v.t.  Admit,  allow,  (statement, 
that) ;  grant  (right,  privilege),  [f.  F  concider  f. 
L  coy(cedere,  -cess-  yield)] 

concept1  (-et),  n.  Personal  vanity ;  fanciful 
notion ;  in  my  own  c.  (judgment) ;  out  of  c,  no 
longer  pleased  with.    [f.  conceive  on  deceit] 

conceit2  (et),  v.t.  (archaic).  Imagine ;  per- 
suade oneself  (that),    [f.  prec] 

conceited,  a.  Vain  (orig.  self-c.).  Hence 
coneeitedLY  2  adv.    [conceit1  +  -ed2] 

concei'vable,  a.  That  can  be  (mentally) 
conceived.  Hence  coneeivaBi'LiTY,  coii- 
cei'vableNESS,  nn.,  concei'vabLY 2  adv.  [f. 
foil.  +  -able] 

coneePve  (-ev),  v.t.  &  i.  Become  pregnant 
with ;  become  pregnant ;  form  in  the  mind, 
imagine,  (also  c.  of) ;  fancy,  think,  (that) ;  for- 
mulate, express, (usu.pass. ,  as  conceived  in  plain 
terms),  [f.  OF  conceveir  (st.  conceiv-)  t.  L  con- 
(cipere  cent-  =  capere  take)] 

conce'febrate,  v.i.  (R.-C.Ch.,  of  newly  or- 
dained priest)  celebrate  mass  with  ordaining 
bishop.  Hence  concelebrATiON  n.  [f.  L 
con (celebrare  celebrate)] 

con'centrate,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  together  to 
one  point  (troops,  power,  attention) ;  (Chem.) 
increase  strength  of  (liquid  &c)  by  contracting 
its  volume ;  (intr.)  employ  all  one's  power  or 
attention  (upon).  Hence  coneentrATiON, 
eo'ncentrativeNESS.  co'ncentratoR2,  nn., 
eo'neentratiVE  a,  [as  f.  a  L  coN(cen£rare  f. 
centrum  centre),  -ate  3] 

conce'ntre,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring,  come,  to  a  com- 
mon centre,    [f.  F  concentrer  (as  prec)] 

conce'ntric,  a.  Having  a  common  centre 
(with  or  abs.) ;  (Mil.)  c.  fire,  firing  concentrated 
on  a  point.  Hence  eonce'ntriCALLY  adv., 
concentri'ciTY  n.    [f.  med.  L  cos (centricus, 

as  CENTRE)] 

co'ncept,  n.  Idea  of  a  class  of  objects,  general 
notion,    [f.  L  as  conceive] 

ption,  n.    Conceiving  (in  all  senses) ; 

a* 


CONCEFTIVE 


170 


CONCRETE 


thing  conceived,  idea.  Hence  conce'ptionAL 
a.    IF,  f.  liconceptionem  (as  prec,  -ion)] 
eonee'ptive,  a.    Conceiving  (mentally),  of 
conception,  [f.  L conceptivus  (as prec,  see  -ive)] 
conceptual,  a.    Of  mental  conceptions,    [f. 
med.  L  conceptualis  (conceptus  -us  as  prec,  -al] 
eonceptualism,  n.    Doctrine  that  univer- 
sal exist  as  mental  concepts  (only) ;  doctrine 
that  the  mind  can  form  ideas  corresponding  to 
abstract  terms.    So  conee'ptualisr  n.   [-ism] 
concep'n1,  v.t.    Relate  to,  affect;  interest 
oneself  (with,  in,  about,  matter,  to  do) ;  be  con- 
cerned (take  part)  in ;  I  am  not  concerned,  it  is 
not  my  business  (to) ;  (in  p.p.)  troubled,  as  a  con- 
cerned air,  am  concerned  to  hear  ;  concerning 
(prep.),  about,    [f.  F  concerner  f.  L  con(cernere 
sift,  regard),  in  med.  L  =  have  regard  to] 
concep'n2,  n.    Relation,  reference,  (with); 
have  no  c.  (nothing  to  do)  with ;  have  a  c.  (in- 
terest, share)  in  ;  anxiety,  solicitous  regard,  as 
asked  with  deep  c;  matter  that  affects  one,  as 
no  c.  of  mine ;  (pi.)  affairs,  as  meddling  in  my 
cc. ;  business,  firm,  as  a  flourishing  c.  ;  (colloq.) 
thing,  as  smashed  the  whole  c.    [f.  prec] 
concep'nment,  n.    Affair,  business ;  impor- 
tance, as  of  vital  c;  being  concerned  (with); 
anxiety,    [-ment] 

co'ncept1,  n.  Agreement,  union,  as  work  in 
c.  (with) ;  combination  of  voices  or  sounds,  as 
voices  raised  in  c;  musical  entertainment;  c- 
grand,  grand  piano  of  brilliant  tone  for  cc.  ;  c- 
pitch  (slightly  higher  than  the  ordinary).  [F, 
f .  It.  concerto,  as  roll.] 

eoneep't2,  v.t.  Arrange  (by  mutual  agree- 
ment, also  of  one  person),  [f.  F  concerter  f.  It. 
concertare  accord  together ;  connexion  with  L 
concertare  contend,  doubtful] 
eoneer'ted,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  (Mus.)  ar- 
ranged in  parts  for  voices  or  instruments,  [-ed  ]] 
eoneerti'na  (-te-),  n.  Portable  musical  wind 
instrument,  with  set  of  keys  at  each  end.  Icon- 
cert1  +  -INA1] 

concer'to  (-tshar-),  n.    Composition  (usu.  in 
three  movements)  for  solo  instrument(s)  accom- 
panied by  orchestra.    [It.,  see  concert  *] 
concession,  n.     Act  of  conceding ;  thing 
conceded.    Hence  concession  aky  *  a.    [F,  r. 
L  concessionem  (as  concede,  see  -ion)] 
eoneession(n)aire,  n.    Holder  of  conces- 
sion, grant,  &c,  esp.  of  monopoly  given  by  go- 
vernment to  foreigner.    [F  (-nn-),  prec,  -ary  l] 
concessive,  a.    Of,  tending  to,  concession  ; 
(Gram.)  expressing  concession,     [f.  liconcessi- 
vus  (as  concede,  &ee  -ive)] 
eonee'ttism  (tshet-),  n.  Use  of  fanciful  turns 
(It.  concetti)  in  literatura.    [-ism] 
conch  (-k),  n.    Shell-fish  ;  shell  of  k  mollusc, 
esp.    (Rom.  Myth.)   as  trumpet  of  a  Triton ; 
(Arch.)  domed  roof  of  semicircular  apse ;  (also 
concha)  external  ear,  its  central  concavity,    [f. 
L  concha  shell  f.  Gk  kogkhe  mussel  &c] 
conchi'fepous  (-k-),  a.  (zool.,  geol.).    Shell- 
bearing,    [as  prec,  see  -perous] 
concho'log-y  (-k-),  n.     Study  of   shells   & 
shell-fish.    So  concholo'giCAL  a.,  concho*- 
logiST  n.    [as  conch,  see  -logy] 
concierge  (F),  n.    (In  France  &c)  door-keep- 
er, porter,  (esp.  of  flats  &c). 
conci'liap,  a.    Of  ecclesiastical  councils,    [f. 
L  concilium  council  +  -ar1] 
conciliate,  v.t.     Gain  (esteem,  goodwill) ; 
pacify;  win  over  (to  one's  side  &c) ;  reconcile 
(discrepant  theories).    Hence  or  cogn.  conei*- 
liativE,  conei'liatORY,  aa.,  conci'liatOR 2, 
conci'liatopiNESS,  nn.      [f.  L  conciliare  (as 
prec),  see -ate3] 


conciliation,  n.  Reconcilement;  use  of 
conciliating  measures ;  Court  of  c.  (offering 
parties  a  voluntary  settlement).  [l.Lconciliatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

eonei'nnity,  n.  Elegance,  neatness,  of  lite- 
rary style,  [f.  L  concinnitas  (concinnus  well- 
adjusted,  etym.  dub.,  see  -ty)] 
conci'se  (-s),  a.  Brief  in  expression  (of  speech, 
style,  person).  Hence  conci'seLY  2  adv. ,  con- 
ci'seNESS  n.  [f.  L  coN(cidere  cis-  =caedere  cut)] 

conci'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Mutilation  (in  Phil.  iii. 
2,= circumcision,  contemptuously);  conciseness. 
[F,  f.  L  concisionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

co'nclave,  n.  Meeting-place,  assembly,  of 
cardinals  for  election  of  Pope ;  private  assembly, 
as  in  c.  [F,  f.  L  conclave  lock-up  place  f. 
clavis  key)] 

eonelirde,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  to  an  end ;  make 
an  end ;  (of  things)  come  to  an  end ;  infer ; 
settle,  arrange,  (treaty  &c);  resolve  (to  do), 
[f.  L  coa(cludere  clus-  =  claudere  shut)] 

conclu'sion,  n.  Termination ;  final  result ; 
in  c,  lastly,  to  conclude  ;  inference ;  decision  ; 
(Logic)  proposition  deduced  from  previous  ones, 
esp.  last  of  three  forming  a  syllogism  ;  try  cc. 
with,  engage  in  a  trial  of  skill  &c  with ;  set- 
tling, arrangement,  (of  peace  &c).  [F,  f.  L  con- 
clusionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

conelu*sive,a.  Decisive,  convincing.  Hence 
eonelirsiveLY 2  adv.,  eonelirsivexEss  n. 
[f.  LL  conclusivus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

conco'ct,  v.t.  Make  up  of  mixed  ingredients 
(soup,  drink,  story,  plot).  Hence  or  cogn.  eon- 
co'etiON,  conco'ctOR2,  nn.,  conco'ctiVE  a. 
[f.  L  cox(coquere  coct-  cook)] 

conco'lopous  (cul-),  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Of  uni- 
form colour,    [f.  L  coN(cotor  colour)  +  -ous] 

concd'mitance,  -ey,  n.  Coexistence,  esp. 
(-ance)  of  body  &  blood  of  Christ  in  each  of  the 
eucharistic  elements,  [f.  L  concomitantia  (as 
foil.,  see  -ance,  -ancy)] 

concd'mitant,  a.  &  n.  Going  together,  as 
c.  circumstances;  (n.)  accompanying  thing. 
Hence  conco'mitantLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  con- 
(comitari  1.  comes  -mitis  companion),  see  -ant] 

co'ncord,  n.  Agreement,  harmony,  between 
persons  or  things ;  treaty ;  (Mus.)  chord  satis- 
factory in  itself  without  others  to  follow; 
(Gram.)  agreement  between  words  in  gender, 
number,  &c  [f.  F  concorde  f.  L  concordia  f. 
con (cors  f.  cor  cordis  heart)  of  one  mind] 

concop'dance,  n.  Agreement ;  alphabetical 
arrangement  of  chief  words  (verbal  c.)  or  sub- 
jects (real  c.)  occurring  in  a  book  (esp.  the 
Bible)  or  author,  with  citations  of  the  passages 
concerned.  [F,  f.  LL  concordantia  (foil., -ance)] 

concop'dant,  a.  Agreeing,  harmonious, 
(with  or  abs.);  in  musical  concord.  Hence 
concop'dantLY 2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  concordare 
(concors),  see  concord  and  -ant] 

concop'dat,  n.  Agreement  between  Pope 
and  a  secular  government.  [F,  f.  L  concorda- 
tum  neut.  p.p.  as  prec] 

co'ncoupse,  n.  Crowd ;  confluence  of  things, 
as  fortuitous  c.  of  atoms,  [f.  OF  concours  f.  L 
concursus  -us  (as  concur)] 

concrescence,  n.(biol.).  Coalescence,gro vy- 
ing together,  [f.  L  concrescentia  (as  foil.,  see 
-ence)] 

co'ncpete ],  a.  &  n.  (Gram.,  of  noun)  denoting 
a  thing  as  opposed  to  a  quality,  state,  or  action, 
not  abstract  ;  existing  in  material  form,  real ; 
in  the  c,  in  sphere  of  reality.  (N.)  c  thing; 
composition  of  gravel,  cement,  &c,  for  building, 
(attrib.)  made  of  this.  Hence  cencreteLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  C0N(crescere  cret-  grow)] 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-, 


CONCRETE 171 

concrete  2,  v.t.  &  i.  (-kre't)  form  into  a  mass, 
solidify;  (kon-)  treat  with  concrete,  [f.  prec] 
conere*tion,  n.  Coalescence ;  concrete  mass, 
esp.  (Path.)  morbid  formation  in  the  body,  stone, 
(Geol.)  mass  formed  of  solid  particles,  whence 
eonere'tionARY 1  a.;  embodiment  in  concrete 
form.  [f.  L  concretio  (as  concrete  *,  see  -ion)] 
eoncu'binag-e,  n.  Cohabiting  of  man  and 
woman  not  legally  married ;  having,  being,  a 
concubine.  [F,  as  concubine,  see  -age)] 
concu'binary,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  living  in 
concubinage ;  of,  sprung  from,  concubinage, 
[f.  L  concubinarius  (as  foil.,  see  -ary  1)] 
co'ncubine,  n.  Woman  who  cohabits  with 
a  man,  not  being  his  wife  ;  (among  polygamous 
peoples)  secondary  wife.  [F,  f.  L  coN(c«6ina  f. 
cubare  lie)] 

concu'piscence,  n.  Sexual  appetite;  (X.T.) 
desire  for  worldly  things,  [f.  L  concupiscentia 
(as  foil.,  see  -ence)]  * 

eoneu'piseent,  a.  Lustful,  eagerly  desirous, 
[f.  L  concupiscere  inceptive  of  coN(cwpere  de- 
sire), see  -ent] 

concur*,  v.i.  (-it-).  Happen  together,  coin- 
cide; (of  circumstances  &c.)  co-operate  (with 
or  abs.);  agree  in  opinion  (with).  So  con- 
cu'ppence  n.  If.  L  coN(cwrrere  curs-  run)] 
eoneu'ppent,  a.  &  n.  Running  together,  as 
parallel  lines ;  existing  together ;  co-operating ; 
agreeing;  c  lease  (made  before  the  former 
expires) ;  c.  fire  insurance  (of  which  the  risk 
is  definitely  proportioned  among  several  com- 
panies);  (n.)  c.  circumstance.  Hence  con- 
cu'ppentLY2  adv.  [as  concur,  see  -ent] 
concu'ss,  v.t.  Shake  violently,  agitate, 
(usu.  fig.);  intimidate,  [f.  L  con (cutere  citss- 
=quatere  shake)] 

concession,  n.  Violent  shaking;  shock; 
(Surg.)  injury  to  brain  &c,  caused  by  heavy 
blow  &c;  c.-bellows,  self-acting  reservoir  regu- 
lating wind  in  organ ;  c. -fuse  (in  shell,  ignited 
hy  c.)  [f.  L  concussio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
condemn  (-em),  v.t.  Censure,  blame  ;  give 
judgment  against ;  bring  about  conviction  of, 
as  his  looks  c.  him;  doom  (to  death,  to  be 
beheaded;  also  fig.  to  toil  &c);  condemned 
cell,  pew,  sermon,  (for  condemned  persons) ;  pro- 
nounce forfeited  (smuggled  goods  &c),  unfit 
for  use,  incurable.  Hence  conde'mnABLE 
(-mn-)  a.  [f.  OF  condemner  f.  L  coa(demnare 
=damnare  damage,  condemn)] 
condemnation  (-mn-),  n.  Censure ;  judicial 
conviction ;  ground  for  condemning,  as  his 
own  conduct  is  his  c.  [f.  L  condemnatio  (as 
prec,  see-ATiON)] 

condemnatory  (-mn-),  a.   Expressing  con- 
demnation,   [f.  L  as  condemn,  see-ORY] 
condensation,  n.    Act  of  condensing  (t.  & 
i.);  condensed  mass.  [f.  L  condensatio  (as  foil., 
see  -ation)] 

condense,  v.t.  &  i.  Compress ;  condensed 
milk  (reduced,  by  evaporation);  concentrate 
(rays  of  light) ;  increase  intensity  of  (electricity) ; 
reduce,  be  reduced,  from  gas  or  vapour  to 
liquid;  compress  into  few  words.  Hence  or 
cogn.condensaBi#LiTv,eondensATiON,nn., 
conde'nsABLEa.  [(prob.  thr.  F  condenser)  f.  L 
coa(densare  f.  densus  thick)] 
condenser,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  chamber 
in  steam-engine  in  which  steam  is  condensed 
on  leaving  cylinder ;  apparatus  for  accumulat- 
ing electricity ;  lens,  system  of  lenses,  concen- 
trating light.  [-ER1] 
condescend,  v.i.  Deign,  stoop,  (to  an  act, 
to  do) ;  waive  one's  superiority  (to  a  person) ; 
(Sc)  c.  upon,  specify  (particulars),  [f.  F  con- 
descendre  f.  L  con (descendere  descend)] 
condescending-,  a.     Showing  condescen- 


CONDUCT 


sion,  esp.  patronizing.   Hence  condescend- 
ing^ y  2  adv.    [prec.  +  -ing  2] 
condescension,  n.    Affability  to  inferiors ; 
patronizing   manner,     [f.    L  cotidescensio  (as 
condescend,  see  -ion)] 

condig"n,  a.  Adequate  (c.  punishment,  ven- 
geance). Hence  condigrnLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  con- 
digne  f.  L  co~s(dignus  worthy)] 
co'ndiment,  n.  Thing  used  to  give  relish  to 
food.  Hence  condime'ntAL  a.  [F,  f.  L  con- 
dimentum  (condire  pickle,  see  -ment)] 
condi'tion  l,  n.  Stipulation,  thing  upon  the 
fulfilment  of  which  depends  that  of  another; 
on  c.  that,  if,  provided  that;  (Gram.)  clause 
expressing  a  c. ;  (pi.)  circumstances,  esp.  those 
essential  to  a  thing's  existence,  as  the  cc.  of 
equilibrium,  favourable  cc,  under  existing  cc; 
state  of  being,  as  eggs  arrived  in  good  c,  per- 
sons of  humble  c  ;  in,  out  of,  c,  in  good,  bad,  c  ; 
change  one's  c,  marry,  [f.  OF  condicion  f.  L 
condlcionem  f.  coN(dtcere,  weak  st.  die-,  say), 
agree  upon,  see  -ion] 

condi'tion2,  v.t.  Stipulate  (that) ;  agree  by 
stipulation  (to  do) ;  the  size  is  conditioned  by 
(depends  on)  the  requirements ;  the  two  things  c. 
(are  essential  to)  each  other ;  they  c  the  universe 
(impose  conditions  on  it)  anew;  (Commerc) 
test  the  condition  of  (material),  [f.  OF  condi- 
cionner  f.  med.  L  conditionare  (as  prec)] 
conditional,  a.  &  n.  Not  absolute,  depen- 
dent (on  or  abs.) ;  (Gram.)  c.  clause,  one  expres- 
sing a  condition,  protasis,  c.  mood  in  French 
and  Italian  verbs,  that  used  in  the  apodosis ; 
(n.)  c  word,  conjunction,  mood,  clause.  Hence 
conditiona'liTY  n.,  condi'tionalLY2  adv. 
[f.  OF  condicionel  f.  L  condicionalis  (as  con- 
dition >f  see  -al)1 

conditioned,  a.  1.  Having  a  (specified)  dis- 
position, as  ill,  well,  -c  ;  in  a  (specified)  condi- 
tion, as  well-c  ground,  cattle ;  circumstanced. 
2.  Subject  to  conditions,  [condition  !>2+ -ED2'1] 
condo'latopy,  a.    Expressing  condolence, 
[f.  foil,  on  anal,  of  consolatory  &c] 
condo'le,  v.i.     Express  sympathy  (with  or 
abs.).   Hence  eondo'lENCE  n.   [t.  L con (dolere 
suffer)] 
condominium,  n.  (diplom.).    Joint  control 
of  a  State's  affairs  vested  in  two  or  more  other 
States,    [con-,  L  dominium  dominion] 
condo'ne,  v.t.    Forgive,  overlook,  (offence, 
esp.  matrimonial  infidelity) ;  (of  actions)  atone 
for  (offence).    So  eondonA'TiON  n.    If.  L  con- 
(donare  give)] 

co'ndop,  n.  Large  S.-Amer.  kind  of  vulture ; 
California  C. ,  great  vulture  of  California.  [Sp. , 
f.  Peruviai  cuntur]  _ 

condott/ei-e  (-tyari),  n.  (pi.  -ri,  pron.  -re). 
Leader  of  troop  of  mercenaries.  [It.  (condotto 
hired,  as  conduct 2,+  -iere  for  -iero  -ary1)] 
condu'ee,  v.i.  (Usu.  of  events,  rarely  of 
persons)  lead,  contribute,  to  (result).  Hence 
condu'ciVE  a.,  condu'civeNESS  n.  [f.  L 
con(ducere  lead)] 

co'nduct',  n.  Leading,  guidance,  (cf.  safe- 
conduct);  c.-money  (paid  to  a  witness  for 
travelling  expenses) ;  manner  of  conducting 
(business  &c ) ;  (Art)  mode  of  treatment ;  beha- 
viour (esp.  in  its  moral  aspect,  as  good,  bad,  c). 
[partly  f.  F  conduite  f.  LL  *conducta  (fern.  p.p. 
as  noun),  partly  f.  F  conduit  (whence  also  con- 
duit) f.  L  conductus  -us ;  both  as  foil.] 
condu'et2,  v.t.  &  i.  Lead,  guide,  to;  (of 
road)  lead  to  ;  command  (army) ;  direct  (orches- 
tra, concert,  or  abs.) ;  direct,  manage,  (business 
Sec.) ;  c  oneself,  behave  (well,  with  judgment, 
&c> ;  (Physics)  transmit  (heat  &c).  [f.  F  con- 
duit p.p.  of  conduire  f.  L  coN(dwcere  duct- 
lead) ;  refash.  on  L  in  16th  c] 


CONDUCTIBLE 


172 


CONFISCATE 


eondu'ctible,  a.  Capable  of  conducting 
(heat  &c)  or  (rarely)  being  conducted.  Hence 
conduetiBixiTY  n.    [f.  prec,  see  -ble] 

eondvretion,  n.  Transmission  (of  heat  by 
contact  &c.) ;  conducting  (of  liquid  through 
pipe  &c,  esp.  of  natural  processes).  So  eon- 
du'etivE  a.,  eondueti*viTY  n.  [f.  Itconductio 
(as  conduct2,  see  -ion)] 

eondiretor,  n.  Leader,  guide;  manager; 
director  of  orchestra;  official  in  charge  of 
passengers  on  omnibus,  tram,  or  (U.S.)  train; 
thing  that  conducts  or  transmits  (esp.  heat  &c, 
as  good,  bad,  non-,  c.) ;  lightning-c,  rod  at  top 
of  building,  conducting  electricity  away  into 
earth.  Hence  condu'ctorsHiP,  eondu'et- 
pess1,  nn.  [f.  F  conducteur  f.  L  conductorem 
(as  conduct2,  see  -or2)] 

conduit  (ku'ndit,  ko'n-),  n.  Channel  or  pipe 
for  conveying  liquids  (or  fig.),    [see  conduct  *] 

condu-plieate,  a.(bot).  Folded  lengthwise 
along  middle,    [f.  L  con (duplicare  duplicate)] 

co'ndyle  (-11),  n.  (anat.).  Rounded  process  at 
end  of  bone,  forming  articulation  with  another 
bone.  Hence  eo'ndyloiD  a.  [F,  f.  L  f .  Gk 
kondulos  knuckle] 

cone,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Solid  figure  with  circular 
(or  other  curved)  base,  tapering  to  a  point 
(generated  by  straight  line  that  always  passes 
through  a  fixed  point,  and  describes  any  fixed 
curve) ;  fruit  of  pine  or  fir ;  marine  shell  of 
genus  Conus ;  c. -shaped  thing,  esp.  (Meteorol.) 
foul- weather  signal ;  cones,  fine  flour  used 
by  bakers  for  dusting  troughs ;  (v.t.)  shape  like 
e. ;  (v.i.)  bear  cc.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  f.  Gk  konos] 

cd'ney.    See  cony. 

confa'b,  n.,  &  v.i.  Colloq.  abbr.  of  confabu- 
lation or  foil. 

confa'bulate,  v.i.  Converse,  chat,  (with  or 
abs.).  Hence  or  cogn.  confabulATiON  n., 
confa'buiatORY  a.  [f.  L  C0N(fabulari  f. 
fabula  tale),  see  -ate  3] 

confection,  n.,  &  v.t.  Mixing,  compound- 
ing ;  thing  compounded,  esp.  preserve,  sweet- 
meat, whence  confe'ctionARY x  a. ;  ready- 
made  article  of  (usu.  female)  dress,  mantle, 
wrap,  &c. ;  (v.t.)  prepare,  make,  (a  a),  [(vb  f. 
n.)  F,  f.  L  confectionem  f.  con(  ficere  feet-  = 
facere  make),  see  -ion] 

confectioner,  n.  Maker  of  sweetmeats, 
pastry,  &c.  (usu.  for  sale).  Hence  confe'etion- 
ery(1,  2)  n.    [-ER  *] 

confederacy,  n.  League,  alliance;  con- 
spiracy ;  collusion ;  body  of  confederate  persons 
or  States,  as  Southern  C,  Confederate  States 
of  America,    [as  foil.,  see  -acy  (3)] 

confederate l  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Allied  (lit.  & 
fig.) ;  C.  States  of  America  (seceding  from  the 
Union,  1860-5) ;  (n.)  ally,  esp.  in  bad  sense, 
accomplice,  [f.  L  cox(foederare  f.  foedus  -eris 
league),  see  -ate  2] 

eonfe'derate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  (person, 
State,  oneself),  come,  into  alliance  {with).  So 
confedePATiON  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ate  3] 

co'nferi,v.  (imperat.).  Compare  (abbr.  cf.).  [L] 

confer* 2,  v.t.  &  i.  (-rr).  Grant,  bestow,  (title, 
degree,  favour,  &c,  on) ;  (intr.)  converse,  take 
counsel,  {with  or  abs.).  Hence  confer'MENT  n., 
confer-r able  a.    [f.  L  C0N(/erre  bring)] 

conference,  n.  Consultation  ;  annual  as- 
sembly of  Wesleyan  Methodist  Connexion.  So 
confere'ntlAL  a.  [f.  med.  L  conferentia  (as 
prec,  see  -ence)] 

confess,  v.t.  &  i.  Acknowledge,  as  Tc.  my 
fault,  that  I  did  it,  to  doing  it,  to  having  done  it, 
to  a  dread  of  spiders  ;  formally  declare  one's 
sins,  esp.  to  a  priest,  whence  confe*ssANTn.; 


(of  priest)  hear  confession.  Hence  confess- 
edLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  confesser  f.  LL  confessare 
frequent,  of  L  con(fiterifess-  =fateri)] 

confession,  n.  Acknowledgment  (of offence, 
fact,  &c.) ;  auricular  c.  (of  sins  to  priest),  whence 
confessionARY 1  a. ;  thing  confessed ;  c.  of 
faith,  declaration  of  religious  doctrine,  creed  ; 
(formerly)  tomb  of  confessor.  [F,  f.  L  con- 
fessionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

confessional,  a.  &  n.  Of  confession ;  (n.) 
stall  in  which  priest  hears  confession,  as  secrets 
of  the  c.  [(adj.)  prec  +-al;  (n.)  F,  f.  med.  L 
confessionale  (neut.  adj.  as  n.)] 

confe'ssionist,  n.  Adherent  of  a  creed,  esp. 
of  the  Augsburg  Confession  (Lutheran),  [f.  F 
confessioniste  (-1ST)] 

confessor,  n.  One  who  confesses ;  one  who 
avows  his  religion  in  face  of  danger,  but  does 
not  suffer  martyrdom ;  The  C,  King  Edward 
the  C. ;  priest  who  hears  confession.  [L  (as  con- 
fess, see  -or2)] 

eonfe*tto,n.(usu.  inpl.,-it).  Plasterbonbons, 
bits  of  coloured  paper,  used  as  missiles  in  the 
carnival  &c    [It.,  =  sweetmeat] 

confidant,  n.  (fem.  -ante,  pron.  -ant).  Per- 
son trusted  with  private  (usu.  love)  affairs. 
[18th  c ;  perh.  meant  to  repr.  sound  of  F  con- 
fident, -ente  (as  foil.,  see  -ant)] 

confl'de,  v.t.  &  i.  Repose  confidence  in; 
impart  (secret  to) ;  entrust  (object  of  care,  task, 
to),    [f.  L  con( fidere  trust)] 

confidence,  n.  Firm  trust;  assured  ex- 
pectation ;  boldness ;  impudence ;  imparting  of 
private  matters ;  thing  so  imparted ;  told  in  c. 
(as  a  secret) ;  c.  trick,  persuading  victim  to  en- 
trust valuables  to  one  as  sign  of  c  [f.  L  co?i- 
fidentia  (as  prec,  see  -ence)j 

confident,  a.  &  n.  Trusting,  fully  assured, 
{that,  of,  or  abs.);  bold;  impudent;  (n.)  con- 
fidant, sharer  of  (secret).  Hence  eonfldent- 
ly2  adv.    [as  confide,  see  -ent] 

confide'ntial  (-shl),  a.  Spoken,  written,  in 
confidence;  entrusted  with  secrets;  charged 
with  secret  service.  Henceeonfidentia'liTY 
(-shi-),  confide'ntialNESS,  nn.,  confiden- 
tial l y  2  adv.    [as  confidence  +  -al] 

eonflg-ura'tion,  n.  Mode  of  arrangement, 
conformation,  outline;  (Astr.) relative  position 
of  planets  &c    [f.  L  configuratio  (foil.,  -ation)] 

confl'g-ure  (-ger),  v.t.  Give  shape  to  (usu. 
fig.),    [f.  L  conifigurare  figure)] 

confine1,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Border-land, esp.  (fig.) 
between  two  classes  of  ideas  &c  If.  F  confins 
pi.  f.  med.  Lcow(fines  pi.  adj.  f.  finis  end,  limit)] 

confi'ne2,  v.t.  &  i.  Keep  (person,  thing,  one- 
self,  within,  to,  limits) ;  imprison ;  (pass.)  be  in 
childbed,  be  brought  to  bed  ;  (rarely)  c.  with,  be 
adjacent  to.  [f.  F  confiner  f.  It.  confinare  (con- 
fino  f.  L  as  prec)] 

confinement,  n.  Imprisonment;  being  con- 
fined, esp.  in  childbed ;  limitation.  [F(-ment)] 

co n fir 'm,  v. t.  Establish  more  firmly  (power, 
possession,  person  in  possession) ;  ratify  (treaty ; 
possession,  title,  to  person) ;  corroborate  (state- 
ment, evidence),  whence  conflr'm  ati  ve,  con  - 
flr'matORY,  aa.,  eonflr*mativeLY 2  adv.; 
establish,  encourage,  (person  in  habit,  opinion, 
&c) ;  administer  religious  rite  of  confirmation 
to,  whence  e^nflrmEE•  n. ;  a  confirmed  (in- 
veterate) drunkard,  disease,  [f.  OF  confermer 
f.  L  coxtlfirmare  f.  firmus  firm)] 

confirmation,  n.  Act  of  confirming ;  cor- 
roboration ;  rite  administered  to  baptized  per- 
sons in  various  Christian  Churches.  [OF,  f.  L 
confirmationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

confiscate,  v.t.    Appropriate  to  the  public 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


CONFISCATION 


173 


CONGREGATION 


treasury  (by  way  of  penalty);  seize  as  by 
authority.  So  confi'scABLE,  eonfl'scatORY, 
na.,  eo'nflseatOR2  n.  [f.  L  coa(fiscare  i.fiscus 
treasury),  6ee  -ate  3] 

confiscation,  n.  Act  of  confiscating; 
(colloq.)  legal  robbery  with  sanction  of  ruling 
power,    [f.  L  confiscatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

conflagration,  n.  Great  &  destructive  fire 
(lit.  &  fig/),  [f.  L  con/iagratio  (coajlagrare  burn 

Up,  See  FLAGRANT)] 

confla'tion,  n.    Fusing  together  esp.  fig.  of 
two  variant  readings  into  one.    [f.  L conflatioi. 
coMflare  blow),  see  -ation)] 
co-nfliet1,  n.     Fight,  struggle,  (lit.  &  fig.); 
collision :  clashing  (of  opposed  principles  &c). 
[f.  L  conjlictus  -us  (as  foil.)] 
confli'et2,  v.i.     Struggle  (with  or  abs.,  usu. 
fig.);  clash, be  incompatible,  whence  confli'c- 
tiON  n.    [f.  L  con(  flxgere  flict-  strike)] 
co'nfluent,  a.  &  n.    Flowing  together,  unit- 
ing, (of  streams,  roads,  &c,  &  fig.),  so  eo'nflu- 
ence  n. ;  c.  smallpox  (when  vesicles  run  to- 
gether) ;  (n.)  stream  flowing  with  another  (prop, 
of  same  size),    [f.  L  coMfluereflux-  flow),  -ent] 
co'nflux,  n.   Confluence,   [as  f .  a  L confluxus 
-us  (as  prec.)] 

eonfop'm,  v.t.  &  i.     Form  according  to  a 
pattern,  make  similar  (to) ;  adapt  one«e//  to ; 
(intr.)  comply  with  (to),  be  conformable  (to  or 
abs.).     Hence  eonfop'mANCE  n.     [f.  F  con- 
former  f.  L  coN(/ormare  f.  forma  shape)] 
eonfop'mable,  a.    Similar  (to) ;  consistent, 
adapted,  (to) ;  tractable.    Hence  conforma- 
bixity  n.,  confop'mabL v  2  adv.    [-able] 
conf  orma'tion,  n.  Manner  in  which  a  thing 
is  formed,  structure ;  adaptation  (to),    [f.  L  con- 
formatio  (as  conform,  see  -ation)] 
eonfop'mist,  n.  One  who  conforms  to  usages 
of  Church  of  England,    [-ist] 
conformity,  n.    Likeness  (to,  with) ;  com- 
pliance (with,  to),     [f.  F  conformity  f.  L  con- 
(formis  f.  forma  shape),  see  -ty] 
confou'nd  (-ow-),  v.t.     Defeat  (plan,  hope) ; 
(mild  oath)  c.  it,  you,  (  =  God  c),  esp.  in  p.p., 
whence  eonfoirndedLY 2  adv.;  (bibl.)  put  to 
shame ;  throw  into  perplexity ;  throw  (things) 
into  disorder  •  mix  up ;  confuse  (in  idea),   [f.  OF 
confondre  f.  L  cox(f under e  f us-  pour)  mix  up] 
confpatep'nity,  n.     Brotherhood  (esp.  re- 
ligious or  charitable) ;  body,  gang.     [F  (-U),  f. 
L  coaifraternitatem  fraternity)] 
confrere  (F),  n.    Fellow-member  of  profes- 
sion, scientific  body,  &c. 
confpo'nt  (-unt),  v.t.  Meet  face  to  face,  stand 
facing ;  be  opposite  to ;  face  in  hostility  or  defi- 
ance ;  (of  difficulties  &c)  oppose ;  bring  (per- 
son) face  to  face  with  (accusers  &c.) ;  compare. 
Hence  confpontATiON  n.    [f.  F  confronter  f. 
med.  L  cox(frontari  f.  frons  -ntis  face)] 
Confireian,  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of  Confucius, 
the  Chinese  Philosopher.  Hence  Confircian- 
ism  n.    [f.  Confucius,  latiniz.  of  ICung  Fu  tsze 
K'ung  the  master,  +  -an] 
confu'se  <-z),  v.t.    Throw  into  disorder;  mix 
up  in  the  mind;  abash,  perplex,  (usu.  pass.). 
Hence  confirsedLY  2  adv. ,  conf irsedNESS  n. 
[f.  L  as  confound] 

confu'sion,  n.  Act  of  confusing ;  confused 
state ;  tumult ;  (as  imprecation)  c.  .',  drink  c.  to. 
[OF,  f.  L  confusionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
confu'te,  v.t.  Convict  (person)  of  error  by 
proof;  prove  (argument)  false.  So  eonfut- 
ation  n.  [f.  L  coa(futare  perh.  f.  same  root 
asfundere  pour)] 

con cr ^  (ko*nzha,  or  as  F),  cd'ngee  (-jl),  n. 
Dismissal  without  ceremony;  (archaic)  bow, 
esp.  at  parting ;  (F)  conge"  d'elire,  royal  permis- 
sion to  elect  bishop.  Hence  eo'nge,  -gee,  v.t. 


&  i.  [ME  congye  f.  OF  congiez  f.  L  commeatus 
-us  leave  of  absence  f.  coM(meare  go)  go  &  come ; 
now  usu.  treated  as  mod.  F] 

congea'l,  v.t.  &  i.  Freeze,  solidify  by  cool- 
ing; coagulate  (t.  &  i.  of  blood  &c.  or  fig.). 
Hence  congea'lABLE  a.,  congea'lMENT  n. 
[f.  OF  congeler  f.  L  cox(gelare  f.  gelu  frost)] 

congela'tion,  n.  Congealing;  congealed 
state ;  congealed  substance,  [f.  L  congelatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

eo'ngenep,  n.  &  a.  One  of  the  same  kind  as 
(of)  another ;  (adj.)  akin,  allied,  (to),  [(n.  thr.  F 
conginere)  f.  L  con(gener  f.  genus  -eris  kind)] 

eongene'Pie,  a.  Of  same  genus,  kind,  race ; 
allied  in  nature  or  origin,    [-ic] 

conge'nerous,  a.  Of  same  genus  or  (loosely) 
family ;  of  same  kind ;  c.  muscles  (concurring 
in  same  action),    [ous] 

eonge'nial,  a.  (Of  persons,  characters,  &c.) 
kindred,  sympathetic,  (with,  to) ;  suited,  agree- 
able, (to).  Hence  congenia'liTY  n.,  eonge*- 
nialLY'"2  adv.    [con-  +  genial] 

eonge'nital,  a.  Belonging  to  (with)  one  from 
birth  (esp.  of  diseases,  defects,  &c).  Hence 
con£re*nit4»iLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  c<m(genitus  p.p. 
of  gigno  beget)  +  -al] 

coTigep  (-ngg^,  n.  Large  sea  eel  (also  c.-eel). 
[f.  OF  congre  f.  L  conger  -gri  f.  Gk  goggros] 

cong-e-pies  (-j-),  n.  Collection,  mass,  heap. 
[L  (as  foil.)] 

cong-e'st  (-j-),  v.L  &  t.  (Intr.)  accumulate  to 
excess  (esp.  in  p.p.);  affect  with  congestion; 
(Med.)  congested  organ  (overcharged  with 
blood).  Hence  cong*e*stiVE  a.  [r.  L  con- 
(gerere  gest-  bring)] 

conge'stion,  n.  Abnormal  accumulation  of 
blood  in  a  part  of  the  body  (fig.  of  population, 
traffic,  &c).    [F,  f.  L congestionem  (as  prec,  see 

-ION)] 

co'nglobate,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  a.  Form  into  a  ball ; 
(adj.)  so  formed.  So  eong-lobATiON  n.  [f.  L 
coniglobare  f.  globus),  see  -ate  2> 3] 

cong-lo'be,  v.t.  &  i.    =prec    [as  prec] 

conglo'mepate x  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Gathered  into 
a  round  mass;  (Geol.)  (pudding-stone,  water- 
worn  fragments  of  rock)  cemented  into  a  mass 
(cf.  agglomerate),  [f.  L  con (glomer are  f. 
glomus  -eris  ball),  see  -ate  2] 

cong-lo'mepate2,  v.t.  &  i.    Collect  into  a 
coherent  mass  (lit.  &  fig.).    So  conglomerv 
tion,  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ate 3] 

cong-ltrtinate  (-00-),  v.t.  &  I  Stick  together 
(as)  with  glue.  So  eonglu  tin  ation  n.  [f.  L 
con glutinare  (gluten  -inisghie),  see  -ate  3] 

co'ngou  (-nggoo,  -o),  n.  Kind  of  black  Chinese 
tea.    [r.  Chin.  kung-fu(-ch'a)  labour  (tea)] 

cong-pa*tulate,  v.t.  Address  (person)  with 
expressions  of  sympathetic  joy  (on  an  event) ; 
c.  oneself,  think  oneself  happy  (on).  Hence 
congpa'tulANT  a.  &  n.,  congi*a*tulativE, 
eongpa*tulatORY,  aa.,  congpa'tulatOR2  n. 
[f.  Lcon(gratulari  f.  gratus  pleasing),  see  -ate 3] 

congpatula'tion,  n.  Congratulating;  (pi.) 
congratulatory  expressions,  [r.  L  congratulatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

co-ng-pegate,  v.t  &  i.  Collect,  gather,  into 
a  crowd  (of  persons)  or  mass  (of  things),  f f.  L 
cos(gregare  f.  grex  gregis  flock),  see  -ate3] 

congregation,  n.  Collection  into  a  body 
or  mass ;  assemblage ;  general  assembly  of 
(qualified)  members  of  university ;  (bibl.)  col- 
lective body  of  Israelites  in  wilderness,  also, 
public  solemn  assembly  of  the  nation;  (bibl.) 
C.  of  Saints,  the  wicked,  &c,  (whole  body); 
body  assembled  for  religious  worship  ;  perma- 
nent committee  of  Roman  College  of  Cardinals, 
as  the  C.  de  propaganda  fide.  [f.  F  congrega- 
tion f.  L  congregationem  (as prec,  see  -ation)] 


CONGREGATIONAL 


174 


CONNIVE 


congreg-a'tional,  a.  Of  a  congregation  ; 
(with  cap.  C)  of,  adhering  to,  Congregational- 
ism,   [-al] 

Cong-pega'tionalism,  n.   System  of  eccle- 
siastical polity  that  leaves  legislative,  discip- 
linary, and  judicial  functions  to  the  individual 
church.    So  Congrega'tionaliST  n.,  Con- 
g-peg-a'tionalizK  v.t.    [prec.  +  -ism] 
co'ngress,  n.    Coming  together,  meeting ; 
formal  meeting  of  delegates  for  discussion,  esp. 
of  envoys  or  persons  engaged  in  special  studies, 
as  Church  C,  annual  meeting  of  Church  of  Eng- 
land, Social  Science  C,  &c. ;  national  legislative 
body  of  U.S.  or  S.  &  Central  Amer.  republics ; 
its  session ;  C.-man,  member  of  C.     [f.  L  con- 
gressus  -us  f.  cox(gredi  gress-  =  gradi  walk)] 
congressional,  a.     Of  a  congress,     [f.  L 
congressio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)  +  -al] 
Co'ngpeve,  a.  &  n.    C.  (match),  kind  of  fric- 
tion match  ;  C.  (rocket),  kind  formerly  used  in 
war.    [Sir  W.  C,  inventor] 
co-ngruenee,  -cy,  n.    Agreement,  consis- 
tency, (of  one  tenth  another,  between  two),    [f. 
L  congruentia  (as  foil.,  see  -ence,  -ency)] 
eo'ngpuent,  a.    Suitable,  accordant,  (with). 
[f.  L  coN(gruere  not  otherwise  found),  see  -ent] 
eo'ngruous,  a.     Accordant,  conformable, 
(with) ;  fitting.    Hence  or  cogn.  congPU'iTY 
n.,  eo'ngpuousLY2  adv.    [f.  L  congruus  (as 
prec)  +  -ous] 

ed'nie,  a.  &  n.    Cone-shaped ;  of  a  cone,  as  c. 
section ;  (n.  pi. )  study  of  plane  c.  sections.  Hence 
co'nieAL  a.,  eo'niealLY2  adv.,  ecniealNESS 
n.    [f.  Gk  konikos  (cone,  -ic)] 
eonieo-,  in  comb.    With  a  conical  tendency, 
as  c.-cylindrical.    [as  prec] 
co'nifep,  n.  Cone-bearing  plant.  Hence  eo- 
ni'FEROUS  a.    [L  (as  cone,  see  -ferous)] 
ed'nifopm,  a.    Cone-shaped,    [cone,  -form] 
co'nine,   co'niine,   n.      An   alkaloid,   the 
poisonous  principle  of  hemlock,    [f.  L  conium 
f.  Gk  koneion  hemlock  +  -ine  s] 
conjectural,  a.    Involving,  given  to,  con- 
jecture.   Hence  eonjeetupalLY  2  adv.    [f.  L 
conjecturalis  (as  foil.,  see  -al)] 
conje'etupe  \   n.      Formation   of    opinion 
without  sufficient  grounds,  guessing,  esp.  in 
textual  criticism,  of  a  reading  not  in  the  text ; 
a  c,  a  guess,  proposed  reading.    [F,  f.  L  conjec- 
tura  f.  con(  jicereject-  =jaclre  throw),  see  -ure] 
conje'etupe2,  v.t.  &  i.    Guess;  propose  (a 
conjectural  reading) ;   (intr.)   make   a   guess. 
Hence  eonje'etuPABLE  a.,  eonje'etupabLY2 
adv.    [f.  F  conjecturer  (prec)] 
eonjoi'n,  v.t.  &  i.   Join  (t.  &  i.) ;  combine,  [f. 
F  conjoindre  f.  L  con(jungere  junct-)] 
conjoint,  a.     United ;  associated.     Hence 
eonjoi'ntLY  2  adv.    [F,  p.p.  as  prec] 
eo'njugal,  a.    Of  marriage,  as  c.  rights;  of 
husband  or  wife,  as  c.  affection.    Hence  eon- 
jug-a'liTY  n.,  eo'njug-alLY2  adv.    [f.  L  con- 
jugalis  f.  conO'wo:  -jugis  f.  root  of  jungere 
join)  consort,  see  -al] 
eo'n  jugate  \  v.t.  &  i.    (Gram.)  inflect  (verb) 
in  voice,  mood,  tense,  number,  person ;  (intr.) 
unite  sexually ;  (Biol.)  become  fused,  [f.  L  con- 
(jugare  t.jugum  yoke)  yoke  together,  see  -ate  3] 
conjugate2  (-at),  a.  &  n.    Joined  together, 
esp.  coupled  ;  (Gram.)  derived  from  same  root ; 
(Math.)  joined  in  a  reciprocal  relation  ;  (Biol.) 
fused ;  (n.)  c.  word  or  thing,   [as  prec,  see  -ate2] 
eonjuga*tion,n.  Joining  together ;  (Gram.) 
scheme  of  verbal  inflexion  ;  (Biol.)  fusion  of 
two  (apparently)  similar  cells  for  reproduction. 
Hence  conjugationAL  a.    [f.  L  conjugatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 


conju'net,  a.  &  n.  Joined  together ;  com- 
bined ;  associated,  joint;  (n.)c  person  or  thing. 
Hence  eonju'netLY 2  adv.    [f.  L  as  conjoin] 

conjunction,  n.  Union,  connexion;  in  c, 
together  (with) ;  (Astr.)  apparent  proximity  of 
two  heavenly  bodies  ;  combination  of  events 
or  circumstances;  number  of  associated  per- 
sons or  things ;  (Gram.)  uninflected  word  used 
to  connect  clauses  or  sentences,  or  to  co- 
ordinate words  in  same  clause.  Hence  con- 
ju'netionAL  a.,  conju'nctionalLY2  adv. 
[OF,  f.  L  conjunctionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

conjunctive,  a.  &  n.  Serving  to  join,  as 
c.  tissue ;  (Gram.)  (1)  of  the  nature  of  a  con- 
junction, (2)  uniting  sense  as  well  as  construc- 
tion, cf.  disjunctive,  (3)  c.  mood  of  verb,  one 
used  only  in  conjunction  with  another  verb,  cf. 
subjunctive  ;  (n.)  c.  word  or  mood.  Hence 
conju'nctiveLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  conjunctivus  (as 
prec,  see  -ive)] 

conju'netupe  (-tsher),  n.  Meeting  of  events 
or  circumstances ;  crisis,  [f.  F  conjoncture  f. 
L  as  conjoin,  see  -ure] 

cdnjupa'tion,  n.  Solemn  appeal ;  incanta- 
tion.   [OF,  f.  L  conjurationem  (foil.,  -ation)] 

conjupe,  v.t.  &  i.  1.  (konjoor).  Appeal 
solemnly  to  (person  to  do).  2.  (ku'njer).  Con- 
strain (spirit)  to  appear  by  invocation  (also  c. 
up,  down,  out  of  person) ;  effect,  bring  out, 
convey  away,  by  juggling ;  juggle ;  c.  up,  cause 
to  appear  to  the  fancy,  [f.  OF  conjurer  f.  L 
C0N(jurare  swear)  band  together  by  oath] 

eo'njupep,  -op,  n.  One  who  practises  leger- 
demain, juggler ;  unusually  clever  person,  as 
he  is  no  c.  \(-er)  f.  prec.  +  -er  *  ;  (-or)  f.  OF  co?i- 
jureor  f.  liconjuratorem  (as  prec, see  -or2)] 

conk,  n.  (slang).    Nose.    [perh.  =  conch] 

co'nnate,  a.  Born  with  a  person,  innate ; 
(of  two  or  more  qualities  &c)  born  together, 
coeval  in  origin;  (Bot.,  Zool.)  congenitally 
united  (of  leaves  united  at  base  &c).  [f.  L  con- 
(nasci  not-  be  born)] 

conna*tupal,a.  Innate, belonging  naturally, 
(to) ;  of  like  nature.  Hence  eonna'turali.v- 
adv.    [f.  med.  L  cox(naturalis  natural)] 

connect,  v.t.  &  i.  Join  (two  things,  one 
with,  to,  another) ;  make  coherent  (arguments 
&c);  (pass.)  have  practical  relations  with ; 
associate  mentally ;  unite  with  others  in  rela- 
tionship &c  (usu.  pass,  or  refl.) ;  (intr.)  join  on 
(with).  Hence  conne*etER1(2),  -or2,  nn.,  con- 
ne'etiBLE  a.    [f.  L  con(nectere  nex-  bind)] 

conne'eted,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  joined 
in  sequence,  coherent,  whence  conne'ctedLY2 
adv.,  conne'ctedNESS  n. ;  related,  as  well  c. 
(with  persons  of  good  position),    [-ed  l] 

connective,  a.  Serving,  tending,  to  con- 
nect ;  c.  tissue  of  the  body,  fibrous  tissue  con- 
necting &  supporting  the  organs,    [-ive] 

conne'xion,  -nection,  n.  Act  of  connect- 
ing ;  state  of  being  connected ;  relation  of 
thought,  as  in  this  c. ;  connecting  part,  as  hot 
water  cc. ;  personal  intercourse ;  sexual  rela- 
tion, as  criminal  c.  (abbr.  crim.  con.) ;  family 
relationship  ;  relative ;  religious  body,  as  Wes- 
leyan  c,  whence  conne'xionAL  a.;  body  of 
customers  &c,  as  business  with  a  good  c. ;  in 
c.  with,  connected  with,  esp.  of  trains,  boats, 
&c,  taking  on  passengers  from  others,  [f.  L 
connexio  (as  connect,  see  -ion)] 

connrvance,  n.    Conniving  (at,  in) ;  tacit 

Eermission,  as  done  with  his  c.  [earlier  -ence,  I. 
i  conniventia  (as  foil.,  see  -ence,  -ance)] 
conni've,  v.i.    Wink  at  (what  one  ought  to 
oppose),     [f.  L  con (nivere,  cf.  nicere  make  a 
sign,  nictare  wink)] 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  CO-. 


CONNIVENT 


175 


CONSERVATIVE 


eonni'vent,  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Gradually  con- 
vergent,   [as  connive,  see  -ent] 

connoisseur  (konaser),  n.  Critical  judge 
(of,  in,  matters  of  taste).  Hence  connois- 
seup'SHiP  n.  [F,  f.  L  cognoscitorem  f.  co(gno- 
scere  become  acquainted  with),  see  -or2] 

connote,  v.t.  (Of  words)  imply  in  addition 
to  the  primary  meaning  ;  (of  facts  &c.)  imply  as 
a  consequence  or  condition  ;  (Logic)  imply  the 
attributes  while  denoting  the  subject ;  (loosely) 
mean.  Hence  or  cogn.  connotATiON  n., 
eonnotati ve  a. ,  eonno'tativeLY  2  adv.  [f. 
L  con  (notare  f.  nota  mark)  mark  together] 

connu'bial,  a.  Of  marriage ;  of  husband  or 
wife.  Hence  eonnubla'liTY  n.,  eonnu'bi- 
alLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  connubialis  f.  cox(nubium  f. 
nubere  marry),  see  -al] 

conoid,  a.  &  n.  Cone-shaped;  (n.)  solid 
generated  by  revolution  of  a  conic  section 
about  its  axis,  also,  any  more  or  less  cone- 
shaped  body.  Hence  conoi'dAL  a.  [f.  Gk 
konoeides  (as  cone,  see  -oid)] 

co'nquer  (-ker),  v.t.  Overcome  by  force; 
get  the  better  of  (habit,  passion,  &c.) ;  acquire, 
subjugate,  (land).  Hence  co'nquer  able  a. 
[f.  OF  conquerre  f.  L  coN(gwaerere  seek,  get)] 

eonqueror  (-ke-),  n.  One  who  conquers ; 
the  C,  William  I ;  (colloq.)  play  the  c.  (decisive 
game),  [f.  OF  conquereorf.  L  *conquaeretorem 
(conquaerere  for  -ere,  see  prec  &  -or2)] 

co'nquest  (-kw-),  n.  Subjugation  (of  country 
Sec) ;  the  (Norman)  C,  acquisition  of  English 
crown  by  William  of  Normandy,  1066;  con- 
quered territory ;  person  whose  affections  have 
been  won ;  make  a  c.  (of),  win  (person's)  affec- 
tions, [f.  OF  (1)  conquest  thing  acquired  bye. ; 
(2)  conqueste  action  of  c,  f.  L  conquisita,  rem. 
p.p.  of  conquirere  (-quaerere)  conquer] 

consa'nguine,  a.  =f oil.  \F(-in,  -ine),  as  foil.] 

consangurneous,  a.  Of  the  same  blood, 
akin.  [f.  L  CON (sanguineus  f.  sanguis  -inis 
blood) +  -ous^ 

consanguinity,  n.  Blood-relationship  (also 
fig.),  [f.  F consanguinity  f.  liconsanguimtatem 
(as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

conscience  (-shwns),  n.  Moral  sense  of 
right  &  wrong ;  good  or  clear,  bad  or  guilty,  c, 
consciousness  that  one's  actions  are  right, 
wrong ;  in  all  c,  goodness  knows  ;  have  the  c. 
to,  have  the  impudence  to ;  c.  clause  in  act,  one 
ensuring  respect  for  the  cc.  of  those  affected ; 
c.  money  (sent  to  relieve  the  c,  esp.  in  payment 
of  evaded  income-tax).  Hence  eonseienee- 
less  a.  [F,  f.  L  conscientia  f.  coN(scire  know) be 
privy  to,  see  -ence)] 

conscientious  (-shlensh-),  a.  Obedient  to 
conscience,  scrupulous,  (of  persons  or  conduct). 
Hence  conscie'ntiousLY 2  adv.,  eonsei- 
entiousNESS  n.  [f.  F  conscientieux,  -euse,  f. 
med.  L  conscientiosus  (as  prec,  see  -ous)] 

conscious,  a.  Aware,  knowing,  (of  fact,  of 
external  circumstances,  that,  or  abs.):  with 
mental  faculties  awake ;  (of  things)  felt,  sen- 
sible ;  =  self-conscious.  Hence  eonseious- 
ly  2  adv.  [f.  L  conscius  f.  coN(scire  know)  be 
privy  to  +  -ous] 

consciousness,  n.  State  of  being  con- 
scious ;  totality  of  a  person's  thoughts  &  feel- 
ings, or  of  a  class  of  these,  as  moral  c. ;  percep- 
tion (of,  that),    [-ness] 

eonseri'be,  v.t  Enlist  by  conscription,  [f. 
L  coN(scr£6ere  script-  write)  enrol] 

conscript,  a.  &  n.  (Recruit)  enrolled  by 
conscription ;  c.  fathers  (collective  title  of 
Roman  senators),    [as  prec] 

conscription,  n.  Compulsory  enlistment 
for  military  or  naval  service  (esp.  enrolment  by 
lot),    [f.  L  conscriptio  (as  prec,  see  -ionH 


consecrate  K  a.  Consecrated,  [f.  L  con(sc- 
crare=sacrare  f.  sacer  -cri  sacred),  see  -ate2] 

consecrate  2,  v.t.  Set  apart  as  sacred  (to) ; 
devote  to  (purpose) ;  sanctify.  So  consecra- 
te r  2  n. ,  consecratORY  a.    [prec. ,  -ate  3] 

consecra'tion,  n.  Act  of  consecrating, 
dedication,  esp.  of  church,  churchyard,  &c,  by 
bishop ;  ordination  to  sacred  office,  esp.  of 
bishop ;  devotion  to  (a  purpose),  [f.  L  conse- 
cratio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

eonse'etary,  n.  Deduction,  corollary,  [f. 
L  consectarium  (neut.  adj.  as  n.)  f.  consectari 
frequent,  as  foil.] 

consecu'tion,  n.  Logical  sequence ;  se- 
quence of  events  ;  (Gram.)  sequence  of  words, 
tenses,  &c  [f.  L  consecutio  t  cox(sequi  secut- 
pursue)  overtake,  see  -ion)] 

conse'eutive,  a.  Following  continuously ; 
(Gram.)  expressing  consequence,  as  c.  clause; 
(Mus.)  c.  intervals  (of  the  same  kind,  esp.  fifths 
or  octaves).  Hence  eonse'eutivei.v  2  adv., 
conse'cutiveNESS  n.  [f.  F  consecutif,  -ive 
(as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

consenescence,  n.  General  decay  by  age. 
[f.  L  co~s(senescere  grow  old  f.  senex),  -ence] 

consensual,  a.  (physiol.).  Caused  by  sym- 
pathetic action,    [f.  foil.  +  -al] 

consensus,  n.  Agreement  (of  opinion, 
testimony,  Sec);  (Physiol.)  agreement  of  dif- 
ferent organs  in  effecting  purpose.    [L  (as  foil. )] 

consent  \  v.i.  Acquiesce,  agree,  (to  a  thing, 
to  do,  that,  or  abs.).  [f.  OF  consentir  f.  L  con- 
(sentire  sens-  feel)  agree] 

consent2,  n.  Voluntary  agreement,  com- 
pliance ;  permission ;  age  of  c.  (at  which  c.  is 
valid  in  law) ;  (pro v.)  silence  gives  c. ;  with  one 
c,  unanimously,    [f.  OF  consente  (as  prec)] 

consentaneous,  a.  Accordant,  suited, 
(to,  with) ;  unanimous,  concurrent.  Hence 
consentane'iiv,  eonsentaneous\i  ess, 
nn. ,  consentaneousLY  2  adv.  [f .  L  consen- 
taneus  (as  consent  *)  +  -ous] 

consentient  (-shnt),  a.  Agreeing;  con- 
current ;  consenting  (to),  [f.  L  as  consent  \ 
see  -ent] 

consequence,  n.  Result  (of  something 
preceding) ;  logical  inference ;  in  c,  as  a  result 
(of);  importance;  of  (no)  c,  (un)important ; 
social  distinction,  rank,  as  persons  of  c.  [f.  F 
consequence  t.  L  consequentta  (as  foil.,  -ence] 

consequent1,  n.  Event  that  follows  an- 
other; second  part  of  conditional  proposition, 
dependent  on  the  antecedent ;  (Math.)  second 
of  two  numbers  in  a  ratio,  second  &  fourth  of 
four  proportionals,    [as  foil.] 

consequent 2  a.  Following  as  a  result  (on) ; 
following  logically ;  logically  consistent,  [f.  F 
consequent  f.  L  cox(sequi  follow),  see  -ent] 

consequential,  a.  Following  as  a  result 
or  inference ;  following  or  resulting  indirectly, 
as  c.  damages  ;  self-important.  Hence  eon  se- 
quential it  v  (shi-)  n.,  consequential  l.  v  - 
adv.    [f.  L  as  consequence  +  -al] 

consequently,  adv.  &  conj.  As  a  result ; 
therefore,    [-ly  2j 

conser*vancy,  n.  Commission,  court,  con- 
trolling a  port,  river,  &c,  as  Thames  C. ;  offi- 
cial preservation  (of  forests  &c).  [f.  L  as  con- 
serve2, see  -ancy] 

conservation,  n.  Preservation  ;  c.  of  en- 
ergy, invariability  in  quantity  of  total  energy 
of  any  system  of  bodies  (including  the  universe), 
[f.  L canservatio  (as  prec,  -ation)] 

conservative,  a.  &  n.  Preservative  (a.  & 
n.) ;  (C.  party,  English  political  party)  disposed 
to  maintain  existing  institutions ;  (improp.,  of 
estimate)  moderate,  cautious,  purposely  low  ; 
(n.)  one  so  disposed,  member  of  the  C.  party. 


CONSERVATOIRE 


176 


CONSPUE 


So  eonser'vatis.M  n.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  med.  L 
conservativus  (as  foil.,  see  -ive) J 

conservatoire'  (-twar'r),  n.  Public  school 
of  music  &  declamation  (on  Continent).  [F,  f. 
L  conservatorium  (as  foil.,  see  -ory>] 

co'nservatop,  n.  Preserver ;  official  custo- 
dian (of  museum  &c.) ;  cc.  of  the  peace,  the  King, 
Lord  Chancellor,  &c. ;  cc.  of  a  river  (see  con- 
servancy), [f.  F  conservateur  f.  L  conserva- 
torem  (as  foil.,  see  -or2)] 

eonsep'vatopy,  n.  Greenhouse  for  tender 
plants;  =  conservatoire,  [f. Lconservatorius 
a.  (as  foil.,  see  -ory)] 

conserve1,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Confection,  pre- 
serve.   [F,  f.  med.  L  conserva  (as  foil.)] 

consep've2,  v.t.  Keep  from  harm,  decay, 
or  loss.    [f.  F  conserver  f.  L  con(servare  keep)] 

consi'dep,  v.t.  &  i.  Contemplate  mentally ; 
reflect  (that,  whether,  &c,  or  abs.),  reckon  with, 
make  allowance  for;  regard  as,  as  Ic.  him  (to 
be)  a  knave,  c.  yourself  under  arrest ;  (archaic) 
c.  of,  think  over.  [f.  F  consid6rer  f.  L  coa(side- 
rare  perh.  f.  sidus  -eris  star)  examine] 

consi'depable,  a.  Worth  considering ;  (of 
persons)  notable,  important;  (of  immaterial 
things)  much,  no  small,  (trouble,  annoyance, 
pleasure),  whence  eonsi'depabLY  2  adv.  [f. 
med.  L  considerabilis  (as  prec,  see  -able)] 

considerate  (-at),  a.  Thoughtful  for  others ; 
(archaic)  careful.  Hence  consi'depateLY 2 
adv.,  consi'depatexESS  n.  [as  prec,  -ate2] 

considepa'tion,  n.  Act  of  considering; 
meditation;  take  into  c,  consider;  inc.  of,  in 
return  for,  on  account  of ;  fact,  thing,  regarded 
as  a  reason,  as  that  is  ac,  on  noc;  compensa- 
tion, reward,  as  for  a  c. ;  (Law)  thing  given, 
done,  as  equivalent  by  person  to  whom  a  pro- 
mise is  made ;  thoughtfulness  for  others ;  im- 
portance, [f.  F  consideration  f.  L  considera- 
tionem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

consi'depingr,  prep.  In  view  of,  as  it  is  ex- 
cusable c.  his  age,  how  young  he  is,  (that)  he 
has  no  experience ;  (ellipt.)  that  is  not  so  bad,  c. 
(the  circumstances),    F-ing  2] 

conslg-n,  v.t.  Hand  over,  deliver,  to  (misery, 
watery  grave,  person,  person's  care) ;  transmit, 
send  by  rail  &c,  to  (person),  whence  consign  - 
ee\  consignoK'-,  nn. ;  deposit  (money  in 
bank).  Hence  consig-nABLE  a.  [f.  L  con- 
signare  mark  with  a  seal  (signum)) 

consignation  (-Ig-),  n.  Formal  payment  of 
money  to  person  legally  appointed ;  act  of  con- 
signing goods  ;  to  the  c.  of,  addressed  to.  [f.  L 
consignatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

consignment,  n.  Consigning  ;  goods  con- 
signed.    [-MENT] 

eonsrlient,  a.  (Of  inductions  from  different 
phenomena)  accordant.  Hence  eonsi'liENCE 
n.    [f.  L  *con (silire=salire  jump),  see  -ent] 

eonsi'st,  v.i.  Be  composed  of  (esp.  material 
things) ;  be  comprised  in,  as  virtue  consists  in 
being  uncomfortable;  harmonize  with ;  (bibl., 
Col.  i.  17)  exist,    [f.  L  coa(sistere  stop)  exist] 

consistence,  -ey,  n.  Degree  of  density, 
esp.  of  thick  liquids  ;  firmness,  solidity,  (lit.  & 
fig-) ;  (-cy)  state  of  being  consistent,  esp.  of  per- 
sons,   [as  prec,  see  -ence,  -ency] 

consistent,  a.  Compatible,  not  contradic- 
tory, (with) ;  (of  person)  constant  to  same  princi- 
ples.   Hence  consistent ly  2  adv.    [as  prec, 

-ent] 

co'nsistopy  (also  konsl's-),  n.  Senate  com- 
posed of  Pope  &  Cardinals  ;  Lutheran  clerical 
board  ;  court  of  presbyters.  So  consistoP'iAL 
a.  [f.  F  consistoire  t.  L  consistorium  (as  con- 
sist, see  -ory)] 


consd'ciate l  (-shiat),  a.  &  n.  Associate(d). 
[f.  L  coN(sociarc  f.  socius  fellow),  see  -ate  2] 

conso'ciate2,  v.t.  &i.  Associate.  So  con- 
socIa'tion  (-si-)  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ate3] 

consola'tion,  n.  Act  of  consoling ;  consol- 
ing circumstance ;  c.  race,  prize,  stakes,  (open 
to  competitors  unsuccessful  in  former  events). 
[F,  f.  L  consolationem  (as  foil.,  see  -ation)] 

consd'latopy,  a.  Tending,  meant,  to  con- 
sole. Hence  conso'latopiLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  con- 
solatorius  (as  foil.,  see  -ory)] 

conso'le1,  v.t.  Comfort  Hence  conso'l- 
able  a.    [f.  F  consoler  t.  L  consolare,  -ri] 

co'nsdle  2,  n.  (Arch.)  kind  of  bracket  or  cor- 
bel ;  frame  enclosing  manuals,  drawknobs,  &c, 
of  organ;  c.-table,  -mirror,  (supported  by  bracket 
against  wall).    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

consolidate,  v.t.  &  i.  Solidify  (t.  &  i.) ; 
strengthen  (usu.  fig.,  power  &c) ;  combine  (ter- 
ritories, estates,  companies,  statutes,  debts)  into 
one  whole;  consolidated  annuities,  consols. 
Government  securities  of  Great  Britain,  conso- 
lidated in  1751  into  a  single  stock  at  3  %  (now  2A ), 
Consolidated  Fund,  united  product  of  various 
taxes  &c, whence  interest  of  national  debt,  &c, 
are  paid.  Hence  consolid ation,  conso'li- 
daTOR2,  nn.,  conso'lidatORY  a.  [f.  L  con- 
(solidare  f.  solidus),  see  -ate  3] 

conso'ls,  n.  pi.    See  prec    [abbr.] 

consomme"  (F),  n.    Strong  meat  soup. 

eo'nsonance,  n.  Recurrence  of  same  or 
similar  sounds  in  words,  assonance ;  sounding 
of  two  notes  in  harmony ;  (Mus.)  consonant  in- 
terval, concord ;  (fig. )  agreement,  harmony.  [F, 
f.  L  consonantia  (as  foil.,  see  -ance)] 

co'nsonant1  ,a.  Agreeable  £o,consistent  with; 
harmonious;  agreeing  in  sound ;  (Mus.)  making 
concord.  Hence  co'nsonantiA  2  adv.  [F,  f. 
L  coN(sonare  sound  f.  sonus),  see  -ant] 

co'nsonant2,  n.  Alphabetical  element  other 
than  vowel ;  sound  that  in  forming  a  syllable  is 
combined  with  vowel.  Hence  consona'ntAL 
a.  [F,  f.  L  consonantem  (litteram  letter)  sound- 
ing with  another  (as  prec)] 

co'nsopt1,  n.  Husband  or  wife;  queen-c. 
king's  wife  ;  king,  prince,  -c,  queen's  husband;' 
ship  sailing  with  another.  [F,  r.  L  coN(sors  -rtis 
lot)  sharer,  comrade] 

consop*t 2,  v.  t.  Associate  (with,  t.  &  i. ) ;  keep 
company;  agree,  harmonize,  (with),  [f.  prec, 
and  f.  vb.  sort  (in  same  senses)] 

conspeci'fic,  a.    Of  the  same  species,   [con-] 

conspe*ctus,n.  General  mental  view ;  tabu- 
lation of  details,  synopsis.  [L,  vbl  n.  f.  coa(spi- 
cere  look  at)] 

conspicuous,  a.  Clearly  visible,  striking  to 
the  eye ;  attracting  notice,  remarkable,  as  c.  by 
its  absence.  Hence  conspicu*iTY,conspi*cu- 
ousness,  nn.,  conspi'cuousLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
conspicuus  (as  prec)  +  -ous] 

conspi'pacy,  n.  Act  of  conspiring  (in  good 
or  bad  sense) ;  combination  for  unlawful  pur- 
pose ;  plot,  [f .  L  conspiratio  (as  foil. ,  see  -ation), 
with  -acy(3)  substituted] 

conspi'patop,  n.  One  engaged  in  a  conspi- 
racy. Hence  conspi'patPESs l  n.  [f.  F  con- 
spirateur  f.  L  con.spira£orew(asfoll.,  see -or2)] 

conspire*,  v.i.  &  t.  Combine  privily  for  un- 
lawful purpose,  esp.  treason,  murder,  sedition  ; 
combine,  concur,  (to  do) ;  plot,  devise,  as  c.  his 
ruin,  c.  an  attack,    [t.  F  conspirer  t.  L  con- 

(spirare  breathe)  agree,  plot] 

conspue*,  v.t.  Express  detestation,  clamour 
for  the  abandonment  or  abolition,  of  (person, 
policy,  &c).  [f.  F  conspuer  t.  L  CON (spuere 
spit)  spit  upon] 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  CO-. 


CONSTABLE 


177 


CONSUL. 


co'nstable  (kiln-,  kon-),  n.  (Also  police  c.) 
policeman ;  special  c,  person  sworn  in  to  act  as  c. 
on  special  occasion ;  outrun  the  c,  run  into  debt; 
C.  of  France,  principal  officer  of  household  of 
earlyFrenchkings,commander-in-chief  in  king's 
absence  ;  C.  of  England,  Lord  High  G,  similar 
officer  in  English  Royal  household  (now  tem- 
porary officer  on  special  occasions),  [f.  OF  cone- 
stable  i.  LL  comes  stabxdi  count  of  the  stable] 
eonsta'bulary,  a.  &  n.  (Organized  body)  of 
constables,  [f.  med.  L  constabidarius  (n.  -aria) 
f.  constabulus  constable,  see  -ary  l] 
co'nstancy,  n.  Firmness,  endurance  ;  faith- 
fulness ;  unchangingness.  [f.  L  constantia  (as 
foil.,  see  -ancy)] 

co'nstant,  a.  &  n.  Unmoved,  resolute ;  faith- 
ful (to) ;  unchanging ;  unremittent,  as  c.  atten- 
tion, chatter;  (Math.,  n.)  quantity  that  does  not 
vary  ;  (Physics)  number  expressing  a  relation, 
property,  &c,  that  remains  the  same  for  same 
substance  in  same  conditions,  as  c.  of  friction. 
[F,  f.  L  coMstare  stand),  see  -ant] 
Consta'ntia,  n.  Wine  from  the  C.  farm 
near  Cape  Town. 

constantly,  adv.    Always;  often,    [-ly2] 
consteUate,  v.t.  &  i.     Form  into  a  constel- 
lation, [f.  L *con (stellare  f.  stella  star),  see  -ate3] 
constellation,  n.     Number  of  fixed  stars 
grouped  within  an  imaginary  outline  (also  fig.), 
[f.  L  constellatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
co'nsternate,  v.t.  Dismay  (usu.  pass.),  [f.  L 
con (stemare,  -sternere,  throw  down),  see  -ate  3] 
consternation,  n.  Dismay,  [f.  L  consterna- 
tio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
co'nstipate,  v.t.     Confine  (bowels) ;  render 
costive,    [f.  L  cox(stipare  press),  see  -ate  3] 
eonstipa'tion,  n.    Costiveness.    [f.  L  con- 
stipatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
constituency,  n.    Body  of  voters  who  elect 
a  representative  member ;  place,  body  of  resi- 
dents in  place,  so  represented ;  body  of  custo- 
mers, subscribers,  &c    [f.  foil.,  see-EN'CY] 
consti'tuent,  a.  &  n.    Composing,  making 
up,  a  whole ;  appointing,  electing ;  able  to  frame 
or  alter  a  (political)  constitution,  as  c.  assembly, 
power ;  one  who  appoints  another  his  agent ; 
component  part;  member  of  a  constituency, 
[as  foil.,  see  -ent] 

constitute,  v.t.  Appoint,  as  c.  him  presi- 
dent, c.  oneself  a  judge ;  establish,  found ;  give 
legal  form  to  (assembly  &c) ;  frame,  form,  (esp. 
pass,  of  bodily  or  mental  constitution) ;  make 
up,  be  the  components  of.  [f.  L  cox(stituere 
-ut-  =  statuere  set  up)] 

constitution,  n.  Act,  mode,  of  constitut- 
ing ;  character  of  the  body  as  regards  health, 
strength,  &c ;  mental  character ;  mode  in  which 
State  is  organized ;  body  of  fundamental  princi- 
ples according  to  which  a  State  is  governed ; 
written  c,  document  embodying  these  ;  (Hist.) 
decree,  ordinance,  as  Cc.  of  Clarendon  (1164). 
[F,  f.  L  constitutionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
constitutional,  a.  &  n.  Of,  inherent  in, 
affecting,  the  bodily  or  mental  constitution ; 
essential ;  of,  in  harmony  with,  authorized  by, 
the  political  constitution,  as  c.  sovereign,  go- 
vernment, (limited  by  c  forms),  whence  con- 
stitutiona'liTY  n. ;  adhering  to  the  political 
constitution ;  (n.)  c  walk,  for  health's  sake. 
Hence  eonstitu'tionalLY  2  adv.  [-al] 
constitutionalism,  n.  Constitutional  go- 
vernment ;  adherence  to  constitutional  princi- 
ples,   [-ism] 

constitutionalist,  n.  Writer  on  the  politi- 
cal constitution;  adherent  of  constitutional 
principles,    [-ist] 

eonstitu'tionalize,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  consti- 
tutional ;  (intr.)  take  a  constitutional,    [-ize] 


constitutive,  a.  Constructive,  formative ; 
essential ;  component  Hence  constitu- 
tiveLY  a  adv.    [f.  constitute  -f  -ive] 

constitutor,  n.  Person  that  constitutes. 
[L  (as  constitute,  see  -or2)] 

constrain,  v.t.  Compel  (person  to  do,  to 
course  or  state,  or  abs.) ;  bring  about  by  com- 
pulsion ;  confine  forcibly,  imprison,  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
(p.p.)  forced,  embarrassed,  as  c.  voice,  manner, 
whence  eonstraPnedLY 2  adv.  [f.  OF  con- 
streindre  f.  L  coa(stringere  strict-  tie)] 

constraint,  n.  Compulsion  ;  confinement ; 
restraint  of  natural  feelings,  constrained  man- 
ner, [f.  OF  constreinte,  fern.  p.p.  as  n.,  see  prec] 

constrict,  v.t.  Contract,  compress ;  cause 
(organic  tissue)  to  contract.  So  constrictiox 
n.,  constri'ct i ve  a.    [f.  L  as  constrain] 

constructor,  n.  Muscle  that  draws  together 
or  narrows  a  part ;  compressor  (surgical  instru- 
ment) ;  boa-c.    [L  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

eonstrrngc  (-j),  v.t.  Compress;  cause  (or- 
ganic tissue)  to  contract.  Hence  constri'n- 
gTENCY  n.,  constri'ngrENT  a.    [as  prec] 

construct,  v.t.  Fit  together,  frame,  build, 
(also  fig.) ;  (Gram.)  combine  (words)  syntacti- 
cally ;  draw,  delineate,  as  c.  a  triangle,  [f.  L 
coa(struere  struct-  pile,  build)] 

construction,  n.  Act,  mode,  of  construct- 
ing ;  thing  constructed  ;  syntactical  connexion 
between  words;  construing,  explanation,  (of 
words) ;  interpretation  (of  conduct  &c),  as  put 
a  good,  bad,  c.  upon  his  refusal,  [f.  L  con- 
structs (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

constructional,  a.  Of  construction ;  struc- 
tural, belonging  to  the  original  structure,  [-al] 

constructive,  a.  Of  construction  ;  tending 
to  construct,  esp.  opposed  to  destructive  as 
positive  to  negative,  as  c.  criticism ;  belonging 
to  the  structure  of  a  building ;  inferred,  not 
directly  expressed,  virtual,  as  a  c.  denial,  per- 
mission, blasphemy,  treason.  Hence  con- 
stru'etiveLY  2  adv.  [f.  med.  L  constructivus 
(as  construct,  see  -ive)] 

constructor,  n.  One  who  constructs,  esp. 
supervisor  of  naval  construction.  Hence  con- 
structorsHip  n.    [-or2] 

construe  (or  -stroo*),  v.t.  &  i.  Combine 
(words  with  others)  grammatically,  as  '  rely '  is 
construed  with '  on ';  analyse  (sentence),  trans- 
late word  for  word;  admit  of  grammatical 
analysis,  as  this  passage  does  not  c. ;  expound, 
interpret,  (words,  actions),     [as  construct] 

consu bsta'ntial,  a.  Of  the  same  substance, 
esp.  of  the  three  Persons  in  the  Godhead.  Hence 
consu  bstantia'liTY  n.  [f.  L  cox  (substantia- 
te as  substance,  see  -AL)] 

consubsta'ntiate,  v.t.  &  i.  Unite  in  one 
substance,      [f.  L  C0N(substantiare  as  prec), 

-ate  3] 

consubstantia'tion,  n.    (Doctrine  of)  real 

substantial  presence  of  body  &  blood  of  Christ 

together  with  bread  &  wine  in  Eucharist  (cf. 

TRANSUBSTANTIATION).       [f.    16th-C    L  COUSub- 

stantiatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

co'nsuetude  (-swi-),  n.  Custom,  esp.  as 
having  legal  force  ;  social  intercourse.  [OF,  f. 
L  consuetudo  -inis  (cf.  custom)  f.  consuetus 
accustomed  p.p.  of  coxsuescere,  see  -tude] 

consuetudinary,  a.  &  n.  Customary,  as  c. 
law;  (n.)  manual  of  customs,  esp.  of  monastic 
house,  cathedral,  &c  [f.  L  consuetudinarius  (as 
prec,  see  -ary1)] 

consul,  n.  Title  of  two  annual  magistrates 
exercising  supreme  authority  in  Roman  repub- 
lic ;  title  of  three  chief  magistrates  of  French 
Republic  1799-1804  (First  G,  Napoleon) ;  State 
agent  residing  in  foreign  town  and  protecting 
subjects  there ;  local  representative  of  Cyclists' 


CONSULAR 


i78 


CONTENT 


Touring  Club.  Hence  eo'nsulsmp  n.  [L  (con- 
+  sal-  root  of  satire  leap)] 

co'nsular,  a.  &  n.  Of  a  consul ;  (Roman)  of  c. 
rank,  [f .  L  consularis  (as  prec. ,  see  -ar1)] 

co'nsulate  (-at),  n.  Office,  establishment,  of 
a  (modern)  consul ;  (period  of)  consular  govern- 
ment in  France ;  office  of  (Roman)  consul,  [f.  L 
consulatus  (as  prec,  see  -ate1)] 

eonsu'lt,  v.t.  &  i.  Take  counsel  (with  person, 
book,  or  abs. ) ;  seek  information  or  advice  from 
(person,  book) ;  c.  one's  pillow,  take  a  night  for 
reflection ;  take  into  consideration  (feelings, 
interests).  Hence  eonsu'ltABLE,  eonsu'ltA- 
tive,  aa,,  consultEE'n.  [f.  L  consultare  fre- 
quent, of  consulere  -suit-  (as  consul)] 

consultant,  n.  One  who  consults ;  con- 
sulting-physician,   [as  prec,  see  -ant] 

consultation,  n.  Act  of  consulting;  de- 
liberation ;  conference,  [f.  L  consultatio  (as 
prec,  see  -ation)] 

consu'me,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  away  with ;  use 
up ;  eat,  drink,  up ;  spend,  waste,  (time,  trouble, 
&c) ;  (p.p.)  eaten  up  (with  envy) ;  (intr.)  waste 
away.    [r.  L  coN(sumere  sumpt-  take  up)] 

consu'medly, adv.  Excessively,  [prec, -ly2] 

consu'mer,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  (Pol.  Econ.) 
user  of  an  article,  opp.  to  producer,    [-er1] 

consummate1  (-at),  a.  Complete,  perfect, 
as  c.  general,  skill,  ass.  Hence  consu'm- 
mateL y  2  adv.  [f.  L  coN(summare  complete  f. 
swnmus  utmost),  see  -ate  2] 

consummate 2,  v. t.  Accomplish,  complete, 
esp.  marriage  (by  sexual  intercourse).  Hence 
co'nsummativE  a.,  co'nsummatoR2  n. 
[as  prec,  see  -ate3] 

consummation,  n.  Completion  (esp.  of 
marriage,  see  prec) ;  desired  end,  goal ;  perfec- 
tion ;  perfected  thing,  [f.  OF  consommation  f. 
L  co nsummationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

consumption,  n.  Using  up ;  destruction  ; 
waste ;  amount  consumed ;  wasting  disease, 
esp.  pulmonary  c,  phthisis,  [f.  L  consumptio 
(as  consume,  see  -ion)] 

consumptive,  a.  &  n.  Tending  to  consume ; 
tending  to,  affected  with,  consumption,  whence 
consu'mptiveLY2  adv.,  eonsu'mptive- 
ness  n. ;  (n.)  c  patient,  [as  consume,  see  -ive] 

con  tabescence,  n.  (bot.).  Suppression  of 
pollen  formation  in  anthers  of  flowers.  So 
eontabe'scENT  a.  [f.  L  coa(tabescere  waste 
away  f.  tabes  consumption),  see  -ence] 

co'ntaet,  n.  State,  condition,  of  touching, 
as  be  in  c.  with ;  (fig.)  come  into  c.  with,  come 
across,  meet;  make,  break,  c,  complete,  inter- 
rupt, electric  circuit  (so  c.-maker,  -breaker) ; 
(Math.)  touching  of  straight  line  &  curve,  two 
curves,  or  two  surfaces,  [f.  L  contactus  -us  vbl 
n.  f.  cox(tingere  tact-  =  tangere  touch)] 

contadi'no  (-de-),  n.  (fem.  -na ;  pi.  -ni  pr.  -ne, 
fern,  -ne  pr.  -na).    Italian  peasant.    [It.] 

conta'g-ion,  n.  Communication  of  disease 
from  body  to  body ;  contagious  disease ;  moral 
corruption;  contagious  influence  (fig.).  [F,  f. 
L  cos(tagionem  f.  tangere  touch,  -ion)] 

con  ta'gionist,  n.  One  who  thinks  a  disease 
(plague,  cholera,  &c)  contagious,    [-ist] 

conta'gious  (-jws),  a.  Communicating  dis- 
ease by  contact  (lit.  &  flg.);  (of  diseases)  so  com- 
municable; (fig.)  catching,  infectious.  Hence 
conta'giousLY 2  adv.,  conta'giousNESS  n. 
If.  OF  contagieus  f.  LL  contagiosus  (as  conta- 
gion, see  -ou8)] 

eontal'n,  v.t.  Have,  hold,  as  contents  ;  com- 
prise, include  ;  (of  a  measure)  be  equal  to,  as  a 
pound  contains  16  ounces;  (pass.)  be  included 
(within  a  space,  between  limits) ;  (Geom.)  en- 


close, form  boundary  of ;  (of  numbers)  be  divi- 
sible by  (number)  without  remainder ;  restrain, 
as  could  not  c.  himself  for  joy,  c.  your  anger. 
Hence  eontai'nABLE  a.  [f.  OF  contenir  i.  L 
cou(tinere  tent-  =  tenere  hold)] 

eonta'minate,v.t.  Pollute,  infect.  Soeon- 
taminATiONn.  [f.  Ltcontaminare  I.  coa(tamen 
t.  tag-  root  of  tangere  touch),  see  -ate3] 

eonta'ngo,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  Percentage  paid  by 
buyer  of  stock  for  postponement  of  transfer  (cf. 
backwardation)  ;  c.  (also  continuation)-day, 
second  day  before  settling-day.  [perh.  =  Sp.  con- 
tengo  I  check,  stop,  f.  contenert  Las  contain] 

conte'mn  (-em),  v.t.  Despise,  treat  with  dis- 
regard. Hence  eonte'mnER 1  (-mn-)  n.  [f.  OF 
contemner  f.  L  coa(temnere  tempt-)] 

eo*n  tern  plate,  v.t.  &  i.  Gaze  upon ;  view 
mentally;  expect;  intend, purpose;  (intr.) medi- 
tate. So  con  tempi  a  tion,  eo'ntemplatoR2, 
nn.  [f .  L  coixtfemplari  f .  templum  temple,  open 
space  for  observation),  see  -ate  3] 

contemplative,  a.  Meditative,  thought- 
ful ;  (of  life  in  middle  ages)  given  up  to  religious 
contemplation,  opp.  to  active.  Hence  eo'ntem- 
plativeLY2  adv.,  co'ntemplativeNESS  n. 
[OF  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  contemplativus  (prec,  -ive)] 

contemporaneous,  a.  Existing,  occur- 
ring, at  the  same  time  (with) ;  covering  the  same 
time  ;  of  the  same  period.  Hence  eontem- 
poi»anelTY,eontempopa'neousNESs,nn., 
contempora'neousLY  2  adv.  [f .  L  coN(£era- 
poraneus  f.  tempus  -oris  time,  see  -aneous)] 

conte'mporary,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  belong- 
ing to  the  same  time ;  (person)  equal  in  age ; 
(newspaper)  published  during  same  period. 
[con- +  temporary  ;  in  18th  c.  cotemporary 
was  preferred] 

contemporize,  v.t.  Make  contemporary, 
cause  to  agree  in  time.    [f.  st.  of  prec  +  -ize] 

contempt,  n.  Act,  mental  attitude,  of  de- 
spising ;  condition  of  being  despised ;  have,  hold, 
in  c,  bring,  fall,  into  c. ;  (Law)  disobedience  to 
sovereign^  lawful  commands  or  to  authority  of 
Houses  of  Parliament  or  other  legislative  body, 
esp.  c.  of  court,  disobedience  to,  interference 
with  administration  of  justice  by,  courts  of  law. 
[f.  L  contemptus  -us  (as  contemn)] 

contemptible,  a.  Deserving  contempt, 
despicable.  Hence  eontemptlBi'LiTY,  con- 
te'mptibleNESS,  nn.,  eonte*mptibLY2adv. 
[f.  L  contemptibilis  (as  contemn,  see  -ble)] 

contemptuous,  a.  Showing  contempt  (of) ; 
scornful ;  insolent.  Hence  contemptuous- 
ly2  adv.,  eontemptuousNESS  n.  [as  con- 
tempt +  -ous] 

contend,  v.i.  &  t.  Strive,  fight,  (with  per- 
son/or thing) ;  struggle  with  (feelings,  natural 
forces) ;  compete,  be  in  rivalry,  as  contending 

fmssions ;  argue  (with) ;  (trans. )  maintain  (that). 
f.  L  contendere  tent-  stretch,  strive)] 

eonte'nt1,  n.  (PI.)  cc.  of,  what  is  contained 
in  (vessel  &c,  book,  document) ;  (table  of)  cc, 
summary  of  subject-matter  of  book ;  (also  ko'n- 
tent)  capacity  (of  vessel),  volume  (of  solid),  [f. 
L  as  contain] 

content2,  n.  Contented  state,  satisfaction, 
esp.  to  one's  heart's  c.    [f.  content  v.  or  a.l 

eonte'nt 3,  a.  &  n.  Satisfied ;  willing  (to  do) ; 
well  c,  well  pleased  ;  (House  of  Lords)  c,  note, 
(  =  ay,  no,  in  House  of  Commons) ;  (n.  pi.)  those 
who  vote  * c'  [F  (as  content  l) ;  orig.  =  bounded 
(in  desires  by  what  one  has)] 

eonte'nt4,  v.t.  Satisfy ;  c.  oneself,  be  satis- 
fied [with  thing,  with  doing).  Hence  eon- 
ten  tedLY2  adv.,  conte'ntedNESS,  con- 
ten  tMENT,  nn.    [f.  F  contenter  (as  prec.)] 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


CONTENTION 


179 


CONTRA 


CT\ 


contention,  n.  Strife,  dispute,  controversy ; 
emulation  ;  point  contended  for  in  argument. 
[F,  f.  L  contentioncm  (as  contend,  see  -ion)] 

contentious,  a.  Quarrelsome  ;  involving 
contention.  Hence  conte'ntiousLY 2  adv., 
conte'ntiousNESS  n.  [f.  F  contentieux  f.  L 
contentiosus  (as  prec,  see  -ious)] 

eontep'minal,  a.  Having  a  common  bound- 
ary,   [f.  med.  L  conterminalis  (as  foil.,  see  -al)] 

contep'minous,  a.  Having  a  common 
boundary  {with,  to) ;  (of  two  things)  meeting  at 
their  ends  ;  coextensive  (in  space,  time,  mean- 
ing). Hence  conter'minoust.Y  2  adv.  [f.  L 
con(terminus  boundary)  +  -ous] 

co'ntest  *,  n.  Debate,  controversy ;  strife  ; 
(friendly)  competition,    [f.  foil.] 

contest2,  v.t.  &  i.  Debate,  dispute,  (point, 
statement,  Sec);  strive  in  argument  {with, 
against) ;  strive  for ;  dispute  with  arms  (field, 
victory,  issue,  battle).  Hence  contest  a  h  1.1.  a. 
[f.  F  contester  call  to  witness,  argue,  gainsay, 
f.  L  contestari  (litem)  bring  witnesses  to  an 
action,  bring  an  action  (testis  witness)] 

contestant,  n.  One  who  contests.  IF  (-ant)] 

contestation,  n.  Disputation  ;  assertion 
contended  for ;  in  c,  in  dispute,  [f.  L  contesta- 
tio  (as  contest  2,  see  -ation)] 

eo'ntext,  n.  Parts  that  precede  or  follow 
a  passage  &  fix  its  meaning  ;  in  this  c.  (connex- 
ion). So  eontextuAi,  a.,eonte*xtualLY2adv. 
[f.  L  contextus  -us  f.  con(texere  text-  weave)] 

contexture,  n.  Act,  mode,  of  weaving  to- 
gether ;  structure ;  fabric ;  made  of  literary 
composition.    [F  (as  prec,  see  -ure)] 

eontigxi'ity,  n.  Contact ;  proximity  ;  (Psy- 
chol.) proximity  of  ideas  or  impressions  in  place 
or  time,  as  principle  of  association,  [f.  L  con- 
tiguitas  (as  foil.,  see  -ty)] 

contiguous,  a.  Touching,  adjoining,  (to) ; 
next  in  order  (to) ;  neighbouring.  Hence  eon- 
ti'guousLY2  adv.  [f.  L  contiguus  f.  cox(tin- 
gere=tangere  touch)  +  -ous] 

co'ntinent  K  a.  Temperate ;  chaste.  Hence 
or  cogn.  co'ntinENCE  n.,  co'ntinentLY  2adv. 
[OF,  f.  L  as  contain,  see  -ent] 

co'ntinent2,  n.  Continuous  land,  mainland ; 
the  C,  mainland  of  Europe;  one  of  the  main 
continuous  bodies  of  land  (Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
N.  &  S.  America,  Australia),    [as  prec] 

continental,  a.  &  n.  Of  a  continent;  be- 
longing to,  characteristic  of,  the  Continent, 
whence  contine'ntaliSM,  eontine'ntaliST, 
nn.,  contine'ntaliZE  v.t,  eontinentalr.v 2 
adv.;  (n.)  inhabitant  of  the  Continent,    [-al] 

contingency,  n.  Uncertainty  of  occur- 
rence ;  chance  occurrence ;  thing  that  may  hap- 
pen hereafter ;  thing  dependent  on  an  uncertain 
event ;  thing  incident  to  another,  incidental  ex- 
pense &c    \t.  L  as  foil.,  see  -ency] 

contingent,  a.  &  n.  Of  uncertain  occur- 
rence ;  accidental ;  incidental  to ;  true  only  un- 
der existing  conditions ;  non-essential ;  condi- 
tional;  (n.)  force  contributed  to  form  part  of 
army  or  navy  (or  fig.).  Hence  eonti'ng-ent- 
ly 2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  con  (tingere=tangere  touch), 
see  -ent] 

continual,  a.  Always  going  on ;  very  fre- 
quent. Hence  eontinualLY2  adv.  [f.  OF 
continuel  f .  L  as  continuous,  see  -al] 

continuance,  n.  Going  on,  duration ;  of 
long  c,  lasting  long ;  remaining,  stay,  (in  place, 
condition,  &c).    [OF  (continue,  -ance)] 

continuant,  a.  &  n.  (Consonant)  of  which 
the  sound  can  be  prolonged  (as  /  v  s  r),  opp.  of 
stop  or  check,    [f.  L  as  continue,  see  -ant] 

continuation,  n.  Carrying  on,  resumption, 
(of  an  action,  course,  story,  book,  &c) ;  (Stock 
Exch.)  carrying  over  an  account  to  next  c.  (or 


contango)  -day ;  that  by  which  a  thing  is  con- 
tinued, additional  parts;  gaiters  continuous 
with  knee-breeches ;  (slang)  trousers.  [F,  f.  L 
continuatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

eontinuative,  a.  Tending,  serving,  to  con- 
tinue,   [f.  L  continuativus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

continuatop,  n.  One  who  writes  continua- 
tion to  another's  work.    [f.  L  as  foil.,  -or2] 

continue,  v.t.  Sc  i.  Maintain,  keep  up,  (ac- 
tion &c) ;  retain  (person  m office  &c) ;  take  up, 
resume,  (narrative  &c  or  abs.) ;  (Law)  adjourn ; 
remain  in  existence ;  stay  (in,  at,  place,  in  a 
state) ;  if  you  c.  (are  still)  obstinate ;  not  cease 
(doing,  to  do).  Hence  eontinuABLE  a.  [f.  F 
continuer  f.  L  continuare  as  continuous] 

continuity,  n.  State  of  being  continuous ; 
law  of  c.  (that  all  changes  in  nature  are  continu- 
ous, not  abrupt),  [f.  F  continuity  f.  L  continui- 
tatem  (as  foil.,  see  -ty)] 

continuous,  a.  (Of  material  things)  con- 
nected, unbroken;  uninterrupted  in  time  or 
sequence ;  c.  brake  of  train,  c  series  of  carriage 
brakes  controlled  from  one  point;  (Arch.)  c. 
style  (with  mullions  of  window  continued  in 
tracery).  Hence  continuously  2 adv.,  eon- 
ti'nuouSNESS  n.  [f.  L  continuus  f .  cox(tinere 
=tenere  hold)  +  -ous] 

eont-line,n.  Spiral  interval  between  strands 
of  rope ;  space  between  casks  stowed  side  by 
side.    [?] 

eontorniate,  a.  &  n.  (Medal)  with  deep 
furrow  round  disk  within  edge.  [f.  It.  contorno 
contour  f.  contornare  compass  about  f.  con-  -t- 
L  tornare  turn  in  lathe  (tornus)] 

contort,  v.t.  Twist,  distort,  [f.  L  cox(tor- 
quere  tort-)] 

contortion,  n.  Twisting  ;  twisted  state 
(esp.  of  face  or  body),  [f.  L  contortio  (prec.  -ion)] 

contortionist,  n.  Artist  whose  work,  gym- 
nast whose  body,  exhibits  contortions,    [-ist] 

co'ntoup  (-oor),  n.,  &  v.t.  Outline;  line 
separating  differently  coloured  parts  of  design  ; 
artistic  quality  of  outline ;  outline  of  coast, 
mountain  mass,  &c  ;  c.  line,  one  representing 
horizontal  c.  of  earth's  surface  at  given  eleva- 
tion, as  in  a  c.  map ;  (v.t.)  mark  with  c.  lines, 
carry  (road)  round  c.  of  hill,  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f. 
coa(tourner  turn)] 

contra  (-a),  prep.  &  n.  Pro  &  contra  (usu. 
con)  for  &  against ;  pros  &  cons,  arguments  for 
&  against ;  (Bookkeeping)  opposl ^e  side  of  ac- 
count, esp.  credit  side.    [L,  as  foil.] 

contra-,  pref.  Against ;  in  Ital.  mus.  terms, 
of  parts  marked  on  the  stave  alongside  of,  oppo- 
site to,  bass,  alto,  &c  (contrabasso  Sec).    [L] 

contraband,  n.  &  a.  Prohibited  traffic, 
smuggling  ;  smuggled  goods  ;  c.  of  war,  any- 
thing forbidden  to  be  supplied  by  neutrals  to 
belligerents ;  (adj.)  forbidden  to  be  imported  or 
exported,  as  c.  goods,  concerned  with  these,  as 
c.  trade(r).  [f.  Sp.  contrabanda  f.  It.  CONTRA- 
(bando  proclamation  f.  LL  bandum  ban)] 

contrabandist,  n.  Smuggler,  [f.  Sp.  con- 
trabandista  (as  prec,  see  -ist)] 

contrabass,  n.    =  double  j  -  bass.    [I.    It. 

CONTRA(&aSSO  BASS)] 

contract  K  n.  Agreement  between  parties. 
States,  &c  ;  business  agreement  for  supply  of 
goods  or  performance  of  work  at  fixed  price ; 
agreement  enforceable  by  law  (nude  c);  accept- 
ed promise  to  do  or  forbear ;  formal  agreement 
for  marriage  ;  conveyance  of  property.  [OF,  f. 
L  contractus  -us  (as  foil.)] 

eontra'et2,  v.t.  &  i.  Enter  into  business  or 
legal  engagement  (to  do,  for  doing,  for  piece 
of  work,  or  abs.) ;  c.  oneself  out  of,  free  oneself 
by  contract  from ;  c.  (enter  into)  marriage ; 
form  (friendship,  habit) ;   incur  (debt) ;  draw 


CONTRACTILE 


180 


CONTROVERT 


together  (muscles,  brow,  &c.) ;  make  smaller, 
whence  eontpaetiBiLii  v  n.,  contPa'ctiBLE 
a. ;  restrict,  confine,(lit.  &  fig.) ;  (Gram.)  shorten 
(word)  by  combination  or  elision ;  shrink,  be- 
come smaller;  (p.p.)  narrow,  mean,  (of  ideas 
&c).    [f.  L  coa(trahere  tract-  draw)] 
contpa'ctile  (-11,  -0),  a.    Capable  of  or  pro- 
ducing contraction,  as  c.  muscles,  metal,  force. 
So  contPacti'liTY  n.   [F  (as  prec,  see  -ile)] 
contraction,  n.     Shrinking,  contracting  ; 
restriction,  confinement;   shortening  of  word 
by  combination  or  elision;  contracted  word; 
contracting  (of  debt,  disease,  habit).    (F,  f.  L 
contractio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
contpa'etive,  a.  Serving  to  contract,    [-ive] 
contpa'ctop,  n.     Undertaker  of  contract ; 
contracting  muscle.    [L  (as  contract  2,  -or  2)] 
contpa'ctual,  a.    Of  (the  nature  of)  a  con- 
tract    [as  CONTRACT 1  +  -AL] 
eontpadi'et,  v.t     Deny  (statement) ;  deny 
the  words  of  (person) ;  be  contrary  to,  as  these 
rumours  c.  each  other.    Hence  or  cogn.  con- 
tpadi'et able  a.,  contpadi'ctOR2  n.     [f.  L 
coNTRA(di'cere  diet-  say)] 

contradiction,   n.      Denial ;    opposition  ; 
statementcontradicting  another;  inconsistency; 
c.  in  terms,  plainly  self -contradictory  statement 
or  words,  as 4  almost  quite  ready  'isacin  terms. 
[F,  f.  L  contradictionem  (as  prec,  -ion)) 
contpadi'ctious,  a.  Inclined  to  contradict ; 
disputatious.      Hence   eontpadi'ctiousLv  - 
adv.,  contpadi'ctiousNESS  n.   [-ious)] 
contpadi'ctopy,  a.  &  n.     Making  denial; 
mutually  opposed  or  inconsistent;  contradic- 
tious; (n.)  contradictory  assertion.  Hence  con- 
tpadi'etoplLY 2  adv.,  contpadi'ctopiNEss 
n.    [f.  L  contradictorius  (as  prec,  see  -ory)] 
contradistinction,  n.  Distinction  by  con- 
trast   [contra-] 
eontradisti'ng-uish,     v.t.        Distinguish 
(things,  one  from  another)  by  contrast    [con- 
tra-] 

contpa'lto,  n.  &  a.  (Part,  singer,  voice)  next 
above  alto.  [It  (contra-  +  alto)] 
contraposition,  n.  Opposition,  contrast; 
(Logic)  a  mode  of  conversion  (if  all  AisB,  then 
by  c.  all  not-B  is  not- A,  or  no  not-B  is  A).  So 
eontpapo'sitiVE  a.  [f.  L  contrapositio  (as 
folL,  see  -ion)] 

contpapu'ntal,  a.  Of,  according  to  rules  of, 
counterpoint  [f.  It  contra(p)punto  counter- 
point +  -al] 

eontrapirntist,  n.  One  skilled  in  counter- 
point [t_It  contra(p)puntista  (as  prec,  -ist)] 
contpap'iant,  a.  Opposed  (to).  [F,  f.  med. 
L  contrariare  (as  contrary),  see  -ant] 
eontraprety  (-tra-),  n.  Opposition  in  nature, 
quality,  or  action ;  disagreement,  inconsistency, 
[f.  OF  contrariety,  t  LL  contrarietatem  (as  con- 
trary, see  -ty)] 

contrar'ious,  a.  (archaic).  Opposed  ;  per- 
verse ;  (of  things)  adverse,  [f.  OF  contrarios  f. 
med.  L  contrariosus  (as  prec,  see  -ous)] 
co'ntpapiwise  (also  kontrai"-),  adv.  On  the 
other  hand  ;  in  the  opposite  way  ;  perversely, 
[foil. -f -wise] 

co'ntpapy  (see  below),  a.,  n.,  adv.  Opposed 
in  nature  or  tendency  (to) ;  the  opposite  (of  two 
things) ;  (pop.,  pron.  kontrar'i)  perverse,  self- 
willed,  whence  eontpap'iNESS  n. ;  opposite 
in  position  or  direction  ;  (n.)  the  opposite  ;  on 
the  c.  (corroborating  a  denial  expressed  or  un- 
derstood, as  Have  you  nearly  done  ?—On  the 
c,  I  have  only  just  begun) ;  interpret  by  cc., 
understand  Yes  for  No  &c ;  (adv. )  in  opposition 
to,  as  act  c.  to  nature.    Hence  eo'ntpapiLY2 


adv.  [f.  OF  contrarie  i.  L  contrarius  (contra, 
see  -ary1)! 

contpa*st  \  v.t.  &  i.  Set  (two  things,  one  with 
another)  in  opposition,  so  as  to  show  their 
differences ;  (intr.)  show  striking  difference  on 
comparison  (with),  [f.  OF  contr aster  (=It.  con- 
trastare)  f.  L  coNTRA(s£are  stand)] 

co'ntpast2,  n.  Juxtaposition  (esp.  of  forms, 
colours,  &c)  showing  striking  differences  (be- 
tween) ;  thing  showing  such  a  difference  (to). 
[f.  F  contraste  f.  It  contrasto  (see  prec)] 

co'ntpate,  a.  C.  wheel,  one  with  teeth  at 
right  angles  to  its  plane,    [contra-  +  -ate  2] 

con  tra  valla'tion,  n.  Chain  of  redoubts  and 
breastworks  placed  by  besiegers  between  their 
camp  and  the  town.  [f.  F  contrevallation  (con- 
tra-, See  CIRCUMVALLATION)] 

contravene,  v.t.  Infringe  (law) ;  dispute 
(statement) ;  (of  things)  conflict  with.  [f.  F  con- 
trevenir  f.  L  conTRA(venire  vent-  come)] 

contravention,  n.  Infringement.  [F  (as 
prec,  see  -ion)] 

contretemps  (ko-ntretong,  or  as  F),  n.  Un- 
lucky accident ;  hitch. 

eontprbute,  v.t.  &  L  Pay,  furnish,  (to  com- 
mon fund  &c) ;  (intr.)  c.  to,  help  to  bring  about, 
[f.  L  con(tribuere  -ut-  bestow)] 

contribution,  n.  Act  of  contributing; 
thing,  help,  literary  article,  contributed ;  im- 

J)Osition  levied  for  support  of  army  in  the  field ; 
ay  under  c,  exact  cc.  from.    [F,  f.  L  contri- 
butionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
contprbutop,  n.    One  who  contributes  (esp. 
literary  articles).     Hence  eontpi'butoRY  a. 
[f.  AF  contributour  (as  contribute,  see  -or2)] 
eo*n  trite,  a.  Broken  in  spirit  by  sense  of  sin, 
completely  penitent ;  (of  actions)  showing  a  c 
spirit  Hence  co'ntpiteLY  2  adv.  [f .  F  contrit 
f.  L  c<m(terere  trit-  rub)  bruise] 
contpi'tion,  n.     Being  contrite,  penitence, 
[f.  OF  contriciun  f.  L  contritionem  (prec,  -ion)] 
contpi'vance,  n.  Act  of  contriving ;  deceit- 
ful practice ;  invention  ;  mechanical  device  ; 
inventive  capacity.    [-anceJ 
eontPi*ve,  v.t.     Invent,  devise ;    bring  to 
pass,  manage  (thing,  to  do ;  also  of  undesired 
event,  as  c.  to  make  matters  worse) ;   (abs.) 
manage  household  affairs  (well  &c),  whence 
eontpi'VER !  n.    Hence  contpi'VABLE  a.     [f. 
OF  con(£ rover  find  f .  L  turbare  disturb,  stir  up)] 

contpd'l !,  n.  Power  of  directing,  command ; 
restraint ;  means  of  restraint,  check  ;  standard 
of  comparison  for  checking  inferences  deduced 
from  experiment ;  controlling  person,  spirit, 
ghost  [perh.  f.  F  controle  for  contrerolle  copy 
of  a  rollf.  med.  L  coNTRA(rotulus  see  roll)  ; 
butprob.  f.  foil.] 

contPO'l2,  v.t  (-11-).  Dominate,  command; 
hold  in  check  (oneself,  one's  anger) ;  check, 
verify.  Hence  eontPO'UABLE  a.,  contpo'l- 
ment  n.  [f.  F  controler  OF  contreroller  keep 
copy  of  roll  of  accounts  (as  prec)] 

contpo'llep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  one  who 
checks  expenditure,  steward,  esp.  of  royal 
household,  Mint,  Navy,  &c  (often  spelt  compt). 
Hence  eontpo'llepsmp  n.  [f.  OF  contre-rol- 
leor  (as  prec,  see  -or2)  ;  spelling  compt-  by 
confus.  w.  obs.  compte  count] 

contpovep'sial,  a.  Of,  open  to,  given  to, 
controversy.  Hence  contPovep'sialiSM, 
eon  trover'sial  J  si.  Tin.. controversially  v~ 
adv.    [f.  L  controversial  (as  foil.,  -al)] 

eoTitPOvepsy,  n.  Disputation;  without, 
beyond,  c,  unquestionably,  [f.  L  controversia 
(as  foil.,  see  -y')] 

co'ntpovept  (also  -vert),  v.t  Dispute  about, 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co- 


CONTUMACIOUS 


181 


CON.VIC 


^ 


discuss ;  dispute,  deny.  Hence  eontrovert- 
ist  n.  [f.  L  controversus  turned  against,  op- 
posed (contro-  against  +  p.p.  of  vertere  turn) 
whence  *controvertere  was  assumed] 

contumacious,  a.  Insubordinate,  dis- 
obedient, esp.  to  order  of  court.  Hence  or 
cogn.  contuma'ciousLY 2 adv.,  contuma*- 
eiousNESs,eo*ntumACY,nn.  [f.  Lcon(tumax 
-acts  perh.  f.  tumere  swell  or  temnere  despise), 
see  -acious] 

contumelious,  a.  Opprobrious ;  insolent. 
Hence  con tume'lious l y  2  adv.  [f.  OF  contu- 
melious f.  L  contumeliosus  (as  foil.,  see  -ous)] 

contumely  (-mi-),  n.  Insolent,  reproachful, 
language  or  treatment ;  disgrace,  [f.  OF  contu- 
melie  f.  L  contumelia  (cf.  contumacious)] 

contu'se  (-z),  v.t.  Injure  by  blow  without 
breaking  skin,  bruise.  So  contu*siON  n.  [f.  L 
cois{tundere  tus-  thump)] 

conu'ndpum,  n.  Riddle;  hard  question.  [?] 

convale'sce  (es),  v.i.  Regain  health,  [f.  L 
cos(valescere  incept,  of  valere  be  well)] 

convalescent,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  recovering 
from  sickness ;  c.  hospital  (force).  So  eonva- 
le'scENCE  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ent] 

convention,  n.  Transportation  of  heat  or 
electricity,  by  movement  of  heated  or  electrified 
substance,  ff.  L  convectio  f.  cox(vehere  vect- 
carry),  see  -ion] 

convenance  (F),  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Conventional 
propriety. 

convene,  v.t.  &  i.  Assemble  (t.  &  i.) ;  con- 
voke (assembly) ;  summon  (person  be/ore  tribu- 
nal). Hence  conve'nABLE  a.  [f.  F  convenir  f . 
LcoN(t>em're  vent-  come)  assemble,  agree,  fit] 

convenience,  n.  Suitableness,  commodi- 
ousness ;  material  advantage,  as  marriage  of 
c. ;  personal  comfort,  as  at  your  c,  in  a  way,  at 
a  time,  convenient  to  you;  advantage,  as  a 
great  c. ;  useful  appliance ;  water-closet ;  (ar- 
chaic) vehicle ;  (pi.)  material  comforts,  [f.  L 
convenientia  (as  prec,  see  -ence)] 

convenient,  a.  Suitable,  commodious ;  not 
troublesome,  as  if  it  is  c  to  you.  Hence  con- 
venient^' 2  adv.    [as  convene,  see  -ent] 

co*nvent,n.  Religious  community  (usu.  wo- 
men, cf.  monastery) living  together;  building 
occupied  by  this.  [f.  AF  covent  (cf.  Covent  Gar- 
den) f.  OF  convent  f.  L  conventus  -us  (as  prec.)] 

conventicle,  n.  (hist.).  Clandestine  religious 
meeting,  esp.  of  Nonconformists  or  Dissenters ; 
building  used  for  this.  [f.  L  conventiculum 
(place  of)  assembly,  dim.  as  prec] 

convention,  n.  Act  of  convening;  formal 
assembly,  esp.  (Eng.  Hist.)  of  Parliament  with- 
out summons  of  King,  1660  &  1688 ;  agreement 
between  parties ;  general  (often  tacit)  consent ; 
practice  based  on  this.  [F,  f.  L  conventionem  (as 
convene,  see  -ion)] 

conventional,  a.  Depending  on  conven- 
tion, not  natural,  not  spontaneous ;  (Art)  follow- 
ing traditions.  Hence  conve'ntionaliSM, 
eonventionaliST,  conventiona'lrrv,  nn., 
conve'ntionalizE  v.t.,  conve'ntionalLY 2 
adv.    [f.  L  conventionalis  (as  prec,  -al)] 

conve*ntionai*y,a.  &  n.  (Tenant,  tenure)  on 
terms  orig.  fixed  by  convention,  not  by  custom, 
[f.  med.  L  conventionarius  (as  prec,  -ary1)] 

conventual,  a.  &  n.  (Member,  inmate)  of  a 
convent ;  (member)  of  the  less  strict  branch  of 
Franciscans,  living  in  large  convents,  [f.  med. 
L  conventvalis  (as  convent,  see  -al)] 

converge,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  lines)  tend  to  meet  in 
a  point  (also  fig.) ;  (Math.,  of  series)  approximate 
in  some  of  its  terms  towards  a  definite  limit ; 
(trans.)  cause  to  c    So  conver*gENCE,  -ency, 

nn.,convep*j:ENTa.  ff.  LLcon  {vergere  verge)] 

con ver'sable,  a.    Easy,  pleasant,  in  conver- 


sation ;  fit  for  social  intercourse.  Hence  con- 
vep'sableNESS  n.,  eonver*sabi>v  2  adv.  [F, 
f.  med.  hconversabilis  (as  foil.,  see  -ble)] 

conversance,  -ey,  n.  Familiarity,  ac- 
quaintance, (with),    [as  foil.,  see  -ance] 

conversant,  a.  Having  frequent  inter- 
course, well  acquainted,  (with  person,  subject, 
&c) ;  (of  things)  concerned  (in,  about,with).  [f. 
L  conversari  converse  l,  see  -ant] 

conversation,  n.  Talk,  whence  conver- 
sa'tioniSTn. ;  c.  (piece),  kind  of  genre  painting 
of  group  of  figures  ;  sexual  intercourse,  as  crimi- 
nal c.  (crim.  con.,  cf.  connexion).  [OF,  f.  L  con- 
versationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

conversational,  a.  Fond  of,  good  at.  per- 
taining to,  conversation.  Hence  conversa*- 
tionaliST  n.,  conversationally 2  adv.  [-al] 

conversazione  (-ats-),  n.  (pi.  -nes,  -ni  pron. 
-ne).  Soiree  given  by  learned  or  art  society.  [It. , 
f.  L  as  conversation] 

eonveirse1,  v.i.  Talk  (with  person,  on,  about, 
subject),  [f.  F  converser  f.  L  conversari  keep 
company  (with),  frequent,  as  convert  j] 

converse  2,  n.  (archaic).  Discourse  ;  inter- 
course,   [f.  prec] 

converse3,  a.  &  n.  Opposite,  contrary; 
(Logic)  converted  proposition ;  form  of  words 
produced  by  transposition  of  some  terms  of 
another  (he  had  learning  without  wealth  is  the 
c  of  he  had  wealth  without  learning) ;  (Math. ) 
this  proposition  is  the  c.  of  the  former  (assumes 
its  conclusion  &  proves  its  datum).  Hence 
eonver'seLY  2  adv.    [as  convert  l] 

conversion,  n.  Transposition,  inversion, 
esp.  (Logic)  of  subject  &  predicate  (if  no  A  isB, 
then  by  c.  no  B  is  A);  bringing  over  (to  an 
opinion,  party,  faith,  &c) ;  turning  of  sinners  to 
God ;  changing  (to,  into) ;  change  (of  debentures, 
stocks,  &c)  into  others  of  different  character. 
[F,  f.  L  conversionem  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 

convert  K  v.t.  Change  (into) ;  cause  to  turn 
(to  opinion,  faith,  &c),  cf.  pervert;  turn  to 
godliness ;  (Stocks  &c)  see  prec. ;  (Logic)  see 
prec.     [f.  L  coti(vertere  vers-  turn)  turn  about] 

convert2,  n.  Person  converted,  esp.  to  re- 
ligious faith  or  life.    [f.  prec] 

convertible,  a.  That  may  be  converted ; 
c.  terms,  synonymous ;  (of  paper-money)  ex- 
changeable for  specie ;  c.  husbandry,  rotation 
of  crops.  Hence  eonvertiBiHTY  n.,  con- 
veirtibLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  LL  convertibilis  (as 
prec,  see  -ble)] 

convex,  a.  Curved  like  the  outside  of  circle 
or  sphere  (cf.  concave).  Hence  or  cogn.  con- 
ve'xiTY  n.,  eonvexLY2  adv.  [f.  L  convexus 
prob.  =  convectus  p.p.  of  con(vehere  bring)] 

convexo-  in  comb.  Convex  and—,  as  c.-con- 
cave.    [as  prec,  see  -o-] 

convey*  (-a),  v.t.  Transport,  carry;  transmit 
(sound,  smell,  &c) ;  impart,  communicate,  (idea, 
meaning) ;  (Law)  make  over  (property  to,  or 
abs.).  Hence  con vey* able  a.  [f.  OF  coNfeier, 
mod.  convoyer  (veie,  voie,  f.  L  via  way)] 

conveyance,  n.  Carrying ;  transmission  ; 
communication  (of  ideas  &c);  (document 
effecting)  transference  of  property;  carriage, 
vehicle,    [-ance] 

conveyancer,  n.  Lawyer  who  prepares 
documents  for  conveyance  of  property,    [-er  *] 

conveyancing,  n.    Work  of  prec    [-ing  l] 

convict1,  n.  Condemned  criminal  under- 
going penal  servitude.  Hence  convictiSM(3) 
n.    [r.  obs.  adj.  convict  (as  foil.)] 

eonvi'et2,  v.t.  Prove  guilty  (of  offence) ;  de- 
clare guilty  by  verdict  of  jury  or  decision  of 
judge;  impress  (person)  with  sense  of  error. 
Hence  convl'cti  ve  a.  [f.  L  con(vincere  vict- 
conquer)] 


CONVICTION 


182 


COOT 


eonvi'etion,  n.  Proving  or  finding  guilty  ; 
summary  c.  (by  judge  or  magistrates  without 
jury);  act  of  convincing;  settled  belief ;  (Theol.) 
awakened  consciousness  of  sin.  [f.  L  convictio 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)]  *,**.,. 

convince,  v.t.  Firmly  persuade  (of,  that ; 
esp.  pass.) ;  produce  in  (person)  a  moral  convic- 
tion (o/sin  &c).  Hence convi'nceMENT,  con- 
vi'neingfNESS,  nn.,  eonvi'neingLY2  adv. 
[as  CONVICT2]  ,     , 

eonvi'neible,  a.  Open  to  conviction,  [as 
prec,  see  -ible] 

eonvi'vial,  a.  Of,  befitting,  a  feast ;  festive, 
jovial.  Hence  convi'vialisr,  eonvivia'liTY, 
nn.,  eonvi'vialLV2  adv.  [f.  L  convivialis  f. 
convivium  feast  f.  conviva  fello w-f easter  f.  con- 
(vivere  live)] 

convocation,  n.    Calling  together ;  assem- 
bly ;  (Ch.  of  Eng.)  synod  of  clergy  of  province  of 
Canterbury  or  York;  legislative  assembly  of 
Oxford  or  Durham  Univ.    Hence  eonvoca*- 
tionAL  a.    [f.  L  convocatio  (as  foil.,  -ation)] 
convo'ke,  v.t.     Call  together,  summon  to 
assemble,  [f.  F  convoquer  f.  L  cox(vocare  call)] 
co*n volute,  a.  &  n.  (bot.,  conch.).   Rolled  to- 
gether, coiled  ;  (n.)  coil,    [as  convolve] 
convoluted,  a.  (zool.).    Coiled,  twisted,    [f. 
vb  convolute  (as  prec.)  otherwise  rare] 
convolution,  n.     Coiling,  twisting;   fold, 
twist,    [as  foil.,  see  -ion] 
convo'lve,  v.t.  &  i.    Roll  together,  roll  up, 
(esp.  in  p.p.).    [f.  L  cox(volvere  volut-  roll)] 
eonvo'lvulus,  n.  (pi.  -luses).  Genus  of  plants 
including  bindweed.  [L,  as  prec.  with  dim.  suf.] 
convoy*1,  v.t.    (Of  ship  of  war)  escort  (mer- 
chant or  passenger  vessel) ;  escort  with  armed 
force ;  (archaic)  conduct  (guests,  lady,  &c).    [f. 
F  as  convey] 

co'nvoy  2,  n.  Act  of  convoying ;  protection  ; 
escort  (for  honour  or  protection) ;  company, 
supply  of  provisions,  &c,  under  escort ;  number 
of  merchant  ships  under  escort  or  able  to  defend 
themselves,  [f.  F  convoi  (as  prec.)] 
convu'lse,  v.t.  Shake  violently  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
throw  into  convulsions  (usu.  pass.) ;  cause  to  be 
violently  seized  with  laughter  (usu.  pass.),  [f. 
L  coMvellere  mils-  pull)] 

convulsion,  n.  Violent  irregular  motion  of 
limb  or  body  due  to  involuntary  contraction  of 
muscles  (usu.  pi.) ;  (pi.)  violent  fit  of  laughter ; 
violent  social  or  political  agitation ;  violent 
physical  disturbance.  Hence  eonvu'lsion- 
ary  1  a.  [f.  L  convulsio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
convu'lsive,  a.  Attended  or  affected  with, 
producing,  convulsions  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence 
convu'lsiveLY  2  ad  v.  [convulse,  -ive] 
co'ny,  -ney,  n.  Rabbit  (now  used  only  in 
statutes  &c) ;  (bibl.)  small  pachyderm  of  Pales- 
tine, living  in  clefts  of  rocks;  (archaic)  c- 
catcher,  sharper,  [sing.  f.  pi.  conies  f.  OF  coniz 
pi.  of  conil  f.  L  cuniculus  rabbit,  etym.  dub. ; 
formerly  pron.  ku-] 

coo,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.    (Make)  soft  murmuring 
sound  of  or  as  of  doves  &  pigeons ;  bill  <£•  c, 
converse  amorously ;  say  cooingly.    [imit.] 
coo'ee,  eoo'ey,  n.    Sound  adopted  as  signal 
by  Australian  colonists  from  the  aborigines, 
cook ],  n.  One  whose  business  is  to  cook  food ; 
c-house,  outdoor  kitchen  in  warm  countries, 
(on  ship,  also  c.-room)  galley;  c.-shop,  eating- 
house.    [OE  coc  f.  L  coquus] 
cook2,  v.t.  &  i.    Prepare  (food  or  abs.)  by 
heat ;  (intr.)  undergo  cooking  ;  (also  c.  up)  con- 
coct (fig.) ;  (colloq.)  tamper  with  (accounts  &c) ; 
c.  his  goose,  do  for  him,  settle  his  hash,    [prec] 
cocker,  n.   Cooking-apparatus,  -stove  ;  ves- 


sel food  is  cooked  in  ;  fruit  &c  that  cooks  well ; 
one  who  cooks  (accounts  &c )  or  concocts,  [-er1] 

coo'keny,  n.  Art,  practice,  of  cooking ;  c- 
book  (dealing  with  c).    [-ery] 

cdb'kie,  n.  (Sc.)  plain  bun  ;  (U.S.)  small  flat 
cake.    [prob.  f.  Du.  koekje  dim.  of  koek  cake] 

eqo*ky,n.  (colloq.).  (Usu.  female)  cook.  [-Y3] 

cool1,  a.  &  n.  Moderately  cold;  (Hunt.)  c. 
scent  (faint,  weak) ;  unexcited,  calm ;  lacking 
zeal,  lukewarm ;  wanting  cordiality ;  calmly 
audacious,  as  ac.  hand  (person) ;  (complacently 
or  emphat.  of  large  sums  of  money)  it  cost  me  a 
c.  thousand;  (n.)  c  air,  c  place,  coolness;  c- 
headed,  not  easily  excited ;  c.  tankard,  cooling 
drink  of  wine,  water,  lemon-juice,  &c  Hence 
coo'Iish x  a.,  coo'Ily 2 (-1-11)  adv.,  coo'Iness  n. 
[OE  col  f.  OTeut.  koluz  (kal-  =  L  gel-  cold)] 

cool2,  v.i.  &  t.  Become  cool  (lit.  &  fig. ;  also 
c.  down)  •  make  cool  (lit.  &fig.) ;  e.  one's  coppers  ; 
c.  one's  heels,  be  kept  waiting.  [OE  cdlian  f. 
OTeut.  kolojan  (as  prec)] 

coo'lep,  n.  Vessel  in  which  a  thing  is  cooled, 
as  wine,  butter,  -c.    [-ER1] 

coo'lie,  -ly,  n.  Indian  or  Chinese  hired  la. 
bourer.    Hence  coo*lieiSM(3)  n.    [f.  Hind,  auli] 

coomb,  combe,  (koom),  n.  Valley  on  flank 
of  hill ;  short  valley  running  up  from  coast.  [OE 
cumb,  etym.  dub.] 

coon,  n.  (U.S.).  =  racoon  ;  sly  fellow ;  gone 
c,  one  whose  case  is  hopeless,    [abbr.] 

coop1,  n.  Basket  placed  over  sitting  or 
fattening  fowls ;  basket  used  in  catching  fish. 
[=ME  cupe  basket ;  cf.  G  ku/e  cask] 

coop2,  v.t.  Put  in  coop;  confine  (persons; 
also  c.  up,  in),    [f.  prec] 

coo'pep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Maker  of  casks  for  dry 
goods  (dry  c.)  or  liquids  (wetc.) ;  white  c,  maker 
of  pails,  tubs,  &c;  (on  ship)  repairer  of  casks 
&c;  (also  wine-c.)  one  who  samples,  bottles,  or 
retails  wine ;  equal  mixture  of  stout  &  porter ; 
(v.t.)  repair  (cask),  stow  in  casks,  furbish  up. 
[vb  f.  n.  f.  med.  L  cuparius  (as  prec,  -ary  ])] 

eoo'perage,  n.  Cooper's  work  or  workshop. 
So  coo*pery(3)  n.    [-age] 

coC-^'pepate,  v.  1.  Work  together  (with  per- 
son in  a  work,  to  an  end) ;  (of  things)  concur  in 
producing  an  effect.  So  eo-o*pePANT  a.  &  n., 
co-o*pepatoR2  n.  [f.  L  co(operari  f.  opus 
operis  work),  see  -ate  3] 

co-opepa*tion,  n.  Working  together  to  same 
end ;  (Pol.  Econ.)  co-operative  combination,  [f. 
L  cooperatio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

co-o*pepative,  a.  Of,  tending  to,  co-opera- 
tion ;  (Pol.  Econ.)  c.  society  (for  production  or 
distribution  of  goods,  profits  being  shared  by 


members),  c.  store  (belonging  to  c  society). 
Hence  eo-o*pppfl^vfiI  v^ fl^v  fa-«  po-oprr- 
ate,  see  -ive] 


eo-o*pt,  v.t.  Elect  into  body  by  votes  of  ex- 
isting members.  So  co-opt  ation  n.  [f.  L 
co(optare  choose)] 

co(-)op*dinate ]  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Equal  in  rank, 
esp.  (Gram.)  of  clauses  of  compound  sentence 
(cf.  subordinate)  ;  consisting  of  c  things ;  (n.) 
c.  thing,  esp.  (Math.)  each  of  a  system  of  magni- 
tudes used  to  fix  position  of  point,  line,  or  plane. 
Hence  eo-op*dinateLY2  adv.  [f.  co-  +  hordi- 
nare  (ordo  -inis  order),  see  -ate  2] 

eo-OP'dinate2,  v.t.  Make  co-ordinate ;  bring 
(parts)  into  proper  relation.  Hence  co-OPdin- 
a'tion  n.,  eo-op'dinativE  a.    [prec,  -ate3] 

coot,  n.  Name  of  several  swimming  &  diving 
birds,  esp.  the  Bald  C,  web-footed  Dird  with 
base  of  bill  extended  to  form  white  plate  on 
forehead,  whence  bald  as  ac.  [ME  cote =Du. 
koet,  etym.  dub.] 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co- 


COP 


183 


CORAL 


cop1,  n.  (spinning).  Conical  ball  of  thread 
wound  upon  spindle.  [OE  cop  top] 
cop 2,n.  (slang).  Policeman,  [cf.  foil., copper2] 
cop3,  v.t.  (slang).  Catch.  [etym.  dub.] 
copai'ba,  -va,  (-pi-,  -pa-),  n.  Aromatic  bal- 
sam used  in  medicine  &  the  arts,  [(-ba)  Sp.,  f. 
Braz.  cupauba] 

co'pal,  n.    Resin  used  for  varnish.    [Sp.,  f. 
Mex.  copalli  incense] 
eopap'eenary,  -epy,  copap'cener,  nn. 

=  PARCENARY,  PARCENER.      [CO-] 

copap*tner,  n.  Fellow-partner,  associate. 
Hence  eopar'tnePSHip  n.    [co] 

eopap'tnepy,  n.  Copartnership,  [f.  prec, 
see  -ery(2)] 

cope  X,  n.  (Eccl.)  long  cloak  worn  by  ecclesi- 
astics in  processions ;  (fig.)  c.  (cloak)  of  night,  c. 
(canopy)  of  heaven ;  (Founding)  outer  portion 
of  mould;  =coping;  c.-stone,  head  stone  of 
building,  finishing  touch,    [f.  med.  L  capa  cap] 

cope2,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  with  a  cope ;  cover 
(wall  &c.)  with  coping  ;  cover  as  with  a  vault ; 
(intr.)  hang  over  like  a  coping,    [f.  prec] 

cope3,  v.i.  Contend  evenly,  succeed,  with 
(person,  thing),    [f.  F  couper  strike  (coup)] 

co'peck,  n.  Kussian  copper  coin  (about  a 
farthing),  [f.  Russ.  kopeika  dim.  of  kopyb  lance] 

eo'pep ],  n.  (Also  horse-c),  horse-dealer,  [f. 
obs.  cope  buy,  barter  (as  foil.)] 

co'pep2,  coo'pep  (ko),  n.  Floating  grog- 
shop for  North  Sea  fishers,  [f.  Flem.  &  Du. 
kooper  f.  koopen  buy  (cf.  cheap)] 

Coper'nican,  a.  C.  system,  theory,  (that 
the  planets,  including  earth,  move  round  sun), 
[f.  Copernicus  latinized  f.  Koppemik,  astro- 
nomer (d.  1543)  +  -an] 

co'ping-,  n.  Top  (usu.  sloping)  course  of 
masonry  in  wall ;  overhanging  ledge  protecting 
wall-fruit ;  c.-stone  (usedforc).  [cope2  +  -ingi] 

co'pious,  a.  Plentiful ;  abounding  in  infor- 
mation ;  profuse  in  speech  ;  (of  languages)  hav- 
ing large  vocabulary.  Hence  eo'piousLY2 
adv.,  co'piousNESS  n.  [f.  L  copiosus  (copia 
plenty,  see  -ous)] 

co'pper  J,  n.  &  a.  Reddish  malleable  ductile 
metal ;  bronze  (formerly  c.)  coin,  penny,  half- 
penny, farthing ;  cooking  or  laundry  boiler  of 
iron  or  c;  hot  cc,  mouth  &  throat  parched  by 
drinking,  cool  one's  cc.  (by  drinking);  c.-bit, 
soldering  tpol  pointed  with  c. ;  c.-bottom,  v.t., 
sheathe  bottom  of  (ship)  with  c.  (esp.  in  p.p.) ; 
c.-captain,  sham  captain ;  c.-Indian,  red  Indian 
of  N.  America ;  copperhead,  venomous  Ameri- 
can snake ;  copperplate,  polished  c.  plate  for 
engraving  or  etching,  print  from  this,  (adj.,  of 
writing)  neat ;  c.-smith,  one  who  works  in  c. ; 
(v.t.)  cover  (ship's  bottom  &c.)  with  c.  Hence 
eo'ppePY2  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  coper  f.  pop.  L 
cuprum,  L  Cyprium  (aes),  Cyprian  metal] 

co'pper2,  n.  (slang).    Policeman,    [cf.  cop2] 

co'pperas  (-as),  n.  Proto-sulphate  of  iron, 
green  vitriol,  [f.  med.L  cup(e)rosa  perh.  =  aqua 
cuprosa  copper  water] 

co'ppice,  n.  Small  wood  of  underwood  & 
small  trees,  grown  for  periodical  cutting;  c- 
wood,  underwood,  [f.  OF  copeiz  f.  LL  *colpati- 
cium  f.  colpare  cut  (colpus  i.  L  f.  Gk  kolaphos 
blow,  cuff)] 

ed'ppa,  n.  Dried  kernel  of  coco-nut.  [Port., 
prob.  f.  Malayalam  koppara  coco-nut] 

co'ppo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  kopros  dung,  as :  -lite, 
fossil  dung,  so  -Wtic  a.;  -logy,  treatment  of 
filthy  subjects  in  literature  &c. ;  -phagous,  (of 
beetles)  dung-eating. 

copse,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  =  coppice  ;  copsewood,  under- 
wood ;  (v.t.)  treat  as  copsewood,  cover  with  cc. 
Hence  co'psY  2  a.    [syncop.  form  of  coppice] 

Copt,  n.  Native  Egyptian  Christian  of  Jacob- 


ite sect  of  Monophysites.  [f.  Copt,  gyptios, 
kyptaios,  f.  Gk  Aiguptios  Egyptian] 

Co-ptie,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  the  Copts,  [-ic] 

co'pula,  n.  (Logic,  Gram.)  verb  be  (as  mere 
sign  of  predication) ;  (Anat.)  connecting  part 
(bone,  cartilage,  ligament) ;  (Mus.)  short  con. 
necting  passage.  Hence  co'pulAR l  a.  [L  (-co* 
+  ap-  fasten  +  dim.  suf.)] 

cd'pulate,  v.i.  Unite  sexually.  Hence  co#- 
pulatORY  a.  [f.  L  copulare  fasten  together 
(prec),  see  -ate3] 

copula'tion,  n.  Sexual  union  ;  grammatical 
or  logical  connexion.  [F,  f.  L  copulationem  (as 
prec,  see  -ion)] 

co'pulative,  a.  &  n.  Serving  to  connect ; 
(Gram.)  connecting  words  or  clauses  that  are 
connected  in  sense  (cf.  disjunctive),  also,  con- 
necting subject  &  predicate ;  (Zool.,  Anat.)  re- 
lating to  sexual  union  ;  (n.)  c  conjunction  or 
particle.  Hence  co'pulativeLY  2  adv.  [F  (-if, 
-ive),  f.  L  copulativus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

ed'py  \  n.  Reproduction  (of  writing,  picture, 
&c) ;  imitation  ;  page  written  after  model  (of 
penmanship) ;  (Law)  transcript  of  manorial 
court-roll,  containing  entries  of  admissions  of 
tenants  to  land  hence  called  copyhold  ;  written 
or  printed  specimen  (of  book  &c) ;  rough,  foxd, 
c,  original  draft;  fair,  clean,  c.  (transcribed 
from  rough  c) ;  c.  of  verses,  short  set  as  school 
exercise ;  fair  c,  model  version  of  this ;  model 
to  be  copied ;  manuscript  or  matter  to  be 
printed  ;  c.-book,  one  containing  cc.  for  learners 
to  imitate ;  c.-book  maxims,  morality,  (common- 
place), [f.  F  copie  f.  L  copia  abundance,  in  phr. 
dare  copiam  legendi  give  the  power  of  reading, 
i.  c,  give  a  copy] 

co'py2,  v.t.  &  i.  Transcribe  (from  original), 
whence  co'pyiST  n. ;  make  copy  of ;  imitate, 
[f.  F  copier  f.  med.  L  copiare  (as  prec)] 

co'pyhold,  n.  &  a.  Tenure  by  copy  ;  (land) 
so  held.    Hence  eo'pyholdER l  n. 

eo'pypig-ht,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.  Exclusive  right 
given  bv  law  for  term  of  years  to  author,  de- 
signer, &c,  or  his  assignee  to  print,  publish,  or 
sell,  copies  of  his  original  work ;  (adj.)  protected 
by  c  (of  books  &c) ;  (v.t.)  secure  c  for  (book  &c). 

eoque't  *  (-k-),  a.  Coquettish.  [F  (orig.  noun, 
dim.  of  coo  cock)] 

eoque't2  eoque*tte,(-k-),  v.i.  (-tt-).  Play  the 
coquette ;  flirt  (with) ;  dally,  trifle,  with  (matter, 
proposal,  &c ).    [f .  F  coqueter  f .  prec  ] 

ed'quetpy,  n.  Coquettish  behaviour  or  act ; 
(fig.)  trifling;  attractive  prettiness  as  result 
of  art.    [f.  F  coquetterie  (coqueter,  as  prec ;  see 

-ERY)] 

eoque'tte,  n.  Woman  who  trifles  with  man's 
affections;  crested  humming-bird.  Hence  co- 
que'ttiSH  a.,  eoque'ttishL  y  2  adv.  [F,  fern, 
of  coquet] 

coqui'to  (-ke-),  n.  Chilian  palm-tree  yielding 
palm-honey.    [Sp. ,  dim.  of  coco  coco-nut] 

cop-,  pref.  =  com-  before  r. 

ed'paele,  n.  Wicker  boat  covered  with  water- 
tight material  used  on  Welsh  &  Irish  lakes  & 
rivers,   [f .  W  cwnogl  f .  cwrwg = It.  curach  boat] 

cd'Paco-  in  comb.  (anat.).  Of  the  coracoid 
process  (beak-shaped  process  extending  from 
shoulder-blade  towards  breast-bone),  [f.  Gk 
korax  -akos  crow] 

cd'pal,  n.  &  a.  Hard  calcareous  substance 
(red,  pink,  white,  &c)  secreted  by  many  tribes 
of  marine  polyps  for  support  &  habitation  ;  c- 
reef,  accumulation  of  this ;  toy  of  polished  c 
for  children  cutting  teeth ;  unimpregnated  roe 
of  lobster;  (a.)  like  coral,  esp.  red;  c.-island 
(formed  by  growth  of  coral) ;  c.-rag,  limestone 
containing  beds  of  petrified  cc.  [OF,  f.  L  coral- 
lum  f.  Gkkorallion] 


CORALLI- 


184 


CORNEA 


coralli-  in  comb.  Coral,  as  -ferous,  -form, 
bearing,  shaped  like,  coral,    [as  prec,  see  -I-] 

co'ralline  \  n.  Genus  of  seaweeds  with  cal- 
careous jointed  stem;  (pop.)  name  of  various 
Slant-like  compound  animals ;  c.  zone  of  sea- 
epths,  that  in  which  these  abound,  [f.  It. 
corallina  dim.  of  corallo  coral] 

co'ralline2  (-I-,  -I-),  a.  Coral  red  ;  c.  ware,  Ita- 
lian red  paste  pottery  (17th-18th  c.) ;  like,  com- 
posed of,  coral,    [f.  L  corallinus  (coral,  -ine  J)] 

co'pallite,  n.  Fossil  coral ;  coral  skeleton  of 
polyp ;  coralline  marble,    [-ite  j] 

eo'ralloid,  a.  &  n.  (Organism)  like,  akin  to, 
coral,    [-oid] 

coram,  prep.  In  the  presence  of  {judice,  a 
judge,  populo,  the  public,  &c).    [L] 

eor'bel,  n.,  &  v.t.  & i.  (-11-).  (Arch.) projection 
of  stone,  timber,  &c,  jutting  out  from  wall  to 
support  weight,  whence  cop'bellED  2  a. ;  (also 
c.-block)  short  timber  laid  on  wall  or  pier  longi- 
tudinally under  beam;  c.  -  table,  projecting 
course  resting  on  cc. ;  (v.t.  &  i.)  c.  out,  off,  (cause 
to)  project  on  cc.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OF,  f.  LL  corvellus 
dim.  of  corvus  raven] 

eop'bie,  n.  (Sc).  Raven;  carrion  crow;  c- 
steps,  step-like  projections  on  sloping  sides  of 
gable,    [f.  OF  corb  corbel  +  - y  3] 

cord,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thin  rope,  thick  string; 
(Anat.)  cord-like  structure  in  animal  body,  as 
spinal,  umbilical,  c,  vocal  cc. ;  cord-like  rib 
on  cloth ;  ribbed  cloth,  esp.  corduroy  ;  cc,  cor- 
duroy breeches  or  trousers;  measure  of  cut 
wood  (usu.  128  cub.  ft) ;  (fig.)  cc.  of  discipline, 
fourfold  c.  of  evidence,  &c. ;  (v.t.)  bind  with  c. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  corde  f.  L  f.  Gk  khorde  gut,  string 
of  musical  instrument] 

cop'dagre  (-ij),  n.  Cords,  ropes,  esp.  in  rigging 
of  ship.    iF  (as  prec.  +  -age)] 

cor'date,  a.  Heart-shaped,  [f.  L  cor  cordis 
heart,  see  -ate  2] 

cop'ded,  a.  Bound  with  cords;  furnished 
with  cords ;  (of  cloth  &c.)  ribbed.    [-ed2>  i] 

cordelier*  (-ler),  n.  Franciscan  friar  of  strict 
rule  (wearing  knotted  cord  round  waist).  [F 
{cordelle  dim.  as  cord,  see  -ier)] 

cop-dial,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine,  food,  drink)  that 
stimulates  the  heart,  esp.  (Commerc.)  aromat- 
ized &  sweetened  spirit ;  hearty,  sincere ;  warm, 
friendly,  whence  copdia'liTYJn^eop'dialLY2 
adv.   [f.  med.  L  cordialis  (cor  cordvs  heart,  -al)] 

cordillor'a  (-lyara),  n.  Mountain  ridge  (one 
of  parallel  series),  esp.  of  the  Andes  &  same 
system  in  Central  America  &  Mexico.    [Sp.] 

cop'dlte,  n.  A  smokeless  explosive,  [r.  cord 
(from  its  appearance)  +  -ite1  (2)] 

cop'don,  n.  Projecting  course  of  stone  in 
wall;  chain  of  military  posts;  continuous  circle 
of  persons;  (also  sanitary  c.)  guarded  line  be- 
tween infected  &  uninfected  districts ;  orna- 
mental cord  or  braid;  (pron.  as  F)  ribbon  of 
knightly  order;  fruit-tree  pruned  to  grow  as 
single  stem.    [F  (as  cord,  see  -oon)] 

cordovan,  a.  &  n.  (Leather)  of  Cordova,  [f. 
Sp.  cordovanfo)] 

corduroy,  n.  &  a.  Coarse  thick  ribbed  cotton 
stuff,  worn  chiefly  by  labourers ;  (pi.)  c.  trousers ; 
(U.S.)  c.  road,  of  tree-trunks  laid  acrossswamp. 
[perh.  f .  F  *corde  du  roi  king's  cord] 

cor'dwaln,  n.  (archaic).  Spanish  leather  for- 
merly used  for  shoes,  [f.  OF  cordoan  cordovan] 

cop'dwainer,  n.  Shoemaker  (now  only  as 
guild-name  &c. ).    [f .  OF  cordoanier,  as  prec.  ] 

cope,  n.,  &  v.t.  Horny  capsule  containing 
seeds  of  apple,  pear,  &c. ;  central  part  cut  out 
(esp.  of  rock  in  boring) ;  bar  of  soft  iron  forming 
centre  of  electro -magnet  or  induction   coil; 


central  strand  of  rope ;  innermost  part,  as  (fig.) 
rotten  at  the  c,  English  to  the  c. ;  heart ;  a  dis- 
ease, tumour,  in  sheep ;  (v.t.)  remove  c.  from, 
whence  cop'er  2(2)  n.    Hence  eore'LESS  a.   [?] 

co-pela*tion.    See  correlation. 

eo-reli'glonlst,  n.  Adherent  of  same  re- 
ligion.    [-1ST] 

eo-respo'ndent,  n.  Man  proceeded  against 
together  with  petitioner's  wife  (respondent) 
in  divorce  suit. 

copf,  n.  Large  basket  formerly  used  in  min- 
ing; basket  in  which  fish  are  kept  alive  in 
water,    [cf.  Du.  korf,  G  korb,  perh.  f.  L  corbis] 

coria'ceous,  a.  Like  leather,  leathery,  [f. 
L  coriaceus  (corium  leather,  see  -aceous)] 

cdria'nder,  n.  Annual  plant  with  aromatic 
fruit  (pop.  called  c.  seed)  used  for  flavouring. 
[F,  f.  L  coriandrum  f.  Gk  koriannon] 

Copi'nthian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Corinth ; 
Epistle  to  the  Cc,  book  in  N.  T. ;  (Arch.)  C. 
order,  one  of  the  three  Grecian  orders,  having 
bell-shaped  capital  with  rows  of  acanthus 
leaves,  whence  CopinthlanE'SQUE  a.  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  Korinthios  (Korinthos)  +  -an] 

cork,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.  Bark  of  cork-oak  (c.-tree) ; 
piece  of  c.  used  as  float  for  fishing  line  &c; 
bottle-stopper  of  c. ;  (Bot.)  inner  division  of  the 
bark  in  higher  plants ;  (adj.)  made  of  c,  as  c. 
jacket  (for  supporting  person  in  water) ;  corK- 
screw,  steel  screw  for  drawing  c.  from  bottie,  c.-s. 
curl  (spirally  twisted),  (v.t.  &  i.)  move  spirally ; 
corkwood,  name  of  various  light  porous  woods ; 
(v.t.)  stop,  stop  up,  (as)  with  c,  blacken  with 
burnt  c.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Sp.  corche  f.  L  cortex -ids 
bark ;  or  r.  Sp.  alcorque,  etym.  dub.] 

eor'kage  (-ij),  n.  Corking,  uncorking,  of  bot- 
tles ;  hotel-keeper's  charge  for  serving  wine  &c. 
not  supplied  by  himself,    [-age] 

corked,  a.  Stopped  with,  blackened  with 
burnt,  cork ;  (of  wine)  tasting  of  cork,    [-eo1] 

cop'kep,  n.  (slang).  Circumstance  that  pre- 
cludes further  discussion.esp.,  notable  lie.  [-er1] 

cop'ky,  a.  Cork-like;  (colloq.)  frivolous, 
lively,  skittish,  restive,    [-y  2] 

corm,  n.  (bot).  Bulb-like  subterraneous 
stem,  solid  bulb.  [f.  Gk  kormos  trunk  with 
boughs  lopped  off  )ceir6  cut)] 

eormo-  in  comb.  Trunk,  stem,  (in  terms  re- 
ferring to  evolution  of  races  &c).    fas  prec] 

cop'mopant,  n.  A  voracious  sea-bird,  3ft 
in  length ;  rapacious  person,  [f.  F  cormoran 
f.  L  corvus  marinus  sea-raven] 

corn1,  n.  A  grain,  seed,  esp.  of  cereals  (also 
of  pepper  &c) ;  (collect,  sing.)  grain,  also  cereal 
plants  while  growing ;  (U.S.)  maize,  Indian  c  ; 
c.-chandler,  retail  dealer  in  c. ;  c-co6,  part  to 
which  grains  are  attached  in  ear  of  maize ;  c- 
cob  pipe  (made  of  this) ;  c.-crake,  the  bird  Land- 
rail; c.-exchange  (for  trade  in  c);  c.-factor, 
dealer  in  c. ;  c.-flag,  plant  of  genus  Gladiolus ; 
c.-flour,  fine-ground  Indian  c,  also,  flour  of  rice 
or  other  grain ;  c.-flower,  name  of  various  plants 
growing  among  corn ;  c  laws  (regulating  c- 
trade,  esp.  the  English  laws  restricting  impor- 
tation, and  repealed  in  1846) ;  c.-rent  (paid  in  c. 
or  varying  with  price  of  c ).  [com.  -Teut.  f .  Aryan 
*grnom  (ger-  wear  down),  cf.  L  granum  grain] 

corn  2,  v.t.  Sprinkle,  preserve,  with  salt  (esp. 
in  p.p.).    [f.  prec] 

corn  3,  n.  Horny  place  esp.  on  feet ;  tread  on 
my  cc.,  hurt  my  feelings.  [OF,  f.  L  cornu  horn] 

cor'nbrash,  n.  (geol.).  Coarse  calcareous 
sandstone,  [corn  x  +  brash  rubble,  etym.  dub.  J 

cor'nea  (-la),  n.  Transparent  horny  part  of 
anterior  covering  of  eyeball.  [L  cornea  (tela) 
horny  (web)] 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  CO-. 


CORNEL 


185 


CORPORATION 


coP'nel,  n.  Genus  including  Cornelian  Cherry 
&  Common  C  or  Dogwood,     [ult.  f.  L  cornus] 

eorne'lian,  cap-,  n.  Dull  red  or  reddish- 
white  chalcedony,     [f.  F  corneline,  etym.  dub.] 

cor*neous,a.  Horn-like,  horny,  [f.  L  corneus 
(cornu  horn)  +  -ous] 

eor*ner,n.,&v.t.&  i.  Place  where  converging 
sidesoredges  meet  ;projectingangle,esp.  where 
two  streets  meet ;  turn  the  c,  pass  round  it  into 
another  street,  (fig.)  pass  critical  point  (in  illness 
&c.) ;  cut  off  ac,  avoid  it  by  a  short  cut ;  (slang) 
the  C,  Tattersall's  betting-rooms  (orig.  near 
Hyde  Park  C.) ;  hollow  angle  enclosed  by 
meeting  walls  &c. ;  put  (child)  in  the  c.  (as 
punishment);  (fig.)  drive  into  a  c.  (difficult 
position  from  which  there  is  no  escape) ;  secret 
or  remote  place,  as  done  inac,  hole-&-c.  trans- 
actions (underhand);  region,  quarter,  as  all 
the  cc.  of  the  earth  ;  (Commerc.)  buying  up  the 
whole  of  any  stock  in  the  market,  so  as  to  com- 
pel speculative  sellers  to  buy  from  one  to  fulfil 
their  engagements,  (loosely)  any  combination 
to  raise  price  by  securing  monopoly ;  c.-chisel, 
-punch,  &c,  (angular,  for  cutting,  cleaning,  &c, 
cc.) ;  c.-stone,  one  in  projecting  angle  of  wall, 
(fig.)  indispensable  part,  basis;  (v.t.)  furnish 
with  cc,  set  in  c,  drive  into  c.  (esp.  fig.),  force 
(dealers)  or  control  (commodity)  by  means  of 
c. ;  (v.i.)  form  c.  (in  commodity),  [(vb  f.  n.)  f. 
OF  cornier  ult.  f.  L  cornu  horn,  see  -ary  *] 

eop'net  *,  n.  (Also  cornet-d-piston(s),  corno- 
pean) brass  musical  instrument  of  trumpet 
class,  with  valves  or  pistons;  c. -player,  also 
cop'netiST  n. ;  conically-rolled  piece  of  paper 
for  groceries  &c. ;  solo  c,  echo  c,  organ-stops. 
[OF,  dim.  of  corn,  cor,  f.  L  cornu  horn] 

eop'net2,  n.  White  head-dress  of  Sister  of 
Charity ;  (formerly)  fifth  commissioned  officer 
in  cavalry  troop,  who  carried  the  colours  (from 
obs.  sense  pennon,  standard),  whence  cop'- 
netCY  n.  [f.  F  comette  dim.  of  corne  f.  Rom. 
corna  f.  L  cornua  horns] 

cop'nlce,  n.  (Arch.)  horizontal  moulded  pro- 
jection crowning  a  building  &c,  esp.  upper- 
most member  of  entablature  of  an  order,  sur- 
mounting frieze ;  ornamental  moulding  round 
wall  of  room  just  below  ceiling ;  (Mountaineer- 
ing) overhanging  mass  of  hardened  snow  at 
edge  of  precipice.  Hence  cop*niCED  2  a.  [F 
f.  It.,  etym.  dub. ;  L  has  corona  cornice,  comix 
-icis  crow] 

copni'fepous,  a.  (geol.).  Producing  or  con- 
taining hornstone.  [f.  L  cornifer  horn-bearing 
(cornu  horn,  see  -perous)] 

Cop'nish,  a.    Of  Cornwall,    [-ish1] 

copno'pean.    See  cornet  \ 

cop'nstone,  n.  Mottled  red  and  green  lime- 
stone, subordinate  bed  in  Old  Red  Sandstone 
formation,    [corn  j] 

cornueo'pia,  n.  (pi.  -as).  Horn  of  plenty ; 
goat's  horn  represented  in  art  as  overflowing 
with  flowers,  fruit,  and  corn;  ornamental 
vessel  shaped  like  this ;  overflowing  store, 
whence  copnueo'piAN  a.  [LL,  f.  L  cornu 
copiae  horn  of  plenty  (that  of  the  goat  Amalthea 
by  which  Zeus  was  suckled)] 

cornuted,  a.  Having  horns  or  horn-like 
projections,  [f.  obs.  cornute  f.  L  cornutus 
(cornu  horn)  +  -ED  11 

cor'ny1,  a.    Of,  abounding  in,  corn.    [-Y  2] 

ooi^ny  2,  a.  Of,  having,  corns,   [corn  2  +  -y  2] 

copo'lla,  n.  (bot.).  Whorl  of  leaves,  separate 
or  grown  together,  forming  inner  envelope  of 
flower.  Hence  copo11a*ceous  a.  [L,  dim.  of 
corona  crown] 

eopo'llapy,  n.  Proposition  appended  to  one 
already  demonstrated,  as  self-evident  inference 
from  it ;  immediate  deduction  ;  natural  conse- 


quence, result,  [f.  L  corollarium  money  paid 
for  chaplet,  gratuity,  neut.  adj.  f.  prec,  -ary1] 
eoro'na,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Small  disk  of  light  round 
sun  or  moon ;  similar  disk  opposite  sun,  an- 
thelion  ;  halo  of  white  light  seen  around  disk 
of  moon  in  total  eclipse  of  sun  (now  known  to 
belong  to  sun) ;  circular  chandelier  hung  from 
roof  of  a  church  ;  (Arch.)  member  of  cornice, 
with  broad  vertical  face,  usu.  of  considerable 

E  rejection  ;  (Anat.)  various  crown-like  parts  of 
ody ;  (Bot.)  appendage  on  top  of  seed  or  inner 
■own] 
Funeral-song,  dirge,  in 


side  of  corolla.    [L, = crown] 

,-ch),  n.     Funerai-song,  di: 
Scotch  Highlands   and  Ireland.      [Ir.,  =  Gael. 


cd'ponach  ( 


corranach  (comh-  together  +  ranach  outcry)] 

cd'ponal  \  n.  Circlet  (esp.  of  gold  or  gems) 
for  the  head ;  wreath,  garland,  [prob.  £  AF 
*corounal  (coroune  f.  corona)] 

eopd'nal2  (also  ko'-),  a.  (Anat.)  e.  suture, 
transverse  suture  of  skull  separating  frontal 
bone  (c.  bone)  from  parietal  bones ;  of  the  crown 
of  the  head ;  (Bot.)  of  a  corona.  [F,  f.  hcoronalis 
(corona,  see  -al)] 

co-ponate(d),  a.  (bot.  &  zool.).  Furnished 
with  a  corona  or  crown-shaped  part.  [f.  L 
coronare  (corona,  see  -ate  2)] 

copona'tion,  n.  Ceremony  of  crowning 
sovereign  or  sovereign's  consort ;  c.-oath,  taken 
by  sovereign  at  c.  JK)F  (as  prec,  -ation)] 

co'ponep,  n.  Officer  of  county,  district,  or 
municipality,  holding  inquest  on  bodies  of 
persons  supposed  to  have  died  by  violence  or 
accident ;  c.  s  inquest,  inquiry  held  by  c's  court 
as  to  cause  of  death ;  (orig. )  officer  charged  with 
maintaining  rights  of  private  property  of 
crown.  Hence  eo'ponepsmp  n.  [f.  AF 
corouner  f .  coroune  crown,  see  -er  2(2)] 

co'ponet,  n.  Small  crown  (implying  dignity 
inferior  to  that  of  sovereign) ;  fillet  of  precious 
materials,  esp.  as  decorative  part  of  woman's 
head-dress ;  garland,  [f.  OF  coronette  dim.  of 
corone  crown] 

co'poneted,  a.  Wearing  a  coronet  (esp.  as 
belonging  to  peerage),    [-ed2] 

copo'noid,  a.  (anat.).  Curved  like  crow's 
beak  (of  processes  of  bones),  [f.  Gk  korone 
crow  +  -oid] 

copo'zo,  n.  S. -American  tree,  allied  to  palms ; 
c.-nut,  its  seed,  from  which  vegetable  ivory  is 
made,    [native] 

eop'popal !,  a.  Of  the  human  body,  as  c.  pun- 
ishment ;  personal ;  (archaic)  c.  oath,  one  ratified 
by  touching  a  sacred  object.  Hence  cop*- 
poralLY2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  corporalis  (corpus 
-oris  body,  see  -al)] 

eop'popal2,  -as,  n.  Cloth  on  which  conse- 
crated elements  are  placed  during  celebration 
of  mass.  [f.  med.  L  corporalis  (palla)  body 
cloth  (as  prec);  -as  f.  OF  corporaus,  -als,  nom. 
sing.] 

eop'popal3,  n.  Non-commissioned  officer 
ranking  below  sergeant ;  ship's  c,  officer  at- 
tending to  police  matters  under  master-at-arms. 
[F,  var.  of  caporal  f.  It.  caporale  prob.  f.  L  cor- 
poralis (as  prec)  confused  w.  capo  head] 

coppopa'lity,  n.  Material  existence ;  body  ; 
(pi.)  bodily  matters,  wants,  &c  [f.  LL  corpora- 
litas  (as  corporal1,  see  -ty)] 

cop'popate  (-at),a.  Formingabody  politic  or 
corporation,  as  c.  body,  body  c. ;  c.  town  (having 
municipal  rights) ;  forming  ene  body  of  many 
individuals ;  of,  belonging  to,  a  body  politic. 
Hence  eop'popateLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  corporare 
form  into  a  body  (corpus  -oris),  see  -ate  2] 

coppopa'tion,  n.  United  body  of  persons, 
esp.  one  authorized  to  act  as  an  individual ;  arti- 
ficial person  created  by  charter,  prescription,  or 
act  of  the  legislature,  comprising  many  persons 


CORPORATIVE 


186 


CORRUPTIBLE 


(c.  aggregate)  or  one  (c.  sole) ;  municipal  c,  civic 
authorities  of  borough,  town,  or  city ;  (colloq.) 
abdomen,  esp.  when  prominent,    [f.  L  corpora- 
tio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
eop'popati  ve,  a.  Of  a  corporation,  [f.  L  cor- 
porativus  (as  prec,  see  -ative)] 
eoirpopatop,  n.    Member  of  a  corporation, 
[as  corporate,  see  -OR2] 
eoppop-eal,a.   Bodily;  material;  (Law) tan- 
gible, as  c.  hereditament  (of  material  objects). 
_Ience   eoppopea'liTY   n.,    coppop'ealLY 2 
adv.    [f.  L  corporeus  {corpus  -oris  body)  +  -al] 
coppope'ity,  n.    Quality  of  being  or  having 
a  material  body ;  bodily  substance,    [f.  med.  L 
corporeitas  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 
cop*posant(-znt),n.   Ball  of  light  sometimes 
seen  on  ship  during  storm,  St  Elmo's  fire.  [Port. 
corpo  santo  =  L  corpus  sanctum  holy  body] 
copps  (kor),  n.  (pi.  same,  pron.  korz).  Division 
of  an  army ;  body  of  troops  for  special  service  ; 
c.  d'armde  (pron.  -ma*),  Army-c  ;   c.-de-ballet 
(pron.  -la#),  dancers  in  ballot.    [F  (as  foil.)] 
coppse,  n.  Dead  (usu.  human)  body ;  c.-can- 
dle,  lambent  flame  seen  in  churchyard  or  over 
grave,  regarded  as  omen  of  death,    [f.  OF  cors 
(mod.  corps)  f.  L  corpus  body] 
cop'pulent,  a.  Bulky  (of  body);  fat.  Socop*- 
PuIence,  -ency,  nn.   [F,  f.  L  corpulentus  (cor- 
pus body,  see  -ulent)] 

eop'pus,  n.  Body,  collection,  of  writings; 
c.  juris,  body  of  law ;  c.  delicti,  all  that  goes  to 
make  a  breach  of  law:  (Physiol.)  structure  of 
special  character  in  the  animal  body:  (R.-C. 
Ch.)  C.  Christi,  Feast  of  the  body  of  Christ 
(Thursday  after  Trinity  Sunday).  [L,  =  body] 
cop'puscle  (-si),  coppu'scule  (-kul),  n. 
Minute  body  forming  distinct  part  of  the  organ- 
ism, esp.  (pi.)  those  constituting  large  part  of 
the  blood  in  vertebrates ;  atom  (esp.  of  electri- 
city), [f.  L corpusculum  (as  prec,  see  -cule)] 
coppu'sculap,  a.  Of  corpuscles  or  atoms ; 
c.  (emission)  theory  of  light,  [as  prec.  +  -ar  x] 
eoppa*l,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11).  Pen  for  horses,  cattle, 
&c  (in  U.S.  &  Span.  Amer.);  defensive  enclo- 
sure of  wagons  m  encampment ;  enclosure  for 
capturing  wild  animals;  (v.t.)  form  (wagons) 
into  c,  confine  in  c  [(vb  f.  n.)  Sp.  {corro  ring  of 
spectators  f.  correr  toros  give  bull-fight  r.  L 
currere  run)] 

coppe'ct l,  v.t.  Set  right,  amend ;  substitute 
right  for  (wrong) ;  mark  errors  in  (proof-sheet 
&c)  for  amendment;  admonish  (person) ;  cure 
(person)  of  fault ;  punish  (person,  fault) ;  coun- 
teract (hurtful  quality) ;  bring  into  accordance 
with  standard  (reading  of  barometer  &c).  [f.  L 
C0R(rigere  rect-  =  regere  guide)] 
coppe'ct2,  a.  True,  accurate ;  right,  proper, 
(of  conduct,  manners,  &c) ;  in  accordance  with 
a  good  standard  (of  taste  &c).  Hence  cop'- 
pe'etLY 2  adv.,  coppe'ctNESs  n.  [as  prec] 
coppe'e  tion,  n.  Correcting ;  I  speak  under  c. , 
I  may  be  wrong ;  thing  substituted  for  what  is 
wrong;  punishment,  as  house  of  c.  (bridewell). 
Hence  coppe'ctionAL  a.  [F,  f.  correctionem 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

coppe'ctive,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  serving,  tend- 
ing, to  correct  or  counteract  what  is  harmful. 
Hence  eoppe'etiveLY  2  adv.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  as 
correct  K  see  -ive] 

coppe'ctop,  n.  One  who  corrects;  censor, 
critic ;  c.  of  the  press,  proof-reader ;  one  who 
punishes,  [f.  AF  corectour  f.  L  correctorem  (as 
foil.,  see  -or2)] 

cd-ppelatei,  n.  Each  of  two  related  things 
(esp.  so  related  that  one  implies  the  other). 
(COR-  +  L  relatum  p.p.  of  referre  refer] 


cd'ppelate  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Have  a  mutual  relation 
(with,  to) ;  bring  (thing)  into  such  relation  (with 
another),    [as  prec] 

coppe'lative,  a.  &  n.  Having  a  mutual  re- 
lation (with,  to) ;  analogous ;  (Gram.,  of  words) 
corresponding  to  each  other  &  regularly  used 
together,  e.  g.  either  &  or ;  (n.)  c  word  or  thing. 
Hence  or  cogn.  eoppela'tiON  n.,  eoppe'la- 
tivoLY2adv.,  coppelati'viTy  n.  [cor-] 
correspo'nd,  v.i.  Be  in  harmony  (with,  to) ; 
be  similar,  analogous,  (to) ;  agree  in  amount, 
position,  &c  (to) ;  communicate  by  interchange 
of  letters  (with).  Hence  coppespo'ndingL y  2 
adv.  [f.  med.  L  con(respondere  respond)] 
coppespo'ndence,  n.  Agreement,harmony, 
(with,  to ;  between  two) ;  communication  by 
letters ;  letters,  [as  prec,  see  -ence] 
coppespo'ndent,  n.  &  a.  One  who  writes 
letters  (to  person  or  newspaper,  esp.  one  em- 
ployed for  that  purpose,  as  our  New  York  c, 
ware);  person,  firm,  having  regular  business 
relations  with  another  esp.  in  another  country ; 
(adj.)  corresponding  (to,  with,  or  abs.),  whence 
c oppespo'n den t l y  2  adv.  [asfprec ,  -ent] 
co'ppidop,  n.  Main  passage  in  large  building, 
on  which  many  rooms  open ;  outside  passage 
connecting  parts  of  building;  c.  train  (with 
narrow  passage  from  end  to  end).  [F,  f.  It.  cor- 
ridore  corridor  for  corridoio  (correre  run  + 
-orio  -ory)  by  confus.  w.  corridore  runner] 
co'PPie,  n.  (Sc ).  Circular  hollow  on  mountain 
side  [f.  Gael,  coire  cauldron] 
cornge-ndum  (-J-),  n.  (pi.  -da).  Thing  to 
be  corrected  (esp.  fault  in  printed  book).  [L 
(as  correct  \  -nd  i)] 

co'PPigible,  a.    Capable  of  being  corrected  ; 
(of  persons)  submissive,  open,  to  correction.   [F 
(as  correct  1,  see  -ble)] 
coppi'val,  n.    =  rival. 
eoppo-bopant,  a.  &  n.   Strengthening  (medi- 
ci  ne) ;  corroborating  (fact).  [F  (as  foil. ,  see  -ant)] 
eoppd'bopate,  v.t.    Confirm  formally  (law 
&c) ;  confirm  (person,  statement)  by  evidence 
&c    Hence  or  cogn.  eoppo'bopativE,  eop- 
po'bopatoRY,  aa.,  eoppo*bopatOR2n.    [f.  L 
coR(ro6orare  f .  robur  -oris  hard  wood),  -ate  3] 
co  ppobopa*  tion,  n.  Confirmation  by  further 
evidence.    [F  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
eorro'boree,  n.   Native  dance  of  Australian 
aborigines,    [native] 

coppo'de,  v.t.  &  i.  Wear  away,  destroy  gra- 
dually, (of  rust,  chemical  agents,  diseases,  & 
fig.);  (intr.)  decay.  So  coppo'sion  n.  [f.  L 
coR(roderc  ros-  gnaw)] 

coppo'sive,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  tending  to  cor- 
rode (lit.  &  fig.) ;  c.  sublimate,  mercuric  (bi-) 
chloride  of  mercury,  a  strong  acrid  poison. 
Hence  coppo'sIvgl y 2  adv.,  coppo'sive- 
ness  n.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  as  corrode,  see  -ive] 
co'ppug-ate,  v.t.  &  i.  Contract  into  wrinkles 
or  folds  (t.  &  i.) ;  mark  with,  bend  into,  ridges, 
as  corrugated  iron.  Hence  eorpugATiONn. 
[f.  L  coB.(rugare  f.  ruga  wrinkle),  -ate  3] 
co'ppugatop,  n.  Muscle  that  contracts  the 
brow  in  frowning,  [as  prec,  see  -or2] 
coppu'pt1,  a.  Rotten;  depraved,  wicked  ; 
influenced  by  bribery  ;  (of  language,  texts,  &c) 
vitiated  by  errors  or  alterations.  Hence  cop- 
pu'ptLY2  adv.,  eoppu'ptXESs  n.  [f.  L  cor- 
(rumpere  rupt-  break)] 

eoppu,pt2,  v.t.  &  i.  Infect,  taint,  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
bribe;  destroy  purity  of  (language) ;  (intr.)  De- 
come  corrupt.  So  coppu'ptiVE  a.  [f.  prec, 
displacing  earlier  corrump] 
coppu 'ptible,  a.  Liable  to  corruption ,  perish- 
able ;  capable  of  moral  corruption.    Hence  or 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-, 


CORRUPTION 


187 


COSTEAN 


cogn.  coppuptiBi'LiTY  n.,  eoppu'ptibLY2 
adv.  [F,  f.  L  corruptibUis  (corrupt1,  -ble)] 
eoppu'ption,  n.  Decomposition ;  moral  de- 
terioration ;  use  of  corrupt  practices  (bribery 
Sec.) ;  perversion  (of  language  &c.)  from  its  origi- 
nal state ;  (Law)  c.  of  blood,  effect  of  attainder 
upon  person  attainted.  [F,  f.  L  cormptionem 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

cop'sac,  -ak,  n.  (zool.).  Tartar  fox.  [Turki] 
corsage  (korsah'zh,  kor'sij),  n.  Body  or 
woman's  dress,  bodice.     [OF  (cors  body,  see 

CORPSE  &  -AGE)] 

cop'saip,  n.  Privateer,  privateering  vessel, 
of  Barbary.  [f.  F  corsaire  t.  med.  L  cursarius 
[cursus  -us  inroad,  f.  currere  run,  -ary  *)] 

corse,  n.  (archaic,  poet.).   =  corpse. 

cop'set,  n.  Woman's  closely  fitting  inner 
bodice  stiffened  with  whalebone  &  fastened  by 
lacing,  stays.  Hence  eop*setED  2  a.  [F,  dim. 
of  OF  cors  body,  see  corpse] 

cop'slet,  corse-,  n.  Piece  of  armour  cover- 
ing body ;  garment  (usu.  tight-fitting)  covering 
body  as  distinct  from  limbs ;  (Zool.)  insect's 
thorax,  part  between  head  &  abdomen.  [F 
{corse-),  double  dim.  as  prec] 

cortb'ge  (-azh),  n.  Train  of  attendants ;  pro- 
cession.   [FJ 

Cortes,  n.  pi.  Two  chambers  making  legis- 
lative assembly  of  Spain  or  Portugal.  [Sp., 
Port.] 

cop*tex,n.  (pi.  -tices).  Bark ;  outer  grey  matter 
of  brain,  outer  part  of  kidney.  [L,  =bark] 

eop*tieal,  a.  (Bot. )  of  the  bark  or  rind ;  ( Anat. , 
Zool.)  forming  the  outer  part  of  animal  body  or 
organ,    [f.  prec.  +  -al] 

eoptieate(d),  a.  Having  bark  ;  bark-like, 
[f.  L  corticatus  (as  prec,  see  -ate2)] 

coru'ndum,  n.  Crystallized  mineral  of  same 
species  as  sapphire  &  ruby,  blue,  grey,  brown, 
black ;  mineral  species  of  crystallized  alumina, 
[f.  Tamil  kurundam] 

co'puscate,  v.i.  Sparkle,  flash,  (lit.,  &  fig. 
of  wit  &c ).  So  COPU'SC ANT  a. ,  COPUSC A  TION 
n.    [f.  L  coruscare,  see  -ate  3] 

eopvee*  (-va),  n.  (feudal).  Day's  work  of  un- 
paid labour  due  by  vassal ;  statute  labour,  e.  g. 
that  exacted  of  French  peasants  before  1776. 
[F,  f.  Rom.  coruadat.  JjL  conrogata  (opera)  re- 
quisitioned (work)  f.  rogare  ask] 

copve'tte,  n.  (naut.).  Flush-decked  war-ves- 
sel with  one  tier  of  guns.  [F,  f.  Sp.  corbeta ; 
cf.  L  corbita  (navis)  ship  of  burden  (corbis 
basket)] 

cop'vme,  a.  Of,  akin  to,  the  raven  or  crow, 
[f.  L  corvinus  (corvus  raven,  see  -ine1)] 

Cd'pybant,  n.  (pi.  -s,  -es).  Priest  of  Phrygian 
worship  of  Cybele,  performed  with  extravagant 
dances.  Hence  Copyba'nti  AN,Copy  ba#ntic, 
Copyba-ntiNE,  aa.  ff.  F  Corybante  f.  L  Cory- 
bantem  (nom.  -as)  f.  Gk  Korubas] 

Cd'pydon,  n.  Typical  rustic  in  pastoral 
poetry.    [L,  f.  Gk  Korudon) 

cd'pymb,  n.  (bot. ).  Species  of  inflorescence ; 
raceme  in  which  lower  flower-stalks  are  pro- 

Frtionally  longer.  Henceeopymbo'SE^.  [f. 
corymbe  f.  L  f.  Gk  korumbos  cluster] 

copyphae'us  (-fe-),  n.  Leader  of  a  chorus 
(also  fig.).  [L,  f.  Gk koruphaios (koruphe  head)] 

copy'za,  n.  Catarrh.  [L,  f.  Gk  koruza  run- 
ning at  nose] 

cos !,  n.  (Also  C.  lettuce)  kind  of  lettuce  in- 
troduced from  Cos  (now  Stanchio).   [f.  Gk  Kos] 

cos2,  n.    Abbr.  of  cosine. 

cosa'que  (-ahk),  n.    Cracker  bon-bon.    [F] 

cose  (-z),  v.i.  Make  oneself  cosy,  [back-for- 
mation on  cosy,  cf.  laze  f.  lazy,  &  coze] 

cose'cant,  n.  (trig.).  Secant  of  complement 
of  given  angle  (abbr.  cosec).    [co-] 


cosei'smal  (-siz-),  a.  &  n.  (Line  or  curve  con- 
necting points)  of  simultaneous  shock  from 
earthquake  wave,    [co-] 

cd'snep,  v.t.    Pamper,  cocker  up.    [?] 

co-si'g-natopy,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  signing 
jointly  with  others,    [co-] 

co*slne,n.(trig.).  Sine  of  complement  of  given 
angle  (abbr.  cos),    [co-] 

cosme'tic  (-z-),  a.  &  n.  (Preparation)  designed 
to  beautify  hair,  skin,  or  complexion,  [f.  Gk 
kosmetikos  (kosmeo  adorn  f.  kosmos  order, 
adornment,  see  -etic)] 

co'smic,  a.  Of  the  universe  or  cosmos  (esp. 
as  distinguished  from  the  earth) ;  c.  philosophy, 
=foll.  Hence  co'smicAL  a.,  co'smicalL  y  * 
adv.    [f.  Gk  kosmikos  {kosmos  world,  see  -ic)] 

co'smism,  n.  Conception  of  the  cosmos  as 
a  self-acting  whole.  Soeo'smiSTn.  [cosmos + 
-ism] 

cosmo-  in  comb.=Gk  kosmos  universe,  as 
-geny,  evolution  of  the  universe,  -logy,  -logist, 
-lo'gical,  science  of,  student  of,  concerned  with, 
the  universe,  -pla'stic,  moulding  the  universe. 

cosmo'gony,  n.  (Theory  of)  the  creation  of 
the  universe.  So  eosmog6'nic(AL)  aa.,  cos- 
mo'g-on ist(3)  n.  [f .  Gk  kosmogonia  (cosmo-  +• 
-goma  1.  -gonos  -begetting)] 

eosmo'graphy,  n.  Description,  mapping, 
of  general  features  of  universe  or  earth.    So 

COSmO'GRAPHER  n.,  COSmOGRA*PHIC(AL)aa. 

[f.  Gk  kosmographia,  see  cosmo-,  -graphy] 
cosmopolitan,  a.  &  n.    Belonging  to  all 

f>art8  of  the  world ;  (person)  free  from  national 
imitations.  Hence  cosmopolitan  ism  n., 
cosmopo'litaniZE  v.t.  &  i.    [f.  foil.  +-an] 

cosmo'polite,  n.  &  a.  Citizen  of  the  world : 
(adj.)  free  from  national  prejudices.  Hence 
cosmo'politiSM  n.  ff.  Gk  kosmopolites 
(cosmo-  +  polites  citizen)] 

cosmopoli'tical,  a.  Belonging  to  universal 
polity,    [f.  prec.  +  -ical] 

cosmora'ma  (-rah-),  n.  Peep-show  illus- 
trating all  parts  of  the  world.  Hence  cos- 
mora'mio  a.  ff.  cosmo-  +  Gk  horama  spec- 
tacle (horao  see)] 

co'smos  (-Z-),  n.  The  universe  as  an  ordered 
whole ;  ordered  system  of  ideas,  &c,  sum-total 
of  experience,    [f.  Gk  kosmos} 

Co'ssack,  n.  Name  of  a  Turkish  people  sub- 
ject to  Russia,  esp.  as  light  horse  in  Russian 
army.    [f.  Turki  quzzaq  adventurer] 

co'sset,  n.,  &  v.t.  Pet-lamb ;  (v.t.)  pet,  pam- 
per, [(vb  f.  n.)  perh.  =  OE  cotsxta  cot-sitter  (i.e. 
animal  brought  up  in  house)] 

cost1  (kaw-,  ko-),  n.  Price  (to  be)  paid  for  thing; 

Srime  c.  (also  c.  price),  that  at  which  merchant 
uys  ;  (pi.)  law  expenses,  esp.  those  allowed  in 
favour  of  winning  party ;  expenditure  of  time, 
labour,  &c  ;  at  the  c.  of,  at  the  expense  of 
losing;  to  a  person's  c,  to  his  loss;  c.-boon 
(showing  expenses,  profit,  &c  of  mine).  Hence 
co*stLESS  a.    [OF  (as  foil.)] 

cost 2  (kaw-,  ko-),  v.  i.  (cost).  Be  acquirable  at, 
involve  expenditure  of,  as  c.  him  Jive  shillings, 
c.  the  writer  infinite  labour ;  result  in  the  loss 
of,  as  c.  him  his  crown ;  c.  him  dear(ly),  involved 
a  heavy  penalty ;  (Commerc)  fix  prices.  (No 
pass. ;  the  person  is  indirect  object,  the  price  is 
expressed  adverbially,  in  being  understood), 
[f.  OF  coster,  couster,  t.  L  covs(stare  stand)  with 
dative  of  person,  locative  of  price] 

cd'stal,  a.  Of  the  ribs.  [F,  f.  med.  L  costalis 
(costa  rib,  see  -al)] 

cd'stard,  n.  Large  kind  of  apple ;  (archaic) 
head.    [perh.  f.  OF  coste  rib  (as  prec)  +  -ard] 

cd'state,  a.  Ribbed,  having  ribs.  [f.  L  costa  • 
tus  (as  costal,  see  -ate  2)1 

c6stea*n,  -een,  v.i.  (mining).  Sink  pitsdown 


COSTERMONGER 


•188 


COUNCIL 


to  rock  to  find  direction  of  lode,  [f .  Corn,  cothas 
stean  dropped  tin] 

eo*step(mong'ep),  n.  Man  who  sells  fruit, 
fish,  &c,  from  barrow  in  street,    [costard] 

ed'stive,  a.  With  confined  bowels,  consti- 
pated ;  (fig. )  niggardly.  Hence  eo'stiveNESS  n. 
[f.  OF  costivi,  f.  L  constipatus  constipated] 

co'stly,  a.  Of  great  value;  expensive.  Hence 

CO'StliNESS  n.     [-LY1] 

co'stmary,  n.  Aromatic  perennial  plant, 
formerly  used  in  medicine  &  for  flavouring 
ale.    [OE  cost  f.  L  f.  Gk  kostos+(St)  Mary] 

co'stume  (also -tu3m),  n.,  &  v.t.  Style, fashion 
of  dress  or  attire  (including  way  of  wearing 
hair) ;  complete  set  of  outer  garments  ;  c.-piece, 
play  in  which  actors  wear  historical  costume  ; 
(v.t.)  provide  with  c.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  It.  costume 
f.  L  consuetudinem  custom] 

costu'mier,  -mep,  n.  Maker  of,  dealer  in, 
costumes.    [F  (-ier),  f.  costumer  (costume)] 

eo'sy  (-zl),  -zy,a.  &  n.  Comfortable,  snug, 
(of  person  or  place}*  (n.)  canopied  corner  seat 
for  two  (cf.  F  cafo'seuse),  tea,  egg,  -a,  quilted 
covering  to  retain  heat  in  teapot,  egg.  Hence 
eo'siLY  2  adv.,  co'sIness  n.    [?] 

cot  \  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  erection  for  shelter,  as 
bell-,  sheep-,  c;  (poet.)  cottage ;  (v.t.)  put  (sheep) 
in  c.    [(vb  f.  n.)  OE,  f.  OTeut.  *kutoni\ 

cot2,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.)  light  bedstead  ;  (Naut.) 
swinging  bed  for  officers,  sick  persons,  &c; 
small(usu.  swinging)  bed  for  child ;  bed  in  chil- 
dren's hospital.  [Anglo-Ind.,  f.  Hind,  khat  bed- 
stead, bier] 

cot3,  n.    Abbr.  of  foil. 

cota*ng;ent,  n.  (trig.).  Tangent  of  comple- 
ment of  given  angle  (abbr.  cdt).    [co-] 

cote,  n.  Shed,  stall,  shelter,  esp.  for  animals, 
as  dove-,  hen-,  sheep-,  c.    [OE,  parallel  to  cot  l] 

co-temporary&c.  See  contemporary  &c. 

co-tenant,  n.    Joint  tenant,    [co-] 

eo'terie  (-ri),  n.  Circle,  set,  of  persons  asso- 
ciated by  exclusive  interests ;  select  circle  in 
society.  [F,  orig.  =  association  of  country  peo- 
ple, f.  cotter  cottar,  see  -ery] 

cothurnus,  n.  Buskin,  thick-soled  boot  of 
Athenian  tragic  actor  (also  fig.,  of  elevated  style 
&c).    [L,  f.  Gk  kothornos] 

co-ti'dal,  a.  C.  line  on  map  (connecting  places 
at  which  high  water  occurs  at  same  time),  [co-1 

coti'llion,  cotillon  (F),  n.  Name  of  several 
dances  ;  music  for  these.    [F  (-lion),  =  petticoat] 

co'ttagre,  n.  Labourer  s  or  villager's  small 
dwelling;  small  country  residence ;  c.  hospital 
(in  c,  without  resident  medical  staff) ;  c.  loaf 
of  bread  (of  two  round  masses,  smaller  on  top 
of  larger) ;  c.  piano  (small  upright),  [prob.  r. 
AF  *cotage  (cote  +  -age)] 

co'ttag-ep,  n.  Inhabitant  of  a  cottage,  [-er1] 

co'ttar,  -ep  *,  n.  Scotch  peasant  occupying 
cottage  on  farm,  and  labouring  on  farm  at  fixed 
rate  when  required  ;  =  cottier,  [f.  med.  L 
cotarius  (cota  cote,  see  -ary  ])] 

eo*tteP2,  n.  Key,  wedge,  bolt,  for  securing 
parts  of  machinery  &c;  c.-pin,  pin  to  keep  c. 
in  place.    [?] 

eo'ttier,  n.  Cottager ;  Irish  peasant  holding 
under  c.  tenure  (letting  of  land  in  small  portions 
at  rent  fixed  by  competition).    [OF  (as  cottar)] 

co'tton ',  n.  White  downy  fibrous  substance 
clothingseedsofc.-pZartf,  used  for  making  cloth, 
thread, &c;  c. -plant;  thread  spun  from c.  yarn 
(also  seuring-c.) ;  cloth  made  of  cotton  ;  gun-c.  ; 
c.-cake,  compressed  c.  seed  as  food  for  cattle ; 
c.-qrass,  kinds  of  plant  with  white  silky  hairs ; 
c.  lord,  magnate  of  c.  trade  ;  c.-spinner,  work- 
man who  spins  cotton,  owner  of  c.  mill;  c.  waste, 


refuse  yarn  used  for  cleaning  machinery  &c; 
c.-wool,  raw  c,  esp.  as  prepared  for  wadding; 
c.  yarn,  c.  prepared  for  weaving  into  fabrics. 
Hence  co'tton y  2  a.  [f.  F  f.  OSp.  coton  f.  Arab. 
qutun] 

co'tton2,  v.i.  Agree,  harmonize,  (together, 
with  each  other) ;  c.  wp.make  friendly  ad vances 
(to  or  abs.) ;  become  attached  to.    [f.  prec] 

eottono'epaey,  n.  The  magnates  of  the 
cotton  trade,    [cotton  *  +  -o-  +  -crac y] 

eotyle'don,  n.  Primary  leaf  in  embryo  of 
higher  plants,  seed-leaf;  genus  of  plants  in- 
cluding navelwort  or  pennywort.  [L,  f.  Gk 
kotuledon  cup-shaped  cavity  (kotule  cup)] 

eotyle'donous,  a.  Havingcotyledons.  [-ous] 

cd'tyloid,  a.  (anat).  Cup-shaped,  [f.  Gk 
kotuloeides  (kotule  cup,  see  -oid)] 

couch l  (ko  wtsh),  n.  Bed ;  thing  one  sleeps  on ; 
lounge  like  sofa,  but  with  half-back  and  head- 
end only  ;  (Malting)  bed  in  which  grain  germi- 
nates after  steeping,    [f.  F  couche  (as  foil.)] 

couch2  (kowtsh),  v.t  &  i.  Lay  oneself  down 
(now  only  in  p.p.) ;  (Malting) lay  (grain)  on  floor 
to  germinate  ;  lower  (spear  &c.)  to  position  of 
attack ;  remove  (cataract ;  also  c.  person,  per- 
son's eye,  for  cataract) ;  express  (thought  &c.  in 
words);  veil  (meaning  under  words);  (of  animals) 
lie  (esp.  in  lair) ;  crouch,  cower ;  lie  in  ambush, 
[f.  F  coucher  f.  L  cqh(locare  place)] 

couch3  (kow-,  koo-),  n.  (More  usu.  c.-grass) 
kind  of  grass  with  long  creeping  roots,  a  com- 
mon weed.    [var.  of  quitch] 

cou'ehant  (kow-),  a.  (herald.).  (Of  animals) 
lying  with  body  resting  on  legs  and  head  raised. 
[F,  part  as  couch  2] 

cou'gar  (koo),  n.  Large  American  feline 
quadruped,  puma.  [f.  F  couguar  repr.  Guarani 
guazu  ara] 

cough l  (kawf ,  kof ),  n.  Act  of  coughing ;  ten- 
dency to  cough,  diseased  condition  of  respira- 
tory organs,    [f.  foil.] 

cough2  (as  prec),  v.i.  Set.  Expel  air  from 
lungs  with  violent  effort  and  noise  produced  by 
abrupt  opening  of  glottis;  (trans.)  c.  out,  up, 
eject  by,  say  with,  cough ;  c.  down,  silence 
(speaker)  by  coughing.  [ME  coghen;  OE  has 
cohhetan ;  cf.  MDu.  cuchen,  Du.  kuchen,  cough, 
G  keuchen  pant ;  all  imit] 

could.    See  can2. 

coulisse  (koole's),  n.  Side-scene  in  theatre  ; 
space  between  two  of  these  ;  groove  in  which 
sluice-gate  moves.  [F,  f.  OF  couleis  f.  L  *cola- 
ticius  (colare_ flow)] 

couloir  (kool war'r),  n.  Steep  gorge  on  moun- 
tain side.    [F] 

coulomb  (kobl6"m),  n.  Quantity  of  electri- 
city conveyed  in  one  second  by  current  of  one 
ampere,    [de  C,  French  physicist] 

cou'ltep  (ko-),  eo'l-,  n.  Iron  blade  fixed  in 
front  of  share  in  plough.    [OE  culter  f.  L  culter] 

cou'marin  (koo-),  n.  Aromatic  crystalline 
substance  found  in  seeds  of  Tonka  bean  &c. 
[f.  F  coumarine  (coumarou,  name  in  Guiana  of 
Tonka  bean,  see  -in)] 

cou*ncil  (kow-),  n.  Ecclesiastical  assembly,  as 
oecumenical,  diocesan,  c;  (N.T.)  Jewish  Sanhe- 
drin;  advisory  ordelibe  rati  ve  assembly, as(Hist) 
Great  C,  c.  of  tenants-in-chief  &  great  ecclesi- 
astics (last  summoned  in  1640),  cabinet  c.  ;  body 
of  councillors,  as  privy  c.  ,  C.  of  State  (of  foreign 
countries) ;  body  assisting  governor  of  British 
crown  colony  or  dependency  ;  local  administra- 
tive body  of  town,  city,  or  administrative 
county,  as  County  C.;  C.  of  War,  assembly  of 
officers  called  in  special  emergency,  (in  some 
foreign  countries)  permanent  military  board ; 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


COUNCILLOR 


189 


COUNTERPART 


c.-board,  table  at  which  c.  sits,  c.  in  session ;  c- 
chamber,  -house,  (in  which  c.  meets).  [(1)  in 
eccles.  sense  f.  OF  cuncile  f.  L  concilium  assem- 
bly, meeting  (calare  call) ;  (2)  f.  OF  conseil  f.  L 
consilium  advisory  body, counsel;  E  confused 
the  two  words ;  ace.  to  mod.  different,  (begun 
in  16th  c.)  council  =  any  deliberative  body, 
counsel  =  act  of  counselling,  advice,  &c.l 

councillor,  n.  Member  of  a  council.  Hence 
eouneillopsmp  n.  [16th-c.  different,  f.  coun- 
sellor] 

counsel1  (kow-),n.  Consultation;  takec, con- 
sult (urith  or  abs.) ;  advice  ;  (Theol.)  c.  of  perfec- 
tion, injunction  (orig.  of  Christ  or  Apostles)  not 
regarded  as  universally  binding  (Matt.  xix.  21); 

Elan  ;  keep  one's  (own)  or  another's  c.  (secret) ; 
ody  of  legal  advisers  in  cause ;  barrister ; 
King's,  Queen's,  C.  (abbr.  K.C.,  Q.C.),  c.  to  the 
crown,  taking  precedence  of  ordinary  barristers, 
[f.  OF  conseil  f.  L  consilium  f.  sal-  jump  =  Skr. 
sar-  go)  deliberative  body,  plan,  cf.  council] 

counsel2,  v.t.  (-11-).  Advise  (person  to  do) ;  re- 
commend (thing,  that),  [f.  F  conseiller  f.  LL 
consiliare  (L  -ari),  as  prec] 

counsellor,  n.  Adviser ;  (also  c.-at-law)  ad- 
vising barrister  (now  only  in  Ireland),  [f.  OF 
conseillere,  -eor,  f.  L  consdiator(em) ;  as  prec, 
-or  2] 

count1  (kow-),  n.  Counting ;  sum  total ;  (Law) 
each  charge  in  an  indictment ;  (H.  of  Commons) 
c.-out,  c,  adjournment  when  fewer  than  40 
members  are  present,  [f.  OF  conte  f.  LL  com- 
putum  (as  foil.)] 

count2,  v.t.  &  i.  Enumerate,  reckon  up ;  re- 
peat numerals  in  order  ;  c.  up,  find  the  sum  of ; 
c.  out,  count  while  taking  from  a  stock ;  c.  out 
the  House,  procure  adjournment  (as  prec.) ; 
include  in  reckoning  ;  consider  (a  thing)  to  be 
(so  &  so);  c.  on,  upon,  expect  confidently;  be 
included  in  reckoning,  as  that  does  not  c;  c.for, 
be  worth  (much  &c);  (Sc.)  c.  kin  (with),  be  de- 
monstrably related  (to),  [f.  OF  conter  compute] 

count 3  (kow-),  n.  Foreign  noble  corresp.  to 
earl ;  c.  palatine.  Hence  eountSHip  n.  [f. 
OF  conte  f.  L  comitem  (nom.  -mes)  companion] 

eou'ntenance1  (kow-),  n.  Expression  of  face, 
as  charige  one's  c.  (from  emotion),  keep  one's  c, 
maintain  composure,  esp.,  refrain  from  laugh- 
ing ;  face ;  composure,  as  put  out  of  c,  discon- 
cert, keep  (person)  in  c.  (usu.  by  show  of  sup- 
port), [f.  OF  contenance  bearing,  aspect,  f.L 
eontinentia  (as  contain,  see  -ence)] 

eou'ntenance2,  v.t.  Sanction  (act);  en- 
courage (person,  practice,  person  in  practice), 
[f.  OF  contenancer  (as  prec.)] 

cou'ntep 2,  n.  Small  (usu.  round)  piece  of 
metal,  ivory,  &c,  used  for  keeping  account  in 
games,  esp.  cards ;  imitation  coin ;  banker's 
table ;  table  in  shop  on  which  money  is  counted 
out  &  across  which  goods  are  delivered ;  c- 
jumper,  shop  assistant,  [f.  OF  conteoir  f .  L  com- 
putatorium  (as  compute,  see  -ory(2))] 

counter  2,  n.  Part  of  horse's  breast  between 
shoulders  and  under  neck ;  curved  part  of  stern 
of  ship.    [perh.  f.  counter  5] 

cou'ntep 3,  n.  (fencing).  Circular  parry  in 
which  hand  retains  same  position  while  point 
describes  a  circle,    [f.  F  contre  counter- J 

counter4,  n.(shoemaking).  Back  part  of  shoe 
or  boot  round  heel.    [abbr.  of  counterfort] 

cou'ntep  5,  a.  Opposed ;  opposite ;  duplicate, 
[arising  f.  combb.  w.  counter-] 

cou'ntep 6,  v.t.   &  i.     Oppose,  contradict; 

(Chess)  meet  with  counter  move ;  (Boxing)  give 

(opponent,  or  abs.)  return  blow  while  parrying. 

[partly  f.  encounter,  partly  f.  counter-] 

cou'ntep 7,  adv.    In  the  opposite  direction, 

as  hunt,  run,  go,  c.  (i.  e.  to  direction  taken  by 


game) ;  contrary,  as  act,  go,  c.  (to  instructions 
&c).    [f.  F  contre  see  foil.] 

cou'ntep-  (kow-),  pref .  f.  F  contre  (It.contra)  f. 
L  contra  against,  in  return,  orig.  in  words  f.  OF, 
F,  or  It.,  but  now  a  living  prefix  of  vbs,  nouns, 
adjj.,  and  advv.,  with  sense  (1)  reciprocation, 
opposition,  frustration,  rivalry,  (2)  opposite  po> 
sition  or  direction,  (3)  correspondence,  match, 
(of  things  having  naturally  two  opposite  parts), 
(4)  duplicate,  substitute. 

counteract,  v.t.  Hinder,  defeat,  by  con- 
trary action ;  neutralize.  Hence  counter- 
a'etioN  n.,  countepa*ctivrE  a.  [counter-(I)] 

eounter-a'gent,  n.  Counteracting  agent 
or  force.    [counter-(1)1 

counter-approach,  n.  (mil.).  Work  con- 
structed by  besieged  outside  permanent  forti- 
fications to  check  besiegers.    [counter-(I)] 

cou-n ter-attr  action,  n.  Attraction  of  con- 
trary tendency ;  rival  attraction.  Jcounter-  (1)] 

counterbalance,  n.,&  v.t.  Weight  balanc- 
ing another ;  (v.t.)  act  as  c.  to.    [counter-(I)] 

cou'ntepblast,  n.  Energetic  declaration 
against  something.    [counter-(I)] 

counter-ceiling-,  n.  Layer  of  dry  material 
between  joists  of  floor.    [counter-(4)] 

eountereha'nge,  v.t.  &  i.  Interchange  ; 
chequer;  (intr.)  change  places  or  parts,  [f.  F 
contrechanger  (see  counter-(I)  and  change  v.  )] 

countercharge,  n.  Charge  in  opposition  to 
another,  charge  against  accuser.  [cocnter-(I)] 

countercheck,  n.  Check  that  opposes  a 
thing ;  check  that  operates  against  another. 
[counter-(I)} 

cou'ntep-claim,  n.  Claim  set  up  against 
another;  claim  set  up  by  defendant  in  suit. 
[counter-(I)] 

eounter-elo'ekwise.    See  clock  K 

counterfeit  *  (-it,  -et),  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  made 
in  imitation,  not  genuine,  (of  coins,  writings, 
persons,  &c).  [f.  OF  contrefet,  -fait,  p.p.  of 
contrefaire  f.  med.  L  C0NTRA(/acere  make)] 

cou'ntepfeit2  (-it,  -et),  v.t.  Imitate ;  forge 
(coin,  bank-notes,  hand- writing) ;  simulate  (feel- 
ings) ;  (fig.)  resemble  closely,    [f.  prec] 

counterfoil,  n.  Complementary  part  of 
bank  cheque,  official  receipt,  &c,  with  note  of 
particulars,  retained  by  drawer.  [counter-(3)1 

cou'ntepfopt,  n.  Buttress  supporting  wall 
or  terrace,    [f.  F  contrefort  (counter-,  fort)] 

eountep-l'ppitant,  n.  Thing  used  to  pro- 
duce surface  irritation  and  thus  counteract 
disease  (also  fig.).    So  eounter-irrita'tion 

n.     [COUNTER-(l)] 

countermand,  v.t.,  &  n.  Revoke  (com- 
mand) ;  recall  (person,  forces,  &c.)  by  contrary 
order;  cancel  order  for  (goods  &c.) ;  (n.)  order 
revoking  previous  one.  [f.  OF  contremand(er) 
n.  &  vb  f.  med.  L  contra  (mandare  order)] 


countermark,  n.  Additional  mark,  for 
greater  security  &c. ;  additional  mark  on  bale 
of  goods  belonging  to  several  merchants ;  hall- 
mark added  to  that  of  the  maker,  [f.  F  contre- 
marque,  see  counter-(3)  &  mark] 

countermine,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Mil.)  mine 
made  to  intercept  that  of  besiegers ;  submarine 
mine  sunk  to  explode  enemy's  mines  by  its 
explosion;  (fig.)  counterplot;  (v.t.) oppose  bye. ; 
(v.i.)  make  a  c.    [counter-(I)] 

cou'ntermure,  n.  Wall  raised  within  or 
behind  another  as  reserve  defence,  [f.  F  contre- 
mur  (counter-(2),  mur  f.  L  murus  wall)] 

counterpane  (-in,  -an),  n.  Outer  covering 
of  bed,  coverlet,  quilt,  [f.  obs.  counterpoint  f. 
OF  contrepointe  corrupt,  of  cuiltepointe  f.  L 
culcita  puncta  stitched  quilt  ;  assim.  to  pane 
in  obs.  sense  cloth] 

counterpart,  n.  Duplicate  ;  person,  thing, 


COUNTERPLOT^ 190 

forming  natural  complement  to  another ;  oppo- 
site part  Of  INDENTURE.     [COUNTER-(3)] 

eou'nterplot,  n.,  &  v.t.  Plot  contrived  to 
defeat  another ;  (v.t.)  frustrate  by  c,  devise  c. 
against.    [counter-(I)] 

eou'nteppoint,  n.  (mus.).  Melody  added  as 
accompaniment  to  given  melody ;  art,  mode,  of 
adding  melodies  as  accompaniment  according 
to  fixed  rules ;  double  c.  (in  which  the  melodies 
can  be  placed  in  any  order  above  or  below  one 
another),  [f.  OF  contrepoint  f.  med.  L  contra- 
punctum  pricked  opposite,  L  e.  to  the  original 
melody  (pungere  punet-  prick)] 

cou'nteppolse  i  (-z),  n.  Counterbalancing 
weight;  thing  of  equivalent  force  &c.  on 
opposite  side ;  equilibrium,  ff.  OF  contrepois 
(contre  counter-*  1)  +  pois  f.  Lpensum  weight)] 

eoirnterpoise ■  (z-),  v.t.  Counterbalance; 
compensate ;  bring  into,  keep  in,  equilibrium 
(lit.  &fig.).  [f.  OF  contrepeser  (contre  counter- 
+  peser  f.  L  pensare  assim.  to  prec.)] 

countep-reformation,  n.  Reformation 
running  counter  to  another,  esp.  that  in  Church 
of  Rome  following  on  Protestant  Reformation. 

[COUNTER-(l)] 

eou'ntersearp,  n.  (fortif.).  Outer  wall  or 
slope  of  ditch,  supporting  covered  way.  [f.  F 
contrescarpe  f.  It.  cONTRA(scarpa  scarp)] 
eoirntepsigri  i,  n.  "Watchword,  pass- word, 
given  to  all  men  on  guard  (cf.  parole)  ;  mark 
used  for  identification  &c.  [f.  OF  contresigne 
(see  counter-(3)  &  sign)] 
cou'n  tepsign  2,  v.  t.  Add  signature  to  (docu- 
ment already  signed) ;  ratify,  [f.  OF  contre- 
signer  (as  prec.)] 

countepsi'nfc,  v.t  Bevel  off  (top  of  hole)  to 
receive  head  of  screw  or  bolt ;  sink  (screw-head) 
in  such  hole.  [counter-(3)] 
countop-t6*nop, n.  (mus.).  (Part  for,  singer 
with)  male  voice  higher  than  tenor,  alto,  [f. 
obs.  F  contre-teneur(see  contra-  &  tenor)] 
countepvai'l,  v.t.  &  L  Counterbalance ; 
avail  against,  [f.  OF  contrevaloir  f.  L  contra 
valere] 

coirntepwopk,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Mil.)  work 
raised  in  opposition  to  those  of  enemy;  (gen.) 
opposing  work ;  (v.t.)  counteract,  frustrate ; 
(va.)  work  in  opposition.  [counter-(I)] 
cou'ntess,  n.  Wife,  widow,  of  count  or  earl ; 
lady  ranking  with  count  or  earl  in  her  own 
right  [f.  OF  contesse  f.  LL  comitissa  fern,  of 
comes  -xtis  count] 

cotrntingr-house,  n.    Building,  room,  de- 
voted to  keeping  accounts ;  office, 
cou'ntless,  a.   Too  many  to  count,    [-less] 
eoirntpified,  -pyfled,  a.    Rural,  rustic,  in 
appearance,  manners,  &c.    [p.p.  of  countrify, 
else  little  used  (country  +  -fy)] 
cou'ntpy  (ku-),  n.     Region ;  territory  of  a 
nation ;  land  of  a  persous  birth,  citizenship, 
&c,  fatherland ;  rural  districts  as  opp.  to  towns, 
esp.  the  rest  of  a  land  as  opp.  to  the  capital ; 
(Cricket  slang)  in  the  c,  far  from  the  wickets ; 
appeal  1  to  trie  c.  (body  of  electors) ;  c.  cousin, 
relation  of  countrified  manners  or  appearance ; 
c.-house,  -seat,  residence  of  c.  gentleman;  c. 
note,  bank-note  issued  by  local  bank  ;  c.  party, 
political  party  supporting  agricultural  against 
manufacturing  interests;    c-side,   particular 
rural  district,  its  inhabitants,     [f.  OF  cuntrie 
f.  LL  contrata  land  lying  opposite  (contra)] 
eou'ntpy  dance,  n.    Any  rural  or  native 
English  dance,  esp.  those  in  which  couples 
stand  face  to  face  in  two  long  lines,    [country 
-f  dance  ;  perverted  to  contre-dance  &c] 
cou'ntpyman,  n.    (fern,  cou'ntrywoman). 


COURSE 

Man  of  one's  own  (or  a  specified)  country ;  per- 
son living  in  rural  parts. 
eoirnty  (kow-),  n.  Territorial  division  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  chief  unit  for  admin- 
istrative, judicial,  and  political  purposes ;  ad- 
ministrative division  in  most  British  colonies ; 
(U.S.)  political  and  administrative  division 
next  below  State ;  people  of  a  c. ;  c.  palatine  ; 
c.  corporate,  city,  town,  ranking  as  adminis- 
trative c. ;  c.  borough,  one  of  over  50,000  inhabi- 
tants ranking  (since  1888)  as  administrative  c. ; 
c.  council,  representative  governing  body  of 
administrative  c. ;  c.  court,  local  court  esp.  for 
recovery  of  small  debts,  whence  c.-court  (v.t. 
colloq.),  sue  in  this;  c.  family  (with  ancestral 
seat  in  a  c.) ;  c.  town,  chief  town  in  county,  [f. 
OF  cunte"  £  L  comitatus  (as  count  3,  see  -ate  i)] 
coup  (koo),  n.  Notable  or  successful  stroke 
or  move  ;  (Billiards)  direct  holing  of  ball ;  c. 
d'ttat  (detail*),  violent  or  illegal  change  in 
government ;  c.  de  grace  (de  grahs),  finishing 
stroke  ;  c.  de  main  (F),  sudden  vigorous  attack ; 
c.  d'cett  (F),  comprehensive  glance,  general 
view.  [F,  f .  LL  colpus  f .  L  f .  Gk  kolaphos  blow] 
coupe"  (koo'pa),  n.  Four-wheeled  close  car- 
riage for  two  inside  &  driver ;  half-compartment 
at  end  of  railway  carriage.  [F,  p. p.  of  couper 
cut,  as  noun] 

cou'ple1  (ku-),  n.  Leash  for  holding  two 
hounds  together,  whence  (fig.)  go,  hunt,  run,  in 
cc. ;  pair,  brace,  esp.  of  hunting  dogs  ;  wedded 
or  engaged  pair  ;  pair  of  partners  in  dance  ;  a 
c.  of,  two ;  one  of  a  pair  of  rafters ;  (Dynam.) 
pair  of  equal  and  parallel  forces  acting  in  oppo- 
site directions,  [r.  OF  cople  f.  L  copula] 
cou'ple2,  v.t.  &  i.  Fasten,  link,  together 
(esp.  dogs  in  pairs) ;  connect  (railway  carriages) 
by  a  coupling;  unite,  bring  together,  (persons) ; 
marry  (t.  &  1.) ;  associate  in  thought  or  speech 
(two  things  together,  one  with  another) ;  (iutr.) 
unite  sexually,  [f.  OF  copier  (as  prec.)] 
eou'pler,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  contrivance 
for  connecting  two  manuals,  or  manual  with 
pedals,  or  two  keys,  of  organ,  [prec.  -f  -er  *] 
cou'plet,  n.  Pair  of  successive  lines  of  verse. 
[F,  dim.  of  couple] 

cou'pling",  n.    In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  link  con- 
necting two  railway  carriages ;  contrivance  for 
connecting  parts  of  machinery,    [-ing  l] 
coupon  (koo*p6n,  or  as  F),  n.     Detachable 
ticket  entitling  holder  to  periodical  payments 
of  interest,  services  of  excursion  agency,  &c. 
[F,  =piece  cut  off  (couper,  see  cope,  -oon)] 
couTage  (kfiTij),  n.    Bravery,  boldness,  as 
take,  pluck  up,  lose.  c. ;  Dutch  c.  (induced  by 
drinking) ;  c.  of  one  s  opinions;  c.  to  act  up  to 
them.    [OF  (cceur  f.  L  cor  heart,  see  -age)] 
courageous  (kera'jws),  a.    Brave,  fearless. 
Hence  coupa'geousi.v  -  adv.,  coupa'ge- 
ousness  n.    [f.  OF  corageus  t.  prec,  see  -ous] 
eouTieP  (koo-),  n.  Servant  employed  to  make 
travelling  arrangements  on  continent ;  title  of 
newspapers,  as  Liverpool  C. ;    running  mes- 
senger. [(1)  ME  corour  f.  OF  coreor  f.  LL  curri- 
torem  (currere  curs-  run,  see  -or2)  ;  (2)  16th-c. 
F,  f.  It.  corriere  (corre  run  f.  L  currere)] 
course *  (kors,  koors),  n.  Onward  movement ; 

Sursuit  of  game  esp.  hares  with  (grey)hounds  ; 
irection  taken,  as  hold,  take,  change,  one's  c, 
ship's  c,  a  dangerous  c.  (line  of  conduct),  c.  of 
events,  c.  of  nature  (ordinary  procedure) ;  (pi.) 
evil  cc. (behaviour);  ground  on  which  race  is  run 
(also  race-c);  channel  in  which  water  flows, 
watercourse ;  c.  of  exchange  ;  career ;  series  (of 
lectures  &c);  each  of  successive  divisions  of 
meal ;  continuous  layer  of  stone  &c.  in  building ; 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  co-. 


pa 

kn 


COURSE Wl 

(Naut.)  fore,  main,  -c,  fore,  main,  -sail ;  by  c.  of, 
according  to  ordinary  procedure  of  (law  &c); 
in  due  c,  in  the  natural  order ;  ofc,  naturally ; 
matter  ofc,  natural  thing.  [(1)  f.  F  cours  f.  L 
cursus  -us  (as  prec.) ;  (2)  f.  F  course  fern,  noun 
f.  L  p.p.,  cf.  -ADEl 

course2,  v.t.  &  i.  Pursue  (game,  as  prec.) ; 
run  about,  run,  (esp.  of  liquids) ;  give  (horse)  a 
run :  use  (hounds)  in  coursing,    [f.prec] 

coup'ser,  n.  (poet).  Swift  horse,  [f.  OF  cor- 
sier  f.  L  *cursarius  (cursus  course,  see  -ary  l) ; 
orig.=warhorse,  charger] 

court J  (kort),  n.  (Also  courtyard)  space  en- 
closed by  walls  or  buildings;  (Camb.  Univ.) 
college  quadrangle  ;  subdivision  of  an  Exhibi- 
tion building,  museum,  &c,  open  to  the  general 
roof ;  confined  yard  opening  off  street ;  enclosed 
quadrangular  area,  open  or  covered,  for  games, 
as  tennis,  fives,  -c  ;  plot  of  ground  marked  out 
for  lawn-tennis  ;  sovereign's  residence ;  his  es- 
tablishment and  retinue ;  the  body  of  courtiers ; 
sovereign  and  his  councillors  as  ruling  power, 
as  C.  of  St  James's  (British  sovereign's  c.) ;  as- 
sembly held  by  sovereign,  state  reception;  High 
C.  (assembly)  of  Parliament;  assembly  of 
judges  or  other  persons  acting  as  tribunal,  as 
c.  of  law,  law-c,  c.  of  justice,  c.  of  judicature, 
county,  criminal,  police,  c,  C.  of  admiralty, 
common1  pleas,  equity,  &c. ;  place,  hall,  in 
which  justice  is  administered ;  out  of  c,  (of 
plaintiff,  and  fig.  of  arguments)  not  entitled  to 
be  heard ;  (meeting  of)  qualified  members  of 
company  or  corporation;  (in  some  friendly 
societies)  =  lodge  l ;  attention  paid  to  one 
whose  favour,  affection,  interest,  is  sought,  as 

ay  c.  to ;  c.-card  (orig.  coat-card),  king,  queen, 

nave;  c.-guide,  directory  containing  (theoreti- 
cally) names  of  those  who  have  been  presented 
at  c. ;  c-martial,  judicial  c.  of  military  or  naval 
officers,  (v.t.)  try  by  this ;  drumhead  c.-rnartial 
(held  round  upturned  drum  in  time  of  war) ;  c- 
plaster,  sticking-plaster  for  cuts  &c.  (formerly 
used  by  ladies  at  c.  for  face-patches),  [f.  OF 
cort  f.  L  c(oh)ortem  (nom.  -ors),  yard,  cohort  ; 
the  senses  of  assembly,  judicial  court,  by  confus. 
in  F  with  L  curia] 

court2,  v.t.  Pay  court  to ;  make  love  to  (also 
abs.);  entice  (person,  into,to,from,8cc);  seek  to 
win  (applause  &c. ) ;  invite  (inquiry  &c. ).  [prec] 

courteous  (kor'tyws,  ker-).  Polite,  Kind, 
considerate,  in  manner  or  address.  Hence 
courteousLT 2  adv.,  courteousKESs  n. 
If.  OF  corteis  =  It.  cortese  (corte  court  \  see 
-ese),  assim.  to  wds  in  -ous] 

courtesa*n  (-z-),  -za*n,  (kor-),  n.  Prostitute, 
[f.  F  cburtisane  f.  It.  cortxgiana,  fern.  adj.  as  n. 
(as  prec.  +  -ano  -an)] 

courtesy,  n.  Courteous  behaviour  or  dis- 
position ;  by  c,  by  favour,  not  of  right ;  c.  title, 
one  held  by  c,  having  no  legal  validity ;  (Law) 
c.  of  England,  Scotland,  husband's  tenure  after 
wife's  death  of  certain  kinds  of  property  in- 
herited by  her ;  =  curtsy,  [f.  OF  cortesie =It 
cortesia  (cortese  courteous)] 

courtier  (kor-),  n.  Attendant  at,  frequenter 
of,  sovereign's  court,  [prob.  f.  OF  cortoyeur  f. 
cortoyer  vo  (corte  court  **)] 

eour*tly  (kor-),  a.  Polished,  refined,  in  man- 
ners ;  obsequious,  flattering.  Hence  eour*tli- 
ness  n.    1-ly  1] 

cour*tship,  n.  Courting,  wooing,  with  view 
to  marriage.    [-shipI 

couscous(sou)  (kob^skoosoo),  n.  African 
dish  of  granulated  flour  steamed  over  broth. 

[F,  f.  Arab,  kuskus  (kaskasa  bruise)] 

cousin  (ku'zn),  n.    (Also  first  c,  c.  german) 

child  of  one's  uncle  or  aunt ;  my  second  c,  my 

parent's  first  c.'s  child ;  my  first  (second  &c.)  c. 


COVEY 

once  (twice  &c.)  removed,  my  first  (second  &c.) 
c.'s  child  (grandchild  &c),  also,  my  parent's 
(grandparent's  &c.)  first  (second  &c.)  c. ;  call  cc, 
claim  kinship  (with) ;  title  used  by  sovereign  in 
addressing  another  sovereign  or  a  nobleman  of 
same  country.  Hence  cou'sinHOOD,  cou*sin- 
ship,  nn. ,  eou'sin l y  *  a.  [F,  f .  L  coK(sobrinus, 
-na,  f.  soror  sister)  c.  by  mother's  side] 

cove  *,  n.  Small  bay  or  creek ;  sheltered  re- 
cess ;  (Arch.)  concave  arch,  esp.  of  ceiling. 
[com.-Teut ;  OE  cofa] 

cove2,  v.t.  Arch  (esp.  ceiling  at  junction  with 


wall) ;  slope  (fireplace  sides)  inwards.    Iprec] 
cove3,  n.  (slang).     Fellow,  chap,     [thi 
cant,  etym.  dub.] 


co* venant  (ku-),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  &  i.  Compact,  bar 
gain;  (Law)  contract  under  seal,  clause  of  this ; 
(bibl.)  compact  between  God  and  the  Israelites, 
as  ark  of  the  c,  land  of  the  c  (Canaan) ;  Solemn 
League  and  C.  (establishing  Presbyterianism 
in  England  and  Scotland,  1643) :  (v.t  &  L)  agree 
(with  person  for  thing,  to  do,  that),  [(vb  f.  n.) 
OF,  part,  of  convenir,  see  convene] 

covenanted,  a.  Bound  by  a  covenant,  esp. 
of  Indian  Civil  servants  (the  c.  service),    [-ed  *] 

covenanter,  n.  One  who  covenants,  esp. 
(Sc  Hist.)  adherent  of  the  National  Covenant 
(1638)  or  Solemn  League  &  covenant,    [-er  !] 

C6  ventry  (also  ku-),  n.  Town  in  Warwick- 
shire: send  person  to  C,  refuse  to  associate 
with  him. 

cover1  (ku-),  v.t.  Overspread,  overlay,  (with 
cloth,  lid,  &c,  also  fig.  with  disgrace  &c.) ; 
strew  thoroughly  (with) ;  lie  over,  be  a  covering 
to ;  extend  over,  occupy  the  surface  of ;  pro- 
tect ;  covering  letter,  explanatory  one  with  en- 
closure ;  (of  fortress,  guns,  &c.)  command  (terri- 
tory) ;  conceal  (feelings  &c.) ;  c.  with  gun,  pre- 
sent gun  at ;  (Mil,  Cricket)  stand  behind  (front- 
rank  man,  another  player  to  stop  balls  he 
misses;  c.-point,  fielder  behind  point,  his  place); 
include,  comprise ;  suffice  to  defray  (expenses) ; 
protect  by  insurance;  (of  stallion)  copulate 
with ;  c.  in,  complete  the  covering  of,  fill  in* 
(grave  &c.)  with  earth ;  c.  up,  conceal,  esp.  by 
wrapping  up.  Hence  coveriNQ  *(3)  n.  [f.  OF 
cuvrir  f.  L  co(operire  opert-)] 

cover2,  n.  Thing  that  covers ;  lid ;  binding 
of  book ;  either  board  of  this,  as  from  c  to  c  ; 
wrapper,  envelope,  of  letter,  as  address  person 
under  c  to  another;  hiding-place,  shelter; 
screen,  pretence,  as  under  (the)  c  of  humility ; 
woods  or  undergrowth  sheltering  game,  co- 
vert2; (Commerc.)  funds  to  meet  liability  or 
secure  against  contingent  loss ;  plate,  napkin, 
&c,  laid  for  each  person  at  table,    [f.  prec.] 

coverlet,  -lid,  n.  Counterpane,  quilt ;  co- 
vering, [earlier  coverlite  perh.  f.  OF  *covre-lit 
(as  cover1  +  lit  bed)] 

covert1  (ku-),  a.  (Of  threat,  glance,  &c.) 
secret,  disguised.  Hence  covertLY2  adv. 
[OF  (as  cover1)] 

covert2  (ku'vert,  -er),  n.  Shelter,  esp.  thicket 
hiding  game ;  c-coat,  short  light  overcoat,  [f. 
F  convert  p.p.  as  n.  (cover  "•)] 

coverture  (ku'vertsher).n.  Covering,  cover; 
shelter ;  condition  of  married  woman  under 
husband's  protection.  [OF  (as  cover1, see -ure)} 

covet  (ku-),  v.t  Desire  eagerly  (usu.  what 
belongs  to  another).  Hence  eovetABLE  a. 
[f.  OF  cuveitier  f.  L  *cupiditare  (as  cupidity)] 

covetous,  a.  Eagerly  desirous  (of  another's 
property  &c.) ;  grasping,  avaricious.  Hence 
covetousLY2  adv.,  covetousNESS  n.  [f. 
OF  coveitus  (as  prec,  see  -ous)] 

covey  (ku-),  n.  Brood  of  partridges ;  family, 
party,  set  [f.  OF  covie  t  couver  hatch  f.  L 
cubare,  see  -ade] 


COVIN 


192 


CRADLE 


eo'vin  (ku-),  n.  Conspiracy,  collusion.  [OF, 
f.  LL  convenium  f.  convena  one  who  comes  to- 
gether with  others  (as  convene)] 

eo*ving",  n.  Arched  piece  of  building;  (pi.) 
curved  sides  of  fire-place,    [cove  2  +  -ing  *] 

cow *,  n.  (pi.  cows,  archaic  kine).  Female  of 
any  bovine  animal,  esp.  of  the  domestic  species; 
female  of  elephant,  rhinoceros, whale,  seal,  Sec; 
c.-bane,  water  hemlock ;  c.-boy,  boy  in  charge  of 
cc.,  (U.S.)  man  in  charge  of  grazing  cattle  on 
ranch ;  c.-catcher( U.S.),  apparatus  fixed  in  front 
of  locomotive  engine  to  remove  cattle  &  other 
obstructions:  c-fish,  (1)  sea-cow,  (2)  Indian  & 
American  fisn  with  horn-like  spines  over  eyes ; 
c-grass,  wild  species  of  Trefoil ;  c-heel,  foot  of 
cow  or  ox  stewed  to  jelly ;  cowherd,  one  who 
tends  cc.  at  pasture;  c.-hide,  (leather,  whip, 
made  of)  c.'s  hide  ;  cowitch,  =  CO  wage  ;  cAree, 
S. -American  tree  with  milk-like  juice.  Hence 
eowiSK^a.  [com.-Teut.;  OEewf.  OTeut.  kouz 
f.  Aryan  gwous  (Skr.  gaus,  Gk  bous,  L  60s)] 

cow2,  v.t.    Intimidate,    [perh.  f.  ON  kuga\ 

cow-age,  cowh-,  (-ij),  n.  Tropical  plant 
with  stinging  hairs onpod.  \t.  Hind,  kawahch] 

coward,  n.  &  a.  Faint-hearted,  pusillani- 
mous, (person).  Hence  eowardiiNESS  n., 
eowardLY1  a.,  cowardLY2  adv.  [f.  OF 
coart  =  It.  codardo  (coda  tail  f.  L  cauda,  -ard)] 

cowardice,  n.  Faint-heartedness ;  moral  c. , 
fear  of  disapprobation,  [f.  OF  couardise  (as 
prec,  see  -ice)] 

cower,  v.i.  Stand,  squat,  in  bent  position  ; 
crouch,  esp.  from  fear,  fetym.  dub.;  cf.  Icel. 
kura  sleep,  Da.  kure  squat ;  also  O  kauerri] 

cowl 1,  n.  Monk's  hooded  garment ;  hood  of 
this ;  hood-shaped  covering  of  chimney  or  ven- 
tilating shaft.  Hence  cowIed2  a.  [(1)  OE 
cugelet.  LL  cucidla  f.  L  cucullus  hood  of  cloak ; 
(2)  OE  cufle  cogn.  w.  Du.  keuvel,  conn.  w.  Icel. 
kofl  cowl] 

cowl2,  coul,  n.  Tub  for  water,  esp.  one  with 
two  ears,  carried  by  two  men  on  c-staff.  [prob. 
f.  OF  cuvelle  f.  L  cupella  dim.  of  cupa) 

cow-pox,  n.  Disease  on  teats  of  cows,  com- 
municated to  human  beings  by  vaccination. 

cowrie,  -y ,  n.  Shell  of  small  gastropod  found 
in  Indian  Ocean,  used  as  money  in  Africa  & 
S.  Asia ;  the  animal ;  kinds  of  gastropod  includ- 
ing common  c.  of  British  coast,  [f.  Hind,  kauri] 

cowslip,  n.  Wild  olant  growing  in  pastures, 
with  fragrant  yellow  lowers ;  c.  tea,  itfme,  (made 
from  these).  [OE  cu-slyppe  prob.  =  cow-dung 
(cu-  cow-  +  slyppe  slimy  substance)] 

co'xa,  n.    Hip.    Hence  eo'XAL  a.    [L] 

co'xcomb  (-6m),  n.  Conceited  showy  person. 
Hence  eoxeo'mbiCAL  (-mi-)  a.  [  =  cock's  comb; 
orig.  (cap  worn  by)  professional  fool] 

co'xcombry  (-komri),  n.  Foppery,  behavi- 
our of  a  coxcomb.    [-RY] 

coxswain  (kd'kswan,  ko'ksn),  n.  (abbr.  cox). 
Helmsman  of  boat ;  person  on  board  ship  per- 
manently in  charge  of,  &  (unless  superior  officer 
is  present)  commanding,  boat  &  crew.  Hence 
co'xswainLESS  a. ,  co'xs wainsn n>  n.  [ear- 
lier cockswain  {cock  =  cockboat  +  swain),  cf. 
boatswain] 

coxy.    See  cocky. 

coy,  a.  Modest,  shy,  (usu.  of  girl) ;  (of  place) 
secluded ;  c  of,  backward,  reserved,  in  (speech 
&c>.  Hence  coy'LY 2  adv.,  eoy'NESs  n.  [f.  F 
cot  (fern,  coite)  f.has  quiet] 

coyote  (koyo'ti,  -yo't),  n.  N. -American  prai- 
rie-wolf.   [Mex.  Sp.,f.  Mex.  coyotl] 

eoz  (kiiz),  n.  (archaic).    Abbr.  of  cousin. 

coze,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Have  a)  chat,  [(vb)  prob.  f, 
F  earner;  n.  perh.  influenced  by  cosy] 


cozen  (ku'zn),  v.t.  Cheat,  defraud,  (of,  out 
of) ;  beguile  [into  doing).  Hence  co'zen- 
age(3)  n.    [?] 

co*zy,  a.    See  cosy. 

crab1,  n.  Kinds  of  ten-footed  crustacean, 
esp.  edible  species  found  near  most  sea-coasts  ; 
zodiacal  constellation,  cancer;  machine  (orig. 
with  claws)  for  hoisting  heavy  weights ;  (pi.) 
lowest  throw  at  hazard,  two  aces,  whence 
turn  out  cc,  end  in  failure  ;  catch  a  c.  in  row- 
ing, get  oar  jammed  under  water  by  faulty 
stroke ;  c.'s  eyes,  round  concretion  of  carbonate 
of  lime,  found  in  stomach  of  crayfish ;  c.-louse, 
parasitical  insect  infecting  human  body ;  c.-pot, 
wicker  trap  for  cc.  Hence  era'bLET  n. ,  cra#b- 
like  a.  &  adv.  [OE  crabba  =  ON  krabbi,  Du. 
krabbe,  cogn.  w.  LG  krabben  scratch,  claw] 

crab2,  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  hawks)  scratch,  claw, 
fight  with,  (each  other  or  abs.);  (colloq.)  cry 
down,  pull  to  pieces,    [prob.  =  LG  as  prec] 

crab3,  n.  (Also  c-apple)  wild  apple  (fruit  & 
tree);  sour  person.    [?J 

cra'bbed,  a.  Cross-grained,  perverse ;  churl- 
ish, irritable ;  (of  writings  or  authors)  ruggedly 
intricate,  difficult  to  make  out ;  (of  handwrit- 
ing) ill-formed  &  hard  to  decipher ;  sour,  harsh. 
Hence  era'bbedLY2  adv.,  era'bbedNESs  n. 
[crab  1  +  -ed  2,  influenced  in  sense  by  crab  •*] 

crack l,  n.  &  a.  Sudden  sharp  noise  (of  whip, 
rifle,  thunder) ;  c.  of  doom,  thunder-peal  of  Day 
of  Judgment ;  sharp  blow,  as  a  c.  on  the  head ; 
in  a  a,  in  a  moment ;  (archaic,  slang)  boast,  lie ; 
(Sc.  &  North.)  brisk  talk,  (pi.)  news;  fissure 
formed  by  breakage ;  partial  fracture  (the  parts 
still  cohering^) ;  good  player,  horse,  &c. ;  burglar; 
house-breaking;  (adj.,  colloq.)  first-rate;  c- 
brained,  crazy,    [f.  foil. ;  not  in  OE] 

crack  2,  v.  t.  &  i.  (Cause  to)  make  sharp  noise, 
as  c.  a  whip,  whips  c. ;  c.  (utter)  a  joke ;  chat ; 
c.  up,  praise ;  break  (nut,  skull,  &c.)  with  sud- 
den sharp  .report ;  c.  a  bottle,  empty,  drink  it ; 
(slang)  c.  a  crib,  break  into  a  house,  break  (t.  & 
i.)  without  complete  separation  of  parts ;  voice 
cracks,  is  cracked,  (becomes  dissonant,  esp.  at 
age  of  puberty);  damage,  ruin,  (credit  &c.) ;  (p.p., 
colloq.)  crazy,  insane.  Hence  erac'kABLE  a. 
[com.-Teut. ;  OE  cracian,  Du.  kraken,  Gkrachen] 

cra'cker,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  fire- 
work exploding  with  sharp  report ;  explosive 
bon-bon  ;  instrument  for  cracking,  as  ntd-cc. ; 
thin  hard  biscuit ;  smash,  breakdown ;  (school 
slang)  lie.    [-ER1] 

cra'ckle,  v.i.,  &  n.  Emit  slight  cracking 
sound;  (n.)  such  sound,  (also  c.-china,  -glass, 
-ware)  china,  glass,  with  appearance  of  minute 
cracks,    [(n.  f.  vb)  crack2  +  -le(3)] 

cra'ckling**  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  crisp 
skin  of  roast  pork.    [prec.  +  -ing  l] 

cra'cknel,  n.  Light  crisp  kind  of  biscuit, 
[prob.  f.  F  craquelin] 

cra'cksman.n.    Burglar,    [crack1,  man] 

cra'cky,  a.  Full  of  cracks ;  apt  to  crack ; 
(colloq.)  crazy.    [-Y2] 

-cracy,  noun  suf.  added  to  Gk  stems  (and  as 
-ocracy  to  E  wds),  meaning '  rule  of,  ruling  body 
of,  class  influential  by ' ;  thus  democracy  = 
popular  government,  the  d.  =  the  lower  classes 

ernment 
gives 
them  power ;  so  cottonocracy  &c.  [f.  F  -cratie 
f.  Gk  -kratia  (kratos  power)] 

cra'dle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Bed,  cot,  for  infant,  mount- 
ed on  rockers ;  from  the  c,  from  infancy  ;  (fig.) 
place  in  which  thing  is  nurtured  in  earliest 
stage,  as  c.  of  an  art,  of  a  nation ;  framework 
resembling  c,  esp.  (Naut.)  that  on  which  ship 


as  political  power ;  plutocracy  =  govern 
by  the  rich,  the  p.,  those  whose  wealth 


For  compounds  of  co-  not  given  consult  CO-. 


CRADLINQ 193 

rests  during  construction  or  repairs  ;  frame  at- 
tached to  scythe  to  lay  corn  evenly;  (Engraving) 
kind  of  serrated  chisel,  rocking-tool ;  (Mining) 
trough  on  rockers  in  which  auriferous  earth  is 
shaken  in  water  ;  Cat's-c;  (v. t.)  place  in  (child's, 
ship's)  c,  contain  or  shelter  as  c,  mow  (corn) 
with  c. -scythe.    [?] 

cra'dling-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  (Arch.) 
wood  or  iron  framework.    Iprec.  +  -ing  *] 

craft,  n.  Skill ;  cunning,  deceit ;  art,  trade, 
(esp.  in  combb.,  as  handle.,  priestc,  statec); 
the  gentle  c,  angling ;  members  of  a  c;  the  c, 
brotherhood  of  Freemasons  ;  boat,  vessel,  (pi. 
craft);  c.-brother,  -guild,  workman,  guild  of 
workmen,  of  same  trade ;  craftsman,  one  who 
practices  a  c,  whence  cpa,ftsmansHip(3)  n. 
[com.-Teut,;  OE  crxft,  G  kraft  strength] 

cra'fty,  a.  Cunning,  artful,  wily.  Hence 
era'ftiLY  2  adv.,  era'ftlNESS  n.  [com.-Teut. ; 
OE  crxftig  (craft,  see  -y  2)] 

crag »,  n.  Steep  or  rugged  rock ;  cragsman, 
skilled   climber  of  cc.      Hence    era'ggrED2, 

'ggY  2?  aa.,  cpa'g-gedNEss,  cra'ggi.N 
nn.    [prob.  Celt.;  cf.  Ir.  creag] 


CRAVE 


era'arg  y  2,  aa.,  era's-gedNESS,  cra'ggiNESS, 

m.    [prob.  Celt.;  cf.  Ir.  creag] 

crag2,  n.  (geol.).  Deposits  of  shelly  sand 
found  in  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Essex,    [perh.  =  prec.  ] 

crake,  n.,  &  v.i.  Kinds  of  bird  including 
corn-c;  cry  of  the  corn-c.;  (v.i.)  utter  this, 
[imit.,  cf.  croak] 

cram,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Fill  overfull ;  force 
(thing  into,  down );  stuff  (poultry  &c.  with  food); 
eat  greedily;  (fig.)  prepare  (t.  &  i.)  for  examina- 
tion ;  learn,  get  up,  (subject)  for  special  purpose; 
c.-full,  as  full  as  cramming  can  make  it;  (n.) 
crowd,  cramming  for  examination,  (slang)  lie. 
[(n.  f.  vb)  OE  crammian  f.  crimman  insert,  cf. 
OHG  krimman,  pinch] 

epa'mbo,  n.  Game  in  which  one  player  gives 
word  to  which  each  of  the  others  must  find 
rhyme ;  dumb  -c.,  game  in  which  one  side  must 
guess  word  agreed  upon  by  other  side,  who  re- 
present rhymes  to  it  in  dumb  show.  Iprob.  f.  L 
crambe  repetita  cabbage  served  up  again] 

cpa'mmep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  one  who 
crams  (esp.  pupils);  lie.    [-er1] 

cpa'moisy,  -mesy,  a.  &  n.  (archaic).  Crim- 
son (cloth),  [f.  It.  cremesi,  chermesi,  f.  Arab. 
qirmazi  of  the  kermes] 

cramp  \  n.  Contraction  of  muscles  from 
sudden  chill,  strain,  &c;  c.-fish,  electric  ray, 


portable  tool  for  pressing  two  planks  &c.  to- 
gether ;  restraint,     [as  prec,  but  thr.  Du.] 

cramp3,  a.  Hard  to  make  out,  as  c.  word, 
handwriting',  contracted,  cramped.  Hence 
cra-mpNESS  n.   [f.  cramp  *  or  OF  crampe  a.] 

cramp4,  v.t.  Affect  with  cramp1  ;  confine 
narrowly  (also  cup) ;  (fig.)restrict(energies&c); 
fasten  with  cramp2.  Hence  cra'mpedNESS  n. 

era'mpon,  n.  Metal  hook,  grappling-iron  ; 
iron  plate  with  spikes  for  walking  on  ice  &c. 
[F,  f.  LL  cramponem,  nom.  -o,  f.  root  of  cram  1\ 

cran,  n.  (Sc.).  Measure  for  fresh  herrings 
(37*  gal.).    [?] 

cra'nage,  n.  Use  of  crane ;  dues  paid  for 
this,    [crane  !  +  -age] 

cra'nberry,  n.  Small  dark-red  acid  berry, 
fruit  of  dwarf  shrub  native  of  Britain,  N.  Eu- 
rope, N.  America,  &c.  [recent  in  E,  thr.  N. 
Amer.  colonists  f.  LG  kronbere] 

crane  \  n.  Large  wading  bird  with  long  legs, 
neck,  and  bill ;  machine  for  moving  heavy 
weights ;  siphon ;  (also  water-c.)  tube  for  supply- 
ing water  to  locomotive ;  c.-fly,  daddy-long- 
legs ;  c.'s-bill,  various  species  of  geranium.  [OE 
cran,  cf.  Du.  kraan,  G  kranich] 

F.D. 


crane2,  v.t.  &  i.  Move  with  crane;  stretch 
(neck),  stretch  neck,  like  crane ;  c.  at,  pull  up 
at,  shrink  from,  (hedge,  difficulty),    [f.  prec] 

cranio-  in  comb.    =  foil.,  as  cranio  logical. 

-LOGIST,  -LOGY,  -METRY. 

cra'nium,  n.  (pi.  -id).  Bones  enclosing  the 
brain ;  bones  of  the  whole  head,  skull.  Hence 
cra'niAL  a.    [med.  L,  f.  Gk  kranion  skull] 

crank  *,  n.,  &  v.t.  Part  of  axis  bent  at  right 
angles  for  converting  reciprocal  into  circular 
motion,  or  vice  versa ;  elbow-shaped  connexion 
in  bell-hanging ;  revolving  disk  turned  by  cri- 
minals as  punishment ;  (v.t.) bend  into  c.  shape, 
furnish  or  fasten  with  c.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  crane 
prob.  f.  crincan  (past  crane)  rare  by-form  of 
cringan  contract,  curl  up] 

crank  2,  n.  Fanciful  turn  of  speech ;  eccentric 
idea  or  act ;  eccentric  person,  [different,  f.  prec] 

crank3, a.  Weak,  shaky,(usu.  of  machinery), 
[f.  CRANK  !] 

crank4,  a.  (naut.).    Liable  to  capsize.    [?] 

cra'nkle,  v.i.,  &  n.  Bend  in  and  out,  twist ; 
(n.)  bend,  twist,    [(n.  f.  vb)  crank1  vb  +  -le] 

cra'nky,  a.  Sickly  ;  shaky,  crazy ;  caprici- 
ous ;  crotchety,  eccentric ;  full  of  twists;  (Naut.) 
=  crank4.  Hence cra'nkiLY2  adv.,  cra'nki- 

NESS  n.     [CRANK  »•  2>  3»  4  +  -Y  2] 

cra'nnog,  n.  Ancient  lake-dwelling  in  Scot- 
land or  Ireland.    [Ir.  {crann  tree,  beam)] 

cpa'nny,  n.  Chink,  crevice,  crack.  Hence 
CPa'nniED2  a.    [prob.  f.  F  cran,  etym.  dub.] 

crape,  n.,  &  v.t.  Gauze-like  fabric  with 
wrinkled  surface,  usu.  of  black  silk  or  imitation 
silk  (of  other  colour  or  material  now  usu.  crepe), 
used  for  mourning  dress  ;  band  of  this  round  hat 
&c  as  sign  of  mourning;  c.-cloth,  c-like  woollen 
material;  (v.t.)  cover,  clothe,  drape,  with  c 
Hence  cra'pY  2  a.    [f.  crepe] 

craped,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  crisped,  crimp- 
ed,   [crape  +  -ed  2» J] 

cpa'pulent,  a.  Given  to,  suffering  from 
effects  of,  resulting  from,  intemperance.  Hence 
or  cogn.  era'pulENCE  n.,  cra'pulous  a.  [f. 
L  crapulentus  {crapula  debauch  f.  Gk  kraip- 
ale  drunken  headache,  see  -lent)] 

crash1,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Make  a  c  (see  n.);  move, 
go,  with  a  c ;  (trans.)  dash  in  pieces,  throw,  force, 
drive,  with  a  c;  go,  fall,  c.  (with  a  c);  (n.)  noise 
as  of  broken  crockery,  thunder,  loud  music,  &c, 
violent  percussion  or  breakage,  (fig.)  ruin,  col- 
lapse of  mercantile  credit,    [imit.] 

crash  2,  n.    Coarse  linen  for  towels  &c    I?] 

era'sis,  n.  (Gk  gram.).  Combination  of  the 
vowels  of  two  syllables  (as  kago  for  kai  ego). 
[Gk,  =  mixture  (kerannumi  mix)] 

crass,  a.  Thick,  gross  ;  (fig.)  gross,  as  c.  stu- 
pidity; grossly  stupid.  Hence  cra'ssLY2 
adv.,  cra'ssNESS  n.    [f.  L  crassus  solid,  thick] 

cra'ssitude,  n.  Grossness  ;  gross  stupidity, 
[f.  L  crassitudo  (as  prec,  see  -tude)] 

-erat,  noun  suf.  =  supporter,  member,  of  a 
-cracy,  &  used  &  appended  similarly  (-erat, 
-ocrat).  Hence  -cratic(AL)  adj.  sufF.  If.  F  -crate 
formed  f.  adjj.  in  -cratique  (on  anal,  of  Gk  auto- 
krates  or  independently)  f.  Gk  -kratia  -cracy] 

cratch,  n.  Rack  for  feeding  beasts  out  of 
doors,    [f.  OF  creche ;  cf.  OHG  chrippa  crib] 

crate,  n.  Large  open-work  case  or  basket  for 
carrying  glass,  crockery,  fruit,  &c  Hence 
cra'teFUL  n.    [prob.  f.  L  cratis  hurdle] 

cra'ter,  n.  Mouth  of  volcano ;  bowl-shaped 
cavity.  Hence  cra'teriFORM  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  Aba- 
ter mixing-bowl  for  wine  (kerannumi  mix)] 

crava*t,  n.  Neckcloth,  tie,  (now  archaic  or 
shop).  Hence  crava*ttED  2  a.  [f.  F  cravate  t 
G  Kr abate  Croatian] 

crave,  v.t.  &  i.  Beg  for ;  long  for  ;  beg,  long, 
for.    [Okcrajian] 


CRAVEN 


194 


CREEP 


era 
cry 


a'ven,  a.  &  n.    Cowardly,  abject,  (person) ; 

„c,  surrender.   Hence  era*venLY  2  ad  v.   [?] 

cpaw,  n.  Crop  of  birds  or  insects.  [ME  crawe 
cogn.  w.  Du.  kraag  neck] 

crawfish.    See  crayfish. 

crawl1,  n.  Pen  in  shallow  water  for  fish, 
turtles,  &c. ;  =  kraal,    [f.  Du.  kraal] 

crawl2,  v.L,  &  n.  Move  slowly,  dragging 
body  along  close  to  ground,  oron  hands  &  knees; 
walk,  move,  slowly  ;  creep  abjectly  ;  (of  ground 
&c.)  be  alive  with  crawling  things ;  feel  creepy 
sensation,  whence  erawlY2  a. ;  (n.)  crawling, 
[(n.  f.  vb)  prob.  f.  Norse ;  cf.  Da.  kravle  crawl, 
Sw.  krafla  grope] 

era wler,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. ,  cab  moving 
slowly  in  search  of  fare. 

crayfish,  craw*-,  n.  Small  lobster-like 
fresh- water  crustacean  ;  spiny  lobster.  [ME  & 
OF  crevice  f.  OHG  crebig  f.  same  st.  as  crab1] 

crayon  (or  as  F),  n.,  &  v.t.  Stick,  pencil,  of 
coloured  chalk  or  other  material  for  drawing ; 
carbon  point  in  electric  arc  lamp ;  (v.t.)  draw 
with  cc,  (fig.)  sketch.  f(n.)  F  (craie  f.  L  creta 
chalk,  see  -oon)  ;  (vb)  f.  F  crayonner] 

craze,  v.t.,  &  n.  Render  insane  (usu.  in  p.p.) ; 
produce  small  cracks  on  (pottery) ;  (intr.)  nave 
such  cracks;  (n.)  insane  fancy,  mania,  crazy 
condition,  [(n.  f.  vb)  orig.  =  break,  shatter, 
perh.  (direct  or  thr.  OF  acraser  =  ecraser)  f. 
Sw.  krasa] 

era 'zing-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  c.-mill  (for  crush- 
ing tin  ore).    [-ING1] 

cra*zy?  a.  (Of  ship,  building,  Sec.)  unsound, 
shaky  ;  sickly ;  insane,  mad.  Hence  era'ziLY  2 
adv.,  cra'ziNESs  n.    [craze  +  -y 2] 

creak,  n.,  &  v.i.  Harsh  strident  noise,  as 
of  unoiled  hinge,  new  boots,  &c. ;  (v.i.)  make 
this.    Henceerea*kY2a.    [prob.  imit.] 

cream 1,  n.  Oily  part  of  milk,  which  gathers 
on  the  top,  &  by  churning  is  made  into  butter ; 
ci.OTted  (also  Devonshire)  c. ;  fancy  dish,  sweet, 
like  or  made  of  c. ;  best  part  of  anything ;  part 
of  a  liquid  that  gathers  at  the  top ;  c.  of  tartar, 
purified  &  crystallized  bitartrate  of  potassium, 
used  in  medicine  &c. ;  c.  of  lime  (pure  slaked) ; 
c.-like  preparation,  as  cold  c.  (cooling unguent); 
G-coloured  horse ;  c.-cheese,  soft  rich  kind  made 
of  unskimmed  milk  &  cream  ;  c.-fruit,  a  c.- 
like  fruit  of  Sierra  Leone ;  c-coloured,  yellow- 
ish white ;  c-laid,  -wove,  paper,  laid,  wove, 
paper  of  c.  colour;  c.  separator,  machine  for 
separating  c.  from  milk.  Hence  crea'm y  2  a. , 
crea'miNESS  n.    [f.  F  creme  f.  L  as  chrism] 

cream2,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  milk  &  liquids)  form 
cream  or  scum ;  cause  (milk)  to  c. ;  take  cream 
from  (milk) ;  take  the  best  part  of  (anything) ; 
add  cream  to  (tea  &c).    Tf.  prec] 

crea'mer,  n.  Flat  dish  for  skimming  cream 
off  milk  ;  machine  for  separating  cream,   [-er  j] 

erea'mery,  n.  Butter-factory ;  shop  where 
milk,  cream,  &c,  are  sold.  If.  F  cremerie  (as 
cream  l,  see  -ery)] 

crease,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Line  caused  by  fold- 
ing, fold,  wrinkle ;  (Cricket)  line  defining  posi- 
tion of  bowler  &  batsman,  as  bowling  c.  (from 
behind  which  bowler  delivers  ball) ;  (v.t.)  make 
cc.  in  (material);  (v.i.)  fall  into  cc.  Hence 
erea-sY  2  a.    [?] 

crea'te,  v.t.  Bring  into  existence,  give  rise 
to ;  originate,  as  (of  actor)  c.  a  part ;  invest 
(person)  with  rank,  as  c.  a  man  a  peer,  c.  apeer. 
Hence  erea'tiVE  a.,  crea*tiveLY2  adv., 
crea'tiveNESS  n.    [f.  L  creare,  see  -ate3] 

cre*atine,  n.  An  organic  base  found  in  the 
juice  of  flesh,    [f.  Gk  kreas  -atos  meat  +  -ine  5] 

crea'tion,  n.  Act  of  creating  (esp.  the  world) ; 
investing  with  title,  rank,  &c. ;  all  created 
things ;  a  production  of  the  human  (esp.  dress- 


erea'tfOr,  n.     The  C,  the  Supreme  Being; 

'IF, 


maker's,  actor's)  intelligence,  esp.  of  the  imagin- 
ation, [f.  F  creation  f.  L  creationem  (as  prec, 
see  -ATioN)] 

crea'tionism,  n.  Theory  that  God  creates 
a  soul  for  every  human  being  at  birth  ;  theory 
that  attributes  origin  of  matter  &  species  to 
special  creation  (not  evolution).  So  crea*- 
tloniST  n.    [-ism] 

Th 
one  who  creates,  whence  erea'trsss  *  n.   [01 
f .  L  creatorem  (as  create,  see  -or  2)] 

creature  (kre'tsher),  n.  Created  thing ; 
animate  being ;  animal  (often  as  distinct  from 
man) ;  human  being,  person,  (often  expr.  ad- 
miration, contempt,  patronage,  &c.) ;  one  who 
owes  his  fortune  to  another ;  mere  instrument ; 
the  c.  (often  spelt  as  Ir.,  cratur  &c.)  whisky  or 
other  intoxicant ;  c.  comforts,  [f.  F  creature 
f.  L  creatura  (as  prec,  see  -ure)] 

crea'turely,  a.    Of  creatures,    [-ly  l] 

creche  (krash),  n.  Public  nursery  for  infants. 
[F  (as  CRATCH)] 

cre'dence,  n.  Belief ;  give  c.  to,  believe ; 
letter  of  c.  (introduction) ;  small  side  table  for 
eucharistic  elements  before  consecration,  [f. 
med.  L  credentia  (credere  believe,  see  -ence)] 

credential,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Letter(s)  of  intro- 
duction (also  fig.),    [as  credence  +  -al] 

cre'dible,  a.  (Of  persons  or  statements)  be- 
lievable, worthy  of  belief.  Hence  or  cogn. 
erediBi'LiT y  n. ,  cre'dibLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  credi- 
bilis  (as  credence,  see  -ble)] 

ere'dit1,  n.  Belief,  trust;  give  c.  to,  believe 
(story) ;  good  reputation  ;  power  derived  from 
this ;  acknowledgment  of  merit,  ashavethe  c.of, 
get  c.  for ;  source  of  honour,  as  a  c.  to  the  school, tt 
does  him  c. ;  trust  in  person's  ability  &  intention 
to  pay,  as  give  c,  deal  one,  longc. ;  reputation 
of  solvency  &  honesty  ;  sum  placed  at  person's 
disposal  in  books  of  a  bank  &c. ;  letter  of  c. 
(authorizing  person  to  draw  money  from  writer's 
correspondent  in  another  place) ;  (Bookkeeping) 
acknowledgment  of  payment  by  entry  in  ac- 
count, sum  entered  on  c.  side  of  account  (cf. 
debit),  this  side,  give  person  c.  for,  enter  (sum) 
to  his  c,  (fig.)  ascribe  (quality)  to  him.  [f.  F 
credit  f.  L  credere  -it-  believe,  trust] 

ere'dit2,  v.t.  Believe;  carry  to  credit  side 
of  account  (c.  amount  to  person,  person  with 
amount) ;  (fig.)  c.  person  with,  think  he  has  (a 
quality),    [f.  prec] 

cre'ditable,  a.  That  brings  credit  or  hon- 
our (to).    Hence  cre'ditabLY 2  adv.    [-able] 

ere'ditor,  n.  One  to  whom  a  debt  is  owing ; 
(Bookkeeping)  c.  (abbr.  Cr)  side  of  account, 
right-hand  side.  [f.  OF  crediteur  f.  L  credi- 
torem  (as  credit1,  see  -or2)] 

cre'do,  n.  Creed  (esp.  Apostles'  &  Nicene, 
beginning  in  Latin  with  c.) ;  musical  setting  of 
Nicene  Creed.    [L, = I  believe] 

cre'dulous,  a.  Too  ready  to  believe ;  (of 
things)  sho  wing  such  readiness.  Hence  or  cogn. 
credu'liTY,  ere'dulousNESS,  nn.,  ere'du- 
Iously  2  adv.    [f.  L  credulus  (credere  believe)] 

creed,  n.  Brief  formal  summary  of  Christian 
doctrine,  esp.  Apostles'  (also  the  C),  Nicene, 
Athanasian,  C. ;  system  of  religious  belief; 
set  of  opinions  on  any  subject.  Hence  eree'd- 
less  a.    [OE  crbda,  f.  L  credo] 

creek,  n.  Inlet  on  sea-coast ;  small  harbour ; 
short  arm  of  river;  (U.S.  &  Colon.)  tributary 
river ;  narrow  plain  between  mountains,  [etym. 
dub.,  prob.  G;  ME  crike  (cf.  F  crigue),  later 
creke  (cf.  Du.  kreke),  crick  (cf.  Sw.  krik)] 

creel,  n.  Large  wicker  basket  for  fish  • 
angler's  fishing-basket,    [orig.  Sc,  etym.  dub.] 

creep,  v.i.  (crept),  &  n.  Move  with  body 
prone  &  close  to  ground ;  move  timidly,  slowly, 


CREEPER 


195 


CRIMINAL. 


or  stealthily  ;  insinuate  oneself  into,  come  in, 
up,  unobserved ;  proceed,  exist,  abjectly ;  (of 
plants)  grow  along  ground,  wall,  &c. ;  flesh 
creeps,  feels  as  if  things  were  creeping  over  it 
(result  of  fear,  repugnance,  &c.) ;  (Naut.)  drag 
with  creeper  at  bottom  of  water ;  c.-mouse  (adj.), 
timid,  shy.  (N.)  creeping;  shrinking  horror,  as 
(colloq.  pi.)  gave  me  the  cc. ;  low  arch  under  rail- 
way embankment ;  opening  in  hedge  &c.  [(n. 
f.  vb)com.-Teut.  :  OE  creopan,  Du.  kruipen] 

eree'per,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  plant  that 
creeps  along  ground  or  up  wall ;  grapnel  for 
dragging  bottom  of  water,    [-ek  2] 

eree'py,  a.  Having  a  creeping  of  the  flesh ; 
productive  of  this ;  given  to  creeping.  So 
cpee'py-erawly a.    [y 2] 

creese,  crease,  kris  (-es,  -is),  n.  Malay  dag- 
ger with  wavy  blade.    [Malay  k(i)ris,  kres] 

crema'te,  v.  t.  Consume  (esp.  corpse)  by  fire. 
So  eremA'TiON,  crema*tioniST(2),  nn.  [f.  L 
ere  mare,  see  -ate  31 

cpema'tor.  n.  Person,  furnace,  cremating 
corpses  or  rubbish.  Hence  cremator'ium, 
ere*matORY(2),  nn.  [L  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

crSme  (-am),  n.  C.  de  menthe,  peppermint 
liqueur ;  c.  de  la  c,  the  very  pick,  elite.    [F] 

cremd'na,  n.   Violin  made  at  C. ;  cromorne. 

crena*te(d),  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  With  notched 
or  toothed  edge.  Hence  erenATiON  n.  If.  It. 
arena  notch,  etym.  dub.,  see  -ate  2] 

ere'nature  (-e-  or  -e-),  n.  Rounded  tooth  on 
edge  of  leaf  &c.    [as  prec,  see  -ure] 

ere'nel,  crene'lle  (-el),  n.  Open  space  in  em- 
battled parapet,  for  shooting  through  &c.  [OF 
(-el),  dim.  of  cren  = It.  arena  (see  crenate)] 

ere* nel(l)ate,  v.  t.  Furnish  with  battlements 
or  loopholes.  Hence  epenellATiON  n.  [on  F 
cre'neler  (as  prec),  see  -ate2] 

cpe'dle.  n.  &  a.  (Descendant  of)  European 
(also  c.  white)  or  negro  (c.  negro)  settler  in  W. 
Indies,  Mauritius,  &c  ;  (adj.)  of  such  descent, 
(of  animals  &c)  naturalized  in  W.  Indies  &c 
[f.  F  Creole  f.  Sp.  criollo  perh.  f.  *criadUlo  dim. 
of  criado  bred,  domestic,  p.p.  otcriar  create] 

ere'osote,  n.  Colourless  oily  fluid  distilled 
from  wood-tar,  a  strong  antiseptic ;  (Commerc) 
carbolic  acid.    [f.  Gk  kreas  meat  +  sozo  save] 

crepe  (a-),  n.  Crapy  fabric  other  than  black 
mourning  crape ;  c.  de  Chine  (made  of  raw  silk). 
[F,  f.  L  crispa  curled,  fern,  adj.] 

cpe'pitate,  v.i.  Make  crackling  sound ;  (of 
beetles)  eject  pungent  fluid  with  sharp  report. 
Hence  epe'pitANT  a.,  epepitATiON  n.  [f.  L 
crepitare  frequent,  of  crepare  creak,  see  -ate3] 

crepon  (kre"pon,  or  as  F),  n.  Stuff  like  crape, 
but  of  firmer  substance.  [F  (as  crepe,  see  -oon)] 

crept.    See  creep. 

crepu'sculap,  a.  Of  twilight ;  (Zool.)  ap- 
pearing, active,  in  twilight ;  dim ;  not  yet  fully 
enlightened,  [f .  L  crepusculum  twilight  +  -ar\| 

crescendo  (kresh-),  adv.,  n.,  &  a.  (mus.). 
(Passage  of  music  to  be  played)  with  gradually 
increasing  volume  (abbr.  ores.,  cresc);  (fig.) 
progress  towards  a  climax.  [It.,  part,  of  ere- 
scere  grow  (as  foil.)] 

cpe'scent  (-sent),  n.  &  a.  Increasing  moon ; 
figure  of  moon  in  first  or  last  quarter ;  this  as 
badge  of  Turkish  Sultans ;  the  Turkish  power  ; 
the  Mohammedan  religion ;  any  figure  of  c. 
shape,  esp.  row  of  houses ;  (adj.)  increasing,  c- 
shaped.    [f.  L  crescere  grow,  see  -ent] 

cress,  n.  Name  of  various  plants  usu.  with 
pungent  edible  leaves,  as  Garden  C,  water1- 
c.  [OE  cresse,  f.  root  of  OHG  chresan  creep] 

cpe'sset,  n.  Metal  vessel  for  holding  grease 
or  oil  for  light,  usu.  mounted  on  pole ;  (mod.) 
fire-basket  for  lighting  wharf  &c  [OF  (also 
craisset),  f.  graisse  grease] 


crest,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Comb  or  tuft  on  animal's 
head;  c- fallen,  with  drooping  c,  dejected, 
abashed;  plume,  tuft,  of  feathers;  (apex  of) 
helmet ;  head,  top,  esp.  of  mountain  ;  surface 
line  of  neck  in  animals;  mane;  (Anat.)  ridge 
along  surface  of  bone,  as  frontal,  occipital,  c.  of 
skull ;  (Herald.)  device  above  shield  &  helmet 
on  coat  of  arms,  or  separately,  as  on  seal,  note- 
paper,  &c  ;  (v.t.)  furnish  with  c,  serve  as  c  to, 
reach  c  of  (hill,  wave):  (v.i.,  of  waves)  form 
into  a  c    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  creste f.  L  crista  tuft] 

ere ta-ceous,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  chalk,  [f. 
L  cretaceus  (creta  chalk,  see  -aceous)] 

cre'tic,  n.  Metrical  foot  (-v-).  [f.  L  creticus 
{Creta  Crete,  see  -ic)] 

cpe*tify,  v.t.  Impregnate  with  salts  of  lime. 
Hence  CPetiFiCA  tion  n.  [f .  L  creta  chalk  +  -FY] 

cpe*tln,  n.  Deformed  idiot  of  a  kind  found 
esp.  in  Alpine  valleys.  Hence  epe*tlniSM(2)  n., 
cpe'tiniZE  v.t.,  epe*tlnous  a.  [f.  F cretin  f.  L 
Christianus  christian  in  mod.  Rom.  sense 
'  (barely)  human  creature  *] 

creto'nne  (also  kre't),  n.  Stout  unglazed 
cotton  cloth  with  pattern  printed  on  one  or 
both  sides.    [F] 

creva'sse,  n.  Deep  fissure  in  ice  of  glacier. 
[F,  readopted  as  different,  f.  foil.] 

epe'vice,  n.  Chink,  fissure.  [ME  &  OF  cre- 
vace  f.  LL  crepatia  (crepare  creak,  crack)] 

crew  \  n.  Whole  body  of  men  manning  ship 
or  boat ;  associated  body,  company,  of  persons ; 
set,  gang,  mob.  [f.  OF  creue  increase  rem.  p.p. 
(as  n.)  of  croistre  grow  f.  L  crescere] 

crew  2.    See  crow  3. 

epewel,  n.  Thin  worsted  yarn  for  tapestry 
&  embroidery;  c.-work,  design  in  worsted  on 
linen  or  cloth  ground.    [?] 

crib J,  n.  Barred  receptacle  for  fodder ;  hovel, 
hut ;  small  bed  for  child,  with  barred  sides ; 
wicker  salmon-trap ;  framework  lining  shaft  of 
mine;  (U.S.)  bin  for  maize,  salt,  &c. ;  set  of 
cards  given  to  dealer  at  cribbage,  taken  from 
other  players'  hands;  (colloq.)  plagiarism; 
translation  for  (esp.  illegitimate)  use  of  stu- 
dents; crack2  a  c;  c.-biting  (of  horses),  habit 
of  seizing  manger  in  teeth  &  at  same  time  noisily 
drawing  in  breath.    [com.-WG  ;  Du.  krib] 

crib2,  v.t.  Confine  in  small  space;  furnish 
(cowshed  &c)  with  cribs ;  pilfer ;  copy  unfairly 
or  without  acknowledgment,    [f.  prec] 

cri'bbag-e,  n.  Card  game  for  two,  three,  or 
four  persons,    [f.  crib  *  +  -age] 

epi'bpifopm,  a.  (anat,  bot.).  Having  small 
holes,  like  a  sieve,  [f.  L  cribrum  sieve  +  -form] 

crick,  n.,  &  v.t.  Spasmodic  affection  of  mus- 
cles of  neck,  back,  &c,  sudden  stiffness;  (v.t.) 
produce  c  in  (neck  &c).    [prob.  imit.] 

epi'eket1,  n.  (Also  house-c.)  a  jumping 
chirping  insect,  [f.  OF  criquet  conn.  w.  criquer 
creak;  imit.] 

epi'eket2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Open-air  game  played 
with  ball,  bats,  &  wickets,  between  two  sides  of 
11  players  each ;  (v.i.)  play  c  Hence  epl'cket- 
er  !  n.  [etym.  dub. ;  OF  has  criquet,  a  game, 
(also)  a  stick  to  aim  at] 

cpreoid,  a.  &  n.  Ring-shaped  (cartilage  of 
larynx),    [f.  Gk  krikoeides  (krikos  ring,  -oid)] 

epi'ep,  n.  One  who  cries  ;  officer  who  makes 
public  announcements  in  court  of  justice  or 
(town  c.)  in  a  town.  [ME  &  OF  criere,  nom.  of 
crieur  (crier  cry,  see  -or2)] 

CPi'key,  int.  (slang),  expr.  astonishment, 
[perh.  substituted  forL  Christe  O  Christ] 

crime,  n.  Act  (usu.  grave  offence)  punishable 
by  law;  evil  act,  sin.  Hence  CPi*meLESS  a.  [F, 
f.  L  crimen  -minis  judgment,  offence  (cernere 
cret-  decide)] 

eprminal,  a.  &  n.    Of  (the  nature  of)  crime ; 


CRIMINATE 


196 


CROOK 


c.  conversation,  CONNEXION ;  (person)  guilty 
of  crime.  Hence  or  cogn.  CPimina'liTY  n., 
eri'minalLY2adv.  [f.  Fcriminel  f.  licrimina- 
lis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

epi'minate,  v.t.  Charge  with  crime  ;  prove 
(oneself  &c.)  guilty  of  crime  ;  censure.  Hence 
or  cogn.  cpiminATTON  n.,  eri'minatrvE, 
eri'minatORY,  aa.     [f.  L  criminari  (crimen 

CRIME),  8ee-ATE3J 

epi*min6,  -ny,  int.  expr.  astonishment, 
[perh.  =  It.  crimine  crime,  or  suggested  by 
jiminy  for  Gemini] 

cpimino'logy,  n.    Science  of  crime,    [f.  L 
crimen  -minis  crime  +  -O-  +  -logy] 
cpi'minous,  a.   Guilty  of  crime,  only  in  phr. 
c.  clerk  (clergyman),     [f.  OF  crimineux  f.  L 
criminosus  (as  prec,  see  -ous)] 
crimp !,  n.,  &  v.t.    Agent  who  entraps  men 
for  seamen  or  soldiers  (also  fig.) ;  (v.t.)  entrap 
thus,  impress,  (seamen,  soldiers).    [?] 
epimp2.  v.t.    Compress  into  plaits  or  folds, 
frill ;  make  flutings  in,  corrugate ;  contract 
(flesh  of  freshly-caught  fish)  by  gashing ;  mould, 
bend,  into  shape,    [f.  same  root  as  cramp1,  cf. 
Du.  krimpen  contract  (intr.)] 
cpi'mson,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.      Deep-red 
(colour) ;  (v.t.  &  i.)  turn  c.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Sp.  cre- 
mesin,  car-,  (carmesi  cramoisy,  -ine1)] 
CPinge  (-j),  v.i.,  &  n.  Cower ;  bow  servilely ; 
behave  obsequiously  (to);  (n.)  fawning  obeis- 
ance, cringing.      [(n.  f.  vb)  earlier  crenge  f. 
cringan,  see  crank1] 

errngle,  n.  (naut.).    Eye  of  rope  containing 
thimble  for  another  rope  to  pass  through,    [cf. 
G  kringel  dim.  of  kring  ring  f.  root  of  crank  *] 
cpi'nite,  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  Hairy,  [f.  L  crinitus 
(crinis  hair,  cf.  -ate2(2)1 
cpi'nkie,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.     Twist,  wrinkle. 
Hence  cpi'nklY2  a.    [(n.  prob.  f.  vb)  frequent, 
of  OE  crincan,  see  crank*  &  -le(3)] 
CPi*nkum-cpa*nkum,  n.  &  a.  (Thing)  full 
of  twists  &  turns  (lit.  &  fig.),  [playful  f.  crank  l] 
eri'noid,  a.  &  n.  (zool.).    Lily-shaped  (echino- 
derm).  Hence  CPinoi'dALa.  [f .  Gk  krinoeidcs 
(krinon  lily,  see  oid)] 

crinole'tte,  n.    Contrivance  for  distending 
back  of  woman's  skirt,    [dim.  f.  foil.] 
CPi'noline  (also  -en),  n.    Stiff  fabric  of  horse- 
hair &c.  formerly  used  for  skirts ;  hooped  petti- 
coat ;  netting  round  warship  as  defence  against 
torpedoes.    [F  (L  crinis  hair  +  linum  thread)] 
cpio-  in  comb.  =  Gk  krios  ram,  as  -sphinx 
(ram-headed),  -ceratite,  ram's-horn  ammonite. 
cpi'pple,  n.,  &  v.t.    Lame  person;  staging 
for  cleaning  "windows  &c.  ;  (v.t.)  lame,  (fig.)  dis- 
able, impair.  Hence  cpi'ppleDOM,  cpi'pple- 
hood,  nn.  {(vb  f.  n.)  OE  crypel  f.  OTeut.  krupilo- 
(kriupan  creep)] 

CPi'sis,  n.  (pi.  crises).  Turning-point,  esp.  of 
disease ;  moment  of  danger  or  suspense  in  poli- 
tics, commerce,  &c,  as  cabinet,  financial,  c. 
[L,  f.  Gk  krisis  decision  (krino  decide)] 
cpisp,  a.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Hard  but  fragile,  brittle ; 
bracing,  as  c.  air ;  brisk,  decisive,  as  c.  manner, 
style",  &c. ;  (of  hair  &c.)  curly ;  (v.t.  &  i.)  curl  in 
short  stiff  folds,  make  or  become  c.  Hence 
cpi'spLY2  adv.,  cpI'spness  n.  [(vb  f.  adj.)  f. 
L  crispus  curled] 

cpi*spate,a.  Crisped,(Rot,Zool.)  with  curled 
or  undulated  margin,     [f.  L  crispare,  -ate2] 
cpispa'tion,  n.    Curling ;  undulation  ;  con- 
traction (esp.  =GOOSE-sfctn).    [as  prec,  -ation] 
CPl'spy,  a.    Curly ;  brittle  ;  brisk.    [-Y2] 
cpiss-cposs.     See  christ-cross-row. 
cri-state,  a.  (nat  hist).    Having  a  crest  [f. 
L  cristatus  (as  crest,  see  -ate2)] 
cpitep'ion,  n.  (pi.  -ia).    Principle,  standard, 
a  thing  is  judged  by.   [t  Gk  kriterion  as  foil.] 


CPi'tic,  n.  One  who  pronounces  judgment ; 
censurer ;  judge  of  literary  or  artistic  works  ; 
one  skilled  in  textual  criticism.  Hence  cpiti- 
ca'ster  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kritikos  (krites  judge  f. 
krino,  see  -ic)] 

cpi'tical,  a.  Censorious,  fault-finding ;  skil- 
ful, engaged,  in  criticism ;  belonging  to  criti- 
cism ;  involving  risk  or  suspense,  as  c.  condition, 
operation;  (Math.,  Physics)  marking  transition 
from  one  state  &c  to  another,  as  c.  angle,  tem- 
perature.   Hence  cpi'tiealLY  2  adv.    [-al] 

eri-tieism,  n.  Work  of  a  critic ;  critical 
essay  or  remark  ;  textual  c.  (dealing  with  text, 
character,  &c,  of  literary  documents,  esp.  the 
Bible) ;  the  higher  c.  (other  than  verbal),  [-ism] 

cpi'ticize,  v.t.  Discuss  critically  (often  abs.); 
censure.    Hence  CPitieiZABLE  a.    [-ize] 

cpi'tico-  in  comb.  =  critically,  critical  &  — , 
as  -historical,    [critic  +  -o-] 

cpiti'que  (-ek),  n.  Critical  essay  or  notice ; 
art  of  criticism.    [F  (as  critic)] 

cpoak,  n.,  &  v.l  &  t  Deep  hoarse  sound  of 
frog  or  raven;  (v.i.)  utter  c,  forebode  evil, 
(slang)  die;  (v.t.)  utter  dismally.  Hence 
CPoa'kY  2  a.    [prob.  imit] 

cpoa'kep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  prophet  of 
evil.    [-ER1] 

cpd'ceate  (-si-,  -shi-),  a.  Saffron,  saffron-col- 
oured,   [f.  L  croceus  (crocus),  see  -ate2] 

cpo'chet  (-shi),  n.,  &  v.t.(-cheted  pron.  -shid). 
Knitting  (material  or  work)  done  with  hooked 
needle;  (v.t)  make  (shawl  &c  or  abs.)  in  c. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  F,  dim.  of  croche,  croc,  hook] 

cpo'cidolite,  n.  A  fibrous  silicate  of  iron  & 
sodium,  blue  asbestos ;  yellow  mineral  produced 
from  this,  used  for  ornament  [f.  Gk  krokis  -idos 
nap  of  cloth  +  -lite] 

cpock *,  n.  Earthen  pot  or  jar ;  (dial.)  metal 
pot;  broken  piece  of  earthenware  used  for 
covering  hole  in  flowerpot.  [OE  croc,  crocca, 
cf.  IceL  krukka] 

cpock  2,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Slang)  inefficient  person ; 
broken-down  horse ;  (Sc.)  old  ewe ;  (v.i.,  slang) 
c.  up,  break  down.  [prob.  cogn.  w.  crack  v.  ; 
cf.  Norw.  krake  sickly  beast,  MDu.  kraecke 
broken-down  horse  or  house] 

CPO'ckepy,  n.  Earthenware  vessels,  [f.  obs. 
crocker  potter  (crock  *),  see  -ery] 

cpo'eket,  n.  Small  ornament  (usu.  bud  or 
curled  leaf)  on  sides  of  pinnacles  &c  [f.  AF 
croket-¥  crochet] 

CPO'eodile,  n.  Large  amphibious  reptile  (esp. 
the  Nile  species) ;  c.  tears  (hypocritical,  from 
belief  that  the  crocodile  wept  while  devouring, 
or  to  allure,  its  victim) ;  (colloq.)  girl's  school 
walking  two  &  two.  Hence  ePoeodi'liAN  a. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  krokodeilos] 

cpo'cus,  n.  (pi.  -uses).  Genus  of  dwarf  bulb- 
ous plants  with  brilliant  (usu.  yellow  or  purple) 
flowers ;  c.  sativus,  species  of  this  yielding  saff- 
ron ;  a  peroxide  of  iron  used  for  polishing.  [L, 
f.  Gk  krokos  crocus,  saffron] 

Croe'sus  (kre-),  n.  Wealthy  person.  [C, 
king  of  Lydia] 

cpoft  (-aw-,  -6-),  n.  Enclosed  piece  of  (usu.  ara- 
ble) land ;  small  holding  of  crofter,  [etyni. 
dub.,  cf.  Du.  kroft  high  &  dry  land] 

cpo*fteP,  n.  One  who  rents  a  small  holding, 
esp.  joint  tenant  of  Scotch  divided  farm,  [-er  !] 

cpo'mlech  (-k),  n.  Prehistoric  structure  con- 
sisting of  large  flat  stone  laid  horizontally  on 
upright  ones.    [W  (crom  bent,  llech  flat  stone)} 

epomop'ne,  cpemo'na,  n.  An  organ  reed- 
stop.    [F,  f.  G  krummhorn  crooked  horn] 

crone,  n.  Withered  old  woman ;  old  ewe. 
[ult  f.  ONF  caroine,  see  carrion] 

CPO'ny,  n.    Intimate  friend.    [?] 

cpdbk,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Shepherd's,  bishop's, 


CROOKED 


197 


CROSS-LEGGED 


hooked  staff;  anything  hooked;  hook;  bend, 
curve  ;  act  of  bending ;  by  hook  orbyc;  (slang) 
on  the  c,  dishonestly ;  c.-back(ed),  hunch-back- 
led) ;  (adj. )= crooked  ;  (v.t.  &i.)  bend,  curve, 
[(vb  f.  n.)  ME  crok  prob.  f.  ON  krokr] 

erdb'ked,  a.  Not  straight,  bent,  twisted  ; 
deformed;  bent  with  age;  (fig.)  not  straight- 
forward, dishonest.  Hence  eroo*k6dLY2  adv., 
croo/kedNESS  n.    [-ed1] 

croon,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Hum,  sing,  mutter,  in) 
low  undertone,  [chiefly  Sc.  till  19th  c. ;  cf.  Du. 
kreunen  groan] 


crop 


Pouch-like  enlargement  of  gullet 


in  birds,  where  food  is  prepared  for  digestion  ; 
stock,  handle,  of  whip;  (also  hunting-c.)  short 
whipstock  with  loop  instead  of  lash ;  produce 
of  cultivated  plants,  esp.  cereals;  in,  under, 
out  of,  c.  (cultivation) ;  season's  total  yield  (of 
cereal  &c);  entire  hide  of  animal  tanned; 
cropping  of  hair ;  style  of  wearing  hair  cutshort; 
piece  cut  off  end ;  name  of  some  cuts  of  meat ; 
neck  &  c. ;  c.-eared,  with  ears  (also,  hair)  cut 
short.  [OE,  = bird's crop,  rounded  top  of  plant, 
cf.  LG  &  Du.  krop,  OHG  chropf,  bird  s  c. ;  other 
senses  developed  in  E] 

crop2,  v.t.  &  i.  Cut  off;  (of  animals)  bite  off 
(tops  of  plants) ;  gather,  reap  ;  cut  short  (ears, 
tail,  hair,  nap  of  cloth,  edges  of  book) ;  sow, 
plant,  (land  with  barley  &c.) ;  (intr. )  bear  a  crop ; 
turn  up  unexpectedly ;  c.  out,  forth,  appear ; 
(Geol.)  c.  up,  out,  come  to  surface,    [f.  prec] 

ero'pper,   n.      Person,  thing,  that   crops; 

frigeon  with  large  crop,  pouter ;  good,  heavy, 
ight,  c,  plant  yielding  good  &c.  crop  ;  (slang) 
heavy  fall,  as  came  a  c.    [crop  *«  2+  -er  a] 

ero'ppy,  n.  Person  with  short  cropped  hair, 
esp.  (Hist.) Irish  rebel, sympathizer  withFrench 
revolution,  in  1798.    [crop  l  +  -y2] 

cro'quet !  (-ki),  n.  Game,  played  on  lawn,  in 
which  wooden  balls  are  driven  with  mallets 
through  hoops ;  act  of  croqueting  a  ball.  [perh. 
North.  F,  dial,  form  of  crochet] 

CPO'quet2  (-ki),  v.t.  {croqueting,  pron.  kro*- 
kiing ;  croqueted,  pron.  kro'kid).  (In  game  of 
croquet)  drive  away  (opponent's  ball  or  abs.)  by 
placing  the  two  together  &  striking  one's  own 
(cf.  roquet),    [f.  prec] 

croquette  (-ket),  n.  Seasoned  &  fried  ball  of 
rice,  potato,  meat,  &c.    [F  (croquer  crunch)] 

erore,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Ten  millions,  one 
hundred  lakhs  (usu.  of  rupees),  [f.  Hind,  kror] 

ero'sier,  -zier,  (-zhyer),  n.  Bishop's,  abbot's, 
pastoral  staff;  (improp.)  archbishop's  cross, 
[orig.  =  bearer  of  a  crook,  f.  OF  crocier  f.  med.  L 
crociarius  (crocia  crook)  confused  w.  F  croisier 
t.  L  *cruciarius  cross-bearer  (crux  cross) ;  mod. 
crosier -c.'s  staff  (16th  c.)] 

cross !  (-aw-,  -6-),  n.  Stake  (usu.  with  trans- 
verse bar)  used  by  the  ancients  for  crucifixion, 
esp.  that  on  which  Christ  was  crucified ;  model 
of  this  as  religious  emblem ;  sign  of  c.  made  with 
right  hand  as  religious  act ;  staff  surmounted 
with  c.  &  borne  before  archbishop  or  in  pro- 
cessions ;  c.-bearer,  person  who  carries  this ; 
monument  in  form  of  c,  esp.  (also  market-c.) 
one  in  centre  of  town  ;  Christian  religion ;  trial, 
affliction ;  annoyance ;  c. -shaped  thing;  (South- 
ern) C,  a  constellation ;  Greek  c.  (upright  with 
limbs  of  equal  length) ;  Latin  c.  (with  long  lower 
limb) ;  St  Andrew's  c.  (like  X) ;  Tau  c,  c.  of  St 
A  nthony,  (like  T) ;  Maltese  c.  (with  equal  limbs, 
narrow  where  they  join  &wideningout  towards 
outer  extremities,  which  are  indented) ;  fiery  c, 
Scotch  signal  (orig.  two  bloody  sticks)  sent 
through  district  to  rouse  inhabitants ;  decora- 
tion in  orders  of  knighthood  (Grand  C,  highest 
degree  of  this  ;  Victoria  C,  decoration  for  per- 
sonal valour) ;  intermixture  of  breeds  ;  animal 


resulting  from  this  ;  mixture,  compromise,  be- 
tween two  things  ;  (slang)  fraud,  swindle  ;  on 
thee, diagonally.  Hence opo'sslet  n.,  ero'ss- 
wise  adv.  [ult.  f.  L  crux  crucis  ;  late  OE  has 
cruc,  ME  cruche,  crouche,  &  (thr.  OF)  crois] 

cross  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Place  crosswise,  as c.  swords 
(in  fighting,  also  fig.) ;  make  sign  of  cross  on  or 
over  (esp.  oneself,  as  sign  of  awe,  to  invoke  di- 
vine protection,  &c.) ;  c.  fortune-teller's  hand 
with,  give  her  (coin) ;  draw  line  across,  as  c. 
out,  off,  cancel,  c.  cheque  (with  two  lines  usu. 
filled  up  with  &  Co.  or  name  of  bank  through 
whom  alone  it  may  be  paid) ;  write  across  (what 
is  already  written,  a  letter) ;  go  across  (road, 
river,  sea,  or  abs.);  bestride  (saddle,  horse); 
carry,  move,  across  ;  meet  and  pass  (each  other 
or  abs.) ;  two  persons'  letters  c.  (each  being  dis- 
patched before  receipt  of  the  other) ;  c.  one's 
mind,  occur  to  one  ;  c.  the  path  of,  meet  with, 
thwart ;  thwart  (person,  will,  plans) ;  (cause  to) 
inter-breed  ;  cross-fertilize  (plants),    [f.  prec] 

cross  3,  a.  Passing  from  side  to  side,  trans- 
verse (c.  bench,  in  Parliament,  for  members  who 
are  of  neither  party;  so  c.-b.,  adj.,  impartial,  as 
thec.-b.  mind);  intersecting  ;  contrary,  opposed, 
(to  a  purpose  &c,  or  abs.) ;  (colloq.)  peevish,  out 
of  humour,  as  as  c.  as  two  sticks,  whence  cross*- 
ly2  adv.,  ci*o'ssness  n.;  c.-patch,  ill-natured 
person  ;  c.  reference  (from  one  part  of  book  to 
another  for  further  information);  (Bookkeep- 
ing) c.  entry  (transferring  amount  to  different 
account  or  neutralizing  previous  entry) ;  cross- 
bred, hybrid;  (slang)  dishonest,  dishonestly  got. 
[cross  2] 

cross-  in  comb.  1.  f.  cross  n.,  objectively, 
as  c.-bearer,  or  attrib.  =  having  a  transverse 
part,  as  cross-bow,  marked  with  a  c,  as  c.-bun. 
2.  f.  cross  a.  =  crossing,  transverse,  as  c.-bart 
-beam,  -keys,  -piece,  -section,  cross-bones.  3. 
adv.,  in  vbs  as  c.-breed,  -fertilize,  (animals, 
plants,  from  individuals  of  different  species), 
cross-examine,  cross-question  ;  in  vbl  nouns 
as  c.-fire,  firing  in  two  crossing  directions.  4. 
prep.  =  across,  as  c.-country,  adj.,  across  fields, 
not  following  roads. 

cro'ssbill,  n.  Bird  the  mandibles  of  whose 
bill  cross  when  bill  is  closed.    [cross-(2)] 

cro-ss-bones,  n.  pi.  Figure  of  two  thigh- 
bones laid  across  each  other,  usu.  under  skull 
as  emblem  of  death.    [cross-(2)] 

cro*ss-bow,  n.  Bow  fixed  across  wooden 
stock,  with  groove  for  the  missile  (stone,  arrow, 
&c.)  and  mechanism  for  holding  and  releasing 
string.    [cross-(I)] 

eross-buttoek,  n.  Throw  over  the  hip,  in 
wrestling.    [cross-(I)] 

cro'ss-cut,  n.  Cut,  path,  &c.,from  side  to 
side ;  figure  in  skating.    [cross-(2)] 

crosse,  n.  Long  racquet-like  implement  used 
in  lacrosse.    [F,  f.  OF  croce,  croc,  hook] 

cross-exa-mine,  v.t.    Examine  (esp.  wit- 
ness in  legal  action)  minutely,  with  a  view  to 
checking  previous  examination  or  eliciting  sup- 
pressed facts.    Hence  cross-examin.\  r.n  >.\ 
n.    [cross-(3)J 

cress-grain,  n.  Grain  running  across  the 
regular  grain.    [cross-(2)J 

cro'ss-g-rained,  a.  (Of  wood)  with  grain 
running  irregularly  or  in  crossing  directions ; 
(fig.)  perverse,  intractable.    [-ed2J 

cro'ss-hatch,  v.t.  Engrave  with  intersect- 
ing series  of  parallel  lines.    [cross-(3)] 

cro'ssing-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp.: 
intersection  of  two  roads,  rail  ways,  &c,  as  level 
c.(of  road  and  railway,  or  two  railways,  on  same 
level) ;  place  where  street  is  crossed  ;  c.-sweep- 
er,  one  who  sweeps  this.    [-ING ]] 

cro'ss-leg-ged,  a.     (Of  person  squatting) 


CROSS-LIGHT 


198 


CRUISER 


with  legs  crossed  ;  (of  person  sitting  on  chair) 
with  one  leg  laid  across  the  other.    Icross-<3)] 

ero'ss-lig-ht,  n.  Light  that  crosses  another; 
(fig.)  illustration  of  subject  from  another  point 
of  view.    [cross-(2)] 

CPO*ss-pup*pose,  n.  Contrary  or  conflicting 
purpose  ;  (pi.)  name  of  a  game ;  be  at  cc..  mis- 
understand one  another,  (also)  have  conflicting 
plans  with  same  object.    [cross-(2)] 

epo*ss-que*stion,  n.,  &  v.t.  Question  put 
in  cross-examination;  cc.  &  crooked  answers, 
game  with  questions  &  answers  connected  at 
random;  (v.t.)  cross-examine,    [cross- (2,  3)] 

epo'ss-poad,  n.  Road  that  crosses  another 
or  joins  two  main  roads ;  (also  the  cross  roads) 
intersection  of  two  roads.    [cross-(2)] 

CPO'ss-stitch,  n.  Stitch  formed  of  two  cross- 
ing each  other ;  kind  of  needlework  character- 
ized by  these.    [cross-(2)] 

epo*ss-trees,n.pl.  Two  horizontal  cross- tim- 
bers at  head  of  lower  and  top  masts.  [cross-(2)] 

CPO'tehet,  n.  (Mus. )  black-headed  note  with 
stem,  half  of  minim  ;  whimsical  fancy,  whence 
cPotchetEER",  cPO'tchetiNESS,  nn.,  epo't- 
chetv  2  a. ;  hook.  [f.  F  crochet  dim.  of  croc 
hook] 

cpo'ton,  n.  Genus  of  plants,  from  one  species 
of  which  c.  oil,  a  drastic  purgative,  is  obtained, 
[f.  Gk  kroion  tick,  croton] 

cpouch  (-ow-),  v.i.,  &  n.  Stoop,  bend,  esp. 
timidly  or  servilely;  (n.)  crouching.    [?] 

cpoup(e)1  (-oo-),  n.  Rump,  hind-quarters, 
(esp.  of  horse).    [F  (-pe),  of  Teut.  orig. ,  cf .  crop  *] 

croup2  (-oo-),  n.  Inflammatory  disease  in 
larynx  &  trachea  of  children,  marked  by  sharp 
cough,    [f.  obs._vb  croup  croak  (imit.)] 

cpou*piep  (-oo-),  n.  Raker  in  of  money  at 
gaming  table ;  assistant  chairman  at  public  din- 
ner.   IF,  orig.  =  rider  on  the  croupe  j] 

cpow  !  (-6),  n.  Genus  of  birds,  esp.  Carrion 
C,  large  black  bird  ;  white  c.  a  rarity ;  have  a 
c.  to  pluck  (fault  to  And)  with  him ;  as  the  c. 
flies,  in  a  c.  line,  straight ;  c.(-bar),  bar  of  iron 
(usu.  with  beak-like  end)  used  as  lever  ;  crow- 
berry,  fruit  of  a  small  heath-like  shrub ;  c.-bill, 
forceps  for  extracting  bullets  &c:  crowfoot, 
name  of  various  plants,  esp.  species  or  buttercup, 
(Naut.)  arrangement  of  small  ropes  for  suspend- 
ing awning,  (Mil.,  also  c's-foot)  caltrop ;  c.'s- 
footed,  marked  withc's-feet;  c.-quill,  c's  quill 
or  steel  pen  for  fine  writing  ;  c's-foot,  wrinkle 
at  outer  corner  of  eye  ;  c.'s-nest,  barrel  fixed  at 
mast-head  of  whaler  &c.  as  shelter  for  look-out 
man.    [OE  crdwe  f.  crdwan  crow3] 

cpow  2,  n.  Crowing  of  cock ;  joyful  cry  of 
infant    [f.  foil. J 

crow  3  (-6),  v.i.  (past  crew  or  crowed,  p.p.  crow- 
ed). Utter  loud  cry  of  cock ;  (of  child)  utter 
joyful  cry  ;  exult  loudly ;  c.  over,  triumph  over. 
[OE  crdwan,  cf.  Du.  kraaijen,  G  krdhen ;  imit.] 

crowd »,  n.  Throng,  dense  multitude ;  the  c. , 
the  masses;  (colloq.)  company,  set,  lot;  large 
number  (of  things);  (Naut.)  c.  of  sail,  large 
number  of  sails  hoisted,    [f.  foil.] 

crowd  2,  v.  i.  &  t.  Collect  (t,  &  i. )  in  a  crowd ; 
fill,  occupy,  cram,  (space  &c.  with) ;  fill  (place 
&c.)  as  a  crowd  does ;  force  one's  way  into, 
through,  &c.  (confined  space  &c.  or  abs.) ;  force 
(thing,  person)  into  &c;  c.  out,  exclude  bv 
crowding  ;  (Naut,  of  ship  or  crew)  hasten  on  ; 
c.  sail,  hoist  unusual  number  of  sails.  [OE  cru- 
dan  press,  drive,  cf.  MDu.  cruden] 

cpown  »,  n.  Wreath  of  flowers  &c.  worn  on 
head,  esp.  as  emblem  of  victory,  (also  fig.  as 
martyr  8  c,  no  cross  no  c.) ;  monarch's  head- 
covering  of  gold  &c.  &  jewels;  (fig.)  king  or 
queen,  regal  power,  supreme  governing  power 
in  a  monarchy  ;  any  c.-shaped  ornament ;  (Brit- 


ish coin  worth)  five  shillings ;  foreign  coin,  esp. 
=  krone  ;  top  part,  esp.  of  skull ;  whole  head  ; 
highest  or  central  part  of  arch  or  arched  struc- 
ture, as  c.  of  the  causeway ;  top  of  hat ;  part  of 
tooth  projecting  from  gum ;  size  of  paper,  15'' 
x  20"  ;  c.-glass,  made  in  circular  sheets  without 
lead  or  iron  and  used  chiefly  for  windows  ;  c- 
lund  (belonging  to  the  c. ) ;  C.-Colony  (controlled 
by  the  C.) ;  c.  Taw,  criminal  law  ;  c.  lawyer  (in 
service  of  the  C.) ;  C.  office  (transacting common 
law  business  of  Chancery) ;  C.  prince,  heir-ap- 
parent or  designate  to  a  sovereign  throne  (esp. 
in  Germany  and  N»  Europe)  ;  C.  princess,  his 
wife  ;  c.-wheel,  contrate  wheel,  [f.  ONF  cor- 
une  f.  L  corona  wreath,  crown] 

crown  2f  v>t#  Place  crown  on  (person,  head) ; 
invest  (person)  with  regal  crown  or  dignity 
(c.  him,  c.  him  king) ;  (fig.)  reward  ;  occupy  the 
head  of,  form  chief  ornament  to,  (lit  &  fig. ) ; 
put  finishing  touch  to,  as  to  c.  all ;  bring  (efforts) 
to  happy  issue  ;  (Draughts)  make  (piece)  a  king, 
[f.  OF  coroner  f.  L  coronare  (as  prec.)] 

crowned,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  (of  hat)  high, 
low,  -a,  with  high,  low,  crown,  [-ed  h  2] 

crowner,  n.  (obs.  or  dial.).    =  coroner. 

croy'don,  n.  Two-wheeled  carriage  of  gig 
class.    [C,  town  in  Surrey] 

cru'cial  (-ooshl),  a.  Decisive,  critical,  (case, 
point,  test,  &c.) ;  (Anat)  cross-shaped,  as  c.  in- 
cision.   [F,  f.  L  crux  crucis  cross  +  -at.] 

cpu'cian,  -sian,  (-ooshn),  n.  Yellow  flsh 
allied  to  carp.  [f.  LG  karusse  (etym.  dub.),  -an] 

CPU'ciate  (-oosh-),  a.  (zool.,  bot).  Cross- 
shaped,  [f.  med._L  cruciatus  (as  crucial,  -ate2)] 

cpvrcible  (-oo-),  n.  Melting-pot  (usu.  of 
earthenware) ;  (fig.)  severe  trial  [f.  med.  L 
crucibulum,  etym.  dub.] 

cpuci'fepous,  a.  Wearing,  adorned  with,  a 
cross;  (Bot.)  of  the  order  Cruciferae,  having 
flowers  with  four  equal  petals  arranged  cross- 
wise, [f.  IjL  crucifer  (as  crucial,  see  -ferous)] 

CPU'cifix  (-oo-),  n.  Image  of  Christ  on  the 
cross ;  (improp.)  cross,  [f.  OFcrucefix  f.  L  cruci 
fixus  one  fixed  to  the  cross  (see  fix)] 

crueifi'xion,  n.  Crucifying;  the  C.  (of 
Christ)  \  picture  of  this.  [f.  mod.  L  crucifixio 
(L  crucifigere,  as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

cpu'cifopm,  a.  Cross-shaped.  If.  L  crux 
crucis  cross,  see  -form] 

CPU'cify,  v.t.  Put  to  death  by  fastening  to  a 
cross ;  (fig.)  mortify  (passion 3,  sins,  flesh),  [f. 
OF  crucifier  f.  LL  *crucificare  (see  -FY)=cruci 
figere,  see  crucifix] 

crude,  a.  In  the  natural  or  raw  state  ;  (of 
food  &c.)  not  digested ;  unripe ;  (of  diseases 
&c.)  not  matured ;  (fig.)  ill-digested,  unpolished, 
lacking  finish ;  rude,  blunt,  (action,  statement, 
manners) ;  (Gram.,  of  form  of  word)  uninflected. 
Hence  or  cogn.  cru'deLY2  adv.,  cru'deNESS, 
CPU*diTY,_nn.    [f.  L  crudus  raw] 

CPU'el  (-ooil),  a.  Indifferent  to,  delighting  in, 
another's  pain ;  (of  actions)  showing  such  in- 
difference or  pleasure ;  painful,  distressing. 
Hence  or  cogn.  cpu'cIly2  adv.,  epu'elTY  n. 
[F,  f.  L  crudelis  (crudiis  crude)] 

CPU#et(-ooit),n.  Small  glass  bottle  with  stopper 
for  vinegar,  oil,  &c,  for  table ;  small  vessel  for 
wine  or  water  in  celebration  of  Eucharist ;  c- 
stand  (for  cc.  &  castors),  [f.  OF  *cruete  dim.  of 
cruie  f .  OLG  cruca  pot] 

cpuise  (ooz),  v.i.,  &  n.  Sail  to  &  fro  on  look- 
out for  ships  for  protection  of  commerce  in 
time  of  war,  for  plunder,  or  for  pleasure,  mak- 
ing for  no  particular  port  (also  fig.)  ;  (n.)  cruising 
voyage.  t(n.  f.  vb)  f.  Du.  kruisen  or  Sp.,  Port, 
cruzar,  F  croiser,  f.  L  cruciare  cross  {crux)] 

cpui'sep,  n.  War-ship  adapted  for  cruising ; 
armoured  c.  (with  armour  less  heavy  than  that 


CRUIVE 


199 


CRYSTALLINE 


of  battleship);  belt2^  c. ;  {unprotected  c, 
one  with(out)  protective  deck,    [-er1] 

eruive  (-oov),  n.(Sc).  Wicker  salmon-trap.  [?] 

crumb  (-m),  n.,  &  v.t  Small  fragment,  esp. 
of  bread ;  (fig.)  small  particle,  atom,  (of  com- 
fort &c);  soft  inner  part  of  bread ;  c.-cloth  (laid 
over  carpet,  esp.  under  table);  (v.t.)  cover, 
thicken,  with  cc,  break  into  cc.  Hence 
eru*mbv2  (-ml)  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  ctuma,  cf. 
Du.  kruim] 

cru'mble  (-bl),  v.t  &  L  Break,  fall,  into 
crumbs  or  fragments  (lit.  &  fig.),  [earlier 
crimble  f.  OE  cruma  crumb] 

eru'mbly  (-bll),  a.  Apt  to  crumble  (intr.). 
[crumb  +  -ly  ! ;  now  treated  as  f.  prec.  +  -y2] 

CPU'mmy,  a.  (slang).  (Of  women)  plump, 
comely ;  rich,    [crumb  +  -y  2] 

cpu'mpet,  n.  Soft  cake  of  flour,  egg,  milk, 
&c,  baked  on  iron  plate.    [?J 

eru'mple,  v.t.  &  i.  Crush  together  into 
creases ;  (also  c.  up)  ruffle,  wrinkle ;  become 
creased,  [f.  obs.  crump  v.  &  a.  (make,  become) 
curved  +  -le(3)] 

crunch.,  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  Crush  with  teeth,  esp. 
noisily;  grind  under  foot  (gravel  &c.) ;  make 
one's  way  (up,  through,  &c.)  thus ;  (n.)  crunch- 
ing (noise),    [replaces  cra(u)nch,  imit] 

CPU'ppep,  n.  Strap  buckled  to  back  of 
saddle  &  passing  under  horse's  tail ;  hind- 
quarters of  horse,  [f.  OF  cropiere  (as  croup1)] 

erur'al  (-oor-),  a.  (anat).  Of  the  leg.  [f.  L 
cruralis  (crus  cruris  leg,  see  -al)] 

crusa'de,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Hist)  Christian  expedi- 
tion to  recover  Holy  Land  from  Mohammedans ; 
war  instigated  by  Church  for  alleged  religious 
ends ;  (fig.)  aggressive  movement  against  pub- 
lic evil  &c,  as  Temperance  c. ;  (v.i.)  engage  in 
c.  Hence  crusa'dER1  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  16th-c. 
F  croisade  &  Sp.  cruzada  f.  med.  L  cruciata 
p.p.  of  cruciare  mark  with  cross] 

crusa'do,  n.  Portuguese  coin  worth  about 
2s.  id.    [f.  Port  cruzado  marked  with  cross] 

cruse  (-7,),  n.  (archaic).  Pot,  jar,  of  earthen- 
ware.   Icf.  Du  kroes,  G  krause,  etym.  dub.] 

crush  *.  v.t.  &  i.  Compress  with  violence,  so 
as  to  break,  bruise,  &c. ;  crumple  (dress  &c.)  by 
rough  handling;  (fig.)  subdue,  overwhelm,  as 
a  crushing  defeat,  reply ;  c.  out,  extinguish, 
stamp  out ;  c.  a  cup  of  wine,  drink  it ;  (intr. ) 
squeeze  one's  way  (into  &c).  [prob.  f.  OF 
croissir  crash,  prob.  of  Teut  orig.J 

crush  2,  n.  Act  of  crushing ;  crowded  mass 
(esp.  of  persons) ;  (colloq. )  crowded  social  gather- 
ing ;  c.-room  in  theatre  &c.  (for  promenade 
during  intervals) ;  c.  hat,  collapsible  opera  hat 
with  spring,    [f.  prec] 

crust,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Hard  outer  part  of 
bread  ;  similar  casing  of  anything,  e.  g.  harder 
layer  over  soft  snow  (c.-hiint  n.  &  v.t.  &  i.,  of 
hunting  elks  &c.  over  a  c.  that  supports  hunters 
but  not  quarry) ;  hard  dry  scrap  of  bread ; 
pastry  covering  pie  ;  hard  dry  formation,  scab, 
on  skin ;  (Geol.)  outer  portion  of  earth ;  coating, 
deposit,  on  surface  of  anything ;  c.  of  urine,  de- 
posit on  sides  of  bottle  ;  hard  external  covering 
of  animal  or  plant ;  (fig.)  anything  superficial ; 
(v.t.)  cover  with,  form  into,  c. ;  (v.i.)  become 
covered  with  c.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  crusta,  partly 
thr.  OF  crouste] 

Crustcrcea  (-sha),  n.  pi.  Large  class  of  ani- 
mals, mostly  aquatic,  with  hard  shell,  as  crabs, 
lobsters,  shrimps.  Hence  erustA'CEAN  a.  & 
n. ;  crustaceo'LOGY  n.  [neut  pi.  of  mod.  L 
CRUST(acews  -aceous)] 

crusta'ceous,  a.  Crust-like;  (of  animals) 
having  a  hard  covering,  esp.  (Zool.)  belonging 
to  the  Crustacea,    [as  prec.j 

cru'sted,  a.    Having  a  crust ;  (of  wine)  hav- 


ing deposited  a  crust ;  (fig.)  antiquated,  vener- 
able, as  c.  prejudice,  theory,    [-ed  2] 

eru*sty,  a.  Crust-like,  hard ;  irritable  ;  curt 
Hence  cru'stiLY 2  adv.,  cru'stiNESs  n.  [-y2] 

crutch,  n.  Staff  (usu.  with  crosspiece  at  top) 
for  lame  person  (usu.  pair  of  cc.);  support, 
prop,  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  (Naut)  various  forked  con- 
trivances ;  crosspiece,  whence  crutehED 2  a. 
[com. -Teut :  OE  crycc,  Du.  kruk,  G  kriicke,  f 
OTeut  kruk-  bend] 

Cru'tehed  FrPars,  n.  pi.  Minor  order  of 
friars  wearing  a  cross ;  site  of  their  convent  in 
London,    [f.  ME  crouch  cross  +  -ed2] 

crux,n.   Difficult  matter,  puzzle.  [L,= cross] 

cry  i,  n.  Loud  inarticulate  utterance  of  grief, 
pain,  fear,  joy,  &c ;  loud  excited  utterance  of 
words ;  appeal,  entreaty;  proclamation  of  wares 
to  be  sold  in  streets ;  rumour ;  voice  of  the  pub- 
lic ;  watchword,  as  war-c.,  battle-c. ;  fit  of  weep- 
ing ;  yelping  of  hounds  (also  fig.),  as  full  c.  (pur- 
suit) ;  within  c,  within  calling  distance  (of) ;  a 
far  c,  a  long  way ;  c.-baby,  one  who  cries  child- 
ishly,   [f.  F  cri,  as  foil.  ] 

cry2,  v.t.  &  i.  Utter  loudly,  exclaim,  (with 
sentence  as  object,  or  that) ;  make  loud  utter- 
ance, as  c.  out,  c.  to,  (person  &c.) ;  announce  for 
sale,  as  c.  muffins ;  c.  stinking  fish,  condemn 
one's  own  wares ;  weep  (bitter  tears,  one's 
heart  out,  oneself  to  sleep,  or  abs.) ;  (of  animals, 
esp.  birds)  make  loud  call ;  (of  hounds)  yelp ; 
ask  for ;  cry  down,  disparage  ;  c.  off,  withdraw 
from  bargain  ;  c.  up,  praise,  extol ;  c.  craven  ; 
c.  halves,  claim  share  (in) ;  c.  quarter,  quits  ; 
c.  shame  upon,  protest  against  (act,  person),  [f. 
F  crier  f.  L  quiritare  cry  aloud,  orig.  ask  aid  of 
the  citizens  (Quirites)] 

crying-,  a.  In  vbi  senses;  esp.  (of  evils) 
calling  for  notice,  flagrant    [-ing2] 

eryogen,  n.  (chem.).  Freezing -mixture; 
thing  mixed  with  ice  to  make  this.  [f.  Gk  kruos 
frost 

crypt, 
beneath 
Gk  krupte  (krupto  hide)] 

cryptic,  a.  Secret,  mystical,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
kruptikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)l 

erypt(o)-  in  comb.  =  Gk  kruptos  hidden, 
secret,  as  -branchiate,  with  concealed  gills, 
-Calvinist,  secret  sympathizer  with  Calvinism, 
-logy,  enigmatical  language. 

cryptogam,  n.  Plant  having  no  stamens 
or  pistils,  cc  therefore  no  proper  flowers.  Hence 
eryptoga'mic,  erypto'gamous,  aa„ 
erypto'gamiST,  erypto'gamY  *,  nn.  [f.  F 
cryptogame  (prec.  +  Gk  -gamos  wedded),  after 
Linnaean  class-name  Cryptogamia] 

cryptogram,  -graph,  nn.  Thing  written 
in  cipher.  So  crypto'GRAPHER,  crypto*- 
graphy,  nn.,  cryptoGRA'PHic  a.  [crypto-  + 
-gram,  -graph] 

crystal,  n.  &  a.  A  clear  transparent  ice-like 
mineral;  rocfc-c.,  a  form  of  pure  quartz;  piece 
of  this ;  (poet)  any  clear  transparent  thing,  esp. 
water;  (also  c.-glass)  glass  of  very  transparent 
quality;  vessel  &c  or  this;  (Chem.,  Min.)  ag- 
gregation of  molecules  with  definite  internal 
structure  &  external  form  of  solid  enclosed  by 
symmetrically  arranged  plane  faces;  (adj.) 
made  of,  like,  clear  as,  c  [f.  OF  cristal  f.  L 
crystallum  f.  Gk  krustallos  ice,  crystal,  f.  krus- 
taino  freeze  (kruos  frost)] 

crystalline  (i-  or  -i),  a.  Made  of,  clear  as, 
like,  crystal ;  c.  heaven  (in  Ptolemaic  system,  be- 
tween primum  mobile  &  firmament,  assumed 
to  explain  precession  of  equinox  &c ) ;  c.  lens 
of  eye,  transparent  body  in  membranous  cap- 
sule behind  iris.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  krustallinos  (as 
prec,  see  -ine2)] 


<;  mixeci  witn  ice  to  rnaxe  tnis.  ir.  uk  fcruos 

+  -GEN(1)1 

pt,  n.    Underground  cell,  vault,  esp.  one 
ath  church,  used  as  burial-place,    [f.  L  f. 


CRYSTALLIZE 


200 


CULPRIT 


crystallize,  v.t.  &  i.  Form  into  crystals  or 
(fig.)  definite  or  permanent  shape.  Hence  cpys- 
talliz  able  a.,  cpystallizATiON  n.    [-izeJ 

cpystallo-  in  comb.  =Gk  krustallos  crys- 
tal, as  -ge'nic,  -geny,  forming,  formation  of, 
crystals,  -grapher,  -gra'phic,  -graphy,  student 
of,  pertaining  to,  science  of,  crystal  structure. 

crystalloid,  a.  &  n.  Crystal-like ;  (body)  of 
crystalline  structure  (cf.  colloid),    [-oid] 

ete'noid  (t-),  a.  &  n.  (Fish  with  scales  or 
teeth)  like  a  comb.  [f.  Gk  ktenoeides  (kteis 
ktenos  comb,  see  -oid)] 

cub,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Young  of  fox,  as  c.-hunt- 
ing ;  young  of  bear  or  other  wild  beast ;  unpo- 
lished youth ;  (vb)  bring  forth  (cc,  or  abs.). 
Hence  eu'bbiSH  i  a.,  eu'bHOOD  n.    [?] 

cu'bage,   n.      (Finding   of)   cubic   content. 

[CUBE  + -AGE] 

eu'batupe,  n.  =prec.  [f .  mod.  L  cubare  -at-, 
see  -ure] 

cubbing;,  n.    cue-hunting,    [cub  +  -ing  *] 

cube,  n.,  &  v.t.  Solid  contained  by  squares ; 
block  of  anything  so  or  similarly  shaped  ;  pro- 
duct of  a  number  multiplied  by  its  square  (c.  of 
2=8,  c.-root  of  8=2);  c.  powder,  gunpowder  in 
cubical  grains ;  (v.t.)  find  c.  of  (number),  find 
cubic  content  of  (solid),  pave  with  cc.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
F,  f.  LL  f .  Gk  kubos  cube,  die] 

cu'beb,  n.  Pungent  berry  of  a  Javan  shrub, 
used  in  medicine  &  cookery,  [f.  F  cubebe  f. 
Arab,  kababah] 

cu'bic,  a.  Cube-shaped  ;  of  three  dimensions ; 
c.  foot,  inch,  volume  of  a  cube  whose  edge  is 
one  foot,  inch ;  c.  eontent  of  solid,  its  volume 
expressed  in  c.  feet  &c. ;  involving  the  cubes  of 
numbers,  as  c.  equation.  Hence  cu'bic al  a., 
eu'biealLY2  adv.  [f.  F  cubique  t.  L  f.  Gk 
kubikos  (as  cube  *,  see  -ic)] 

cu'bicle,  n.     Small  separate  sleeping  com- 

J>artment  in  schools  &c.  [r.  L  cubiculum  (cubare 
ie  down)] 

cu'bifopm,  a.   Cube-shaped.   [-I-,  -form] 
cu'bit.  n.    Ancient  measure  of  length,  18  to 
22  in.    [f.  L  cubitus  elbow,  length  of  fore-arm] 
cu'bital,  a.  Of  the  fore-arm  or  corresponding 
part  in  animals,    [f.  L  cubitalis  (prec.,  -al)] 
cu'boid,  a.  &  n.   Cube-shaped,  like  a  cube,  as 
c.  bone  (of  the  foot) ;  (n.)  rectangular  parallele- 
piped.   Hence  cuboi'dAL  a.    [f.  Gk  kuboeides 
(as  cube,  see  -oid)] 

eu'ekold,  n.,  &  v.t.  Husband  of  unfaithful 
wife  ;  (v.t.)  make  a  c.  of.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME  coke- 
wold  f.  OF  cucuauU  (cucu  cuckoo  ;  mod.  F  cou- 
cou  cuckoo,  cocu  cuckold)] 
cu'ekoo  (kdo-),  n.  Migratory  bird  reaching 
British  Islands  in  April  &  depositing  its  eggs  in 
nests  of  small  birds ;  simpleton ;  c.-clock  (strik- 
ing with  sound  like  c's  note) ;  c-jlower,  ragged 
Robin  &  others  ;  c.-pint,  common  arum,  wake- 
robin  ;  c-spit,  froth  exuded  by  certain  insects 
for  enveloping  larvae  in.  [f.  F  coucou,  imit.] 
cu*cullate(d),  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  Shaped  like, 
covered  with,  a  hood.  [f.  LL  cucullatus  (cucul- 
lus  hood,  see  -ate2)] 

cu'cumbep,  n.    (Creeping  plant  with)  long 
fleshy  fruit  eaten  in  thin  slices  as  salad  ;  cool 
as  a  c,  quite  cool,  self-possessed,  [f.  F  cocombre 
(mod.  cone-)  f.  L  cucumerem  (nom.  -mis)] 
cucup'bit,  n.     Gourd.     Hence  eueurbit- 
a  -ceous  a.    [f .  L  cucurbita] 
cud,  n.    Food  that  ruminating  animal  brings 
back  from  first  stomach  into  mouth  &  chews  at 
leisure ;  (fig.)  chew  the  c,  reflect,  ruminate.  [OE 
cwidu,  cf.  OHG  chuti,  quiti,  gluel 
cu'dbeap,  n.  Purple  or  violet  dyeing-powder 

ftrepared  from  various  lichens  ;  kind  of  lichen, 
named  by  Cuthbert  Gordon,  patentee] 
cu-ddle,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Hug,  embrace,  fondle ; 


lie  close  &  snug ;  nestle  together ;   curl  one- 
self up;  (n.)  hug,  embrace.    [?] 

cu'ddy l,  n.  Cabin  in  large  ship,  abaft  &  un- 
der round-house,  in  which  officers  take  meals ; 
closet,  cupboard.    [?] 

cu'ddy  2,  n.  (Sc).  Donkey ;  fool,  ass ;  young 
of  the  coal-fish ;  lever  on  tripod  for  lifting 
stones  &c.    [?] 

cu-dg-el,  n. ,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Short  thick  stick  used 
as  weapon  ;  c.-play,  contest  with  cc. ;  (fig.)  take 
up  the  cc.  for,  defend  vigorously;  (v.t.)  beat 
with  c,  esp.  (fig.)  c.  one%  brains  for,  try  to 
think  of.    [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  cycgel,  etym.  dub.] 

cu'dweed,  n.  Composite  plant  with  chaffy 
scales  round  flower-heads,  given  to  cattle  that 
had  lost  their  cud. 

cue1,  n.    Last  words  of  a  speech  in  a  play, 
serving  as  signal  to  another  actor  to  enter  or 
speak  ;  (Mus. )  similar  guide  to  singer  or  player 
hint  how  to  act ;  proper  course  to  take.    [?] 

cue2,  n.  Pigtail  (also  queue)  ;  long  straight 
tapering  leather-tipped  rod  for  striking  ball  in 
billiards  &c.  [f.  F  queue  (OF  cue)  1.  L  Cauda  tail] 

cue'ist,  n.    Billiard-player,    [prec.  +  -ist(3)] 

cuff1,  n.  Ornamental  bottom  part  of  sleeve ; 
separate  band  of  linen  worn  round  wrist. 
Hence  (-)euffED2  a.    [?] 

cuff2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Strike  with  fist  or  open  hand  ; 
such  blow.    [etym.  dub.;  Sw.  has  kuffa  thrust] 

cm/  bo'no  ?  (ki),  sentence.  Who  profited  by 
it  ?  (i.  e.  who  is  most  likely  to  have  brought  it 
about?) ;  (pop.)  to  what  purpose?    [L] 

cuipa'ss  (kwi-,  ku-),  n.  Body  armour,  breast- 
plate &  back-plate  fastened  together ;  woman's 
close-fitting  sleeveless  bodice,  [f.  F  cuirasse  f. 
licoriacea  (fern,  adj.)  leathern  (corium  leather, 
see  -aceous)] 

cuipassiep  (kwlraser,  kuf-),  n.  Horse-sol- 
dier wearing  cuirass.    [F  (as  prec,  see  -eer)] 

cuisine  (kwize'n^  n.  Kitchen  arrangements 


kitchen  f.  L  coquina 


style  of  cooking.    (F 
(coquere  cook)] 

cuisse  (kwis),  cuish  (kw-),  n.  (hist.).  Thigh 
armour  (usu.  pL).  [earlier  cuissues,  -ies,  -es, 
(pi.)  f.  OF  cuissel  f.  L  coxale  (coxa  hip)] 

cut-tie-sac  (F),  n.  Blind  alley ;  (Anat.)  tube 
&c.  open  at  one  end  only. 

-eule,  dim.  suf.  =  F  -cide  t.  L  -cuius,  -cida, 
-culum  ;  the  L  suf.  appears  in  E  as  -cle,  as  -cule, 
or  in  full :  article,  corpuscule,  corpuscle,  fasci- 
culus, Auricula,  vasculum. 

eu'linapy,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  kitchen  or 
cooking ;  fit  for  cooking,  as  c.  plants,  [f.  L 
culinarius  (culina  kitchen,  see  -ary1)] 

cull,  v.t,  &  n.  Pick  (flower  &c.) ;  select ;  (n.) 
animal  removed  from  flock  (&  usu.  fattened) 
as  inferior  or  too  old  for  breeding,  [f.  OF  cuil- 
lir  (mod.  cueillir)  f.  L  as  collect] 

cullendep.    See  colander. 

eu'llet,  n.  Refuse  glass  with  which  crucibles 
are  replenished,    [later  form  of  collet] 

cu'lly,  n.  (slang).    Dupe,  simpleton.    \1] 

culm  s  n.    Coal-dust  (esp.  of  anthracite).    [?] 

eulm2,n.  (bot.).  Stem  of  plant  (esp.  of  grasses). 
So  eulmi'FEROUS  a.    [f.  L  culmus] 

cu'lminant,  a.  At,  forming,  the  top;  (of 
heavenly  body)  on  the  meridian,    [foil.,  -ant] 

cu'lminate,  v.i.  Reach  its  highest  point 
(in;  lit  &  flg.);  (Astr.)  be  on  the  meridian. 
Hence  culminATiON  n.  [f.  LL  culminare 
(culmen  top),  see  -ate  '*] 

cu'lpable,  a.  Criminal,  blameworthy,  as  c. 
negligence,  hold  him  c.  Hence  culpaBiLiTY, 
cu'lpableNESS,  nn.,  eu'lpabLY2  adv.  [f. 
OF  coupable  1.  L  culpabilis  (culpa  fault)] 

cu'lppit,  n.  Offender ;  prisoner  at  the  bar. 
[17th  c. ;  orig.  in  formula  Culprit,  how  will  you 
be  tried  ?,  said  by  Clerk  of  Crown  to  prisoner 


CULT 


201 


CURB 


pleading  Not  Guilty  ;  abbr.  of  Culpable :  prest 
d'averrerScc.  (You  are)  guilty :  (I  am)  ready  &c. J 

cult,  n.  System  of  religious  worship  ;  devo- 
tion, homage,  to  person  or  thing  {the  c.  of),  [f. 
L  cultus  -us  worship  {colere  cult-  till,  worship)] 

eu*ltivate,v.t.  Till,  whence  eu'ltiVABLE  a. ; 
(fig.)  improve,  develop,  (person,  mind,  manners ; 
e»p.  in  p. p.) ;  pay  attention  to,  cherish,  (faculty, 
art,  person,  his  acquaintance);  prepare  (ground) 
with  cultivator,  [f.  LL  cultivare  f.  cultiva 
{terra)  tilled  (land),  as  prec,  -ive,  -ate3] 

cultivation,  n.  Cultivating,  cultivated 
state,  (lit.  &fig.).  [F  (as cultivable,  see -ation)] 

cu'ltivatop,  n.  One  who  cultivates  ;  imple- 
ment for  breaking  up  ground  &  uprooting 
weeds,    [-or2] 

cu*ltpate,a.(nat.hist).  Knife-edged.  Soeu'l- 
triFORM  a.   If.  L  cultratus  {cutter  knife,  -ate  2)] 

cu'lture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Tillage;  rearing, 
production,  (of  bees,  oysters,  fish,  silk,  bacteria); 
set  of  bacteria  thus  produced ;  improvement  by 
(mental  or  physical)  training ;  intellectual  de- 
velopment ;  (v.t.)  cultivate  (lit.  &  fig.,  chiefly  in 
p.p.).  Hence  eu'ltuPAL  a.,  eu*ltupiST(2)  n. 
[(vbf.  Fculturer)  F,  f.  Licultura  as  cult,  -ure)] 

eu'lver,  n.  (dial).  "Wood -pigeon  ;culverkeys, 
cowslip,  other  plants.    [OE  culfre,  etym.  dub.  J 

eu'lvepin,  n.  (hist.).  Large  cannon,  small  fire- 
arm,   [f.  F  coulevrine  snake  (L.colubra,  -ine1)] 

eu'lvert,n.  Channel,  conduit,  carrying  water 
across  under  road,  canal,  &c. ;  channel  for 
electric  cable.    [?] 

cum,  prep.  With;  c.  grano  {salis),  with 
caution  or  reserve  (lit.  with  a  grain  of  salt) ; 
cum  dividend  (abbr.  cum  div.),  including  divi- 
dend about  to  be  paid ;  also  in  names  of  com- 
bined parishes,  as  Stow-cum-Quy.    [LI 

eu'mber,  v.t.,  &  n.  Hamper,  hinder ;  bur- 
den ;  (n.)  hindrance,  obstruction,  [(vb)  f.  OF 
combrert.  LL  cumbrus  heap,  etym.  dub. ;  (n.) 
f.  vb  or  f.  G  hummer  trouble] 

cu'mbersome,  a.  Unwieldy,  clumsy. 
Hence  cu'mbersomeLY 2  adv.,  cu'mber- 
someNESS  n.    [-some] 

cu'mbpous,  a.  =  prec.  Hence  cu'mbrous- 
ly  2adv. ,  cu'mbrousNESS  n.  [cumber  -f  -ous] 

eu*m(m)in,  n.  Umbelliferous  plant  like 
fennel,  with  aromatic  seed.  [f.  L  f .  Gk  kuminon] 

eu'mmer,  ki'mmer,  n.  (Sc).  Godmother 
of  one's  child  or  godchild ;  female  companion ; 
woman.  [£F  commere  f.LL  coM{mater  mother)] 

c u'mmer bund,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Waist  sash, 
[f.  Hind.  &  Pera.  kamar-band  loin  band] 

cu'mulate J  (at),  a.  Heaped  up,  massed,  [as 
foil.,  see -ate2] 

cu'mulate2,  v.t.  &i.  Accumulate.  Hence 
eumulA'TioN  n.  [f.  L  cumulare  {cumulus 
heap),  see  -ate  3] 

cumulative,  a.  Tending  to  accumulate ; 
increasing  in  force  &c.  by  successive  addi- 
tions, as  c.  evidence ;  c.  voting,  system  in  which 
each  voter  has  as  many  votes  as  there  are  repre- 
sentatives, &  may  give  all  to  one  candidate ; 
c.  preference  shares  (entitling  holder  to  arrears 
of  interest  before  other  shares  receive  any  on 
current  year).  Hence  eu'mulativeLY  2  adv., 
eu'mulativeNESS  n.    [f.  prec.  +  -ive] 

eu'mulus,  n.  (pi.  -li).  Heap ;  set  of  rounded 
masses  of  cloud  heaped  on  each  other  &  resting 
on  horizontal  base.  So  cumulo-,  comb,  form, 
eu'mulousa.    [L] 

cu'neate  (-at),  a.  Wedge-shaped,  [f.  L  cunt- 
are  (cvneus  wedge),  see  -ate2] 

eu'neiform  {also  kune-!-),  a.  &  n.  Wedge- 
shaped  ;  <n.)  c.  writing  in  ancient  inscriptions  of 
Persia,  Assyria,  &c.  [f.  L  cuneus  wedge,  -form] 

cu'nning1,  n.  Artfulness,  craft;  ability, 
dexterity,    [vbl  n.  f.  can2] 


cu'nning12,  a.     Artful,  crafty;    skilful,  in- 

f^enious  ;  able.  Hence  eu'nning-LY 2  adv. 
part.  (orig.  *cunnende)  of  can  2] 

cup1,  n.  Drinking- vessel,  with  or  without 
handle  &  stem,  as  tea,  coffee,  -c. ;  challenge  c. 
(prize  for  race  &c,  usu.  of  gold  or  silver,  esp. 
one  held  by  winner  only  until  next  race  &c) ; 
rounded  cavity,  esp.  calyx  of  flower,  socket  of 
some  bones,  &c. ;  cupful,  as  c.  of  tea,  half  a  c. ; 
chalice  used,  wine  taken,  at  Communion ;  fate, 
portion,  experience,  as  a  bitter  c,  his  c.  was 
full  (happiness,  misery,  was  complete) ;  in  one's 
cc, while  (getting)  drunk ;  wine,  cider,  &c,  with 
various  flavourings,  as  claret-c. ;  a  c.  too  low, 
out  of  spirits ;  c.  &  ball,  c.  at  end  of  stem,  with 
attached  ball  to  be  thrown  &  caught  in  c.  or  on 
spiked  end  of  stem ;  c.-bearer,  one  who  serves 
wine,  esp.  officer  of  royal  or  noble  household ; 
c.-moss,  lichen  with  c.-shaped  processes  arising 
from  the  thallus.  Hence  cu'pful  n.  [perh.  f. 
LL  cuppa,  whence  OF  cope,  It.  coppa,  Sec] 

cup  2,  v.t.  Bleed  (person)  by  means  of  a  cup- 
ping-glass ;  (Golf)  strike  (ground)  with  club  in 
driving  ball.    [f.  prec] 

cupboard  (ku'berd),  n.  Shelved  closet  or 
cabinet  for  crockery,  provisions,  &c. ;  skele- 
ton in  the  c.  ;  c.  love  (simulated  forsake  of  what 
one  can  get  by  it),    [cup  *  +  board] 

cu'pel,  n.;  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Small  flat  circular 
vessel  used  in  assaying  gold  or  silver  with  lead ; 
(v.t.)  assay  in  c.  Hence  cupellA'TiON  n.  [(vb 
f.  n. )  f.  F  coupelle  f.  med.  L  cupella  t.  cupa  cask  J 

Cu'pid,  n.  Roman  god  of  love;  beautiful 
boy.    [f.  L  Cupido  {cupere  desire)] 

eupi'dity,  n.  Greed  of  gain.  [f.  F  cupidiU 
f.  L  cupiditatem  (cupidus  desirous,  see  -ty)] 

cu'pola,  n.  Rounded  dome  forming  roof; 
ceiling  of  dome ;  (also  c.-fumace)  furnace  for 
melting  metals ;  revolving  dome  protecting 
mounted  guns  on  iron-clad ;  ( Anat. ,  Zool. )  dome- 
like organ  or  process,  lit.,  f.  L  cupula  dim.  of 
cupa  cask] 

cu'preous,  a.  Of  or  like  copper,  [f.  L  eup- 
reus  (cuprum  copper)  +  -ous] 

eu*ppie,a.  Containing  copper.  So  euprr- 
ferous,  cu-ppous,  aa,    [f.  L  cuprum,  -ic(l)] 

cu'pule,  n.  (bot.,  zool.).  Cup-shaped  organ, 
receptacle,  &c.    [f.  L  as  cupola] 

cup,  n.  Worthless,  low-bred,  or  snappish 
dog;  surly,  ill-bred,  or  cowardly  fellow,  [cf. 
MDu.  korre,  cf.  ON,  Sw.,  kurra  grumble] 

cup'acao,  -90a,  (-so),  n.  Liqueur  of  spirits 
flavoured  with  peel  of  bitter  oranges.  [Du. 
island  in  Caribbean  sea ;  -coa  is  E  mis-spelling] 

cup'acy,  n.  Curate's  office ;  benefice  of 
perpetual  curate,    [f.  curate,  see  -acy(3)] 

curap'e,  -1,  n.  Resinous  bitter  substance 
from  some  S.  American  plants,  paralysing  the 
motor  nerves,  used  by  Indians  to  poison  arrows. 
Hence  eup'apiNE5  n.,  cup*apizE(o)  v.t.  [cor- 
rupt, of  native  wurali] 

eur'assow  (-6),  n.  Turkey-like  bird  of  Cen- 
tral^ S.  America.    [E  spelling  of  curacao] 

cup'ate  (-at),  n.  Assistant  to  parish  priest ;  c- 
in-charge,  clergyman  appointed  to  take  charge 
of  parish  during  incapacity  or  suspension  of 
incumbent,  [f.  med.  L  curatus  one  having  a 
charge  (extra),  see  -ate  2] 

cup'ative,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  tending  to  cure 
(esp.  disease).  [F  (-if,  -ive),  1.  L  curare  cure  2, 
see  -ative] 

eupa'top,  n.  Person  in  charge,  manager; 
keeper,  custodian,  of  museum;  member  of 
board  managing  property  or  having  general 
superintendence  in  University.  Hence  cupa- 
top'iAL  a.,  cupa*toPSHip  n.  [L  (as prec,  -or 2)] 

curb,  n.,  &  v.t.  Chain,  strap,  passing  under 
lo we? jaw  of  horse,  used  as  a  check ;  (fig. )  check, 

7* 


CURCUMA 


202 


CURTAIN 


restraint ;  hard  swelling  on  horse's  leg,  whence 
eup'bY2  a. ;  frame  round  top  of  well ;  timber 
or  iron  plate  round  edge  of  circular  structure ; 
=  kerb  ;  c.  roof,  one  of  which  each  face  has 
two  slopes,  the  lower  one  steeper ;  (v.t.)  put  c. 
on  (horse),  (fig.)  restrain,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  courbe 
(adj.)  f.  L  curvus  bentl 

cur'cuma,  n.  Turmeric,  substance  used  in 
curry-powder,  as  test  for  alkalis  (c.  paper),  &c. ; 
genus  of  tuberous  plants  yielding  this  &  other 
commercial  substances.  [mod.L,  f.  Arab,  kur- 
kum  saffron,  turmeric,  cf.  crocus] 

curd,  n.  Coagulated  substance  formed  (na- 
turallv  or  artificially)  by  action  of  acids  on 
milk,  and  made  into  cheese  or  eaten  (often  pL) ; 
fatty  substance  found  between  flakes  of  boiled 
salmon ;  c.  soap  (white,  of  tallow  &  soda). 
Hence  eup'd Y  2  a.    [perh.  f.  OE  as  crowd  2J 

cup'dle,  v.t.  &  i.  Congeal,  form  into  curd; 
(fig.)  c.  the  blood  (with  horror),  [curd  v.t.  &  i. 
(now  rare)  +  -le(3)] 

cure1,  n.  Remedy;  course  of  medical  or 
other  treatment  (esp.  of  specified  kind,  as  grape, 
milk,  -c.) ;  spiritual  charge,  as  c.  of  souls.  Hence 
cune'LESS  a.    [OF,  f.  L  cura  care] 

cure2,  v.t.  &  1.  Restore  to  health  (also  fig.) ; 
remedy  (an  evil) ;  preserve  (meat,  fruit,  tobacco) 
by  salting,  drying,  &c.  (also  intr.).  Hence 
curaBi'LiTV  n.,  cup'able  a.  [f.  F  curer  f.  L 
curare  take  care  of  (cura)] 

cure3,  n.  (slang).    Odd  or  eccentric  person.   [?] 

cure"  (F),  n.    Parish  priest  in  France  &c. 

cur'few,  n.  Medieval  regulation  for  extinc- 
tion of  fires  at  fixed  hour  in  evening ;  hour  for 
this;  (also  c.-bell)  bell  announcing  it;  ringing 
of  bell  at  fixed  evening  hour,  still  surviving  in 
some  towns,  [f.  AF  coeverfu  L  OF  covrefeu 
(couvrir  cover  +  feu  fire)] 

eup'ia,  n.  One  of  the  ten  divisions  of  any  of 
the  three  ancient  Roman  tribes;  its  place  of 
worship ;  Roman  senate-house ;  senate  of  an- 
cient Italian  towns ;  court  of  justice  (esp.  under 
feudal  organization) ;  the  Papal  court.    [L] 

cup'ial,  a.  Of  a  curia ;  of  the  Papal  court, 
whence  cup'ialiSM  n.  [F,  f.  Lcurialis  (curia, 
see^AL)] 

cup'io,  n.  (pi. -os).  Curious  object  of  art.  [=foll.] 

cupid'sity,  n.  Desire  to  know ;  inquisitive- 
ness ;  strangeness ;  ac,  strange  or  rare  object, 
[f .  OF  curioseU  f.  Lcuriositatem  (as  foil. ,  see  -ty)] 

curious,  a.  Eager  to  learn ;  inquisitive ; 
minutely  careful,  as  c.  inquiry ;  strange,  sur- 

{ (rising,  odd.  Hence  cup'Iousl y  2  adv. ,  cup*- 
ousness  n.  [f.  OF  curius  f.  L  curiosus  f.  cura 
care,  see  -ious(l)] 

cupI  !,  n.  Spiral  lock  of  hair ;  c.-paper  (used 
for  twisting  hair  into  cc.) ;  anything  spiral  or 
incurved ;  act  of  curling,  as  c.  of  the  lip  (ex- 
pressing scorn) ;  state  of  being  curled,  as  keep 
the  hair  xn  c. ;  disease  of  potatoes  &c.  in  which 
shoots  or  leaves  are  curled  up.    [f.  foil.] 

curl2  v.t  &  i.  Bend,  coil,  into  spiral  shape 
(t.  &  1.) ;  c.  up,  roll  up  into  a  curl,  (intr..  slang) 
collapse ;  move  in  spiral  form  (of  smoke  &c.) ; 
play  at  curling,  [f.  obs.  adj.  croll,  crull,  curly ; 
cf.  Du.  krullen,  G  krollen,  krollen] 

cup*lew,  n.  Wading  bird  with  long  slender 
curved  bill.  [f.  OF  courlieus  perh.  imit.  of  cry, 
but  assim.  to  corliu  courier  f.  courir  run] 

cup'lingf,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  Scotch  game 
played  on  ice  with  large  round  stones ;  c.-xrons, 
-tongs,  (for  curling  hair),    [-ing  ]] 

cup'ly,  a.  Having,  arranged  in,  curls ;  c.-pate, 
c. -headed  person.    Hence  cup'Uness  n.   f-Y2] 

curmu'dgeon,  n.  Churlish  or  miserly  fel- 
low.   Hence  curmu'dgeonLY  i  a.    [?] 

eirppach  (-ra,  -rach),  n.  Coracle,  [t  Ir.  cur- 
ach,  cf.  coracle] 


cu*ppant,  n.  Dried  fruit  of  a  seedless  variety 
of  grape  grown  in  the  Levant,  much  used  in 
cookery ;  lied,  White,  Black,  C, (fruit  of)  species 
of  Ribes.    [orig.  raisins  of  Corauntz  (Corinth)J 

cu'rreney,  n.  Time  during  which  a  thing 
is  current ;  (of  money)  circulation ;  money  cur- 
rent in  actual  use  in  a  country ;  prevalence  (of 
ideas,  reports,  &c. ).  [f.  L  currere  run,  see  -enc y] 

cu'PPent  i,  a.  In  general  circulation  or  use 
(of  money,  opinions,  rumours,  &c);  pass,  go, 
run,  c. ,  be  generally  accepted  as  true  or  genuine; 
(of  time)  now  passing,  as  c.  week,  month ;  be- 
longing to  the  c.  time,  as  c.  issue  (of  journal) ; 
c.  handurriting,  cursive.  Hence  cu'PPentL  y  2 
adv.  [f.  OF  corant  part,  of  courir  f.  L  currere 
run  (refash.  on  L)] 

cu'ppent2,  n.  Running  stream;  water,  air, 
&c,  moving  in  given  direction ;  course,  ten- 
dency, (of  events,  opinions,  &c.) ;  transmission 
of  electric  force  through  a  body.    [prec.  as  n.] 

cu'PPicle,  n.  Light  two-wheeled  carriage 
(usu.  for  two  horses  abreast),    [f.  foil.] 

curriculum,  n.  Course  (of  study).  [L,  = 
course,  race-chariot,  f.  currere  run] 

cu'ppiep,  n.  One  who  dresses  &  colours 
tanned  leather,  [f.  OF  corier  f.  L  coriarius 
(corium  hide,  leather,  see  -ary  j)] 

eur'rish,  a.  Like  a  cur ;  snappish ;  mean- 
spirited.  Hence  euPTishLY2  adv.,  cup'- 
pish NESSn.     [-ISH1] 

cu'ppy1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dish  of  meat  &c.  cooked 
with  bruised  spices  &  turmeric ;  c.-paste,  -poxv- 
der,  preparations  of  turmeric  &c.  for  making 
c. ;  (v.t.) prepare,  flavour,  with c. -powder,  [(vb 
f.  n.)  f.  Tamil  kari  sauce] 

cu'ppy2,  v.t.  Rub  down  or  dress  (horse  &c.) 
with  c.-comb',  dress  (tanned  leather);  (fig.) 
thrash ;  c.  favour  (orig.  favel  f.  OF  estriller 
favel  curry  the  chestnut  horse),  ingratiate  one- 
self (with  person)  by  officiousness  &c.  [f.  OF 
correier,  earlier  co~N(reder  prepare  see  array)] 

cupso1,  n.  Utterance  of  deity  or  person  in- 
voking deity,  consigning  person  or  thing  to  de- 
struction, divine  vengeance,  &c. ;  sentence  of 
excommunication ;  profane  oath,  imprecation ; 
accursed  object;  evil  inflicted  in  response  to 
a  c. ;  great  evil,  bane  ;  (Cards)  c.  of  Scotland, 
nine  or  diamonds.    [?] 

cupse  2,  v.  t.  &  i.  Utter  curse  against ;  excom- 
municate; blaspheme;  afflict  with  (esp.  in 
pass.) ;  (intr.)  utter  curses.    [?] 

cursed,  cupst,  a.  In  vbl  senses;  also: 
damnable,  abominable ;  (archaic ;  usu.  curst) 
cantankerous ;  (adv.)  cursedly.  Hence  cup's- 
6dLY  2  adv.,  cup*s6dNESS  n.    [p.p.  of  prec. ] 

eup'sive,  a.  &  n.  Running  (writing  in  manu- 
script), opp.  to  uncial,  [f.  med.L  cursivus  (L 
currere  curs-  run,  see  -ive)] 

eup*sopy,  a.  Hasty,  hurried,  (c.  inspection). 
Hence  cup*sop!ly2  adv.,  cup'sopiness  n. 
[f.  L  cursorius  of  a  runner  (as  prec,  see  -ory)] 

cupt,  a.  Discourteously  brief ;  terse,  concise ; 
(lit.)  short.  Hence  GUP*tLY  2  adv.,  cuPtNESS 
n.    [f.  L  curtus  short] 

cuptaii,  v.t.  Cut  short  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  deprive 
of.  Hence  euptai'lMENT  n.  [f.  obs.  curtal 
horse  with  docked  tail  f.  OF  cortald  (court  short 
f.  L  curtus  +  Teut.  suf.  -aid) ;  assim.  to  tail] 

cur'tail-step,  n.    Lowest  step  of  stair.    [?] 

eur'tain  (-tn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Suspended  cloth  used 
as  screen  ;  draw  the  c.  (back  or  aside  to  reveal 
objects,  forward  to  conceal  them) ;  screen  sepa- 
rating stage  of  theatre  from  auditorium  (c.  falls, 
drops,  is  dropped,  at  end  of  action,  rises,  is 
raised,  at  beginning;  also  fig.) ;  fire-proof  c.  in 
theatre,  metal  sheet  cutting  off  stage  ;  plain 
wall  of  fortified  place,  connecting  two  towers 
&c. ;    partition,  cover,   in   various   technical 


CURTANA 


CUT 


senses  ;  c.-lecture,  wife's  reproof  to  husband  in 
bed ;  c.-raiser  in  theatre,  short  opening  piece  ; 
(v.t.)  furnish,  cover,  shut  off,  with  cc.  l(vbf.  n.) 
f.  OF  cortine  f.  L  cortina,  etym.  dub.] 

curta'na  (or  -ah-),  n.  Pointless  sword  borne 
before  kings  of  England  at  Coronation,  as  em- 
blem of  mercy.  [Anglo-L  c.  (spada)  curtailed 
(sword)  (as  curt,  see  -an)] 

eur'tilag'e,  n.  (law,  dial.).  Area  attached  to 
dwelling-house,  [f.  OF  courtillage  (courtil 
small  court  +  -age)] 

eup*tsy,  -sey,  n.,  &  v.i.  Feminine  salutation 
made  by  bending  knees  &  lowering  body ; 
make,  drop,  a  c. ;  (v.i.)  make  c.  (to  person), 
[var.  of  courtesy] 

cup'ule,  a.  Pertaining  to  any  high  civic  dig- 
nity ;  (Rom.  Antiq.)  c.  chair,  one  like  camp-stool, 
inlaid  with  ivory ;  c  magistrate,  one  entitled  to 
this.    [f.  L  cundis  perh.  f.  currus  chariot] 

eup'vature,  n.  Curving ;  curved  form ; 
(Geom.)  deviation  (01  curve)  from  straight  line. 
[f.  L  curvatura  (as  foil.,  see  -ure)] 

curve1,  v.t.  &  i.  Bend  so  as  to  form  a  curve, 
[f.  L  curvare  (as  foil. )] 

curve  2,  n.  Line  of  which  no  part  is  straight ; 
curved  form  or  thing,    [f.  L  curvus  bent] 

eupve't  (also  ker*-),  n.,  &  v.i.  (-tt-,  -t-).  Horse's 
leap  with  fore-legs  raised  together  &  hind-legs 
raised  with  spring  before  fore-legs  reach  ground ; 
(v.i.,  of  horse  or  rider)  make  c.  [(vbf.  It.  corvet- 
tare)  f.  It.  corvetta  dim.  of  corvo  curve  (as  prec.)] 

cupvI-  in  comb. =L  curvus  curved,  as  -caud- 
ate, -costate,  -dentate,  -rostrate,  with  curved 
tail,  ribs,  teeth,  beak  ;  -foliate,  with  leaves  bent 
back ;  -form,  of  curved  shape ;  -nervate  (of 
leaves),  with  veins  diverging  from  mid-rib  & 
converging  towards  margin. 

eupvilrnear,  a.  Contained  by,  consisting 
of,  curved  line(s).  Hence  eupvilinea'piTY  n., 
cupvili'neaPLY  2  adv.    [prec.  +  linear] 

cu'scus,  n.  Aromatic  root  of  an  Indian  grass, 
used  for  fans  &c.    [f.  Hind,  khas  khas] 

cu'shat,  n.  (Sc,  dial.).  Wood-pigeon,  ring- 
dove.   [?] 

eu'shion1  (kdb-),  n.  Mass  of  soft  material 
stuffed  into  cloth  or  silk  covering,  for  sitting, 
kneeling,  reclining,  on ;  pin-c.  ;  pad  worn  by 
woman  under  hair;  pad  beneath  skirt  of 
woman's  dress ;  elastic  lining  of  sides  of  billiard 
table ;  steam  left  in  cylinder  as  buffer  to  piston ; 
fleshy  part  of  buttock  (of  pig  &c);  frog  of 
horse's  hoof;  c.-tire  of  bicycle  (rubber  tubing 
stuffed  with  rubber  shreds).  Hence  eu*- 
shion y  2  a.  [f.  F  coussin,  etym.  dub. ;  the 
earlier  (ME)  form  cuisshin  is  f.  OF  coissin  f.  L 
*coxinum  (coxa  hip,  see  -ine  *)] 

eu'shion  2,  v.t.  Furnish  with  cushions  ;  pro- 
tect with  cushions  (also  fig.) ;  suppress  quietly 
(complaints  &c.) ;  (Billiards)  place,  leave,  (ball) 
against  cushion,    [f.  precj 

cusp,  n.  Apex,  peak ;  (Geom.)  point  at  which 
two  branches  of  curve  meet  &  stop ;  (Arch.) 
projecting  point  between  small  arcs  in  Gothic 
tracery ;  (Bot.)  pointed  end,  esp.  of  leat  Hence 
cuspED  2  a.    [f .  L  cuspis  -idis  point] 

eu'spidal,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  a  cusp.  So 
cu*spidate<d)  [-ate  2(2)]  aa.    [as  prec,  -al] 

eu*spidop(e),  n.  (U.S.),  Spittoon.  [Port. 
(-or),  =  spitter  (cuspir  f.  L  coNspuere,  see -or2)] 

cuss,  n.  (U.S.).  Curse;  person,  creature, 
(often  disparaging),    [vulg.  pron.  of  curse  ]] 

cu'ssedness,  n.  (U.S.).  Perversity,  esp.  pure 
c.    [vulg.  pron.  of  cursedness] 

cu'stapd,  n.  Mixture  of  eggs  &  milk,  baked 
or  served  liquid  ;  c.-apple,  W.  Indian  fruit  with 
pulp  like  c.  [orig.  a  kind  of  pie  ;  prob.  f.  obs. 
crustade  f.  F  croustade  (as  crust,  -ade)1 

custo'dial,  a.    Relating  to  custody,    [-al] 


custd'dian,  n.  Guardian,  keeper.  So  cus- 
to'diER  »  n.    [as  foil.  +  -an] 

eu'stody,  n.  Guardianship,  care,  (parent 
has  c.  of  child,  child  is  in  the  c.  of  father) ;  im- 
prisonment, esp.  take  into  c,  arrest,  [f.  L  cus- 
todia  (custos  -odis  guardian,  see  -Y  *)] 

cu'stom,  n.  Usual  practice;  (Law)  estab- 
lished usage  having  the  force  of  law;  (pi.) 
duty  levied  upon  imports  from  foreign  coun- 
tries ;  c.-house,  office  (esp.  in  seaport)  at  which 
cc.  are  collected ;  business  patronage  or  sup- 
port, [f.  OF  costume  f.  L  consuetudinem  f .  con- 
(suescere  suet-  grow  accustomed),  see  -tude] 

cu'stomary,  a.  &  n.  Usual ;  (Law)  subject 
to,  held  by,  custom  (of  the  manor  &c.) ;  (n.,  also 
-tumary)  written  collection  of  the  customs  of  a 
country.  Hence  eu'stomari  l v  2  adv. ,  cu's- 
tomapiNESS  n.  [f.  med.L  custumarius  =  L 
consuetudinarius  (as  prec,  see  -ary1)] 

cu'stomep,  n.  Buyer ;  (colloq.)  queer,  awk- 
ward, &c,  c.  (person  to  deal  with),    [prob.  f. 

CUSTOM  +  -ER  !] 

cu'stos,  n.  Guardian,  keeper ;  c.  rotulorum, 
keeper  of  the  rolls,  principal  justice  of  the 
peace  in  a  county.    [L] 

cut  \  n.  Act  of  cutting ;  stroke,  blow,  with 
knife,  sword,  whip  ;  c.  &  thrust,  hand-to-hand 
struggle  ;  excision  (of  part  of  a  play  &c) ;  act, 
speech,  that  wounds  the  feelings;  particular 
stroke  in  cricket,  lawn  tennis,  croquet,  &c  ; 
refusal  to  recognize  an  acquaintance  ;  short  c, 
crossing  that  shortens  the  distance ;  fashion, 
style,  (of  clothes,  hair,  &c) ;  a  c.  (degree,  stage) 
above ;  wound  made  by  cutting  ;  railway  cut- 
ting; narrow  opening  in  floor  of  stage  of 
theatre,  by  which  scenes  are  moved  up  &  down ; 
=woodcu£  ;  piece  (esp.  of  meat)  cut  off;  draw 
cc,  draw  lots  with  sticks  of  unequal  length 
(prob.  a  different  word),    [f.  foil.] 

cut2,  v.t.  &  i.  (cut).  Penetrate,  wound,  with 
edged  instrument,  as  the  knife  c.  his  finger,  he 
c.  his  finger  with  a  knife ;  (fig.)  a  cutting  wind, 
cutting  retort,  it  c.  him  to  the  heart,  whence 
eu'ttingLY 2  adv. ;  divide  with  knife  &c  in 
two,  in  or  into  pieces ;  (fig.)  c.  (renounce)  a  con- 
nexion ;  detach  by  cutting ;  carve  (meat) ; 
cross,  intersect,  as  two  lines  c.  each  other; 
(intr.)  pass  through,  across,  Sec,  (slang)  run 
away;  reduce  by  cutting  (hair  &c) ;  shape, 
fashion,  by  cutting  (coat,  gem,  &c);  perform, 
execute,  make,  as  c.  a  caper,  dash,  joke, 
figure  ;  divide  (pack  of  cards)  so  as  to  deter- 
mine deal,  prevent  cheating,  &c. ;  hit  (ball)  in 
particular  way,  in  cricket  &c  ;  renounce  ac- 
quaintance of  (person),  decline  to  recognize 
him,  esp.  c.  him  dead;  absent  oneself  from, 
avoid,  renounce,  as  c.  a  lecture,  c  the  whole  con- 
cern ;  c  a  tooth,  have  it  appear  through  gum  ; 
c.  short,  shorten  by  cutting  (lit.  &  fig.),  also  in- 
terrupt ;  c.  one's  stick,  go ;  c.  coat  according  to 
cloth  ;  c.  down,  bring  or  throw  down  by  cut- 
ting, (fig.)  reduce  (expenses) ;  c.  in  (intr.),  enter 
abruptly,  interpose  (in  conversation),  (Cards) 
join  in  game  by  taking  place  of  player  who  cuts 
out ;  c.  off,  remove  by  cutting,  bring  to  an  end, 
intercept  (supplies,  communications),  exclude 
(from  access  &c) ;  c.  off  with  a  shilling,  disin- 
herit by  bequeathing  a  shilling ;  c.  out,  remove 
by  cutting,  (fig.)  out-do  or  supplant  (rival), 
fashion  or  shape  (lit.  &fi^.),  prepare,  as  his  work 
is  c.  out  for  him,  (Cards,  intr.)  be  excluded  from 
game  as  result  of  cutting ;  c.  up,  c  in  pieces, 
destroy  utterly,  (fig.)  criticize  severely,  (usu. 
pass.)  distress  greatly,  c.  up  (well),  leave  (large) 
fortune,  c.  up  rough,  show  resentment;  c.-&- 
come-again,  abundance ;  c.  &  dried  or  dry  (of 
opinions  &c),  ready-made,  lacking  freshness  ; 
cutpurse,  thief ;  cut-throat,  murderer.   [?] 


CUTANEOUS 


204 


CYME 


cuta-neous,  a.  Of  the  skin.  [f.  mod.  or  med. 
L  cutaneus  (cutis  skin,  see  -aneous)] 

eirt-away,  a.  &  n.  (Coat)  with  skirt  cut 
back  from  the  waist. 

eutehe'ppy,  eirtehepy,  n.  (Anglo -Ind.). 
Public  office,  court-house ;  office  of  planter  &c. 
[f.  Hind,  kachahri] 

cute, a.  (colloq.).  Clever,  shrewd;  ingenious. 
Hence  cu'teLY2  adv. ,  eirtexEss  n.  [for  acute] 

cu'ticle,  n.  Epidermis  or  other  superficial 
skin;  (Bot.)  superficial  film  of  plants.  Hence 
cuti'cul Ait l  a.     [f.  L  cuticula  dim.  of  cutis] 

eu'tis,  n.  (anat.).  True  skin,  underlying  the 
epidermis.    [L,  =  skin] 

eu'tlass,  n.  Short  sword  with  wide  slightly 
curved  blade,  esp.  that  used  by  sailors,  [f.  F 
coitielas  augment,  of  couteau  (-tel)  knife,  dim. 
f.  L  as  coulter] 

cu'tlep,  n.  One  who  makes  or  deals  in  knives 
&  similar  utensils,  [f.  OF  coutelier  f .  coutel,  see 
prec.  &  -er  2(2)1 

eu'tlery,  n.  Trade  of  the  cutler ;  things  made 
or  sold  by  cutlers,  [f.  OF  coutelerie  (as  prec, 
see  -ery)] 

cu'tlet,  n.  Small  piece  of  meat  (esp.  mutton 
or  veal)  cut  off  for  broiling  &c.  [f.  F  cotelette 
double  dim.  of  cote  rib  f.  L  costa] 

eirttep,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  cuts  ;  superior 
kind  of  brick  that  can  be  cut ;  boat  belonging  to 
ship  of  war,  fitted  for  rowing  &  sailing ;  small 
single-masted  vessel  rigged  like  sloop,  but  with 
running  bowsprit,    [-er  2] 

cu*ttingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  excavation 
of  high  ground  for  railway,  road,  &c. ;  press  c, 
paragraph  &c.  cut  from  newspaper,    [-ing  *] 

cu'ttle,  n.  (Usu.  c.-fish)  fish  ejecting  black 
fluid  when  pursued ;  c.-bone,  its  internal  shell, 
used  for  polishing.    [OE  cudele,  etym.  dub.] 

eirtty,  a.  &  n.  (Sc.  &  north.).  Cut  short,  ab- 
normally short ;  (n.)  short  pipe ;  c.-stool,  seat  in 
Sc.  churches  where  unchaste  women  sat  to  re- 
ceive public  rebuke  during  service,    [cut2,  -y  2] 

eu'twatep,  n.  Knee  of  head  of  ship,  divid- 
ing water  before  it  reaches  bow ;  forward  edge 
of  prow. 

eu'twopm,  n.  Caterpillar  that  cuts  off 
young  plants  level  with  the  ground. 

-cy,  suf.,  special  form  of  the  abstract  suf.  -y  I, 
repr.  L  -da,  -tia,  &  Gk  -kia,  -keia,  -tia,  -tela  (see 
-acy,  -ancy,  -ency).  On  anal,  of  wds  in  -acy, 
•ncy,  with  corresp.  nn.  in  -ate,  -nt,  as  advocacy 
advocate,  infancy  infant,  -cy  was  extended  to 
wds  in  -n,  as  chaplaincy,  captaincy,  after  in- 
cumbency, lieutenancy,  &,  being  thus  regarded 
as  independent  suf.  =  -ship,  to  other  wds  as 
colonelcy ;  it  is  even  added  to  wds  ending  in 
-t  (where  -c-  should  have  been  substituted  for 
-t-),  as  bankruptcy,  idiotcy,  normal  form  being 
idiocy  f.  Gk  idioteia. 

eya'nie,  a.  Blue;  (Chem.)  of,  containing, 
cyanogen,    [as  foil.  +  -ic] 

cyano-  in  comb.  1.  Dark-blue,  as  -meter, 
instrument  for  measuring  blueness  of  sky ;  2. 
of,  containing,  cyanogen,  [f.  Gk  kuanos,  a 
dark-blue  mineral] 

cya'nogen,  n.  (chem.).  Compound  radical 
consisting  of  one  atom  of  nitrogen  and  one  of 
carbon,    [f.  F  cyanogene  (as  prec.  +  -gen)] 

cyand'sis,  n.  Blue  jaundice,  diie  to  circula- 
tion of  imperfectly  oxygenated  blood,  [f.  Gk 
kuanosis  (as  prec,  see  -osis)] 

ey'ead,  n.  (bot).    Kinds  of  palm-like  plant. 

ey'clamen,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  cultivated  for 
their  early-blooming  flowers.  [med.L,  f.  Gk 
kuklaminos,  etym.  dub.] 

cycle,  n.,  &  v.i.  Recurrent  period  (of  events, 
phenomena,  &c.) ;  Metonic  or  Lunar  c,  one 
of  19  years,  used  for  finding  date  of  Easter; 


period  of  a  thing's  completion ;  complete  set  or 
series ;  series  of  poems  collected  round  a  central 
event  &c ;  bicycle,  tricycle,  or  similar  machine ; 
(v.i.)  revolve  in  cc,  ride  c  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  f.  Gk 
kuklos  circle] 

cy'elie,  -ical,  aa.  Recurring  in  cycles ;  be- 
longing to  a  chronological  cycle ;  (-ic)  of  a  cycle 
of  poems,  as  c.  poet;  (Gk  Ant.,  -ic)  c.  chorus, 
dithyrambic  chorus,  danced  in  ringround  altar ; 
(Bot.,  of  flower)  with  its  parts  arranged  in 
whorls,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  kuklikos  (as  cycle)] 

cy'clist,  n.  Rider  of  a  cycle,   [cycle  +  -ist] 

eyclo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  kuklos  circle,  as  -graph, 
instrument  for  tracing  circular  arcs,  -meter,  in- 
strument for  measuring  (1)  circular  arcs  (2)  dis- 
tance traversed  by  bicycle  &c,  -stomous,  with 
round  mouth,  cyclorama,  circular  panorama. 

cycloid,  n.  Curve  traced  by  a  point  on  a 
radius  of  a  circle  within  {prolate  c),  on  (com- 
mon c),  or  without  (curtate  c.)  its  circum- 
ference, as  the  circle  rolls  along  a  straight  line. 
Hence  cycloi'dAL  a.  [f.  Gk  kukloeides  (as 
cycle,  see  -oid)] 

cy 'clone,  n.  System  of  winds  rotating  round 
a  centre  of  minimum  barometric  pressure  ; 
violent  hurricane  of  limited  diameter.  Hence 
eyelo'nic  a.    [irreg.  f.  Gk  kuklos  circle] 

cyclop(a)e'dia,n.  =  encyclopaedia.  Hence 
cyclopae'dic  a.    [abbr.  of  encyclopaedia] 

Cyelope'an,  -eld'pian,  a.  Of,  like,  a  Cy- 
clops ;  huge ;  C.  masonry,  an  ancient  style 
made  with  huge  irregular  stones,  [f.  L  Cyclo- 
peus,  -pius,  f.  Gk  kuklopeios,  -pios,  (as  foil.)] 

Cy*clop(s),  n.  (pL  -ops,  -opses,  -opes).  (Gk 
Myth.)  one-eyed  giant;  one-eyed  person.  [L 
(-s),  f.  Gk  kuklops  (kuklos  circle  +  ops  eye)] 

eyelostyle,  n.  Apparatus  printing  copies 
of  writing  from  stencil-plate  cut  by  pen  with 
small  toothed  wheel,    [cyclo-] 

cygnet,  n.  Young  swan.  [f.  L  cygnus  swan 
+  -et  i] 

cy'lindep,  n.  (Geom.)  solid  generated  by 
straight  line  moving  parallel  to  itself  and  de- 
scribing with  its  ends  any  fixed  curve,  esp.  cir- 
cle ;  roller-shaped  body,  hollow  or  solid  ;  barrel- 
shaped  object  of  baked  clay  covered  with  cunei- 
form writing  and  buried  under  Babylonian  or 
Assyrian  temple  ;  stone  of  similar  shape  used 
as  seal  by  Assyrians ;  cylindrical  part  of  various 
machines,  esp.  chamber  in  which  steam  acts 
upon  piston  ;  metal  roller  used  in  printing,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  kulindros  (kulindo  roll)] 

cylindrical,  a.  Cylinder-shaped,  [f.  Gk 
kulindrikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)  +  -al] 

cylindpoid,  a.  &  n.  (Figure)  like  a  cylinder, 
[f.  Gk  kulindroeides  (as  prec,  -oid)] 

ey*ma,  n.  (pi.  -mas).  Ogee  moulding  of  cor- 
nice ;  =cyme.  [mod.  L,  f.  Gk  kuma  wave,  any- 
thing swollen] 

eymap\  n.  Woman's  loose  light  garment, 
esp.  under-garment.  [f.  F  simarre  OF  chimarre, 
cf.  chimere] 

cymbal,  n.  One  of  a  pair  of  concave  brass 
or  bronze  plates,  struck  together  to  make  ring- 
ing sound.  Hence  eymtaaliST  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
kumbalon  (kumbe  hollow)] 

cymbalo,  n.  Stringed  musical  instrument, 
played  with  hammers,    [f.  It.  cembalo,  as  prec] 

eymbifopm,  a.  (anat.,  bot).  Boat-shaped, 
[f.  L  cymba  boat  +  -form] 

eymboeepha'lie,  a.  With  boat-shaped  (i.e. 
long  and  narrow)  skull,  [f.  Gk  kumbe  boat  + 
kephale  head  +  -ic] 

cyme,  n.  (bot).  Inflorescence  in  which  pri- 
mary axis  bears  single  terminal  flower  that 
develops  first,  system  being  continued  by  axes 
of  secondary  and  higher  orders  (cf.  raceme). 
Hence  eymo'SE1  a.    [F,  =  top  (as  cyma)] 


CYMRIC 


205 


DAGGER 


Cymric  (k-),  a.  Welsh,  [f.  W  Cymru  Wales] 

cynic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  characteristic  of,  the 
Cynic  philosophers ;  =foll.  ;  (n.)  philosopher  of 
sect  founded  by  Antisthenes,  marked  by  osten- 
tations contempt  for  pleasure ;  sneering  fault- 
tinder.  Hence  eynieiSM  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  kuni- 
kos  (kudn  kunos  dog,  nickname  for  Cynic)] 

cy*  nieal,  a.  Churlish ;  captious ;  incredulous 
of  human  goodness ;  sneering.  Hence  eyni- 
ealLY  2  adv.    [-al] 

cyno-  in  comb.  repr.  Gk  kudn  kunos  dog,  as 
-phobia,  dread  of  dogs. 

eynoce'phalus,  n.  Fabulous  dog-headed 
man ;  (Zool.)  dog-faced  baboon.  [L,  f.  Gk  kuno- 
kephalos  (prec  +  kephale  head)] 

cy'nosure,  n.  Constellation  containing 
Pole-star,  Little  Bear  ;  Pole-star ;  guiding  star ; 
centre  of  attraction  or  admiration.  [F,  f.  L  f. 
Gk  kunosoura  dog's  tail,  Little  Bear  (kudn 
kunos  dog  +  oura  tail)] 

cypher.    See  cipher. 

cy  pres  (sepra'),  adv.,  n.,  a.  (Law)  as  near 
as  possible  (to  testator's  intentions) ;  (a.)  ap- 
proximate; (n.)  approximation.  [AF,  =  F  si 
pres  so  near  (as  &c.)J 

cypress,  n.  Coniferous  tree  with  hard  wood 
and  dark  foliage :  branch  of  this  as  symbol  of 
mourning,  [f.  OF  cipres  f.  LL  cypressus  f.  Gk 
kuparissos] 

Cyprian,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant,  native)  of 
Cyprus ;  licentious  (person),  [f.  L  Cyprius  (Cy- 
prus)  +  -an] 

Cyrena'ie,  a.  &  n.  (Philosopher)  of  the 
hedonistic  school  of  Aristippus  of  Cyrene.  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  Kurenaikos  (Kurene)] 

Cyri'llie,  a.  C.  alphabet,  that  used  by  Slav- 
onic peoples  of  the  Eastern  Church.  [St  Cyril, 
supposed  inventor,  +  -ic] 

eyrto-  in  comb.  =  Gk  kurtos  curved,  as 
-meter,  instrument  measuring  curves  of  chest. 

cyst,  n.  ( BioL )  hollow  organ,  bladder,  &c. ,  in 
animal  or  plant,  containing  liquid  secretion ; 
(Path.)  sac  containing  morbid  matter,  parasitic 
larva,  &c. ;  cell  containing  embryos  &c.  [f. 
Gk  kustis  bladder] 

cyst-,  cysti-,  cysto-,  in  comb.  repr.  Gk 
kustis,  kuste,  bladder,  as  cystiform,  bladder- 
shaped,  cysfoCELE,  -TOMY. 

cystic,  a.  Of  the  urinary  bladder ;  of  the 
gall-bladder;  of  the  nature  of  a  cyst.  [f.  F 
cystique  (as  CYST,  see  -ic)] 

-cy  te,  suf.  in  biol.  wds  meaning  cell,  as  leuco- 
cyte.    [I.  Gk  kutos  vessel] 

cyto-  in  comb. = cell,  as  -blast,  protoplasmic 
nucleus  of  a  cell,    [as  prec] 

czar,  tzar,  (z-,  ts-),  n.  Title  of  Emperor  of 
Russia,    [f.  Russ.  ts(is)ari  f.  L  Caesar] 

czarevitch,  -wieh,  tsar-,  (tsarlvTtsh,  z-), 
n.  Son  of  a  czar  (not  now  an  official  title  ;  cf. 
cesarevitch).    [f.  Russ.  tsarevitsh] 

ezare'vna,  tsar-,  n.  Daughter  of  a  czar. 
[Russ.] 

czari'na,  tsar-,  (-e-),  n.  Wife  of  a  czar, 
Russian  empress,    [f.  G  czarin  f.  czar] 

czari'tza,  tsar-,  n.    Russian  form  of  prec. 

Czech,  -kh,  (tshek),  n.  &  a.  Bohemian,  [f. 
Boh.  Ccch] 


D  (de),  letter  (pi.  Ds,  B's,  Dees).  D  block,  trap, 
valve,  shaped  like  the  letter;  also  D=dee. 
(Mus.)  second  note  of  natural  major  scale. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  D  (half  of  M  or  CIO),  500, 
as  XD  490,  MDCLXVI  166a  D.,  dal  in  D.S. 
(segno)',  dat  in  D.D.D.  (dicat,  dedicat,  =  he 
gives,  devotes,  &  dedicates  ;  also  d.d.d.) ;  deli- 
rium, D.T.  (tremens) ;  Deo,  D.V.  (volente) ;  de- 


puty, as  D.  A.A.G.  (assistant  adjutant-general), 
D.A.Q.M.G.  (assistant  quarter-master-gene- 
ral) ;  distinguished,  D.S.O.  (service  order) ; 
doctor,  as  D.C.L.  (civil  law),  D.D.  (divinity), 
D.Lit.  (literature);  dono,  D.D.  (dedit,=  gave 
as  a  gift ;  also  d.d.).  d.,  died  (as  d.  1789) ;  de- 
narius (penny,  as  £1 10s.  6d.).  d— ,  damn  (also 
d—d,  damned). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Dak.(ota) ;  Dan.(iel,  O.T. 
book) ;  DeL(aware) ;  <leL(ineavit= drew  this) ; 
dep.(arts)  ;  Deut.(eronomy) ;  do,  ditto ;  Dr, 
Debtor,  Doctor ;  Dunelm.,  bishop  of  Durham; 
Dur.(ham) ;  dwt,  pennyweight. 

-d,  p.p.  suf.  (heard  &c);  see  -ed  I,  &  cf.  dead. 

da.    See  dad. 

dab  *,  v.t.  Strike  lightly  or  undecidedly,  tap, 
peck ;  press  but  not  rub  (surface)  with  sponge 
&c,  whence  da'bbER  J(2)  n.;  press  (brush,  dab- 
ber,  &c.)  against  surface,    [f.  1300 ;  etym.  dub.] 

dab2,  n.  Slight  or  undecided  but  sudden  blow, 
tap,  peck ;  brief  application  of  sponge,  handker- 
chief, &c,  to  surface  without  rubbing ;  mois- 
ture, colour,  &c,  so  applied,    [f.  prec] 

dab3,n.    Kind  of  flat-fish.    [?] 

dab4,  n.  (colloq.).  Adept  (at  games  &c,  do- 
ing).    [f.  1690 ;  etym  dub.  J 

da'bble,  v.t.  &  i.  Wet  intermittently,  slight- 
ly, or  partly,  soil,  moisten,  splash  ;  move  the 
feet,  hands,  bill,  about  in  water ;  engage  in  or 
at  pursuit  &c  as  a  hobby,  whence  da'bblER  *■ 
n.    [cf.  Du.  dabbelen  &  dab  *,  -le(3)] 

da'bchick,  n.  Water-bird,  the  Little  Grebe, 
[early  forms  dap-,  dop- ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  dip] 

da-bster,  n.    =  dab  * ;  =  DAVBster.    [-ster] 

da  ca'po  (dahcah-),  mus.  direction.    Repeat 


[It.] 
m- water  fish. 


[ME  darse 
Short-legged 


from  the  beginning.    .. 

dace,  n.    Small  Fresl 
f.  OF  darz  dart  ]] 

dachshund  (dah'ks-hdbnt),  n. 
breed  of  dog.    [G,  =  badger-dog] 

dacoi't,  n.  Member  of  Indian  or  Burmese 
armed  robber  band.  [f.  Hind,  dakait  f.  daka 
gang-robbery] 

daeoPty,  n.  (Act  of)  gang-robbery,  [f.  Hind. 
dakaiti  as  prec] 

da'ctyl,  n.  Metrical  foot  -w.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  dak- 
tulos  finger] 

dactylic,  a.  &  n.  Qf  dactyls ;  (noun,  usu.  pi.) 
d.  verse(s).    [f.  L  f.  Gk  daktulikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

dad,  da  (dah),  da'da,  da'ddy,  nn.  (colloq.). 
Father  (esp.  as  voc);  daddy-longlegs,  crane-fly. 
[f.  16th  c;  infantile  .sound] 

da'do,  n.  Cube  of  pedestal  between  base  & 
cornice ;  lower  few  feet  of  room- wall  when  faced 
with  wood  or  coloured  differently  from  upper 
part.    Hence  da'doED  2  a.    [It. , = die  *] 

dae'dal  (de-),  a.  (poet).  Skilful,  inventive; 
mazy ;  manifold,  complex,  mysterious,  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  daidalos  skilful,  variegated] 

Daeda'lian,  -ean,  a.  In  the  manner  of 
Daedalus  the  Greek  artificer ;  intricate  ;  laby- 
rinthine*, [f.  L  Daedaleus  of  Daedalus  (cf.  Gk 
daidaleos  cunningly  wrought)  +  -an] 

daff,  v.t.  (archaic).  Put  aside,  waive,  [var. 
of  doff,  preserved  by  1  Hen.  IV,  iv.  i.  96] 

da'ffodil  (also  daffodi'lly,  daffadown- 
dilly, in  poetry  &c),  n.  &  a.  Lent  Lily,  pale- 
yellow-flowered  Narcissus ;  pale  yellow  (n.  & 
a.),  [f.  earlier  affodill  (d-  unexplained)  f.  L  f. 
Gk  asphodelos] 

daft,  a.  Foolish,  reckless,  wild,  crazy.  [OE 
gedxfte  mild,  meek,  whence  also  deft  ;  orig. 
sense  (cf.  Goth,  gadaban  be  fit) fitting,  suitable ; 
for  change  of  meaning  cf.  innocent] 

da'ggep,  n.  Stabbing-weapon  with  short 
pointed  and  edged  blade  (at  da.  drawn,  on  the 
point  of  fighting,  in  strained  relations,  with 
person,  or  abs. ;  look,  speak,  dd.,  bitterly,  so  as 


DAGO gj 

to  wound) ;  (Print.),  d.,  double  d.,  =  (double) 
obelisk,    [cf.  F  dague,  &  ME  dag  to  pierce] 

da'go,  n.  (U.S.).  American  Spaniard,  Portu- 
guese, or  Italian,    [f.  Sp.  Diego  =  James] 

dag-ue'ppeotype  (-gero-),  n.  (Portrait  taken 
by)  early  photographic  process.  [Daguerre  1839 
inventor,  -o-,  type] 

dahabee'yah  (dah-ha-),  -bi'ah  (-be-),  n. 
Nile  sailing-boat.  [Arab. ,  =  the  golden,  orig.  sense 
gilded  barge] 

dah'lia  (dal-),  n.  Mexican  composite  plant 
cultivated  in  Europe  for  its  many-coloured  sin- 
gle &  double  flowers  (blue  d.,  impossibility) ; 
shade  of  red.    [Dahl  1791  botanist] 

dai'ly,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  (Recurring,  appearing, 
done)  every  day  or  week-day,  from  day  to  day, 
constantly,  often  ;  a  d.  newspaper  (pi.  dailies). 
[OE  -dxglic  (day,  -ly  j)] 

dai'mio  (-jo),  n.  Japanese  feudal  vassal,  no- 
ble, (hist.).  [Jap.,  f.  Chin,  dai  great,  myo  name] 

dai'nty  \  n.  Choice  morsel,  dish,  &c,  deli- 
cacy, tit-bit,  (lit.  &  fig.)  [f.  OF  daintt  f.  L  digni- 
tatem (dignus  worthy,  -ty)J 

dai'nty2,a.  Delicate, choice;  tasteful,  pretty, 
of  delicate  beauty,  scrupulously  clean ;  particu- 
lar, nice,  of  delicate  tastes  &  sensibility,  fasti- 
dious ;  inclined  to  luxury.  Hence  dai'ntiLY  2 
adv.,  dai'ntiNESS  n.    [f.prec] 

daip'y,  n.  Room  or  building  for  keeping  milk 
&  cream  &  making  butter  &c.  (dairymaid,  in 
charge  of  this) ;  the  milk  department  in  farm- 
ing ;-shop  for  milk  &c.  (dairyman,  dealer  in 
milk  &c),  cows  of  a  farm.  Hence  (f.  rare  vb) 
daip'yiNG J  n.  [f .  obs.  dey  OE  dxge  maid-ser- 
vant cogn.  w.  ddh  dough  +  -ery] 

dais  (das),  n.  Raised  platform,  esp.  at  end  of 
hall  for  high  table,  throne,  &c,  or  terrace,  [f. 
OF  dels  f.  L  discus  disk  in  LL  sense  table] 

dai'sy  (zi),  n.  Small  European  wild  &  gar- 
den flower ;  other  plants  resembling  it,  esp.  the 
larger  Ox-eye  D.;  (slang)  flrst-rate  specimen  of 
anything ;  d.-chain,  string  of  dd.  fastened  to- 
gether ;  d.-cutter,  horse  lifting  feet  very  little, 
ball  travelling  along  ground  at  cricket.  Hence 
dai'siED  2  a.    [OE  dxges  iage  day's  eye] 

dak,  dak.    See  dawk. 

dale,  n.  Valley  (esp.  in  north ;  also  in  poet, 
use,  as  hill  &  d.) ;  dalesman,  inhabitant  of  dd. 
in  north.    [OE  dxl,  com.-Teut.  cf.  G  t(h)al\ 

da'lly,  v.i.  &  t.  Amuse  oneself,  make  sport; 
toy  amorously  (with  or  abs.);  coquet  with  temp- 
tation &c;  be  evasive  with  person  or  business ; 
idle,  loiter,  delay  ;  d.  away,  consume  (time,  op- 
portunity) to  no  purpose.  Hence  da'lliANCE  n. 
[f.  OF  dalier  chat] 

Dalmatian  (-ashn),  n.  (Also  D.  dog)  spotted 
dog  kept  to  run  with  carriage.  [Dalmatia,  -an] 

dalma'tie,  n.  Wide-sleeved  loose  long  vest- 
ment with  slit  sides  worn  by  deacons  &  bishops 
on  some  occasions,  &  by  kings  &  emperors  esp. 
at  coronation,    [f.  F  dalmatique  f.  L  dalmatica 

(vestis  robe)  of  Dalmatia] 

dal  segno  (sa"nyo),  mus.  direction  (abbr. 
D.S.).    Repeat  from  point  indicated.    [It.] 

da'ltonism  (dawl-),  n.  Colour-blindness,  esp. 

inability  to  distinguish  green  from  red,    [f.  F 

daltonisme  f.  John  Dalton,  Eng.  chemist  so 

affected,  d.  1844,  -ism(2)] 

dam  \  n.,  &  v.  t    Barrier  constructed  to  hold 

back  water  &  raise  its  level,  to  form  a  reservoir, 

or  to  prevent  flooding  ;  causeway  ;  water  con- 
fined by  d.      (Vb)  furnish  or  confine  with  d. 

(usu.  up) ;  block  up,  obstruct,  (lit,  &  fig.).    [com.- 
Teut.,  cf.  Du.  dam,  G  damm] 
dam~,n.    Mother  (usu.  of  beast).   [var.DAME] 
da-mage  (-ft ),  n.,  &  v.t.    Harm  (to  one's  great 

a.),  injury  impairing  value  or  usefulness  ;  (Law; 

pi.)  sum  of  money  claimed  or  adjudged  in  com- 


| DAMP 

pensation  for  loss  or  injury  ;  (slang)  cost  (what 's 
the  d.  ?).  (Vb)  injure  (usu.  thing)  so  as  to  di- 
minish value ;  detract  from  reputation  of  (per- 
son &c. ;  trying  to  d.  the  Government ;  a  damag- 
ing admission) ;  hence  da'mage  able  a.  [f. 
OF  damage(r)  f.  dam  loss  f.  L  damnum  +  -age] 

damasce'ne  (-asen),  damaskeen,  v.t. 
Ornament  (metal)  with  inlaid  gold  or  silver; 
ornament(steel)  with  watered  pattern  produced 
in  welding,  [f.  Damascus,  -cene  thr.  L.  f.  Gk 
damaskenos,  -keen  thr.  F  &  It.] 

da-mask,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.  D.  rose,  old  variety 
brought  from  Damascus ;  its  colour ;  figured 
woven  material  (prop,  of  silk) ;  twilled  table- 
linen  with  woven  designs  shown  by  reflection 
of  light ;  steel  of  or  as  of  Damascus,  with  wavy 
surface-pattern  due  to  special  welding  of  iron 
&  steel  together.  (Adj.)  coloured  like  d.  rose, 
blush-red;  made  of  or  resembling  the  silk,  linen, 
or  steel.  (Vb)  Weave  with  figured  designs  ; 
=  damascene  ;  ornament  with  pattern  ;  make 
(cheek  &c.)  red.    [f.  It.  Damasco  f.  L  Damascus] 

dame,  n.  (Archaic,  poet.,  or  facetious,  for) 
lady  ;  keeper,  male  or  female,  of  Eton  board- 
ing-house ;  (Law ;  prefixed  title  of)  wife  of 
knight  or  baronet  (Lady  in  ordinary  use ;  cf. 
D.  Fortune,  D.  Nature) ;  higher  female  member 
of  Primrose  League ;  d.-school,  elementary  kept 
by  old  lady.    [OF,  f.  L  domina  mistress] 

damn  (dam),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Condemn,  censure, 
(d.  a  person's  character) ;  (Theatr.,  of  audience) 
receive  coldly,  secure  the  withdrawal  of,  (play) ; 
bring  condemnation  upon,  be  the  ruin  of ;  doom 
to  hell  (so  in  optative,  often  d— ,  =  may  God 
d.  person  or  thing,  or  with  object  omitted); 
cause  the  damnation  of ;  curse  (person  or  thing, 
or  abs.).  (N.)  an  uttered  curse;  a  negligible 
amount  (don't  care,  not  xoorth,  a  d.).  [f.  OF 
damner  f .  L  damnare  (damnum  loss,  harm)] 

da'mnable  (-mn-),  a.  Subject  to,  deserving, 
damnation ;  hateful,  confounded,  annoying. 
Hence  da'mnabLY  2  adv.  [F,  f .  L  damnabilis 
as  prec,  -able] 

damnation  (-mn-),  n.  &  int.    Damning  of 

Elay ;  (condemnation  to)  eternal  punishment  in 
ell ;  (int.)  =  may  d.  take  a  person  or  thing.  [F, 
f.  L  damnationem  (damn,  -ation)] 

da'mnatopy  (-mn-),  a.  Conveying,  causing, 
censure  or  damnation,  [f.  L  damnatorius 
(damnare  damn,  -ory)] 

damned  (-md),  a.  &  adv.  In  vbl  senses ;  also 
or  esp. :  the  d.,  souls  in  hell ;  damnable,  infernal, 
unwelcome;  confoundedly,  extremely,  (d.  or 
d—d  hot,  funny,  &c).    [-ed1] 

da'mnify  (-mn-),  v.t.  (legal).  Cause  injury 
to.  Hence  damniPiCA'TiON  n.  [f.  OF  damni- 
fier  f,  L  damnificare  (damnum  loss,  -fy)] 

da'mning'1  (-mi-),  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp., 
cursing,    [-ing  l] 

da'mning 2  (-mn-,  -mi-),  a.  In  vbl  senses;  esp., 
d.  evidence,  that  secures  conviction,  [-ing  2] 

damno'sa  here'ditas,  n.  Inheritance  that 
brings  more  burden  than  profit.    [L] 

Da'mocles,  n.  Sword  of  D.,  imminent  dan- 
ger in  midst  of  prosperity.  [Greek  who  was 
feasted  with  sword  hung  by  a  hair  over  him] 

Da'mon  &  Pythias,  n.  &  a.  (As  of)  de- 
voted friends  (D.-&-P.  friendship).    [Gk  tale] 

damp,n.,  a.,&  v.t.  &i.  =  choke1  -d.  (also  black 
d.)'  =FiRE1-d. ;  moisture  in  air,  on  surface, 
or  diffused  through  solid ;  dejection,  chill,  dis- 
couragement, (cast  or  strike  a  d.  over  or  into)  ; 
d.(-proof)  course,  layer  of  slate  &c.  in  wall  to 
keep  d.  from  rising ;  hence  da'mp-PROOF  a. 
(Adj.)  slightly  wet ;  hence  da'mpEN 6  v.t.  &  i. 
(chiefly  U.S.),  da'mpisH1^)  a.,  da'mpLYS 
adv.,  da'mpNESS  n.  (Vb)  stifle,  choke,  dull, 
extinguish,  (d.  down  afire,  heap  with  ashes  &c. 


DAMPER 


207 


DARK 


to  check  combustion) ;  (Mus.)  stop  vibration 
of  (string) ;  discourage,  depress,  (zeal,  hopes) ; 
moisten ;  (Gardening)  d.  off  rot  &  fall  off  from 
d.  [vb  f.  adj.  f.  noun  ;  cf.  Du.  &  Da.  damp,  G 
damp/,  vapour] 

da'mper,  n.  Person  or  thing  that  depresses ; 
(Piano)  pad  silencing  string  except  when  re- 
moved by  loud  pedal  or  by  note's  being  struck ; 
metal  plate  in  flue  controlling  combustion ;  con- 
trivance for  "wetting  paper,  stamps,  &c.   F-er1] 

da'msel  (-zl),  n.  (archaic  &  literary).  Young 
unmarried  woman,  [f.  OF  dameisele  f.  med.L 
domnicella  dim.  of  L  domina  mistress] 

da*mson(-zn),n.  &a.  Small  dark-purple  plum 
(d.  plum,  larger  but  similar) ;  tree  bearing  it ; 
d. -cheese,  solid  conserve  of  dd.  &  sugar;  (adj.) 
d. -coloured.  [ME  damascene  f.  L  damascenum 
(prunum  plum)  of  Damascus] 

dance1,  v.i.  &t.  Move  with  rhythmical  steps, 
glides,  leaps,  revolutions,  gestures,  &c,  usu.  to 
music,  alone  or  with  a  partner  or  set  (d.  to  one's 
tune  or  pipe,  follow  his  lead) ;  jump  about,  skip, 
move  in  lively  way  (of  heart,  blood,  &c.) ;  bob 
up  and  down  on  water  &c.  (d.  upon  nothing,  be 
hanged);  perform  (minuet,  waltz,  &c.) ;  a.  at- 
tendance (upon  person),  be  kept  waiting  (by), 
follow  about;  cause  to  d.  (bears  &c.) ;  toss  up 
&  down,  dandle,  (baby) ;  d.  away,  off,  into,  &c, 
lose,  bring,  &c,  by  dancing  (his  head  off,  his 
chance  away,  herself  into  favour),  [f.  OF 
dancer,  -ser,  perh.  f.  OHG  danson  stretch  out] 

dance2,  n.  Dancing  motion  (see  prec.) ;  some 
special  formof  this ;  single  round  or  turn  of  one; 
tune  for  dancing  to,  or  in  d.  rhythm ;  dancing- 
party  ;  lead  (person)  a  d.,  entangle  him  in  use- 
less pursuit  or  toil ;  D.  of  Death  or  of  Macabre, 
medieval  picture-subject  of  Death  leading  all 
ranks  to  grave ;  St  Vitus 's  dance,  disorder 
chiefly  in  children  with  convulsive  involuntary 
movements,    [f.  prec] 

da'ncer,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.  :  one  who 
dances  in  public  for  money ;  merry  dd.,  aurora 
borealis.    [-er  x] 

da'ndeli'on,  n.  Yellow-flowered  composite 
plant  with  widely  toothed  leaves,  [f.  F  dent  de 
lion  lion's  tooth] 

da'nder,  n.  (colloq.,  esp.  U.S.).  Temper, 
anger,  indignation,  {get  one's  d.  up,  grow, 
make  him,  angry).    [?J 

da'ndle,  v.t.  Dance  (child)  on  knee  or  in 
arms  ;  pet.    [cf.  It.  dandolare  (dandola  doll)] 

da'ndpuff,  -iff,  n.  Dead  skin  in  small  scales 
among  the  hair,  scurf,  [also  dander ;  ending 
perh.  Yorksh.  hurfi.  Icel.  hrufa  scab] 

da'ndy  *,  n.  &  a.  (Person)  devoted  to  smart- 
ness esp.  of  costume,  neat,  smart,  decorated, 
whence  dandi'ACAL  a.,  da'ndiFY  v.t.,  dan- 
diFiCATiONn.,  da'ndyisH1  a.,  da'ndy  ism(2) 
n. ;  sloop  with  special  rig ;  (also  d.-cart)  spring- 
cart  used  by  milkmen  ;  d.-brush,  of  whalebone 
&c.  for  cleaning  horse.  [1780  in  Scotland,  where 
Dandy  also  stands  for  Andrew] 

da'ndy2,  n.  =  dengue,  [negro  corrupt,  of 
dengue,  perh.  w.  assim.  to  prec.  w.  ref.  to  stiff 
attitude  caused  by  pain] 

Dane,  n.  Native  of  Denmark  ;  (Hist.)  North- 
man invader  of  England  ;  (also  Great  D.) power- 
ful short-haired  breed  of  dog.  [f.  Da.  Daner  f. 
OTeut.  Daniz  pl.J 

da'nger,  n.  Liability  or  exposure  to  harm, 
risk,  peril,  (of  one's  life,  of  death  or  other  evil); 
position  of  railway  signal  directing  stoppage  or 
caution  (signal  is  at  a.) ;  thing  that  causes  peril 
(a  d.  to  the  peace  of  Europe,  to  navigation).  So 
da'ngrepous  a. ,  da-ngerous  l v  *  adv.  [ear- 
lier sense  poxcer  (within  his  d.  =  at  his  mercy), 
f .  OF  dangier  f .  LL  *  dominiarium  (L  dominium 
f.  dominus  lord,  -ary  j)J 


da'ng-le,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  suspended  &  sway  to  & 
fro ;  hold  or  carry  (thing)  swaying  loosely  ;  hold 
(hopes  &c.)  as  temptation  before  person,  in  his 
sight,  &c. ;  hover  after,  round,  about,  person  as 
a  follower,  lover,  &c,  whence  da'nglEK1  n. 
[etym.  dub. ;  cf.  Da.  dangle] 

Da'niel,  n.  Upright  judge,  person  of  infallible 
wisdom.  [Dan.  i-vi,  &  Merchant  of  Venice,  iv. 
i.  223,  333] 

Da'nish,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  Denmark  or 
the  Danes.    [OE  Denisc  (-ish  i)] 

dank,  a.  Soaked,  oozy  ;  unpleasantly  or  un- 
wholesomely  damp  (of  air,  weather,  &c).  [cf. 
Sw.  dank  marshy  spot] 

Dante'an,  a.  &  n.  (Student)  of  Dante ;  in 
Dante's  style  or  recalling  his  descriptions.  So 
DantE'SQUE  a.,  Da'ntiST(3)  n.    [-an] 

dap,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Fish  by  letting  bait  bob  on 
water ;  dip  lightly ;  make  (ball)  bounce,  (of  ball) 
bounce,  on  ground ;  (n. )  bounce  of  ball.  [cf.  dab  *] 

da'phne,  n.  Kinds  of  flowering  shrub.  [Gk 
(-e),  =  laurel] 

da'pper,  a.  Neat,  smart,  in  appearance  or 
movement,    [cf.  Du.  dapper,  G  tapfer,  valiant] 

da'pple,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Variegate,  become 
variegated,  with  rounded  spots  or  patches  of 
colour  or  shade.  (N.)  dappled  effect ;  cL-grey* 
(horse)  of  grey  with  darker  spots,  [perh.  =  Icel. 
depill  spot  dim.  of  dapi  pool ;  but  G  apfelgrau, 
F gris-pommeU,  &  other  parallels,  suggest  some 
connexion  with  apple] 

dar'bies,  n.  pi.  (slang).    Handcuffs.    [?] 

Dar'by&Joan(jon),n.  Devoted  old  married 
couple,  [perh.  f .  poem  1735 in  Gentleman's  Mag.] 

dare,  v.t.  (before  expressed  or  implied  infill, 
without  to,  the  3  sing.  pres.  is  usu.  dare,  the 
past  &  conditional  often  durst;  otherwise  dares, 
dared  ;  infin.  without  to  is  usual  only  after  the 
sense  venture  in  negative  or  virtually  negative 
sentence).  Venture  (to),  have  the  courage  or 
impudence  (to),  (Id.  swear;  d.  he  doit?;  he 
dares  to  insult  me ;  I  would  if  I  durst  or  dared ; 
they  dared  or  durst  not  come,  did  not  d.  to 
come) ;  attempt,  take  the  risks  of,  (d.  all  things, 
a  leap,  the  event,  person's  anger) ;  defy  (person) ; 
challenge  (person)  to  do,  to  it,  &c. ;  /  dare  say 
(rare  exc.  in  1st  person  ;  3rd  sing,  in  reported 
speech,  he  dares  to  say,  past  he  dared  say  or  to 
say),  am  prepared  to  believe,  do  not  deny,  =  very 
likely  (often  iron.) ;  d.-devil,  reckless  (person). 
[OE  durran  f.  Aryan  dhers-  cf.  Gk  tharsco  be 
bold ;  the  pres.  (cf.  can)  is  an  old  past,  whence 
dare  as  3rd  sing.] 

daring1,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  adventurous 
courage,    F-ing  j] 

dar'ing2,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp., ad  venturous, 
bold.    Hence  dap'ing-LY 2  adv.    [-ing2] 

dark  K  a.  With  no  or  relatively  little  light, 
unilluminated  (d.  lantern,  that  can  have  its 
light  covered),  gloomy,  sombre ;  of  colour  more 
or  less  near  black  (esp.  as  pref .  to  adjj.  of  colour 
as  d.-broum);  brown-complexioned,  not  fair; 
evil,  atrocious ;  cheerless  (d.  side  of  things) ; 
sad,  sullen  (a  d.  humour),  frowning ;  obscure 
(d.  saying,  d.  oblivion) ;  secret  (keep  thing  d. ; 
keep  d.,  remain  in  hiding) ;  little  known  of 
(d.  horse,  unexpected  winner  of  race,  &  fig.  of 
persons) ;  unenlightened  (in  the  darkest  igno- 
rance ;  the  d.  ages,  Middle  Ages) ;  the  D.  Con- 
tinent (in  last  two  senses),  Africa ;  d.-room,  with 
actinic  rays  excluded  for  treating  photographic 
plates.  Hence dai»*kisH  1(2)a.,dap*kLY2adv., 
dap*kNE8S  n.  (Prince  of  darkness,  the  Devil). 
[OE  deorc ;  as  adj.  exclusively  E,  but  cf.  OHG 
tarchanjan  to  hide] 

dark2,  n.  Absence  of  light  (esp.  in  the  d.) ; 
nightfall  (atd.) ;  d.  colour  (esp.  in  art,  the  lights 
and  dd.  of  a  picture) ;  want  of  knowledge  (am 


DARKEN 2 

in  the  d.  about  it ;  leap  in  the  d.,  rash  step  or  en- 
terprise). Hence dar'ksoME a.  (poet.),  [f.prec.] 

dar'ken,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  dark  * ; 
d.  one's  door,  pay  him  a  visit  (usu.  neg.) ;  d. 
counsel,  make  perplexity  worse,    [-en  6J 

dap*kle,v.i.  Lie  concealed;  grow  dark.  [mod. 
back-formation  f.  foil,  misunderstood  as  part.] 

dar'kling-,  adv.  &  a.    In  the  dark,    [-ling2] 

dap*k(e)y,  n.  (colloq.).    Negro.    [-y3T 

dap'lingr,  n.  &  a.  Loved,  best  loved,  lovable, 
(person  or  animal).  [OE  diorling  (dear,  -ling  j)J 

darn1,  v.t,  &  n.  Mend  (esp.  knitting)  by 
interweaving  yarn  with  needle  across  hole, 
whence  dap'niNG  J(5)  n. ;  darning-ball,  -last, 
for  stretching  work  during  operation ;  (n.)  place 
so  mended,  [perh.  f.  obs.  vb  &  adj.  dem  hide, 
hidden,  =  OHG  tarnan  hide] 

darn2,  v.t.  (slang).  Damn  (as  imprecation), 
[deformation  of  damn] 

dar'nel  (-nl),  n.  Kind,  of  grass  growing  as 
weed  among  corn.   [cf.  Walloon  darnelle] 

dapt,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Pointed  missile,  esp. 
light  javelin ;  sting  of  insect  &c. ;  sudden  rapid 
motion  ;  act  of  throwing  missile.  (Vb)  throw 
(missile),  throw  missile ;  emit  suddenly  (glance, 
flash,  anger) ;  start  rapidly  in  some  direction. 
[OF,  accus.  of  darz  cf.  dace] 

dap'tep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  web-footed 
bird  of  pelican  tribe ;  (pi.)  order  of  birds  includ- 
ing kingfishers  &  bee-eaters;  kinds  of  fish.  [-ER1] 

dap'tle,  v.t.  &  i.   Keep  on  darting,    [-le  (3)] 

dap'tpe  (-ter),  n.  Kinds  of  skin  disease,  esp. 
herpes.    So  dap'tpous  a.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

Darwinian,  a.  &  n.  Of,  person  believing  in , 
Charles  Darwin  or  his  doctrines  esp.  on  evolu- 
tion of  species.  So  Dap*winiSM(3)  n.,  Dar*- 
winiST<2)  n.  &  a.,  Dapwini'stic  a.,  Dar*- 
winiTE  i(l)  n.  &  a.,  Dap*winiZE(2, 4)  v.t.  &  i. 

dash  \  v.  t.  &  i.  Shatter  to  pieces  ( rarely  abs. , 
as  flowers  dashed  by  rain) ;  knock,  drive,  throw, 
or  thrust,  away,  off,  out,  down,  &c. ;  fling,  drive, 
splash,  (thing  or  person)  against,  upon,  into  ; 
bespatter  with  water  &c.  (d.-board,  of  wood  or 
leather  in  front  of  vehicle  to  keep  out  mud ; 
dashed  with  colour) ;  dilute,  qualify,  (water 
with  spirit,  joy  unth  pain) ;  frustrate  (d.  one's 
hopes),  daunt,  discourage,  confound  ;  write 
down  or  throw  off  rapidly  (composition,  sketch) ; 
underline ;  (slang) = damn  as  mild  imprecation ; 
fall,  move,  throw  oneself,  with  violence ;  come 
into  collision  against,  upon ;  ride,  run,  or  drive 
up,  move  about,  behave,  with  spirit  or  displav, 
whence  da'shiNG  2  a. ,  da'shingxY  2  adv.  [cf . 
Sw.  daska  drub;  but  perh.  imit.,  cf.  clash, 
crash,  &c. ;  imprecatory  use  perh.  f.  use  of 
dashes  in  d— ,  d—d,  cf.  blank  2] 

dash  2,  n.  Sound  of  water  striking  or  struck ; 
splash  of  colour ;  infusion  (d.  of  brandy,  of  good 
blood) ;  hasty  pen-stroke ;  horizontal  stroke  in 
writing  or  printing  to  mark  a  break  in  sense,  a 
parenthesis  (twodd.),  omitted  letters  or  words, 
&c. ;  rush,  onset,  sudden  advance ;  (capacity  for) 
vigorous  action ;  showy  appearance  or  behavi- 
our (cut  a  d.,  make  a  brilliant  show),   [f.  prec] 

da'shep,  n.  In  v,bl  senses  ;  esp.,  contrivance 
for  agitating  cream  in  churn.    [-ER J] 

da'stapd,  n.  Coward,  skulker,  esp.  one  who 
commits  brutal  act  without  endangering  him- 
self. Hence  da'stapdLY1  a.,  da'stapdli- 
ness  n.    [prob.  f.  dazed  p.p.  +  -ard] 

data.    See  datum. 

datei,  n.  W.-Asiat.  &  N.-Afr.  tree  (also 
d.-palm),  or  its  fruit,  an  oblong  single-stoned 
drupe.    [OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  daktulos  finger] 

date2,  n.  Statement  in  document,  letter, 
book,  or  inscription,  of  the  time  (&  often  place) 
of  execution,  writing,  publication,  &c. ;  time 
at  which  thing  happens  or  is  to  happen ;  period 


I DAWN 

to  which  antiquities  &c.  belong  ;  person's  age, 
duration,  term  of  life,  (archaic  or  poet.) ;  (go)  out 
ofd., (become) obsolete ;  uptod.  (f.  book-keeping 
phr.  for  accounts  completed  tocurrentday,  now 
as  slang  adj.  &  adv.),  meeting,  according  to,  the 
latest  requirements  or  knowledge;  d.-line,  me- 
ridian 180°  from  Green  wich.east  &  westof  which 
the  d.  differs.  [F,  f.  L  data  fern.  p.p.  of  dare  = 
(letter)  given  (at  such  a  time  &  place)] 

date  3,  v.  t.  &  i.  Mark  (letter  &c. )  with  d.  (dated 
from  London),  whence  da*tERJ(2)  n.  ;  refer 
(event)  to  a  time  ;  count  time,  reckon,  (dating 
from  the  Creation) ;  bear  d.,  be  dated  ;  have 
origin  from  (church  dates  from  the  ltih  c). 
Hence  da'tABLE  a.    [f.  prec] 

da'teless,  a.  Undated ;  endless ;  immemorial. 

[f.  DATE2»  3,  -LESS] 

da'tive,  a.  &  n.  D.  case  or  d.,  the  case  in 
nouns,  pronouns,  &  adjj.,  proper  to  the  remoter 
object  or  recipient.  So  dati*VAL  a.,  da'tive- 
ly2  adv.    [f.  L  dativus  (dare  dot-  give,  -ive)] 

da'tum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Thing  known  or  granted, 
assumption  or  premiss  from  which  inferences 
may  be  drawn.    [L,  neut.  p.p.  of  dare  give] 

datur'a,  n.  Kinds  of  poisonous  plant,  in- 
cluding stramonium,  yielding  strong  narcotic, 
[f.  Hind,  dhatura] 

daub,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Coat  (wall  &c.)  with  plas- 
ter, clay,  &c.  (n.,  the  material) ;  smear  (surface ; 
n.,  a  smear),  lay  on  (greasy  or  sticky  stuff) ;  soil, 
stain  ;  paint  (t  &  i.)  inartistically,  lay  (colours) 
on  so,  (n. ,  a  coarse  painting),  whence  dau'br:  k  ] , 
dau'bSTER,  nn.,  dau'bv2  a.  [f.  OF  dauber  f. 
L  m(albare  f.  albus  white)  whitewash] 

daug-h'tep,  n.  One's  female  child ;  female 
descendant,  female  member  of  family,  race, 
&c. ;  woman  who  is  the  spiritual  or  intellectual 
product  of  person  or  thing ;  product  personified 
as  female  (Carthage  d.  of  Tyre ;  Fortune  and 
its  d.  Confidence;  d.-language,  as  French  of 
Latin) ;  d.-in-law,  son's  wife,  (loosely)  step-d. 
Hence  daug"h*tePHOOD  n.,  daug-h'tePLY1  a. 
[Aryan  ;  OE  dohtor,  Du.  dochter,G  tochter,  Gk 
thugater.  cf.  Skr.  duh-  to  milk] 

daunt, v.t.  Discourage,  intimidate;  press  (her- 
rings) down  in  barrel,  [f.  OF  danter  (now  domp- 
ter)  f.  L  domitare  frequent,  of  domare  tame] 

dau*ntless,a.  Intrepid,  persevering.  Hence 
dau'ntlessLY 2  adv.,  dau'ntlessNESs  n. 
[perh.  f.  obs.  daunt  a  check  f.  prec.  +  -less] 

dau'phin,  dau'phiness,  nn.  (Wife  of) 
King  of  France's  eldest  son.  [family  name  (f.  L 
delphinus  dolphin)  of  lords  of  Dauphin^,  last 
of  whom  ceded  it  on  condition  of  dauphin's 
being  accepted  as  French  heir-apparent's  title] 

da-venpopt,  n.  Escritoire  with  drawers  & 
hinged  writing-slab.    [prob.  maker's  name] 

da'vit,  n.  Crane  at  ship's  bow  for  hoisting 
anchor  clear  of  side  ;  one  of  pair  of  cranes  for 
suspending  or  lowering  ship's  boat,  [formerly 
also  david  prob.  f .  the  male  name ;  cf.  jemmy] 

Da'vy  (lamp),  n.  Miner's  wire-gauze  safety 
lamp.    [Sir  H.  D.,  inventor] 

da*vy,  n.  (slang).  Take  one's  d.,  swear  (that, 
to  fact),    [short  for  affidavit] 

Davy  Jones's  looker,  n.  The  deep,  a 
watery  grave  (in  the  sea).    [?] 

daw,n.   =  jackdaw,  [cf.  OHG  taha,  G  dohle] 

dawdle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Idle,  dally;  d.  away 
(time  &c),  waste  ;  hence  dawdlER1  n.  (N.) 
dawdling  person,  [cf.  dodder  2,  &  dial,  daddle 
totter  as  baby ;  -le(3)] 

dawk,  dak,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Post  or  trans- 
port by  relays  of  men  or  horses  ;  relay ;  d.  bun- 
galow, house  for  travellers  at  d.  station.  [Hind.] 

dawn,  v.i.,  &  n.  Begin  to  appear  or  grow 
light  (of  day,  day-light,  morning,  country  shone 
upon,  things  becoming  evident  to  mind,  intelli- 


DAY 2< 

gence,  civilization,  Sec);  first  dawnings  Sec, 
beginning;  dawning,  the  East;  (n.)  first  light, 
daybreak,  rise  or  incipient  gleam  of  anything, 
[back-formation  f.  dawning  prob.  f.  ON  which 
displaced  dawing  vbl  n.  f.  obs.  daw  OE  dagian 
become  day] 

day,  n.  Time  while  sun  is  above  horizon, 
(loosely)  including  twilights  (d.  &  night,  adv., 
throughout  these  or  in  ooth  alike ;  all  d.,  all 
the  d.,  adv.,  throughout  it;  d.-break,  break  of 
d.,  dawn  ;  d.-dream,  -ing,  -er,  reverie  or  castle 
in  air,  indulgence,  indulger,  in  them) ;  dawn 
{before,  at,  d.);  daylight  (by  d.;  was  broad  d.; 
clear  as  d.);  twenty-four  hours  (solar  or  astro- 
nomical d.,  from  noon  ;  civil  d.,  frommidnight ; 
sidereal  d.,  between  two  meridional  transits  of 
first  point  of  Aries,  about  4'  shorter  than  solar ; 
natural  d.,=sidereal,  also  in  first  sense  above) ; 
civil  d.  as  point  of  time,  date,  &c.  (one  d.,  adv., 
on  an  unspecified  date  past  or  future  ;  the  other 
d.,  on  a  d.  not  long  ago  ;  one  of  these  dd.  or  fine 
dd.,  before  long,  in  prophecy  or  promise  ;  some 
d.,  adv.,  in  the  future ;  d.  of  grace)  ;  date  of 
specified  festival  &c.  (first  d.,  Sunday  ;  Christ- 
mas d.,  birthd.,  pay-d.,  last  D.  or  D.  of  judg- 
ment) ;  date  agreed  upon  (keep  one's  d.,  be 
punctual ;  ones  d.,  for  being  at  home  to  guests, 
esp.  once  a  week) ;  victory  (carry,  win,  lose,  the 
d.) ;  period  (often  pi.,  in  the  dd.  of,  the  dd.  of 
old,  in  dd.  to  come,  men  of  other  dd. ;  better  dd., 
when  one  was  or  will  be  better  off;  fallen  on 
evil  dd.,  in  misfortune;  sing.,  at,  to,  this  d.; 
present-d.,  adj.  =  modern  ;  the  d.,  the  current  d., 
sufficient  for  the  d.  is  the  evil  thereof,  do  not 
anticipate  trouble ;  men  of  the  d.,  persons  of 
importance  at  any  time) ;  one's  d.,  lifetime, 
period  of  prosperity,  activity,  power,  &c,  (also 
pi.  end  one's  ad.,  die  ;  every  dog  has  his  d.,  no 
one  always  unlucky) ;  this  d.  week,  month, 
year,  reckoning  forward  or  back  from  today  ; 
d.  about,  on  alternate  dd.;  d.byd.,  d.  after  d., 
from  d.  to  d.,  every  d.,  advv.  of  daily  repetition 
or  progress  ;  twice  Sec  a  d.,  in  each  d.  (see  a2)  ; 
know  the  time  of  d.,  be  wide  awake,  knowing; 
the  d.  before,  after,  the  fair,  advv.,  too  early, 
late,  for  opportunity.  D.-boarder,  schoolboy 
feeding  but  not  sleeping  at  school ;  d.-book  in 
bookkeeping,  book  in  which  esp.  sale  trans- 
actions are  entered  at  once  for  later  transfer  to 
ledger ;  d.-boy,  schoolboy  boarding  at  home ; 
d.-fly,  ephemerid ;  d.-labourer,  hired  by  d. 
at  fixed  wage  ;  d.-long,  a.  &  adv.,  (lasting)  for 
whole  d.;  d.-owl,  Hawk-owl  hunting  by  day; 
d.-room,  used  by  d.  only,  esp.  common  living- 
room  at  schools;  d.-school,  opp.  Sunday,  even- 
ing, or  boarding  school ;  d.-spring,  dawn  (poet.); 
d.-ticket,  covering  return  on  same  d.;  d.-time, 
not  night,  esp.  in  the  d.-time.  [OE  dseg,  com.- 
Teut.  cf.  Du.  dag,  G  tag ;  not  cogn.  w.  L  dies] 

day -lig-h t,  n.  Light  of  day  (burn  2  d. ) ;  open- 
ness, publicity ;  let  d.  irdo  (slang),  stab  or  shoot; 
dawn  (before,  at,  d.);  visible  interval  as  between 
boats  in  race,  wine  &  glass-rim  (no  d.,  fill  up), 
or  rider  &  saddle. 

daze,  v.t,  &  n.  Stupefy,  bewilder ;  dazzle  ; 
hence  da'zedLY  2  adv.  (N.)  stupefaction,  be- 
wilderment. [ME  dasen  cf.  Icel.  dasask  refl. 
vb  become  weary] 

da'zzle,  v.t.,  &  n.  Confuse  or  dim  (sight)  with 
excess  of  light,  intricate  motion,  incalculable 
number,  &c;  confound  or  surprise  (mind)  by 
brilliant  display  lit.  or  fig. ;  hence  da'zzle- 
ment  n.,  da'zzlingLY2  adv.  (N.)  glitter,  [f. 
prec.  +  -le(3)] 

de-,  pref.    From  L  de  (prep.  &)  pref.=down 

(depend),  away  (defend,  orig.  fend  off,  deduce, 


I DEADLY 

deprecate),  completely  (declare,  denude),  un- 
(in  L  oftener  dis-,  but  also  de-,  which  is  now  a 
living  pref.  in  this  sense,  as  decentralize  ;  many 
such  E  wds  in  de-  are  also  f.  F  in  db-,  which  re- 
presents L  dis-,  OF  &  Rom.  des-,  as  well  as  L 
de-),  twice  over  or  doubly  (in  chem.  &  bot.  wds 
as  decomposite,  decompound  ;  a  LL  use). 

deacon  (de'kn),  n.  (Primitive  Church)  ap- 
pointed minister  of  charity  (Acts  vi.  1-6);  (Epi- 
scopal) member  of  third  order  of  ministry  below 
bishop  &  priest;  (Presbyterian)  oflicer  attend- 
ing to  congregation's  secular  affairs.  Hence 
dea'eonsHiP  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  diakonos  servant] 
dea'coness,  n.  Woman  in  primitive  &  some 
modern  Churches  with  functions  analogous  to 
deacon's.    [-ess1] 

dead  (ded),  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  That  has  ceased  to 
live  (the  d„  noun,  d.  person  or  persons,  or  all 
who  have  ever  died ;  from  the  a.,  from  among 
these  ;  d.-house,  mortuary  ;  d.-march,  funeral 
music  ;  d.  office,  funeral  service  ;  d.  as  a  door- 
nail, quite  d. ;  d.  &  gone ;  wait  for  d.  men's 
shoes  ;  flog  d.  horse  ;  d.  men,  empty  bottles  ; 
d.  man's  finger,  hand,  thumb,  kinds  of  orchid); 
benumbed,  insensible,  (of  hands  &c;  also  d.  to, 
unconscious  or  unappreciative  of,  hardened 
against) ;  without  spiritual  life  ;  obsolete,  past, 
not  effective,  (d.  language,  e.g.  ancient  Gk  ;  d. 
letter,  law  no  longer  observed,  unclaimed  or 
undeliverable  letter  at  post  office) ;  inanimate 
(d.  fence,  of  timber  &c,  opp.  quickset ;  d. 
matter);  extinct,  dull,  lustreless,  without  force, 
muffled,  (d.  brand,  coal ;  d.  gold,  unburnished; 
d.  colour,  first  layer  in  picture,  cold  &  pale  ;  d.- 
nettle,  non-stinging  weed  like  nettle  ;  d.-alive, 
spiritless ;  d.  sound,  not  resonant) ;  inactive, 
motionless,  idle,  (D.  Sea ;  d.  point  or  d.  centre, 
least  &  greatest  extension  of  piston  or  crank, 
where  it  exerts  no  effective  power ;  d.  weight, 
inert,  of  lifeless  matter,  also  fig.  of  debt  &c. ;  d. 
pull,  lift,  at  thing  too  heavy  for  one  to  move  ; 
d.  freight,  sum  paid  in  chartering  ship  for  part 
not  occupied  by  cargo  ;  d.  arch,  window,  Sec, 
sham ;  d.  hours,  still,  in  night ;  d.  season ;  d. 
stock,  unemployed  capital,  unsalable  goods : 
d.  ball,  out  of  play ;  wind  falls  d.;  as  noun,= 
d.  time,  at  d.  of  night,  in  the  d.  of  winter) ; 
abrupt,  complete,  unrelieved,  exact,  (come  to  d. 
stop  ;  a  d.  faint ;  on  a  d.  level ;  d.  heat,  exact 
equality  in  race ;  a  d.  calm ;  d.  loss,  without 
compensation  ;  be  in  d.  earnest ;  a  d.  certainty ; 
d.  on  the  target,  quite  straight,  so  d.  shot,  un- 
erring; d.-lock,  utter  standstill);  d.-eye  (naut.), 
round  flat  three-holed  block  for  extending 
shrouds ;  d.-fire,  St  Elmo's  fire,  as  presaging 
death ;  d.-head,  non-paying  theatre-goer  or 
passenger  ;  d.-light  (naut.),  shutter  protecting 
cabin-window  or  porthole  in  storm  ;  d.-reckon- 
ing  (naut.),  of  ship's  position  by  log,  compass, 
Sec,  when  observations  are  impossible ;  D.-Sea 
apple  ;  hence  dea'dNESS  n.  (Adv.)  profound- 
ly,  absolutely,  completely,  (d.  asleep,  tired, 
drunk ;  d.-beat,  tired  out ;  cut2  d.;  d.  against, 
directly  opposite  to).  [OE  dead,  com.-Teut.  cf. 
Du.  dood,  G  tot,  f.  OTeut.  daudoz  p.p.  of  vb  st. 
daw- die2] 

deaden  (de*dn),  v.t.  &  i.  Deprive  of  or  lose 
vitality,  force,  brightness,  feeling,  &c.  ;  make 
insensible  to.    [-en  6] 

dea'dly 1  (ded-),  a.  Causing  fatal  injury ;  of 
poisonous  nature  (D.  Nightshade) ;  entailing 
damnation  (d.  sin);  implacable,  internecine; 
deathlike  (d.  paleness,  faintness,  gloom);  in- 
tense (in  d.  haste  ;  d.  dullness).  Hence  dea'd- 
Hness  n.    [OE  dtadlic  (dead,  -ly  *)] 

dea'dly2  (ded-),  adv.    As  if  dead  (d.  white, 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de- 


DEAF 


210  debenture: 


faint) ;  extremely  (d.  tired,  dull),  [OE  d6adlice 
(dead,  -ly  2)J 

deaf  (def ),  a.  Wholly  or  partly  without  hear- 
ing  {the  d.,  d.  people  ;  a.  as  adder  or  post ;  none 
so  d.  as  those  that  won't  hear) ;  insensible  to 
harmony,  rhythm,  &c. ;  not  giving  ear  to,  un- 
compliant, (turn  a  d.  ear  to) ;  d.  nut,  with  no 
kernel;  d.-&-dumb  alphabet,  language,  &c, 
signs  for  communication  by  the  a. ;  d.-mute, 
d.  &  dumb  person.  Hence  dea'fLY2  adv., 
dea'f ness  n.  [OE  diaf,  com.-Teut.  cf.  Du.  doof, 
G  taub,  also  Gk  tuphlos  blind] 

deafen  (de'fn),  v.t.  Deprive  of  hearing  by 
noise  ;  make  (sound)  inaudible  by  louder  one  ; 
make  (floor  &c.)  impervious  to  sound,    [-en  6] 

deal  \  n.  A  great,  good,  d.,  large,  consider- 
able, amount ;  (slang)  ad.,  =  a  great  d. ;  (same 
phrases  used  adv.)  to  a  large,  considerable, 
extent,  (esp.  with  comparative  or  superl.)  by 
much,  considerably.  [OE  dxl,  com.-Teut.  cf. 
G  teil  part ;  also  cogn.  w.  dole] 

deal2,  v.t.  &  i.  (dealt  pr.  delt),  &  n.  Distri- 
bute, give  out,  (gifts  &c)  among  several ;  de- 
liver as  his  share  or  deserts  to  person  (esp.  of 
Providence  &c. ;  dealt  him  happiness,  good 
measure;  of  persons,  esp.  d.  a  blow,  abs.  or  with 
a*,  lit.  &  fig.) ;  distribute  cards  to  players  for  a 
game  or  round  (n.,  such  distribution,  player's 
turn  for  it,  as  my  d.,  or  round  played  after  it), 
give  (card,  hand,  &c.)  to  player ;  associate  with 
(esp.  neg.  as  refuse  to  d.  xoith) ;  do  business  with 
person,  in  goods  (n.,  slang,  a  bargain  or  transac- 
tion ;  also  dishonest  job) ;  occupy  oneself ,  grap- 
ple by  way  of  discussion  or  refutation,  take 
measures,  with  ;  (with  adv.)  behave  (d.  honour- 
ably, cruelly,  esp.  with  or  by  person).  Hence 
dea'liNG  MlLn.    [OE  dxlan  as  prec] 

deal 3,  n.  Piece  of  sawn  fir  or  pine  wood  over 
7  in.  broad  &  6  ft  long,  &  not  over  3  in.  thick  ;  a 

Quantity  of  these  ;  fir  or  pine  wood.  [cogn.  w. 
»K  thille  thill,  but  f.LG  cf.  Du.  deel,  G  diele] 

dea'lep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp. :  player  dealing 
at  cards ;  trader,  usu.  in  comb,  as  corn-d.  [-er  *j 

de  ambulation,  n.,  dea-mbulatory,  a. 
Walking,  [f.  L  deambulatio,  deambulatorius, 
f.  DK(ambulare  walk),  -ation,  -ory] 

dean1,  n.  Head  of  cathedral  or  collegiate- 
church  chapter;  (also  rural  d.)  clergyman  in- 
vested with  jurisdiction  or  precedence  over 
division  of  archdeaconry;  (colleges)  resident 
fellow,  or  one  of  several,  with  disciplinary  & 
other  functions;  (foreign,  Scotch,  &  modern 
universities)  president  of  a  faculty ;  =  doyen. 
[earlier  sense  one  set  over  ten  monks  f.  L  (Vul- 
gate &c.)  decanus  prob.  f.  decern  ten] 

dean2,  dene,  n.  Vale  (esp.  in  names  ending 
in  -dean,  -dene,  -den).    [OE  denu,  cogn.  w.  den] 

dea'nery,  n.  Office,  house,  of  dean ;  group 
of  parishes  presided  over  by  rural  dean,    [-ery] 

dean,  a.,  n.,  adv.,  &  int.  Beloved  (often  as 
merely  polite  or  even  ironical  form  in  talk,  esp. 
my  d.  sir,  my  d.  Jones,  &  now  used  at  beginning 
of  most  letters  not  intended  to  be  markedly 
business-like;  as  noun,  d.  or  dearest,  esp.  in 
voc,  =  d.  one ;  ad.,  esp.  in  coaxing  formulae) ; 
precious  to ;  one's  cherished  (for  d.  life,  as 
though  life  were  at  stake) ;  high-priced,  costly, 
(aa  adv.,  sell,  buy,  pay,  d. ;  a.  year,  shop,  in 
which  prices  run  high) ;  hence  deap'LY2  adv., 
deap*NESS  n.  (Int.)  dear,  dear!,  dear  me!, 
oh  dear!,  expressing  surprise,  distress,  sym- 
pathy, &c.  [OE  dtore,  com.-Teut.  cf.  Du.  dier 
loved,  diuer  costly,  G  teuer] 

dearth  (der-),  n.  Scarcity  &  dearness  of  food ; 
scanty  supply  of.    [ME  derthe  (prec,  -th  j)] 

dear*y,  -le,  n.  (usu.  voc).    Dear  one.    [-y  3] 


death  (deth),  n.  Dying  (die2  the  d. ;  d.-bed, 
on  which  one  dies ;  d.-rattle,  sound  in  dying 
person's  throat ;  d.-watch,  kinds  of  insect  whose 
ticking  portends  d.) ;  end  of  life  (civil  d.,  ceasing 
to  count  as  citizen  by  outlawry,  banishment, 
&c;  catch  one's  d.,  i.e.  fatal  chill  &c  ;  d.-duties, 
tax  levied  before  property  passes  to  heir;  d.- 
rate,  yearly  number  of  dd.  to  1000  of  population ; 
d.-trap,  unwholesome  or  dangerous  place) ;  be- 
ing killed  or  killing  (field  of  d.,  battlefield  &c; 
be  the  d.  of,  kill ;  do,  put,  stone,  &c,  to  d. ;  war 
to  the  d.,  d.-feud,  till  one  kills  or  is  killed  ;  it  is, 
we  make  it,  d.  to,  d.  is  the  penalty;  be  in  at  the  d. , 
see  fox  killed,  or  fig.  any  enterprise  ended  ;  be 
d.  on  slang,  skilful  at  killing  game  &c,  or  fig.  at 
doing  anything ;  sick  unto,  tired  to,  d. ,  to  utmost 
limit;  d.-adder,  kinds  of  venomous  snake ;  d.- 
blow,  mortal,  lit.  &  fig. ;  d.-warrant,  for  crimi- 
nal's execution,  abolition  of  custom  &c) ;  ceas- 
ing to  be,  annihilation,  personified  power  that 
annihilates,  (at  d.'s  door,  soon  to  die  ;  d.'s-head, 
skull  as  emblem  of  mortality,  also  kind  of  moth 
with  skull  marked  on  back ;  sure,  pale,  as  d. ; 
hold  on  like  grim  d. ;  d.  on  rats,  good  rat-killer, 
of  dogs;  death!,  archaic  imprecation);  being 
dead  (d.-mask,  cast  taken  of  dead  person's  face  ; 
eyes  closed  in  d.) ;  want  of  spiritual  life ;  Black 
D.,  (mod.  name.transl.  f.  G,  for)  great  pestilence 
of  Oriental  Plague  in  Europe  in  14th  c  Hence 
deathLESS  a. ,  dea*  th  less  i  .  v  2  ad  v. ,  dea'th- 
lessNESS  n.,  deathLiKE  a.  &  adv.,  dea'th- 
ly  i  a.  &  adv.,  dea-thwARD(s)  a.  &  adv.  [OE 
diath,  com.-Teut.  cf.  Du.  dood,  G  tod,  f.  vb  st. 
dau-  die  2,  -th  cogn.  w.  L  p.p.  tus] 

debacle  (F),  n.  Break-up  of  ice  in  river ; 
(Geol.)  sudden  rush  of  water  carrying  along 
blocks  of  stone  and  other  debris  ;  confused 
rush,  rout,  stampede. 

debar*,  v.t.  (-rr-).  Exclude  from  admission 
or  right  (also  d.  person  the  crown  &c) ;  (rare) 
prevent,  bar,  (entrance  &c).  [f.  1430;  F  de- 
barrer,  OF  desbarer,  LL  debarrare,  have  al- 
most contrary  sense  unbar ;  cf.  de-  in  defend] 

debap'k,  v.t.  &  i.  -  disembark.  Hence  de- 
bapkA'TFON  n.    [f.  F  debarquer  (de-,  bark  3)] 

deba'se,  v.t.  Lower  in  quality,  value,  or 
character ;  adulterate  (coin).  Hence  deba'se- 
ment  n.    [de-  +  obs.  base  for  abaseI 

debatable,  a.  Questionable,  subject  to  dis- 
pute, (d.  ground  lit.  or  fig.,  for  which  parties 
contend,  borderland).    [OF  (foil.,  -able)] 

deba'te,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Contest,  fight  for, 
(long  debated  the  victory) ;  dispute  about,  dis- 
cuss, (a  question) ;  hold  argument,  esp.  in  Par- 
liament or  public  meeting  (debating-society,  for 
practice) ;  consider,  ponder,  (t.  &  i.) ;  hence  de- 
ba'tER l  n.  (N.)  controversy,  discussion,  public 
argument,  [f.  OF  debatre  &  13th-c  F  debat  (de-, 
Rom.  battere  fight)] 

debauch  (-tsh),  v.t.,  &  n.  Pervert  from  virtue 
or  morality ;  make  intemperate  or  sensual ;  se- 
duce (woman) ;  vitiate  (taste,  judgment) ;  hence 
debau'eh  able  a.  (N. )  bout  or  habit  of  sensual 
indulgence ;  hence  debau*ch.ERY(4)  n.  [f.  F 
dbbaucher  entice  from  a  master  (de-,  perh. 
bauche  workshop)] 

debauchee  (deboshe*),  n.  Viciously  sensual 
person,    [f.  F  dbbauchb  p.p.  see  prec,  -ee] 

debe'ntupe  (-tsher),  n.  (Archaic  or  techn.) 
voucher  given  to  person  supplying  goods  to 
Royal  Household  or  Government  Office,  en- 
titling him  to  payment,  Custom-House  certi- 
ficate to  exporter  of  amount  due  to  him  as 
drawback  or  bounty.  (Ord.  sense)  sealed  bond 
of  corporation  or  company  acknowledging  sum 
on  which  interest  is  due  till  principal  is  repaid, 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de-. 


DEBILITATE 


211 


DECENT 


esp.  fixed  interest  constituting  prior  charge  on 
assets ;  d.-stock,  dd.  consolidated  or  created  as 
stock  whose  nominal  capital  represents  debt  of 
which  interest  only  is  secured  as  perpetual  an- 
nuity, [perh.  (w.  assim.  to  -ure)  =  L  debentur 
are  due,  as  initial  word  of  voucher] 

debi'litate,  v.t.  Enfeeble  (constitution  &c). 
[f.  L  debilitare,  see  foil.,  -ate3] 

debi'lity,  n.  Feebleness  (of  health,  purpose, 
tec),  [f.  F  dibilUi  f.  L  debilitatem  (debilis 
weak,  -ty)] 

de'bit,  n.,  &  v.t.  Entry  in  account  of  sum 
owing ;  side  of  account  (left-hand)  in  which 
these  entries  are  made  (cf.  credit).  (Vb)  charge 
(person)  with  sum ;  enter  (sum)  against  or  to 
person,    [f.  L  debitum  debt] 

de'bonair*,  a.  (archaic).  Genial,  pleasant, 
unembarrassed,  [f.  OF  debonaire  =  de  bonne 
aire  of  good  disposition] 

debo'shed,  a.    (Archaic  for)  debauched. 

debouch  (diboo'sh),  v.i.  Issue  from  ravine, 
wood,  &c,  into  open  ground  (of  troops ;  also  of 
stream).  So  deboirchMENT  n.  [f.F  dtboucher 
(L  dis-  see  de-  +  F  bouche  mouth)] 

debris,  de"-,  (de"bre),  n.  Scattered  frag- 
ments, wreckage,  drifted  accumulation.  [F 
(dc-),  f.  obs.  dtbriser  break  down] 
I  debt  (det),  n.  Money,  goods,  or  service,  owing 
(d.  of  honour,  not  legally  recoverable,  esp.  of 
sum  lost  in  gambling ;  d.  of  nature,  death ; 
National  D.,  sum  owed  by  State  to  persons  who 
have  advanced  money  to  it ;  funded  d.,  the  part 
of  this  converted  into  fund  of  which  interest 
only  is  to  be  paid ;  floating  d.,  part  of  it  repay- 
able on  demand,  or  at  stated  time ;  small  a.,  of 
limited  amount  recoverable  in  County  Court) ; 
being  under  obligation  to  pay  something  (in, 
out  of,  get  into,  a.  or  person's  d.).  [ME  &  OF 
dette  f.  L  debitum  neut.  p.p.  of  debere  owe] 

deb'top,  n.  One  who  owes  money  or  an  obliga- 
tion or  duty ;  (Book-keeping)  Debtor,  Dr,  head- 
ing of  left-hand  or  debit  side  of  account.  [ME 
&  OF  dettour  f.  L  debitorem  (prec,  -or2)] 

c/6but  (F),  n.  First  appearance  in  society,  or 
on  stage  &c.  as  performer. 

de'butant(F),  n.  (fern.  -ante).  Male  or  female 
performer  before  public  for  first  time. 

deea-,  dec-,  pref.  f.  Gk  deka  ten  in  many 
technical  terms  as  decagynous  (Gk  gune  female) 
with  ten  pistils,  decahedral  (Gk  hedra  base) 
ten-sided,  decandrous  (Gk  andr- male)  with  ten 
stamens,  decastyle  (Gk  -stidos)  ten-columned 
(portico) ;  esp.  in  French  metric  system  =  ten  of 
the  specified  unit  (cf.  deci-),  whence  de'ea- 

f:ram(me),  '353  oz.  avoird. ;  de'ealitre 
eter),  about  21  gal. ;  de'eametre,  about 
32  ft  9  in. 

de'eade  (-ad),  de'ead,  n.  Set,  series,  of  ten ; 
ten  years ;  ten  books  (1-10, 11-20,  &c. )  of  Livy.  So 
de'ead  a  l,  deea'dic,  aa.  [13th-c.  F  (-e),  f.  L  f. 
G  dekas  -ad-  f.  deka  ten,  -ad,  -ade(2)] 

de'ead ence,  n.,  de'eadent,  a.  &  n.  Falling 
away,  declining,  deteriorating,  (used  esp.  of  a 
period  of  art  or  literature  after  culmination) ; 
(literary  slang)  decadent,  (writer  or  artist)  af- 
fecting certain  vices,  obscurities,  &  turgidities 
of  style,  [f.  F  decadence  f.  med.  L  decadentia 
(de-,  Rom.  cadere =L  cadlre  fall,  -ence)] 

de'eagon,  n.  Plane  figure  with  ten  sides  and 
angles.  So  deca'g-onAL  a.  [f.  med.  L  deca- 
(gonum  f.  Gk  -gonos  -angled)] 

deea'leify,  v.t.  Deprive  (bone  &c.)  of  its  lime. 
[de] 

de'ealog-ue  (og),  n.  The  ten  command- 
ments. [f7  F  cUcalogue  f.  L  f.  Gk  dekalogos 
(hoi  deka  logoi  the  ten  words)] 

deca'meron,  n.  Collection  of  tales  like  the 
D.  of  Boccaccio  (100  tales  told  by  a  company  in 


ten  days),  [f.  It.  VKC(amerone  wrong  form  f.  Gk 
-aemeron  in  hexaemeron  neut.  adj.  of  six  days] 

deca'mp,  v.i.  Break  up  or  leave  camp  ;  go 
away  suddenly,  take  oneself  off,  abscond.  So 
deea'mpMENT n.  [f.F  decamper (de-,camp1)] 

decanal,  a.  Of  dean,  deanery,  or  south  side, 
on  which  dean  sits,  of  choir,  [f.  L  decanus 
dean  J-  -al] 

cfeca'ni,  mus.  direction.  To  be  sung  by  de- 
canal side  in  antiphonal  singing  (cf.  cantoris). 
[L  genit.  as  prec] 

deca'nt,  v.t.  Pour  off  (liquid  of  solution)  by 
gradualinclinationof  vessel  without  disturbing 
sediment ;  pour  (wine)  similarly  f  rombottle  into 
decanter,  [f.  F  decanter  f.  med.  L  DE(canthare 
f.  L  f.  Gk  kanthos  cant  1  used  of  lip  of  beaker)] 

deca'nter,  n.  Stoppered  glass  bottle  in  which 
wine  or  spirit  is  brought  to  table.    [-ER J] 

deca'pitate,  v.t.  Behead  (esp.  as  legal 
punishment) ;  cut  the  head  or  end  from.  So 
deea'pitABLE  a.,  deeapitATiON  n.  [f.  F 
decapiter  f.  LL  VEicapitare  f.  caput -itis head)] 

de'capdd,  n.  Ten-footed  crustacean,  [f.  F 
(Mcapode  f.  Gk  T>ECA(potis  -podos  foot)] 

decar'bonize,  v.t.  Deprive  of  its  carbon  or 
carbonic  acid,    [de-] 

decasylla'bic,  a.  &  n.,  decasy 'liable,  n. 
&  a.    (Line)  of  ten  syllables,    [deca-] 

decathd'licize,  v.t.  Divest  of  its  catholic 
character,    [de-] 

decay*1,  v.i.  &  t.  Deteriorate,  lose  quality, 
decline  in  power,  wealth,  energy,  beauty,  &c. ; 
rot  (t.  &  i.) ;  cause  to  deteriorate,  [f.  OF  decair 
f.  Rom.  DE(cadere  for  L  cadere  fall)] 

decay  2,  n.  Decline,  falling  off ;  ruinous  state, 
wasting  away  (phonetic  d.,  wearing  down  of 
word-forms) ;  break-up  of  health  ;  decomposi- 
tion ;  rotten  tissue  (remove  the  d.).   [f.  prec] 

decea'se  (es),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Esp.  in  legal  and 
formal  use  for)  death,  die,  depart  (ure)  from  life. 
Hence  decea'SED  *(2)  a.  and  n.  [f.  F  deces  f. 
L  HKicessus  n.  f.  cedere  cess-  go)] 

decei't,  n.  Misrepresentation,  deceiving ; 
trick,  stratagem ;  the  vice  of  deceitf  ulness ;  mis- 
leading appearance.  Hence  decei'tFUL  a., 
decei'tfulLY 2  adv.,  deeei'tfulNESS  n.  [f. 
OF  deceite  n.  f.  fem.  p.p.  of  deceveir  f.  L  de- 
(cipere  -cept-  =  capere  take)  deceive] 

decei've,  v.t.  &  i.  Persuade  of  what  is  false, 
mislead,  (d.  oneself,  juggle  with  one's  own  con- 
victions, also  be  mistaken) ;  use  deceit ;  dis- 
appoint (esp.  hopes).  So  decei'VABLE  a.,  de- 
cel'VER1  n.    [f.  OF  deceveir  f.  L  as  prec] 

December,  n.  Twelfth  month  of  year.  [f. 
OF  dlcembre  I.  L  December  (decern  ten)  orig. 
tenth  month  of  Roman  year] 

deee'mvir,  n.(pl.-rs,-H).(Rom.  Hist. )  member 
of  board  of  ten  acting  as  council  orruling  power, 
esp.  that  appointed  451  b.  c.  to  draw  up  laws  of 
Twelve  Tables ;  member  of  any  ruling  body  of 
ten,  as  at  Venice.  So  decemvir  a  i.  a.,  de- 
demvirATE l  n.    [L,  f.  decern  viri  ten  men] 

de'eency,  n.  Propriety  of  behaviour  :  what 
is  required  by  good  taste  or  delicacy  ;  avoidance 
of  obscene  language  &  gestures  &  of  undue  ex- 
posure of  person  ;  respectability;  the  dd.,  de- 
corous observances,  requirements  of  a  decent 
life.    [f.  L  decentia  (decere  be  fitting,  -ency)] 

deee'nnary,  a.  &  n.  (Of)  period  of  ten  years. 
[f.  L  decennis  (decern,  annus)  ten-year  +  -ART  J] 

dece'nniad,  dece'nnium  (pi.  -a),  n.  Ten- 
year  period,  [-ad  irreg.  f.  L  (-»)  f.  decennis 
(prec ) ;  see  -ad] 

dece'nnial,  a.  Of  ten-year  period ;  recurring 
in  ten  years.  Hence  dece'nnialLY  2  adv.  [f. 
L  decennium  see  prec  +  -al) 

de'eent,  a.  Seemly,  not  immodest  or  obscene 
or  indelicate ;    respectable ;    passable,   good 


DECENTRALIZE 


212  DECLINE 


enough,  tolerable,  whence  de'centiSH i(2)  a.; 
(school  slang)  kind,  not  severe  or  censorious. 
Hence  de'eentLY  2  adv.  If.  L  decere  beseem, 
-ent] 

deee'ntpalize,  v.t.  Undo  the  centralization 
of;  confer  local  government  on.  Hence  de- 
eentpalizA-riON  n.    [de-] 

dece'ption,  n.  Deceiving,  being  deceived  ; 
trick,  sham.  [f.  F  deception  f.  L  deceptionem 
{dedpere  see  deceit,  -ion)J 

dece'ptive,  a.  Apt  to  deceive,  easily  mis- 
taken. Hence  deee'ptiveLY  2  adv.,  deccp- 
tiveNESS  n.    [f.  F  diceptif  (prec,  -ive)] 

dechpi'stianize  (-stsha-),  v.t.  Divest  of  its 
Christianity,    [de-] 

deei-,  pref.  shortened  from  L  decimus  tenth, 
used  (as  did-  in  F)  in  French  metric  system  in 
sense  h  of  specified  unit.  So  de'cigpam(me), 
de'cilitpe  (-eter),  de'eimetpe,  nn. 

deci'de,  v.t.  &  i.  Settle  (question,  issue,  dis- 
pute) by  giving  victory  to  one  side;  give  judg- 
ment {between,  for,  in  favour  of,  against,  or 
abs.) ;  bring,  come,  to  a  resolution  {that  decides 
me;  a.  to  do,  on,  for,  or  against  doing).  Hence 
deei'dABLE  a.  [f.  F  didder  I.  L  VE(cidere  cis-  = 
caedere  cut)] 

deci'ded,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  :  definite, 
unquestionable,  {a  d,  difference) ;  (of  persons)  of 
clear  opinions  or  vigorous  initiative,  not  vacil- 
lating.   Hence  deci'dedLY  2  adv.    [-ed  l] 

deci'dep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  (Racing)  heat 
in  which  tie  is  run  ofE    [-er  x] 

deci'duous,  a.  Shed  periodically  or  normally 
(of  leaves,  teeth,  horns,  &c);  shedding  its  leaves 
annually ;  shedding  its  wings  after  copulation 
(of  ants  Sec);  fleeting,  transitory,  [f.  L  deciduus 
f.  DK{ddere  =  cadere  fall)  +  -ous] 

deci'llion,  n.  Tenth  power  of  million  (1  with 
60  ciphers).  Hence  deei'llionTH  2  a.  &  n.  [f.  L 
decern  ten  &  million,  see  billion] 

de'cimal,  a.  &  n.  Of  tenths  or  ten,  proceed- 
ing by  tens,  (d.  numeration,  ordinary  counting- 
system  witb  ten  for  basis,  reckoned  by  decades ; 
d.  system,  of  weights  and  measures,  with  de- 
nominations rising  by  tens ;  d.  notation,  by  the 
Arabic  figures ;  d.  arithmetic,  using  this  nota- 
tion, also  in  narrower  sense  that,  also  called 
dd.,  treating  of  d.  fractions ;  d.  fraction  or  d., 
one  whose  denominator  is  a  power  of  ten,  esp. 
when  expressed  by  figures  written  to  right  of 
the  d.  point  or  dot  placed  after  the  unit  figure. 
&  denoting  tenths,  hundredths,  &c,  according 
to  their  place;  HE.cuK.ring  d. ;  d. coinage);  of 
d.  coinage,  whence  de*eimaliST<2)  n.  Hence 
de*eimalizE(3)v.t.,deeimalizATiONn.,de*- 
cimalLY2adv.  [f.  med.  lidedmalist.  tidedma 
tithe,  but  treated  as  f.  L  dedmus  tenth,  -al] 

de'eimate,  v.t.  Put  to  death  one  in  ten  of 
(mutinous  or  cowardly  soldiers) ;  destroy  tenth 
or  large  proportion  of  (esp.  of  epidemic  or  other 
visitation).  SodeciniA'TiONn.  [f.  L  dedmare 
take  the  tenth  man  {decimus),  see  -ate3] 

deci'phep  (di-),  v.t.,  &  n.  Turn  into  ordinary 
writing  or  make  out  with  key  (thing  written  in 
cipher) ;  make  out  meaning  of  (bad  writing, 
hieroglyphics,  anything  perplexing) ;  (n.)  inter- 
pretation of  cipher  document.  Hence  deei*- 
phePABLE  a.,  deci'phePMENT  n.    [de-] 

deci'sion  (-izhn),  n.  Settlement  (o/question 
&c),  conclusion,  formal  judgment;  making  up 
one's  mind,  resolve :  resoluteness,  decided  char- 
acter. [F  {di-),  f.  L  dedsionem  (decide,  -ion)] 
ec Vsive'  a*    Deciding,  conclusive,  (esp.  d. 

battle);  =  decided  (d.  character,  d.  superiority). 

Hence  decl'siveLY  2  adv.,  deci'siveNESS  n. 
If.  med.  L  decisivus  (decide,  -ive)] 


deci'vilize,  v.t.   Divest  of  civilization,  [de-] 

deck l,  n.  Platform  of  planks  or  wood-covered 
iron  extending  from  side  to  side  of  ship  or  part 
of  it  (in  large  ships  main,  middle,  lower,  dd., 
also  upper  or  spar  d.  above  main,  &  orlop  be- 
low lower ;  poop  &  forecastle  dd.,  short  ones  in 
stern  &  bow);  clear2  the  dd.;  d.-chair,  camp- 
stool,  also  long-armed  reclining  chair,  used  in 
passenger  steamers  ;  d.-house,  room  erected  on 
d.  Iperh.  as  foil.  f.  MDu.,  but  found  in  E  160 
years  earlier  than  the  corresp.Du.in  same  sense] 

deck  2,  v.t.  Array,  adorn;  furnish  with,  cover 
as,  a  d.  [prob.  f.  MDu.  deken  cover  f.  OTeut. 
thakjan  whence  also  OE  thxc  thatch] 

deckle,  n.  Contrivance  in  papermaking- 
machine  for  limiting  size  of  sheet  {d.-edge,  rough 
uncut  edge),    [f.  G  deckel  dim.  of  decke  coverj 

deelarm,  v.i.  &  t.  Speak  rhetorically  (often 
against,  =  inveigh),  practise  speaking  or  reci- 
tation ;  deliver  impassioned  rather  than  rea- 
soned speech  ;  utter  rhetorically.  Hence  de- 
clai'ixiER  *  n.  [earlier  declame  f .  L  DE(clamare 
cry  out)  w.  assim.  to  claim] 

declamation,  n.  Act  or  art  of  declaiming ; 
rhetorical  exercise,  set  speech ;  impassioned 
speech,  harangue.  So  decla'matORY  a.  [f.  L 
declamatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

declap*ant,  n.  One  who  makes  legal  declara- 
tion,   [f.  L  declarare  declare,  -ant] 

declaration,  n.  Stating,  announcing ;  posi- 
tive, emphatic,  solemn,  or  legal  assertion,  an- 
nouncement, or  proclamation  {d.  of  war,  before 
beginning  hostilities,  not  now  usual ;  d.  of 
the  poll,  of  vote-totals  of  election-candidates) ; 
manifesto,  written  announcement  of  inten- 
tions, terms  of  agreement,  &c.  {D.  of  indul- 
gence ;  D.  of  rights  ;  D.  of  Independence,  of 
4th  July  1776 by  N.-Amer.  British  colonies;  D.  of 
Paris,  in  1856  on  belligerent  and  neutral  mari- 
time law) ;  (Law)  plaintiff's  statement  of  claim, 
affirmation  in  lieu  of  oath,  Custom-House  state- 
ment (see  foil.),    [f.  L  declaratio  (foil.,  -ation)] 

declare*,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  known,  proclaim 
publicly,  formally,  or  explicitly,  {d.  war,  a  divi- 
dend) ;  pronounce  (person  &c.)  to  be  something, 
as  d.  him  {to  be)  an  enemy  to  humankind ;  a. 
oneself,  avow  intentions,  reveal  character ;  d. 
for,  against,  side  with,  against ;  d.  off,  break 
off  (bargain  &c,  or  abs.);  (Customs)  name 
(dutiable  goods)  as  in  one's  possession.  Hence 
or  cogn.  deela'PATivE,  d_eela*patORY,  aa., 
deela'pativeLY  2,  deelap'edLY  2,  advv.  [f. 
F  declarer  f.  L  T>K{clarare  f.  clarus  clear)] 

d6class6  (dekla'sa),  a.  (fern.  -ie).  That  has 
lost  caste  or  sunk  in  social  scale.    [F] 

decle'nsion,  n.  Deviation  from  upright- 
ness &c. ;  deterioration,  decay;  (Gram.)  case- 
inflexion,  one  of  the  noun-classes  distinguished 
by  their  different  methods  of  case-inflexion,  de- 
clining, [irreg.  f.  L  T>E{clinatio  f.  -clinare  cf.  Gk 
klino  bend,  -ation)  ;  perh.  thr.  F  diclinaison  & 
a  form  declin'son  corresp.  to  venison] 

declina'tion,  n.  Downward  bend ;  ( Astron. ) 
angular  distance  of  star  &c.  north  or  south  of 

celestial  equator,  celestial  latitude  ;  (Compass) 
deviation  of  needle  from  true  N.  &  S., variation. 
Hence  declina'tion  at.  a.    [f.  OF  diclinadon 

f.  L  declinationem  see  prec] 

decli'ne1,  v.i.  &  t.    Slope  downwards  (usu. 

intr.) ;  bend,  droop,  (i.,  &  also  t.  as  xdth  head 
declined,  declines  its  blossoms) ;  (of  day,  life, 
&c.)  draw  to  close ;  sink  morally  {d.  on,  descend 
to) ;  fall  off,  decay,  decrease,  deteriorate ;  turn 
away  from,  refuse,  (discussion,  challenge,  bat- 
tle ;  d.  to  do,  doing,  to  be  treated  in  such  a  way); 
say  one  cannot  accept  (invitation  &c,  or  abs. ; 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de-. 


DECLINE 


213 


DEED 


d.  with  thanks  iron.,  reject  scornfully) ;  (Gram.) 
inflect,  recite  the  cases  of,  whence  decli'n  able 
a.  [f.  F  decliner  f.  L,  see  declension  ;  de-  in 
the  L  wd  =  away,  in  the  E  chiefly  down] 

decli'ne  2,  n.  Sinking,  gradual  loss  of  vigour 
or  excellence,  decay,  deterioration;  phthisis, 
consumption ;  fall  in  price  ;  setting,  last  part 
of  course,  (of  sun,  life,  &c).  [f.  F  declin  f.  di- 
cliner  see  prec] 

declincrmeter,  n.  Instrument  for  measur- 
ing magnetic  declination,  lirreg.  f .  L  declinare 
see  declension  +  -meter] 

deeli'vity,  n.  Downward  slope,  [f.  L  decli- 
vitas  f.  VK(clivis  t.  clivus  slope)  +  -ty] 

decli'vous,  a.  Sloping  down  (esp.  in  Zool.  of 
profile),    [f.  L  declivus,  -is,  see  prec,  +  -ous] 

deeo'etion,  n.  Boiling  down  so  as  to  extract 
essence ;  liquor  resulting.  [OF,  f.  L  de(coc- 
tionem  f.  coquere  coct-  boil,  -ion)] 

decollate,  v.t.  Behead,  truncate  (p.p.,  of 
spiral  shell  without  apex).  So  deeollA'TiON  n. 
[L  j>E(collare  f.  collum  neck),  -ate  3] 

d&co'llete  (de-,  -ta),  a.  (fern.  -ee).  Low-necked 
(of  dress) ;  wearing  low-necked  dress.    [F] 

deeo*lo(u)pize  (kul-),  v.t.  Deprive  of  colour. 
Hence  deeo*lo(u)pIzATiON,  deeo*lo(u)piz- 

ERa(2),  nn.     [DE-,  COLOUR1, -IZE(3)] 

de'complex  (-ko-),  a.  Doubly  complex,  hav- 


ing complex  parts,    [de-] 
j,  v.t.  &i. 


deeompo'se,  v.t.  &  i.  Separate  into  its  ele- 
ments (substance,  light,  &c.) ;  analyse  (thought, 
motive) ;  rot  (t.  &  i. ).  Hence  deeompo'SABLE 
a.,  decompo*SER1(2),  decoMPOSUTiON,  nn.  [f. 
F  decomposer  (de-,  compose)] 

deco'mposite  (-I-,  -1-),  a.  &  n.  (Substance, 
word,  &c. )  made  by  compounding  a  compound 
with  another  element,  further  composite,  [f.  LL 
decompositus  transl.  of  Gk  parasunthetos  used 
of  words  derived  from  compounds ;  seeDE-J 

decompound  (ko-),  a.  &  n.  = decomposite 
(esp.  in  Bot.).    [de-] 

deeo'nsecpate,  v.t.    Secularize,    [de-] 

de'copate,  v.t.  Furnish  with  adornments 
(esp.  church  with  flowers  .&c.) ;  serve  as  adorn- 
ment to ;  invest  with  order,  medal,  &c. ;  de- 
corated as  adj.  or  n.,  (of)  third  English  style 
of  architecture.  Hence  de'coratiVE  a.  [f.  L 
decorare  (decus  -oris  beauty),  -ate3] 

decopa'tion,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  (pi.) 
flags,  wreaths,  Sec,  put  up  on  occasion  of  public 
rejoicing;  medal,  star,  &c,  worn  as  honour, 
[f.  L  decoratio  (prec,  -ation)] 

de'eopatop,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  trades- 
man who  papers,  paints,  &c,  houses.    [-OR  2] 

decorous,  a.  Not  offending  against  good 
taste  or  propriety,  dignified  and  decent.  Hence 
decop'ousLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  decorus  (decor  f.  de- 
cere  be  fit,  -or1)  +  -ous] 

deeopmm,  n.  Seemliness,  propriety,  eti- 
quette ;  particular  usage  required  by  politeness 
or  decency.    [L,  neut.  adj.  as  prec] 

decoy,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Entice,  esp.  by  help  of 
trained  bird  &c,  into)  pond  with  narrow  netted 
arms  into  which  wild  duck  may  be  tempted  and 
caught ;  allure  into,  out  of,  away,  Sec,  ensnare  ; 
bird  &c  trained  to  entice  others ;  (also  d.-duck) 
swindler's  confederate,  tempter ;  bait,  entice- 
ment, [earlier  coy  f.  Du.  kooi  f.  WG  cawia 
f.  L  cavea  cage  j  ;  de-  unexplained  (duck-coy, 
n.  &  v.,  is  early,  but  not  earliest,  E  form)] 

decrease,  v.i.  &  t.,  de'epease,  n.  Lessen, 
diminish,  (i.  &  t.>;  hence  decpea'singrLY 2 
adv.  (N.)  diminution,  lessening,  [vbf.  OF  des- 
creiss-  part.  St.,  n.  f.  OF  descreis-  vb  st.,  of  des- 
creistre  f.  (Rom.  dis-)  L  DE(cre*cere  cret-  grow)] 

decree*,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ordinance  or  edict  set 
forth  by  authority;  decision  (in  other  courts 
calledjudgment)  in  Admiralty  cases,  (in  Divorce 


cases)  order  declaring  nullity  or  dissolution  or 
giving  judicial  separation  (d.  nisi,  order  for 
divorce  unless  cause  to  the  contrary  is  shown 
within  a  period,  at  least  six  months) ;  will,  as 
shown  by  result,  of  God,  Providence,  Nature, 
&c  ;  (vb)  ordain  by  d.  If.  OF  decri  f.  L  DE(cre- 
tum  neut.  p.p.  of  cernere  sift)  thing  decided] 

de'cpement,  n.  Decrease,  amount  lost  by 
diminution  or  waste,  (esp.  as  scientific  term 
opp.  increment),  [f.  L  decrementum  (de- 
crease, -MENT)] 

decpe'pit,  a.  Wasted,  worn  out,  enfeebled 
with  age  &  infirmities,  (of  persons  or  institu- 
tions). So  decpe'piTUDE  n.  [f.  F  dicripit  f.  L 
T>T£.(crepitus  p.p.  of  crepare  creak)] 

decpe'pitate,  v.t.  Se  i.  Calcine  (mineral  or 
salt)  till  it  ceases  to  crackle  in  fire ;  crackle 
under  heat.  Hence  decrepitA'TiON  n.  [de-, 
L  crepitare  frequent,  of  crepare  creak] 

cfecresce*ncfo(dakresh-).=DiMiNUENDO.[It.] 

decpe'scent,  a.  Waning,  decreasing,  (usu. 
of  moon),    ff.  L  decrescens  (decrease,  -ent)] 

decpe'tal,  n.  Papal  decree  ;  (pi.)  collection 
of  these,  forming  part  of  canon  law.  [f.  F  de- 
cretal f.  L  decretalis  (letter)  of  decree,  -al] 

decpy,  v.t.  Disparage,  cry  down.  [f.  F  de- 
crier  (DE-,  CRY2)] 

de'euman,  a.  Especially  large  or  powerful 
(usu.  of  wave  lit.  or  fig.),  [f.  L  decu-,  decimanus, 
used  of  main  gate  of  camp  where  tenth  cohort 
was  quartered  (decimus  tenth,  -an)J 

decirmbent,  a.  (bot.  &  zool.).  Lying  along 
ground  or  body  (of  plant,  shoot,  bristles),  [f.  L 
DE(cwm6ere  lie),  -ent] 

de'cuple,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Tenfold  (amount) ; 
(vb)  multiply  by  ten.  [F  (de"-),  f.  L  decuplus 
(decern  ten,  -plus  cf.  duplus  double)] 

decu'ssate,  a.  (-at),  &  v.t.  &  i.  (at).  X- 
shaped,  intersecting ;  (Bot.)  with  pairs  of  oppo- 
site shoots,  each  at  right  angles  to  pair  below ; 
(Rhet.)  chiastic  (Vb)  arrange  in  these  ways  ; 
intersect;  hence  deeussATiON  n.  [f.  L  de- 
cussare  (decussis  number  ten,  X),  -ate  2»  3] 

de'dicate,  v.t.  Devote  with  solemn  rites 
(to  God  or  to  sacred  use  ;  of  church  &c  esp. 
without  certain  forms  necessary  for  legally 
consecrating  ground  or  buildings) ;  give  up  (to 
special  purpose) ;  inscribe  (book  &c. )  to  patron 
or  friend.  So  de'dieatOR2,  dedicatEE',  nn., 
de'dicatiVE,  de'dicatoRY,  aa.  [f.  L  DE(o*i- 
care  declare),  -ate  3] 

dedication,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  dedi- 
catory inscription  on  building  &c.  or*  in  book, 
[f.  OF  dedication f.  Judedicationem  (prec,  -ion)] 

dedu'ee,  v.t.  Bring  down  (annals  Sic)  from 
or  to  a  time ;  trace  descent  of  (person  &c  )from ; 
infer,  draw  as  conclusion,  from.  So  dedu'e- 
ible  a.    [f.  L  DE(ducere  duct-  lead)] 

dedu'et,  v.t.  Take  away,  put  aside,  (amount, 
portion,  &c,  subtract  being  now  used  of  num- 
bers) from  (or  abs.).    [f.  L  deduct-  see  prec] 

dedu'etion,  n.  Deducting;  amount  de- 
ducted ;  deducing,  inference  from  general  to 
particular,  a  priori  reasoning,  (cf.  induction)  ; 
thing  deduced,    [f.  L  deductio  (deduce,  -ion)] 

dedu'etive,  a.  Of,  reasoning  by,  deduction, 
a  priori.  Hence  dedu'ctiveLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
deductivus  (deduce,  -ive)] 

dee,  n.    Letter  D ;  D-shaped  harness-ring. 

deed,  n.  Thing  done  intentionally ;  brave, 
skilful,  or  conspicuous  act;  actual  fact,  per- 
formance, (in  word  &  d. ;  in  d.  &  not  in  name, 
whence  indeed  ;  in  very  d.) ;  (Law)  written  or 
printed  instrument  effecting  legal  disposition 
&  sealed  &  delivered  by  disposing  party  (in 
practice  now  always  signed  also  but  not  always 
delivered) ;  d.-poll,  deed  made  &  executed  by 
one  party  only  (paper  polled  or  cut  even,  not 


DEEM 


214 


DEFENSIVE 


indented).  Hence  dee'dLESS  a.  [OE  dxd  cf. 
Du.  daad,  G  tat,  cogn.  w.  do1] 

deem,  v.t.  Believe,  consider,  judge,  count, 
(abs.  in  parenthesis,  as  it  was,  I  deemed,  time 
to  go  ;  d.  highly  of,  have  high  opinion  of ;  d.  it 
one's  duty ;  was  deemed  sufficient,  to  suffice  ; 
deemed  that  this  would  do).  [OE  dtman  com.- 
Teut.  f.  OTeut.  domjan  f.  domoz  doom] 

deemster,  n.  One  of  two  justices  of  Isle  of 
Man.    [prec,  -ster] 

deep  5  a.  Going  far  down  from  top  (d.  hole, 
water,  draught,  drink,  drinker,  gaming,  game- 
ster) ;  going  far  in  from  surface  or  edge(d.  wound, 
shelf,  border ;  d.  mourning,  expressed  by  wide 
crape  &c. ;  d.  plunge ;  d.  reader,  thinker) ;  hard 
to  fathom,  profound,  not  superficial,  penetrat- 
ing, (d.  dissimulation ;  a  d.  one  slang,  cunning 
or  secretive ;  the  deeper  cattses ;  d.  learning, 
study ;  d.  influence  ;  d.  insight) ;  heartfelt,  ab- 
sorbing, absorbed,  (a.  feelings,  interest,  curses  ; 
d.  in  a  pursuit,  dead  to  everything  else) ;  in- 
tense, vivid,  extreme,  heinous,  (d.  disgrace, 
sleep,  night,  sin,  colour ;  d.-red,  &c.) ;  going  or 
placed  (so)  far  down,  back,  or  in  (water  6  ft  d. ; 
ankle-d.  in  mud ;  drawn  up  six  d. ;  ship  d.  in 
the  water,  hands  d.  in  pockets ;  d.  in  debt ;  d.  in 
the  human  heart,  fully  versed  in  it) ;  brought 
from  far  down  (d.  sigh) ;  not  shrill,  low-pitched, 
full-toned,  (note,  bell,  voice ;  d.-mouthed,  of  dog). 
Hence  dee'pEX6  v.t.  &  i.,  dee'pLY2  adv., 
dee*pMOST  a.,  (rare,  for  depth)  dee'pxEss  n. 
[OE  drop,  diop,  com.-Teut.  cf.  Du.  diep,  G  tief, 
cogn.  w.  dip] 

deep2,  n.  The  d.  (poet),  the  sea;  (usu.  pi.) 
d.  part(s)  of  the  sea ;  abyss,  pit,  cavity ;  myste- 
rious region  of  thought  or  feeling,  [as  prec. 
(neut.  adj.  in  OE)] 

deep3,  adv.  Deeply,  far  in,  (read  d.  into  the 
night ;  still  waters  run  d.,  real  feeling  or  know- 
ledge not  showy) ;  esp.  in  comb,  as  d.-drawn  (of 
sighs),  d.-laid  (of  scheme,  secret  &  elaborate), 
d.-rooted  (esp.  of  prejudice),  d.-seated  (of  emo- 
tion or  disease).   fOE  diope,  dbope,  deep  !)] 

dee'ping-,  n.  Section,  one  fathom  deep,  of 
fishing-net.    [-ing3] 

deep,  n.  (collect,  sing.  usu.  for  pi.).  Kinds  of 
ruminantquadruped  with  deciduous  branching 
horns  (small  d.,  insignificant  animals  or  things 
collectively,  cf.  King  Lear  in.  iv.  144);  d.- 
hound,  large  rough  greyhound  ;  d.-forest,  wild 
land  reserved  for  stalking  d. ;  d.-lick,  spring  or 
damp  spot  impregnated  with  salt  &c.  where  d. 
come  tojick ;  d.-neck,  horse's  thin  neck ;  d.'s- 
foot,  a  fine  grass  ;  deerskin,  (made  of)  d.'s  skin ; 
d.-stalker,  sportsman  stalking  d.,  low-crowned 
close-fitting  cap.  [OE  dior,  cUor,  beast,  quad- 
ruped, com. -Teut.  cf.  Du.  dier,  G  tier] 

defa'ce,  v.t.  Mar  appearance  or  beauty  of, 
disfigure  ;  discredit ;  make  illegible.  Hence 
defa*eeABLE  a.,  defa'eeMENT  n.  [f.  obs.  F 
defacer  (de-,  face1)] 

e#e  fercto,  a.  &  adv.  In  fact,  whether  by  right 
(dejure)  or  not  (king  d.f,  the  d.-f.  king).  [L] 

defalcate,  v.i.  Commit  defalcations,  mis- 
appropriate property  in  one's  charge.  So  de*- 
faleatOR2  n.  [f.  med.  L  vv(falcare  lop  f.  L 
falx  -cis  scythe),  -ate  sj 

defalcation,  n.  Defection,  shortcoming ; 
fraudulentdeficiency  of  money  owing  to  breach 
of  trust,  misappropriation,  amount  misappro- 
priated,   [f.  med.  L  defalcatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

defa-me,  v.t.  Attack  the  good  fame  of, 
speak  ill  of.  So  defamATiON  n.,  defa-ma- 
tORY  a.  [f.  OF  diffamer  f.  L  diffamare  spread 
abroad  (dis-,  fama  report),  see  de-  ;  there  are 
also  LL  defamis,  -atus,  infamous] 


defau'lt  \  n.  Want,  absence,  (in  d.  of,  if  or 
since  such  a  thing  is  wanting) ;  failure  to  act 
or  appear,  neglect,  (make  d. ;  judgment  by  d., 
given  for  plaintiff  on  defendant's  failure  to 
plead) ;  failure  to  pay,  defaulting,  [f.  OF  de- 
faute  f.  defaillir  see  foil.  &  cf.  fault] 

defau'lt2,  v.i.  &  t.  Make,  be  guilty  of,  d. ; 
fail  to  appear  in  court ;  not  meet  money  calls, 
break ;  hence  defau'ltER  i  n.  Declare  (party) 
in  d.  &  give  judgment  against  him.  [f.  OF  de- 
faillir (3  sing,  default)  f.  de-,  hfallere  deceive] 

defeasance  (-fez-),  n.  Rendering  null  & 
void.  [f.  OF  defesance  f.  desfaire  undo  (de-,  L 
facere  do),  -anceJ 

defeasible  (-fez-),  a.  Capable  of  annulment, 
liable  to  forfeiture.  Hence  defeasiBixiTY  n. 
[as  prec,  -ible] 

defeat,  v.t.,  &  n.  Frustrate,  frustration  ; 
(Law)  annul(ment) ;  (archaic)  disappoint  of; 
overthrow  (v.  &  n.)  in  contest  esp.  in  battle, 
[n.  prob.  f.  vb,  which  is  f.  OF  defeit  p.p.  of  des- 
faire see  defeasance] 

defeature  (-tsher),  v.t.  Make  unrecogniz- 
able, [f.  obs.  noun  f.  OF desfaiture  (prec,  -ure)] 

defecate,  v.t.  Clear  of  dregs,  refine,  purify, 
(lit.  &fig.);  get  rid  of  (dregs,  excrement,  sin). 
Hence  defecA'TiON,  de*f eeatOR  2(2),  nn.  [f. 
L  DE(/ecare  f .  faex  -cis  dregs),  -ate  3] 

defect,  n.  Lack  of  something  essential  to 
completeness;  shortcoming,  failing,  (has the  dd. 
of  his  qualities,  the  particular  ones  that  often 
accompany  his  particular  virtues) ;  blemish  ; 
amount  by  which  thing  falls  short,  [f.  L  defec- 
tum n.  f.  DE(ficere  feet-  =  facere  do)  desert,  fail] 

defe'etion,  n.  Falling  away  from  allegiance 
to  leader,  party,  religion,  or  duty,  desertion, 
apostasy,    [f.  L  defectio  (prec,  -ion)] 

defective,  n.  Having  defect(s),  incomplete, 
faulty,  wanting  or  deficient  (in  some  respect) ; 
(Gram.)  not  having  all  the  usual  inflexions. 
Hence  defe'etiveLY  2  adv.,  defe'ctiveNESs 
n.    [f.  F  defectiff.  L  defectivus  as  prec,  -ive] 

defence,  n.  Defending  from,  resistance  a- 
gainst,  attack  (cf.  offence  ;  best  d.  is  offence, 
advantage  goes  with  the  initiative  ;  in  cricket, 
guarding  of  one's  wicket,  also  batting  as  opposed 
to  bowling ;  science  or  art  of  d.,  boxing  or  fenc- 
ing); (Mil.,  pi.)  fortifications  (also  line  of  d., 
series  of  fortified  posts) ;  thing  that  protects  ; 
justification,  vindication,  speech  or  writing 
used  to  this  end ;  (Law)  accused  party's  denial, 
pleading,  &  proceedings.  Hence  defe'nee- 
less  a.,  defe'ncelessLY 2  adv.,  defe'nee- 
lessNESS  n.  [f.  OF  defens  f.  L  defensum  neut. , 
thing'forbidden,  &  OF  defense  f.  L  defensa  fern, 
used  as  noun  cf.  -ade(1),  both  p.p.  see  foil.] 

defe'nd,  v.t.  &  i.  Forbid,  avert,  (archaic ; 
still  in  God  d. !) ;  ward  off  attack  from,  keep 
safe,  protect ;  uphold  by  argument,  vindicate, 
speak  or  write  in  favour  of;  (Law)  make  de- 
fence in  court  (d.  oneself,  conduct  one's  own 
defence),  (of  counsel)  appear  for  defendant, 
conduct  defence  of.  [f.  OF  defendre  f.  L  de- 
(fendere  -fens-  fend)] 

defe'ndant,  n.  Person  sued  in  law-suit  (cf. 
plaintiff),    [f.  F  defendant  part,  (prec,  -ant)] 

defe'hden,  n.  One  who  defends;  D.  of  the 
JFfrtM.title  of  Eng. Sovereigns  from  Henry  VIII. 
who  received  it  from  Pope  for  writing  against 
Luther,  [f.  OF  defendeor  f. Rom.  *defenditorem 

(DEFEND,  -OR2)] 

defensible,  a.  Easily  defended  (in  war  or 
argument),  justifiable.  Hence  defe'nsiBixiTY 
n.,  defe'nsibLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  defensibilis  (de- 
fend,  -ible)] 

defensive,  a.  &  n.    Serving,  used,  done,  for 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de-. 


DEFER 


215 


DEGRADE 


defence,  protective,  not  aggressive ;  hence  de- 
fe*nsiveLYa  adv.  (N.)  state  or  position  of 
defence  (esp.  be,  stand,  act,  on  the  d.  |f.  F  de- 
fensif  f.  med.  L  defensivus  (defend,  -ive)] 

defer*  \  v.t.  *  i.  (-rr-).  Put  off,  postpone,  (de- 
ferred annuity  ;  deferred  pay,  part  of  esp. 
soldier's  pay  held  over  to  he  paid  at  discharge 
or  death  ;  deferred  share  1s);  procrastinate,  be 
dilatory.  Hence  defeP'MENT  n.  |ME  differ- 
mi  f.  OF  diffprer  t.  L  dif(  ferre  carry)J 

defei**2,  v.i.  (-rr-).  Submit  or  make  conces- 
sions in  opinion  or  action  to  (person),  [f.  F  cU- 
ferer  f.  L  de(  ferre  bring)] 

de'fepence,  n.  Compliance  with  advice  &c. 
of  one  superior  in  wisdom  or  position  ( pay  &c  d. 
to) ;  respect,  manifestation  of  desire  to  comply, 
courteous  regard,  [in  d.  to,  out  of  respect  for 
authority  of).  So  defere'ntiAL  a.,  deteren*- 
tialLY2  adv.    If.  F  deference  (prec,  -ence)] 

de'ferent,  a.  (Physiol.)  conveying  to  a  des- 
tination (of  ducts  &c);  (rare  for)  deferential. 
Iflrst  sense  (f.  F  or  direct)  f.  L  deferens  part,  of 
de(  ferre  carry);  second  f.  defer2,  -ent] 

defl'anee,  n.  Challenge  to  light  or  maintain 
cause,  assertion,  &c. ;  open  disobedience,  setting 
at  nought,  (bid  d.  to,  set  at  d.,  in  d.  of).    [OF 

(DEFY,  -ANCE)] 

defl'ant,  a.  Openly  disobedient ;  rejecting 
advances,  suspicious  and  reserved.  Hence  de- 
fi'antLY  2  adv.    ff.  F  defiant  (defy,  -ant)] 

deii'eieney  (-lshn-),n.  Being  deficient;  want, 
lack  ;  thing  wanting  ;  amountby  which  thing, 
esp.  revenue,  falls  short,  [f.  LL  deficientia 
(deficere  see  defect,  -ency)] 

deficient  (-ishnt),  a.  Incomplete,  defective; 
insufficient  in  quantity,  force,  &c;  half-witted. 
Hence  defl'eientLY2adv.  [f .  L  deficiens  (de- 
ficere see  defect,  -ent)] 

de'fleit  (de-,  de-),  n.  Amount  by  which  esp. 
sum  of  money  is  too  small ;  excess  of  liabilities 
over  assets,  [f.  F  deficit  f.  L  deficit  3  sing.  pres. 
of  deficere  see  defect] 

de  frde,  pred.  a.  Required  to  be  held  as 
article  of  faith.    [L] 

defl'ep,  n.    One  who  defies,    [defy,  -er1] 

defila'de,  v.t.,  &  n.  Secure  (fortification) 
against  enfilading  fire ;  (n.)  this  precaution  or 
arrangement  (also  defilement),  [n.  f.  vb,  f.  F  do- 
ttier unthread,  -ade] 

defi'le  i,  v.i.,  de'file,  n.  March  by  files,  in 
file ;  (n.)  narrow  way  through  which  troops  can 
only  march  so,  gorge,  [f.  F  defiler  &  defile"  p.p. 
(v>E-,file  file  s)j 

defl'le2,  v.t.  Make  dirty,  befoul;  pollute, 
corrupt ;  desecrate,  profane ;  make  ceremoni- 
ally unclean.  Hence  defl'leMENT  n.  (see  de- 
filade), [earlier  defoul  f.  OF  def outer  trample 
(de-,  L  fullo  fuller,  f .  treading  of  cloth  in  full- 
ing), altered  on  anal,  of  E  vbs  befoul  &  obs.  befile 
in  same  sense  f.  OKfylan  f.  ful  foul] 

defl'ne,  v.t.  Settle  limits  of;  make  clear, 
esp.  in  outline  (well-defined  image ;  d.  one's  po- 
sition, state  it  precisely) ;  set  forth  essence  of, 
declare  exact  meaning  of,  (also  abs.,  frame  de- 
finitions); (of  properties)  make  up  total  charac- 
ter of.  Hence  defl'nABLE  a.  [f.  OF  definer 
(now  displaced  by  correct  difinir,  which  would 
have  given  E  definish)  f.  luT>E(finire  f.  finisend)] 

de'nnite,  a.  With  exact  limits ;  determinate, 
distinct,  precise,  not  vague  ;  (Gram.)  d.  inflex- 
ions, those  of  German  and  early  E  adjj.  used 
after  d.  article  &  similar  wds  ;  d.  article,  the  ; 
past  or  preterite  d.,  simple  past  tense  in  French, 
as  U  vint  he  came.  Hence  de'finiteLY  2  adv., 
de'finiteNESS  n.    [f.  L  definitus  p.p.  see  prec] 

definition,  n.  Stating  the  precise  nature 
of  a  thing  or  meaning  of  a  word  ;  form  of  words 
in  which  this  is  done ;  making  or  being  distinct, 


degree  of  distinctness,  in  outline  (esp.  of  image 
given  by  lens  or  shown  in  photograph).  [OF 
(-don),  f.  L  DE(finitio  f.  finire  f.  finis  end,  -ion)] 

definitive, a.  Decisive,  unconditional,  final, 
(of  answer,  treaty,  verdict,  &c).  Hence  defi*- 
nitiveLY  2  adv.  If.  OF  definitifl.  L  definitivus 
(prec,  -ive)] 

de'flagrate,  v.t.  &  i.  Burn  away  with  rapid 
flame.  Hence  deflagPATiON,  d'e'flagrat- 
or  2(2),  nn.    [f .  L  de(  flagrare  blaze),  -ate  3] 

deflate,  v.t.  Let  inflating  air&c  out  of  (pneu- 
matic tyre  &c).  Hence  defla'tiON  n.  [f.  L 
DKflare  blow  away  (w.  changed  sense),  -ate  3] 

detle*et,v.t.  &i.  Bend  aside  or  (rarely)  down, 
(make)  deviate.  Hence  defle*etOR2(2)  n.  [f.  L 
de( fiecterefiex-  bend)] 

defle'xion,  -etion.n.  Lateral  or  do wn ward 
bend,  deviation,  (lit.  &  fig.;  in  Electr.  &  Magn., 
of  needle  from  its  zero).  [f.L  deflex-  (prec,  -ion)] 

defloration,  n.  Deflowering.  [OF(-cion)f. 
L  deflorationem  (foil.,  -ation)] 

deflower  (diflowr'), v.t.  Deprive  of  virginity, 
ravish  ;  ravage,  spoil ;  strip  of  flowers,  [f.  OF 
desjlorer  f.  L  VEflorare  (flos  floris  flower)] 

de'fluent,  a.  &  n.  Down-flowing  (part ;  e.  g. 
lower  end  of  glacier),  [f .  L  T>E(fiuere  flow),  -ent] 

defo'pest,  v.t.  =  disforest,  [f.  OF  des- 
forester] 

defop'm,  v.t.  Make  ugly,  deface ;  put  out  of 
shape,  misshape,  (esp.  in  p.p.  of  person  with 
misshapen  body  or  limb),  [f.  OF  deformer  f.  L 
BE(formare  f.  forma  shape)] 

deformation,  n.  Disfigurement;  change 
for  the  worse  (esp.  as  opponent's  name  for  Re- 
formation); perverted  form  of  word  (dang  for 
damn  &c);  (Physics)  changed  shape  of.  (f.  L 
deformatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

defop'mity,  n.  Being  deformed,  ugliness, 
disfigurement,  (physical  or  moral) ;  a  malforma- 
tion esp.  of  body  or  limb.  (f.  OF  (-t£)  t.  L  defor- 
mitatem  f.  v>E(formis  f.  forma  shape),  -ty] 

defpau'd,  v.t.  Cheat  (person,  person  of,  or 
abs.).  [f.  OF  defrauder  (de-,  L  fraudare  f. 
fraus  -dis  fraud)] 

defray*,  v.t.  Settle,  discharge  by  payment, 
(cost,  expense).  Hence  defpay'ABLE  a.,  de- 
fpay*AL(2)  n.  [f.  F  defrayer  (de-,  frai  sing,  of 
frais  expenses  perh.=LL  fredum  fine  f.  OHG 
fridu,  Gfriede,  peace)] 

defpo'ek,  V.t.     =  UNFROCK. 

deft,  a.  Dextrous,  skilful,  handling  things 
neatly.  Hence  de'ftLY2  adv.,  de'ftNESS  n. 
[var.  of  daft] 

defu'nct,  a.  Dead  (the  d.,  way  of  mentioning 
a  particular  dead  person),  no  longer  existing, 
[f.  L  T>E(functus  p.  p.  of  fungi  perform)  dead] 

defy,  v.t.  Challenge  to  combat  or  competi- 
tion (archaic  or  facet.);  challenge  to  do  or  prove 
something ;  resist  openlv,  set  at  nought ;  (of 
things)  present  insuperable  obstacles  to  (defies 
definition,  capture,  attack,  &c).  [f.  OF  defier 
f.  Rom.  *Dis(}idare  trust  t^fidus  faithful)] 

degag6  (F),  a.  (fern.  -6e).  Easy,  unconstrained. 

deg-e'nepate  I  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Having  lost  qua- 
lities proper  to  race,  sunk  from  former  excel- 
lence ;  (Biol.)  having  reverted  to  lower  type ; 
hence  defi*e*nePACY  n.  (N.)  d.  person  or  ani- 
mal,   [f.  L  p.p.  see  foil.,  -ate  2] 

deg-e'nepate2,  v.i.  Become  d.  (see  prec). 
[f.  L  degenerare,  f.  DE(gener  f.  genus  -eris  race) 
ignoble,  -ate  3] 

deg-enepation, n.  Becoming  degenerate; 
(Path.)  morbid  disintegration  of  tissue  or 
change  in  its  structure  (esp.  fatty  d.  of  heart). 
[f.  F  digbnbration  (prec,  -ion)] 

deglutition  (-gloo-),  n.  Swallowing,  [f.  F 
deglutition  f.  L  DK(glutire  swallow),  -ion) 

degpa'de,  v.t.  &  i.    Reduce  to  lower  rank ; 


DEGREE 


216 


DELICACY 


depose  as  punishment;  lower  in  estimation, 
debase  morally,  whence  degpa*diNG2a.;  re- 
duce (Biol.)  to  lower  organic  type,  (Physics)  to 
less  convertible  form  (energy),  (GeoL)  to  dis- 
integration'(rocks  &c.) ;  degenerate;  (Camb. 
Univ.)  put  otf  entering  for  honours  examina- 
tion for  a  year  beyond  regular  time.  So  de- 
gradATiON  n.  [f.  OF  degrader  f.  LL  DEgra- 
dare  (gradus  step)]  # 

degree*,  n.  Step  (as)  of  staircase  (archaic ; 
perh.  so  in  2  Kings  xx.  9,  &  in  Psalm-title  Song 
of  Dd.) ;  thing  placed  like  step  in  series,  tier, 
row ;  stage  in  ascending  or  descending  scale 
or  process  (by  dd.,  gradually) ;  step  in  direct 
genealogical  descent  (prohibited  dd.,  number 
of  these  too  low  to  allow  of  marriage,  i.  e.  first, 
second,  &  third,  reckoning  from  one  party  up 
to  common  ancestor  &  down  to  the  other); 
social  or  official  rank ;  relative  condition  (each 
good  in  its  d.);  stage  in  intensity  or  amount  (to 
a  high  or  the  last  a.,  also  colloq.  in  latter  sense 
to  ad.',  in  law,  principal  in  the  first,  second, 
d.) ;  academic  rank  conferred  as  guarantee  of 
proficiency,  or  (honorary  d.)  on  distinguished 
person ;  masonic  rank ;  (Gram.)  stage  (positive, 
comparative,  superlative)  in  comparison  of 
adjj.  &  advv.;  (Geom.  &c.)  unit  of  angular  or 
circular-arc  measurement,  1/90  of  right  angle  or 
1/360  of  circumference  (symbol3,  as  15°) ;  (Therm. ) 
unit  of  temperature  in  any  scale.  Hence  de- 
gree'LESS a.  [f. OF degre  f.lJjT>E(gradus step)] 

de  haut  en  bas  (F),  adv.  In  a  condescend- 
ing or  superior  manner. 

dehi'sce  (-is),  v.i.  Gape,  burst  open,  (esp.  in 
Bot.  of  seed-vessels,  &  in  Physiol.).  So  de- 
hi'seENCE  n.,  dehi'seENT  a.  [f.  L  DE(hiscere 
incept  of  hiare  gape)] 

dehop'tative,  a.  &  n.  Dissuasive ;  thing 
meant  to  dissuade,  [f.  L  \>E(hortativus  f.  hor- 
tari  exhort,  -ive)] 

dehu'manize,  v.t.  Divest  of  human  charac- 
teristics.   Tde-] 

dehy'dnate,  v.t.  (chem.).  Deprive  (sub- 
stance) of  water  or  its  elements,  [de-,  Gk 
hudor  in  comb,  hudr-  water,  -ate  a] 

dehy'pnotize,  v.t.  Rouse,  release,  from 
hypnotic  state.    Ide-] 

deieide,  n.  Killer,  killing,  of  a  God.  [f.  L 
deus  god,  -I-,  -ctde] 

dei'ctic  (di-),  a.  (philol.,  gram.).  Pointing, 
demonstrative,  [f.  Gk  deiktikos  (deiktos  f. 
deiknumi  show,  -ic)] 

de'iform,  a.  Godlike  in  form  or  nature,  [f. 
med.  L  deiformis  (deus  god,  -I-,  -form)] 

de'ify,  v.t.  Make  a  god  of ;  make  godlike  ; 
regard  as  a  god,  worship.  Hence  deiFiCATTON 
n.    \f.  F  cUifier  f.  L  deificare  (deus  god,  -FY)] 

deig-n  (dan),  v.t.  Think  fit,  condescend,  to 
do  ;  condescend  to  give  (answer  &c).  [f.  OF 
degnier  f.  L  dignare  (usu.  -i)  deem  worthy] 

de'i  gra'tia,  adv.    By  God's  grace.    [Li] 

de  i'ntegro,  adv.    Afresh.    [LI 

de'ism,  de'ist,  nn.  Belief,  believer,  in  the 
existence  of  a  god  without  accepting  revela- 
tion ;  (adherent  of)  natural  religion.  Hence 
de'istic(AL)  aa.  [f.  F  cUisme,  diiste,  f.  L  deus 
god  +  -ism(3),  -ist(2)] 

de'ity,  n.  Divine  status,  quality,  or  nature ; 
a  god  ;theD.,  the  Creator,  God.  [f.  F  dttte  f. 
L  deitatem  (deus  god,  -ty)] 

deje*et,v.t  Dispirit,  depress,  (usu.  in  p.p.). 
Hence  deje'etedLY2  adv.  [f.  L  de( jicerc 
-ject-  =jacere  throw)] 

deje'eta,  n.  pi.  Person's  or  animal's  excre- 
ments.   [L,  neut.  pi.  p.p.  as  prec] 

dejection,  n.    Downcast  state,  low  spirits ; 


(Med.)  evacuation  of  bowels,  excrement.  [OF, 
f.  L  dejectionem  (prec,  -ion)J 

d6jeuner  (de"zhona,  or  as  F),  n.  Breakfast ; 
lunch,  esp.  of  ceremonial  kind.    [F] 

de  jure  ( joor -I),  a.  &  adv.  Rightful,  by  right, 
(king  &c.  d.j. :  the  d.-J.  king  ;  cf.  de  facto).  [L] 

delarne  (di-),  n.  Light  dress-fabric,  [f.  F 
(mousseline)  de  laine  woollen  (muslin)] 

dela'te,  v.t.  Inform  against,  impeach,  (per- 
son) ;  report  (offence).  So  dela'tiON,  dela't- 
or  *,  nn.    [f.  L  VE(lat-  p.p.  st.  of  ferre  carry)] 

delay,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Postpone(ment),  defer- 
ring), put(ting)  off,  loiter(ing),  be(ing)  tardy, 
wait ;  hinder,  hindrance,  [(n.  f.  F  dUai)  f.  OF 
delaier  perh.  irreg.  f.  L  dilatare  frequent,  of 
DiF(ferre  lot-  carry)  defer] 

del  cre'derte  (-ad-),  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  (commerc). 
Under,  charge  made  for,  selling  agent's  guaran- 
tee that  buyer  is  solvent.    [It.] 

dele,  printing  direction  (abbr.  d).  Delete 
indicated  letter,  word,  or  passage  (written  in 
margin).    [L,  imperat.  of  delere  delete] 

delectable,  a.  Delightful,  pleasant,  (ar- 
chaic exc.  in  irony).  [OF,  f.  L  delectabilis  f.  de- 
(lectare  frequent,  of  lacere  snare)  delight] 

delecta'tion,  n.  Enjoyment  (usu.  for  one's 
d.).    [OF  (prec,  -ation)] 

delee  tus,  n.  School  reading-book  of  selected 
passages.  [L,n.  f.  T>E(ligere  led-  =legere  choose)] 

de'legaey,  n.  System  of  delegating ;  appoint- 
ment as  delegate ;  body  of  delegates,  [foil. ,  -  AC  y] 

de'legate x  (-at),  n.  Deputy,  commissioner ; 
elected  representative  sent  to  conference,  [f. 
OF  delegat  t.  L  delegatus  (foil.,  -ate2)] 

de'legate2,  v.t.  Depute  (person),  send  as 
representative*  commit  (authority  &c)  to  an- 
other as  agent,    [f.  L  DE(legare  depute),  -ate3] 

delegation,  n.  Entrusting  of  authority  to 
deputy;  body  of  delegates  (U.S.,  Congress  re- 
presentatives of  a  single  state  ;  Austro-Hun- 
gary,  the  Dd.,  two  bodies  appointed  by  Austrian 
&  Hungarian  Parliaments  to  deal  jointly  with 
imperial  questions),  [f .  L  T>E(legatio  legation)] 

delete,  v.t.  Strike  out,  obliterate,  (letter, 
word/passage  ;  also  fig.).  So  dele'tiON  n.  [f. 
L  DE(lere_-let-  cf.  linere  smear)] 

deleter'ious,  a.  Noxious  physically  or 
morally,  injurious.  Hence  deleter'iousLY  2 
adv.  (f.  Gk  deleterios  f.  deleter  destroyer  (de- 
leomai  injure)  +  -ous]^ 

delf(t),  n.  Glazed  earthenware  made  at 
Delft  (earlier  Del/)  in  Holland. 

deliberate l  (-at),  a.  Intentional ;  con- 
sidered, not  impulsive ;  slow  in  deciding, 
cautious  ;  leisurely,  not  hurried,  (of  movement 
&c).  Hence  deli'bepateLY  2  adv.,  deli'be- 
pateNESS  n.    [f.  L  deliberatus  (foil.,  -ate2)] 

deli'bepate 2,  v.t.  &  i.  Consider,  think  care- 
fully, (intr.,  or  with  indirect  question  how  it 
might  be  done,  what  to  do) ;  take  counsel,  con- 
sult, hold  debate,  [f.  L  j)E(liberare  =  librare 
weigh  f.  libra  balance),  -ate  3] 

deliberation,  n.  Weighing  in  mind,  care- 
ful consideration ;  discussion  of  reasons  for  & 
against,  debate ;  care,  avoidance  of  precipita- 
tion ;  slowness  of  movement,  [f.  F  d&libiration 
f.  L  deliberationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

deliberative,  a.  Of,  appointed  for  purpose 
of,  deliberation  or  debate  (usu.  d.  assembly  or 

functions).  Hence  deli'bepativeLY 2  adv. 
[f.  L  deliberativus  (deliberate  2,  -ive)] 

delicacy,  n.  Fineness  of  texttire,  graceful 
slightness,  tender  beauty ;  weakliness,  suscep- 
tibility to  disease  or  injury,  need  of  care,  dis- 
cretion, or  skill ;  nicety  of  perception,  sensitive- 
ness (of  persons,  senses,  or  instruments) ;  con- 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de-. 


DELICATE 


217 


DEMAND 


sideration  for  others'  feelings  ;  shrinking  from, 
avoidance  of,  the  immodest  or  offensive ;  choice 
kind  of  food,  dainty ;  a  nicety,    [foil.,  -acy] 

de'lieate  (-at),  a.  Delightful  (poet.) ;  palat- 
able, dainty,  (of  food) ;  sheltered,  luxurious, 
effeminate,  (d.  living,  nurture,  upbringing) ; 
line  of  texture,  soft,  slender,  slight ;  of  exquisite 
quality  or  workmanship ;  subdued  (of  colour) ; 
subtle,  hard  to  appreciate ;  easily  injured,  liable 
to  illness ;  requiring  nice  handling,  critical, 
ticklish ;  subtly  sensitive  (of  persons  or  instru- 
ments) ;  deft  (a  d.  touch) ;  avoiding  the  offensive 
or  immodest;  considerate  (esp.  of  actions). 
Hence  de'lieateL  Y  2  adv.  [f .  L  delicatus  cogn. 
or  associated  w.  deliciae  delight  see  foil.] 

deli'cious,  a.  Highly  delightful,  esp.  to  taste, 
smell,  or  the  sense  of  humour.  Hence  deli'ci- 
ously2  adv.,  deli'ciousNESS  n.  [OF,  f.  LL 
deliciosus  f.  L  deliciae  delight  f.  DK(licere= 
lacere  allure),  -ose  *] 

deli'ct,  n.  Violation  of  law,  offence,  {in  flag- 
rant d.,  =  IN  FLAGRANTE  DELICTO),  [f.  L  delic- 
tum neut.  p.p.  of  i>E(linquere  leave)  come 
short] 

delig-h't,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Please  highly  (shall 
be  delighted  to,  in  accepting  invitation) ;  take, 
And,  great  pleasure  in  (so  in  p.p.,  the  books  de- 
lighted in  by  the  many),  be  inclined  and  accus- 
tomed to  do.  (N.)  high  pleasure,  thing  that 
causes  it;  hence  deligrh'tFUL  a.,  delig-lrt- 
ffulLY  2  adv. ,  delig-htsoME  a.  [ME  delxten  f. 
OF  delitier  f .  L  delectare  see  delectable,  now 
misspelt  after  light] 

Deli'lah,  Da-,  n.  Temptress,  false  &  wily 
woman.    [Judges  xvi] 

deli*mit(ate),  vv.t.  Determine  limits  or  ter- 
ritorial boundary  of.  So  delimit  a  tion  n. 
[-it  thr.  F  delimiter,  -itate  direct,  f.  L  D&(limi- 
tare  f.  limes  -itis  boundary),  -ate  3] 

deli'neate,  v.  t.  Show  by  drawing  or  descrip- 
tion, portray.  So  delineATiON,  deli'neat- 
OR2,  nn.    [f.  L  DKilineare  f.  linea  line),  -ate3] 

delinquency,  n.  Neglect  of  duty ;  guilt ; 
a  sin  of  omission  ;  misdeed,  [f.  L  delinquentia 
f.  delinquens  part,  (delict,  -ency)] 

delinquent,  a.  &  n.  Defaulting,  guilty; 
(n.)  offender,    [f.  L  delinquens  (prec,  -ent)] 

deliquesce  (-es),  v.i.  Become  liquid,  melt, 
(fig.)  melt  away.  So  delique'scENT  a.,  de- 
lique'scENCE  n.  [f.  L  T>n(liquescere  incept, 
of  liguere  be  liquid)] 

deli'rious,  a.  Affected  with  delirium,  tem- 
porarily or  apparently  mad,  raving ;  wildly 
excited,  ecstatic ;  betraying  delirium  or  ecstasy. 
Hence  deli'piousLY  2  adv.    [as  foil.  +  -ous] 

dell'rium,  n.  Disordered  state  of  mind  with 
incoherent  speech,  hallucinations,  &  frenzied 
excitement ;  great  excitement,  ecstasy ;  d. 
tremens  (abbr.  d.L),  special  form  of  d.  with 
terrifying  delusions  to  which  heavy  drinkers 
are  liable.    [L,  f.  r>Tslirare  (lira  furrow)] 

del i te'scen t,  a. ,  deli  te'seenee,  n.  Latent 
(state),  [f.  L  VE(litescere  incept.  ol-litere= latere 
lie  hid),  -ent,  -ence] 

deli'ver,  v.t.  Rescue,  save,  set  free  from ; 
disburden  woman  in  parturition  of  child  (usu. 

Eass.  ;  also  fig.,  was  delivered  of  a  sonnet);  un- 
urden  oneself  (of  esp.  a  long  -  suppressed 
opinion  &c.)  in  discourse ;  give  up  or  over, 
abandon,  resign,  hand  on  to  another ;  distribute 
(letters)  to  owners  ;  present  (account) ;  (Law) 
hand  over  formally  (esp.  sealed  deed  to  grantee, 
so  seal  &  d.);  launch,  aim,  (blow,  ball,  attack ; 
d.  battle,  accept  opportunity  of  engaging) ;  re- 
cite (well-delivered  sermon).  Hence  delrvep- 
able  a.  [f.  F  dttivrer  f.  LL  deliberare  (de-,  L 
liberare  f.  liber  free)] 
deli'verance,  n.    Rescue ;  emphatically  or 


formally  delivered  opinion,  (in  jurors'  oath) 
verdict,    [f.  OF  delivrance  (prec,  -ance)] 

deli'verer,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  saviour, 
rescuer,  [f.  OF  delivrere  nom.  of  delivreor  f. 
LL  deliberatorem  (deliver,  -or2)] 

deli'veny,  n.  Childbirth ;  surrender  of ;  de- 
livering of  letters  &c,  a  periodical  performance 
of  this  [theftrst,the  two-o'clock, d.);  (Law)  formal 
handing  over  of  property,  transfer  of  deed  (for- 
merly essential  for  validity)  to  grantee  or  third 
Earty  ;  sending  forth  of  missile,  esp.  of  cricket- 
all  in  bowling,  action  shown  in  doing  this  (a 
good,  high,  d.);  uttering  of  speech  &c.  (its  d. 
took  two  hours),  manner  of  doing  this  (a  telling 
d.).  [AF  delivree  fern.  part,  used  as  n.  of  F 
dUivrer  deliver,  -y  4] 

dell,  n.  Small  hollow  or  valley  usu.  with 
tree-clad  sides,    [cf.  Du.  del,  G  telle,  dale] 

De'lla  Cpu'scan,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  the 
Florentine  Academy  della  Crusca,  a  society  for 
purifying  the  Italian  language,  which  issued 
an  authoritative  dictionary ;  following  arti- 
ficial literary  methods ;  member  of  a  late  18th- 
c.  artificial  English  school  of  poetry,  [f.  It. 
(Accademia)  della  Crusca  (Academy)  of  the 
bran  (i.  e.  sifting)  +  -an] 

De'lphian,  De'lphie,  aa.  (As)  of  the  oracle 
of  Delphi ;  obscure,  ambiguous,  [-ic  f.  L  f.  Gk 
Delphikos,  -ian  f.  L  f.  Gk  Delphoi  +  -ian] 

De'lphin,  a.  The  D.  classics  or  text,  in  an 
edition  prepared  for  the  Dauphin,  son  of  Louis 
XIV.    f  L  f.  Gk, = dolphin  ;  see  dauphin] 

de'lphinine,  n.  (chem.).  A  poisonous  alka- 
loid used  medically,  [f.  hot.  L  f.  Gk  delphinion 
(dim.  of  delphin  dolphin)  larkspur] 

de'lta,  n.  Fourth  letter,  d,  of  Greek  alphabet 
(capital  an  equilateral  triangle) ;  triangular 
alluvial  tract  at  mouth  of  river  enclosed  or 
traversed  by  its  diverging  branches,  esp.  that 
of  Nile,  whence  delta'ic  a.    [Gk] 

de'ltoid,  a.  &  n.  Triangular ;  d.  muscle  or 
d.,  muscle  of  shoulder  lifting  upper  arm  ;  like 
a  river  delta._  [f.  Gk  deltoeiaes  (prec.,  -oid)] 

delu'de  (-ooa,  -ud),  v.t.  Impose  upon,  de- 
ceive,   [f.  L  T>v.(ludere  lus-  play)] 

de*lug-e  (-uj),  n.,  &  v.t.  Great  flood,  inun- 
dation, (the  D.,  Noah's  flood) ;  heavy  fall  of  rain ; 
flood  of  words  &c;  (vb)  flood,  inundate,  (lit.  & 
flg. ).    [F  ((U-),  fLL  diluvium  (diluere  dilute)] 

delu'sion  (-00-,  -u-),  n.  Imposing  or  being 
imposed  upon ;  false  impression  or  opinion, 
esp.  as  symptom  or  form  of  madness,  whence 
delu'sionAL  a.    [f.  L  delusio  (delude,  -ion)] 

delu'sive  (-00-,  -u-),  a.  Deceptive,  disap- 
pointing, unreal.  Hence  delu*sfveLY2adv., 
delu'siveNEsa  n.    [delude,  -ive] 

delve,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.,  (archaic,  poet.,  &  dial.). 
Dig ;  make  research  in  documents  &c. ;  (of 
road  &c.)  make  sudden  dip.  (N.)  cavity;  de- 
pression of  surface,  wrinkle.  [OE  del  fan,  com.- 
WG  cf.  Du.  delven] 

demagnetize,  v.t.  Deprive  of  magnetic 
quality.    Hencedema,g,netizATiONn.   [de-] 

de'magogue  Hteh  n-  Popular  leader ;  poli- 
tical agitator  appealing  to  cupidity  or  prejudice 
of  the  masses,  factious  orator.  Hence  or  cogn. 
demago'gic  (-gik)  a.,  de*mag,og,iSM(2),  de*- 
magogY  M-gi),  nn.  [f.  Gk  demagogos  (demos, 
agogos  leading)] 

dema'nd  \  n.  Request  made  as  of  right  or 
peremptorily,  thing  so  asked,  (payable  on  d., 
&s  soon  as  the  d.  is  made) ;  call  of  would-be 
purchasers/or  commodity  (laws  of  supply  and 
a.  in  Pol.  Econ. ;  in  d.,  sought  after) ;  urgent 
claim  (many  dd.  on  my  time),  ff.  F  demands  f. 
demander  see  foil.] 

dema'nd2,  v.t.  Ask  for  (thing)  as  right  or 
peremptorily  or  urgently  (of  or  from  person  ; 


DEMARCATION 


218 


DEMONSTRABLE 


obj.  a  noun,  infln.,  or  that-c\a,nse) ;  require, 
need,  (piety  demands  it ;  task  demands  skill) ; 
ask  to  be,  insist  on  being,  told  (d.  one's  business, 
what  he  wants).  Hence  or  cogn.  dema'nd- 
able  a.,  dema*ndANT(l)  n.  [f.  F  demander 
f.  L  T>T£.(mandare  order  cf.  mandate)] 
demarcation,  n.  Marking  of  boundary, 
esp.  line  of  d.  Hence  (by  back-formation)  de*- 
marcate  v.t.    [Sp.  (-cion),  t.  demarcar  mark 

bound8  OfjDE-,  MARK)] 

dematep'ialize,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  become, 
non-material,  spiritual,    [de-] 

deme,  n.  (Gk  hist.)  township  of  ancient 
Attica;  (Biol.)  undifferentiated  aggregate  of 
cells,    [f.  Gk  demos] 

demea'n  *,  v.  reft.  D.  oneself,  behave,  con- 
duct oneself,  (always  w.  adv.  or  adv.  phr.).  [f. 
OF  demener  (de-  +  mener  lead  f.  L  minare 
threaten  &  in  LL  drive  cattle)] 

demea'n  2,  v. t.  (usu.  refl. ).  Lower  in  dignity. 
[de-,  mean  3,  but  prob.  generated  by  misunder- 
standing of  prec. ;  chiefly  used  by  the  unedu- 
cated or  in  imitations  of  them] 

demea'nour,  n.  Bearing,  outward  be- 
haviour, [earlier  -ure.  -er ;  see  -ure,  -er  4,  de- 
mean1 ;  assim.  to  honour  &c] 

deme'nt,  v.t.  Drive  mad,  craze,(usu.  in  p.p.). 
Hence  deme'n ted  ly2  adv.  [f.  L  demcntare 
f.  DEme/is  out  of  one's  mind  (mens  mentis)] 

d6mentt(F),  n.   Official  denial  of  rumour  &c. 

deme'ntia  (-tia,  -sha),  n.  (med.).  Species  of 
insanity  consisting  in  feebleness  of  mind.  [L 
(demens  see  prec.  &  cf.  -ence)] 

deme'pit,  n.  Ill  desert ;  fault,  defect.  Hence 
deme'Pitoirlous  [-ory,  -ous]  a.  [f.  L  demeri- 
tum  neut.  p.p.  of  DEmereri  deserve  ;  orig.  sense 
desert  (good  or  bad,  like  merit) ;  the  two  have 
now  been  fixed  to  opposite  senses] 

demesne  (also  -an),  n.  (Law)  possession  (of 
real  property)  as  one's  own  (esp.  hold  in  d.) ;  an 
estate  held  in  d.,  all  of  an  owner's  land  not  held 
of  him  by  freehold  tenants,  or  all  that  he 
actually  occupies  himself;  Royal  d.,  Crown 
lands  ;  State  d. ,  land  beld  by  state.  Sovereign's 
or  State's  territory,  domain ;  landed  property, 
estate ;  region,  sphere,  of.  [f.  OF  demeine  f.  L 
dominicus  (dommns  lord,  -ic)] 

de*mi-,  pref.  usu.  written  with  the  hyphen, 
still  used  as  living  pref.  to  form  temporary 
words,  but  more  or  less  ousted  by  semi-.  Half- 
size,  half,  imperfect,  partial(ly),  semi-.  [F,  f.  L 
dimidium  half  (dis-,  medius  middle)] 

de'mig-od,  n.  Partly  divine  being,  son  of 
god  and  mortal,  or  deified  man.    [prec] 

de'mijohn  (-jon),  n.  Bulging  narrow-necked 
bottle  of  3-10  gal.,  usu.  cased  in  wicker  &  with 
wicker  handles,  [corrupt,  of  F  dame-jeanne 
Dame  Jane  ;  found  in  many  langg.,  but  earliest 
in  F,  prob.  as  playful  personification] 

de-milune  (-obn),  n.  (fortif.).  Outwork  pro- 
tecting bastion  or  curtai  n.    [F, = half  moon] 

demi-monde  (or  as  F),  n.  Class  of  women 
on  outskirts  of  society,  of  doubtful  reputation 
&  standing.    [F,= half  world] 

demi-rep,  n.  Woman  of  suspected  chastity, 
[abbr.  for  demi-repvtable] 

demi'se  (-iz),  v.t.,  &n.  Convey,  grant, (estate) 
by  will  or  lease  (n.,  this  process) ;  transmit 
(title  &c)  by  death  or  abdication  (n.,  this  event, 
esp.  d.  of  the  Crown;  transf.,  death).      Hence 

demi'SABLE  a.    [vb  f.  n.,  prob.  f.  p.p.  of  OF 

desmettre  dismiss,  in  refl.  abdicate] 

de*mlsemiqua*vep,  n.  (mus.).    Note,  with 

three-hooked  symbol,  equal  to  half  a  semi- 
quaver.   [demi-J 

demi-ssion,  n.     Resigning,  abdication,  of. 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult 


[f.  F  demission  f.  LL  dis-  for  L  m(missioncm 
f.  mittere  miss-  send,  -ion)] 

demi't,  v.t.  &  i.  (-tt-).  Resign  (office,  or  abs.). 
[f.  F  dimettre  (dis-  ■+-  mettre  send,  put,  f.  L 
mittere  send)] 

de'miupge  (-erj),  n.  Creator  of  world  (in 
Platonic  philosophy ;  also  of  Christian  God,  & 
of  supposed  subordinate  agents  in  creation). 
Hence  demiurgic  a.  [f.  Gk  demiourgos 
craftsman  (demios  f.  demos,  -ergos  -working)] 

demd'bilize,  v.t.  Release  from  mobilized 
state,  disband,  (troops,  ships).  Hence  de- 
mo'bilizA'TiON  n.    [de-] 

demo'cpacy,  n.  (State  practising)  govern- 
ment by  the  people,  direct  or  representative  ; 
the  politically  unprivileged  class,  [f.  F  demo- 
cratic f.  L  f.  Gk  demokratia  (demos,  -cracy)] 

democrat,  n.  Advocate  of  democracy  ; 
(U.S.)  member  of  Democratic  party.  Hence 
demo*epatiSM(3)  n.    [f.  F  dimocrate  (prec.)] 

democratic,  a*  Of,  like,  practising,  advo- 
cating, democracy ;  (U.S.)  D.  party,  opposed  to 
Republican,  &  supporting  State,  local,  &  indi- 
vidual liberty  against  federal  powers.  So  de- 
mocpa'tic ally  adv.,  demo*cpatizE(3)  v.t. 
&  i.:  demo*epatizA*TiON  n.  [f.  F  dimo- 
cratzque  f.  med.L  f.  Gk  demokratikos  (demos, 

-CRATIC)] 

Demd'CPite'an,  a.  Of  Democritus,  his 
humour,  or  his  theory  of  atoms,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
Demokriteios  of  Democritus  (Gk  philosopher  of 
5th  c.  B.  c.  called  the  laughing  philosopher,  & 
an  atomistic  physicist)  +  -an] 

Demogor'gon,  n.  A  mysterious  &  terrible 
infernal  deity.  ILL;  perh.  assim.  of  some 
Oriental  name  to  Gk  demos,  gorgos  grim] 

demography,  n.  Statistics  of  births,  dis- 
eases, &c,  illustrating  condition  of  communi- 
ties. Hence  demo'GRAPHER  n.,  demoGRA'- 
phic  a.    [demos,  -graph  y] 

demoiselle  (de'mwazel),  n.  The  Numidian 
crane.    [F,=  damsel] 

demolish,  v.t.  Pull  or  throw  down  (build- 
ing), destroy  ;  overthrow  (institution,  theory) ; 
eat  up.  So  demoli'TiON  n.  [f.  F  dcmolir 
(-ISH  2)  f.  L  BKimoliri  construct  f .  moles  mass)] 

demon,  dae-,  n.  (Gk  mythol.;  often  dae-) 
supernatural  being,  inferior  deity,  spirit,  ghost, 
in-dwelling  or  attendant  spirit,  genius ;  evil 
spirit  (as  in  demoniacs) ;  heathen  deity ;  devil ; 
malignant  supernatural  being  ;  cruel,  malig- 
nant, destructive,  or  fierce  person  (d.  bowler, 
very  fast) ;  personified  vice  or  passion.  Hence 
demono-  comb,  form,  demono'LATRY.  de- 
mono'LOGY,  nn.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  daimon  deity,  w. 
sense  also  of  L  f.  Gk  daimonion  divine  (power 
&c.)  neut.  adj.] 

demonetize  (or  -mu-),  v.t.  Deprive  (metal 
&c.)  of  its  status  as  money,  [f.  F  dbmonttiser 
(de-,  L  moneta  money,  -ize)] 

demo'niac,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  possessed  by  an 
evil  spirit ;  of  such  possession ;  devilish ;  fiercely 
energetic,  frenzied,  [f.  LL  daemoniacus  (Gk 
daimonion  see  demon,  -ac)] 

demonracal,  a.  =prec.  adj.  (esp.  in  phr.  d. 
possession,  &  in  sense  devilish),    [prec.  +  -al] 

demo'nic,  dae-,  a.  =prec.  ;  inspired,  of 
supernatural  genius  or  impulses,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
daimonikos  (demon,  -ic)] 

de'monism,  n.  Belief  in  the  power  of  de- 
mons.   [-ism(3)J 

de'monize,  v.t.  Make  into  or  like,  repre- 
sent as,  a  demon.  [f.  med.L  daemonizare 
(demon,  -ize)] 

demonstrable,  a.  Capable  of  being  shown 
or  logically  proved.    Hence  demo'nstPaBi'- 


DE-. 


DEMONSTRATE 


219 


DENOTATION 


lity  n.,  demo'nstrabLY2  adv.  [f.  L  demon- 
strabilis  (foil.,  -able)] 

demonstrate,  v.t.  &L  Show  (feelings  &c); 
describe  &  explain  by  help  of  specimens  or  ex- 
periments, teach  as  a  demonstrator ;  logically 
prove  the  truth  of ;  be  a  proof  of  the  existence 
of ;  make  a  military  demonstration ;  take  part 
in  a  demonstration  by  public  meeting,  whence 
demo'nstPANT(l)  n.  [f.  L  DE(monstrare  show, 
see  monster),  -ate  3J 

demonstration,  n.  Outward  exhibition 
of  feeling  &c. ;  logical  proving,  clear  proof, 
(to  d.,  conclusively);  thing  serving  as  proof; 
exhibition  &  explanation  of  specimens  or  ex- 
periments as  way  of  teaching ;  show  of  military 
force  to  intimidate,  to  mask  other  operations, 
or  in  peace  to  show  readiness  for  war  ;  exhibi- 
tion of  opinion  on  political  or  other  question, 
esp.  public  meeting  or  procession,  whence 
demonstrationist  1)  n.  Hence  demon- 
stration al  a.  [f.  L  demonstratio  (prec,  -ion)] 

demonstrative,  a.  &  n.  Serving  to  point 
out  or  exhibit  (esp.  in  Gram.,  d.  pronoun  or 
adjective,  or  d.  as  noun,  this&c) ;  giving  proof 
of;  logically  conclusive ;  concerned  with  proof ; 
given  to  or  marked  by  open  expression  of  feel- 
ings (d.  person,  behaviour,  affection,  &c). 
Hence  demo*nstrativeLY2adv.,  demo*n- 
strati veNESS  n.  [f.  F  dimonstratif  f .  L  de- 
monstrativus  (as  prec,  -ive)] 

de'monstrator,  n.  One  who  demonstrates ; 
teacher  by  demonstration,  assistant  to  professor 
doing  practical  work  with  students ;  partaker 
in  demonstration  by  public  meeting.  [L  (de- 
monstrate, -or2)J 

demo'ralize,  v.t.  Corrupt  morals  of,  de- 
prave ;  destroy  the  discipline,  cohesion,  cour- 
age, or  endurance  of  (esp.  troops ;  see  morale). 
Hence  demo'raliz  ation  n.  [f.  F  dbmoraliser 

(DE-,  MORAL,  -IZE)] 

De'mos,  n.  Personification  of  the  populace 
or  democracy.    [Gk,  =  people] 

Demosthe'nie,  a.  Like  Demosthenes  or 
his  oratory ;  eloquent,  patriotic,  denunciatory, 
(of  speech),  [f.  Gk  Demosthenikos  of  Demos- 
thenes (Attic  orator  4th  c.  B.c.)] 

demotic,  a.  Popular,  vulgar;  (Archaeol.) 
in  the  popular  form  (opp.  hieratic)  of  ancient 
Egyptian  writing,  [f.  Gk  demotikos  (demotes 
one  of  the  demos  +  -ic)] 

demulcent,  a.  &  n.  Soothing  (medicine), 
[f.  L  BEimulcere  soothe),  -ent] 

demur*,  v.i.  (rr-),  &  n.  Make  difficulties, 
raise  scruples  or  objections  to  ;  (Law)  put  in  a 
demurrer,  whence  demirrrANT(l)  n.;  (n.)  ob- 
jecting, objection,  (usu.  without,  no,d.).  [earlier 
sense  tarry(ing),  f.  F  demeure(r)  f .  LDE(?norare 
pop.  for  -i  delay)] 

demure*,  a.  Sober,  grave,  composed ;  ironi- 
cally reserved  ;  affectedly  coy,  prudish.  Hence 
demure'LY  2  adv.,  demur o'ness  n.  [de-  + 
obs.  mure  f.  OF  meur  f.  L  maturus  ripe] 

demurrable,  a.  That  may  be  demurred  to, 
open  to  objection,  (esp.  legal),    [demur,  -able] 

demuTrage,  n.  Detention  of  ship  by  freigh- 
ter beyond  agreed  time,  payment  made  for 
this  ;  charge  on  overdue  railway  truck  ;  charge 
(Ud.  per  oz.)  of  Bank  of  Engl,  deducted  in 
giving  notes  or  gold  for  bullion,    [f .  OF  demor- 

ape  (DEMUR,  -AGE)] 

demu*rrer,  n.  Legal  objection  to  relevance 
of  opponent's  point  even  if  granted,  which 
stays  action  till  relevance  is  settled ;  exception 
taken,    [f.  OF  demourer  infin.  =  demur  ;  -er4] 

demy*,  n.  (pi.  -its,  pr.  -iz).  Size  of  paper 
(printing,  17£x22£;  writing,  15£x20) ;  scholar  of 
Magd.  Coll.,  Oxford  (orig.  w.  half  fellow's  allow- 
ance), whence  demysuip  n.    [var.  of  demi-] 


den,  n.  Wild  beast's  lair ;  lurking-place  of 
thieves  &c.  ;  small  room  unfit  to  live  in  ;  room 
in  which  person  secludes  himself  to  work  &c. 
[OE  denn  cf.  G  tenne,  Du.  denne] 

denarius,  n.  (pi.  -it).  Ancient  Roman  silver 
coin  (orig.  about  8d.),  whence  Engl.  d.  for 
penny,  [f.  deni  ten  each,  -ary  l ;  denarius 
(numus)  =  (coin)  of  ten  (asses)] 

de'nary,  a.    Of  ten,  decimal,    [f.  L  (prec.)] 

denationalize  (-nash-),  v.t.  Deprive  (na- 
tion) of  its  status  or  characteristics,  (person) 
of  membership  or  characteristics  of  his  nation, 
(institution)  of  its  position  as  national  pro- 
perty. Hence  dena'tionalizATioN  n.  [f.  F 
dinationaliser  (de-,  national,  -ize)J 

denaturalize  (-natshra-),  v.t.  Change 
nature  of,  make  unnatural ;  (usu.  refl.)  divest 
of  citizenship  or  membership  of  State.  Hence 
dena'turalizATTON  n.  [de-,  natural, -ize(3); 
also  de-  +  naturalize] 

denature  (-tsher),  v.t.  Change  nature  or 
essential  qualities  of  (esp.  tea  or  alcohol  by 
adulteration),    [f.  F  dinaturer  (dis-,  nature)] 

de'ndrite,  n.  (Stone  or  mineral  with)  natural 
tree-like  or  moss-like  marking.  Hence  den- 
dritic a.    [f.  Gk  dendrites  adj.  (dendron  tree)] 

dendr(o)-,  -i-,  comb,  forms,  f .  Gk  dendron 
tree.  Hence  de'ndriFORM,  de'ndroiD,  aa., 
dendro'LOGY,  dendro'LOGiST,  nn. 

dene1,  n.  Bare  sandy  tract,  low  sand-hill, 
by  sea.    [cf.  G  dune,  Du.  duin,  F  dune) 

dene2.    See  dean2. 

denervation,  n.  (archaic).  Denial.  [F(de"n4-)t 
f.  L  T>E{negationem  f.  negare  deny,  -ation)] 

dene-hole,  dane-,  n.  (archaeol.).  Artificial 
cave  in  chalk  entered  by  vertical  shaft  often 
60  ft  deep.    Tetym.  dub. ;  perh.  f.  dane] 

de'ngue  (-ngga),  n.  Infectious  eruptive  fever 
with  acute  pain  in  joints,  [prob.  f.  Zanzibar 
name,  w.  assim.  to  Sp.  dengue  prudery,  w.  ref. 
to  stiffness  of  patient's  neck  &  shoulders] 

deni'able,  a.  That  one  can  deny,    [-able] 

deni'al,  n.  Refusal  of  request ;  -  self-cJ.  ; 
statement  that  thing  is  not  true  (meet  charge 
with  flat  d.)  or  existent,  contradiction;  disa- 
vowal of  person  as  one's  leader  &c.  [deny,  -al(2)1 

deni'er l,  n.  _One  who  denies,    [deny,  -er  *  J 

denier* 2  (-ner),  n.  (archaic).  Very  small  sum 
or  coin.    [OF,  1/12  of  sou,  f.  denariusI 

de*nigT*ate,v.t.  Blacken;  defame,  whence 
or  cogn.  de'nig-ratOR 2,  denigr^'TiON,  nn, 
[f.  L  DE(nigrare  f .  niger  black)] 

demtrate,  denitrify,  vv.t.  Free  of  nitric 
or  nitrous  acid  or  nitrates,    [de-] 

de*nizen,n.,&v.t.  Inhabitant,  occupant,  (of 
place) ;  foreigner  admitted  to  residence  &  cer- 
tain rights ;  naturalized  foreign  word,  animal, 
or  plant ;  hence  de'nizensHiP  n.  (Vb)  admit 
asd.  (usu.  pass.),  [f.  AF deinzein  (deinz—Y  dans 
f.  Lde-,  intus  within,  -aneus  see  -aneous)1 

deno'minate,  v.t.  Give  name  to,  call  or 
describe  as  so-&-so  (w.  obj.  &  compl.).  [f.  L  de- 
(nominare  nominate)] 

dendmination,  n.  Name,  designation,  esp. 
characteristic  or  class  name  ;  class  of  units  in 
numbers,  weights,  money,  &c.  (reduce  to  the 
same  d. ;  money  of  small  dd.) ;  class,  kind,  with 
specific  name  ;  religious  sect,  whence  deno*- 
minationAL  a.  (denominational  education, 
according  to  principles  of  a  Church  or  sect, 
whence  denominational ize(3)  v.t.).  [OF 
(-don),  f.  L  denominationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

deno'minative,  a.  Serving  as,  giving,  a 
name.    [f.  L  dcnominativus  (as  prec,  -ative)] 

deno'minator,  n.  Number  below  line  in 
vulgar  fraction,  divisor.  [med.L(asprec,  -or2)] 

denotation,  n.  Denoting ;  expression  by 
marks  or  symbols ;  sign,  indication ;  designa- 


DENOTATIVE 


220 


DEPENDENCY 


tion;  meaning  of  a  term  ;  (Log.)  aggregate  of 
objects  that  may  be  included  under  a  word  (cf. 
connotation),  extension,  [f.  L  denotatio  (de- 
note, -ation)] 

denotative,  a.  Indicative  of;  (Log.)  merely 
designating,  implying  no  attributes,  (cf.  con- 
notati ve).  Hence  deno'tati  vei,  v  2  adv.  [de- 
note, -ative] 

deno'te,  v.t.  Mark  out,  distinguish,  be  the 
sign  of;  indicate,  give  to  understand,  (esp. 
that-c\a,\ise) ;  stand  as  name  for ;  (Log.)  be  a 
name  for,  be  predicated  of,  (the  word  white  de- 
notes all  white  things,  as  snow,  paper,  foam). 
Hence  denoteMENT  n.  [f.  F  dinoter  f.  L  de- 
(notare  mark  f.  nota  note  ])] 

denouement  (F),  n.  Unravelling  of  plot  or 
complications,  catastrophe,  final  solution,  in 
play,  novel,  &c.  [F  (dinouer  unknot  f.  de-,  L 
nodare  f.  nodus  knot,  -ment)] 

denou'nce  (-ow-),  v.t.  Prophesy  (woe,  ven- 
geance); inform  against;  openly  inveigh 
against ;  give  notice  of  termination  of  (armis- 
tice, treaty).  Hence  denou'nceMENT  n.  [f. 
OF  denoncier  f.  L  VEinuntiare  f.  nuntius  mes- 
senger perh.  for  noventius  f.  novus  new)] 

de  nouveau  (de  noovo'),  adv.  Afresh,  start- 
ing again.    [F] 

de  no'vo,  adv.    =  prec.    [L] 

dense,  a.  Closely  compacted  in  substance ; 
crowded  together ;  crass,  stupid.  Hence 
de'nseLY2  adv.,  de'nsexEss  n.  [f.  L  densus] 

density,  n.  Closeness  of  substance;  (Physics) 
degree  of  consistence  measured  by  ratio  of 
mass  to  volume  or  by  quantity  of  matter  in 
unit  of  bulk  ;  crowded  state  ;  stupidity,  [f.  F 
densiti  f.  L  densitatem  (prec,  -ty)] 

dent,  n.,  &  v.t.  (To  mark  with  a)  surface  im- 
pression (as)  from  the  blow  of  a  blunt-edged  in- 
strument,   [var.  of  dint] 

de'ntal,  a.  &  n.  Of  tooth,  teeth,  or  dentistry  ; 
d.  letter  or  d„  made  with  tongue-tip  against 
upper  front  teeth  (as  th)  or  front  of  palate  (as  d, 
t),  whence  de*ntaliZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  L  dens  dentis 
tooth  +  -al] 

dentate,  a.  (hot.  &  zool.).  Toothed,  with 
tooth-like  notches.  So  dentATioN  n.,  den- 
tato-  comb.   form.     (f.   L  dentatus   (prec, 

-ATE2)] 

denti-,  comb,  form  of  L  dens  dentis  tooth,  as 
dentilingual  formed  by  teeth  &  tongue.  Hence 
de*ntiFORM,  denti'GERous,  aa. 

denticle,  n.  Small  tooth  or  toothlike  pro- 
jection ;  =  dentil.  So  denti'culAK1,  den- 
ti'eulATE2  (-at)  or  -a ted,  aa.,  dentieulATiON 
n.    [f.  L  denticidus  (prec,  -cule)J 

de'ntif pice,  n.  Powder,  paste,  &c ,  for  tooth- 
cleaning,   [f.  Li  i>EKTi(fricium  f.  fricare  rub)] 

de'ntfl,  n.  One  of  series  of  small  rectangular 
blocks  under  bed-moulding  of  cornice  in  classi- 
cal architecture  (often  d.- cornice,  -band, 
-moulding),  [f.  obs.  F  dentille  dim.  of  dent 
tooth  f.  L  dens  dentis] 

dentine,  n.  Hard  dense  tissue  forming 
main  part  of  teeth,    [f .  L  as  prec.  +  -ine  4] 

de'ntist,  n.  Tooth-doctor.  Hence  de'ntis- 
tR y  n.   [f.  F  dentiste  f.  dent  see  dentil,  -ist(3)J 

dentition,  n.  Cutting  of  teeth,  teething ; 
characteristic  arrangement  of  teeth  in  animal, 
[f.  L  dentitio  (dentire  to  teeth,  -ion)] 

denu'de,  v.t.  Make  naked  ;  strip  of  clothing, 
covering,  possession,  attribute  ;  (Geol.)  lay 
(rock,  formation)  bare  by  removal  of  what  lies 
above.  Hence  denudATioNn.,  denu'dATivE 
a.    [f.  L  T)E(nndare  f.  nudus  naked)] 

denunciation  (-si-),  n.  Denouncing ;  invec- 
tive.    So  denu-nciativE,  denirnciatoRY, 


(-sha-)  aa.,  denu'nciatOR  2  (-shi-)  n.  [f.  L  de- 
nuntiatio  (denounce,  -ation)] 

deny,  v.t.  Declare  untrue  or  non-existent 
id.  the  charge,  the  possibility,  that  it  is  so,  this 
to  be  the  case ;  rarely  with  but  after  neg.,  I 
don't  d.  but  he  may  have  thought  so) ;  disavow, 
repudiate,  (d.  one's  word,  signature,  faith, 
leader) ;  refuse  (person,  thing,  person  a  thing, 
thing  to  person  ;  /  was  denied  this,  this  was 
denied  me  or  to  me) ;  d.  oneself,  be  abstinent ; 
report  as  not  at  home,  refuse  access  %o,  (person 
visited),    [f.  F  denier  f.  L  &E(negare  say  no)] 

deodand,  n.  (hist.).  Thing  forfeited  to 
Crown  to  be  used  in  alms  &c  as  having  caused 
a  human  death,  [f.  L  deo  dandum  thing  to  be 
given  to  God] 

deodar,  n.  Himalayan  cedar,  [f..  Hind. 
de'odar  f.  Skr.  deva-dara  divine  tree] 

deo'dorize  (or  -od-),  v.t.  Deprive  of  odour, 
disinfect.  Hence  deodopizA'TiON,  deo'dop- 
1zer1(2),  nn.    [de-,  L  odor  smell,  -ize] 

deonto'log-y,  n.  Science  of  duty,  ethics.  So 
deontoixroiCAL  a.,  deonto'LOGiST  n.  [f.  Gk 
deont-  part.  st.  of  dei  it  is  right,  -o-,  -logy] 

De*o  volo'nte,  adv.  (abbr.  D.  V.).  God  will- 
ing ;  if  nothing  occurs  to  prevent  it.    [L] 

depart,  v.i.  &  t.  (Poet.,  archaic,  &c)  go 
away  (from),  take  one's  leave ;  set  out,  Rtart, 
leave,  (esp.  in  time-tables,  as  dep.  6.80  a.m.); 
die,  leave  by  death,  (d.  from  life,  d.  this  life) ; 
diverge,  deviate,  (d.  from  received  account, 
custom),   [f.  OF  de(  partir  f .  L  partire  divide)] 

departed,  a.  &  n.  Bygone  (d.  greatness) ; 
deceased  (person  ;  esp.  the  d.).    [-edj(2)] 

department,  n.  Separate  part  of  complex 
whole,  branch,  esp.  of  municipal  or  State  ad- 
ministration ;  French  administrative  district. 
So  department  a  l  a.,  departmental  ly  - 
adv.    [f.  F  (Upartement  (depart,  -ment)] 

depar'ture  (-tsher),  n.  Going  away ;  devia- 
tion from  (truth,  standard) ;  starting,  esp.  of 
train  (the  d.  platform) ;  setting  out  on  course 
of  action  or  thought  (esp.  new  d.);  (Naut.) 
amount  of  ship's  change  of  longitude  in  sailing. 

[OF  (DEPART,  -URE)] 

depa'stupe,  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  cattle)  graze  upon, 
graze ;  put  (cattle)  to  graze ;  (of  land)  feed 
(cattle).    Hence  depa'stuPAGE  n.    [de-] 

depau'pepate,  v.t.  Impoverish  ;  reduce  in 
vigour,  stunt,  make  degenerate.  So  depau- 
pePATioN  n.  [f.  med.L  de  ( pauper  are  f.  L 
pauper  poor),  -ate  8] 

de  pair  peri  ze,  v.t.  Raise  from,  rid  of, 
pauperism,    [de-,  pauper,  -ize] 

depend,  v.i.  Hang  down  (poet.,  archaic, 
&c);  be  contingent  (it  depends  upon  him- 
self, i.  e.  upon  his  efforts,  skill,  wisdom,  &c  ; 
also  abs.  in  that  depends,  i.  e.  can  only  be  ans- 
wered conditionally) ;  rest  for  maintenance  &c  | 
upon  (she  depends  upon  her  own  efforts,  her 
pen,  her  mother,  my  help) ;  reckon  confidently 
upon  (esp.  in  imperat.,  a.  upon  it,  you  may  be 
sure) ;  be  waiting  for  settlement  (of  lawsuit, 
Bill,  &c).  ff.  OF  T>E(pendre  f.  L  pendlre  sus- 
pend but  with  sense  of  pendere  be  suspended)] 

dependable,  a.  That  may  be  depended  on. 
Hence  depe'ndableNESS  n.,  depe'ndabLY2 
adv.    [-able] 

dependant,  -ent  1f  n.  One  who  depends  on 
another  for  support,  retainer,  servant,  [f.  F 
dependant  part,  (depend,  -ant)] 

dependence,  n.  Depending  (upon),  being 
conditioned  or  subordinate  or  subject;  living 
at  another's  cost ;  reliance,  confident  trust ; 
thing  relied  on.   [f.  F  dipendance  (prec,  -ance)] 

dependency,  n.  Something  subordinate  or 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de-. 


DEPENDENT 


221 


DEPTH 


dependent,  esp.  country  or  province  controlled 
by  another,    [as  prec,  -ancy,  -ency] 
dependent2,  a.  Depending  (on),  contingent, 
subordinate,  subject ;  maintained  at  another's 
cost,    [earlier  -ant= dependant] 
depho'sphorize,  v.t.     Rid  (ore)  of  phos- 
phorus. HencedepnosphopixATiONn.  [de-] 
depi'et,  v.t.  Represent  in  drawing  or  colours ; 
portray  in  words,  describe.     Hence  or  cogn. 
depi'ctER1,   depi'etOR2,   depi'etioN,   nn., 
depi'etiVE  a,    [f.  L  de(  pingere  pict-  paint)] 
depi*ctupe(-tsher),v.t.  Picture,  depict,  [de- 
-f  picture  v.] 

de'pilate,  v.t.    Remove  hair  from.    Hence 
depilA'TiON,  de*pilatOR2<2),  nn.,  depi'la- 
tORY  a.  &  n.  [f .  L  DK(pilare  f.  pilus  hair),  -ate  3] 
deple'nish,  v.t.    Empty  of  its  contents,  de- 
prive of  its  stock,    [de-,  &  as  replenish] 
deple'te,  v.t.    Empty  out,  exhaust ;  relieve 
of  congestion.  So  depict  iov  n.,  deplo*tiVE  a. 
&  n. ,  de  pie'  to  k  y  a.    [f .  L  de(  plere  -plet-  fill)] 
deplore*,  v.t.    Bewail,  grieve  over,  regret ; 
be  scandalized  by.     Hence  deplop'ABLE  a., 
deplor'abLY2  adv.,  deplopaBixiTY,   de- 
plop'ableNESS,  nn.  [f.  L  de(  plorare  bewail)] 
deploy*,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.,  (miL).    Spread  out  (t. 
&  i.  of  troops)  from  column  into  line ;  so  de- 
ploy'MENT  n.    (N.)  doing  this.     [f.  F  employer 
I.  L  r>is(plicare  fold),  whence  also  display] 
deplirme,  v.t.    Pluck,  strip  of  feathers,    [f. 
F  deplumer  (de-,  L  pluma  feather)] 
depo'lapixe,  v.t.    (Opt.)  change  direction  of 
polarization  of  (ray) ;  (Electr.  &  Magn.)  deprive 
of  polarity  ;  (fig.)  disturb,  shake  loose,  dissolve, 
(convictions,  prejudices).  Hence  depolapiZA- 
tion,  depo'lapizER  l(2),  nn.    [de-] 
depo'nent,  a.  &  n.    (L  &  Gk  gram.)  (verb) 
passive  in  form  but  active  in  sense  (named 
from  notion  that  they  had  laid  aside  the  pass, 
sense) ;  person  making  deposition  under  oath 
or  giving  written  testimony  for  use  in  court 
&c.    [f.  L  de(  ponere  posit-  place),  -ent] 
depd'pulate,  v.t.  &  L    Reduce  population 
of ;  decline  in  population.   So  depopulATiON 
n.      [f.  L  T>E(populari  lay  waste  f.  populus 
people),  -ate3] 

depop*t,  v.t.  1.  Bear  or  conduct  oneself  in 
such  a  manner.  2.  Remove,  esp.  into  exile, 
banish,  whence  depopt  ation  n.  [sense  1  f. 
OF  deporter  (de-,  porter  carry  f.  L  portare) ; 
sense  2  f .  F  exporter  f.  L  de(  portare  carry)] 
deportment,  n.  Bearing,  demeanour,  man- 
ners ;  way  a  thing  (e.  g.  metal  in  chem.  experi- 
ment) behaves.  [OF  (-ement),  as  prec.  1,  -ment] 
depo'se  (-z),  v.t.  Remove  from  office,  esp.  de- 
throne, whence  depo'SABLE  a. ;  bear  witness 
that,  testify  to,  esp.  on  oath  in  court,  [f.  F  d6- 
poser  (de-  +  poser  f.  LL  pausare  pause)1 
depd'sit  i  (-Z-),  n.  Thing  stored  or  entrusted 
for  safe  keeping  ;  sum  placed  in  bank,  usu.  at 
interest  &  not  to  be  drawn  on  without  notice 
(on  d.,  so  disposed  of) ;  sum  required  and  paid 
as  pledge  or  earnest  or  first  instalment ;  layer 
of  precipitated  matter,  natural  accumulation, 
[f.  L  de(  positum  neut.  p. p.  of  ponere  place)] 
depd'sit2  (-z-),  v.t.  Lay  down  in  a  (usu. 
specified)  place ;  lay  (eggs ;  usu.  with  adv.  &c.) ; 
(of  water  or  natural  agency)  leave  (layer  of 
matter)  lying ;  store  or  entrust  for  keeping  (esp. 
sum  at  interest  in  bank) ;  pay  as  pledge  for  ful- 
filment of  contract  or  further  payment,  [f. 
obs.  F  depositer  f .  med.  L  depositare  frequent, 
of  L  deponere  see  prec] 

depo'sitapy,  n.  Person  to  whom  thing  is 
committed,  trustee,  [f.  L  depositarius  (de- 
posit1, -ary1)] 

deposition,  n.  (Picture  of)  taking  down  »f 
Christ  from  the  cross ;  deposing  from  office, 


esp.  dethronement;  (giving of)  sworn  evidence ; 
statement,  allegation;  depositing.  [OF,  f.  L 
depo8itionem  f.  deponere  (deposit  *,  -ion),  but 
w.  senses  chiefly  of  unconnected  depose] 

depo'sitop,  n.  Person  who  deposits  money, 
property,  &c. ;  apparatus  for  depositing  some 
substance.    [L  (deponere  see  deposit1,  -or2)] 

depo'sitopy,  n.  Storehouse  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  = 
depositary,  [f.  med.  L  depositorium  (de- 
posit1, -ory)] 

de*pot  (-6),  n.  (Mil.)  place  for  stores  ;  head- 
quarters of  regiment ;  recruit-drilling  station ; 
part  of  regiment  not  on  foreign  service.  Store- 
house, emporium ;  (U.S.)  railway  station,  [f.  F 
dipot  f.  L  as  deposit  *] 

depra've,  v.t.  Make  bad,  deteriorate,  per- 
vert, corrupt,  esp.  in  moral  character  or  habits. 
So  deppavATiON  n.  (f.  L  DE(pravare  t  pra- 
vtis  crooked)] 

deppa'vity,  n.  Moral  perversion,  vicious- 
ness ;  (Theol.)  innate  corruption  of  man.  [de- 
+  obs.  pravity  f.  lipravitas  (prec,  -ty)] 

de-preeate,  v.t  Plead  against  (d.  one's 
anger,  beseech  him  not  to  be  angry) ;  express 
wish  against  or  disapproval  of  (d.  war,  hasty 
action,  panic).  Hence  or  cogn.  de'ppecat- 
ingrLY2  adv.,  deppeeATiON  n.,  de'preea- 
tiVE,  de'ppecatORY,  aa.  [f.  L  DE(precari 
pray),  -ate3] 

deppe'eiate  (-shi-),  v.t.  &  i.  Diminish  (t.  & 
i.)  in  value ;  lower  market  price  of ;  reduce 

{mrchasing  power  of  (money);  disparage,  be- 
ittle.  Hence  deppe'eiating'LY  -  adv.,  de- 
ppe'eiatORY  (-sha-)  a.  [f.  L  vMpretiare  f. 
pretium  price),  -ate  31 

depreciation  (-esi-,  -eshi-),  n.  Depreciating 
or  being  depreciated  ;  allowance  made  in  valu- 
ations, estimates,  and  balance  sheets,  for  wear 
&  tear,    [prec,  -ation] 

depredation,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Spoliation, 
ravages.  [F  (de-),  f.  L  de(  praedationem  f. 
praedare  f.  praeda  prey,  -ation)] 

de'ppedatop,  n.  Spoiler,  pillager,  [f.  L  de- 
praedator  (prec,  -or2)] 

deppe'ss,  v.t.  Push  or  pull  down,  lower; 
bring  low,  humble;  reduce  activity  of  (esp. 
trade) ;  lower  (voice)  in  pitch ;  dispirit,  deject. 
So  deppe'ss i ble  a.  [f.  OF  cUpresser  f.  L  *de- 
(pressare  frequent,  of  premere  press)] 

deppe'ssant,  a.  &  n.  (med.).  Lowering, 
sedative,  (medicine),    [prec.  +  -ant] 

deppe-ssion  (-shn),  n.  Lowering,  sinking; 
(Astron.)  angular  distance  of  star  &c  below 
horizon  ;  sunk  place,  hollow,  on  surface ;  reduc- 
tion in  vigour  (esp.  of  trade),  pitch  (of  voice), 
vitality,  or  spirits;  (Meteorol.)  lowering  of 
barometer  or  atmospheric  pressure,  esp.  centre 
of  minimum  pressure  or  system  of  winds  round 
it.  [f .  L  de(  pressio  f .  premere  press-  press,  -ion)] 

deppe'ssop,  n.  (anat.).  D.  muscle  or  d.,  one 
pulling  down  some  organ  &c   [L  (prec,  -or2)]  , 

deprivation  (or  -i-),  n.  Loss,  being  de- 
prived, of;  deposition  from  esp.  ecclesiastical 
office  ;  felt  loss  (that  is  a  great  d.).  [f.  med.  L 
deprivatio  (foil.,  -ation)] 

deppi*ve,  v.t.  Strip,  bereave,  debar  from 
enjoyment,  of;  depose  (esp.  clergyman)  from 
office.  Hence  deppi*VABLE  a. ,  deppi*VAL(2)  n. 
[f.  OF  deI  priver  f.  L  privare  deprive)] 

de  proftj'ndis,  n.  &  adv.  (Cry)  from  the 
depths  of  sorrow  &c.  [initial  L  wds  of  Ps.  exxx] 

depth,  n.  Being  deep  ;  measurement  from 
top  down,  from  surface  inwards,  or  from  front 
to  back  ;  abstruseness  ;  sagacity ;  intensity  of 
colour,  darkness,  &c  ;  (pi.)  deep  water,  deep 
place,  abyss,  lowest  or  inmost  part;  middle  (m 
the  d.  of  winter) ;  deep  or  mysterious  region  of 
thought,  feeling,  &c  (cry  from  the  dd.,  d.  of  in- 


DEPURATE 


222 


DESCRIPTION 


spiration,  dd.  of  degradation) ;  out  of  one's  d., 
in  water  too  deep  to  stand  in,  (fig.)  engaged  on 
too  hard  a  task  or  subject,    [deep,  -th  lJ 

de'pupate,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  become,  free 
from  impurities.  So_depuPATioN,  de'pup- 
atOR2(2),  nn.,  depup'ativE  a.  &  n.  [£.  med. 
L  DE(purare  f.  L  purus  pure)] 

deputation,  n.  Body  of  persons  appointed 
to  represent  others,    [foil.,  -ation] 

depu*te,  v.t  Commit  (task,  authority)  to 
substitute ;  appoint  as  one's  substitute,  [f.  F 
dfrputer  f.  L  DK(putare  think)  regard  as,  allot] 

deputize,  v.i.  Act  as  deputy  or  understudy, 
esp.  in  musical  engagements,    [foil.  +  -ize] 

de'puty,  n.  Person  appointed  to  act  for 
another  or  others  (by  d.,  by  proxy);  member 
of  deputation ;  parliamentary  representative 
(Chamber  of  Da.,  lower  house  in  French  & 
other  Parliaments);  d.-,  deputed,  acting-. 
Hence  de'putysHip(l)  n.  [f.  F  dipute  p.p.  of 
d&puter  depute,  -Y  4] 

deracinate,  v.t.  Tear  up  by  the  roots,  [f. 
F  dbraciner  (de-,  racine  f.  LL  radicina  dim.  of. 
radix  root),  -ate  3] 

denai'l,  v.t.  &  i.  Cause  (train  &c.)  to  leave 
the  rails  (usu.  pass. ) ;  (rarely)  leave  the  rails.  So 
depai'l.MEXT  n.    [f.  F  dirailler  (de-,  rail  rail)] 

dera'nge  (-anj),  v.t.  Throw  into  confusion 
or  out  of  gear,  disorganize  ;  cause  to  act  irregu- 
larly;  make  insane  (esp.  in  p.p.) ;  disturb,  in- 
terrupt So  dera'ngreMENT  n.  [f.  F  (Uranger 
(de-,  rang  rank)] 

Der'by  (dar-),  n.  Annual  horse-race  at 
Epsom ;  D.  day,  of  the  race ;  D.  dog,  any  dog 
straying  on  course,  (fig.)  trivial  untimely  inter- 
ruption.   [Earl  of  D.  founder  1780] 

Den'byshipe  (dar-),  a.  D.  neck,  goitre, 
bronchocele  ;  D.  spar,  fluor-spar. 

de  regie  (F),  pred.  a.    Customary,  proper. 

de^reliet,  a.  &  n.  Abandoned,  ownerless, 
(esp.  of  ship  at  sea) ;  abandoned  property,  esp. 
ship.    Tf.  L  T>n(relict-  see  relinquish)] 

depeli'ction,  n.  Abandoning,  being  aban- 
doned ;  retreat  of  sea  exposing  new  land  ;  neg- 
lect of  duty  ;  failure  in  duty,  short-coming,  [f. 
L  derelictio  (prec,  -ion)] 

depi'de,  v.t.  Laugh  to  scorn,  [f.  hi>E(ridere 
ris-  laugh)] 

de  rigueur  (F),  pred.  a.  Required  by  eti- 
quette (evening  dress  is  d.  r.). 

depi'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Ridicule,  mockery,  (hold, 
have,  in  d.,  mock  at ;  be  in  d.,  be  mocked  at ; 
bring  into  d.);  laughing-stock,  [f.  L  derisio 
(prec,  -ion)] 

deprsive,  depi'sopy.aa.  Scoffing  (d.  cheers, 
ironical).  Hence  depi'siveLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
deris-  see  deride,  +  -ive,  -ory] 

depiva'tion,  n.  Obtaining  from  a  source ; 
extraction,  descent ;  formation  of  word  from 
word  or  root,  tracing  or  statement  of  this ;  the- 
ory of  evolution,  whence  depiva*tioniST(2)  n. 
[F  (de*-),  f.  L  derivationem  (derive,  -ation)] 

derivative,  a.  &  n.  (Thing,  word,  chemical 
substance)  derived  from  a  source,  not  primi- 
tive or  original.  Hence  depi'vativei/Y  2  adv. 
[f.  F  derivatift.  L  derivativus  (foil.,  -ive)] 

depi've,  v.t.  &  i.  Get,  obtain,  (from  a  source, 
or  with  the  source  present  in  thought) ;  have 
one's  or  its  origin  Sec.  from  ;  gather,  deduce, 
(knowledge,  truth,  ideas,  &c.  )from ;  (pass. ,  refl. , 
■&  intr. )  be  descended  or  have  one's  origin  from ; 

(pass.,  of  words)  be  formed  from ;  trace,  show, 
or  assert,  descent,  origin,  or  formation,  of  (per- 
son, thing,  word)  from.  Hence  depi'VABLE  a. 
(f.  F  dtrxver  f.  L  derivare  (de-,  rivus  stream) 
divert,  derive] 


derm,  n.  Skin  ;  true  skin  or  layer  of  tissue 
below  epidermis.  Hence  or  cogn.  dep'mAL, 
dep'mic,  aa.,  dep*mat(o)-,  depmo-,  comb, 
forms,  depmato'LOGY,  depmato^LOGiST,  nn. 

[f.  Gk  derma  skin  (dero  flay,  -m)] 

dern.    =darn2. 

dernier  ressort  (F),  n.  Last  resort,  desper- 
ate expedient. 

de*pog-ate,  v.i.  Detract,  take  away  part, 
from  (a  merit,  right,  &c.) ;  sink  in  the  scale,  do 
something  derogatory,  [f.  L  VK(rogare  ask), 
-ate  3] 

depoga'tion,  n.  Lessening  or  impairment 
of  law,  authority,  position,  dignity,  &c. ;  de- 
terioration, debasement.  [F  (de-),  f.  L  deroga- 
tionem  (prec,  -ation)] 

depd'g-atopy,  a.  Tending  to  detract  from, 
involving  impairment,  disparagement,  or  dis- 
credit, to ;  lowering,  unsuited  to  one's  dignity 
or  position  ;  depreciatory,    [f.  L  derogatorius 

(DEROGATE,  -ORY)] 

de'ppiek,  n.  Contrivance  for  moving  or 
hoisting  heavy  weights,  kind  of  crane  with  ad- 
justable arm  pivoted  at  foot  to  central  post, 
deck,  or  floor,  [obs.  senses  hangman,  gallows, 
f .  name  of  hangman  c.  1600] 

de*pping,-d6%  n.  (pseudo-archaic).  Desper- 
ate courage,  [f.  Chaucer's  In  dorryng  don  that 
longeth  to  a  knyght  (in  daring  to  do  that  which 
belongeth  &c)  misinterpreted  by  Spenser] 

de'pping-ep  (-j-),  n.  Small  large-bore  pistol. 
[U.S.  inventor's  name] 

dep'vish,  n.  Mohammedan  friar  vowed  to 
poverty  &  austerity  (dancing  or  whirling  d., 
howling  d.,  according  to  the  practice  of  his 


order),    [f.  Pers.  darvesh  poor] 
de'scant1,  n.  (poet).    Melody,  so 


[f.  OF 


deschant  f.  med.L  ms(cantus  chant)] 

desca'nt2,  v.i.  Talk  at  large,  dwell  freely, 
upon  (esp.  in  praise,  d.  upon  the  beauties  of). 
[f.  OF  deschanter  (prec,  L  cantare)] 

desce'nd  (-se-),  v.i.  &  t  Come  or  go  down, 
sink,  fall,  (descending  letter  in  Typog.,  with  tail 
below  line) ;  slope  downwards  ;  make  sudden 
attack  upon;  proceed  in  narrative  &c  from 
earlier  to  later  time,  from  greater  to  less  (so 
Math.,  descending  series  or  numbers),  from 
general  to  particular ;  stoop  to  do ;  (rare)  be  de- 
scended from ;  be  transmitted  by  inheritance 
from  (of  qualities,  property,  privileges),  pass 
(to  heir,  or  abs.);  go  down  (hill,  stairs),  [f.  F 
descendre  f.  L  j>K(scendere=scandere  climb)] 

descendant,  n.  Person  or  thing  descended 
(of,  or  with  his  Sec.)  [F  (prec,  -ant)] 

desce'nded,  p.p.  Sprung,  having  origin, 
from  ancestor  or  stock  (is  d.  Sec.  usual  instead 
of  the  rare  descends  Sec. ).    [-ed  j(2)] 

descendible,  -able,  a.  Transmissible  by 
inheritance.     [OF  (-able) ;  see  -ble] 

desce'nt,  n.  Descending,  downward  motion ; 
downward  slope  ;  way  down ;  sudden  attack, 
esp.  from  sea ;  decline,  sinking  in  scale,  fall ; 
being  descended,  lineage;  single  generation 
(lineal  succession  of  four  dd.) ;  transmission  of 
property,  title,  or  quality,  by  inheritance,  [f.  F 
descente  (descendre  descend)] 

desepi'be,  v.t.  Set  forth  in  words,  recite  the 
characteristics  of ;  qualify  as  (should  d.  him  as 
a  scoundrel) ;  mark  out,  draw,  (esp.  geom.  fig- 
ure) ;  move  in  (such  a  line,  curve) ;  (abs.)  deal 
in,  give  a,  description.  Hence  descPi'bABLE  a. 
[f.  L  i>E(scribere  script-  write)] 

descpi'ptlon,  n.  Describing,  verbal  portrait- 
ure), of  person,  object,  or  event  (answers  to  the 
d.,  has  the  qualities  specified),  more  or  less 
complete  definition ;  sort,  kind,  class,  (no  food 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de-, 


DESCRIPTIVE 2 

of  any  d.,  tyrant  of  the  worst  d.).    [F,  f.  L  de- 
scriptionem  (describe,  -ion)] 
desepi'ptive,  a.     Serving  to  describe  (d. 
touches),  fond  of  describing  (d.  writer).    Hence 
descri'ptiveLY 2  adv.     [f.  LL  descriptivus 

(DESCRIBE,  -IVE)] 

descry*,  v.t.  Catch  sight  of,  succeed  in  dis- 
cerning (lit.  &  fig.).  Iprob.  var.  of  describe,  & 
often  confused  in  early  use  with  decry] 

de'secrate,  v.t.  Deprive  of  sacred  charac- 
ter ;  outrage,  profane,  (sacred  thing) ;  dedicate 
to  (evil).  Hence  desecPATioN,  de'secrat- 
or2,  nn.    (de-  +  (con)secrate] 

desep't  *  (-Z-),  n.  Deserving,  worthiness  of  re- 
compense good  or  bad ;  character  that  deserves 
good,  virtue,  whence  deser*ti>ESS  a. ;  deserv- 
ing people;  (pi.)  acts  or  qualities  deserving 
good  or  bad  recompense,  such  recompense, 
(reward  him  according  to,  give  him,  he  has  got, 
his  dd.).    [OF,  obs.  p.p.  of  deservir  deserve] 

de'sert  -  (-z-),  a.  &  n.  Uninhabited,  desolate ; 
uncultivated,  barren  ;  (n.)  waterless  &  treeless 
region,  (fig.)  uninteresting  or  barren  subject, 
period,  &c.    [OF  (a.  &  n.),  f.  L  p.p.  see  foil.] 

desep't3  (-z-),  v.t.  &  i.  Abandon,  give  up, 
(thing) ;  depart  from  (place,  haunt) ;  forsake 
(person  or  thing  having  claims  on  one,  as  wife, 
post,  the  colours,  ship) ;  fail  (his  presence  of 
mind  deserted  him) ;  run  away  (esp.  from  ser- 
vice in  army  or  navy),  whence  desep*tER 1  n. 
So  deseP'tiON  n.  [f.  F  disertert  LL  desertare 
frequent,  of  L  DE(serere  sert-  join)] 

desep've  (-z-),  v.t.  &  i.  Be  entitled  by  con- 
duct or  qualities  to  (good  or  bad) ;  have  estab- 
lished a  claim  to  be  well  or  ill  treated  at  the 
hands  of.  Hence  desep*vedLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
deservir  t.  L  T>E(servire  serve)] 

desep'vin&r,  a.  Meritorious,  worthy,  [-ing2] 

d6shabill6(F),  n.    =  dishabille. 

de'siccate  (also  disi'k-),  v.t.  Dry,  dry  up, 
(esp.  milk  &c.  for  preservation).  So  desiee.v- 
tion,  de*sieeatoR2(2),  nn.,  de'sieeATivE  a. 
[f.  L  DE(siccare  f.  siccus  dry),  -ate  3] 

desi'depate,  v.t.  Feel  to  be  missing,  re- 
gret absence  of.  [f .  L  T>E(siderare  see  consider), 
-ate  3J 

desi'depative  (-at-),  a.  &  n.  (gram.).  (Verb, 
conjugation,  &c.)  formed  on  another  verb  &c. 
&  expressing  desire  of  doing  the  action,  [f.  L 
desiderativus  (prec,  -ive)] 

desidera'tum,  n.  (pi.  -a).  Thing  missing, 
felt  want.    [L  (neut.  p.p.  see  desiderate)] 

desig-n 1  (-zin),  n.  Mental  plan  ;  scheme  of 
attack  upon  (has  dd.  upon  me) ;  purpose 
(whether  by  accident  or  d.);  end  in  view ; 
adaptation  of  means  to  ends  (the  argument 
from  d.  maintaining  existence  of  a  God  by  point- 
ing to  such  adaptation) ;  preliminary  sketch 
for  picture  &c. ;  delineation,  pattern  ;  artistic 
or  literary  groundwork,  general  idea,  construc- 
tion, plot,  faculty  of  evolving  these,  invention, 
[f.  15th-c.  F  desseing  f.  desseigner  see  foil.] 

desigrn2  (-zin),  v.t.  &  L  Set  (thing)  apart 
for  person  ;  destine  (person,  thing)/or  a  service ; 
contrive,  plan';  purpose,  intend,  (designs  an 
attack,  to  do,  doing,  or  that  — ,  thing  or  person 
to  be  or  do  something),  whence  desig"nedLY  2 
adv. ;  make  preliminary  sketch  of  (picture) ; 
draw  plan  of  (building  &c.  to  be  executed  by 
others) ;  be  a  designer ;  conceive  mental  plan 
for,  construct  the  groundwork  or  plot  of,  (book, 
work  of  art),  [f.  F  designer  appoint  f.  L  de- 
signare  designate,  with  senses  also  of  obs.  F 
desseigner  purpose  &  mod.  F  dessiner  draw] 

de'sig-nate  (-at),  a.  (placed  after  its  noun). 
Appointed  to  office  but  not  yet  installed  (bishop 
d.kc).    [f.  L  p. p.  (foil.,  -ATE2)] 

de-sig-nate  (-z-),  v.t.  Specify,  particularize ; 


3 DESPITE 

serve  as  name  or  distinctive  mark  of ;  style, 
describe  as ;  appoint  to  office  (as,  to,  for),  [f .  L 
T>E(signare  f.  sxgnum  mark),  -ate  3] 

de'sijrna'tion  (-z),  n.  Appointing  to  office ; 
name,  description,  title,    [f.  L  as  prec,  -ation] 

desig"nep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.  draughts- 
man who  makes  plans  for  manufacturers,  [-er  j] 

designing-,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  crafty, 
artful,  scheming,    [-ing2] 

desi'lvepize,  v.t.  Extract  the  silver  from 
(esp.  lead),    [de-,  silver,  -ize] 

desi'plence,  n.  Trifling,  silliness,  [f.  L  de- 
sipientia  f.  DE(sipere-sapere  be  wise)] 

desiP'able  (-z-),  a.  Worth  wishing  for. 
Hence  desipamxiTY,  desip*ableNESs,  nn., 
desip'abL y  2  adv.    [desire  2,  -able] 

desire* 1  (-z-),  n.  Unsatisfied  appetite,  long- 
ing, wish,  craving ;  request ;  thing  desired,  [f. 
OF  desir  cf.  foil.] 

desire*2,  v.t.  Long  for,  crave,  wish,  (noun, 
infin.,  noun  &  infin.,  or  that-clsmse) ;  (abs.)  feel 
d. ;  ask  for  ;  pray,  entreat,  command,  (d .  him  to 
wait ;  she  desired  we  would  wait),  [f.  OF  de- 
sirer  f^  L  desiderare  desiderate] 

desiP'ous,  pred.  a.  Wishful  to  do,  ambitious 
of  (success  &c),  having  the  desire  of  doing, 
wishful  that.  [f.  OF  desxreus  f.  LL  desiderosus 
(st.  of  desiderare  see  prec.  -f  -ose  x)] 

desi'st  (zi-,  -si-),  v.i.  Cease  (from  doing,  from 
sin),    [f.  OF  desister  f.  L  VE(sistere  stop)] 

desk,  n.  Fixed  or  movable  piece  of  furniture 
or  box  having  (often  in  combination  with 
drawers,  seat,  &c.)  a  board  usu.  sloped  serving 
as  rest  for  writing  or  reading  at ;  the  d. ,  clerical, 
office,  or  literary  work.  Hence  de*skFUL(2) 
n.    [f.  med.  L  desca  t.  L  discus  disk] 

de'solate  *  (-at),  a.  Left  alone,  solitary ;  un- 
inhabited ;  ruinous,  neglected,  barren,  dreary ; 
forlorn,  disconsolate,  wretched.  Hence  de'so- 
lateLY2  adv.,  de'solate \ ess  n.  [f.  L  de(ao- 
lare  f.  solus  alone),  -ate  2] 

de'solate2,  v.t.  Depopulate;  devastate; 
make  (person)  wretched.  Hence  de'solatoii  2 
n.    [f.  prec,  see  -ate3] 

desola'tion,  n.  Desolating;  neglected, 
ruined,  solitary,  or  barren  state ;  being  for- 
saken, loneliness;  dreary  sorrow,  ff.  L  deso- 
latio  (as  prec,  -ation)] 

despair*,  n.,  &  v.i.  Loss,  utter  want,  of  hope ; 
thing  that  causes  this,  whether  by  badness  or 
unapproachable  excellence.  (Vb)  lose,  be  with- 
out, hope  (of,  or  abs. ;  his  life  is  despaired  of) ; 
hence  despaip'ingL y  2  adv.  [f.  OF  despeir- 
stressed  st.  of  desperer  f.  L  DE(sperare  hope)] 

despatch.    See  dis-. 

despepa'do,  n.  Person  ready  for  or  given  to 
reckless,  esp.  criminal,  undertakings.  [OSp. 
(adj.  only),  f.  L  desperatus  see  foil.] 

de*spepate  (-at),  a.  Leaving  no  or  little  room 
for  hope,  extremely  dangerous  or  serious,  ut- 
terly impracticable ;  reckless  from  despair, 
violent,  lawless,  staking  all  on  a  small  chance, 
whence  despePA'TiON  n. ;  extremely  bad  (a 
d.  night,  storm,  &c.) ;  very  great  (d.fear,  a  d. 
fool).  Hence  de'spepateLY  2  adv.,  despe- 
rate ness  n.    [f.  L  DE(sperare  hope),  -ate2] 

de'spicable,  a.  Vile,  contemptible.  Hence 
de'spieabLY2  adv.  [f.  L  despicabilis  f.  de- 
(spicari  cf.  specere  look  at),  -ble] 

despi'se  (-z),  v.t.  Look  down  upon,  contemn, 
[f.  despis-  st.  of  OF  despire  f.  L  i>E(spicere  = 
specere  look  at)] 

despi'te,  n.  &  prep.  Outrage,  injury,  con- 
tumely, (archaic) ;  malice,  spite,  offended  pride 
(died  of  mere  d.) ;  in  d.  of,  d.  of,  d.,  notwith- 
standing the  opposition  of,  in  the  teeth  of,  in 
6pite  of,  (also  in  my  Sec.  d.,  in  spite  of  my  &c. 
efforts,  archaic).    Hence  despi'teFUL  a.,  de- 


DESPOIL. 


224 


DETERMINATION 


spi'tefulLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  despit  t.  L  despectus 
-us  f.  despicere  see  prec] 

despoi'l,  v.t  Plunder,  spoil,  rob,  deprive, 
(person  or  place ;  often  of).  Hence  or  cogn. 
aespoi'lER1,  despoi'lMENT,  despoliATiox, 
nn.  [f.  OF  despoiller  (now  dUpouiller)  f.  L  de- 
(spoliare  spoil)] 

despo'nd,  v.L,  &  n.  Lose  heart,  be  dejected ; 
so  despo'ndENCY  n.,  despo'ndENT  a.,  de- 
spo*ndentLY2,  despo'ndingrLv2,  advv.  (N„ 
archaic,  only  in  slough  of  D.)  dejection,  [f.  L 
VE(spondere  promise)  give  up,  resign] 

de-spot,  n.  Absolute  ruler,  whence  de's- 
potiST(2)  n. ;  tyrant,  oppressor.  So  despot- 
ic a.,  despotic  ally  adv.   [OF,  f.  Gk  despotes] 

despotism,  n.  Arbitrary  rule  ;  State  under 
a  despot,    [f.  F  despotisme  (prec,  -ism)] 

de'squamate,  v.t.  &  i.  Strip  of  (m  p.p.), 
come  off  in,  scales.  Hence  desquamATiON 
n.,  desqua'mativE,  desqua'matORY,  aa. 
[f.  L  nE(squamare  f.  squama  scale)] 

dessen*t  (-Z-).  n.  Course  of  fruit,  sweetmeats, 
&c,  at  end  of  dinner ;  d.  -spoon.  [F,  f.  desservir 
(des-  f.  l,dis-,  servir  serve)  clear  the  table] 

destination,  n.  Place  to  which  person  or 
thing  is  bound,    [f.  L  destinatio  (foil.,  -ation)] 

de'stine,  v.t.  Appoint,  fore-ordain,  devote, 
set  apart,  (person  or  thing  to  do,  to  or  for  a  ser- 
vice, achievement,  &c. ;  of  God,  Fate,  &c,  or  of 
persons;  but  chiefly  in  pass.);  was  destined 
to,  was,  as  we  now  know,  to.  [f.  F  destiner  f. 
L  T>E(stinare  prob.  causative  of  stare  stand)] 

destiny,  n.  Predetermined  events ;  person's, 
country's,  &c ,  appointed  or  ultimate  lot ;  power 
that  fore-ordains,  invincible  necessity,  [f.  OF 
destine"  e  (prec,  -Y4)J 

destitute,  a.  Without  resources,  in  want 
of  necessaries ;  devoid  of.  So  destitutiON  n. 
[f.  L  r>E(stituere  -tut-  =  statuere  place)  forsake] 

de-strier,  n.  (hist).  War-horse.  [OF,  f.  LL 
dextrarius  hand-led  (dexter,  -ary1)] 

destroy*,  v.t.  Pull  down,  demolish,  undo, 
make  useless,  kill,  annihilate,  nullify,  neutral- 
ize effect  of.  Hence  destroy'ABLE  a.  [f.  OF 
destruire  ult.  f.  L  im(struere  struct-  build)] 

destroyer,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  as  abbr. 
for  TORPEDO-6oa£  d.    [-er  j] 

destructible,  a.     Able  to  be  destroyed. 

Hence  destPuetiBPLiT y  n.  [f.  L  destructibilis 

(DESTROY,  -BLE)] 

destPU'ction,  n.  DESTROYing  or  being  de- 
stroyed ;  what  destroys,  cause  of  ruin  (is  our 
d.).    [OF,  f.  L  destructionem  (destroy,  -ion)] 

destpircti ve,  a.  &  n.  Destroying ;  deadly  to, 
causing  destruction  of;  (of  criticism  or  policy) 
merely  negative,  refuting  &c  without  correct- 
ing or  reforming;  hence  destnu'ctiveLY  2 
ad  v. ,  destpu'cti  veNESS  n.  (N. )  person,  thing, 
that  aims  at  or  effects  destruction.  (OF  (-if, 
-ive),  f.  L  destructivus  (destroy,  -ive)] 

destpu'etop,  n.  Refuse-burning  furnace. 
[L,=  destroyer  (destroy,  -or2)] 

de'suetude  (swi-),  n.  Passing  into,  state  of, 
disuse,  [f.  F  disuMude  f.  L  T>T&(suetudo  f.  sue- 
scere  suet-  be  wont,  -tude)] 

desu'lphupize  (-fer-),  v.t.  Free  from  sul- 
phur.   Hence  desu'lphupizA'TiON  n.   [de] 

de'sultopy,  a.  Skipping  from  one  subject  to 
another,  disconnected,  unmethodical.  Hence 
de'sultopiLY2  adv.,  de'sultopixEss  n.  [f. 
Itdesultorius  f.  des ultor  circus-rider  f.  de(siuc- 

=  salt-  p.p.  st  of  satire  leap)] 

desynd'nymize,  v.t.  Differentiate  in  sense 

(synonymous  words),     [de-,  synonym,  -ize] 

deta'ch  (-tsh),  v.t  Unfasten  &  remove  (from, 
or  abs. ;  detached  mind,  view,  &c,  regarding 


things  impartially,  free  from  prejudice) ;  (Mil. 
&  Nav.)  send  (ship,  regiment,  &c)  on  separate 
mission.  Hence  deta'ch  able  a.,  deta'ch - 
edLY  2  adv.,  deta'ch  edxEss  (-atsht-)  n.  [f.  F 
detacher  (de-,  Rom.  tacca  nail,  tack)] 

deta'chment,  n.  Detaching ;  portion  of 
army,  navy,  or  large  body,  separately  em- 
ployed; standing  aloof  from  or  unaffected  by 
surroundings,  public  opinion,  &c,  indepen- 
dence of  judgment,  selfish  isolation,  [f.  F  di- 
tachement  (prec, -ment)] 

detail1,  n.  Dealing  with  things  item  by 
item  (in  a. ;  go  into  d.,  give  the  items  separ- 
ately ;  army  beaten  in  d.,  in  small  sectional  en- 
gagements) ;  minute  account,  number  of  par- 
ticulars ;  item,  small  or  subordinate  particular, 
(but  that  is  ad.,  often  iron,  to  call  special  atten- 
tion) ;  minor  decoration  in  building,  picture, 
&c,  way  of  treating  this ;  (Mil.)  distribution  of 
orders  of  the  day,  small  detachment,  [f.  F  de- 
tail f.  dMailler  see  foil.] 

detai'l 2,  v.t.  Give  the  particulars  of,  relate 
circumstantially ;  (Mil.)  tell  off  for  special  duty, 
[f.  F  dMailler  (de-,  tailler  cut,  see  tailor)] 

detai'n,  v.t.  Keep  in  confinement ;  withhold 
(money  due  &c) ;  keep  waiting,  hinder,  [f.  OF 
DK(tenir  f.  L  -tinere  -tent-  =  tenere  hold)] 

detai'nep,  n.  (legal).  Detaining  of  goods 
taken  from  owner  for  distraint  &c;  keeping  of 
person  in  confinement ;  writ  by  which  person 
already  arrested  may  be  detained  on  another 
suit.  [f.  AF  detener  f .  OF  detenir  see  prec. ,  -er  4] 

dete'et,  v.t.  Find  out  (guilty  person,  person 
in  doing) ;  discover  existence  or  presence  of. 
Hence  or  cogn.  dete'et  able  a.,  dete'ctiON, 
dete*ctOR2(l,  2),  nn.  ft.  L  r>E(tegere  tect-  cover)] 

detective,  a.  &  n.  Serving  to  detect ;  police- 
man employed  to  investigate  special  cases  (pri- 
vate d.,  person  undertaking  special  inquiries 
for  pay ;  amateur  d.,  person  who  sets  up  theo- 
ries on  police  cases),    [prec,  -ive] 

dete'nt,  n.  Catch  by  removal  of  which  ma- 
chinery is  set  working,  (in  clocks  &c )  catch  that 
regulates  striking,  [f.  F  dktente  f.  dUendre 
slacken  (de-,  L  tendere  stretch)] 

d6tente  (F),  n.     Cessation  of    friction  or 


strained  relations  between  States,    [as  prec] 

dete'ntion,  n.    Detaining,  being  detained 

arrest,  confinement,  (House  of  D.,  lock-up) 


compulsory  delay ;  (at  schools)  keeping  in  as 
punishment    [f.  L.  detentio  (detain,  -ion)] 

detep*,v.t  (-rr-).  Discourage  or  hinder  (from, 
or  abs.)  by  or  as  fear,  dislike  of  trouble,  &c 
Hence  dete*ppENT(2)  a.  &  n.,  deteTPPENCE, 
detep*MENT,  nn.    [f.  L  VK(terrere  frighten)] 

detep'grent,  a.  &  n.  Cleansing  (agent).  If.  L 
T>K(tergere  ters-  wipe),  -ent] 

detep'iopate,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  grow,  worse. 
Hence  or  cogn.  detepioPATiONn.,  detep'io- 
patiVE  a.  [f .  L  deteriorare  (deterior  worse  f. 
de  down),  -ate  3] 

determinant,  a.  &  n.  Determining,  deci- 
sive, conditioning,  defining,  (agent,  factor,  ele- 
ment, word),    [determine,  -ant] 

detep*minate  (-at),  a.  Limited,  definite, 
distinct,  finite,  definitive.  Hence  detep'min- 
ateLY 2adv.,  detep-minatexicss  n.   [f.  L  p.p. 

(DETERMINE,  -ATE  2)] 

determination,  n.  (Law)  cessation  of  es- 
tate or  interest ;  conclusion  of  debate ;  judicial 
sentence  ;  fixing  of  date  &c ;  delimitation,  de- 
finition; exact  ascertainment  of  amount  &c; 
fixed  direction,  decisive  bias,  (d.  of  blood  to 
some  part,  tendency  to  flow  there) ;  settling  of 
purpose,  fixed  intention ;  resoluteness,  [f.  L 
determinatio  (determine,  -ation)] 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de-. 


DETERMINATIVE 


225 


DEVIL 


detep'minative,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  that  im- 
pels in  a  certain  direction ;  (attribute,  mark, 
symbol)  serving  to  define  or  qualify,  [f.  F  di- 
terminatif  (foil.,  -ive)J 

deter'mine,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring,  come,  to  an 
end  (esp.  in  law) ;  limit  in  scope,  define ;  fix  be- 
forehand (date);  settle,  decide,  (dispute,  person's 
fate,  what  is  to  be  done,  that  — ,  whether,  Sec), 
come  to  a  conclusion,  give  decision ;  be  the  de- 
cisive factor  in  regard  to  (demand  determines 
supply) ;  ascertain  precisely,  fix ;  give  an  aim 
to.  direct,  impel  to  ;  decide  (person)  to  do  ;  re- 
solve {to  do,  that  — ,  on  doing,  on  a  course  ;  be 
determined,  have  resolved).  Hence  detep*- 
minABLE  a.  [f.  OF  determiner  f.  L  DE(termin- 
are  f.  termimis  end)] 

deter'mined,  a.  In  verbal  senses ;  also,  re- 
solute, unflinching,    [-ed1] 

deter'minism,  n.  Theory  that  human  ac- 
tion is  not  free  but  determined  by  motives  re- 
garded as  external  forces  acting  on  the  will. 
So  deter*miniST(2)  n.  &  a.,  deterministic 
a.    [determine  +  -ism] 

detep'sive,  a.  &  n.  Cleansing  (substance), 
[f.  F  ditersif  (detergent,  -ive)] 

dete'st,  v.t.  Abhor,  dislike  intensely.  Hence 
orcogn.  dete'stABLEa.,  dete'stablexEss  n., 
dete*stabLV2adv.  [f.  Fete tester f.  liVEtestari 
call  God  to  witness  against] 

detesta'tion,  n.  Abhorrence  (have,  hold, 
in  d.,  abhor) ;  detested  person  or  thing.  [F  (d£-), 
f.  L  detestationem  (prec.,  -ation)] 

dethpo'ne,  v.t.  Depose  (ruler,  dominant  in- 
fluence).   Hence  dethpeneMENT  n.    [de-] 

de'tinue,  n.  (legal).  A  ction  of  d. ,  suit  for  re- 
covery of  thing  wrongfully  detained,  [f.  OF 
detenue  f.  p.p.  of  detenvr  detain] 

de'tonate  (or  de-),  v.L  &  t.  (Cause  to)  ex- 
plode with  loud  report.  Hence  orcogn.  deton- 
ation  n.,  de'tonatiVE  a.  [f.  L  VK(tonare 
thunder),  -ate  3] 

de'tonatop,  n.  Detonating  contrivance  ; 
railway  fog-signal.    (-OR  2] 

detoup  (ditoor),  detoup  (F),  n.  Deviation, 
roundabout  way,  digression,  (esp.  make  a  d.). 
[F  (de-),  f.  detourner  (de-,  turn)] 

detpa'ct,  v.t.  &  i.  Take  away  (much,  some- 
thing, &c,  or  abs.)  from  a  whole  (esp.  in  sense 
reduce  the  credit  due  to,  depreciate).  Hence  or 
cogn.  detpa'etiON,  detra'ctoR2,  nn.,  de- 
tpa'etiVE  a.    [f.  L  v&(trahere  tract-  draw)] 

detpai'n,  v.t.  &  i.  Discharge,  alight,  from 
train  (troops  &c. ;  cf.  entrain),  [de-  +  train  n.] 

detriment,  n.  Harm,  damage,  (esp.  with- 
out d.  to).  IF  (di-),  f.  L  DE(trimentum  f.  terere 
trit-  rub,  wear,  -ment)] 

detrimental,  a.  &n.  Harmful,  causing  loss, 
whence  detPime'ntalLY2  adv.;  (n.,  slang)  un- 
desirable suitor,  e.g.  younger  son.    [-al] 

detpi'ted,  a.  (geol.).  Disintegrated,  formed 
as  detritus,    [detritus  as  p. p.  +  -ed  l] 

detpi'tion,  n.  Wearing  away  by  rubbing. 
If.  L  detrit-  see  detriment,  -ion] 

detpi'tus,  n.  Matter  produced  by  detrition, 
as  gravel,  sand,  silt ;  debris.  Hence  detpi*tAL 
a.  [wrong  use  of  L  detritus  -us  =  wearing  down 
for  detritum  neut.  p.p.  see  detriment] 

<#e  trop  (de  tro"),  pred.  a.  Not  wanted,  unwel- 
come, in  the  way.    [F] 

deuce  lt  n.  The  two  at  dice  or  cards  ;  (Tennis) 
state  of  score  (40  all,  games  all)  at  which  either 
party  must  gain  two  consecutive  points  or 
games  to  win.    If.  F  deux  f.  L  duos  nom.  -o  two] 

deuce2,  n.  Plague,  mischief;  the  devil  (d. 
take  it ;  who,  where,  ivhat,  &c,  the  d.  ? ;  the  d.  is 
in  it  if  I  cannot,  I  certainly  can  ;  play  the  d. 
with,  spoil,  ruin ;  the  d.  to  pay,  trouble  to  be 
expected  ;  ad.  of  a  mess  ;  a.  knows  ;  d.  a  bit, 

F.D. 


not  at  all ;  the  d.  he  isn't,  it  is  incredible  that 
he  is  not),  [perh.  =  prec,  the  two  at  dice  being 
the  worst  throw  ;  cf.  G  daus  in  same  sense] 

deu'eed  (du-,  doo-),  a.  Confounded  ;  great  (in 
a  d.  hurry).    Hence  deu'cedLV  2  adv.    [-ed 2] 

de'us  ex  ma'chfna  (-k-),  n.  Power,  event, 
that  comes  in  the  nick  of  time  to  solve  difficulty, 

f>rovidential  interposition,  esp.  in  novel  or  play. 
L,  =  god  from  the  machinery  (by  which  in  an- 
cient theatre  gods  were  shown  in  air)] 

deuterag-o'nist  (also  -a -go-),  n.  Person  of 
next  importance  to  protagonist  in  drama,  [f. 
Gk  derderagdnistes  (foil.,  agonistes  actor)] 

deutepo-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  deuteros  second, 
as  d.-Isaiah,  supposed  later  author  of  is.xl-lx  vi, 
d.-canonical  of  Bible  books,  admitted  later  to 
Canon,  deuterogamy,  second  marriage. 

Deutep6*nomist,n.  Author,  joint-authors, 
or  compiler,  of  Deuteronomy,    [-ist] 

Deutepo'nomy  (also  du'-),  n.  Fifth  book  of 
Pentateuch.  Hence  Deutepono'mic(AL)  aa. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  DEUTERO(7iomion  f.  nomos  law) 
second  book  of  law] 

deu'tzia  (du-,  doi-),  n.  White-flowered  shrub. 
[J.  Deutz  1781,  -ia1! 

deux-temps  (F),  n.  Kind  of  waltz  more 
rapid  than  the  trois- temps.    [F,  =  two-time] 

devastate,  v.t.  Lay  waste,  ravage.  Hence 
or  cogn.  devastA'TioN,  de*vastatOR2,  nn. 
[f.  L  de(  vastare  f.  vastus  waste),  -ate  3] 

deve'lop,  v.t.  &  i.  Unfold  (t.  &  i.),  reveal, 
bring  or  come  from  a  latent  to  an  active  or 
visible  state  ;  (Mil.)  open  (an  attack) ;  make  or 
become  fuller,  more  elaborate  or  systematic,  or 
bigger;  (Photog.)  treat  (plate,  film)  so  as  to  make 
picture  visible ;  make  progress ;  exhibit  (has  de- 
veloped a  tendency  to),  come  or  bring  to  matu- 
rity. Hence  deve'lopABLE  a.,  deve'lop i^u  > 
(l,2)n.  [f.  F  divelopper  etym.  dub.;  cf.  It.  vi- 
luppo  wrapping] 

development,  n.  Gradual  unfolding,  fuller 
working  out ;  growth ;  evolution  (of  animal  & 
plant  races);  well-grown  state ;  stageof  advance- 
ment ;  product ;  more  elaborate  form  ;  develop- 
ing of  photograph,    [-ment] 

developmental,  a.  Incidental  to  growth 
(d.  diseases) ;  evolutionary.  Hence  deve'lop- 
me*ntalLY2adv.    [-al] 

de'viate,  v.i.  Turn  aside,  diverge,  (from 
course,  rule,  truth,  &c,  or  abs.),  digress,  [f.  L 
j>K(viaref.  via  way),  -ate3] 

de  via'tion,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  deflexion  of 
compass-needle  by  iron  in  ship  &c;  divergence 
of  optic  axis  from  normal  position,    [-ation] 

devi'ce,  n.  Make,  look,  (archaic ;  things  of 
rare,  strange,  d.) ;  (pi.)  fancy,  will,  (left  to  one's 
own  dd.) ;  plan,  scheme,  trick  ;  contrivance,  in- 
vention, thing  adapted  for  a  purpose  ;  drawing, 
design,  figure ;  emblematic  or  heraldic  design  ; 
motto.  [ME  &  OF  devis,  devise,  f.  L  divisum, 
-a,  neut.  &  fem.  p.p.  of  dividere  divide] 

de'vil  *  (-vl),  n.  The  D.,  supreme  spirit  of  evil, 
tempter  of  mankind,  enemy  of  God,  Satan ; 
heathen  god  ;  evil  spirit  possessing  demoniac ; 
superhuman  malignant  being  ;  wicked  or  cruel 
person  ;  mischievously  energetic,  clever,  knav- 
ish, or  self-willed  person,  luckless  or  wretched 
{)erson  (usu. poor  d.) ;  vicious  animal ;  junior 
egal  counsel  working  for  a  leader  (Attorney- 
General's  d.,  junior  Counsel  to  Treasury) ;  lit- 
erary hack  doing  what  his  employer  takes  the 
credit  and  pay  for  ;  printer's  d..  errand-boy  in 
printing-office  ;  personified  evil  quality  (the  d. 
of  greed  &c.) ;  fighting-spirit,  energy  or  dash  in 
attack ;  (name  of)  kinds  of  animal,  bird,  fire- 
work, &  implement;  highly  seasoned  dish, 
esp.  devilled  bones.  Phrases  (see  also  those  in 
deuce2,  in  all  of  which  d.  may  be  substituted): 

8 


DEVIL 


226 


DHOW 


a  d.  of  a,  one  of  an  unwelcome  or  remarkable 
or  amusing  kind  ;  —  is  the  d.,  a  great  difficulty 
or  nuisance ;  like  the  d.,  with  great  energy  &c. ; 
go  to  thed.,  be  ruined,  (imperat.)  be  off;  the  d.!, 
excl.  of  annoyance  or  surprise ;  d.  a  one,  not  one; 
the  d.  &  all,  everything  bad ;  between  the  d.  & 
the  deep  sea,  in  a  dilemma  ;  give  the  d.  his  due  ; 
the  d.  to  pay,  trouble  ahead ;  talk  of  the  d.  (& 
he  will  appear),  said  when  one  comes  just  after 
being  mentioned ;  the  d.  among  the  tailors, 
row,  disturbance  ;  d.  on  two  sticks,  older  name 
for  diabolo  ;  d.'s  advocate,  -acy,  (one  who  puts) 
the  d.'s  case  against  canonization,  (transf.)  de- 
predator, depreciation;  d.'s  bedpost,  four  of 
clubs  ;  d.s  bones,  dice  ;  d.'s  books,  cards ;  D.'s 
Own,  88th  Foot,  Inns  of  Court  Volunteers  ;  d.'s 
tattoo  ;  devil's  in  many  plant-names,  esp.  d.'s- 
oi£,kind  of  scabious;  d.  's  coach-horse, large  cock- 
tail beetle  ;  d.'s  dust,  shoddy.  D.-dodger,  prea- 
cher, parson  ;  d.-fish,  name  of  many  kinds ;  d.- 
may-care,  reckless,  rollicking.  Hence  de'vil- 
dom,  de'vilHOOD,  nn.,  de*vilwARD(s)  adv. 
[OE  cteofol  (perh.  f.  L)  f.  Gk  diabolos  slanderer 
(diaballo  slander  f.  dia  through,  ballo  throw)] 

de'vil2,  v.i.  &  t.  (-11-).  Work  as  lawyer's  or 
author's  d.  (usu.  for  principal) ;  grill  with  hot 
condiments,    [f.  prec] 

de'vilish,  a.  (-vil-),  &  adv.  (-vl-).  Like,  worthy 
of,  the  devil,  damnable;  hence  de'vilishLY2 
adv.,  de'vilishNESS  n.    (Adv.)  very,    [-ish1] 

de'vllism  (-vU-),  n.  Devilish  quality  or  con- 
duct ;  worship  of  devils,    [-ism] 

devilment  (-vl-),  n.  Mischief,  wild  spirits ; 
devilish  or  strange  phenomenon,    [-ment] 

de*vilpy(-vl-),-tpy,n.  Diabolical  art,  magic; 
the  devil  and  his  works ;  wickedness,  cruelty ; 
reckless  mischief,  daring,  or  hilarity  ;  demono- 
logy ;  devils,    [(-try  corrupt,  of)  -RYl 

de'vious,  a.  Remote,  sequestered ;  winding, 
circuitous,  erratic;  erring.  Hence  de'vious- 
ly  2  adv.,  de'viousNESS  n.  [f.  L  i>E(vius  f.  via 
way)  -I-  -ous] 

devi'se  (z),  v.t.,  &  n.  (Law)  assign,  give, 
(realty;  cf.  bequeath)  by  will  (n.,  this  act, 
clause  effecting  it),  whence  devi'soR2,  de- 
vIsee*,  nn.  ;  plan,  contrive,  invent,  plot, 
scheme,  (thing,  how,  or  abs.).  Hence  or  cogn. 
devi'SABLE  a.,  devi'SER  2(4),  n.  [f.  OF  deviser 
t.  LL  frequent,  of  L  dividere  -is-  divide] 

devi'talize,  v.t.  Make  lifeless  or  effete. 
Hence  devitalizATiON  n.    [de-] 

devi'trify,  v.t.  Deprive  of  vitreous  quality, 
make  (glass  or  vitreous  rock)  opaque  &  crystal- 
line.   Hence  devitpiFiCATiON  n.    [de-] 

devoi'd,  a.  Destitute,  empty,  of.  [short  p.p. 
of  obs.  devoid  f.  OF  r>E(vuidier  f.  vide  void)] 

de*voip  (-vwar),  n.  Duty,  one's  best,  (do  one's 
d.) ;  (pi.)  courteous  attentions  (pay  one's  dd.  to). 
[ME  dever  f.  OF  deveir  f.  L  debere  owe] 

de* volute  (-oot),  v.t.  Transfer  by  devolution, 
depute,  (work).    [f.L  p.p.  st.  see  devolve] 

devolution  (-loo-),  n.  Descent  through  a 
series  of  changes ;  descent  of  property  by  due 
succession  ;  lapse  of  unexercised  right  to  ulti- 
mate owner ;  (Biol.)  degradation  of  species  (cf. 
evolution)  ;  deputing,  delegation,  of  work  or 
power  (esp.  by  House  of  Parliament  to  its  com- 
mittees),   [f.  med.  L  devolutio  (foil.,  -ion)] 

devolve,  v.t.  &  L  Throw  (duty,  work),  (of 
duties)  be  thrown,  fall,  descend,  upon  (deputy, 
or  one  who  must  act  for  want  of  others) :  de- 
scend, fall  by  succession,  (to,  upon,  or  abs.).  [f. 
L  de(  volvere  volut-  roll)] 

Devonian,  a.  &  n.    (Native)  of  Devonshire ; 

(Geol.)  (of)  the  formation  lying  above  the  Silu- 
rian &  below  the  Carboniferous,    [ian] 


5 


devo'te,  v.t.  Consecrate,  dedicate,  give  up 
exclusively,  (oneself,  another,  thing,  esp.  abili- 
ties &c.)  to  (God,  person,  pursuit,  purpose) ;  give 
over  to  destruction  &c.  Hence  devo'teMENT 
n.    [f.  L  DK(vovere  vot-  vow)] 

devo'ted,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  zealously 
loyal  (d.  friend),  whence  de vo'tedL  v  2  adv. ; 
doomed  (esp.  d.  head),    [-ed  l] 

devotee*,  n.  Votary  of,  one  devoted  to', 
zealously  or  fanatically  pious  person,    [-ee] 

devo'tion,  n.  Devoutness ;  devoting ;  divine 
worship,  (pi.)  prayers,  praying,  (was  at  his  dd.), 
whence  devo'tion al  a.,  devo'tionalLY  2 
adv.,  devo*tionaliSM(3),  devo*tionaliST(2), 
nn.;  enthusiastic  addiction  or  loyalty  (to,  or 
abs.).  [OF  (-cion)  f.L  devotionem  (devote, -ion)" 

devour*  (-owr),  v.t.  Eat  (of  beasts) ;  eat  lik 
a  beast  or  ravenously ;  (bibl.)  consume  reckless- 
ly, waste,  destroy,  pillage,  (substance,  property, 
or  its  owners) ;  kill,  decimate,  (of  fire,  sword, 
plague,  &c.) ;  engulf ;  take  in  greedily  with 
ears  or  eyes  (book,  story,  beauty  or  beautiful 
person) ;  absorb  the  attention  or  (devoured  by 
anxiety) ;  (poet.)  d.  the  way  &c.,  go  fast,  esp.  of 
horses.  Hence  devoup'ing-LY  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
devorer  i.  L  T>E(vorare  swallow)] 

devou't  (-owt),  a.  Reverential,  religious, 
pious,  (of  person,  act,  &c),  whence  devou't- 
ness  n. ;  earnest,  hearty,  genuine.  Hence  de- 
vou'tLY  2  adv.   [f.  OF  devot  f.  L  p.p.  (devote)] 

dew !,  n.  Atmospheric  vapour  condensed  in 
small  drops  on  cool  surfaces  from  evening  to 
morning ;  freshness,  refreshing  or  gently  steal- 
ing influence,  (usu.  of  sleep,  eloquence,  youth, 
music,  &c.) ;  any  beaded  or  glistening  moisture, 
esp.  tears,  sweat;  mountain-d.,  illicitly  dis- 
tilled whisky  ;  dewberry,  kind  of  blackberry  ; 
d.-claw,  rudimentary  inner  toe  of  some  dogs  : 
d.-drop  ;  d.-fall,  time  when  d.  begins  to  form, 
evening ;  d.-point,  temperature  at  which  it 
forms ;  d.-rake,  for  surface  of  grass  or  stubble ; 
d.-ret  v.t,  ret  by  exposure  to  d.  instead  of 
steeping  in  water ;  d.  -worm,  large  garden  worm. 
Hence  dew'LESS,  dew*Y2,  aa.,  dewiLY2 
adv.,  dewiNESS  n.  [OE  diaw,  com.-Teut.  cf. 
Du.  dauw,  G  tau] 

dew2,  v.t  &  i.  (Impers.)  form  or  fall  as  d. 
(it  is  beginning  to  d.) ;  bedew,  moisten.  [ME 
dewen  as  prec] 

dewlap,  n.  Fold  of  loose  skin  hanging  from 
throat  of  cattle  (&  transf.  of  other  animals  or 
men).  Hence  dew*lappED2a.  [dew- of  doubt- 
ful etym.  &  sense,  cf.  Da.  doglaeb ;  -lap  f.  OE 


Ixppa  skirt,  lobe] 

Of  or  on  tne  rignt-nan 
Heraldry,  to  the  spectator's  left).    [L,  compara- 


de'xtep,  a.    Of  or  on  the  right-hand  side  (in 


tive  (cf.  -ther)  f.  dex-  cf.  Gk  dexios,  Goth. 
taihswa,  Skr.  daksha] 

dexte'pity,  n.  Manual  or  mental  adroitness, 
skill,  neatness  of  handling ;  right-handedness, 
using  of  right  hand.     [f.  L  dexter#os  -ity)] 

de'xtpin,  n.  (chem.).  Soluble  gummy  sub- 
stance obtained  from  starch  &  used  on  adhesive 
stamps  &c.    [as  foil.  +  -in] 

dextpo-,  comb,  form  of  L  dexter,  esp.  in 
terms  concerned  w.  chem.  property  of  causing 

J)lane  of  polarized  light  ray  to  rotate  to  right 
opp.  laevo-,  which  see  for  compounds). 
de'xtpose,  n.  (chem.).  Dextro-rotatory  form 
of  glucose,    [prec. ,  -ose  2] 
de'xtpous,  -tep-,  a.     Neat-handed,  deft; 
mentally  adroit,  clever ;  using  right  hand  by 

f reference.      Hence   de*xt(e)pousLY 2  adv. 
dexter  +  -ous ;  -tr-  correct  but  less  common] 
d(h)ow  (dow),  n.  Single-masted  Arabian-Sea 
ship  of  about  200  tons ;  any  Arab  ship,  esp.  as 


For  compounds  of  de-  not  given  consult  de-. 


DHURRIE 


227 


DIAMETER 


used  in  E.-Afr.  slave-trading,  [etym.  dub. ; 
spelling  dow  more  correct  but  rare] 

d(h)u*ppie,  n.  Indian  rectangular  fringed 
cotton  carpet  used  for  sofa-covers,  curtains,  &c. 
[f.  Hind,  dari  ;  spelling  as  prec] 

di-1,  pref.  Form  of  L  Dis-  (which  see  for 
meaning)  used  before  b,  d,  I,  m,  n,  r.s  +  cons., 
v,  usu.  g,  &  sometimes  j.  In  LL  &  Rom.  often 
replaced  by  dis-  (so  dismiss),  in  OF  &  ME  often 
varying  with  de-  (so  defer1  f.  L  differre).  Not 
a  living  pref.  in  E. 

di-  2,  pref.  f.  Gk  di-  =  dis  twice,  two-,  double-. 
In  many  E  wds,  &  as  living  pref.  in  Chem.  with 
various  special  uses. 

di-  3.  pref.  =folL  before  vowel. 

di(a)-,  pref.  f.  Gk  prep,  or  pref.  dia  through, 
thorough(ly),  apart,  across.  In  Gk  words  taken 
direct,  or  through  L  or  F  &  L ;  also  in  many 
scientific  words  made  with  Gk  elements  or  on 
Gk  analogy. 

diabetes,  n.  Disease  with  excessive  glucose- 
charged  urine,  thirst,  &  emaciation.  [L  f.  Gk, 
f.  DiA{baino  go)] 

diabetic,  a.  &  n.  Of  diabetes:  (person) 
suffering  from  diabetes.  If.  F  diabetique  f.  L 
diabeticus  (prec,  -ic)] 

dia'blepie  (-ah-),  n.  Devil's  business ;  sorcery ; 
wild  recklessness ;  devil-lore.  [F  (diable  f.  L 
diabolus  DEVIL,  -RY)] 

diabd'lic(al),  aa.  Of,  having  to  do  with,  pro- 
ceeding from,  externally  like,  the  devil  (usu. 
-ic) ;  fiendish,  atrociously  cruel  or  wicked,  (usu. 
-ical).  Hence  diabo'licalLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  dia- 
bolique  f.  L  f.  Gk  diabolikos  (devil,  -ic)  +  -al] 

dia'bolism,  n.  Sorcery ;  devilish  conduct 
or  nature ;  belief  in  or  worship  of  the  devil,  [f . 
Gk  diabolos  devil  +  -ism] 

dia'bolize,  v.t  Make  into,  represent  as,  a 
devil,    [as  prec.  +  -ize] 

dia'bolo  (or  di-),  n.  Game  with  two-headed 
top  &  sticks,  [mod.  fancy  formation;  older 
devil  on  two  sticks] 

dia'chylon,  -ehylum,  (-k-),  -eulum,  n. 
Sticking-plaster  of  litharge,  olive  oil,  &  water, 
on  linen,  [med.  L  (-ylum)  f.  Gk  dia  khtdon  by 
juices  ;  -culum  by  confus.  w.  -cule] 

dia'conal,  a.  Of  a  deacon,  [f .  LL  diaconalis 
(deacon,  -al)] 

dia'conate  (-at),  n.  Office  of,  one's  time  as, 
deacon  ;  deacons,  [f.  LL  (-tus),  as  deacon,  -ate  2] 

diacri'tical,  a.  Distinguishing,  distinctive, 
esp.  d.  marks  used  in  printing  to  indicate  differ- 
ent sounds  of  aletter,  accents,  diaeresis,  cedilla, 
&c. ;  capable  of  seeing  distinctions,  [f.  Gk  dia- 
(kritikos  see  critic)  +  -al] 

diactrnic,  a.  Transmitting,  transparent  to, 
the  actinic  rays,    [di-  3,  Gk  aktis  -inos  ray,  -ic] 

di'adem,  n.  Crown,  or  plain  or  jewelled 
fillet,  as  badge  of  sovereignty ;  wreath  of  leaves 
or  flowers  worn  round  head ;  sovereignty ; 
crowning  distinction  or  glory.  Hence  di'a- 
demED2  a.  [f.  13th-c.  F  dyademe  f.  L  f.  Gk 
DiA(dema  f.  deo  bind,  -m)] 

diaer'esis  (dier-),  n.  (pi.  -eses).  Mark  (as  in 
aerate)  over  second  of  two  vowels  indicating 
that  thev  are  not  one  sound.  [L,  f.  Gk  diairesis 
(di-  3,  haired  take)  separation] 

diagno'se  (-z),  v.t.  Determine  from  symp- 
toms the  nature  of  (a  disease),    [f.  foil.] 

diagno'sis,  n.  (pi.  -oses).  Identification  of 
disease  by  means  of  patient's  symptoms  Sec., 
formal  statement  of  this  ;  classification  of  per- 
son's character,  assignment  of  species  &c.  [L  f. 
Gk  (dia-,  gignosko  recognize)] 

diagnd'stic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  assisting,  diagnosis ; 
symptom.       Hence    diagnostics  n.,   dia- 

gno'stiCALLY  adv.,  diagnostics^  n.    [f. 
k  viA{gnostikos  f.  gnostos  known,  prec.,  -ic)] 


diagonal,  a.  &  n.  (Straight  line)  joining 
two  non-adjacent  angles  of  rectilineal  figure  or 
solid  contained -by  planes;  obliquely  placed 
like  the  d.  of  a  parallelogram  (d.  row  or  d.,  as 
of  the  squares  of  the  same  colour  on  chess- 
board), inclined  at  other  than  a  right  angle, 
having  some  part  so  inclined  (d.  cloth  or  d., 
twilled  with  ridges  oblique  to  the  lists).  Hence 
dia'g-onalLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  diagonalis  f.  Gk  dia- 
(gonios  f.  gonia  angle),  -al] 

di'agram,  n.  (Geom.)  figure  made  of  lines 
used  in  proving  &c.  ;  sketch  showing  the  fea- 
tures of  an  object  needed  for  exposition ;  sym- 
bolic representation,  by  lines,  of  process,  force, 
&c.  Hence  or  cogn.  diagrammatic  a., 
diag-pamma'tiCALLY  adv.,  diagra'mma- 
tiZE(l)  v.t,  [f.  F  diagramme  f.  L  f.  Gk  dia- 
(gramma  -atos  f.  grapho  write,  -m)] 

di'agpaph,  n.  Instrument  for  drawing  pro- 
jections, enlarging  maps,  &c,  mechanically, 
[f.  F  diagraphe  (prec,  -graph)] 

di'al,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  (Usu.  sun-d.)  instrument 
showing  hour  by  sun's  shadow  on  graduated 
plate ;  (also  d.-plate)  face  of  clock  or  watch ; 
plate  in  steam-gauge,  gas-meter,  &c,  on  which 
pressure,  consumption,  &c,  are  indicated  by 
index-finger  ;  (vb)  measure,  indicate,  (as)  with 
d.  [prob.  f.  med.  L  (rota)  dialis  daily  (wheel> 
f.  L  dies  day,  -al  ;  hardly  found  outside  E] 

di'alect,  n.  Form  of  speech  peculiar  to  a 
district,  class,  or  person,  subordinate  variety 
of  a  language  with  distinguishable  vocabulary, 
pronunciation,  or  idioms.  Hence  dialect  a  l  a., 
diale'ctalLY 2  adv.,  dialeeto'LOGY,  dia- 
lecto'LOGiST,  nn.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  dialektos  f.  dia- 
legomai  converse] 

dialectic J,  n.  (often  in  pL).  Art  of  investi- 
gating the  truth  of  opinions,  testing  of  truth  by 
discussion,  logical  disputation  ;  (Mod.  Philos. ; 
not  in  pi.)  criticism  dealing  with  metaphysical 
contradictions  &  their  solutions.  So  dialect- 
rciAN  n.  [f.  OF  dialectique  f.  L  f.  Gk  dialektike 
(tekhne  art)  of  debate  (prec,  -ic)] 

dialectic2,  a,  &  n.  Logical,  of  disputation  ; 
(person)  skilled  in  critical  inquiry  by  discussion ; 
=  DiALECTaJ.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  dialektikos  (-ic)] 

dialectical,  a.  =  dialectic  2  (adj.) ;  =dia- 
LECTaZ;  belonging  to  dialectic1  in  mod.-Phi- 
los.  sense.   Hence  diale'cticalLY  2  ad  v.   [-al] 

dialo'g-ic  (j-),  a.  In,  of,  dialogue,  [f.  med. 
L  dialogicus  (dialogue,  -ic)] 

dia-1 
loe^ie. 


dia'log-ist  (-j-),  n.   Speaker  in,  writer  of,  dia- 
logue,   [f.  L  f.  Gk  dialogistes  (foil.,  -ist)J 
di'alog-ue  (-6g),  n.    Conversation ;  piece  of 


written  work  in  conversational  form,  this  kind 
of  composition  (written  in  d.);  the  conversa- 
tional part  in  a  novel.  Hence  di'alog-ue- wise 
adv.  [f.  13th-c  F  dialoge  f.  L  f.  Gk  dialogos 
(DiAlegomai  converse)] 

dia'lysis,  n.  (pi.  -yses).  Parting  of  colloid 
from  crystalloid  parts  of  mixture  by  filtration 
through  parchment  floating  in  water.  Hence 
di'alyse  (-z),  v. t    [f.  Gk  r>iA(lusis  f .  luo  loose)] 

dialy-tic,  a.  (chem.).  Of,  by,  dialysis,  [f.  Gk 
T>\A(lutiko8  f.  hdos  loosed  f.  luo  loose,  -ic)] 

dlamagne'tie,  a.  &  n.  Tending  to  lie  E.  &- 
W.,  across  the  magnetic  axis,  when  suspended 
freely  &  acted  on  by  magnetism  ;  of  d.  bodies 
or  diamagnetism  ;  a  d.  body  or  substance. 
Hence  diamagne'tiCALLY  adv.,  diama'g- 
netizE(3)  v.t    [dia-] 

diama*gnetism,n.  Diamagnetic  tendency  ; 
the  diamagnetic  branch  of  magnetism,  [dia-] 

diamanti'ferous,  a.  Diamond-yielding, 
[f.  F  diamant  diamond,  -1-,  -ferous] 

dia'meter,  n.  Straight  line  passing  from 
side  to  side  of  any  body  or  geom.  figure  through 
centre  (with   special  geom.   applications  for 


DIAMETRICAL 


228 


DICKER 


curves),  transverse  measurement,  width,  thick- 
ness ;  unit  of  linear  measurement  of  magnify  - 
ing-power  {lens  magnifying 2000  dd.).  So  dia'- 
metPAL  a.,  dia'metpalLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  dia- 
nietre  f.  L  f.  Gk  Dixmetros  {gramme  line)  mea- 
suring across  f.  metron  measure] 

diametrical,  a.  Of,  along,  a  diameter,  dia- 
metral ;  (of  opposition,  difference,  &c.)  direct, 
complete,  like  that  between  opposite  ends  of 
diameter.  Hence  dlame'tPiealLY  2  ad v.  [f. 
Gk  diametrikos  (prec,  -ic)  +  -al] 

di'amond,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Colourless  or  tinted 
precious  stone  of  pure  carbon  crystallized  in 
octahedrons  &  allied  forms,  harder  than  any 
other  known  substance  (cut  into  table,  rose, 
&  brilliant2;  Bristol,  Cornish,  &c,  d.,  gems 
resembling  it ;  black  d.,  dark-coloured  d.,  coal ; 
rough  d.,  not  yet  cut,  person  of  intrinsic  worth 
but  rough  manners ;  a.  cut  d.,  of  persons  well 
matched  in  wit  or  cunning) ;  glittering  particle 
or  point ;  (usu.  glazier's  or  cutting  d.)  tool  with 
small  d.  for  glass-cutting ;  figure  shaped  like 
section  of  d.,  rhomb ;  playing-card  bearing  this 
(dd.,  the  suit ;  a  small  d.,  one  of  lower  cards) ; 
a  printing  type;  d.-back,  kinds  of  moth  & 
turtle  ;  d.  cement,  for  setting  dd. ;  d.-drill,  set 
with  dd.  for  boring  hard  substance ;  d.-field, 
tract  yielding  dd. ;  d.-point,  d. -tipped  stylus 
used  in  engraving,  (usu.  pi.)  place  where  two 
lines  or  rails  intersect  obliquely:  d.-snake, 
Australian  &  Tasmanian  kinds ;  d.  wedding, 
60th  anniversary;  hence  diamondi'FEROUS 
a.,  di'amond- wise  adv.  (Adj.)  made  of,  set 
with,  d.  or  dd.,  rhomb-shaped.  (Vb)  adorn  with 
dd.,  dewdrops, &c.  [ME ScOFdiamantt  Lhdia- 
mantem  nom.  -as  f.  L  f.  Gk  adamas  adamant] 

Dia*na,  n.  Horse-woman,  lady  who  hunts. 
[L,  goddess  of  the  chase] 

diapa'son  (-zn),  n.  Combination  of  notes  or 
parts  in  harmonious  whole  ;  melody,  strain, 
esp.  grand  swelling  burst  of  harmony  ;  compass 
of  voice  or  instrument ;  range,  scope ;  fixed 
standard  of  musical  pitch ;  open,  closed  or 
stopped,  d.,  two  principal  foundation-stops  in 
organ.  [L,  f.  Gk  dia  pason  (khordon)  through 
all  (strings)  f.  pas  all] 

di'apep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Linen  fabric  with  small 
diamond  pattern  ;  baby's  napkin  of  this  ;  orna- 
mental design  of  diamond  reticulation  for 
f>anels,  walls,  &c.  (vb,  decorate  with  this), 
f.  OF  diapre  f.  Byzant.  Gk  diaspros  adj.  f. 
dia-,  aspros  white] 

diaphanous,  a.  Transparent,  [f.  med.  L 
diaphanus  f.  Gk  T>iA(phanes  -showing  f. 
phaino  show)  +  -ous] 

di-aphrag-m  (-am),  n.  Muscular  &  tendin- 
ous partition  separating  thorax  from  abdomen 
in  mammals ;  partition  in  shell-fish,  plant 
tissues,  &  various  instruments,  esp.,  in  optics, 
opaque  disk  pierced  with  circular  hole.     So 

diaphpag-ma'tio  (-gm-)  a.     [f.  L  f.  Gk  dia- 

(phragma  -atos  f.  phrasso  hedge  in,  -m)1 

di'arist,  n.    One  who  keeps  a  diary.    Hence 

diapi'stic  a.    [diary  +  -ist] 

di'apize,  v.i.  &  t.    Keep,  enter  in,  a  diary. 

[DIARY,  -IZE] 

diapphoea  (diare'a),  n.  Excessive  looseness 
of  bowels.   Hence  diapphoe'AL,  diapphoe*- 

ic,  aa.    [L,  f.  Gk  DiA(rrhoia  f.  rheo  flow)] 
di'apy,  n.    Daily  record  of  events,  journal ; 
book  prepared  for  keeping  this  in ;  calendar 
with  daily  memoranda  esp.  for  persons  of  a 

? articular  profession.    Hence  diap'i al  a.    [f. 
1  diarium  (dies  day,  -ary  2)] 
dia'stole,  n.    Dilatation  of  heart  or  artery 
alternating  with  systole,  &  with  it  forming 
pulse  (systole  &  d.  often  fig.  of  reaction,  fluctua- 
tion, &c),    [med.L  f.  Gk,  f.  m\(stell6  send)] 


diate'ssapon,  n.    Harmony  of  the  four  gos- 
pels.   [OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  dia  tessaron  by  four] 
diathep'mancy,   n.,  diathep'manous, 
diathep-mic,  aa.     (Having  the)  quality  of 
transmitting  radiant  heat.  [f.  F  diathermansie, 
diathermane  +  -ous,  diathermique,  f.  Gk  dia- 
(thermansis  f.  thermaino  f.  thermos  warm)] 
dia'thesis,  n.  (med. ;  pi.  -eses).     Constitu- 
tional predisposition.  [Gk,  f.  DiA(tithe?ni  place)] 
di'atdm,  n.     Member  of  genus  Diatoma, 
microscopic  unicellular  Algae  at  bottom  of  sea 
&  forming  fossil  deposits.   So  diatomACEOUS 
a.  [f.  Gk  DiA(tomos  f.  temno  cut)  alluding  to  the 
cells' being  connected  in  easily  separable  chains] 
diatd'mic,  a.  (chem.).     Consisting  of   two 
atoms ;  having  two  replaceable  atoms  of  hydro- 
gen.   [pi-2,  atom,  -ic] 
diato'nic,  a.  (mus. ).   (Of  scale)  proceeding  by 
notes  proper  to  key  without  chromatic  altera- 
tion ;   (of  melodies  &  harmonies)  constructed 
from  such  a  scale,    [f.  F  diatonique  f.  L  f .  Gk 
dia  (tonikos  tonic)  with  intervals  of  a  tone] 
di'atpibe,  n.   Piece  of  bitter  criticism,  invec- 
tive, denunciation.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  (-<?)  =  wearing 
away  of  time,  discourse,  f.  mA(tribo  rub)] 
dib,v.i.  =dap.  [var.  of  dab,  whence  also  dap] 
diba'sic,  a.  (chem.).  Having  two  bases  or  two 
atoms  of  a  base,    [di-2,  base  1] 
di'bbep,  n.    Instrument  for  dibbling,  dibble, 
[f.  dib,  now  used  thus  only  in  dibbing-stick] 
di'bble,  n. ,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Instrument  for  making 
holes  in  ground  for  seeds  &c.  ( Vb)  prepare  (soil) 
with  this ;  sow  or  plant  thus  ;  use  a  d.  [perh.  f. 
dib  +  -le(1),  but  found  much  earlier] 
dibs,   n.   pi.     (Child's   game   with)   sheep's 
knuckle  -  bones  ;    counters   at   cards  ;    (slang) 
money,    [prob.  f.  dib  ;  cf.  earlier  dib-stones] 
di-cast,  dica-stepy,  1111.  (Gk  Antiq.).  (Mem- 
ber of)  Athenian  jury  (-ery),  which  gave  both 
verdict  &  sentence,     [f.  Gk  dikastes,  dikaste- 
rion,  (dikazo  to  judge  f.  dike  right)] 
dice l.  u.  pi.    See  die  *. 

dice21,  v.i.  &  t.  Play  dice  1,  whence  di'CER  1 
n. ;  gamble  away  at  dice ;  chequer,  mark  with 
squares,    [f.  prec] 

di'ce-box,  n.    Box  of  hour-glass  shape  from 
which  dice  are  thrown  ;  d.-insulator,  piece  of 
porcelain  so  shaped  supporting  telegraph  wire. 
dichlamy'deous,  a.  (bot.).    Having  calyx 
&  corolla,  [di-2,  Gkkhlamus  -vidos  cloak,  -eous] 
dieho'gamous  (-k-),  a.  (bot.).  Having  stam- 
ens &  pistils  that  mature  at  different  times,  so 
that  self-fertilization  is  impossible,    [f.  Gk  di- 
kho-  asunder,  -gamos  -married] 
diehdtomy  (-k-),  n.     Division  into  two ; 
binary  classification;  (Bot.  &  Zool.)  repeated 
bifurcation.      So    diehotd'mic,   dicho'to- 
mous,  aa.,  diehd*tomiST(l)  n.,  dicho'to- 
mizE(l,  3)  v.t  &  i.,  dieho'tomousLY 2  adv. 
[as  prec,  -tomy] 

dichpo'ie,  a.  Showing  two  colours  (esp.  of 
doubly  refracting  crystals),  [f.  Gk  di  2(khroos 
f .  khros  colour)  +  -ic] 

diehpoma'tie,  a.     Two -coloured  (esp.  of 
animal  species  of  which  individuals  show  dif- 
ferent colorations),     [di-2  +  Gk  khromatikos 
(khroma  -atos  colour,  -ic)] 
dichpo'mic,  a.    With  only  two  colours  (esp. 
of  colour-blind  vision  seeing  two  of  three  prim- 
ary colours).    [Gk  dikhr&mos  (prec.)  -f  -ic] 
dick,  n.  (slang).    Take  one's  d.  that  or  to  it, 
swear,  affirm,    [prob.  for  declaration] 
di'ckens,  n.  (colloq.).    Devil,  deuce,    [from 
1598 ;  prob.  use  of  Dickon= Richard,  or  the  sur- 
name Dickens,  as  alliterative  substitute] 
di'ckep  K  n.  (commerc ).   Half -score,  ten,  esp. 
of  hides.    [ME  dq/ker  cf.  G  decher  f.  L  decuria 
set  of  ten  (decern)] 


DICKER 2 

di'ckeP2,  v.i.  (U.S.).  Trade  by  barter,  chaffer, 
haggle,  [prob.  f.  prec.  through  the  barter  in 
skins  with  Indians] 

di'cky,  -ey,  n.  (colloq.  &  slang).  Donkey ; 
(also  d.-bird)  small  bird ;  false  shirt-front ;  pin- 
afore or  apron  ;  driver's  seat ;  servant's  seat  at 
back  of  carriage,  [etym.  dub. ;  some  senses  f. 
the  male  name] 

di'eky,  a.  (slang).    Unsound,  shaky.    [?] 

dieotyle'don,  n.  Flowering  plant  with  two 
cotyledons.  Hence  dicotyle'donous  a.  [di-2] 

di'ctate l,  n.  Authoritative  direction  (usu. 
of  reason,  conscience,  nature,  &c. ;  often  pi.), 
[f.  L  dictatum  neut.  p.p.  see  foil.] 

dicta'te  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Say  or  read  aloud  (matter 
to  be  written  down,  often  to  writer  ;  also  abs.) ; 
prescribe,  lay  down  authoritatively,  (terms, 
thing  to  be  done ;  of  person,  also  of  motive 
&c.) ;  lay  down  the  law,  give  orders,  (xoill  not 
be  dictated  to).  So  dietATriON  n.  [f.  L  dictare 
frequent,  of  dicere  diet-  say,  -ate  3] 

dicta'top,  n.  Absolute  ruler,  usu.  temporary 
or  irregular,  of  a  State,  esp.  one  who  suppresses 
or  succeeds  a  republican  government ;  person 
with  absolute  authority  in  any  sphere;  one 
who  dictates  to  writer.  Hence  dieta'toPSHiP, 
dicta'tPEse1,  nn.    [L  (prec,  -or2)] 

dictatorial,  a.  Of  dictator ;  imperious, 
overbearing.  Hence  dietatop'ialLY  2  adv.  [f. 
L  clictatorius  f.  prec.  +  -al] 

di'ction,  n.  Wording  &  phrasing,  verbal 
style,    [f.  L  dictio  (dicere  diet-  say,  -ion)] 

di'etionapy,  n.  Book  dealing,  usu.  in  alpha- 
betical order,  with  the  words  of  a  language  or 
of  some  special  subject,  author,  &c,  wordbook, 
lexicon,  (French-English  &c.  d.,  of  French  &c. 
words  with  English  &c.  explanation;  d.  of 
architecture  or  the  Bible,  Shakspere  d.,  &c.) ; 
walking  or  living  d.,  well-informed  person ;  d. 
English,  style,  &c,  over-correct,  pedantic,  [f. 
med.L  dictionarium  (prec,  -ary1)] 

di'ctum,  n.  (pi.  -a,  -urns).  Formal  saying, 
pronouncement;  (Law)  judge's  expression  of 
opinion  not  having  legal  validity ;  maxim,  cur- 
rent saying.    [L,  neut.  p.p.  of  dicere  say] 

did.    See  do. 

dida'ctic  (or  di-),  a.  Meant  to  instruct; 
having  the  manner  of  a  teacher.  Hence  di- 
da'ctic ally  adv.,  dida'cticiSM  n.  [f.  Gk 
didaktikos  (didasko  teach)] 

di'dappep,n.  Small  diving  water-fowl,  [for 
dive-dapper  f.  earlier  divedapt.  OE  dufedoppa 
{dtifan  dive  +  doppa  cf.  dip)] 

di'ddle,  v.t.  (slang).  Cheat,  swindle,  [perh. 
back-formation  f.  Jeremy  Diddler  in  Kenney's 
Raising  the  Wind,  18031 

didst.    2  sing,  past  of  do. 

didy'mium,  n.  (chem.).  A  rare  metal,  [f. 
Gk  didumos  twin  +  -ium  (from  its  being  always 
found  with  lanthanium)] 

die l.  n.  (pi.  dice,  dies).  1.  (PI.  dice)  small  cube 
with  faces  bearing  1-6  spots  used  in  games  of 
chance  ;  dice,  game  played  with  these ;  the  d.  is 
cast,  course  irrevocably  decided  ;  upon  the  d., 
at  stake ;  as  straight,  true,  as  ad.  2.  (PI.  dies) : 
(Arch.)  plinth,  cubic  part  of  pedestal  between 
base  &  cornice ;  engraved  stamp  for  coining, 
striking  medal,  embossingpaper,  &c ;  d.-sinker, 
engraver  of  dd.  [ME  &  OF  de  i.  L  datum  neut. 
p.p.  of  dare  give,  perh.  in  sense  what  is  given  by 
fate ;  for  pi.  dice  (perh.  felt  as  collective)  cf. 
pence,  the  orig.  pi.  truce,  also  mice  &c] 

die  2,  v.i.  (dying).  Cease  to  live,  expire,  (of  ill- 
ness, hunger,  &c,  by  violence,  the  sword,  one's 
own  hand,  from  wound  &c,  through  neglect, 
on  scaffold,  at  the  stake,  in  battle,/or  friend, 
cause,  &c,  in  poverty ;  d.  a  beggar,  martyr ; 
d.  a  glorious,  dog's,  death;  d.  the  death,  be  put  to 


9 DIFFERENTIAL 

death,  archaic  or  playful ;  d.  game,  fighting, 
not  tamely ;  d.  hard,  not  without  struggle ;  d. 
in  one's  bed,  of  age  or  illness,  in  one's  shoes,  by 
violence,  in  harness,  while  still  at  work,  in 
last  ditch,  desperately  defending  something ; 
never  say  d.,  not  give  in,  keep  up  courage) ; 
(bibl.)  suffer  as  in  death  (/  d.  daily),  suffer 
spiritual  death,  d.  unto,  escape  thraldom  of 
(sin) ;  be  dying  for,  to  do,  have  great  desire ;  d. 
of  laughing,  laugh  to  exhaustion  ;  (of  plants 
&c.)  lose  vital  force,  decay;  come  to  an  end, 
cease  to  exist,  go  out,  disappear,  be  forgotten, 
fade  away,  (of  flame,  fame,  sound,  &c  ;  secret 
dies  withone ;  often  away,  down,  off,  out) ;  die- 
away  adj.,  languishing;  Die-hards,  57th  Regi- 
ment of  Foot.  [ME  deghen  perh.  f .  ON  deyja  cf. 
OHG  touwan  f.  OTeut.  daw-j-an] 

dielectric,  a.  &  n.  Insulating  (medium  or 
substance),  non  -  conductive,  non-conductor. 
[di-3  +  electric = through  which  electricity  is 
transmitted  (without  conduction)] 

di'es  ir'ae,  n.  Day  of  Judgment;  Latin 
hymn  beginning  so.    [L,  =  day  of  wrath] 

ctres  non,  n.  (Law)  day  on  which  no  legal 
business  is  done ;  (transf.)  day  that  does  not 
count  or  cannot  be  used.  [L,  short  for  d.  n. 
juridicus  non-judicial  day] 

di'et1  (-et),  n.,  &  v.t.  Way  of  feeding;  pre- 
scribed course  of  food,  regimen,  whence  diet- 
ar'ian  n. ;  one's  habitual  food  ;  (vb)  feed  (per- 
son, oneself)  on  special  food  as  medical  regimen 
or  punishment.  If.  OF  diete(r)  f.  L  f.  Gk  diaita 
way  of  life  perh.  f.  zao  live] 

di'et2,  n.  Conference,  congress,  on  national 
or  international  business;  meeting  of  the 
estates  of  the  realm  or  confederation  (esp.  as 
Engl,  name  for  foreign  parliamentary  assem- 
blies), [f.  med.L  dieta  assembly,  day's  work; 
prob.  f.  diaeta  diet  *  confused  with  dies  day] 

di'etapy,  n.  &  a.  (Course)  of  diet ;  allowance 
or  character  of  food  in  hospital,  workhouse,  &c 
[f.  L  diaetarius  -um  (diet  \  -ary  l)] 

diete*tie,  a.  Of  diet.  Hence  diete'tics  n., 
diete'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  diaitetikos 
(diaitet-  f .  diaitao  vb  f.  diaita  diet  l,  -ic)] 

dif-,  pref.  =  dis-  before/in  L  wds.  Sometimes 
changed  in  OF  to  de-  (defy,  defer1). 

di'fiep,  v.i.  Be  unlike  ;  be  distinguishable 
from ;  be  at  variance,  disagree,  (from,  with, 
or  abs.  ;  agree  to  d.,  give  up  attempt  to  con- 
vince each  other),  [f.  F  diffSrer  (cf .  defer  l)  t 
L  DiF(/erre  bear,  tend)] 

di'fference,  n.,  &  v.t.  Beingdifferent,  dissim- 
ilarity, non-identity  (distinction  without  d.) ; 
point  in  which  things  differ ;  quantity  by  which 
amounts  differ,  remainder  after  subtraction, 
(split  the  d.,  come  to  compromise) ;  change  in 
price  of  stocks  &c  between  certain  dates  (pay, 
meet,  the  d.) ;  disagreement  in  opinion,  dispute, 

3uarrel ;  characteristic  mark  distinguishing  in- 
ividual  or  species,  differentia  (vb,  serve  as 
distinguishing  mark  of,  differentiate) ;  make  a 
d.  between,  treat  differently  ;  it  makes  a  great 
d.,  is  important,  [f.  F  difference  f.  L  differentia 
(foil..  -ENCE)] 

di'ffepen t,  a.  Not  the  sam  e,  unlike,  of  other 
nature,  form,  or  quality,  (from,  to,  than,  all 
used  by  good  writers  past  and  present,  than 
chiefly  where  a  prep,  is  inconvenient).  Hence 
di'ffepentLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  different  f.  L  differ- 
ent-  jjart.  st.  (differ,  -ent)] 

diffepe'ntia  (-shia),  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Distinguish- 
ing mark,  esp.  of  species.  [L,  see  difference] 

diffepe'ntial  (-shl),  a.  &  n.  Of,  exhibiting, 
depending  on,  a  difference  (d.  duties,  charges, 
tariff,  that  differ  according  to  circumstances) ; 
constituting  a  specific  difference,  distinctive, 
relating  to  specific  differences  (d.  diagnosis) ; 


DIFFERENTIATE 


230 


DIKE 


(Physics,  Mech.)  concerning  the  difference  of 
two  or  more  motions,  pressures,  &c. ;  (n.,  math. ) 
infinitesimal  difference  between  consecutive 
values  of  continuously  varying  quantity  (d. 
calculus,  method  of  calculating  this).  Hence 
diffepe*ntialLY2adv.     [f.  med.L  differentia- 

llS  (DIFFERENCE,  -AL)J 

differentiate  (-shi-),  v.t.  &  i.     Constitute 
the  difference  between,  of,  or  in  ;  develop  (t.  & 
i.)  into  unlikeness,  specialize,  (species,  organs, 
functions,  synonyms) ;  discriminate,  discrimin- 
ate between.    Hence  differentiA'TiON  n.   [f. 
med.L  different Jare,  -ate3] 
di'fficile  (-el),  a.  Unaccommodating,  exigent, 
hard  to  deal  with,  persuade,  &c.    [FJ 
di'ffieult,  a.    Hard  to  do  or  practise,  trouble- 
some, perplexing,  (often  d.  of  access,  to  answer, 
&c. ) ;  =  prec.    [perh.  back-formation  f .  foil.  ] 
difficulty  (-ikl-),  n.     Being  hard  to  do  (with 
d.,  often  as  adv.  =not  easily)  or  obscure ;  some- 
thing hard  or  obscure ;  hindrance  ;  embarrass- 
ment of  affairs,  esp.  want  of  money ;  reluctance, 
demur,  objection,  (make  dd. ,  be  unaccommodat- 
ing),   [f.  L  jhf(  ficultas=facultas  faculty)] 
di'ffidenee,  n.  Self-distrust,  excessive  mod- 
esty, shyness,  [f.  L  diffidentia  (foil.,  -ence)] 
di'ffident,  a.     Wanting  in  self-confidence, 
bashful.    Hence  di'ffidentLY2  adv.   [f.  Ldif- 
(fidere  trust),  -ent] 

di'ffiuence,   n.,    di'ffiuent,   a.      Flowing 
apart,  becoming  fluid  ;  deliquescence,  delique- 
scent,   [f.  L  x>iv(fluere  flow),  -ent,  -ence] 
diffna'ct,  v.t.  (opt.).  (Of  edge  of  opaque  body) 
break  up  (beam  of  light)  into  series  of  dark  and 
light  bands  or  coloured  spectra.    So  diffpa'e- 
tiONn.,  dlffpa'etrvEa.,  diffpa*ctiveLY2adv. 
ff.  L  DiF(frangere  fract-  break)] 
diff  u'se *  (-s),  a.  Spread  out,  diffused,  not  con- 
centrated, (of  light,  inflammation,  &c. );  not  con- 
cise, long-winded.     Hence  diffu'seLY2  adv., 
diffirse.VESS  n.    [f.  L  r>w(funderefu8-  pour)] 
diffu'se2  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.      Send  forth,  shed 
abroad,  (light,  particles,  heat,  geniality,  know- 
ledge, rumour) ;  (Physics)  intermingle  (t.  &  i.  of 
gases  or  fluids)  by  diffusion,  whence  diffirs- 
ible  (-z-)  a.,  diffusiBi'LiTY  (-z-)  n.     Hence  or 
cogn.  diffu'siON  (-zhn)  n..  diffu'siVE  (-s-)a., 
diffirsiveLY2  (-s-)  adv.,  diffirsivexESS  (-s-) 
n.    [f.  L  diff  us-  see  prec] 
dig",  v.t.  &  i.  (dug,  formerly  also  digged),  & 
n.    Use  spade  or  mattock,  claws,  hands,  or 
snout,  in  excavating  or  turning  over  ground  ; 
make  research  (for  information,  into  author 
&c);  make   way  by   digging  into,    through, 
under ;  excavate  or  turn  up  (ground)  with  spade 
&c.  ;  make  (hole  &c.)  by  digging;  get  by  dig- 
ging (potatoes) ;  thrust  (spurs,  one's  nails,  feet, 
point  of  weapon)  into  something  or  in ;  poke 
(person  in  the  ribs) ;  d.  out,  get,  find,  make,  by 
digging ;   d.  up,  break  up  (fallow  land).    (N.) 
piece  of  digging ;  thrust,  poke,  (esp.  in  the  ribs ; 
also  fig.  d.  at,  remark  directed  against),    [prob. 
f.  F  diguer  cf.  F  digue  dike  ;  from  14th  c.  only, 
not  in  OE,  nor  directly  related  to  dike] 
diga'mma,  n.    Sixth  letter  (F,  in  sound = w) 
of  original  Gk  alphabet,  later  disused,  but  im- 
portant in  philology.   [L  f.  Gk  (di-2,  gamma)] 
di'gamy,  n.  Taking,  having,  a  second  spouse. 
Hence  or  cogn.  di'gamiST(l)  n.,  di'gamous 
a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  di  2(gamia  f.  -gamos  -married)] 
dlga-stpie,  a.  &  n.  (anat.).    With  two  swell- 
ing ends  (of  muscles) ;  muscle  of  lower  jaw. 
[di-  2,  Gk  gaster  -tr-  belly,  -ic] 
drgest  *  (-j-),  n.  Methodical  compendium  or 
summary,  esp.  of  a  body  of  laws  (the  D.,  that 
compiled  by  order  of  Justinian),     [f.  L  digesta 
neut  pi.  p.p.  see  foil.] 
digest2,  v.t.  &  i.    Reduce  into  systematic 


form,  classify ;  summarize ;  think  over,  arrange 
in  the  mind ;  prepare  (food)  in  stomach  and 
bowels  for  assimilation  (intr.  of  food,  admit  of 
digestion  ;  digests  well,  will  not  d. ) ;  (of  drugs, 
wine,  &c.)  promote  digestion  of;  assimilate 
(conquered  territory  &c);  brook,  endure,  be 
reconciled  to,  (insult,  opinion);  get  mental 
nourishment  from.  Hence  dige'stiBLE  a., 
digestiBixiTY  n.,  dige'stibiA  -  adv.  [f.  L 
di  1(gerere  gest-  carry)  sort] 

dige'step,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  in  cookery, 
stock-pot  (cf.  foil.).     [-ER1] 

dige'stion  (-stshn),  n.  Digesting  (hard,  easy, 
of  a.)  of  physical  or  mental  food ;  power  of 
digesting  (a  good,  tveak,  d.) ;  long  steeping  in 
hot  fluid  to  extract  essence,  stewing.  [F,  f. 
L  digestionem  (digest  2,  -ion)] 

dige'stive,  a.  &  n.  Of,  promoting,  digestion ; 
substance  aiding  digestion  ;  ointment  to  pro- 
mote suppuration.  Hence  dige'sti vei . v  2  adv. 
IF  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  digestivus  (digest2,  -ive)] 

di'ggep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also  or  esp. :  (also 
gold-d.)  one  who  digs  or  searches  for  gold  in 
gold-fields;  Dd.,  N.-Amer.  Indians  living  on 
roots  ;  digging-part  of  various  machines  ;  (also 
d.  -wasp)  division  of  Hymenoptera.    [-er  1  ] 

di'gging,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  (pi. , 
sometimes  a  diggings)  mine  or  gold-field  ;  (pi., 
colloq. )  lodgings,    [-ing  *] 

dight  (dit),  v.t.  (archaic,  &  chiefly  in  p.p. 
dight).  Clothe,  array,  adorn ;  make  ready, 
[common  in  ME,  with  many  meanings ;  obs. 
exc.  dial.  f.  1670  to  1800 ;  revived  by  Scott,  & 
now  as  above  ;  OE  dihtan  1.  L  dictare  dictate, 
whence  also  G  dichten  write  poetry] 

di'git  (-j-),  n.  Finger  or  toe  (facet. ,  or  in  Zool. 
or  Anat.) ;  Anger's  breadth  ;  any  numeral  from 
0  to  9 ;  (Astron.)  twelfth  part  of  sun's  or  moon's 
diameter  (in  measuring  eclipse).  So  di'git  al 
a.    [f.  L  digitus] 

digita'lis  (-j-),  n.  Medicine  prepared  from 
fox-glove,  [mod.  L,=  fox-glove,  transl.  of  its 
G  name  fingerhut  thimble  (digit,  -al)] 

di'gitate  (-«t),  -ated,  a.  (zool.,  bot.).  With 
divided  fingers  or  toes ;  with  deep  radiating 
divisions.  Hence  digitATiON  n.,  digita'to- 
comb.  form.    [f.  L  digitatus  (digit,  -ate  2)J 

di'gitigpade,  a.  (zool.).  Walking  on  toes, 
not  touching  ground  with  heel,  (cf.  planti- 
grade).   [F  (L  digitus,  -I-,  -gradus  -walking)] 

di'gnify,  v.t.  Make  worthy ;  confer  dignity 
upon,  ennoble  ;  make  stately  (p.p.,  marked  by 
dignity,  self-respecting,  stately) ;  speak  of  by 
high-flown  title  (school  dignified  with  name  of 
college),  [f.  OF  dignifier  f.  med.L  dignificare 
(dignus  worthy,  -fy)] 

di'gnitapy,  n.  Person  holding  high  office, 
esp.  ecclesiastical,    [f.  L  as  foil.  +  -ary  l] 

di'gnity,  n.  True  worth,  excellence,  (the  d. 
of  labour) :  high  estate  or  estimation  (beneath 
one's  d.,  unfit  for  one  to  do) ;  honourable  office, 
rank,  or  title ;  elevation  of  manner,  proper 
stateliness.  [f.  OF  dignete  1.  L  dignitatem 
(dignus  worthy,  -ty)  ;  cf.  dainty] 

di'gpaph,  n.  Group  of  two  letters  express- 
ing one  sound,  as  ch,  ea.  [di-2,  Gk  graphe 
writing] 

digpe'ss  (or  df-),  v.i.  Diverge  from  the 
track,  stray;  depart  from  the  main  subject 
temporarily  in  speech  or  writing.  Hence  or 
cogn.  dlgpe'ssiON  n.,  dlgpe'ssiVE  a.  [f.  L 
Di  i(nredi  =  gradi  walk  gress-)] 

dike,  dyke,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ditch ;  natural  water- 
course ;  low  wall  esp.  of  turf ;  embankment, 
long  ridge,  dam,  against  flooding,  esp.  those  in 
Holland  against  sea ;  causeway ;  (fig.)  barrier, 
obstacle,  defence;  (Mining  &  Geol.)  fissure  in 
stratum  filled  with  deposited  matter,  this  mat- 


DILAPIDATE 


DINGHY 


ter;  d.-reeve,  officer  in  charge  of  drains,  sluices, 
&  sea-banks,  offer,  district ;  (vb)  provide,  defend 
with,  dike(s).  [OE  die,  whence  also  ditch  ;  cf. 
G  teich  pond] 

dilapidate,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring,  come,  into  dis- 
repair or  decay  (building,  furniture,  clothing, 
estate,  fortune),  [f.  L  vnHlapidare  f.  lapis 
stone)  understood  in  E  as  take  stone  from  stone, 
in  L  perh.  throw  away  like  stones] 

dilapidation,  n.  Squandering;  bringing 
or  coming  into,  being  in,  disrepair ;  sum 
charged  against  incumbent  &c  for  wear  &  tear 
during  his  tenancy ;  falling  away  of  cliffs 
&c,  debris  resulting,    (f.  L  dilapidatio  (prec, 

-ATION)] 

dila'te  (di-,  di-),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become 
wider  or  larger,  expand,  widen,  enlarge,  {with 
dilated  eyes),  whence  dila'tABLE  a.,  dilata- 
bi'lity  n.,  dilatATiON  (&irreg.  dila*tion)  n. ; 
expatiate,  speak  or  write  at  large  (usu.  upon). 
[f.  F  dilater  f.  L  di  Hlatare  f.  latus  wide) ;  the 
L  p.p.  st.  being  dilatat-,  dilation  is  irreg.] 

dila'tor,  n.  (anat.).  (Also  d.  muscle)  muscle 
that  dilates  an  organ  (cf.  constrictor),  [irreg. 
for  less  used  dilatator ;  see  prec,  -or2] 

dilatory,  a.  Tending  to,  designed  to  cause, 
given  to,  delay.  Hence  di'latopiLY2  adv., 
di'latoriNESS  n.  [f.  L  dilatorius  (di  Hat-  p.p. 
st.  of  differre  defer  »,  -ory)] 

dilemma  (or  di-),  n.  Argument  forcing 
opponent  to  choose  one  of  two  alternatives 
(horns  of  the  d.)  both  unfavourable  to  him; 
position  that  leaves  only  a  choice  between 
equal  evils.  So  dilemma'tica.  [L,  f.  Gk  Di2- 
(lemma  -atos  assumption  f.  lambano  take,  -m)] 

diletta'nte,  n.  (pi.  -ti,  pr.  -te)  &  a.  Lover  of 
the  fine  arts ;  amateur ;  smatterer,  one  who 
toys  with  subject  or  concentrates  on  nothing ; 
hence  diletta'ntiSH1  a.,  diletta'ntis.Mil)  n. 
(Adj.)  trifling,  not  thorough,  amateur.  [It.,  f. 
dilettare  f.  L  delectare  delight,  -ant] 

di'ligenee1,  n.  Persistent  effort  or  work ; 
industrious  character.    [F,  (diligent,  -ence)] 

di'ligenee  2  (often  as  F),  n.  Foreign  public 
stage-coach.    [F,  as  prec] 

di'ligen  t,  a.  Hard- working,  steady  in  appli- 
cation, industrious,  attentive  to  duties.  Hence 
dMigentLY 2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  mHligere  lect-  = 
legere  choose)  love,  take  delight  in,  -ent] 

dill,  n.  Umbelliferous  annual  yellow-flowered 
herb.    [OE  dili  cf.  G  dill  etym.  dub.] 

di'lly-dally,  v.i.  (colloq.).  Vacillate ;  loiter, 
[redupl.  of  dally] 

di'luent  (-60-),  a.  &  n.  Diluting  (agent)  j  (sub- 
stance) increasing  proportion  of  water  m  the 
blood  &c    [LLdtluere  dilute2,  -ent] 

di'lute1  (-oot,  also  di-  or  dildbt),  a.  Weak- 
ened by  addition  of  water ;  (of  colour)  washed- 
out,  faded ;  (fig.)  watery,  watered  down.  [f.  L 
dilutus  p.p.  see  foll.l 

dilute2  (dildbt,  di-),  v.t  Reduce  strength 
of  (fluid)  by  adding  water ;  diminish  brilliance 
of  (colour) ;  water  down  (doctrine,  zeal).  So 
dilirtiON  n.  _[f.  L  m(luere  lut-  wash)] 

dilu'vial  (-00-,  -u-),  a.  Of  a  flood,  esp.  of  the 
Flood  in  Genesis.  (Geol.)  d.  theory,  changes, 
&c,  depending  on  general  deluge  or  catastro- 
phic water-action,  whence  dllu*vialiST(2)  n. ; 
of  the  drift  formation  now  called  Glacial  Drift, 
[f .  L  diluvialis  (diluvium  deluge,  -al)] 

dim,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Faintly  luminous  or  visi- 
ble ;  not  bright,  clear,  or  well-defined ;  obscure ; 
seeing  or  seen,  hearing  or  heard,  apprehending 
or  apprehended,  indistinctly ;  hence  di'niLY2 
adv.,  dl*mmiSH1(2)  a.,  di'mNESS  n.  (Vb)  be- 
come or  make  d.,  becloud,  outshine.  [OE,  cf. 
OHG  timbar] 

dime,  n.  (U.S.).  Silver  coin,  1/10  of  dollar  (d. 


novel,  cheap  shocker),  [obs.  sense  tithe,  f.  OF 
disme  f.  L  decima  fern,  of  decimus  tenth] 

dime'nsion  (or  di-),  n.  Measurable  extent 
of  any  kind,  as  length,  breadth,  thickness,  area, 
volume,  (usu.  pi. ;  of  great  dd.,  very  large) ;  the 
three  dd.,  length,  breadth,  &  thickness  (point 
has  no  dd.,  line  one,  surface  two,  body  three ; 
fourth  d.  in  math,  speculations,  property  of 
matter  that  should  be  to  solids  as  solids  are  to 
planes) ;  (Alg.)  number  of  unknown  quantities 
contained  as  factors  in  a  product  (a:3,  x*y,  xyz, 
all  of  three  dd.).  Hence  (-(dimension  u., 
dime'nsionLESS,  aa.  [F,  f.  L  di  ^(mensionem 
f.  metiri  mensus  measure,  -ion)] 

di'merous,  a.  (hot.,  entom.).  With  two 
parts,    [di-  2,  -merous] 

di'meter,  n.  Verse  of  two  measures  (mea- 
sure in  some  metres  has  one  foot,  in  others  two), 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  di  2(metros  t.  metron  measure)] 

dimi'diate  (-at),  a.  Halved,  split  in  two.  [f. 
li(-diare)  f.  T>i*(midiumf.  medius mid),  -ate2] 

diminish,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become,  ac- 
tually or  in  appearance,  less  (hide  one's  dimin- 
ished head,  i.  e.  reduced  power  &c;  in  Mus., 
diminished,  of  intervals  less  by  a  chromatic 
semitone  than  the  full,  as  diminished  fifth  &c) ; 
(Arch.)  taper  (t.  &  i.).  Hence  dimi*nishABLE 
a.,  dimi,nishing,LY2adv.  [mixture of  minish 
with  obs.  diminue  f .  F  diminuer  f .  L  Di  1minuere 
-minut-  cf.  minor  less] 

dimi'nue'ndo,  mus.  direction  (abbr.  dim.) 
&  n.  Gradually  decrease  loudness  (cf.  cre- 
scendo); gradual  decrease,  musical  passage 
marked  by  it,  (also  fig.).    [It.] 

diminution,  n.  Diminishing,  amount  of  it. 
[F,  f.  Jjdiminutionem  (diminish,  -ion)] 

dimi'nutive,  a.  &  n.  (Gram.)  (word)  describ- 
ing small  specimen  of  the  thing  denoted  by  cor- 
responding primitive  word ;  remarkably  small, 
tiny.  Hence  dimi'nuti'VAL  a.  (gram.),  di- 
mi*nutiveLY2adv.,  dimi*nutive.\i:ss  n.  [F 
(-if,  -ive),  f.  L  diminutivus  (diminish,  -ive)] 

drmity,  n.  Stout  cotton  fabric  woven  with 
raised  stripes  or  fancy  figures  used  for  bedroom 
hangings  &c  [f.  It.  dimito  (pi.  -i)  f.  ULdimitum 
f .  Gk  di  2(mitos  warp-thread)] 

dimop'phic,  dimorphous,  aa.  (bot.,  zool., 
chem.,  mineral.).  Exhibiting,  occurring  in,  two 
distinct  forms.  So  dimor*phiSM(2)  n.  [f.  Gk 
di  2(morphos  f.  morphe  form)  +  -ic,  -ous] 

di'mple,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Small  hollow  esp. 
in  cheek  or  chin ;  ripple  in  water,  hollow  in 
ground ;  hence  di'mplY  2  a.  (Vb)  produce  dd. 
in,  show  dd.  Ff.  15th  c  only ;  berh.  cogn.  w.  G 
tiimpel  pool  (cr.  dapple)  f.  OHG  dumphilo] 

din,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Continued  confused  stun- 
ning or  distracting  noise.  ( Vb)  assail  with  d. ;  re- 
peat ad  nauseam  into  person  or  person's  ears  ; 
make  a  d.    [vb  f.  n.,  OE  dyne  cf.  ON  dynr] 

dine,  v.i.  &  t.  Take  dinner  (d.  out,  away  from 
home ;  d.  with  Duke  Humphrey,  go  without 
dinner— perh.  w.  allusion  to  those  who  walked 
duringdinner-time  in  Duke  Humphrey's  Walk 
in  St  Paul's) ;  entertain  (persons)  at  dinner,  (of 
room  &c)  provide  dining-accommodation  for 
(some  number) ;  dining-room,  used  for  meals, 
[f.  F  diner  perh.  f.  LL  *dis(  jejunare  t.  jejunus 
fasting)  breakfast  cf.  dejeuner] 

di'nep,  n.  One  who  dines  ;  railway  dining- 
car  ;  d.-out,  one  who  often  dines  from  home,  esp. 
one  much  invited  for  his  social  qualities.  [-ER  *] 

di'ng-do'ng,  adv.,  n.,  &  a.  (With)  alternat- 
ing strokes  as  of  two  bells  (hammer  away  at  it 
d. ;  d.  race,  in  which  each  has  the  better  alter- 
nately) ;  sound  of  bell(s) ;  jingle  of  rhyme,  [imit.] 

dinghy,  dingey,  (di'nggi),  n.  Small  ship's- 
boat ;  small  pleasure  rowing-boat.  [orig.  native 
rowing-boat  on  Indian  rivers,  f.  Hind.  dehgi\ 


DIFFERENTIATE 


230 


DIKE 


(Physics,  Mech.)  concerning  the  difference  of 
two  or  more  motions,  pressures,  &c. ;  (n.,  math.) 
infinitesimal  difference  between  consecutive 
values  of  continuously  varying  quantity  (d. 
calculus,  method  of  calculating  this).  Hence 
differe'ntialLY2  adv.     [f.  med.L  differentia- 

liS  (DIFFERENCE,  -AL)J 

differe'ntiate  (-shi-),  v.t.  &  i.     Constitute 
the  difference  between,  of,  or  in  ;  develop  (t.  & 
i.)  into  unlikeness,  specialize,  (species,  organs, 
functions,  synonyms) ;  discriminate,  discrimin- 
ate between.    Hence  diffepentiA  tion  n.   [f. 
med.L  DiFFERENTiare,  -ate  3] 
di'fficf/e  (-el),  a.  Unaccommodating,  exigent, 
hard  to  deal  with,  persuade,  &c.    [F] 
difficult,  a.    Hard  to  do  or  practise,  trouble- 
some, perplexing,  (often  d.  of  access,  to  answer, 
&c):  =prec.    [perh.  back-formation  f.  foil.] 
di'fflculty  (-ikl-),  n.     Being  hard  to  do  {with 
d.,  often  as  adv.  =  not  easily)  or  obscure ;  some- 
thing hard  or  obscure ;  hindrance  ;  embarrass- 
ment of  affairs,  esp.  want  of  money ;  reluctance, 
demur,  objection,  {make  dd. ,  be  unaccommodat- 
ing),   [f.  L  dif( ficultas=facultas  faculty)] 
di'ffidenee,  n.  Self-distrust,  excessive  mod- 
esty, shyness,  [f.  hdiffidentia{fol\.,  -ence)] 
di'ffident,  a.     Wanting  in  self-confidence, 
bashful.    Hence  dl'ffidentLY2  adv.   [Llimv- 
{fidere  trust),  -ent] 

di'fHuence,   n.,   di'ffluent,   a.      Flowing 
apart,  becoming  fluid  ;  deliquescence,  delique- 
scent,   [f.  L  T>iv(fluere  flow),  -ent,  -ence] 
diffna'ct,  v.t.  (opt. ).  (Of  edge  of  opaque  body) 
break  up  (beam  of  light)  into  series  of  dark  and 
light  bands  or  coloured  spectra.    So  diffpa*e- 
tiONn.,  diffpa'etiVEa.,  difTpa'etiveLY2adv. 
ff.  L  dif( frangere  fract-  break)] 
diff  u*se  •  (-s),  a.  Spread  out,  diffused,  not  con- 
centrated, (of  light,  inflammation,  &c);  not  con- 
cise, long-winded.    Hence  diffu'seLY2  adv., 
diflTu'seNESS  n.    [f.  L  viF(fundere  fus-  pour)] 
diffirse2  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.      Send  forth,  shed 
abroad,  (light,  particles,  heat,  geniality,  know- 
ledge, rumour) ;  (Physics)  intermingle  (t.  &  i.  of 
gases  or  fluids)  by  diffusion,  whence  difffu's- 
ible  (-z-)  a.,  diffusiBi'LiTY  (-Z-)  n.     Hence  or 
cogn.  diffirsiON  (-zhn)  n..  diffU'SiVE  (-s-)a., 
diffu'siveLY  2  (-s-)  adv.,  difFirsiveNESS  (-s) 
n.    [f.  L  diff  us-  see  prec] 
dig,  v.t.  8c  i.  {dug,  formerly  also  digged),  & 
n.    Use  spade  or  mattock,  claws,  hands,  or 
snout,  in  excavating  or  turning  over  ground  ; 
make  research  {for  information,  into  author 
&c);  make   way  by   digging  into,    through, 
under ;  excavate  or  turn  up  (ground)  with  spade 
&c. ;  make  (hole  &c.)  by  digging;  get  by  dig- 
ging (potatoes) ;  thrust  (spurs,  one's  nails,  feet, 
point  of  weapon)  into  something  or  in ;  poke 
(person  in  the  ribs) ;  d.  out,  get,  find,  make,  by 
digging ;   d.  up,  break  up  (fallow  land).    (N.) 
piece  of  digging ;  thrust,  poke,  (esp.  in  the  ribs ; 
also  fig.  d.  at,  remark  directed  against),    [prob. 
f.  Fdiguer  cf.  F  digue  dike  ;  from  14th  c.  only, 
not  in  OE,  nor  directly  related  to  dike] 
diga'mma,  n.    Sixth  letter  (F,  in  sound =w) 
of  original  Gk  alphabet,  later  disused,  but  im- 
portant in  philology.   [L  f.  Gk  (di-2,  gamma)] 
di'gamy,  n.  Taking,  having,  a  second  spouse. 
Hence  or  cogn.  di*gamiST(l)  n.,  di'gamous 
a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  m^gamia  f.  -gamos  -married)] 
dlga'stpie,  a.  &  n.  (anat.).    With  two  swell- 
ing ends  (of  muscles) ;  muscle  of  lower  jaw. 
[di-  2,  Gk  gaster  -tr-  belly,  -ic] 
drgest l  (-j-),  n.  Methodical  compendium  or 
summary,  esp.  of  a  body  of  laws  {the  D.,  that 
compiled  by  order  of  Justinian),     [f.  L  digesta 
neut.  pi.  p.p.  see  foil.] 
dige'st2,  v.t.  &  i.    Reduce  into  systematic 


form,  classify ;  summarize ;  think  over,  arrange 
in  the  mind ;  prepare  (food)  in  stomach  and 
bowels  for  assimilation  (intr.  of  food,  admit  of 
digestion  ;  digests  well,  will  not  d.) ;  (of  drugs, 
wine,  &c.)  promote  digestion  of;  assimilate 
(conquered  territory  &c);  brook,  endure,  be 
reconciled  to,  (insult,  opinion);  get  mental 
nourishment  from.  Hence  dige'stiBLE  a., 
digrestiBiLiTY  n.,  dige'stibLY *  adv.  [f.  L 
di  l{gerere  gest-  carry)  sort] 

dige'step,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.  in  cookery, 
stock-pot  (cf.  foil.).     [-ER1] 

dige'stion  (-stshn),  n.  Digesting  {hard,  easy, 


of  d.)  of  physical  or  mental  food  ;  power  of 
digesting  {a  good,  weak,  d.) ;  long  steeping  in 
hot  fluid  to  extract  essence,  stewing.  [F,  f. 
L  digestionem  (digest  2,  -ion)] 

dige'stive,  a.  &  n.  Of,  promoting,  digestion ; 
substance  aiding  digestion  ;  ointment  to  pro- 
mote suppuration.  Hence  dige'stiveLY  2  adv. 
IF  {-if,  -ive),  f.  L  digestivus  (digest2,  -ive)] 

di'ggep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also  or  esp. :  (also 
gold-d.)  one  who  digs  or  searches  for  gold  in 
gold-fields ;  Dd.,  N.-Amer.  Indians  living  on 
roots  ;  digging-part  of  various  machines  ;  (also 
d.-wasp)  division  of  Hymenoptera.    [-er  l] 

di'gging,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  (pi., 
sometimes  a  diggings)  mine  or  gold-field ;  (pi., 
colloq.)  lodgings,    [-ing1] 

dight  (dit),  v.t.  (archaic,  &  chiefly  in  p.p. 
dight).  Clothe,  array,  adorn ;  make  ready, 
[common  in  ME,  with  many  meanings ;  obs. 
exc.  dial.  f.  1670  to  1800 ;  revived  by  Scott,  & 
now  as  above  ;  OE  dihtan  f.  L  dictare  dictate, 
whence  also  G  dichten  write  poetry] 

di'git  (-j-),  n.  Finger  or  toe  (facet. ,  or  in  Zool. 
or  Anat.) ;  finger's  breadth  ;  any  numeral  from 
0  to  9 ;  (Astron.)  twelfth  part  of  sun's  or  moon's 
diameter  (in  measuring  eclipse).  So  di'gitAi, 
a.    [f.  L  digitus] 

digita'lis  (-j-),  n.  Medicine  prepared  from 
fox-glove,  [mod.  L,=  fox-glove,  transl.  of  its 
G  name  flngerhut  thimble  (digit,  -al)] 

di'gitate  (-at),  -ated,  a.  (zool.,  bot.).  With 
divided  fingers  or  toes ;  with  deep  radiating 
divisions.    Hence  digitATTON  n.,  digitato- 


comb.  form.    [f.  L  digitatus  (digit,  -ate  2)] 
di 'git  i  grade,  a.  (zool.).    Walking  on  t 
not  touching  ground  with  heel,  (cf.  planti 


grade).    [F  (L  digitus,  -i-,  -gradus  -walking)] 

di'gnify,  v.t.  Make  worthy ;  confer  dignity 
upon,  ennoble  ;  make  stately  (p.p.,  marked  by 
dignity,  self-respecting,  stately) ;  speak  of  by 
high-flown  title  {school  dignified  with  name  of 
college),  [f.  OF  dignifier  t.  med.L  dignificare 
{dignus  worthy,  -FY)] 

di'gnitapy,  n.  Person  holding  high  office, 
esp.  ecclesiastical,    [f.  L  as  foil.  +  -ary  l] 

di'gnity,  n.    True  worth,  excellence,  {the  d.  i 
of  labour) ;  high  estate  or  estimation  {beneath 
one's  d.,  unfit  for  one  to  do) ;  honourable  office,  | 
rank,  or  title ;  elevation  of  manner,  proper 
stateliness.     [f.   OF  dignete  f.   L  dignitatem 
{dignus  worthy,  -ty)  ;  cf.  dainty] 

di'gpaph,  n.  Group  of  two  letters  express- 
ing one  sound,  as  ch,  ea.  [di-2,  Gk  graphe 
writing] 

digpe'ss  {or  df-),  v.i.  Diverge  from  the 
track,  stray;  depart  from  the  main  subject 
temporarily  in  speech  or  writing.  Hence  or 
cogn.  dig*pe*ssioN  n.,  dlgpe'ssiVE  a.  [f.  L 
di  *{gredi  =  gradi  walk  gress-)] 

dike,  dyke,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ditch ;  natural  water- 
course ;  low  wall  esp.  of  turf ;  embankment, 
long  ridge,  dam,  against  flooding,  esp.  those  in 
Holland  against  sea ;  causeway ;  (fig.)  barrier, 
obstacle,  defence;  (Mining  &  Geol.)  fissure  in 
stratum  filled  with  deposited  matter,  this  mat- 


DILAPIDATE 


231 


DINGHY 


ter ;  d.-reeve,  officer  in  charge  of  drains,  sluices, 
&  sea-banks,  offer,  district ;  (vb)  provide,  defend 
with,  dike(s).  [OE  die,  whence  also  ditch ;  cf. 
G  teich  pond] 

dilapidate,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring,  come,  into  dis- 
repair or  decay  (building,  furniture,  clothing, 
estate,  fortune),  [f.  L  m1(lapidare  f.  lapis 
stone)  understood  in  E  as  take  stone  from  stone, 
in  L  perh.  throw  away  like  stones] 

dilapidation,  n.  Squandering;  bringing 
or  coming  into,  being  in,  disrepair;  sum 
charged  against  incumbent  &c.  for  wear  &  tear 
during  his  tenancy ;  falling  away  of  cliffs 
&c,  debris  resulting,    (f.  L  dilapidatio  (prec, 

-ATION)] 

dila'te  (di-,  di-),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become 
wider  or  larger,  expand,  widen,  enlarge,  (with 
dilated  eyes),  whence  dilatABLE  a.,  dilata- 
bi-lity  n.,  dilatATiON  (&irreg.  dilation)  n. ; 
expatiate,  speak  or  write  at  large  (usu.  upon). 
[f.  F  dUater  f.  L  di  Hlatare  f.  latus  wide) ;  the 
L  p.p.  st.  being  dilatat-,  dilation  is  irreg.] 

dilator,  n.  (anat.).  (Also  d.  muscle)  muscle 
that  dilates  an  organ  (cf.  constrictor),  lirreg. 
for  less  used  dilatator ;  see  prec,  -OR2] 

di'latory,  a.  Tending  to,  designed  to  cause, 
given  to,  delay.  Hence  di'latorlLY  2  adv., 
di'latopiNESS  n.  [f.  L  dilatorius  (di  Hat-  p.p. 
st  of  differre  defer  *,  -ory)] 

dileTnma  (or  di-),  n.  Argument  forcing 
opponent  to  choose  one  of  two  alternatives 
(horns  of  the  d.)  both  unfavourable  to  him; 
position  that  leaves  only  a  choice  between 
equal  evils.  So  dilemma  tic  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  di2- 
(lemma  -atos  assumption  f.  lambano  take,  -m)] 

diletta'nte,  n.  (pi.  -ti,  pr.  -te)  &  a.  Lover  of 
the  fine  arts ;  amateur ;  smatterer,  one  who 
toys  with  subject  or  concentrates  on  nothing ; 
hence  diletta'ntisH1  a.,  diletta'ntiSM(l)  n. 
(Adj.)  trifling,  not  thorough,  amateur.  [It.,  f. 
dilettare  f.  L  delectare  delight,  -ant] 

di'ligenee1,  n.  Persistent  effort  or  work ; 
industrious  character.    [F,  (diligent,  -ence)] 

di'ligence  2  (often  as  F),  n.  Foreign  public 
stage-coach.    [F,  as  prec.] 

di'ligent,  a.  Hard-working,  steady  in  appli- 
cation, industrious,  attentive  to  duties.  Hence 
di'llg-entLY 2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  niHligere  lect-  = 
legere  choose)  love,  take  delight  in,  -ent] 

dill,  n.  Umbellif erousannual  yellow-flowered 
herb.    [OE  dili  cf.  G  dill  etym.  dub.] 

di-lly-dally,v.Mcolloq.).  Vacillate;  loiter. 
[redupL  of  dally] 

di'luent  (-ob-),  a.  &  n.  Diluting  (agent)  \  (sub- 
stance) increasing  proportion  of  water  m  the 
blood  &c.    [tL dxluere dilute 2,  -ent] 

di'lute1  (-oot,  also  di-  or  diloot),  a.  "Weak- 
ened by  addition  of  water ;  (of  colour)  washed- 
out,  faded ;  (fig.)  watery,  watered  down.  [f.  L 
dilutus  p.p.  see  foll.1 

dilute2  (diloot,  di-),  v.t  Reduce  strength 
of  (fluid)  by  adding  water ;  diminish  brilliance 
of  (colour) ;  water  down  (doctrine,  zeal).     So 

dilu'tiON  n.  _[f.  L  m(luere  lut-  wash)] 

dilirvial  (-00-,  -ti-),  a.  Of  a  flood,  esp.  of  the 
Flood  in  Genesis.  (Geol.)  d.  theory,  changes, 
&c,  depending  on  general  deluge  or  catastro- 
phic water-action,  whence  dilu*vlaliST(2)  n. ; 
of  the  drift  formation  now  called  Glacial  Drift, 
[f.  L  diluvialis  (diluvium  deluge,  -al)] 

dim,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Faintly  luminous  or  visi- 
ble ;  not  bright,  clear,  or  well-defined ;  obscure  ; 
seeing  or  seen,  hearing  or  heard,  apprehending 
or  apprehended,  indistinctly ;  hence  di'mLY2 
adv.,  di'mmiSHi(2)  a.,  di'mNESS  n.  (Vb)  be- 
come or  make  d.,  becloud,  outshine.  [OE,  cf. 
OHG  timbar] 

dime,  n.  (U.S.).  Silver  coin,  1/10  of  dollar  (d. 


novel,  cheap  shocker),  [obs.  sense  tithe,  f.  OF 
disme  f.  L  decima  fern,  of  decimus  tenth] 

dime'nsion  (or  di-),  n.  Measurable  extent 
of  any  kind,  as  length,  breadth,  thickness,  area, 
volume,  (usu.  pi. ;  of  great  dd.,  very  large) ;  the 
three  dd..  length,  breadth,  &  thickness  (point 
has  no  dd.,  line  one,  surface  two,  body  three ; 
fourth  d.  in  math,  speculations,  property  of 
matter  that  should  be  to  solids  as  solids  are  to 
planes) ;  (Alg.)  number  of  unknown  quantities 
contained  as  factors  in  a  product  (x3,  x^y,  xyz, 
all  of  three  dd.).  Hence  (-)dime'nsionAL, 
dime'nsionLESS,  aa.  [F,  f.  L  di  ^(mensionem 
f.  metiri  mensus  measure,  -ion)] 

di-merous,  a.  (hot.,  entom.).  With  two 
parts,    [di-2,  -merous] 

di'meter,  n.  Verse  of  two  measures  (mea- 
sure in  some  metres  has  one  foot,  in  others  two), 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  di  2(metros  t.  metron  measure)] 

dimi'diate  (-at),  a.  Halved,  split  in  two.  [f. 
L  (-diare)  f.  T>il(midiumf.  medius mid),  -ate2] 

dimrnish,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become,  ac- 
tually or  in  appearance,  less  (hide  one's  dimin- 
ished head,  i.  e.  reduced  power  &c. ;  in  Mus., 
diminished,  of  intervals  less  by  a  chromatic 
semitone  than  the  full,  as  diminished  fifth  &c.) ; 
(Arch.)  taper  (t.  &  i.).  Hence  dimi'nishABLE 
a. ,  dimi'nishingLY  2  ad  v.  [mixture  of  m  inish 
with  obs.  diminue  f .  F  diminuer  f .  L  Di  lminuere 
-minut-  cf.  minor  less] 

dimrnue'ndo,  mus.  direction  (abbr.  dim.) 
&  n.  Gradually  decrease  loudness  (cf.  cre- 
scendo); gradual  decrease,  musical  passage 
marked  by  it,  (also  fig.).    [It.] 

diminution,  n.  Diminishing,  amount  of  it. 
[F,  f.  lidiminutxonem  (diminish,  -ion)] 

dimi'nutive,  a.  &n.  (Gram.)  (word)  describ- 
ing small  specimen  of  the  thing  denoted  by  cor- 
responding primitive  word ;  remarkably  small, 
tiny.  Hence  dimi#nutl*VAL  a.  (gram.),  di- 
mi,nutiveLY2adv.,dimi*nutiveNESS  n.  (F 
(-if,  -ive),  f.  L  diminutivus  (diminish,  -ive)] 

di'mlty,  n.  Stout  cotton  fabric  woven  with 
raised  stripes  or  fancy  figures  used  for  bedroom 
hangings  &c.  [f.  It.  dimxto  (pi.  -i)  f .  LL  dimitum 
f.  Gk mHmitos  warp- thread)] 

dimop'phie,  dimorphous,  aa.  (hot,  zool., 
chem.,  mineral.).  Exhibiting,  occurring  in,  two 
distinct  forms.  So  dimor*phiSM(2)  n.  [f.  Gk 
di  2(morphos  f.  morphe  form)  +  -ic,  -ous] 

di-mple,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Small  hollow  esp. 
in  cheek  or  chin ;  ripple  in  water,  hollow  in 
ground ;  hence  di'mpiY  2  a.  (Vb)  produce  dd. 
in,  show  dd.  [f.  15th  c.  only  iperh.  cogn.  w.  G 
tiimpel  pool  (cf.  dapple)  f.  OHG  dumphilo] 

din,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Continued  confused  stun- 
ning or  distracting  noise.  ( Vb)  assail  with  d. ;  re- 
peat ad  nauseam  into  person  or  person's  ears  ; 
make  a  d.    [vb  f.  n.,  OE  dyne  cf.  ON  dynr] 

dine,  v.i.  &  t.  Take  dinner  (d.  out,  away  from 
home ;  d.  with  Duke  Humphrey,  go  without 
dinner— perh.  w.  allusion  to  those  who  walked 
duringdinner-time  in  Duke  Humphrey's  Walk 
in  St  Paul's) ;  entertain  (persons)  at  dinner,  (of 
room  &c.)  provide  dining-accommodation  for 
(some  number) ;  dining-room,  used  for  meals, 
[f.  F  diner  perh.  f.  LL  *dis(  jejunare  t.  jejunus 
fasting)  breakfast  cf.  dejeuner] 

di'nep,  n.  One  who  dines  ;  railway  dining- 
car  ;  d.-out,  one  who  often  dines  from  home,  esp. 
one  much  invited  for  his  social  qualities,  [-er^] 

d  i*  ng-do'ng,  ad  v. ,  n. ,  &  a.  (With)  alternat- 
ing strokes  as  of  two  bells  (hammer  away  at  it 
d. ;  d.  race,  in  which  each  has  the  better  alter- 
nately) ;  sound  of  bell(s) ;  jingle  of  rhyme,  [imit] 

ding-hy,  dingey,  (di-nggf),  n.  Small  ship's- 
boat ;  small  pleasure  rowing-boat.  [orig.  native 
rowing-boat  on  Indian  rivers,  f .  Hind,  dengi] 


DINGLE 


232 


DIRECT 


di'ng-le,  n.  Deep  dell,  usu.  shaded  with  trees, 
[etym.  dub. ;  perh.  =  dimple] 

drng-o,  n.  Wild  or  half -domesticated  Austra- 
lian dog.    [native] 

di'ng-y  (-11),  a.  Dull-coloured,  grimy,  dirty- 
looking.  Hence  di'ngiLY2  adv.,  di'nglNEss 
n.    [perh.  f.  dung  +  -y2] 

di'nner,  n.  Chief  meal  of  day,  whether  at 
midday  or  evening  (formal  meal  with  distinct 
courses) ;  public  feast  in  honour  of  person  or 
event;  d.-bell,  -hour,  -time,  -party;  d.-set,  of 
plates,  dishes,  &c. ;  d.-ioagon,  movable  tray  on 
castored  legs.  Hence  di'nnePLESS  a.  [f.  F 
diner  dine  used  as  n. ;  -er  4] 

drnosaup,  n.  Extinct  gigantic  reptile. 
Hence  dinosaup'iAN  a.  &  n.  [f.  Gk  deinos 
terrible  +  sauros  lizard] 

di'nothere,  n.  Huge  extinct  proboscidean 
quadruped,    fas  prec,  Gk  therion  wild  beast] 

dint1,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Archaic)  stroke,  blow, 
(whence,  mod.)  by  d.  of,  by  force  or  means  of; 
mark  made  by  Slow  or  pressure,  dent;  (vb) 
mark  with  dd.,  dent.    [OE  dynt  cf.  ON  dyntr] 

dio-cesan  (-zn),  a.  &  n.  Of  a  diocese.  (N.) 
bishop  in  relation  to  diocese  or  clergy  ;  member 
of  diocese  in  relation  to  bishop  (corresp.  to 
parishioner),    [f.  F  diocesain  (foil.,  -an)] 

di'ocese  (-es,  -es),  n.  Bishop's  district,  [f.  OF 
diocise  f.  med.L  diocesls  f.  L  f.  Gk  m3(oikesis 
f.  oikeo  inhabit)  administration] 

dioe'cious  (die-),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the  male 
&  female  flowers  on  separate  plants  ;  (Zool.) 
with  the  two  sexes  in  separate  individuals. 
[dt-2,  Gk  -oikos  -housed,  -ous] 

dlo'ptpic,  a.  &  n.  Serving  as  medium  for 
sight,  assisting  sight  by  refraction,  (d.  glass, 
lens,  system) ;  of  refraction,  refractive ;  of  diop- 
trics ;  hence  dio'ptPiCALLY  adv.  (N.)  unit  of 
refractive  power,  power  of  lens  with  focal  dis- 
tance one  metre;  (pi.)  part  of  optics  dealing 
with  refraction  (cf.  catoptrics),  [f.  Gk  diop- 
trikos  f.  di  Hoptra  f.  op-  see  +  instr.  suf.  -tra) 
optical  instrument,  -ic] 

dlopa'ma  (-ah-),  n.  Spectacular  painting  in 
which,  by  changes  in  the  colour  &  direction  of 
light  thrown  on  or  through  it,  effects  of  such 
natural  processes  as  sunrise  are  produced. 
Hence  (irreg.)  diopa'mic  a.  [di-  3,  Gk  horama 
-atos  (horao  see,  -m)] 

dio'xide,  n.  (chem.).  Oxide  formed  by  com- 
bination of  two  equivalents  of  oxygen  with  one 
of  metal  or  metalloid  (Carbon  d.  &c).    [di-2] 

dip1,  v.t.  &  L  Put  or  let  down  into  liquid, 
immerse ;  dye  thus ;  make  (candles)  by  immers- 
ing wick  in  hot  tallow ;  wash  (sheep)  in  vermin- 
killing  liquid;  take  up  (liquid,  grain,  &c.)  in 
scoop,  pan,  &c. ;  lower  (flag,  sail,  scale  of  bal- 
ance) for  a  moment ;  involve  in  debt  (colloq.) ; 
go  under  water  &  emerge  quickly ;  put  hand, 
ladle,  &c.,  into  to  take  something  out  (d.  into 
one's  purse  &c,  spend  freely);  go  below  any 
surface  or  level  (sun  dips  below  horizon ;  bird 
dips  &  rises  in  flight ;  scale  dips) ;  extend 
downwards;  have  downward  slope  (esp.  of 
magnetic  needle,  &  of  strata ;  dipping-needle, 
one  so  mounted  as  to  measure  magnetic  dip) ; 
make  investigations  (d.  deep  into  the  future); 
look  cursorily  or  skippingly  into  (book).  [OE 
dj/ppan,  cogn.  w.  deep  ;  cf.  G  taufen  baptize] 

dip2,  n.  A  dipping  (see  prec);  quantity 
dipped  up ;  (colloq.)  bathe  in  sea  &c. ;  amount 
of  submergence  ;  ( Astro n.,  Surv.)  apparent  de- 
pression of  horizon  due  to  observer's  elevation ; 
angle  made  by  magnetic  needle  with  horizon ; 
downward  slope  of  stratum ;  depression  of  sky- 
line &c. ;  tallow  candle ;  washing-preparation 
for  sheep  &c. ;  d.-needle,=  dipping-needle  (see 
prec.) ;  d.-net,  small  fishing-net  with  long  han- 


dle ;  d.-pipe,  -trap,  arranged  to  cut  off  com- 
munication of  gas  &c.  by  downward  bend  in 
which  liquid  stands,    [f.  prec] 

diphther-ia,  diphtheprtis,  nn.  Acute 
infectious  disease  with  inflammation  of  a  muc- 
ous membrane  esp.  of  throat,  &  exudation 
forming  a  false  membrane.  Hence  diph- 
thep'iAL,  diphthe'pic,  diphthepi'tic, 
di'phthePOiD,  aa.  |f.  Fdiphthene,  diphthe'rite 
(earlier  name),  f.  Gk  diphthera  hide,  -Y  I,  -itis] 

di'phthong-,  n.  Union  of  two  vowels  pro- 
nounced in  one  syllable  (ou,  oi);  two  vowel 
characters  representing  sound  of  single  vowel 
(ea  in  feat),  digraph  ;  compound  vowel  charac- 
ter, ligature,  (ee).  Hence  diphtho'ng-AL  a., 
di*phthongiZE(3)  v.t.,  (-ngg-).  [f.  F  diph- 
thongue  f.  L  f.  Gk  T>i2(phthoggos  -sou«ded  f. 
phthoggos  voice)] 

dipl(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  diplous  double, 
in  many  scientific  words  as  diploblastic  with 
two  germinal  layers,  diplocardiac  with  right  & 
left  sides  of  heart  separate. 

dlpld'ma,  n.  (pi.  -s,  rarely  -ta).  State  paper, 
official  document,  charter;  document  confer- 
ring honour  or  privilege,  esp.  University  or  Col- 
lege certificate  of  degree,  whence  diplo'ma- 
ed2  (-mad),  diplo'maLESS,  aa.  [Lf.  Gk  (-6-),  f. 
dipiloo  (diplous  double),  -M  ;  orig.  folded  paper] 

dipld*maey,  n.  Management  of,  skill  in 
managing,  international  relations ;  adroitness, 
artful  management,  tact.  [f.  F  diplomatic  f. 
diplomate  see  foil.,  -Y1] 

di'plomat,  n.  =  diplomatist,  [f.  F  diplo- 
mate back-formation  f.  diplomatique  see  foil.] 

diploma'tic,  a.  Of  official  or  original  docu- 
ments, charters,  &c  ;  of  diplomacy  (d.  body, 
ambassadors  &  legation-officials  at  a  court ;  d. 
service,  officials  concerned  with  foreign  lega- 
tions) ;  skilled  in  diplomacy ;  proceeding  by 
negotiation.  Hence  diploma'tiCALLY  adv. 
[f.  F  diplomatique  f.  mod.  L  diplomaticus  I.  Gk 
diploma  -atos,  -ic] 

diplo'matist,  n.  One  officially  engaged  in 
diplomacy ;  adroit  negotiator,  [diplomat,  -ist] 

diplo'matize,  v.i.  Act  as  diplomatist ;  use 
diplomatic  arts,    [diplomat,  -ize] 

di'ppep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  Ana- 
baptist or  Baptist;  kinds  of  bird,  esp.  water 
ouzel;  kind  or  ladle;  (Photog.)  apparatus  for 
immersing  negatives,    [dip  K  -er  *] 

dipsoma'nla,  n.  Morbid  craving  for  alco- 
hol. HencedipsoMA'NiACn.  [Gk  dipso-  (dipsa 
thirst,  -o-),  -mania] 

di'ptepal,  a.  With  double  peristyle,  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  di  2(pteros  -winged  f.  pteron  wing),  -al] 

di'ptepous,  a.  (Entom.)  two- winged,  be- 
longing to  the  order  Diptera  (insects  with  one 
pair  of  membranous  wings);  (Bot.)  with  two 
wing-like  appendages,    [as  prec  +  -ous] 

di'ptyeh  (-Ik),  n.  Ancient  hinged  two-leaved 
writing-tablet  with  inner  sides  waxed  ;  paint- 
ing, esp.  altarpiece.  of  two  leaves  closing  like 
book.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  mHptukha  neut.  pi.  of  -ptu- 
khos  -folding  f.  ptukhe  fold] 

dipe,  a.  Dreadful,  calamitous,  (d.  sisters,  the 
Furies).    Hence  dlpe'LY  2  adv.    [f.  L  dirus] 

dipe'ct1,  v.t.  &  i.  Address  (letter,  parcel,  to 
person  or  place);  utter  or  write  to  or  to  be 
conveyed  to  (I  d.  my  remarks  to  you) ;  con- 
trol, govern  the  movements  of,  (soul  directs 
body,  commander  troops) ;  turn  (thing,  person, 
eyes,  attention)  straight  to  something ;  tell  (per- 
son) the  way  (to ;  directing-post,  =  FitiOEK-post) ; 
guide  as  adviser,  principle  (duty  directs  my 
actions),  &c  ;  order  (person)  to  do,  thing  to  be 
done) ;  gi ve  orders  (that  or  abs. ).  So  dipe*cti ve 
a.    [f.  L  di  l(rigere  red-  =  regere  put  straight)] 

dlre'ct2,  a.  &  adv.    Straight,  not  crooked(ly) 


DIRECTION 2 

or  round  about,  (the  d.  road ;  wentd.  to  heaven ; 
d.  ray,  not  reflected  or  refracted ;  d.  shot,  hit, 
without  ricochet) ;  (Astron.)  proceeding  from 
E.  to  W.,  not  retrograde ;  (of  descent)  lineal(ly), 
not  collateral(ly) ;  (of  argument)  following  un- 
interrupted chain  of  cause  &  effect  &c. ;  dia- 
metrical (d.  opposite,  contrary,  contradiction) ; 
(Mus.)  not  inverted  (of  interval,  chord),  not  con- 
trary (of  motion) ;  straightforward,  frank,  going 
straight  to  the  point,  not  ambiguous ;  immedi- 
ately), personally ),  not  by  proxy;  (Gram.)d. 
Speech  or  oration,  the  words  as  actually  spoken, 
not  modified  (cf.  oblique,  indirect)  in  report- 
ing; d.  tax,  levied  originally  (income  tax  &c.) 
on  person  who  bears  the  burden  ultimately  (cf. 
indirect).  Hence  direetNESS  n.  [(prob.  F) 
f.  L  directus  p.p.  see  prec] 

direction  (di-,  di-),  n.  Directing,  aiming, 
guiding,  managing;  =  directorate;  instruc- 
tion what  to  do,  order,  (usu.  pi.);  address  on 
letter  or  parcel;  course  pursued  by  moving 
body,  point  to  which  one  moves  or  looks,  [in 
the  d.  of  London,  London  wards),  scope,  sphere, 
subject,  (new  dd.  of  inquiry,  improvement  in 
many  dd.).    [f.  L  dxrecUo  (direct1,  -ion)] 

directly,  adv.  &conj.  In  a  direct2 manner; 
at  once,  without  delay ;  presently,  in  no  long 
time ;  (colloq.)  as  soon  as  (wentd.  I  knew),  [-ly2] 

director,  n.  Superintendent,  manager,  esp. 
member  of  managing-board  of  commercial 
company ;  (Ft.  Hist.)  member  of  Directory ; 
(Eccl.)  priest  acting  as  spiritual  adviser  ;  appa- 
ratus controlling  direction  in  instruments  &c. 
Hence  director'iAL  a.,  directorsHiP,  di- 
re'etrESS1,  nn.  [t  F  directeur (direct1,  -or2)] 

directorate,  n.  Office  of  director;  board 
of  directors,    [-ate1] 

directory  s  a.  Directive,  advisory,  (esp.  of 
part  of  law  advising  procedure  omission  of 
which  does  not  invalidate  action),    [f.  L  direc- 

torius  (DIRECT1,  -ORY)] 

directory  -,  n.  Book  of  rules,  esp.  for  pub- 
lic or  private  worship ;  book  with  lists  of  inhab- 
itants of  district,  members  of  professions,  &c, 
with  various  details;  (Fr.  Hist.)  revolutionary 
executive  of  five  directors  in  power  1795-9.  [f. 
med.L  directorium  neut.  adj.  see  prec] 

directrix,  n.  (pL  -ices).  =  directress  ; 
(Geom.)  fixed  line  used  in  describing  curve  or 
surface,    [director,  -trix] 

direful,  a.  Terrible,  dread.  Hence  dire- 
fulLY  2  adv.    [dire,  -ful(1)] 

dirge  (-j),  n.  Song  sung  at  burial,  or  in  com- 
memoration, of  the  dead  ;  lament,  [f.  L  dirige 
imperat.  of  dirigere  direct1,  first  wd  in  Latin 
antiphon  in  Matins  part  of  Office  of  the  Dead] 

drrig-ible,  a.  &  n.  Capable  of  being  guided 
(esp.  or  balloons) ;  (n.)d.  balloon  as  opp.  airship 
heavier  than  air.    fas  direct  l,  -ibleJ 

drriment,  a.  Nullifying  (d.  impediment, 
making  marriage  null  &  void  from  the  first). 
[f.  L  dirimere  (dis-,  emere  take),  -ent] 

dirk,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kind  of  dagger  (esp.  of  High- 
landers) ;  (vb)  stab  with  this,  [earlier  dork 
(1602)  perh.  f.  Du.  dolk  cf.  G  dolch] 

dirt,  n.  Unclean  matter  that  soils,  wet  mud 
(d.-pie,  made  by  children  in  gutters  &c.) ;  any- 
thing worthless  (yellow  d.,  gold  ;  d.,  scornful 
name  for  land  ;  d.-cheap,  very  cheap) ;  earth, 
soil ;  dirtiness ;  foul  talk ;  fl ing  a.,  talk  abusively 
or  slanderously  ;  eat  d.,  put  up  with  insult  &c. ; 
d.-eatinq,  disease  with  morbid  craving  to  eat 
earth.    [ME  drit  prob.  f.  ON  drit  excrement] 

dir*ty,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Soiled,  foul,  mixed 
with  or  like  or  connected  with  dirt,  (D.  Shirts, 
101st  Foot,  from  fighting  in  shirt-sleeves  at 


3 DISARM 

Delhi) ;  unclean,  obscene ;  sordid,  mean,  des- 
picable ;  ill-gotten ;  (of  weather)  rough,  squally ; 
(of  colour)  not  pure  or  clear ;  D.  Allan,  sea-bird 
getting  food  by  forcing  gulls  &c.  to  disgorge ; 
hence  dir*tiLY2  adv.,  dirtiNESS  n.,  dirty- 
ish  l(2)  a.    (Vb)  make,  become,  d.    [-Y  2] 

dis-,  pref.  f.  L  dis-  (which  was  changed  to  di-  i 
or  dif-  before  certain  letters  ;  see  also  de-)  re- 
lated to  bis  (orig.  *dvis =Gk.  dis  twice)  &  duo 
two.  In  wds  taken  direct  or  thr.  F  f.  L ;  in  wds 
taken  f.  LL  in  which  dis-  or  Rom.  des-  had  dis- 
placed de- ;  &  used  as  living  pref.  to  modify 
sense  of  E  wds.  Meanings:  asunder,  away, 
apart  or  between,  one  by  one,  utterly  (in  wds 
already  negative,  as  disannul),  un-,  not,  the 
reverse  of,  deprivation  of,  expulsion  from. 

disability,  n.  Thing,  want,  that  prevents 
one's  doing  something,  esp.  legal  disqualifica- 
tion,   [f.  obs.  adj.  Disable,  -bility] 

disa'ble,  v.t.  Incapacitate  from  doing  or 
for  work  &c. ;  cripple,  deprive  of  power  of  act- 
ing ;  disqualify  legally,  pronounce  incapable, 
hinder.    Hence  disa'bleMENT  n.    [dis-,  able] 

disabu'se, v.t.  Undeceive. disillusion,  [dis] 

disaccord,  n.,  &  v.i.  Disagree(ment),  (be 
at)  variance,    [dis-] 

disadva'ntag-e,  n.  Unfavourable  condition 
(taken  at  ad.);  loss,  injury,    [f.  F  d&savantage 

(DIS-,  ADVANTAGE)] 

disadvantageous,  a.  Involving  disad- 
vantage or  discredit,  derogatory.  Hence  dis- 
a'dvanta'geousLY  2  adv.    [dis-] 

disaffected,  a.  Estranged,  unfriendly,  dis- 
loyal, esp.  to  government,  [p.p.  of  scarcely 
used  vb  msaffect] 

disaffection,  n.  Political  discontent,  dis- 
loyalty,   [as  prec.  after  affection] 

disafflr'm,  v.t.  (legal).  Reverse  (previous 
decision) ;  repudiate  (settlement).  Hence  dis- 
affirm A  TION  n.     [DIS-] 

disaffoTest,  v.t.  Reduce  from  legal  state 
of  forest  to  ordinary  land.  Hence  disaf- 
forestATiON  n.    [f.  med.L  Dis(AFFORESTare)] 

disagree*,  v.i.  Differ,  be  unlike,  not  corre- 
spond ;  differ  in  opinion,  dissent,  quarrel ;  (of 
food,  climate,  &c.)  prove  unsuitable,  have  bad 
effects,  (with  person,  his  health,  digestion,  &c). 
Hence  disag-ree'MENj n.    [dis] 

disag-reea'ble  (-grer-),  a.  &  n.  Not  to  one's 
taste,  unpleasant ;  unamiable,  bad-tempered ; 
hence  disagreea'bleNESS  n.,  disagree- 
a'bLY2  adv.  (N.,  usu.  pi.)  unpleasant  experi- 
ence^), trouble(s),  worries,     [f.  F  desagreable 

(DIS-,  AGREEABLE)] 

disallow*,  v.t.  Refuse  to  sanction  or  accept 
as  reasonable  or  admit,  prohibit,  [f.  OF  des- 
alouer  (dis-,  allow)] 

disannul,  v.t.  (-11-).    Cancel,  annul,   [dis-] 

disappear*,  v.L  Cease  to  be  visible,  vanish, 
die  away  from  sight  or  existence,  be  lost. 
Hence  disappear*ANCE  n.    [dis-1 

disappoint,  v.t.  Not  fulfil  desire  or  expec- 
tation of,  break  appointment  with,  (person) ;  be- 
lie, frustrate,  (hope,  purpose,  &c).  Hence  dis- 
appoi*ntiNG2  a.,  disappoi'ntedLY »,  dis- 
appoi'nting"LY  2,  advv..  disappoi'ntMENT 
n.    [f.  F  desappointer  (dis-,  appoint)] 

disapprobation,  n.  Disapproval.  Sodls- 
a*pprobativE, disa'pprobatoRY, aa.  [dis] 

disapprove,  v.t.  &  i.  Have,  express,  un- 
favourable opinion  of  or  of.  Hence  disap- 
pro*VAL(2)  n.,  disappro*ving"LY2adv.  [dis] 

disar'm,  v.t.  &  i.  Deprive  of  weapons  ;  de- 
prive of  weapons  (esp.  in  fencing,  jerk  foil  &c. 
out  of  hand  of) ;  dismantle  (city,  ship),  reduce, 
be  reduced,  to  peace  footing  (of  army  or  navy), 


For  compounds  of  dis-  not  given  consult  dis-. 


DISARRANGE 


234 


DISCOMPOSE 


abandon  or  cut  down  military  establishment, 
whence  cUsar'mament  n.;  deprive  of  power  to 
injure ;  pacify  hostility  or  suspicions  of.  [f.  F 
dlsarmer  (dis-,  arm  3)J 

disappa'ngre,  v.t.  Put  into  disorder,  dis- 
organize. Hence  disappa'ng-eMENT  n.  [dis-] 

disarray  %  n.,  &  v.t.  (Throw  into)  disorder ; 
(poet.)  unclothe,    [dis-] 

disapti'culate,  v.t  Separate,  undo  the 
articulation  of,  take  to  pieces.  Hence  dis- 
apti'culATiON  n.    [dis-] 

di'sassimila'tion,  n.  (physiol.).  Conver- 
sion of  assimilated  into  less  complex  or  waste 
substances,    [dis-] 

disa'step,  n.  Sudden  or  great  misfortune, 
calamity ;  ill  luck  (a  record  of  d.).  So  disas- 
trous a.,  disa'stPOUsLY  2  adv.  [f.  F desastre 
(dis-,  astre  f.  L  f.  Gk  astron  star)] 

disavow,  v.t.  Say  one  does  not  know  or 
approve  of,  repudiate.  Hence  disavow" al(2) 
n.    [f.  F  disavouer  (dis-,  avow)] 

disba'nd.  v.t.  &  L  Break  up,  disperse,  (t.  & 
1.  of  troops  Sec).  Hence  disba'ndMENT  n.  [f. 
I6th-c.  F  desbander  see  dis-,  band  *  (3)] 

disbar*,  v.t.  (-rr-).  Expel  from  membership 
of  the  bar,  deprive  of  status  of  barrister.  Hence 
disbap*MENT  n.    [dis-,  bar  j] 

dis  belie*  ve,  v.t.  &  L  Refuse  credence  to 
(person  or  statement  &c.) ;  be  a  sceptic  ;  have 
no  faith  in.    So  disBELiET  n.    [dis] 

disbe'nch,  v.t.  Deprive  of  status  of  bencher. 
[dis-.  bench  n.] 

disbpa'nch,  v.t.    Strip  of  branches,    [dis-] 

disbu'd,  v.t.  (-dd-).  Remove  (esp.  the  super- 
fluous) buds  of.    [dis-1 

disbup'den,  v.  t.  Relieve  of  or  of  a  burden ; 
get  rid  of,  discharge,  (load,  thoughts),    [dis-] 

disbup'se,  v.t.  &  i.  Expend,  defray;  pay 
money.  Hence  disbup'ssMENT  n.  [f.  OF  des- 
bourser  (dis-,  bourse)] 

disc.    =disk. 

disca'lceate  (at),  a.  &  n.,  disca'lceated, 
J^sea'lced  (-st),  aa.  Barefooted  or  only  san- 
dalled (friar,  nun),  [{-ed  anglicized)  f.  L  DlS(ca£- 
eeahis  p.p.  of  calceare  t.  calceus  shoe)] 

discap'd,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Throw  out  or  reject 
from  hand  at  cards  (specified  card,  or  abs.  esp. 
at  whist  of  playing  non-trump  that  does  not 
follow  lead) ;  cast  aside,  give  up,  (clothes, 
habit,  belief,  &c);  dismiss,  cashier;  (n.)  dis- 
carding at  cards,  discarded  card.,  [dis-,  card  2] 

diseep'n  (-s-,  -z-),  v.t.  &  i.  (Archaic)  dis- 
tinguish, see  the  difference  between,  (good  & 
bad,  good /row  bad,  betioeen  good  &  bad).  Per- 
ceive clearly  with  the  mind  or  senses,  make 
out  by  thought  or  by  gazing,  listening,  &c. ;  so 
diseep*niBLE  a.,  discep'nibLY  2,  adv.  [f.  F 
dvicerner  f.  L  T>is(cernere  cret-  sift)] 

diseep-ning-,  a.  Having  quick  or  true  in- 
sight, penetrating,    [-ing2] 

discernment,  n.  Discerning ;  keenness  of 
perception,  penetration,  insight,    [-ment] 

diseep'ptible,  a.  That  can  be  plucked  apart, 
not  indestructibly  one.  Hence  diseeppti- 
bi'litv  n.  [f.  L  Dis(cerpere  -cerpt-  =  carpere 
pluck)  +  -ible] 

discep'ption,  n.  Pulling  apart,  severance ; 
bevered  piece,    [f.  L  discerptio  (prec,  -ion)] 

dischap-g-e  \  v.t.  &  L  Relieve  of  load  (ship 
&c. ;  d.  gun,  fire  it  off;  d.  bankrupt,  relieve 
him  of  further  liability),  withdraw  electricity 
from;  dismiss,  cashier;  release  (prisoner),  let 
go  (patient,  jury) ;  put  forth,  get  rid  of,  send 
out,  emit,  unload  from  ship,  (cargo,  missile, 
liquid,  purulent  matter,  abuse;  also  abs.,  as 
ship,  abscess,  is  discharging) ;  (of  river,  refl.  or 


intr.)  disembogue;  (Law)  cancel  (order  of 
court) ;  acquit  oneself  of,  pay,  perform,  (duty, 
debt,  vow) ;  (Dyeing)  remove  colour  from  dyed 
fabric,    [f.  OF  descharger  (dis-,  charge  2)] 

disehar'g-e  2,  n.  Unloading  {of  ship  or  car- 
go) ;  firing  off  of  gun  &c.  (a  d.  of  arrows,  several 
arrows  shot) ;  emission  (of  liquid,  electricity, 
purulent  matter) ;  release,  exoneration,  exemp- 
tion, acquittal,  written  certificate  of  these  ;  dis- 
missal ;  liberation ;  payment  (o/debt) ;  perform- 
ance (of  obligation) ;  (Dyeing)  process  of,  com- 
position used  in,  discharging,    [f .  prec] 

dischap'g-ep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  appli- 
ance for  producing  electric  discharge,    [-er  *] 

disei"ple,  n.  One  of  Christ's  personal  follow- 
ers, esp.  one  of  the  Twelve ;  any  early  believer 
in  Christ ;  follower,  adherent,  of  any  leader  of 
thought,  art,  &c.  Hence  disei'plesHip  n., 
disei-pul ar  *  a.  [OE  discipul  f .  L  discipulus 
{discere  learn)] 

disciplinap'ian,  n.  Maintainer  of  discip- 
line (strict,  good,  poor,  no,  d.).    [as  foil.  +  -an] 

disciplinary  (also  -pli"-),  a.  Of,  promoting, 
discipline ;  of  the  nature  of  mental  training,  [f. 
med.Ii  disciplinarius  (foil.,  -ary1)] 

discipline  \  n.  Branch  of  instruction  (ar- 
chaic) ;  mental  &  moral  training,  adversity  as 
effecting  this ;  military  training,  drill,  (archaic); 
trained  condition;  order  maintained  among 
schoolboys,  soldiers,  prisoners,  &c. ;  system  of 
rules  for  conduct ;  control  exercised  over  mem- 
bers of  church ;  chastisement ;  (Eccl.)  mortifica- 
tion by  penance.  So  di'sciplinAL  a.  [F,  f.  L 
disciplina  (discipulus  disciple,  -ine  3)] 

discipline  -,  v.t.  Bring  under  control,  train 
to  obedience  &  order,  drill.whence  di'sciplin- 
able  a. ;  chastise,    [f.  med.L  (-nare)  as  prec] 

disclaim,  v.t.  &  i.  Renounce  legal  claim  to, 
renounce  claim ;  disown,  disavow,  (authorship, 
character).    [AF  desclamer  (dis-,  claim  *)] 

disclaimer,  n.  Act  of  disclaiming,  renun- 
ciation, disavowal.    [AF  ( =  prec.  as  n. ,  -er  4)] 

disclo'se  (-z),  v.t.  Remove  cover  from,  ex- 
pose to  view,  make  known,  reveal,  [f.  OF  des- 
clore  (dis-,  L  claudere  claus-  shut)] 

disclo'supe  (-zher),  n.  Disclosing;  thing 
disclosed,    [-ure] 

discd'bolus  (pi.  -i),  n.  Ancient  quoit-throw- 
er ;  statue  of  one  in  act  of  throwing.  [L,  f.  Gk 
diskobolos  (diskos  stone  or  metal  quoit,  -bolos 
-throwing  f.  ballo  throw] 

di'scoid,  a.  Disk-shaped,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  dis- 
koeides  (prec,  -oid)] 

disco'loup  (-kul-),  v.t.  &  i.  Change,  spoil,  the 
colour  of,  stain,  tarnish ;  become  stained  &c 
Hence  or  cogn.  diseolo(u)PATiON,  disco*- 
Ioupment,  nn.  [f.  OF  descolorer  f.  med.  L  dis- 
colorare  =  L  VE(colorare  colour2)] 

disco'mflt  (-kii-),  v.t.  Defeat  in  battle ; 
thwart,  disconcert.  So  diseo'mfltURE  (-tsher) 
n.  [orig.  p.p.  =  defeated  f.  OF  desconfit  f.  LL 
Dis(con/ecfrws  p.p.  see  confection)  undone] 

disco'mfopt  (-ku-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Uneasiness  of 
body  or  mind ;  want  of  comfort ;  (vb)  make  un- 
easy,   [f.  OF  desconfort(er)  (dis-,  comfort)] 

discommo'de,  v.t.  Put  to  inconvenience. 
[dis-  +  obs.  commode  f.  L  commodare  (commo- 
dus  see  commode)] 

disco'mmon,  v.t.  Debar  (tradesman)  from 
serving  undergraduates;  enclose  (common 
land),    [dis-,  common  i  > 2] 

discommons,  v.t.  Deprive  (member  of  col- 
lege) of  commons ;  discommon  (tradesman). 
[dis-,  COMMONS] 

discompo'se,  v.t.  Disturb  composure  of, 
ruffle,  agitate.     Hence  discompo'sedLY ", 


For  compounds  of  dis-  not  given  consult  dis*. 


DISCONCERT 


235 


DISDAIN 


diseompo'sing-LY 2,  advv.,  discompo*- 
sure  (-zher)  n.    [bis-] 

disconcer*t,  v.t.  Derange,  spoil,  upset, 
(plan,  concerted  measures) ;  disturb  self-pos- 
session of,  ruffle,  fluster.  Hence  diseoneep't- 
ment  n.    [f.  obs.  F  Di&{coneerter  concert  2)] 

disconnect,  v.t.  Sever  the  connexion  of 
(thing  from,  with,  another)  or  between,    [dis-] 

disconnected,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  (of 
speech  or  writing)  incoherent,  with  bad  con- 
nexion or  transitions,  whence  disconnect- 
edly y  2  adv.,  disconne'ctedNESS  n.    [-ed *] 

disconnexion,  -etion,  n.  Disconnecting ; 
want  of  connexion,  disconnectedness,    [dis-] 

disco'nsolate  (-at),  a.  Forlorn,  inconsol- 
able, unhappy,  disappointed.  Hence  diseo'n- 
solateLY2  adv.  [f.  med.L  ms(consolatus  p.p. 
of  L  consolari  console  j)] 

discontent,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Dissatisfaction, 
want  of  contentment;  grievance.  (Adj.)  not 
content,  dissatisfied,  {with).  (Vb,  usu.  in  p.p.) 
make  dissatisfied;  hence  diseonte'ntedLY2 
adv.,    diseonte'n  ted. \ess,     disconte'nt- 

MENT,  nn.     [DIS-,  CONTENT  2>  3»  4] 

discontiguous,  a.  (With  parts)  not  in  con- 
tact,   [dis-] 

discontinue,  v.t.  Cause  to  cease;  cease 
from,  give  up,  (dom#,  habit  &c.) ;  cease  taking, 
paying,  (newspaper,  subscription).  So  discon- 
ti'nuANCE  n.  [f.  F  discontinuer  f.  med.L  dis- 
continuare  continue)] 

discontinuous,  a.  Wanting  continuity  in 
space  or  time,  having  interstices,  intermittent. 
Hence  or  cogn.  disco'ntinu'iTY  n.,  discon- 
ti'nuousLY2  adv.  [f.  med.L  Dis(continutis 
continuous)  +  -ous] 

di'scopd \  n.  Disagreement,  variance,  strife ; 
harsh  noise,  clashing  sounds ;  whence  or  cogn. 
discor'dANTa.,  discop*dANCE  n.,  diseop'd- 
an t l  y  2  adv.  (Mus. )  want  of  harmony  between 
notes  sounded  together;  chord  unpleasing  or 
unsatisfactory  in  itself  &  requiring  to  be  re- 
solved by  another ;  any  interval  except  unison, 
octave,  perfect  fifth  &  fourth,  major  &  minor 
third  &  sixth,  &  their  octaves ;  single  note  dis- 
sonant with  another,    [f,  OF  descord  (foil.)] 

discop'd2,  v.i.  Disagree,  quarrel,  be  different 
or  inconsistent,  (with,from) ;  be  dissonant,  jar, 
clash,  [f.  OF  descorder  f.  L  discordare  f.  dis- 
(cors  -cord-  -hearted  f.  cor  -dis  heart)] 

di'scountM-ow-),  n.  Deduction  from  amount 
due  or  price  of  goods  in  consideration  of  its  be- 
ing paid  promptly  or  in  advance  ;  deduction 
from  amount  of  bill  of  exchange  &c.  by  one 
who  gives  value  for  it  before  it  is  due ;  dis- 
counting ;  allowance  for  exaggeration  in  ac- 
cepting story ;  at  ad.,  below  par,  depreciated, 
not  in  demand,    [f.  16th-c.  F  descompte  (foil.)] 

discou*nt2(-ow-),  v.t.  Give  or  get  present 
worth  of  (bill  not  yet  due) ;  leave  out  of  ac- 
count ;  lessen,  detract  from ;  part  with  for  im- 
mediate but  smaller  good ;  allow  for  exaggera- 
tion in  ;  use  up  effect  of  (news  &c.)  beforehand, 
stale  by  anticipation.  Hence  discou'ntABLE 
a.  [f.  OF  desconter,  -compter,  t  med.L  Dis- 
(computare  L= compute)] 

discountenance,  v.t.  Refuse  to  counte- 
nance, discourage,  show  disapproval  of.  [f.  obs. 
F  descontenancer  (dis-,  countenance  2)] 

discourage  (kury),  v.t.  Deprive  of  cour- 
age, confidence,  or  energy ;  deter  from ;  dis- 
countenance. Hence  discou'pageMKM  n., 
diseou'pag-ing-LV  2  adv.  [f.  OF  descoragier 
(DIS-,  courage)] 

di'scoupse 1  (ors), n.  Talk, conversation, (ar- 
chaic) ;  dissertation,  treatise,  sermon,  [f.  F  dis- 
cours  f.  L  ms(cursus  course1)] 

discoup'se  2  (-ors),  v.i.  &  t.    Talk,  converse ; 


hold  forth  in  speech  or  writing  on  a  subject  (of, 
upon,  or  abs.) ;  give  forth  (some  kind  of  music  ; 
ref.  to  Hamlet  in.  ii.  374).    [f.  prec] 

discou  p-teous,  a. ,  diseoup-tesy ,  n. ,  (ker-, 
-kor-).  Rude(ness),  uncivil,  incivility.  Hence 
discoup*teousLY2adv.    [dis-] 

disco*vep  (-ku-),  v.t  Disclose,  expose  to 
view,  reveal,  make  known,  exhibit,  manifest, 
betray ;  (Chess)  d.  check,  check  by  removing 
piece  or  pawn;  find  out  (fact  &c,  that  &c, 
unknown  country),  suddenly  realize,  whence 
or  cogn.  disco* vep able  a.,  disco*  voper  *  n. 
[f.  OF  descovrir  f.  med.L  Dis(coopert>e  cover1)] 

disco'vept  (-ku-),  a.  (legal).  Unmarried  or  wi- 
dowed (of  woman),   [f.  OF  descovert  p.p.  (prec.)] 

discevepy  (-ku-),  n.  Revealing,  disclosure, 
(in  Law,  compulsory  disclosure  by  party  to  ac- 
tion of  facts  or  documents  on  which  he  relies  ; 
in  play,  poem,  &c,  revelation  unravelling  plot) ; 
finding  out,  making  known  ;  thing  found  out. 
[f.  discover  on  anal,  of  recovery  (OF  recovrte, 
OF  for  discovery  being  descoverte)] 

discredit  I,  n.  Loss  of  repute,  thing  involv- 
ing this ;  doubt,  lack  of  credibility,  (throws  d. 
upon) ;  loss  of  commercial  credit,    [dis-] 

discpe'dit2,  v.t.  Refuse  to  believe  ;  bring 
disbelief  or  disrepute  upon,    [dis-] 

discreditable,  a.  Bringing  discredit, 
shameful.  Hence  discpe'ditabLY2  adv.  [dis-] 

discpee't,  a.  Judicious,  prudent,  circum- 
spect, not  speaking  out  at  inopportune  times. 
Hence  disepee'ti/v2  adv.  [f.  F  discret  f.  L 
Dis(cretus  p.p.  of  cernere  sift)  separate,  with  LL 
sense  f.  its  derivative  discretio  discernment] 

di'scpepant  (or  -kre*-),  a.  Different,  incon- 
sistent, (of  stories  &c).  So  disepe'pANCYn. 
[f.  L  Dis(crepare  sound),  -ant] 

di'scpete,  a.  Separate,  individually  distinct, 
discontinuous;  (Metaphys.)  abstract  not  con- 
crete. Hence  di'sereteNESS  n.  [f.  L  discretus 
see  discreet] 

discretion,  n.  Liberty  of  deciding  as  one 
thinks  fit,  absolutely  or  within  limits  (it  is  with- 
in one's  d.  to  ;  at  the  d.  of,  to  be  settled  or  dis- 
posed of  by  the  will  of ;  at  d„  at  one's  own  plea- 
sure ;  surrender  at  d.,  unconditionally),  whence 
discpetionARY l  a. ;  discernment,  prudence, 
judgment,  (years,  age,  ofd.A,ime  at  which  one 
is  fit  to  manage  himself— in  Eng.  law,  14).  [f.  OF 
discrecion  f.  L  discretionem  (discreet,  -ion)] 

discriminate,  v.t  &  i.  Be,  set  up,  or  ob- 
serve, a  difference  between  (also  intr.  with  be- 
tween), distinguish  from  another;  make  a  dis- 
tinction (d.  against,  distinguish  unfavourably, 
of  taxes  &c),  observe  distinctions  carefully. 
So  disepiminA'TiON  n.,  dlsepi'minATivE  a. 
[f.  L  discriminare  (discrimen  distinction  f.  dis- 
cernere  discern),  -ate  3] 

discriminating-,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. : 
discerning,  acute;  d.  duty,  rate,  varying  in 
amount  according  to  country  sending  goods  or 
person  rated,  differential,    [-ing2] 

discrown,  v.t.  Take  crown  from,  depose, 
(sovereign  lit.  or  fig.),    [dis-] 

discup'sive,  a.  Rambling,  digressive,  ex- 
patiating ;  proceeding  by  argument  or  reason- 
ing, not  intuitive.  Hence  diseup'siveLY  2 
adv.,  discup'siveNESS  n.  [f.  L  Dis(currere 
curs-  run),  -ive] 

discu'ss,  v.t  Examine  by  argument,  debate, 
whence  discu'ssiBLE  a. ;  consume  with  en- 
joyment (food,  wine,  meal),  [f.  L  Dis(cutere 
-cuss-  =  quatere  shake)] 

discu'ssion  (-shn ),  n.  Examination  by  argu- 
ment ;  a  debate ;  consumption  with  enjoyment 
o/food.    [OF,  f.  L  discussionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

disdai'n,  n.,  &  v.t.  Scorn,  (regard  with)  con 
tempt ;  think  beneath  oneself  (to  do,  doing,  or 


DISEASE 


DISHARMONY 


noun)  or  one's  notice.  Hence  disdai'nFUL  a., 
disdai'nfulLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  desdeign(er)  f.  L 
DE(dignare  f.  dignus  worthy)] 

disea'se  (-zez),  n.  Morbid  condition  of  body, 
plant,  or  some  part  of  them,  illness,  sickness ; 
any  particular  kind  of  this  with  special  symp- 
toms &  name ;  deranged  or  depraved  state  of 
mind  or  morals,    [f.  OF  desaise  (dis-,  ease  n.)] 

diseased  (-zezd),  a.  Affected  with  disease ; 
morbid,  depraved,  [p.p.  of  obs.  disease  vb  f. 
OF  desaaisier  as  prec] 

disembap*k,v.t.  &i.  Put,  go,  ashore.  Hence 
dise'mbarkA'TiON  n.  [f.  F  dbsembarquer 
(dis-,  embark)] 

disembarrass,  v.t.  Free  from  embarrass- 
ment, rid  or  relieve  (of);  disentangle  (from). 
Hence  disemba'rpassMENT  n.    [dis-] 

disembo'dy,  v.t.  Separate,  free,  (soul,  idea) 
from  body  or  the  concrete ;  disband  (troops). 
Hence  disembo'diMENT  n.    [dis-] 

disembo'gue  (-6g),  v.i.  &  t.    (Of  river  &c.) 

?)our  forth  at  mouth  (intr.,  or  itself,  waters,  &c); 
fig.)  discharge,  pour  forth,  (t.  &  i.  of  speech, 
crowd,  &c).  [f.  Sp.  desembocar  (dis-,  en  in, 
boca  mouth)] 

disembo'som,  v.t.  &  i.  Disclose,  reveal ; 
unburden  oneself,  make  confidences,    [dis-] 

disembowel,  v.t.  (-11-).  Remove  entrails  of. 
rip  up  so  as  to  cause  bowels  to  protrude,   [dis-] 

dise mbroi'l,  v. t.  Extricate  from  confusion 
or  entanglement,    [dis-] 

disencha'nt,  v.t.  Free  from  enchantment 
or  illusion.  Hence  disencha'ntMENTn.  [f.  F 
desenchanter  (dis-,  enchant)] 

diseneu-mber,  v.t.  Free  from  encum- 
brance,   [f.  F  desencombrer  (dis-,  encumber)] 

disendow*,  v.t.  Strip  (esp.  Church)  of  en- 
dowments.  Hence  disendoWMENT  n,   [dis-] 

disengage,  v.t.,  &  n.  Detach,  liberate, 
loosen ;  (Fencing)  pass  point  of  sword  to  other 
side  of  opponent's  (n.,  this  movement),    [dis-] 

diseng>a*g>ed,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  at 
leisure  to  attend  to  any  visitor  or  business  that 
comes ;  vacant,  not  bespoken,    [-ed  a] 

disengagement,  n.  Disengaging ;  libera- 
tion (of  chem.  component) ;  freedom  from  ties, 
detachment;  easy  natural  manner;  dissolution 
of  engagement  to  marry ;  (Fencing)  =  disen- 
gage n.     [-MENT] 

disentai*l,  v.t.  (legal).  Free  from  entail, 
break  the  entail  of.    [dis-1 

disenta'ngle,  v.t.  &  i.  Extricate,  free  from 
complications ;  unravel,  untwist;  come  clear  of 
tangle.    Hence  disenta'ngleMENT  n.    [dis-] 

disenthra-l(l),  v.t.  (-11).  Free  from  bond- 
age.   Hence  disenthpa'lMENT  n.   [dis-] 

disento'mb,  v.t.  Take  out  of  tomb ;  unearth, 
find  by  research,    [dis-] 

disestablish,  v.t.  Undo  establishment  of ; 
deprive  (Church)  of  State  connexion,  depose 
from  official  position.  Hence  disestablish  - 
ment  n.    [dis-] 

disfa'voup,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Dislike,  disapproval ; 
being  disliked  (fall  into,  be  in,  d.) ;  (vb)  regard, 
treat,  with  d.    [dis-] 

disfea-ture  (-tsher),  v.t.  Mar  features  of, 
disfigure,    [dis-] 

disfi'g-ure,  v.t.  Mar  beauty  of,  deform,  de- 
face, sully.  Hence  disfiguPATiON,  disfi'- 
gureMENT,  nn.  [f.  OF  desfigurer  (dis-,  L 
figurare  f.  figura  figure  *)] 

disfcrest,  v.t.  =  disafforest  ;  clear  of 
forests,    [f.  OF  desforester  (dis-.  forest)] 

disfra-nchise  (tshiz),  v.t.  Deprive  of  citi- 
zen rights ;  deprive  (place)  of  right  of  sending, 
<person)  of  right  of  voting  for,  parliamentary 


representative.    Hence  disfra'nchiseMENT 

n.    [dis-,  obs.  franchise  vb  =  enfranchise] 

disfro'ek,  v.t.  Deprive  of  clerical  garb  & 
office,    [dis-] 

disgop'ge  (-j),  v.t.  &  i.  Eject  (as)  from  throat 
(esp.  fig.,  trans,  or  abs.,  of  giving  up  ill-gotten 
gains,  booty,  &c.) ;  (of  river  &c,  trans.,  refl.,  or 
intr.)  disembogue,  discharge  (waters),  [f.  OF 
desgorger  (dis-,  gorge1)] 

disgpa'ce  \  n.  Loss  of  favour,  downfall  from 
position  of  honour ;  ignominy,  shame ;  thing  in- 
volving dishonour,  cause  of  reproach.  Hence 
disg-pa'eeFUL  a.,  disgpa'eefulLY  2  adv., 
disg-pa'cefulNESS  n.  [f.  F  disgrace  f.  It.  dis- 
grazia  f.  med.L  ms(gratia  grace)] 

disgpa'ce2,  v.t.  Dismiss  from  favour,  de- 
grade from  position ;  bring  shame  or  discredit 
upon,  be  a  d.  to.    [f.  F  disgracier  as  prec] 

disgpu'ntled,  a.  (now  chiefly  U.S.).  Discon- 
tented, moody,  [from  17th  c. ;  dis-,  gruntle  obs. 
frequent,  of  grunt] 

disg-ui'se  *  (-giz),  v.  t.  Conceal  identity  of  id. 
oneself,  person  or  thing,  as  someone  or  some- 
thing else,  by  doing,  with  false  beard  &c,  in  cos- 
tume &c.) ;  misrepresent,  show  in  false  colours ; 
conceal,  cloak,  (d.  one's  intention,  opinion) ;  dis- 
guised in  or  with  drink  or  liquor,  drunk.  Hence 
disgui'seMENT  n.  [f .  OF  desguisier  (dis-,  Rom. 
guisa  guise)] 

disgui'se  2,  n.  Use  of  changed  dress  or  ap- 
pearance for  concealment's  sake,  disguised  con- 
dition (blessing  in  d.,  one  that  seems  to  be  a 
misfortune);  garb  used  to  deceive;  artificial 
manner,  deception,    [f.  prec] 

disgu'st a,  n.  Loathing,  nausea,  repugnance, 
strong  aversion,  (at,  for,  towards,  against). 
[f.  16th-c  F  desgoust  (dis-,  L  gustus  taste)] 

disgirst2,  v.t.  Excite  loathing,  aversion,  or 
indignation,  in.  Hence  disgirstedLY  2,  dis- 
girstingLY2,  advv.  [f.  16th-c  F  desgouster 
(dis-,  L  gustare  taste)] 

disgu'stful,  a.  Disgusting,  repulsive;  (of 
contempt,  curiosity,  &c.)  inspired  by,  full  of, 
disgust.     [-FUL] 

dish  \  n.  Shallow  flat-bottomed  usu.  oval  or 
oblong  vessel  of  earthenware,  glass,  or  metal, 
for  holding  food  at  meals ;  food  so  held,  par- 
ticular kind  of  food  (siDE-d. ;  made  d.,ot  various 
ingredients;  standing  d.,  that  appears  daily, 
also  fig.) ;  (archaic)  cup,  esp.  d.  of  tea,  tea  drink- 
ing, whence  d.  of  gossip,  a  chat;  d. -shaped  re- 
ceptacle used  for  any  purpose;  d.-cover,  of 
metal  &c  for  keeping  food  in  d.  hot ;  d.-cloth  & 
(archaic)  -clout,  for  washing  dd.  &  plates ;  d.- 
wash,  -water,  in  which  dd.  have  been  washed. 
[OE  disc  (cf.  G  tisch  table)  f.  L  discus  disk] 

dish  2,  v. t.  &  i.  Put  (food)  into  dish  ready  for 
serving ;  d.  up,  serve  meal,  (fig.)  present  (facts, 
argument)  attractively ;  make  concave  or  dish- 
shaped  ;  (of  horse)  move  fore-feet  not  straight 
but  with  scooping  motion ;  circumvent,  out- 
manoeuvre, (esp.  polit.)  defeat  opponents  by 
adopting  their  policy  (dishing  the  Whigs,  of 
Reform  Bill  1867).    [f.  prec] 

dishabille  (disaDe'I),  n.  Being  negligently 
or  partly  dressed,  undress,  (usu.  in  d.) ;  undress 
garment  or  costume,  [f.  F  dishabille"  p.p.  of 
dishabiller  (dis-,  habiller  clothe  f.  habile  ready, 

ABLE)] 

dishabi'tuate  (-h-),  v.t.  Make  (person)  un- 
accustomed (for  Sec),    [dis-] 

dishallu*cina*tion(-h-),n.  Disillusion,  [dis-] 

dishap'monize  (-h-),  v.t.  Put  out  of  har- 
mony, make  discordant,    [pis-] 

dishap'mony  (-h-),  n.  Discord,  dissonance. 
So  dishapmo'nious  a.   [dis-] 


For  compounds  of  dis-  not  given  consult  dis-. 


DISHEARTEN 


237 


DISORIENTATE 


E 


dishear'ten,  v.t.  Make  despondent,  rob  of 
courage.    Hence  dishear'tenMENT  n.    [dis-] 

disherison  (-h-),  n.  Disinheriting,  [f.  OF 
disheriteisun  (dis-,  L  hereditare  f.  heres  heir, 

-ATION,  -SON)] 

dishe'velled,  a.  With  disordered  hair ;  (of 
hair)  loose,  flung  about,  unconfined ;  (of  person) 
untidy,  ruffled,  unkempt.  Hence  dishe'vel- 
ment  n.  [f.  OF  descheveU  (dis-,  OF  chevel  hair 
f.  L  capillus,  p.p.  suf.  -6)] 

disho'nest  (also-),  a.  Fraudulent,  knavish, 
insincere  (of  person,  act,  statement).  Hence 
dishonestLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  deshoneste  f.  L 
j>K(honestus  honest)] 

disho'nesty  (diso-),  n.  Want  of  honesty, 
theft,  deceitfulness,  fraud,  [f.  OF  desonesU  f. 
L  mshonestus  after  honestatem  honesty] 

dishonour l  (diso-),  n.  State  of  shame  or  dis- 
grace, discredit ;  thing  that  involves  this ;  re- 
fusal to  honour  cheque,  bill  of  exchange,  &c. 
[f.  OF  deshonor  (dis-,  L  honorem  honour  *)] 

disho'noup  2  (diso-),  v.t.  Treat  with  indig- 
nity ;  violate  chastity  of ;  disgrace ;  refuse  to 
accept  or  pay  (cheque,  bill  of  exchange),  [f.  OF 
deshonnoreri.  LL  Dis(/ioworare  L  =  honour  2)] 

dishonourable  (diso-),  a.  Involving  dis- 
ace,  ignominious ;  unprincipled,  base,  against 

ictates  of  honour.  Hence  dishonourable- 
ness  n.,  dishonourabLY  2  adv.    [dis-] 

dishorn  (h-),  v.t.    Cut  off  horns  of .    [dis-] 

dishou'se  (-howz),  v.t.  Deprive  (population 
&c.)  of  house(s).    [dis-] 

disillu'sion,  n.,  &  v.t.,  disillusionize,  v.t. 
Disenchant(ment),  free(dom)  from  illusions. 
Hence  disiUu'sionjviENT  n.    [dis-,  -ize] 

disinclination,  n.  Want  of  liking  or  will- 
ingness (for  or  to  course,  to  do),    [dis-] 

disincline,  v.t.  Make  indisposed  (to  do, 
for  or  to  course),    [dis-] 

disincorporate,  v.t.  Dissolve  (corporate 
body).  Jdis-] 

disinfect,  v.t.  Cleanse  (room,  clothes,  &c.) 
of  infection.  Hence  or  cogn.  disInfe*ctANT(2) 
a.  &n.,  disinfe'ctiON  n.    [dis-] 

disingenuous,  a.  Insincere,  having  secret 
motives,  not  candid.  Hence  disingenuous- 
lv  2  adv.,  dising-e'nuousNESS  n.    (dis-] 

disinherit,  v.t.  Reject  as  heir,  deprive  of 
inheritance.  Hence  disinhenitANCE  n.  [dis-, 
inherit  in  obs.  sense  make  heir] 

disintegrate,  v.t.  &  L  Separate  into  com- 
ponent parts,  deprive  of  or  lose  cohesion. 
Hence  disinteg,rA*TiON,disinteg'ratOR2(2), 
nn.    [dis-] 

disinter*,  v.t.  <-rr-).  Unbury,  exhume :  un- 
earth. Hence  disinter*MENT  n.  [f.  F  disen- 
terrer  (dis-,  inter)] 

disinterested  (-re-),  a.  Not  biased  by  self- 
seeking,  impartial.  Hence  disinterestedLY2 
adv.,  disinter  estedx  ess  n.    [dis-] 

disje'eta  membra,  n.  pi.  Fragments, 
scattered  remains.    [L] 

disjoi'n,  v.t.  Separate,  disunite,  part.  [f.  OF 
desjoindre  f.  L  ms(jungereju?ict-  join)] 

disjoint,  v.t.  Dislocate,  disturb  working  or 
connexion  of  (p.p.,  esp.  of  talk,  incoherent,  de- 
sultory, whence  disjoin  tedLY  2  adv.,  dis- 
jointedxESS  n.);  take  in  pieces  at  the  joints, 
[f.  obs.  disjoint  adj.  f.  p.p.  of  OF  as  prec] 

disjunction,  n.  Disjoining,  separation,  [f. 
L  disiunctio  (disjoin,  -ion)] 

disjunctive,  a.  &  n.  Disjoining,  involving 
separation  ;  (Log.,  Gram.) alternative  (adj.),  in- 
volving choice  between  two  words  &c,  (n.,  d. 
proposition  or  co  n j  unction ).  Hen  ce  disj  u'ne- 
tiveLY2adv.  [f.  L  disjunctivus  (disjoin,  -ive)] 

disk,  disc,  n.  Thin  circular  plate  (e.g.  coin); 
round  flat  or  apparently  flat  surface  (sun's  d.) 


or  mark  ;  round  flattened  part  in  body,  plant, 
&c.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  diskos  quoit] 

disli'ke,  v.t.,  &  n.  Not  like,  have  aversion  or 
objection  to  ;  (n.)  aversion,    [dis-] 

di'slocate,  v.t.  Put  out  of  joint  (limb,  or  fig. 
machinery,  affairs);  (Geol.)  make  (strata)  dis- 
continuous;  displace.  So  disloe action  n.  [f. 
med.L  ms(locare  L  =  place),  -ate  3] 

dislo'dg-e,  v.t.  Remove,  turn  out,  (esp.  forti- 
fied enemy)  from  position.  Hence  dislo'dg-(e)- 
ment  n.    [f.  OF  desloger  (dis-,  lodge  v.)] 

disloyal,  a.  Unfaithful  to  friendship  &c. ; 
untrue  to  allegiance,disaffected  to  government, 
whence  disloyaliST(2)  n.  &  a.  Hence  or  cogn. 
disloyalLY2  adv.,  disloyally  n.  [f.  OF 
desloial  (dis-,  loyal)] 

di'smal,  a.,  di'smals,  n.  pi.  Depressing, 
miserable,  sombre,  dreary ;  hence  di'smalLY2 
adv.,  di'smal x ess  n. ;  the  dd.,  low  spirits, 
dumps,  [orig.  noun  =  unlucky  days  f.  OF  dis 
mal  f .  L  dies  mali  ill  days  ;  these  were  two  spe- 
cial days  in  each  month  in  medieval  calendars] 

dismantle,  v.t.  Strip  of  covering,  protec- 
tion, &c.  ;deprive  (fortress,  ship,  &c. )  of  defences, 
rigging,  equipment.  Hence  dismantles  ex  r 
n.    [f.  obs.  F  desmanteller  (dis-,  mantle  n.)] 

disma'st,  v.t.  Deprive  (ship)  of  mast(s).  [dis] 

dismay,  v.t.,  &  n.  (Fill  with)  consternation, 
discourage(ment).  [prob.  thr.  OF  f.  dis-  +  OHG 
magan  be  powerful  (may  v.)] 

dismember,  v.t.  Tear  or  cut  limb  from 
limb  ;  partition  (empire,  country),  divide  up. 
Hence  disme'mbePMENT  n.  [f.  OF  desmem- 
brer  (dis-,  L  membrum  limb)] 

dismrss,  v.t. ,  &  n.  Send  away,  disperse,  dis- 
band, (assembly,  army  ;  Mil.,  imperat.,  word  of 
command  closing  drill,  also  as  n.,  the  d.,  release 
at  end  of  drill) ;  allow  to  go  ;  discharge,  cashier, 
from  service  or  office ;  send  away  from  one's 
presence ;  put  out  of  one's  thoughts,  cease  to 
feel ;  treat  (subject)  summarily ;  (Law)  send  out 
of  court,  refuse  further  hearing  to,  (case) ;  (Cric- 
ket, of  batsman)  send  (ball),  send  ball  of  (bow- 
ler), usu.  to  boundary  or  for  four  &c.  Hence 
dismi*ssAL(2),  (now  rare)  dismi'ssiON,  nn., 
dismi'ssiBLE  a.  [prob.  f.  L  viHmittere  miss- 
send)  with  dis-  due  to  obs.  dismit  f.  OF  des- 
metre  in  same  sense] 

dismount,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Alight,  cause  to 
alight,  from  horseback  &c.  (n.,  alighting) ;  un- 
seat, unhorse,  (of  horse,  enemy,  or  stumble  &c); 
remove  (thing)  from  its  mount  (esp.  gun  from 
carriage).    Tdis-] 

dlsobe'dience,  n.,  disobedient,  a.  Dis- 
obeying, rebellious(ness),stubborn(ness).  Hence 
disobe'dientLY  2  adv.    [f.  OF  (des-),  see  dis-, 

OBEDIENCE,  OBEDIENT] 

disobey  (-ba),  v.i.  &  t.  Disregard  orders, 
break  rules  .;  not  obey  (person,  law),  [f.  F  dis- 
obiir  (dis-,  obey)] 

disobli'g-e,  v.t.  Refuse  to  consult  conveni- 
ence or  wishes  of.  Hence  disobli'g'iNG  2  a., 
disobli^gingLY2  adv.,  disobli'ging-XESS  n. 
[f.  F  desobliger  (dis-,  oblige)] 

disop'dep  \  n.  Want  of  order,  confusion ; 
tumult,  riot,  commotion;  ailment, disease,  [dis-] 

disop'dep  2,  v. t.  Disarrange,  throw  into  con- 
fusion; put  out  of  health,  upset,  [assim.  to 
order  v.  of  earlier  disordain  f .  OF  desordener 

(DIS-,  ORDAIN)] 

disop'deply,  a.  Untidy,  confused ;  irregular, 
unruly,  riotous ;  hence  disop'derliNESS  n. 
Constituting  public  nuisance  (d.  house,  bawdy, 
gaming,  or  betting,  -house),   [disorder  l,  -ly  j) 

disorganize,  v.t.     Destroy  system  &c.  of, 
throw  into  confusion.    Hence  disorganiz a 
tion  n.    [f.  F  disorganiser  (dis-,  organize)] 

disorientate  (en-),  v.t.  Place  (church)  with 


DISOWN 


238 


DISPOSSESS 


chancel  not  directly  eastwards ;  confuse  (per- 
son) as  to  his  bearings  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  dis- 
orient A  "TION  n.     [DIS-] 

disown,  v. t.   Refuse  to  recognize,  repudiate, 
disclaim ;  renounce  allegiance  to.    [dis-] 
dispa-pag-e   (-ij),  v.t.     Bring  discredit  on, 
lower;   speak  slightingly  of,  depreciate.     So 
dispa'pageMENT  n.,  dispa'pagingxY2  adv. 
[f.  OF  desparagier  marry  unequally  (dis-,  par- 
age equality  f.  h  par  equal,  -age)] 
di'spapate  (-at),  a.  &  n.    Essentially  differ- 
ent, diverse  in  kind,  incommensurable,  without 
relation ;  hence  di'spapateLY2  adv.,  di'spa- 
patexESS  n.    (N.,  usu.  pi.)  thing(s)  so  unlike 
that  there  is  no  basis  for  comparison,    [f.  L 
ms{paratus  p.p.  of  parare  provide)  separate, 
influenced  in  sense  by  L  dispar  unequal] 
disparity,  n.    Inequality,  difference,  incon- 
gruity,    [f.  F  ms(paritt  parity)] 
dispap'k,  v.t.    Convert  (park-land)  to  other 
uses     FdiS"! 

dispap't  s  n.  (gunnery).  Difference  between 
iemidiameters  of  gun  at  base-ring  and  at  muz- 
zle, to  be  allowed  for  in  aiming  ;  sight  making 
the  allowance.    [?] 

dispap't2,  v.t.  &  i.  Separate,  part  asunder, 
(t.  &  i.) ;  go  in  different  directions  ;  distribute, 
[f.  L  mslpartire  f.  pars  part)  distribute] 
dispa'ssionate,  a.  Free  from  emotion,  calm, 
impartial.  Hence  dispa'ssionateLY2  adv., 
dispa*ssionatexTESS  n.  [dis-] 
dispa-tch1,  des-,  v.t.  &  i.  Send  off  to  a 
destination  or  for  a  purpose ;  give  the  death- 
blow to,  kill ;  get  (task,  business)  promptly 
done,  settle,  finish  off;  eat  (food,  meal)  quickly  ; 
(archaic)  make  haste,  [f.  Sp.  despacfiar  expe- 
dite (dis-,  L  partus  i).  p.  of  pangere  fasten) ;  not 
connected  w.  F  dipecher] 
dispa'tch2,  des-,  n.  Sending  off  (o/messen- 
ger,  letter,  &c);  putting  to  death  (happy  d., 
suicide  as  practised  by  .  Japanese) ;  prompt 
settlement  of  business,  promptitude,  efficiency, 
rapidity;  written  message,  esp.  official  com- 
munication on  State  affairs  (d.-box,  for  carry- 
ing these  &  other  documents) :  agency  for  con- 
veying goods  &c.  [f.  prec] 
dispe'l,  v.t.  (-11-).  Dissipate,  disperse,  (fears, 
darkness),  [f.  L  vis(pellere  drive)] 
dispe'nsable,  a.  That  can  be  relaxed  in 
special  cases  (canon,  law,  oath) ;  not  necessary, 
that  can  be  done  without,    [f.  med.L  dispensa- 

bilis  (DISPENSE,  -ABLE)] 

dispe'nsapy,  n.  Place,  esp.  charitable  in- 
stitution, where  medicines  are  dispensed  ; 
apothecary's  shop,    [dispense,  -ary  *] 

dispensation,  n.  Distributing,  dealing 
out ;  ordering,  management,  esp.  of  the  world 
by  Providence ;  arrangement  made  by  Nature 
or  Providence ;  special  dealing  of  Providence 
with  community  or  person  ;  religious  system 
prevalent  at  a  period  (Mosaic,  O.  T.,  Christian, 
d.) ;  exemption  from  penalty  or  duty  laid  down 
in  esp.  eccL  law  (with,  from) ;  doing  without 
(with),    [f.  L  dispensatio  (foil.,  -ation)] 

dispe'nse,  v.t  &  i.  Distribute,  deal  out; 
administer  (sacrament,  justice);  make  up  & 
give  out  (medicine) ;  grant  dispensations ;  re- 
lease from  obligation.  D.  with :  relax,  give 
exemption  from,  (rule) ;  annul  binding  force  of 
(oath) ;  render  needless  (usu.  the  need  of  &c.) ; 
do  without,  [f.  OF  dispenser  f.  L  dispensare 
frequent  of  Tns(pend£re  pens-  weigh)] 

dispeo'ple  (pep),  v.t.  Depopulate,  [f.  OF 
despeuplert.  L  VE(populare  t.  populns  people)] 

dispep'se,  v.t.  &  i.  Scatter  (t.  &  i. ),  drive,  go, 
throw  or  send,  in  different  directions,  rout, 


dispel,  be  dispelled  ;  send  to  or  station  at  sepa- 
rate points ;  put  in  circulation,  disseminate ; 
(Opt.)  divide  (white  light)  into  its  coloured  rays. 
Hence  dispep*SAL(2)  n.,  dispep*sedLY2adv., 
dispep*siVE  a.,  dispep'siveLY 2  adv.,  dis- 
pep'siveNESS  n.  [f.  F  disperserf.  L  di  1(sper- 
gere  -spers-  =  spargere  scatter)] 

dispep'sion,  n.  Dispersing  (see prec.);  the 
D.,  the  Jews  dispersed  among  Gentiles  after 
Captivity,    [f.  L  dispersio  (prec,  -ion)] 

dispi'Pit,  v.t.  Make  despondent,  depress. 
Hence  dispi'pitedr.  v  2  adv.    [dis-] 

dispi'teous,  a.  Pitiless.  [19th-c.  revival 
with  changed  sense  as  if  f.  dis-,  piteous,  of 
16th-c.  despiteous  (despite)] 

displa'ce,  v.t.  Shift  from  its  place  ;  remove 
from  office ;  oust,  take  the  place  of,  put  some- 
thing else  in  the  place  of,  replace,  [f.  OF  des- 
placer  (dis-,  place  n.)] 

displacement,  n.  Displacing,  being  dis- 
placed ;  amount  by  which  thing  is  shifted  from 
its  place  ;  ousting,  replacement  by  something 
else ;  amount  of  fluid  displaced  by  solid  floating 
or  immersed  in  it.    [prec,  -ment] 

display*1,  v.t.  Exhibit,  expose  to  view, 
show ;  show  ostentatiously ;  reveal,  betray, 
allow  to  appear,  [f.  OF  despleier  f.  L  ms(pli- 
care  fold)  cf.  deploy] 

display* 2,  n.  Displaying ;  exhibition,  show ; 
ostentation  ;  (Print.)  arrangement  of  type  with 
a  view  to  calling  attention,    [f.  prec] 

displea'se  (-z),  v.t.  Offend,  annoy,  make  in- 
dignant or  angry,  be  disagreeable  to ;  be  dis- 
pleased (at,  with,  or  abs.),  disapprove,  be  indig- 
nant or  dissatisfied.  Hence  displea'sixa 2 a., 
displea'sin&LY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  desplaisir  (dis-, 
~Lplacere  please)] 

dis  plea-sure  (-ezher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Displeased 
feeling,  dissatisfaction,  disapproval,  anger ;  ( vb) 
cause  d.  to,  annoy,  [f.  OF  as  prec,  assim.  to 
pleasure] 

displu-me,  v.t.  (poet.).  Strip  of  feathers,  lit. 

&  fig.      [DIS-] 

disppp*t,  v.  refl.  &  i.,  &  n.  (archaic).  Frolic, 
gambol,  enjoy  oneself,  display  oneself  sportive- 
ly ;  (n.)  relaxation,  pastime,  [f.  OF  desport(er) 
f.  dis-,  L  portare  carry] 

dispo'sable,  a.     That  can  be  disposed  of, 

ot  rid  of,  made  over,  or  used ;  at  disposal. 

"ence  disposaBi'LiTY  n.    [dispose,  -able] 

dispo'sal,  n.  Disposing  of,  getting  rid  of, 
settling,  dealing  with,  bestowal,  assignment; 
sale ;  control,  management,(a£  one's  d. ) :  placing, 
disposition,  arrangement,    [foil.,  -al(2)] 

dispo'se  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Place  suitably,  at  in- 
tervals, or  in  order ;  bring  (person,  mind)  into 
certain  state  (esp.  in  p.p.  well-,  ill-,  disposed) ; 
incline,  make  willing  or  desirous,  to  something 
or  to  do ;  give  (thing)  tendency  to ;  determine 
course  of  events  (man  proposes,  God  disposes). 
D.  of:  do  what  one  will  with,  regulate ;  get  off 
one  s  hands,  stow  away,  settle,  finish,  kill,  de- 
molish (claim,  argument,  opponent),  dismiss 
(cricket  Xl/or  certain  score),  consume  (food) ; 
sell.  [f.  OF  dis(  poser  see  pose)  substituted 
for  L  disponere  tnr.  such  derivatives  as  foil.] 

disposition,  n.  Setting  in  order,  arrange- 
ment, relative  position  of  parts ;  (usu.  pi.)  plan, 
preparations,  stationing  of  troops  ready  for 
attack,  defence,  &c  ;  ordinance,  dispensation, 
(a  d.  of  Providence  Sec.) ;  bestowal  by  deed  or 
will ;  control,  disposal,  (at  one's  d.) ;  bent,  tem- 
perament, natural  tendency ;  inclination  to.  [F, 
f.  L  Di8(positionem  t.  ponere  posit-  place)] 

dispossess  (-zes),  v.t.  Oust,  dislodge,  (per- 
son) ;  deprive  of;  rid  (person)  of  or  o/evil  spirit. 


B 


For  compounds  of  dis-  not  given  consult  dis- 


DISPRAISE 2 

Hence  disposse'ssioN,   disposse'ssoR 2, 

nn.    [f.  OF  despossesser  (dis-,  possess)] 

disprai'se  (-z),  v.t,  &  n.  Disparage(ment), 
censure,  [n.  f.  vb,  f.  OF  despreisier  f.  L  de- 
pretiare  depreciate] 

disproof,  n.  Refutation ;  thing  that  dis- 
proves,   [dis-] 

disproportion,  n.  Want  of  proportion  ; 
being  out  of  proportion.  Hence  dispropor*- 
tionED  2  a.    [dis-] 

disproportionate  (at),  a.  Wanting  pro- 
portion ;  relatively  too  large  or  small.  Hence 
dispropor*tionateLY2adv.    [dis-] 

dispro've  (-oov),v.t  (p.p.  -d,  rarely  -n).  Prove 
false,  show  fallacy  of,  refute.  If.  OF  desprover 

(DIS-,  PROVE)] 

disputable,  a.  Open  to  question,  uncertain. 
Hence  disputable y  2  adv.  [f.  L  disputabilis 
(dispute  1,  -able)] 

disputa'tion,  n.  Argument,  controversy. 
Hence  disputatious  a.,  disputa'tiousLY  2 
adv.,  disputatiousNESS  n.  [f.  ludisputatio 
(foil.,  -ATION)] 

dispute1,  v.i.  &  t.  Argue,  hold  disputation, 
(with,  against,  person,  on,  about,  subject), 
whence  di*sputANT(l)  n.  &  a. ;  quarrel,  have 
altercation  ;  discuss  {whether,  how,  &c;  point, 
question) ;  controvert,  call  in  question,  (state- 
ment, fact);  resist  (landing,  advance,  &c); 
contend  for,  strive  to  win,  (pre-eminence,  vic- 
tory, every  inch  of  ground),  [f.  OF  desputer  f .  L 
vis(putare  reckon)] 

dispute2,  n.  Controversy,  debate,  (in  d., 
being  argued  about ;  beyond,  past,  without,  d., 
certainly,  indisputably);  heated  contention, 
quarrel,  difference  of  opinion,    [f.  prec] 

disqualification,!).  In  vbl  senses;  esp., 
thing  that  disqualifies,    [foil.,  -fication] 

disqualify,  v.t.  Unfit,  disable,  (for  some 
purpose  or  office) ;  incapacitate  legally,  pro- 
nounce unqualified,    [dis-] 

disqui'et?  v.t,  a.,  &  n.  Deprive  of  peace, 
worry  ;  (adj.)  uneasy,  disturbed,  whence  dis- 
qui'eTUDE,  disqui'etNESS,  nn. ;  (n.)  anxiety, 
unrest,    [dis-] 

disquisition  (-zishn),  n.  (Archaic)  investi- 
gation, inquiry ;  (mod.)  long  or  elaborate  trea- 
tise or  discourse  on  subject.  Hence  dis- 
quisi'tionAL  a.  [f.  L  ms(quisitio  i.  -quirere 
-quisit-  =  quaerere  seek,  -ion)] 

disra'te,  v.t.  (naut.).  Reduce  to  lower  rating 
or  rank,    [dis-] 

disregard,  v.t.,  &  n.  Pay  no  attention  to, 
ignore,  treat  as  of  no  importance ;  (n.)  indiffer- 
ence, neglect  (of,  for),    [dis-1 

disrelish,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dislike,  (regard  with) 
distaste,  aversion,    [dis-] 

disrepair*,  n.  Bad  condition  for  want  of 
repairs  (usu.  is  &c.  in  d.).    [dis-] 

disreputable,  a.  Discreditable;  of  bad 
repute,  not  respectable  in  character  or  appear- 
ance. Hence  disre'putableNESS  n.,  dis- 
re*putabLY2adv.    [dis-] 

disrepute,  n.    Ill  repute,  discredit,    [dis-] 

disrespe'et,  n.  Rudeness,  want  of  respect. 
So  disrespe'ctFUL  a.,  disrespectful  ly  - 
adv.,  disrespectful ness  n.    [dis-] 

disro'be,  v.  t.  &  i.  Divest  of  robe  or  garment 
(also  fig.) ;  undress  (refl.  or  intr.).    [dis-] 

disroot,  v.t.    Uproot ;  dislodge,    [dis-] 

disru'pt,  v.t.  Shatter,  separate  forcibly. 
[19th-c.  vb  f.  L  disrupt-  see  foil.] 

disru'ption,  n.  Bursting  asunder,  violent 
dissolution,  rent  condition ;  the  D.,  split  in 
Church  of  Scotland  1843.  So  disru'pti  ve  a. 
[f.  L  ms(ruptio  f.  rumpere  rupt-  break,  -ion)] 

dissatisfy,  v.t.  Fail  to  satisfy,  make  dis- 
contented.   So  diSSATISFA'CTION  n.    [DIS-] 


)       DISSIPATE 

disseat,  v.t.    Unseat,    [dis-] 

disse'et,  v.t.  Cut  in  pieces ;  anatomize,  cut 
up,  (animal,  plant)  to  show  its  structure  &c. ; 
examine  part  by  part,  analyse,  criticize  in  de- 
tail. Hence  or  cogn.  disse'et  ion.  dissec- 
toR2,  nn.    [f.  L  T>is(secare  sect-  cut)] 

dissei'se,  -ze,  (-sez),  v.t.  Oust,  dispossess,  of 
estates  (or  fig.),    [f.  OF  dessaisir  (dis-,  seize)] 

dissei'sln,  -zin,  (-sez-),  n.  (legal).  Disseising, 
wrongful  dispossession  of  real  property,  [f.  OF 
dessaisine  (dis-,  seizin)] 

disse'mble,  v.t.  &  i.  Cloak,  disguise,  con- 
ceal, (character,  feeling,  intention,  act) ;  pre- 
tend not  to  see,  ignore,  (insult  &c. ;  archaic) ; 
fail  to  mention  (fact) ;  conceal  one's  motives 
&c,  be  a  hypocrite,  whence  disse'mblER1  n. 
[perh.  assim.  to  resemble  of  obs.  dissimule  f.  OF 
dissimuler  f.  L  ms(simulare  simulate)] 

disseminate,  v.t.  Scatter  abroad,  sow  in 
various  places,  (lit.,  seed ;  usu.  fig.,  doctrines, 
sedition,  &c).  So  disseminATiON,  dis- 
se'minatOR2,  nn.  [f.  L  ms(seminare  f.  semen 
-inis  seed),  -ate3] 

disse'nsion,  n.  Discord  arising  from  differ- 
ence in  opinion.  [F,  f.  L  Dis(sensionem  f.  sen- 
tire  sens-  feel,  -ion)] 

dissent1,  v.t.  Refuse  to  assent ;  disagree, 
think  differently  or  express  such  difference 
(from),  esp.  in  religious  doctrine  from  an  estab- 
lished church  (dissenting  minister,  noncon- 
formist clergyman).  Hence  disse'nting-LY  - 
adv.    [f.  L  T>m(sentire  feel)] 

dissent2,  n.  (Expression  of)  difference  of 
opinion  ;  refusal  to  accept  doctrines  of  estab- 
lished church,  nonconformity,  (collect.)  dis- 
senters,   [f.  prec] 

disse'nter,  n.  One  who  dissents,  esp.  from 
a  national  church  ;  member  of  a  sect  that  has 
separated  itself  from  the  Church  of  England  or 
Scotland,    [-er  j] 

dissentient  (-shi-,  -shnt),  a.  &  n.  (One)  dis- 
agreeing with  a  majority  or  official  view  (D. 
Liberals  =  Liberal  Unionists),  [f.  L  Dis(.sew- 
tire  feel),  -ent] 

dissepiment,  n.  (hot.  &  zool.).  Partition, 
septum,  [f.  L  Dis(saepimentum  f.  saepire  f. 
saepes  hedge,  -ment)] 

dissert,  di'ssertate,  vv.i.  Discourse,  give 
an  exposition,  disquisition,  or  dissertATiON 
n.  [f.  p.p.  stems  of  L  Dis(serere  sert-  join)  &  its 
frequent,  dissertare,  -ate  3] 

disser've,  v.t.  Do  an  ill  turn  to.  So  dis- 
ser'vice  n.    [dis-] 

disse*ver,  v.t.  &  i.    Sever,  divide,    [dis-1 

di'ssidence,  n.  Disagreement,  dissent.  If. 
L  dissidentia  (foil.,  -ence)] 

di'ssident,  a.  &  n.  Disagreeing,  at  variance  ; 
dissentient  (a.  &  n.) ;  dissenter,  [f.  L  ms(sidere 
=sedere  sit),  -ent] 

disslg-h't,  n.  Unsightly  thing,  eyesore,  [dis-] 

dissi'milar,  a.  Unlike  (to,  also  rarely  from, 
with).  Hence  dissi'mila'riTY  n.,  dissi'mi- 
lar l  y  2  adv.    [dis-] 

dissi'milate,  v.t  (philol.).  Make  unlike 
(sounds  repeating  each  other,  as  in  cinnamon, 
orig.  cinnamow).  Hence  dissimilATiON  n. 
[f.  L  T>is(similis  like),  after  assimilate] 

dissimilitude,  n.  Unlikeness.  [f.  L  dis- 
similitudo  (prec,  -tude)] 

dissi'mulate,  v.t.  &  i.  Pretend  not  to  have 
or  feel  (cf.  simulate)  ;  dissemble,  be  hypocri- 
tical. So  dissi'mulATioN,  dissi'mulatOR  2, 
nn.    [f.  L  Dis(simulare  simulate),  -ate3] 

di'ssipate,  v.t  &  i.  Disperse,  dispel  or  dis- 
appear, (cloud,  vapour,  care,  fear,  darkness) ; 
dissolve  to  atoms,  bring  or  come  to  nothing ; 
squander  (money) ;  fritter  away  (energy,  atten- 
tion) ;  engage  in  frivolous  or  dissolute  pleasures 


DISSIPATED 210 

( people  go  there  to  d. ).  Hence  di'ssipatiVE  a. 
[f.  L  ms{sipare  throw),  -ate  3J 

di'ssipated,  a.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  given 
to  dissipation,  dissolute,    [-ed  l] 

dissipation,  n.  Scattering,  dispersion,  dis- 
integration ;  wasteful  expenditure  of;  distrac- 
tion, want  of  concentration,  of  faculties  &c; 
frivolous  amusement  :•  intemperate  or  vicious 
living,    [f.  L  dissipatio  (dissipate,  -ion)] 

disso'cialize  (-sha-),  v.t.  Make  unsocial, 
disincline  for  society,    [dis-,  social,  -izeJ 

disso'ciate  (-shi-),  v.t.  Disconnect,  separate, 
in  thought  or  in  fact ;  (Chem.)  decompose,  esp. 
by  heat.  So  dissociA'TiON  (-si-)  n.,  disso*- 
ciABLE,  disso#ciatiVE,  (-sha-),  aa.  [f.  L  dis- 
(sociare  f.  socius  comrade),  -ate  3] 

di'ssoluble  (-dobl),  a.  That  can  be  disinteg- 
rated, untied,  or  disconnected.  Hence  di'sso- 
Iubixity  n.     [f.  L  ms(solubilis  soluble)] 

di'ssolute  (-oot),  a.  Lax  in  morals,  licentious. 
Hence  di'ssoluteLY2  adv.,  di'ssoluteNESS 
n.    [f.  L  dissolutusjp.-p.  (dissolve)] 

dissolution  (-00-),  n.  Disintegration,  de- 
composition ;  liquefaction  (of  ice  or  snow) ;  un- 
doing of  bond,  partnership,  marriage,  or  al- 
liar/ce  ;  dismissal  of  assembly,  esp.  ending  of  a 
Parliament  with  a  view  to  fresh  election; 
death ;  coming  to  an  end,  fading  away,  disap- 
pearance,   [f.  L  dissolutio  (foil.,  -ion)] 

dissolve  (-z-),  v.t.  &  L  Decompose  (t.  &  i.) ; 
make  or  become  liquid  esp.  by  immersion  in 
liquid  (dissolved  in  tears,  weeping  copiously), 
relax,  enervate ;  vanish  (dissolving  views,  of 
magic  lantern,  one  fading  while  another  re- 
places it) ;  disperse  (t.  &  i.),  esp.  d.  Parliament 
or  d.,  declare  dissolution  ;  put  an  end  to  (part- 
nership &c),  annul.  Hencedisso'lvABLEa.  [f. 
L  ms(solvere  solut-  loosen)] 

disso'lvent  (-z-),  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  that  dis- 
solves something  (usu.  of),    [-ent] 

di'ssonant,  a.  Discordant,  harsh- toned,  in- 
congruous. Hence  or  cogn.  di'ssonANCE  n., 
di'ssonantLY  2  adv.  [L  Dis(sonare  sound), 
-ant] 

dissua'de  (-swad),  v.t.  Advise  against,  de- 
precate, (action) ;  give  advice  to  hinder,  divert, 
(person  from).  So  dissua'siON  n.,  dissua*- 
SIVE  a.    [f.  L  Dis(suadere  suas-  persuade)] 

dissyllable  &c.    See  dlsy-  &c. 

dissymmetrical,  a.,  dissymmetry,  n. 
Symmetrical,  symmetry,  in  opposite  directions, 
as  in  the  two  hands  (esp.  of  crystals  with  two 
corresponding  forms),    [dis-] 

di'staiT,  n.  Cleft  stick  about  3  ft  long  on 
which  wool  or  flax  was  wound  for  spinning  by 
hand  ;  corresponding  part  of  spinning-wheel ; 
woman's  work;  d.  side,  female  branch  of 
family  (cf.  spear-side  for  the  male).  [OE  distxf 
(LG  diesse  bunch  of  flax  +  staff)] 

di'stal,  a.  (anat.,  bot.).  Away  from  centre  of 
body  or  point  of  attachment,  terminal,    [irreg. 

f.  DISTANT,  -AL] 

distance,  n.,  &  v.t.  Being  far  off,  remote- 
ness; extent  of  space  between,  interval,  (with- 
in striking-d.,  near  enough  to  deliver  blow) ; 
avoidance  of  familiarity,  reserve,  (esp.  keep 
one's  d.);  distant  point  (at,  to,  from,  ad.);  re- 
moter field  of  vision  {in  the  d. ;  middle  d.,  in 
painted  or  actual  landscape,  between  fore- 
ground &  far  part) ;  space  of  time  (at  this  d.  of 
time) ;  (in  adv.  phrr.)  a  good  &c.  d.  off.  (Vb) 
place  or  make  seem  far  off;  leave  far  behind  in 
race  or  competition,  [f.  OF  destance  f.  L  dis- 
tantia  (di  *stare  stand  apart)] 

di'stant,  a.  Far,  or  a  specified  distance, 
away  (three,  miles  a.);  remote,  far  apart,  in 


DISTORT 


position,  time,  resemblance,  &c.  (a  d.  likeness, 
connexion-,  d.  ages ;  d.  signal  on  railway,  one  in 
advance  or  home  signal  to  give  warning) ;  not 
intimate,  reserved,  cool.  Hence  di'stantLY3 
adv.    [F,  f.  L  distant-  part.  st.  see  distance] 

dista'ste,  n.  Dislike,  repugnance,  slight 
aversion,  (for),    [dis-] 

dista'steful,  a.  Disagreeable,  repellent. 
Hence  dista'stefulNESs  n.    [-ful] 

diste'mpei*1,  v.t.  (archaic,  usu.  in  p.p.).  Up- 
set, derange,  in  health  or  sanity  (a  distempered 
fancy),    [f.  med.L  Dis(TEMPERare  L)] 

distemper  2,  n.  Derangement,  an  ailment, 
of  body  or  mind ;  dog-disease  with  catarrh, 
cough,  &  weakness ;  political  disorder,  [f .  prec.1 

distemper y,  n.,  &  v.t.  Method  of  painting 
on  plaster  or  chalk  with  colours  mixed  with 
yolk  of  egg,  size,  &c,  instead  of  oil,  used  for 
scene-painting  &  internal  walls  ( paint  in  d.) ; 
(vb)  paint  (wall  &c,  or  abs.)  thus.  [n.  f.  vb,  f. 
OF  destemprer  f .  L  as  distemper  l] 

distend,  v.t.  &  i.  Swell  out  by  pressure 
from  within  (balloon,  vein,  nostrils,  &c).  So 
diste'nsiBLE  a.,  distensiBi'LiTY,  disten- 
sion,  nn.    [f.  L  ms(tendere  tens-  stretch)] 

di'stich  (-k),  n.  Pair  of  verse  lines,  couplet, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  di  z(stikhon  f.  stikhos  line)  neut.  adj.] 

di'stichous  (-k-),  a.  (bot ).  (Having  fruit  &c. ) 
arranged  in  two  vertical  lines  on  opposite  sides 
of  stem.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  as  prec,  -ous] 

disti'l,  v.i.  &  t.  (-11-).  Trickle  down ;  come  or 
give  forth  in  drops,  exude  ;  turn  to  vapour  by 
heat,  condense  by  cold,  &  re-collect  (liquid) ; 
extract  essence  of  (plant  &c,  or  fig.  doctrine 
&c.) ;  drive  (volatile  constituent)  off  or  out  by 
heat;  make  (whisky,  essence)  by  distillation; 
undergo  distillation.  So  distill  a  tion  n. ,  dis- 
ti'llatORY  a.    [f.  L  di  Hstillare  drop)] 

di'stillate  (at),  n.  Product  of  distillation, 
[as  prec,  -ate  2] 

disti'ller,  n.  One  who  distils,  esp.  alcoholic 
spirit,  whence  disti*llERY(3)  n. ;  apparatus  for 
distilling  salt  water  at  sea.    [-ER  l] 

disti'net,  a.  Not  identical,  separate,  indivi- 
dual, different  in  quality  or  kind,  unlike,  (from, 
or  abs.) ;  clearly  perceptible,  plain,  definite  ;  un- 
mistakable, decided,  positive.  Hence  dis- 
ti'netLY2  adv.,  disti'net ness  n.  [f.  L  dis- 
tinctus  p.p.  see  distinguish] 

distinction,  n.  Making  of  a  difference,  dis- 
crimination, the  difference  made  (d.  without  a 
difference,  a  merely  nominal  or  artificial  one) ; 
being  different ;  thing  that  differentiates,  mark, 
name,  title  ;  showing  of  special  consideration, 
mark  of  honour ;  distinguished  character,  ex- 
cellence, eminence ;  (of  literary  style)  individu- 
ality. [F,  f.  L  distinctionem  (distinguish,  -ion)] 

distinctive,  a.  Distinguishing,  characteris- 
tic. Hence  disti'netiveLY2  adv.,  dlsti'nc- 
tiveNESS  n.    [distinguish,  -iveJ 

distingu6  (F),  a.  Of  distinguished  air,  fea- 
tures, manners,  &c. 

disti'ng-uish,  v.t  &  L  Divide  into  classes 
&c. ;  be,  see,  or  point  out,  the  difference  of 
(thing,  thing  from  another ;  also  intr.  with  be- 
tween), differentiate,  draw  distinctions ;  charac- 
terize, be  a  mark  or  property  of ;  make  out  by 
listening,  looking,  &c,  recognize;  make  one- 
self  prominent  (often  by  gallantry  &c).  Hence 
distinguish  able  a,,  distinguishable  v- 
adv.  [f.  L  di  Hstinguere  stinct-  extinguish  prob. 
cogn.  w.  Gk  stizo  prick),  with  irreg.  use  of  -ish  j] 

distinguished,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  re- 
markable, eminent,  famous,  of  high  standing ; 

=  DISTINGUE.     (-ED  J] 

distor't,  v.t  Put  out  of  shape,  make  crooked 


For  compounds  of  dis-  not -given  consult  dis-. 


DISTORTIONIST 


241 


DIVARICATE 


or  unshapely,  (actually  or,  as  by  curved  mirror 
&c.,  apparently) ;  misrepresent  (motives,  facts, 
statements).  Hence  or  cogn.  distOP'tedLY 2 
adv.,  distoptiON  n.,  distortion al  a.  [f.  L 
Dis(torquere  tort-  twist)] 

distortionist,  n.  Caricaturist;  acrobat 
who  distorts  his  body,    [-ist] 

distra'et,  v.t.  Divert,  draw  away,  (atten- 
tion, the  mind,  usu.  from) ;  draw  in  different 
directions,  divide  or  confuse  the  attention  of, 
(often  p.p.  with  between)  bewilder,  perplex; 
(chiefly  p.p.)  drive  mad.  Hence  distra'eted- 
ly  2,  distpa'ctinfiTLY  2,  advv.  [f.  L  vis(trahere 
tract-  draw)] 

distpa'ction,  n.  Diversion  of,  thing  that  di- 
verts, the  mind ;  interruption ;  lack  of  concen- 
tration ;  amusement,  relief  from  over-absorp- 
tion ;  confusion,  perplexity,  internal  conflict, 
dissension ;  frenzy,  madness,  (to  d.,  to  a  mad 
degree),    [f.  L  distractio  (prec,  -ion)] 

distrarn,  v.i.  (legal).  Levy  a  distress  (upon 
person  or  his  goods,  or  abs.),  seize  chattels  to 
compel  person  to  pay  money  due  (esp.  rent)  or 
meet  an  obligation,  or  to  obtain  satisfaction  by 
sale  of  the  chattels.  Hence  distrai'nER  », 
distpai'noR2,  distrainEE-,  distrai'nMENT 
&  (in  same  sense)  distrai'nt,  nn.  [f.  OF  des- 
treindre  f.  L  niHstringere  strict-  squeeze)] 

distrait"  (-a),  a.  (fern,  -te,  pr.  -at).  Absent- 
minded,  not  attending.    [F] 

distraught,  a.  (archaic).  Violently  agi- 
tated ;  crazy,  [var.  of  obs.  distract  a.  f.  L  dis- 
tract us  p.p.  see  distract] 

distpe'ss  *,  n.  Severe  pressure  of  pain,  sor- 
row, &c,  anguish ;  want  of  money  or  neces- 
saries ;  straits,  dangerous  position ;  exhaustion, 
being  tired  out,  breathlessness  ;  (Law)  =  dis- 
traint; d.-gun,  -rocket,  signals  from  ship  in 
danger;  d.- warrant,  authorizing  distraint. 
Hence  distre'ssFUL  a.  [f.  OF  destrece  f.  LL 
*districtia  (distrain,  -y  l)\ 

distpe'ss  2,  v.t.  Subject  to  severe  strain,  ex- 
haust, afflict ;  cause  anxiety  to,  vex,  make  un- 
happy. Hence  distre'ssingLY 2  adv.  [f.  F 
destresser  f.  LL  districtiare  as  prec.  J 

distribute,  v.t.  Deal  out,  give  share  of  to 
each  of  a  number ;  spread  abroad,  scatter,  put 
at  different  points  ;  divide  into  parts,  arrange, 
classify;  (Log.)  use  (term)  in  its  full  exten- 
sion so  that  it  includes  every  individual  of  the 
class.  Hence  (orig.  -er)  distri*butOR2(l,2)  n., 
distpi'butABLE  a.  [f.  L  ms(tribuere  tribut- 
assign)] 

distribution,  n.  Distributing,  apportion- 
ment ;  (Pol.  Econ.)  dispersal  among  consumers 
effected  by  commerce,  also  extent  to  which  in- 
dividuals or  classes  share  in  aggregate  products 
of  community ;  spreading  abroad,  dispersing, 
scattered  situation  or  arrangement ;  division 
into  parts,  arranging,  classification  ;  (Log.)  ap- 

Slication  of  term  to  all  individuals  of  the  class, 
fence  distpibutionAL  a.  [F,  f.  L  distribu- 
tionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

distributive,  a.  &  n.  Of,  concerned  with, 
produced  by,  distribution  ;  (Log.,  Gram.)  refer- 
ring to  each  individual  of  a  class,  not  to  the 
class  collectively ;  (n.,  gram.)  d.  word  (as  each, 
neither,  every).  Hence  distri'butiveLY  2 
adv.    [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  as  distribute,  -ive] 

di'strict,  n.,  &  v.t.  Territory  marked  off  for 
special  administrative  purpose;  division  of 
parish  with  its  own  church  or  chapel  &  clergy- 
man ;  urban  or  rural  division  of  county  with  D. 
Council ;  assigned  sphere  of  operations ;  tract 
of  country  with  common  characteristics,  re- 
gion ;  D.  Railway,  serving  parts  of  London  & 
suburbs;  d.  visitor,  person  working  under 
clergyman's  direction  in  section  of  parish ;  (vb) 


divide  into  dd.  [F,  f.  med. L districtus  jurisdic- 
tion f.  L  district-  see  distrain] 

distru'st1,  n.  Want  of  trust,  doubt,  sus- 
picion. Hence  distpu*stFUL  a.,  distrust- 
ful ly  2  adv.    [dis-] 

distpu'st2,  v.t.  Have  no  confidence  in, 
doubt,  not  rely  on.    [dis-] 

distup*b,v.t.  Agitate,  trouble,  disquiet,  un- 
settle ;  perplex,  [f.  OF  destorber  f.  L  ms(turb- 
are  f.  turba  crowd)] 

distup'bance,  n.  Interruption  of  tranquilli- 
ty, agitation ;  tumult,  uproar,  outbreak  ;  (Law) 
molestation,  interference  with  rights  or  pro- 
perty.   If.  OF  destorbance  (prec,  -ance)] 

disu'nion,  n.  Separation,  want  of  union, 
dissension.    So  disuNiTE  v.t.  &  i.    [dis-] 

disu'se l  (-s),  n.  Discontinuance,  want  of  use 
or  practice,  desuetude,    [dis-] 

disu'se2  (-z),  v.t.    Cease  to  use.    [dis-] 

disyllabic,  diss-,  n.  Word,  metrical  foot, 
of  two  syllables.  So  dis(s)ylla'bic  a.,  dis- 
(s)ylla'biCALLY  adv.  [f.  F  dissyllabe  (di-2, 
syllable)  ;  -ss-  in  F  as  sign  of  hard  sound] 

ditch,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Long  narrow  excava- 
tion, esp.  to  hold  or  conduct  water  or  serve  as 
boundary  ;  watercourse  ;  die  2  in  last  d.;  d.- 
water,  stagnant  in  d.  (esp.  dull  as  d.-water). 
(Vb)  make  or  repair  dd.  (esp.  hedging  &  ditch- 
ing), whence  ditehER1(l,  2)  n.;  provide  with 
dd.,  drain.    [OE  die,  whence  also  dike] 

ditheism,  n.  Religious  dualism,  belief  in 
independent  principles  of  good  &  evil,    [di-  2] 

dithypamb  (-am),  n.  Greek choric  hymn  of 
wild  character ;  Bacchanalian  song ;  vehement 
or  inflated  poem,  speech,  or  writing.  So  di- 
thypa'mbic  (-mb-)  a.  &  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  dithu- 
rambos  etym.  dub.] 

dittany,  n.  A  herb,  formerly  of  medicinal 
repute,  [f.  OF  ditan  f .  L  f .  Gk  diktamnon  pern, 
f.  Dikte  in  Crete] 

ditto,  a.  &  n.  (abbr.  d°,  do ;  pi.  -os).  The  afore- 
said, the  same,  (in  accounts,  inventories,  &  com- 
merc  or  colloq.  talk,  instead  of  repeating  word) ; 
duplicate,  similar  thing,  (d.  suit,  suit  of  dd., 
clothes  all  of  one  material) ;  say  d.  to,  agree 
with,  endorse  opinion  of.  [It.  (now  detto),  f.  L 
dictus  p.p.  of  dicer e  say] 

dittd'g-paphy,  n.  Copyist's  mistaken  repe- 
tition of  letter,  word,  or  phrase.  Hence  ditto- 
g-pa'phic  a.    [f.  Gk  dittos  double,  -graphy] 

ditty,  n.  Short  simple  song.  [ME  dite  f.  OF 
ditif.  L  dictatum  neut.  p.p.  otdictare  dictate2] 

ditty-bag1,  -box,  nn.  Sailor's,  fisherman's, 
receptacle  for  odds  &  ends.    [?] 

diupetie,  a.  &  n.  (Substance)  exciting  dis- 
charge of  urine,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  diouretikos  f.  di  3- 
(oureo  make  water),  -ic] 

diup'nal,  a.  (Astron.)  occupying  one  day; 
(archaic)  daily,  of  each  day;  of  the  day,  not 
nocturnal.  Hence  diup'nalLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
diurnalis  (dies  day)] 

div  (dev),  n.  Evil  spirit  in  Persian  mythology. 
[Pers.,  =  Skr.  deva  god] 

di'va  (de-),  n.  Great  woman  singer,  prima 
donna.    [It.  f.  L,  =  goddess] 

drvagate,  v.i.  Stray,  digress.  Hence  di- 
vag-ATiON  n.    [f.  L  di  ^(vagari  wander),  -ate3] 

di'valent,  a.  Combining  with  two  atoms  of 
hydrogen  &c,  having  two  combining-equiva- 
lents.    [di-2,  L  valere  be  worth,  -ent] 

diva'n,  n.  Oriental  council  of  State,  esp. 
Turkish  privy  council ;  oriental  council-cham- 
ber, court  of  justice ;  long  seat  against  room- 
wall  ;  smoking-room,  cigar-shop.  [Turk.,  f.  Pers. 
devan  brochure,  account-book,  custom-house 
(see  douane),  tribunal,  senate,  bench] 

diva'pieate  (or  di-),  v.i.  Diverge,  branch,  (of 
roads,  branches,  &c ).  Hence  or  cogn.  di  va'pi- 


DOCTRINE 


244 


DOLE 


tie 


do-ctpine,  n.  What  is  taught,  body  of  in- 
struction ;  religious,  political,  scientific,  &c, 
belief,  dogma,  or  tenet  (Monroe  d.,  U.S.  policy 
foreshadowed  by  President  Monroe  1823  dis- 
countenancing European  State  interference  in 
America).  Hence  do*etpiniSM(l),  do'etpin- 
ist(1),  nn.,  do*etPinizE(2)  v.i.  [F,  f.  L  doctrina 
(doctor1,  -ine3)] 

do'cument,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thing,  esp.  deed, 
writing,  or  inscription,  that  furnishes  evidence 
(human  d*.,  description,  incident,  &c,  illustrat- 
ing human  nature);  hence  docume'ntARY1 
a.  ( Vb)  prove  by,  provide  with,  dd.  or  evidence ; 
sodoeumentATiON  n.  [OF,  f.  lidocumentum 
(docere  teach,  -ment)] 

do'ddep 2,  n.  Kinds  ot  slender  leafless  thread- 
like parasitic  plant.    [ME  doder  cf.  G  dotter] 

do'ddep  2,  v.i.  Tremble,  nod,  with  frailty, 
palsy,  &c.  (d.-grass,  Quaking-grass) ;  totter, 
potter,  be  feeble.    [?L 

do'ddeped,  a.  Having  lost  the  top  or 
branches  (of  oaks  &  other  trees),  [prob.  f.  fre- 
quent, of  obs.  vb  dod  poll,  lop] 

dodee(a)-,  pref.  =  twelve-,  as  dodecagon, 
plane  figure  of  twelve  sides,  dodecahe'dron 
(or  -he-),  solid  figure  of  twelve  faces,  dodeca- 

yllable,  verse  of  twelve  syllables,     [f.  Gk  do- 

eka  twelve] 

dodg-e l,  v.i.  &  t.  (Intr.)  move  to  &  fro,  change 
position,  shuffle ;  move  quickly  round,  about, 
or  behind,  obstacle  so  as  to  elude  pursuer,  blow, 
&c. ;  play  fast  &  loose,  quibble,  prevaricate ;  (of 
bell  in  chime)  sound  one  place  out  of  the  normal 
order.  (Trans.)  baffle  by  finesse,  trifle  with  : 
elude  (pursuer,  opponent,  blow)  by  sideward 
deviation  &c. ;  move  (thing)  to  &  fro :  ask 
(person)  questions  in  unexpected  order.    [?] 

dodge2,  n.  Piece  of  dodging,  quick  side- 
movement;  trick,  artifice;  (colloq.)  clever  ex- 
pedient, mechanical  &c.  contrivance;  sounding 
of  bell  out  of  normal  place  in  chimes.  Hence 
do'dg-v  2  a.    [f.  prec] 

do'dgep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  artful  or 
elusive  person,    [-er  l] 

do'do,  n.  (pL  -oes,  -os).  Large  extinct  bird  of 
Mauritius,    [f.  Port,  doudo  simpleton] 

doe  (do),  n.  Female  of  fallow  deer  (cf.  buck  l), 
hare,  or  rabbit;  doeskin,  skin  of  d.,  leather  of 
this,  fine  cloth  resembling  it.  [OE  dd  perh.  f. 
L  darna  deer] 

does,  doest.    See  do  K 

doff,  v.t.  Take  off  (hat,  clothing) ;  (rarely) 
abandon,  discard,  (custom,  condition).  \=do  off] 

dogr  *,  n.  Quadruped  of  many  breeds  wild  & 
domesticated ;  hunting-dog  (fig.,  dd.  of  war, 
havoc,  rapine) ;  male  of  d.,  wolf  (also  d.-wolf), 
(fern,  bitch),  or  fox  (also  d.-fox) ;  worthless  or 
surly  person ;  fellow  (sly,  lucky,  jolly,  d. ;  sea- 
d.) ;  (Astron.)  Greater  &  Lesser  D.,  constella- 
ti  ins,  also  Sirius  or  Procyon,  chief  star  in  either 
(also  d.-star,  usu.  Sirius ;  d.-days,  hottest  part 
of  year  in  July  &  Aug.,  variously  dated  accord- 
ing to  heliacal  &  cosmical  rising  of  Sirius); 
kinds  of  mechanical  device  for  gripping  &c. ; 
(pi.,  also  fire-dd.)  pair  of  metal  supports  for 
burning  wood,  or  for  grate,  or  for  fire-irons ; 
(also  sea-d.)  light  near  horizon  portending 
storm  ;  sun-d.,  parhelion.  Phrr. :  go  to  the  dd., 
be  ruined ;  throw  to  the  dd.,  throw  away,  sacri- 
fice ;  not  have  word  1  to  throw  at  d.  ;  every  d. 

has  his  day  ;  love  me,  love  my  d.,  accept  my 

friends  as  yours  ;  rain  cats  &  dd. ;  die  like  a 

d.,  a  d.'s  death,  miserably,  shamefully;  take 

haxr  of  d.  that  bit  you,  drink  more  to  cure 

effects  of  drink ;  help  lame  d.  over  stile,  be 

friend  in  need;  lead,  lead  one,  a  d.'s  life,  be 

worried,  worry  another;  give  d.  ill  name  & 

hang  him,  of  power  of  nickname  or  slander ; 


let  sleeping  dd.  lie,  let  well  alone ;  d.  in  the 
manger,  one  who  prevents  others'  enjoying 
what  is  useless  to  him ;  d.  in  a  blanket,  rolled 
currant  dumpling  or  jam  pudding.  Dogberry, 
fruit  of  dogwood  or  wild  cornel ;  d.-biscuit,  for 
feeding  dd. ;  d.-box,  railway  van  for  dd. ;  dog- 
cart, two- wheeled  driving-cart  with  cross  seats 
back  to  back ;  d.-cheap,  very;  d.-collar,  lit.,  & 
fig.  of  person's  straight  high  collar;  d.-faced, 
epithet  of  kind  of  baboon;  d.-fall,  in  which 
wrestlers  touch  ground  together ;  d.  -fennel. 
Stinking  Camomile ;  d.  -fish,  kinds  of  small 
shark  &  other  fish ;  d.('s)-grass,  Couch-grass ; 
d.-hole,  -hutch,  mean  room ;  d.-latin,  incorrect, 
mongrel ;  d.-lead,  string  &c.  for  leading  d. ;  d.- 
leg(ged)  staircase,  going  back  &  forward  with- 
out well-hole  ;  d.-rose,  wild  hedge  rose  ;  d.('s)- 
ear  n.  &  v.t.,  corner  of  page  turned  down  with 
use,  fill  (book)  with  these  ;  d.-shore,  prop  used 
in  launching ;  d.-skin,  leather  of  or  imitating 
d.  's-skin  used  for  gloves ;  d.-sleep,  light  &  fitful ; 
d.  's  letter,  r  (f .  snarling  sound) ;  d.  's-meat,  horse- 
flesh, offal;  d.'s-nose,  beer  &  gin;  d.('s)-tail, 
kind  of  grass;  d.'s-tongue,  plants  of  borage 
kind ;  d.'s-tooth,  plant  with  speckled  leaves  & 
flowers ;  d.-tired,  tired  out ;  d.-tooth,  small  py- 
ramidal ornament  esp.  in  Norman  &  Early 
English  architecture;  d.-violet,  scentless  kind  ; 
d.-watch  (Naut.),  short  half  watch  of  two  hours 
(4-6,  6-8,  p.m.);  d.-whip,  for  keeping  dd.  in 
order.  Hence  do'ggiSH1,  do'gLESS,  do*g- 
like,  aa.,  do'ggy1  or  do'ggie  [-Y3],  do*g- 
hood,  nn.    [OE  docga  etym.  dub.] 

dog:2,  v.t.  Follow  closely,  pursue,  track,  (per- 
son, his  steps  ;  of  person  or  calamity  &c.) ;  grip, 
secure,    [f.  prec] 

do'gate,  n.  Office  of  doge.  [f.  F  dogat  f.  It. 
dogato  (foil.,  -ate1)] 

doge  (-j),  n.  (hist.).  Chief  magistrate  of  Ven- 
ice, Genoa.  [F  f .  It. ,  f.  L  ducem  nom.  dux  leader] 

do'gged  (-g-),  a.  Obstinate,  tenacious,  per- 
sistent, unyielding,  (it 's  d.  does  it,  persistency 
succeeds).  Hence  do'ggedLY2  adv.,  do'g- 
g-edNESS  n.    [-ed  2] 

do'ggep  (-g-),  n.  Two-masted  bluff-bowed 
Dutch  fishing-boat.    ff.  14th  c,  etym.  dub.] 

do'ggepel  (-g-),  a.  &  n.  Trivial,  mean,  halt- 
ing, or  irregular,  (verse).    [?] 

do'ggy2,  a.  (for  doggy  *  see  DOG1).  Of  dogs; 
devoted  to  dogs.  Hence  do'ggiNESs  n.    [-y  2] 

do'gma,  n.  (pi.  -s,  rarely  -ta).  Principle, 
tenet,  doctrinal  system,  esp.  as  laid  down  by 
authority  of  Church ;  arrogant  declaration  of 
opinion.  [L  f.  Gk  (gen.  -atos),  f.  dokeo  seem,  -m] 

dogma* tic  (rarely  -ical),  a.  Of  dogma(s), 
doctrinal ;  based  on  a  priori  principles,  not  on 
induction  ;  (of  person,  book,  &c.)  authoritative, 
laying  down  the  law,  arrogant.  Hence  dog- 
ma'tics  n.,  dogma'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
dogmatikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

do'gmatize,  v.i.  &  t.  Deal  in  positive  un- 
supported assertions,  speak  authoritatively; 
express  (principle  &c.)  as  a  dogma.  So  do*g- 
matiSM(l),  do'gmatiST(l),  nn.  [f.  F  dogma- 
tiser  f.  L  f.  Gk  dogmatizo  (dogma,  -ize)] 

doi'ly,  n.  Small  napkin  placed  below  finger- 
glass,  [fabric  named  from  I7th-c  inventor] 

doit,  n.  Very  small  sum  or  coin ;  merest  trifle 
(esp.  don't  care  a  d.).    [f.  Du.  duit  etym.  dub.] 

doi'ted,  a.  (Sc).  Crazed,  esp.  with  age.   [?] 

do' Ice  far  nie'nte  (dawltsha),  n.  Pleasant 
idleness.    [It.] 

dd'ldpums,  n.  pi.  Dullness,  dumps,  depres- 
sion; (of  ship,  usu.  in  the  d.)  becalmed  state; 
region  of  calms  &  light  baffling  winds  near 
equator,  [prob.  formed  on  dull,  cf.  tantrums ; 
the  geog.  sense  prob.  due  to  mistake] 

dole  \  n.,  &  v.t.  (Archaic)  lot,  destiny,  (happy 


DOLE 


245 


DOMINO 


man  be  his  d.,  may  he  be  happy);  charitable 
distribution  ;  charitable  (esp.  sparing,  niggard- 
ly) gift  of  food,  clothes,  or  money ;  dolesman, 
-woman,  recipient  of  d. ;  (vb)  deal  out  sparingly, 
esp.  as  amis.    [OE  ddl  cogn.  w.  dxl  deal  1] 

dole2,  n.  (poet.).  Grief,  woe;  lamentation, 
[revived  obs.  wd,  f.  OF  doel  (now  deuil  mourn- 
ing) f.  LL  dolium  grief  cf.  L  dolor] 

do'leful,  a.  Dreary,  dismal;  sad,  discon- 
tented, melancholy.  Hence  do'lefUlLY  2  adv. , 
do'lefulNESS  n.    [prec,  -ful] 

dd'liehocepha'Tie  (-ko-),  a.  Long-headed 
(of  skull  with  breadth  less  than  |  of  length ;  or 
of  person  or  race  with  such  skull),  [f.  Gk  doU- 
khos  long  +  -cephalic] 

doll,  n.  Toy  baby,  puppet;  pretty  silly  woman 
(so  d.'s/ace).  Hence  do'lliSH1  a.,  do'llishLY2 
adv.,  do'llishxESS  n.    [short  for  Dorothy] 

do'llar,  n.  (Orig.)  English  name  for  German 
thaler,  also  for  Spanish  piece  of  eight ;  unit  of 
U.S.  gold  &  silver  coinage  =  100  cents,  about 
4s.  lid.  (the  almighty  d„  money,  mammon) ;  cor- 
responding coin  in  Canada  &c. ;  (slang)  five- 
shilling  piece,  orown.  [earlier  &  Du.  daler=Q 
taler,  f .  Joachimstaler  gulden  from  silver  mine 
of  the  Joachims(£a£  valley)] 

do'llop,  n.  (colloq.).  Clumsy  or  shapeless 
lump  of  food  &c.    [?] 

do'lly,  n.  (Pet-name,  esp.  in  voc.,  for)  doll; 
kinds  of  appliance   in   clothes-washing,  ore 


washing,  pile-driving,  iron-punching,  polish- 
ing, &c. ;  d.-shop,  marine  store.    [-y3J 
Do'lly  Vap'den,  n.    Blinds  of  woman's  hat 


&  dress,    [character  in  Barnaby  Rudge] 

do'lman,  n.  Long  Turkish  robe  open  in 
front ;  hussar's  jacket  worn  with  sleeves  hang- 
ing loose ;  woman's  mantle  with  flaps  for 
sleeves,    [ult.  f.  Turk,  dolaman] 

dd'lmen,  n.  (F  name  for)  cromlech.  [F, 
perh.  f.  Cornish  (doll  hole,  men  stone)] 

do'lomite,  n.  Kind  of  rock  (double  carbon- 
ate of  lime  &  magnesia) ;  The  Dd.,  mountains 
of  this,  esp.  those  in  Tyrol.  Hence  dolomrtic 
a.    [Dolomieu,  French  geologist  1794,  -ite  a] 

do'lorous,  a.  (usu.  poet,  or  facet.).  Dis- 
tressing, painful ;  dismal,  doleful ;  distressed. 
Hence  do'loi»ousLY  2 adv.   [OF.  f.  LL  dolor o- 

SUS  (DOLOUR,  -OUS)] 

dolo'se,  a.  (legal).  Having  criminal  intent ; 
intentionally  deceitful,  [f.  L  dolosus  (dolus 
guile,  -ose1)] 

dd'lour.n.  (poet).  Sorrow  distress.  [OF.f. 
L  dolorem  nom.  -or] 

do'lphin,  n.  Cetaceous  mammal  resembling 

Eorpoise.  but  with  beak-like  snout ;  (pop.)  the 
8h  dorado,  which  changes  to  many  colours  in 
dying ;  curved  fish  in  heraldry,  sculpture,  &c. ; 
kinds  of  esp.  naut.  appliance,  [earlier  delphin 
f.  L  delphinus  f.  Gk  aelphis  -inos] 

dolt,  n.  Dull  fellow,  blockhead.  Hence 
do'ltiSH1  a.,  do'ltishNESS  n.   [perh.  =  dulled] 

Dom,  title  prefixed  to  names  of  R.-0.  digni- 
taries, esp.  Benedictine  &  Carthusian  monks, 
[abbr.  of  L  dominus  lord] 

-dom,  suf.  forming  nouns  expressing  rank, 
condition,  domain,  r.  nn.  or  adjj.  (earldom, 
freedom,  kingdom),  &(f.  nouns)  used  collective- 
ly for  the  pi.  or = the  ways  of  (officialdom).  [OE 
dom  cf.  G  -turn  (st.  of  do  1,  -m  as  in  seam). 

domai'n,  n.  Estate,  lands,  dominions ;  dis- 
trict under  rule,  realm,  sphere  of  influence; 
scope,  field,  province,  of  thought  or  action ; 
(Internat.  &  U.S.  law)  Eminent  D.,  lordship  of 
sovereign  power  over  all  property  in  State, 
with  right  of  expropriation.  So  doma*ni.\i. 
a.  [f.  F  domaine  f.  L  dominieum  neut.  adj. 
(dominus  lord,  -ic)] 

dome,  n.,  &  v.t.    Stately  building,  mansion, 


(poet);  rounded  vault  as  roof,  with  circular, 
elliptical,  or  polygonal  base,  cupola ;  natural 
vault,  canopy,  (of  sky,  trees,  &c.) ;  rounded 
summit  of  hill  &c. ;  hence  domED2,  do'mi- 
c(al),  do'meuKE,  do'ixiY2,  aa.  (Vb)  cover 
with,  shape  as,  d.  [F,  f.  It.  duomo  cathedral, 
dome,  (&  direct)  f.  L  domus  house] 

Do'mesday  (Book)  (doomz-),  n.  Record  of 
Will.  I's  Great  Inquisition  of  lands  of  England 
made  1086.  [ME, = doom  isday,  pop.  name  given 
to  the  book  as  final  authority] 

dome'stie,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  home,  household, 
or  family  affairs;  of  one's  own  country,  not 
foreign ;  native,  home-made ;  (of  animals)  tame, 
kept  by  or  living  with  man ;  home-keeping, 
fond  of  home;  hence  dome'stiCALLY  adv.  (N.) 
household  servant  [f.  F  domestique  f.  L  domes- 
ticus  (domus  home)] 

domesticate,  v.t  Naturalize  (colonists, 
animals) ;  make  fond  of  home  (esp.  in  p.p.) ; 
bring  (animals)  under  human  control,  tame ; 
civilize  (savages).  So  dome'stie  able  a., 
domestic  a  "tion  n.  [f.  med.L  domesticare 
(prec,  -ate  3)1 

domesti'city  (or  do-),  n.  Domestic  charac- 
ter ;  home  life  or  privacy ;  homeliness ;  the  dd., 
domestic  affairs ;  domesticated  state,    [-ity] 

do'mett,  n.  Fabric  of  wool  &  cotton  used 
for  shrouds  &c.    [?] 

do'mieile  (or  -u),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Dwelling- 
place,  home ;  (Law)  place  of  permanent  resi- 
dence, fact  of  residing ;  place  at  which  bill  of 
exchange  is  made  payable  (v.t,  make  payable 
at  a  place).  (Vb,  also  domici'lLvrE  «)  estab- 
lish, settle  (t  &  i.),  in  a  place ;  so  domiciliA- 
tion  n.    [F,  f.  L  domicitium  f.  domus  home] 

domiel'liary,  a.  Of  a  dwelling-place  (d. 
visit,  of  officials  to  search  or  inspect  private 
house),    [asprec, -ary*] 

do'minant,  a.  &  n.  Ruling,  prevailing,  most 
influential ;  (of  heights)  outstanding,  overlook- 
ing others  j  (Mus.)  fifth  note  of  scale  of  any  key 
(adj.,  of  this,  as  d.  chord,  seventh,  Sec).  Hence 
do'minANCE  n..  do'minantLY  2  adv.  IF,  f.  L 
dominari  see  foil.,  -ant] 

do 'inmate,  v.t.  &  i.  Have  commanding  in- 
fluence over  (also  intr.  with  over) ;  be  the  most 
influential  or  conspicuous  (of  person,  power, 
sound,  feature  of  scene) ;  (of  heights)  overlook, 
hold  commanding  position  over,  [f .  L  dominari 
(dominus  lord),  -ate  3] 

domination,  n.  Ascendancy,  sway,  control; 
(pi.)  angelic  powers  of  fourth  rank  (cherub). 
[F,  f.  L  dominationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

domineer',  v.i.  Act  imperiously,  tyrannize, 
be  overbearing.  Hence  domineer'in^LY2 
adv.    [f.  Du.  (-neren)  f.  F  dominer  dominate] 

domi'nical,  a.  Of  the  Lord  (Christ ;  d.  year, 
date  a.  D. ) ;  of  the  Lord's  day,  Sunday-,  (d.  letter, 
the  one  of  the  seven  A-G  denoting  Sundays  in 
any  year),  [f.  med.L  dominicalis  f.  L  domini- 
cus  (dominus  lord,  -ic)  +  -al] 

Domi'niean,  a.  &  n.  Of  St  Dominic  or  his 
order  of  preaching  friars ;  (n.)  Black  or  D.  friar, 
[f.  eccl.L  Dominicanus  f.  Dominicus  L  name  of 
Domingo  de  Guzman  +  -an] 

d6'minie,n.  (Sc).  Schoolmaster.  [=domine 
sir  voc.  of  L  dominus  lord] 

domi'nion,  n.  Lordship,  sovereignty,  con- 
trol ;  domains  of  feudal  lord,  territory  of  sove- 
reign or  government  [D.  of  Canada,  -name 
given  to  Canadian  colonies  united  1867  ;  D.  of 
New  Zealand,  title  given  1907) ;  (Law)  right  of 
possession.  [OF,  f.  LL  dominionem  nom.  -o  f. 
L  dominium  (dominus  lord)] 

do'mino,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  Loose  cloak  with  half 
mask  worn  to  conceal  identity  esp.  at  masquer- 
ade, whence  do'minoED  2  a. ;  person  wearing 


DON 


246 


DOT 


this ;  one  of  28  small  brick-shaped  pieces  marked 
with  pips  used  in  game  of  dd.    [F,  prob.  f.  L 
dominus  lord,  but  unexplained] 
don !«  n.    Spanish  title  prefixed  to  Christian 
name  (D.  Juan,  rake,  libertine ;  D.  quixote)  ; 
Spanish  gentleman,  Spaniard ;   distinguished 
person ;  adept  at  something ;  head,  fellow,  or 
tutor,  of  college,  whence  do'nniSH 1  a.,  do*n- 
nishNESS  n.    [Sp.,  f.  L  dominus  lord] 
don2,  v.t.    Put  on  (garment).    [=do  on] 
do'na(h),  n.  (slang).    Woman ;  sweetheart. 
If.  Sp.  dona  or  Port,  dona  f.  L  domina  lady] 
donation,  n.    Bestowal,  presenting ;  thing 
presented,  gift,  (esp.  of  money  given  to  institu- 
tion). [F,  f.  L  donationem  (donare  give,  -ation)] 
do'native  (or  do-),  a.  &  n.    (Benefice)  given 
directly,  not  involving  presentation  to  or  in- 
vestment by  the  Ordinary ;  gift,  present,  esp. 
official  largess,     [f.  L  donativus  adj.  (donare 
give,  -ive)] 

do'natopy,  n.    Kecipient  of  donation,     [f. 
med.L  donatorius  (donare  give,  -ory)] 
done  (dun),  p.p  of  do1.     D.  broum,  duped, 
swindled  ;  d.  up,  tired. 

donee*,  n.   Recipient  of  gift.  fas  donor, -ee] 
do'nga  (-ngga),  n.     Gully,  ravine.    [S.-Afr.] 
do'njon  (also  du-),  n.    Great  tower  of  castle, 
keep,    [archaic  spelling  of  dungeon] 
do'nkey,  n.  (pi.  -eys).    (Usual  word  for)  ass ; 
stupid  person ;  d.-engine,  small  steam-engine 
usu.  for  minor  operations  on  ship.     [pern,  f. 
dun  !  with  double  dim.  ending] 
do'nor,  n.    Giver,    [f.  OF  doneur  f.  L  dona- 
tor  em  (donare  give,  -OR2)] 
don't  \    See  do  *. 

don't2,  n.  (facet.).  Prohibition,  [use  of  prec] 
doo'lie,  -y,  n.    Simple  form  of  Indian  litter 
used  as  army  ambulance,    [f.  Hind,  doli  (Skr. 
did-  to  swing)] 

doom1,  n.  (Hist.)  Statute,  law,  decree ;  (ar- 
chaic) decision,  sentence,  condemnation ;  fate, 
destiny,  (usu.  evil) ;  ruin,  death  ;  the  Last  Judg- 
ment (now  only  in  crack,  day,  ofd.,8t  in  dooms- 
day ;  till  doomsday,  for  ever ;  cf.  domesday). 
[com.-Teut;  OE  dom  f.  OTeut.  (don  do1)] 
doom2,  v.t.  Pronounce  sentence  against, 
condemn  to  some  fate,  to  do ;  consign  to  mis- 
fortune or  destruction  (esp.  in  p.p.) ;  (archaic) 
decree  (doomed  his  death),  [f.  prec] 
doop  (dor),  n.  Hinged  or  sliding  barrier  usu. 
of  wood  or  metal  for  closing  entrance  to  build- 
ing, room,  safe,  &c.  (front  d.,  chief  d.  from 
house  to  street  &c.  ;  lives  &c.  next  d.,  in  next 
house  or  room  ;  so  three  dd.  off&c. ;  next  d.  to 
fig.,  nearly,  almost,  near  to ;  so  at  death's  d. ; 
entrance,  access,  exit,  (show  one  the  d.,  expel 
him ;  open  a  d.  to,  close  the  d.  upon,  make 
possible,  impossible) ;  out  ofdd.,  abroad,  in  the 
open  air ;  within  dd.,  in  the  house ;  lay,  lie,  at 
the  d.  of,  impute,  be  imputable,  to ;  darken  d. ; 
d.-bell,  inside  bell  worked  by  handle  outside  d. ; 
d.-case,  -frame,  structure  in  which  d.  is  fitted  ; 
d.-keeper,  porter ;  d.-mat,  for  rubbing  off  mud 
from  boots ;  d.-money,t  taken  at  d.  of  place  of 
entertainment;  d.-nail,  with  which  dd.  used 
to  be  studded  (dead,  deaf,  &c,  as  a  d.-n.) ;  d.- 
plate,  usu.  of  brass  bearing  occupant's  name  ; 
d.-posts,  uprights  of  d.-case ;  d.-step,  leading  up 
to  usu.  outer  d. ;  d.-stone,  slab  in  front  of  d. ; 
d.-way,  opening  filled  by  d.  Hence(-)dooPED2, 
doop*LESS,  aa.  [OE  duru  cf.  G  thiire,  also  Gk 
thura,  L  fores ] 
dope,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thick  liquid  used  as  food  or 
lubricant ;  (slang)  narcotic,  stupefying  drink ; 
(vb,  slang)  administer  d.  to,  drug.  [f.  Du.  doop 
sauce  (doopen  to  dip)] 
doppel-ganger.  See  double  ^-ganger. 
don,  n.     Insect  flying  with  loud  humming 


noise;  black  dung-beetle,  cockchafer,  rose- 
beetle,  &c.    [OE  dora  etym.  dub.] 

dopa'do  (-ah-),  n.  Splendidly  coloured  sea- 
fish,  dolphin.  [Sp.,  f.  L  DE(auratus  gilt  f. 
aurum  gold,  -ate  2)] 

Dop'cas  (-as),  n.  Meeting  of  ladies  to  make 
clothes  for  the  poor.    [Acts  ix.  36] 

Dop'ian,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Doris,  dis- 
trict of  ancient  Greece ;  (member)  of  one  of 
three  divisions  (Aeolian,  Ionian,  D.)  of  ancient 
Greeks  (D.  mode,  of  simple  &  solemn  character), 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Dorios  (Doris  as  above)  +  -an] 

Dd'pie,  a.  &  n.  =prec.  adj. ;  D.  order  (also 
D.  as  n.) ;  (of  dialect)  broad,  rustic ;  (n.)  dialect 
of  ancient  Greece  (cf.  Attic,  Ionic,  A  eolic),  rustic 
English,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  Dorikos  (prec,  -ic)J 

Dop'kings  a,  &  n.  (Fowl)  of  the  D.  breed. 
[Dorking  in  Surrey] 

dop'mant,  a.  Lying  inactive  as  in  sleep  (of 
some  animals  through  winter,  undeveloped 
buds,  potential  faculties);  (Herald.,  of  beast) 
with  head  on  paws  ;  not  acting,  in  abeyance, 
(often  lie  d. ;  d.  warrant  &c,  drawn  in  blank ; 
d.  partner,  sleeping).  Hence  dor'mANCY  n. 
[OF  (dormir  f.  L  dormire  sleep,  -ant)] 

dop*mep,  n.  (Also  d.-window)  projecting  up- 
right window  in  sloping  roof.  [r.  OF  dormeor 
f.  L  dormitorium  (prec,  -ory)1 

dormeu'se  (-erz),  n.  Travelling-carriage  for 
sleeping  in  ;  kind  of  couch.  [F,  f  em.  of  dormeur 
sleeper  (dormant,  -or2)] 

dop'mitopy,  n.  Sleeping-room  with  several 
beds  &  sometimes  cubicles,    [f.  L  (dormer)] 

dOP'mouse,  n.  (pi.  -mice).  Small  hibernating 
rodent  between  mouse  and  squirrel,  [perh.  f. 
st.  oi  F  dormir  (dormant)  +  mouse] 

dOP*my,  a.  (golf).  As  many  holes  ahead  as 
there  are  holes  to  play  (d.  one,  five,  &c).    [?] 

dOP'sal,  a.  (Anat.,  Zool.,  Bot.)  of,  on,  near, 
the  back ;  ridge-shaped.  Hence  dop'salLY  - 
adv.    [f.  med.L  dorsalis  (foil.,  -al)] 

doPs(o)-,  comb,  form  =  back-&-,  as  in  dors- 
abdominal  of  back  &  belly, dorso-lateral  of  back 
&  sides.    [L  dorsum  back,  -o-] 

dop*y  a,n.  (Also  JohnD.)  sea-fish  used  as  food, 
[f.  F  doree  fern.  p.p.  of  dorer  gild,  as  dorado] 

dop*y2,  n.  Flat-bottomed  skiff,  esp.  fishing- 
vessers  boat  in  U.S.    [?] 

do'sage  (-sij ),  n  Giving  of  medicine  in  doses ; 
size  of  dose,    [-age] 

dose  (-8),  n.,  &  v.t  Amount  of  medicine  to 
be  taken  at  once  (also  fig.  of  flattery,  punish- 
ment, &c) ;  (vb)  give  physic  to  (person),  adul- 
terate, blend,  (esp.  wine  with  spirit),  [vb  f.  noun, 
F,  f.  med.L  f.  Gk  dosis  (didomi  give)] 

doss,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (slang).  Bed  in  d.-house  or 
common  lodging-house.  (Vb)  sleep  in  this ;  hence 
do'ssER1  n.    [perh.  f.  F  dos  t.  L  dorsum  back] 

do'ssal,  n.  Hanging  behind  altar  or  round 
chancel,  [f.  med.L  dossale(L  dorsum  back,  -al)] 

do'ssiep  (or  -sya),  n.  Set  of  documents,  esp. 
record  of  person's  antecedents.  [F,  =  bundle  of 
papers  (as  doss,  from  bulging  shape)] 

dost.    See  do  *. 

dot1,  n.  Small  spot,  speck,  roundish  pen-mark ; 

(Orthogr.)  period,  point  over  i  ovj,  point  used  as 
diacritical  mark ;  <Mus.  writing)  point-used  with 

various  meanings ;  small  child,  tiny  object;  d.- 

&-dash,  using  dd.  &  dashes,  as  in  Morse  tele- 
graphy ;  d.-wheel,  used  for  making  dotted  line. 

[OE  dott  head  of  boil  cf.  OHG  tutto  nipple] 

dot2,  v.t.     Mark  with  dot(s);  place  d.  over 

(letter  i ;  d.  the  is  &  cross  the  ts,  fill  in  details, 

make  meaning  quite   clear) ;    (Mus.)   dotted 

crotchet  &c,  with  time  value  increased  by  half; 

diversify  as  with  dd.  (sea  dotted  with  ships) ; 

scatter  (about,  all  over)  like  dd. ;  d.  &  carry 

(one),  child's  formula  for  remembering  to  carry 


DOTARD 


DOUKHOBORS 


in  addition  sum;  d.  &  go  one  n.,  a.,  &  adv., 
limp,  limping(ly).    [f.  prec.] 
do*  tar  d,  n.    One  in  his  dotage,    [foil.,  -ard] 
dote,  doat,  v.i.  Be  silly,  deranged,  infatuat- 
ed, or  feeble-minded,  esp.  from  age,  whence 
do*tAGE(2)  n. ;  concentrate  one's  affections,  be- 
stow excessive  fondness,  (up)on.    Hence  do't- 
IngTLV  2  adv.    [cf.  MDu.  doten,  OF  redoter] 
doth.    See  do  K 

do'tt(e)rel,  n.  Kind  of  plover,  [dote  +  -rel, 
named  from  the  ease  with  which  it  is  caught] 
do'ttle,  -tel,  n.  Plug  of  tobacco  left  un- 
snioked  in  pipe,  [dot  1,  -le] 
do'tty,  a.  Dotted  about,  sporadic,  marked 
with  dots ;  (colloq.)  shaky  of  gait  (d.  on  his  legs), 
feeble-minded,  half  idiotic,  [dot  !  +  - y  2] 
douane  (doo-ahn),  n.  Foreign  custom-house. 
[F,  f.  Arab,  diwan  divan] 
dou'ble1  (d\i-),  a.  &  adv.  1.  Adj.:  consisting  of 
two  members,  things,  layers,  &c,  forming  a 
pair,  twofold  ;  folded,  bent,  stooping  much ; 
with  some  partd.  (d.  axe,  with  two  edges,  eagle, 
with  two  heads) ;  (of  flowers)  with  petals  mul- 
tiplied by  conversion  of  stamens  &c. ;  having 
twofold  relation,  dual,  ambiguous  (d.  meaning 
= double  entendre)  ;  twice  as  much  or  many 
(of,  or,  with  prep,  omitted,  seeming  to  govern 
following  wd) ;  of  twofold  or  extra  size,  strength, 
Aalue,  &c.  (d.  ale,  d.  florin);  (Mus.)  lower  in  pitch 
by  an  octave (d.  bassoon  &c.);  (Mil)  d.  time  (also 
formerly,  &  still  in  general  use,  d.-quick  time), 
regulation  running  pace ;  deceitful,  hypocriti- 
cal; d.  entry  ;  d.  first,  (person  who  has  taken) 
first-class  University  honours  in  two  subjects ; 
d.  star,  two  stars  so  close  as  to  seem  one,  esp. 
when  forming  connected  pair ;  work  d.  tides  ; 
hence  dou'ble ness n.,dou'bLY2  adv.  2.  Adv.: 
to  twice  the  amount  &c.  (d.  as  bright;  see  d., 
two  things  when  there  is  only  one,  esp.  of 
drunken  man);  two  together  (ride  d.,  two  on 
horse ;  sleep  d.,  two  in  bed).  3.  Double-,  a.  or 
adv.,  is  freely  used  in  new  or  obvious  com- 
pounds, as  well  as  in  the  following:  d.-acting, 
in  two  ways,  directions.  &c,  esp.  of  engine  in 
which  steam  acts  on  both  sides  of  piston ;  d.- 
barrel,=  &. -barrelled,  or  d. -barrelled  gun;  d.- 
barrelled,  with  two  barrels  (also  fig.  =  ambigu- 
ous, of  compliment  &c. ;  &  of  compound  sur- 
name) ;  d.-bass,  deepest-toned  instrument  of 
violin  kind ;  d.-bedded,  with  two  beds  or  double 
bed ;  d.-bitt  v.t  (naut),  pass  (cable)  twice  round 
bitts  or  round  two  pairs  of  bitts  ;  d.-breasted  of 
coat  or  waistcoat,  made  to  button  on  either  side; 
d.-dealer,  -ling  n.  &  a.,  deceiver,  deceit(ful) ; 
d.-dyed  usu.  fig.,  deeply  stained  with  guilt 
(d.-d.  scoundrel)',  d.-edged,  with  two  cutting 
edges,  (of  argument,  sarcasm,  &c.)  telling  a- 
gainst  as  well  as  for  one ;  d.-faced,  insincere  ; 
d.-gdnger  (-ng-),  wraith  [t  G  doppel-gdnger 
double-goer] ;  d.-leaded  (-led-), of  printed  matter 
with  wide  spaces  between  lines  to  draw  atten- 
tion; d.-lock  v.t,  turn  key  of  (some  locks)  twice; 
d.-quick,  (see  d.  time  above;  also)  adv.,  very 
quickly;  d.-reefv.t.  (naut), contract  spread  of 
(sail)  by  two  reefs ;  d.-refine,  refine  twice  over. 
[OF,  f.  L  duplus  (duo  two,  -plus  f.  pie-  fill)] 

dou'ble2,  n.  D.  quantity,  twice  as  much  or 
many  (d.  or  quits,  game,  throw,  toss,  deciding 
whether  person  shall  pay  twice  his  loss  or  debt 
or  nothing) ;  counterpart  of  thing  or  person ; 
wraith  ;  (Mil.)  at  the  d.,  running;  score  (short 
whist)  of  five  to  less  than  three,  (long  whist)  of 
ten  to  nothing,  (stake  being  doubled) ;  (Lawn- 
tennis  &c.)  game  between  two  pairs ;  Guernsey- 
copper  coin,  $d. ;  sharp  turn  of  hunted  animal, 
or  of  river,    [f.  prec.  &  folL] 

dou'ble3  (du-),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  d.,  increase  or 
multiply  (t.  &  i.)  by  two ;  amount  to  twice  as 


much  as ;  (Mus.)  add  same  note  in  higher  or 
lower  octave  to ;  (of  actor)  d.  part(s),  play  two 
in  same  piece  ;  (Mil.)  move  ind.  time,  run ;  put 
(passenger  &c.)  in  same  quarters  with  another 
(also  d.  up) ;  bend,  turn,  (paper,  cloth)  over 
upon  itself  (often  up) ;  d.  up,  bend  one's  body 
into  stooping  or  curled-up  position,  cause  (an- 
other) to  do  this  by  blow,  (of  paper,  leaf,  &c.) 
become  folded;  clench  (fist);  (Billiards)  rebound, 
make  to  rebound ;  (Naut.)  get  round  (headland); 
turn  sharply  in  flight,  pursue  tortuous  course, 
[f.  OF  doubter  f.  L  duplare  (duplus  double  ])] 

double  entendre  (F),  n.  Ambiguous  ex- 
pression, phrase  with  two  meanings,  one  usu. 
indecent ;  use  of  such  phrasea  [from  1673 ;  obs. 
F  (now  d.  entente,  which  is  often  needlessly 
substituted  in  E  for  the  established  d.  entendre)] 

dou'blet  (da-),  n.  (Hist.)  close-fitting  body- 
garment  worn  by  men  with  or  without  sleeves 
&  short  skirts  (d.  <£■  hose,  masculine  attire,  also 
light  attire  without  cloak) ;  one  of  a  pair.  esp. 
one  of  two  words  of  same  derivation  but  differ- 
ent sense  (fashion  &  faction) ;  (pi.)  same  num- 
ber on  two  dice  thrown  at  once ;  two  birds  killed 
with  double-barrel ;  (Microscope  &c.)  combina- 
tion of  two  simple  lenses.    [F  (double  l,  -et)] 

doubloo'n  (dM-),n.  Spanish  gold  coin,  double 

fnstole  (formerly  33-36s.,  now  slightly  over  £1). 
f.  F  doublon  or  Sp.  *doblon  (double  *,  -oon)] 

doublure  (F),  n.  Ornamental  usu.  leather 
lining  inside  book-cover. 

doubt1  (dowt),  n.  Feeling  of  uncertainty, 
undecided  frame  of  mind,  inclination  to  disbe- 
lieve, hesitation ;  uncertain  state  of  things, 
want  of  full  proof  (give  one  the  benefit  of  the  d., 
assume  his  innocence  rather  than  guilt)  or  of 
clear  signs  of  the  future  ;  make  no  d.,  feel  sure ; 
no  d.,  certainly,  admittedly ;  without  d.,  cer- 
tainly,   [f.  OF  doute  f.  douter  doubt2] 

doubt2  (dowt),  v.i.  &  t.  Feel  uncertain  ; 
waver ;  be  undecided  about,  hesitate  to  believe 
or  trust,  call  in  question,  (person,  fact  expressed 
by  noun  or  by  clause  with  whether,  if,  or,  in 
negative  or  interrog.  sentences,  that,  but,  but 
that ;  J  d.  whether,  I  don't  d.  that,  can  you  d. 
that,  he  will  win) ;  (archaic  &  dial.)  be  afraid, 
rather  think,  suspect,  that  (Id.  we  are  late). 
[f.  OF  douter  f.  L  dubitare  (dubius  dubious)  ; 
-6-  inserted  f.  the  L  as  correction] 

dou'btful,  a.  Of  uncertain  meaning,  charac- 
ter, truth,  or  issue,  undecided,  ambiguous, 
questionable,  (d.  syllable,  letter,  that  can  be 
either  long  or  short) ;  unsettled  in  opinion,  un- 
certain, hesitating.  Hence  dou*btfulLY2adv., 
dou'btfulNESs  n.   [-ful] 

dou'btless,  adv.  Certainly,  no  doubt,  I  ad- 
mit, (usu.  concess.,  cf.  undoubtedly),    [-less] 

douce  (doos),  a.  (Sc).  Sober,  gentle,  sedate. 
[ME,  f.  OF  doux  fern,  douce  f.  L  dulcis  sweet] 

douceur  (dooserT),  n.    Gratuity ;  bribe.    [F] 

douche  (doosh),  n.,  &  v.t,  &  L  Jet  of  water 
applied  to  body  externally  or  internally  as  form 
of  bathing  or  for  medicinal  purpose ;  (vb)  ad- 
minister d.  to,  take  d.  [F,  f.  It.  doccia  pipe  ult. 
f.  L  ductus  conduit  (ducere  lead)] 

doug-h  (do),  n.  Kneaded  flour,  bread-paste  ; 
soft  pasty  mass ;  d.-boy,  boiled  flour  dumpling ; 
doughmd,  cake  made  of  d.  sweetened  &c.  & 
fried.  Hence  dougli'Y2a.,  doug-h'iNESS  n. 
[com.-Teut ;  OE  dah  cf.  G  teig,  also  Skr.  dih- 
besmear,  Jj  fig-  shape,  Gk  teikhos  wall] 

dougb'ty  (dow-),  a.  (archaic  or  facet. ).  Vali- 
ant, stout,  formidable.  Hence  doug'h'tlLY2 
adv.,  doug-h'tixKss  n.  [OE  dohtig  var.  of 
dyhtig  (cf.  dugan  be_strong,  &  G  tiichtig)] 

Dou'khobops  (doo-),  n.  pi.  Religious  sect, 
with  some  likeness  in  doctrines  to  Quakers,  of 
which  large  numbers  migrated  from  Russia  to 


DOUM 2 

Canada  after  persecutions  for  refusing  military 
service,    [f.  Russ.=  spirit-fighters] 

doum  (dowm,  doom),  n.  (Also  d.-palm)  Egyp- 
tian palm-tree.    [f.  Arab,  daum,  dum] 

doup  (-oor),  a.  (Sa).  Severe,  stern,  obstinate. 
Hence  doup*LY2  adv.,  doup'NESS  n.  [prob. 
f .  L  durus  hard] 

douse  (-ows),  dowse,  v.t.  (Naut.)  lower 
(sail),  close  (port-hole) ;  extinguish  (light ;  d.  the 
glim  slang,  put  out  the  light);  throw  water 
over,  drench.    [?] 

dove  (duv),  n.  Kinds  of  pigeon  {cushat, 
ground,  ring,  rock,  stock,  turtle,  wood,  -d.)  ; 
the  Holy  Spirit;  type  of  gentleness  or  inno- 
cence (so  d.-eyed) ;  messenger  of  good  news  or 
peace  (Gen.  viii) ;  darling  (esp.  my  d.) ;  d.- 
colour(ed),  (of)  warm  grey ;  d.'s-foot,  kinds  of 
crane's-bill ;  d.-hawk,  hen-harrier  (from  its  col- 
our); d.-cot(e),  pigeon-house  (flutter  the  d.-cc, 
alarm  quiet  people).  Hence  do'veLiKE  a.  [cf. 
G  taube ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  OE  dufan  dive] 

do# ve tail,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Tenon  shaped  like 
dove's  spread  tail  or  reversed  wedge,  fitting 
into  corresponding  mortise  &  forming  joint; 
such  a  joint.  (Vb)  put  together  with  dd. ;  (fig.) 
fit  together  (t.  &  i.)  compactly,  [from  16th  c] 

dow.    See  d(h)ow. 

dowagrep,  n.  Woman  with  title  or  property 
derived  from  her  late  husband  (often  in  comb, 
as  Queen-d.,  d.-duchess).  [f.  OF  douagere  f. 
douage  dower,  -er  2(2)j 

dowdy,  n.  &  a.  (Woman)  shabbily,  badly, 
or  unfashionably  dressed;  (of  dress  &c.)  un- 
attractive, unfashionable.  Hence  dowdiLY  2 
adv.,  dowdiNESS,  dowdyiSM(2),  nn.,  dow- 
dy ish  J  a.    [f.  obs.  dowd  slut,  etym.  dub.] 

dowel,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Headless  pin  of  wood,  metal, 
&c,  for  keeping  two  pieces  of  wood,  stone,  &c., 
in  their  relative  position ;  (vb)  fasten  with  d. 
[cf.  G  dobel  plug,  OF  doelle  barrel-stave] 

dower,  n.,  &  v.t.  Widow's  share  for  life  of 
husband's  estate ;  property  or  money  brought 
by  wife  to  husband,  dowry;  endowment,  gift 
of  nature,  talent.  Hence  do wopless a.  (vb) 
give  dowry  to ;  endow  with  talen  t  &c.  [ vb  f .  n. , 
OF  douaire  f.  LL  dotarium  (L  dos  dotis,  *ary  *)] 

dowlas,  n.  Kind  of  strong  calico.  [Doulas 
in  Brittany] 

down  1,  n.  Open  high  land,  esp.  (pi.)  treeless 
undulating  chalk  uplands  of  S.  England  used 
for  pasture  ;  =  dune  ;  The  Dd.,  part  of  sea  (op- 
posite North  Dd.)  within  Goodwin  Sands.  [OE 
dun  hill  cf.  ODu.  duna  whence  F  dune] 

down  2,  n.  First  covering  of  young  birds ; 
bird's  under  plumage,  used  in  cushions  &c. ;  fine 
short  hair,  esp.  first  hair  on  face,  also  on  fruit 
&c. ;  fluffy  substance,    [f.  ON  dun,  cf .  G  daune] 

down3,  adv.  (superl.,  a.  or  adv.,  downmost). 
1.  (Motion) :  from  above,  to  lower  place.to  ground 
(come  d.,  from  bedroom;  knock,  fall,  a.;  sun, 
ship,  goes  d.,  sets,  sinks  ;  food  goes  d.,  is  swal- 
lowed; get  d.,  swallow,  alight;  book  &c.  goes 
d.,  finds  acceptance;  get,  set,  d.,  from  carriage 
&c;  brought  d.  by  river ;  money  d.,  pay  d.,  at 
once,  as  though  on  counter ;  write,  set,  put,  take, 
&c,  d.,  on  to  paper ;  so  Bill  d.  for  second  read- 
ing today) ;  to  place  regarded  as  lower,  into 
helpless  position,  with  current  or  wind,  south- 
wards,from  capital  or  university,  (-Lord's  amend- 
ments sent  d.  to  Commons ;  bear  or  beat  d.,  sail 
to  leeward  ;  run,  ride,  hunt,  d.,  bring  to  bay ; 
shout,  hiss,  d.,  silence  ;  d.  to  Norfolk  from  Scot- 
land, to  Scotland  or  the  country  from  London  ; 
go  d.,  for  vacation  or  at  end  of  university  life  ; 
send  d.,  university  punishment ;  up  &  d.,  to  & 
fro) ;  (ellipt.  for  imperat.  of)  lie,  get,  put,  &c,  d. 
(d.,Ponto!;  d.  helm,  put  the  helm  d.;  &  with 
with,  d.  with  the  aristocrats .').    2.  (Station) :  in 


? DOYLEY 

lower  place  (blinds  were  d. ;  is  not  d.  yet,  i.  e. 
out  of  his  bedroom) ;  not  up  in  capital  or  uni- 
versity ;  in  fallen  posture,  prostrate,  at  low 
level,  in  depression,  humiliation,  &c,  (hit  man 
who  is  d. ;  many  d.  with  fever  ;  sun,  tide,  are 
d.\  down  in  the  mouth  or  d.  or  d.-hearted,  di- 
spirited ;  bread  is  d.,  cheaper).  3.  (Order,  time, 
quality) :  inclusively  of  lower  limit  in  series 
(from  King  d.  to  cobbler) ;  from  earlier  to  later 
time  (custom  handed  d.);  to  finer  consistency 
(boil,  grind,  wear,  thin,  d.) ;  into  quiescence 
(calm  d.).  4.  (Phrases) :  be  d.  on,  pounce  upon, 
treat  severely ;  d.  to  the  ground,  completely ; 
d.  at  heel  ;  d.  on  one's  luck.  [OE  dune  for 
adune  adown] 

down4,  prep.  Downwards  along,  through, 
or  into  ;  from  top  to  bottom  of ;  at  a  lower  part 
of  (situated  d.  the  Thames) ;  up  &  d.,  to  &  fro 
along ;  d.  town,  into  the  town  from  higher  part ; 
d.  the  vxind,  with  it  (let  go  d.  the  w.,  abandon, 
discard),    [f.  prec] 

down5,  a.  (not  compared).  Directed  down- 
wards (d.  leap,  look ;  d.  grade,  descending  slope 
in  railroad,  fig.  deterioration) ;  d.  train,  going, 
coming,  from  London,  d.  platform,  for  such 
train's  departure  or  arrival!    [f.  down  3] 

down  6, v.t.  (colloq.).  Put,  throw,  knock,  (usu. 
person)  d.    [f.  down  3J 

down7,n.  Reverse  of  for  tune  (usu.  ups&dd.); 
(Dominoes)  =  pose  1 ;  have  a  d.  on,  dislike,  tend 
to  be  d.  upon,  (colloq.).    [f.  down  3] 

downcast1,!!.  (Also  d.-shaft)  shaft  for  in- 
troducing fresh  air  into  mine,  [down  3  +  oast2] 

downcast2,  a.  (Of  looks)  directed  down- 
wards; dejected. 

downfall,  n.  Great  fall  of  rain  &c. ;  fall  from 
prosperity,  ruin. 

downhill,  n.,  adj.,  &  adv.  (N.,  downhi'l) 
downward  slope,  decline,  (d.  of  life,  later  half); 
(adj.,  dow-)  sloping  down,  declining  ;  (adv.,  -1*1) 
in  descending  direction,  on  a  decline. 

Downing  street,  n.  Street  in  London  con- 
taining some  government  offices,  (home  of)  the 
Government  of  the  day  (does  not  find  favour  in 
D.  s. ;  D.  s.  disapproves). 

downpoup,  n.    Heavy  fall  of  rain  &c. 

downright  (downri't  if  placed  late),  a.  & 
adv.  (Archaic)  vertical ;  plain,  definite,  straight- 
forward, blunt,  whence  downpigh'tNESS  n. ; 
not  short  of,  out-&-out,  (a  d.  lie,  atheist ;  d.  non- 
sense) ;  (adv.)  thoroughly,  positively,  quite,  (d. 
scared,  insolent),    [down  3  +  right  a.  &  adv.] 

downstaip's,  adv.,  downstaip(s),  a. 
Down  the  stairs ;  to,  on,  of,  a  lower  floor. 

downthrow,  n.(geol.).  Depression  of  strata 
on  one  side  of  fault. 

downtrodden,  a.    Oppressed,  kept  under. 

downward,  a.  &  adv. ,  downwards,  adv. 
(Moving,  pointing,  leading)  towards  what  is 
lower,    inferior,    or   later.      [OE   adunweard 

(DOWN  3,  -WARD)] 

downy  J.  a.    Like,  of,  downs,    [down  l.  -y  ^ 

downy  2,  a.  Of,  like,  covered  with,  soft  as, 
down ;  (slang)  wide  awake,  knowing.  Hence 
do  wniLY  2  ad  v. ,  do  wniNESS  n.  [down  2,  -  y2] 

dowp*y,  n.  Portion  woman  brings  to  her  hus- 
band ;  talent,  natural  gift.    [f.  OF  as  dower] 

dowse,  v.  i.  Use  divining  (or  dowsing)  rod  to 
find  water-supply  or  mineral  veins.    [?] 

doxo'logy,  n.  Liturgical  formula  of  praise 
to  God,  as  Glory  be  to  the  Father  &c.  [f.  med. 
L  f.  Gk  doxologia  (doxa  glory,  -logy)] 

do'xy  J,  n.    Beggar's  wench  ;  paramour.    [?] 

do'xy  2,  n.  Opinion,  esp.  on  theology,  [facet, 
use  of  end  of  orthodoxy,  heterodoxy] 

doyen  (F),  n.  Senior  member  of&  body,  esp. 
senior  ambassador  at  a  court.  [F,  f.  L  as  dean  *] 

doyley.    See  doily. 


DOZE 2 

doze,  v.i. ,  &  n.  Sleep  drowsily,  be  half  asleep  ; 
d.  off,  fall  lightly  asleep  ;  (n.)  short  slumber, 
[cf.  Da.  dose  make  drowsy] 

do'zen  (du-),  n.  (PL  dozen,  used  adjectivally 
or  as  noun,  when  with  numeral  or  equivalent 
except  some)  twelve,  as  a,  three,  severed,  how 
many,  d.  figs  or  of  the  best  figs,  of  these,  but 
some  dd.  of  people,  cf.  some  (about  a)  d.  {of) 
people,  dd.  of  (=  many)  times  ;  (pi.  dozens)  set 
of  twelve,  as  pack  them  in  dd. ;  baker's,  devil's, 
long,  printer s,  d.,  thirteen;  talk  nineteen  to 
the  d.,  incessantly.  If.  OF  dozeine  (L  duodecim 
twelve)] 

drab  *,  n.,  &  v.i.  Slut,  slattern  ;  prostitute  ; 
(vb)  whore,    [cf.  Irish  drabog,  Gael,  drabag] 

drab  2,  a.  &  n.  (Of)  dull  light  brown  colour  ; 
dull,  monotonous ;  monotony,  [prob.  f.  obs.  & 
F  drap  cloth] 

dra'bbet,  n.  Drab  twilled  linen  used  for 
smock-frocks,    [prec,  -et1] 

dra'bble,  v.i.  &  t.  Go  splashing  through, 
make  dirty  and  wet  with  water  or  mud.  [= 
EFris.  drabbeln  paddle) 

drachm  (-am),  n.  Ancient  Greek  silver  coin, 
drachma,  (9$d.) ;  (Apoth.  wt)  60  grains,  h  oz. ; 
(Avoird.)  274  grains,  1/16  oz.;  small  quantity,  [f. 
F  drachme  f.  L  as  foil.] 

dra'ehma  (-k-),  n.  (pi.  -mas,  -mae).  Ancient 
Greek  coin  (see  prec.) ;  modern  Greek  franc. 
[L,  f.  Gk  drakhme  (drassomai  grasp)] 

Draco'nian,  Draco'nic,  a.  (Of  laws)  rigor- 
ous, harsh,  cruel.  [Drakon  Athenian  legislator 
621  b.  c.  +  -ian,  -ic] 

draff,  n.  Dregs,  lees  ;  hog's- wash  ;  refuse  of 
malt  after  brewing,  [from  1205;  ME,  MDu., 
IceL,  Sw.,  draf,  cf.  G  trdber  husks] 

draft1,  n.  (Selection  of)  detachment  of  men 
from  larger  body  for  special  duty,  contingent, 
reinforcement ;  drawing  of  money  by  written 
order  (make  a  d.  on  fund  &c,  also  fig.  on  per- 
son's confidence,  friendship,  &c),  bill  or  cheque 
drawn,  esp.  by  one  branch  of  bank  on  another; 
sketch  of  work  to  be  executed ;  rough  copy  of 
document;  (Masonry)  chisel-dressing  along 
margin  of  stone's  surface,    [var.  of  draught  i] 

draft 2,  v.  t.  Draw  off  (part  of  larger  body,  esp. 
of  troops)  for  special  purpose ;  prepare,  make 
rough  copy  of,  (document,  esp.  Parliamentary 
Bill),  whence  dra'ftER1  n.;  (Masonry)  cut  d. 
on  (stone),    [f.  prec.] 

draftsman,  n.  One  who  makes  drawings 
or  designs ;  one  who  drafts  documents  or  Par- 
liamentary Bills.    [=  draughtsman] 

drag-1,  v.t.  &  i.  Pull  along  with  force,  diffi- 
culty, or  friction  ;  allow  (feet,  tail,  &c.)  to  trail; 
ship  drags  her  anchor,  anchor  drags,  anchor 
fails  to  hold  ;  d.  in,  introduce  (subject)  needless- 
ly (also  d.  in  by  the  head  &  shoulders) ;  (Mus.) 
go  too  slowly,  be  wanting  in  life;  trail,  go 
heavily;  d.  on,  continue  (t.  &  i.)  tediously ;  a. 
out,  protract ;  use  grapnel  or  d.  (often/or  drown- 
ed person  or  lost  object),  dredge,  search  bottom 
of,  (river  &c.)  with  grapnels,  nets,  &c;  harrow 
(land) ;  apply  d.  to  (wheel,  vehicle) ;  (colloq.)  d. 
up  (child),  rear  roughly,    [perh.  var.  of  draw] 

drag2,  n.  Heavy  harrow;  rough  sledge ;  four- 
horsed  private  vehicle  like  stage  coach ;  (also 
d.-net)  net  drawn  over  bottom  of  river  &c.  or 
surface  of  field  to  enclose  all  fish  or  game  ;  ap- 
paratus for  dredging  or  recovering  drowned 
persons  &c;  muckrake ;  iron  shoe  for  retarding 
vehicle  downhill ;  obstruction  to  progress ; 
strong-smelling  thing  for  hounds  to  follow  in- 
stead of  fox,  club  for  pursuing  this  sport ;  slow 
motion,  impeded  progress;  d.-anchor,  floating 
frame  on  hawser  to  check  lee-way  of  drifting 
ship ;  d.-chain,  used  to  retard  vehicle  by  fixing 
wheel,  (fig.)  impediment,    [f.  prec] 


I DRAMATIST 

dra'g-gle,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  wet,  limp,  &  dirty, 
by  trailing ;  hang  trailing  ;  lag,  straggle  in  rear ; 
d.-tail(ed),  (woman)  with  draggled  or  untidily 
trailing  skirts,    [prob.  f.  drag  l  +  -le(3)] 

dra*g,oman,n.  (pi.  -ans,  -en).  Interpreter,  esp. 
in  Arabic,  Turkish,  or  Persian.  [F,  f.  OArab. 
targuman,  cf.  targum] 

dra'gon,  n.  Mythical  monster  like  crocodile 
or  snake  with  wings  &  claws  &  often  breathing 
fire ;  (with  allusion  to  legends)  guardian  of  trea- 
sure &c.  or  of  female  chastity,  watchful  person, 
duenna;  (bibl.)  whale  or  shark,  serpent,  croco- 
dile, jackal ;  the  old  D.,  Satan  ;  kinds  of  lizard 
&  pigeon  ;  d.-fiy,  neuropterous  insect  with  long 
slender  body  &  two  pairs  of  large  wings ;  d.'s- 
blood,  bright  red  gum  exuding  from  kind  of 
palm  fruit.  [F,  f.  L  draconem  nom.  -o  f.  Gk 
drakon  serpent  perh.  f.  derkomai  see,  st.  drak-] 

dragronna'de,  n.,  &  v.t.  (PL)  persecutions 
of  Protestants  under  Louis  XIV  by  quartering 
dragoons  on  them  ;  persecution  carried  on  by 
means  of  troops  ;  (vb)  persecute  thus.  [F  (dra- 
gon DRAGOON,  -ADE)] 

dragoo'n,  n.,  &  v.t.  Cavalry -man  (orig. 
mounted  infantry-man  armed  with  carbine 
called  d. ;  now  of  certain  cavalry  regiments 
that  were  formerly  mounted  infantry) ;  rough 
fierce  fellow ;  kind  of  pigeon  (also  dragon);  (vb) 
set  dd.  upon,  persecute  (see  prec),  force  into  a. 
course  by  persecution,  [f.  F  dragon  carbine, 
so  named  as  breathing  fire  (dragon)] 

drail,  n.  Fish-hook  &  line  weighted  with 
lead  fordragging  atdepth  through  water,  [perh. 
a  mixture  of  draw,  trail] 

drain  \  v.t.  &  i.  Draw  (liquid)  off  or  away  by 
conduit,  d. -pipes,  &c  (also  fig.,  d.lhe  wealth  of 
England) ;  drink  (liquid),  empty  (vessel),  to  the 
dregs ;  dry  (land  &c) by  withdrawing  moisture ; 
(of  river)  carry  off  superfluous  water  of  (dis- 
trict), deprive  (person,  thing)  of  property, 
strength,  &c ;  trickle  through,  flow  off  or  away : 
(of  wet  cloth,  vessel,  &c)  get  rid  of  moisture  by 
its  flowing  away  [set  it  there  to  d.).  [OE  dreah- 
nian  cogn.  w.  dry] 

drain  2,  n.  Channel  carrying  off  liquid,  arti- 
ficial conduit  for  water,  sewage,  &c,  (Surg.) 
tube  for  drawing  off  discharge  from  abscess 
&c  ;  constant  outlet,  withdrawal,  demand,  or 
expenditure  (a  great  d.onmy  resources);  (slang) 
small  draught,  drink,    [f.  prec] 

drai*nag,e(-ij),  n.  Draining ;  system  of  drains, 
artificial  or  natural ;  d.-basin,  district  drained 
by  river ;  what  is  drained  off,  sewage,    [-age] 

drai'ner,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  vessel  in 
which  things  are  put  to  drain,    [-er  j] 

drake1,  n.  Kinds  of  ephemeral  fly  used  in 
fishing  (green  d.,  common  day-fly).  [OE  draca 
f.  L  draco  dragon] 

drake2,  n.  Male  duck  (play  ducks  <&■  dd.). 
[cf.  G  diaL  draak,  perh.  seen  in  G  enterich  earlier 
endtrich,  of  which  end-  is  perh.  =  ente  duck] 

dram,  n.  A  weight  (see  drachm)  ;  small 
draught  of  spirit  &c  (d.-drinker,  -ing,  tippler, 
-ing ;  d.-shop,  public-house),    [for  drachm  J 

dra'ma  (ah-),  n.  Stage-play  ;  the  d.,  the  dra- 
matic art,  composition  &  presentation  of  plays ; 
set  of  events  having  the  unity  &  progress  of  a 
play  &  leading  to  catastrophe  or  consummation. 
[LL  f.  Gk  (gen.  -atos),  f.  arao  do,  -m] 

drama'tic,  a.  Of  drama ;  as  of  a  play-actor, 
theatrical;  fit  for  theatrical  representation, 
sudden,  striking,  impressive;  (of  utterances 
&c)  not  to  be  taken  as  one's  own,  representing 
another  person's  thoughts.  Hence  drama'tic- 
ally  adv.    [t  LL  f.  Gk  dramatikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

dra'matis  perso'nae,  n.  pi.  (often  with 
sing,  constr.).  (Listof)  characters  in  a  play.  [LI 

dra-'matist,  n.    Play-wright.   [drama,  -ist] 


DRAMATIZE 


250 


DRAWING 


dra'matize,  v.t.  &  i.  Convert  (novel  &c.) 
into  a  play,  admit  of  such  conversion.  Hence 
dramatizA'TioN  n.    [drama,  -ize] 

dpa'matupge,  n.  Play-wright.  So  dra- 
maturgic a.,  dra*maturgisT(l),  dra'ma- 
turgY  \  nn.  [F,  f.  Gk  dramatourgos  (drama, 
-ergos  -working)] 

drank.    See  drink  *. 

drape,  v.t.  Cover,  hang,  adorn,  with  cloth 
&c.  ;  arrange  (clothes,  hangings)  in  graceful 
folds,    [f.  F  draper  (drap  cloth)] 

dra'per,  n.  Dealer  in  cloth,  linen,  &c.  [f.  F 
drapier  (prec,  -ier)1 

dra'pery,  n.  Cloth  &  linen  &  cotton  f ahrics ; 
draper's  trade;  arrangement  of  clothing  in 
sculpture  &c. ;  clothing  or  hangings  disposed 
in  folds,  whence  dra#periED  2  a.  [f.  OF  dra- 
perie  (drap  cloth,  -ERY)] 

dpa'stic,  a.  Acting  strongly,  vigorous,  vio- 
lent, esp.  (Med.)  strongly  purgative.  Hence 
dna'stiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk  drastikos  (drastos 
vhl  adj.  of  drao  do,  -ic)] 

drat,  v.t.  3  sing,  subjunct.  (vulg.).  Confound, 
curse,hother,  (as  woman's  imprecation).  Hence 
dpa'ttED l  a.    [for  'od  (God)  rot] 

draught5  (-ahft),  n.  (also  draft in  some  senses, 
as  stated).  Drawing,  traction,  {beast  of  d.,d.- 
horse,  &c,  for  drawing  cart,  plough,  &c.) ;  draw- 
ing of  net  for  fish  &c,  take  of  fisn  at  one  draw- 
ing ;  single  act  of  drinking,  amount  so  drunk, 
(also  fig.  of  joy,  love,  pain,  &c.) ;  dose  of  liquid 
medicine  (black  d.,  a  purgative) ;  (Naut.)  depth 
of  water  ship  draws  or  requires  to  float  her ; 
<pL)  game  with  24  similar  pieces  on  d.  (same  as 
chess)  -board ;  current  of  air  in  room,  chimney, 
&c.  (forced  d.,  of  furnace,  made  hy  rarefying 
air  above  or  compressing  it  below),  whence 
dpau*glitY2a.,  drau'ghtlNESS  n. ;  outline, 
preliminary  drawing  for  work  of  art ;  plan  of 
something  to  be  constructed  (also  -ft) ;  rough 
copy,  first  conception,  of  document  (usu.  -ft)-, 
Selection  of)  military  detachment,  party,  rein- 
forcement, (usu.  -ft) ;  (written  order  for)  with- 
drawing of  money  from  fund  in  bank  &c, 
cheque,  bill  of  exchange,  (now  -ft) ;  drawing  of 
liquor  from  vessel  (beer  on  d.,  m  tapped  cask ; 
so  d.  -beer,  opp.  bottled).  [ME  draht  cr.  G  tracht, 
vbl  n.  f.  com.-Teut.  dragan  draw] 

draught2  (-ahft),  v.t.  Draw  off  (party  for 
military  service  &c.)  from  larger  body  (now 
draft);  make  plar  or  sketch  of  (also-/£).  [f.  prec] 

draughtsman  (-ahft-),  n.  (pi.  -men).  One 
who  makes  drawings,  plans,  or  sketches  (good, 
bad,  no,  d.,  one  who  draws  well  &c),  whence 
drau*ghtsmansHiP(3)  n.,  draughtswo- 
man n.  fem. ;  (usu.  draftsman)  person  who 
drafts  document,  esp.  Parliamentary  Bill ;  piece 
in  game  of  draughts,    [draught's  +  man] 

dpawi,  v.t.  &  i.  (drew,  drawn).  1.  Pull  (boat 
up  from  water,  hat  over  face,  belt  tighter,  pen 
across  paper,  friend  aside);  pull  after  one 
(plough, cart,  cartload,  &c);  drag  (criminal)  on 
hurdle  &c.  to  execution ;  contract,  distort,  (with 
draxcn  face) ;  haul  in  (net) ;  bend  (bow ;  d.  a 
bead  i  on) ;  pull  at  (d.  bit,  bridle,  rein,  check 
horse,  &  fig.  oneself) ;  pull  (curtain,  veil)  open  or 
shut ;  d.  cloth,  clear  table  after  meal ;  (Cricket) 
divert  (ball)  to  on  side  with  bat ;  (Golf)  drive 
(ball)  too  much  1o  left.  2.  Attract,  bring  to  one, 
take  in,  (drew  a  deep  breath ;  &  abs.,  chimney, 
pipe,  draivs  well,  promotes,  allows,  draught ; 
I  felt  drawn  to  him ;  drew  my  attention ;  d.  him 

into  talk,  out  of  temptation ;  draws  customers, 
Sc  aba,  attract  attention  or  custom);  induce 
to  do ;  be  attracted,  assemble,  round  or  about 
some  centre  (drew  round  the  table);  bring 
about,  entail,  (drew  after  itpreat  consequences ; 
d.  ruin  upon  oneself).    3.  Extract  (cork,  tooth, 


gun-charge,  nail,  cricket-stumps  from  ground, 
card  from  pack ;  pistol,  sword  from  sheath,  also 
abs.  =  d.  one's  sword  or  pistol ;  d.  one's  sword 
against,  attack ;  d.  lots,  also  abs.  =  d.  lots,  & 
trans.  =  obtain  by  lot,  as  drew  the  winner) ;  drag 
(badger,  fox)  from  hole ;  haul  up  (water)  from 
well ;  bring  out  (liquid,  blood)  from  vessel,  body 
(d.  it  mild,  i.e.  orig.  beer,  now = be  moderate, 
not  exaggerate) ;  extract  essence  of  (d.  the  tea, 
also  intr.  the  tea  draws) ;  (of  poultice)  drain 
(gathering  &c.) ;  take,  get  from  a  source  (d.  in- 
spiration, one's  salary ;  tax  draws  well,  draws 
from  the  rich  only) ;  (Cards)  cause  to  be  played 
(d.  all  the  trumps) ;  bring  (person)  out,  make 
him  reveal  information,  talent,  irritation,  &c. ; 
deduce,  infer,  (conclusion) ;  extract  something 
from,  empty,  drain  (calf  draws  cow),  disembowel 
(hanged,  drawn,  &  quartered,  of  criminal ;  d. 
fowl  before  cooking) ;  (Hunt.)  search  (covert)  for 
game  (d.  blank,  find  none).  4.  Protract,  stretch, 
elongate,  (long-drawn  agony ;  d.  wire,  make  it 
by  pulling  piece  of  metal  through  successively 
smaller  holes) ;  (Naut.,  intr.  of  sail)  swell  out 
with  wind.  5.  Trace  (furrow,  figure,  line ;  d.  the 
line  at,  refuse  to  go  as  far  as  or  beyond) ;  de- 
lineate, make  (picture),  represent  (object),  by 
drawing  lines ;  describe  in  words ;  practise  de- 
lineation ;  frame  (document)  in  due  form,  com- 
pose, (often  up,  out) ;  formulate,  institute,  (com- 
parisons, distinctions) ;  write  out  (bill,  cheque, 
draft,  on  banker  Sec),  (abs.)  make  call  on  person 
or  his  faith,  memory,  &c,  for  money  or  service. 
6.  Make  way,  move,  towards,  near,  off,  back, 
&c.  (d.  to  an  end  or  close) ;  (Racing)  get  further 
away  to  the  front,  come  level,  gain  on.  7.  (Of 
doubtful  origin) :  (of  ship)  require  (such  a  depth 
of  water)  to  float;  d.  game  or  battle,  part  with- 
outdeciding  it.  8.  (With ad w.  in  special  senses): 
d.  back,  withdraw  from  undertaking ;  d.  in,  en- 
tice, persuade  to  join,  (of  day)  close  in,  (of  suc- 
cessive days)  become  shorter ;  d.  off,  withdraw 
(troops ;  or  intr.  of  troops  etc.) ;  a.  on,  lead  to, 
bring  about,  allure,  approach  (intr.);  d.  out,  lead 
out,  detach,  or  array  (troops),  prolong,  elicit,  in- 
duce to  talk,  write  out  in  proper  form,  (of  days) 
become  longer ;  d.  up,  (refl.)  assume  stiff  atti- 
tude, (intr.)  come  up  with  or  to=  overtake,  come 
to  a  stand,  (t  &  i.  of  troops)  bring  or  come  into 
regular  order,  (trans.)  compose  (document  &c). 
[com.-Teut.,  OE  dragan,  cf.  G  tragen  carry] 

draw2,  n.  Act  of  DRAWing;  esp.:  strain, 
pull;  attractive  effect,  thing  that  draws  custom, 
attention,  &c. ;  drawing  of  lots,  raffle ;  drawn 
game  ;  remark  &c.  meant  to  elicit  information 
or  set  person  off  on  pet  subject,    [f.  prec] 

drawback,  n.  Amount  of  excise  or  import 
duty  paid  back  or  remitted  on  goods  exported ; 
deduction  from ;  thing  that  qualifies  satisfac- 
tion, disadvantage ;  a.  lock,  with  spring  bolt 
that  can  be  drawn  back  by  inside  knob,  {draw1] 

drawbridge,  n.  Bridge  hinged  at  one  end 
for  drawing  up  to  prevent  passage  or  to  open 
channel,    [draw  *] 

Drawca'nsir,  n.  &  a.  (Person)  formidable 
both  to  friend  and  foe ;  fierce  swashbuckler, 
[name  of  character  in  Villiers's  Rehearsal] 

drawee*,  n.  Person  on  whom  draft  or  bill  is 
drawn,    [-ee] 

drawer,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  (ar- 
chaic) tapster ;  receptacle  sliding  in  &  out  of 
special  frame  (dd.  or  chest  of  da.)  or  of  table 
&c,  for  holding  clothes,  papers,  &c,  whence 
drawerFUL(2)  n. ;  (pi.)  two-legged  (usu.  un- 
der-) garment  suspended  from  waist,    [-er  l] 

drawing,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  art  of  re- 
presenting by  line,  delineation  without  colour 
or  with  single  colour,  (out  of  d.,  incorrectly 
drawn) ;  product  of  this,  black-&- white  or  mono* 


DRAWING-ROOM 


251 


DRIBBLE 


chrome  sketch ;  d.-block,  of  detachable  leaves 
of  d. -paper  adhering  at  edges ;  d.-board,  for 
stretching  d.-paper  on  ;  d.-compass(es),  with 
pen  or  pencil  substituted  for  one  point ;  d.-pin, 
for  fastening  d.-paper  to  d. -board,    [-ing  !] 

drawing-room,  n.  Room  for  reception  of 
company,  to  which  ladies  retire  after  dinner ; 
levee,  formal  reception  esp.  at  court,  [for  ear- 
lier withdrawing-] 

drawl,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Speak,  utter  (often 
out),  with  indolent  or  affected  slowness;  (of 
words,  esp.  in  part.)  be  so  uttered ;  hence 
drawlingLY2  adv.  (N.)  slow  utterance, 
[prob.  intensive  f.  draw1;  cf.  Du.  dralen, 
EFris.  draulen,  loiterj 

drawn,  p. p.  of  draw1;  d.-work,  fancy  work 
in  linen  &c.  done  by  drawing  out  threads. 

draw-well,  n.  Deep  well  with  rope  and 
bucket,    [draw1] 

dray,  n.  Low  esp.  brewer's  cart  without 
sides  for  heavy  loads  (d.-horse,  large  &  power- 
ful ;  drayman,  brewer's  driver),  [f.  OE  dragan 
draw1,  cf.  Sw.  drog] 

dread1  (-ed),  v.t.,  &  n.  Be  in  great  fear  of; 
shrink  from,  look  forward  to  with  terror ;  fear 
greatly  (that,  to  learn  &c),  be  afraid  (to  do). 
(X.)  great  fear,  awe,  apprehension  ;  object  of 
fear  or  awe.  [n.  f.  vb,  ME  dreden,  drxden,  cf. 
OE  andrxden,  etym.  dub.] 

dread2,  a.  Dreaded,  dreadful;  awful,  re- 
vered.   (ME  p.p.  of  DREAD1] 

drea'dful,  a.  Terrible,  awe-inspiring  (penny 
d.  ellipt.,  story-book  full  of  horrors);  trouble- 
some, disagreeable,  boring,  very  bad  or  long, 
horrid.    Hence  drea'dfulLY2  adv.    [-ful] 

drea'dnought  (-ednawt),  n.  (Cloth  used  for) 
thick  coat  for  stormy  weather;  (D.)  type  of 
20th-c.  battleship  greatly  superior  in  tonnage  & 
power  to  all  predecessors  (f.  name  of  first  built). 

dream1,  n.  Vision,  series  of  pictures  or 
events,  presented  to  sleeping  person ;  act,  time, 
of  seeing  such  vision ;  waking  d.,  similar  ex- 
perience of  one  awake ;  conscious  indulgence  of 
fancy,  reverie,  castle  in  the  air,  (also  aay-d.) ; 
thing  (ideal,  person,  dress,  dish,  &c.)  of  dream- 
like goodness,  beauty,  or  refinement ;  d.-reader, 
interpreter  of  dd. ;  d.-world,  -land,  region  out- 
side the  laws  of  nature.  Hence  drea'mi.Kss, 
drea'miiKE,  aa.  [cf.  G  traum,  perh.  cogn.  w. 
G  trugen  deceive] 

dream 2,  v.i.  &  t.  (dreamt  pr.  -emt,  or  -ed). 
Have  visions  in  sleep ;  see,  hear,  &c.  in  sleep 
(dreamt  a  d.,  did  you  d.  it?,  d.  that  .  .  .); 
imagine  as  in  a  dream,  think  possible ;  (with 
negative  &c.)  think  of  even  in  a  d.,  so  much  as 
contemplate  possibility  of,  have  any  conception 

nf'    fol'    l'titn  Kivopio  •    ttwm    imacinai»v   vicirma 


of',  fall  into  reverie;  form  imaginary  visions 
of ;  be  inactive  or  unpractical  (&  trans,  d.  away 
one's  time).    Hence  drea'ixiER1  n.    [as  prec.] 


&c.  to  admit  light,  [perh.  f.  OE  driam  mirth, 
music  (the  holes  letting  sound  of  bells  issue)] 

drea'my,  a.  Full  of  dreams  (rare  or  poet.) ; 
given  to  reverie,  fanciful,  unpractical ;  dream- 
like, vague,  misty.  Hence  drea'miLY2  adv., 
drea*mlNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

drear*y,  (poet.)  drear,  a.  Dismal,  gloomy, 
dull.  Hence  drear*(i)L y 2ad v. ,  dreai»*(l)NESs 
n.  [OE  driorig  (drior  gore)  prob.  cogn.  w.  drio- 
san  to  drop  &  G  traurig  sad] 

dredg-e ',  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Apparatus  for  bring- 
ing up  oysters,  specimens,  &c,  or  clearing  out 
mud  &c,  from  river  or  sea  bottom.  (Vb)  bring 
up,  clear  away  or  out,  with  d. ;  clean  out  (har- 
bour, river)  with  d. ;  use  d. ;  hence  dredger ' 
[-er  Ml,  2)]  n.    [earlier  dreg  perh.  f.  drag  ij 

dredge2,  v.t.  Sprinkle  with  flour  or  other 
powder ;  sprinkle  (flour  &c.)  over ;  dredging- 


box, = foil.  [f.  obs.  dredge  sweetmeat,f.  OFdragee 
t.  L  f.  Gk  tragema  (trogo  chew)] 

dre'dger2,  n.  (for  dredger -1  see  dredge1). 
Box  with  perforated  lid  for  sprinkling  flour 
&c.    [prec, -er1] 

dree,  v.t.  (archaic).  Endure  (still  in  d.  one's 
weird,  submit  to  one's  lot).     [OE  driogan] 

dreg,  n.  (usu.  pL).  Sediment,  grounds,  lees, 
(drink,  drain,  to  the  dd.,  leaving  nothing); 
worthless  part,  refuse  ;  (sing.)  small  remnant 
(esp.  not  a  d.).  Hence  dre'ggY2  a.  [cf.  Icel. 
dreggjar,  Sw.  drdgg] 

drench l  (-tsh),  n.  Draught  or  dose  adminis- 
tered to  animal ;  (archaic)  large,  medicinal,  or 
f)oisonous  draught ;  a  soaking  or  downpour. 
OE  drenc  cogn.  w.  drink] 

drench  2  (-tsh),  v.t.  Make  to  drink  largely ; 
force  (animal)  to  take  draught  of  medicine ; 
(Sheep- washing,  Tanning)  steep,  soak ;  wet  all 
over  with  falling  liquid  (or  of  the  liquid).  [OE 
drencan  cf.  G  trdnken,  causative  of  drink] 

dre'neher,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  drench- 
ing shower;  apparatus  for  giving  drench  to 
beast,    [-er  J] 

dress1,  v.t.  &  i.  (Mil.)  correct  the  alignment 
of  (companies  &c.  in  relation  to  each  other,  or 
men  in  line),  (intr.)  come  into  correct  place  in 
line  &c.  (up,  L  e.  forward,  back,  or  abs.) ;  array, 
clothe,  (dressed  in  black,  serge,  &c.) ;  provide 
oneself  with  clothes  (d.  well  &c.) :  put  on  one's 
clothes  ;  put  on  evening  d.  (esp.  d.for  dinner) ; 
d.  up,  attire  oneself,  attire  (another),  elaborate- 
ly or  in  masquerade;  d.  out,  attire  conspic- 
uously; deck,  adorn,  (ship  with  flags,  shop- 
window  with  tempting  wares) ;  provide  (play) 
with  costumes ;  treat  (wound,  wounded  man) 
with  remedies,  apply  dressing  to ;  subject  to 
cleansing,  trimming,  smoothing,  &c. ;  brush, 
comb,  do  up,  (hair) ;  curry  (horse,  leather ;  & 
fig.,  often  a.  down,  thrash,  scold);  finish  sur- 
face of  (textile  fabrics,  building-stone) ;  prepare, 
cook,  (food) ;  prune  (plant) ;  manure,  [f.  OF 
dresser  cf.  It.  dirizzare  f.  L  directvs  direct] 

dress  2,  n.  Clothing,  esp.  the  visible  part  of 
it,  costume  (full  d.,  that  worn  on  great  occa- 
sions ;  evening  d.,  or  d.,  that  worn  at  dinners  or 
evening  parties;  morning  d.,  ordinary;  a  d., 
lady '8  gown,  frock) ;  external  covering,  outward 
form,  (birds  in  their  winter  d.,  French  book  ap- 
pearing in  English  d.) ;  d.-circle,  first  gallery 
in  theatres,  in  which  evening-d.  was  once  re- 
quired ;  d.-coat,  swallow-tailed  for  evening  d. ; 
d.-guard,  on  bicycle  &c.  to  protect  d. ;  d.-im- 
prover, = bustle  3 ;  dressmaker,  -king,  (woman) 
making  women's  dd.    [f.  prec] 

dre'sser1,  n.  Kitchen  side-board  with 
shelves  for  dishes  &c.  [f.  OF  dresseur  (dresser 
dress  M  cf.  mecLL  directorium] 

dre'sser  2,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  surgeon's 
assistant  in  hospital  operations,  whence  dre's- 
sersHip(l)  n.    [-er  l] 

dre'ssing,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  scolding 
or  thrashing;  sauce,  stuffing,  &c.  ;  manure; 
bandages,  ointments,  &c,  for  wound ;  stiffen- 
ing used  in  finishing  fabrics;  d.-bell  Sec.,  signal 
to  dress  fordinner:;  d.-case,  of  toilet  necessaries ; 
d.-gown,  worn  while  making  toilet  or  in  dis- 
habille ;  d.-room,  attached  to  bedroom  for 
toilet ;  d.-table,  for  looking-glass  &c.    [-ing  *] 

dre'ssy,  a.  Fond  of,  smart  in,  dress ;  (of 
clothes)  stylish.    Hence  dre'ssiNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

drew.    See  draw  *, 

dri'bble,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Flow,  let  flow,  in 
drops  or  trickling  stream  (n.,  such  flow) ;  (of 
child,  idiot,  &c.)  run  at  the  mouth;  (Football) 
work  (ball)  forward  with  slight  touches  of  alter- 
nate or  different  players'  feet  (n.,  piece  of  drib- 
bung)  ;  (Billiards)  make  (ball)  just  roll  (or  intr. 


DRIBBLET 


252 


DROLLERY 


of  ball)  into  pocket  Hence  dri'bblER x  n.  [fre- 
quent, of  obs.  drib  v.  var.  of  drip] 

dri*b(b)let,  n.  Small  quantity,  petty  sum, 
(esp.  by  dd.).    [f.  drib  see  prec.  +  -let] 

dried,  drier.    See  dry  2>  \ 

drift1,  n.  Being  driven  by  current;  slow 
course  or  current ;  ship's  deviation  due  to  cur- 
rents ;  projectile's  deviation  due  to  rotation ; 
(Forest  Law)  driving  of  cattle  to  one  place  on 
appointed  day  to  determine  ownership  &c;  na- 
tural or  unperceived  progress,  tendency ;  pur- 
pose, meaning,  tenor,  or  scope,  of  person  or  his 
words ;  shower,  driving  mass  ;  snow,  sand,  &c, 
accumulated  by  wind  ;  (also  d.-ice,  -wood,  &c) 
matter  driven  by  water ;  (Geol.)  superficial  de- 
posit made  by  current  of  water  or  air  (D.,  pleis- 
tocene ice  detritus,  boulder  clay) ;  (also  d.-net) 
large  net  for  herrings  &c  allowed  to  d.  with 
tide ;  (Mining)  horizontal  passage  following 
mineral  vein ;  S.-Afr.  ford ;  tool  for  enlarging 
or  shaping  hole  in  metal ;  d.-anchor,=  drag2- 
anchor.    [f .  •  OE  drifan  drive  j] 

drift2,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  carried  (as)  by  current  of 
air  or  water,  (of  current)  carry ;  go  passively  or 
aimlessly;  pile,  be  piled,  by  wind  into  dd.;  cover 
(field,  road)  with  dd. ;  form  or  enlarge  hole  (see 
prec).    Hence  dri*ftAGE(l)  n.    [f.  prec] 

drill  \  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Pointed  steel  &c  tool, 
or  machine,  for  boring  holes  ( vb,  bore,  of  person 
or  tool,  with  metal  &c,  or  hole  &c,  as  obj.;  also 
intr.,  d.  through,  perforate) ;  boring  shell-fish ; 
instruction  or  exercise  in  military  Revolutions 
(d.-sergeant,  instructor  ind.,  also  fig.),  rigorous 
discipline,  exact  routine,  (vb,  subject  to,  or 
undergo,  such  discipline ;  B  Company  will  d.  at 
10.0  a.m.;  d.  him  in  what  he  is  to  say,  in  Latin 
Grammar),  [n.  in  sense  tool  f.  Du.  aril  f.  dril- 
lenv.;  vb  in  sense  bore  f.  n. ;  other  n.  senses  f.  vb] 

drill2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  furrow  for  sowing 
seed  in,  ridge  with  such  furrow  on  top,  row  of 
plants  so  sown  ;  machine  for  furrowing,  sowing, 
&  covering  seed;  (vb)  sow  (seed)  thus,  plant 
(ground)  in  dd.    [perh.  =  prec] 

drill 3,  n.    Kind  of  baboon,    [perh.  W.-Afr.] 

drill 4,  n.  Coarse  twilled  linen  or  cotton  fabric, 
[earlier  drilling  f.  G  drillich  f.  L  trilicem  nom. 
-ix  (tri-  three-,  licium  thread)] 

drily.    See  dry  *. 

drink  *,  v.t.  &  i.  (drank ;  drunk  &  poet,  drun- 
ken). Swallow  (liquid) ;  take  (the  waters  at  a 
spa)  medicinally  ;  d.  off,  up,  d.  the  whole  of  at 
once;  (of  nlants,  porous  things,  &c)  absorb 
(moisture  ;  often  up  or  in) ;  (fig.)  d.  in,  contem- 
plate, listen  to,  with  delight ;  empty  (vessel, 
the  cup  of  pain  or  joy) ;  spend  (wages  &c )  on  d. ; 
swallow  liquid,  take  draught, (often  o/a  source; 
d.  deep,  take  large  draught,  or  be  great  drinker 
as  in  next  sense) ;  take  spirituousliquor  esp.  to 
excess,  tipple,  be  a  drunkard,  (d.  hard,  heavily, 
like  a  fish ;  drinking-BOVT ;  d.  oneself  drunk, 
to  death,  out  of  a  situation ;  d.  down  or  under 
the  table,  outlast  in  retaining  control  of  oneself 
while  drinking);  d.  to,  pledge,  toast ;  wish  good 
&c  to  in  drinking  (d.  one's  health,  a.  success  or 
confusion  to).  Hence  (-)dri'nkER J  n.  [com.- 
Teut.;  OE  drincan  cf.  G  trinken] 

drink  2,  n.  Liquid  swallowed  or  absorbed  ; 
beverage  ;  intoxicating  liquor  (also  strong  d.), 
excessive  indulgence  in  it,  intemperance  (on  the 
d.,  giving  way  to  this  ;  in  d„  drunk) ;  glass  &c 
or  portion  of  liquor  (stand  dd.  round) ;  d.-offer- 
ing,  libation.  Hence  dri'nkLESS  a.  [OE  drinc 

&  drinca  f.  drincan  =  prec] 

dri'nkable,  a.  &  n.  Good  to  drink ;  (n.,  esp. 
in  pi.)  thing(s)  to  drink,    [-able] 

drip  i,  v.i.  &  t.    Fall,  let  fall,  in  drops ;  let 

drops  fall,  be  so  wet  (with  blood  &c)  as  to  shed 

drops.    [OE  dryppan  cf.  G  tricfen) 


drip2,  n.  Act  of  dripping ;  dripping  liquid  ; 
(Arch.)  projection  keeping  rain  from  parts  be- 
low (so  d.-moulding,  dripstone) ;  d.-drop,  per- 
sistent dripping.   Hence  dri*ppY2a.   [f.  prec] 

dri*ppingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also :  fat  melt- 
ed from  roasting  meat,  &  used  for  frying  or  as 
food  ;  dd.,  water,  grease,  &c  dripping  from 
anything,    [-ing  *] 

drive T,  v.t.  &  i.  (drove,  driven).  Urge  in  some 
direction  by  blows,  threats,  violence,  &c  (usu. 
with  adv.  or  prep,  as  away,  back,  in,  out,  from, 
to,  through ;  d.  out,  oust,  take  place  of) ;  chase 
or  frighten  (game,  wild  beasts,  enemy  esp.  in 
guerilla  warfare)  from  over  large  area  into 
small  in  order  to  kill  or  capture ;  scour  (dis- 
trict), (Forest  Law)  hold  a  drift  * ;  (urge  &) 
direct  course  of  (animal  drawing  vehicle  or 
plough,  vehicle  &c,  or  locomotive) ;  convey  in 
vehicle ;  act  as  driver  of  vehicle  ;  travel,  go,  in 
carriage  at  one's  disposal  (cf.  ride  in  omnibus, 
tram,  train) ;  impel  forcibly,  constrain,  compel, 
(to,  into,  to  do ;  d.  mad,  out  of  one's  senses) ; 
overwork  (was  very  hard  driven) ;  impel,  carry 
along  (of  wind,  water),  throw,  propel,  send  in 
some  direction,  (inanimate  things);  (Cricket) 
return  (ball)  from  freely  swung  bat  to  or  past 
bowler ;  (Golf)  strike  (ball,  or  abs. )  with  driver  ; 
force  (stake,  nail,  &c)  into  ground  &c  with 
blows ;  bore  (tunnel,  horizontal  cavity) ;  (also 
let  d.)  aim  blow  or  missile  (at);  (of  steam  or 
other  power)  set  or  keep  (machinery)  going  (also 
of  person,  d.  a  quill,  pen,  write) ;  carry  on, 
effect,  conclude,  (drove  a  roaring  trade,  good 
bargain) ;  defer  (d.  it  to  the  last  minute) ;  dash, 
rush,  hasten ;  work  hard  at ;  float  along,  drift, 
tend  (d.  at,  seek,  intend,  mean  ;  what  is  tie  driv- 
ing at?);  driving-iron,  -putter,  golf  clubs,  [com.- 
Teut.,  OE  drifan  cf.  G  treiben] 

drive2,  n.  Excursion  in  vehicle  (see  prec.) ; 
driving  of  game  or  enemy  (see  prec.) ;  stroke  at 
cricket,  golf,  &c  (see  prec) ;  energy,  push  ;  ten- 
dency ;  carriage-road,  esp.  private  road  tohouse; 
whist  3  d.    [f.  prec] 

dri*vel,  v.i.  &  t.  (-11-),  &  n.  Run  at  mouth  or 
nose  like  child  ;  talk  childishly  or  idiotically  ; 
fritter  away  ;  hence  dri'vellER  l  n.  (N.)  silly 
nonsense,  twaddle.  [ME  drevelen,  dravelen, 
OE  drefiian,  prob.  cogn.  w.  draff] 

dri'ver,  n.  One  who  drives  (drive1),  coach- 
man (also  cab-d.,  enaine-d.,  &c;  slave-d.,  over- 
seer of  slave  gang);  (Golf)  supple  wooden -headed 
club  for  driving  long  distance  ;  (Mech. )  driving- 
wheel  or  other  part  that  receives  power  directl  y ; 
front,  rear,  -d.,  bicycle  in  which  power  is  ap- 
plied to  front,  rear,  wheel;  quill-^.  Hence 
dri'verLESS  a.    [-KB a] 

dri'ving*- wheel,  n.  Wheel  commur  icating 
motion  to  other  parts  of  machine;  large  wheel  of 
locomotive ;  cycle  wheel  that  is  directly  worked. 

dri'zzle,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Fall  in,  be  wet  with)  fine 
dense  drops  of  rain  (subj.,  the  day,  rain,  it). 
Hence  dri'zzlY  2  a.  [cf.  OE  drtosan  fall,  -le(3)] 

drd'gher  (-ger),  n.  W.-Ind.  coasting  vessel ; 
slow  heavy  craft  [thr.  F  f.  16th-c  Du.  drogher 
(droogen  to  dry)  named  from  drying  herrings] 

drogue  (-6g),  n.  Buoy  at  end  of  harpoon  line, 
[perh.  var.  of  drag2] 

droit  (-oit,  or  as  F),  n.  Right,  due,  legal  per- 
quisite, (esp.  dd.  of  Admiralty,  proceeds  of  ene- 
my's ships,  wrecks,  &c).  [F,  f.  LL  drictum  f.  L 
directtim  neut  adj.  =  in  LL  legal  right  (direct2)] 

droll,  a.,  n.,  &  v.i.  Facetious,  amusing;  queer, 
odd,  surprising;  hence  dro'lLY2  (-61-li)  adv., 
dro'llNESS  n.  (N.,  now  rare)  jester,  wag.  (Vb, 
now  rare)  play  the  buffoon,  jest  with,  at,  on. 
[f.  F  drole(r)  etym.  dub.] 

dro'llery,  n.  Jesting ;  a  facetious  composi- 
tion ;  quaint  humour,    [-ery] 


DROMEDARY 

drd'medary  (also  -urn-),  n.  Light  fleet  usu. 
Arabian  or  one-humped  camel  bred  for  riding. 
[f.  OF  dromedaire  f.  LL  dromedarius  f.  L  f .  Gk 
drornas  -ados  runner,  -aby  J] 

dro'mond,  n.  (hist).  Large  medieval  ship 
for  ^var  or  commerce,  [f.  OF  dromon  f.  LL  f. 
Byz.  Gk  dromon  (dromos  race)] 

drone1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Male  of  honey-bee, 
which  does  not  work ;  idler ;  deep  humming 
sound ;  monotonous  speech  or  speaker ;  bass- 
pipe  of  bagpipe  ;  fixed  continuous  note  emitted 
by  this.  ( Vb)  buzz  like  bee  or  bagpipe,  talk  or 
uttermonotonously,  whence  dro'ningXY^dv. ; 
idle ;  idle  away  (life  &c).  [OE  dran,  drxn, 
(sense  bee) ;  cf.  G  drohne\ 

droop,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Hang  down,  slope,  in- 
cline's in  weariness ;  (of  eyes)  look  downwards ; 
(poet.,  of  sun  &c)  sink;  languish, decline,  flag, 
lose  heart ;  let  (head,  face,  eyes)  fall  forward  or 
down  ;  hence  droo'pingXY  2  adv.  (N.)  droop- 
ing attitude,  loss  of  spirit,  fall  of  tone.  [f.  ON 
drupa  vb  cogn.  w.  foil.] 

drop1,  n.  1.  Round,  pear-shaped,  or  hemi- 
spherical portion  of  liquid  such  as  hangs  or  falls 
separately  or  adheres  to  surface  (of  water,  tears, 
sweat,  dew,  rain,  blood,  or  abs.  in  these  senses); 
(Med.)  smallest  separable  quantity  of  a  liquid 
(in  pi.,  liquid  medicine  to  be  measured  by  dd.); 
minute  quantity  (d.  in  bucket  or  ocean,  infini- 
tesimal factor) ;  glass  &c.  of  intoxicating  liquor 
(take  a  d.;  has  taken  a  d.  too  much,  is  drunk  ; 
have  a  d.  in  one's  eye,  show  signs  of  having 
drunk) ;  pendant,  hanging  ornament,  (ear-dd., 
ear-rings ;  dd.  of  glass  chandelier) ;  sugarplum 
(acid,  chocolate,  dd.) ;  hence  dro'pLET  n.  2. 
Act  of  dropping,  fall,  social  come-down,  descent 
in  prices,  temperature,  &c. ;  thing  that  drops  or 
is  dropped,  as  (Theatr. )  painted  curtain  let  down 
between  acts  (also  d.-curtain),  (in  gallows)  plat- 
form withdrawn  from  under  feet  of  condemned 
(also,  distance  he  is  allowed  to  fall,  as  d.  of  3  ft); 
abrupt  fall  in  level  of  surface,  amount  of  this ; 
(also  d.-kick)Mck  at  football  made  by  dropping 
ball  and  kicking  it  as  it  rises  (d.-off,  -out,  such 
kick  to  start  play  after  goal,  try,  or  touch-down); 
d.-shutter,  appliance  for  giving  instantaneous 
exposure  in  photography;  d.-sulphur,  -tin, 
granulated  by  being  dropped  molten  into  water; 
dropxctrt,  kinds  of  plant  with  tuberous  root 
fibres,  [sense  1  f.  OE  dropa  cf.  G  tropfen,  cogn. 
w.  drip,  droop ;  sense  2  f.  foil.] 

drop  2,  v.  i.  &  t.  Fall  in  dd. ;  give  off  moisture 
in  dd. ;  fall  by  force  of  gravity  from  not  being 
held  &c,  (fig.)  be  uttered  casually  (the  remark 
dropped  from  him),  disappear  (a  letter  has 
dropped  out) ;  sink  to  ground  exhausted, 
wounded,  &c.  (d.  on  one's  knee,  kneel),  (of  setter) 
crouch  at  sight  of  game  ;  fall  naturally  asleep, 
(back)  into  habit  &c. ;  die ;  cease,  lapse,  (affair 
was  allowed  to  d. ;  the  correspondence  dropped) ; 
fall  in  direction,  condition,  amount,  degree, 
pitch,  (prices,  voice,  d.) ;  go  down  stream  ;  fall 
behind,  to  the  rear,  &c. ;  come  or  go  casually  in 
as  visitor,  into  place,  across  person ;  d.  on  or 
across,  reprimand  or  punish ;  let  fall  (liquid, 
tears)  in  dd.,  shed ;  let  go,  relinquish,  cease  to 
hold,  (d.  anchor,  anchor  ship) ;  give  birth  to 
(esp.  lambs) ;  utter  casually  as  if  unconsciously 
(esp.  d.  a  hint ;  so  d.  a  postcard  or  note) ;  lose 
(money,  esp.  in  gaming) ;  fell  with  axe,  blow  of 
fist,  or  bullet ;  set  down  (passenger,  parcel) ; 
omit  (tetter,  one's  hs,  syllable)  in  speech ;  let 
(eyes)  droop  ;  lower  (voice) ;  d.  curtsy  ;  (Foot- 
ball) send  (ball),  make  (goal),  by  d.-kick  (see 
prec. ;  also  intr.  =  take  d.-kick) ;  cease  to  asso- 
ciate with,  have  done  with  (d.  it !,  stop  that);  d. 
av-ay,  in,  depart,  enter,  one  by  one ;  d.  off,=d. 
away,  also  fall  asleep.    [OE  dropian,  see  prec] 


253 DRUID 

dro'ppings,  n.  pi.  What  falls  or  has  fallen 
in  drops,  e.g.  wax  from  candles  ;  dung  of  beasts 
or  birds,    [-ing  *] 

dro'p-seene,  n.  =  drop-curtain  (drop1); 
final  seene,  finale,  of  drama  in  real  life. 

dro'psy,  n.  Disease  in  which  watery  fluid 
collects  in  cavities  or  tissue  of  body,  (fig.)  over- 
swollen  state.  Hence  dro'psiCAL  a.,  dro*p- 
sicalLY  *  adv.  [f .  OF  ydropxsie  f .  L  hydropisis 
f.  Gk  hudrops  -opos  (hudor,  hudr-,  water)] 

dro*s(h)ky,  n.  Russian  low  four-wheeled 
carriage ;  cab  in  German  towns,  [f.  Russ. 
drozhki  dim.  of  drogi  wagon  (droga  perch)] 

dross,  n.  Scum  thrown  off  from  metals  in 
melting  ;  foreign  matter  mixed  with  anything, 
impurities  ;  refuse,  rubbish.  Hence  dro'ssv  2 
a.    [OE  dros  cf.  G  drusen  husks,  dregs] 

drought  (-owt),  (poet.)  drouth  (-ow-j,  n. 
(Archaic)  dryness,  lack  of  moisture,  also  thirst ; 
continuous  dry  weather,  want  of  rain.  Hence 
drough'tY2,  drouth y2,  a.  [OE  druyad 
(diryge  dry  >,  -th  i)l 

drove J,  n.  Herd,  flock,  being  driven  or  mov- 
ing together ;  crowd,  multitude,  shoal,  large 
number,  esp.  as  moving  together ;  mason's 
broad  chisel.    [OE  draf  (drifan  drive  j)] 

drove2.    See  drive  *. 

dro*ver,  n.  Driver  of  droves  to  market, 
cattle-dealer.  Hence  drove3  v.t.,  dro'viNG l 
n.    [prec.  +  -er  l] 

drown,  v.i.  &  t.  Suffer  death  by  suffocation 
in  liquid  (now  usu.  be  drowned ;  but  drowning 
man  &c);  suffocate  (person,  animal)  by  sub- 
mersion (subj.,  person  &c.  or  the  liquid) ;  sub- 
merge, flood,  drench,  (esp.  fig.  drowned  in  tears, 
sleep,  wine  ;  like  drowned  rat,  in  soaked  condi- 
tion ;  d.  out,  drive  out  by  flood) ;  overpower 
(esp.  of  louder  sound  making  voice  &c.  inaud- 
ible), [perh.  f.  drunken  p.p.  of  drink,  cf.  MDa. 
drukne  drown  f.  drucken  p.p.  of  drikke  drink] 

drowse  (-z),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Be  dull  &  sleepy, 
half  asleep  :  be  sluggish ;  make  drowsy  ;  pass 
away  (time)  in  drowsing;  (n.)  half -asleep  con- 
dition, [perh.  =  OE  drustan  sink,  become  slow, 
cogn.  w.  driosan  fall ;  but  not  found  in  11th- 
15th  cc. ;  prob.  back-formation  from  foil.] 

drowsy  (-zi),  a.  Sleepy,  half  asleep,  dozing ; 
lulling,  soporific ;  sluggish ;  d.-head,  sleepy  per- 
son. Hence  drowsiHEAD  (archaic),  drow- 
sIness,  nn. ,  drowsiLY  2  adv.  [prob.  cogn.  w. 
OE  drusian  see  prec;  found  earlier  than  prec] 

drub,  v.t.  Cudgel,  thump,  belabour ;  beat  in 
fight ;  beat  (notion)  into,  out  of,  person.  Hence 
dru'bbiNG1  n.  [earlier sense  bastinado;  perh. 
f.  Arab,  darb  beating] 

drudge,  n.,  &  v.i.  Servile  worker,  slave, 
hack ;  hence  dru*dgERY(2,  5)  n.  (Vb)  work 
slavishly  at  distasteful  work ;  hence  dru'dg- 
ingXY2adv.    [perh.  cogn.  w.  dree] 

drug",  n.,  &  v.t.  Original  simple  medicinal 
substance,  organic  or  inorganic,  used  alone 
or  as  ingredient ;  unsalable  commodity,  thing 
no  longer  in  demand  (usu.  d.  in  the  market) ; 
hence  dru'ggY2  a.  (Vb)  adulterate  with  d., 
esp.  with  narcotic  or  poison  ;  administer  dd., 
esp.  narcotics,  to ;  nauseate,  cloy.  [f.  F  drogue 
cf.  Pt.  drogua,  Sp.,  It.,  droga,  etym.  dub.] 

dru'gget  (-g-),  n.  (Over-carpet  or  floor-cloth 
of)  coarse  woollen  stuff  used  for  floor  or  table 
coverings,    [f.  F  droguet  etym.  dub.] 

dru'ggist,  n.  Dealer  in  drugs,  pharmaceuti- 
cal chemist,    [-ist] 

Dru'id,  n.  Priest,  magician,  soothsayer, 
among  Celts  of  ancient  Gaul  &  Britain  ;  officer 
of  Welsh  Gorsedd  or  national  assembly.  Hence 
Dru'idEss  *,  DmridisM^),  nn.,  Drui'dic(AL) 
aa.  [f.  F  druide  f.  L  pi.  druidae,  -des,  f.  OCelt. 
druid-  magician] 


DRUM 

drum K  n.  Musical  instrument  sounded  by 
striking  &  made  of  hollow  cylinder  or  hemi- 
sphere with  parchment  stretched  over  open- 
ing^) (bass,  tenor,  big,  kettle,  &c,  d.) ;  (Zool.) 
natural  organ  giving  resonance,  as  howling 
monkey's  hyoid  Done ;  sound  (as)  of  d.,  esp.  bit- 
tern's cry ;  player  of  d.,  drummer;  cylindrical 
structure  (d.  of  ear,  hollow  part  of  middle  ear) 
or  object,  cylinder  or  barrel  in  machinery  on 
which  something  is  wound  or  for  other  pur- 
poses ;  solid  part  of  Corinthian  or  composite 
capital ;  stone  block  forming  section  of  shaft ; 
cylindrical  receptacle  for  packing  dried  fruit, 
holding  oil,  &c. ;  evening  or  afternoon-tea 
party ;  (also  d.-jish)  kinds  of  American  Ash  able 
to  make  drumming  noise ;  d.-head,  skin  or 
membrane  of  d.  (d.-h.  court  ^-martial),  mem- 
brane across  d.  of  ear,  circular  top  of  capstan ; 
d.-major,  N.C.O.  commanding  drummers  of 
regiment ;  drumstick,  stick  with  knob  or  pad 
for  beating  d.,  lower  joint  of  cooked  fowl's  leg. 
[cf.  Du.  trom,  &  MHG  trumme  orig.  trumpet] 

drum2,  v.i.  &  t.  Play  the  d.,  whence 
dru'mmER1  n. ;  beat,  tap,  or  thump,  continu- 
ously on  something  (on,  piano,  at  door ;  feet  d. 
on  floor ;  a  drumming  in  the  ears) ;  (of  birds, 
insects)  make  loud  hollow  noise  with  quivering 
wings  ;  summon,  beat  up,  as  by  drumming ;  d. 
out,  cashier  by  beat  of  d. ;  drive  (person)  into 
apathy  &c,  (lesson)  into  person,  by  persistence ; 
strike  (hands  &c. )  repeatedly  (up)on  something ; 
play  (tune  &c.)  on  or  as  on  d.  If.  prec] 
i.(geot.).* 


drum3,  drirmlin,  nn.  (geo: 
hill  of  drift  or  diluvial  format 
Ir.  druim  ridge  ;  -lin  perh.  for  -ling1] 


Long  narrow 


Dnirmmond  ligrht,  n.  Lime-light  or  oxy- 
hydrogen  light.  [Capt.  T.  D.,  inventor  c.  1825] 
drunk,  pred.  a.  &  n.  (also  p.p.  of  drink1). 
Intoxicated,  overcome  with  liquor,  (beastly, 
blind,  dead,  haV,  &c,  d.;  d.  as  a  fiddler  or 
lord ;  also  fig.,  d.  with  joy,  success,  rage) ;  hence 
dru'nkARD  n.  (N.,  slang)  drinking-bout,  drun- 
ken fit;  (from  police  charge-sheets)  case  of 
drunkenness,  (hence  gen.)  man  charged  with 
drunkenness,  drunken  man.  [p.p.  of  drink  l] 
dru'nken,  a.  (rarely  pred.,  cf.  prec).  Intoxi- 
cated ;  given  to  drinking,  often  drunk  ;  caused 
by  or  exhibiting  drunkenness  (d.  frolic,  brawl). 
Hence  dru'nkenLY2  adv.,  dru'nken.VESS  n. 
[as  prec,  see  -en  2] 
drupe,  n.  Stone-fruit,  fleshy  or  pulpy  fruit 
enclosing  stone  or  nut  with  kernel,  as  olive, 
plum,  cherry.  Hence  dpupA'CEOUS  a.  If.  L 
f.  Gk  druppa  over-ripe  (olive)] 
dru-pel,  dru-pelet  (-plit),  nn.  Small  drupe 
in  compound  fruit,  as  blackberry,  [-el,  -let] 
druse1,  n.  Crust  of  crystals  lining  rock- 
cavity,  cavity  so  lined.  [G,  f.  Boh.  druza] 
Druse2  (-z),  n.  Member  of  political  &  reli- 
gious sect  of  Mohammedan  origin  about  Mt 
Lebanon.  [Ismail  al-Darazi,  founder  1040] 
dry1,  a.  (drier,  -est).  Without  moisture  (d. 
eyes,  free  from  tears) ;  not  rainy,  with  deficient 
rainfall ;  parched,  dried  up,  (colloq.)  thirsty,  (of 
liquid)  having  disappeared  by  evaporation, 
draining,  wiping,  &c. ;  not  yielding  water,  milk, 
&c.  (cow,  well,  isd.);  not  submerged  (d.  land, 
tide  leaves  vt  d.) ;  without  butter  (d.  bread, 
toast) ;  solid,  not  liquid,  (d.  goods,  see  below ; 
d.  measure,  measure  of  capacity  for  these) ;  (of 
wine)  free  from  sweetness  &  fruity  flavour; 
unconnected  with  liquid  (die  a  d.  death,  not  by 
drowning  or  bloodshed;  d.  cough,  without 
Phlegm;  d. -bob5);  impassive,  unsympathetic, 
stiff,  hard,  cold,  (d.  jest,  sarcasm,  humour,  ex- 
pressed in  matter-of-fact  tone  with  show  of 
unconsciousness) ;  meagre,  plain,  bare,  not  en- 
larged upon,  (d.  facts,  thanks) ;  uninteresting, 


254 DUBITATIVB 

dull,  unprofitable;  untinged  by  prejudice  or 
interest  (d.  light) ;  d.-bulb  thermometer,  one  of 
pair  in  hygrometer  with  wet  &  d.  bulbs  ;  d. 
cooper,  maker  of  casks  for  d.  goods ;  d.-cure, 
cure  (meat  &c)  without  pickling  in  liquid ;  d.- 
dock*;  d.-flyai.  &  v.i.,  (fish)  with  fly  dangled 
just  over  water ;  d.  goods,  non-liquid  goods,  as 
corn,  also  (esp.  U.S.)  drapery,  mercery,  haber- 
dashery ;  d.  lodging,  without  board  ;  d.-nurse, 
tending  but  not  suckling  child,  (v.t.)  bring  up 
by  hand;  d.  pile,  electric  pile  or  battery  in 
which  no  liquid  is  used ;  d.-plate,  photographic 
plate  with  sensitized  film  hard  &  d.  for  con- 
venience of  keeping,  developing  at  leisure,  &c; 
d.-point,  needle  for  engraving  without  acid  on 
bare  copper  plate  (also  v.i.,  use  this  process, 
&  n.,  engraving  produced  so);  d.-rot,  decayed 
state  of  wood  not  exposed  to  air  caused  by 
fungi,  also  the  fungi,  (fig.)  unsuspected  moral 
or  social  decay;  d.-salt  v.t.,  =  d.-cure;  dry- 
saltery), dealer,  dealing  or  shop  that  deals,  in 
drugs,  dyes,  gums,  oils,  pickles,  tinned  meats, 
&c  ;  d.-shod  a.  or  adv.,  without  wetting  the 
feet  Hence  dry*iSH1(2)  a.,  dri'LY2  (or  dry- 
ly) adv.  (esp.  in  fig.  senses),  dry'NESS  n.  [OE 
dryge  cf.  Du.  droog,  G  trocken] 

dry2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  d.  by  wiping, 
evaporation,  draining,  &c  ;  cause  (cow)  to 
cease  giving  milk;  d.  up, make  utterly  d.,  (of 
moisture)  disappear  utterly,  (of  well  &c)  cease 
to  yield  water,  (colloq.,  esp.  in  imperat.)  cease 
talking  or  doing  something.  Hence  dri'ER1 
(1,2)  (also  dryer)  n.  [OE  drygean  (dryge  dry1  )] 

dry'ad,  n.  Nymph  inhabiting  tree,  wood- 
nymph,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  druas  -ados  (drus  tree)] 

Dryasdust,  n.,  d-,  a.  Dull  laborious  anti- 
quary or  historian  ;  (adj.)  very  dry,  uninterest- 
ing. [Dr  D.,  fictitious  person  (dry  as  dust)  to 
whom  Scott  dedicated] 

du'ad,  n.    (Incorrect  for)  dyad. 

du*al,  a.  &  n.  Of  two,  twofold,  divided  in  two, 
double,  (d.  ownership,  skirt);  (Gram.)  d.  num- 
ber or  d.,  inflected  form  proper  to  two  persons 
or  things  (additional  to  singular  &  plural).  So 
dua'liTY  n.,  du*alizE(3)  v.t.,  du'alLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  dualis  (duo  two,  -al)] 

du'alin,  n.  Powerful  explosive  of  nitre,  nitro- 
glycerin, Sc  sawdust,    [prec.  (dual  nitre)  +  -in] 

du-alism,  n.  Duality ;  use  of  dual  number ; 
theory  recognizing  two  independent  principles 
(mind  &  matter,  cf.  idealism  &  materialism ; 
good  &  evil  in  the  universe ;  two  personalities 
in  Christ),  so  du*aliST(2)  n.,  duali'stic  a., 
duali'stiCALLY  adv.    [dual  +  -ism] 

dub *,  n.    Deep  pool  in  northern  streams.    [?] 

dub2,  v.t.  Make  (person)  into  a  knight  by 
striking  shoulders  with  sword;  invest  with 
(new  title),'  name,  nickname,  (person  or  thing, 
with  complement ;  dubbed  me  Doctor,  quack,  a 
scribbler) ;  dress  (artificial  fishing-fly) ;  smear 
(leather)  with  grease,  [perh.  f.  OF  ad uber,  com.  - 
Rom.  cf.  It.  addobbare,  etym.  dub.] 

du'bbingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  prepared 
grease  for  leather  (also  dubbin),    [-ing  x] 

dubi'ety,  n.  Feeling  of  doubt;  doubtful 
matter,  [f.  LL  dubietas  (dubius  doubtful,  -ty)] 

du'bious,  a.  Indistinct  (d.  light),  vague,  un- 
reliable (d.  friend),  of  questionable  value  or 
truth  (a  d.  compliment) ;  of  doubtful  issue  (d. 
undertaking,  struggle) ;  of  suspected  charac- 
ter (d.  gains,  company) ;  hesitating,  doubting. 
Hence  du'biousLY2  adv.,  du'bious ness  n. 
[f.  L  dubiosus  (dubius  doubtful,  -ose  J)] 

dubita'tion,  n.  Doubt,  hesitation.  [F,  f.  L 
dubitationem  (dubitare  doubt2,  -ation)] 

du'bitative,  a.  Of,  expressing,  inclined  to, 
doubt  or  hesitation.  Hence  du'bitativeLY  2 
adv.    [f.  L  dubitativus  as  prec  +  -ive] 


DUCAL 


255 


DULCIMER 


du-cal,  a.  Of,  like,  bearing  title  of,  duke.  [F, 
f.  LL  ducalis  (dux  duke,  -al)1 

du'cat,  n.  Gold  coin  about  9s.,  formerly  cur- 
rent in  most  European  countries;  coin,  (pi.) 
money.  [F,  f.  It.  ducato  f.  LL  ducatus  duchy 
(prob.  named  from  Duke  of  Apulia  1140)] 

du'chess  (-tsh-),  n.  Duke's  wife  or  widow ; 
imposing  woman  ;  (slang)  costermonger's  wife 
(abbr. dutch).  [F (-c), f . ~LLducissa (duke, -ess a)] 

du'chy  (-tshi),  n.  Territory  of  reigning  duke 
or  duchess ;  royal  dukedom  of  Cornwall  or 
Lancaster,  each  with  certain  courts  of  its  own. 
[f.  OF  ducM  f.  LL  ducatus  (dux  duke,  -ate  l)] 

duck !,  n.  (pi.  often  duck  collective ;  also  -s). 
Kinds  of  swimming-bird,  esp.  the  domesticated 
form  of  the  mallard  or  wild-d.  (like  d.  in  thun- 
derstorm, with  upturned  eyes,  looking  flabber- 
gasted, faint,  &c. ;  like  water  off  d.'s  back,  pro- 
ducing no  effect;  take  to  anything  like  d.  to 
water ;  fine  day  for  young  dd.,  rainy  weather ; 
lame  d. ,  disabled  person,  defaulter  on  Stock  Ex- 
change ;  in  two  shakes  of  d.'s  tail,  in  an  in- 
stant) ;  female  of  this  (cf.  drake2)  ;  its  flesh ; 
darling  (esp.  in  voc),  whence  du'ckY3  n. ; 
(Cricket;  also  d.'s-egg)  batsman's  score  of  0; 
Bombay  d.,  bummalo;  d.  &  drake,  game  of 
making  flat  stone  skip  along  water  (make  dd.  & 
drakes  of,  play  dd.  &c.  with,  squander) ;  d.-bill, 
red  wheat,  also =d.  -billed  platypus  or  ornitho- 
rhynchus  ;  d.-hawk,  marsh  harrier;  d.-shot,  of 
size  for  shooting  wild  d. ;  duckweed,  plant  that 
carpets  surface  of  still  water.  Hence  du'ek- 
ling  !(2)  n.    [OE  duce  cogn.  w.  foil.] 

duck2,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Plunge,  dive,  dip  head, 
under  water  &  emerge ;  bend  quickly,  bob,  to 
avoid  blow  &c.  or  by  way  of  bow  or  curtsy ; 
plunge  (person  &c.)  momentarily  in  water,  or 
abs.,  whence  du*ckiNG1(l)  n. ;  lower  (head) 
suddenly ;  (n. )  quick  dip  below  water  in  bathing, 
or  lowering  of  head.  [ME  d(o)uke  t .  OE  *ducan 
com.-WG  cf.  G  tauchen] 

duck3,  n.  Strong  untwilled  linen  or  cotton 
fabric  for  small  sails  &  outer  clothing  esp.  of 
sailors ;  (pi.)  trousers  of  this.  [prob.  f.  Du.  doeck 
=  G  tuch  cloth] 

du'cker1,  n.  Kinds  of  diving-bird,  esp.  dab- 
chick  &  water-ouzel,    [duck  2,  -er  *] 

du'cker2,  n.  Breeder  of  ducks.  [duck1,-er1] 

duct,  n.  Conduit,  tube,  for  conveying  liquid ; 
tube  or  canal  in  body  conveying  chyle,  lymph, 
or  secretions  (named  from  function,  as  biliary 
d.,  or  from  discoverer,  as  Eustachian  d.,  dd.  of 
Bellini) ;  vessel  of  plant's  vascular  tissue  hold- 
ing air,  water,  &c.  Hence  du'ctLESS  a.  [f.  L 
ductus  leading,  aqueduct  (ducere  duct-  lead)] 

du'ctlle,  a.  (Of  metals)  malleable,  flexible, 
not  brittle,  (in  technical  use)  capable  of  being 
drawn  out  into  wire,  tough ;  plastic  (of  clay  &c, 
or  of  person  or  character),  pliable,  tractable,  do- 
cile. Hence  dueti'liTY  n.  [F,  f.  L  ductilis  (du- 
cere see  prec,  -il)] 

dude,  n.  (U.S.  slang;  fem.  dudi'ne  pr.  -en). 
Fastidious  aesthetic  person,  often  imitating 
English  speech,  dress,  &  manners ;  dandy, 
swell.    Hence  du'diSH 1  a.    [?] 

dudgeon  (du'jn),  n.  Resentment,  feeling  of 
offence,  (usu.  ind.).  [etym.  dub. ;  obs.  dudgeon 
hilt  may  be  same  word  or  not] 

dud(h)ee*n  (dob-),  n.  (Ir.).  Short  clay  pipe.  [?] 

duds,  n.  pi.  (slang).    Clothes.    [?] 

due1,  a.  &  adv.  Owing,  payable,  as  a  debt 
or  obligation  (fall,  become,  d.,  as  bill  reaching 
maturity) ;  that  ought  to  be  given  to  person 
(first  place  is  d.  to  Milton,  it  is  a.  to  him  to  say), 
merited,  appropriate,  (has  his  d.  reward),  right- 
ful, proper,  adequate  (after  d.  consideration), 
to  be  looked  for,  calculated  or  foreseen  (in  d. 
time) ;  to  be  ascribed  to  cause,  agent,  &c.  (the 


difficulty  is  d.  to  our  ignorance  ;  the  discovery 
is  d.  to  Newton ;  the  advl  use  for  owing,  as  I 
came  late  d.  to  an  accident,  is  incorrect) ;  under 
engagement  to  do  something  (is  d.  to  speak  to- 
night) or  to  arrive  at  certain  time  (train  d.  at 
7.80,  already  d.  &  over-d.);  (adv.,  of  points  of 
compass)  exactly,  directly,  (went  d.  east,  a  d. 
N.  wind),  [f.  OF  deii  (p.p.  of  devoir  owe)  f.  LL 
debutus  for  L  debitus  (debere  owe)] 

due2,  n.  Person's  right,  what  is  owed  him, 
(give  one,  esp.  the  devil,  his  d.,  not  be  unjust  to 
him,  even  though  he  deserves  little  or  is  no 
friend) ;  what  one  owes  ( pay  one's  dd.) ;  (usu. 
pL)  toll,  fee,  legally  demandable  (harbour,  light, 
tonnage,  dd.) ;  (Naut)  for  a  full  d.,  for  good, 
thoroughly,  completely,    [f.  prec] 

du*el,  n.,  &  v.i.  (-11-).  Fight  with  deadly 
weapons  between  two  persons,  in  presence  of 
two  seconds,  to  settle  quarrel  (the  d.,  duelling 
&  its  code  of  rules) ;  any  contest  between  two 
persons,  animals,  parties,  causes ;  hence  du'el- 
liST(l)  n.  (Vb)  fight  d.  [F,  f.  med.L  sense  of 
archaic  L  duellum  (duo  two)  orig.  form  of  bel- 
lum  war ;  for  duel-  bel-  cf.  bis] 

due'nna,  n.  Elderly  woman  acting  as  gover- 
ness &  companion  in  charge  of  girls  (orig.  & 
esp.  in  Spanish  family) ;  chaperon,  [f .  Sp.  duena 
f.  L  domina  mistress] 

due't,  -tt,  n.  Musical  composition  for  two 
voices  or  instruments ;  (fig.)  dialogue,  scolding- 
match  ;  pair,  couple.  Hence  due*ttiST(l)  n. 
[f.  It.  duetto  dim.  of  duo  duet  f.  L  duo  two] 

duff1,  n.    (Dial.  &c.  for)  dough  ;  plum-c*. 

duff2,  v.t.  (slang).  Fake  up  (goods),  give  look 
of  newness  &c.  to,  (duffing,  counterfeit) ;  (Aus- 
tral.) steal  &  alter  brands  on  (cattle),  [perh. 
back-formation  f.  duffer] 

du'ffel,  du'ffie,  n.  Coarse  woollen  cloth  with 
thick  nap ;  sportsman's,  camper-out's,  change  of 
clothes.    [Duffel  in  Brabant] 

du'ffep,  n.    One  who  sells  trash  as  valuable, 

{)retending  it  to  be  smuggled,  stolen,  &c. ;  ped- 
ar,  hawker ;  faker  of  sham  articles ;  counter- 
feit coin,  picture,  &c. ;  unproductive  mine ; 
thing  of  which  no  use  can  be  made  ;  inefficient, 
useless,  or  stupid  person,  [etym.  dub.  ;  first 
sense  a  century  older  than  last,  &  than  duff2] 

dug1,  n.  Udder  of  female  mammals,  also 
teat,  nipple,  (not  now  used  of  women  exc.  con- 
tempt.),   [cf.  Sw.  dxgga  suckle] 

dug-2.    See  dig1. 

du'gong,  n.  (pi.  often  dugong).  Large  herbivo- 
rous mammal  of  Indian  seas,  [f .  Malay  duyong} 

du*g-out,  n.  Canoe  made  by  hollowing  tree- 
trunk;  rough  dwelling,  excavation  in  bank 
roofed  with  canvas  or  turf,    [dig  a] 

duke,  n.  (Hist.)  provincial  military  com- 
mander under  later  Roman  emperors ;  (bibl.> 
chief  of  tribe ;  (in  some  parts  of  Europe)  sove- 
reign prince  ruling  duchy  or  small  State  ;  (Gt 
Britain  &  some  other  countries)  person  holding 
highest  hereditary  title  of  nobility  outside 
royal  family  (also  royal  d.,  d.  who  is  also  royal 
prince,  with  precedence) ;  dine  with  D.  Hum- 
phrey ;  kind  of  cherry ;  (slang)  hand,  fist  [f.  F 
due  I.  L  dux  duds  leader] 

du'kedom,  n.  Territory  ruled  by,  dignity  of, 
duke,    [-dom] 

Du'kepies,  n.  pi.  District  in  Notts,  contain- 
ing several  ducal  estates,    [-ery] 

du'leet,  a.  Sweet,  soothing,  (esp.  of  sounds), 
[f .  F  doucet  dim.  of  doux  t.  L  dulcis  sweet] 

du'leifp,  v.t  Sweeten,  make  gentle.  Hence 
dulciFiCATiON  n.  [f.  L  dulcificare  (dulci* 
sweet,  -fy) 

du'lcimep,  n.  Musical  instrument  with 
strings  of  graduated  length  over  sounding 
board  or  box  struck  with  hammers,  prototype 


DULCINEA 


256 


DUPE 


of  piano,  [f.  OF  doidcimer  perh.  f.  L  dulce 
melos  (not  found  in  required  sense)  sweet  tune] 

Duleine*a(or-sinia),  n.  Idolized  &  idealized 
mistress,    [name  of  Don  Quixote's  mistress] 

dull,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Slow  of  understanding, 
obtuse,  stupid,  whence  du'llARD  n.  ;  (of  ears, 
eyes,  &c.)  without  keen  perception  ;  (of  inani- 
mate things)  insensible ;  (of  pain  &c.)  indis- 
tinctly felt ;  sluggish,  slow-moving,  stagnant, 
(of  person,  animal,  trade) ;  (of  goods,  stocks) 
not  easily  salable,  not  in  demand  ;  listless,  de- 
pressed ;  tedious,  monotonous ;  blunt  (esp.  of 
edge) ;  (of  colour,  light,  sound,  taste)  not  bright, 
vivid,  or  keen ;  (of  weather)  overcast,  gloomy ; 
hence  dirllisn1  a.,  du*l(l)NESS  n.,  du'lLY2 
(dul-H)  adv.  (Vb)  make  d.  (d.  the  edge  of,  blunt, 
make  less  sensitive,  interesting,  effective) ;  lose 
force,  intensity,  clearness,  or  keenness.  [ME, 
cf.  OB  dol,  also  G  toll  mad] 

dulse,  n.  Edible  kind  of  sea- weed.  [f.  Ir.  & 
Gael,  duileasg] 

du'ly,  adv.  Rightly,  properly,  fitly ;  suffi- 
ciently ;  punctually,    [due  l  +  -ly  2] 

du'ma  (doo-),  n.  Russian  parliament,  first 
summoned  1906.  [previously  name  of  elective 
municipal  councils] 

dumb1  (-m),  a.  (compar.  &  superl.,  pron. 
-mer,  -mist).  Unable  to  speak,  abnormally 
(of  human  beings;  the  d.,  the  deaf  &  d.,  as 
nouns)  or  normally  (d.  animals,  used  in  pity  or 
contempt) ;  inarticulate,  having  no  voice  in 
government  &c,  (the  d.  millions) ;  silenced  by 
surprise,  shyness,  &c.  (esp.  strike  d. ;  d.  in 
mixed  company) ;  taciturn,  reticent,  (Nature  is 
d.  on  the  point ;  English  a  d.  people) ;  without 
speech  (d.  crambo ;  d.  show,  significant  gestures, 
part  of  play  given  in  early  drama  without 
words);  unheard,  giving  no  sound;  without 
the  voice,  sound,  or  other  property,  usual  in 
things  of  the  name  (d.  piano,  set  of  keys  for 
exercising  fingers ;  d.-waiter,  an  upright  with 
revolving  shelves  enabling  waiter  to  be  dis- 
pensed with  in  dining-room;  d.  barge,  craft, 
without  sails  or  motive  power ;  d.-bell,  short 
bar  with  weight  at  each  end  used  in  pairs  for 
exercising  muscles,  v.i.,  use  these;  d.  well, 
sunk  merely  to  carry  off  surface  water).  Hence 
du'mbLY 2  (-mli)  adv.,  du'mbNESS  n.  [com.- 
Teut ;  OE  dumb,  cf.  Du.  dom,  G  dumm,  stupid] 

dumb2,  v.t.    Maked.    [f.  prec] 

dumbfou'nd  (-mf-),  v.t.  Strike  dumb,  con- 
found, nonplus,    [dumb,  confound] 

du'mdum  (bullet),  n.  Kind  of  soft-nosed 
bullet  that  expands  &  inflicts  laceration.  [D. 
in  India,  with  cantonment  &  arsenal] 

du'mmy,  n.  &  a.  (Whist)  imaginary  fourth 
player  whose  hand  is  turned  up  &  played  by 
partner  (d.  whist  or  d.,  game  so  played  ;  double 
d.,  game  with  two  such  hands) ;  person  taking 
no  real  part,  or  present  only  for  show,  figure- 
head, mere  tool,  man  of  straw ;  dolt,  block- 
head ;  counterfeit  object,  sham  package  &c, 
clothes-block,  lay  figure,  man's  figure  for  rifle 
practice,  &c. ;  (adj.)  sham,    [dumb1  +  -y3] 

dump1,  n.  Short  thick  object  of  various 
kinds:  leaden  counter  used  in  games;  obs. 
Australian  coin,  (slang)  small  coin  (not  worth  a 
d.);  kind  of  bolt  in  ship-building;  rope  quoit 
for  game  on  board  ship ;  kind  of  skittle ;  kind 
of  sweetmeat ;  short  stout  person,  [prob.  back- 
formation  f.  DUMPY] 

dump2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Shoot,  deposit,  tilt 
down,  (rubbish) ;  let  fall,  with  a  bump ;  (Com- 

merc.)  send  (goods  unsalable  at  high  price  in 
home  market)  to  foreign  market  for  sale  at  low 
price,  to  avoid  lowering  home  price  &  capture 

new  market ;  drop  down  (t.  &  i.)  with  a  thud  ; 

land  (superfluous  immigrants)  in  foreign  coun- 


try; hence  du'mpER1  n.  (X.)  dull  blow, 
thud  ;  (U.S.)  heap  of  refuse,  place  for  shooting 
this.  [cf.  Da.  dumpe,  Norw.  dumpa,  fall  plump] 

du'mpling',  n.  Mass  of  dough  boiled  or 
baked  either  plain  or  enclosing  apple  &c.  [cf. 
LG  dump  damp,  moist,  heavy,  &  see  -ling1] 

dumps,  n.  pi.  Depression,  melancholy,  (usu. 
in  the  d.).    [1.  1523 ;  etym.  dub.] 

du'mpy,  a.  &  n.  Short  &  stout  (d.  level, 
kind  used  in  surveying) ;  hence  du'mpiNESS 
n.  (N.)  short-legged  Scotch  breed  of  fowls;  (pi.) 
19th  Hussars,  [etym.  dub. ;  earlier  than  dump  j  ] 

dun  *,  a.  &  n.  (Of)  dull  greyish-brown  colour 
as  of  ass  or  mouse  (d.-bird,  pochard ;  d.-diver, 
female  or  young  male  of  goosander) ;  (poet. > 
dark,  dusky  ;  d.  horse ;  kinds  of  artificial  fish- 
ing-fly.   [OE,  cf.  Ir.  &  Gael,  donn,  W  dwn] 

dun2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Importunate  creditor ;  debt- 
collector  ;  demand  for  payment.  (Vb)  impor- 
tune for  payment  of  debt ;  pester,  [perh.  var. 
of  DIN] 

dunce,  n.  One  slow  at  learning,  dullard, 
(d.'s  cap  /paper  cone  put  on  head  of  d.  at  school), 
[f.  John  Duns  Scotus,  schoolman,  d.  1308,  whose 
followers  were  ridiculed  by  16th-c.  humanists 
and  reformers  as  enemies  of  learning] 

du'nderhead,  n.,  du*nder-headed,  a. 
Blockhead,  stupid  (person).    [?] 

dune,  n.  Mound  or  ridge  of  loose  sand  on 
coast.    [F,  f.  ODu.  duna=OE  dun  down  1] 

dung,  n.,  &  v.t.  Manure  ;  excrement  of  ani- 
mals (rarely  of  man ;  d.-beetle,  whose  larvae 
develop  in  d. ;  d.-fiy,  feeding  in  it ;  d.-worm, 
found  in  cow-d.  &  used  as  bait ;  d.-cart,  -fork, 
for  conveying,  loading  &  spreading,  manure) ; 
moral  filth  ;  (vb)  manure  (land ;  of  farmer, 
grazing  animals,  or  the  manure).  [OE,  cf.  G 
dung,  danger,  manure,  &  Sw.  dynga  dung] 

dungeon  (du'njn),  n.,  &  V.t.  (Now  usu.  don- 
jon) great  tower  of  castle  in  innermost  court  or 
bailey ;  strong  subterranean  cell  for  prisoners ; 
(vb)  shut  up,  imprison  in  d.  [f.  F  donjon  f.  LL 
domnionem  nom.  -o  f.  domnus  for  L  domimis 
lord  ;  doublet  of  dominion] 

du'ng-hill,  n.  Heap  of  dung  or  refuse  in 
farmyard  (cock  on  his  own  d.,  household,  parish, 
&c,  tyrant  or  bully  ;  d.  cock  &c,  barn-door  not 
game,  whence  d.  as  adj.,  craven). 

du-niwa'ssal  (doo-),  n.  (Sc).  Highland 
gentleman  of  secondary  rank.  [Gael,  duine 
man,  vasal  noble] 

du'nlin,  n.  Red-backed  sand-piper,  [-ling  i] 

du'nnage,  n.  Mats,  brushwood,  gratings, 
&c,  stowed  under  or  among  cargo  to  prevent 
moisture  &  chafing,    [earlier  din-,  etym.  dub.] 

du'nnoek,  n.    Hedge-sparrow,   [dun1,  -ock] 

duodecimal,  a.  &  n.  Of  twelve  or  twelfths, 
proceeding  by  twelves;  (n.  pi.)  cross-multipli- 
cation, method  used  for  lengths  given  in  feet, 
inches,  &  twelfths  of  inch,  used  by  painters  &c. 
[f .  L  duodecimus  twelfth  +  -al] 

duodecimo,  n.  (usu.  12mo).  Book-size  in 
which  each  leaf  is  1/12  of  printing-sheet ;  book 
of  this  size  ;  diminutive  thing  or  person.  [L  (in) 
duodecimo  abl.  see  prec] 

duode'nary,  a.  Proceeding  by  twelves,  in 
sets  of  twelve,  [f.  L  duodenarxus  (duodcni 
twelve  at  once,  -art  l)] 

duode'num,  n.  (anat.).  First  portion  of 
small  intestine  immediately  below  stomach. 
Hence  duode'nAL  a.,  duodeni'Tis  n.  [med. 
L  (duodeni  see  prec,  from  its  length  of  12  in.)] 

du'ologue  (-6g),  n.  Conversation  between 
two  persons,  dramatic  piece  with  two  actors, 
[irreg.  f.  Gk  duo  two,  after  monologue] 

duo' mo  (dwo-),  n.    Italian  cathedral.    [It.] 

dupe,  n.,  &  v.t.    Victim  of  deception,  gull ; 

hence  du*pERY(2)  n.    (Vb)  cheat,  make  a  fool 


DUPLEX 


257 


DUTY 


of;  hence  du'pABLE  a.,  dupaBi'Lixy,  du'p- 
er1,  nn.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

du'plex,  a.  Of  two  elements,  twofold,  (d. 
gas-burner,  with  two  jets  combining  into  one 
flame ;  d.  lamp,  with  two  wicks).  [L,  gen. 
-plicis  (duo  two,  plic-  fold)] 

du'plicate l  (-at),  a.  &  n.  With  two  corre- 
sponding parts,  existing  in  two  examples ; 
doubled,  twice  as  large  or  many ;  d.  proportion, 
ratio,  proportion  of  squares  in  relation  to  that 
of  their  radicals ;  exactly  like  a  thing  already 
existing  (of  any  number  of  copies  or  specimens). 
(X.)  one  of  two  things  exactly  alike,  esp.  that 
made  after  the  other  ;  second  copy,  with  equal 
legal  force,  of  letter  or  document ;  second  copy 
of  bill  drawn  in  two  parts,  second  of  exchange ; 
pawnbroker's  ticket ;  one  of  two  or  more  speci- 
mens of  thing  exactly  or  virtually  alike ; 
synonym  ;  exact  correspondence  between  two 
things  (made  in  d.).    [f.  L  as  foil.,  -ate2] 

du'plicate  2,  v.t.  Double,  multiply  by  two ; 
make  in  d.,  make  exact  copy  of,  produce  copies 
of,  whence  du*plieatOR2(2)  n.  Hence  dupli- 
cation  n.    [f.  L  duplicare  (duplex,  -ate3)] 

duplreity,  n.  Double-dealing,  deceitfulness ; 
doubleness.  [f.  F  duplicity  f.  L  duplicitatem 
(duplex,  -ty)] 

dup'able,  a.  Lasting,  not  transitory ;  re- 
sisting wear,  decay,  &c.  Hence  dupaBULiTY, 
dup'ableNESS,  nn.,  dup'abLY2  adv.  [F,  f. 
L  durabil^durare  f.  durus  hard,  -able)] 

dur'a  ma't&r,  n.  (anat.).  Tough  outer  mem- 
brane enveloping  brain  &  spinal  cord.  [med.  L, 
=hard  mother,  transl.  of  Arab,  phrase] 

durance,  n.  Imprisonment  (usu.  in  d.  vile). 
[earlier  sense  endurance;  F  (durer  last  f.  L 
durare  see  durable,  -ance)] 

dupa'tion,  n.  Continuance  in,  length  of, 
time  ;  time  for  which  thing  continues,  [obs.  F, 
f.  LL  durationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

dur'bar,  n.  Indian  ruler's  court;  public 
levee  of  Indian  prince  or  Anglo-Ind.  governor 
or  viceroy,    [f.  Pers^  &  Hind,  darbar  court] 

dur'ess(e)  (or  dure's),  n.  Forcible  restraint, 
imprisonment ;  compulsion,  esp.  imprisonment, 
threats,  or  violence,  illegally  used  to  force  per- 
son to  do  something  (under  d. ;  plea  ofd.,  for 
voiding  contract  so  made),  [obs.  F  (-e),  f.  L 
duritia  (durus  hard,  -ess  2)] 

dup'ing1,  prep.  Throughout,  at  some  point 
in,  the  continuance  of.  [part,  of  obs.  dure  last, 
used  in  abs.  construction  after  F  f.  L ;  L  vita 
durante,  OF  vie  durant,  E  life  d.  or  d.  life] 

dup'mast,  n.  Kind  of  oak.  [etym.  dub. ;  cf. 
mast  fruit  of  forest  tree] 

durn,  v.t.    =  darn 2. 

du*ppa,dh-,(ddb-),n.  Indian  millet,  [f.  Arab. 
durah] 

dupst.    See  dare. 

dusk,  n.,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Shade,  gloom  ;  darker 
stage  of  twilight.  (Adj.,  poet.)  shadowy,  dim, 
dark-coloured,  whence  du'skiSH1  a.,  &  (in 
ordinary  use)  du'skY2  a.,  du'skiLY2  adv., 
du'skiNESS  n.  (Vb,  poet.)  become,  look,  make, 
dim  or  dark  or  shadowy,  [n.  f.  much  earlier  adj. 
ME  dose  f.  OE  dox,  cf.  Xorw.  dusk  mist] 

dust1,  n.  Finely  powdered  earth  or  other 
matter  lyingon  ground  or  on  surfaces  or  carried 
about  in  clouds  by  wind  (shake  off  the  d.  of 
one's  feet,  depart  indignantly ;  throw  d.  in  ones 
eyes,  mislead  him  by  misrepresentation  or 
diverting  attention  from  point ;  bite  the  d.,  fall 
wounded  or  slain) ;  household  refuse  (dustbin, 
d.-hole,  receptacles  for  this ;  dustman,  scaven- 
ger who  empties  these) ;  pollen  ;  (with  a)  cloud 
of  d.  (ivhata  d.  !,  a  great  a. ,  make  or  raise  ad.); 
dead  person's  remains  (honoured  d.  ;  also  in  the 
d.,  dead) ;  the  human  body,  man  ;  humiliation 

F.D. 


(humbled  in,  to,  the  d.);  confusion,  turmoil, 
excitement,  row,  contest,  (make,  raise,  a  d. ; 
d.  &  heat,  the  burden  of  a  struggle) ;  (slang^ 
cash  ;  d.-brand,  disease  of  corn,  smut ;  d.-cloakT 
-coat,  -gown,  -wrap,  -cloth,  worn  or  put  over 
objects  to  keep  off  d.  ;  d.-colour,  dull  light 
"brown  ;  d.-guard,  in  machine,  or  on  bicycle  to 
protect  dress ;  dustman,  =  SANi>man;  dustpan, 
into  which  d.  is  brushed  from  floor ;  d.-shot, 
smallest-sized  shot.  Hence  du'stLESS  a.  [OE 
dust,  cf.  MDu.  donst,  &  G  dunst  vapour] 

dust2,  v.t.  &  i.  Sprinkle  with  d.  or  powder 
(intr.,  of  birds,  take  d.-bath  ;  d.  the  eyes  of,  de- 
ceive, take  in);  make  dusty;  sprinkle  (d., 
powder) ;  clear  of  d.  by  brushing,  wiping,  or 
beating  (d.  one's  jacket,  beat  him) ;  clear  away 
(d.  &c>,  clear  furniture  of  d.    [f.  prec.] 

du'step,  n.  Cloth  for  dusting  furniture  &c. ; 
person  who  does  this,    [-er  j] 

du'sting*,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  (slang), 
thrashing,  tossing  in  storm  at  sea.    [-ING  *] 

du'sty,  a.  Full  of,  strewn  with,  finely  pow- 
dered like,  dust ;  dry  as  dust,  uninteresting ; 
(slang)  not  so  d.,  fairly  good  ;  d.  miller,  plant 
auricula,  artificial  fishing-fly.  Hence  du'sti- 
ly  2  ad  v.,  du'stiNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

Dutch,  a.  &  n.  (Hist.)  of  Germany  including 
Xetherlands  (High  D.,  of  Southern  Germans, 
LowD.,  of  Germans  of  sea-coast,  Netherlands, 
&  Flanders) ;  of  the  language  or  people  of  Hol- 
land &  Netherlands  (D.  school,  of  painters  dis- 
tinguished by  artistic  treatment  of  everyday 
subjects  ;  the  D.,  people  of  Holland  &  Nether- 
lands) ;  coming  from  Holland,  made  or  invented 
by  the  D.,  (D.  clock,  chair,  cheese,  oven)  ; 
characteristic  of  or  attributed  to  the  D.  (I). 
auction,  courage).  (N.) :  (Hist.)  the  German 
language  in  any  of  its  forms  (High  D.,  German  ; 
Low  D.,  Low  German  including  language  of 
Holland  &  other  northern  varieties) ;  language 
of  Holland  &  Netherlands  (double  D. ,  gibberish), 
[f.  MDu.  dutsch  Hollandish,  Netherlandish, 
German, -G  deutsch  German,  f.  OHG  diutUc 
popular,  vulgar,  national,  (diota  people  cf.  OE 
theod) ;  in  E  the  sense  has  narrowed  f.  Teutonic 
to  Hollandish  ;  in  G  &  Du.,  from  Teutonic  to 
German] 

Du'tchman,  n.  (pi.  -men,  fem.  -woman). 
Hollander  or  Netherlander  (or  I'm  a  D.,  I'm  a 
D.  if—,  forms  of  positive  &  negative  assevera- 
tion) ;  Dutch  ship  (Flying  D.,  spectral  ship,  also 
certain  express  train  on  G.W.R.). 

du'teous,  a.  Dutiful,  obedient,  (of  person  or 
conduct).  Hence  du'teousLY2  adv.,  du'te- 
ousness  n.    [duty  +  -ous,  cf.  beauteous] 

du'tiable,  a.  Liable  to  customs  or  other 
duties,    [-able] 

du'tiful,  a.  Regular  or  willing  in  obedience 
&  service.  Hence  du'tifulLY2  adv.,  du*ti- 
ful.NESS  n.    [foil.  +  -ful] 

du'ty,  n.  Behaviour  due  to  superior,  defer- 
ence, expression  of  respect ;  payment  to  public 
revenue  levied  on  import,  export,  manufacture, 
or  sale,  of  goods  (customs,  excise,  dd.),  trans- 
fer of  property  (death,  probate,  succession, 
stamp,  dd.),  licences,  legal  recognition  of  docu- 
ments, &c.  (d.  is  levied  on  article  or  transaction, 
tax  usu.  on  persons) ;  moral  or  legal  obligation, 
what  one  is  bound  or  ought  to  do  (d.  call,  visit 
one  would  rather  not  but  feels  bound  to  pay) ; 
binding  force  of  what  is  right ;  business,  office, 
function,  performance  of  or  engagement  in 
these  (on,  off,  d.,  actually  so  engaged  or  not), 
(Eccl.)  performance  of  church  services  (took  my 
d.  for  me) ;  (Mech.)  measure  of  engine's  effec- 
tiveness in  units  of  work  done  per  unit  of  fuel; 
do  d.  for,  serve  or  pass  for  (something  else) ; 
d.-paid,  -free,  of  goods  on  which  customs  or 

9 


DUUMVIR 


258 


EACH 


excise  d.  has  been  paid  or  is  not  leviable.  [AF 
duett  (no  corresp.  F)  see  due  \  -ty] 

duu'mvip,  n.  (pi.  -s,  -i).  Member  of  board  of 
two  equal  officials.  Hence  duirmvirATE1  n. 
[L,  lit.  man  of  the  two] 

dwvet  (F),  n.    Eider-down  quilt. 

dux,  n.  (no  pL).  Top  boy  in  class  (chiefly  Sc). 
[L,= leader] 

dwarf  (awf),  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Person,  animal, 
or  plant,  much  below  ordinary  size  of  species, 
whence  dwarf ish1  a.,  dwai»*flshLY2adv., 
dwap'fishNESS  n.;  small  supernatural  being 
in  esp.  Scandinavian  mythology  skilled  in  me- 
tal-working. (Adj.)  undersized  (in  many  plant 
names) ;  puny,  stunted.  (Vb)  stunt  in  growth, 
or  in  intellect  &c. ;  make  look  small  by  con- 
trast or  distance.  fcom.-Teut. ;  OE  dweorh,  cf. 
Du.  dxverg,  G  zwerg] 

dwell,  v.i.  (dwelt),  &  n.  Keep  one's  attention 
fixed,  write  or  speak  at  length,  (up)on  subject 
(d.  upon  note,  syllable,  &c,  prolong  it) ;  make 
one's  abode,  spend  one's  time,  live,  in,  at,  near, 
on,  &c.  (now  usu.  live  in  talk) ;  (of  horse)  be 
slow  in  raising  feet,  pause  before  taking  fence ; 
(n.,  mech.)  slight  regular  pause  for  some  pur- 
pose in  motion  of  machine.  [OE  dwellan  lead  a- 
stray,  delay,  be  delayed,  cf.OHG  twellan  retard, 
MDu.  dwellen  stun  ;  also  Skr.  dhur  mislead] 

dweller,  n.  Inhabitant,  resident  in,  on,  &c. ; 
horse  that  dwells  at  fence,    [-er1] 

dwelling",  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  place  of 
residence,  house  ;  d.-house,  used  as  residence, 
notasoffice,warehouse,&c.;d.-p£ace,=d.  [-ing1] 

dwi'ndle,  v.i.  Become  smaller,  shrink,  waste 
away;  lose  importance,  decline,  degenerate. 
[obs.  dwine,  OE  dwinan,  cf.  ON  dvina,  Du.  ver- 
dwijnen,  vanish,  +  -le(3)] 

dyad  (ad),  n.  The  number  two ;  group  of 
two,  couple;  (Chem.)  atom,  radical,  or  ele- 
ment, with  combining-power  of  two  atoms  of 
hydrogen.  Hence  dya'dic  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  duas 
-ad-  (duo  two,  -ad)] 

dye1  (di),  n.  Colour  produced  by  or  as  by 
dyeing,  tinge,  hue,  (also  fig.,  crime,  scoundrel,  of 
blackest,  deepest,  d.) ;  matter  used  for  dyeing, 
colouring-matter  in  solution;  d.-stujf,  -ware, 
-wood,  yielding  d.;  d.-house, -works,  where  dye- 
ing is  done.    [OE  diag] 

dye2,  v.t.  &  I  (dyed;  part,  dyeing).  Colour, 
stain,  tinge ;  impregnate  (tissue)  with  colouring- 
matter  (a.  in  the  wool,  in  grain,  while  material 
is  in  raw  state,  giving  more  permanent  result); 
make  (thing)  such  a  colour  (d.  cloth  red,  a  rose 
colour,  &c);  (of  material)  take  colour  well, 
badly,  &c.    [OE  diagian  (prec.)] 

dyep,  n.  One  who  dyes  cloth  &c.  (dyer's  in 
many  names  of  plants  yielding  dye,  as  d.'s  bu- 
gloss,  broom,  oak),    [-er1] 

dying1,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  die  2 ;  esp.  (attrib.) 
connected  with,  at  time  of,  death  (a.  bed,  de- 
claration, wish),    [-ing1] 

dyke.    See  dike. 

dyna*mie,a.  &  n.  Of  motive  force  (cf.  static) ; 
of  force  in  actual  operation  (cf.  potential) ;  ac- 
tive, potent,  energetic;  of  dynamics;  (Med.) 
functional  (cf.  organic) ;  (Philos.)  accounting 
for  matter  or  mind  as  being  merely  the  action 
of  forces,  so  dy'namiSM(3),  dynamist1 
f-iST(2)]  (Sc  see  dynamics),  nn. ;  (n.)  energizing 
or  motive  force,  [f.  F  dynamique  i,  Gk  dunamx- 
kos  (dunamis  power,  -ic)] 

dyna'mical,  a.     Of  dynamics ;  of  force  or 

mechanical  power  actively  operative ;  (Theol., 

of  inspiration)  endowing  with  divine  power, 

not  impelling  mechanically ;  of  dynamism  (see 

prec).    Hence  dyna'miealLY2  adv.    [-al] 

dyn&'mics,  n.  pi.  used  as  sing.    Branch  of 

physics  treating  of  the  action  of  force  (now  in- 


cluding statics,  which  deals  with  equilibrium 
under  action  of  force,  &  kinetics  formerly  called 
d.,  which  deals  with  force  as  producing  or  af- 
fecting motion),  whence  dynamist2  [-ist(3)] 
(8c  see  dynamic)  n.  ;  branch  (of  any  science)  in 
which  forces  are  considered ;  moving  forces, 
physical  or  moral,  in  any  sphere,    [-ics] 

dynamite,  n.,  &  v.t.  High  explosive  of 
nitro-glycerine  mixed  with  inert  absorbent; 
(vb)  shatter  with  d.    [Gk  dunamis  force,  -ite] 

dynamiter,  -and,  nn.  User  of  explosive 
esp.  for  revolutionary  purposes.  So  dynami'- 
tic  a.,  dynamitisM(l),  dynamitisT(l),  nn. 
[prec,  -er  2 ;  -ard  after  F  communard  (-ard)] 

dynamo-,  comb,  form  of  Gkdunamis  power, 
as  in  d. -electric =of  current  (formerly  dynamic) 
electricity,  also = converting  mechanical  into 
electric  energy. 

dynamo,  n.  (pi.  -os).  Machine  converting 
mechanical  in  to  electric  energy  by  rotating  coils 
of  copper  wire  in  magnetic  field,  [short  for 
d.-electric  machine,  see  prec] 

dynamd'meter,  n.  Kinds  of  instrument 
measuring  energy  expended  by  animal,  engine, 
or  mechanical  force ;  gauge  for  telescope's 
magnifying-power.    [dynamo-,  -meter] 

dynast,  n.  Ruler,  member  of  a  dynasty, 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  dunastes  (dunamai  be  able)] 

dy'nasty,  n.  Line  of  hereditary  rulers.  So 
dyna'stic  a.,  dyna'stiCALLY  adv.  [f.  F  dy- 
nastie  f.  LL  f.  Gk  dunasteia  lordship  (prec)] 

dyne,  n.  (physics).  Unit  of  force  (the  amount 
that.acting  for  one  second  on  one-gramme  mass, 
gives  it  velocity  of  one  centimetre  per  second). 
[F,  f.  st.  of  Gk  dunamis  force] 

dys-,  pref.  =  Gk  dus-  bad-,  opp.  eu-  good-, 
chiefly  in  medical  or  other  scientific  words  taken 
f.  Gk  or  made  with  Gk  elements. 

dysentery,  n.  Disease  with  inflamed  mu- 
cous membrane  &  intestinal  glands,  griping 
pains,  &  mucous  &  bloody  evacuations.  So 
dysente'Pic  a.  [f.  OF  dissenterie  f.  L  f.  Gk 
dusenteria  (dys-,  entera  bowels)] 

dyslogi'stic  (-J-),  a.  Disapproving,  oppro- 
brious, (of  sense  in  which  term  is  used).  Hence 
dyslogi'stiCALLY  adv.  [dys-  +  (eu)logistic)] 

dyspepsia, -sy,  n.  Indigestion,  [f.  Lf.  Gk 
duspepsia  (duspeptos  see  foil.)] 

dyspe'ptic,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  subject  to  or 
suffering  from  dyspepsia ;  of  or  for  dyspepsia ; 
depressed,  gloomy,  (as)  with  dyspepsia,  [f.  Gk 
duspeptos  hard  to  digest  (dys-,  pesso  cook, 
digest)  +  -ic] 

E 

E,  e,  (e),  letter  (pi.  Es,  E's).  (Mus.)  note,  &  cor- 
resp. scale;  second-class  ship  in  Lloyd's  register. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  east,  as  E.N.E.,  E.  by  N., 
(north),  E.S.E.,  E.  by  S.,  (south),  E.,  E.C. 
(central),  London  postal  districts ;  E.R.  (et  I.), 
Edvardus  Rex  (et  Imperator),  Edward  King 
(&  Emperor);  English,  as  E.C.U.  (Church 
Union) ;  E.  (&  O.)  E.,  errors  (&  omissions)  ex- 
cepted ;  e.g.,  exempli  gratia,  for  example. 

Abbreviations  (2):  Ebor.,  Abp  of  York; 
Eccl(es).,  Ecclesiastes ;  Ecclus,  Ecclesias- 
ticus ;  Eph.(esians) ;  Esth.(er) ;  ete.(etera) ; 
exc(ept) ;  Exod.(us) ;  Exon.,  Bp  of  Exeter; 
exop,  exrx,  executor,  -trix ;  Ezek.(iel). 

e-,  pref.    Shortened  form  of  ex-(1). 

each,  a.  &  pron.  (Of  two  or  more)  every  (one) 
taken  separately,  as  e.  man  has  two  votes,  e.  of 
us  has  two  votes,  we  have  two  votes  e.,  they  cost, 
a  penny  e.,  e.  is  worse  than  the  one  before  ;  they 
hate  e.  other,  e.  hates  the  other ;  sides  of  two 
triangles  are  equal  e.  to  e.  (a  side  of  one  to  the 


EAGER 


259 


EAST 


corresponding  side  of  the  other).  [OE  has  (1)  xlc 
(cf.  OHG eogilih,G)'eglich)T>erh.  i.*aiwongaliko 
ever  alike,  (2)  gehvrilc  (cf.  OHG  gihwelih,  &  see 
y-  &  which),  (3)  xghwilc  (cf.  OHG  eogihwelih, 
&  see  aye)] 

ea'g-er,  a.  Full  of  keen  desire ;  strongly  de- 
sirous (to  do,  for,  after,  about,  &c);  (of  passions 
&c.)  keen,  impatient ;  (archaic)  e.  (cold)  air. 
Hence  ea'g-ePLY  2  adv.,  ea'g-ePNESS  n.  [f.  OF 
aigre  keen,  f.  L  acrem  (nom.  acer)] 

ea'gle,  n.  Large  bird  of  prey,  with  keen  vision 
&  powerful  flight ;  figure  of  this,  esp.  as  ensign 
of  Roman  or  French  army , or  as  lectern  inchurch ; 
(U.S.)  double-e.,  coin  worth  twenty  dollars ;  e.- 
ej/ed,  keen-sighted;e. -outf,  largest  European  owl. 
[f.  OF  aigle  f.  L  aquila] 

ea-glet,  n.  Young  eagle,  [f.  F  aiglette  (as 
prec.,  see  -et1)] 

eagre  (a'ger,  e-),  n.  Large  tidal  wave,  esp. 
in  the  Humber,  Trent,  and  Severn.    [?] 

-ean,  suf.  of  adjj.  &  nn. (also  -aean,-eian),  with 
sense  '  of,  belonging  to,  like ' ;  =  -an  w.  end  of 
stem,  usu.  Gk  -ai(os),  h-ae(us),  or  Gk  -ei(os),  L 
-ei(us) ;  -aean  chiefly  in  unfamiliar  wds  as  As- 
cr atari,  Achaean ;  -eian  (apart  from  Gk  &  L  as 
Pompeian  &c.)  is  used  w.  E  names  in  -ey,  -y,  as 
Bodleian,  Rugbeian ;  -ean  is  pron.  with  e  ( Taci- 
tean,  empyrean),  exc.  in  familiar  adjj.  as  Pro'- 
tean,  Hercu'lean,  (-Ian),  but  cf. pygmean  ;  some 
have  -ean  incorrectly  for  -ian  (antipodean),  & 
some  vary  betw.  the  two  (Aristotelean,  -ian). 

ear J,  n.  Organ  of  hearing,  esp.  external  part 
of  this ;  faculty  of  discriminating  sound,  as  an 
e.  for  music ;  ear-shaped  thing,  esp.  handle  of 
pitcher ;  bring  (storm,  hornet's  nest,  &c.)  about 
one's  et.;  prick  up  one's  ee.,  assume  expectant 
attitude ;  I  would  give  my  ee.,  make  any  sacri- 
fice (for a,  thing,  to  do);  overheodand  ee.,  deeply 
immersed  in  (lit.  &  fig. ) ;  set  (persons),  be,  by  the  ee. 
(at  variance) ;  a  word  in  your  e.  (in  private) ;  be 
all  ee.  (deeply  attentive) ;  it  goes  in  at  one  e.  & 
out  at  the  other,  it  leaves  no  impression  ;  give  e., 
listen  to ;  have  a  person's  e.  (favourable  atten- 
tion) ;  wtre  your  ee.  burning  last  night  ?  (we 
were  talking  about  you) ;  sent  him  away  with 
a  flea  in  his  e.,  told  him  some  home  truths  &c; 
e.-ache,  pain  in  drum  of  e. ;  e.-mark,  (n.)  mark 
on  e.  of  sheep  &c.  as  sign  of  ownership,  (fig.) 
mark  of  ownership,  (v.t.)mark  (sheep  &c.)  with 
this,  (fig.)  assign  (fund  &c.)  to  definite  purpose ; 
e. -ring  (worn  in  lobe  of  ear  for  ornament) ;  e.- 
shot,  hearing-distance,  as  within,  out  of,  e.-shot ; 
e.-trumpet,  tube  used  by  persons  partly  deaf ; 
e.-wax,  viscid  secretion  in  e.  Hence  (-)eaPED2, 
eap*LESS,aa.  [com.-Teut.:  OKeare,Gohr;  cogn. 
w.  L  auris,  Gk  ous] 

ear2,  n.  Spike,  head,  of  corn,  containing  its 
flowers  or  seeds.  [OE  ear  (cf.  G  dhre,  Du.  aar), 
cogn.  w.  L  acus  -eris  husk] 

ear'ing,  n.  (naut.).  Small  rope  (one  of  several) 
fastening  upper  corner  of  sail  to  yard,  [ear  j  + 
-ing1;  or-ear-ring] 

earl  (erl),  n.  (fem.  countess).  Nobleman  rank- 
ing between  marquis  &  viscount  (cf.  count3)  ; 
E.  Marshal,  officer  presiding  over  Herald's 
College  &c.  Hence  eap'lDOM  n.  [OE  eorl,  cf. 
ON  earl,  jarl] 

eap'ly  (er-),  a.  &adv.  Absolutely  or  relatively 
near  to  the  beginning  of  a  portion  of  time,  as  an 
e.  visit,  e.  risers,  rist  e.,  keep  e.  hours  (rise  &  go 
to  bed  e.),  t.  peaches  (maturing  e.  in  the  year), 
E.  English  st  ylk,  fix  an  e.  date  (not  long  hence), 
at  your  earliest  convenience  (as  soon  as  you 
conveniently  can),  the  e.  part  (beginning)  of  the 
century.  Hence  eap*liNESS  n.  [(adj.  f.  adv.) 
OE  drlice  (ar  posit,  degree  of  xr  ere,  -ly  2)] 

earn  (ern),  v.t.  (Of  person,  action,  conduct, 
&c.)  obtain  as  reward  of  labour  or  merit.    [OE 


(ge-)eamian  f.  OTeut.  aznqjan  (aznd  field- 
labour,  cf.  G  ernte  harvest)] 

ear-nest1  (ern-),  a.  &  n.  Serious,  zealous, 
not  trifling;  ardent  (desire  Sec);  in  e.,  seri- 
ously), not  jesting(ly).  Hence  eap'nestLY2 
adv.,  eap'nestNESS  n.  [OE  eorneste  a.  f.  eor- 
nust  n.  (cf.  G  ernst)  perh.  f .  root  ers  seen  in  obs. 
erre  anger] 

ear-nest2  (ern-),  n.    Money  paid  as  instal- 


ment, esp.  to  confirm  contract  &c.  [prob.  conn. 
w.  erles,  arles(-penny)  I.  L  *arrhula  dim  of 
arrha] 


eap'ning-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  (pi.)  money 
earned,    [-ing  l] 

earth  i  (er-),  n.  (pi.  only  as  below).  The 
ground,  as  it  fell  to  e. ;  (w.  pi.)  hole  of  badger, 
fox,  &c:  the  dry  land;  land  &  sea  opp.  the 
(material)  heaven ;  this  world  opp.  heaven  or 
hell  (why  &c.  on  e.  ?  why  ever?)  ;  (w.  pi.)  soil, 
mould ;  (Chem.,  w.  pi.)  any  of  certain  metallic 
oxides,  uninflammable,  &  having  little  taste  or 
smell ;  (Electr.,  w.  pi.)  communication  with  e. 
as  completion  of  circuit ;  e.-bom,  of  mortal 
race,  (Myth.)  emerging  from  e.  at  birth ;  e.-  (sub- 
stitute for  water1-)  closet ;  e.-light,  -shine,  par- 
tial illumination  of  dark  part  of  moon  by 
light  from  e.;  e.-nut,  pig-nut  &  other  plants; 
earthwork,  bank  of  e.  used  in  fortification ; 
earthworm,  worm  living  in  ground,  (fig.)  gro- 
velling person.  Hence  eap*thwARD(s)  adv. 
[eom.-Teut. :  OE  eorthe,  Du.  aarde,  G  erde] 

earth  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Cover  (roots  of  plants)  with 
heaped-up  earth  ;  drive  (fox)  to  earth  ;  (intr.,  of 
fox)  run  to  earth,    [f.  prec] 

ear-then,  a.  Made  of  earth ;  made  of  baked 
clay,    [en 5] 

ear-t  hen  ware,  n.  (often  attrib.).  Vessels 
&c.  made  of  baked  clay ;  baked  clay,    [ware] 

eapthly,  a.  Of  the  earth,  terrestrial ;  (col- 
loq.)  wo  e.  use,  no  use  at  all.  Hence  eap'thli- 
ness  n.     [-LY  !] 

ear-thquake,  n.  Volcanic  convulsion  of 
earth's  surface ;  (fig.) social  or  otherdisturbance. 

eap'thy,  a.  Like,  of,  earth  or  soil;  (fig.)  grossly 
material.    Hence  eap'thiNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

eap*wig-,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-gg-).  Insect  once  held 
to  get  into  the  head  through  the  ear ;  (v.t.)  influ- 
ence (person)  by  secret  communications.  [( vb  f . 
n.)  OE  tarwicga  (6are  ear1  +  wicga  earwig)] 

ease x  (ez),  n.  Freedom  from  pain  or  trouble ; 
freedom  from  constraint,  as  at  one's  e. ;  (Mil.) 
stand  at  e.  (in  informal  attitude,  with  right  foot 
drawn  back  &  taking  most  of  body's  weight) ; 
relief  from  pain ;  chapel  of  e. ;  facility,  esp. 
with  e.  Hence  ea'seusss  a.  [f.  OF  aise  (cf.  It. 
agio  etym.  dub.l 

ease  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Relieve  from  pain  &c. ;  give 
mental  ease  to  (person,  oneself,  one's  mind) ; 
(facet.)  rob  (person  o/his  purse &c.) ;  relax,  ad- 
just, (what  is  too  tight) ;  (Naut.)  slacken  (rope, 
sail,  away,  down,  off),  e.  her,  reduce  speed  of  en- 
gine ;  (intr.)  e.  off,  become  less  burdensome,  [f. 
prec. ;  Fhad  aaisier =It.  AD(agiart,  see  prec.)] 

ea'seful,  a.  Comfortable,  soothing ;  at  rest ; 
slothful.  Hence  ea*sefulLY2adv.,  ea'seful- 
ness  n.    [-FUL] 

ea'sel  (-zl),  n.  Wooden  frame  to  support  pic- 
ture, blackboard,  &c.  [f.  Du.  ezel  =  G  eselsissj 

ea'sement,  n.  (Law)  right  of  way  or  similar 
right  over  another's  ground ;  supplementary 
building,  shed,  &c.  ;  (archaic)  relief  from  pain 
or  burden,    [f.  OF  aisement  (as  ease2,  -ment)] 

east,  adv.,  n.,  a.  (Towards,  at,  near)  the  point 
of  the  horizon  where  the  sun  rises  (90°  to  right 
of  North) ;  to  the  e.  (of),  in  an  eastward  direc- 
tion (from) ;  e.  (wind),  wind  blowing  from  the 
e. ;  eastern  part  of  the  world,  orient;  far  E., 
China,  Japan,  &c;  near E, Turkey ;  E.  indies; 


EASTER 2 

E.  End,  eastern  part  of  London.  Hence  ea'st- 
WARDa.  &n.,  ea*stwARD(s)adv.  [0E(1) iastan 
(cf.  Du.  oost,  G  osteri)  f.  OTeut.  austono  from  the 
east  (a aft-  seen  in  L  aurora  dawn),  (2)  iast  perh. 
shortened  f.  "taster  eastwards] 

Ea'step,  n.  Festival  of  Christ's  resurrection, 
corresponding  to  Passover,  &  observed  on  1st 
Sunday  (E.-day,  -Sunday)  after  calendar  full 
moon  on  or  after  March  21 ;  (also  E.-week)  week 
commencing  with  E.-day ;  E.-eggs  (painted  & 
presented  to  friends  at  E.);  E.-eve,  day  before 
E.-day.  [OE  bastre  perh.  f.  Eostre,  dawn- 
goddess  (aus-,  see  prec.)] 

ea'sterly,  a.  &  adv.  In  an  eastern  position  or 
direction  ;  (coming)  from  the  east,  as  e.  wind. 
[f.  obs.  easter  (perh.  compar.  of  east)  +  -ly  *] 

ea'stepn,  a.  &  n.  Of,  dwelling  in,  the  east 
part  of  the  world  ;  E.  Church  (Greek) ;  E.  ques- 
tion, political  problem  relating  to  E.  Europe, 
esp.  Turkey;  lying  towards  the  east;  (n.)  in- 
habitant of  the  East,  member  of  E.  Church. 
Hence  ea'sternMOST  a.     [OE  easterne  (see 

EAST  &  -ERN)] 

ea'sting-,  n.  (naut.).  Course  gained  to  the 
eastward;  easterly  direction,    [-ing1] 

ea'sy  (-zi),  a.,  adv.,  n.  Free  from  pain,  discom- 
fort, annoyance,  anxiety,  &c;  e.  circumstances, 
affluence ;  freefromembarrassment  or  stiffness, 
as  e.  manners,  free  &  e.  (not  stiff,  not  strict) ; 
not  difficult  (to  do,  or  abs.) ;  easily  persuaded, 
compliant;  (Commerc,  of  commodity)  not 
much  in  demand,  (of  market)  not  showing 
eager  demand,  (cf.  tight)  ;  (adv.)  in  an  e.  man- 
ner, as  take  it  e.,  proceed  comfortably  ;  (as  com- 
mand) e. !,  move  gently,  e.  all !,  stop  (prop,  row- 
ing), whence  an  e.,  a  short  rest ;  c.-chair,  one  de- 
signed for  comfort,  usu.  with  arms ;  e.-going,  (of 
horse)  having  an  e.  gait,  (of  person)  fond  of  com- 
fort, indolent.  Hence  ea'siLY2  adv.,  ea'si- 
ness  n.    [f.  OF  aisiS  p.p.  of  aisier  ease2] 

eat,  v.t.  &  i.  (past  ate,  eat,  pron.  et ;  p.p.  eaten, 
pron.  etn).  Masticate  &  swallow  (solid  food) ; 
swallow  (soup) ;  e.  one's  words,  retract  them  in 
humiliating  manner ;  e.  one's  terms,  be  study- 
ing for  the  bar;  e.  humble  pie  ;  e.  (person)  out 
of  house  &  home,  ruin  him  by  eating  (lit.  &  fig.) 
all  he  has ;  horse  &c.  eats  its  head  off,  costs 
more  to  feed  than  it  is  worth  ;  (intr.  as  pass.)  the 
cakes  e.  crisp;  destroy,  consume,  as  e.  one's 
heart  out,  suffer  silently;  e.  away,  destroy 
gradually  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  e.  up,  consume  com- 
pletely, waste,  (lit.  &  fig.),  absorb,  as  eaten  up 
with  pride.  Hence  ea'tABLE  a.  &  n.  (usu.  pi.). 
[com.-Teut. :  OE  etan,  Du.  eten,  G  essen] 

ea'tingf,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  e.-house,  restau- 
rant.    [-ING1] 

eau  (6),  n.  E.-de-Cologne,  perfume  made  at 
Cologne ;  e.-de-Luce,  an  antidote  to  snake-bites ; 
e.-de-vie,  brandy.    [F,  =  water] 

eaves,  n.  (now pi.).  Overhanging  edge  of  roof 
or  thatch  ;  eavesdrop,  stand  under  this  to  listen 
to  secrets ;  eavesdropper,  one  who  does  this 
(usu.  fig.).  [OE  efes  (cf.  dial.  G  obsen),  prob.  f. 
same  root  as  over  ;  -s  being  now  taken  as  pi. 
eave  is  sometimes  used  for  syig.] 

ebb,  n.  Reflux  of  tide,  as  e.  &  flow,  e.-tide  ; 
decline,  decay,  as  at  a  low  e. ;  (v.i.)  flow  back, 
recede,  decline,  decay.  [OE  (ebbian  vb  f.)  ebba 
(cf.  Du.  eb,  ebbe),  etym.  dub.] 

e*bon,  a.  (poet.).  Made  of,  black  as,  ebony, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  ebenos,  perh.  of  oriental  orig.] 

e'bonite,  n.     =  vulcanite,    [f.  foil.  +  -ITE1] 

e'bony,  n.  &  a.  Kinds  of  hard  black  wood  ; 
(adj.)  made  of,  black  as,  this.  Hence  e'bon- 
ize(3)  v.t.  [ME  hebenyf  t  L  hebeninus  (perh. 
misread  -ivus)  f.  Gk  ebeninos  ebon] 

ebni'ety,  n.  Drunkenness,  [f.  F  ebrieU  t  L 
ebrietatem  (as  foil.,  see  -ty)J 


0_ ECLECTIC 

e'brious,  a.  Drunk  ;  given  to,  suggestive  of, 
drunkenness,    [f.  L  ebrius  +  -ous] 

ebu'llient,  a.  Boiling;  exuberant.  So  ebirl- 
Hence,  -enc  v,  nn.  [f.  L  E(bullire  -it-  boil),  -ent] 

ebulli'tion,  n.  Boiling  ;  effervescence ;  (fig.) 
sudden  outburst  (of  passion,  war,  &c).  [f.  L 
ebullitio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

eeapte  (akar'ta),  n.  Card-game  for  two  per- 
sons.   [F  (barter  discard)] 

Ecce  Ho'mo  (e*ksi),  n.  Picture  of  Christ 
wearing  crown  of  thorns.  [L,  =  behold  the  man 
(John  xix.  5)] 

eeee'ntrie  (iks-),  a.  &  n.  Not  concentric  (to 
another  circle) ;  not  placed,  not  having  its  axis 
&c.  placed,  centrally ;  (of  orbit)  not  circular ; 
(of  heavenly  body)  moving  in  an  e.  orbit ;  ir- 
regular ;  odd,  whimsical ;  (n.,  Mech.)  e.  contriv- 
ance for  changing  rotatory  into  backward-&- 
forward  motion,  esp.  for  slide-valve  of  steam- 
engine  ;  e.  strap,  rod,  parts  of  this.  Hence  ee- 
ee'ntPiCALLY  adv.,  eeeentPi'eiTY  n.  [f.  LL 
eccentricus  f.  Gk  ekkentros  (ek  out  of  +  kentron 
centre),  see  -ic] 

eccle'sia  (-z-),  n.(Gk  Ant).  Regular  assembly 
(esp.  of  Athenian  citizens).  [med.L,  f.  Gk  ek- 
klesia  (ekkaleo  call  out) ;  in  later  Gk= church] 

eccle'siast,  n.  Member  of  Athenian  eccle- 
sia ;  '  the  Preacher ',  Solomon,  regarded  as  au- 
thor of  Eccles.).    [f.  Gk  ekklesiastes  (as  prec.)] 

ecclesia'stic,  n.  &  a.  Clergyman ;  (adj.,  now 
rare)  =  foil.    [f.  Gk  ekklesiastikos  (as  prec.)] 

ecclesia'stical,  a.  Of  the  church  or  the 
clergy ;  E.  Commissioners),  body  administering 
part  of  Church  of  England  revenues.  Hence 
or  cogn.  ecclesia'sticalLY 2  adv.,  eeelesi- 
a'stieisin  n.    [-al] 

ecclesio'logy,  n.  Science  of  churches,  esp. 
of  church  building  &  decoration.  Hence  ee- 
elesiolo*g-ic(AL)  aa.,  ecclesio'logiST  n.    [f. 

ECCLESIA  +  -O-  +  -LOGY] 

e'cdysls,  n.  Casting  off  (esp.  of  slough  in 
serpents  &c. ;  also  fig.) ;  slough,  [f.  Gk  ekdusis 
(ekauo  put  off)] 

echelon  (e'shelon,  or  as  F),  n.,  &  v.t.  Forma- 
tion of  troops  in  parallel  divisions,  each  with 
its  front  clear  of  that  in  advance ;  in  e.  (or  F  en 
£),so  drawn  up  ;  (v.t.)  draw  up  thus,  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  F  bchelon  (fchelle  ladder  f.  L  scala,  see  -oon)] 

echi'dna  (ek-),  n.  Australian  toothless  bur- 
rowing animal  like  hedgehog,  [f.  Gk  ekhidna 
viper] 

e'ehinite  (ek-),  n.  Fossil  echinoderm  or  sea- 
urchin,     [f.  ECHINUS  +  -ITE  ]] 

echinoderm  (ikP-,  e'ki-),  n.  Class  of  animals 
including  sea-urchins,    [as  foil.  +  derm] 

echrnus  (-k-),  n.  Sea-urchin,  animal  inhabit- 
ing spheroidal  prickly  shell,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  ekhinos 
hedgehog,  sea-urchin] 

echo1  (e"ko),  n.  Repetition  of  sound  by  re- 
flexion of  sound-waves ;  E.,  cause  of  this  person- 
ified;  close  imitation;  obsequiousimitator  or  ad- 
herent ;  artifice  by  which  last  syllables  of  one 
verse  are  taken  up  by  next.  Hence  e'cho- 
less  a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  ekho,  conn.  w.  ekhe  sound] 

e*eho2,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  places)  resound  with  an 
echo ;  (of  sounds)  be  repeated,  resound  ;  (trans.) 
repeat  (sound)  by  echo ;  repeat  (another's 
words),  imitate  the  words  or  opinions  of  (per- 
son),   [f.  prec] 

e'choism,  n.     =  onomatopoeia,    [ism] 

eciaircissement  (F),  n.  Clearing  up,  ex- 
planation, (of  conduct  &c),  as  come  to  an  e. 

eclat  (eklah '),  n.  Conspicuous  success,  general 
applause,  as  with  great  e. ;  social  distinction.  [F] 

ecle'ctic,  a.  &  n.  (Ancient  philosopher)  se- 
lecting such  doctrines  as  pleased  him  in  every 
school ;  (person)  borrowing  freely  from  various 
sources,  not  exclusive  in  opinion,  taste,  &c). 


ECLIPSE 


261 


EDIFICE 


Hence  eele'etiCALLv  adv.,  eele*etieiSM(3)  n. 
[f.  Gk  eklektikos  {eklego  pick  out,  see  -ic)] 

ecli'pse ',  n.  Interception  of  the  light  of  a 
luminous  body  (sun,  moon,  &c),  by  intervention 
of  another  body  between  it  &  the  eye  or  be- 
tween the  luminous  body  and  what  it  illumin- 
ates ;  annular,  partial,  total,  e. ;  depriva- 
tion of  light ;  loss  of  brilliance  or  splendour  ; 
f>eriodical  obscuration  of  light-house  light. 
OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  ekleipsis  vbl  n.  f.  ekleipo  fail  to 
appear,  be  eclipsed  (leipo  leave)] 

ecli'pse2,  v.t.  (Of  a  heavenly  body)  obscure 
another  by  passing  between  it  &  spectator  or 
between  it  and  the  source  of  its  light ;  intercept 
(light,  esp.  of  light-house) ;  (fig.)  deprive  of  lus- 
tre, outshine,  surpass,    [f.  prec] 

ecli'ptic,  a,  &  n.  Of  eclipse ;  (n.)  sun's  appar- 
ent orbit,  [f.  Lf.  Gk  ekleiptikos  (eclipse1,  -ic)] 

e'elogue  (-6g),  n.  Short  poem,  esp.  pastoral 
dialogue,  such  as  Virgil's  Bucolics,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
ekloge  selection  (eklego  pick  out)] 

econd'mic,  a.  &  n.  Of  economics;  main- 
tained for  profit;  connected  with  industrial 
arts ;  (n.  pi.)  practical  science  of  the  production 
&  distribution  of  wealth,  (also)  condition  of  a 
country  as  to  material  prosperity,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
oikonomikos  (see  economy  &  -ic)J 

economical,  a.  Saving,  thrifty ;  relating  to 
economics  or  to  political  economy,   [-al] 

eeoncmieally,  adv.  Thriftily;  from  an 
economic  point  of  view.    [-L v  2] 

eco'nomist,  n.  Manager  {of  money  &c); 
thrifty  person ;  writer  on  economics  or  political 
economy,    [as  economy  +  -ist] 

eco'nomize,  v.t.  &  i.  Use  sparingly;  turn 
to  the  best  account ;  (intr.)  practise  economy, 
cut  down  expenses.  Hence  economizA'TiON 
n.    [as  foil.  +  -izeJ 

eco'nomy,  n.  Administration  of  concerns  & 
resources  of  a  community ;  Political  E.,  theory 
of  production  &  distribution  of  wealth ;  frugal- 
ity ;  (w.  pi.)  instance  of  this ;  (Theol.)  judicious 
handlingof  doctrine,  whence(with  play  on  sense 
frugality)  e.  of  truth ;  organization  ;  organized 
body,  society,  &c.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  oikonomia  f. 
oikonomos  steward  {oikos  house  +  -nomos  f. 
nemo  manage)] 

ecru*  (-00,  or  as  F  icru),  n.  Colour  of  un- 
bleached linen.    [F,= unbleached] 

ecstasize,  v.t.  &  i.  Throw,  go,  into  ecstasies. 

[f.  foil.  +  -IZE] 

ecstasy,  n.  Exalted  state  of  feeling,  rap- 
ture, (esp.  of  delight);  (Med.)  morbid  state  of 
nerves  in  which  mind  is  occupied  solely  by  one 
i  lea  ;  trance  ;  poetic  frenzy,  [f.  OF  extasie  f. 
med.L  f.  Gk  ekstasis  vbl  n.  f.  existemi  put  (per- 
son) out  of  (his  senses)] 

ecsta'tic,  a.  Of,  subject  to,  producing,  ecsta- 
sies (esp.  of  joy).  Hence  ecsta'tiCALLY  adv. 
[f.  Gk  ekstatikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

ecto-  in  comb.  =Gk  ektos  outside,  as  -plasm, 
outer  layer  of  protoplasm,  -zoon,  external 
parasite. 

ecumenical.    See  oecumenical. 

eczema,  n.  Inflammation  of  the  skin,  of 
several  kinds,  [f.  Gk  ekzema  (ek  out  +  zeo  boil, 
see  -m)] 

-ed  *,  suf.  forming  p.p.  of  weak  vbs  (also  -d, 
-t,  as  in  sold,  bought);  -ed  (now  reduced  in  sound 
to  -d  or  -t  except  in  -ded,  -ted,  in  some  bibl. 
wds,  as  blessed,  &  in  learned)  was  in  OE  -ed, 
-ad,  -od,  ace.  to  vb  class,  -d  alone  being  the  par- 
ticipial element,  f.  OTeut.  -do-  f.  Aryan  -to-  (cf. 
Gk  vbl  adj.  -tos,  L  p.p.  -tus) ;  -t  is  used  in  vbs 
that  shorten  in  p.p.  a  long  vowel  of  stem,  as 
crept,  dreamt  {dreamed  if  pronounced  with  e), 
and  in  some  ending  in  td  after  I,  n,  r,  as  gilt, 
sent,  girt.     (2)  p. pp.  in  ^ed  (and  -en)  are  used 


(rarely  f.  intr.,  commonly  from  trans,  vbs)  as 
adjj.,  meaning  when  intr.  '  that  has  done  so-&- 
so '  {vanished  hand,  fallen  idol,  escaped  con- 
vict) ;  a  special  use,  w.  resultant  force,  is  seen 
in  outspoken,  well-read;  sometimes  it  is  doubt- 
ful whether  adjj.  in  -ed  are  trans,  (or  intr.)  p.p. 
or  belong  to  foil. :  decayed  may  be  that  has 
been  decayed,  that  has  decayed,  or  that  is  af- 
fected icith  decay ;  reference  to  -ed  ](2)  is  made 
only  for  the  rare  intr.  p.p.  adjj. 

-ed2  (as  prec),  suf.,  distinct  f.  prec.  in  OE 
(-ede),  though  perh.  a  form  of  the  p.p.  suf.  in 
OTeut.  (cf.  caudatus  tailed  in  L),  appended  to 
nn.  to  form  adjj.  meaning  possessed  of,  affected 
with,  &c,  as  talented,  wooded,  diseased;  esp. 
used  to  make  adj.  out  of  adj.  &  n.,  usu.  stressed 
(apart  from  demands  of  context)  in  attrib.  use 
on  first  component  (a  qui'ek-witted  lad,  me'tal- 
cornered  chest),  in  pred.  use  on  second  {he  seems 
quick-wi'tted  enough)  exc  where  this  is  more  or 
less  otiose  (ru'by,  coffee,  &c,  -coloured,  attrib. 
&  pred.) ;  sometimes^ '  having  the  ways  of '  in- 
stead of  simply  '  having ',  as  bigoted,  crabbed, 
dogged ;  sometimes  indisting.  f.  prec.  (2). 

eda'cious,  a.  Of  eating ;  greedy.  SoedA-- 
cit y  n.    [f.  L  edax  -ads  (edere  eat,  see  -acious)] 

E'dda,  n.  {Older,  Poetic,  E.)  collection  of 
ancient  Icelandic  poems;  {Younger,  Prose,  E.) 
miscellaneous  handbook,  (c  1230)  to  Icelandic 
poetry,    [perh.  f.  a  name  in  an  ON  poem] 

eddy,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Small  whirlpool ;  wind, 
fog,  smoke,  moving  like  this  ;  (v.t.  &  i.)  whirl 
round  in  ee.    [?] 

edelweiss  (a'dlvis),  n.  Alpine  plant  with 
white  flower,  growing  in  rocky  places,  [f.  G 
edel  noble  +  weiss  white] 

E'den  (e),  n.  Abode  of  Adam  &  Eve  at  their 
creation  ;  delightful  abode  ;  state  of  supreme 
happiness,    [f.  Heb.  iedenov\s.=  delight] 

edentate,  a.  &  n.  (Animal)  without  incisor 
&  canine  teeth  ;  toothless  (animal),  [f.  L  E(den- 
tatus  f.  dens  -ntis  tooth,  see  -ate2] 

edg-e J,  n.  Sharpened  side  of  blade  of  cutting 
instrument  or  weapon ;  sharpness  of  this,  as 
the  knife  has  no  e. ;  (fig.)  effectiveness  (of  lan- 
guage &c),  as  this  took  the  e.  off  his  argument ; 
set  (person's)  teeth  on  e.,  cause  unpleasant  ting- 
ling in  them  (usu.  fig.) ;  e.-shaped  thing,  esp. 
crest  of  a  ridge;  (fig.)  critical  position  or  mo- 
ment ;  meeting-line  of  two  surfaces  of  a  solid  ; 
(Skating)  do  the  inside,  outside,  e.,  skate  on  the 
inner,  outer,  e.  of  skates;  boundary -line  of  sur- 
face ;  brink  (of  precipice) ;  e.-bone,  see  aitch- 
bone; e.-tool,  cutting-tool  (in  fig.  sense  also 
edged  tool).  Hence  edgeLESS  a.  [OE  ecg  (cf. 
Du.  egge  edge,  corner,  G  ecke,  eck,  corner)  f. 
root  ak-  whence  L  acies,  Gk  akis,  point] 

edg-e2,  v.t.  &  i.  Sharpen  (tool  &c,  also  fig.) ; 
e.  on,  =egg2  on ;  furnish  with  border,  form  bor- 
der to ;  insinuate  (thing,  oneself)  into,  in,  out, 
off,  &c;  (intr.)  advance  obliquely,    [f.  prec] 

e'dgeways,  -wise,  adv.  With  edge  upper- 
most or  foremost;  (fig.)  get  a  word  in  e.  (in 
talkative  person's  silent  interval) ;  (of  two 
things)  edge  to  edge,    [-ways,  -wise] 

edging",  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  border, 
fringe  ;  e.-shears  (for  trimming  edges  of  lawn). 

[-INGl] 

e'dgy,  a.  Sharp-edged ;  (of  painting)  of  too 
sharp  outline.    [-Y  2] 

edible,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  fit  to  be  eaten.  Hence 
edi bi "lit Y  n.  ff.  LL  edibilis  {edere  eat,  see  -ble)] 

edict,  n.  Order  proclaimed  by  authority. 
Hence  edi'ctAL  a.  [f.  L  edictum  f.  E(dicere 
diet-  say)  proclaim] 

edifice,  n.  Building  (esp.  large  one ;  also 
fig.),  [f.  F  edifice  f.  L  aedificium  {aedis  temple 
+  -ficium  t.  facere  make) J 


EDIFY 


EFFLUVIUM 


e'dify,   v.t.      Benefit  spiritually;   improve 
morally  (often  iron.).    So  ediFiCATiON  n.    [f. 
F  bdifier  t  L  aedificare  (as  prec,  see  -fy)] 
e'dit,  v.t.    Prepare  an  edition  of  (another's 
work) ;  set  in  order  for  publication  (material 
chiefly  provided  by  others) ;  garble,  cook,  (dis- 
patches &c.  in  newspaper) ;    act  as  editor  of 
(paper  &c).    [(1)  f.  L  E(dere  dit-  =  dare  give) 
put  out ;  (2)  back-formation  f.  editor] 
edi'tion,  n.    Form  in  which  a  literary  work 
is  published  (library,   cabinet,  popular,  e.) ; 
whole  number  of  copies  of  book,  newspaper, 
&c,  issued  from  same  types  &  at  same  time, 
[f.  F  edition  f.  L  editionem  (as  edit,  see  -ion)] 
edition  de  luxe  (F),  n.    Handsome  edition. 
edi'tio  pri'nceps,  n.     First  printed  edition 
of  a  book.    [L] 

e'diton,  n.  One  who  prepares  the  work  of 
others  for  publication;  one  who  conducts  a 
newspaper  or  periodical.  Hence  e'ditopsnip, 
e'ditPESS  \  nn.  [L  (as  edit,  see  -or2)] 
editop'ial,  a.  &  n.  Of  an  editor ;  (n.)  news- 
paper article  written  by  or  under  responsibility 
of  the  editor.  Hence  editop'ialr.Y2  adv.  [-ial] 
educate,  v.t.  Bring  up  (young  persons) ; 
give  intellectual  &  moral  training  to ;  provide 
schooling  for ;  train  (person,  oneself,  a  faculty, 
to  do) ;  train  (animals).  Hence  educaBi'LiTV, 
e'dueatoR2,  nn.,  e'ducABLE,  e'dueativE, 
aa.  [f.  heducare  conn.  w.  educe,  see  -ate3] 
education,  n.  Bringing  up  (of  the  young) ; 
systematic  instruction ;  course  of  this,  as 
classical,  commercial,  art,  e.  ;  development  of 
character  or  mental  powers;  training  (of  ani- 
mals). Hence  education  al  a.,  eduea*- 
tion(al)iST(3)  nn.,  eduea'tionaLLY 2  adv. 
[f.  L  educatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
edirce,  v.t.  Bring  out,  develop,  from  latent 
or  potential  existence ;  (Chem.)  disengage  (sub- 
stance) from  a  compound ;  infer  (number,  prin- 
ciple, from  data).  Hence  edu'ciBLE  a.  [f.  L 
Eiducere  duct-  lead)] 
e'duct,  n.  (Chem.)  body  disengaged  from 
another  in  which  it  previously  existed  ;  in- 
ference,   [as  prec] 

edu'etion,  n.  Educing;  (in  steam-engine) 
e.-pipe,  -valve,  &c,  exhaust  J-pipe  &c  [f.  L 
eductio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
edu'leopate,  v.t.  Free  from  acrid  proper- 
ties or  from  soluble  particles,  purify.  Hence 
eduleoPATiON  n.  [f.  L  E(dulcorare  f.  dulcor 
sweetness  f .  didcis),  see  -ate  3] 
-ee,  suf.  forming  nn.  expr.  the  person  affected 
by  the  vbl  action,  corresp.  to  agent  nn.  in  -or, 
prop,  in  legal  terms  (lessee,  vendee)  on  anal,  of 
AF  (apelour,  apeU,  summoner,  summoned),  but 
extended  to  the  indirect  obj. ;  now  also  in  non- 
techn.  wds,  &  without  corresp.  -or,  as  employ- 
ee, payee  ;  &  without  consciousness  of  its  mean- 
ing, as  bargee,  absentee ;  a  few  wds  are  adop- 
tions f.  mod.  F  -6,  -ie,  as  debauchee,  refugee.  In 
committee  (orig.  a  person),  accent  has  changed 
with  meaning.  (Epopee  is  not  an  instance  ;  in 
coatee,  -ee  perh.  =-Y 3 ;  in  settee,  goatee,  -ee  is  un- 
explained). [AF  -6  of  p.p.  f.  L  -atus] 
eel,  n.  A  snake-like  fish  ;  (fig.)  slippery  crea- 
ture ;  (pop.)  minute  animal  found  in  vinegar  & 
in  sour  paste ;  e.-BUCK4  ;  e.-spear  (for  transfix- 
ing ee.).  Hence  ee'lY 2  a.  [com.-Teut. :  OE  xl, 
Du.  &  G  aal] 
e'en.    See  even1'3. 

-eep,  suf.  expr.  person  concerned  with,  f.  L 
-iarius  or  -arius  -ary1;  F  -ier  is  retained  in 
the  less  familiar  wds  (muleteer  but  bombar- 
dier) ;  -eer  is  freely  used  for  new  nn.,  as  auction- 
eer, mountaineer,  often  contempt.,  as  sonnet- 
eer, vbs  are  also  formed  (electioneer)  by  back- 
formation  on  auctioneering  &c. 


e'ep.    See  ever. 

eep'ie,  -y,  a.  Superstitiously  timid ;  strange, 
weird.  Hence  eep*iLY2 adv.,  eep'iNESsn.  [ME 
eri,  etym.  dub.] 
ef-,  pref.  =  ex-(1)  before  /. 
effa'ee,  v.t.  Rub  out ;  (fig.)  obliterate,  wipe 
out ;  utterly  surpass,  eclipse ;  treat,  regard,  one- 
self  as  unimportant.  Hence  effa'ceABLE  a., 
effa'eeMENT  n.  [f.  F  effacer  f.  L  ex  out  +  fades 
face] 

effect1,  n.  Result,  consequence;  efficacy, 
as  of  no  e. ;  combination  of  colour  or  form  in 
picture  &c,  as  a  pretty  e. ;  (pi.)  property,  as 
personal  ee.,  no  ee.  (written  by  banker  on  dis- 
honoured cheque) ;  give  e.  to,  take  e.,  make,  be- 
come, operative  ;  impression  produced  on  spec- 
tator, hearer,  &c,  as  calculated  for  e.;  bring 
to,  carry  into,  e.,  accomplish  ;  in  e.,  for  practi- 
cal purposes.  Hence  effectLESS  n.  [OF,  f.  L 
effectxis  -us  f.  EF(Jicere  feet-  =facere  make)] 
effe'et2,  v.t.  Bring  about,  accomplish ; 
e.  (take  out)  a  policy  (of  insurance),  [f.  prec] 
effe'etive,  a.  &  n.  Having  an  effect ;  e. 
range  (of  weapon),  range  within  which  it  is  e. ; 
powerful  in  effect;  striking;  (of  soldiers  or 
sailors)  fit  for  service  ;  actual,  existing  ;  (n.)  e. 
soldier,  e.  part  of  army.  Hence  effectively,  Y2 
adv.,  effe'etiveNESS  n.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L 
effect ivus  (as  effect  1,  see  -ive)] 
effectual,  a.  Answering  its  purpose  ;  valid. 
Hence  effe*etualLY2adv.,  effe'ctualNESs  n. 
[f.  OF  (-el)  f.  LL  effectualis  (effect1,  -al)] 
effectuate,  v.t.  Bring  to  pass,  accomplish. 
Hence  effeetUA'TioN  n.  [f.  F  effectuer  (as 
effect1),  on  anal,  of  actuate] 
effeminate  (-at),  a.  Womanish,  unmanly ; 
voluptuous.  Hence  effeminACY  n.,  effe'mi- 
nateLY2  adv.  [f.  L  EF(feminare  f.  femina 
woman),  see  -ate2] 

effe'ndi,  n.  Turkish  title  of  respect  applied 
to  government  officials  &  members  of  learned 
professions,  [f.  Turk,  efendi  lord,  corrupt,  of 
Gk  authentes  (see  authentic)] 
e'ffepent,  a.  (physiol.).  Conveying  outwards, 
discharging,  [r.  L  EF(ferre  carry),  see  -ent] 
effervesce  (-es),  v.i.  Give  off  bubbles  of  gas, 
bubble,  (often  rig.  of  persons) ;  (of  gas)  issue  in 
bubbles.  Hence  effepvcscENCE,  -ency,  nn., 
effePve'seENT  a.  [f.  L  EF(fervescere  incept. 
otfervere  be  hot)] 

effe'te,  a.      Exhausted,  worn  out ;  feeble, 
incapable.  Hence  effeteNESS  n.  [f.  L  EFfetus 
worn  out  by  breeding  (fetus)] 
effiea'eious,  a.   (Of  thing)  producing,  sure  to 
produce,  desired  effect.    Hence  or  cogn.  effl- 
ea'eiousLY2  adv.,  effiea'eiousNEss,  e*ffi- 
cacy,  nn.    [f.  L  efflcax  (as  foil.,  -acious)] 
effreient,  a.    Productive  of  effect ;  (of  per- 
sons) competent,  capable  ;  e.  cause,  that  which 
makes  a  thing  what  it  is.    Hence  or  cogn. 
effl'eiENCY  n.,  effi'eientLY  2  adv.    [F,  f.  L,  as 
effect  *,  see  -entJ 
effigy,  n.   Portrait,  image ;  hang,  burn,  (per- 
son) in  e.,  hang,  burn,  his  image,   [f.  Feffigie  f. 
L  effigies  (EFjingere  fashion)] 
emore'sce  (-es),  v.i.    Burst  otit  into  flower 
(lit.  &  fig.);  (Chem.,  of  crystalline  substance) 
turn  to  fine  pow'der  on  exposure  to  air,  (of  salts) 
come  to  the  surface  &  there  crystallize,  (of 
ground  or  wall)  become  covered  with  saline 
particles.    So  efflope'seENCE  n.,  efflope*s- 
cent  a.    [f.  L  EF(Jlorescere  flourish)] 
e'ffluence,  n.    Flowing  out  (of  light,  electri- 
city, &c,  or  fig.) ;  what  flows  out.   [foil.,  -ence] 
effluent,  a.  &  n.    Flowing  forth  ;  (n.)  stream 
flowing  from  larger  stream,  fake,  sewage  tank, 
&c    [f.  L  EF(Jluereflux-  flow),  see  -ent] 
efflu'vium  (-oo-),  n.  (pi.  -ia).      Exhalation 


EFFLUX 


263 


ELABORATE 


affecting  lungs  or  sense  of  smell ;  (supposed) 
stream  of  minute  particles  emitted  by  magnet 
&c    ILL,  as  prec] 

e'fflux,  n.  Flowing  out  (of  liquid,  air,  gas ; 
also  fig.);  that  which  flows  out.  Hence  ef- 
fiu'xiON  n.    [f.  L  efjluxus  -us  (as  prec.)] 

e'ffort,  n.  Strenuous  exertion ;  (of  oratory 
&c.)  display  of  power.  [F,  f.  efforcer  f.  med.L 
EXifortiare  f.  fortis  strong)] 

e'ffortless,  a.  Making  no  effort,  passive; 
without  effort,  easy,    [less] 

effro*ntei»y  (unt-),  n.  Shameless  audacity, 
[f,  F  effronterie  f.  effronU  f.  L  'EX(frontatus  i. 
frons  -ntis  forehead)  shameless] 

efftrlgent,  a.  Radiant.  Hence  eftirlgENCE 
n. ,  effvrlgentL  y  2  adv.  If.  L  E¥(fulgere  shine), 
see  -ent] 

effu'se l  (s),  a.  (Bot.,  of  inflorescence)  spread- 
ing loosely ;  (Conch.)  with  lips  separated  by 
groove,    [as  foil.] 

effu*se2(-z), v.t.  Pourforth (liquid, air, light, 
smell ;  also  fig.),    [f.  L  EF(funderefus-  pour)] 

effu'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Pouring  forth  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
tin  restrained  utterance  (often  contempt.,  of 
literary  work),    [f.  L  effusio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

effirsive  (-s-),  a.  (Of  speech  or  emotions)  ex- 
uberant, demonstrative.  Hence  effirsive- 
ly2  adv.,  effu'siveNESS  n.  las  effuse2,  see 
-ive] 

eft,  n.    Newt.    [OE  efeta  etym.  dub.] 

eftsoo'n(s),  adv.  (archaic).  Soon  afterwards. 
[OE  efts&na  (see  aft  &  soon)  ;  -s  =  -es] 

ega'd,  int.  By  God.  [prob.  orig.  a  ah  -f  God] 

egg  *>  n.  Spheroidal  body  produced  by  female 
of  birds  &c.  esp.  of  domestic  fowl,  containing 
germ  of  a  new  individual ;  addle,  wind  \  e. ; 
(fig.)  in  the  e.,  in  an  early  stage ;  bad  e„  person, 
scheme,  that  comes  to  no  good ;  as  sure  as  ee.  is 
ee.,  undoubtedly ;  teach  your  grandmother  to 
suck  ee.,  offer  advice  to  persons  more  experi- 
enced than  yourself ;  have  all  your  ee.  in  one 
basket,  risk  all  on  a  single  venture ;  e.  &  anchor, 
dart,  tongue,  (Arch.)  kinds  of  moulding ;  e.-dt- 
spoon  race  (in  which  runners  carry  e.  in  spoon) ; 

e.  cleavage,  process  of  cleavage  in  fertilized  c- 
shell ;  e.-cup  (for  holding  e.  boiled  in  shell) ;  e.- 
dance,  dance  blindfold  among  ee.,  (fig.)  intricate 
task;  e.-Jlip,  -nog,  hot  beer,  cider,  wine,  &c, 
with  ee.  stirred  in;  e.-shell,  shell  of  e.,  fragile 
thing;  e.-slice,  utensil  for  taking  omelette  from 
pan ;  e.-spoon,  small  spoon  for  eating  boiled  ee. ; 
e.-tooth,  protuberance  on  bill-sheath  of  embryo 
bird  for  cracking  shell ;  e.-whisk,  utensil  for 
beating  ee.    [com.-Teut. :  OE  xg,  Du.  &  G  ei] 

egg2*  v.t.     Urge  (person)  on  (to  an  act,  to 
do),    [f.  ONT  efirgr/a= edge  v.] 
eglantine,  n.    Sweet-briar,    [f.  F  eglantine 

f.  OF  aiglent  prob.  f.  L  acus  needle  see  -lent] 
e*go,  n.  (metaphys.).    The  conscious  thinking 

subject,  opp.  to  the  non-ego  or  object.    [L,  =  I] 

e'goism,  n.  (Ethics)  theory  that  treats  self- 
interest  as  foundation  of  morality ;  systematic 
selfishness ;  self -opinionatedness ;  =  foil.  Hence 
e'goiST  n.,  egoi*stic(Ai.)aa.,  egoi'stiealr.v  2 
adv.    [f.  F  egoisme  (as  prec,  see  -ism)J 

e'gotism,  n.  Too  frequent  use  of  '  I '  &  '  me ' ; 
practice  of  talking  about  oneself ;  self-conceit ; 
selfishness.  Hence  e*g*otiST  n. ,  egoti*stic(  a  l) 
aa.,  egoti'sticalLY  -  adv.,  e'g-otizE  v.i.  If. 
ego  +  -ism  ;  -t-  perh.  on  F  idiotisme  &c] 

egre'gious,  a.  Distinguished,  excellent ; 
notable,  as  e.  folly,  blunder,  ass.  Hence  egre*- 
g-lousLY2  adv.,  eg-pe'giousNESs  n.  [f.  L 
Kigregius  f.  grex  gregis  flock)  lit.  towering 
above  the  flockl 

e'g-ress,  n.  (Right  of)  going  out ;  (Astr.)  end 
of  eclipse  or  transit ;  way  out  (lit.  &  fig.),  [f.  L 
egressus  -us  f.  L  E(gredi  gress-  =  gradi  step)] 


egre'ssion,  n.  Going  out  or  forth,  [f.  L 
egressio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

egret  (eg-  or  eg),  n.  Lesser  White  Heron  ; 
feathery  down  on  seeds  of  dandelion,  thistle, 

&C      [var.  Of  AIGRETTE] 

Egyptian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Egypt ;  E. 
printing-type  (thick-stemmed) ;  =gipsy.  [-ian] 

Egypto'logy,  n.  Study  of  Egyptian  antiqui- 
ties.   So  Egypto'LOGisr  n.    l-o-,  -logy] 

eh  (a),  int.  expr.  inquiry  or  surprise,  or  inviting 
assent.    [ME  ey] 

ei'der  (i),  n.  An  Arctic  species  of  duck;  e. 
(-down),  small  soft  feathers  from  breast  of  this, 
[ult.  f.  lcel.  xdar] 

ei'dograph  (I-),  n.  Instrument  for  enlarging 
or  reducing  drawings,  [f.  Gk  eidos  form  -f- 
grapho  write] 

eido'lon  (i),  n.  (pi.  -ons,  -a).  Spectre,  phan- 
tom.   IGk,  see  idol] 

eight  (at),  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  seven  (8. 
viii) ;  crew  of  e.  in  rowing-boat ;  the  Ee.,  boat- 
races  at  Oxford  &  Cambridge  between  such 
crews.  Hence  eighTH2 (atth)  a.  &  n., eigh'th- 
ly  2  adv.  [com.-Teut.  (OE  ahta,  Du.  &  G  acht) 
&  Aryan  (L  &  Gk  okto,  Skr.  ashtdu)] 

eightee'n,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  seventeen 
(18,  xviii) ;  eighteenrno,  =  octodecimo.  Hence 
eightee'nTH  2  a.  &  n.  [OE  e(a)htatyne,  -Une 
(as  prec,  see  -teen)] 

eighty  (atl),  a.  &  n.  Eight  times  ten  (80, 
Ixxx).  Hence  eigh'tiETH  a.  &  n.  [OE  eahta- 
tig  (as  eight  +Jtig  decade)] 

eire'nieon  (ir-),  n.  Proposal  tending  to  make 
peace.  [Gk,  neut.  adj.  (eirene  peace,  see  -ic)] 

eisteddfod  (aste'dhvod),  n.  Congress  of 
Welsh  bards.    [W,  lit.  =  session  f.  eistedd  sit] 

ei'thep (id h-,e-),ad j . ,pron.  ,ad  v.  (con j . ).  Each  of 
two,  as  at  e.  end  was  a  lamp,  e.  view  is  tenable, 
e.  is  tenable  ;  one  or  other  of  two,  as  put  the 
lamp  at  e.  end,  there  is  no  lamp  at  e.  end,  e.  of 
you  can  go ;  (adv.  or  conj.)  on  one  or  other  sup- 
position, which  way  you  will,  as  he  is  e.  drunk 
or  mad,  e.  come  in  or  go  out ;  (w.  neg.  or  inter- 
rog.)  any  more  than  the  other,  as  if  you  do  not 
go,  I  shall  not  e.  [OE  aeghwxdher  f.WG  *ahcon 
always  +  gihwatharoz  each  of  two  (see  Y-  & 

WHETHER)] 

eja'culate,  v.t.  Utter  suddenly  (words  or 
abs.) ;  eject  (fluids  &c)  from  the  body.  Hence 
ejaeulATiONn.,eja*eulatoRYa.  [f.  Le( jacw 
lari  f.  jaculum  *avelin)  dart] 

eje'et \  v.t.  Expel  (from  place,  office,  proper- 
ty) ;  dart  forth,  emit.  Hence  or  cogn.  eje*e- 
tioN,  eje'etMENT,  eje'etoR2,  nn.  [f.  L  ejectare 
frequent,  of  ^(jicere  ject-  =jacere  throw)] 

e'jeet 2,  n.  Something  inferred,  not  an  actual 
nor  a  conceivable  object  of  our  own  conscious- 
ness, [f.  L  ejectum  neut.  p.p.  of  ejicere  (see  prec )] 

eje'etive,  a.  Tending  to  eject ;  pertaining  to 
an  eject.    Hence  eje'etivcLY  2  adv.    [-ive] 

eke1,  v.t,  E.  oxd:  supplement  (defective 
means  &c  with) ;  (improp.)  contrive  to  make 
(livelihood)  or  support  (existence),  [dial,  form 
of  obs.  eche  (OE  bean)  f.  OTeut.  aukan  cogn.  w. 
L  augere  increase;  partly  also  f.  obs.  n.  eke 
(same  root)] 

eke2,  adv.  (archaic).  Also.  [com.-Teut. :  OE 
eac,  Du.  ook,  G  auch] 

-el.   See-LE(2). 

ela-borate  i  (-at),  a.  Carefully  or  minutely 
worked  out ;  highly  finished.  Hence  ela'bo- 
ratei.v 2 adv. ,  ela*borateNESS  n.  [f.  L E(labo~ 
rare  f.  labor  work),  see  -ate2] 

ela'borate  2,  v.  t.  Produce  by  labour ;  work 
out  (invention,  theory,  &c)  in  detail ;  (of  natural 
agencies)  produce  (substance  &c)  from  its  ele- 
ments or  sources.  Hence  or  cogn.  elaboPA*- 
tion  n.,  ela'bopatiVE  a.    [as  prec,  -ate  3] 


ELAEO- 


264 


ELECTRON 


elaeo-  in  comb.  =Gk  elaion  oil,  as  -meter, 
instrument  for  determining  purity  of  oils. 

elan  (F),  n.    Vivacity ;  impetuous  rush. 

eland,  n.  S.-African  antelope  of  heavy  build. 
[Du.,=elk] 

ela*pse,v.i.  (Of  time)  pass  away.  [f.  hE(labi 
laps-  glide)] 

ela'stie,  a.  &  n.  Spontaneously  resuming  its 
normal  bulk  or  shape  after  contraction,  dilata- 


tion, or  distortion,  (of  solids,  liquids,  &  gases) 
springy ;  (of  feelings  or  persons)  buoyant ;  flexi- 
ble, adaptable,  as  e.  conscience;  (n.)  e.  cord  or 


string,  usu.  woven  with  india-rubber.  Hence 
ela'stiCALLV  adv.,  elastieiTY  n.  [f.  Gk  ela- 
stikos  impulsive  (elauno  drive,  st.  ela-)] 

ela'te,  v.t.  Inspirit,  stimulate ;  make  proud  ; 
(adj.)  in  high  spirits,  exultant,  proud.  So  ela*- 
tiON  n.    [f.  L  EFferre  Mat-  bring  out,  raise] 

e'lbow l,  n.  Outer  part  of  joint  between  fore 
&  upper  arm  ;  e. -shaped  bend  or  corner ;  at  one's 
e.,  close  at  hand ;  up  to  the  ee.,  busily  engaged 
in;  out  at  ee.,  (of  coat)  worn-out,  (of  person) 
poor ;  e.-grease,  vigorous  polishing,  hard  work ; 
e.-room,  plenty  of  room.  [com.-Teut. :  OE  eln- 
boga,  Du.  elleboog,  G  ell(en)bogen,  f.  OTeut, 
ahno-bogon  (see  ell  &  bow  j)] 

e'lbow2,  v.t.  &  i.  Thrust,  jostle,  (person, 
oneself,  into,  in,  &c. ;  also  intr.).    [f.  prec] 

e'lchee  (-tshi),  n.  Ambassador,  [f.  Turk. 
ilchi  representative  of  a  tribe  (il)] 

eld,  n.  (archaic,  poet.,  dial.).  Old  age;  the 
olden  time.    [OE  eldo  (aid  old)] 

e'lder  \  a.  &  n.  (The)  senior  (of  relations,  or 
of  two  indicated  persons),  as  his  e.  brother, 
which  is  the  e.  ? ;  (Cards)  e.  hand,  flrst  player ;  (n. 
pi.)  persons  of  greater  age,  as  respect  your  ee. ; 
person  advanced  in  life ;  member  of  a  senate  ; 
official  in  early  Christian  Church  (^Gkpresbu- 
Jteros),  &  in  some  Protestant  (esp.  Presbyterian) 
churches,  whence  e'ldersmp  n.  [OE  eldra 
(aid  old)] 

e'lder2,  n.  Low  white-flowered  tree  ;e.  (-berry) 
wine  (made  from  fruit  of  this).  [OE  ellxrn,  cf. 
MLG  ellern,  alhorn) 

e'lderly,  a.   Getting  old.    [elder  *  +  -ly  J] 

eldest,  a.  First-born  or  oldest  surviving 
(member  of  family,  son,  daughter,  &c).  [OE 
eldest(a)  superl.  of  aid  old] 

El  Dora'do  (ah),  n.  Fictitious  country  or 
city  abounding  in  gold.    [Sp.,  =  the  gilded] 

eldritch,  a.  (Sc).    Weird,  hideous.    [?J 

elecampa'ne,  n.  Plant  with  bitter  aromatic 
leaves  &  root ;  sweetmeat  flavoured  with  this, 
[corrupt,  of  med.L  enula  (L  in-)  campana;  cam- 
pana  may = of  Campania,  or  of  the  fields] 

elect1,  a.  Chosen;  select,  choice;  (Theol.) 
chosen  by  God,  as  the  e. ;  chosen  to  office  &c,  as 
bride  e.    [f.  L  K(ligere  led-  =  legere  pick)] 

elect2,  v.t.  Choose  (thing,  to  do) ;  choose 
(person)  by  vote,  as  e.  a  magistrate,  e.  him  to 
the  magistracy,  e.  him  \to  be)  magistrate; 
(Theol.,  of  God)  choose  (persons)  in  preference 
to  others  for  salvation,    [as  prec] 

ele'ctlon,  n.  Choosing,  esp.  by  vote ;  general 

e.  (of  representatives,  esp.  members  of  House 
of  Commons,  throughout  the  country),  by-e. 
(sf  M.P.  to  fill  vacancy) ;  (Theol.)  see  prec.   [OF, 

f.  L  electionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
electioneer*,  v.i.    Busy  oneself  in  political 

elections,    [prec.  +  -eer] 

elective,  a.  (Of  official,  office,  authority) 
appointed  by,  filled  up  by,  derived  from,  elec- 
tion;  having  power  to  elect ;  (Chem.)  e.  affinity, 
tendency  to  combine  with  some  substances 
rather  than  others.  Hence  electiveLY2  adv. 
If.  F  electif,  -ive,  (as  elect1,  -ive)] 

elector,  n.  One  who  has  right  of  election 
(esp.  of  M.P.) ;  (Hist.)  German  Prince  entitled  to 


share  in  election  of  Emperor.  Hence  elector- 
al  a.,  eleetorsmp  n.   [L  (as  elect1,  -or2)] 

electorate  (-at),  n.  Dignity,  dominions, 
of  German  Elector ;  body  of  electors,    [-ate  !] 

electress,  n.  Female  elector ;  wife  of  Ger- 
man Elector,    [as  prec  +  -ess  ]] 

electric,  a.  Of,  charged  with,  capable  of 
developing,  electricity;  e.  charge,  accumula- 
tion of  electricity  in  Leyden  jar  &c  ;  e.  eel,  one 
able  to  give  e.  shock ;  e.  light  (produced  by 
electricity) ;  e.  shock,  effect  of  sudden  discharge 
from  Leyden  jar  &c  ;  e.  blue,  steely-blue ;  (n.) 
substance  in  which  e.  force  can  be  excited  by 
friction.  Hence  ele'ctriCALLY  adv.,  elee- 
tri'ciAN  n.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  elektron  amber,  see  -ic] 

electrical,  a.  Relating  to  electricity  (rare 
in  other  senses  of  prec).    [-al] 

electricity,  n.  Peculiar  condition  of  the 
molecules  of  a  body  or  of  the  ether  surrounding 
them,  developed  by  friction  (frictional  e.), 
chemical  action  (galvanic  e.),  heat  (thermal  c), 
or  magnetism  (magnetic  c.) ;  positive  or  vitre- 
ous, negative  or  resinous,  e.,  two  kinds  now 
held  to  differ  only'in  potential;  science  of 
this.     [-ITY] 

electrification,  n.  Electrifying;  conver- 
sion of  steam  railway  into  electric  [as  foil., 
see  -fication] 

electrify,  v.t.  Charge  (body  with  electri- 
city; subject  (person  &c)  to  electric  shock; 
(fig.)  startle,  excite,    [f.  electric  +  -fy] 

electrize,  v.t.  =prec  Hence  electrizA'- 
tion  n.    [as  prec.  +  -ize] 

electro,  n.  &  v.t.  (colloq.).  =  EL.KCTRO-plate, 
type,    [abbr.] 

electro-  in  comb.  Of,  pertaining  to,  caused 
by,  electricity,  as:  -bath,  liquid  holding  metal 
in  solution  for  e. -plating;  -biology,  science  of 
the  electrical  phenomena  of  living  beings  ; 
-chemistry,  electricity  as  applied  to  chemistry ; 
-dynamics,  dynamics  of  electricity ;  -engraving 
(done  by  electricity) ;  -graph,  instrument  for 
registering  electrical  conditions ;  -logy,  electri- 
city ;  -lysis,  chemicaldecomposition  by  galvanic 
action,  science  of  this,  (Surg.)  breaking  up  of 
tumours  or  calculi  by  electric  agency ;  -lyte, 
body  decomposed  by  this ;  -lyse,  decompose 
thus;  -magnet,  piece  of  soft  iron  surrounded 
by  wire  coil  through  which  electricity  is  passed ; 
-magnetism,  production  of  magnetism  by  elec- 
tric current ;  -meter,  instrument  measuring 
electricity ;  -motion,  motion  of  galvanic  cur- 
rent, mechanical  motion  produced  by  electri- 
city ;  -motor,  machine  for  using  electricity  as 
motive  power ;  -negative,  -positive,  of  negative, 
positive,  electricity ;  -pathy,  electrical  treat- 
ment of  disease ;  -phore,  -phorus,  instrument 
for  generating  statical  electricity  by  induction  ; 
-plate,  v.t.,  coat  with  silver  by  electrolysis,  (n.) 
ware  thus  produced ;  -scope,  instrument  indi- 
cating presence  or  quality  of  electricity  ;  -sta- 
tics, science  of  statical  electricity  ;  -tonus,  con- 
dition of  motor  nerve  under  galvanic  current ; 
-type,  (n.)  model,  cony,  formed  by  deposition  of 
copper  on  a  mould  by  galvanic  action,  (v.t.) 
copy  thus.    [f.  Gk  elektron  amber] 

eleetroeirtion,  n.  Killing  by  electricity 
(as  capital  punishment).  Hence  electrocute 
v.t.    If.  prec,  suggested  by  execution] 

electrode,  n.  Either  pole  (anode,  cathode) 
of  galvanic  battery^   [as  foil.  +  hodos  way] 

electrolier*  (ler),  n.  Cluster  of  electric 
lamps,    [f.  electro-  on  chandelier] 

electron,  -um,  n.  Alloy  of  silver  &  gold 
in  use  among^  the  ancients;  (Mineral.,  -um) 
native  argentiferous  gold  ;  (-on,  pi.  -oris)  atom 
of  negative  electricity,  electric  charge  of  an 
atom.    [f.  Gk  elektron  electrum,  amber] 


ELECTUARY 


265 


ELOCUTION 


ele'etuary,  n.  Medicinal  powder  &c.  mixed 
with  honey  or  syrup,  [f.  LL  electuarium  perh. 
corrupt,  of  Gk  ekleikton  (ekleikho  lick  out)] 

eleemo'synary  (elie-),  a.  Of,  dependent  on, 
alius  ;  charitable  ;  gratuitous,  [f.  med.Leleemo- 
synarius  (as  alms,  see  -ary  *)] 

e'leg-ant,  a.  (Of  movements,  style,  author, 
manners)  graceful ;  tasteful ;  refined  ;  (of  modes 
of  life  &c.)  of  refined  luxury  ;  (vulg.)  excellent. 
Hence  or  cogn.  e'leg-ANCE  n.,  e'legantLY2 
adv.    [f.  F  elegant  f.  L  elegantem,  cf.  elect  j] 

elegi'ae,  a.  &  n.  (Of  metre)  suited  to  elegies, 
esp.  e.  couplet,  (usu.  Gk  or  Lat.)  dactylic  hexa- 
meter &  pentameter  ;  mournful ;  (n.  pi. )  e.  verses, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  elegeiakos  (as  elegy,  see  -AC)] 

e'legize,  v.i.  &  t.  Write  an  elegy  {upon) ; 
write  in  mournful  strain  ;  write  an  elegy  upon. 
[-ize] 

e'legy,  n.  Song  of  lamentation,  esp.  for  the 
dead  (often  vaguely  used  of  other  poems) ; 
poem  in  elegiac  metre,  [f.  F  elegie  f.  L  f.  Gk 
elegeia  (elegos  mournful  poem)] 

e'lement,  n.  Component  part,  as  reduced 
to  its  ee.,  analysed,  the  ee.  of  national  wealth, 
there  was  an  e.  of  cant,  cant  was  a  notable  e., 
in  his  style;  (Chem.)  any  of  the  many  sub- 
stances that  defy  analysis  ;  the  four  ee.,  earth, 
water,  air,  fire ;  one  of  these  as  a  being's  abode 
or  sphere,  as  (usu.  fig.)  in,  oid  of,  his  e.;  atmo- 
spheric agencies,  as  war  of  the  ee. ;  rudiments 
of  learning  (i.e.  the  A  B  C)  or  of  an  art  or 
science ;  Euclid's  Ee.  (of  Geometry).  IOF,  f.  L 
elemenlum,  etym.  dub.] 

elemental,  a.  Of  the  four  elements  ;  of  the 
powers  of  nature,  as  e.  worship ;  comparable  to 
these,  axe.  grandeur,  tumult ;  uncompounded ; 
essential,    [prec. +-al] 

eleme'ntary,  a.  Rudimentary,  introduc- 
tory ;  (Chem.)  not  decomposable.  Hence  ele- 
me'ntariLY  2  adv.,  eleme'ntariXESS  n.  [f. 
L  elementarius  (as  element,  see  -ary1)] 

e'lemi,  n.  A  stimulant  resin  used  in  oint- 
ments, varnish,  &c.    [?] 

ele'nehus  (-k),  n.  Logical  refutation ; 
Socratic  e.,  mode  of  eliciting  truth  by  short 
question  &  answer.    [L,  f.  Gk  elegkhos] 

ele'netic,  a.  Of,  given  to,  refutation  or 
cross-examination,  [f.  Gk  elegktikos  (elegkho 
refute,  as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

e'lephant,  n.  Huge  four-footed  pachyderm 
with  proboscis  &  long  curved  ivory  tusks ; 
white  e.,  burdensome  possession  (from  cost  of 
maintenance);  size  of  paper  (28x23  in. ;  double 
e.,  40x26£).  Hence  elepha'ntoiD  a.  |ME  oli- 
faunt  f.  OF  olifant  corrupt,  f.  L  elephantum 
(nom.  -tus),  -ntem  (nom.  -phas),  f.  Gk  elephas 
-antos,  etym.  dub.] 

elephantiasis,  n.  Skin  disease  causing 
part  affected  to  resemble  elephant's  hide.  [L  f. 
Gk  (as  prec,  see  -asis)] 

elepha'ntine,  a.  Of  elephants;  e.  epoch 
(when  large  pachydermata  abounded) ;  clumsy, 
unwieldy,  as  e.  movements,  humour,  task.  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  elephantinos  (as  prec,  -ine2)] 

Eleusi'nian,  a.  E.  mysteries  (of  Demeter, 
celebrated  at  Eleusis  in  Attica),  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
Eleusinios  (Eleusis  -inos)  +  -an)] 

eleuthero-  (Ilu-)  in  comb.  =Gk  eleutheros 
free,  as  -mania,  mad  zeal  for  freedom,  -phyllous, 
with  distinct  leaves. 

e'levate,  v.  t.  Lift  up ;  hold  up  (the  Host)  for 
adoration ;  raise  (one's  eyes,  voice,  hopes);  raise 
axis  of  (gun) ;  exalt  in  rank  &c  ;  raise  morally 
or  intellectually  (aims,  style;  esp.  in  p.p.);  (p.p., 
collpq.)  slightly  drunk.  Hence  e'levatORY  a. 
[f.  L  K(lerare  lift  f.  levis  light),  see  -ate'{] 

elevation,  n.  Elevating,  being  elevated,  (in 
all  senses) ;  angle  (esp.  of  gun)  with  horizon  ; 


height  above  given  (esp.  sea)  level;  drawing 
made  in  projection  on  vertical  plane,  flat  draw- 
ing of  front,  side,  back,  of  house  &c  ;  grandeur, 
dignity,    [f.  L  elevatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

elevator,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  elevates ; 
muscle  that  raises  limb  &c. ;  machine  for  hoist- 
ing corn  &c  ;  lift.    (L  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

ele'ven,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  ten  (11,  xi) ; 
an  e.,e.  persons  forming  side  at  cricket  &c  ;  the 
E.  (disciples,  without  Judas).  So  ele'venTH2 
a.  &  n.  [com.-Teut, :  OE  endleofon,  Du.  &  G  elf, 
f.  OTeut.  ainlif-  (ain  one  +  -lif-  etym.  dub.)] 

elf,  n.  (pi.  elves).  (Teut.  Myth. )  a  supernatural 
being ;  mischievous  creature  ;  dwarf ;  little 
creature;  e.-bolt,  flint  arrow-head  ;  e.-lock,  tan- 
gled mass  of  hair ;  e. -st ruck,  bewitched.  Hence 
e'lfiSH1,  e*lv-,aa.  [OE  xlf,  cf.G  alp  nightmare] 

e'lfin,  a.  &  n.  Of  elves,  elfish ;  (n.)  dwarf,  child, 
[f.  prec,  -in  unexpl.] 

eli'eit,  v.t.  Draw  forth  (what  is  latent,  usu. 
fig.) ;  educe  (truths/rom  data),  draw  out,  evoke, 
(admission,  an s we v,from  person),  [f.  L  E(licere 
licit-  for  lacere  entice)] 

eli'de,  v.t.  Omit  (vowel,  syllable)  in  pronun- 
ciation,   [f.  L  E(lidere  lis-  =  laedere  dash)] 

e'ligi ble,  a.  Fit  to  be  chosen  (for  office  &c ) ; 
desirable,  suitable.  Hence  e'ligiBi'LiTY  n., 
e'lig-ibLY  2  adv.    [f.  F  eligible  (elect1,  -ble)] 

eliminate,  v.t.  Remove,  get  rid  of;  (Phy- 
siol., Chem.)  expel  (waste  matter  from  tissues, 
substance  from  a  compound) ;  ignore  (part  of 
question  &c) ;  (Alg.)  get  rid  of  (quantities)  from 
equation;  (improp.)  extract  (desired  element 
from  compound,  also  fig.).  So  eli*minABLE,a., 
eliminATJON  n.  [f.  L  v(liminare  f.  limen 
-minis  threshold),  see  -ate3] 

eli'sion,  n.  Suppression  of  vowel  or  syllable 
in  pronouncing,  of  passage  in  book  &c  [f.  L 
elisio  (as  elide,  see  -ion)] 

elite  (elet),  n.  The  choice  part,  the  best,  (of). 
[F,  =  choice] 

eli'xip  (-er),  n.  Alchemist's  preparation  de- 
signed to  change  metals  into  gold  or  (also  e.  of 
life)  to  prolong  life  indefinitely;  sovereign 
remedy;  paregoric  e.  [med.L,  f.  Arab,  etliksir 
the  elixir  (iksir  prob.  f.  late  Gk  xerion  desic- 
cative  powder)] 

Elizabethan,  a.  &  n.  (Person,  writer)  of 
the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth.    F-an] 

elk,  n.  Large  animal  of  the  deer  kind  found 
in  N.  Europe  and  (also  moose)  N.  America; 
species  of  deer  &  antelope,  [etym.  dub. ;  OE 
elch  ;  also  dike,  influenced  by  L  alces,  Gk  alke] 

ell,  n.  Measure  of  length  (English  e.  =  45  in. ; 
now  obs.  as  measure);  givehim  aninch  (a  little) 
<£■  he'll  take  an  e.  (much),  [com. -Teut. :  OE  eln, 
Du.  el,  G  elle,  f.  OTeut.  alina  forearm  (cogn.  w. 
Gk 6lene,\i\dna),  whence  med.La/cna,  F  aune] 

elli'pse  \  n.  Regular  oval ;  figure  produced 
when  a  cone  is  cut  oy  a  plane  making  smaller 
angle  with  the  base  than  the  side  of  the  cone 
makes,  whence  ellipti'ciTY  n.,  =  foil.  Hence 
or  cogn.  elli'ptic(AL)  aa.,  elli'ptiealr.v  -  adv. 
[f.  Gk  elleipsis  f.  elleipo  come  short  (en  in  + 
leipo  leave)] 

elli'psis,  -pse2,  n.  (pi.  -pses).  Omission  from 
sentence  or  words  needed  to  complete  construc- 
tion or  sense,    [as  prec] 

elli'psoid,  n.  Solid  of  which  all  plane  sections 
through  one  axis  are  ellipses  &  through  the 
other  ellipses  or  circles,    [-oid] 

elm,  n.  Tree  with  rough  doubly-serrated 
leaves.  Hence  eim v  2  a.  [OE  elm  (cf.  S wed. 
&  Da.  aim),  =  L  ulmus] 

elocution  (e-  or  e),  n.  Manner,  style,  art, 
of  oral  delivery.  Hence  elocution  ary  l  a.. 
elocutioniST(3)  n.  [f.  L  elocutio  f.  E(loq*ii 
load-  speak),  see  -ion] 


ELOGE  266 


EMBLEM 


e/oge  (F),  n.  Discourse  in  honour  of  deceased 
person  (esp.  member  of  French  Academy,  pro- 
nounced by  his  successor).    [FJ 

Elo'hist,  n.  Author(s)  of  the  elohistic  parts 
of  the  Hexateuch,  marked  by  use  of  Elohim  for 
Yahveh  (Jehovah),    [f.  Heb.  elohim  God  +  -ist] 

e'long-ate  (-ngg-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  a.  Lengthen, 
prolong;  (Bot.)  be  of  slender  or  tapering  form; 
(adj. ,  Bot. ,  Zool. )  long,  slender,  tapering,  [f.  LL 
Etfongare  f.  long  us  long),  see  -ate3>2] 

elonga'tion,  n.  Lengthening ;  the  part  (of 
line  &c.)  produced ;  (Astr.)  angular  distance  of 
planet  from  sun.   [f.  LL  elongatio  (as  prec,  see 

-ATION)] 

elo'pe,  v.i.  (Of  woman)  run  away  from  hus- 
band or  home  {with  paramour,  lover) ;  abscond. 
Hence  elo'peMENT  n.  [AF  aloper  perh.  f.  ME 
*alope  p.p.  of  *aleapen  (a-  =  and-  against  + 
leap),  cf.  G  entlaufen  run  away] 

eloquence,  n.  Fluent,  forcible,  &  apt,  use 
of  language ;  rhetoric,  as  Professor  of  E.  So 
e'loquENT  a.,  e'loquentLV2  adv.  [f.  F  (e) 
f.  L  eloquentia  f.  E(loqui  speak),  see  -ence] 

else,  adv.  (Following  indef.  or  interrog.  pron.) 
besides,  in  addition,  &s  any  one,  anybody,  any- 
thing, e.,who  e.  ?  who  else's  ?,  whose  else  ?;  (same 
constr.)  instead,  as  what  e.  could  I  say  ? ;  other- 
wise, if  not,  as  run,  (or)  e.  you  will  be  late;  else- 
where, in,  t«,  some  other  place.  [OE  elles  f. 
OTeut.  aljo-  other  =  L  alius,  -es] 

elu'cidate  (-00-,  -u),  v.t.  Throw  light  on,  ex- 
plain. Hence  elueidATiON,  elircidatOR2, 
hn.,  elu'cidativE,  elircidatcmv,  aa.  [f.  LL 
E(lucidaref.  lucidus  bright  f.  lux  lucis  light)] 

elu'de  (-ood,  -ud),  v.t.  Escape  adroitly  from 
(blow,  danger,  difficulty,  person's  grasp,  person, 
inquiry,  observation);  avoid  compliance  with 
(law,  request)  or  fulfilment  of  (obligation) ;  es- 
cape from,  baffle,  (the  understanding).  So  elu*- 
sion,  elu'sivexi :ss,  nn.,  elu'siVE,  elirsoRY, 
aa. ,  elu'siveLY  2  ad  v.   [f .  L  E(ludere  lus-  play)] 

e'lvan,  n.  Hard  rock  of  igneous  origin ;  broad 
vein  or  dyke  of  this.    [perh.  f .  Corn,  elven  spark] 

flvish.    See  elf. 
Jly'sium  (-z-),  n.    (Gk  Myth.)  abode  of  the 
blessed  after  death;  place,  state,  of  ideal  happi- 
ness.   Hence  ElysiAN  a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  Elusion 
(e-)  (pedion  plain)] 

e*ly  tron,  n.  (pi.  -ra).  Outer  hard  wing-case  of 
coleopterous  insect ;  the  vagina,  [f.  Gkelutron 
sheath  (eluo  roll  round)] 
E'lzevir  (-er),  a.  &  n.    (Book)  printed  by  El- 
zi vier  family  at  Amsterdam,  the  Hague,  &c. 
em,  n.    The  letter  M ;  (Typog.)  unit  for  mea- 
suring amount  of  printed  matter  in  line. 
em-,  pref.  =  en-  before  b,  p,  and  (often)  in. 
ema'ciate  (-shi-),  v.  t.  Make  lean,  waste,  (esp. 
in  p.p.);  impoverish  (soil).  SoemaeiA'TiON(-si-) 
n.  [f.  L  E(maciare  f.  macies  leanness),  see  -ate3] 
e'manate, v.i.  Issue,  originate,(/rom  source 
person,  &c);  (of  gases,  light,  &c.)  proceed,  issue, 
(from),    [f.  L  E(manare  flow),  see  -ate3] 
emana'tion,  n.    Issuing  (from) ;  thing  pro- 
ceeding from  a  source  (esp.  fig.,  of  virtues,  quali- 
ties, moral  powers) ;  person,  thing,  proceeding 
from  the  Divine  Essence.    So  e'manativE  a. 
[f.  L  emanatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation-)] 

emancipate,  v.  t.  (Rom.  Law)  release  (child, 
wife)  from  power  of  paterfamilias ;  free  from 
legal,  social,  political,  intellectual,  or  moral  re- 
straint. Hence  ema'ncipatOR2  n.,  ema'n- 
eipatORY  a.  [f.  L  E(mancipare  f.  manceps  pur- 
chaser f.  manus  hand  +  capere  take),  -ate  3] 

emancipation,  n.  Setting  free,  esp.  from 
slavery  or  from  legal  disabilities,  whence 
emaneipa'tioniST  n. ;  setting  free,  freedom, 
from  intellectual  or  moral  fetters,  [f.  F  eman- 
cipation f.  L  emancipationem  (prec,  -ation)] 


ema'nciplst,  n.  Ex-convict  who  has  served 
his  term.    [f.  emancipate  +  -ist] 
ema'sculate  *  (-at),  a.    Castrated  ;  effemin- 
ate,   [f.  L  E(masculare  f.  masculus  dim.  of  mas 
male),  see -ate2] 

ema'sculate2,  v.t.  Castrate ;  weaken,  make 
effeminate ;  impoverish  (language) ;  weaken 
(literary  composition)  by  excisions.  Hence 
emasculATiON  n.,  ema'sculati  ve,  ema's- 
eulatORY,  aa.  [as  prec,  see  -ate3] 
embal'm  (-ahm),  v.  t.  Preserve  (corpse)  from 
decay  with  spices ;  preserve  from  oblivion  ;  en- 
due with  balmy  fragrance.  Hence  embal'm- 
ment  (-ahm-m-)  n.  [f.  F  EM(baumer,  as  balm)] 
emba'nk,  v.t.  Shut  in,  confine,  (river  &c.)  by 
banks,  raised  stone  structure,  &c  Hence  em- 
ba'nkMENT  n.    [em-] 

embargo,  n.,  &  v.t.  Order  forbidding  ships 
of  a  foreign  power  to  enter,  or  any  ships  to  leave, 
the  country  s  ports ;  suspension  of  (a  branch  of) 
commerce,  as  be  under,  lay  on,  an  e.;  impedi- 
ment; (v.t.)  lay  (ships,  trade)  under  c;    seize 
(ship,  goods)  for  State  service.    [Sp.,  f.  embar- 
gar  f.  LL  *iMbarricare  (barra  bar)] 
embark,  v.t.  &  i.    Put,  go,  on  board  ship, 
whence  embarkATiON  n.;  engage  (in,  upon, 
undertaking,  war,  &c).    [f.  F  embarquer  f.  LL 
im(barcare  f.  barca  bark3)] 
embarras  <#e  richesse  (F),  n.  More  than 
one  knows  what  to  do  with. 
emba'rrass,  v. t.    Encumber,  impede ;  (p.p.) 
encumbered  with  debts  ;  complicate  (question 
&c);  perplex.    Hence  emba*rrassingi,v 2 
adv.,  emba'prassMENT  n.    [f.  F  embarrasser 
f.  embarras  n.  conn.  w.  Eu(barrer  bar2)] 
embassy,  n.    Ambassador's  function  or  of- 
fice ;  his  residence  ;  deputation  to  a  sovereign 
&c  [f.  OF ambassite  f.li*ambactiata(ambactia, 
see  ambassador,  &  cf.  -ade)] 
emba'ttle \  v.t.    Set  (army)  in  battle  array, 
[f.  OF  EM(bataillier  f.  bataille  battle)] 
emba'ttle2,  v.t.     Furnish  (building,  wall) 
with  battlements,    [em-  +  obs.  vb  battle  f.  OF 
bataillier,  see  battlement] 
embay,  v.t.    Lay  (vessel)  within  a  bay ;  (of 
wind)  force  (vessel)  into  a  bay  ;  enclose  as  in  a 
bay,  shut  in.    Hence  embay'MENT  n.    [em-] 
embe'd,  im-,  v.t.  (-dd-).    Fix  firmly  in  sur- 
rounding mass  (esp.  in  p.p.) ;  (of  the  mass)  sur- 
round thus,    [em-] 

embe'llish,  v.  t.     Beautify,  adorn ;  heighten 
(narrative)  with  fictitious  additions.     Hence 
embe'llishMENT  n.    [f.  OF  EM(bellir  f.  bel  f. 
L  bellus  handsome),  see  -ish  2] 
e'raber1,  n.  (usu.  pi.).     Small  piece  of  live 
coal  or  wood  in  dying  fire  (&  fig.).  lOE  xmerge, 
cf.  Da.  emmer,  Sw.  morja  ;  -b-  phonetic] 
e'mber2,a.  E.  days,  days  of  fasting  and  pray- 
er. Wed.,  Fri.,  &  Sat.,  after  1st  Sun.  in  Lent, 
Whitsunday,  Holy  Cross  Day  (Sep.  14),  and  St 
Lucia's  day  (Dec  13).    [OE  ymbren  n.  perh.  f. 
ymbryne  period  (ymb  about  +  ryne  course)] 
e'mber  3,  n.  (Usu.  e. -goose,  -diver)  an  Orkney 
sea-fowl,  the  Loon.    [f.  Norw.  emmer] 
embezzle,  v.t.  Divert  (money  &c,  also  abs.) 
fraudulently  to  one's  own  use.  Hence  embe'z- 
zleMENT  n.    [f.   AF  EN(besiler  =  OF  besillier 
maltreat,  ravage,  perh.  f.  L  bis-  used  in  LL  as 
pejorative  pref.)] 

embi'tter,  v. t.  Make  bitter  (fig. ) ;  aggravate 
(evil) ;  exasperate  (person,  feeling).  Hence  em- 
bi'ttePMENT  n.    [em-] 

embla'zon,  v.t.    Portray  conspicuously,  as 
on  heraldic  shield  ;  adorn  (shield)  with  heraldic 
devices  (also  fig.) ;  celebrate,  extol.  Hence  em- 
bla'zonMENT  n.    [em  ] 
embla'zonry,  n.    =  blazonry,    [em-] 
e'mblem,  n.,  &  v.t.     Symbol,  typical  repre- 


EMBLEMATIC 


267 


EMOTIONAL 


sentation  ;  (of  person)  type  (of  a  quality) ;  her- 
aldic device  ;  (v.t.)  symbolize,  show  forth  by  e. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  f.  Gk  emblema  -matos  insertion  f. 
EM(ball6  throw)] 

emblema'tie(al)j  aa.  Serving  as  a  type  (of). 
Hence  emblematical^  2  adv.    [prec,  -ic] 

emble'matist,  n.  Maker  of  emblems  or  of 
allegories,    [as  prec.  +  -istJ 

emblematize,  v.t.  Serve  as  emblem  of ;  re- 
present by  an  emblem,    [as  prec.  +  -ize] 

emblement,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Profits  of  sown 
land  ;  natural  products  of  soil.  [f.  OF  emblae- 
menl  f.  emblaer  f.  med.L  iMblaaare  sow  with 
wheat  (bladum),  see  -ment] 

embo'dy,  v.t.  Clothe  (spirit)  with  body ;  give 
concrete  form  to  (ideas  &c),  express  tangibly 
(principles  in  actions  &c.) ;  (of  things)  be  an  ex- 
pressionof  (ideas  &c);  form  intoa  body ;  include, 
comprise.    Hence  embo'diMENT  n.    [em-] 

embo'gr,  v.t.  (-gg-).  Plunge  into,  hamper  in, 
a  bog  (lit.  &  fig.),    [em-] 

embo'lden,  v.t.  Make  bold,  encourage  (of  ten 

to  do).     [EM-  +  BOLD  +  -EN  6] 

embonpoint  (F),  n.  Plumpness  (chiefly  of 
women ;  usu.  euphem.).  [F,  f.  phr.  en  bon  point 
in  good  condition] 

embo'som,  v.t.  Embrace  ;  (p.p.)  enclosed  in, 
surrounded  with,  (trees,  hills,  &c).    [em-] 

embo'ss,  v.t.  Carve,  mould,  in  relief ;  cause 
figures  &c.  to  stand  out  on  (surface) ;  make  pro- 
tuberant. Hence  embo'ssMENT  n.  [prob.  f. 
OF  *EMbocer  (see  boss  ])] 

embouchure  (F),  n.  Mouth  of  river  ;  open- 
ing of  valley ;  (Mus.)  part  of  musical  instrument 
applied  to  mouth,  mode  of  applying  this. 

embowel,  v.t.  (-11-).  Remove  the  bowels  from 
(body),  [f.  OF  E^boweler  ioresboueler  (es-  =ex- 
+  bouel  BOWEL)] 

embowep.v.t.    Enclose  as  in  bower,    [em-] 

embra'ce,  v.t.,  &  n.  Fold  (person  &c;  in  pi. 
abs.  =  e.  one  another)  in  the  arms,  usu.  as  sign  of 
affection  ;  clasp,  enclose ;  accept  eagerly  (offer, 
opportunity,  &c.) ;  adopt  (course  of  action,  doc- 
trine, party,  cause);  (of  things)  include,  com- 
prise ;  (of  persons)  comprise  (thing  in  a  formula, 
report,  &c.) ;  take  in  with  eye  or  mind ;  (n.)  fold- 
ing in  the  arms,  (euphem.)  sexual  intercourse. 
Hence  embra'ceABLE  a.,  embra'eeMENT  n. 
[(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  EM(bracer  f .  L  bracchium  arm)] 

embra'nehment,  n.  Branching  out  (of 
arm  of  river  &c).    [em-  +  branch  n.  +  -ment] 

embrangle,  im-,  v.t.  Entangle,  confuse. 
Hence  embpa'ngleMENT  n.  [em-  +  obs.  bran- 
gle  perh.  suggested  by  brawl,  wrangle] 

embra'sure  (-zher),  n.  Bevelling  off  of  wall 
at  sides  of  door  or  window,  splaying ;  opening 
in  parapet  for  gun,  widening  from  within.  [F 
(EMbraser  splay,  mod.  F  ibraser ;  see  -ure)] 

embrocate,  v.t.  Bathe,  foment,  (limb  &c.) 
to  mitigate  disease,  [f.  med.L  embrocarei.  em- 
brocha  f.  Gk  embrokhe  f.  EM(brekho  wet)] 

embroca'tion,  n.  Liquid  used  for  rubbing 
diseased  part.    [f.  prec,  see  -ation] 

embroi'der,  v.t.  Ornament  (cloth  &c,  or 
abs.)  with  needlework;  embellish  (narrative) 
with  fictitious  additions,  [em-  +  broider  f.  F. 
broder,  orig.  =  work  on  the  edge  (bord);  -er  perh. 
f.  wrong  division  of  foil.) 

embroi'dery,  n.  Embroidering;  embroid- 
ered work ;  adventitious  ornament,   [ery] 

embroi'l,  v.t.  Bring  (affairs,  narrative,  &c.) 
into  state  of  confusion  ;  involve  (person)  in  hos- 
tility (with  another).  Hence  embrol'lMENTn. 
[f.  F  EM(brouiller,  see  broil1)] 

embrown,  v.t.    Make  brown,    [em] 

e'mbryo,  n.  &a.  (pi.  -o.s).  Offspring  of  animal 
before  birth  (or  emergence  from  egg) ;  thing  in 
rudimentary  stage;  in  e.,  undeveloped;  (adj.) 


undeveloped.  Hence  embryd'nic  a.  [med.L 
embryo  -onis  corrupt,  of  Gk  EM(bruon  perh.  f. 
brad  swell,  grow)] 

e'mbryo-  in  comb.  =  prec,  as  -ctony, destvnc- 
tion  of  foetus  in  womb,  -genesis,  formation  of 
c,  -logy,  science  of  the  c,  -tomy,  cutting  up  of 
foetus  in  womb. 

eme'nd,  v.t.  Remove  errors  from  (text  of 
book&c).  Hence  emendA'TiON,  e'menda- 
tOR2,  nn.,  eme'ndatORV  a.  [f.  L  E(mendare 
f.  menda  fault)] 

e'merald,  n.  Bright-green  precious  stone  ; 
colour  of  this ;  size  of  type  ;  £,.  Isle,  Ireland. 
Hence  e'meraldiNE1  a.  [f.  OF  emeraude  f. 
com. -Rom.  *smaralda  f.  L  f.  Gk  smaragdos] 

emerge,  v.i.  Come  up  out  of  a  liquid ;  come 
into  view  (from  enclosed  space  &c);  issue  (from 
state  of  suffering  &c);  (of  facts  &c)  come  out 
as  result  of  inquiry ;  (of  question,  difficulty,  &c) 
crop  up.  So  emep*gE.\CE  n.,  emepgENTa. 
[f.  L  E(mergere  mers-  dip)] 

emergency,  n.  Sudden  juncture  demand- 
ing immediate  action,  [f.  LL  emergentia  (as 
prec,  see  -ency)] 

eme'ritus,  a.  Honourably  discharged  from 
service,  as  e.  professor  (retired).  [L,  p.p.  of 
E(mereri  earn)] 

e'merods,  n.  pi.  (bibl.).    =  hemorrhoids. 

emer*sion,  n.  Emerging ;  reappearance  of 
sun,  moon,  star,  after  eclipse  or  occultation. 
[as  emerge,  see  -ion] 

e'mery,  n.  Coarse  corundum  used  for  polish- 
ing metal,  stones,  &c  ;  e.-cloth,  -paper,  -wheel, 
(covered  with  e.  powder),  [f.  F  e'merill)  f.  LL 
smericulum  f.  Gk  smiris  polishing  powder] 

emetic,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine)  that  causes  vo- 
miting (also  fig.),  [f.  Gk  emetikos  (emeo  vomit, 
see  -etic)] 

emeute  (F),  n.    Popular  rising. 

e'migrate,  v.i.  &  t.  Leave  one  country  to 
settle  in  another ;  (colloq.)  change  one's  place  of 
abode  -;  (trans.)  assist  (person)  to  emigrate.  So 
e'migTANT  a.  &  n.,  emigr»A*TioN  n..  e*mi- 
g-ratORY  a.    [f.  L  E(migrare  migrate)] 

emigre  (F),  n.  French  emigrant,  esp.  Royalist 
who  fled  at  French  Revolution. 

eminence,  n.  Rising  ground ;  distinguished 
superiority  (social,  intellectual,  &c);  cardinal's 
title,    [f.  L  eminentia  (as  foil.,  see  -ence)] 

e*minent,a.  Exalted,  distinguished  ;  e.  do- 
main; (of  qualities)  remarkable  in  degree, 
whence  e'minentLY  2 adv.  [f.  L  E(minere  jut, 
cf.  minae  projecting  points,  threats),  -ent] 

emir*  (-er),  n.  Saracen  or  Arab  prince  or  go- 
vernor; descendant  of  Mohammed.  [  =  ameer] 

e'missary,  n.  Person  senton  (usu.)  an  odious 
or  underhand  mission,    [f.  L  emissarius  (as 

EMIT,  See  -ARY  !)] 

emission,  n.  Giving  off  or  out  (of  light,  heat, 
smell,  &c);  thing  thus  given  out;  e.  theory 
(that  light  is  e.  of  streams  of  imponderable  par- 
ticles from  luminous  bodies).  So  emi'ssi  ve  a. 
[f.  L  emissio  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 

emit,  v.t.  (-U-).  Give  out,  send  forth,  (stream, 
light,  heat,  sound,  opinion,  paper  currency,  &c). 
[f.  L  E(mittere  miss-  send)| 

e'mmet,  n.    Ant.    [see  ant) 

emo'llient,  a.  &  n.  (Application)  that  softens 
living  animal  textures  (also  fig.),  [f.  L  E(mollire 
f.  mollis  soft),  see  -ent] 

emolument,  n.  Profit  from  office  or  em- 
ployment, salary,  [f.  L  emolumentum,  emoli-,  f. 
E(mdlere  grind  or  moliri  work  out),  -ment] 

emo'tion,  n.  Agitation  of  mind,  feeling ;  ex- 
cited mental  state.  Hence  emotion  less  a.  [f. 
L  emotio  f.  E(movere  mot-  move),  see  -ion] 

emotional,  a.  Of  the  emotions ;  liable  to 
emotion,   whence  emo'tionaliSM(l).  emo*- 


EMOTIVE 


ENAMEL. 


tionaliST(2),  emotiona*liTY,nn.,  emo'tion- 

alL y  2  adv.    [prec.  +  -al] 

emo'tive,  a.  Of,  tending  to  excite,  emotion. 
Hence  emo'tiveLY2  adv.  [f.  L  emovere,  see 
emotion  &  -ive] 

empa'nel,  im-,  v.t.  (-11-).  Enter  on  panel, 
enrol,  (jury),    [f.  AF  em ( paneller  panel)] 

e'mperop,  n.  (fem.  empress).  Sovereign  of 
Roman,  Western,  or  Eastern  Empire ;  head  of 
Holy  Roman  Empire ;  sovereign  (title  superior 
in  dignity  to  king) ;  Purple  E.,  kind  of  butterfly. 
Hence  e'mperorsmp  n.  [f.  OF  emperere,  -pe- 
reor,  i.liimperator,  -orem,  f.  iu(perare  =parare 
prepare,  order)  command,  see  -or2] 

e'mphasis,  n.  Stress  laid  on  word(s)  to  indi- 
cate special  significance  ;  vigour,  intensity,  of 
expression,  feeling,  action,  &c. ;  importance  as- 
signed to  a  thing;  prominency,  sharpness  of 
contour.    [L  f.  Gk,  f.  em (phaino  show)] 

e'mphasize,  v.t.  Lay  stress  upon  (word  in 
speaking) ;  bring  (fact  &c.)  into  special  promin- 
ence,   [f.  prec.  +  -ize] 

empha'tic,  a.  (Of  language,  tone,  gesture) 
forcibly  expressive;  (of  words)  bearing  the 
stress  ;  (of  person)  expressing  himself  with  em- 
phasis ;  (of  actions)  forcible,  significant.  Hence 
empha'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk  emphatikos  (as 
emphasis,  see  -icj] 

e'mpire,  n.  Supreme  &  wide  (political)  do- 
minion ;  absolute  control  (over) ;  government  in 
which  sovereign  is  called  emperor  ;  territory  of 
an  emperor;  (Hist.)  the  E.,  (usu.)  Holy  Roman 
E.;  (U.S.)  E.  City,  New  York.  [F,  f.  luimperium 
conn.  w.  imperare,  see  emperor] 

empi'pie,  a.  &  n.  Based,  acting,  on  observa- 
tion &  experiment,  not  on  theory,  whence  em- 
pi*rieiST(2)  n. ;  (person)  relying  solely  on  experi- 
ment ;  quack.  Hence  empi'rieAL  a.,  empi*- 
riealLY 2  adv.,  emplTieiSM  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  em- 
(peirikos  t.  peira  trial,  see  -ic)] 

emplacement, n.  Situation;  placing;  plat- 
form for  guns.    [F  (em-  +  place  +  -ment)] 

employ*,  v.t.,  &  n.  Use  (thing,  one's  power, 
Sec,  for,  in,  on,  about,  an  object) ;  use  services 
of  (person) ;  keep  (person)  in  one's  service  ;  (n.) 
in  the  e.  of,  employed  by.  Hence  employ*- 
able  a.,  employ-in1  n.  [(n.  f.  F  emploi)  f.  F 
employer  t.  L  im(  plicare  fold),  cf.  imply] 

employe1  (omploi'a,  orasF),  n.  (fem.  -ee).  Per- 
son employed  for  wages.    [F,  p.p.  as  prec] 

employee*,  n.    =  prec.    [-ee] 

employment,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  one's 
regular  trade  or  profession,    [-ment] 

empol'son,  v.t.  Put  poison  into ;  taint ;  cor- 
rupt (fig.) ;  embitter  (person's  mind  against). 
[f.  F  EMipoisonner  poison)] 

emporium,  n.  Centre  of  commerce,  mart ; 
(vulg.)  shop.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  emporion  f.  KMporos 
merchant  (por-  journey)] 

empower,  v.t.  Authorize,  license,  (person 
to  do) ;  enable,    [em-] 

e'mpress,  n.  Wife  of  emperor ;  woman  go- 
verning an  empire  or  (fig.)  having  absolute 
power,  [f.  OF  emperesse  fem.  of  emperere  em- 
peror, see  -ess1] 

empressement(F),n.  Display  of  cordiality. 

emprrse(-z),  n.  (archaic).  (Chivalrous)  enter- 
prise. [OF,  fem.  p.  p.  as  n.  of  emprendre  f .  LL 
*m(pre(he)ndere  take)] 

e'mpty 2,  a.  &  n.  Containing  nothing ;  devoid 
of  (qualities) ;  (colloq.)  hungry;  (of  house)  de- 
void of  furniture  or  inmates ;  (of  van,  ship,  &c.) 
without  load ;  (of  persons,  plans,  &c.)  lacking 
sense ;  meaningless ;  (n.)  e.  truck,  box,  &c. ;  e.- 
handed,  bringing   no  gift,  carrying  nothing 

away  ;  e.-headed,  witless.  Hence  e'mptiNESS 

n.    IOE  xmetig  at  leisure  (xmetta,  see  -y  2)] 

e'mpty  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Remove  contents  of  (vessel 


&c.  upon  &c.) ;  transfer  (contents  of  one  thing 
into  Sec  another);  (of  river)  discharge  itself 
(into) ;  (intr.)  become  empty,    [f.  prec] 

empurple,  v.t.  Make  purple,  redden,  [em-] 

empy  re*an,  a.  &  n.  (Of)  the  highest  heaven, 
as  the  sphere  of  fire  or  as  the  abode  of  God ;  (of) 
the  visible  heavens.  Soempy'peALa.  [f.  med. 
L  empyreus  f.  Gk  ~EM(puros  f.  pur  fire)  +  -an] 

e*mu,  e'meu  (-u),  n.  Large  Australian  bird 
allied  to  the  Cassowary,  [perh.  f.  Port,  ema 
crane,  ostrich] 

e'mulate,  v.t.  Try  to  equal  or  excel ;  rival ; 
imitate  zealously.  So  emul.VTiON,  e'mulat- 
or2,  nn.,  e'mulatiVE  a.  [f.  L  aemulari  (as 
foil.),  see -ATE 3] 

e'mulous,  a.  Zealously,  jealously,  imitative 
(of);  desirous  (of  renown  &c) ;  actuated  by 
spirit  of  rivalry.  Hence  e'mulousLY  2  adv. 
[f.  L  aemulus  +  -ous] 

emu'lsify,  v.t.  Convert  into  an  emulsion, 
[f.  L  E(mulgere  muls-  milk)  +  -fy] 

emuision,  n.  Milky  liquid  got  by  bruising 
almonds  &c  in  water.  Hence  or  cogn.  emu'l- 
sioniZE(3)  v.  t. ,  emu'lsiVE a.  [as  prec ,  see  -ion] 

emu'netory,  a.  &  n.  Of  nose-blowing ;  (or- 
gan, duct)  conveying  waste  matter  from  the 
body.  [f.  L  ^(mungere  munct-),  see  -ory] 

en-,  pref.  (1)  en-,  em-,  f.  F  en-,  em-,  f.  L  in-, 
im-,  (enamour,  embarrass,  engage) ;  now  used 
to  form  E  vbs  (a)  on  nouns,  with  sense  '  put  (the 
object)  into  or  on  something '  (embed,  engulf, 
entrust)  or  'put  something  into  or  on  (the  ob- 
ject)'  (enjewel);  (b)  on  nn.  or  adjj.,  w.  sense 
'  bring  into  such  condition '  (englad,  enslave) ; 
often  with  suf.  -en  6  (embolden,  enlighten) ;  (c) 
on  vbs  with  sense  '  in  ',  '  into ',  '  upon ',  (enfold) 
or  w.  intensive  force  (encarnalize).  (2)  en-,  em-, 
f.  Gk  en-  (em-  before  b,  m,  p,  ph ;  el-,  er-,  before  I, 
r),  w.  sense  'in '  (energy,  enthusiasm,  emphasis). 

-en1,  -n,  suf.  forming  p.p.  of  strong  vbs 
(spoken,  sworn) ;  often  obs.  or  archaic  (gotten, 
graven) ;  in  some  not  recorded  (flung) ;  also  dis- 
placed by  -ed  (shaped  for  shapen) ;  or  surviving 
only  in  adj.  sense  (drunken,  lorn).  For  adj. 
sense  see-ED1(2). 

-en  2,  suf.  forming  dimm.,  as  chicken,  maiden. 
[f.  OTeut.  -inom] 

-en3, suf.  forming  femm.  (now  only  in  vixen), 
and  found  in  some  nouns,  as  burden,  [f.  WG 
■innja  f.  OTeut.  -ini] 

-en4,  suf.  seen  in  oxen ;  orig.  part  of  stem  in 
weak-decl.  nouns,  but  retained  only  in  pi.,  & 
added  to  other  old  plurals,  as  in  brethren,  child- 
ren, kine,  (earlier  -ther,  -der,  ky).    [OE  -an] 

-en8?  -n,  suf.  forming  adjj.  f.  nn.,  usu.  expr. 
material ;  mostly  obs.  or  archaic  (silvern)  or 
only  in  metaph.  senses  (golden),  the  noun  being 
used  as  adj. ;  but  wooden,  woollen,  &  a  few 
others,  remain,  [f.  OTeut.  -ino-,  cf.  Gk  &  L  -ino-] 

-en6,  suf.  forming  v v.t.  &  i.  from  adjj.  (deep- 
en, moisten)  on  anal,  of  a  few  in  OE  (fasten),  & 
f.  nouns  as  listen  (OE),  happen  (lith  c),  height- 
en, hearten,  Sec,  (mod.). 

ena'ble,  v.t.  Authorize,  empower,  (person  to 
do);  supply  (person  &c)  with  means  to  (do),  [en-] 

ena'ct,  v.t.  Ordain,  decree,  (thing,  that), 
whence  ena'etiON,  ena'etMENT,  nn.,  ena'et- 
ive,  ena'etORY,  aa. ;  enacting  clauses  (con- 
taining new  provisions) ;  play  (scene,  part,  on 
stage  or  in  life),    [en-  4-  act  n.  Se  v.] 

ena/mel ',  n.  Glass-like  opaque  or  semi-trans- 
parent coating  of  metallic  surfaces  for  orna- 
ment or  as  preservative  lining  (also  fig.) ;  any 
smooth  hard  coating ;  coating  of  teeth  ;  paint- 
ing done  on  e. ;  (poet.)  smooth  bright  surface 
colouring,  verdure,  &c    [f.  foil.] 

ena*mel2,  v.t.  (-11-).  Inlay,  encrust,  (metal 
&c.)  with  enamel ;  portray  (figures  &c)  with 


ENAMOUR 


ENDEAR 


enamel ;  adorn  with  varied  colours,  [f.  AF 
EX(amayller  f.  OF  esmal  f.  med.L  smaltum  of 
Teut.  orig.,  cf.  OE  smaltan  smelt)] 

ena'moup,  v.t.  Inspire  with  iove  (of,  esp. 
in  p.p.);  charm,  delight,  [f.  OF  Esiamourer 
f.  amour  love  f.  L  amorem,  nom.  -or)] 

enarthro'sis,  n.  (anat.).  Ball-&-socket joint. 
[Gk,  f.  EK(arthros  f.  arthron  joint),  -osis] 

en  bloc  (F),  adv.    In  a  lump,  wholesale. 

encaenia  (se),  n.  Dedication  festival; 
(Oxf.)  =  commemoration.  |L,  f.  Gk  egkainia 
(en-  +  kainos  new)] 

enca'ge,  in-,  v.t.    Confine  (as)  in  cage,  [en-] 

enca'mp,  v.t,  &  i.  (Of  troops)  settle  (t.  &  i.) 
in  camp;  lodge  (t.  &  i.)  in  the  open  in  tents. 
[en] 

enca'mpment,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  place 
where  troops  are  encamped,    [-ment] 

enca'se,  in-,  v.t.  Put  into  a  case ;  surround 
as  with  a  case.    Hence  enca'se.M  km  n.    [en-] 

enca'sh,  v.t.  Convert  (bills  &c.)  into  cash  ; 
receive  in  form  of  cash,  realize.  Hence  en- 
ca'shMENT  n.    [en-] 

encau'stic,  a.  &  n.  (Painting,  art  of  paint- 
ing) by  burning  in ;  e.  brick,  tile,  (inlaid  with 
coloured  clays  burnt  in),  [f.  Gk  egkaustikos  f. 
egkaid  (en-  +  kaio  burn)] 

-ence,  suf.  forming  nn.  of  quality  or  action  f. 
F  -ence  or  direct  f.  L  -entia  f.  L  pres.  part,  in 
-enti-  (nom.  -ens) ;  rarely  repr.  L  -entia  f.  adjj. 
in  -lentus  (corpulence) ;  see  -ance,  -encv. 

enceinte  (V),  a.  &  n.  (Of  women)  pregnant ; 
(n.)  enclosure  (in  fortification). 

encepha'lic,  a.  Of  the  brain,  [f.  Gk  egke- 
phalon  brain  (en-  +  kephale  head)  +  -ic] 

enchai'n,  v.t.  Chain  up,  fetter;  hold  fast 
(attention,  emotions).  Hence  enehai'nMENT 
n.    [f.  OF  vx(chainer  chain)] 

eneha-nt  (-tsh-),  v.t.  Bewitch  (lit.  &  fig.); 
charm,  delight.  Hence  or  cogn.  eneha'ntER1, 
encha'ntMENT,  encha'ntrESS l,  nn.,  en- 
eha'ntingLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  enchanter  f.  L  in- 
(cantare  sing,  frequent,  of  canere  cant-)] 

encir'cle,  v.  t.  Surround,  encompass,  {with) ; 
form  a  circle  round,    [en-] 

encla'sp,  v.t.  Hold  in  clasp  or  embrace,  [en-] 

encla've  (or  as  F),  n.  Territory  surrounded 
by  foreign  dominion.  [F,  f.  enclaver  f.  LL  in- 
(clavare  f.  clavis  key  or  clavus  nail)] 

eneli'tie,  a.  &  n.  (gram.).  (Word)  so  unem- 
phatic  as  to  be  pronounced  as  part  of  preceding 
word,  esp.  (Gk)  throwing  its  accent  back  on 
preceding  word.  Hence  enclitic  ally  adv.  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  egklitikos  (en-  +  Mind  lean),  see  -ic] 

enclo'se,  in-,  v.t.  Surround,  fence  in,  (land 
&c.  with,  in,  walls  &c.) ;  shut  up  in  receptacle 
(esp.  something  besides  letter  in  envelope) ; 
bound  on  all  sides,  contain,  (esp.  Math.) ;  hem  in 
on  all  sides,    [en-] 

enclo'sure  (zher),  n.  Enclosing  (esp.  com- 
mon land,  to  make  it  private  property,  as  E. 
Act) ;  enclosing  fence  &c. ;  enclosed  place ;  pa- 
per &c.  enclosed  with  letter  in  envelope.  IF 
(OF  ENcZo?'e  p.£.  -clou,  see  close  v.  and  -ure] 

enclo'the,  v.t.    Clothe,    [en-] 

enelou'd,  v.t.    Envelop  in  cloud,    [en-] 

encd'miast,  n.  Composer  of  an  encomium ; 
flatterer.  Hence  encomia'stic  a.  [f.  Gk  eg- 
kamiastes  (egkomiazo,  as  foil.,  see  -AST)] 

enco'mium,  n.  Formal  or  high-flown  praise. 
[L,  f.  Gk  egkomion  (en-  +  komos  revelry)] 

eneo'mpass  (um),  v.t.  Surround  (esp.  with 
friendly  or  hostile  intention) ;  contain.  Hence 
eneo'mpassMENT  n.    [en-  +  compass  n.] 

encore  (6ngkor\  or  as  F),  int.,  n.,  &  v.t. 
(Spectator's  or  auditor's  demand  for  song  &c.  to 
be  sung  &c.)  again,  once  more  ;  (v.t.)  demand 
repetition  of  (song  &c),  summon  (performer) 


for  this,  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,= still,  again,  (cf.  It.  an- 
cora)  perh.  f.  L  (in)  hanc  horam  to  this  hour] 

encou'nter  (-ow-),  v.t.,  &  n.  Meet  hostilely ; 
fall  in  with;  (n.)  meeting  in  conflict,  falling  in, 
(with),  [(n.  f.  OF  encontre)  f.  OF  encontrer  f. 
LL  m(contrare  f.  contra  against)] 

encou'rage  (ku-),  v.t.  Embolden;  incite, 
advise,  (person  to  do) 'promote,  cherish,  (com- 
merce, opinion,  &c. ).  Hence  or  cogn.  encou'p- 
ageMENT  n.,  encou'ragingLv  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
EN(coraflfier,  as  courage)] 

eneri'mson,  v.t    Make  crimson,    [en-] 

encroa'ch,  v.i.  Intrude  usurpingly  (on 
others'  territory,  rights,  &c,  or  abs.).  Hence 
eneroa'ehMENT  n.  [f.  OF  EN(crochierL  croc 
hook)] 

encpu'st,  in-,  v.t.  &  i.  Cover  with  a  crust ; 
overlay  (surface)  with  ornamental  crust  of  pre- 
cious material ;  (intr. )  form  into  a  crust.  Hence 
eneru'stMENT  n.  [f.  F  incruster  f.  L  iN(crws- 
tare,  as  crust)  ;  also  f.  en-  +  crust] 

encu'mbep,  v.t.  Hamper  (person,  move- 
ment, action,  with  burden,  difficulty,  &c.) ; 
burden  (person,  estate,  with  debts) ;  fill,  block, 
(place  with  lumber  &c,  lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  en- 
eirmbePMENT  n.   [f.  F  EN(com&rer  cumber  j)] 

encu'mbrance,  n.  Burden  ;  annoyance  ; 
impediment;  without  e.,  having  no  children  ; 
claim,  mortgage,  &c,  on  property,  [f.  OF  en- 
combrance  (as  prec,  see  -ance)] 

encu'mbrancer,  n.  One  who  has  an  en- 
cumbrance on  another's  estate.    [-ER *] 

-eney,  suf.,  mod.  E  different,  of  -ence  (-y1), 
usu.  denoting  quality  or  state,  not  action. 

eney*elie(al),  aa.  &  nn.  (Pope's  letter)  for  ex- 
tensive circulation,  [f.  LL  encyclicus,  for  -ius, 
f.  Gk  egkuklios  (en-  +  kuklos  circle)] 

encyclop(a)e*dia,  n.  Book  giving  infor- 
mation on  all  branches  of  knowledge  or  of  one 
subject,  usu.  arranged  alphabetically  ;  esp.  the 
French  e.  of  Diderot,  D'Alembert,  and  others ; 
general  course  of  instruction.  Hence  encyclo- 
pae'dic(AL)  aa.,  encyclopae*diSM(3),  en- 
eyelopae*diST(3),  nn.  [LL,  f.  false  Gk  egku- 
klopaideia  for  egkuklios paideia  all-round  edu- 
cation (as  prec. ;  paideia  f.  paideud  educate  f. 
paispaidos  boy)J 

encyst,  v.t.  Enclose  in  a  cyst  or  bag.  Hence 
encystA'TioN,  eney'stMENT,  nn.    Ien-] 

end1,  n.  Limit,  as  there  is  no  e.  to  it;  ex- 
tremity (of  line  &c.) ;  East,  West,  E.  (part  of 
London) ;  surface  bounding  a  thing  at  either 
extremity, head  of  cask  &c. ;  remnant,  as  candle 
ee.,  odds  &  ee. ;  rope's  e.,  short  piece  bound  at 
ends  with  thread  for  flogging ;  shoemaker's  e., 
length  of  thread  armed  with  bristle;  conclu- 
sion (of  period,  action,  state,  book,  &c.) ;  latter 
part ;  destruction  ;  death  ;  result ;  purpose,  as 
to  gain  his  ee.,  to  what  e  ? ;  object  for  which  a 
thing  exists,  final  cause ;  place  on  e.  (upright) ; 
turn  e.  for  e.,  reverse;  world  without  e.,  for 
ever ;  placed  e.  to  e.  (lengthwise,  continuously) ; 
e.  on,  with  its  e.  fronting  one;  no  e.,  much, 
many,  of;  be  at,  come  to,  an  e.,  be,  become,  ex- 
hausted or  completed  ;  in  the  e.,  finally,  after 
all ;  at  one's  wits'  e.,  quite  perplexed ;  put  ane. 
to,  stop,  abolish ;  make  an  e.  of,  put  a  stop  to ; 
at  a  loose  e.,  unoccupied;  make  both  ee.  meet, 
live  within  one's  income ;  is  at  the  e.  of  his 
tether,  knows,  can  do,  no  more ;  e.-iron,  mov- 
able plate  changing  size  of  grate  in  range,  [com.- 
Teut. :  OE  ende,  Du.  einde,  G  ende] 

end2,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  (action,  speech,  life,  &c.) 
to  an  end  ;  put  an  end  to,  destroy ;  come  to  an 
end  ;  result  in.    [OE  endian  (as  prec.)] 

enda'mage,  v.t.    =damage.    [en] 

enda'nger,  v.t.    Cause  danger  to.    [en] 

endear1,  v.  t.  Render  (person,  thing,  oneself) 


ENDEAVOUR 


270 


ENGINE 


dear  (to).  Hence  endeap'ingLY2  adv.,  en- 
deap'MENT  n.    [en-] 

endea'voup  (-de-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Try  (to  do) ; 
strive  after ;  (n.)  attempt  (to  do,  at  doing),  [(n. 
t.  vb)  f.  en-  +  devoir] 

endemic,  a.  &  n.  Regularly  found  among 
(specified)  people,  in  (specified)  country;  (n.)  e. 
disease.  Hence  ende'mic  ally  adv.,  ende- 
mi'ciTY  n.    [f.  Gk  en-  +  demos  people  +  -lc] 

endep'mic,  a.  Acting  on  the  skin.  Hence 
ender'miCALLY  adv.    |en-  +  derm  +  -icj 

e'nding-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  latter  part  (of 
word,  story,  &c).    [-ING*] 

e'ndive,  n.  Species  of  chicory,  with  curled 
leaves,  used  as  salad.    [F,  f.  L  intibus\ 

endless,  a.  Infinite ;  eternal ;  incessant ; 
(Mech.)  e.  band,  cable,  chain,  (with  ends  joined 
for  continuous  action  over  wheels  &c).  Hence 
e'ndlessLY2  adv.,  e*ndless\ESS  n.  [OE  en- 
deUas,  see  end  *  and  -less] 

endo-  in  comb.  =Gk  endon  within,  as:  -car'- 
dium,  lining  membrane  of  heart ;  -carp,  inner 
layer  of  pericarp;  -crane,  inner  surface  of  skull ; 
-derm,  inner  layer  of  blastoderm ;  -gamous, 
-gamy,  (of)  marrying  within  the  tribe ;  -gen, 
plant  that  develops  wood  in  interior  of  stem  ; 
-genous,  growing  from  within  ;  -lymph,  fluid  in 
membranous  labyrinth  of  ear  ;  -metritis,  -me- 
trium,  (inflammation  of)  lining  membrane  of 
womb;  -morph,  mineral  enclosed  in  another; 
•pa'rasite,  internal  parasite;  -plasm,  -sarc, 
inner  soft  layer  of  protoplasm ;  -scope,  instru- 
ment for  viewing  internal  parts  of  body ;  -skel- 
eton, internal  framework  of  vertebrates ;  end- 
o'smose,  -osmo'sis,  passage  of  a  fluid  inwards 
through  a  porous  septum ;  -sperm,  albumen  en- 
closed with  embryo  in  seeds ;  -spore,  inner  coat 
of  spore,  spore  formed  in  a  case  ;  -the'lium, 
layer  of  cells  lining  blood-vessels  &c. 

endop'se,  in-,  v.t.  Write  on  back  of  (docu- 
ment), esp.  sign  one's  name  on  back  of  (bill, 
cheque,  &c.) ;  write  (explanation,  comment,  on 
back  of  document) ;  e.  over,  make  over  one's 
rights  in  (bill  &c.  to  another  person,  also  fig.) ; 
confirm  (statement,opinion).  Hence  endop'se- 
ment  n.  [refash.  on  L  ;  ME  endosse  f.  OF  en- 
dosser  f.  med.L  m(dorsare  f.  dorsum  back)] 

endow*,  v.t.  Bequeath,  give,  permanent  in- 
come to  (person,  institution) ;  invest  (person) 
with  (privileges  &c);  furnish  (person)  with 
(ability  &c. ;  esp.  in  p.p.).  Hence  endow'MENT 
n.    [f.  en-  +  F  doner  f.  L  dotare  (as  dower)] 

endue*,  in-,  v.t.  Put  on  (clothes  Sec,  also 
fig.);  clothe  (person)  with  ;  (usu.  pass.)  furnish 
(person  with  qualities  &c).  [f.  OF  enduire  f.  L 
is(ducere  lead,  draw),  associated  in  sense  w. 
indiiere  put  on  (clothes)] 

endur'ance,  n.  Habit,  power,  of  enduring ; 
enduring,    [-ance] 

endure*,  v.t.  &  i.  Undergo  (pain  &c.) ;  sub- 
mit to_;  bear  (to  do,  esp.  w.  neg.) ;  last.  Hence 
endup'ABLE  a.,  endup'ingr.Y2  adv.,  en- 
dup*ing-NESS  n.  [f.  OF  endurer  f.  L  iN(durare 
make  hard  f.  durus)] 

e-ndways,  -wise,  adv.  With  the  end  turn- 
ed towards  the  spectator  or  uppermost  or  fore- 
most ;  end  to  end.    [-ways,  -wise] 

-ene,  suf.  forming  names  of  hydrocarbons, 
as  benzene,  camphene. 

enema  (or  e--),  n.  Injection  of  liquid  or  gas- 
eous substance  into  the  rectum.    [Gk  enema  f. 

KN(hicmi  send),  see  -m] 

enemy,  n.    Hostile  person  ;  opponent  (of,  to, 

another) ;  the  E.,  the  Devil ;  member  of  hostile 

army  or  nation  ;  hostile  force  or  ship ;  (colloq.) 

how  goes  the  e.  ?,  what  is  the  time  ?  [f.  OF  enemi 

i.  L  ix(imicus  =  amicus  friend)] 
energetic    a.  &  n.     Strenuously  active ; 


forcible,  vigorous ;  powerfully  operative ;  (n.  pi.) 
science  of  energy.  Hence  enepgetiCALLY 
adv.  [f.  Gk  energetikos  f.  EN(ergeo  I.  ergon 
work),  see  -ic] 

enep'gic,  a.  (rare).   =prec.  [f.  energy  4- -ic] 
energize,  v.t.  &  i.   Infuse  energy  into  (per- 
son, work) ;  be  in  active  operation,    [-ize] 
energu'men,    n.      Demoniac;  enthusiast, 
fanatic.   If.  LL  f.  Gkew€rfirowmenos(pass.  part., 

See  ENERGETIC)] 

energy,  n.  Force,  vigour,  (of  speech,  action, 
person,  &c.) ;  active  operation;  (pi.)  individual 
powers  in  exercise,  as  devote  your  ee.  to  this ; 
(latent)  ability ;  (Physics)  actual,  kinetic,  motive, 
e.,  a  body's  power  of  doing  work  by  virtue  of 
its  motion  (half  product  of  mass  into  square 
of  velocity),  potential,  static,  latent,  e.,  body's 
power  of  doing  work  by  virtue  of  stresses  re- 
sulting from  its  relation  to  other  bodies  ;  con- 
servation of  e.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  energeia  f.  en- 
(erges  f.  ergon  work)] 

enervate1  (-at),  a.  Wanting  in  (physical, 
moral,  literary,  artistic)  vigour,  [f.  L  ^.(nervare 
f.  nervus  sinew),  see  -ate2] 

enervate2,  v.t.  Weaken  (physically  &c.  as 
prec).    So  enepvA'TiON  n.    [as  prec, -ate3] 

enfa'ce,  v.t.  Write,  print,  stamp,  (form  of 
words)  on  bill  &c;  do  this  to  (bill  &c).  Hence 
enfa'eeMENT  n.    [en] 

enfant  terrible  (F),  n.  Child  who  asks  awk- 
ward questions,  repeats  what  he  has  heard,  &c. 

enfeeble,  v.t.  Make  feeble.  Hence  en- 
fee'bleMENT  n.    [f.  OF  EN(/eWir  as  feeble)] 

enfeo'ff  (-ef),  v.t.  Invest  (person)  with  fief ; 
(fig.)  hand  over.    [f.  OF  EN/e#er  (fief)] 

enfeo'ffment  (ef-),  n.  Enfeoffing ;  docu- 
ment effecting  this  ;  fief,    [-ment] 

enfe'ttep,  v.t  Bind  in  fetters  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
enslave  (person  to),    [en-] 

enfila'de,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fire  from  artillery 
sweeping  line  of  works  or  men  from  end  to  end ; 
(v.t.)  subject  (troops,  road,  &c.)  to  e.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
F,  f.  EN(j?ter  f.  fil  thread),  see  -ade] 

enfo'ld,  in-,  v.t.  Wrap  up  (person  &c.  in, 
with) ;  clasp,  embrace ;  shape  into  folds,    [en-] 

enfop'ee,  v.t.  Urge,  press  home,  (argument, 
demand) ;  impose  (action,  conduct,  upon  per- 
son &c);  compel  observance  of  (law  &c). 
Hence  orcogn.  enfop'eeABLE  a.,  enfop'eed- 
l y  2  adv.,  enfop*eeMENT  n.  [f.  OF  enforcer  f. 
LL  m(fortiare  f.  fortis  strong)] 

enfpa'me,  v.t.  Set  (picture  &c.)  in  frame; 
serve  as  frame  to.    [en- J 

enfpa*nehise(-z),v.t.  Setfree;  invest  (town) 
with  municipal  rights,  esp.  that  of  representa- 
tion in  parliament ;  admit  (person)  to  electoral 
franchise.  Hence  enfpa'nehiseMENT  n.  [f. 
OF  KN(franchir  f.  franc  frank  a.),  see  -ish2] 

enga'ge,  v.t.  &i.  Bind  by  contract  or  pro- 
mise (esp.  of  marriage,  as  engaged  couple) ; 
hire  (servant) ;  bespeak  (seats,  cab,  &c.) ;  pledge 
oneself  (to  do,  that) ;  e.  for,  guarantee,  promise ; 
induce  ;  attract,  charm,  (esp.  in  part.),  whence 
enga'gingLY 2  adv.;  (Arch.)  fasten  (pillar) 
into  wall ;  interlock  (thing  with  another) ; 
hold,  fast  (attention) ;  employ  (usu.  pass.) ;  em- 
bark in  (politics  &c.) ;  bring  (troops)  into  con- 
flict ;  enter  into  conflict  with  (also  with). 
Hence enga'greMENT n.  [tF KN(gagcr f. gage)] 

engap'land,  v.t.  Put  a  garland  upon ; 
wreathe  (tvith  flowers  &c).    [en] 

engender,  v.t.  Beget  (now  only  fig.) ;  (of 
situation,  condition,  &c.)  bring  about,  [f.  F 
cngendrer  f.  L  m(generare  generate)] 

engine,  n..  &  v.t.  Mechanical  contrivance 
consisting  of  several  parts;  =steam-c;  fire- 
e.  ;  machine,  instrument,  used  in  war  ;  instru- 
ment, means;  e. -driver  (of  steam-e.,  esp.  loco- 


ENGINEER 


271 


ENOUGH 


motive);  e.-lathe  (worked  by  machinery);  e.- 
sized  paper  (sized  by  machine) ;  e.-tuming,  en- 
graving of  symmetrical  patterns  on  metals  by 
machine ;  (v.t.)  fit  (ship)  with  steam-ee.  [(vb  f. 
n.)  f.  OF  engin  f.  L  ingenium  (see  ingenious)] 

engineer* *.  n.  One  who  designs  &  constructs 
military  work;  soldier  of  division  of  army 
called  Ee.,  trained  to  engineering ;  (also  civil  e.) 
one  who  designs  works  of  public  utility,  bridges, 
canals,  gasworks,  &c. ;  maker  of  engines ;  one 
who  has  charge  of  steam-engine  (only  in  U.S. 
of  locomotive).  Hence  engineer-snip  n.  [f. 
OF  engigneor  f.  LL  ingeniatorem  {ingeniare,  as 
engine,  see  -or2)] 

engineer'2,  v.i.  &  t.  Act  as  engineer  ;  con- 
struct, manage,  (bridge,  work,  &c.)  as  engineer; 
(colloq.)  arrange,  contrive,    [f.  prec] 

e'nginery,  n.  Engines  ;  machinery  (often 
fig.).     [-ERY] 

engir*d(le),  vv. t.  Surround  with  or  as  with 
girdle,    [en-] 

E'nglander,  n.  Little  E.,  one  opposed  to 
imperial  policy,    [-er  1] 

E'nglish  i  (I-),  a.  &  n.  Of  England ;  the  E. 
(people,  soldiers,  &c);  Englishman,  -woman, 
one  who  is  E.  by  birth,  descent,  or  naturaliza- 
tion ;  of,  written  or  spoken  in,  the  E.  language ; 
(n.)  the  E.  language  (also  the  king's,  queen's,  E., 
as  mishandle  the  king's  E.) ;  Old  E.  (ending 
about  1150),  Middle  E.  (ending  1500) ;  in  plain 
E.,  in  plain  words ;  sizeof  type  ;  Early  E.  style. 
[OE  englisc,  xnglisc  f.  OTeut.  anglisko  (angli- 
angle  »)] 

e'nglish2,  v.t  (archaic,  affected).  Render 
into  English,    [f.  prec] 

engor'ge,  v.t  Devour  greedily ;  (pass.) 
be  crammed,  (Path.)  be  congested  with  blood. 
Hence  engor'geMENT  n.     [f.  F  Ex(gorger 

GORGE)] 

engra'ft,  In-,  v.t  Insert  (scion  of  one  tree 
into,  upon,  another);  implant  (principles  &c. 
in  the  mind  &c.) ;  incorporate  (thing  into 
another);  add  (adventitious  thing  upon),  [en-] 

engrai'l,  v.t  Indent  the  edge  of,  give  ser- 
rated appearance  to,  (esp.  Herald.),  [f.  OF  EN- 
gresler  perh.  f.  gresle  hail] 

engrai'n,  In-,  v.t  Cause  (dye  &c.)  to  sink 
deeply  into  a  thing  (usu.  fig.);  (p.p.,cf.  ingrain- 
ed) inveterate,  as  an  engrained  rogue,    [en-] 

engrave,  v.t.  Inscribe,  ornament,  (hard 
surface  with  incised  marks) ;  carve  (figures  &c. 
upon  surface);  (fig.)  impress  deeply  {upon 
memory  &c.) ;  cut  (figures  &c.)  in  lines  on  metal 
plates  for  printing,     [en-  +  grave  2] 

engra'ving,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  copy  of 
picture  &c.  from  engraved  plate,    [ing  ]] 

engro'ss,  v.t  Write : (document)  in  large 
letters ;  express  in  legal  form ;  (Hist.)  buy  whole 
stock  of  (corn  &c.)  so  as  to  get  monopoly;  mono- 
polize (conversation  &c);  absorb  (person,  his 
attention,  time,&c).  Hence  engro'ssMENTn. 
pi.  f.  AF  -Engrosser  (grosse  f.  med.L  grossa 
large  writing) ;  2.  f.  phr.  in  gross  wholesale] 

engirlf,  in-,  v.t.  Plunge  into,  swallow  up 
(as)  in,  a  gulf.    Hence  engu'lfMENT  n.    [en-] 

enha'nee,  v.t.  Heighten,  intensify,  (quali- 
ties, powers,  &c);  exaggerate;  raise  (price). 
Hence  enha'neeMENT  n.    [f.  AF  enhavneer 

Erob.  corrupt,  of  OF  enhaucer  f.  LL  *in  (altiare 
,  altus  high)] 

enharmo'nie,  a.  (mus.).  Of,  having,  inter- 
vals smaller  than  semitone  (esp.  such  intervals 
as  that  between  G  sharp  &  A  flat).  Hence 
enharmo'niCALLY  adv.  [f.  Lf.  Gk  Exarmoni- 
kos  (harmonia  harmony,  see  -ic)] 

eni'gma,  n.  Riddle ;  puzzling  person  or 
thing.  Hence  or  cogn.  enigma,tic(AL)  aa., 
enigma,tiealLY2adv.,  eni*gmatizE(3)  v.t 


[f.  L  f.  Gk  ainigma  -matos  f.  ainissomai  speak 
allusively  (ainos  fable)] 

enis'le,  in-,  v.t  Make  into  an  isle ;  place  on 
an  isle ;  isolate,    [en-] 

enja'mbment  (m-m-),n.  (pros.).  Continua- 
tion of  sentence  beyond  second  line  of  couplet. 
If.  F  eniambement  f.  Exijamber  f.  jambe  leg), 
see  -me nt] 

enjoi'n,  v.t  Prescribe,  impose,  (action,  con- 
duct, on  person) ;  command  (person  to  do);  issue 
instructions  (that),  [f.  F enjoindre  (st  -jeign) 
f.  L  wtfungere  join)] 

enjoy,  v.t.  E.  oneself,  experience  pleasure ; 
take  delight  in,  whence  enjoy 'able  a.,  en- 
joyableNESS  n.,  enjoyabLY2  adv.;  have 
the  use  of  (advantages  &c);  experience,  as  e. 
poor  health.  Hence  enjoy'MENT  n.  [f.  OF 
EXijoier  f.  joie  joy)  give  joy  to,  (refl.)  enjoy; 
or  f.  OF  en{  joir  f.  L  gaudere  rejoice)] 

enki'ndle,  v.t  Cause  (flame,  passions,  war, 
&c.)  to  blaze  up ;  inflame  with  passion,    [en-] 

enla'ce,  v.t.  Encircle  tightly;  enfold;  en- 
twine. Hence  enla'ceMENT  n.  [f.  F  enlacer 
f.  LL  ix(laciare  f.  lacius  =  laqueus  noose)] 

enlar'ge,  v.t.  &  i.  Increase,  extend ;  widen, 
expand,  (mind,  heart,  ideas) ;  (archaic)  release ; 
grow  larger ;  expatiate  upon.  Hence  en- 
lar'geMENT  n.    [f.  OF  EUlarger  (large)] 

enlighten,  v.t.  Instruct,  inform,  (person  on 
subject) ;  (poet. )  shed  light  on  (object),  give  light 
to  (person) ;  free  (person)  from  prejudice  or  su- 
perstition (esp.  in  p.p.).    Hence  enligh'ten- 

MENT  n.     [EN-  +  LIGHT  n.  +  -EN  6) 

enli'nk,  v.t  Link  together,  connect  closely, 
[ivith,  to ;  lit.  &  fig.),  [en-] 
enli'st,  v.t.  &  i.  Engage  (t  &  i.)  for  military 
service ;  secure  the  co-operation  or  support  of 
(persons,  feelings,  natural  forces,  sciences,  &c, 
in  enterprise  &c).  Hence  enli'stMENTn.  [en-] 
enlrven,  v.t.  Animate,  inspirit,  (persons, 
feelings,  trade,  &c);  brighten  (picture,  scene). 
[en-  +  life  +  -en  6] 

en  masse  (F),  adv.    In  a  mass ;  all  together. 

enme'sh,  emm-,  imm-,  v.t    Entangle  in 

or  as  in  a  net    Hence  enme'shMENT  n.  [en-] 

e*nmity,n.  Hatred;  state  of  hostility,  [f.  OF 

enemistie  f.  lAuinimicitatem  (as  enemy,  see  -ty)] 

e'nnead,  n.    Set  of  nine  (discourses,  books, 

points),    ff.  Gk  enneas  {ennea  nine,  see  -ad)] 

enno'ble,  v.t    Make  (person)  a  noble ;  make 

noble,  elevate.    Hence  enno'bleMENT  n.    [f. 

F  Eanoblir  (noble)] 

ennui  (6'nwe,  or  as  F),  n.  Mental  weariness 
from  lack  of  occupation  or  interest.  Hence 
en'nuiED2  (-wed)  a.  [F,  f.  L  in  odio,  cf.  annoy1] 
enor*mity,n.  Monstrous  wickedness;  crime, 
[f .  F  tnormiii.  f .  L  enormitatem  (as  foil. ,  see  -T Y )] 
enormous,  a.  Huge,  very  large,  as  e.  beast, 
difference.  Hence  enor*mousLY2ad v.  ,enor*i 
mousNESS  n.  [f.  L  E(normis  f.  norma  pattern, 
standard)  +  -ous] 

enou'gh  (-uf ),  (poet. )  enow,  a. ,  n. ,  adv.  Not 
less  than  the  required  number,  quantity,  degree, 
as:  (adj.)iz?e  have  apples  e.,  e.  apples,  beer e., 
e.  beer,  he  made  e.  noise  (to  justify  supposition 
&c),  e.  noise  to  wake  the  dead,  for  his  purpose  \ 
(n.)  we  have  e.  of  everything  except  beer,  e.  of 
(stop)  this  folly,  e.  !  (say  no  more),  e.  is  as  good 
as  a  feast,  cry'e.'  (acknowledge  defeat),  I  have 
had  e.  (am  tired)  of  him,  I  had  e.  to  do  (my  work 
cut  out)  to  catch  the  tram,  you  have  done  more 
than  e.,  e.  and  to  spare ;  (pred. ;  adj.  or  n.)five 
men  are  e.  ,five  quarts  is  not  e. ;  (adv. )  it  is  boiled 
{just)  e.,  he  does  not  advertise  e.,  are  you  warm 
e.  ?,  he  does  not  e.  (usu.  sufficiently)  realize  the 
difficulties,  she  sings  well  e.  (tolerably),  you  know 
well  e.  (quite  well)  tchat  I  mean ;  oddly  e.  (to 
justify  the  term  oddly),  he  had  lost  his  purse  } 


ENOUNCE 


272 


ENTHRONIZATION 


sure  e.  (to  satisfy  rational  doubt),  there  it  was. 
[OE  genog  (Du.  genoeg,  G  genug)  f.  geneah  it 
suffices  f.  OTeut.  ga-  pref.  +  nah  f.  Aryan  nak 
seen  in  L  nancisci  nact-  obtain] 

enou'nce  (-ow-|,  v.t.  Enunciate;  pronounce 
(words).  Hence  enou'neeMENT  n.  [LFenon- 
cer  (as  enuntiate)] 

en  passant  (F),  adv.  By  the  way ;  (Chess) 
take  (pawn  that  advances  two  squares  at  once) 
e.p.  (with  your  own  pawn  by  which  it  could 
have  been  taken  if  it  had  advanced  only  one). 

enquire,  enquiry.   See  inquire,  inquiry. 

enra-ge,  v.t.  Make  furious,  [f.  OF  ENrager 
(rage)] 

enra*pture,v.t.    Delight  intensely,    [en-] 

enregiment,  v.t.  Form  (men)  into  a  regi- 
ment ;  discipline,  [f.  F  Kti(regimenter  f.  regi- 
ment regiment)] 

en  regie  (F),  adv.    In  due  form. 

enri'ch,  v.t.  Make  rich ;  add  to  contents  of 
(collection,  museum,  book);  make  richer  in 
quality,  flavour,  &c.  Hence  enri'ehMENT  n. 
[f.  F  EN(richir  f.  riche  rich)] 

enpo'be.  v.t    Put  a  robe  upon,    [en-] 

enpo'l,  -11,  v.t.  (-11-).  Write  name  of  (person  on 
list,  esp.  of  army  ;  incorporate  (person)  as  mem- 
ber (in  society  &c);  enter  (deed  &c.)  among 
rolls  of  court  of  justice;  record,  celebrate.  Hence 
enro'lMENT  n.   [f.  OF  ENroWer f.  rolle  roll  n.  ] 

en  route  (F),  adv.  On  the  way  {to,  for,  place 
&c.  or  abs.). 

ensa'mple,  n.  (archaic).  =example.  [earlier 
asaumple  f.  OF  essample  example] 

ensa'ng-uined,  a.  Blood-stained,bloody,  (lit. 
&  fig. )    [en-  -f  L  sanguis  -inis  blood  +-ED1] 

ensco'nce,  v.t.  Establish  (oneself  &c.  in 
secret,  safe,  snug,  &c,  place),    [en-] 

ensemble  (F),  n.  (Also  tout  e.)  thing  viewed 
as  a  whole ;  general  effect. 

enshpi'ne,  v.t.  Enclose  (relic  &c.)  in  shrine ; 
serve  as  shrine  for  (precious  thing ;  lit.  &  fig.). 
Hence  enshpi'neMENT  n.    [en-] 

enshpou'd,  v.  t.  Cover  completely,  hide  from 
view,    [en-] 

e'nsig-n  (-in),  n.  Badge  (of  office  &c);  banner, 
flag,  esp.  (Brit,  naut.)  white,  blue,  or  red,  flag 
with  union  in  corner  {white  e.,  of  Royal  Navy 
&  Royal  Yacht  Squadron,  blue  e..  of  naval 
reserve  &c,  red  e.,  of  merchant  service) ;  stand- 
ard-bearer (formerly,  commissioned  officer  of 
lowest  grade  in  infantry,  cf.  ancient2),  whence 
e'nsigrncY  n.  [f.  OF  enseigne  f.  L  insignia 
neut.  pi.  of  wsigriis  (signum  sign)] 

e'nsilag'e(-Ij),  n.,  &  v.t.  Preservation  of  green 
fodder  in  silo  or  pit  without  drying ;  fodder  thus 
preserved;  (v.t.)  treat  (fodder)  by  e.  [(vbf.  n.) 
F  (as  foil.,  see-AGE)] 

ensi'le,  v.t.  Put  (fodder)  into  a  silo.  [f.  F 
ensiler  f.  Sp.  ENsilar  (silo)] 

ensla've,  v.t.  Make  (person  &c.)  a  slave  (lit., 
or  fig.  to  habit,  superstition,  &c).  Hence  en- 
sla'veMENT  n.    [en-] 

ensla'vep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  woman  by 
whose  charms  a  man  is  enslaved,    [-er  1] 

ensnare',  v.t.    Entrap  (lit.  &  fig.),    [en-] 

enaiou'l,  in-,  v.t.    Infuse  a  soul  into,    [en-] 

ensphere*,  v.t.    Encircle,  enclose,   [en-1 

ensue*,  v.i.  Happen  afterwards;  result  {from, 
on) ;  (bibl.)  seek  after,  [f.  OF  ensuivre  f.  LL  in- 
(sequere  =  L  sequi  follow)] 

ensure*  (-shoor),  v.t.  Make  (person,  thing) 
safe  (against,  from,  risks);  make  certain  (thing, 
that  it  shall  happen) ;  secure  (thing  to,  for,  per- 
son &c);  (formerly)  =  insure,  [f.  AF  EN(seurer 
f.  OF  seur  8¥RE)] 

enswa-the,  v.t.  Bind,  wrap,  in  bandage  (lit. 
&flg.).    Hence  enswa'theMENT  n.    [en-] 

-ent,  suf.  forming  adjj.  &  nn.,  repr.  L  -ent- 


(nom.  -ens)  of  pres.  part,  in  2nd,  3rd,  &  4th  conjj. 
See  -ant.    For  noun  meanings  (1,  2)  see  -ant. 

enta/blatune,  n.  (archit.)  The  part  of  an 
order  above  the  column,  including  architrave, 
frieze,  &  cornice,  [f.  It.  intavolatura  f.  iN(ta- 
volare  f.  tavola  table),  see  -ure] 

enta'blement,  n.  Horizontal  platform(s) 
supporting  statue,  above  dado  &  base.  [F,  f. 
^stabler  (table),  see  -ment] 

entai'l »,  n.  Settlement  of  succession  of  landed 
estate  so  that  it  cannot  be  bequeathed  at  plea- 
sure ;  estate  so  secured ;  (fig.)  inalienable  inher- 
itance (of  qualities,  beliefs,  &c).    [f.  foil.] 

entai'l2,  v.t.  Settle  (land  &c.)  as  in  prec. ; 
bestow  (thing)  as  inalienable  possession  (on  per- 
son) ;  impose  (expense,  labour,  on  person) ;  ne- 
cessitate. Hence  en  tai'lMENTn.  [EN-+TAiLa.] 

enta'ngrle,  v.t.  Catch  in  snare  or  among  ob- 
stacles; involve  (person  &c.)indifficulties;  make 
(thing)  tangled  or  intricate  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence 
enta'ngleMENT  n.    [en-] 

entente  cordiale  (F),  n.  Friendly  under- 
standing between  two  countries,  as  that  estab- 
lished between  England  &  France  in  1905. 

e'ntep,  v.i.  'k.  t.  1.  (intr.).  Go,  come,  in,  (into 
place,  room,  &c,  or  abs.) ;  (3rd  pers.  imperat.  as 
stage  direction)  come  upon  stage,  as  E.  Mac- 
beth ;  e.  into,  engage  in  (conversation,  relations, 
agreement,  inquiry,  &c),  sympathize  with  (per- 
son's feelings  &c),  form  part  of  (calculations, 
plans,  Sec),  bind  oneself  by  (recognizances, 
treaty,  contract) ;  e.  (up)on,  assume  possession 
of  (property),  begin  (process  &c),  begin  to  deal 
with  (subject).  2.  (trans.).  Go,  come,  into  (place 
&c.) ;  penetrate  (flesh  &c.) ;  become  member  of 
(army,  church,  &c.) ;  give  initial  training  to 
(dog),  break  in  (horse);  write  (name,  details,  &c, 
in  list,  book,  &c);  record  name  of  (person)  as 
competitor  for  (contest,  race,  &c. ;  also  intr., 
announce  oneself  as  competitor) ;  (of  minority 
in  deliberative  bodyj  esp.  House  of  Lords)  e.  a 
protest,  record  it  in  journals  or  minutes,  make 
it ;  admit,  procure  admission  for,  (pupil,  mem- 
ber of  a  society) ;  e.  up,  complete  series  of  en- 
tries in  (account  books  &c).  Hence  e'ntep- 
able  a.  [f.  F  entrer  f.  L  intrare  (intra  within)] 

ente'pie,  a.  Of  the  intestines ;  e.  fever,  ty- 
phoid. So  entePi'Tis  n.  [f.  Gk  enterikos  (en- 
teron  intestine,  see  -ic)| 

entepo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  enter  on  intestine,  as 
-lite,  stony  concretion  of  stomach  &c,  -tomy, 
cutting  open  intestine. 

e'ntepppise  <-z),  n.  Undertaking,  esp.  bold  or 
difficult  one ;  courage,  readiness,  to  engage  in 
ee.,  as  he  has  no  e.  [f.  OF  entreprise  f.  entre- 
prendre  (entre  between  +  prendre  take  f .  L  pre- 
(he)ndere)] 

enterprising-,  a.  Ready  to  undertake  enter- 
prises. Hence  e'ntepppisingLV2  adv.  [part, 
of  archaic  vb  enterprise  (f.  prec.)] 

enteptai'n,  v.t.  Maintain  (correspondence, 
discourse) ;  amuse,  occupy  agreeably,  (person 
&c,  often  iron.),  whence  entertai'niNG2  a., 
enteptai'ningXY 2  adv.;  receive  hospitably 
(also  abs.,  as  they  e.  a  great  deal) ;  harbour, 
cherish,  (idea,  feeling),  [f.  F  entretenir  f.  LL 
iNTER(£e«.ere  hold)] 

entertainment,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  a- 
musement,  as  much  to  mye. ;  public  performance 
or  show.     f-MENT] 

enthpa*l(l)  (-awl),  v.t.  (-11-).  Enslave  (usu. 
fig.);  captivate.  Hence  en  thpa'lMENTn.  [en] 

enthro'ne,  v.t.  Place  (king,  bishop,  &c.)  on 
throne,  esp.  as  formal  induction  (also  fig.). 
Hence  enthpo'neM  ent  n.    [en-] 

enthroniza'tion,  n.  Enthronement  (lit.  & 
fig.),  [f.  obs.  vb  enthronize  f.  OF  introniseri. 
LL  (in-)  f.  Gk  EN(Mnwi20  as  throne,  -ize)] 


ENTHUSE 


273 


ENVIRON 


enthu'se  (-z),  v.i.  (colloq.).  Show  enthusiasm, 
gush,    [back-formation  on  foil.] 

enthu'siasm  (-zl-),  n.  Ardent  zeal  {for, 
about,  an  object,  cause,  &c).  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  en- 
thousiasmos  f.  enthousiazo  f.  enthousia  f.  en- 
(theos  god)  possessed  by  a  god] 

enthu'siast,  n.  One  who  is  full  of  enthusiasm 
(for  cause  &c),  whence  enthusiastic  a.,  en- 
thusia'stiCALLYadv. ;  visionary,  self -deluded 
person,    [f.  Gk  enthoxisiastes  (as  prec.)] 

e'nthymeme,  n.  (logic).  Syllogism  in  which 
one  premiss  is  suppressed,  [f .  L  f.  Gk  enthume- 
ma  L  EXithumeomai  consider  (thumos  mind)] 

entree,  v.t.  Allure  (person  &c.  from  place, 
course  of  conduct,  &c,  into  another  ;  to  do).  So 
enti'eeMENT  n.  [f.  OF  ENticier  prob.  lit.  set 
on  fire  (L  titio  firebrand)] 

entire*,  a.  &  n.  Whole,  complete ;  not  broken 
or  decayed ;  not  castrated ;  unreserved,  unquali- 
fied, as  e.  affection ;  mere,  as  an  e.  delusion ;  all 
of  one  piece,  continuous  ;  pure,  unmixed ;  (n.) 
drink  like  porter,  as  Smith's  e.  Hence  en- 
tire'NESS  n.  [f.  OF  entier  f.  L  m2(tegrum, 
nom.  -ger,  f.  tag-  root  of  tangere  touch)] 

entirely,  adv.    Wholly ;  solely,    [-ly  2] 

entire'ty  (-irti),  n.  Completeness,  esp.,  in  its 
c;  sum  total  {of) ;  (Law)  possession  by  ee.  (un- 
divided), [f.  OF  entiereti  f.  L  integritatem  (as 
entire,  see  -TV)] 

enti'tle,  v.t.  Give  (book  &c.)  the  title  of  (A  dam 
Bede  &c.) ;  give  (person)  the  title  of  (sultan  &c); 
(of  circumstances,  qualities,  &c.)  give  (person 
&c.)  a  claim  (to  a  thing,  to  do),  [f.  OF  entiteler 
f.  LL  iN(titulare,  as  title)] 

e'ntity,  n.  A  thing's  existence,  as  opp.  to  its 
qualities  or  relations ;  thing  that  has  real  exis- 
tence. So  e'ntitATivE  a.  [f.  LL  entitas  (ens  LL 
part,  of  esse  be,  suggested  by  absens ;  see  -ty)] 

en  to-  in  comb.  =  Gkentos  within,  as  -pa'rasite, 
-zo'on,  internal  parasite,  -phyte,  plant  growing 
inside  a  plant  or  animal. 

ento'mb  (-obm),  v.t.  Place  in  tomb  (lit.  &  fig. ); 
serve  as  tomb  for.  Hence  entO'mbMENT 
(oom-m-)  n.    [f.  OF  ENtoumber  (as  tomb)] 

entd'mic,  a.    Of  insects,    [as  foil.  +  -ic] 

entomo-  in  comb.  Insect,  as :  -lite,  fossil  in- 
sect, -phagous,  insect-eating,  -philous  (Bot.),  fer- 
tilized by  means  of  insects,  -tomy,  insect  ana- 
tomy, [f.  Gk  EN(tomos  f.  temno  cut)  cut  up,  in 
neut.  pi.  =  insects] 

entomo'logy,  n.  Study  of  insects.  Hence 
entomolo'gicAL  a.,  entomo'logisr  n.,  en- 
tomo'logizE  v.i.    [f.  F  ENTOMO(logie  -logy)] 

entourage  (F),  n.  Surroundings ;  attendant 
persons. 

en-tout-cas  (F),  n.    Umbrella-sunshade. 

entr'acte  (F),  n.  (Performance  in)  interval 
between  acts  of  play. 

i  e'ntrails,  n.  pi.  Bowels,  intestines ;  (fig.)  (in- 
ner parts  (of  the  earth  &c).  [f.  OF  entraille  f. 
LL  intralia  (neut.  pi.  taken  in  F  as  fern,  sing.) 
f.  inter  among] 

entrai'n,  v.t.  &  i.  Put,  get,  (esp.  of  troops) 
into  a  train,    [en-] 

entra'mmel,  v.t.    Entangle,  hamper,   [en-] 

e'ntranee 1,  n.  Coming  or  going  in ;  coming 
of  actor  upon  stage ;  entering  into,  upon,  (office 
&c.) ;  right  of  admission  ;  (in  full  e.fee)  fee  paid 
on  admission  to  club,  school,  &c;  door,  passage, 
&c,  one  enters  by.    [OF  (as  enter,  -ance)] 

entra'nee  2,  v.t.  Throw  into  a  trance ;  over- 
whelm (with  joy,  fear) ;  carry  away  as  in  trance 
(from,  to).    Hence  entra'neeMENT  n.    [en-] 

e*ntrant,  n.  One  who  enters  room,  profes- 
sion. &c,  or  for  (race  &c).    [F,  part,  as  enter] 

entra'p,  v.t.  (-pp-).  Catch  in  or  as  in  trap  ; 
beguile  (person  to  destruction  &c,  into  doing). 

[f.  OF  EN(traper  trap)] 


entrea't,  v.t.  (Also  e.  of)  ask  (person)  earnest- 
ly (to  a\oJ,hat),  whence  entrea'ting-LY2  adv. ; 
(bibl.)  evil  e.,  treat  ill.    [f.  OF  EK(traiter  treat)] 

entrea'ty,  n.    Earnest  request,    [prec.  +  -y  4] 

entrechat  (F),  n.  Striking  together  of  the 
heels  several  times  during  leap  from  ground, 
in  dancing. 

entree  <6"ntra,  or  as  F),  n.  Right,  privilege, 
of  admission  ;  made  dish  served  between  fish  & 
joint.    [F,=  entry] 

entremets  (F),  n.  pi.    Side  dishes. 

entre'neh,  in-,  v.t.  Surround  (post,  army, 
town)  with  trench  (also  fig.,  esp.  oneself);  (rarely) 
encroach,  trespass,  upon.  Hence  entre'neh- 
ment  n.    [en-] 

entre  nous  (F),  adv.    Between  you  &  me. 

entrepot  (F),  n.  Storehouse  for  temporary 
deposit  of  goods ;  commercial  centre. 

entrepreneur  (F),  n.  Organizer  of  (esp.  mu- 
sical) entertainments. 

entresol  (F),  n.  Low  storey  between  first  & 
ground  floor. 

e'ntropy,  n.  (physics).  Measure  of  the  un- 
availability of  a  system's  thermal  energy  for 
conversion  into  mechanical  work.  [f.  en-  +  Gk 
trope  transformation  (trepo  turn),  on  energy] 

entrirst,  In-, v.t.  Charge  (person)  with  (duty, 
object  of  care) ;  confide  (duty,  person,  thing,  its 
safety,  to  person),    [en-] 

e'ntry,  n.  Coming  or  going  in ;  ceremonial 
entrance  ;  (Law)  taking  possession ;  place  of  en- 
trance, door,  gate,  lobby,  mouth  of  river ;  regis- 
tration in  records,  account-books,  &c;  item  so 
entered  ;  bookkeeping  by  double,  single,  e.  (in 
which  each  item  is  entered  twice,  once,  in  led- 
ger); list  of  competitors  for  race  &c.  [LFentrte 
f.  LL  intrata  (as  enter,  cf.  -ade)] 

entwi'ne,  in-,  v.t.  Interweave  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
wreathe  (thing  with,  about,  round,  another) ; 
embrace,    [en-] 

entwi'st,  in-,  v.t.  Clasp  with,  form  into,  a 
twist ;  twist  (thing)  in  with  (another),    [en-] 

enu'cleate,  v.t.  Explain,  clear  up ;  (Surg.) 
extract  (tumour  &c.)  from  shell  &c.  Hence 
enueleA'TiON  n.   [f.  L  E(nucleare  f.  nucleus)] 

enu'merate,  v.t.  Count;  specify  (items). 
Hence  or  cogn.  enumerATiON,  enu'merat- 
or  2,  nn.,  enu'meratiVE  a.    [f.  L  E(numerare 

NUMBER)] 

enu'nciate  (-shi-),  v.t.  Express  definitely 
(proposition,  theory);  proclaim;  pronounce 
(words).  So  enuneiA'TiON  (si-),  enu*nei~ 
atOR2(-shi-),  nn.,  enu'nciatiVE  (-sha-)  a.  [f.  L 
K(nuntiare  announce  f.  nuntius  messenger), 

-ATE  3] 

enure*,  v.i.  (&  t.).    See  inure. 

enve'lop,  v.t.  Wrap  up  (person,  thing,  sub- 
ject, &c,  in  garment,  flames,  clouds,  mystery, 
or  w.  flame  &c.  as  subject).  Hence  en ve'lop- 
ment  n.    [f.  OF  Eaveloper  (as  develop)] 

envelope  (or  on-),  n.  Wrapper,  covering,  (lit. 
&  fig.),  esp.  folded  &  gummed  cover  of  letter, 
[f.  F  enveloppe  (as  prec.)] 

enve*nom,v.t.  Put  poison  on  or  into  (weapon, 
air,  &c.) ;  infuse  venom  into  (feelings,  words, 
actions) ;  corrupt  (mind  &c).  [f.  OF  EN(venimer 

as  VENOM)] 

enviable,  a.  Calculated  to  excite  envy  (said 
of  desirable  thing  or  its  possessor).  Hence  e*n- 
viabLY  2  adv.    ff.  envy  v.  +  -able] 

e-nvious,  a.  Full  of  envy  ;  feeling  envy  of 
(person,  thing).  Hence  e'nviousLY  2  ad  v.  [f. 
OF  envieus  f.  L  invidiosus  (as  envy  *,  see  -ous)] 

envip'on,  v.t.  (Of  persons  or  things)  form  a 
ring,  be  stationed,  round ;  surround  (person, 
place,&c.)  hostilely,  protectively,  as  attendants, 
&c;  surround  (person,  thing,  with  others),  [f. 
F  environncr  f.  adv.  as  environs] 


ENVIRONMENT 


274 


EPILEPTIC 


envip'onment, n.  Surrounding;  surround- 
ing objects,  region,  or  circumstances,    [-ment] 

enviP'ons  (or  e'nvi-),  n.  pi.  Districts  sur- 
rounding town  &c.  [f.  OF  Environ  (n.  f.  adv.) 
f.  *viron  circuit,  cf.  virer  veer] 

envi'sage,  v.t.  Look  in  the  face  of;  face 
{danger,  facts) ;  contemplate,  esp.  under  par- 
ticular aspect.  Hence  envi'sagreMENT  n.  If. 
F  ENvisager  (visage)] 

e'nvoy'.n.  (archaic).  (Author's  parting  words, 
esp.)  short  stanza  concluding  certain  archaic 
forms  of  poem.  [OF,  f.  envoiier  send  (en  vote  on 
the  way  f.  L  via)] 

e'nvoy2,  n.  Messenger,  representative ;  esp. 
minister  plenipotentiary,  ranking  below  am- 
bassador &  above  charge  d'affaires.  Hence  e*n- 
voysmp  n.    [prob.  f.  F  envoye",  p.p.  as  prec] 

e'nvy1,  n.  Grudging  contemplation  (o/more 
fortunate  persons,  of,  at,  their  advantages,  or 
abs. ;  often  playfully) ;  object,  ground,  of  this, 
as  she,  her  poodle,  is  the  e.  of  Bath.  [f.  F  envie 
f.  L  invidia  f.  invidus  f.  iti(videre  see)  envy] 

e'nvy2,  v.t.  Feel  envy  of,  as  / e.  him,  e.  his 
impudence,  e.  him  his  impudence,  [f.  F  envier 
f.  med.L  invidiare  {invidia  envy  2)] 

enwi'nd,  v.t.  (Of  thing)  wind  itself  round 
(another),    [en-] 

enwo'mb,  v.t.    Enclose  (as)  in  womb,    [en-] 

enwra'p,  in-,  v.t.  (-pp-).  Wrap,  enfold,  (in ; 
lit.  &  fig.),    [en-] 

en w pea* the,  v.t.  Surround  as  or  (as)  with 
wreath ;  intertwine,    [en-] 

e'ocene,  a.  (geol.).  Of  the  lowest  division  of 
Tertiary  strata,   [f.  Gk  ids  dawn  +  kainos  new] 

eon.   See  aeon. 

-eous,  suf.  =  L  -eus  +  -ous,  forming  adjj. 
meaning  'of  the  nature  of,  as  ligneous  like 
wood  ;  a  few  are  f.  L  nn.  direct  (aqueous  f. 
aqua) ;  some  add  -ous  to  -te  (now  -ty)  as  duteous, 
or  are  changed  f.  -tivous  (bounteous  f.  F  bontif) ; 
righteous,  courteous,  are  by  false  anal. 

ep-  in  comb.  =  epi-  before  unaspirated  vowels. 

e'pact,  n.  Age  of  moon  on  Jan.  1 ;  excess  of 
solar  over  lunar  year.  [f.  F  epacte  f.  L  f.  Gk 
epakte  f.  EP(ago  bring)  intercalate] 

e'papeh  (-k),  n.  Governor,  bishop,  of  an 
eparchy,    [f.  Gk  EP(arkhos  ruler)] 

e'papehy,  n.  Subdivision  of  modern  king- 
dom of  Greece ;  diocese  in  Russian  (Greek) 
Church,    [f.  Gk  eparkhia  (as  prec,  see  -v J)] 

e*paulet(te),  n.  Ornamental  shoulder-piece 
of  uniform  ;  (of  private  soldier)  win  his  ee.,  earn 
promotion  to  rank  of  officer,  [f.  F  ipaulette 
dim.  of  tpaulejihovilder  f.  L  spatula] 

epepgrne  (-arn),  n.  Centre  ornament  (esp.  in 
branched  form)  for  dinner  table.    [?] 

epexeg-e'sis  (-j-),  n.  Additional,  addition  of, 
words  to  make  meaning  clear  (e.g.  'difficult  to 
do ').  So  epexegre'tic(AL)  aa.,  epexeg-e-tie- 
alL y  2  adv.    [Gk  (ep-  +  exegesis)] 

eph-,  pref.    =epi-  before  h. 

ephe'be,  n.  (Gk  Ant).  Citizen  aged  18  to  20. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  EPHe&os  (hebe  early  manhood)] 

ephe'mera  (pi.  -ras),  -ron  (pi.  -rons,  -ra), 
nn.  Insect  living  only  a  day ;  genus  of  insects 
including  May-fly ;  short-lived  thing,  [f.  Gk 
EPiiemcros  lasting  only  a  day  (hemera)] 

ephe'meral,  a.  (Of  diseases)  lasting  only  a 
day ;  (of  insects,  flowers,  &c.)  lasting  a  day  or 
a  few  days;  short-lived,  transitory.  Hence 
ephemera'liTY  n.    [f.  Gk  as  prec.  +  -al] 

epne*meris,  n.  (pi.  -ides).  Astronomical  al- 
manac or  table.  [Gk  (-em-),  = calendar  (as  prec.)] 

e*phod,n.  Jewish  priestly  vestment.  [Heb., 
f.  aphad  put  on] 

O'phop,  n.  One  of  five  Spartan  magistrates 
controlling  the  kings ;  (in  mod.  Greece)  over- 
seer,   [f.  Gk  EPHoros  (horao  see)] 


epi-,pref.  =  Gk  epi  upon,  at,  on  the  ground 
of,  in  addition. 

e'piblast,  n.  (biol.).  Outermost  layer  of 
blastoderm,   [f.  epi-  +  Gk  blastos  sprout,  germ] 

e*pie,  a.  &  n.  (Poem)  narrating  continuously 
achievements  of  one  or  more  heroes,  as  the 
Iliad  &  Odyssey;  E.  dialect,  form  of  Gk  in 
which  the  e.  poems  were  written  ;  national  e., 
poem,  of  any  form,  embodying  nation's  concep- 
tion of  its  past  history.  Hence  e'picAL  a., 
e'piealLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  epikos  (epos,  -ic)] 

epiee-dium,  n.  Funeral  ode.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  epi- 
(kedeion  f.  kedos  care)] 

e'picene,  a.  &  n.  (Lat.  &  Gk  Gram. )  denoting 
either  sex  without  change  of  gender ;  for,  used 
by,  both  sexes;  (person)  with  characteristics  of 
both  sexes,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  EPi(koinos  common)] 

epiee#ntpuni,-tpe,nn.  Pointat  which  earth- 
quake breaks  out.     [f.  Gk  EPi(kentros  a.  as 

CENTRE)] 

e'picure,  n.  One  who  is  choice  &  dainty  in 
eating  &  drinking.  Hence  e*picupiSM(2)  n.  If. 
L  f.  Gk Epikouros  Epicurus,  or  LL epicurius  a.] 

epicurean,  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of  Epicurus, 
Athenian  philosopher  (b.c.  300)  who  taught  that 
highest  good  was  pleasure  (i.  e.  practice  of  vir- 
tue) ;  (person)  devoted  to  pleasure,  esp.  refined 
sensuous  enjoyment.  Henceepicupe'aniSM(3) 
n.    [f.  L  (-eus)  f.  Gk  Epikoureios  (prec.)] 

e'pieyele,  n.  Small  circle  having  its  centre 
on  circumference  of  a  greater.  Hence  epi- 
ey'elic  a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  EPi(kuklos  circle)] 

epiey'eloid,  n.  Curve  traced  by  point  in  cir- 
cumference of  a  circle  rolling  on  exterior  of 
another.  Henceepieyeloi'dALa.  [prec. -f -oid] 

epidei'etie  (-di-),  a.  Meant  for  display,  [f. 
Gk  epideiktikos  f.  EPi(deiknumi  show),  see  -ic] 

epide'mie,  a.  &  n.  (Disease,  lit.  &  fig.)  preva- 
lent among  community  at  special  time,  cf.  en- 
demic. Hence  epide'mieAL  a.,  epide'mie- 
alLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  ipidemique  f.  Epide'mie  i.  LL 
f.  Gk  epidemia  f.  epidemios  a.  (demos  people)] 

epidemio'logy,  n.  Science  of  epidemics,  [f. 
Gk  as  prec,  -logy] 

epider'mis,  n.  Outer  layer  of  skin  of  ani- 
mals, cuticle ;  outer  animal  integument  of 
shell ;  true  skin  of  plant  below  cuticle.  Hence 
epidep'niAL,  epidep'mic,  epidep'moiD, 
epidepmoi'dAL,  aa.    [Gk  Epidermis  (derm)] 

epiga'stpium,  n.  Part  of  abdomen  imme- 
diately over  stomach.  Hence  epigra'stpic  a. 
[f.  Gk  EPigastrion  (gaster  stomach)] 

e'pigrene  (-j-),  a.  (Geol.)  produced  on  surface 
of  earth ;  (of  crystal)  chemically  altered  since  its 
formation,  [f.  F  kpigene  f.  Gk  EV\(genes  born)] 

epigre'nesis,  n.  Formation  of  organic  germ 
as  a  new  product ;  theory  of  e.  (that  the  germ 
is  brought  into  existence,  not  merely  deve- 
loped, in  process  of  reproduction),    [epi-] 

epigrld'ttis,  n.  Erect  cartilage  at  root  of 
tongue,  depressed  during  swallowing  to  cover 
glottis.  Hence  epigrld'ttic  a.  [Gk  EV\(glottis 
f.  glotta  tongue)] 

e'pigrpam,  n.  Short  poem  ending  in  witty 
turn  of  thought ;  pointed  saying  or  mode  of  ex- 
pression. So  epigpamma'tic  a.,  epigpam- 
ma'tiCALLY  adv.,  epig:pa'mniatisT(3)  n., 
epigpa*mmatiZE(l,  2)  v.t.  &  i.  [f.  F  ^pi- 
gramme  f.  L  f.  Gk  EPi(gramma  -gram)] 

e'pigpaph,  n.  Inscription  on  stone,  statue, 
coin,  &c,  whence  epigpa'phic  a.,  epi*- 
g-paphiST(3),  epl'grpapnY1,  nn. ;  motto,  [f. 
Gk  EPi(graphe  f.  grapho  write)] 

e'pilepsy,  n.  Nervous  disease  in  which 
patient  falls  to  ground  unconscious,  with 
spasms  &  foaming  at  mouth,  [f.  OF  cpilepsie 
f.  L  f.  Gk  epilepsia  f.  EP\(lambano  take)] 

epileptic,  a.  &  n.  Of  epilepsy ;  (person)  sub- 


EPILOGIST 2 

ject  to  epilepsy,  [f.  F  ipileptique  f.  L  f.  Gk  epi- 
leptikos  (as  prec.)] 

epi'log-ist  (-j),  n.  Writer,  speaker,  of  epi- 
logue,   [f.  foil.  +  -1ST] 

e'pilog-ue  (-g),  n.  Concluding  part  of  literary 
work ;  speech,  short  poem,  addressed  to  specta- 
tors by  actor  at  end  of  play.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  epi- 
{logos  speech)] 

epi'phany,  n.  Manifestation  of  Christ  to  the 
Magi ;  manifestation  of  a  superhuman  being, 
[f.  OF  epiphanie  f.  LL  (neut.  pi.  used  as  fem. 
sing.)  f.  late  Gk  epiphania  (neut.  pi.  adj.)  f.  epi- 
(phaino  show) ;  partly  also  f.  Gk  epiphaneia 
(epiphanes  manifest)] 

e'piphyte,  n.  Plant  growing  on  (usu.  not 
fed  by)  another ;  vegetable  parasite  on  animal 
body.  Hence  epiphy'tAL,  epiphy'tic,  aa. 
[f.  epi-  +  Gk  phuton  plant] 

epi'scopacy,  n.  Government  of  church  by 
bishops ;  the  bishops,    [as  episcopate,  -acy] 

epi'scopal,  a.  Of  bishop(s) ;  e.  church,  con- 
stituted on  principle  of  prec.  Hence  epi'seo- 
paliSM(3)  n.,  epi'scopalLY2adv.  [f.  F  Episco- 
pal f.  LL  episcopalis  (as  bishop,  see  -al)J 

episcopalian,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent)  of  episco- 
pacy ;  (member)  of  episcopalian  church.  Hence 
episcopa*lianiSM(3)  n.    [f.  L  as  prec.  +  -an] 

epi'scopate  (-at),  n.  Office,  see,  tenure,  of 
bishop ;  the  e.,  the  bishops,  [f.  L  episcopatus 
(episcopus  bishop,  see  -ate  l)] 

e'pisode,  n.  Part  between  two  choric  songs 
in  Gk  tragedy  (orig.  interpolation) ;  incidental 
narrative  or  series  of  events.  Hence  episo'd- 
ic(al)  aa.,  episo*dicalLV2adv.  [f.  Gk  EPeis- 
odion  f.  eisodos  entry  (eis  into  +  hodos  way)] 

epispa'stic,  a.  &  n.  Blistering ;  (n.)  blister, 
[f.  Gk  epispastikos  f.  EPi(spao  draw),  see  -ic] 

epistemo'logy,  n.  Theory  of  the  method  or 
grounds  of  knowledge,  [f.  Gk  episteme  know- 
ledge +  -O-  +  -LOGY] 

epi'stle  (-si),  n.  Letter  (now  only  facet,  of 
ordinary  modern  letters),  esp.  one  of  an  apostle, 
part  of  the  canon  of  Scripture ;  the  E.,  extract 
from  apostolical  e.  read  in  Communion  service ; 
literary  work,  usu.  verse,  in  form  of  letter.  [OF, 
f.  L  f.  Gk  epistole  f.  VPi(stelld  send)] 

epistolary,  a.  Of,  carried  on  by,  suited  to, 
letters,  [f.  F  ipistolaire  f.  L  epistolaris  (as 
prec,  see  -ary2)] 

epi'strophe  (-fi),  n.  Ending  of  several  sen- 
tences or  clauses  with  same  word.  [Gk  epi- 
(strophe  turning  f.  strepho)] 

e*pistyle,n.  (archit.).  =  architrave,  [f.  Lf. 
Gk  KPi(8tulion  f.  stulos  pillar)] 

e'pitaph,  n.  Words  (supposed  to  be)  inscrib- 
ed on  tomb.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  epi  (taphion  f.  taphos 
tomb),  neut.  adj.  as  n.] 

epithala'mium,  n.  (pi.  -turns,  -ia).  Nuptial 
song  or  poem.  Hence  epithala'mi  a  i..  epi- 
thala'mic,  aa.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  EPiithalamion  f. 
thalamos  bride  chamber),  neut.  adj.  as  n.] 

epithelium,  n.  Tissue  forming  outer  layer 
of  mucous  membrane ;  (Bot.)  epidermis  formed 
of  young  cells.  Hence  epithe'liAL  a.  [mod.  L, 
f.  epi-  +  Gk  thele  teat] 

e'pithet,  n.  Adjective  expressing  quality  or 
attribute  ;  significant  appellation.  Hence  epi- 
the'tic(AL)  aa.,  epithe'tiealLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  epitheton  f.  KPiitithemi  place)] 

epi'tome  (-mi),  n.  Summary,  abstract,  of 
book ;  condensed  account ;  (fig.)  thing  that  re- 
presents another  in  miniature,  as  man,  the 
world's  e.  Hence  epi*tomiST(l)  n.,  epi'to- 
miZE(3)  v.t.  [Gk  epitome  f.  EPi(temno  cut) 
abridge] 

epoch  (k),  n.  Beginning  of  era  in  history, 
science,  life,  &c,  as  this  made  an  e.,  an  e.-mak- 
ing  event ;  date ;  period  in  history  or  life  marked 


) EQUIDISTANT 

by  special  events.  Hence  epoehAL  a.  [f.  LL 
f.  Gk  epokhe  stoppage  f.  EP(ekhd  hold)] 

e'pode,  n.  Form  of  lyric  poem,  used  by 
Horace ;  third  division  of  lyric  ode.  [OF,  f.  L  f. 
Gk  epodos  f.  EP(ado  sing)] 

e'ponym,  n.  One  who  gives  his  name  to  a 
people,  place,  or  institution.  So  epd'nymous 
a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  ~EP{6numos  f.  onoma  name)] 

epopee,  n.  Epic  poem  or  poetry,  [f.  F  bpope'c 
f.  Gk  epopoiia  f.  epopoios  (foil.  +  poied  make)] 

epos,  n.  Early  unwritten  epic  poetry  ;  epic 
poem.    [L  f.  Gk  epos  word,  song] 

E'psom,  n.  Town  in  Surrey ;  E.  salt,  mag- 
nesium sulphate. 

equable,  a.  Uniform,  even,  not  easily  dis- 
turbed. Hence  equaBi'LiTY  n.,  e'quabLY2 
adv.   If.  L  aequabxlis  (as  equate,  -ble)] 

e'qual  \  a.  &  n.  The  same  in  number,  size, 
value,  degree,  &c.  (to,  with,  or  abs.),  as  twice 
three  is  e.  to  six,  the  totals  are  e.,  talks  French 
&  Dutch  xvith  e.  ease,  the  two  are  e.  in  ability ; 
having  strength,  courage, ability,  &c,  adequate 
to  (the  occasion,  a  cup  of  tea,  doing,  &c.) ;  uni- 
form in  operation  &c,  as  e.  laws ;  evenly 
balanced  (fight  &c.) ;  (n.)  person  e.  to  another 
in  rank  &c,  as  mix  with  your  ee.,  or  in  power 
&c,  as  he  has  no  e. ;  (n.  pl.)e.  things,  ast/ee.  be 
added  to  ee.    [f.  L  aequalis  (aequus,  see  -al)] 

e'qual 2,  v.t.  (-11-).  Be  equal  to  (person,  thing, 
in  quality,  number,  &c).    [f.  prec] 

equa'lity  (-61),  n.  Condition  of  being  equal 
(between  two  or  more ;  with  person  &c  in  quality 
&c ;  usu.  abs.) ;  is  on  an  e.  with,  is  on  equal 
terms  with.  [f.  OF  iqualiJti,  f.  L  aequalitatem 
(as  equal1,  see  -ty)] 

equalize,  v.t.  Make  (thing  &c)  equal  (to, 
with).    Hence  equalizvnox  n.    [-ize] 

equally,  adv.  In  an  equal  degree ;  in  equal 
shares ;  uniformly.    [-L y  2] 

equanimity,  n.  Evenness  of  mind  or  tem- 
per ;  composure ;  resignation,  [f.  F  6quanimit6 
f.  L  aequanimitatem  f.  aequanimis  (aequus 
even  +  animus  mind),  see  -ty] 

equa'te,  v.t.  State  equality  of  (thing  to,  with, 
another) ;  treat  as  equivalent,  [f.  L  aequare 
(aequus  equal),  see  -ate3] 

equa'tion,  n.  Making  equal,  balancing,  (of 
demand  &  supply  &c.) ;  (amount  or  process  of) 
compensation  for  inaccuracy,  as  (Astr.)  per- 
sonal e.,  allowance  for  individual  slowness  in 
noting  phenomena  (also  fig.),  e.  (difference  be- 
tween mean  &  apparent  places)  of  the  equi- 
noxes; (Math.)  formula  affirming  equivalence 
of  two  expressions  connected  by  tfce  sign  =. 
Hence  equa'tion  a  La.,  equa'tionalLY  2  adv. 
[f.  L  aequatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

equa'tor,  n.  A  great  circle  of  the  earth,  equi- 
distant from  the  poles  ;  =  equinoctial  ;  mag- 
netic e„  aclinic  line.    [LL  (as  prec,  -or2)] 

equatop'ial,  a.  Of,  hear,  the  equator;  e. 
telescope  (attached  to  axle  revolving  in  direc- 
tion parallel  to  plane  of  equator).  Hence  equa- 
top'ia^LY  2  adv.    [-ial] 

e'queppy  (or  lkwe'ri),  n.  Officer  of  prince  or 
noble  charged  with  care  of  horses ;  officer  of 
British  royal  household,  [f.  F  icurie  f.  med.L 
sevria  stable  f.  OHG  sciir  shed  ;  confused  in  E 
with  L  equus  horse] 

equestrian,  a.  &  n.  Of  horse-riding;  e. 
statue  (of  person  on  horse) ;  (Rom.  Ant.)  of  the 
order  of  Equites  or  Knights;  (n.)  rider,  per- 
former, on  horseback,  [f.  L  equestris  (eques 
horseman  f.  equus  horse)  +  -an] 

equi-  in  comb. =L  aequus  equal,  as  -angular, 
having  equal  angles. 

equidi'stant,  a.  Separated  by  equal  dis- 
tance^), [f.  F  Equidistant  f .  LL  aequidistantem 
(see  equi-  &  distant)] 


EQUILATERAL 


276 


ERECTILE 


equila'tenal,  a.  Having  all  the  sides  equal, 
[f.  LL  aequilateralis  (see  equi-  &  lateral] 

equilrbrate,  v.t.  &  i.  Cause  (two  things) 
to  balance;  balance  (t.  &  i.);  counterpoise. 
Hence  equilibPA'TiON  n.  [f.  equi-  +  L  libra 
balance  +  -ate  3] 

equrlibrist,  n.  Rope-walker,  acrobat,  [f.  F 
6quilibriste  (iquilibre  equilibrium)] 

equilibrium,  n.  State  of  balance  (lit.  & 
fig.) ;  a  body  in  stable  e.  (tending  to  recover  e. 
after  disturbance) ;  neutrality  of  judgment  &c. 
[L  (equi-,  libra  balance)] 

equimultiple,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Number  having 
a  common  factor  with  another,    [equi-] 

e'quine,  a.  Of,  like,  a  horse.  If.  L  equinus 
(eguus  horse,  see  -ine  j)] 

equino'ctial,  a.  &  n.  Of  equal  day  &  night ; 

e.  line,  circle  of  celestial  sphere  whose  plane  is 
perpendicular  to  earth's  axis ;  happening  at  or 
near  time  of  equinox,  as  e.  gales ;  at,  near,  the 
(terrestrial)  equator;  (n.)  e.  line,  (pi.)  e.  gales, 
[f.  L  aequinoctialis  (as  foil.,  see  -al)] 

e'quinox,  n.  Time  at  which  sun  crosses  equa- 
tor &  day  &  night  are  equal  {vernal  e.,  March  20 ; 
autumnal  e.,  Sep.  22  or  23) ;  (pi.)  two  points  at 
which  sun  crosses  equator  j  precession  of ee. 
[f.  L  aequinoctium  (nox  -ctxs  night,  equi-)] 

equi'p,  v.t.  (-pp-).  Furnish  (ship,  army,  person, 
with  requisites) ;  dress  (oneseZ/&c)  for  journey. 
Hence  equi'pMENT  n.  [f.  F  tquiper,  esq-,  prob. 

f.  ON  skipa  man  (ship)  f.  skip  ship] 
d'quipag-e,  n.    Requisites  for  an  undertak- 
ing ;  outfit  for  journey  &c. ;  carriage  &  horses 
with  attendants,  [f.  F  iquipage  (as  prec,  -age)] 

equipoise,  n.,  &  v.t.  Equilibrium  (often 
fig.);  counterbalancing  thing;  (v.t.)  counter- 
balance, hold  (mind)  in  suspense,    [equi-1 

equipollent,  a.  &  n.  Equal  in  power,  force, 
&c. ;  practically  equivalent ;  (n.)  e.  thing.  So 
equipo'llENCE,  -ency,  nn.  [f.  OF  cquipolent 
f.  L  aequipollentem  (equi-,  pollere  be  strong)] 

equipo'nderate,  v.t.  Counterbalance.  So 
equipo'ndePANT  a.  &  n.  [f.  med.L  aequi- 
(ponderare  weigh  f.  pondus  -eris  weight),  see 

EQUI-  &-ATE3] 

equipote-ntial,  a.  (physics).  In  which  the 
potential  of  a  force  is  the  same  or  constant  at 
all  points,    [equi-] 

e'quitable,  a.  Fair,  just,  whence  equit- 
ablexESS  n.,  e*quitabLY2  adv.;  (of  claims 
&c.)  valid  in  equity  as  opposed  to  law.  [f.  F 
e'quitable  (as  equity  +  -able)] 

equita-tion,  n.  (usu.  facet.).  Riding  on 
horse ;  horsemanship,  [f.  L  equitatio  f.  equitare 
f .  eques  -itis  horseman  f.  equus  horse,  see  -ation] 

e'quity,  n.  Fairness ;  recourse  to  principles 
of  justice  to  correct  or  supplement  law ;  system 
of  law  coexisting  with  and  superseding  com- 
mon and  statute  law.  [f.  OF  equiti  f.  L  aequi- 
tatem  (aequus  fair,  see  -ty)] 

equivalent,  a.  &  n.  Equal  in  value  (to) ;  (of 
words)  meaning  the  same ;  (Chem.)  equal  in  com- 
bining value  (to) ;  having  the  same  result ;  cor- 
responding; (n.)e.  thing,  amount,  word,  &c.  So 
equi-valENCE,  -ency,  nn.  [f.  LL  aequi(valere 
be  worth),  see  equi-  &  -ent] 

equi'vocal,  a.  Of  double  meaning,  ambigu- 
ous; of  "uncertain  nature;  e.  generation  (spon- 
taneous); undecided;  (of  persons,  character,  &c.) 
questionable,  suspicious.  Hence  equivoea'l- 
1^Y'  rf  ^ui'vocalNESS,  nn.,  equi'voealLY  2 
adv.lf.LLacgi«rocus(EQUi-,wcarecall),see-AL] 

equivocate,  v.i.  Use  ambiguous  words  to 
conceal  the  truth,  prevaricate.  Hence  equi- 
voca-tion,  equi'voeatoR2,  nn.  [f.  LL  aequi- 
vocare  (as  prec,  see  -ate3)] 

e-quivoque  (-k),  -oke,  n.  Pun ;  ambiguity. 
It  LL  aequivoc-us  equivocal] 


-op1,  suf.  forming  esp.  agent  nn.  f.  nn.  &  vbs. 
Orig.  = '  one  who  has  to  do  with ',  f.  OTeut.  -arjoz 
(cf.  L  -arius  -ary  *) ;  so  E  wds  as  hatter  &  (after 
-w)  bowyer,  sawyer,  lawyer,  &  perh.  on  their 
anal,  collier,  grazier,  &c. ;  also  colloq.  wds  of 
action,  as  header,  out-dt-outer,  and  of  number, 
as  fiver,  tenner ;  add  Londoner,  foreigner,  &c. 
As  many  wds  so  formed  correspond  to  vbs,  -er 
took  agent  sense  (clothier  one  connected  with 
cloth,  one  who  clothes),  &  can  now  be  added  to 
any  vb  not  otherwise  provided  (correspondent, 
translator) ;  -or  (-our,  -ier)  &  -er  may  coexist, 
with  or  without  differentiation  (saviour,  -er ; 
assertor,  -er);  some  wds  seem  to  double  -er 
(caterer,  fruiterer,  poulterer) ;  -eris  sometimes 
used  to  anglicize  L  -us  (astronomer,  geographer, 
perh.  philosopher).  Meanings  :  (1)  person,  ani- 
mal, that  does  something ;  (2)  instrument,  ma- 
chine, occurrence,  &c.  ( poker,  paper-cutter,  deo- 
dorizer, eye-opener) ;  (3)  person  concerned  with 
thing  (hatter,  geographer) ;  (4)  person  belonging 
to  place  &c.  (Londoner,  Britisher). 

-eP2,suf.  in  nn.  &  adjj.  f.  OF,  of  various  orig., 
esp. :  (1)  OF  -er  f.  L  -arem  -ar1  as  sampler. 
(2)  AF  -er  f.  OF  -ier  f.  L  -arius  -ary  I,  as  butler, 
carpenter,  danger.  (3)  OF  -eure  f.  L  -aturam- 
-ure,  as  border.    (4)  see  -or2. 

-ep3,  suf.  forming  comparatives ;  now  (exc.  in 
poetry  and  mannered  prose)  only  in  adjj.  of  one 
syllable,  or  of  two  ending  in  -y,  -ly,  -le,  -er,  -ow, 
&  a  few  others  (esp.  w.  accent  on  last  syllable ; 
see  -est),  &  in  advv.,  chiefly  those  identical 
with  adjj.,  as  hard;  the  vowel  change  seen  in 
German  &c.  now  remains  only  in  elder,  better. 
[OE :  (adj.)  -ra  f.  OTeut.  -izon-  &  -ozon- ;  (adv.) 
-or  f.  OTeut.  -oz] 

-er4,  suf.  esp.  in  Law  terms,  as  cesser,  dis- 
claimer, misnomer,  user ;  also  dinner,  supper. 
Meaning:  (single  instance  of)  the  vbl  action, 
document  effecting  this.    [F  infin.] 

-6P5,  suf.  forming  frequent,  vbs  f.  others  (wan- 
der, waver,  f.  wend,  wave)  or  on  sound  imita- 
tions (twitter);  batter, flicker, shimmer,  slumber. 

ep*a,  n.  System  of  chronology  starting  from 
some  particular  point  of  time,  as  Christian  e., 
e.  of  the  hegira  ;  historical  or  other  period ; 
date  forming  commencement  of  this.  [f.  LL 
aera  number  expressed  in  figures  (pi.  of  aes 
aeris  money,  treated  as  fem.  sing.)] 

eradia'tion,  n.    Emission  of  rays,    [e-] 

epa'dicate,  v.t.  Tear  up  by  roots ;  extirpate, 
get  rid  of.  So  era'dicABLE  a.,  epadicA#TioN 
n.   [f.  L  E(radicare  f.  radix  -ids  root),  -ate  3] 

epa'se  (-z),  v.t.  Rub  out;  obliterate.  Hence 
epa'SABLE  a.,  epa*SERM2),  epa'suRE  (-zher), 
nn.    [f.  L  E(radere  ras-  scrape)] 

Epa'stian,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent)  of  the  sup 
posed  doctrines  of  Erastus,  subordinating  ec- 
clesiastical to  secular  power.  Hence  Era'- 
stianiSM(3)  n.,  Epa*stianiZE(3)  v.t.  &  i.  [f. 
Erastus,  Heidelberg  physician  of  16th  c.,+  -ian] 

ere  (ar),  prep.  &  conj.  (poet.,  archaic).  Be- 
fore (of  time) ;  e.  long,  before  long ;  erewhile, 
formerly.  [OE  aer  (Du.  eer,  G  eher,  ehe)  f.  OTeut. 
airiz  compar.  of  air  adv.  early] 

E*pebus(e-),n.  (Gkmyth.).  Place  of  darkness 
between  earth  &  Hades.    [L,  f.  Gk  Erebos] 

ere'et1,  a.  Upright,  not  stooping,  (lit.  &  fig.); 
vertical ;  (of  hair  &c.)  set  up,  bristling.  Hence 
epe*etLY2adv.,  ere'etNESS  n.  [f.  L  E(rt'firere 
rect-  =  regere  direct)  set  up] 

epe'et2,  v.t.  Raise,  set  upright,  (oneseZ/,body, 
&c);  build  (lit.  &  fig.);  form  (persons,  principles, 
&c.)  into  (class,  system,  &c).    [as  prec] 

erectile,  a.  That  can  be  erected ;  e.  tissue  in 
animals  (capable  of  being  distended  &  becom- 
ing rigid  under  excitement),  [f.  F  erectile  (as 
erect  1,  see  -IL)J 


ERECTION 


277 


ESCAPE 


erection,  n.  Erecting ;  building,  structure, 
(lit.  &  fig.),    [f.  LL  erectio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

ere'etor,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  erects,  as 
e.-muscle.    [-or2] 

e'remite,  n.  Hermit  (esp.  of  Christian  soli- 
taries from  3rd  c.  onwards).  Hence  eremi*- 
tic(AL)  aa.    [f.  LL  as  hermit] 

e'rethism,  n.  (path.).  Abnormal  excitement 
(of  organ  or  tissue,  fig.  of  mind),  [f.  F  trtthisme 
f.  Gk  erethismos  (erethizo  irritate,  see  -ism)] 

erg\  er'g-on,  n.  (physics).  Work  done  by  a 
force  that  acting  for  one  second  on  mass  of  one 
gramme  produces  velocity  of  one  centimetre 
per  second,    [f.  Gk  ergon  work] 

ergo,  adv.  (usu.  facet.).    Therefore.    [L] 

evgot  (-ot),  n.  Disease  of  rye  &c.  caused  by 
fungus  ;  diseased  rye  seed  as  medicine.  [F,  f. 
OF  argot  cock's  spur,  f.  appearance  produced] 

ergotism,  n.  =  prec;  disease  produced  by 
bread  made  from  flour  affected  by  this,    [-ism] 

E'Pin  (e-),  n.    (Ancient  name  of)  Ireland. 

eri'stic,  a.  &  n.  (Art)  of  disputation,  [f.  Gk 
eristikos  (erizo  f.  eris  strife,  see  -ic)] 

ep'mine,  n.  Animal  of  weasel  tribe,  whose 
fur  is  brown  in  summer  &  white  (except  black 
tail-tip)  in  winter;  its  fur,  used  in  robes  of 
judges  &  peers  (often  poet,  as  emblem  of  purity), 
whence  ep*minED2  (-ind)  a.;  (Herald.)  white 
marked  with  black  spots,  [f.  OF  (h)ermine  (Pro v. 
ermini),  etym.  dub.] 

-em,  suf.  in  northern  &c.  f.  OTeut.  -ronjo- 
(-ro-  +  -onjo-  =  L  -aneus). 

erne,  n.  Golden  Eagle;  Sea-Eagle.  [OE  earn 
(Du.  arend)  i.  OTeut.  arnuz,  cf.  Gk  ornis  bird] 

epo'de,  v.t.  (Of  acids,  currents,  &c.)  gnaw 
away,  destroy  gradually,  wear  out.  So  erof- 
sion  (-zhn)  n.,  ePO'siVE  (-s)  a.  [f.  F  troderi.  L 
E(rodere  ros-  gnaw)] 

epo'tie,  a.  &  n.  Of  love,  amatory ;  (n. )  e.  poem, 
[f.  Gk  erotikos  (eros  -otos  sexual  love,  see  -ic)] 

ero'toma'nia,  n.  (path.).  Melancholy,  mad- 
ness, arising  from  love.  [f.  Gk  eros  (as  prec.) 
+  -mania] 

epp  (er),  v.i.  (part.  &  vbl  n.  pron.  er'ing).  Make 
mistakes ;  (of  statements  &c.)  be  incorrect ;  sin. 
[f.  F  errer  f.  L  errare] 

e'PPand,  n.  Short  journey  on  which  an  in- 
ferior is  sent  to  carry  message  &c,  as  run,  go, 
(on)  ee.,  e.-boy;  object  of  journey;  purpose. 
[OE  xrende,  cf.  Da.  xrinde,  etym.  dub.] 

e'ppant,  a.  &  n.  Roaming  in  quest  of  adven- 
ture, esp.  knight-e. ;  itinerant ;  erring,  deviating 
from  correct  standard,  whence  6'ppancv  n. ;  (n.) 
knight-e.  fF(l)  f.  OF  errer,  esrer,  edrer,  f.  vulg. 
L  iterare  (iter  journey),  (2)  as  err;  see  -ant] 

e'ppantpy,  n.  Condition,  conduct,  notions, 
of  a  knight-errant.    [-RY] 

eppa*tie,a.  Uncertain  in  movement ;  (of  dis- 
eases) moving  from  one  part  to  another ;  ir- 
regular in  conduct,  habit,  opinion;  (Geol.)  e. 
blocks,  stray  masses  foreign  to  surrounding 
strata.  Hence  eppa*tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  erra- 
ticus  (as  err,  see  -atic] 

erra'tum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Error  in  printing  or 
writing,  esp.  (pi.)  errors  noted  in  list  attached 
to  book.    [L,  neut.  p.p.  as  prec] 

eppd'neous,  a.  Mistaken,  incorrect.  Hence 
eppo'neousL y  2  adv. ,  erro'neousNESS  n.  [f. 
L  erroneus(erro-onis  vagabond,  as  err) +-ous] 

6'ppop,  n.  Mistake,  as  make,  commit,  an  e., 
clerical  e. ;  condition  of  erring  in  opinion ; 
wrong  opinion ;  e.  of  a  planet,  difference  be- 
tween its  observed  &  calculated  positions; 
(Law)  writ  of  e.  (to  procure  reversal  of  judg- 
ment on  ground  of  e.);  transgression.  Hence 
e'PPOPLESS  n.  [OF,  f.  L  errorem  (as  err,  -or1)] 

Erse,  a.  &  n.  Highland  Gaelic  (dialect);  (vulg. ) 
Irish,    [early  Sc  form  of  Irish] 


erst,  adv.  (archaic).  (Also  erstwhile)  formerly, 
of  old.    [OE  Merest  superl.  of  xr,  see  ere] 

erube'seent,  a.  Reddening,  blushing,  [f.  L 
E(rubescere  incept,  of  rubere),  see  -ent] 

eructa-tion,  n.  Belching  (lit.  &  fig.,  esp.  of 
volcano),    [f.  L  eructatio  (Kructare,  see  -ation)] 

e'pudite,  a.  (Of  persons  &  writings)  learned. 
Hence  or  cogn.  e*puditeLY2  adv.,  epuditioN 
n.    [f.  L  Erudire  -it-  train  (rudis  rude)] 

epu'pt,  v.i.  (Of  teeth)  break  through  gums ; 
(of  volcano)  break  out.  [f.  L  K(rumpere  rupt 
break)] 

epu'ption,  n.  Outbreak  (of  volcano,  whence 
ePU'ptionAL  a. ;  also  of  geyser,  disease,  war, 
passion,  mirth,  wit) ;  (Path.)  breaking  out  (of 
rash,  pimples,  &c);  (of  teeth)  breaking  through 
gums.    [f.  L  eruptio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

eru'ptive,  a.  Bursting  forth;  tending  to 
burst  forth ;  of,  formed  by,  forced  up  by,  vol- 
canic eruption.  Hence  eru'ptiveLY  2  adv., 
epu'ptlveNEss,  epupti~viTY,  nn.  [f.  F  trup- 
tif,  -ive  (as  erupt,  see  -ive)] 

-epy,  -py,  suf.  forming  nouns,  orig.  in  wds  f. 
-erie.  (a)  f.  com. -Rom.  -aria=li  -ario-  (F  -ier, 
-er)  +  -ia  -y  J ;  F  wds  in  -ier  usu.  denote  person 
having  some  occupation,  wds  in  -erie  the  class 
of  goods  he  deals  in,  as  draperie,  his  employ- 
ment, as  archerie,  his  place  of  work,  as  boul- 
angerie;  -erie  was  also  used  without  exist- 
ing wd  in  -ier,  as  soierie  (soie)  silk  goods, 
niaiserie  (niais)  foolishness,  (b)  f.  OF  -ere,  -eor 
(mod.  F  -eur)  f.  L  -ator  +  -ie.  On  anal,  of  wds 
thus  formed,  -erie  was  added  to  vb  stems  direct, 
w.  sense  class  of  actions  (tromperie  deceit), 
occupation  (confiserie  confectioner's  business), 
place  of  this  (brasserie  brewery).  Many  E  wds 
are  f.  F ;  others  are  formed  on  nn.  in  -er  (bakery, 
fishery,  pottery),  or  on  others  (knavery,  slavery, 
popery).  Meanings :  (1)  class  of  goods  (drapery) ; 

(2)  employment  or  condition  (archery,  dupery) ; 

(3)  place  of  work  or  cultivation  or  breeding 
(brewery,  vinery,  piggery) ;  (4)  conduct  (foolery)  ; 
(5)  all  that  has  to  do  with  (popery),  things  of 
the  nature  of. 

erysrpelas,  n.  (Also  St  Anthony's  fire, 
the  rose)  local  febrile  disease  producing  deep 
red  colour  on  skin.  [Gk  erusipelas,  etym. 
dub.] 

erythe'ma,  n.  Superficial  inflammation  of 
the  skin  in  patches,  [f.  Gk  eruthema  f.  eruth- 
aino  be  red  (eruthros)] 

-es,  old  genit.  termination  used  to  give  adv. 
force ;  appearing  as  -s  (needs),  -ce  (once),  &  (by 
confus.  w.  sxiperl.)  -st  (against) ;  also  in  the 
emphatic  absolute  forms  ours,  yours,  hers,  &c 
Often  on  false  anal.,  as  betimes,  besides,  nowa- 
days. 

escala'de,  n.  Scaling  of  walls  with  ladders. 
[F,  f.  Sp.  escalada  f.  med.L  seal  are  (scala 
ladder),  see  -ade] 

escallo'nia,  n.  S.-Amer.  genus  of  flowering 
shrubs.    [Escallon,  discoverer,  -ia1] 

esca'llop.    See  scallop. 

escapa'de,  n.  Breaking  loose  from  restraint ; 
flighty  piece  of  conduct.  [F,  f.  Sp.  escapada  (as 
escape2,  see  -ade)] 

esca'pe 1,  n.-  Act  of  escaping ;  fact  of  having 
escaped;  leakage  (of  gas  &c);  garden  plant 
growing  wild  ;  =FiRE-e. ;  e.-pipe,  -valve,  (for  e. 
of  steam  or  water) ;  e.-shaft  (for  e.  of  miners 
when  other  shaft  is  blocked),    [f.  foil.] 

esca'pe2,  v.i.  &  t.  Get  free  (from  prison, 
person,  &c.) ;  (of  steam,  fluids,  &c)  find  a  way 
out ;  get  off  safely,  go  unpunished  ;  (trans.)  get 
clear  away  from  (person,  his  grasp,  &c),  avoid 
(unpleasant  thing,  doing);  elude  notice  or  re- 
collection of,  as  his  name  had  escaped  me  ;  (of 
words)  issue  unawares  from  (person,  his  lips). 


ESCAPEMENT 


278 


ESSENTIAL 


[f.  OF  eschaper,  ONF  escaper  (Sp.  escapar),  f. 
LL  EX(cappare  f.  cappa  cloak)] 

esea-pement,  n.  Outlet ;  (of  watch  or  clock) 
mechanism  connecting  motive  power  &  regula- 
tor.    [-ME  NT] 

escap'p,  n.,  &  v.t.  Steep  bank  immediately 
in  front  of  &  below  rampart ;  similar  natural 
formation;  (v.t.)  cut  into  form  of  e.,  so  es- 
cap'pMENT  n.  t(vb  f.  F  escarper)  f.  F  escarpe 
f.  It.  Scarpa  scarp] 

-escent,  suf.  forming  adjj.  f.  L  part,  of  in- 
ceptive vbs  (-escens  -ntis),  as  effervescent,  & 
thence  in  wds  usu.  describing  play  of  colour, 
as  iridescent,  opalescent,  or  merely  adjectival, 
as  alkalescent. 

eschalo't  (esh).    See  shallot. 

esehato'logy  (esk-),  n.  Doctrine  of  death, 
judgment,  heaven,  &  hell.  Hence  eschato- 
lo'gieAL  a.    [f.  Gk  eskhatos  last  +  -logy] 

eschea't1  (estsh-),  n.  Lapsing  of  property 
to  crown  or  lord  of  manor  on  owner's  dying  in- 
testate without  heirs ;  property  so  lapsing,  [f. 
OF  eschete  f.  escheoir  f.  LL  Eit(cadere  fall)] 

esehea't2,  v.t.  &  i.  Confiscate;  hand  over 
(property)  as  an  escheat  (to  person,  into  his 
hands) ;  revert  by  escheat  (to  or  abs. ).    [prec] 

eschew"  (estshoo'h  v.t.  Avoid,  abstain  from, 
(action,  conduct,  kind  of  food,  &c).  [f,  OF 
eschivert  com.-Rom.  skivare,  cf.  G  scheuen] 

esclandre  (F),  n.    Scandal ;  disturbance. 

e'seont1,  n.  Body  of  armed  men  acting  as 
guard  to  persons,  baggage,  &c. ;  person(s)  ac- 
companying another  on  journey  for  protection 
or  guidance,  or  for  courtesy's  sake.  [f.  Fescorte 
f.  It.  scorta  f.  scorgere  conduct  f.  LL  *ex(cor- 
rigere  f.  regere  direct)] 

eseop't2,  v.t.    Act  as  escort  to.   [f.  prec] 

escpi'be,  v.t.  (math.).  Describe  (circle)  so  as 
to  touch  one  side  of  triangle  exteriorly  &  the 
other  two  produced,    [f.  e-  +  L  scribere  write] 

escpitoipe  (twarT),  n.  Writing-desk  with 
drawers  &c.  for  stationery.  [F(now  ic-),  f.  LL 
scriptorium  (as  prec,  see  -orv)] 

e'sculent,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  fit  for  food.  [f.  L 
esculentus  (esca  food,  see  -lent)] 

escutcheon  (-tshn),  n.  Shield  with  armorial 
bearings ;  a  blot  on  his  e.  (stain  on  reputation) ; 
middle  of  ship's  stern  where  name  is  placed. 
If.  ONF  escuchon  f.  LL  *scutionem  (L  scutum 
shield,  see  -ion)] 

-ese,  suf.  forming  adjj.  (&  nn.),  f.  OF-eis=It. 
-ese  f.  L  -ensis  local  suf.  (usu.  now  -ian,  as 
A  theniensis  Athenian) ;  applied  to  some  foreign 
countries  &  towns  (Japanese,  Milanese),  either 
as  adj.  or  meaning   'inhabitant'  (pi.  -ese)  or 

'  language ' ;  also  used  spec.  (adj.  or  n.)  of  diction 
of  mannered  writers  (Carlylese),  as  though  a 
non-English  language. 

e'skap,  n.  (geol.).  Mound  of  post-glacial 
gravel  in  Irish  river  valleys,     [f.  Ir.  eiscir] 

Eskimo*,  -quimau*  (-kimo),  n.  (pi.  -oes, 
-aux, pr.  -moz).  Memberof arace in  N.  America. 

esote'pie,  a.  (Of  philosophical  doctrines  &c) 
meant  only  for  the  initiated  ;  (of  disciples)  ini- 
tiated ;  private,  confidential.  Hence  esote'Pi- 
cal  a.,  esote'PiealLY2 adv.   [f.  Gk esdterikos 

(esotero  compar.  of  cso  within,  see  -ic)] 

espag-nole'tte  (-anyolet),  n.    Fastening  of 

French  window.  JF,  dim.  of  espagnol  Spanish] 

espa'liep,  n.    Lattice-work  on  which  trees 

or  shrubs  are  trained ;  tree  so  trained.  [F,  f.  It. 

spalliera  (spalla  shoulder)] 

espap'to,  n.    (Also  e.  grass)  kind  of  rush  im- 

Eorted  from  Spain  for  paper-making.    [Sp.,  f. 
i  f.  Gk  sparton  rope  of  the  plant  spartos] 
espe'cial  (-shl),  a.  Pre-eminent,  exceptional, 
as  my  e.  friend,  thing  of  e.  importance  ;  parti- 
cular (opp.  to  ordinary,  cf.  special)  ;  belonging 


chiefly  to  particular  case.    Hence  espe'cial- 
ly2  adv.    [OF,  f.  L  as  special] 

Espera'nto,  n.  An  artificial  language  de- 
signed as  a  medium  for  persons  of  all  nations. 

espi'al,  n.  Acting  as  a  spy ;  watching ; 
espying,    [f.  OF  espiaille,  as  espy,  see  -al(2)J 

espieglepie  (F),  n.    Roguishness. 

espionage  (-Ij,  -ahzh),  n.  Practice  of  spying 
or  using  spies,  [f.  F  espionnage  f.  espion  spy  f . 
It.  spwne  (of  Teut.  orig.,  cf.  espy),  see  -age] 

esplana'de,  n.  Level  piece  of  ground,  esp. 
one  used  for  public  promenade ;  level  space 
separating  citadel  of  fortress  from  town.  [F, 
f.  Sp.  esplanada  f.  esplanar  f.  L  KXplanaix 
make  level  ( planus),  see  -ade] 

espou'sal  (-zl),  n.  (archaic).  (Usu.  pi.)  mar- 
riage or  betrothal ;  (fig.)  espousing  of  (a  cause 
&c).  [f.  OF  espousaUles  f.  L  sponsalia  neut. 
pi.  (sponsus  p.p.  as  foil.,  see  -al)] 

espou'se  (owz),  v.t.  (Usu.  of  man)  marry; 
give  (woman)  in  marriage  (to) ;  adopt,  support, 
(doctrine,  cause,  &c).  [f.  OF  espouser  f.  L 
sponsare  (sponsus  p.p.  of  spondere  betroth)] 

espressi'vo  (evo),  adv.  (mus.).  With  ex- 
pression.   [It.] 

esprit  (espre*),  n.  Sprightliness  ;  wit;  e.  de 
corps  (de  kor),  regard  for  honour  &  interests  of 
body  one  belongs  to ;  e.  fort  (pron.  for),  strong- 
minded  person,  freethinker.   [F,  f.  L  as  spirit] 

espy",  v.t.  Catch  sight  of  ;  detect  (flaw  &c). 
[f.  OF  espier  ult.  f.  OHG  spehon  spy] 

-esque,  suf.  forming  adjj.,  =  F  -esque  f.  It. 
-esco  f.  med.L  -iscus  in  Teut.  wds  ;  cf.  OHG  -isc 
(mod.  -isch) --ISH1 ;  meaning  'after the  manner 
of ',  as  arabesque,  Dantesque,  burlesque. 

Esquimau.    See  eskimo. 

esquire*,  n.  Title  appended  to  name  of  one 
regarded  as  gentleman  by  birth,  position,  or 
education,  esp.  in  address  of  letter  (abbr.  Esq.)\ 
(archaic) = squire,  [f.  OF esquieri.  L  scutarius 
shield-bearer  (scutum  shield,  -ary  l)] 

n.    S(-shaped  thing) ;  collar1  ofee. 


l,  suf.  forming  female  nn.  f.  F  (countess, 
lioness)  or  on  E  wds  (goddess) ;  in  loth  c  the  OE 
fern,  -ster  (now  only  in  spinster)  came  to  be 
regarded  as  masculine,  &  could  take  fern,  -ess 
(seamstress) ;  agent  nn.  in  -ter,  -tor,  regularly 
have  -tress  (chantress) ;  other  exx.  are  author- 
ess &c  (author  Sec.  now  preferred),  giantess, 
quakeress;  governess  (formed  on  vb)  is  irreg., 
perh.  on  anal,  of  sorceress  (formed  on  old  sorcer 
not  on  sorcerer,  which  has  double  agent  suf.) ; 
euphony  leads  to  same  clipping  in  adventuress, 
murderess  ;  -tress  is  now  recognized  angliciz. 
of  F  -trice  (L  -trix  -tricis),  though  of  diff.  orig. 
[f.  F  -esse  f.  LL  f.  Gk  -issa] 

-ess2,  suf.  in  abstr.  nn.  f.  adjj.,  as  duress, 
largess  ;  riches,  laches,  are  exx.,  mistaken  for 
pi.    [ME  &  OF  -esse  =  It.  -ezza  f.  L  -itia  -ice] 

e'ssay1,  n.  Attempt  (at);  a  literary  com- 
position (usu.  prose  &  short)  on  any  subject, 
whence  e'ssay ist(3)  n.    [f.  OF essai  =  assay  ]] 

essay*2,  v.t.  &  i.  Try,  test,  (person,  thing) ; 
attempt  (task,  to  do,  or  abs.).  [refash.  f.  assay 2 
on  F  essayer] 

e'ssence,  n.  An  existence  or  entity  (spiritual 
or  immaterial) ;  absolute  being,  reality  under- 
lying phenomena ;  all  that  makes  a  thing  what 
it  is;  objective  character;  indispensable  quali- 
ty or  element ;  extract  obtained  by  distillation 
Sec.  (lit.  &  fig.);  perfume,  scent,  whence  e*s- 
sencED  2  a.  [F,  f.  L  essentia  f.  *essens  -ntis  fic- 
titious part,  of  esse  be,  repr.  Gk  ousia] 

Esse'ne,  n.  Member  of  an  ancient  Jewish 
sect,  of  mystical  tenets  &  cenobitical  life.  If. 
L  f.  Gk  Essenos,  etym.  dub.] 

esse'ntial  (-shl),  a.  &  n.  Of,  constituting,  a 
thing's  essence ;  indispensable  (to) ;  e.  proposi- 


-EST 


279 


ETHIC 


tion,  one  that  predicates  of  a  subject  what  is 
implied  in  its  definition ;  e.  character  (of 
species,  genus,  &c),  marks  that  distinguish  it 
from  others  included  with  it  in  next  superior 
division  ;  e.  harmony  (belonging  to  one  particu- 
lar key) ;  e.  oil,  volatile  oil,  marked  by  charac- 
teristic odour  &c. ;  (n.)  indispensable  element. 
Hence  essentia'liTY  n.,  essentiality  2  adv. 
If.  LL  essentialis  (as  essence,  -al)] 

-est,  suf.  forming  superl.  adjj.  &  advv.  (& 
first,  last);  for  limits  of  use  see  -er3,  but 
many  adjj.  can  bear  -est  though  not  -er,  as  awk- 
ward, barren,  fragile,  loyal,  legible,  &  many  in 
-id,  as  limpid ;  in  poetry  &  mannered  prose  -est 
is  used  w.  almost  any  adj.,  &  appended  to  advv. 
in  -I y,  as  quickliest.  |OE  -ost,  -ust,  -ant,  f.  OTeut. 
-osto-,  &  OE  -est,  -st,  f.  OTeut.  -isto-  (compar.  -6z-, 
-iz-,  +  Aryan  -to-),  cf.  Gk  -isto- ;  -iz-  required 
vowel  change,  now  only  in  eldest,  bestJ 

esta'blish,  v.t.  Set  up  (government,  house 
of  business,  &c.)  on  permanent  basis;  settle 
(person,  oneself,  in  office  &c.) ;  secure  perma- 
nent acceptance  for  (custom,  precedent,  belief, 
&c.) ;  place  beyond  dispute  (fact,  that) ;  make 
(church)  national,  [f.  OF  establir  (st.  -iss-)  f.  L 
stabilire  (as  stable  a.)] 

establishment,  n.  Establishing;  Church 
E.,  the  E.,  church  system  established  by  law ; 
organized  body  of  men  maintained  for  a  pur- 
pose, as  army,  navy,  civil  service  ;  peace,  war, 
e.,  reduced,  increased,  army  in  time  of  peace, 
war  ;  staff  of  servants  &c. ;  public  institution, 
house  of  business ;  household,  as  separate  e.  (of 
man  maintaining  paramour),    [ment] 

establishmentar'ian,  a.  &  n.  (Person) 
adhering  to,  advocating  the  principle  of,  an 
established  church,    [-arian] 

estaminet  (F),  n.  Cafe"  in  which  smoking  is 
allowed. 

esta'te,  n.  Order,  class,  forming  part  of  body 
politic  &  sharing  in  government ;  the  Three  Ee. 
(in  England),  Lords'Spiritual,  Lords  Temporal, 
Commons ;  third  e.,  (usu.)  French  bourgeoisie 
before  Revolution ;  (facet.)  fourth  e.,  the  press ; 
person's  interest  in  landed  property  (reale.)  or 
movables  (personal  e.),  whence  esta*tED2  a. ; 
a  landed  property ;  one's  collective  assets  & 
liabilities  ;  (archaic)  condition,  as  the  holy  e.  of 
matrimony,    [f.  OF  estat  f.  L  as  state] 

esteem,  v.t.,  &  n.  Think  highly  of ;  consider, 
as  I  shall  e.  it  (as)  a  favour;  (n.)  favourable 
opinion,  regard,  respect,  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  estimer 
f.  Las  estimate2] 

estimable,  a.  Worthy  of  esteem.  IF,  f.  L 
aestimabilis  (as  prec,  see  -ble)] 

estimate l  (at),  n.  Approximate  judgment 
(of  number,  amount,  &c);  quantity  assigned 
by  this  ;  the  Ee.,  forecasts  of  national  expendi- 
ture, presented  annually  to  parliament ;  con- 
tractor's statement  of  sum  for  which  he  will 
undertake  specified  work  ;  judgment  of  char- 
acter or  qualities,  [f.  L  aestimatus  -its  (as 
foil.)] 

e'stimate2,  v.t.  Form  an  estimate  of;  fix 
(number  &c.)  by  estimate  at  (so  much);  form 
an  opinion  of.  So  e'stimatiVE  a.,  estima- 
tOR2  n.    [f.  L  aestimare,  see  -ate3] 

estimation,  n.  Judgment,  as  in  my  e. ; 
esteem,  as  hold  in  e.,  be  in  e.  [f.  OF  estimacion 
f.  L  aestimationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

estival  &c.    See  aest-. 

estep,  v.t.  (law)(-pp-).  Bar,  preclude,  (from 
thing,  from  a\oing).  Hence  esto'pp.u;  k  n.  [f. 
OF  estoper  (estoupe  f.  L  stuppa  tow)] 

estra'de  (ahd),  n.  Raised  platform,  dais.  [F, 
f.  Sp.  estrado  f.  L  stratum  neut.  p.p.  of  sternere 
spread  (with  carpets)] 

estra'nge,  v.t.    Alienate  (person)  in  feeling 


(from  another).  Hence  estna'ngreMENT  n. 
[f.  OF  estranger  f.  L  cxtraneare  (as  strange)] 

estrea't,  v.t.  (law).  Take  out  record  of  (fine, 
bail,  &c.)  &  return  it  to  Court  of  Exchequer  to 
be  prosecuted,  [f.  estreat  n.  record  f.  OF  es- 
traite  fern.  p.p.  ot.estraire  extract  f.  L  Kx(tra- 
here  tract-  draw)] 

estuary,  n.  Tidal  mouth  of  large  river. 
Hence  estuariNE x  a.  If.  L  aestuarium  neut. 
adj.  as  n.  (aestus  -us  tide,  see  -ary  ])] 

esup'ient,  a.  (facet.).  Hungry;  needy  and 
greedy.  So  esup'iENCE,  -encv,  nn.  [f.  L  csur- 
ire,  desiderative  f.  edere  cs-  eat] 

-et 1,  suf.  forming  (orig.)  dimm.,many  not  now 
realized  as  such ;  mostly  in  ME  adoptions  f.  F 
(bullet,  hatchet,  sonnet) ;  double  dim.  -let  (F  -el 
+  -et)  is  living  suf.  [OF  -et  &  -ette  (dist.  only  in 
mcd.  E  =  It.  -etto,  -etta,  etym.  dub.] 

-et2,  -ete,  suf.  in  agent  nn.  f.  Gk,  -et  in  older 
or  familiar  wds,  as  poet,  comet,  anchoret,  -ete 
in  newer  or  learned  ones,  as  athlete,  aesthete, 
exegete.  [f.  Gk  -etes  (-tes  of  agent  n.  as  appended 
esp.  to  vbs  in  -eo,  -ad) ;  epithet,  paraclete,  are 
not  exx. ;  diabetes  retains  full  form] 

etacism  (a-),  n.  Pronunciation  of  G  e  as 
English  a  (cf.  itacism).  [f.  Gk  eta  letter  e,  -ism] 

etat-major  (F),  n.  (mil.).    Staff,  staff-office. 

et  cetera,  etcetera,  phr.  &  n.  (pi.  -as). 
(Abbr.  etc.,  &c.)  &  the  rest,  &  so  on,  as  Iremain 
yours  etc. ;  (n.  pi.)  extras,  sundries.    [L] 

etch,  v.t.  &i.  Reproduce  (pictures  &c),  por- 
tray (subject),  by  engraving  metal-plate  &c.  by 
means  of  acids  or  corrosives,  esp.  for  purpose 
of  printing  copies ;  (intr.)  practise  this  art.  [f. 
Du.  etsen  t.  G  dtzen  etch  f.  OHG  ezjan  cause  to 
cat  or  be  eaten  f.  OTeut.  atjan  make  eat] 

etching-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  copy  from 
etched  plate ;  e.-needle,  used  in  e.    [-ing  l] 

etep'nal,  a.  That  always  (has  existed  &)  will 
exist,  as  c.  life,  punishment ;  e.  city  ;  (colloq.) 
incessant,  too  frequent,  as  these  e.  bickerings. 
Hence  or  cogn.  etep*n(al)iZE(3)  v.t.,  etep*- 
nalLY2  adv.  [OF,  f.  LL  aeternalis  (aeternus 
for  aeviternus  f.  aevum  age,  see  -al)] 

etep'nity,  n.  Beingeternal ;  immortal  fame ; 
(pi.)  eternal  truths  ;  infinite  time,  esp.  future ; 
the  future  life.  [f.  F  eterniU  f.  L  aeternitatem 
(aeternus,  see  prec.  &  -ty)1 

Etesian,  a.  E.  winds  (blowing  annually  in 
Mediterranean  from  N. W.  for  about  40  days  in 
summer),    [f.  L  f.  Gk  etesios  (etos  year)  +  -an] 

-eth,  suf.    See  -th2. 

ether,  n.  Clear  sky,  upper  regions  beyond 
clouds  ;  (Physics)  subtle  elastic  fluid  permeat- 
ing space  &  filling  interstices  between  particles 
of  air  &  other  matter,  medium  through  which 
light- waves  are  propagated,  whence  e'thepic 
a. ;  (Chem.)  colourless  light  volatile  liquid  pro- 
duced by  action  of  sulphuric  acid  &  other  acids 
on  alcohol,  an  anaesthetic,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  aither  f. 
root  oiaitho  burn,  shine] 

ethep'eal,  -ial,  a.  Light,  airy;  heavenly; 
of  unearthly  delicacy  of  substance,  character, 
or  appearance,  whence  ethepea'lnv,  ethe- 
pealizA'TioN,  nn.,  ethep*ealiZE(3)  v.  t.,  eth- 
ep*ealLY2adv.;  (Physics,  Chem.)  of,  like,  eth- 
er, so  e'thepiFiCATic-N  n.,  ethepiFY  v.t. ;  e. 
oil,  essential  or  volatile  oil.  [f.  L  (-eus,  -ius)  f. 
Gk  aitherios  (as  prec.)] 

etherize,  v.t.  Put  (patient)  under  influence 
of  ether.    Hence  ethepizA'TiON  n.    [-ize] 

ethic,  a.  &  n.  (Now  usu.  ethical)  relating  to 
morals,  treating  of  moral  questions;  e.  dative 
(of  person  indirectly  interested  in  fact  stated) ; 
(n.  pi.)  science  of  morals,  treatise  on  this,  moral 
principles,  rules  of  cohduct,  whole  field  of  moral 
science.  Hencee*thicALa.,  e*thlcalLY2adv., 
e*thiciZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  ethikos  (ethos,  -ic)] 


ETHIOPIAN 


280 


EUTERPE 


Ethid'pian  (e-),  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Ethiopia, 
esp.  (Anthropol.)  as  epithet  of  one  of  the  races 
into  which  human  species  is  divided,    [-an] 

e'thnic,  -ieal,  aa.  Pertaining  to  race,  ethno- 
logical, whence  e'thniealLY  2  adv. ;  (-ic)  gen- 
tile, heathen,  whence  e*thnieiSM(2)  n.  If.  Gk 
ethnikos  (ethnos  nation,  see  -ic)J 

ethno'grpaphy,  n.  Scientific  description  of 
races  of  men.  So  ethno'GRAPHER  n.,  ethno- 
g-pa,phic(AL)aa.,ethnog,ra*phiealLY2adv. 

[f.  Gk  ethnos  nation  +  -graph y J 

ethno'logy,  n.  Science  of  races  &  their  re- 
lations to  one  another  &  characteristics.  So 
ethnolo*g,ic(AL)aa.,  ethnolo'giealLY2  adv., 
ethno'LOGiST  n.    [as  prec.  +  -logy] 

etho'log-y,  n.  Science  of  character-forma- 
tion. Hence  etholo'gieAL  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gketho- 
logia  (ethos,  see  -logy)] 

e'thos,  n.  Characteristic  spiritof  community, 
people,  or  system.  [Gk,  =  character,  nature,  dis- 
position] 

e'thyl,  n.  (chem.).  Base  of  ordinary  alcohol, 
common  ether,  &  acetic  acid.    [f.  ether,  -yl] 

-etie,  suf.  of  adjj.  &  nn.  =  Gk  agent  suf.  -et-ov 
-et-  +  -ic,  in  wds  f.  Gk  or  on  Gk  models,  as  emetic 
(Gk  emetikos),  ascetic  (Gk  asketikos). 

e'tiolate,  v.t.  Make  (plant)  pale  by  excluding 
light ;  give  sickly  hue  to  (person).  Hence  etio- 
lation  n.  [f.  F  ttioler  f.  Norm,  ttieuler  grow 
into  haulm  (eteule  f.  L  stipula  straw)] 

etiology.    See  aetiology. 

etique'tte  (-ket),  n.  Conventional  rules  of 
personal  behaviour  in  polite  society  ;ceremonial 
of  court  ;unwrittencoderestrictingprofessional 
men  in  whatconcernsinterests  of  their  brethren 
ordignity  of  their  profession,  esp.  medical,  legal, 
e.    [f.  F  etiquette  ticket,  etiquette] 

e'tna,  n.  Vessel  for  heating  small  quantity 
of  liquid  by  burning  spirit,    [f.  the  volcano] 

E'ton  (e-),  n.  E.  jacket,  boy's  short  coat  reach- 
ing to  hips.    [f.  Eton  College] 

Etru'scan,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  ancient 
Etruria.    [f.  L  Etruscus  +  -an] 

et  seqq.,  sequentes,  -tia,  (in  reference  to 
books  &c).  And  the  words,  pages,  &c,  that 
follow.    [L] 

-ette,  suf.  forming  dim.  nn.  (rarely  adjj.),repr. 
OF  -ette,  the  fern,  corresp.  to  -et.  Older  adop- 
tions f.  F  now  have  -et ;  -ette  appearing  chiefly 
in  wds  introduced  since  17th  c,  as  cigarette, 
etiquette.  (2)  A  mod.  commerc.  use,  =  'sham', 
is  seen  in  leatherette,  Brusselette  (carpet). 

etui*  (-we),  etwee'.n.  Small  case  for  needles, 
tooth-picks,  &c.    [f.  F  itui,  etym.  dub.] 

etymo'logize,  v.t  &  i.  Give,  trace,  the 
etymology  of ;  suggest  etymology  for ;  study 
etymology,  [t  LL etymologizare  (as  foil.,  -ize)] 

ety mo'logy ,  n.  Accoun  t  of ,  facts  relati  ng  to, 
formation  &  meaning  of  word  ;  branch  of  lin- 
guistic science  concerned  with  this;  part  of 
grammar  treating  of  individual  words  &  their 
formation  &  inflexions.  Hence  or  cogn.  ety- 
mo'LOGER,  etymo'LOGiST,  nn.,  etymolo'gr- 
c;(al) aa.,  etymolo'giealLY 2  adv.  [f.  OF ethi- 
mologie  f.  L  f.  Gk  etumologia  (as  foil.,  -logy)] 

e'tymon,  n.  Primary  word  that  gives  rise  to 
a  derivative.  [L,  f.  Gk  etumon(neut.  of  etumos 

true)  literal  sense,  original  form,  of  a  word] 

eu-  in  comb.  =  Gk  eu  well,  cf.  dys-. 

eucalyptus,  n.    Genus  of  plants  including 

Australian  Gum  tree.     [f.  EU-  +  Gk  kaluptos 

covered(fcaZwp£6),flowerbeingprotectedbycap] 
eu'chapis  (uk-),  n.     (Also  e.  lily)  S.-Amer. 

bulbous  plant  with  white  bell-shaped  flowers. 

[Gk  EU{kharis  grace)  pleasing] 
eu'charist  (uk-),  n.    Lord%  Supper ;  conse- 
crated elements,  esp.  the  bread,  as  give,  re- 
ceive, the  E.    Hence  euchapi*stic(AL)  aa.    If. 


OF  eucariste  f.  LL  f.  Gk  eukharistia  f.  rEV(kha- 
ristos  f.  kharizomai  offer  willingly)  grateful] 

euchlop'ine,  n.  A  gaseous  mixture  of  chlor- 
ine and  oxide  of  chlorine,  [eu-  +  Gk  khloros  on 
anal,  of  chlorine] 

eu'ehpe(-ker),  n.,  &  v.t.  American  card  game 
for  2, 3,  or  4  persons ;  (v.t.)  gain  advantage  over 
(opponent)  by  his  failure  to  take  three  tricks  at 
euchre  (also  fig.).    [?] 

eud(a)e*monism,  n.  System  of  ethics  bas- 
ing moral  obligation  on  tendency  of  actions  to 
produce  happiness.  So  eude*moniST(2)  n.  [f. 
Gk  EU{daimdn  guardian  genius)  happy,  -ism] 

eudio'metep,  n.  Instrument  showing  quan- 
tity of  oxygen  in  air.  So  eudiome*tPic(AL) 
aa.,  eudiome'tPicalLY 2  adv.,  eudio'METRY 
n.  [f.  Gk  EU(dios,  st.  of  Zeus,  gen.  Dios,  god  of 
the  sky)  clear  + -meter] 

eug-e'nie  (-j-),  a.  &  n.  Of  the  production  of 
fine  (esp.  human)  offspring;  (n.  pi.)  science  of 
this.   Jf.  eu-  +  Gk  gen-  produce  +  -ic] 

euhe'merism,  n.  Reference  of  myths  to 
historical  basis.  So  euhe*mePiST(2)  n.,  eu- 
hemepi'stic  a.,  euhe*mepizE(4)  v.t.  &  i.  [f. 
Euhemerus,  Sicilian  author  c.  316  b.c.,+  -ism] 

eu'logize,  v.t.  Extol,  praise,  in  speech  or 
writing.  So  eu'logiSTU)  n.,  eulogi'stic  a., 
eulogi'stiCALLY  adv.    [f.  foil.  +  -ize] 

eu'logy,  n.  Speech,  writing,  in  praise  of  per- 
son &c,  as  pronounce  his  e.,  pronounce  a  e.  on 
him;  praise,  [prob.  f.  med.L  (also  used  as  E) 
eulogium  irreg.  f.  Gk  mj(logia  -logy)] 

eu'nueh  (-uk),  n.  Castrated  male  person,  esp. 
one  employed  in  harem,  or  (in  Oriental  courts 
&  under  Roman  empire)  employed  in  state 
affairs,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  eunoukhos  lit.  bedchamber 
attendant  (eune  bed  +  okh-  st.  of  ekho  hold)] 

euo'nymus,  n.  Genus  of  shrubs,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
KV(onumos  f.  onoma  name)  of  lucky  name] 

eupe'ptic,  a.  Of,  having,  good  digestion, 
[f.  Gk  •E\j(peptos  f.  pesso,  pepto,  digest)  +  -ic] 

eu'phemism  (-fl-),  n.  Substitution  of  mild 
or  vague  expression  for  harsh  or  blunt  one ;  ex- 
pression thus  substituted,  as  '  queer '  is  ae.  for 
fmad '.  So  euphemistic  a. ,  euphemi'stic- 
ally  adv.,  eu*phemiZE(l,  2)  v.t.  &  i.  [f.  Gk 
euphemismos  f.  EU(phemos  f.  pheme  speaking, 
fame),  see  -ism] 

euphd'nium,  n.  (mus.).  Bass  instrument  of 
saxhorn  family.  [mod.L,  f.  Gk  euphonos  see  foil.  ] 

eu*phony,n.  Pleasing  sound;  quality  of  hav- 
ing this  (usu.  of  words,  phrases,  &c);  tendency 
to  phonetic  change  for  ease  of  pronunciation. 
So  euphd'nic,  euphd*nious,  aa.,  eupho'n- 
ically,  euphd'niousLY2,  advv.,  eu'phon- 
ize(3)  v.t.  [f.  F  euphonic  f.  Gk  euphonia  f.  eu- 
phonos  (phone  sound)] 

eu*phpasy,n.  =  EYEbright.  [f.  med.L  f.  Gk 
euphrasia  cheerfulness  f.  Evphraino  gladden 
(phren  mind)] 

eu'phuism,  n.  Artificial  or  affected  style  of 
writing  (prop.,  in  imitation  of  Lyly's  Euphues, 
1580) ;  high-flown  style.  So  eu'phuiST  n. ,  eu- 
phui'stic  a.,  euphui'stiCALLY  adv.   [-ism] 

Eura'sian  (-shan),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  of  mixed 
European  &  Asiatic  parentage ;  of  Europe  & 
Asia.    [f.  Europe  +  Asia  +  -an] 

eure'ka,  int.  &  n.  (The  exulting  exclama- 
tion) 'I  have  (found)  it!'  (also  as  trade  name), 
[f.  Gk  heureka  1st  pers.  perf.  of  heurisko  find] 

Eupope'an,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Europe ;  hap- 
pening in,  extending  over,  Europe,  as  a  E.  re- 
putation. Hence  Eupope*aniSM(2,  3, 4),  Eu- 
popeanizA'TiON,  nn.,  Eupope*amzE(3)  v.t. 
[f.  F  europeen  f.  L  Europaeus  (L  f.  Gk  Europe 
Europe)  +  -an] 

Eutep'pe,  n.  A  Muse,  goddess  of  music, 
whence  Eutep'peAN  a.;  genus  of  palms.  [Gk] 


EUTHANASIA 


euthana'sia  f-z-,  -s1),  n.  Gentle  &  easy  death; 
bringing  about  of  this,  esp.  in  case  of  incurable 
&  painful  disease.    [Gk  (eu-  +  thanatos  death)] 

eva*euate,v.t.  Empty  (esp.  stomach  or  bodily 
organ  of  contents),  whence  eva*cuANT(2)  a.  & 
n. ;  withdraw  from  (place ;  esp.  of  troops) ;  dis- 
charge (excrement  &c. ;  also  fig.).  So  evaeu- 
ation  n.    [f.  L  E(vacuare  f.  vacuus  empty)] 

eva'de,  v.t.  Escape  from,  avoid,  (attack,  pur- 
suit, designs,  adversary,  blow,  obstacle,  &c); 
avoid  doing  (duty  &c),  answering  (question), 
yielding  to  (argument  &c.) ;  defeat  intention  of 
(law  &c,  esp.  while  complying  with  its  letter) ; 
(of  things)  elude,  baffle.  Hence  eva'dABLE  a. 
[f.  F  bvadzr  f.  L  Mvadere  vas-  go)] 

eva'grinate,  v.t.  (physiol.).  Turn  (tubular 
organ)  inside  out.  So  evaginA'TiON  n.  [f.  L 
E(vaginare  f.  vagina  sheath),  see  -ate3] 

evaluate,  v.t.  Ascertain  amount  of ;  find 
numerical  expression  for.  So  evalUA'TiON  n. 
[f.  F  ivaluer  (e-  ex-,  value)] 

evanesce  (-s),  v.i.  Fade  out  of  sight;  become 
effaced  ;  disappear,    [f.  L  K(vanescere  vanish)] 

evane'seent,  a.  (Of  impression,  appearance, 
&c.)  quickly  fading;  (Math.)  infinitesimal. 
Hence  evane'seENCE  n.,  evane'seentLY2 
adv.    [f.  F  Evanescent  (as  prec,  see  -ent)] 

eva'ng-el  (-J-),  n.  (archaic).  The  Gospel ;  any 
of  the  Four  Gospels;  doctrine,  principle,  (of 
politics  &c).  [f.  OF  evangi(l)le  f.eccl.  L  f.  Gk 
EU(aggelion  cf.  angel)  fee  for  good  news] 

evang-e'lie(al),  aa.  &  nn.  Of,  according  to, 
the  teaching  of  the  Gospel  or  the  Christian  re- 
ligion ;  esp.  (usu.  -ical)  of  the  Protestant  school 
maintaining  that  the  essence  of  the  Gospel  con- 
sists in  doctrine  of  salvation  by  faith,  good 
works  &  sacraments  having  no  saving  efficacy, 
whence  evang*e'liealiSM(3)  n.;  (n.)  member  of 
this  school.  Hence  evange'liealLY  2  adv.  [f. 
LL  f.  eccl.  Gk  euaggelikos  (as  prec,  see -ic,-al)J 

eva'ng-elism,  n.    Preaching  of  the  Gospel ; 

=  EVANGELICALISM.     [-ISM] 

eva'ng-elist,  n.  One  of  the  writers  of  the  Four 
Gospels;  preacher  of  the  Gospel ;  layman  doing 
home  missionary  work.  [f.  F  ivangeliste  f.  L 
(-ta)  f.  Gk  euaggelistes  (as  evangelize,  -ist)] 

evang-eli'stic,  a.  Of  the  Four  Evangelists ; 
of  preachers  of  the  Gospel;  =evangelical.  [-ic] 

eva'ng-elize,  v.t.  Preach  the  Gospel  to  (per- 
sons, also  abs. ) ;  win  over  (person )  to  Christianity. 
Hence  evangelizATiON  n.  [f.  eccl.  L  evange- 
lizare  f.  Gk  euaggelizomai  (as  evangel)] 

eva'nish,  v.i.  Vanish  ;  die  away.  Hence 
eva'nishMENT  n.  [f.  OF  evanir  (-ish2)  f.  pop. 
L  *exvanire  =  L  evanescere  evanesce] 

eva'popate,  v.  t.  &  i.  Turn  (t.  &  i. )  from  solid 
or  liquid  into  vapour  (also  fig.;  esp.  colloq.,  dis- 
appear, die);  remove  the  liquid  part  of ;  (intr.) 
exhale  moisture.  Soeva'poPABLE,  eva'por- 
ativE,  aa.,  evapoPATiON,  eva'poratOR  2, 
nn.    [f.  LL  Evaporare  (as  vapour),  see  -ate  3] 

eva'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Act,  means,  of  evading ; 
shuffling  excuse.  So  eva'siVE  (-s-)  a.,  eva*- 
siver.Y  2  adv.,  eva'siveNESS  n.  [f.  F evasion 
t.  LL  evasionem  (as  evade,  see  -ion)] 

Eve'.n.  The  first  woman ;  daughter of  E.,  wo- 
man (often  w.allusion  to  feminine  curiosity  &c. ). 
[f.  Heb.  Havvah  orig.  =  life,  living] 

eve2,  n.  Evening  or  day  before  (of)  a  church 
festival  or  any  date  or  event ;  time  just  before 
anything,  as  on  the  e.  of  an  election ;  (archaic) 
evening.    [  =  even  l ;  for  loss  of  -n  cf.  morrow] 

eveetion,  n.  Inequality  in  moon's  longitude, 
[f.  L  evectio  f.  E(vehere  vect-  carry),  -ion] 

e'ven  *,  n.  (poet.).  Evening ;  evensong,  even- 
ing prayer  in  Church  of  England  ;eventide,  even- 
ing.   [OE  xfen,  efen ;  Du  avond,  G  abend] 

even2,  a.  (-er,  -est).    Level ;  smooth ;  uniform 


281 


EVERY 


in  quality ;  in  same  plane  or  line  (vrith) ;  equally 
balanced,  as  e.-handed  justice ;  equal  in  number 
or  amount ;  (Law,  Commerc.)  of  e.  (same)  date  ; 
(of  temper  &c.)  equable,  unruffled ;  (of  numbers) 
integrally  divisible  by  two,  opp.  to  odd  ;  odd  & 
e. ;  be  e.  with,  have  one's  revenge  on.  Hence 
e'venLY2  adv.,  e'venNESs  n.  [com.-Teut. : 
OE  efen,  Du.  even,  ejfen,  G  eben] 

e'ven  3,  adv.  inviting  comparison  of  the  asser- 
tion, negation,  &c,  made  with  a  less  strong  one 
that  might  have  been  made,  as  He  disputes  e. 
the  facts  (not  merely  the  inferences  from  them), 
I  never  e.  opened  (much  less  read)  it,  does  he  e. 
svspect  (not  to  say  realize)  the  danger  ?,  e.  if  my 
watch  is  right  we  shall  be  late  (later  if  it  is  slow), 
this  applies  e.  more  (not  merely  equally)  to 
French  (than  to  English) ;  (archaic)  neither 
more  nor  less  than,  just,  simply,  as  e.  (quite)  so, 
(emphasizing  identity)  that  is,  as  God,  e.  our 
own  God.    [OE  efne,  as  prec] 

e'ven4,  v.t.  Make  even;  treat  as  equal  or 
comparable  (to).    [OE  efnan,  as  prec] 

evening-  (evn-),  n.  Close  of  day,  esp.  sunset 
to  bedtime  ;  this  time  spent  in  particular  way, 
as  musical  ee.\  (fig.)  decline  of  life,  closing  pe- 
riod ;  e.  dress,  that  prescribed  by  fashion  to  be 
worn  in  the  e.;  e.-star,  Jupiter,  Mercury,  or 
(the  e.-star)  Venus,  when  seen  in  West  after 
sunset.   [OE  xfnung  vbl  n.  f.  sefnian  (as *even l)] 

eve'nt,  n.  Fact  of  a  thing's  happening,  as  in 
the  e.  of  his  death,  his  coming,  if  he  dies,  comes  ; 
thing  that  happens,  esp.  important  thing,  as 
quite  an  e.,  whence  eve'ntFUL,  eve'ntLESS, 
aa.;  (in  doctrine  of  chances)  any  of  several 
possible  but  mutually  exclusive  occurrences  • 
double  e.,  combined  occurrence  of  two  ec; 
(Sport.)  something  on  the  issue  of  which  money 
is  staked  ;  result,  outcome ;  at  all  ee.,  in  any 
case.    [OF,  f.  L  eventus  -us  f.  E(venire  come)] 

eventual,  a.  That  will  happen  under  certain 
circumstances ;  ultimately  resulting,  whence 
eve'ntualLY2  adv.    [f.  F  tventuel  (prec,  -al)] 

eventuality,  n.    Possible  event,    [-ity] 

eventuate,  v.i.  Turn  out  (well,  ill,  &c) ; 
result  (in  or  abs.).    [f.  L  as  event,  -ate 3] 

e'vep,  adv.  Always,  at  all  times,  (archaic 
exc  as  foil.) ;  for  ever  (&  c,  &  a  day),  for  all 
future  time,  incessantly ;  evermore,  always ;  e. 
after,  e.  since ;  (archaic)  e.  &  anon,  now  &  then; 
(w.  negative,  question,  condition,  comparison) 
at  any  time,  as  nothing  e.  happens,  did  you  e. 
hear  such  stuff  ?,  ifle.  catch  him,  the  best  thing 
Ie.  heard,  as  good  as  e.,  better  than  e. ;  strength- 
ening as)  be  as  quick  as  e.  you  can  ;  (emphasiz- 
ing question,  colloq.)  what  e.  (vulg.  whatever) 
does  he  want  ?,  who  e.  can  it  be  ?,  whiche.  Brown 
do  you  mean  ?,  when,  where,  how,  e.  did  I  drop 
it  ?,  why  e.  didn't  you  say  so? ;  e.  so  (earlier 
never  so),  very,  as  it  is  e.  so  much  easier.  [OE 
xfre,  etym.  dub.,  perh.  conn.  w.  aye] 

e'vepg-lade,  n.  (U.S.).  Marshy  tract  of  land, 
esp.  (pi.)  swamp  in  S.  Florida,    [prec.  +  glade] 

e'vepg-peen,  a.  &  n.  Always  green  or  fresh 
(lit.  &  fig.) ;  (tree,  shrub)  having  green  leaves 
all  the  year  round  (cf.  deciduous). 

evepla'sting-,  a.  &  n.  Lasting  for  ever ;  last- 
ing long  ;  lasting  too  long,  repeated  too  often  ; 
(of  plants)  keeping  shape  and  colour  when  dried; 
(n.)  eternity,  as  from  e.,  e.  flower,  strong  twilled 
woollen  stuff.  Hence  everla'stingrLY2  adv., 
everla'sting-M.s*  n. 

evep't,  v.t.  (Physiol.)  turn  (organ  &c) inside 
out;  (archaic)  overthrow  (government  &c).  So 
evep'siON  n.    [f.  L  K(vertere  vers-  turn)] 

every  (e'vri).  a.  Each,  all  (w.  sing,  vb),  as  e. 
word  of  it  is  false,  (w.  possess,  pron.)  it  engaged 
his  e.  thought,  (of  succession  or  alternation)  he 
comes  e.  day,  e.  other  (i.  e.  second)  day,  e.  three 


EVICT 


EXAMPLE 


days,  e.  third  day ;  e.  now  &  then,  e.  now  & 
again,  from  time  to  time ;  e.  bit  (quite)  as  much; 
everybody  (else),  every  (other)  person  ;  everyday 
(adj.),  occurring  daily,  worn  or  used  on  ordinary 
days,  commonplace ;  e.  one,  each,  as  e.  one  of 
them  is  wrong;  everyone  (also  e.  one),  every- 
body, as  everyone  likes  to  have  his  loay  ;  every- 
thing, all  things,  as  everything  depends  on 
that,  thing  of  first  importance,  as  pace  is  every- 
thing ;  everyway,  in  e.  way,  in  e.  respect ;  every- 
where, in  e.  place.    [OE  xfre  xlc  ever  each] 

evi'ct,  v.t.  Expel  (person ;  esp.  tenant  from 
land  &c);  recover  (property,  title  to  it,  of, 
from,  person)  by  legal  process.  So  evi'etiON, 
evi'etOR2,  nn.    [f.  L  K(vincere  vict-  conquer)] 

e'vidence,  11.,  &v.t  Clearness,  obviousness, 
esp.  ine., conspicuous;  indication, sign, (of  qua- 
lity, treatment,  &c);  testimony,  facts,  making 
for  (also  of)  a  conclusion,  esp.  (pi.)  the  Ee.  of 
Christianity;  internal,  external,  e.;  (Law) 
information  (given  personally  or  drawn  from 
documents  &c. )  tending  to  establish  fact,  as  call 
(person)  in  e.  (as  a  witness),  circumstantial, 
presumptive,  verbal,  e.;  turn  King's,  Queen's, 
e.,  (of  accomplice  in  crime)  give  e.  against  one's 
accomplices  ;  statements,  proofs,  admissible  as 
testimony  in  court ;  (v.t.)  serve  to  indicate,  at- 
test. So  evide*ntiAL  (-shl),  evide'ntiARY1 
(-sha-),  aa.,  evide'ntialLY  2  ad  v.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f. 
F  Evidence  f.  L  evidentia  (as  foil.,  see  -ence)] 

e'vident,  a.  Obvious  (to  eyes  or  mind).  Hence 
e'videntLY2  adv.  [f.  L  E(videre  see),  see  -ent] 

evil  (e'vl),  a.,  n.,  adv.  Bad,  harmful ;  the  E. 
One,  the  Devil ;  of  e.  (bad)  repute,  an  e.  (slan- 
derous) tongue ;  e.  eye,  malicious  look,  pop.  be- 
lieved to  do  material  harm;  (n.)  e.  thing,  sin, 
harm  ;  e.-doer ;  Aleppo  e.,  a  disease  of  boils  ;  = 
king's  c;  (adv.)  in  e.  manner,  as  speak  e.  of, 
(bibl.)  e.  entreat,  e.-disposed.  Hence  e'vilLY  2 
adv.  [ME  uvel,  OE  yfel,  Du.  euvel,  G  iibel ;  perh 
f.  root  of  up,  w.  sense  '  excessive '] 

evi'nee,  v.t.  Show,  indicate,  (quality  &c, 
that  Sec);  show  that  one  has  (quality).  Hence 
eyi'neivE  a.    [as  evict] 

e'virate,  v.t.  Castrate  (male) ;  (fig.)  deprive 
of  manly  qualities.  So  eviPATiON  n.  [f.  L 
E(virare  f.  vir  man),  see  -ate  3] 

evi'scerate,  v.t.  Disembowel ;  (fig.)  empty 
(thing)  of  vital  contents.  Hence  eviseer ac- 
tion n.    [f.  L  Kviscerare  (viscera),  see  -ate 3] 

evo'ke,  v.t.  Call  up  (spirit  from  the  dead, 
feelings,  memories,  energies) ;  summon  (cause) 
to  higher  court.  So  e  vocation  n.,  e'voea- 
tiVE  a.    [f.  F  evoquer  f.  L  E(vocare  call)] 

e'volute,  a.  &  n.  E.  (curve),  locus  of  centres 
of  curvature  of  another  curve  that  is  its  invo- 
lute, [f.  L  p.p.  as  evolve] 

evolirtion,  n.  Opening  out  (of  roll,  bud,  &c; 
usu.  fig.) ;  appearance  (of  events  &c.)  in  due  suc- 
cession ;  evolving,  giving  off,  (of  gas,  heat,  &c); 
unfolding  of  curve  ;  (Math.)  extraction  of  root 
from  any  given  power  (cf.  involution);  deve- 
lopment (of  organism,  design,  argument.  Sec); 
Theory  of  E.  (that  the  embryo  is  not  created  by 
fecundation,  but  developed  from  a  pre-existing 
form) ;  origination  of  species  by  development 
from  earlier  forms,  not  by  special  creation  (cf. 
creationism),  whence  evoltrtioniSM,  evo- 
lu'tionrsT,  nn.,  evolutioni'stic  a.;  forma- 
tion of  heavenly  bodies  by  concentration  of  cos- 
mic matter ;  change  in  disposition  of  troops  or 
ships ;  wheeling  about,  movement,  in  dancing 
&c.  Hence  evolu'tionAL,  evolu'tionARV », 
aa.    [f.  L  cvohitio  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 

evolirtive,  a.    Tending  to  evolution,   [-tve] 

evolve,  v.t.  &  i.  Unfold,  open  out,  (fig.);  set 
forth  in  due  sequence ;  give  off  (heat  &c) ;  de- 
velop, deduce,  (theory,  facts,  &c);  develop  (t.  & 


i.)  by  natural  process.  Hence  evo'lveMENT  n. 
[f.  L  E(volvere  volut-  roll)] 

evu'lsion,  n.  Forcible  extraction,  [f.  ~Levul- 
sio  f.  ~E(vellere  vuls-  pluck),  see  -ion] 

ewe  (u),  n.  Female  sheep,  [com. -Aryan  :  OE 
eowu,  Du.  ooi,  L  ovis,  Gkois,  Skr.  avi] 

ewer  (u-),  n.  Pitcher;  (Commerc.)  bedroom 
water-j  ug.  [f.  OF  aiguiere  f.  L  *  aquaria,  fern, 
adj.  as  n.  (aqua  water,  see  -ary1)] 

ex,  prep,  (commerc).  (Of  goods)  out  of,  sold 
from,  (ship,  store,  &c.) ;  (of  stocks  or  shares)  ex 
dividend  (abbr.  ex  div.  or  x.d.),  not  including 


next  dividend.    [L] 

L  ex  oetore  n,  c,  p,  q, 
often  dropped),  and  t ;  becoming  ef-  before/,  e 


ex-,  pref.    (1)  =  L  ex  before  h,  c,  p,  q,  s  (which  is 


before  other  consonants;  forming  vbs  with 
sense  '  out ','  forth ',  (exclude,  exit), '  thoroughly ' 
(excruciate),  'make  so-&-so  '  (exasperate),  're- 
move, expel,  free,  from '  (expatriate,  -onerate, 
-coriate),  and  adjj.  w.  sense  '  not  having ',  esp. 
in  form  e-  (ecaudate  tailless).  (2)  =  Gk  ex  (=ek 
before  vowels)  out,  as  exodus.  (3)  L  ex  is  pre- 
fixed to  nn.  and  rarely  adjj.  (orig.  to  titles  of 
office  &c.)  in  sense  'formerly',  'quondam',  as 
ex-chancellor,  ex-Prime-Minister. 

exacerbate,  v.t.  Aggravate  (pain,  disease, 
anger);  irritate  (person  &c).  So  exacerbA- 
tion  n.    ff.  L  EX(acerbare  f.  acerbus  bitter)] 

exa'ets  a.  Precise,  rigorous,  (rules,  order, 
&c.) ;  (of  person,  judgment,  description,  report, 
answer,  &c.)  accurate,  strictly  correct;  e. 
sciences  (admitting  of  absolute  precision). 
Hence  or  cogn.  exa'etiTUDE,  exa'ctNESS,  nn. 
[f.  L  p.p.  as  foil.] 

exa'et2,  v.t.  Demand  &  enforce  payment 
of  (money,  fees,  &c,  from,  of,  person),  insist 
upon  (act,  conduct,  from,  of),  whence  exa'et- 
ing2  a.  ;  (of  circumstances)  require  urgently. 
Hence  or  cogn.  exa'et  able  a.,  exa'ctOR2  n. 
[f.  L  EX(igere  act-  =  agere  drive)] 

exaction,  n.  Exacting  (of  money  &c);  sum, 
thing,  thus  exacted  ;  illegal  or  exorbitant  de- 
mand, extortion  ;  arbitrary  &  excessive  impost. 
[F,  f.  L  exactionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

exactly,  adv.  In  adj.  senses,  esp.  (as  answer 
or  confirmation)  quite  so,  just  as  you  say.  [-ly2] 

exaggerate  (-aj-),  v.t.  Magnify  (thing  de- 
scribed, orabs. )  beyond  limits  of  truth ;  intensify, 
aggravate ;  make  (physical  features  &c.)  of  ab- 
normal size.  Hence  or  cogn.  exa'g'g-erated- 
ly2,  exa'g-grepativeLY  2,  advv.,  exagger- 
ation,  exa'gg-enatOR2,  nn.,  exa'ggera- 
tiVE  a.  [f.  L  EX(aggerare  heap  up,  f.  agger 
heap),  see  -ate  3] 

exa'lt  (-aw-),  v.t.  Raise,  place  high  in  rank, 
power,  &c.  ;  praise,  extol ;  dignify,  ennoble, 
(esp.  in  p.p.) ;  intensify  (colours  &c).  [f.  L  ex- 
(altare  f.  altus  high)] 

exalta'tion,  n.  Raising,  lifting  up,  (usu. 
fig.);  elation,  rapturous  emotion  ;  intensifica- 
tion.   [F,  f.  L  exaltationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

examination,  n.  Minute  inspection  (of, 
into);  post-mortem  c.;'(colloq.abbr.  exam)  test- 
ing of  knowledge  or  ability  (of  pupils,  candi- 
dates) by  questions  oral  or  written  ;  e.-paper, 
series  of  such  questions  or  of  examinee's  an- 
swers to  them.  Hence  examina'tionAL  a. 
[F,  f.  L  examinationem  (as  foil.,* see  -ation)] 

exa'mine,  v.t.  &  i.  Investigate,  scrutinize, 
(accounts,  person  in  or  on  subject,  organ,  bag- 
gage for  contraband  goods,  theory,  statement, 
one's  own  conscience,  whether) ;  (intr.)  inquire 
tn£o.  Hence  exa'minANT,  exa'minEE',  ex- 
a*minER 1,  nn.,  examinatoPTAL  a.  [f.  F ex- 
aminer f.  L  examinare  (examen,  for  exagmen, 
tongue  of  balance,  examination,  as  exact2)] 

exa'mple,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fact,  thing,  illustrating 
general  rule  ;  problem,  exercise,  designed  to  do 


EXANIMATE 2* 

this ;  specimen  of  workmanship,  picture  &c. ; 
warning  to  others,  as  make  an  e.  of  (punish) 
him ;  precedent,  as  beyond,  without,  e. ;  con- 
duct as  object  of  imitation,  as  give,  set,  a  good  e. ; 
take  e.  by,  copy ;  (v.t.)  furnish  an  e.  of  (usu.  in 
p.p.).   [(vbf.  n.)  OF, f.Lexeraphtm  (as exempt1)] 

exa'nimate  (-at),  a.  Dead ;  lacking  anima- 
tion, spiritless,  [f.  L  KXanimare  deprive  of  life 
(anima),  see  -ate  2] 

e'xapeh  (-k),.n.  (Under  Byzantine  emperors) 
governor  of  distant  province;  (in  Eastern 
Church)  patriarch,  bishop,  patriarch's  deputy. 
So  e'xarchATE1  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  exarkhos  f. 
TS.x(arkho  rule)] 

exa'sperate,  v.t  Make  worse  (ill  feeling, 
disease,  pain) ;  irritate  (person) ;  provoke  (per- 
son to  ill,  to  do).  Hence  or  cogn.  exa'sperat- 
ing-LY  2  adv.,  exaspePATiON  n.  [f.  L  EX(a.<?- 
perarc  f.  asper  rough),  see  -ate  3] 

ex  cath&dra,  adv.  &  a.  Authoritative(ly). 
[L,  =  from  the  (teacher's)  chair] 

excavate,  v.t.  Make  hollow ;  make  (hole, 
channel)  by  digging ;  dig  out  (soil)  leaving  a 
hole  ;  unearth,  get  out,  by  digging.  Hence  or 
cogn.  exeavATiON,  e'xeavatOR2,  nn.  [f.  L 
EX(cavare  f.  cavus  hollow),  see  -ate  3] 

excee'd,  v.t.  &  i.  Do  more  than  is  warranted 
by  (one's  commission,  rights,  &c.);  be  greater 
than  (quantity,  thing,  by  so  much) ;  surpass 
(person  &c.  in) ;  be  pre-eminent,  whence  ex- 
eee*diNG2a.  &  (archaic)  adv.,  exceeding  i. y  2 
adv. ;  be  immoderate  in  feeding  &c. ;  exagger- 
ate,   [f.  F  excMer  f.  L  EX(cedere  cess-  go)] 

exce'l,  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Surpass  (others  in 
quality,  in  doing);  be  pre-eminent  {in,  at,  thing, 
in  quality,  in  doing),  [f.  F  exceller  f.  L  EX(ceZ- 
lere,  cf.  eels  us  lofty)] 

e'xcellence,  n.  Surpassing  merit ;  thing  in 
which  person  &c.  excels.  [F,  f.  L  excellentia 
(as  prec„  see  -ence)] 

excellency,  n.  Title  (Your,  His,  Her,  E.) 
of  ambassadors,  governors  &  their  wives,  & 
some  other  officers,    [as  prec,  see  -ency] 

excellent,  a.  Pre-eminent;  very  good.  Hence 
e'xeellentLY  2  adv.    [F  (as  prec,  see  -ent)] 

exce'lsion,  int.  &  n.  Higher  (as  trade  mark 
&c.) ;  (U.S.)  soft  shavings  of  wood  for  stuffing. 
[L,  compar.  of  Excelsus  lofty] 

except !,  v.t.  &  i.  Exclude  (thing)  from  enu- 
meration, statement,  &c,  as  present  company 
excepted,  e.  him  from  the  general  pardon ; 
make  objection  against.  So  exee'ptiVE  a.  [f. 
F  excepter  f.  EX(cipere  cept-  =  capere  take)] 

exee'pt2,  excepting",  prep.  &  conj.  i-ing  is 
required  only  after  not,  without,  as  we  are  all 
fallible,  except  the  pope,  but  not  excepting  the 
pope).  Not  including,  but,  as  ice  all  failed  e. 
nim,  he  is  everyiohere  e.  in  the  right  place, 
never  to  be  found  e.  in  the  wrong  place,  it  is 
right  e.  that  the  accents  are  omitted,  e.  for  the 
omission  of  accents ;  (conj.,  archaic)  unless,  as 

e.  hebe  born  again,  [except  orig.  p.p.  (f.  L  as 
prec. )  in  abs.  constr.  (e.  you = you  being  excepted) ; 
•ing,  abs.  use  of  part,  of  prec] 

exception,  n.  Excepting ;  thing  excepted, 
thing  that  does  not  follow  the  rule ;  the  e. 
proves  the  ride,  (prop.)  the  excepting  of  some 
cases  shows  that  the  rule  exists,  or  that  it  ap- 
plies to  those  not  excepted,  (pop.)  the  weaker 
my  case,  the  stronger  my  conviction  ;  take  e., 
objecfc  to ;  subject,  liable,  to  e.  (objection), 
whence  exce'ption able  a.  [f.  AF  excepcioun 

f.  L  exceptionem  (except  ],  -ion)] 
exceptional,  a.  Forming  an  exception ;  un- 
usual, as  e.  advantages.    Hence  exeeption- 
a'liTY  n.,  exceptionally2  adv.    [-al] 

e'xeerpt 1  (or  ikser'-),  n.  Extract  from  book 
&c      article   from    learned   society's   Trans- 


j EXCITE 

actions  &c  printed  off  separately  for  private 
circulation,    [as  foil.] 

exeei-pt2.  v.t.  Extract,  quote,  (passage 
from  book  &c,  or  abs.).  Hence  or  cogn.  ex- 
eer'ptiBLE  a.,  exeer*ptiON  n.  [f.  L  Ex(cer- 
pere  cerpt-  =  carpere  pluck)] 

excess,  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  outrage ;  intemperance 
in  eating  or  drinking ;  overstepping  of  due 
limits ;  fact  of  exceeding,  esp.  in  e.  of,  more 
than  ;  amount  by  which  one  exceeds  another  ; 
e.fare  on  railway,  payment  due  for  travelling 
further  or  in  higher  class  than  ticket  warrants ; 
e.  luggage  (over  the  weight  for  free  carriage) ; 
superabundance,  extreme  degree,  (of  cruelty 
&c ) ;  exceeding  of  the  proper  amoun  t  or  degree, 
esp.  in,  to,  e.  So  exce'ssivE  a.,  exeessive- 
ly2  adv.  [f.  Fexces  f.  L  excessus  -us(a,s  exceed)] 

exchange  *,  n.  Act,  process,  of  exchanging 
(of  goods,  prisoners  of  war,  blows,  words,  &c) ; 
exchanging  of  coin  for  its  equivalent  in  coin 
of  same  or  another  country ;  money-changer's 
trade ;  par  of  e.,  standard  value  of  coinage  of 
one  country  in  terms  of  that  of  another  ;  (rate, 
course,  of)  e.,  price  at  which  bills  drawn  in  a 
foreign  currency  may  be  bought,  also,  difference 
between  this  &  par ;  system  of  settling  debts 
between  persons  (esp.  in  different  countries) 
without  money,  by  bills  of  e.  (first,  second, 
third,  of  e.,  separate  bills  of  even  tenor  &  date 
as  security  against  miscarriage)  ;  thing  ex- 
changed for  another ;  building  where  mer- 
chants assemble  to  transact  business,  as  stock- 
e.    [f.  OF  eschange  f.  LL  excambium  (as  foil.)] 

exchange2,  v.t.  &  i.  Give,  receive,  (thing) 
in  place  of  (for)  another ;  interchange  (blows, 
words,  glances,  &c.) ;  (intr.,  esp.  of  coin)  be  re- 
ceived as  equivalent/or ;  pass  (from  one  regi- 
ment or  ship  into  another)  by  exchange  with 
another  officer,  [f.  OF  eschangier  f.  LL  Ex(cam- 
biare  change)] 

exchangeable,  a.  That  may  be  exchanged 
(for) ;  e.  value  (estimated  by  that  of  the  goods 
for  which  a  thing  may  be  exchanged).  Hence 
exehangeaBi-LiTY  n.    [-able] 

exchequer  (-tsheker),  n.  Department  of 
public  service  charged  with  receipt  &  custody 
of  revenue ;  Chancellor  of  the  E.,  finance  min- 
ister of  United  Kingdom ;  royal  or  national 
treasury ;  money  of  private  person  &c  ;  (also 
Court  of  E.)  court  of  law,  now  merged  in 
Queen's  Bench  Division  (orig.  using  table  with 
chequered  cloth  for  accounts) ;  e.-bul  (issued  by 
authority  of  Parliament,  bearing  interest  at 
current  rate),  [f.  OF  eschequier  f.  med.L  scacca- 
rium  chess-board  (scaccht  chess,  see  -arium)] 

exci'se  *  (-z),  n.,  &  v.t.  Duty  charged  on  home 
goods  during  manufacture  or  before  sale  to 
home  consumers ;  government  office  collecting 
e.  (now  Department  of  Inland  Revenue) ;  ex- 
ciseman, officer  collecting  e.  &  preventing  in- 
fringement of  e.  laws;  (v.t.)  force  (person)  to 
pay  c,  overcharge  (also  fig.).  Hence  exci's- 
able  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  prob.  f.  MDu.  excijs  f.  LL 
*accensus  f.  ACcensare  tax  (census)] 

ex-ci'se2  (-z),  v.t.  Cut  out  (passage  of  book, 
limb,  organ,  &c) ;  (Bot.,  Zool.)  cut  out,  notch. 
So  exci'siON  (-zhn)  n.  [f.  L  ~EX(cidere  cis-  = 
caedere  cut)] 

exci'te,  v.t.  Set  in  motion,  rouse  up,  (feelings, 
faculties,  &c) ;  provoke,  bring  about,  (action, 
active  condition) ;  promote  activity  of  (bodily- 
organs  &c)  by  stimulus;  move  (person)  to 
strong  emotion;  (Electr.,  Magnet.)  induce  ac- 
tivity in  (substance),  set  (current)  in  motion, 
whence  exeitA'TiON  n. ;  (Photog.)  sensitize 
(plate).  Hence  or  cogn.  exeitaBi'LiTV,  ex- 
ci'teMENT,  nn.,  e'xeitANTa.  &  n.,  exel'tABLE. 
exei'tATivE,  exci*tatoRY,  aa.,  exel"*tedLY2 


EXCLAIM 


284 


EXENTERATB 


adv.  [f.  F  exciter  f.  L  excitare  frequent,  of  ex- 
(ciere  set  in  motion)] 

exclai'm,  v.i.  &  t.  Cry  out,  esp.  from  pain, 
anger,  &c. ;  utter  (words  quoted  direct  or  with 
that)  thus ;  e.  against,  accuse  loudly.  If.  F  ex- 
clamer  f.  L  Kx(clamare  shout)] 

exclama'tion,  n.  Exclaiming;  words  ex- 
claimed ;  note  of  e.,  (!).  So  exela'matORY  a. 
[F,  f.  L  exclamationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

exclu'de,  v.t.  Shut  out  (person,  thing,  from 
place,  society,  privilege,  &c);  prevent  the  oc- 
currence of,  make  impossible,  (doubt  &c);  ex- 
Eel  &  shut  out.  So  exelirsiOxV  (-zhn)  n.  [f. 
i  KX(cludere  clus-  =  claudere  shut)] 

exelu'sive  (-s-),  a.  Shutting  out ;  not  admit- 
ting of;  desirous  of  excluding  others,  whence 
exelu*siviSM(2)  n. ;  (of  terms  &c.)  excluding 
all  but  what  is  specified  ;  employed,  followed, 
to  the  exclusion  of  all  else,  as  his  e.  occupa- 
tion; (quasi-adv.)  not  counting,  as  20  men,  e.  of 
our  own.  Hence  exclu'si  ve  l  y  2  ad  v. ,  exclu*- 
sivexESS  n.   [f.  med. L  exclusivus  (prec,  -i ve)] 

exed'gitate  (-J-),  v.t.  Think  out,  contrive. 
So  excog-itA-noN  n.,  exeo'gltatiVE  a.  [f.  L 
EX(cogitare  cogitate)] 

excommu'nicate,  v.t.  (Eccl.)  cut  off  (per- 
son) from  participation  in  sacraments  or  from 
all  communication  with  the  Church.  So  ex- 
eommunieA'TioN,  exeommu'nieatoR 2, 
nn„  exc ommu'nicati ve,  excommuni- 
cato ry,  aa.  [f.  LL  TS.x(communicare  f.  com- 
munis common),  see  -ate3] 

exeo'riate,  v.t.  Remove  part  of  skin  of  (per- 
son &c.)  by  abrasion  &c. ;  strip,  peel  off,  (skin). 
So  exeoriA'TiON  n.  [f.  L  Excoriare  (corium 
hide),  see  -ate3] 

e'xcpement,  n.  Waste  matter  discharged 
from  bowels,  dung,  (also  fig.).  Hence  or  cogn. 
exepementAL,  exepamentrTious1,  aa.  [f. 
F  excrement  f.  L  excrementum  (as  excrete,  see 

-MENT)] 

excrescence,  n.  Abnormal  or  morbid  out- 
growth on  animal  or  vegetable  body  (also  fig.). 
So  exereseentiAL  a.  [f.  L  excrescentia  (as 
foil.,  see  -ence)] 

excrescent,  a.  Growing  abnormally;  re- 
dundant ;  (Gram.,  of  sound  in  word)  due  merely 
to  euphony,    [f.  L  EX(crescere  cret-  grow),  -ent] 

excreta,  n.  pi.  Waste  expelled  from  body, 
esp.  faeces  &  urine.    (L,  neut.  pi.  p.p.  as  foil.] 

excx*e*te,  v.t.  (Of  animals  or  plants)  separate 
&  expel  (waste  matters,  also  abs.)  from  system. 
Hence  or  cogn.  exepe'tiON  n.,  exere'tiVE, 
exere'tORY,  aa.    [f.  L  Exicernere  cret-  sift)] 

exepu'ciate  (-shi-),  v.t.  Torment  acutely 
(person's  senses) ;  torture  mentally.  Hence  or 
cogn.  excpu'eiatingTLY 2  adv.,  exepueiA*- 
tion  (-si-)  n.  [f.  L  EX(cruciare  torment  f.  crux 
crucis  cross),  see  -ate  3] 

e'xculpate,  v.t.  Free  from  blame;  clear 
(person  from  charge  &c).  Hence  exeulp\- 
tion  n.,  excu'lpatORY  a.  [f.  ex-  +  L  culpa 
blame  +  -ate  3] 

excirppent,  a.  Running  out ;  (of  arterial 
blood)  flowing  from  heart ;  affording  an  exit ; 
(Bot.)  projecting,    [as  foil.,  see  -ent] 

excup'se,  v.i.  (rare).  Wander,  digress  (usu. 
fig.) ;  make  an  excursion.  Hence  oxcup'sive 
a  ,  exeup'siveLY2  adv.,  excup'siveNESS  n. 
[f.  L  Ex(currere  curs-  run)] 

exeup'sion,  n.  Journey,  ramble,  with  inten- 
tion of  returning  (also  fig.);  pleasure  trip  of 
number  of  persons,  whence  exeup'sioniSTn.; 
e.  tram  (for  excursionists,  usu.  at  reduced 
rates);  (Astr.)  deviation  from  regular  path. 
Hence  exeup'sionAL,  exeup'sionARY  *,  aa. 
[f.  L  excursio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

excursus,  n.  (pi.  -uses).  Detailed  discussion 


of  special  point  in  book,  usu.  in  appendix  at 
end.  [L,  vbl  n.  as  excurse] 
exeu'se1  (-z),  v.t.  Attempt  to  lessen  the 
blame  attaching  to  (person,  act) ;  obtain  ex- 
emption for  (person,  oneself,  from  duty  &c) ; 
(of  things)  serve  as  exculpation  for  (person, 
act) ;  accept  the  exculpation  of  (person,  act) ; 
release  (person  from  a  duty;  also  double  obj., 
as  we  e.  him  the  fee) ;  dispense  with,  as  we  will 

e.  your  presence ;  e.  me  (as  apology  for  lack  of 
ceremony,  interruption,  &c  ;  also  as  form  of 
dissent).  So  exeu'SABLE,  exeu'satORY,  aa., 
exeu'sabLY2  adv.  (f.  OF  excuser  f.  L  excu- 
sare  (causa  cause)] 

exeu'se2  (-s),  n.  Apology  offered,  exculpa- 
tion (usu.  in  e.  of) ;  ground  of  this  ;  plea  for  re- 
lease from  duty  &c    [OF  (as  prec)] 

exeat,  n.  (In  schools,  colleges,  &c)  per- 
mission for  temporary  absence.  [L,  3rd  sing, 
subj.  of  EX(ire  go)] 

execrable,  a.  Abominable.  Hence  e'xe- 
epabLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  execrabilis  (foil.,  -ble)] 

e'xeepate,  v.t.  &  i.  Express,  feel, abhorrence 
for  ;  (intr.)  utter  curses.  Hence  or  cogn.  exe- 
cpa'tion  n.,  e'xeepatiVE,  e'xeepatORY,  aa. 
[f.  L  EX(s)ecrari  (sacrare  devote  f.  sacer  sacred, 
accursed),  see  -ate  3] 

executant,  n.  One  who  executes,  perform- 
er, (of,  esp.  music),  [f.  F  executant,  part,  as  foil.] 

execute,  v.t.  Carry  (plan,  command,  law, 
judicial  sentence,  will)  into  effect;  perform 
(action,  operation,  &c);  make  (legal  instru- 
ment) valid  by  signing,  sealing,  &c  ;  convey 
(estate)  in  property ;  discharge  (office,  func- 
tion) ;  perform  (musical  composition) ;  inflict 
capital  punishment  on.  Hence  e'xeeutABLE 
a.  [f.  F  executer  f.  med.L  exsecutare  1.  L  ex- 
(sequi  secut-  follow)] 

execution,  n.  Carrying  out,  performance ; 
dexterity  in  performing  music ;  (of  weapons)  de- 
structive effect,  as  do  e.  (also  fig.  of  personal 
charms  &c.) ;  seizure  of  goods  or  debtor  in  de- 
fault of  payment ;  infliction  of  capital  punish- 
ment, whence  exeeu'tionER1  n.  [f.  F  execu- 
tion i.  L  executionem  (as  prec,  -ion)] 
v  executive,  a.  &  n.  Pertaining  to,  having 
the  function  of,  executing ;  (branch  of  govern- 
ment) concerned  with  executing  laws,  decrees, 
&  sentences  (cf.  judicial,  legislative),    [-ive] 

executor,  n.  (Pron.  e*ks-)  one  who  carries 
out  or  performs  ;  (ikze'k-)  person  appointed  by 
testator  to  execute  his  will,  literary  e.,  person 
charged  with  writer's  unpublished  works  &c 
Hence  exe*eutop*iAL  a.,  exe'eutopsHip, 
exe'euTRix  (pi.  -trices),  nn.    [f.  AF  executour 

f.  L  executorem  (execute,  -or2)] 
exegesis  (-j-),  n.    Exposition  esp.  of  Scrip- 
ture.   So  exeg,e*tic(AL)  aa.,  exeg-e'tiealLv  2 
adv.  [Gk  exegesis  f.  ~EX(hegeomai  lead)] 

exe'mplap,  n.  Model,  pattern;  type  (of  a 
class) ;  parallel  instance,  [f.  OF  exemplaire  f. 
hL  exemplar  him  (as  example,  see  -ary1)] 

exemplary,  a.  Fit  to  be  imitated  ;  typical ; 
illustrative ;  serving  as  a  warning.  Hence  ex- 
e'mplapiLY2  adv.,  exe'mplapiNESs  n.  [f. 
L  exemplaris  (as  example,  see  -ary  2)] 

exemplify,  v.t.  Illustrate  by  example  ;  be 
an  example  of ;  make  attested  copy  of  (docu- 
ment) under  official  seal.  So  exe'mpliFiCA'- 
tion  n.  [f.  med.L  exemplificare  (example,  -f y)] 

exe-mpt  \  a.  &  n.  Free  (from  taxation*,  con- 
trol, failings,  &c);  (n.)  person  exempted,  esp. 
from  tax  ;  one  of  four  officers  sometimes  com- 
manding Yeomen  of  Guard  (now  usu.  exon).  [F, 
f.  L  EX(imere  empt-  =  emere  take)] 

exe*mpt2,v.t.  Free/row.(asprec).  Soex- 
e'mptiON  n.    [f.  F  exempter  (prec)] 

exe'ntepate.v.t.  Disembowel  (only  fig.).  So 


EXEQUATUR 


285 


EXO- 


exentePA'Tiox  n.  [f.  L  Exenterare  (Gk  en- 
teron  intestine),  see  -ate  3] 

exequa'tur,  n.  Recognition  of  a  country's 
consul  by  a  foreign  government ;  temporal 
sovereign's  authorization  of  bishop  under  Papal 
authority,  or  of  publication  of  Papal  bulls.  [L, 
=he  may  perform] 

e'xequies  (-kwlz),  n.  pi.  Funeral  rites.  [OF, 
f.  L  exsequiae  f.  EX(sequi  follow)] 

e'xereise1  (-z),  n.  Employment  (of  organ, 
faculty,  power,  right);  practice  (of  virtues, pro- 
fession, functions,  religious  rites) ;  exertion  of 
muscles,  limbs,  &c,  esp.  for  health's  sake ; 
bodily,  mental,  or  spiritual  training ;  task  set 
for  this  purpose  ;  (pi.)  military  drill,  athletics, 
&c. ;  academical  declamation  &c.  required  for 
degree  ;  composition  set  to  pupils  ;  act  of  wor- 
ship, [f.  OF  exerciee  f.  L  exercitium  f.  EX(er- 
cere  -cit-  =arcere  restrain)  keep  at  work)] 

e'xereise2  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Employ  (faculty, 
right,  &c.) ;  train  (person  &c.) ;  tax  the  powers 
of ;  perplex,  worry;  discharge  (functions) ;  take 
exercise.    Hence  e'xercisABLE  a.    [f.  prec] 

exepcita'tion,  n.  -Practice,  training ;  liter- 
ary or  oratorical  exercise,  [f.  L  exe.ratatio  f. 
exercitare  frequent,  as  exercise1,  -ation] 

exergue  (e'kserg,  ekzer'g),  n.  Small  space 
usu.on  reverse  of  coin  or  medal,  below  principal 
device ;  inscription  there.  Hence  exep'gfUAL 
(-gl)  a.    [F,  prob.  f.  Gk  ex-  +  ergon  work] 

exep't,  v.t.  Exercise,  bring  to  bear,  (quality, 
force,  influence) ;  e.  oneself,  strive  (to  do,  for 
object).  So  exer'tiON  n.  [f.  h  EX(serere  sert- 
bind)  put  forth] 

e'xeunt,  v.i.  (Stage  direction)  they  (two  or 
more  actors)  leave  the  stage  ;  e.  omnes,  all  leave 
the  stage.    [L,  =  they  go  out] 

exfo'liate,  v.i.  (Of  bone,  skin,  minerals,  &c.) 
come  off  in  scales  or  layers  ;  (of  tree)  throw  off 
layers  of  bark.  So  exfoli ation  n.  [f.  LL  ex- 
(foliare  f.  folium  leaf),  see  -ate  3] 

exhala'tion  (ekza),  n.  Evaporation  ;  puff 
breath;  short  burst  (of  anger  &c);  mist,  vaj 
our;  effluvium,    [f.  Lexhalatio  (foil.,  -atio 

exha'le,  v.t.  &  i.    Give  off  (fumes  &c. . 
fig.)  in  vapour;  be  thus  given  off,  evtoorate, 
(from,  out  of) ;  (Path.,  of  animal  fluids)  pafcrnff 
in  minute  quantities  through  blood-vessel 
breathe  out  (life,  soul,  words,  &c.) ;  get  rid 
(anger  &c.)  as  if  by  blowing,    [f.  F  exhaler  f.  L^ 
EX(halare  breathe)]  & 

exhau'st1  (ikzaw-),  n.  (In  steam-engine) 
exit  of  steam  from  cylinder  when  its  work  is 
done ;  e.-pipe  &c.  (for  this) ;  process  of  exhaust- 
ing vessel  of  air ;  (apparatus  for)  production 
of  outward  current  of  air  by  creating  partial 
vacuum,    ff.  foil.] 

exhavrst2  (ikzaw-),  v.t.  Draw  off  (air,  also 
fig.);  consume  entirely;  use,  account  for,  the 
whole  of ;  empty  (vessel)  of  contents  ;  say,  find 
out,  all  that  is  worth  knowing  of  (subject) ; 
drain  (person,  kingdom,  &c.)  of  strength,  re- 
sources, &c.  (esp.  in  p.p.);  tire  out.  Hence 
exhaustiBPLiTV  n.,  exhau'stiBLE  a.  [f.  L 
Ex(haurire  haunt-  draw)] 

exhau'stion  (tshn),  n.  Exhausting  (in  all 
senses) ;  total  loss  of  strength ;  arrival  at  a  con- 
clusion by  eliminating  alternatives,    f-roiv] 

exhaustive,  a.  Tending  to  exhaust  esp. 
a  subject ;  comprehensive.  Hence  exhau's- 
tiver.v 2  adv..  exhau'stiveNESS  n.    [-ive] 

exhPbit '  (lkzl-),  n.  Document  or  thing  pro- 
duced in  law  court  &  referred  to  in  written 
evidence ;  thing,  collection  of  things,  sent  by 
person,  firm,  &c,  to  an  exhibition ;  showing, 
display,    [f.  L  neut.  p.p.  as  foil.] 

exhi'bit2  (ikzi-),  v.t.  Show,  display ;  submit 
for  consideration ;   manifest  (quality) ;  show 


publicly  (for  amusement,  in  competition,  &c). 
So  exhrbitOR2  n.,  exhi'bitORY  a.  [f.  L  ex- 
(hibere  hibit-  =  habere  hold)] 

exhibition,  n.  Showing,  display,  (of  thing) ; 
make  an  e.  of  oneself,  behave  so  as  to  excite 
contempt ;  public  display  of  works  of  art  &c.  ; 
the  Great  EL,  first  e.  on  large  scale,  London, 
1851 ;  [f.  obs.  sense  of  prec.  provide  mainten- 
ance] fixed  sum  given  to  student  for  term  of 
years  from  funds  of  school,  college,  &c,  whence 
exhibi'tionER  i  n.  [f.  OF  exhibition  f .  LL  ex- 
hibitionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

exhi'larate  (Ikzi),  v.t.  Enliven,  gladden, 
(person,  spirits).  So  exhi*laPANT(2)  a.  &  n., 
exhilaPA-TioN  n.,  exhi'laratiVE  a.  [f.  L 
EX(hilarare  f.  hilaris  cheerful),  see  -ate  3] 

exhort  (Tkzor't),  v.t.  Admonish  earnestly ; 
urge  (person  to  do,  to  a  course) ;  advocate  (re- 
form &c. ).  So  exhop'tati ve,  exhop'tatOR y, 
aa.    [f.  L  EX(hortari  see  hortatory)] 

exhopta'tion,  n.  Exhorting  ;  formal,  litur- 
gical, address.    [f.  L  exhortatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

exhu-me,  v.t.  Dig  out,  unearth,  (lit.  &  fig.). 
So  exhumATiON  n.  [f.  F  exhumer  f.  L  ex- 
(humare  f .  humus  ground)] 

e'xig-enee,  -ey,  nn.  Urgent  need ;  emer- 
gency.   [F  (-ce),  f.  L  exigentia  (foil.,  -ency)] 

e'xigent  (-j-),  a.  Urgent,  pressing ;  requiring 
much,  exacting;  e.  of,  demanding,  [f.  L  ex- 
(igere—agere  drive),  see  -ent] 

e'xigible  (-j-),  a.  That  may  be  demanded  or 
execcte&Jagainst, from,  person),  [as  prec,  -ble] 

exi'guous,  a.  Scanty,  small.  Hence  or  cogn. 
exig-u'iTY,  exi-guousNESS,  nn.  [f.  L  exiguus 
(as  prec.)  +  -ous] 

e'xile  \  n.  Penal  banishment ;  long  absence 
from  one's  country  (also  fig.),  [f.  OF  exil  f.  L 
EXsilium  (salire  leap)] 

e'xile2,  n.  Banished  person  (lit.  &  fig.),  [perh. 
f.  prec. ;  L  has  exsul  (as  prec)] 

e'xile3,  v.t.  Banish  (person/ro?» ;  lit.  &  fig.). 
"F  exilier  f.  LL  exsiliare  (as  exile1)] 

i'lian,  a.    Of  the  Jews'  exile  in  Babylon. 
exi'lic  a.    [f.  L  as  exile  i  +  -ian] 

exi'lity,  n.  Thinness ;  subtlety,  [f.  L  exili- 
tas  (exilis  thin,  etym.  dub.,  see  -tv)] 

exi'st,  v.i.  Have  place  in  the  domain  of 
reality  ;  have  being  under  specified  conditions  ; 
as  (in.  the^pii  of);  (of  circumstances  &c) 
occur,  be  found  ;  live  ;  euiitinuejin.  rbeing.  [f.  F 
cxi'sterf.  L  EX(si 

exi'stenee,  n.    J'.cing,  UJHKfng,  esp.-^n,  e. 

is^^^^HRra,  precarious,  e.  ;  mode  of 
existing:  existing  thing;  all  that  exists.  So 
existe'ntiAL  a.  [OF,  f.  med.L  existentia  (as 
prec,  see  -ence)] 

exi'stent,  a.  Existing,  actual,  current.  T-ent] 

e'xit1,  n.  Departure  of  player  from  stage 
(also  fig.) ;  death ;  going  out  or  forth  ;  liberty  to 
do  this ;  passage  to  go  out  by.  [f.  L  exitus  -us 
going  out  (as  foil.) ;  partly  also  from  foil.] 

e'xit2,  v.i.  (Stage  direction)  —  goes  offstage, 
as  E.  Macbeth  (also  fig.).  [3rd  sing.  pres.  or  L 
EX(ire  it-  go)] 

ex-li*bpis,  n.  Book-plate,  label  with  arms, 
crest,  &c,  &  owner's  name  pasted  into  book. 
[L  ex  libris  from  the  library  (of  so-&-so)] 

exo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  exo  outside  as:  -derm, 
outer  layer  of  blastoderm  ;  -gamous,  -gamy,  (of, 
following)  custom  compelling  man  to  marry 
outside  his  own  tribe ;  -gen,  plant  whose  stem 
grows  by  deposit  on  outside  ;  -genous,  growing 
thus  ;  -pa'thic,  (of  disease)  originating  outside 
the  body  ;-phagous,  -phagy,  not  eating  members 
of  one's  own  tribe ;  -plasm,  outermost  layer  of 
protoplasm  ;  -skeleton,  external  integument, 
bony  or  leathery ;  exosmo'sis,  passage  of  a  fluid 
outwards  through  a  porous  septum. 


EXODUS S 

exodus,  n.  Departure,  going  forth,  (esp.  of 
body  of  emigrants) ;  departure  of  Israelites 
from  Egypt ;  book  of  O.T.  relating  this.  [L,  f. 
Gk  Kxodos  (hodos  way)l 

ex  offi'cio  (-shio),  adv.  &  a.  In  virtue  of 
one's  office,  as  e.-o.  members  of  committee.    [L] 

e'xon,  n.    See  exempt1.    [repr.  F  pron.] 

exd'nerate,  v.t.  Exculpate ;  free  (person) 
from  (blame  &c.) ;  release  (person  from  duty 
&c).  Hence  or  cogn.  exonePATioN  n.,  ex- 
o'nenatiVE  a.  [f.  L  EX(onerare  i.  onus  -eris 
burden),  see  -ate3] 

exophtha-lmus,  -6s,  n.  Protrusion  of  eye- 
ball. Hence  exophtha'lmic  a.  [f.  Gk  ex- 
(ophthahnos  eye)  adj.] 

exop'bitant,  a.  Grossly  excessive  (of  price, 
demand,  ambition,  person).  Hence  exop'bi- 
tANCE  n.,  exorbitantLV2  adv.  [f.  L  Exor&i- 
tare  go  out  of  the  wheel-track  (orbit),  -ant] 

e'xopcize,  v.t.  Expel  (evil  spirit  from,  out 
of,  person  or  place)  by  invocation  or  use  of 
holy  name  ;  clear  (person,  place,  of  evil  spirits). 
Soe'xoPCiSM,  e'xopcisr, nn.  [f. LL  exorcizare 
f.  Gk  Exorkizo  (tiorkos  oath)] 

exon'dium,  n.  (pi.  -iums,  -id).  Beginning, 
introductory  part,  esp.  of  discourse  or  treatise. 
Hence  exop'diAL  a.    [L,  f.  EX(ordiri  begin)] 

exote'Pie,  a.  &  n.  (Of  doctrines,  modes  of 
speech,  &c.)  intelligible  to  outsiders  (cf.  eso- 
teric) ;  (of  disciples)  not  admitted  to  esoteric 
teaching ;  commonplace,  ordinary,  popular  ; 
(n.  pi. )  e.  doctrines  or  treatises.  Hence  exo- 
te*pie.\L  a.,  exote'picalLY 2  adv.  If.  LL  f. 
Gk  exoterikos  (exotero  compar.,  see  exo-,  -ic)] 

exd'tic,  a.  &  n.  (Of  plants,  words,  fashions) 
introduced  from  abroad ;  (n.)  e.  plant  (also  fig.). 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  exotikos  (exo  outside,  see  -ic)l 

expa'nd,  v.t.  &  i.  Spread  out  flat  (t.  &  i.) ; 
expound,  write  out,  in  full  (what  is  condensed 
or  abbreviated,  algebraical  expression,  &c. ) ; 
develop  (t.  &  i.)  into  ;  swell,  dilate,  increase  in 
bulk,  (t.  &  i.).  So  expansiBi'LiTV  n.,  ex- 
pa'nsiBLE  a.    [f.  L  EX(pandere  pans-  spread)] 

expa'nse,  n.  Wide  area  or  extent ;  expan- 
sion,  [as  prec] 

expa'nsfle,  a.    (Capable)  of  expansion,  [-il] 

expa'nsion,  n.  Expanding ;  (Commerc.)  ex- 
tension of  transactions  ;  e.  (increase)  of  the  cur- 
rency, whence  expa'nsion  is  r(2)  n.;  increase 
in  bulk  of  steam  in  cylinder  of  engine  ;  triple- 

e.  engine  (in  which  steam  passes  through  3  cy- 
linders),   [f.  LL  expansio  (prec,  -ion)] 

expensive,  a.  Able,  tending,  to  expand  (t. 
&i.);  extensive;  comprehensive;  (of  persons, 
feelings,  speech) effusive.  Hence  expa'nsive- 
LY2adv.,  expa'nsivexEss,  expansi'vrrv, 
nn.    [as  prec,  see  -ive] 

ex  par'te,  adv.  &  a.  (law).  On,  in  the  inter- 
ests of,  one  side  only  ;  (adj.,  ex-p.)  made  or  said 
thus,  as  an  ex-p.  statement.    [L] 

expa'tiate  (shi),  v.t.  Speak,  write,  copious- 
ly (on  subject) ;  wander  unrestrained  (usu.  fig.). 
Hence  expatiA'TiON  n. ;  expa'tiatoRV  a.  If. 
L  KXisvatiari  walk  about,  as  space),  -ate3] 

expatriate,  v.t.  Banish  ;  (refl.)  emigrate  ; 
(Law  of  Nations,  refl.)  renounce  citizenship. 
Hence  expatpi.VTiON  n.    [f.  LL  EX(patriare 

f.  patria  native  land),  see  -ate3] 

expe'ct,  v.t.  Look  forward  to,  regard  as  like- 
ly, as  le.  a  storm,  e.  to  see  him,  e.  him  to  come, 
e.  (that)  he  will  come,  e.  him  next  week,  dont  e. 
me,  e.  payment  today,  not  so  bad  as  I  expected 
(it  to  be),  just  what  I  expected  of  him ;  look  for 
as  due,  as  le.  you  to  be  punctual,  that  you  tvill 
be  punctual,  do  you  e.  payment  for  this  ? ;  (col- 
loq.)  think,  suppose,  (that).  [f.  L  EX(spectare 
look,  frequent,  of  specere  see)] 

expectancy,  n.    State  of  expectation  ;  pro- 


6 EXPERIMENT 

spect,  esp.  of  future  possession ;  prospective 
chance  (of).    [I.  L  expectantia  (prec,  -ancy)] 

expectant,  a.  &  n.  Expecting  (of  or  abs.) ; 
having  the  prospect,  in  normal  course,  of  pos- 
session, office,  &c;  characterized  by  waiting  for 
events,  esp.  (Med.)  e.  method  ;  (Law)  reversion- 
ary ;  (n.)  one  who  expects,  candidate  for  office 
&c    Hence  expectant!,  v  2  adv.   [-ant] 

expectation,  n.  Awaiting;  anticipation, 
as  beyond,  contrary  to,  e.; ground  for  expecting 
(of);  (pi.)  prospects  of  inheritance;  thing  ex- 
pected ;  e.  of  life  ;  probability  of  a  thing's  hap- 
pening,   [f.  L  expectatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

expe-etative,  a.  Of  reversion  of  benefices, 
reversionary,  [f.  LLexpectativus (prec,  -ati ve)] 

expe'etopant,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine)  that  pro- 
motes expectoration,    [as  foil.,  see  -ant] 

expe'etopate,  v.t.  (chiefly  U.S.).  Eject 
(phlegm  &c)  from  chest  or  lungs  by  coughing 
or  spitting;  (abs.)spit.  Hence  expeetoPA'TiON 
n.  [f.  L  Expectorare  relieve  the  mind  (pectus 
-oris  breast),  -ate  3] 

expedient,  a.  &  n.  (Usu.  predic)  advanta- 
geous, suitable,  as  do  whatever  is  e.,  it  is  e.  that 
he  should  go ;  politic  rather  than  just ;  (n.)  con- 
trivance, device.  Hence  or  cogn.  expedi- 
ence,  -ENCY,nn.,  expedienti.x  La.,  expe'di- 
entLY 2  adv.   [f.  F  expedient  (as  foil.,  see  -ent)] 

expedite,  v.t.  Assist  the  progress  of  (mea- 
sure, process,  &c) ;  dispatch  (business),  [f.  L  ex- 
pedire  -dit-  lit.  free  feet  of  (pes  pedis  foot)] 

expedition,  n.  Warlikeenterprise ;  journey, 
voyage,  for  definite  purpose ;  men,  fleet,  sent  on 
this  ;  promptness,  speed.  Hence  expedi'tion- 
ary1  a.,  expedi'tionisr(3)  n.  [f.  hexpeditio 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

expedi'tious,  .a.  Doing  or  done  speedily  ; 
suited  for  speedy  performance.  Hence  expe- 
ditiously y2  adv.,  expedi'tiousxESS  n.  If. 
prec,  see  -ious(2)] 

expe'l,  v.t.  (-11-).  Eject  (person  from  place, 
bullet  from  gun,  &c)  by  force;  turn  out  (per- 
son from  a  community,  school,  &c).  Hence 
expe'llENTa.    [f.  L  EX(pellere  puis-  drive)] 

expe*nd,v.t.  Spend  (money,  care,  time,  on  ob- 
ject, in  doing);  use  up ;  (Naut.)  wind  (spare  rope) 
round  spar  &c    [f.  L  EX(pendere  pens-  weigh)] 

expenditure  (tsher),  n.  Laying  out  (of 
money  &c);  consuming;  amount  expended, 
[as  prec.  (irreg.  p.p.  penditus),  see  -ure] 

expense,  n.  Expenditure ;  cost ;  (pi.)  outlay 
in  execution  of  commission  &c,  reimbursement 
of  this,  as  he  paid  my  ee.,  offered  me  £10  &  ee.; 
at  the  e.  (cost)  of,  esp.  (fig.)  by  bringing  discredit 
&c  on,  as  you  defend  his  veracity  at  the  e.  of 
his  understanding,  if  what  he  says  is  true  he  is 
a  fool ;  a  laugh  at  his  e.  (at  him).  [AF,  f.  LL 
expensa  orig.  fem.  p.p.  (as  expend)] 

expensive,  a.  Costly.  Hence expensive- 
ly  2  adv.,  expe'nsiveNESS  n.   [expend,  -i  veJ 

experience  *,  n.  Actual  observation  of  facts 
or  events ;  knowledge  resulting  from  this, 
whence  expep'ieneED2  a.;  event  that  affects 
one,  as  an  unpleasant  c;  fact,  process,  of  being 
so  affected,  as  /  learnt  by  e.;  (usu.  pi.)  state, 

Ehase,  of  religious  emotion,  [f.  F  experience  f. 
i  experientia  t  EX(periri  pert-  go  through), 
see  -ence] 

expep'ience2,  v.t.  Meet  with,  feel,  undergo, 
(pleasure,  treatment,  fate,  &c);  learn,  find, 
(that,  how,  Sec),    [f.  prec] 

expepie*ntial,a.  Of  experience  ^.philoso- 
phy (treating  all  knowledge  as  based  on  experi- 
ence), whence  expericntialisM,  expeni- 
e'ntialisr,  nn.  Hence  experientialLY  - 
adv.    [f.  L  as  experience  J,  see  -al] 

experiment  i  (-rnent),  n.  Test,  trial,  (of)  - 
procedure  adopted  on  chance  of  its  succeeding. 


EXPERIMENT 2 

or  for  testing  hypothesis  &c.  [OF,  f.  L  expert- 
mentum  (as  prec,  see  -ment)] 

expe'piment2,  v.i.  Make  experiment  (on, 
with).    Hence  expepimentATiON  n.    [pree.] 

experime'ntal,  a.  Based  on  experience,  not 
authority  or  conjecture  ;  based  on  experiment, 
ase.  philosophy,  whence expePime'ntaliSM, 
experime'ntaliST,  nn. ;  tentative ;  used  in 
experiments.  Hence  experime'ntaliZE(2) 
v.i.,  experime'ntalLY  2  adv.    [-al] 

expert l,  a.  Trained  by  practice,  skilful,  (at, 
in).    Hence  expeptLY  2  adv.,  expePtNESSn. 

[OF,  f.  L  as  EXPERIENCE  !J 

e'xpept2,  n.  Person  having  special  skill  or 
knowledge  (at,  in),  as  mining  e.,  (attrib.)  e.  evi- 
dence.   [F  (prec.  as  n.)J 

e'xpiate,  v.t.  Pay  the  penalty  of,  make  a- 
mends  for,  (sin).  So  e'xpi.vHi.K,  e'xpiatORV, 
aa.,  expiATioN,  e'xpiatOR  2,  nn.  [f.  L  jzx(pi- 
are  seek  to  appease  f.  plus  devout),  -ate  3] 

expira'tion  (per-),  n.  Breathing  out  (of  air 
&c);  termination  (of  period,  truce,  &c).  [f.  L 
expiratio  (as  foil.,  see  -ation)] 

expire*,  v.t.  &  i.  Breathe  out  air  (from  lungs 
or  abs.),  whence  expiP'atORY  a.;  die;  (of  Are 
&c.)  die  out ;  (of  period)  come  toan  end ;  (of  law, 
patent,  truce,  &c.)  become  void,  reach  its  term; 
(of  title  &c.)  become  extinct,  [f.  F  expirer  f.  L 
EX(spirare  breathe)] 

expiP'y,  n.  Termination  (of  period,  truce, 
&c).    rf.  prec.  +  -y*\ 

explai'n,  v.t.  Make  known  in  detail  (thing, 
that,  hoiv,  &c);  make  intelligible  (meaning, 
difficulty,  &c,  also  abs.) ;  account  for  (conduct 
&c.) ;  e.  away,  modify,  do  away  with,  (esp.  of- 
fensive language)  by  explanation ;  e.  oneself, 
make  one's  meaning  clear,  (also)give  an  account 
of  one's  motives  or  conduct.  Hence  explai'n  - 
able  a.    If.  L  EXiplanare  f.  planus  flat)] 

explanation,  n.  Explaining,  esp.  with 
view  tomutual  understanding  or  reconciliation; 
statement,  circumstance,  that  explains,  [f.  L 
explanatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

explanatory,  a.  Serving,  meant,  to  ex- 
plain. Hence  expla'natopiLY2  adv.  [as  ex- 
plain, see  -ory] 

expletive  (or  e-kspli-),  a.  &  n.  Serving  to  All 
out  (esp.  sentence,  metrical  line,  &c);  (n.)  e. 
thing,  word,  &c,  esp.  oath  or  meaningless  ex- 
clamation, [f.  L  expletivus  f.  EX(plere  nil),  -ive] 

explicate,  v.t.  Develop  (notion,  principle, 
&c),  whence  explic ation  n. ;  (archaic)  ex- 
plain, whence  e'xplieABLE,  e'xplieativE, 
e'xplieatORY,  aa.  [f.  L  Ex(plicare  plicat-  or 
plicit-  fold)  unfold,  see  -ate3] 

explicit1,  v.i.  Here  ends  (formerly  written 
at  end  of  book).  [med.L ;  prob.  abbr.  of  p.p.  as 
prec,  but  treated  as  3rd  sing.] 

expli'eit 2,  a.  Stated  in  detail,  leaving  no- 
thing merely  implied;  definite;  (of  persons) 
outspoken ;  e.  faith,  acceptance  of  doctrine  with 
clear  understanding  of  all  it  involves  (cf.  im- 
plicit). Hence  expli'eitLV2adv.,  explreit- 
ness  n.    [f.  F  explicite  (as  explicate)] 

explo'de,  v.t.  &  i.  Expose,  bring  into  disre- 
pute, (theory,  fallacy,  &c) ;  (of  gas,  gunpowder, 
boiler,  &c)  go  off  with  loud  noise  ;  cause  (these) 
to  do  this.  [f.  L  Exiplodere  plos-  =  plaudere 
clap)  hiss  off  stage] 

e'xploit1,  n.  Brilliant  achievement,  [f.  OF 
esploit(e)  f.  L  neut.  &  fern.  p.p.  as  explicate] 

exploit2,  v.t.  Work,  turn  to  account,  (mine 
&c);  utilize  (person  &c)  for  one's  own  ends. 
Hence  or  cogn.  exploitABLE  a.,  exploitAGE, 
exploitATiON,  nn.  [f.  OF  exploiter  f.  L  "ex- 
plicitare  frequent,  as  prec] 

explope*,v.t.  Inquireinto;  examine  (wound) 
by  touch;    examine   (country  &c.)  by  going 


[ EXPRESSION 

through  it.  Hence  or  cogn.  exploPATiON,  ex- 
plop'ER1,  nn.,explop*ativE,  explop*atoRv, 

aa.  [f.  F  explorer  f.  L  EX(plorare  perh.  =make 
flov^f.  pluere  flow)] 

explo'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Going  off  with  loud 
noise ;  such  noise  ;  outbreak  (of  anger  &c).  [f. 
L  explosio  (as  explode,  see  -ion)] 

explo'sive  (-s-),  a.  &  n.  Tending  to  eject  some- 
thing with  loud  noise;  (of  consonant  sound) 
produced  by  explosion  of  breath,  stopped ;  tend- 
ing to  explode  or  cause  explosion  (lit.  &  fig.); 
(n.)  e.  agent  or  material,  e.  letter.  Hence  ex- 
plo'siveLV2  adv.,  explo'siveNESS  n.  [as 
explode,  see  -ive] 

exponent,  a.  &  n.  (Person,  thing)  that  sets 
forth  or  interprets;  executant  (of  music  &c); 
type,  representative ;  ( Alg.)  index,  symbol  indi- 
cating what  power  of  a  factor  is  to  be  taken, 
whence  expone'nti.vL  a.  [f.  L  EX(ponere 
posit-  put),  see  -ent] 

export1,  v.t.  Send  out  (goods)  to  another 
country.  Hence  or  cogn.  expoptABLE  a.,  ex- 
poptATiON  n.    [f.  L  EX(portare  carry)] 

e'xpopt2,  n.  Exported  article;  (usu.  pi.) 
amount  exported ;  exportation ;  e.  duty  (paid 
on  c).    [f.  prec] 

expo'se(-z),  v.t.  Leave  (person,  thing)  unpro- 
tected (esp.  from  weather) ;  subject  to  (risk 
&c);  (Photog.)  subject  (plate)  to  light;  turn 
(child)  out  of  doors  to  perish ;  (p.p.)  open  to  (the 
East  &c.) ;  exhibit,  display ;  put  up  for  sale ; 
disclose  (secret,  project,  &c) ;  unmask  (villain, 
villany).    [f.  F  Ex(poser,  see  compose)] 

expo'se  (za),  n.  Statement  of  facts ;  showing 
up  (of  discreditable  thing).    [F,  p.p.  as  prec] 

exposition,  n.  Setting  forth,  description; 
explanation;  commentary;  =exposure;  ex- 
hibition of  goods  &c  [F,  f.  L  expositionem  (as 
exponent,  see  -ion)] 

expo'sitive,  a.  Descriptive ;  explanatorv. 
So  expo'sitOR2  n. ;  expo'sitORV  a.  [f.  L 
expositivus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

ex  post  fa'cto,  a.  Acting  retrospectively, 
as  e.  p.  f.  law.  [L,  =  from  what  is  done  (i.e.  en- 
acted) afterwards] 

expo'stulate,  v.i.  Make  friendly  remon- 
strance; remonstrate  (with  person  about,  for, 
on).  Hence  or  cogn.  expostulA'TiON  n.,  ex- 
po'stulatORY  a.  [f.  L  E,x(postulare  postu- 
late)] 

expo*supe(-zher),n.  Exposing, beingexposed, 
(to  air,  cold, danger,  &c);  abandoning  (of  child); 
display,  esp.  of  goods  for  sale ;  unmasking  of 
imposture  &c  ;  aspect,  as  southern  e.    [-ure] 

expou'nd  (-ow-),  v.t.  Set  forth  in  detail  (doc- 
trine &c) ;  explain,  interpret,  (esp.  Scripture). 
[ME  expounen  f.  OF  espondre  (as  exponent)] 

exppe'ss1,  a.,  adv.,  n.  (Of  likeness)  exact ; 
definitely  stated,  not  merely  implied;  done, 
made,  sent,  for  special  purpose ;  e.  train  (fast, 
stopping  at  few  intermediate  stations) ;  e.  rifle 
(discharging  bullet  with  high  initial  velocity  & 
low  trajectory);  e.  bullet  (expanding,  for  e.  rifle); 
e.  delivery  (by  special  postal  messenger);  (adv.) 
with  speed,  bye.  messenger  or  train;  (n.)e.  train, 
messenger,  rifle.  Hence  exppe'ssLY2  adv. 
[f.  F  expres,  -esse  (as  foil.)] 

exppe'ss2,  v.t.  Squeeze  out  (juice,  air,  from, 
out  of) ;  emit,  exude ;  represent  by  symbols,  as 
(Math.)  e.  (quantity)  in  terms  of  (another) ;  re- 
veal, betoken,  (feelings,  qualities);  put(thought) 
into  words;  e.  oneself,  say  >*hat  one  means 
(strongly  &c.  on  subject,  well,  aptly,  &c ).  Hence 
exppe'ssiBLE  a.    [f.  OF  EX(presser  press2)] 

expression,  n.  Expressing  (in  all  senses) ; 
wording,  diet  ion,  word,  phrase ;  (Alg.)  collection 
of  symbols  expressing  a  quantity;  aspect  (of 
face),  intonation  (of  voice),  whence  expre-s- 


EXPRESSIONAL 


EXTORTION 


sion  less  a. ;  (Art)  mode  of  expressing  character 
&c,  whence  exppe*ssioniST(2)  n.;  (Mus.)  exe- 
cution that  expresses  the  feeling  of  a  passage, 
as  e.-mark,  sign,  word,  indicating  e.  required, 
e.-stop  (in  harmonium,  producing  e.  by  varied 
air-pressure).  [F,  f.  L  expressionem  f.  EX(pri- 
mere=premere  press2,  -ion)] 
exppe'ssional,  a.  Of  verbal,  facial,  or  artis- 
tic expression,    [-al] 

exppe*ssive,a.  Serving  to  express;  (of  word, 
gesture, &c.)significant.  Hence exppe'ssive- 
ly  2  adv.,  exppe'ssiveNESS  n.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  as 
expression,  see  -ive] 

exprobra'tion,  n.    Reproachful  language, 
[f.  L  exprobratio  f.  Ex(probrare  f.  probrum 
shameful  deed),  see  -ation] 
expropriate,  v.t.    Dispossess  (from  estate 
&c.) ;  take  away  (property).    So  expropri- 
A  #tion  n.   [f.  LL  Kxlpropriare  f.  proprium  pro- 
perty), see  proper  &  -ATE3] 
expirlsion,  n.    Expelling.    So  expirlsiVE 
a.  &  n.  (med.).  [f.  ~Lexpidsio  (as  expel,  see  -ion)] 
expu'nge,  v.t.  Erase,  omit,  (name  from  list, 
passage  from  book,  &c).    So  expu'netiON  n. 
[f.  L  EX(pungere  punct-  prick)] 
e'xpupgate,  v.t.     Purify  (book  &c.)  by  re- 
moving objectionable  matter ;  clear  away  (such 
matter).    Hence  or  cogn.  expupgATiON,  e*x- 
purgatoR2,nn.,  expupgator'iAL,  expur*- 
gatOR  v,  aa.    [f .  L  EX(purgare  cleanse ),  -ate  3] 
exquisite  (-zit),  a.  &  n.  Of  consummate  ex- 
cellence or  beauty;  acute  (pain,  pleasure);  keen 
(sensibility Sec);  (n.) coxcomb,  fop.  Hence  e*x- 
quisiteLY2  adv.,  e'xquisiteNESs  n.  [f.  L  ex- 
(quirere  quisit-  =  quaerere  seek)] 
exsa'nguinate,  v.t.    Drain  of  blood,    [f.  L 
T,x(sanguinare  f.  sanguis  -inis  blood),  see  -ate3] 
exsa*ng-uine,  a.  Lacking  blood,   [ex-] 
exsci'nd,  v.t.    Cut  out,  excise,  (lit.  &  fig.), 
[f.  L  EX(scindere  cut)] 
exser't,  v.t.  (biol.).    Put  forth.    [= exert] 
e'xsiccate,  v.t.    Dry  up;  drain  dry.    [f.  L 
KX(siccare  f.  siccus  dry)] 

e'xtant  (or  -a'nt),  a.     Still  existing  (esp.  of 
documents  &c).  [f.  L  KX(stare  stand),  see  -ant] 
extasy.    See  ecstasy. 

exte'mpore,  adv.  &  a.  (Spoken,  done)  with- 
out preparation ;  off-hand ;  speak  e.  (without 
notes).  Hence  or  cogn.  extempoPA'NEOUS, 
exte'mpoPARY1,  aa.,  extempora'neous- 
ly2,  exte'mporapiLY2,  advv.,  extempop- 
a'neousNESS  n.  [L  ex  tempore  from  the  time] 
exte'mpopize,  v.t.  &  i.  Compose,  produce, 
extempore;  (intr.)  speak  extempore.  Hence 
extempopiz ation  n.  [f.  prec.  +  -ize] 
exte'nd,  v.t.  &  i.  Lay  out  (esp.  body,  limbs, 
&c.)  at  full  length ;  write  out  (shorthand  &c.)at 
full  length ;  e.  an  invoice,  write  in  the  columns 
the  total  of  items  in  each  line;  (intr.  &refl.) 
reach  (to  point,  over,across,  &c,  space) ;  cause 
to  do  this;  prolong  (period);  enlarge  (scope, 
meaning  of  word  &c. ) ;  (Sport,  slang)  tax  powers 
of  (horse,  athlete)  to  the  utmost  (usu.  pass. ) ; 
stretch  forth  (hand,  arm);  accord  (kindness, 

?>atronage,  to) ;  (Law)  value  (land  &c),  seize 
land  &c.)  for  debt.  Hence  or  cogn.  extensi- 
bi'lity  n.,  exte'ndiBLE,  exte'nsiBLE,  aa. 
[f.  L  -Ex(tendere  tens-  or  tent-  stretch)] 

exte'nsile,  a.  Capable  of  being  stretched 
out  or  protruded,    [as  prec,  see  -ile] 

exte'nsion,  n.  Extending  (in  all  senses  exc. 
Law) ;  extent,  range ;  prolongation  ;  enlarge- 
ment ;  additional  part  (of  railway,  plan,  theory, 
&c.) ;  word(s)  amplifying  subject  or  predicate ; 

University  E.,  admission  of  non-resident  stu- 
dents to  some  forms  of  Univ.  teaching  &  exami- 
nation,   [f.  L  extentio,  -sio,  (as  prec.,  see  -ion)] 

exte'nsive,  a.  (Of  space,  purchase,operat  ion, 


&c.)  large;  far-reaching,  comprehensive;  (of 
agricultural  production  &c.)  depending  on  ex- 
tension of  area  (cf.  intensive).  Hence  exte'n- 
siveLY2adv.,  exte'nsiveNESS  n.  If.  LLex- 
tensivus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 
exte'nsop,  n.  E.  (-muscle),  one  that  straight- 
ens out  part  of  the  body.  [LL,  as  prec,  -or2] 
exte'nt,  n.  Space  over  which  a  thing  extends; 
width  of  application,  scope,  as  to  a  great  e.,  to 
the  full  e.  of  his  power;  large  space,  as  a  vaste. 
of  marsh;  (Law)  valuation  (of  land  &c);  seizure, 
writ  for  seizure,  (of  land  &c).  [f.  AF  estente 
p.p.  of  estendre  (as  extend)] 
exte'nuate,  v.t.  Lessen  seeming  magnitude 
of  (guilt,  offence)  by  partial  excuse,  as  we  must 
not  e.,  nothing  can  e.,  his  baseness,  whence  ex- 
te'nuatORY  a.;  (improp.)  lessen  seeming  guilt 
of,  as  do  not  e.  yourself,  his  conduct ;  (archaic) 
make  thin  or  weak.  Hence  extenuA'TiON  n. 
[f.  L  EXitenuare  f.  tenuis  thin),  -ate3] 
extep'iop,  a.  &  n.  Outer;  situated  or  coming 
from  without ;  e.  angle,  that  between  side  of 
rectilineal  figure  &  adjacent  side  produced  ;  (n.) 
outward  aspect  or  demeanour.  Hence  exte- 
pid'PiTY  n.,  extep'ioPLY2  adv.  LL,  compar. 
of  exterus  outside] 

extep'iopize,  v.t.  Realize  (conception)  in 
outward  form ;  attribute  external  existence  to. 
Hence  extepiopizA'TiON  n.  [-ize] 
extep'minate,  v.t.  Root  out  (species,  race, 
sect,  opinion).  Hence  or  cogn.  extepminA'- 
tion,  extep'minatOR2,  nn.,  extep'mina- 
tORY  a.  [f.  LiEXterminare (terminus),  -ate3] 
extep'nal,  a.  &  n.  Situated  outside ;  of  reme- 
dies &c)  applied  to  the  outside  of  the  body ; 
(Theol.)  consisting  in  outward  acts,  whence  ex- 
tep*naliSM(2)  n. ;  belonging  to  the  world  of 
phenomena  (e.  world),  outside  the  conscious 
subject ;  e.  evidence  (derived  from  source  inde- 
pendent of  the  thing  discussed);  (n.pl.)  outward 
features  or  aspect,  e.  circumstances,  non-essen- 
tials. Hence  externa'liTY  n.,  extep'nalLY  2 
adv.  [f.  L  extemus  outward  +  -a l] 
ext-ep'nalize,  v.t.  Give,  attribute,  external 
existence  to.  Hence  externalizATiONn.  [-ize] 
exteppitop'ial,  a.  (Of  ambassadors  &c.)  free 
from  jurisdiction  of  the  territory  in  which  one 
resides.  So  exteppitoria'liTY  n.  [ex-] 
exti'net,  a.  (Of  fire  &c)  no  longer  burning ; 
(of  volcano)  that  has  ceased  eruption  ;  (of  life, 
hope,  &c)  quenched ;  (of  family,  class,  species) 
that  has  died  out ;  (of  office  &e.)  obsolete ;  (of 
title  of  nobility)  having  no  qualified  claimant, 
[f.  L  KX(stinguere  stinct-  quench)] 
extinction,  n.  Extinguishing ;  making,  be- 
ing, becoming,  extinct;  wiping  out  (of  debt) ; 
annihilation.  Soexti'netiVEa.  [f.  L  extinctio 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

extinguish,  v.t.    Put  out,  quench,  (light, 
hope,  life,  faculties) ;  eclipse,  obscure,  (person) 
by  superior  brilliancy ;   reduce  (opponent)  to 
silence ;  destroy ;  wipe  out  (debt) ;  annihilate. 
Hence  extinguish  able  a.,  extinguish - 
ment  n.    [as  extinct,  see  -ISH  2] 
exti'nguishep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  hollow 
conical  cap  for  putting  out  candle,    [er  ]1 
e'xtippate,  v.t.     Root  out,  destroy,  (tree, 
weed,  species,  nation,  tumour,  heresy,  &c).    So 
extippATiON,  e'xtippatOR2,  nn.    [f.  L  ex- 
(s)tirpare  (stirps  stem),  see  -ate  3] 
exto'l,  v.t.  (-11-).    Praise  enthusiastically  (e. 
him  to  the  skies),    [f.  L  Kx(tollere  raise)] 
extop't,  v.t.    Obtain  (money,  promise,  &c) 
by  violence,   intimidation,    importunity,  &c. 
(from) ;  extract  forcibly  (meaning,  inference, 
from  words,  data).    Hence  extop'tiVE  a.    [f. 
L  EX(torquere  tort-  twist)] 
extop'tion,  n.     Extorting,  esp.  of  money; 


EXTORTIONATE  21 

illegal  exaction.      Hence  extoP*tionER 1  n. 

[f.  L  extortio  (as  prec,  see  -ion) J 

extop'tionate  (at),  a.  Using,  given  to, 
extortion  ;  (of  prices  &c.)  exorbitant,    [-ate2] 

e'xtra,  a.,  adv.,  n.  Additional ;  larger  than 
its  name  indicates,  as  e.  foolscap  octavo;  of 
superior  quality,  as  e.  binding;  (adv.)  more 
than  usually,  as  e.  strong;  additionally;  e.- 
special  (latest)  edition  (of  evening  paper) ;  (n.) 
e.  thing,  one  for  which  e.  charge  is  made,  as 
dancing  is  an  e.,  (Crick.)  run  not  scored  off  bat. 
[prob.  for  extraordinary,  perh.  f.  F] 

extra-  in  comb.  =L  extra  in  senses  '  situated 
outside  of  a  thing',  'not  coming  within  its 
scope ' ;  chiefly  in  wds  f.  med.L  or  mod.  (L  has 
only  extraor dinar ius),  as :  -atmospheric,  of  the 
space  beyond  the  atmosphere ;  -cosmical,  act- 
ing outside  the  universe ;  -cranial,  outside  the 
skull ;  -essential,  not  included  in  the  essence  of 
a  thing ;  -judicial,  not  belonging  to  the  case  be- 
fore the  court,  not  legally  authorized,  (of  con- 
fession) not  made  in  court ;  -mundane,  outside 
of  our  world  or  of  the  universe ;  ■'mural,  out- 
side the  walls  or  boundaries  (of  town  or  city) ; 
-official,  not  pertaining  to  an  office  ;  -physical, 
not  subject  to  physical  laws  ;  -spectral,  lying 
outside  the  visible  spectrum ;  -terrestrial,  out- 
side the  earth  or  its  atmosphere ;  -territoria- 

l(ity),  =EXTERRITORIAL(lTY). 

e'xtraet1,  n.  The  tough  or  viscid  matter 
got  by  treating  a  substance  with  solvents  & 
then  evaporating  them ;  preparation  containing 
the  active  principle  of  a  substance  in  concen- 
trated form ;  passage  from  book  &c.    [as  foil.] 

extra'et2,  v.t.  Copy  out  (passage  in  book 
&c.) ;  make  extracts  from  (book  &c.) ;  take  out 
by  force  (teeth,  anything  firmly  fixed) ;  draw 
forth  (money,  admission,  &c.)  against  person's 
will;  obtain  (juices  &c.)  by  suction,  pressure, 
&c. ;  derive  (pleasure  &c.  from) ;  deduce  (prin- 
ciple &c.  from) ;  (Math.)  find  (root  of  a  number). 
Hence  extpa'ctABLE  a.,  extpa*etOR2n.  [f. 
L  EXitrahere  tract-  draw)] 

extraction,  n.  Extracting ;  lineage  {of  In- 
dian e.).  [F,  f.  med.L  extractionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

extpa'etive,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  of  the  nature 
of  an  extract;  e.  industries  (concerned  with 
obtaining  natural  productions),    [-ive] 

extpadi'table,  a.  Liable  to,  (of  crime) 
warranting,  extradition,    [f.  foil.  +  -able] 

e'xtradlte,  v.t.  Give  up  (fugitive  foreign 
criminal)  to  the  proper  authorities ;  obtain  the 
extradition  of.    [back-formation  f.  foil.] 

ex  trad  i*t  ion,  n.  Delivery  of  fugitive  crimi- 
nal to  proper  authorities ;  (Psychol.)  localizing 
of  sensation  at  distance  from  the  centre  of 
sensation.    [F  (ex-,  see  tradition)] 

extra'dos,  n.  Upper  or  outer  curve  of  arch. 
[F  EXTRA(dos  back  f.  L  dorsum)] 

extraneous,  a.  Of  external  origin  ;  foreign 
to  (object  to  which  it  is  attached  &c.) ;  not  be- 
longing (to  matter  in  hand,  class).  Hence  ex- 
tpa'neousLY2  adv.,  extra'neousNESS  n. 
[f.  L  extraneus  {extra  outside)  +  -ous] 

extpaop'dinapy  (-tror-,  -traor-),  a.  &  n. 
Out  of  the  usual  course  ;  (of  officials  &c)  addi- 
tional, specially  employed  ;  envoy  e.,  diplomatic 
minister  of  second  class,  ranking  next  to  am- 
bassador ;  exceptional,  surprising ;  unusually 
great;  (n.  pi.)  extra  allowances  to  troops.  Hence 
extpaop*dinapiLY2adv.,extpaop*dinapi- 
ness  n.  [f.  L  extraordinarius  {extra  ordinem 
outside  the  usual  order. -ary  ])] 

extpa*vag-ance,  n.  Being  extravagant; 
absurd  statement  or  action.    [F  (foil.,  -ance)] 

extpa'vagant,  a.  Immoderate  ;  exceed- 
ing the  bounds  of  reason  ;  profuse,  wasteful ; 
(of  price  &c.)  exorbitant.    Hence  extra*va- 


[ . EYAS 

g-antLV 2  adv.     [f.  L  EXTRA(vagari  wander), 

SCG  ~A.N  J.  J 

extpavag-a-nza,  n.  Fantastic  composition 
(literary,  musical,  dramatic),  language,  or  be- 
haviour,   [f.  It.  estravaganza  (prec,  -ance)1 

extpa-vag-ate,  v.i.  (rare).  Wander  away 
(from  right  course,  into  error  &c);  exceed 
due  bounds,    [as  extravagant,  see  -ate  3] 

extpa'vasate,  v.t.  &  i.  Force  out  (fluid) 
from  its  proper  vessel ;  flow  out.  Hence  ex- 
tpavasA-TiON  n.  [extra-,  L  vas  vessel,  -ate  3] 

extpe-me,  a.  &  n.  Outermost,  farthest  from 
centre,  situated  at  either  end  ;  divided  in  e.  & 
mean  ratio  (the  whole  being  to  one  part  as 
that  part  to  the  other) ;  utmost ;  last,  as  (R.-C. 
Ch.)  e.  unction,  anointing  by  priest  of  dying 
person  ;  reaching  a  high  degree,  as  e.  old  age, 
in  e.  danger ;  an  e.  case  (having  some  charac- 
teristic in  the  utmost  degree);  (of  actions, 
measures)  severe,  stringent ;  (of  opinions,  per- 
sons, &c)  going  to  great  lengths,  opp.  to  mode- 
rate, whence  extpe'misM,  extpe'miST,  nn. ; 
in  the  e.,  extremely  ;  (n.)  thing  at  either  end  of 
anything,  esp.  (pi.)  things  as  remote  or  as  differ- 
ent as  possible,  as  ee.  meet ;  (Logic)  subject  or 
predicate  in  proposition,  major  or  minor  term 
in  syllogism  ;  (Math.)  first,  last,  term  of  ratio  or 
series ;  run  to  an  e.,  go  toee.,  take  an  e.  course. 
Hence  extpe*meLY2adv.,  extpemexESs  n. 
[OF,  f.  L  extremus  superl.  of  exterus  outward] 

extpe'mity,  n.  Extreme  point,  very  end ; 
the  ee.,  hands  &  feet;  extreme  adversity,  em- 
barrassment, 5fc,  as  driven  to  e.,  what  can  toe 
do  in  this  e  ? ;  (usu.  pi.)  extreme  measure(s) 
[f.  F  extremity  f.  L  extremitatem  (prec,  -ty)] 

e'xtpieate,  v.t.  Disentangle,  release,  (person, 
thing,  from  confinement,  difficulty);  (Chem.) 
liberate  (gas  &c)  from  state  of  combination. 
Hence  e'xtpiCABLE  a.,  extPieATiON  n.  [f.  L 
EX(tricare  f.  tricae  perplexities),  -ate  3] 

extpi'nsic,  a.  Lying  outside,  not  belonging, 
(to) ;  operating  from  without ;  not  inherent  or 
essential.  Hence  extPi'nsiCALLY  adv.  [f.  F 
extrinseque  f.  LL  (adj.)  f.  L  (adv.)  extrinsecus 
(exter  outside  +  -in  local  suf.  +  secus  beside)] 

extPOP'se,  a.  (bot.).  (Of  anthers)  turned  out- 
wards. [F,  r.  L  extrorsus  outwards  (extra-  + 
versus  towards)] 

extru'de,  v.t  Thrust  out  (person,  thing, 
from).  Hence  extru'siON  (-zhn)  n.,  extpvr- 
sive  (-S-)  a.    [f.  L  EX(trudere  trus-  thrust)] 

exu-berant,  a.  Luxuriantly  prolific  (lit. 
&  fig.) ;  growing  luxuriantly  ;  (of  health,  emo- 
tions, &c.)  overflowing,  abounding ;  (of  persons, 
actions,  &c)  effusive,  overflowing  with  spirits ; 
(of  language)  copious,  lavish  in  ornament; 
abundant.  Hence  or  cogn.  exu'bePANCE  n., 
exu'berantLY  2  adv.  [f.LEx(uberare  be  fruit- 
ful f.  uber  fertile,  cf.  uber  udder),  -ant] 

exu'bepate,  v.i.  Abound,  overflow;  indulge 
freely  in.    [as  prec,  see  -ate 3] 

exu'de,  v.i.  &  t.  Ooze  out,  give  off  (moisture 
&c),  like  sweat.  Hence  or  cogn.  exudATioN 
n.,  exu'dativE  a.  [f.  L  EX(sudare  sweat)] 

exirlt,  v.i.  Rejoice  exceedingly  (at,  in,  thing, 
to  find  &c.) ;  triumph  (over  person).  Hence  or 
cogn.  exu'ltANCY,  exultATiON,  nn.,  exu'lt- 
ant  a.,  exu*ltantLY2adv.  [f.  F  exulter t.  Lex- 
(sultare=saltare  frequent,  of  satire  salt-  leap)] 

exu'viae,  n.  pi.  Animal's  cast  skin,  shell,  or 
covering,  (recent  or  fossil,  also  fig.).  Hence 
exu*vlAL  a.  [L,  =  animal's  skin,  spoils  of 
enemy,  f.  Exuere  divest  oneself  of] 

exu'viate,  v.t.  &  i.  Shed  (exuviae,  also  fig.), 
slough.    Hence  exuviATiON  n.    [prec, -ate3] 

ex  vo'to,  adv.  &  n.  (Offering  made)  in  pur- 
suance of  a  vow.    [L  (as  adv.  pnr.)] 

eyas  (i*as),  n.    Young  hawk  taken  from  nest 

10 


EYE 


290 


FACE 


for  training,  or  not  yet  completely  trained, 
[orig.  nyasl.  F *niais  f.  L *nidiacem  (nom.  -ax) 
I.  nidus  nest ;  for  loss  of  n-  cf.  adder] 

eye1  (i),  n.  Organ  of  sight;  iris  of  this,  as 
blus,  broivn,  ee. ;  region  of  the  ee.,  as  black  e.; 
e.  of  day,  sun ;  evil  e. ;  in  the  wind's  e.  (direc- 
tion of  the  wind);  (Mil.)  ee.  right,  left,  front, 
(turn  them  thus) ;  mind  your  e.,  take  care ; 
(contempt.)  pipe,  put  one's  finger  in,  one's  e., 
weep ;  beam,  mote,  in  one's  e.  {Matt.  vii.  3) ;  e. 
for  e.,  retaliation  (Exod.  xxi.  24) ;  clap,  set,  ee. 
on,  behold. ;  be  all  ee.,  watch  intently ;  up  to  the 
ee.,  deeply  (engaged),  as  up  to  the  ee.  in  work, 
mortgaged  up  to  the  ee. ;  made  him  open  his 
ee.  (stare  with  astonishment);  wipe  the  e.  of 
(shooter),  kill  game  he  has  missed  ;  all  mye.  (& 
Betty  Martin),  humbug,  nonsense  ;  my  eye(s) !, 
ink.  expr.  astonishment;  lose  an  e.,  (often)  iose 
the  sight  of  it ;  if  you  had  half  an  e.  (were  not 
wholly  blind  or  dull) ;  saw  with  half  an  e.  (at  a 
glance) ;  the  naked  e. ;  have  an  e.  to,  have  as 
one's  object ;  with  an  e.  (a  view)  to  ;  keep  an  e. 
on,  keep  watch  on  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  have  an  e.  for  (a 
due  sense  of)  proportion  &c. ;  in  the  ee.  (judg- 
ment) of;  in  the  e.  (from  the  point  of  view)  of 
the  law;  in  the  mind's  e.,  in  anticipation  or 
imagination  ;  see  e.  to  e.,  agree  entirely  (with) ; 
view  with  a  friendly,  jealous,  e.  (with  such 
feelings);  throw  dust  in  the  ee.  of;  make  ee. 
(look  amorously)  at ;  cast  sheep's  ee. ;  thing 
like  an  e.,  as  spot  on  peacock's  tail,  e.  of  needle 
&c.  (hole  for  thread  &c),  hook  &  e.  (kind  of 
fastening  for  dress),  loop  of  cord  or  rope,  leaf- 
bud  of  potato;  BULLrs-e. ;  glass  e.  (artificial, 
of  glass) ;  apple  of  the  e. ;  eyeball,  pupil  of  the 
e.,  e.  within  lids  &  socket;  e.-bolt,  bolt,  bar, 
with  e.  at  end  for  hook  &c. ;  eyebright  (also 
euphrasy),  plant  formerly  used  to  cure  weak 
eyes ;  eyebrow,  fringe  of  hair  over  e. ;  e.-glass, 
lens  for  assisting  defective  sight,  (pi.)  pair  of 
these  held  in  position  by  hand  or  by  spring  on 
nose  (cf.  spectacle)  ;  eyehole,  hole  containing 
e.,  hole  to  look  through  ;  eyelash,  hair,  row  of 
hairs,  on  edge  of  eyelid ;  eyelid,  upper  or  lower 
cover  of  e.,  (fig.)  hang  on  by  the  eyelids,  have 
only  slight  hold  ;  e.-opener,  enlightening  or  sur- 
prising circumstance ;  eyepiece,  lens(es)  at  c- 
end  of  telescope  &c. ;  e.-servant  (working  pro- 
perly only  under  employer's  e.);  e.-service  (per- 
formed only  thus) ;  eyeshot,  seeing  distance,  as 
beyond,  in,  out  of,  eyeshot  (of) ;  eyesight,  power, 
faculty,  of  seeing;  eyesore,  ugly  mark,  (fig.) 
cause  of  annoyance  or  disgust ;  e.-splice  (made 
by  turning  up  end  of  rope  &  interlacing  its 
strands  with  those  of  upper  part) ;  eyestrings, 
muscles,  nerves,  tendons,  of  e. ;  e.-tooth  (canine, 
just  under  or  next  to  e.,  in  upper  or  lower  jaw) ; 
eyewater,  tears,  lotion  fore.,  aqueous  or  vitreous 
humours  of  e. ;  eyewitness,  one  who  can  bear 
witness  from  his  own  observation.  Hence 
(-)eyED  2,  eye'LESS,  aa.  [OE  iage,  Du.  oog,  G 
auge,  f.  OTeut.  augon,  etym.  dub.] 

eye2,  v.t.  Observe,  watch, (jealously, narrow- 
ly, with  disgust,  askance,  &c).    [f.  prec] 

eye'Iet  (I-),  n.  Small  hole  in  cloth,  sail,  &c, 
for  lace,  ring,  rope,  &c. ;  loophole  ;  e.-hole,  small 
hole  to  look  or  shoot  through ;  small  eye.  [ME 
oil"t  f.  F  ozillet  dim.  of  ceil  eye  f.  L  oculus] 

eyot.  _See  ait. 

eyre  (ar),  n.  (hist.).  Circuit,  circuit  court,  as 
Justics  in  E.    ff.  OF  eire  f.  errer  (errant  1)] 

eyrie.    See  aerie. 


P  (ef ),  letter  (pi.  Fs,  F's).     (Mus. ;  also  fa) 
fourth  note  in  diatonic  scale  of  C  major. 
Abbreviations  (1) :  (F.)  Fahrenheit,  as  45°  F. ; 


Fellow,  as  F.B.A.  (British  Academy),  F.G.S. 
(Geological  Society),  F.R.A.S.  (Royal  Astro- 
nomical Soc),  F.R.C.P.  (Royal  College  of  Phy- 
sicians), F.R.C.S.  (ditto  Surgeons),  F.R.G.S. 
(Royal  Geographical  Soc),  F.R.S.  (Royal  Soc), 
F.S.A.  (Soc.  of  Antiquaries) ;  Fidei,  F.D.  (de- 
fensor =  Defender  of  the  Faith);  Field,  F.M. 
(Marshal),  (f. )  falsa,  f.l.  (lectio  =  false  reading) ; 
feet,  as  5f. ;  feminine ;  filly ;  francs ;  free,  as 
f.a.a.  (of  all  average),  f.o.b.  (on  board). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Fahp.(enheit) ;  fep,  fools- 
cap ;  fec.(it  or  -erunl) ;  figf.(ure,  as  fig.  c,  or 
-uratively) ;  fl.(orins) ;  Fla,  Florida ;  follow- 
ing, as  pp.  76  foil.) ;  fr.(ancs) ;  Frl.,  Fraulein ; 
ft,  feet,  as  60ft. 

fa  (fah),  n.  Fourth  note  of  octave  in  solmiza- 
tion.    [first  syL  of  famidi,  see  gamut] 

Fa'bian,  a.  Employing  cautious  &  dilatory 
strategy  to  wear  out  an  enemy  (esp.  F.  policy). 
If.  L  Fabianus  (Q.  Fabius  commander  against 
Hannibal,  -an)] 

fa'ble1,  n.  Story,  esp.  of  supernatural  char- 
acter, not  founded  on  fact;  (collect.)  myths, 
legendary  tales  ;  idle  talk  (old  wives'  ff) ;  false 
statement,  lie;  thing  only  supposed  to  exist; 
short  story,  esp.  with  animals  for  characters, 
conveying  a  moral,  apologue ;  plot  of  play  &c. 
[F,  f.  hfabula  (fari  speak)] 

fa'ble 2,  v.i.  &  t.  (archaic  &  poet.).  Romance, 
tell  fictitious  tales,  whence  fa'blER1  n. ;  state 
fictitiously;  (p.p.)  celebrated  in  f.,  legendary, 
fictitious,    [f.  OF  fabler  f.  Lfabulari  see  prec] 

fa'bliau  (-16),  n.  (pi.  -x,  pr.  -z).  Metrical  tale 
of  early  French  poetry.    [F] 

fa'brie,  n.  Thing  put  together;  edifice, 
building ;  frame,  structure,  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  (often 
textile  f.)  woven  material;  construction,  tex- 
ture, tissue,  [f.  F  fabrique  t.  Lfabrica  (faber 
artificer)] 

fa'brieate,  v.t  Construct,  manufacture, 
(rare) ;  invent  (lie,  &c),  forge  (document).  So 
f abpieA -tion,  fa'bricatOR  2,  nn.  [f .  L  fabri- 
care  as  prec,  -ate3] 

fa'bulist,  n.  Composer  of  fables  or  apo- 
logues ;  liar.    [f.  F  fabuliste  (fable1,  -ist)] 

fa'bulous,  a.  Given  to  legend  (/.  historians); 
celebrated  in  fable ;  unhistorical,  legendary ;  in- 
credible, absurd,  exaggerated.  Hence  or  cogn. 
fabulO'siTY,  fa'bulousNESS,  nn.,  fa'bu- 
Iously  2  adv.    [f.  L  fabulosus  (fable  »,  -ous)] 

faca'de  (-sahd),  n.  Face  of  building  towards 
street  or  open  space.    [F  (foil.,  -ade  ^J 

face1,  n.  Front  of  head  from  forehead  to 
chin  (look  one  in  the  /.,  confront  him  steadily ; 
show  one's/.,  appear ;  /.  tof,  confronted  ;  /.  to 
f.  with,  confronting ;  set  one's  /.  against,  op- 
pose; with  wind,  sun,  in  one's  /.,  straight 
against  one  ;  fly  in  thef.  of,  openly  disobey ;  in 
f.  of,  opposite  to ;  in  the  f.  of,  or  in  f.  of,  de- 
spite ;  to  one's/.,  openly  in  his  sight  or  hearing ; 
in  the  f.  of  day,  openly) ;  expression  of  counte- 
nance ;  grimace  (make,  pull,  a  f.  or  ff.);  com- 
posure, coolness,  effrontery,  (have  the  /.,  be 
shameless  enough  ;  save  one's/.,  forbear  from 
or  evade  shaming  him  or  oneself  openly) ;  out- 
ward show,  aspect,  (on  the  /.  of  it,  to  judge  by 
appearance ;  put  a  new  f.  on,  alter  aspect  of ; 
put  a  good  f.  on  matter,  make  it  look  well, 
show  courage  in  facing  it) ;  surface  (from  the 
f.  of  the  earth) ;  front,  facade,  right  side,  ob- 
verse, dial-plate  of  clock  &c,  working  surface 
of  implement  &c ;  f.-ache,  neuralgia ;  /.  value, 
nominal  value  as  stated  on  coin,  note,  &c 
Hence  -faeED  2  a.  [F,  f.  pop.  L  facia  =  fades 
(facere  make,  or  fa-  shine)] 

"face2,  v.t.  &L  Meet  confidently  or  defiantly 
(/.  matter  out,  carry  it  through  ;  /.  opponent 
down,  browbeat  him),  not  shrink  from,  stand 


FACER 


291 


FAHRENHEIT 


fronting,  (/.  the  music,  not  quail  at  moment  of 
trial) ;  present  itself  to  (the  problem  that  faces 
us);  turn  (card)  f.  upwards;  (of  persons  &c.) 
look,  (of  things)  be  situated,  in  a  certain  direc- 
tion (on,  to,  or  North,  Eastwards,  &c.) ;  front 
towards,  be  opposite  to,  (to  f.  page  W) ;  (Golf) 
strike  (ball)  full  with  middle  of  club-f.  in  driv- 
ing from  tee;  (Mil.)  turn  in  certain  direction 
on  one's  ground  (left,  about,  f. ;  also  trans.,  he 
faced  his  men  about) ;  supply  (garment)  with 
facings;  cover  (surface)  with  layer  of  other 
material;  dress  surface  of;  coat  (tea)  with 
colouring  matter,    [f.  prec] 

fa'eep,  n.  Blow  in  the  face ;  great  &  sudden 
difficulty,    [face  l  +  -er  i] 

fa'cet,  n.  One  side  of  a  many-sided  body,  esp. 
of  a  cut  gem ;  one  segment  of  a  compound  eye. 
Hence  fa*eetED2a.  [f.  Ffacette  (face »,  -ette)] 

facetiae  j-shie),  n.  pi.  Pleasantries,  witti- 
cisms; (book  catalogues)  books  of  humorous 
or  obscene  character.    [L  (Jacetus  urbane)] 

facetious  (-shws),  a.  Addicted  to  or  marked 
by  pleasantry,  waggish.  Hence  faee'tiousLY2 
adv.,  face'tiousNESS  n.  [f.  Yfacitieux  (fad- 
tie  f.  L  facetia  sing,  of  prec.)] 

fa'eia  (-sha),  n.  Plate  over  shop-front  with 
occupier's  name  &c.    fvar.  of  fascia] 

fa'cial  (-shl),  a.  Of  the  face  (esp.  in  Anat.,  as 
/.  artery) ;  /.  angle,  that  formed  by  two  lines 
from  nostril  to  (1)  ear  &  (2)  forehead.  [F,  f. 
med.L  facialis  (face1,  -al)] 

-facient  (-shnt),  suf.  forming  adjj.  represent- 
ing L  -facient-  (facere  make,  -ent)  added  to 
infln.  in  -e,  as  calefacere,  liquefacere,  w.  sense 
producing  the  action  of  the  vb.  E  forms,  on 
strict  anal.  w.  L,  absorbefacient  &c,  &,  loosely, 
abortifacient,  calorifacient,  &c. ,  where  L  would 
have  vbs  in  -ficare,  adjj.  in  -ficus  -fic. 

fa'eile,  a.  Easily  done  or  won ;  working 
easily,  ready,  fluent;  of  easy  temper,  gentle, 
flexible,  yielding.    [F,  f.  "Lfacilvi  (facere  do)] 

fa'eile  pri'neeps,  pred.  a.   Easily  first.   [L] 

facilitate,  v.t.  Make  easy,  promote,  help 
forward,  (action  or  result).  Hence  faei'litA- 
tion  n.    [f.  Yfaciliter  as  prec] 

faci'lity,  n.  Being  easy,  absence  of  difficulty, 
unimpeded  opportunity  (giveff.  for,  of  doing); 
ease  or  readiness  of  speech  &c,  aptitude,  dex- 
terity, fluency;  pliancy,  [f.  F facility f.  Lfacili- 
tatem  (facile,  -tv)] 

fa'cing-,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  face2;  esp.: 
(pi.)  cuffs,  collar,  &c,  of  soldier's  jacket,  differ- 
ently coloured  from  rest ;  coating  of  different 
material,  esp.  of  stone  &c.  on  wall,   [-ing1] 

facsimile,  n.,  &  v.t.  Exact  copy,  esp.  of 
writing,  printing,  picture,  &c.  (reproduced  in 
/.,  exactly) ;  (vb)  make  f.  of.  [L  fac  imperat.  of 
facere  make  +  neut.  of  similis  like] 

fact,  n.    Perpetration  of  act,  occurrence  of 

event,  (now  only  in  before,  after,  thef.,  confess 

the  f. ) ;  thing  certainly  known  to  have  occurred 

or  be  true,  datum  of  experience,  (often  with  ex- 

Elanatory  clause  or  phrase,  as  the  f.  that  fire 
urns,  of  my  having  seen  him) ;  thing  assumed 
as  basis  for  inference  (his  ff.  are  disputable) ; 
(sing,  without  a)  the  true  or  existent,  reality, 
(so  matter  of  /.,  independent  of  inference ; 
matter  l-of-f.;inf. ;  in  point  off. ;  thef.  of  the 
matter  is),  [f.  L  factum  neut.  p.p.  of  facere  do] 

fa'ction,  n.  Self-interested,  turbulent,  or  un- 
scrupulous party,  esp.  in  politics ;  prevalence 
of  party  spirit.  Hence  or  cogn.  fa'ction  a  i.. 
fa,etious,aa.,fa*ctiousLV2adv.,fa,ctious- 
ness  n.  [F,  f .  hf actionem  (facere  fact-  do,  -ion) 
way  of  making  (fashion),  class,  clique] 

-faction,  suf.  repr.  L  -f actio,  forming  nn.  of 
action  related  to  vv.  in  -FY,  prop,  only  when  -fy 
represents  L  -facere,  F  -faire,  as  in  satisfaction, 


but  also  used  when  -fy  represents  L  -ficare,  F 
-fier,  as  in  petrifaction. 

factitious,  a.  Designedly  got  up,  not  na- 
tural, artificial.  Hence  faeti'tiousLY2  adv., 
facti'tiousNESS  n.  If.  L  facticius  (facere 
fact-  make)  +  -ous] 
fa'ctitive,  a.  (gram.).  F.  verb,  one  with  sense 
make,  call,  or  think,  that  takes  obj.  &  compl.  (he 
thought  her  mad).  Hence  fa'ctitiveLY  2  adv. 
[irreg.  f.  L  facere  fact-  make,  -ive] 
fa'etop,  n.  Agent,  deputy ;  merchant  buying 
&  selling  on  commission,  whence  fa*ctoPAGE(l) 
n. ;  (Sc. )  land  agent,  steward ;  (Math.)  one  of  the 
components  that  make  up  a  number  or  expres- 
sion by  multiplication  ;  circumstance,  fact,  or 
influence,  contributing  to  a  result,  [f.  Ffacteur 
f.  L  factor  (prec,  -orj)J 

factorial,  a.  &  n.  (math.).  Product  of  series 
of  factors  in  arithmetical  progression  ;  product 
of  an  integer  &  all  lower  integers  (adj.,  /.  U, 
symbol  \L,=ix  3x2x1).    [-ial] 
fa'ctopy,  n.     Merchant  company's  foreign 
trading  station ;  manufactory,  workshop,  (P. 
Acts,  regulating  management  in  interest  of  the 
hands),    [ult.  f.  med.L  factoria  (factor,  -y  *)] 
faeto'tum,  n.    Man  of  all  work ;  servant 
managing  his  master's  affairs.    [med.L,  as  fac- 
simile +  neut.  of  L  totus  whole] 
fa'ctual,  a.    Concerned  with,  of  the  nature 
of,  fact.   Hence  fa'ctual  ly  2  adv.    [f .  fact  on 
false  anal,  of  actual] 

fa'etum,  n.    Statement  of  facts  or  points  in 
controversy,  memorial.    [L,  see  fact] 
fa'cula,  n.  (astron. ;  pi.  -ae).    Bright  spot  or 
streak  on  sun.    Hence  fa'culAR  \  fa'culous, 
aa.    [L,  dim.  of  fax  fac-  torch] 
fa'cultative,  a.   Permissive ;  optional ;  con- 
tingent ;  of  a  faculty.    [F  (-if,  -ive) ;  foil.,  -ive] 
fa'eulty,  n.   Aptitude  for  any  special  kind  of 
action  ;  executive  ability  (chiefly  U.S.) ;  power 
inherent  in  the  body  or  an  organ  ;  a  mental 
power,  e.g.  the  will,  reason ;  branch  of  art  or 
science,  department   of  University  teaching 
(the  four  ff..  Theology,  Law,  Medicine,  Arts), 
Masters  &  Doctors  in  any  of  these  (pop.,  The  F., 
members  of  medical  profession) ;   liberty  of 
doing  something  given  by  law  or  a  superior, 
authorization,  licence,  (esp.  eccl.).  \f.  FfaculU 
f.  lifacultatem  (facilis  easy)] 
fad,  n.    Pet  notion  or  rule  of  action,  craze, 
piece  of  fancied  enlightenment.     Hence  fa'd- 
disH1,  fa'ddv2,  aa.,  fa'ddiNESS,  fa'ddish- 
ness,  fa*ddiSM(3),fa*ddiST(2),  nn.    [?] 
fade,  v.i.  &  t.     Droop,  wither,  lose  freshness 
&  vigour;  (of  colour  &c)  grow  dim  or  pale; 
cause   to   lose  colour;   disappear  gradually. 
Hence  fa'deLESS  a.,  fa'delessLY 2 adv.  [f. OF 
fader  (fade  dull,  insipid,  perh.  f.  L  vapid  us)] 
faeces  (fe-),  n.  pi.    Sediment ;  excrement  of 
the  bowels.   Hence  fae'CAL  a.   [L,  pi.  of  faex] 
Fa'epie,  -y,  n.  &  a.    Fairyland,  the  fairies, 
esp.  as  represented  by  Spenser ;  (attrib.)  vision- 
ary, fancied,    [var.  of  fairy] 
fag,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.    Toil  painfully  ;  (of  occu- 
pation) tire,  make  weary ;  (at  schools,  of  seniors) 
use  the  service  of  (juniors),  (of  juniors)  do  ser- 
vice for  seniors ;  (Cricket)  /.  out,  field ;  f.-end, 
inferior  or  useless  remnant.  (N.)  drudgery,  un- 
welcome task  (what  af.  !),  exhaustion  (brain- 
/.) ;  (at  schools)  junior  who  has  to  f.     [perh. 
corrupt,  of  flag  v.] 

fa'g-g-ot,  fa'g-ot,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Bundle  of 
sticks  or  twigs  oound  together  as  fuel ;  bundle 
of  steel  rods ;  f.-vote,  manufactured  by  trans- 
ferring sufficient  property  to  unqualified  per- 
son, so  f. -voter;  (vb)  bind  in  ff.,  make  ff.  [F 
(fagot),  etym.  dub.] 
Fah'penheit  (it),  a.  (abbr.  F.).    F.  thermo- 


FAIENCE 


292 


FALCONER 


meter,  with  32°  &  212°  for  freezing  &  boiling 
points  (used  esp.  in  giving  temperatures,  as  50° 
F.).  IPrussian  inventor  d.  1736J 
faience  (F),  n.  Earthenware  &  porcelain  of 
all  kinds,  [f.  ¥  faience  f.  Faenza  Italian  town] 
fail  *,  n.  Without/.,  for  certain,  irrespective 
of  hindrances,  (emphasizing  injunction  or  pro- 
mise), [f.  OF  faile  (faillir  fail  2)] 
fail2,  v.i.  &  t.  (strictly,  intr.  with  ind.  obj.). 
Be  missing  (see  failing2)  or  insufficient,  not 
suffice  for  needs  of  (person),  run  short,  (time 
would  f.  me  to  tell ;  his  heart  failed  him) ;  be- 
come extinct,  die  away ;  flag,  break  down  ; 
prove  misleading,  disappoint  hopes  of,  (the 
prophecy  failed ;  the  wind  failed  us) ;  be  in- 
sufficiently equipped  in,  not  succeed  in  the 
attainment  of;  not  succeed  (in  doing  or  to  do) ; 
miscarry,  come  to  nothing ;  suspend  payment, 
go  bankrupt ;  be  rejected  as  candidate,  [f.  OF 
faillir  f.  pop.  L  *fallire  =  hfallere  deceive] 
'  fai'lingr  *,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  foible, 
shortcoming,  weakness,  [-ing1] 
fai'ling"2,  prep.  In  default  of  (/.  this,  if  this 
does  not  happen  ;  whomf.  or/,  whom  in  proxy 
appointments),    [-ing2] 

fai'lure  (-ycr),  n.  Non-occurrence,  non-per- 
formance ;  running  short,  breaking  down ;  ill 
success;  unsuccessful  person,  thing,  or  attempt ; 
insolvency,  [earlier  fa  iter  for  F  fa  Mir  fail  2, 
cf.  -ER4,  -ure] 

fain1,  pred.  a.,  &  adv.  Willing  under  the 
circumstances  to  ;  left  with  no  alternative  but 
to ;  (adv.)  would  /.,  would  be  glad  to.  [OE 
fxgen  cogn.  w.  OHG  (gi)fehan  rejoice] 
fain2,  fains,  fen(s),  child's  formula  (usu. 
fains  /as  v.t.)  stipulating  for  exemption  from 
unwelcome  office  &c.  (/.  1 wicket-keeping !).  [?J 
faineant  (F),  n.  &  a.  Idle(r),  inactive  (offi- 
cial). [F,  perversion  on / aire  do,  lUant  nothing, 
of  OF  faignant  sluggard  (faindre  skulk)] 
faint a,  a.  Sluggish ;  timid  (f. -heart,  coward ; 
so  faint-heaptED2a.,  faint-heap'tedi.v  - 
adv.,  faint-heap* ted ness  n.) ;  feeble  (a  f. 
show  of  resistance) ;  dim,  indistinct,  pale  (/.  or 
feint  lines,  ruled  f.  or  feint,  of  paper  with  lines 
to  guide  writing ;  af.  idea,  inadequate) ;  giddy 
or  languid  with  fear,  hunger,  &c,  inclined  to 
swoon ;  (of  air,  scents,  &c.)  sickly,  oppressive. 
Hence  fai'ntiSH  !(2)  a.,  fai'ntLY2  adv., 
fai'ntNESS  n.  [OF,  p.p.  of  faindre  feign] 
faint2,  v.i.,  &  n.  Lose  courage,  give  way, 
(archaic) ;  swoon  (v.  &  n.  ;  fainted  away ;  in  a 
deadf,  utterly  insensible),  [f.  prec] 
faints,  n.  pi.  Impure  spirit  coming  over  at 
beginning  &  end  of  distillation,  [f.  faint1] 
fair1,  n.  Periodical  gathering  for  sale  of 
goods,  often  with  shows  &  entertainments,  at 
place  &  time  fixed  by  charter,  statute,  or  cus- 
tom (a  day  after  thef,  too  late) ;  Fancy-/.  If. 
OF  feire  (now  foire)  f.  liferia  holiday] 
faiP2,  a.  &  n.  Beautiful  (the  f.  sex,  the  /., 
women;  also  archaic  as  n.,  a  f.  =a  woman); 
satisfactory,  abundant,  (af.  heritage) ;  specious 
</.  speeches) ;  blond,  not  dark,  (a  f.  man,  com- 
plexion, hair,  whence  faip-haiPED2a.)  ;clean, 
clear,  unblemished,  (/.  water ;  /.  copy  l ;  /. 
fame) ;  just,  unbiased,  equitable,  legitimate, 
(/.  &  square  a.  &  adv.,  without  finesse,  above- 
board  ;  /.  trade,  principle  that  reciprocity 
should  be  thecondition  of  free  trade;  af.  field1 
&  no  favour ;  all 's  /.  in  love  &  war ;  /.  play, 
equal  conditions  for  all) ;  of  moderate  quality, 
not  bad,  pretty  good,  whence  faiP*iSH1(2)  a. ; 
favourable,  promising,  gentle,  unobstructed, 
</•  or  foul  weather  ;  /. -weather  friends,  not 
good  at  need ;  in  a  f.  way  to  succeed ;  by  f. 
means,  without  violence  or  fraud ;  fairway, 
navigable  channel)  ;f.-maid,  =  fumade;  Febru- 


ary Fair-maids,  snowdrops.  Hence  faiP'NESS 
n.    [com.-Teut. ;  OKfaeger  cf.  OHG  f agar] 

fair3,  adv.  Speak  one  /.,  address  him  cour- 
teously ;f -spoken  (of  person),  courteous,  bland ; 
write  outf,  asFAiR2copy  ;  hit,  fight,  /.,  accord- 
ing to  the  rules ;  bid  i/. ;  (with  strike,  fall,  &c.) 
straight,  plump,  clean.    [OE  fsegre  (prec.)] 

faip'ing",  n.   Present  bought  at  a  fair,  [-ing1] 

faip'ly,  adv.  In  adj.  senses ;  (also)  utterly, 
completely,  (/.  beside  himself ;  there  is  some- 
times doubt  between  this  sense  &  that  of 
rather,  tolerably,  as  in/,  good),    [-ly2] 

faip'y,  n.  &  a.  Small  supernatural  being 
with  magical  powers  ;  Fairyland,  home  of  tf., 
enchanted  region ;  f.-ring,  circular  band  of 
darker  grass  caused  by  fungi  &  attributed  to 
f.  dancing ;  f.-tale,  about  ff.,  also  account  of 
strange  incident,  coincidence,  marvellous  pro- 

fress,  &c. ;  hence  faiP'yDOM,  faip'yHOOD, 
aiP'yiSM,  nn.  (Adj.)  of  ff.  ;  imaginary,  ficti- 
tious; f.-like,  beautiful  &  delicate  or  small, 
whence  faip*iLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  faerie  (now 
f eerie)  f.  OF/ae  fay] 

fait  accompli  (F),  n.  Thing  done  &  no 
longer  worth  arguing  against. 

faith,  n.  Reliance,  trust,  in ;  belief  founded 
on  authority  (pin  one's/,  to  or  upon,  believe 
implicitly) ;  (Theol.)  belief  in  religious  doctrines, 
esp.  such  as  affects  character  &  conduct,  spiri- 
tual apprehension  of  divine  truth  apart  from 
proof ;  system  of  religious  belief  (the  Christian, 
Jewish,  f. ;  defender  of  the  F. ;  the  /.,  the  true 
religion) ;  things  (to  be)  believed  ;  warrant  (on 
thef.  of);  promise,  engagement,  (give,  pledge, 
plight,  keep,  break,  violate,  one's/.);  loyalty, 
fidelity,  (goodf,  honesty  of  intention  ;  bad/., 
intent  to  deceive  ;  Punic  f,  treachery)  ;f.-cure, 
-curer,  -healing,  -healer,  acting  by  prayer,  not 
drugs  &c.    [f.  OF  feid  1.  L  fides] 

fai'thful,  a.  Loyal,  constant,  (to  person,  one's 
word),  conscientious ;  trustworthy ;  true  to  fact, 
the  original,  &c,  accurate ;  thef.  (pi.),  true  be- 
lievers, esp.  Mohammedans  (Father  of  the  /., 
Caliph).    Hence  fai'thfulNESS  n.    [-ful] 

fai'thfully,  adv.  In  adj.  senses ;  esp. :  yours 
/.,  formula  of  rather  distant  tone  for  closing 
letter ;  dealf.  with,  speak  home  truths  to  or  of ; 
promise  f,  emphatically  (colloq.).    [-ly2] 

fai'thless,  a.  Unbelieving ;  perfidious,  false 
to  promises ;  unreliable.  Hence  fai'thlessL Y  2 
adv.,  fai'thlessNESS  n.    [-less] 

fake1,  v.t.,  &  n.  (naut.).  Coil  (rope) ;  (n.)  one 
round  of  a  coil.    [?] 

fake2,  v.t.,  &  n.  (slang).  Do  up,  make  pre- 
sentable or  specious,  contrive  out  of  poor  mate- 
rial ;  (n.)  piece  of  faking,  thing  faked  up,  dodge, 
cooked  report,    [perh.  f.  Gfegen  sweep] 

fakip*  (-er),  n.  Mohammedan  (or  Hindu)  re- 
ligious mendicant,  devotee,  [f.  Arab,  faqir 
poor  man] 

fa'lbala,  n.    Flounce,  trimming.    [?] 

fa*lcate,a.  (anat.,bot.,zool.).  Hooked,  sickle- 
shaped,    [f.  hfalcatus  f.  falx  sickle,  -ate  2(2)] 

fa'lcated,  a.  (astron.).  =  prec.  (of  moon  &c). 
[as  prec,  see  -ate2] 

falchion  (fawitshn),  n.  Broad  curved  con- 
vex-edged sword,  [f.  OF  fauchon  f.  pop.  L 
*falcionem  nom.  -o  (Lfalx  sickle)] 

fa'leifopm,  a.  (anat.).  Sickle-shaped,  [f.  L 
falx  -cis  sickle  +  -form] 

falcon  (fawkn,  fawlkn),  n.  Small  diurnal 
bird  of  prey,  esp.  as  trained  to  hawk  for  sport 
(in  falconry  the  female  only,  cf.  tiercel).  So 
fal*conRY(2,  5)  n.  [f.  OF  faucon  t  LL  fal- 
conem  perh.  f.  Lfalx  sickle] 

fal'conep  (fawk),  n.  Keeper  and  trainer  of 
hawks ;  one  who  hunts  with  hawks,  [f.  OF 
faulconnier,  see  prec,  -ER2(2)] 


FALCONET 


293 


FAMILIARIZE 


fal'conet  (fawk-),  n.  (Hist.)  light  cannon; 
species  of  shrike,  [first  sense  f.  It.  falconetto 
dim.  of  falcone  falcon  ;  last  f.  falcon  +  -et  j] 

faldera'l,  n.  Gewgaw,  trifle,  [earlier  as 
meaningless  refrain  in  songs] 

fa'ldstool  (faw-),  n.  Bishop's  armless  chair; 
movable  desk  for  kneeling  at ;  desk  for  litany 
to  be  said  from.  [f.  med.L  faldistoliumi.  OHG 
faldstuol  (faldan  to  fold,  stool)] 

Falep*nian,  n.  A  famous  wine  of  ancient 
Campania,  [f.  L  (vinum)  Falernum  Falernian 
(wine)  +  -ian] 

fall  *  (fawl),  v.i.  (fell ;  fallen  often  conjugated 
with  be,  see  -ed'(2),  &  used  as  adj.).  Descend 
freely  (falling  star,  meteor),  drop,  (the  remark 
fell  from  him ;  lambs  f,  are  born),  come  down, 
lose  high  position  (statesmen  f.),  swoop  (ven- 
geance fell)  ;  become  detached,  hangdown ;  sink 
to  lower  level  (barometer,  prices,  f.),  decline, 
slope ;  disembogue  into  ;  subside,  ebb,  abate ; 
show  dismay  (faces  f.),  droop  (eyesf.) ;  cease  to 
stand  (falling  sickness  archaic,  epilepsy),  be- 
come prostrate,  come  to  ground,  sin,  be  over- 
thrown, perish,  (/.  prostrate,  flat ;  plans  f.  to 
the  ground,  are  abandoned,  fail;  /.  on  one's 
sword,  in  suicide ;  wicket  falls,  batsman  is  out ; 
fortress  falls,  is  taken ;  woman  falls,  loses 
chastity ;  many  fell,  were  killed  in  battle ;  seven 
lions  fell  to  his  rifle ;  f.  a  prey  or  sacrifice  to  ; 
f.  into  error ;  houses/.,  tumble  in  fragments ;/. 
to  pieces,  intwo,  asunder) ;  take  suchadirection 
(his  eye  fell  upon  me),  have  such  a  place  (accent 
falls  on  first  syllable),  alight,  come  by  chance 
&c,  (the  lot  fell  upon  me ;  cost  falls  to  you ;  it 
fell  in  my  way;  f.  amongthieves,uponacorrupt 
age ;  subject  falls  into  three  divisions) ;  pass  into 
such  a  state  (fell  into  a  rage,  in  love),  become 
so-&-so  (/.  dumb,  due) ;  lapse,  revert,  (revenues 
f.  to  the  Crown) ;  occur,  have  date,  (Easter  falls 
early),  find  place  (what  now  falls  to  be  de- 
scribed). With  prepp. :  /.  a — ing,  begin ;  /.  be- 
hind, be  passed  by ;/.  into,  (line)  take  one's  place 
in  the  ranks,  combine  with  others,  (con versation 
with)  begin  talking  to,  (habit  &c)  adopt  it ;  /. 
(up)on,  assault,  come  across,  (one's  feet  or  legs) 
get  well  out  of  difficulty ;  /.  to  —ing,  take  to,  be- 
gin, (also/,  towork) ;/.  under,  be  classed  among, 
be  subjected  to  (observation  &c.);/.  within,  be 
included  in.  With  advv. :  /.  astern,  (of  ship) 
drop  behind ;/.  away, desert,  revolt,  apostatize, 
decay,  vanish ;  /.  back,  retreat ;  /.  back  upon, 
have  recourse  to ;  /.  behind,  lag ;  f.foul  of,  come 
into  collision  with,  quarrel  with,  attack ;  /.  in, 
(Mil.)  take  or  cause  to  take  places  in  line,  (of 
buildings  &c.)  give  way  inwards,  (of  debt  &c.) 
become  due,  (of  land  &c.)  become  available,  (of 
lease)  run  out ;  /.  in  with,  happen  to  meet,  ac- 
cede to  (views),  agree  with  (person),  coincide 
with,  humour ;  /.  off,  withdraw,  decrease,  de- 
generate (so  falling  off,  n.),  (of  ship)  refuse  to 
answer  helm,  (of  subjects)  revolt ;  /.  on,  join 
battle,  begin  feeding ;  /.  out,  quarrel,  come  to 
pass,  result  well  &c,  (Mil.)  leave  the  ranks ;  /. 
out  of,  give  up  (habit  &c.) ;  /.  short,  become  in- 
sufficient, (of  missile)  not  go  far  enough;/,  short 
of,  fail  to  obtain ;  /.  through,  miscarry,  fail ;  /. 
to,  begin  eating  or  fighting.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE 
feallan  cf.  G  fallen ;  also  Lfallere  deceive] 

fall 2,  n.  Act  of  falling  (see  prec.) ;  also  or  esp. : 
amount  of  rain  &c.  that  falls ;  (now  chiefly  U.S. ; 
also/,  of  the  year  or  leaf)  autumn  ;  number  of 
lambs  born ;  cataract,  cascade, (of  ten  pi.) ;  down- 
ward trend,  amount  of  descent ;  wrestling-bout, 
throw  in  this,  (try  a  f.,  lit.  &  fig.) ;  amount  of 
timber  cut  down ;  succumbing  to  temptation 
(the  F.,f.  of  man,  Adam's  sin  and  its  results) ; 
kind  of  woman's  veil.    [f.  prec] 

fa'llaey,  n.   Misleading  argument,  sophism, 


(Log.)  flaw  that  vitiates  syllogism,  one  of  the 
types  of  such  flaws ;  delusion,  error,  (pathetic 
/.);  unsoundness,  delusiveness,  disappointing 
character,  (of  arguments  or  beliefs).  So  fall  v- 
cious  a.,  falla*eiousLY2adv.,  falla'eious- 
ness  n.  [f.  \ifallacia  (fallax  deceiving  f.  fal- 
lere  deceive)  see  -acy] 

fal-la*l,  n.  Piece  of  finery.  Hence  falla'l- 
ery(o)  n.  [contemptuous  reduplication,  cf.  gew- 
gaw, perh.  f.  falbala] 

fa'llible,  a.  Liable  to  err  or  be  erroneous. 
Hence  falliBi'LiTY  n.  [f.  LL  fallibilis  (fallere 
deceive,  -ble)J 

fa*llowi,n.,a.,  &  v.t.  (Ground)  ploughed  and 
harrowed  but  left  uncropped  for  a  year ;  uncul- 
tivated (land) ;  (vb)  break  up  (land)  for  sowing 
or  to  destroy  weeds.  [MEfalwe  ploughed  land, 
cf.  OE  fealga  harrows] 

fa'llow2,  a.  Of  pale  brownish  or  reddish 
yellow  (now  only  inf. -deer,  species  smaller  than 
red  deer).  [OE  falu  cf.  Gfahl,  prob.  cogn.  w.  L 
pallidus  pale  &  Gk  polios  grey] 

false  (fawls),  a.  &  adv.  Erroneous,  wrong, 
incorrect,  (/.  idea,  verdict ;/.  concord,  breach  of 
agreement  rules  in  grammar ;  /.  quantity,  in- 
correct length  of  vowel  in  verse  or  pronuncia- 
tion ;  /.  note  in  music  ;/.  drawing ;/.  imprison- 
ment, illegal ;  /.  iveights  &c. ;  f.  pride,  shame, 
based  on  wrong  notions  ;  /.  position,  one  that 
forces  person  to  act  against  his  principles  ;  /. 
step,  stumble,  transgression ;  /.  start,  wrong 
start  in  racing) ;  lying,  deceitful,  treacherous, 
unfaithful  to ;  deceptive  (/.  mirror,  medium) ; 
spurious,  sham,  artificial,  (/.  coin,  god,  prophet, 
hair,  teeth  ;/.  colours,  flag  one  has  no  right  to, 
lit.  &  fig.);  improperly  so  called,  pseudo-,  (/. 
acacia ;  /.  bottom,  horizontal  partition  in  ves- 
sel ;  /.  keel)  ;  hence  or  cogn.  fa'lseLY2  adv., 
fa'lseNESS,  fa'lsiTY,  nn.  (Adv.)  play  person 
/.,  cheat,  betray.  [OE/aZs  f.  lifalsus  p.p.  of 
fallere  deceive] 

falsehood,  n.  Falsity  ;  something  untrue, 
contrariety  to  fact ;  lying,  lie(s).    [-hood] 

false'tto  (fawl-),  n.  Forced  shrill  voice  above 
one's  natural  range  (inf.,  af.  tone,  &c,  often 
of  sham  indignation).  [It.,  dim.  off  also  false] 

fa'lsify  (fawl-),  v.t.  Fraudulently  alter  (docu- 
ment) ;  misrepresent ;  make  wrong,  pervert ; 
disappoint  (hope,  fear,  &c).  So  falsincATiON 
n.     [f.  F  falsifier  f.  JAtfalsificare  (false,  -fy)] 

fa'ltep  (fawl-),  v.i.  &  t.  Stumble,  stagger,  go 
unsteadily ;  stammer,  speak  hesitatingly,  (/. 
out,  utter,  say,  thus) ;  waver,  lose  courage, 
flinch.    Hence  faltering!,  y 2  adv.    [?] 

fame1,  n.  Public  report,  rumour;  reputa- 
tion (house  of  illf.,  bawdy-house),  good  repu- 
tation ;  renown,  celebrity.  [F,  f.  hfama  =  Gk 
pheme  (fa-  speak)] 

fame2,  v.t.  (Pass.)  be  currently  reported  as, 
for,  to  be  or  do;  (p.p.)  famous,  much  spotfen 
of,  (for  valour  Sec),    [f.  OF famer  (prec.)] 

famMiar  (-yar),  a.  &  n.  Of  one's  family 
(archaic  for /amity  attrib.) ;  intimate  (with),  in 
close  friendship  (/.  spirit,  or/,  as  n.,  demon 
attending  &  obeying  witch  &c);  closely  ac- 
quainted with  (some  subject) ;  well-known,  no 
longer  novel,  (to) ;  common,  current,  usual ;  un- 
ceremonious, free,  over-free.  (N.):  (R.-C.  Ch.) 
Eerson  rendering  certain  servfees  in  Pope's  or 
ishop's  household ;  intimate  friend  or  associ- 
ate; f.  spirit.  Hence  fami'liaPLY2adv.  [f.  OF 
familier  f.  hfamiliaris  (family,  -ar1)] 

fami'lia'Pity,  n.  Close  intercourse,  intimacy 
with  person  or  some  subject ;  unceremonious- 
ness, treating  of  inferiors  or  superiors  as  equals, 
(f.  breeds  contempt),  [f.  F  familiarite  f.  L 
familiaritatem  (prec,  -ty)] 

familiarize  (-ya-),  v.t.    Make  (thing)  well 


FAMILY 


294 


PAR 


known  :  make  (person,  person's  mind  &c,  one- 
self)  well  acquainted  or  at  home  with.  Hence 
fami'liarizA'TioN  n.    [ize] 

fa*mily,  n.  Members  of  a  household,  parents, 
children,  servants,  &c.  {happy  /.,  animals  of 
different  kinds  in  one  cage) ;  set  of  parents  & 
children,  or  of  relations,  living  together  or  not 
(Holy  F.,  The  Virgin,  Jesus,  St  Joseph,  &  often 
St  John  Baptist  &  St  Elizabeth,  as  grouped  in 
pictures) ;  person's  children  ;  all  descendants  of 
common  ancestor,  house,  lineage,  (of /.,  nobly 
born) ;  race,  group  of  peoples  from  common 
stock ;  brotherhood  of  persons  or  nations  united 
by  political  or  religious  ties ;  group  of  objects 
distinguished  by  common  features  ;  group  of 
allied  genera,  usu.  subdivision  of  order;  /. 
butcher  &c,  supplying  ff.  as  opp.  to  the  army 
&c. ;  /.  hotel,  with  special  terms  for  if. ;  in  af. 
way,  without  ceremony ;  in  the  f.  way,  with 
child  ;  /.  Bible,  large  Bible  with  fly-leaves  for 
registering  births  &c. ;  /.  coach,  large  closed 
carriage,  a  game  of  forfeits;  F.  Compact,  in 
18th  c.  between  Bourbons  of  France,  Spain,  & 
Two  Sicilies,  esp.  against  England  &  Austria ; 
f.  likeness,  that  between  relations,  vague  re- 
semblance ;  /.  living,  benefice  in  gift  of  head  of 
f. ;  /.  man,  one  with  f.,  domestic  person  ;  /.  tree, 
genealogical  chart,  [f.  L  familia  household 
(famulus  servant,  -ia  *)] 

fa'mine,  n.  Extreme  scarcity  of  food  in  a 
district  &c. ;  dearth  of  something  specified,  as 
water  f.  (/.  prices,  raised  by  scarcity) ;  hunger, 
starvation,  (die  of  /.).  \F,  f.  LL  *famina  f.  L 
fames  hunger,  -ine  41 

fa'mish,  v.  t.  &  i.  Reduce,  be  reduced,  to  ex- 
treme hunger ;  (colloq.)  be  famishing,  feel  hun- 
gry,   [obs.  fame  v.  f.  L  fames  hunger,  -ish2] 

fa'mous,  a.  Celebrated,  well  known ;  (colloq.) 
capital,  excellent,  whence  fa'mousLY2  adv. 
[f.  OF  fameus  f.  hfanwsus  (fame,  -ose1)) 

fa-mulus,  n.  (pi.  -li).  Attendant  on  magician. 
[L,  =  servant] 

fan1,  n.  Winnowing-machine ;  instrument, 
usu.  folding  &  sector-shaped  when  spread  out, 
on  radiating  ribs,  for  agitating  air  to  cool  face; 
anything  so  spread  out,  as  bird  s  tail,  wing,  leaf, 
kind  of  ornamental  vaulting  (/.  tracery) ;  rotat- 
ing apparatus  giving  current  of  air  for  ventila- 
tion &c;  (Naut.)  (blade  of)  screw,  propeller ;  (in 
windmill)  small  sail  for  keeping  head  towards 
wind  ;  f. -light,  f. -shaped  window  over  door  ;/.- 
tail,  f. -shaped  tail  or  end,  kind  of  pigeon,  coal- 
heaver's  hat  or  sou'- wester.  [OE  fann  f .  L  van- 
nus  winnowing-basket] 

fan  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Winnow  (corn),  whence  fa*n- 
nERJ(2)  n.;  winnow  away  (chaff),  sweep  away 
(as)  by  wind  from  f.;  move  (air)  with  f.;  drive 
current  of  air  (as)  with  f.  upon,  to  cool  (face  &c.) 
or  to  kindle  (flame  ;  /.  the  flame,  increase  ex- 
citement &c.) ;  (of  breeze)  blow  gently  on,  cool ; 
spread  out  (t.  &  i.)  in  f.  shape.   7f.  prec] 

fana'tie,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  filled  with  exces- 
sive &  mistaken  enthusiasm,  esp.  in  religion. 
Hence  fana'tiCAL  a.,  fana'tieali.v  -  adv., 
fana'tie  ism  n.,  fana'tieiZE(2,  3)  v.i.  &  t.  [f. 
hfanaticus  (fanum  temple,  -atic)] 

fa'neier,  n.  Connoisseur  in  some  article  or 
animal  (of  which  the  name  is  usu.  prefixed,  as 
dog,  rose,  -f. ).    [fancy  2,  -er  *] 

fa'neiful,  a.  Indulging  in  fancies,  whimsical, 
capricious ;  fantastically  designed,  ornamented, 
&c,  odd-looking ;  imaginary,  unreal.  Hence 
fa*ncifulLY  »  adv.,  fa'ncifulNESS  n.    [ful] 

fa*ney  i,  n.  &  a.  Delusion,  unfounded  belief ; 
faculty  of  calling  up  things  not  present,  of  in- 
venting imagery;  mental  image;  arbitrary 
supposition  ;  caprice,  a  whim ;  individual  taste, 
inclination,  (take  a  f.  to,  for;  catch  thef.  of, 


please) ;  thef,  those  who  have  a  certain  hobby, 
=  -fanciers,  esp.  the  patrons  of  boxing ;  art  of 
breeding  animals  with  certain  points  of  excel- 
lence ;  f.-free,  not  in  love.  (Adj. ;  not  pred.)  or- 
namental, not  plain,  (/.  bread  ;  f.  dress,  mas- 
querade costume,  so  f.-d.  or/,  ball ;  /.  work,  or- 
namental sewing  &c;  /.  fair,  bazaar  for  sale  of 
f.  goods) ;  (of  flowers  &c.)  particoloured ;  capri- 
cious, whimsical,  extravagant,  (at  af.  price ;/. 
franchise,  based  on  complicated  or  arbitrary 
qualifications  ;  /.  dog, pigeon,  &c,  bred  for  par- 
ticular points  of  beauty  &c.)  ;  based  on  imagina- 
tion, not  fact  (/.  picture) ;  /.  man,  sweetheart, 
(slang)  man  living  on  earnings  of  a  prostitute, 
[contraction  of  fantasy] 

fa'ney2,  v.t.  Picture  to  oneself,  conceive, 
imagine,  ( f.  oneself  dead  ;  /.  a  blue  dahlia ;  /. 
him  to  be  here,  that  he  is  here  ;  imperat.  as  excl. 
of  surprise,  fancy  !,f.  his  believing  it!);  be  in- 
clined to  suppose,  rather  think  ;  (colloq.)  have 
good  conceit  of  (oneself,  one's  game  &c.) ;  take 
a  f.  to,  like ;  breed,  grow,  (animals,  plants)  with 
attention  to  certain  points,    [f.  prec] 

fanda'ngle,  n.  Fantastic  ornament,  tom- 
foolery,   [perh.  f.  foil.] 

fanda'ngo,  n.  Lively  Spanish  dance ;  tune 
for  this.    [Sp.J 

fane,  n.  (poet).    Temple,    [f.  L  fanum] 

fa*nfare  (or  as  F),  n.  Flourish  of  truinpeta, 
bugles,  &c.   JF] 

fanfarona'de  (or  as  F),  n.  Arrogant  talk, 
brag;  =  prec.  [f.  F  fanfaronnade  f.  fanfaron 
(prec,  -oon),  -ade] 

fang- 1,  n.  Canine  tooth,  esp.  of  dogs  &  wolves; 
serpent's  venom-tooth  ;  spike  of  tool  held  in  the 
stock ;  (prong  of)  root  of  tooth.  Hence  (-)fang-- 
ed2,  fa'ng-LESS,  aa.    [OE,  cf.  Gfangen  seize] 

fang2,  v.t.  Prime  (pump)  by  pouring  in  water 
to  start  it.    [f.  prec] 

fantasia  (-aze'a,  -ah'zia),  n.  Musical  compo- 
sition in  which  form  is  subservient  to  fancy. 

[It.,=  FANTASY] 

fa'ntast,  ph-,  n.  Visionary,  dreamer,  [f. 
med.L  f.  Gk  phantastes  (phantazomai  make 
a  show  f.  phavno  show)] 

fanta'stie,  a.  Fancied  (rare) ;  extravagantly 
fanciful,  capricious,  eccentric;  grotesque  or 
quaint  in  design  &c.  Hence  (thr.  obs.  -ical)  fan- 
tastica'liTV,  fanta'sticalNESS,  fanta's- 
tieiSM,  nn.,  fanta*sticalLY2adv.  [f.  med.L 
fantasticus  f.  LLf.  Gk  phantastikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

fa'ntasy,  ph-,  n.  Image-making  faculty, 
esp.  when  extravagant  or  visionary;  mental 
image ;  fantastic  design ;  =  fantasia  ;  whim- 
sical speculation,  [f.  OF  fantasie  t  L  f.  Gk 
phantasia  (see  fantast)] 

fantocci'ni  (-tshene),  n.  pi.  Mechanically 
worked  puppets  ;  marionette  show.    [It.] 

faquip.    See  fakir. 

fap!,adv.  (farther, -thest,  further,  -thest), 
&  n.  At  a  great  distance,  a  long  way  off,  (often 
with  away,  off,  out ;  also  fig.,  as  /.,  so  f, 
from  doing,  f.  from  it ;  f.  be  it  from  me  to,  I 
would  on  no  account) ;  to  a  great  distance  or 
advanced  point  (driven  f.  into  the  ground  ;  /. 
gone,  advanced  in  some  progress ;  he  will  gof, 
do  much  ;  gof.  to  effect  ace,  nearly  do  so  ;  by  a 
great  interval,  by  much,  (/.  different,  better,  the 
best ;  also/.  &  away) ;  sof,  to  such  a  distance, 
(also)  up  to  now  ;  howf,  to  what  extent ;  asf. 
as,  right  to,  not  short  of,  (place) ;  as  or  sof.  as, 
in  sof.  as,  to  whatever  extent  ;f.-away,  remote, 
long-past,  (of  look  &c)  absent,  dreamy  ;  f. -be- 
tween, infrequent  ;f. -famed,  widely  known  ;  /.- 
fetched,  of  simile,  illustration  &c)  studiously 
sought  out,  strained  ;  /.  forth  ;  /.  off,  remote; 
/. -reaching,  widely  applicable,  carrying  many 
consequences ;  f. -seeing,    -sighted,   prescient, 


FAR 


295 


FAST 


prudent,  (of  vision)  seeing  distant  things  more 
clearly  than  near  ones.  (N. )  a  distance  (do  you 
come  from  f.  ?) ;  large  amount  (byf.,  with  corn- 
par.  &  super]., prefer,  surpass.  Sec).  [OEfeor(rj 
f.  OTeut.fer-f.  Aryanper-  cf.  Glc  peran  beyond  J 

far2,  a.  (farther,  -est,  further,  -est).  Distant, 
remote,  (af.  cry  ]).    [OE  feorr  f.  prec] 

fa'rad,  n.  (electr.).  Electro-magnetic  unit  of 
capacity,    [f.  Faraday,  electrician,  d.  1867  j 

farada'ic,  a.  (electr.).  Inductive,  induced, 
(of  current),    [as  prec,  -icj 

farce  \  n.  Dramatic  work  merely  to  excite 
laughter ;  this  species  of  drania ;  absurdly  futile 
proceeding,  pretence,  mockery.  Hence  far'ei- 
cal  a.,  faireiealLY2  adv.,  fareiea'liTY  n. 
[F,  orig.  =  stuffing,  f.  L  farcire  to  stuff,  used 
metaph.  of  interludes  &c] 

farce  2,  v.  t.  (archaic).  Season,  spice,  stuff,  (in 
cookery,  &  fig.  of  literary  compositions),  [f.  OF 
farsir  f.  L  as  prec] 

farceur'  (-ser),  n.    Joker,  wag.    [F] 

flar'cy,  n.  Disease,  esp.  of  horses,  allied  to 
glanders  ;  /.  bud,  bidton,  small  tumour  in  this. 
[f.  V  farcin  f.  hfarciminum  (farcire  stuff)] 

far'del  (-dl),  n.  (archaic).  Bundle,  burden. 
[OF,  dim.  of farde  burden  perh.  f.  Arab,  fardah] 

fare  \  n.  1.  Cost  of  passenger's  conveyance, 
passage-money ;  passenger  in  hired  vehicle.  2. 
Food  provided  (usu.  good,  bad,  plentiful,  &c, 
/.;  bill 4  off.).  [OE/ser  (sense  1),  Scfaru  (sense 
2),  f.  st.  of  foil.] 

fare2,  v.i.  Journey,  go,  travel,  (poet.;  so/. 
forth,  start) ;  happen,  turn  out,  (hoiv fares  it?) ; 
get  on  well,  ill,  &c,  have  such  luck ;  be  enter- 
tained, be  fed  or  feed  oneself;  well  &c  [com.- 
Teut.;  OE  &  OHG  faran  f.  Aryan  por-  pass 
through  cf.  Gk  poros  ford,  L  portare  carry] 

fare  we'll,  int.  &  n.  Good-bye  !,  Adieu  !,  (/.  to, 
no  more  of) ;  (n.)  leave-taking,  parting  good 
wishes,    [imperat.  of  prec.  +  well] 

farrna,  n.  Flour  or  meal  of  corn,  nuts,  or 
starchy  roots;  powdery  substance  ;  (Bot.)  pol- 
len ;  (Chem.)  starch.  Hence  farinA'CEOUS  a. 
[L  (far  corn,  -ine4)] 

fa'rinose  (s),  a.  Mealy,  sprinkled  with  pow- 
der,   [prec,  -ose  '] 

farl,  n.(Sc).  Thin  cake.orig.  quadrant-shaped, 
of  oatmeal  or  flour,    [for  obs.  fardel  quarter 

(FCURTH,  DEAL),  cf.  FARTHING] 

farm l,  n.  Tract  of  land  used  under  one  man- 
agement for  cultivation  (orig.  only  of  leased 
land  ;  home-f,  reserved  &  worked  by  owner  of 
estate  containing  other  ff.);  (also  f.-house) 
dwelling-place  attached  to  f.  ;  place  where 
children  are  farmed  (see  foil.) ;  f. -stead,  f.  with 
buildings  on  it ;  f.-yard,  enclosure  attached  to 
f.-house.  [f.  F  ferme  f.  med.L  firma  fixed  pay- 
ment (firmare  fix  f.  firmw.v)] 

farm  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Take  proceeds  of  (tax,  office, 
&c)  on  payment  of  fixed  sum ;  (also/,  oxd)  let 
out  proceeds  of  (tax  &c.)  to  person  for  fixed 
sum  ;  let  the  labour  of  (persons)  for  hire  :  con- 
tract to  maintain  and  care  for  (persons,  esp. 
children)  for  fixed  sum ;  cultivate,  till ;  till  the 
soil,  be  a  farmer.  Hence  far'mER1,  far*m- 
jng1,  nn.    [f.  prec] 

far'o,  n.  Gambling  card-game.  [f.  Pharaoh 
(significance  doubtful)] 

farou'che  (-oosh),  a.    Sullen,  shy.    [F] 

farra'g-o  (ah-,  -a-),  n.  Medley,  hotchpotch. 
Hence  farra'ffinous  a.  [L  (genit.  -inis),= 
mixed  fodder  {far  corn)] 

fa'rrier,  n.  Shoeing-smith ;  horse-doctor; 
N.C.O.  in  charge  of  cavalry  regiment's  horses. 
Hence  fa'rrlERY(2)  n.  [f.  OF  ferrier  f.  L  fer- 
rarius  f.  ferrum  iron,  -er2(2)] 

fa'rrow,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Giving  birth  to,  litter 
of,  pigs  (20  at  one  f.) ;  (vb)  produce  (pigs),  pro- 


duce pigs,  [vb  f.  n.,  OEfearh  f.  OTeut.  farhoz 
cf.  L  porcus] 

fart,  n.,  &  v.i.  (indecent).  Emission  of,  emit, 
wind  from  the  anus.  [Aryan,  cf.  Gk  perdoviai) 

far'ther  (-dh-),  adv.  &  a.  (used  as  comp.  of 
far1-  2,  see  etym.),  &  v.  t.  To  or  at  a  more  ad- 
vanced point  or  greater  extent  or  distance  (I'll 
see  youf.  or  FURTHER./irs£)  ;  in  addition,  also, 
besides,  moreover,  (now  usu.  further).  (Adj.) 
more  extended,  additional,  more ;  more  distant 
or  advanced,  whence  far'therMOST  a.  (Vb, 
rare)  =  further,  [var.  of  further  ;  both 
used  as  comp.  of  far,  but  with  tendency  to  re- 
strict/, to  lit.  &  further  to  secondary  senses] 

far'thest  (-dh-),  a.  &  adv.  Most  distant  (at 
the,  at,f„  at  the  greatest  distance,  at  latest,  at 
most);  (adv.)  to  or  at  the  greatest  distance, 
[var.,  now  more  usu.,  of  furthest] 

far'thing'  (-dh-),  n.  Quarter  of  a  penny ;  least 
possible  amount  (doesn't  matter  a  /.).  [OE 
feorthing  (fiortha  fourth,  -ing3)] 

far'thing-ale,  n.  (hist.).  Hooped  petticoat. 
[f.  OF  verdugale  f.  Sp.  -ado  (verdugo  rod,  -ado)] 

fa-sees,  n.  pi.  (Rom.  hist.).  Bundle  of  rods 
with  axe  in  the  middle  carried  by  lictor  before 
high  magistrate ;  ensigns  of  authority.  [L  (pi. 
olfascis  bundle)] 

fascia  (fa/shia),  n.  (Arch.)  long  flat  surface 
of  wood  or  stone ;  (Anat.)  thin  sheath  of  fibrous 
tissue ;  stripe,  band,  fillet,  belt.    [LJ 

fa'sciated  (fash!-),  a.  (Bot.;  of  contiguous 
parts)  compressed,  growing,  into  one  (so  fla*- 
scIation  n.);  striped,  [f.  obs.  fasciate  f.  L 
fasciare  (prec),  ate2] 

fa'scicle,  -icule,  -i'culus,  (fasi),  n.  (Bot. 
&c)  bunch,  bundle,  whence  fa'sciclED2,  fas- 
ci'eulAR !,  fasci'eulATE2,  -ated,  aa.,  fasei- 
cuIation  n.;  one  part  of  book  published  by  in- 
stalments,   [f.  L  fasciculus  (fasces,  -cule)] 

fa'scinate,  v.t.  Deprive  (victim)  of  power  of 
escape  or  resistance  by  one's  look  or  presence 
(esp.  of  serpents) ;  attract  irresistibly,  enchant, 
charm,  whence  fa*seinatiNG2a.,  fa'scinat- 
ingLY2adv.  Hence  or  cogn.  fa'seinATioN, 
fa'scinatOR2  (  esp.,  =  opera-hood),  nn.  [f.  L 
fascinare  (fascinum  spell),  -ate3] 

fasei'ne(-sen),  n.  Long  faggot  used  for  en- 
gineering purposes  &  esp.  in  war  for  filling 
trenches,  making  batteries,  &c ;/.  dwelling,  pre- 
historic lake  dwelling  supported  by  cross  layers 
of  sticks  sunk  below  surface.  [F,  f.  hfascina 
(fascis  bundle,  -ine4)] 

fash,  v.t.,  &  n.  (Sc).  Bother,  trouble,  incon- 
venience,   [n.  f.  vb,  f.  OF  fascher  (now  fdcher)] 

fa-shion  (-shn),  n..  &  v.t.  Make,  shape,  style, 
pattern,  manner,  (after  the  f.  of,  like ;  so  -/.  = 
-wise,  as  walk  crab-f.) ;  after,  in,  a  f.,  not  satis- 
factorily, but  somehow  or  other;  prevailing 
custom,  esp.  in  dress  (f. -plate,  picture  showing 
style  of  dress) ;  conventional  usages  of  upper- 
class  society,  (thef.,  whatever  is  in  accord  with 
these  for  the  time  being ;  set  thef,  give  the  ex- 
ample in  changing  them ;  the  /.,  also,  admired 
&  discussed  person  or  thing;  in,  out  of,f.  or 
thef.,  agreeing  or  not  with  current  usage ;  man 
&c  off,  of  social  standing,  moving  in  &  con- 
forming with  upper-class  society) ;  hence  -fa- 
shionED  2  a.  ( vb)  give  shape  to,  form,  mould, 
(into,  to.  or  abs.).  [f.  OF  facon,  ONF  fachon, 
f.  L/ actionem  (facerefact-  make,  -ion)] 

fa'shionable,  a.  &  n.  Following,  suited  to, 
the  fashion ;  characteristic  of,  treating  of,  or 
patronized  by,  persons  of  fashion.  Hence  fa*- 
shionable.NESS  n.,  fa-shionabr.v '-'  adv.  (N.) 
f.  person,    [prec  n.,  -able] 

fast ',  v.i.  1.  Abstain  from  all  or  some  kinds 
of  food  as  religious  observance  or  in  sign  of 
mourning  (fasting-day,  =  VAST^-day).     2.  Go 


FAST 2 

without  food.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  fxstan  cf .  Goth. 
jfastan  =  orig.  keep,  observe,  f.  OTeut.  fasteja] 

fast2,  n.  Act  of  fasting  (prec.,  1) ;  season  or 
(edsof.-day,fasting-day)da,y  appointed  for  fast- 
ing ;  going  without  food  {break  one's/.  =  break- 
fast v.).    [prob.  f.  Oyifasta  f.  OTeut.  as  prec.] 

fast 3,  a.  Firmly  fixed  or  attached  (stake/,  in 
the  ground ;  /.  friend  or  friendship,  steady, 
close ;  ship  f.  aground ;  f.  asleep  ;  af.  prisoner ; 
/.  colour,  unfading,  not  washing  out;  makef, 
fasten  ;  playf.  &  loose,  ignore  obligations,  be 
unreliable;  door  is  f,  locked  &c;  takef.  hold 
of,  tight ;  /.  with  gout,  confined) ;  rapid,  quick- 
moving,  producing  quick  motion,  (/.  train  ;  /. 
cricket-ground,  racquet-court,  billiard-table,  on 
which  ball  bounds  smartly  ;  watch  isf.,  shows 
too  advanced  time ;  /.  person,  dissipated,  see 
foil.).  Hencefa*stiSHf(2)a.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE 
fxst  cf.  G  fest  cogn.  w.  Goth,  fastan  past  l] 
'  fast4,  adv.  (-er,  -est).  Firmly,  fixedly,  tightly, 
securely,  (stand,  sit,  stick,  /.;  /.  bind,  f.  find, 
lock  up  what  you  would  not  lose  ;  eyes  f.  shut ; 
sleep f,  soundly);  (poet.  &  archaic)  close  beside, 
by,  upon,  &c. ;  quickly,  in  quick  succession ;  live 
/.,  live  in  a  dissipated  way,  expend  much  energy 
in  short  time.    [OEfxste  (prec.)] 

fa'sten  (-sn),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  fast,  attach,  fix, 
secure  by  some  tie  or  bond,  (to,  upon,  on  adv.  or 
prep.,  together,  up,  in  adv.  or  prep. ;  or  abs.  ; 
f.  parcel,  garment,  door,  &c. ,  or  string,  bolt,  &c. ; 
f.  off1  thread  &c,  secure  with  knot  or  otherwise), 
whence  fa'steniNGM*)  (-sn)  n. ;  direct  (look, 
thoughts,  &c.)  keenly  (up)on;  fix  (nickname, 
imputation,  &c.)  (up)on;  f.  quarrel  upon,  pick 
quarrel  with  ;  become  fast  (door  will  not  /.);/. 
(up)on,  lay  hold  of,  single  out  for  attack,  seize 
upon  (pretext).  Hence  fa'stenER  i(2)  n.  [OE 
fxstnian  cf.  Gfestnen  (fast 3,  -en6)] 

fa'sti,  n.  pi.  Chronological  register  of  events, 
annals.    [L,  =  calendar] 

fasti'dious,  a.  Easily  disgusted,  squeamish, 
hard  to  please.  Hence  fasti'diousLY  2  adv., 
fasti'dtousNESS  n.  [f.  L  fftstidiosus  (fasti- 
dium  loathing,  -ose1)] 

fa'stness,  n.  In  adj.  senses  (fast3);  also, 
stronghold,  fortress,    [-ness] 

fat,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Fed  up  for  slaughter, 
fatted ;  well-fed,  plump,  (cut  upf.,  leave  much 
money),  corpulent ;  thick,  substantial,  (esp.  of 
printing-type) ;  greasy,  oily,  unctuous,  (cut  it  f, 
make  a  display);  (of  coal)  bituminous ;  (of  clay 
&c.)  sticky  ;  fertile,  rich,  yielding  abundantly, 
(/.  lands,  benefice,  job) ;  slow-witted,  indolent, 
(f.-head,  dolt  ;f.-w\Jtted,  stupid) ;  f.-guts,  corpu- 
lent person  ;  f.-hen,  kinds  of  goose-/oo£  ;  hence 
fa*ttiSHi(2)  a.,  fa'tNESS  n.  (N.)  the  f.  part  of 
anything  (live  on  the  f.  of  the  land,  have  the 
best  of  everything) ;  oily  substance  composing 
f.  parts  of  animal  bodies  (the  f.  is  in  the  fire, 
there  will  be  an  explosion);  (Theatr.)  part  of 
rdle  that  enables  actor  to  show  off;  (Chem.)  or- 

fanic  compound  of  glycerin  with  acid ;  hence 
a'tLESS  a.  ( Vb)  =  fatten  ;  kill  the  fatted  calf 
for,  receive  (returned  prodigal)  with  joy.  [OE 
fxtt(ian)  cf.  Du.  vet  f.  OTeut.  faitido-  p.p.  of 
faitjan  fatten  (faito-  adj.  fat)] 

fa'tal,  a.  Like  fate,  inevitable,  necessary ;  of, 
appointed  by,  destiny  (/.  sisters,  the  Fates  ;  /. 
thread, allotted  length  of  life;  /.  shears,  death); 
fateful,  important,  decisive  ;  destructive,  ruin- 
ous, ending  in  death,  (to) ;  deadly,  sure  to  kill ; 
(by  exagg.)  mischievous,  ill-advised.  Hence 
fa'talLY2  adv.    [f.  hfatalis  (fate,  -al)] 

fa'talism,  n.  Belief  that  all  events  are  pre- 
determined by  arbitrary  decree ;  submission  to 
all  that  happens  as  inevitable.  So  fa*taliST(2)  n. 
& a.,fatali'stic a.,fatali#stiCALLYadv.  [-ism] 

fata'lity,  n.    Subjection  to,  supremacy  of, 


5 FATTY 

fate ;  predestined  liability  to  disaster ;  fatal  in- 
fluence ;  misfortune,  calamity ;  death  by  acci- 
dent, in  war,  &c.  [f.  Ffatalite  f.  lAjfatalitatem 
(as  fatal,  see  -ity)] 

fa'talize,  v.i.  &  t.  Incline  to  fatalism  ;  sub- 
ject to  government  by  fate,    [ize] 

fa'ta  morga'na  (fah-,  -gah-),  n.  Kind  of 
mirage  seen  esp.  in  strait  of  Messina.  [It.  (fata 
fay,  Morgana  female  name)] 

fate,  n.,  &  v.t.  Power  predetermining  events 
unalterably  from  eternity ;  (Mythol.)  goddess, 
one  of  the  three  Greek  goddesses,  of  destiny; 
what  is  destined'  to  happen  ;  appointed  lot  of 
person  &c. ;  person's  ultimate  condition  (decide, 
fix,  seal,  one's/.);  death,  destruction.  ( Vb,  usu. 
pass. )  preordain  (he  was  fated  to  do  or  be ;  it  was 
fated  that);  (p.p.)  doomed  to  destruction,  [f .  L 
fatum  neut.  p.p.  olfari  speak] 

fa'teful,  a.  Prophetic ;  fraught  with  destiny, 
important,  decisive;  controlled  by,  showing 
power  of,  fate.  Hence  fa'tefulLY  2  adv.  [-ful] 

fa'thep l  (fahdh-),  n.  Male  parent  (also  fig. ; 
the  wish  is  f.  to  the  thought,  one  believes  be- 
cause one  wishes  to ;  the  child  isf.  to  the  man, 
lays  down  the  lines  of  his  development;  =f.-in- 
law ;  =  step-f. ;  (also  adoptive  /.),  one  who  has 
adopted  a  child  ;  progenitor,  forefather ;  origi- 
nator, designer,  early  leader,  (/.  of  English 
poetry ;  F.  of  lies,  the  devil ;  F.  of  the  faith- 
ful; Ff.  of  the  Church  or  Ff.,  Christian  writers 
of  first  five  centuries) ;  one  who  deserves  filial 
reverence  (/.  of  his  country) ;  religious  teacher ; 
God  ;  First  Person  of  the  Trinity ;  confessor  ; 
priest  belonging  to  religious  order,  superior  of 
monastic  house ;  Right,  Most,  Reverend  F.  in 
God,  title  of  bishop,  archbishop ;  The  Holy  F., 
the  Pope ;  =  priest  as  prefixed  title  ;  venerable 
person, god (F.  Thames);  oldestmember, doyen, 
(F.  of  House  of  Commons,  member  with  longest 
continuous  service);  (pi.)  leading-men,  elders, 
(Ff.  of  the  City;  Conscript  Ff,  Roman  sena- 
tors) ;  f. -in-law,  father  of  one's  wife  or  husband ; 
fatherland,  native  country  (the  F. -I.,  Germany). 
Hence  fa*thePHOOD,fa*thepsHiP,  nn.,  fa'th- 
ePLESS  a.,  fa'thePLiKE,  fa'thePLY1'2,  aa.  & 
advv.,  fa'thepliNESS  n.  [Aryan  ;  OE  fxder 
cf .  G  vater,  L  pater,  Gk  pater] 

fa'thep2,  v.t.  Beget ;  be  the  f.  of ;  originate 
(statement  &c. );  pass  as,  confess  oneself,  the  f., 
author,  of  (child,  book) ;  govern  paternally ;  fix 
paternity  of  (child,  book)  upon.    [f.  prec] 

fa'thom1  (-dh-),  n.  (pi.,  with  numbers,  often 
fathom).  Measure  of  six  feet,  chiefly  used  in 
soundings;  quantity  of  wood  6ft  square  in 
section,  whatever  the  length.  [OE  fxthm  the 
outstretched  arms,  cf.  G  faden  6ft cogn.  w.  Gk 
petannumi  spread] 

fa'thom2,  v.t.  Encircle  with  the  arms  (ar- 
chaic) ;  measure  with  f.-line,  sound,  (depth  of 
water),  (fig.)  get  to  the  bottom  of,  comprehend, 
whence  fa'thomLESs  a.,  fa'thomlessi.v  - 
adv.    [OE  fxthmian  (prec.  )1 

fati'dical,  a.  Gifted  with  prophetic  power, 
[f.  hfatidicus  (fate,  -dicus  -saying)  +  -al] 

fatigue  (-eg),  n.,  &  v.t  Weariness  after 
exertion ;  weakness  in  metals  after  repeated 
blows  or  long  strain  ;  task  &c.  that  wearies ; 
soldier's  non-military  duty  (f. -party  or/.,  party 
told  off  for  this;  so  f. -dress).  ( Vb)  tire,  exhaust, 
whence  fati'g-ueLESS,  fati'gxiiNG2,  aa. ; 
weaken  (metal ;  see  above),  [f.  F  fatigue(r)  t.  L 
fatigare  prob.  cogn.  w./atiscere  gape] 

fa'tlingr,  n.    Young  fatted  animal,    [-ling  *] 

fa#tten,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  fat  (esp.  animals  for 
slaughter) ;  grow  fat;  enrich  (soil),    [-en6] 

fa'tty 1,  a.  Like  fat,  unctuous,  greasy ;  consist- 
ing of  fat,  adipose ;  with  morbid  deposition  of 
fat  (/.  degeneration  of  heart  or  kidney).    [- y  2] 


FATTY  297 


FEATHER 


fa'tty2,  n.    Fat  child  &c.  (usu.  voc).    [-Y3] 

fa'tuous,  a.  Vacantly  silly,  purposeless,  idi- 
otic. Hence  or  cogn.  fatu'iTY  n.,  fa'tuous- 
ly2  adv.,  fa'tuous. vess  n.  [f.  lifatuus+  -ousl 

faubourg  (fo'boorg,  or  as  F),  n.  Suburb, 
esp.  of  Paris.    [FJ 

fau'cal,  a.  &  n.  (phonol. ).  Of  the  throat,  deep- 
ly guttural  (sound),    [f.  L  fauces  throat  +  -ai.] 

fau'cet,  n.  (dial.  &  U.S.).  Tap  for  barrel, 
[f.  Ffausset  vent-peg  etym.  dub.J 

faugh  (faw),  int.  of  disgust. 

fault,  n.,  &  v.  (geol.)  i.  &  t.  Defect,  imper- 
fection, blemish,  of  character  or  of  structure, 
appearance,  &c.  (generous  &c.  to  af,  excessive- 
ly ;  with  allff.,  at  buyer's  risk) ;  transgression, 
offence,  thing  wrongly  done, (Racquets  &c.)ball 
wrongly  served ;  find  f.  (with),  complain  (of), 
whence  fau'ltfind  er  '  n.,  fau'ltfindiNG1'2 
n.  &  a. ;  responsibility  for  something  wrong  (the 
f.  was  mine  ;  it  will  be  our  own/.),  defect  that 
causes  something  (the  f.  is  in  the  patient) ; 
(Hunt.)  loss  of  the  scent,  check  so  caused,  (be  at 
/.,  also  fig.  =  be  puzzled,  not  know  what  to  do) ; 
(Geol.)  break  in  continuity  of  strata  or  vein  (vb, 
break  continuity  of,  show  such  break) ;  (Telegr.) 
imperfect  insulation,  leakage.  Hence  fau'lt- 
less  a.,  fau*ltlessLY2adv.,  fau'ltlessNESS 
n.,  fau'ltY2  a.,  fau'ltiLY  2  adv.,  fau'ltiNESS 
n.  [ME  &  OF  faut(e)  f.  pop.  L  *fallita  fem. 
p.p.  oifallere  fail2] 

faun,  n.  One  of  a  class  of  Latin  rural  deities 
with  horns  &  tail.  [f.  L  Faunus  Latin  god 
identified  w.  Gk  Pan] 

fau'na,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  The  animals  of  a  region 
or  epoch ;  treatise  upon  these.  Hence  fau'nA  l 
a.,  fau*niST(3)  n.,  fauni'stic(AL)  aa.  [mod.L, 
f.  name  of  Goddess  sister  of  Faunus  see  prec] 

fauteuil (F),  n.    Arm-chair;  theatre  stall. 

faux  pas  (16  pah),  n.  Act  that  compromises 
one's,  esp.  a  woman's,  reputation.    [Fj 

fa'voup  \  n.  Friendly  regard,  goodwill,  (find 
f.  in  the  eyes  of,  be  liked  by ;  curry  a/.  ),appro  val 
(look  withf.  on),  good  graces  (be,  stand  high  &c, 
in  person's/.);  kindness  beyond  what  is  due 
(should  esteem  it  af;  by  f.  of—,  written  on  let- 
ter conveyed  by  friend  ;domethef.  of—ing;have 
received  your  f.  of  yesterday,  letter ;  woman 
bestows  herff.  on  lover,  yields) ;  leave,  pardon, 
(archaic ;  byyourf. ;  underf.,it  one  may  venture 
to  say  so) ;  partiality,  over-lenient  or  over-gen- 
erous treatment;  aid,  furtherance,  (under  f.  of 
night) ;  inf.  of,  on  behalf  or  in  support  of,  on  the 
side  of,  to  the  advantage  or  account  of,  (am  in 
f.  of  woman's  suffrage ;  cheques  to  be  drawn  in 
f.  of  the  treasurer) ;  thing  given  or  worn  as 
mark  of  f.,  knot  of  ribbons,  rosette,  cockade, 
badge  ;  (archaic)  looks,  countenance,  whence 
well,  ill,  hard,  &c,  -favouPED2  a.  [OF,  f.  L 
favorem  (favere  show  kindness  to,  -or1)] 

fa'vour2,  v.t.  Look  kindly  upon,  approve ; 
treat  kindly,  countenance  ;  oblige  with ;  treat 
with  partiality,  be  unjust  on  behalf  of;  aid, 
support ;  serve  as  confirmation  of  (theory  &c.) ; 
prove  advantageous  to  (person),  facilitate  (pro- 
cess &c),  whence  fa*vouPiNG2a. ;  resemble  in 
features  (/.  one's  father) ;  (p.p.)  having  unusual 
advantages ;  favoured  by  (of  letter),  by  f.  of. 
[f.  OF  favorer  f.  med.L/aro?'are  as  prec] 

fa'voupable,  a.  Well  disposed,  propitious ; 
commendatory,  approving ;  giving  consent  (/. 
ansiver) ;  promising,  auspicious,  (/.  aspect) ; 
helpful,  suitable,  (to).  Hence  fa'vourable- 
ness  n.,  fa*vourabLY2adv.  [f.  F  favorable 
f.  hfavorabilis  (favour1,  -able)] 

fa'voupite,  n.  &  a.  (Person)  preferred  above 
others  (thef.  of,  af.  with  or  of) ;  (Racing)  thef, 
competitor  generally  expected  to  win ;  person 
chosen  as  intimate  by  king  or  superior  &  un- 


duly favoured,  whence  fa*voupitiSM(3)  n.  [f. 
OF  favorit,  -ri,  p.p.  of  favorir  favour] 

fawn',  n.,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Young  fallow  deer, 
buck  or  doe  of  first  year  (inf.,  pregnant) ;  /.  or 
f-colour(ed),  (of)  light  yellowish  brown ;  (vb; 
of  deer)  bringforth  (young,  orabs.).  [f.  OF  faon 
f.  med.L  fetonem  nom.  -o  (foetus)] 

fawn2,  v.i.  (Of  animals,  esp.  dog)  show  af- 
fection by  tail-wagging,  grovelling,  &c.  (/.  on, 
upon,  lavish  caresses  on) ;  (of  persons)  behave 
servilely,  cringe  (upon  patron,  or  abs.),  whence 
fawniNG2  a.,  faw'ningLY2  adv.  [OE  fah- 
nian  cogn.  w.  fain1] 

fay,  n.  Fairy,  [f.  OF  fae  f.  Rom.  fata  sing, 
f.  L  fata  pi.  the  fates] 

fe'alty,  n.  Feudal  tenant's  or  vassal's  (ac- 
knowledgment of  obligation  of)  fidelity  to  his 
lord  (do,  make,  receive,  sioear,f.).  [f.  OF feaulte 
f.  hfidelitatem  (fidelis  f.  fides  faith,  -ty)] 

fear1,  n.  Painful  emotion  caused  by  im- 
pending danger  or  evil,  state  of  alarm  (was  in 
/.),  dread  of,  that,  or  lest ;  forf.  of,  (that),  lest, 
in  order  that  so-&-so  may  not  occur ;  dread  & 
reverence  (thef.  of  God) ;  anxiety  for  the  safety 
of  (inf.  of  his  life) ;  no  f. ,  it  is  not  likely.  Hence 
fear'LESs  a.,  feap'lessLY  2  adv.,  fear'less- 
ness  n.    [OE  fxr  cf.  G  gefahr  danger] 

fear2,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  afraid  (also  as  archaic 
refl.  in  parenthesis,  //.  me  ;  never  f.,  there  is  no 
danger  of  that) ;  be  afraid  of ;  hesitate  to  do, 
shrink  from  doing  ;  revere  (God) ;  apprehend, 
have  uneasy  anticipation  of ;  be  afraid  that  (or 
with  that  omitted  ;  also  need  not  &c.  /.  but  or 
but  that).    [OE  fxran  f.  prec] 

feap'ful,  a.  Terrible,  awful;  (by  exagg.) 
annoying  &c.  (inaf.  mess);  frightened,  timid; 
apprehensive  of,  lest,  (that) ;  wanting  resolution 
to;  reverential.  Hence  feap'fulLY2  adv., 
feap'fulNESs  n.    [-ful] 

fear'nougbt  (-awt),  n.  Stout  woollen  cloth 
used  at  sea  for  clothing  &  for  protecting  port- 
holes &C     [FEAR  2,  NOUGHT] 

feap'some,  a.  Appalling,  esp.  in  appear- 
ance (usu.  joe).  Hence  fear'soraeLv  2  adv., 
feap'someNESS  n.    [some] 

fea'sible (z), a.  Practicable, possible ; (loose- 
ly) manageable,  convenient,  serviceable,  plau- 
sible. Hence  feasiBixiTY  n.  [OF  (fais-  im- 
perf.  st.  otfaire  f.  Itfacere  do  +  -ible)] 

feast,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Joyful  religious  anni- 
versary (movable,  immovable,  /.,  recurring  on 
different,  same,  date) ;  annual  village  festival ; 
sumptuous  meal,  esp.  one  given  to  number  of 
guests  and  of  public  nature,  (fig.)  gratification 
to  the  senses  or  mind  (/.  of  reason,  intellectual 
talk).  (Vb)  partake  of  f.,  fare  sumptuously, 
whence  fea'stER 1  n. ;  pass  (night  &c. )  away  in 
feasting  ;  regale  (guests),  [f.  OF  feste(r)  f.  L 
festa  neut.  pi.  otfestus  festal] 

feat1,  n.  Noteworthy  act,  esp.  deed  of  valour 
(often/,  of  arms) ;  action  showing  dexterity  or 
strength,  surprising  trick,    [f.  OF  fait  fact] 

feat2,  a.  (archaic).  Adroit,  smart,  dextrous, 
neat.  Hence  fea'tLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  fait  made 
f.  hf actus  p.p.  otfacere  make] 

fea'thep x  (fedh),  n.  One  of  the  appendages 
growing  from  bird's  skin,  consisting  of  quill, 
shaft,  &  two  vanes  of  barbs  (show  the  white  f., 
betray  cowardice— white  f.  in  game-bird's  tail 
being  mark  of  bad  breeding—;  crop  one's  ff., 
humiliate  him) ;  (collect.)  plumage  (in  high  &c. 
/.,  in  good  spirits  &c. ;  birds  of  af.,  people  of  one 
sort) ;  feathered  game  (fur  &f.,  game  beasts  & 
birds) ;  piece(s)  of  f.  attached  to  arrow ;  plume 
worn  in  hat  &c.  (af.  in  one's  cap,  something  one 
may  be  proud  of) ;  very  light  object  (could  have 
knocked  me  down  with  af.);  ridge  of  upright 
hair;  f.-like  flaw  in  gem;  (Rowing)  action  of 

10* 


FEATHER 


FEELING 


feathering  (see  foil.);  f.-bed,  mattress  stuffed 
with  ff.;  /.-edge,  (n.)  fine  edge  of  wedge-shaped 
board,  (v.t.)  bring  (board)  to  this;  f.-head(ed), 
-brain(ed),  -pate(d),  silly  (person);/. -stitch,  orna- 
mental zigzag  sewing;  /. -weight,  very  light 
thing  or  person,  esp.  jockey  not  over  4  st.  7  lb., 
boxer  9  st.  Hence  (-)feathePED  2,  fea'ther- 
less,  fea'thePY2,  aa.,  fea'theriNESS,  fea*- 
thePLET,  nn.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  f ether  cf.  G 
feder,  also  Gk  pteron  wing,  petomai  fly] 

fea'theP2,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish,  adorn,  line,  coat, 
with  ff.  (/.  an  arrow ;  /.  one's  nest,  enrich  one- 
self ;  tar<£/.)  ;  form  f.-like  covering  or  adorn- 
ment for;  float,  move,  or  wave,  like  ff.;  turn 
(oar),  turn  oar,  so  as  to  pass  through  the  air 
edgeways;  (Shoot.)  knock  ff.  from  (bird)  with- 
out killing ;  (Hunt. ;  of  hound)  make  quivering 
motion  of  body  &  tail  while  seeking  scent.  [OE 
gefithrian  f .  prec.  ] 

fea'theping-, n.  In  vbl senses;  esp.: plumage; 
feathers  of  arrow ;  feathery  structure  in  ani- 
mal's coat;  (Arch.)  cusps  in  tracery;  feather- 
like marking  in  flower.    [-ING1] 

feature  (fetsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Usu.  pi.)  part(s) 
of  the  face,  esp.  with  regard  to  shape  &  visible 
effect ;  distinctive  or  characteristic  part  of  a 
thing,  part  that  arrests  attention.  ( Vb)  stand 
as  distinctive  mark  upon ;  portray,  sketch  the 
prominent  points  of.  Hence -featuPED  2,  fea*- 
tupeLESS,  aa.  [f.  OF  faitiwe  f.  L  factura  [fa- 
cere  fact-  make,  -ure)] 

fe'bpifug-e,  n.  Medicine  to  reduce  fever, 
cooling  drink.  Hence  febpi'fugrAL  a.  [f.  F 
febrifuge  (Lfebris  fever,fngare  drive  away)] 

fe'bPile,  a.  Of  fever,  feverish.  [F,  f.  hfebri- 
lis  (prec,  -il] 

Fe'bpuapy,  n.  Second  month  of  year  (F.  fill- 
dike,  name  referring  to  its  rain  &  snow),  [r.  L 
Februarius  (februa  purification)] 

fe'e/t,  fecer'unt,  (abbr.  fee),  v.  sing.  &  pi. 
3rd  pers.  (S0-&-S0)  made  this  picture  &c.  (used 
with  artist's  signature).  [L,  perf. of facere  make] 

fe*ckless,a.  Feeble,  futile,  inefficient.  Hence 
fe'cklessLY  2adv.,  fe'cklessNESs  n.  [Sc.  feck 
perh.  for  effect  +  -less] 

fe'eulent,  a.  Turbid,  fetid.  So  fe'culENCE 
n.  JF(/£-)  f.  ~Lfaeculentus  (faeces,  -ulent)] 

fe'eund,  a.  Prolific,  fertile  ;  fertilizing.  So 
fecu'ndiTV  n.    [f.  Ffecond  f.  lifecxmdus] 

fe-cundate,  v.t.  Make  fruitful ;  impregnate. 
Hence feeundA"TiONn.  [LFECUNDare,  -ate3] 

fed.  See  feed  \ 

fe'depal,  a.  (Theol.)  based  on  doctrine  of  Co- 
venants ;  (Pol.)  of  the  polity  in  which  several 
States  form  a  unity  but  remain  independent  in 
internal  affairs,  concerning  this  whole  &  not  the 
separate  parts  ;  (U.S.  Hist.)  favouring  central 
government,  of  Northern  party  in  Civil  War. 
Hence  fe*depaliSM(3),  fe*depaliST(2),  nn., 
fe,depalizE(3)v.t.,fedepalizA-TiONn.,fed*- 
eralLY 2  adv.  [f.  F  fecle'ral  (L  foedus  -eris 
covenant,  cogn.  w.  fides  faith,  +  -al)] 

fe'depate,  v.t.  &  i.  Band  together  (t.  &  i.) 
in  league  for  some  common  object ;  organize 
(t.  &  i.  of  States)  on  a  federal  basis.  So  fe*- 
dePATE2  (-at),  fe'dePATiVE,  aa.,  fe'depa- 
tiveLY  2  ad  v.    [  L  foederare  (prec. ),  -ate  31 

fedepa'tion,  n.  Federating,  whence  fedep- 
a*tioniST(2)  n. ;  federated  society,  esp.  federal 
empire  or  group  of  States ;  imperial/,  [f.  F 
federation  f.  Lfoederationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

fee,  n.,  &  v.t.  (feed).  Fief,  feudal  benefice, 
(hist);  inherited  estate  (f. -simple, without  limi- 
tation to  particular  class  of  heirs ;  f.-tail,  with 
such  limitation ;  hold  inf. -simple  or  f.,  have  as 
absolute  property);  sum  payable  to  public  officer 
for  performing  his  function ;  remuneration  of 
lawyer,  physician,  or  any  professional  man  (re- 


TAiNmfir/.);  entrance  money  for  examination, 
society,  &c;  terminal  school-money ;  gratuity ; 
(vb)  pay  f.  to,  engage  for  a  f.  [f.  OF  fe,  fief,  Jiu, 
med.L  feodum,  feudum,  etym.  dub.] 

fee'ble,  a.  &  n.  Weak,  infirm  ;  deficient  in 
character  or  intelligence  ;  wanting  in  energy, 
force,  or  effect;  dim,  indistinct;  hence  fee'ble- 
ness  n.,  fee*bliSH](2)  a.,  fee'bLY2  adv.  (N., 
Fenc)  =  foible,  [f.  OF feble,  foible,  (now faible) 
f.  hfiebilis  lamentable  (flere  weep)] 

feed1,  v.t.  &  i.  (fed).  Supply  with  food ;  put 
food  into  mouth  of  (cannot /.  himself);  graze 
(cattle);  gratify  (vanity  &c,  also  eyes  &c),  com- 
fort (person)  with  hope  &c;  take  food,  eat,  (at 
the  high  table ;  well,  high,  &c;  often/,  on,  con- 
sume) ;  serve  as  food  for ;  nourish,  make  grow, 
(/.  up,  fatten,  also  satiate) ;  keep  (reservoir, 
fire,  &c.)  supplied ;  supply  (machine)  with  ma- 
terial; use  (land)  as  pasture  (often  /.  down, 
close);  deal  out  (fodder)  to  animals;  supply 
(material)  (in)to  machine ;  (of  cattle)  eat,  eat 
down,  (pasture);  feeding-bottle,  for  hand-fed  in- 
fants.   [OE  fidan  cf.  OHGfnotan,  &  see  food] 

feed  2,  n.  Act  of  feeding,  giving  of  food,  (two 
biscuits  at  one  f. ;  out  atfi,  turned  out  to  graze ; 
off  one's/.,  with  no  appetite;  on  the  f.  of  fish, 
feeding  or  looking  out  for  food) ;  pasturage, 
green  crops ;  horse's  allowance  of  oats  &c ;  fod- 
der; (colloq.)  meal,  feast;  feeding  of  machine, 
material  supplied,  charge  of  gun ;  f.-tank, 
-trough,  holding  water  for  locomotive,  [f.  prec] 

feed  3.    See  fee. 

fee'dep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  large,  quick, 
gross,  &c.  /.,  one  who  eats  much  &c;  child's 
feeding-bottle;  tributary  stream  (also  fig.); 
(Rounders  &c)  player  who  tosses  ball  to  striker; 
hopper  or  feeding  apparatus  in  machine,  [-er  *] 

fee'dingr,  a.  In  vbl  senses;  also,/,  storm,  one 
that  constantly  increases.    [-1  ng  2] 

fee-faw-fum,  int.  &  n.  Ogreish  exclama- 
tion ;  (n.)  nonsense  fit  only  to  terrify  child,  lin 
Jack  the  Oiant-Killer] 

feel,  v.t.  &  i.  (felt),  &  n.  Explore  by  touch 
(/.  the  pulse  of,  lit.,  &  fig. = cautiously  ascertain 
sentiments  of ;  /.  one's  way,  grope  it  out,  pro- 
ceed carefully) ;  search  (about)  with  hand  after, 
for ;  try  to  ascertain  by  touch  whether,  if,  hoio ; 
(Mil.)  reconnoitre  (ground,  enemy);  perceive  by 
touch  {f.  a  hard  substance,  heat,  pain,  a  blow ; 
I  felt  him  move,  moving,  that  he  was  cold;  f. 
one's  legs,  realize  one's  power  of  walking,  also 
fig.,  be  at  ease) ;  have  sensation  of  touch ;  be 
conscious  of  (sensation,  emotion,  conviction) ; 
be  consciously  (/.  well,  warm,  angry;  f.  quite 
oneself,  be  fit,  self-possessed,  &c ;  /.  up  to  work 
8cc.;f.  like  doing,  have  inclination  to  do) ;  ex- 
perience, undergo,  (he  shall  f.  my  vengeance  ; 
felt  the  storm  severely),  be  affected  by,  behave 
as  if  conscious  of,  (ship feels  her  helm) ;  be  emo- 
tionally affected  by,  have  sympathy  with  or 
compassion  for,  (/.  the  censure  keenly) ;  have 
vague  or  emotional  conviction  (that) ;  (quasi- 
pass.)  be  realized  as,  seem,  produce  impression 
of  being,  (air  feels  chilly;  feels  like  velvet).  (N.) 
sense  of  touch  (firm  to  thef.) ;  testingby  touch  ; 
sensation  characterizing  something,  [com.- 
WG ;  OE  filan,  cf.  G  fuhlen,  f.  Aryan  pal- 
whence  Gk  palame,  L  palma,  palm  of  hand] 

fee'lep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  organ  in  cer- 
tain animals  for  testing  things  by  touch  or 
searching  for  food ;  (Mil.)  scout ;  tentative  pro- 
posal or  hint,  ballon  d'essai,    [-er  ]] 

fee'llncr  \  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  sense  of 
touch;  physical  sensation;  emotion  (often  of 
hope,  fear,  &c);  (pi.)  susceptibilities,  sympa- 
thies, (hurts  my  ff.,  offends  me) ;  readiness  to 
feel,  tenderness  for  others'  sufferings,  (goodf., 
I  avoidance  of  unkindness  &c);  consciousness 


FEELING 


299 


FEMININE 


of  [had  a  f.  of  safety),  conviction  not  based 
solely  on  reason  ;  sentiment  (the  general  f.  was 
against  it) ;  (Psychol. ;  differently  used  by  vari- 
ous writers)  state  of  consciousness,  sensation 
or  desire  or  emotion  (not  perception  or  thought), 
element  of  pleasure  orpain  in  any  mental  state, 
intuitive  belief ;  (Art)  general  emotional  effect 
produced.    [-ING1] 

feeling-2,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  sensitive ; 
sympathetic ;  showing  emotion  ;  heart-felt  (af. 
pleasure).    Hence  fee'lingi. y 2  adv.    [-ing2] 

feet.    See  foot. 

feign  (fan),  v.t.  &  i.  Invent  (excuse,  story,  ac- 
cusation), forge  (document),  represent  in  fiction, 
imagine,  (archaic) ;  simulate,  pretend,  (/.  that 
one  is  mad,  oneself  mad,  madness) ;  practise 
simulation,    [f.  OF  feindre  f.  L  fingere] 

feint !  (fa-),  n.,  &  v.i.  Sham  attack  (blow,  cut, 
thrust,  or  military  assault)  to  divert  attention 
or  deceive  opponent ;  pretence  (make  a  f.  of 
doing) ;  (vb)  make  f.  (at,  upon,  against),  [f.  F 
feinte  n.  (feindre  feign)] 

feint2,  a.  &  adv.  F.  lines,  ruled /.,  =  faint1. 
[old  spelling  often  kept  in  this  use] 

fe*l(d)spai>,  n.  Kinds  of  crystalline  white  or 
flesh-red  mineral.  So  fel(d)spa*thic  a.  [f.  G 
feldspaUh)  f.  feld  field,  spat(h)  spar;  spelling 
fels-,  commoner  but  incorrect,  due  to  false 
deriv.  f.  G  fels  rock] 

fe-lieide,n.  Cat-killing.  [f.L/eZescat-f-ciDE] 

feliei'fie,  a.  (eth.).  Tending  to  happiness,  [f. 
L  felicijicus  (felix  happy,  -FIC)] 

feli'citate,  v.t.  Make  happy  (rare);  con- 
gratulate (usu.  on),  whence  (usu.  pi.)  feliei- 
t.VTiON  n.    [f.  L  felicitare  (felix  happy),  -ate  3] 

feli'citous,  a.  Blissful  (rare) ;  (of  expression, 
quotation,  civilities,  or  person  in  these  con- 
nexions) strikingly  apt,  pleasantly  ingenious. 
Hence  feli'eitousLY  2  adv.    [foil.,  -ous] 

feli'eity,  n.  Being  happy,  intense  happiness ; 
a  blessing ;  fortunate  trait ;  happy  faculty  in  ex- 

{>ression,  appropriateness  ;  well  chosen  phrase, 
f.  OF  feliciU  f.  hfelicitatem  (felix  happy,  -TV)] 

fe'lid,  n.  One  of  the  Felidae  or  cat-tribe,  [f. 
L/etescat,  -id3] 

fe'line,  a.  &  n.  Of  cats;  catlike  (f.  ameni- 
ties, veiled  spite,  women's  innocent-seeming 
thrusts),  whence  felrniTV  n. ;  (n.)  =  prec.  [r. 
L  felinus  (prec,  -ine  *)] 

fell  *,  n.  Animal's  hide  or  skin  with  the  hair 
(also  transf.  of  human  skin) ;  thick  or  matted 
hair  or  wool,  fleece,  (/.  of  hair,  unkempt  hair 
of  head).  [com.-Teut,  cf.  G  fell,  cogn.  w.  Gk 
pell  a,  L  pellis ;  also  w.  film] 

fell2,  n.  Mountain  (in  names,  as  Sea  F.); 
stretch  of  N.-English  moorland,  [f.  ON  fiall 
perh.  cogn.  w.  G  fels  rock] 

fell3,  a.  (poet.).  Fierce,  ruthless,  terrible,  de- 
structive,   [f.  OF  fel  f.  pop.L/eMo  felon] 

fell  \  v.t.,  &  n.  Strike  (person,  animal)  down 
by  blow  or  cut ;  cut  down  (tree  ;  n.,  amount  of 
timber  cut) ;  stitch  down  (projection  of  seam), 
[causative  of  fall  1,  cf.  G  fallen] 

fells.    See  fall*. 

fell  ah,  n.  (pi.  fellaheen,  fellahs).  Egyptian 
peasant.    [Arab.] 

fe'lloe,  fe'llyv (usu.  spelt  -oe  &  pronounced  -I), 
n.  Outer  circle  (or  one  piece  of  it)  of  wheel,  at- 
tached by  spokes.    [OE  felg.  cf.  G  felge] 

fe'llow,  n.  One  associated  with  another, 
comrade,  (usu.  in  pi.,  as  separated  from  his  ff; 
good  /.,  boon  companion ;  hail3-/. -well-met ;  /.- 
feeling,  sympathy) ;  counterpart,  match,  other 
of  pair,  equal,  one  of  same  class,  contemporary, 
(stone  dead  hath  nof,  no  keeper  of  secrets  like 
a  dead  man  ;  shall  never  find  hisf. ;  passed  all 
his  ff.);  co-opted  graduate  incorporated  mem- 
ber of  college  (f.  commoner,  undergraduate 


privileged  to  dine  at  fellows'  table) ;  elected 
graduate  holding  stipend  for  certain  years  on 
condition  of  research  ;  member  of  governing 
body  in  some  Universities  ;  member  of  various 
learned  Societies ;  man,  boy,  (poor  f.  /,  my 
dear  or  good  f. ,  old  f. ;  af,  sometimes= one,  I, 
as  a  f.  can't  work  all  day  long;  the  f.,  con- 
temptuously) ;  (in  comb,  with  nn. ;  /.  or  /.-)  be- 
longing to  same  class  (f. -creature,  person  or 
animal  also  created  by  God),  associated  in  joint 
action  (/.  soldier),  in  same  relation  to  same  ob- 
ject (/.  citizen,  whence  fellow-ci'tizensnip 
n. ;  f. -country  man).  [OE  fiolaga  (fee,  lay) 
one  who  lays  down  money  in  partnership] 

fellowship,  n.  Participation,  sharing,  com- 
munityof  interest;  companionship,  intercourse, 
friendliness  (often  good  f.) ;  body  of  associates, 
company,  (right  hand  off,  sign  of  admission) ; 
guild,  corporation  ;  brotherhood,  fraternity  ; 
dignity  or  income  of  college  fellow,    [-ship] 

felly.    See  felloe. 

fe-lo  de  se*  (di>,  n.  (pi.  felones,  felos).  Self- 
murderer,  (no  pi.)  self-murder.  [Anglo-L,  = 
felon  about  himself] 

fe'lon1,  a.  (poet),  &  n.  Cruel,  wicked,  mur- 
derous; (n.)  one  who  has  committed  felony.  [OF, 
f.  LL  fellonem  nom.  -0  perh.  f.  L  fel  gall] 

fe'lon2,  n.  Small  abscess  esp.  under  or  near 
nail,  whitlow,    [perh.  as  prec. J 

felo'nious, a.  Criminal;  (Law) of, involving, 
felony ;  who  has  committed  felony.  Hence 
felo'niousLY  2  adv.    [felony  +  ous] 

fe*lonpy,n.  The  class  or  body  of  felons,  [ry] 

fe'lony,  n.  Crime  of  kind  legally  graver  than 
misdemeanour,    [f.  F  felonie  (felon,  -y1)] 

felspar.    See  feldspar. 

fe'lstone(-on),  n.  Compact  felspar  occurring 
in  amorphous  rock  masses,  [f.  G  felsstein  (fels 
rock,  stein  stone)] 

felt1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Kind  of  cloth  made  by 
rolling  &  pressing  wool  with  leesorsize;  (attrib.) 
made  of  this  (esp.  /.  hat) ;  hence  fe*lt  y  2  a.  (Vb) 
make  into  f.,  mat  together ;  become  matted ; 
cover  with  f.    [cf.  Du.  vilt,  G  filz] 

felt2.    See  feel. 

fe-lterie,  n.    A  horse-disease.    [?] 

felu'eea,  n.  Small  Mediterranean  coasting 
vessel  with  oars  or  lateen  sails  or  both.  [It, 
perh.  f.  Arab.] 

female,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  offspring-bearing  sex 
(/.  child,  slave,  dog) ;  (of  plants  or  their  parts) 
fruit-bearing,  having  pistil  &  no  stamens,  (also 
used  of  some  plants  by  mere  metaphor  sug- 
gested by  their  colour  &c,  as  /.  fern,  bamboo, 
myrtle) ;  of  women  (/.  sex,  education,  suffrage, 
weakness) ;  of  inferior  vigour  &c.  (f.  sapphire, 
pale  variety) ;  (in  instruments  &c.)  fitted  to  re- 
ceive corresponding  male  part  (/.  screw,  as  in 
nu  ts).  ( X. )  f .  person  (the  laic  is  h  arsh  to  all  ff. ) 
or  animal ;  (vulg.)  woman,  girl,  (a  young  f. 
has  called).  [ME  &  OF  femelle  n.  f.  Lfemella 
dim.  otfemina  woman,  w.  assim.  to  male] 

feme  eo'vert  (fern  ku),  feme  sole,  nn. 
(legal).  (Covert)  married  woman ;  (sole)  spinster, 
widow,  or  married  woman  entirely  independent 
of  her  husband  as  regards  property.   [AF  (soul)] 

femina'lity,  n.  Female  nature  ;  female  pe- 
culiarity ;  woman's  knick-knack  &c.  [obs.fem- 
inal  f.  OF  (L  ftmina  woman,  -al)  +  -ity] 

femine'ity,  n.  Womanliness  ;  womanish- 
ness.    [f.  L  femineus  (femina  woman)  +  -ity] 

fe'minine,  a.  Of  female  sex  (rare) ;  of  women ; 
womanly ;  (Gram. )  having  the  gender  proper  to 
women's  names  ;  (Pros.)/,  rhyme,  of  two  sylla- 
bles, the  second  being  unstressed  (orig.  in  F 
verse,  of  words  ending  in  mute  -e),f.  ending,  of 
line  with  last  accent  on  penult,/,  caesura,  not 
immediately  following  stress.    Hence  fe*mi- 


FEMINITY 


300 


FERRIC 


nineLY2  adv.,  fe'minineNESS,  femini'ni- 

ty,  nn.  [f.  OF  feminin  I.  lifemininus  (femina 
woman,  -ine1)] 

femi'nity,  n.  =  femininity  (prec).  [f.  OF 
feminite  (L  femina  woman,  -ity)] 

feminize,  v. t.  &i.  Make  or  become  feminine. 
Hence  feminizATiON  n.    [f.  L  as  prec.  +  -ize] 

femme  c/e  chambre  (F),  n.  Lady's  maid  ; 
chambermaid. 

fe'mup,  n.  (pi.  -s,  femora).  Thigh-bone;  cor- 
responding part  of  insect.  Sofe'moPALa.  [L] 

fen  J,  n.  Low  marshy  or  flooded  tract  of  land 
(the  ff.,  low-lying  districts  in  Cambs.  &c. ;  /.- 
berry,  cranberry;  f.-fire,  will-o'-the-wisp;  /.- 
man,  inhabitant  of  ff. ;  f.-pole,  for  use  in  jump- 
ing ditches ;  f. -reeve,  officer  in  charge  of  f. 
lands  ;  /. -runners,  kind  of  skates.  Hence  fe*n- 
nY2  a.    [cf.  Du.  ven,  Gfenne] 

fen  2,  fens.    See  fain  2. 

fence1,  n.  Art  of  fencing,  use  of  the  sword, 
(master  of  /.,  skilled  swordsman,  often  fig.  = 
good  debater) ;  (archaic)  bulwark  ;  hedge,  wall, 
railing,  &c,  keeping  out  intruders  from  field 
&c.  (sunk  /.,  placed  along  bottom  of  ditch ;  sit 
on  the  /.,  remain  neutral  in  contest,  not  take 
sides;  come  &c.  down  on  right  side  of  f,  join 
winner ;  put  horse  at  /.) ;  guard,  guide,  gauge, 
in  various  machines ;  receiver,  receiving-house, 
of  stolen  goods ;  f. -month,  -season,  -time,  close 
time  for  game  or  fish,    [for  defence] 

fence2,  v.i.  &  t.  Practise  sword-play,  use  the 
sword  scientifically,  (/.  with  question  or  ques- 
tioner, parry,  evade  answering) ;  screen,  shield, 
protect,  (from,  against) ;  repel,  keep  off  or  out ; 
surround  (as)  with  f.,  enclose,  fortify,  (fenced 
cities  in  O.T. ;  often  about,  in,  round,  xtp) ;  (of 
horse)  leap  ff. ;  deal  in  stolen  goods.  Hence 
fe'neER1!!.    If.  prec] 

fenceless,  a.  Unenclosed ;  (poet.)  unforti- 
fied, defenceless,    [fence  *  +  -less] 

fe'ncible,  n.  (hist.).  Soldier  liable  only  for 
defensive  service  at  home,    [for  defensible] 

fencing-,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also :  railing  ; 
fences ;  material  for  fences ;  f. -cully,  -ken, 
storer,  store,  of  stolen  goods,    [-ino  ]] 

fend,  v.t.  &  i.  Ward  off,  keep  away,  repel 
from  ;  provide  for  (usu.  oneself),  [for  defend] 

fe'nder,  n.  Thing  used  to  keep  something 
off,  prevent  collision,  &c,  guard,  esp.  metal 
frame  for  fire  to  keep  coals  from  rolling  into 
room  ;  f. -stool,  long  footstool  before  f.  Hence 
fe*ndePLESs  a.    [-er *] 

fenestella,  n.  (archit.).  Niche  in  wall  S.  of 
altar  holding  piscina  &  often  credence.  [L,  dim. 
of  fenestra  window] 

fenestrate,  a.  (hot.,  zool.).  With  small 
window-like  perforations,  [t  L  fenestrare 
(prec),  -ate2] 

fenestration,  n.  (Arch.)  arrangement  of 
windows  in  a  building ;  (Bot.  &  Zool.)  being 
fenestrate,    [prec,  -ation] 

Fenian,  n.  &  a.  One  of  a  league  among  the 
Irish  in  U.S.  for  promoting  revolution  &  over- 
throwing English  government  in  Ireland ; 
hence  Fe*nianiSM(3)  n.  (Adj.)ofFf.  or  Fenian- 
ism,  [f.  Olr.  fine  name  of  ancient  Irish  people 
confused  w.  fiann  guard  of  legendary  kings] 

fenks,  n.  pi.  Fibrous  parts  of  whale's  blubber, 
refuse  of  blubber  when  melted.    [?] 

fe'nnel,  n.  Yellow-flowered  fragrant  um- 
belliferous herb  used  in  sauces.  [OE  finugl  f. 
Ijfaeniculum  (faenum  hay,  -cule)] 

fenugreek,  n.  Leguminous  plant  with 
seeds  used  in  farriery,  [f.  L  faenugraecum 
(faenum  hay,  Graecus  Greek)] 

feoff.    See  fief. 

feoffee*  (fef-),  n.  Person  to  whom  freehold 
estate  in  land  is  conveyed  by  a  feoffment ;  /,  in 


or  of  trust,  trustee  invested  with  such  estate, 
[f.  AF  feoffe  p.p.  f.  OF  fieffer  (fee),  see  -ee] 

feo'ffment  (fef-),  n.  Particular  mode  of  con- 
veying freehold  estate,    [as  prec,  -ment] 

feo'ffop,  -er,  (fef-),  n.  One  who  makes  feoff- 
ment to  another,    [as  feoffee, -ok2] 

fer'ae  natur'ae,  a.  (pred.  or  placed  after 
noun).  Not  domesticated,  living  in  a  wild 
state,  (hares  are,  the  hare  is,  f.  n. ;  animals  f. 
n.)^_  [L,  =  of  a  wild  nature] 

fer'al,  a.  Wild,  untamed,  uncultivated ; 
brutal,    [f.  L/era  wild  beast  +  -al] 

fe'petopy,  n.  Shrine  for  saint's  relics,  tomb  ; 
bier ;  chapel  in  which  shrines  were  deposited. 
[ME  fertre  I.  Jjferetrum  f.  Gk  pheretron  (phero 
bear),  w.  assim.  to  -ory] 

fep'ial,  a.  (eccl.).  (Of  day)  ordinary,  not  ap- 
pointed for  festival  or  fast  (/.  service  &c,  for 
use  on  f.  day),  [f.  F  f trial  f.  hfe?'ialis  (feria 
holiday  +  -al)] 

fep'ine,  a.  =  feral,  [f.  L  ferinus  (fera  wild 
beast,  -ine  !)] 

Feri'nghee  (-Inggi),  n.  (Indian  term  for) 
European,  esp.  Indian-born  Portuguese,  [cor- 
rupt, of  frank  J] 

fep'ment1,  n.  Leaven,  fermenting-agent ; 
fermenting,  fermentation ;  agitation,  excite- 
ment, tumult.  [F,  f.  hfermentum  (fervere  boil, 

-MENT)] 

ferme'nt2,  v.i.  &  t.  Suffer,  subject  to,  fer- 
mentation ;  (make)  effervesce  ;  excite,  stir  up, 
foment.  Hence  ferme'nt  aisle  a.  [f.  F/er- 
menter  f.  hfermentare  (prec)] 

fermenta'tion,  n.  Process  like  that  in- 
duced by  leaven  in  dough,  with  effervescence, 
heat,  &  change  of  properties  ;  agitation,  excite- 
ment. Hence  ferme'ntATiVE  a.  [f.  lifermen- 
tatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

fepn,  n.  One  of  a  large  group  of  vascular 
cryptogamous  plants  with  feathery  fronds  (also 
collect.,  go  through  heath  &f.) ;  f.-owl,  Night- 
jar. Hence  fep'nLESS,  fer'nY2,  aa.,  fer*n- 
ery(3)  n.  [OE  fearn  cf.  G  farn  cogn.  w.  Skr. 
parna  wing,  feather,  leaf] 

fero'cious,  a.  Fierce,  savage,  cruel.  Hence 
fepo'ciousLY2  adv.    [f.  l,ferox  -ocis  +  -ous] 

ferd'eity,  n.  Ferocious  character  or  act.  [f. 
Ff6rocitt  f.  Ijferocitatem  (prec,  -ty)] 

-ferous,  suf.  (in  actual  use  -iferous,  see  -I-) 
forming  adjj.,  f.  L  -fer  -producing  (ferre  bear) 
+-ous ;  in  adjj.  taken  direct  or  thr.  F  -fere  f.  L, 
as  auriferotis,  &  now  a  living  suf.,  esp.  in  Nat. 
Hist.,  =  -bearing,  -having. 

fe'pox,  n.  Great  lake  trout.  [L  name  Salmo 
ferox  fierce  salmon] 

fe'ppate,  n,  A  salt  of  ferric  acid.  [f.  L/cr- 
rum  iron  +  -ate1^] 

fe'ppeous,  a.  Of,  containing,  iron.  [f.  hfer- 
reus  (prec.)  +  -ous] 

fe'ppet1,  n.  Half-tamed  variety  of  pole-cat 
kept  for  driving  rabbits  from  burrows,  killing 
rats,&c  ;  searcher,  detective.  Hence fe*ppetY^ 
a.  [f.  OF  furet  dim.  of  furon  f.  LL  furonem 
nom.  -o  robber  (hfur)) 

fe'PPet 2,  v.i.  &  t.  Hunt  with  ff.  (go ferreting) ; 
clear  out  (holes,  ground),  take  or  drive  away 
(rabbits  &c),  with  ff.  (about,  away,  out,  &c) ; 
rummage,  search  about,  (for) ;  search  out 
(secrets,  criminals,  &c).    [f.  prec] 

fe'ppet3,  n.  Stout  cotton  or  silk  tape.  [f.  It. 
fioretti  floss-silk  pi.  otfioretto  dim.  of  flore  f.  L 
flos  -oris  flower] 

feppi-,  comb,  form  used  to  indicate  presence 
of  iron  in  the  ferric  state  (cf.  ferro-).  If.  L 
ferritin  iron] 

fe'ppiag-e  (ej),  n.  Conveyance  by,  charge 
for  using,  ferry.    [ageI 

fe'rric,  a.    Of  iron  ;  (Chem.)  containing  iron 


FERRIFEROUS 


301 


FEVER 


in  its  highest  comhining-power  (cf.  FERROUS), 
[as  ferri-  +  -ic] 
ferri'fenous,  n.    Iron-yielding,    [as  prec.  + 

-FEROUS] 

feppo-,  comb,  form  of  L  ferrum  iron,  as 
ferro-calcite ;  (Chem.)  containing  iron  in  the 
ferrous  state  (cf.  ferri-). 

feppo-mag-ne'tie,  a.  Magnetic  as  opp.  to 
diamagnetic.    [prec] 

fe'ppotype,  n.  Positive  photograph  taken 
on  thin  iron  plate  ;  this  process,  [ferro,  type] 

fe'ppous,  a.  (chem.).  Containing  iron  as  a 
divalent  (cf.  ferric),    [as  ferro-  +  -ousj 

feppu'g-inous  (-00-),  a.  Of,  containing,  iron- 
rust  or  iron  as  a  chemical  constituent ;  rust- 
coloured,  reddish-brown,  [f.  L  ferrugo  -ginis 
rust  (ferrum  iron)  +  -ous] 

fe'ppule,  -pel,  n.  Metal  ring  or  cap 
strengthening  end  of  stick  or  tube ;  band 
strengthening  or  forming  joint.  Hence  fe*p- 
puIed 2  a.  [earlier  verrel  f.  OF  virelle  f.  med.L 
virola  f.  L  viriola  dim.  of  viriae  bracelets, 
altered  as  though  dim.  of  L  ferrum  iron] 

fe'ppy,  v. t.  &  i. ,  &  n.  Convey  or  pass  in  boat, 
work  (boat),  (of  boat)  pass  to  &  fro,  over  river, 
canal,  or  strait.  (N.)  Place,  provision,  for  ferry- 
ing ;  (Law)  right  of  ferrying  &  levying  toll  for 
it ;  f.-boat ;  ferryman ;  f. -bridge,  large  f.-boat 
transporting  railway  train  entire,  [n.  f.  vb,  OE 
ferian  cogn.  w.  fare] 

fep#tile  <-il,  -II),  a.  Bearing  abundantly,  fruit- 
ful, (lit.  &  fig. ;  /.  of  in).  So  fepti'liTY  n.  [f. 
OF  fertil  f.  Lfertilis  (ferre  bear)] 

fep'tilize,  v.t.  Make  fertile  or  productive 
(esp.  soil);  (Bot.  &c.)  fecundate  (individual, 
organ).  Hence  fep'tilizABLE  a.,  fertiliz ac- 
tion, fep'tilizERMl,  2),  nn.    [-ize] 

fe'pula,  fe'pule,  nn.  (Bot.)  giant  fennel 
(-ula) ;  flat  ruler  with  widened  pierced  end  for 
punishing  boys,  whence  fe'pule  v.t.    [L  (-a)] 

fep*vent,  a.  Hot,  glowing ;  ardent,  intense, 
(/.  soul,  lover,  hatred),  so  fep*VENC v  n.  Hence 
Jrep'ventLY  2 adv.    [F,  f.  L  fervere  boil,  -ent] 

fep'vid,  a.  =  prec.  (poet,  in  first  sense). 
Hence  fep'vidL y  2  adv.    If.  L  fervidus  (prec. )] 

fep'voup,  n.  Glowing  condition,  intense 
heat;  vehemence,  passion,  zeal.  [f.  OF  fervor 
f.  L  fervorem  nom.  -or  (fervent,  -or1)] 

Fe'scennine,  a.    F.  verses,  scurrilous  1am- 

Soons.  [f.  L  Fescenninus  (Fescennia  town  in 
Itruria,  -ine1)] 

fescue,  n.  Small  stick,  teacher's  pointer; 
kinds  of  grass,    [f.  OF  festu  f.  hfestuca] 

fesse  (fes),  n.  (herald.).  Two  horizontal  lines 
as  bar  across  middle  of  field.  [OF,  f.  fascia] 

fe'stal,  a.  Of  a  feast ;  keeping  holiday ;  gay. 
Hence  fe'stalLY  2  adv.    [OF  (feast,  -al)] 

fe'step,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  wound  or  sore) 
generate  matter,  ulcerate  ;  (of  poison,  disease, 
grief)  cause  suppuration,  rankle  ;  putrefy,  rot ; 
cause  festering  in  ;  (n.)  festering  condition,  [f. 
obs.  n.  fester  f.  OF  festre  f.  L  fistula] 

fe'stival,  a.  (not  pred.),  &  n.  Festal  day, 
celebration,  merry-making;  periodic  musical 
performance(s) ;  (adj.)  of  a  feast(-day).  [adj. 
use  earlier;  OF,  f.  med.L  festivalis  (foil.,  -al)] 

fe'stive,  a.  Of  a  feast ;  joyous ;  fond  of 
feasting,  jovial.    Hence  fe'stiveLY  2  adv.    [f. 


L ifestivus  (festum  feast,  -ive)] 
festi-1 

tion,  (p. 
viti  f.  \jfesiivitatem~(x>vec.,  -ty)] 


esti'vity,  n.  Gaiety,  rejoicing ;  festive  cele- 
bration, (pi.)  festive  proceedings,    [f.  OF  festi- 


festoo'n,  n.,&  v.t.  Chain  of  flowers  or  leaves, 
or  ribbons  &c,  hung  in  curve  between  two 
points ;  (vb)  adorn  (as)  with,  form  into,  ff. 
Hence  festoo'nERY(o)  n.  [f.  Ffeston  f.  It.  fes- 
tone  perh.  f.festa  feast  +  -00  n] 

fetch  \  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.    Go  for  &  bring  back 


(person  or  thing ;  far  ^-fetched ;/.  &  carry,  run 
backwards  &  forwards  with  things,  be  a  ser- 
vant) ;  cause  to  come,  draw  forth,  (blood,  tears ; 
f.up,  vomit) ;  bring  in,  realize,  sell  for,  (a  price); 
move  the  feelings  of  ,delight(  whence  fetehiNG2 
a.)  or  irritate  ;  heave  (sigh),  draw  (breath) ;  deal 
(blow ;  usu.  with  ind.  obj.,  /.  him  a  box  on  the 
ears) ;  f.  a  compass  x  ;  /.  tip,  come  to  a  stand. 
(N.)  far-reaching  effort  (archaic) ;  dodge,  trick. 
[OE  fecc(e)an  perh.  var.  of  fetian  etym.  dub. 
whence  obs.  fet  in  same  sense] 

fetch  2,  n.    Person's  wraith  or  double.    [?] 

fete  (fat),  n.,  &  v.t.  Festival,  great  entertain- 
ment, (f-day,  appointed  for  f.);  day  of  saint 
after  whom  child  is  named,  observed  in  R.-C. 
countries  like  birthday  ;  (vb)  entertain,  make 
much  of,  (person).    If.  F  fete(r)  feast] 

fete-champStre  (F),  n.    Outdoor  fete. 

fe'tial  (shl),  a.  &n.  (Rom.  ant.).  F.  law,  of 
declarations  of  war  &  treaties  of  peace ;  (n.) 
one  of  Roman  college  of  priests  who  served  as 
heralds,    [f.  \jfetialis  etym.  dub.] 

f  e-tid,  foe-,  a.  Stinking.  Hence  fe'tidLY  2 
ady.,  fe'tldNESS  n.    [f.  Itfetidus  (fetere  stink)] 

fe'tish,  -ch(e),  (-sh),  n.  Inanimate  object 
worshipped  by  savages  for  its  magical  powers 
or  as  being  inhabited  by  a  spirit ;  principle  &c. 
irrationally  reverenced.  Hence  or  cogn.  fet- 
ishEER",  fe'tishERi,  fe*tlshiSM(3),  fe'tish- 
ist(2),  nn.,  fetishi'stic  a.  [f.  F fetiche  f.  Port, 
feitico  charm  =  factitious] 

fe'tloek,  n.  Part  of  horse's  leg  where  tuf  t  of 
hair  grows  behind  pastern-joint  (f.-deep,  so  as 
to  cover  ff.).  [MFfytlok  cf.  Gfiszloch  etym.  dub.  ] 

fe'top,  n.    Stench.    [L,  see  fetid,  -or  *] 

fe'ttep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Shackle  for  the  feet ;  bond, 
(pi.)  captivity ;  check,  restraint ;  fetterlock, 
(heraldic  representation  of)  D-shaped  fetter  for 
tethering  horse  by  leg  ;  (vb)  bind  (as)  with  ff., 
impede,  restrain.  Hence  fe'ttePLESS  a.  [OE 
feter  cf.  Gfesser  f.  OTeut./e£-  cogn.  w.fot  foot  ; 
also  w.  hpedica,  Gkpede,  fetter] 

fe'ttle,  n.  Condition,  trim,  (in  goodf.  &c). 
[f.  dial,  vb  fettle  put  right  cf.  OE  fetel  bond] 

fetus.    See  foetus. 

fe'twa,  n.  Decision  given  by  Moslem  judicial 
authority.    [Arab.] 

feu,  n.  (Sc).  Perpetual  lease  at  fixed  rent; 
piece  of  land  so  held.    [var.  of  fee] 

feud1,  n.  Lasting  mutual  hostility  (be  at  f. 
with),  esp.  (often  deadly  f)  between  two  tribes, 
families,  &c,  with  murderous  assaults  in  re- 
venge for  previous  injury.  [ME  &  OF  fede  f. 
OHG fehida^ OF fxhthu enmity ;  cogn.  w.  foe] 

feud  2,  n.  Fief,  feudal  benefice  ;  territory  held 
in  fee.    [f.  med.L  as  fee] 

feu'dal,  a.  Of  a  feud  or  fief ;  /.  system,  me- 
dieval European  polity  based  on  relation  of 
vassal  &  superior  arising  from  holding  of  lands 
in  feud ;  of,  resembling,  according  to,  this  sys- 
tem. Hence  feu'dalLY  2  adv.,  feu*daliSM(3), 
feu*daliST(2),  nn.,  feudali'stic  a.,  feu-dal- 
ize(3)  v.t.,  feudalizATiON  n.  [f.  med.L  feu- 
dalis  (prec,  -al)] 

feudality,  n.  Feudal  system  or  prin- 
ciples; feudal  holding,  fief.  [f.  F  feudality 
(prec,-TY)] 

feu'datopy,  a.  &  n.  Feudally  subject  to,  un- 
der overlordship  ;  (n.)  feudal  vassal,  [f.  med.L 
feudare  enfeoff  (feud2),  -ory] 

feu  de  joie  (F),  n.  Gun-firing  on  occasion  of 
public  rejoicing. 

feuilleton  (F),  n.  Ruled-off  portion  at  foot  of 
(esp.  French)  newspapers,  devoted  to  fiction, 
criticism,  light  literature,  &c.    [F, = leaflet] 

fe'vep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Morbid  condition  with  high 
temperature  &  excessive  change  &  destruction 
of  tissues  ;  any  of  a  group  of  diseases  so  charac- 


FEVERFEW 


302 


FIDIBUS 


terized,  each  with  distinctive  name,  as  scarlet, 
typhoid,  /.;  nervous  excitement,  agitation  ;  /.- 
heat,  high  temperature  of  body  in  fc;  f.-trap, 

f>lace  that  collects  f. -germs ;  (vb)  throw  into  f. 
OF  f if  or  t  hfebris] 

fe'vepfew,  n.  A  herb  formerly  used  in  medi- 
cine. [OE  fef  erf  uge  L  hfebrifugia  (prec,  fu- 
gare  drive  away)] 

fe'vepish,  a.  Having  symptoms  of  fever; 
excited,  fitful,  restless ;  (of  places)  infested  by 
fever.  Hence  fe'verishLY  2adv.,  fe'verish- 
NES8  n.     [-ISH  *] 

fe*verous,a.  Excited, restless;  infested  with 
or  apt  to  cause  fever,  [-ous] 
few,  a.  &  n.  Not  many  (/.  is  opp.  to  many,  a 
f.  to  none,  only  af.=f;  a  man  off.  words ;  he 
"spoke  af.  words ;  /.  have  such  a  chance  ;f.,af, 
of  his  friends  were  there ;  a  f  know  the  truth  ; 
a  faithful  f.  remained  ;  visitors  are  f.);  somef, 
no  great  number ;  thef,  the  minority,  the  elect, 
&c;  not  af,  many;  (colloq.)  a  goodf,  a  fair 
number  (of) ;  every  f  days  &c,  once  in  every 
group  of  a  f.  days ;  (slang)  a  /.,  very  much,  be- 
yond a  doubt.  Hence  few'NESS  n,  [com.-Teut.; 
OE  feawe  cf.  OHG  fao  ;  cogn.  w.  L  paucus  & 
paullus,  Gk  pauros.  In  the  use  with  a  (cf. 
hundred  &c.)/.  forms  with  the  n.  a  collective, 
which  however  is  followed  by  pi.  vb] 
fey  (fa),  a.  (Sc).  Fated  to  die,  at  point  of  death ; 
disordered  in  mind  (often  with  over-confidence 
&c.)  like  person  about  to  die.  [com.-Teut.;  OE 
faege  cf.  Gfeige  cowardly] 
fez,  n.  Turkish  cap,  a  tasselled  dull-red  trun- 
cated cone.    [f.  Turk,  fes  perh.  f.  Fez,  town] 

fiance,  -6b  (F),  n.  One's  betrothed,  (-£)  male, 
or  (-ie)  female. 

fia'seo,  n.  Failure  or  break-down  (orig.  in 
dramatic  &c.  performance),  ignominious  result. 
[It.,=  bottle  (significance  doubtful)] 

f  rat  (at,  -at),  n.,  &  v.t.  Authorization  ;  de- 
cree, order,  (n.  &  rarely  vb).    [L,  =  be  it  done] 

flba,n.,&v.i.  (Tell)  trivial  or  venial  lie.  Hence 
fl'bbER l,  frbSTER,  nn.  [perh.  f.  obs.  fible-fable 
nonsense,  redupl.  of  fable] 

fib2,  n.,  &  v.t.  A  blow  (vb,  strike,  hit  about) 
in  pugilism  &c.    [VI 

fi'bpe  (-her),  n.  Thread-like  filament  forming 
with  others  animal  &  vegetable  tissue  or  textile 
substance;  substance  consisting  of  ff.;  fibrous 
structure  ;  structure,  grain,  character,  (man  of 
coarse  f.) ;  substance  that  can  be  spun,  woven, 
or  felted ;  small  root  or  twig.  Hence(-)fl*brED2, 
fl-bpeLESS,  fl'bPiFORM,  fl'bpous,  aa.,  fi'b- 
pously  2  adv.,  fi'bPousNESS  n.,  fibpo-  comb, 
form,    f  F,  f.  L  fibra  etym.  dub.] 

fl'bPil,  n.  Small  fibre ;  subdivision  of  fibre ; 
ultimate  subdivision  of  root.  Hence  flbpi'l- 
1ar(y),  flbPi'llATE 2,  -ated,  flbpi'lliFORM, 
fl'bPillosE1,  aa.,  flbpillATiON  n.  [also  fibrilla 
mod.L  dim.  of  prec] 

fi'bpin,  n.  Coagulable  lymph  found  in  animal 
&  vegetable  matter.  Hence  fi'bpino-  comb, 
form,  fl'bpinous  a.    [fibre  +  -in] 

fl'bpoid,  a.  &  n.  Of  fibrous  structure  or  ap- 
pearance; (n.)  f.  uterine  tumour,    [-oid] 

fl'bpoin,  n.  Chemical  substance  of  which  silk 
&  cobweb  mainly  consist,    [fibro-  +  -in] 

flbpo'ma,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Fibrous  tumour,  [mod. 

L  (FIBRE,  &  Cf.  SARCOMA)] 

fi'bula,  n.  (pi.  -ae,  -as).  Splint  bone  on  outer 
side  of  leg.  Hence  fl'bul ah  *  a.  [L,  =  brooch 
(figere  fix)] 

-fie,  suf.  (in  actual  use  -iflc,  see  -i-)  repr.  L  -fl- 
cus  f.  weakened  root  of facere  make,  do,  form- 
ing adjj.  f.  nn.  as  pacificus  peace-making,  f. 
adjj.  asmagnificus,  f.  vv.  as  horrificus,  8ct.  the 
advv.  male,  bene.  E  adopted  many  L  adjj.  of 
this  type  thr.  F ;  &  later  formations,  arising  in 


various  langg.,  are  usu.  of  international  cur- 
rency, as  acidific,  morbific. 
-fication,  suf.  (in  actual  use  -ification,  see  -i-) 
repr.  L  -fication-  (nom.  -tio),  which  formed  nn. 
of  action  f.  vv.  in  -ficare  -FY.    E  adopted  many 
pairs  of  words,  n.  &  vb,  f.  L  thr.  F  or  of  F  for- 
mation, aspurify,  purification ;  hence  -fication 
has  become  the  recognized  means  of  forming  nn. 
corresp.  to  vv.  in  -fy  exc.  when  these  repr.  L  v v. 
in  -facere  (see  -faction);  as  a  rule  the  formation 
is  based  only  on  possible  L  types ;  exceptions 
are  bzautif.,  Frenchif,  transmogrif. 
f  ice'lle,  a.    String-coloured.    [F,=  string] 
f  i'chu  (-shoo),  n.    Woman's  small  triangular 
shawl  of  lace  &c.  for  shoulders  &  neck.    [F] 
fi'ckle,  a.    Inconstant,  changeable.     Hence 
fi'ekleNESS  n.    [OE  ficol  cf.  befician  deceive] 
fi'etile,  a.     Made  of  earth  or  clay  by  potter ; 
of  pottery,  [f.  lafictilis  (fingerefict-  fashion,  -il)1 
fTction,  n.  Feigning.invention  ;  thing  feigned 
or  imagined,  invented  statement  or  narrative ; 
literature  consisting  of  such  narrative,  esp. 
novels,  whence  fl*etioniST(3)  n.;  convention- 
ally accepted  falsehood  (esp.  legal  /.).    Hence 
fl'etionAL  a.     [F,  f.  Lfictionem  (prec,  -ion)] 
fieti'tious  (-shws),  a.   Counterfeit,  not  genu- 
ine ;  (of  name  or  character)  assumed  ;  imagin- 
ary, unreal ;  of,  in,  novels  ;  regarded  as  what  it 
is  called  by  legal  or  conventional  fiction.  Hence 
fieti'tiousLY2  adv.,  fletrtiousNESS  n.    [f.  L 
ficticius  (prec.)  +  -ous] 
fl'etive,  a.  Creating,  created,  by  imagination. 
[F  (-if,  -ive),  see  fiction,  -ive] 
fid,  n.    (Naut.)  conical  wooden  pin  used  in 
splicing ;  square  wooden  or  iron  bar  for  sup- 
porting topmast.    Small  thick  piece  or  wedge 
of  anything.    [?] 

fi'ddle,  n.,  int.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Fam.  or  contempt, 
for)  violin  (fit  as  a  /.,  in  good  condition  & 
spirits ;  hang  up  one's  /.  when  one  comes  home, 
be  witty  abroad  &  dull  at  home ;  play  first, 
second,  f,  take  leading,  subordinate,  position; 
face  as  long  as  a  /.,  dismal) ;  (Naut.)  contriv- 
ance for  stopping  things  from  rolling  off  table ; 
/.-bow1  ;  f.-case,  for  holding  f. ;  fiddlededee, 
int.  &  m,  nonsense ;  f.-f 'addle,  (n.)  trivial  mat- 
ters, idler,  (adj.)  petty,  fussy,  (int.)  nonsense, 
(v.i.)  fuss,  trifle;  f.-head,  carving  at  ship's 
bows ;  /.  pattern,  of  spoons  &  forks  with  f.- 
shaped  heads;  fiddlestick,  (n.)  =  f.-bow,  (also 
fiddlestick  end)  mere  nothing,  nonsense  (also 
as  int.).  (Int.)  =  fiddlestick.  (Vb)  play  the  f., 
play  (tune  &c.)  on  f.;  be  idle  or  frivolous,  make 
aimless  movements,  (about,  at,  with,  &c.) ;  frit- 
ter away.  [ME  fithele,  cf.  MDu.  vedel,  G  fiedel, 
etym.  dub. ;  there  is  med.L  vitula,  whence  viol] 
fi'ddlep,  n.  Player  on  fiddle,  esp.  for  hire ; 
kind  of  small  crab.  [OE  fithelere  (prec,  -er  2)] 
fiddley  (fPdl-I),  n.  (naut.).  Iron  framework 
round  opening  of  stokehold.  [?] 
fi'ddliner, a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp., petty,  futile, 
contemptible,  inconsiderable,  [-ing2] 
flde'lity,  n.  Faithfulness,  loyalty,  (to);  strict 
conformity  to  truth  or  fact,  exact  correspon- 
dence to  the  original,  [f.  F  fideliti  f.  L  fidelita- 
tem  (fidelis  faithful  f.  fides  faith,  -ty)] 
fi'dget1  (-j-),  n.  1.  Bodily  uneasiness  seeking 
relief  in  spasmodic  movements  (often  the  ff.) ; 
restless  mood.  2.  One  who  fidgets  or  causes 
others  to  ;  act  of  bustling  &c,  rustle  of  dress 
&c  Hence  frdgetY2  a.,  fi'dg-etiNESs  n. 
[sense  1  f.  obs.  fidge  to  twitch,  cf.  G  ficken ; 
sense  2f.  foil.] 

fi'dgret2,  v.i.  &  t.     Move  restlessly  (often 
about);  be  uneasy,  worry;  make  uncomfort- 
able, worry,  (person),    [f.  prec] 
f  i'dibus,  n.  Paper  spill  for  lighting  candles, 
pipes,  &c.    [?J 


FIDUCIAL 


303 


FIGHT 


fidireial,  a,  (surv.,  astron.,  &c.).  F.  line, 
point,  &c,  one  assumed  as  fixed  basis  of  com- 
parison,   [f.  L  fiducialis  (fiducia  trust,  -al)] 

fidireiary  (-sha-),  a.  &  n.  Of  trust  or  trust ee- 
(ship) ;  held  or  given  in  trust ;  (of  paper  cur- 
rency) depending  for  its  value  on  public  confi- 
dence or  securities ;  (n.)  trustee,  [f.  L  fiducia- 
rius  (prec.,  -ary^I 

fi-dus  Acha'tes  (-k-),  n.  Devoted  follower, 
henchman.  [L,  =  faithful  A.,  follower  of 
Aeneas  in  Aeneid] 

fie  (fi),  int.  expr.  sense  of  outraged  propriety, 
usu.  iron,  or  to  children  (often  /.  upon  you !) 
[f.  OF  f.Jjfi  excl.  of  disgust  at  stench] 

fief  (f ef ),  feoff  (fef ),  n.    =  feud  2. 

fle'-fle,  a.    Improper,  scandalous,    [fie] 

field,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Piece  of) ground,  esp.  one 
used  for  pasture  or  tillage,  &  usu.  bounded  by 
hedges  &c. ;  tract  abounding  in  some  natural 
product  {diamond,  coal,  &c,  -/.) ;  ground  on 
which  battle  is  fought  (often  battle-/. ;  also  fig., 
left  his  rival  in  possession  of  thef. ;  fair2/. 
&  no  favour ;  hold  the  /.,  not  be  superseded) ; 
scene  of  campaign  [in  the  /. ,  campaigning ;  take, 
keep,  the  /.,  begin,  continue,  campaign) ;  battle 
[hard-fought,  stricken,  f.) ;  ground  for  playing 
cricket,  football,  &c. ;  players,  partakers,  in 
outdoor  contest  or  sport ;  all  competitors  or  all 
except  the  favourite  [a  good  /.,  many  &  good 
competitors) ;  (Cricket)  side  not  batting,  one  of 
this  side  (see  also  long1  /.) ;  large  stretch,  ex- 
panse, of  sea,  sky,  ice,  snow,  &c,  also  fig.  (the 
whole  f.  of  history) ;  (Herald.)  surface  of  es- 
cutcheon or  of  one  of  its  divisions ;  groundwork 
of  picture,  coin,  flag,  &c. ;  area  or  sphere  of 
operation,  observation,  &c.  [each  supreme  in 
his  ownf. ;  filled  thef.  of  the  telescope ;  widef. 
of  vision;  outside  the  magnetic  /.,  not  near 
enough  to  be  attracted) ;  (attrib.  in  names  of 
animals  &c.)  found  in  the  open  country  (/.- 
mouse,  f.-ash) ;  /. -allowance,  to  officer  on  cam- 

?>aign  to  meet  increased  expenditure ;  f.-artil- 
ery,  -battery,  -gun  or  -piece,  light  &  mobile  for 
use  on  campaign  &  in  battle ;  f. -cornet,  magis- 
trate of  township  in  Cape  Colony  &c;  f.-day, 
(Mil.)  manoeuvring- exercise  or  review,  (fig.) 
great  occasion,  important  debate  ;  f. -dressing, 
appliances  for  wound  in  battle  ;  f. -glass,  bin- 
ocular telescope  for  outdoor  use,  one  of  the 
lenses  of  astronomical  telescope  or  compound 
microscope ;  f.-hospital,  ambulance,  temporary 
hospital  near  battlefield ;  F.-marshal,  general 
officer  of  highest  rank ;  f. -night,  -f.-day  (fig. 
sense) ;/.  -officer,  above  captain  &  below  general ; 
f. -preacher,  -ing,  in  open  air ;  fieldsman,  fielder 
at  cricket;  f. -sports,  outdoor,  esp.  hunting, 
shooting,  fishing;  /.- telegraph,  movable  for 
use  on  campaign  ;  f.-work,  temporary  fortifica- 
tion ;  hence  fle'ldWARD(s)  adv.  (Vb)  act  as 
fieldsman  in  cricket,  base-ball,  or  rounders; 
stop  (&  return)  ball ;  hence  fle'ldER l  n.  [com.- 
WG  ;  OE  &  G  /eta] 

fle'ldfare,  n.  Species  of  thrush  visiting 
Britain  in  autumn.  [ME  feldefare  perh.  =  field- 
goer  (FARE2)] 

fiend  (fend),  n.  The  devil ;  evil  spirit,  demon  ; 
person  of  superhuman  wickedness,  esp.  cruelty 
(often  jocular,  as  the  inter viewer-f.).  Hence 
fie'ndiSH !  a.,  fie'ndishLY2  adv.,  fle*ndish- 
ness  n.,  fle'ndLiKE  a.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  fiond 
cf.  G/emdenemy,  f.  OTeut.  vb  =  hate,  -nd2] 

fierce  (fers),  a.  Violent  in  hostility,  angrily 
combative ;  raging,  vehement ;  ardent,  eager. 
Hence  fler*eeLY2adv.,  fierce.sKss  n.  [f.  OF 
fiers  nom.  of  fier  (F=proud)  f.  L  ferus  savage] 

frerl  fa'eias,  n.  (legal ;  abbr.  fi.  fa.).  Writ 
to  sheriff  for  executing  judgment.  [L,  =  see 
that  (the  sum)  is  made] 


fiery  (fir 'I),  a.  Consisting  of,  flaming  with, 
fire ;  (of  arrows  &c.)  fire-bearing  ;  looking  like 
fire,  blazing-red ;  (of  eyes)  flashing,  ardent;  hot 
as  fire;  acting  like  fire,  inflaming,  (/.  taste 
&c);  eager,  pugnacious,  spirited,  irritable ;  (of 
horse)  mettlesome;  (of  gas,  mine,  &c.)  inflam- 
mable, liable  to  explosions  ;  /.  cross  h  Hence 
fier#iLY  2  adv.,  fler'iNESS  n.    [fire  i  +  -yi] 

fife,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Kind  of  small  shrill  flute 
used  with  drum  in  military  music ;  =flfer.  (Vb) 
play  the  f . ;  play  (air  &c.)  on  the  f. ;  hence  fi'fER l 
n.  [f.  G  pfeife  pipe,  or  f.  F  fifre  fife(r)  f.  OHG 
pfxfdri  piper  ( pfifan  to  pipe)] 

fi'fe-rail,  n.  (naut.).  Rail  round  mainmast 
with  belaying-pins.  [perh.  f.  prec.  because  fifer 
sat  on  it  while  anchor  was  weighing] 

fiftee'n  [also  fi*-),  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  four- 
teen, 15,  XV;  (Rugby  football)  side  of  15plavers ; 
the  F.,  Jacobite  rising  of  1715.  Hence*  fif- 
tee'nxH2  a.  &  n.  [OE  fiftene,  -tync,  (five, 
-teen)] 

fifth,  a.  &  n.  Next  after  fourth  (smite  under 
the  f.  rib,  kill ;  /.  wheel  of  coach  &c,  something 
superfluous) ;  /.  part,  one  of  five  equal  parts 
into  which  thing  is  or  might  be  divided.  (N.)  = 
f.  part ;  (Mus.)  interval  of  three  tones  &  a  semi- 
tone, concord  of  two  tones  so  separated;  (pi.) 
f.-rate  material ;  f. -monarchy,  last  of  the  five 
great  empires  (Dan.  ii.  44 ;  f.-m.-man,  17th-c. 
zealot  expecting  immediate  second  coming  of 
Christ  &  repudiating  all  other  government). 
[OE  fifta  (still  fift  in  diall.)  cogn.  w.  G  fiinfte, 
Gk   pemptos,   L  quin(c)tus,    -th   on   anal,   of 


fourth  see  -th  2] 

v.  In 
tions).    [-ly2] 


fl-fthly,  adi 


the  fifth  place  (in  enumera- 


fl-fty,  a.  &  n.  Five  times  ten,  50,  L,  (f.-one, 
-seven,  &c. ;  f. -first,  -third,  &c);  large  indefi- 
nite number  (have  f.  things  to  tell  you) ;  hence 
fi'ftyFOLD  a.  &  adv.,  fi'ftiETH  a.  &  n.  (N.) 
set  of  f.  persons  or  things  (hid  them  by  ff.  in  a 


ing)  soft  pear-shaped  many-seeded  fruit  eaten 
fresh  (green  ff.)  or  dried  (esp.  Turkey  or  Smyrna 
ff. ;  pulled  ff.,  superior  hand-picked  Turkey  ff.) ; 
under  one's  vine  &  f.-tree,  safe  at  home ;  any- 
thing valueless  (don't  care  a  f.  for ;  also  a  f. 
for  —  !,  as  excl.);  f.-leaf,  device  for  concealing 
what  is  indecorous  (Gen.  iii.  7)  ;f.-wort,  brown- 
flowered  herb.  [f.  F  figue  f.  pop.  L  *fica  f.  hfictts] 

fig-2,  n.  Dress,  equipment,  (in  full  /.) ;  condi- 
tion, form,  (in  good  f.).    [prob.  f.  foil.] 

fig3,  v.t.  F.  out  or  up  (horse),  make  lively ;  /. 
out  (person),  dress  up,  bedizen.  [=obs.  feague 
perh.  f .  G  fegen  furbish] 

fig-hti(fit),  v.i.  &  t.(/oK0ft£,pr.fawt).  Contend 
in  battle  or  single  combat  (against,  with  ;  for, 
on  behalf  of  person  or  to  secure  thing) ;  main- 
tain (cause,  suit  at  law,  quarrel)  by  fighting, 
contend  over  (question),  win  ones  way  by 
fighting;  contend  with  in  battle  or  duel,  or 
with  the  fists ;  set  on  (cocks,  dogs)  to  f.  (fighting- 
cock1);  manoeuvre  (troops,  ship)  in  battle;/. 
off,  repel  with  effort ;  /.  (dispute  &c,  or  it)  out, 
settle  by  fighting ;  /.  shy  of,  keep  aloof  from 
(person,  undertaking,  &c).  Hence  figrh'tER1 
n.    [com.-WG  ;  OE  feohtan,  cf.  G  fechten] 

flg-ht2,  n.  Act  of  fighting  (give,  make  a,  f. ; 
valiant  in  f.) ;  battle;  combat,  esp.  pugilistic 
or  unpremeditated,  between  two  or  more  per- 
sons, animals,  or  parties  (running  /.,  kept  up 
while  one  party  flies  &  one  pursues;  sham-f., 
between  troops  for  practice  or  display  ;  stand- 
up  /.,  open  &  formal);  (fig.)  strife,  conflict; 
appetite  or  ability  for  fighting  (has  f.  in  him 
yet ;  showf.,  not  yield  tamely),    [f.  prec] 


FIGMENT 


364 


FILLET 


fi'g-ment,  n.  Invented  statement;  thing 
that  has  no  existence  except  in  imagination. 
[f.  hfigmentum  {fig-  see  figure  1,  -ment)J 

fPgurant  masc,  -ante  fern.,  (or  as  F), 
figura'nte'  (pi.  -ti,  pr.  -te),  nn.  Ballet-dancer. 
[F  (first  two  forms)  &  It.  (third)] 

fig-upa'tion  (also  -ger-),  n.  Determination 
to  a  certain  form ;  the  resulting  form  ;  shape, 
outline  ;  allegorical  representation  ;  ornamen- 
tation by  designs  ;  (Mus.)  use  of  florid  counter- 
point. [F,  f.  L  figurationem  (figure  2,  -ation)] 

fi'g-urative  (ger-,  -gur-),  a.  Emblematic, 
typical ;  pictorial  or  plastic ;  metaphorical,  not 
literal ;  metaphorically  so  called  ;  abounding 
in,  addicted  to,  figures  of  speech.  Hence 
fi'g-urativeLY 2  adv.,  fi'gu native n ess  n. 
[F  (-if,  -ire),  f.  LL  figurations  (as  prec,  -ative)] 

fi'g-ure1  (-ger),  n.  External  form,  shape; 
(Geom.)  superficial  space  enclosed  by  line(s),  or 
three-dimensional  space  enclosed  by  surface(s), 
any  of  the  classes  of  these,  as  triangle,  sphere  ; 
bodily  shape  (has  a  well-developed  /.) ;  a  person 
as  seen  (saiv  a  /.  leaning  against  the  door ;  /. 
of  fun,  grotesque  person) ;  a  person  as  contem- 
plated mentally  (the  most  terrible  f.  in  our  his- 
tory) ;  conspicuous  appearance  (make  or  ci.it  a 
brilliant,  poor,  /.,  produce  such  impression  ; 
person  of  /.,  distinguished);  image,  likeness; 
representation  of  human  form,  statue,  person 
in  picture ;  emblem,  type,  simile ;  diagram, 
illustrative  drawing,  (abbr.  for  ref.,  fig.) ;  horo- 
scope ;  decorative  pattern ;  evolution  in  danc- 
ing, division  of  set  dance ;  (Skating)  movement, 
series  of  movements,  beginning  &  ending  at 
centre  ;  numerical  symbol,  esp.  one  of  the  ten 
in  Arabic  notation  (double  Jf.,  number  between 
9  &  100;  income  of  five  ff.,  between  £10,000  & 
£100,000 ;  reach  three  ff.,  in  cricket,  get  century ; 
got  it  at  a  low,  high,  /.,  cheap,  dear ;  (Rhet.; 
also/,  of  speech)  recognized  form  of  abnormal 
expression  giving  variety,  force,  &c,  e.g. 
aposiopesis,  hyperbole,  metaphor ;  (Gram.)  per- 
mitted deviation  from  rules  of  construction, 
e.  g.  ellipse ;  (Log.)  particular  form  of  syllogism 
according  to  position  of  middle  term;  (Mus.) 
short  succession  of  notes  producing  single  im- 
pression ;  f. -dance,  dance  or  dancing  exhibi- 
tion with  distinct  divisions,  f.-dancer,  per- 
former in  this ;  f.-head,  carving,  usu.  bust  or 
full-length  f.,  over  ship's  cutwater,  nominal 
leader  or  president  without  real  authority,(joc. ) 
person's  race.  Hence  fi'gupeLESS  a.  [F,  f.  L 
figura  (fig-  st.  olfingere  fashion,  -ure)] 

fi'g'upe2,  v.t.  &  i.  Represent  in  diagram  or 
picture ;  picture  mentally,  imagine,  (often  to 
oneself) ;  be  symbol  of,  represent  typically ; 
embellish  with  pattern  (figured  satin) ;  mark 
with  numbers  or  prices,  do  arithmetic,  cipher 
(/.  up,  reckon  amount  of) ;  /.  out,  give  result 
in  ff.  (figures  out  at  £ho) ;  make  appearance, 
appear,  (f.  as,  pass  for,  assume  character  of),  be 
conspicuous,    [f.  prec] 

fig-upi'ne  (-gure-n,  -gere'n),  n.  Statuette. 
[F,  f.  It.  figurina  dim.  of  figura  figure1] 

f  i'lament,  n.  Slender  thread-like  body,  fibre, 
(esp.  in  animal  or  vegetable  structure) ;  non- 
fusible  conductor  in  incandescent  electric  lamp, 
raised  to  incandescence  by  current ;  (of  air, 
light,  &c.)  imaginary  portion  of  stream,  row  of 
particles  following  each  other;  (Bot.)  part  of 
stamen  that  supports  anther.  Hence  flla- 
me'ntARY1,  fl'lamentED2,  filamentous, 
aa.    ff.  lAjfilare  spin  f.  hfilum  thread,  -ment 

frlatupe  (-tsher),  n.  (Establishment  for) 
reeling  silk  from  cocoons.    [F,  as  prec,  -ure] 

fl'lbept,  n.  (Nut  of)  cultivated  hazel,  [short 
for/.-nw£=dial.  F  noix  de  filbert,  ripe  about  St 
PhiliberVs  day  (Aug.  22)] 


filch  (-ten),  v.t.    Steal,  pilfer.    [?] 

file 1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Instrument  usu.  of  steel  with 
roughened  surface(s)  for  reducing  or  smoothing 
objects  (bite,  gnaw,  /.,  attempt  vain  task) ; 
(slang)  artful  person,  dodger,  (usu.  old,  deep, 
&c,/.),  person.  (Vb)  smooth,  reduce  surface  of, 
with  f. ;  elaborate  to  perfection  (esp.  literary 
work) ;/.  away  (roughnesses  &c),  remove  with 
f.    [OE  fiol  cf.  Du.  vijl,  Gfeile] 

file2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stiff  pointed  wire  on  which 
documents  &c  are  run  for  keeping ;  kinds  of 
appliance  for  holding  papers  arranged  for  refer- 
ence ;  set  of  papers  so  kept,  esp.  in  court  of  law 
referring  to  a  cause  ;  series  of  issues  of  a  news- 
paper in  order;  (vb)  place  (papers)  on  f.  or 
among  public  records,  ff.  Ffilf.  hfilum  thread] 

file3,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t,  (Mil.)  a  front-rank  man 
&  the  man  or  men  straight  behind  him  (inf., 
marching  with  the  men  of  a  double  line  faced 
towards  one  of  its  ends;  single,  Indian,  /., 
similar  formation  of  single  line;  rank1  &f.  ; 
af.  of  men,  two  told  ofF for  some  purpose) ;  row 
of  persons  or  things  one  behind  another ;  (Chess) 
line  of  squares  from  player  to  player  (cf.  rank1). 
(Vb)  march  in  f. ;  /.  off,  away,  go  off*  by  ff.  ; 
(trans.)  order  (soldiers)  to  move  off  by  ff.  [F  (L 
Jilare  vb  f.  filum  thread)] 

fi'lemot,  a.  &  n.  Dead-leaf  colour(ed),  brown- 
ish yellow,    ff.  Ffeuille  morte  dead  leaf] 

f i'lial,  a.  Of,  due  from,  son  or  daughter. 
Hence  fl'lialLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  filialis  (L  Jilius, 
-a,  son,  daughter,  -al)] 

f  i'liate,  v.t.    (Rare  for)  affiliate. 

f  ilia'tion,  n.  Being  some  one's  child ;  descent 
(from) ;  formation  of  offshoots,  branch  of  a 
society  or  language ;  genealogical  relation  or 
arrangement.  [F,  f.  med.h  filiationem  (filiare 
give  birth  to  f.  L  jilius  son,  -ation)] 

fi-libeg:,n.  (Sc).  Kilt.  [f.  Gael,  feileadh-beag 
little  fold] 

fl'libustep,  n.,  &  v.i.  One  who  engages  in 
unauthorized  warfare  against  foreign  State ; 
(vb)  act  as  f.  [ult.  f.  Du.  vrijbuiter  freebooter 
affected  by  Fflibustier,  Sp.  filibustero,  f.  same] 

fl'ligfpee,  fila-,  n.  Ornamental  work  of  fine 
gold  or  silver  or  copper  wire  formed  into  deli- 
cate tracery,  fine  metal  openwork;  anything 
delicate,  light,  showy,  &  frail.  Hence  fi'li- 
gpeED2  a.  [f.  F  filigrane  f.  It.  filigrana  (L 
filum  thread,  granum  grain)] 

fi'ling*,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  file  ' ;  also,  (usu. 
pi.)  particle(s)  rubbed  off  by  file,    [-ing1] 

fill,  v.  t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Make  or  become  full  (with  ; 
sails  f.,  are  distended  with  wind) ;  stock  abun- 
dantly; occupy  whole  capacity  or  extent  of, 
spread  over,  pervade,  (/.  the  bill,  be  the  only 
conspicuous  item,  also  in  U.S.,  do  all  that  is  re- 
quired, suffice) ;  (of  dentist)  block  up  (hollow 
tooth,  cavity)  with  gold  &c,  whence  fi'lliNG1^) 
n. ;  satisfy,  satiate,  (esp.  in  part.,  of  kinds  of 
food) ;  hold  (position),  discharge  duties  of  (office) ; 
occupy  (vacant  time) ;  appoint  holder  of  (vacant 
post) ;  adulterate  (esp.  cotton  fabrics ;  usu.  in 
p.p.) ;  /.  in,  complete  (outline),  add  what  is 
wanted  to  complete  (unfinished  document, 
blank  cheque,  &c);/.  out,  enlarge,  become  en- 
larged, to  the  proper  limit ;  /.  up,  f.  completely, 
supply  vacant  parts  or  places  or  deficiencies  in, 
do  away  with  (pond  &c)  by  filling,  grow  full ; 
February  f.-dike  ;  hence  fi'llER Ml,  2)  n.  (N.) 
full  supply  of  drink  or  food  (drink,  have,  &c, 
one's  f. ;  also  with  intr.  vbs  as  fret  her  f.) ; 
enough  to  f.  something  (af.  of  tobacco).  [OE 
fyllan  cf.  Gfiillen,  cogn.  w.  full1] 

f?//e  (F),  n.  F.  de  chambre,  chambermaid ; 
/.  dejoie,  prostitute.    [F,=daughter] 

fi'llet,  n.,  &  v.t.  Head-band,  ribbon,  string, 
or  narrow  band,  for  binding  the  hair  or  worn 


FILLIP 


305 


FINE 


round  head ;  band,  bandage ;  thin  narrow 
strip  of  anything;  (pi.)  animal's  loins;  fleshy 
detachable  piece  of  meat  near  loins  or  ribs, 
undercut  of  sirloin  ;  one  of  the  thick  slices  into 
which  a  fish  may  be  divided  ;  middle  part  of  leg 
of  veal  boned,  rolled,  &  tied  up  ;  piece  of  beef, 
fish,  &c,  similarly  prepared;  (Arch.)  narrow 
flat  band  separating  two  mouldings,  small 
band  between  flutes  of  column ;  (Herald.)  hori- 
zontal division  of  shield,  quarter  of  chief  1  in 
depth ;  raised  rim  or  ridge  on  any  surface ; 
(Book-bind.)  plain  line  impressed  on  cover. 
(Vb)  bind  (hair,  person  as  to  hair)  with  f. ;  en- 
circle with  ornamental  band  ;  divide  (fish)  into 
ff.  [f.  F  filet  f.  hfihim  thread -+  -et1] 
fi'l lip,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  &  i.  Sudden  release  of  finger 
or  thumb  when  it  has  been  bent  &  checked  by 
thumb  or  finger;  slight  smart  stroke  thus  given; 
stimulus,  incentive  ;  mere  trifle  {not  worth  a/.). 
(Vb)  propel  (coin,  marble,  &c.)  with  a  f.;  stimu- 
late (/.  one's  memory  or  tints) ;  strike  slightly  & 
smartly ;  make  a  f.  [prob.  imit.,  cf.  flip] 
fi'llistep,  n.  Rabbeting-plane  for  window- 
sashes  &c.    I?] 

fi'lly,  n.  Female  foal  (cf.  colt)  ;  young  lively 
girl.  [perh.  f.  ON  fylja  cogn.  w.  foal] 
iilm,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Thin  skin,  plate,  coating, 
or  layer ;  (Photog. )  coating  of  collodion,  gelatin, 
&c,  spread  on  photographic  paper  or  plate,  or 
used  instead  of  plate  ;  dimness  over  eyes  ;  slight 
veil  of  haze  &c;  fine  thread  or  filament ;  hence 
fi'lmY2a.,fi'lmiLY2adv.,fi'lmiNESSn.  (Vb) 
cover,  become  covered,  (as)  with  f.  [OE  filmen 
membrane  cf.  OFris.  filmene  skin,  &  fell  ]] 
fi'loselle,  n.    Floss  silk.    [F,  f.  It.  filosello 

?ierh.  f.  pop.  L  *follicelhcs  cocoon,  dim.  of  L foi- 
ls bag,  influenced  by  It.  filo  thread] 

fits  (fes),  n.  The  son,  junior,  (appended  to 
name  to  distinguish  between  father  &  son  of 
same  names,  cf.  pere).    [F] 

fi'l  ten,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Contrivance  for  freeing 
liquids  from  suspended  impurities,  esp.  by  pass- 
ing them  through  stratum  of  sand,  charcoal, 
&c;  f.-bed,  tank  or  pond  with  false  bottom 
covered  with  sand  &c.  for  filtering  large  quan- 
tities. (Vb)  pass  (liquid),  flow,  through  f.;  (of 
f.)  purify  (liquid) ;  make  way  through,  into,  &c, 
percolate ;  obtain  by  filtering,  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  OF 
filtre  f.  med.L  filtrum  f.  Teut.  st.  whence  felt  * 
(earliest  filter  being  of  felt)] 

filth,  n.  Loathsome  dirt ;  vileness,  pollution, 
obscenity ;  foul  language.  Hence  fi'lthY  2  a. 
(filthy  lucre,  dishonourable  gain,  also  facet., 
money),  fi'lthiLY2  adv.,  fi'lthiNESS  n.  [OE 
fylth  (FOUL  1,  -th  x)] 

fi'ltpate1,  n.  Filtered  liquor,  [filter  v., 
-ate  i(2)] 

fi'ltpate2,  v.t.  &  i.  =  filter  v.  So  flltPA*- 
tion  n.    [f.  mod.  hfiltrare  (as  prec,  -ate  3)] 

fi'mbpiate(d),  aa.  (bot. ,  zool. ).  Fringed,  bor- 
dered with  hairs  &c.  [f.  L  fimbria  fringe  + 
-ate  2] 

fin,  n.  Organ  for  propelling  &  steering  attach- 
ed to  fish  &  cetaceans  at  various  parts  of  body 
(anal,  caudal,  dorsal,  pectoral,  ventral,  Sec.) ; 
(slang)  hand  (tip  us  your  f.,  shake  hands).  Hence 
(-)finnED2,  fi'nLESS,  aa.  [OE  finn,  cf.  MDu. 
vinne,  &  L  pinna] 

fi'nal,  a.  &  n.  At  the  end,  coming  last,  ulti- 
mate ;  putting  an  end  to  doubt,  conclusive,  de- 
finite ve.unalterable;  concerned  with  the  purpose 
or  end  aimed  at  (/.  cause1  ;/.  clause  in  Gram., 
introduced  by  in  order  that,  lest,  &c);  hence 
fi'nalLY2  adv.  (N.)  last  or  deciding  heat  or 
game  in  athletics  ;  (sing,  or  pi.)  last  of  a  series 
of  examinations.  [F,  f.  ufinalis  (finis  end,  -al)J 

f  ina'le  (-ahli),  n.  (Mus. )  last  movement  of  in- 
strumental composition,  piece  of  music  closing 


act  in  opera ;  close  of  drama  &c. ;  conclusion, 
final  catastrophe.    [It.,  as  prec] 

fina'lity,  n.  Principle  of  final  cause  viewed 
as  operative  in  the  universe  ;  being  final ;  belief 
that  something  is  final ;  final  act,  state,  or  utter- 
ance.   [F  (-U)  f.  LL  finalitatem  (final,  -ty)] 

fina'nee,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (PI.)  pecuniary  re- 
sources of  sovereign,  state,  company,  or  person; 
management  of  (esp.  public)  money,  science  of 
revenue.  (Vb)  furnish  with  ff.,  find  capital  for ; 
engage  in  financial  operations.  [OF  (finer  settle 
debt  f.  fin  end ;  -ance)] 

fina'neial  (-shl),  a.  Of  revenue  or  money 
matters  (/.  year,  annual  period  for  which  pub- 
lic accounts  are  made  up).  Hence  fina'neial - 
ly  2  adv.    [prec.  +  -ial] 


fina'neiep 1  (-si-),  n.  One  skilled  in  levying  & 
managing  public  money ;  capitalist.  [F  (fi- 
nance, -ier)] 


financier' 2  (-sef),  v.i.  &  t.  Conduct  financial 
operations  (usu.  contempt.);  (U.S.) cheat, swin- 
dle, (/.  money  away  ;  /.  one  out  oj ).    [f.  prec] 

finch,  n.  Kinds  of  small  bird  (usu.  with  dis- 
tinctive epithet  or  prefix,  as  mountain /..bull1- 
/. ).    [OE  fine  cf .  G  fink] 

find,  v.t.  (found),  &  n.  Come  across,  fall  in 
with,  light  upon,  (was  found  dead ;  we  f.  St 
John  saying ;  administer  the  law  as  youf.  it ; 
found  a  treasure) ;  obtain,  receive,  (/.  favour, 
mercy,  one's  account2  in ;  /.  one's  feet,  get  the 
use  of  them,  develop  one's  powers) ;  recognize 
as  present,  acknowledge  or  discover  to  be  so-&- 
so,  (//.  no  sense  in  it,  f.  the  terms  reasonable  ; 
how  do  youf.  yourself?) ;  discover  by  trial  to 
be  or  do  or  (that)  or  to  (has  been  found  wanting; 
finds  rest  agreeable.;  is  found  to  pay  ;  I  find  it 
pays,  pay,  or  to  pay,  or  that  it  pays  ;  f.  it  im- 
possible, necessary,  to  —) ;  discover  by  search  ; 
discover  (game),  discover  game,  in  hunting  ;  /. 
oneself,  discover  one's  vocation  ;  succeed  in  ob- 
taining (money,  bail,  sureties  ;  can't  f.  time  to 
read ;  found  courage  to  — ;  could  f.  it  in  my 
heart  to  — ,  am  inclined ;  /.  expression,  place, 
vent) ;  come  home  to,  reach  the  conscience  of ; 
ascertain  by  study  or  calculation  or  inquiry  (/. 
one's  way  to,  contrive  to  reach,  arrive  at);  (Law) 
determine  &  declare  (it,  i.e.  the  offence,  murder; 
person  guilty  Sec. ;  that  — ;  find  true  bill4), 
whence  fi*ndiNG1(2)  n.;  supply,  provide,  fur- 
nish, (they  found  him  in  clothes ;  hotel  does  not 
f.  tea ;  all  found,  with  all  necessaries  provided, 
of  servants'  wages  ;  /.  oneself,  provide  for  one's 
own  needs);/.ow£,  discover,  devise,  solve,  detect 
in  offence  ;  hence  fi'ndABLE  a.  (N.)  finding  of 
fox  ;  discovery  of  treasure,  minerals,  &c ;  sure 
/.,  place  where  something  (esp.  fox)  is  sure  to  be 
found.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  Jindan  cf.  Du.  vinden, 
Gfinden  ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  hpetere  seek] 

fi'ndep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  small  telescope 
attached  to  large  one  to  find  object;  contrivance 
for  same  purpose  in  microscope  &  in  photo- 
graphic camera,    [-er  ]] 

fin  cte  s/ec/e  (F),  a.  Characteristic  of  end  of 
nineteenth  century,  advanced,  modern. 

fine1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  End  (now  only  in  inf., 
to  sum  up,  finally,  in  short);  sum  of  money  paid 
by  in-coming  tenant  in  consideration  of  small 
rent ;  sum  of  money  fixed  as  penalty  for  offence. 
(Vb)  pay  consideration  for  privilege  or  appoint- 
ment ;  punish  by  a  f.,  whence  fi'nABLE  a.  [ME 
&  OF  fin  settlement  of  dispute  f.  L  finis  end] 

fine2,  a.,  n.,  adv.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Of  high  quality; 
clear,  pure,  refined, (of  gold  or  silver)  containing 
specified  proportion  of  pure  metal,  as  gold  22 
carats  f,  silver  11  oz.  /.;  delicate,  subtle,  ex- 
quisitely fashioned,  (of  feelings)  elevated  ;  of 
slender  thread,  in  small  particles,  thin  (/.  pen- 
cil, of  hard  lead  for  making  f.  lines) ;  sharp  (/. 


FINERY 


306 


FIRE 


pen,  narrow-pointed),  (Athlet.)  reduced  to  per- 
fect condition ;  capable  of  delicate  perception 
or  discrimination,  perceptible  only  with  diffi- 
culty (a  f.  distinction) ;  excellent,  of  striking 
merit,  good,  satisfactory,  fortunate,  of  good 
effect,  (had/,  sport ;  has  been  af.  thing for  him', 
often  iron.,  as  af.  friend  you  have  been  !);  well 
conceived  or  expressed  ;  of  handsome  appear- 
ance or  size,  dignified,  (/.  potatoes ;  a  man  off. 
presence) ;  bright,  cloudless,  free  from  rain,  (/. 
weather ;  one/,  day,  once  upon  a  time  ;  one  of 
these  f.  days,  some  day,  in  prophecies) ;  ornate, 
showy,  smart ;  fastidious,  dainty,  affecting  re- 
finement, (of  speech  or  writing)  affectedly  or- 
nate; complimentary,  euphemistic,  (say  f. 
things  about  person,  call  things  byf.  names) ; 
/.  arts,  those  appealing  to  sense  of  beauty,  as 
poetry,  music,  &  esp.  painting,  sculpture,  archi- 
tecture ;  f.-draw,  sew  together  (two  pieces  of 
cloth,  rent,  garment)  so  that  the  join  is  im- 
perceptible ; \f. -drawn,  subtle,  extremely  thin, 
(Athlet.)  trained  down  in  weight ;/.  gentleman, 
lady,  person  of  fashion,  person  who  thinks  him- 
self above  working ;  f.-spun,  delicate,  flimsy, 
(of  theories  &c.)  excessively  subtle,  unpractical; 
hence  f  I*niSH1(2)  a.,  fi'neLY2  adv.,  frneNESs 
n.  (N.)  f.  weather  (inrain  orf.).  (Adv.)  finely 
(talkf.).  (Vb)  make  (beer)  clear  (often  down) ; 
(of  liquid)  become  clear;  /.  away,  down,  off, 
make  or  become  finer,  thinner,  less  coarse, 
(make)  dwindle,  taper,  [f.  F  fin  f.  Rom.  fino 
prob.  back-formation  f.  finito  FiNiSHedJ 

fi'nery l,  n.  Smartness,  stylishness  (rare) ; 
showy  dress  or  decoration,    [prec.  adj.,  -ery] 

f  rnepy  2,  n.  Hearth  where  cast  iron  is  made 
malleable  or  steel  made  from  pig-iron.  [F  (-ie) 
f.  finer  refine  f.  Rom.  finare  (L  finis  end),  -ery] 

finesse,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Delicate  manipula- 
tion, subtle  discrimination ;  artfulness,  cunning 
strategy ;  (Whist)  attempt  to  take  trick  by  in- 
ferior card,  with  higherone  in  reserve.  ( Vb)  use 
f . ;  wheedle  into,  trick  away,  manage  by  f. ; 
(Whist)  make  a  f.,  play  (card)  by  way  of  f.  [F 
(Rom.  fino  fine2,  -ess2)] 

fl'nger  (-ngg-),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  One  of  five  terminal 
members  of  hand  (thumb,  &  index,  middle,  ring, 
&  little,  ff.),  or  four  excluding  thumb  (usu.  now 
numbered  thus,  but  cf.  fourth  f,  i.e.  ring  f.,  in 
marriage  service),  (doneby  thef.,  i.  e.  agency,  of 
God ;  more  wit  in  his  little  f.  than  in  your  whole 
body ;  lay,  put,  af.  upon,  touch  however  slight- 
ly ;  levy,  put,  one's/,  on  ailing  part  or  cause  of 
evil,  point  with  precision  to ;  look  through  one's 
ff.  at,  pretend  not  to  see ;  stir  a  /.,  make  the 
least  effort ;  turn  or  twist  person  round  one's 
(little)  f,  cajole  him ;  my  ff.  itch,  I  long,  am  im- 
patient, to  do ;  his  ff.  are  all  thumbs,  he  is 
clumsy ;  with  a  wetf,  with  ease ;  burn2  one 


liarly ;  to  the  f.  -nails,  completely) ;  part  of  glove 
that  holds  f. ;  f.-like  object,  esp.  such  part  of  a 
fruit  &c,  &  in  various  machines  ;  f. -alphabet, 
-language,  conventional  signs  for  talking  with 
the  deaf ;  f.-bowl,  -glass,  for  rinsing  ff.  after 
dessert  ;f.-fern,  kind  of  spleen  wort  ;f.-fish,  star- 
fish ;  f. -plate,  fastened  on  door  to  prevent  f. 
marks;  f.-post,  giving  directions  at  parting  of 
roads ;  f. -print,  impression  of  person's  ff.,  used 
for  identifying  criminals  &c. ;  f. -stall,  cover  of 
leather  or  rubber  to  protect  f.  in  dissections  &c. 
or  when  wounded;  hence  fl-ngePLESS,  (-)fl'n- 
gePED2,  aa.  (Vb)  touch  with,  turn  about  in, 
theff. ;  take  (bribes  &c.) ;  play  upon  (instrument) 
with  the  ff.,  play  (passage)  with  ff.  used  in  par- 
ticular way,  mark  (music)  with  signs  showing 
which  ff.  are  to  be  used,  whence  frng-eping ■* 


[-iNG^n.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE,  OFris.,  Sw.,  Da., 
finger ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  five] 

n'ngreping'2,  n.  (for  fingering*  see  prec). 
Wool  for  stockings,  [earlier  fingram,  -im,  &c, 
perh.  f.  ¥  fin  grain  fine  grain,  cf.  grog  ram] 

frnial,  n.  (archit.).  Ornament  finishing  off 
apex  of  roof,  pediment,  gable,  tower-corner, 
canopy,  &c.    [var.  of  final] 

fi'nical,  a.  Over-nice,  precise,  fastidious ; 
too  much  finished  in  details.  Hence  fl'nieal- 
ly2 adv., fl'nicalNESS, finica'liTY, nn.  [perh. 
f.  fine  2,  or  var.  of  foil.] 

frnicking",  frnikin,  a.  =  prec.  [etym.  dub. ; 
cf.  MDu.  fijnkens  accurately,  neatly] 

fi'nis, n.  (no pi.).  (At  end  of  book)  the  end; 
end  of  anything,  esp.  of  life.    [L] 

frnish,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n".  Bring  to  an  end,  come 
to  the  end  of  (often/,  doing ;/.  off,  provide  with 
an  ending),  complete;  consume,  get  through, 
the  whole  or  remainder  of  (food,  book) ;  kill, 
dispatch,  overcome  completely;  perfect,  put 
final  or  finishing  touches  to,  (finished  manners, 
gentleman;  also  with  off,  up) ;  complete  educa- 
tion of;  (intr.)  reach  the  end,  cease,  leave  off; 
end  in  something  or  by  doing.  (N.)  last  stage, 
termination,  esp.  of  a  fox-hunt  (be  in  at  the  /., 
often  fig.) ;  fight  to  a  /.,  till  one  party  is  com- 
pletely worsted ;  what  serves  to  give  complete- 
ness ;  accomplished  or  completed  state,  [f.  OF 
fenir  f.  ~Lfinire  (finis  end),  -ish  2] 

fi'nishep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  workman  or 
machine  doing  last  operation  in  manufacture  ; 
discomfiting  thing,  crushing  blow,  &c.  [-er1] 

frnite,  a.  Bounded,  limited,  not  infinite; 
(Gram.)  limited  by  number  and  person,  not 
infinitive.  Hence  fl'niteNESS  n.  [f.  Itfinitus 
pjx  otfinire  finish] 

Fin(n),  n.  One  of  N. -Eastern  European  peo- 
ple who  call  themselves  Suomi.  [OE  Finnas 
pi.,  etym.  dub.] 

fi'nnan,  n.  ( Also  f. -haddock)  haddock  cured 
with  smoke  of  green  wood,  turf,  or  peat.  [perh. 
f.  river  Findhorn] 

fVnner,  n.  Kinds  of  whale,  esp.  rorqual, 
having  dorsal  fin.    [-er  l] 

Fi'nnic,  a.  Of  the  group  of  peoples  allied  to 
the  Finns ;  Finnish,    [-ic] 

Fi'nnish,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  the  Finns ; 
Finnic,    [-ish  *] 

fi'nny,  a.  Having  fins ;  like  a  fin ;  of,  teeming 
with,  fish,    [fin  +  -Y  2] 

fiord,  fjopd,  (fyord),  n.  Long  narrow  arm  of 
sea  between  high  cliffs  as  in  Norway.    [Norw.J 

fropin,  n.    Kind  of  grass,    [f.  Ir.  fiorthdn] 

fip,  n.  (Also  f.-tree)  kinds  of  coniferous  tree 
(Scotch,  Silver,  Spruce,  F.) ;  their  wood ;  /.- 
apple,  -ball,  -cone,  fruit  of  f. ;/. -needle,  its  leaf. 
Hence  Ap'py  2  a.  [cf.  Da.  fyr,  G  fbhre,  prob. 
cogn.  w.  L  quercus  oak] 

fipe x,  n.  Active  principle  operative  in  com- 
bustion, flame,  incandescence,  (setf.  to,  kindle ; 
strike  f.,  elicit  sparks  by  friction  or  blow  ;  no 
smoke  without  /.,  always  some  ground  for 
rumour) ;  state  of  combustion  (onf,  burning, 
fig.  excited ;  set  onf.,  ignite,  excite ;  set  Thames 
onf.,  do  something  remarkable  ;  catch,  take,f., 
be  ignited) ;  burning  fuel  in  grate,  furnace,  &c. 
(heap  coals  off. ;  burnt  child  dreads  thef. ;  out 
of  FRYing-pan  intof.;  fat  is  in  thef.),  whence 
fip,iNG1(3)  n. ;  conflagration,  destructive  burn- 
ing, (fire  !,  call  for  aid  at  a  f. ;  pour  oil  onf.,  add 
to  excitement  while  deprecating  it ;  go  through 
f.  &  water,  face  all  perils) ;  Greek  f,  combustible 
composition  for  igniting  enemy's  ships  &c.  ;  lu- 
minosity, glow,  (St  Elmo's /.,  corposant) ;  burn- 
ing heat,  fever,  (St  Anthony's  f.,  erysipelas); 
vehement  emotion,  fervour,  spirit,  lively  imagi- 
nation, vivacity,  poetic  inspiration ;  firing  of 


FIRE 


307 


PISH 


guns  (open,  cease,  /.;  running  /.,  successive 
shots  from  line  of  troops  &c,  esp.  fig.  of  criti- 
cism, objections,  &c. ;  between  two  ff.,  shot  at 
from  two  directions;  line  off.,  path  of  bullet 
about  to  be  shot ;  under f,  being  shot  at ;  hang, 
miss2,/.)  ;f. -alarm,  automatic  arrangement  for 
giving  notice  of  f.  ;f.-arm  (usu.  pi.),  rifle,  gun, 
pistol,  &c. ;  fireback,  Sumatran  pheasant ;  /.- 
ball,  large  meteor,  globular  lightning,  (Mil.) 
ball  filled  with  combustibles ;  f. -balloon,  made 
buoyant  by  heat  of  combustible  burning  at  its 
mouth ;  /.-bird,  kind  of  bee-eater ;  f. -blast, 
disease  of  plants;  f. -blight,  disease  of  hops; 
f.-box,  fuel-chamber  of  steam-boiler ;  f. -brand, 
piece  of  burning  wood,  person  or  thing  kindling 
strife  ;  f. -brick,  proof  against  f.,  used  in  grates 
&c. ;  f -brigade,  organized  body  of  firemen ; 
f. -cross,  =  fiery  cross  * ;  f.-damp,  miner's  name 
for  carburetted  hydrogen,  explosive  when 
mixei  in  certain  proportion  with  air;  f.-dog, 
andiron  ;  f. -eater,  juggler  who  eats  fire,  great 
fighter,  duellist ;  f. -engine,  machine  for  throw- 
ing water  to  extinguish  ff. ;/. -escape,  apparatus 
for  saving  people  in  burning  house;  f.-eyed 
(poet.),  with  glowing  eyes;  f. -flair,  a  fish,  the 
sting-ray ;  f.-fiy,  winged  insect  emitting  phos- 
phorescent light ;  f. -guard,  wire  frame  or 
grating  to  keep  children,  coals,  from  falling 
into  f.,  room  ;f.-hose,  hose-pipe  for  extinguish- 
ing ff. ;  f. -insurance,  against  losses  by  f. ;  /.- 
irons,  tongs,  poker,  &  shovel ;  f. -light,  light 
from  f. -place ;  f. -lighter,  prepared  kindling- 
fuel  ;  firelock,  antiquated  musket  in  which 
priming  was  ignited  by  sparks ;  fireman,  tender 
of  furnace  or  steam-engine  f.,  man  employed  to 
extinguish  ff. ;  f.-new  (archaic), = brand-new; 
/.  office,  insuring  against  f. ;  f.-pan,  brazier ; /.- 
place,  grate  or  hearth  for  rooni-f.  ;f.-plug  (abbr. 
F.P.),  connexion  in  water-main  for f. -hose;  /.- 
policy,  f. -insurance  office's  certificate  guaran- 
teeing compensations  in  case  of  f. ;  f. -raising, 
arson  ;  f. -screen,  to  keep  off  heat  of  f. ;  f.-ship, 
freighted  with  combustibles  and  sent  adrift  to 
ignite  enemy's  ships  &c. ;  fireside,  space  round 
f. -place,  home  life ;  f. -stone,  kind  that  resists  f., 
used  for  furnaces  &c.  ;f.-teazer,  stoker  ;f.-trap, 
building  without  proper  exits  in  case  of  f. ;  /.- 
water,  ardent  spirits; firewood,  wood  prepared 
for  fuel ;  firework,  kinds  of  apparatus  giving 
spectacular  effects  by  use  of  combustibles  &c, 
squib,  rocket,  &c. ;  f. -worship,  treatment  of  f. 
as  a  deity.  Hence  flpe'PROOF,  flpe'LESS,  aa. 
[com.-WG;  OEfyrci.  Gfeuer;  alsoGkpwr] 

Are  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Set  f.  to  with  intention  of  de- 
stroying ;  kindle  (explosives) ;  (of  explosives, 
mines)  catch  f. ;  become  heated  or  excited  (/.  up, 
show  sudden  anger) ;  redden  (t.  &  i.) ;  bake  (pot- 
tery, bricks),  cure  (tea,  tobacco)  by  artificial 
heat ;  (Farriery)  cauterize ;  supply  (furnace, 
engine)  with  fuel ;  cause  (explosive,  gun)  to 
explode  (often  off;f.  salute,  discharge  number 
of  guns  as  salute ;  /.  broadside,  discharge  all 
guns  on  one  side  of  ship),  (abs.)  shoot,  discharge 
gun&c.,  (fig.)/,  away,  begin,  go  ahead;  (of  gun 
&c.)  go  off;  propel  (missile)  from  gun  &c.  (fig./. 
off  a  postcard,  a  remark) ;  (U.S.)  /.  out  or  /., 
exp_el,  dismiss,  reject,  (person),    [f.  prec.l 

fip'ep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  single  &c.  -/., 
gun  that  firesonce&c.  without  reloading,  [-er1] 

fip'kin,  n.  Small  cask  for  liquids,  butter,  fish, 
&c. ;  (as  measure)  half  of  kilderkin,  [earlier  fer- 
dekyn  prob.  f.  MDu.  (vierde  fourth,  -kin)] 

firm  *.  n.  Partners  carrying  on  business  (long 
/.,  set  of  swindlers  who  obtain  goods  &  do  not 
pay),  [earlier  senses  signature,  style,  f.  Rom. 
firma  (hfirmare  confirm) ;  doublet  of  farm  ]] 

flpm2,  a.,  adv.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Of  solid  or  compact 
structure ;  fixed,  stable ;  steady,  not  shaking ; 


established,  immutable ;  steadfast,  unflinching, 
resolute;  constant  to;  (Commerc,  of  prices, 
goods)  maintaining  their  level  or  value ;  hence 
lip'mLY2  adv.,  fip'mNESS  n.  (Adv.)  firmly 
(stand  f,  holdf.  to).  (Vb)  solidify  (t.  &  i.),  com- 
pact, (soil  after  planting  &c,  cheese);  fix  firmly 
(plants  in  soil),    [f.  OF  ferme  i.  Itfirmus] 

fip'mament,  n.  Vault  of  heaven  with  its 
clouds  &  stars.  Hence  flpmame'ntAL  a.  [f.L 
firmamentum  (firmare  as  prec,  -ment)] 

fip'man,  n.  Oriental  sovereign's  edict,  grant, 
licence,  passport,    [f.  Pers.  ferman] 

flpst,  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Earliest  in  time  or  order 
(at  f.  sight,  view,  or  blush,  prima  facie ;  F. 
cause  l ;  come  inf. ,  win  race ;  shall  do  itf.  thing 
colloq.,  before  anything  else ;  in  thef.  place,  to 
begin  with;  the  f.  two  &c,  lit.,  or  =  the  f.  & 
second  &c;  often  further  defined,  as  thef.  man 
youmeet,  was  thef.  to  do  it) ;  foremost  in  posi- 
tion, rank,  or  importance  (head  &c.  /.,  with  the 
head  in  front ;  thef.  men  in  the  country ;  F.  Lord 
of  the  treasury);  coming  next  after  a  specified 
or  implied  time  (shall  take  the  f.  train ;  the  f. 
cuckoo) ;  unsupported  by  others,  sufficient  by 
itself,  (obeyed  at  herf.  word) ;  f.  aid,  help  given 
to  wounded  man  before  doctor  comes ;  f.-born, 
eldest  (child) ;  /.-chop  6 ;  /.  class,  set  of  persons 
or  things  grouped  together  as  better  than  others, 
best  accommodation  in  railway  train  &c,  high- 
est division  in  examination  list,  place  in  this ; 
f.-class,  (adj.)  belonging  to  the  f.  class,  of  best 
quality,  very  good,  (adv.)by  the  f.  class  (travels 
f.-c);  f.  coat,  f.  layer  of  paint ;  /.  cost,  cost  not 
including  profit  ;f.-day,  Sunday ;/.  floor,  above 
ground-floor ;  /.  form,  lowest  class  in  schools ; 
f. -fruit  (usu.  pi.),  f.  products  of  agriculture  for 
the  season  esp.  as  offered  to  God,  f.  results  of 
work  &c,  (Hist.)  payment  to  some  superior  by 
new  holder  of  office ;  f.-hand,  direct,  without 
intermediate  agency  (at  f.  hand,  directly) ;  /.- 
7u'fir/t£(er),(habitualfrequenterof)  f.  performance 
of  play;  f.-rate,  of  the  highest  class  (the  f.-r. 
Powers,  great  states  of  f.-rate  importance),  ex- 
cellent, very  well,  (a  f.-r.  machine,  feeling  f.-r.). 
(N.)  thef,  person  or  thing  f.  mentioned ;  from 
the  /.,  from  the  beginning ;  from  f.  to  last, 
throughout ;  atf.,  at  the  beginning ;  =  f.  day  of 
June  &c;  (Commerc.)/.  of  exchange,  f.  of  set  of 
bills  of  even  tenor  &  date ;  place  in  f.  class  in 
examination,  person  who  takes  this ;  f .  place  in 
race,  winner  of  it;  (pi.)  best  quality  of  flour, 
butter,  &c.  (Adv.)  before  anyone  or  anything 
else  (often/,  of  all,  f.  &  foremost;  f.  come,  f. 
served;  f.  &  last,  taking  one  thing  with  another, 
on  the  whole ;  /.  or  last,  sooner  or  later) ;  before 
some  specified  or  implied  event,  time,  &c.  (must 
get  this  donef.) ;  in  preference,  rather,  (will  see 
"  im  damned  f.) ;  for  the  f.  time  (when  did  you 


see  himfJ).    [com.-Teut.;  OE  fyrst  cf.  Gfiirst 
prince,  superl.  f.  st.  of  for,  cf.  ( 
superl.  suf.)  former] 


fip'stlingr,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  First  result  of  any- 
thing, first-fruits ;  first  offspring,  first  born  of 
season,    [-ling  *] 

fip'stly,  adv.  In  the  first  place,  first,  (only  in 
enumerating  topics ;  &  many  Avriters  still  pre- 
fer first).    [-LY2] 

fipth,  fpith,  n.  Arm  of  sea ;  estuary.  [Sc. 
wd  prob.  f.  OX  =  fiord] 

fise,  flsk,  n.  Treasury  of  ancient  Rome, 
Roman  emperor's  privy-purse ;  (rare)  State  trea- 
sury, exchequer,    [f.  hfiscus] 

fi'scal,  a.  &  n.  Of  public  revenue ;  (n.)  legal 
official  in  some  foreign  countries.  Hence  fl*s- 
calLY  2  adv.    [F,  f.  LL  fiscalis  (prec,  -aU] 

fish  *,  n.  (pi.  often  fish).  (Pop.)  animal  living 
in  the  water,  (strictly)  vertebrate  cold-blooded 
animal  having  gills  throughout  life  &  limbs  (if 


FISH 


308 


FIX 


any)  modified  into  fins,  (pretty  kettle  of  /.,  con- 
fusion, muddle ;  /.  out  of  water,  person  out  of 
his  element;  drunk,  dull,  mute,  as  af;  drink 
like  af.,  excessively ;  feed  theff.,  be  drowned, 
be  sea-sick ;  all's  f.that  comes  to  his  net,  he  takes 
all  he  can  get ;  there 's  as  goodf.  in  the  sea  as 
ever  came  out  of  it,  no  fear  of  scarcity ;  flat, 

FLY  Hng,  GOLD,    JELLY,  SHELL1,  SUN,  SWORD, 

&c.,-/.);  person  who  is  angled  for ;  (colloq.)  per- 
son of  specified  kind  (cool,  loose,  queer,  &c.,/.) ; 
the  flesh  of  f.  (f,  flesh,  &fowl ;  neither /., flesh, 
nor  good  red  herring,  thing  of  indefinite  charac- 
ter ;  other  f.  to  fry,  more  important  business  to 
attend  to) ;  the  F.  or  Ff.,  zodiac  constellation ; 
f. -carver,  knife  for  serving  t;f. -globe,  for  keep- 
ing gold-f.  &c.  in;  f.-glue,  isinglass  ;f.-hook,  used 
for  catching  f.,  (Naut.)  part  of  anchor-raising 
tackle ;  f. -kettle,  oval  pan  for  boiling  i.;f.  -knife, 
of  silver  &c.  for  eating  t;f.-pond,  in  which  f. 
are  kept,  (joe.)  the  sea;  f. -pot,  wicker  trap  for 
eels,  lobsters,  Sec;  f. -slice,  carving-knife  for  f., 
cook's  implement  for  turning  or  taking  out  f . ; 
f. -sound,  f.'s  swimming-bladder  ;f.-tail,  shaped 
like  f.'s  tail  (of  jet  of  gas,  whence  f.-t.  burner), 
f.-tail  wind  in  rifle  shooting,  one  blowing  down 
range  &  varying  in  direction ;  f -torpedo,  tor- 
pedo shaped  like  f.  &  with  automatic  propul- 
sion ;  fishwife,  woman  selling  f.  Hence  fi'sh- 
let,  fl'shMONGER,  nn.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  fisc 
cf.  Gfisch,  cogn.  w.  L  piscis] 

fish  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Try  to  catch  f.  (/.  in  troubled 
waters,  make  one's  profit  out  of  disturbances), 
whence  fi*shERY(2,3)  n.;  search  for  something 
in  or  under  water ;  seek  by  indirect  means  for 
(secrets,  compliments,  &c),  whence  fi'shiNG2 
a.;  (rare)  try  to  catch  (f.)  or  get  (coral  &c.)  from 
below  water;  draw  out  of  water,  pocket,  &c, 
draw  out ;  (Naut.)/.  the  anchor,  draw  flukes  up 
to  gunwale ;  try  to  catch  f.  in  (pool  &c;  /.  out, 
exhaust  the  f.  in),  whence  fi'shABLE  a. ;  get 
(fact,  opinion,  secret)  out;  fishing-rod,  long 
tapering  usu.  j  ointed  rod  to  which  fishing-line  is 
attached.   [OKfiscian  cf.  Gfischen  &  see  prec] 

fish3,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Naut.)  piece  of  wood,  convex 
&  concave,  used  to  strengthen  mast  &c. ;  flat 
plate  of  iron,  wood,  &c,  strengthening  beam  or 
joint  (so  f. -plate,  one  of  two  holding  rails  to- 
gether);  (vb)  mend  or  strengthen  (spar  &c), 
join  (rails),  with  f.    [perh.  =  fish  !  or  folL] 

fish  4,  n.  Piece  of  ivory  &c.  used  as  counter 
in  games,  [f.  Ffiche  in  same  sense,  also  =  peg 
(ficher  fix  perh.  ult.  f.  L  figere)] 

fl'shep,  n.  Fisherman  (archaic) ;  fishing  ani- 
mal ;  fisherman,  man  who  lives  by  fishing,  (rare) 
angler,  fishing-boat.  [OE  fiscere  (fish1,  -er1)] 

fi'shy,  a.  Abounding  in  fish ;  like  fish's  (/.  eye, 
dull,  vacant-looking) ;  smelling  or  tasting  like 
fish  ;  consisting  of  fish  (af.  repast) ;  (slang)  of 
dubious  character,  questionable.  Hence  fl'sh- 
1l  y  2  ad  v. ,  fi'shiNESS  n.    [- y  2] 

fisk.    See  fisc. 

fissi-,  fisso-,  comb,  forms  of  lifissus  see  fis- 
sure, eisfissida'ctyl  with  digits  divided,  fissi'- 
parous  reproducing  by  fission. 

frssile,  a.  Cleavable,  tending  to  split.  Hence 
fissi'liTY  n.    [f.  L  fissilis  (fissure,  -il)] 

frssion  (shn),  n.  (biol.).  Division  of  cell  &c. 
into  new  cells  &c.  as  mode  of  reproduction.  If. 
Lfissio  (foil.,  -ion)] 

fi'ssune  (-sher),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Cleft  made  by 
splitting  or  separation  of  parts;  (Bot,  Anat.) 
narrow  opening  in  organ  &c,  esp.  depression 
between  convolutions  of  brain  ;  cleavage ;  (vb) 
split  (t.  &  i.).  [F,  f.  L  fissura  (findere  fiss-, 
cleave,  -ure)] 

fist,  n.,  &  v.t.  Clenched  hand,  esp.  as  used  in 
boxing  (f.-law,  the  right  of  the  strongest) ;  (joe.) 
hand  (gtve  us  yourf,  shake  hands),  hand- writ- 


ing (writes  a  goodf;  J  knoiv  his  /.).  (Vb)  strike 
with  f.;  (Naut.)  handle  (sail,  oar,  &c).  Hence 
-fistED2a.    [OE  fystct.  Gfaust] 

fi'stie(al),  aa.  (jocular).    Pugilistic,   [-ical] 

fi'stieuffs,  n.  pi.  Fighting  with  the  fists. 
[fist  +  cuff  ;  cf.  handiwork\ 

IVstula,  n.  Long  pipe-like  ulcer  with  narrow 
mouth ;  natural  pipe  or  spout  in  whales,  in- 
sects, &c.  Hence  fi'stulAR1,  fistulous,  aa. 
[earlier  fystel,  fistle,  Sec,  f.  L  fistula  pipe,  flute] 

fit1,  fytte,  n.  (archaic).  Section  of  a  poem. 
[OE  fitt  cf.  OHG  fiza  list  of  cloth] 

fit 2,  n.  Paroxysm  of  periodic  ailment,  sudden 
transitory  attack  of  some  illness ;  sudden  seiz- 
ure, with  loss  of  consciousness  or  convulsions, 
of  hysteria,  apoplexy,  fainting,  paralysis,  or 
epilepsy  (give  one  af,  surprise  or  outrage  him ; 
beat  one  into,  give  one,  ff.,  defeat  him  easily) ; 
sudden  transitory  state  (a  f.  of  energy,  idle- 
ness, devotion,  indifference,  &c,  whence  fi't- 
ful  a.,  fi^tfulLY2  adv.,  fl'tfulNESS  n. ;  by  ff. 
(&  starts),  spasmodically) ;  caprice,  mood,  (when 
the  f.  was  on  him).    [OE  fitt ,  perh. = prec. ] 

fit 3,  a.  Well  adapted  or  suited  (for  some  pur- 
pose or  to  do  or  be ;  survival  of  the  fittest) ; 
becoming,  proper,  right,  (it  is  f.  that ;  see  or 
think  f.  to,  decide  to) ;  qualified,  competent, 
worthy,  to  do  (not  f.  to  hold  a  candle  to) ;  in 
suitable  condition,  ready,  to  do  or  for  ;  angry, 
troubled,  or  exhausted  enough  to  (do  some- 
thing violent,  sink  to  the  ground,  &c.) ;  in  good 
athletic  condition  or  health  ( /.  as  a  fiddle). 
Hence  fi'tLY  2  adv.    [from  1440 ;  etym.  dub.l 

fit4,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Be  in  harmony  with,  be- 
come, befit ;  be  of  right  measure,  shape,  &  size 
for  (esp.  of  dress  ;  often  abs.,  as  the  cap  *  fits) ; 
fill  up,  exactly  correspond  to,  (receptacle,  fel- 
low, &c,  or  abs. ;  often  in,  into,  in  with),  make 
to  do  this ;  make  suitable,  adapt,  for,  to  with  n. 
or  inf. ;  make  competent/or  or  to  ;  f.  on,  try  on 
(garment);  supply,  furnish,  (ship  &c,  rarely 
person)  with ;  f.  out,  up,  equip ;  hence  (-)fittER l 
n.  (N.)  adaptation,  adjustment,  style  in  which 
garment  fits  (a  tight,  bad,  excellent,  /.) ;  f.-out, 
equipment,    [from  16th  c,  prob.  f.  prec] 

fitch,  n.  (Brush  made  of)  polecat's  hair.  [f. 
MDu.  fisse  polecat] 

fi'tehew,  n.  Foumart,  polecat.  It  OF  fissel 
dim.  of  MDu.  fisse  (prec.)] 

fi*tment,n.  Piece  of  furniture.  [fit4,-ment] 

fi'tness,  n.  Being  fit ;  moral  worthiness  ;  pro- 
priety (the  /.  of  things,  what  is  right  or  appro- 
priate),   [-ness] 

fitting-1,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  (usu.  pi.)  fix- 
ture^), apparatus,  furniture  ;  (Engin.)  f.-shop, 
place  where  parts  are  put  together,    [-ing  j] 

fi'tting 2>  a.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  becoming, 
proper,  right,  whence  fi'tting-LY 2 adv.  [-ing2] 

five,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  four,  5,  V,  (twenty - 
f.,f.-&-twenty ;  f.  o'clock ;  How  old  are  you  ?— 
F.) ;  the  number  f.  (twice  f.  is  ten) ;  set  of  f. 
things  ;  card,  die,  or  domino  with  f.  pips  ;  (also 
fi'VER1  n.)  hit  at  cricket  for  f.  runs,  £5  note ; 
bunch  of  ff,  hand  ;  (pi.)  gloves,  shoes,  &c,  of 
fifth  size  ;  (pi.)  the  f.-per-cents ;  f. -finger  exer- 
cise, on  piano  for  practising  all  fingers ;  f. -finger. 


kinds  of  plant,  also  star-fish  ;f.-line(d)  whip, 
urgent  summons  to  attend  in  House  of  Parlia- 
ment (now  disused) ;  f. -o'clock  tea,  light  after- 
noon meal ;  fivepenny  (also  pr.  ftp-),  costing, 
rated  at,  5d.,  (Guernsey  &c.)  half-franc ;  f.-per- 
cents,  stock  or  shares  paying  5  °/„.  Hence  fi've- 
fold  a.  &  adv.  [Aryan ;  OE  ///  cf.  G  fiinf,  Gk 
pente,  L  quinque] 
fives,  n.  Ball-game  played  with  hands  or  bat 
in  court  with  two,  three,  or  four  walls,  [pi.  of 
five  used  as  sing. ;  significance  unknown] 

Make  firm  or  stable,  fasten, 


fix1,  v.t.  &  i. 


FIX 


309 


FLAKE 


secure,  implant  (principles,  memory,  &c),  (in, 
on,  to,  &c.) ;  direct  steadily,  set,  (eyes,  gaze,  af- 
fection, attention)  on  or  upon;  (of  object)  at- 
tract &  hold  (attention,  eyes,  &c.) ;  make  (eyes, 
features),  or  become,  rigid ;  deprive  of,  lose, 
volatility  or  fluidity,  congeal  (t.  &  i.);  make 
(colour,  photographic  image)  fast,  whence  fl*x- 
er  l(2)  n. ;  single  out  (person)  with  one's  eyes 
&c. ;  place  definitely  or  permanently,  station, 
establish ;  take  up  one's  position ;  settle  one's 
choice,  decide,  (up)on ;  assign  precise  position 
of ;  refer  (thing,  person)  to  definite  place  or 
time;  determine  incidence  of  (liability  &c); 
settle,  determine,  specify,  (price,  date,  place) ; 
arrest  changes  or  development  in  (language, 
literature) ;  (U.S. ;  often  up)  arrange,  organize, 
prepare,  [ult.  f.  Lfixus  p.p.  of  figere  fix  ;  perh. 
thr.  obs.  fix  a.,  or  F  fixer  or  med.L  fixare J 
fix2,  n.  Dilemma,  position  hard  to  escape 
from.    [f.  prec] 

flxa'tion,  n.    Fixing,  being  fixed  :  process  of 
rendering  solid,  coagulation ;  process  of  com- 
bining a  gas  with  a  solid,    [f.  med.L  fixatio 
(fixare  see  fix1,  -ation)] 
fl'xative,  a.  &  n.    Tending  to  fix ;  (n.)  sub- 
stance used  to  fi  x  colours  or  drawings.  [- ative] 
fi'xatupe  (-tsher),  n.  Gummy  preparation  for 
fixing  the  hair,    las  prec,  -ure] 
fixed,  a.     In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  /.  idea,  one 
tending  to  become  a  monomania ;  /.  acid  or 
oil,  one  not  evaporable  without  decomposition ; 
/.  point,  where  policeman  is  permanently  sta- 
tioned ;  /.  star,  one  seeming  to  keep  same  rela- 
tive position  to  others  (opp.  planet) ;  /.  capi- 
tal2 ;  /.  property,  land  &  houses,    [-ed1] 
fl'xedly,  adv.  In  fixed  manner ;  esp.  (of  look- 
ing) intently.    [-LY2] 

fl'xedness,  n.  Fixed  state,  immobility,  per- 
manence, steadfastness,  [-ness] 
fl'xings, n.  pi.  (U.S.).  Apparatus, equipment; 
trimming  of  dress  or  dish,  adjuncts.  [-ING l] 
fl'xity,  n.  Fixed  state ;  (Physics)  property  of 
enduring  heat  without  being  volatilized  or  los- 
ing weight ;  stability,  permanence,  [f.  hfixus 
see  fix  i  +  -itv] 

fixture  (tsher),  n.    Thing  fixed  or  fastened 
in  position;  (Law;  pi.)  articles  of  a  personal 
nature  affixed  to  the  freehold ;  person  or  thing 
confined  to  or  established  in  one  place  (chiefly 
in  pred.,  as  seenis  to  be  a/.);  (Athlet.  &c.)  (date 
appointed  for)  meet,  race,  &c.    [changed  f.  obs. 
fixure  f.  LL  fixura  (figere  fix-,  -ure)] 
fizz,  v.i.,  &  n.    (Make)  hissing  or  spluttering 
sound,  whence  fl'zzY2  a. ;  champagne,    [imit.] 
fi'zzle,  v.i.,  &  n.    Hiss  or  splutter  feebly  (n., 
this  sound) ;  /.  out,  come  to  lame  conclusion, 
[f.  obs.  fise  break  wind  +  -le(3)] 
fla'bbergast,  v.t.    Dumbfound,  so  astonish 
as  to  incapacitate,    [from  1772;  etym.  dub.] 
fla'bby,  a.     Hanging  down',  flaccid,  limp, 
(usu.  of  flesh) ;  nerveless,  feeble,  (of  language 
or  character).    Hence  fla'bbiNESS  n.    [earlier 
flappy  (flap,  -Y2)] 

flabe'llate,  flabe*llifopm,aa.  (hot.  &  zool.). 
Fan-shaped,  [f.  L  flabellum  fan  (flare  blow)  + 
-ate2,  -form] 

fla'ccid  (ks-),  a.  Hanging  loose  or  wrinkled, 
limp,  flabby,  (usu.  of  flesh) ;  relaxed,  drooping  ; 
wanting  vigour,  feeble.  Hence  flaeci'diTY  n. 
[f.  Fflaccide  f.  lifiaccidus  (flaccus  flabby)] 
flag*1,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  with  bladed  leaf 
growing  on  moist  ground,  esp.  various  species 
of  iris  ;  ff.  or  /.  collect.,  kind  of  coarse  grass  ; 
long  slender  blade  of  a  plant.  Hence  fla'ggY  2 
a.    [cf.  Du.  flag] 

flag*2,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Also  flagstone)  flat  slab  of 
rock  for  paving,  (pi.)  pavement  made  of  these, 
also  fla'ggiNG  ](6)  n. ;  ( vb)  pave  with  ff.  [earlier 


sense  sod,  cf.  Icel.  flag  spot  whence  sod  has  been 
cut,  &  FLAKE2] 

flags,  n.  (Also  /. -feather)  quill  -  feather  of 
bird's  wing.  [perh.  f.  obs.  flag  drooping  f.  OF 
flac  f.  L  flaccus  flabby] 

flag4,  n.,&  v.t.  Piece  of  bunting  or  other  stuff, 
usu.  oblong  or  square,  attached  by  one  edge  to 
staff  or  halyard  &  used  as  standard,  ensign,  or 
signal  (6ZacA:/.,pirate'sensign,alsof.hoisted  out- 
side prison  to  announce  execution  of  criminal ; 
i^ZacA;  i^.,irregular  Chinese  soldiers, orig.  rebels, 
in  Tonquin  ;  white/.,  f.  of  truce,  f.  disclaiming 
hostile  intention  ;  yellow/.,  displayed  by  ship 
with  infectious  disease  on  board,  hospital  ship, 
or  ship  in  quarantine ;/.  o/truce,  white,  indicat- 
ing desire  to  parley ;  dip  x  /. ;  lower  or  strike 
one's  /.,  take  it  down  as  salute  or  sign  of  sur- 
render) ;  (Naut.)  f.  carried  by  flagship  as  em- 
blem of  admiral's  rank  afloat  (hoist,  strike, 
one's  /.,  assume,  relinquish,  command) ;  tail  of 
setter  or  Newfoundland  dog ;  /.-boat,  serving 
as  mark  in  aquatic  matches ;  /.-captain,  cap- 
tain of  flagship ;  /.-lieutenant,  admiral's  A.  D.C. ; 
/.-list,  roll  of  /.-officers,  i.  e.  admirals,  vice-admi- 
rals, or  rear-admirals;  flagman,  signaller  at 
races  &c. ;  flagship,  having  admiral  on  board ; 
flagstaff,  pole  on  which  f.  is  hung ;  /.-station, 
where  trains  stop  only  if  signalled  ;  /.-wagging 
(mil.  slang), signalling; /.-waver,  agitator.  (Vb) 
place  f.  on  or  over  ;  mark  out  with  ff. ;  inform 
(person),  communicate  (information,  that),  by 
f. -signals,  [perh.  imit.  of  flapping  sound  ;  in  all 
mod.  Teut.  langg.,  earliest  in  E  (15th  c.)] 

flag5,  v.i.  Hang  down,  flap  loosely;  droop, 
fade,  become  limp  ;  lag,  lose  vigour,  grow  lan- 
guid ;  fall  off  in  interest,    [perh.  as  flag  3] 

flage'llant  (j- ;  also  fla'j-),  n.  &  a.  (One) 
who  scourges  himself ;  given  to  flogging,  [f.  L 
flagellare  (flagellum),  -ant] 

fla'gellate J,  v.t.  Scourge.  Hence  or  cogn. 
flagellATioN,  fla'gellatOR2,  nn.,  fla'gella- 
tORY  a.    [as  prec,  -ate3] 

flage'llum  (j-),  n.  (pi.  -lla).  (Bot.)  runner, 
creeping  shoot ;  (Zool.,  Biol.)  lashlike  append- 
age. Hence  fla'gellate2  (at;  see  -ate2), 
flage'lliFORM,  aa.    [L,  =  whip] 

flageolet1  (-jo- ;  also  fla'-),  n.  Small  wind-in- 
strnment  with  mouth-piece  at  end,  six  holes,  & 
sometimes  keys.  [F,  dim.  of  OF  flajol  etym.  dub.  ] 

flageole*t2  (jo- ;  also  -la),  n.  Kind  of  kidney- 
bean.  [F,  =/ageolet  dim.  oi/ageol  f.  L/aseolus] 

flagi'tious  (-jlshtfs),  a.  Deeply  criminal, 
atrocious,  hefnous,  villanous.  Hence  flagi*- 
tiousLY  2 adv.,  flagi'tiousxESS  n.  [f.  L-flagi- 
tiosus  (flagitium  crime,  -ose1)] 

fla'gon,  n.  Large  vessel  usu.  with  handle, 
spout,  &  lid,  to  hold  liquor  for  table  ;  similar 
vessel  for  Eucharist ;  (Wine-trade)  flattened 
globular  glass  bottle  holding  nearly  two  bottles. 
[ME  flakon  f.  OF  flacon  (flask,  -oon)] 

fla'grant,  a.  Glaring,  notorious,  scandalous, 


(of  offence  or  offender).    Hence  or  cogn.  fla'g- 

[f.  L  flagrare 
blaze  (Aryan  bhleg-),  -ant] 


pa ncy  n.,  fla'gpanti.Y2  adv. 


flail,  n  Hand  threshing-implement,  wooden 
staff  at  end  of  which  a  short  heavy  stick  hangs 
swinging.  [OE  fligel  cf.  Du  vlegel,  G  flegel, 
prob.  f.  L  flagellum] 

flair,  n.  Selective  instinct  for  what  is  excel- 
lent, paying,  &c  [F  (flairer  to  smell  f.  pop.  L 
flagrare  = /ragrare  see  fragrant)] 

flake1,  n.  Rack  for  storing  oatcake  &c.  ; 
stage  for  drying  fish  &c  [peril,  f.  ON  flake 
hurdle  cf.  Lplectere,  Gk  pleko,  weave] 

flake2,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Light  fleecy  tuft,  esp. 
of  snow  ;  portion  of  ignited  matter  thrown  off; 
thin  broad  piece  peeled  off;  natural  division  of 
fish's  flesh ;  layer ;  carnation  with  striped  petals; 


FLAM 


310 


FLAT 


/. -white,  pigment  made  from  white-lead  in  ff. ; 
hence  fla'kv2  a.    (Vb)  fall  like,  sprinkle  as 
with,  snow ;   take,  come,  away  or  off  in  ff. 
[perh.  \ilt.  f.  Aryan  plag-  cf.  Gk  plegnumi  beat] 
"flam,  n.    Sham  story,  trick,  deception.    [?] 
fla-mbeau  (-bo),  n.  (pi.  -.<?  or-rcpr.  -z).   Torch, 
esp.  of  several  thick  waxed  wicks.  [F,  Lflambe 
flame  !  (  =  med.L flambellum)] 
flamboyant,  a.  &  n.     Marked  by  wavy 
flamelike  lines  (of  French  15th  &  16th  c.  archit.) ; 
floridly  decorated;  gorgeously  coloured;  (n.) 
kinds  of  flame-coloured  flower.     [F,  part,  of 
flamboyer  (flambe  flame1)] 
flame1,  n.    (Portion  of)  ignited  gas  (the  ff., 
fire,  esp.  as  consuming) ;    visible  combustion 
(inff.;  burst  into/.  or#.) ;  bright  light,  brilliant 
colouring ;  passion, esp.  of  love  (fan  the/.,  make 
it  more  intense) ;  (joe.) sweetheart  (an  old/,  of 
mine) ;   kinds  of   moth.     Hence  fla'meLESS 
(poet.),  fla'mv2,  aa.  [f.  OFflambe  f.  L  flamma 
(flagrare  blaze  orfldre  blow)] 
flame2,  v.i.      Emit  ff.,  blaze,  (often  away, 
forth,  out,  up) ;  (of  passion)  burst  out ;  (of  per- 
sons) break  out,  blaze  up,  into  anger ;  shine, 
gleam,  (/.  up,  blush  violently) ;  move  like  f.  ; 
send  (signal)  by  flaming  ;  subject  to  action  of  f. 
(sterilized  by  flaming),   [f.  OF  flamber&s  prec] 
fla'men,  n.  (Rom.  ant.).    A  god's  priest.    [L] 
fla'mingr,  a.    In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  very  hot 
(af.  sun) ;  bright-coloured ;  exaggerated,  over- 
laudatory,  (a  f.  description),    [-ing2] 
flami'ngo,  n.  Large  long-legged  long-necked 
heavy- billed  scarlet -feathered   bird.      [Port. 
(-engo)  perh.  f.  Rom.  fiama  flame  4-  -enc  -  -ing] 
ffan&rie,  flaneur,  (F),  nn.    Idling,  idler. 
flange  (-j),  n.,  &  v.t.    Projecting  flat  rim, 
collar,  or  rib  ;  (vb)  provide  with  f.  [perh.  f.  OF 
flanche  flank] 
flank,  n.,  &  v.t.    Fleshy  part  of  side  between 
ribs  &  hip ;  side  of  building,  mountain,  &c.  ; 
right  or  left  side  of  army  or  body  of  troops  (in 
/.,  at  the  side ;  turn  /.  of).     (Vb)  guard  or 
strengthen  on  the  f.,  menace  f.  of,  take  in  f., 
enfilade,  rake ;  be  posted  or  situated  at  f.  of ; 
march  past  f.  of.    [f.  FJlanc  etym.  dub.] 
fla'nker,  n.    Fortification  guarding  or  men- 
acing flank ;  (Mil.,  usu.  pi.)  flank  skirmisher(s) ; 
thing  that  flanks  anything,    [-er  l] 
fla'nnel  (nl),  n.  &  a.    Open  woollen  stuff, 
usu.  without  nap  (pi.,  kinds  of  this,  f.  goods) ; 
(pi.)  underclothing  of  f.,  f.  bandages,  garments 
esp.  trousers  of  f.  for  games,  whence  fla'nnel- 
Ied  2  a. ;  piece  of  f.  used  in  washing  person  or 
scrubbing  floor,  whence  fla'nnel  (-11-)  v.t. ; 
hence flannelE-TTE(2)n.,fla*nnellY2a.  (Adj.) 
made  of  f.    fperh.  f.  W  gwlanen  (gwldn  wool)] 
flap,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.    Strike  with  something 
broad,  drive  (flies  &c.)  away  or  off;  (of  birds) 
strike  (something)  with  flat  of  wing ;  swing  or 
sway  about,  flutter,  oscillate ;  move  (t.  &  i.  of 
wings)  up  &  down  ;  beat  the  wings.    (N.)  light 
blow  with  something  broad  ;  motion  of  wing 
&c. ;  broad  hanging  piece  hinged  or  attached 
by  one  side  only,  e.  g.  trapdoor,  pocket-cover, 
hat-brim,  table-leaf,    valve,    fish's   gill-cover, 
piece  of  skin  left  in  amputations  ;  open  mush- 
room-top (cf.  button),     [imit.] 
flapdoo'dle,  n.     Nonsense,  bunkum.    [?] 
fla'pper,   n.     Flat   fly-killing   instrument; 
bird-scaring  clapper ;  young  wild-duck  or  par- 
tridge, (slang)  girl  not  yet  out ;  hinged  or  hang- 
ing piece,  flap ;  broad  fin ;  crustacean's  tail ; 
(slang)  hand ;  (w.  ref.  to  Laputans)  person,  thing, 
that  jogs  one's  memory  or  wits,   [-er  ]  J 
flare,  v.ti  &  i.,  &  n.    (Cause  to)  bulge  gradu- 
ally upwards  (of  ship's  sides) ;  blaze  with  hright 
unsteady  flame,  glow  as  with  flame,  (often 
about,  away,  out ;  part.,  gaudy,  over-conspicu- 


ous) ;  /.  tip,  burst  into  sudden  blaze  or  anger. 
(N.)  dazzling  irregular  light,  unshaded  flame  in 
open  air ;  sudden  outburst  of  flame ;  ostenta- 
tion ;  upward  bulge  in  ship's  sides  ;  f.-up,  sud- 
den breaking  into  flame,  short  brilliant  popu- 
larity or  display,  burst  of  anger,  uproarious 
merrymaking.    I?] 

flash  l,  v.i.  &  t.  Break  suddenly  into  flame, 
give  out  flame  or  sparks,  (/:  in  the  pan,  fail 
after  showy  start,  like  priming  of  old  guns) ; 
emit  or  reflect  light,  gleam ;  send,  reflect,  (some- 
thing) like  a  f.  or  in  ff.  (eyesf.  fire,f.  back  defi- 
ance) ;  burst  suddenly  into  view  or  perception 
(flashed  upon  me  that  — );  move  swiftly  ;  /.  up 
or  out,  show  sudden  passion  ;  cause  to  gleam 
(flashed  his  sword  ;  had  a  lantern  flashed  in 
my  face) ;  send  by  telegraph  (news  was  flashed 
over  England) ;  (Glass-making)  spread  out  (t.  & 
i.)  into  a  sheet,  cover  (plain  glass)  with  colour- 
ed film  ;  (of  water)  rush  along,  rise  &  flow,  fill 
or  flood  (stream  &c.)  with  water ;  f. -board,  for 
sending  more  water  from  mill-dam  into  mill- 
race  ;  f.-pipe,  extra  pipe  with  line  of  holes  for 
lighting  high  gas-lamp ; flashing-point,  temper- 
ature at  which  vapour  from  oil  &c.  ignites, 
[prob.  imit.  in  sense  flood  &c.  (the  earliest)] 

flash  2,  n.  Sudden  transitory  blaze  (/.  in  pan, 
abortive  effort ;  see  prec),  time  occupied  by  it, 
instant,  (in  a  f.) ;  ostentation;  sudden  short 
access  of  feeling  (af.  of  hope) ;  preparation  for 
colouring  spirits  ;  rush  of  water  let  down  weir 
to  take  boat  over  shallows,  contrivance  for 
producing  this  ;  f. -light,  used  for  signals  &  in 
lighthouses,  also  for  photographing  by  night 


&c. ;  f. -point,  (now  more  usu.  for)  flash  Ung- 
toint.    [f.  prec] 
flash',  a.      Gaudy,    showy,   counterfeit  (f. 


ry,  cheaply  attractive  ;  showy,  gaudy ;  given 
display.    Hence  fla'shiLV2  adv.,  fla-shi- 


notes,  money) ;  cant,   slang ;  connected  with 
thieves,  tramps,  &c    [f.  prec] 
fla'shy,  a.     Brilliant  but  shallow  or  transi- 
tory, cheaply  attractive  ;  showy,  gaudjj 
to  i 
NESS  h.     [-Y2] 

flask,  n.  (Usu.  powder-f.)  leather  or  metal 
case  for  carrying  sportsman's  supply  of  gun- 
powder ;  Italian  narrow-necked  wickered  wine 
or  oil  bottle  ;  traveller's  pocket  bottle  of  metal 
or  (usu.  leather-covered)  glass  for  wine,  spirit, 
&c.  [cf.  It.  fiasco,  Gflasche  ;  perh.  ult.  f.  L  vas- 
culum  dim.  of  vas  vessel] 

fla'sket,  n.  Long  shallow  basket  (archaic) ; 
small  flask,  [f.  OF  flasquet(flasque  flask, -vr*)] 

flat1,  n.  Storey  ;  suite  of  rooms  on  one  floor 
as  residence.    [OE  flet  floor  cogn.  w.  foil.  ] 

flat2,  a.  &  adv.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Horizontal,  level ; 
spread  out,  lying  at  full  length,  (fell  f.  ;  f. 
against  the  wall ;  with  the  f.  hand) ;  even, 
smooth,  unbroken,  without  projection,  (/.  tint, 
uniform) ;  with  broad  level  surface  &  little 
depth ;  unqualified,  plain,  downright,  (/.  denial, 
refusal ;  f.  nonsense,  blasphemy ;  that's  f,  let 
there  be  no  doubt  about  it) ;  dull,  lifeless,  mono- 
tonous, (fall  /.,  prove  a  failure,  not  win  ap- 
plause ;  market  is,  prices  are,f,  inactive,  slug- 
gish) ;  slow-witted  ;  dejected,  without  energy, 
(/.  beer,  that  has  lost  its  effervescence) ;  (Mus.) 
below  the  true  pitch  (B,  D,  &c,/.,  a  semitone 
lower  than  B,  D,  &c  ;  sings f.)  ;f.-boat,  with  f. 
bottom  for  transport  in  shallow  water  ;/.  can- 
dlestick, with  broad  base  &  short  stem  for 
carrying  about ;  f.-fish,  family  including  sole, 
turbot,  plaice,  &c.  ;f-foot(ed),  (having)  foot  not 
normally  arched  ',f.-iron,  for  ironing  linen  &c; 
/.  race,  over  level  ground  (opp.  hurdle-race  or 
steeplechase) ;  hence  fla'tLY2  adv.,  fla't.vESS 
il,  fla'ttEN^  v.t.  &  i.,  fla*ttiSHi(2)  a.,  fla't- 
ways,  fla'twiSE,  advv.  (N.)  what  is  f.  (on, 
from,  the  /.,  of  drawings  &c  as  opposed  to 


FLATTER 


311 


FLESH 


sculpture),  f.  part  of  anything  (the  f.  of  the 
hand,  with  the  f.  of  his  sword) ;  level  ground, 
plain,  low  land,  swamp;  f.-bottomed  boat; 
shallow  basket ;  (Theatr.)part  of  scene  mounted 
on  frame  &  pushed  in  ;  (slang)  duffer,  dupe ; 
(Mus.)  note  lowered  a  semitone  below  natural 
pitch,  sign  indicating  this  lowering,  sharps  & 
ff.,  black  notes  on  piano.  (Vb)  make  f.  (chiefly 
in  manufacturing  processes;  else  where^fa^cn). 
[i.  OXflatr  etym.  dub.] 

fla'ttep,  v.t.  Court,  fawn  upon  ;  compliment 
unduly,  overpraise ;  gratify  vanity  of,  make 
feel  honoured  ;  inspire  with  (esp.  unfounded) 
hope ;  please  oneself  with  the  belief  (that)  ; 
gratify  (eye,  ear,  &c.) ;  (of  portrait,  painter,  &c.) 
exaggerate  good  looks  of.  Hence  fla'ttePER 1, 
fla'ttERYU,  5),  nn.,  fla'tteringLY2  adv.  [perh. 
irreg.  f.  OF  flater  (to  smooth)] 

fla'tulent,  a.  Generating  gas  in  the  alimen- 
tary canal ;  caused  by,  attended  with,  troubled 
with,  accumulation  of  such  gas ;  inflated,  puffed 
up,  windy, pretentious.  Hence  or  cogn.  fla'tu- 
Ience,  fla'tulENCY,  nn.,  fla'tulentLY  2  adv. 

[F  (foil.,  -ULENT)] 

fla'tus,  n.  Wind  in  stomach  or  bowels.  [L, 
vbl  n.  (flare  blow)] 

flaunt,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Wave  (t.  &  i.)proudly; 
display  oneself  or  one's  finery ;  show  off,  parade, 
(oneself,  finery,  &c.) ;  hence  flau'ntingr.Y2 
adv.,  nau'ntY  2  a.    (N.)  flaunting  motion.    [?] 

flairtist  (aw-),  n.  Flute-player,  [f.  It.  flau- 
tista  (flauto  flute)] 

flave'seent,  a.  Turning  yellow,  yellowish, 
[f.  hflavescere  (Jlavus  yellow,  -escent)] 

fla'vour,  n.,  &  v.t.  Aroma,  mingled  sensa- 
tion of  smell  &  taste,  distinctive  taste ;  unde- 
finable  characteristic  quality ;  hence  fla'vop- 
ous,  fla'vouPLESS,  fla'voupsoME,  aa.  (Vb) 
give  f.  to,  season;  hence  fla'voupiNGMS)  n. 
[prob.  f.  OF  flaur,  fraor,  smell,  perh.  f.  L  fra- 
grare  be  fragrant] 

flaw  K  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Crack,  breach,  rent ;  im- 
perfection, blemish  ;  (Law)  invalidating  defect 
in  document,  procedure,  evidence,  &c;  hence 
flaw'LESs  a.,  flawlessLY  2  adv.,  flawless- 
nessii.  (Vb)  crack  (t.&i.),damage,'mar.  [perh. 
f.  ONflaga  slab  cf.  flake2] 

flaw2,  n.  Squall  of  wind ;  short  storm,  [cf. 
Du.  vlaag,  Sw. flaga;  perh.  cogn.  w.  flay] 

flawn,  n.  (archaic).  Kind  of  custard,  [f.  OF 
flaon  (now  flan)  f.  med.L  fladonem  nom.  -o  f. 
ORG  flado  flat  cake] 

flax,  n.  Blue-flowered  plant  cultivated  for 
its  textile  fibre  &  its  seeds  called  linseed  ;  (with 
qualifying  word  prefixed  or  suffixed)  kinds  of 
similar  plant,  as  dwarf,  toad,  -f.  ,f.-lily,  -dodder; 
fibres  of  f.,  dressed  or  undressed; 'cloth  of  f., 
linen  ;f.-seed,  linseed.  [com.-WG ;  OEfleax  cf. 
G  flacks,  perh.  cogn.  w.  G  flechten,  L  plectere, 
Gk  pleko,  weave] 

fla'xen,  a.  Of  flax;  (of  hair)  coloured  like 
dressed  flax,  pale  yellowish-brown,    [-en  5] 

flay,  v.t.  Strip  off  skin  or  hide  of ;  (fig.)  criti- 
cize severely ;  pillage,  plunder,  (person);  peel 
off  (skin,  bark,  peel);  pare  off  (turf) ;  f.-flint,  ex- 
tortioner, miser.  [com.-Teut;  OE./Z&mcf.MDu. 
vlaen,  Gk  plesso  strike,  flake2,  flaw] 

flea  (-e),  n.  Small  wingless  jumping  insect 
feeding  on  human  &  other  blood  (send  oneaway 
with  a  f.  in  his  ear,  discomfited  by  a  reproof 
or  repulse);  sand-f,  water-f,  small  jumping 
crustaceans;  =  f.-beetle;  small  or  contemptible 
creature;  f.-bane,  f-wort,  kinds  of  plant;  f.- 
beetle,  jumping  beetle  infesting  hops ;  f.-bite, 
lit.,  &  fig.  slight  inconvenience  or  expense,  mere 
trifle,  also  small  reddish  spot  in  animal's  colour- 
ation (f. -bitten,  sprinkled  with  these  on  lighter 
ground ;  also  lit) ;  f.-dock,  butter-bur ;  f. -louse, 


jumping  plant-louse.  [com.-Teut.;  OKfleahct 
Gfloh,  prob.  cogn.  w.  flee] 

fleam,  n.  Lancet  for  bleeding  horses,  [f.  OF 
flieme  f.  med.L  fledomum  f.  LL  flebotomum  t. 
Gk  phlebotomon  see  phlebotomy] 

Heche  (-ash),  n.  Slender  spire,  esp.  at  inter- 
section of  nave  &  transept.    [F,  orig.  =  arrow] 

fleck,  n.,&  v.t.  Spotintheskin, freckle;  patch 
of  colour  or  light ;  small  particle,  speck  ;  hence 
fle'ekLESS  a.  ( Vb)  mark  with  ff.,  dapple,  varie- 
gate, [f.  or  cogn.  w.  ON  flekkr  blow,  spot,  cf. 
G  fleck  spot  8cflicken  to  patch] 

fle'ekep,  v.t.  Dapple,  variegate ;  scatter  in 
patches,    [prec. +-ER5] 

fled.    See  flee. 

fledge,  v.  t.  Provide  with  feathers  or  plumage, 
wing  for  flight,  deck  with  feathers  or  down. 
Hence  fle'dgeLESS  a.  [f.  obs.  adj.  fledge  fea- 
thered cf.  OK  unfligge  unfledged,  &  G  flilgge, 
cogn.  w.  FLY2] 

fle*dg,(e)ling>,  n.  Young  bird ;  inexperienced 
person,    [as  prec.  +  -ling  ]  ] 

flee,  v.i.  &  t.  (fled ;  fly, flying,  are  now  usu.  sub- 
stituted for  flee,  fleeing;  is  fled,  see  -ed1^),  or 
has  fled).  Run  away,  seek  safety  in  flight ;  van- 
ish, cease,  pass  away ;  run  away  from,  leave 
abruptly;  eschew, shun.  [com.-Teut.;  OEflion 
cf.  Gfliehen,  Goth,  thliuhan] 

fleece,  n.,  &  v.t.  Woolly  covering  of  sheep  or 
similar  animal  (Golden F.,  Austrian  &  Spanish 
order  of  Knighthood) ;  quantity  of  wool  shorn 
from  a  sheep  at  once ;  rough,  abundant,  or 
woolly  head  of  hair ;  thing  like  a  f.,  white  cloud, 
falling  snow,  &c. ;  (Carding)  thin  sheet  of  cotton 
or  wool  fibre ;  hence  (-)fleeeED  2,  flee'e  y  2,  aa. 
(Vb)  shear  (sheep ;  rare) ;  strip  of  money,  pro- 
perty, &c.  (also  of),  whence  flee'ceABLE  a.; 
overspread  as  with  f.  (sky  fleeced  with  clouds). 
[com.-WG  ;  OE  fleos  cf.  Du.  vlies,  Gfliess,  perh. 
cogn.  w.  L  pluma  feather] 

fleep,  v.i.,  &  n.  Laugh  impudently  or  mock- 
ingly, gibe,  jeer,  sneer;  (n.)  mocking  look  or 
speech,    [cf.  Norw.  &  Sw.  dial,  flira  to  grin] 

fleet  \  n.  Naval  armament,  number  of  war- 
ships under  one  command-in-chief  (the  /.,  the 
navy);  number  of  ships  or  boats  sailing  in  com- 
pany. IOE  fltot  ship,  shipping  (fleotan  fleet5)] 

fleet2,  n.  Creek,  inlet;  The  F.,  stream,  now 
covered  sewer,  running  into  Thames  E.  of  F. 
Street,  also  the  prison  that  stood  near  it  (F.  mar- 
riage, performed  by  a  F.  parson  or  disreputable 
clergyman  in  &  about  the  F.  ready  to  marry 
clandestinely).  [OEfleoi  cf.  Du.  vliet,  Gfliess, 
cogn.  w.  fleet5] 

fleet ;!,  a.  (poet,  or  literary).  Swift,  nimble. 
Hence  flee'tLY2  adv.,  fleetNESS  n.  [cf.  ON 
fliotr,  cogn.  w.  fleet5] 

fleet4,  a.  &  adv.  Shallow  (of  water) ;  at  or  to 
no  great  depth  (plough  ox  sow f.).  [cf.  Du.  vloot, 
cogn.  w.  foil.] 

fleet5,  v.i.  Glide  away,  vanish,  be  transitory ; 
pass  rapidly,  slip  away;  move  swiftly,  fly.  Hence 
flee*tiNG2a., flee^ting-LYSadv.  [earliersenses, 
float,  swim,floio ;  com.-Teut. ;  OK  fttotancf.  G 
fliessen,  cogn.  w.  Gk  pled  sail,  L  pluere  rain] 

FleTning-.n.  Inhabitant  of  Flanders.  [f.MDu. 
Vldming  (Fldm-,  whence  Flanders,  +  -ing3)] 

Fle'mish ',  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  Flanders; 
F.  bond1,    [f.  MDu.  Vlaemisch  (prec,  -ish1)] 

fle'mish2,  v.i.  (Of  hound)  make  quivering 
movement  of  tail  &  body  while  searching  for 
trail,  feather.    [?] 

flench,  flinch,  flense,  v.t.  Cut  up  (whale) ; 
flay  (seal),    [f.  Du.  flense,  cf.  Norw.  flinsa  flay] 

flesh  1,  n.  Soft  substance  between  the  skin  & 
the  bones,  esp.  the  muscular  part  of  animal 
bodies  (/.  &  blood,  the  body  or  its  material,  man- 
kind, human  nature  with  its  emotions  &  in- 


FLESH 


312 


FLINT 


firmities ;  as  adj.,  actually  living,  not  super- 
natural or  imaginary:  one's  own  f.  &  b.,  near 
relations ;  descendants :  /.  &  fell,  the  whole 
body  ;  as  adv.,  entirely  :  one  /.,  united  as  one 
personality,  see  Gen.  ii.  24 :  proud  /.,  over- 
growth of  granulations  springing  on  wound : 
make  his  f.  creep,  frighten  or  horrify  him  esp. 
with  dread  of  the  supernatural) ;  pulpy  sub- 
stance of  fruit  or  plant;  plumpness,  fat,  (lose/., 
grow  thin  ;  inf.,  fat) ;  tissue  of  animal  bodies 
(excluding  fish  &  sometimes  fowls)  as  food, 
meat,  (  f. -feeding,  f. -eater,  &c. ;  neither  fish1, 
/.,  nor  &c.) ;  visible  surface  of  human  body  (/.- 
colour,  -ed,  yellowish  pink);  =/.  &  blood  above 
{all  /.,  whatever  has  bodily  life;  in  the  /.,  in 
bodily  form,  in  life ;  after  the  /.,  corporeally) ; 
the  sensual  appetites  (sins  of  the/.,  unchastity); 
f. -brush,  -glove,  for  stimulating  circulation  by 
rubbing ;  f.-fly,  depositing  eggs  or  larvae  in 
dead  f. ;  f.-pots  (w.  ref.  to  Exod.  xvi.  3),  high 
living;  /.  side  or/.,  side  of  a  hide  that  adjoined 
the  f. ;  /.  tints,  esp.  painter's  rendering  of  f.- 
colour;  /.  tights,  fleshings;  f. -wound,  one  not 
reaching  bone  or  vital  organ.  Hence  fle'sh- 
less  a.  [com.-WG  &  Scand. ;  OE  flxsc  cf.  G 
fleisch,  Da.  flesk  pork] 

"  flesh2,  v.t.  Incite  (hound  &c.)  by  taste  of 
blood  ;  initiate  in  bloodshed ;  inflame  by  fore- 
taste of  success;  use  sword  &c.  for  first  time 
on  f.  (or  fig.  pen,  ivit,  &c).    [f.  prec] 

fle'shings,  n.  pi.  Close  flesh-coloured  gar- 
ment usu.  of  silk  worn  on  stage  &c.  to  represent 
natural  skin,    [flesh1,  -ing1] 

fleshly,  a.  Carnal,  lascivious,  sensual,  (esp. 
of  appetites  &c,  rarely  of  persons);  mortal,  ma- 
terial, not  divine  or  spiritual ;  worldly.  Hence 
fle'shliNESS  n.    [OE  flxsclic  (flesh  i,  -like)] 

fleshy,  a.  Plump,  fat;  of  flesh,  without  bone ; 
(of  plant  or  fruit  tissue)  pulpy ;  like  flesh.  Hence 
fle-shiNESS  n.    [-v2] 

fleur-de-lis  (fler'dele*;  n\.fleurs--pr.  as  sing.), 
flowep-de-lu*ee  (archaic  &  U.S.),  n.  Iris 
flower  ;  heraldic  lily ;  (sing,  or  pi.)  royal  arms 
of  France,  French  royal  family,  France.  [F  (first 
form),  -  lily  flower  (lis  lily);  the  archaic  E  form 
is  corrupt,  of  F] 

fleup'et(-oor-),n.  Ornament  like  small  flower, 
[f.  Ffleurette  (fleur  flower,  -ette)] 

fleupon  (F),  n.  Flower-shaped  ornament  in 
architecture,  on  coins,  &c. 

fleup'y  (oori),  flop'y,  a.  (herald.).  Decorated 
with  fleurs-de-lis.     [f.  F  fleurt,  OF  fiore  (fleur 

FLOWER,  -Y4)] 

flew.    See  fly2. 

flews,  n.  pi.  Hanging  lips  of  bloodhound  &c.[?] 

flex,  v.t.  Bend  (in  scientific  use  of  bending 
limb  &c.  by  flexor,  or  in  Geol.  of  distorted 
strata),    [f.  Lflectereflex-] 

flexible,  a.  That  will  bend  withoutbreaking, 
pliable,  pliant ;  easily  led,  manageable ;  adapt- 
able, versatile ;  supple,  complaisant.  Hence  or 
cogn.  flexiBixiTY  n..  fle'xibLY  2  ad  v.  [F,  f.  L 
flexibilis  (prec,  -ible)] 

fle'xile,  a.  Supple,  mobile ;  tractable ;  versa- 
tile.   Hence  flexi'liTY  n.    [f.  L  flexMs  (-il)] 

fle'xion,  n.  Bending,  curvature,  bent  state, 
(esp.  of  limbor  joint) ;  bent  part,  curve;  (Gram.) 
=  inflexion,  whence  fle'xionAL,  fle'xionLESs, 
aa. ;  (Math.)  =  flexure,   [f.  hflexio  (flex,  -ion)] 

fle'xop,  n.  (Also/,  muscle,  tendon)  muscle 
that  bends  a  part  (opp.  extensor),    [flex,  -or2] 

fle'xuose,  a.  (bot).  Serpentine,  undulating. 
Hence  flexuo'so-  comb.  form.  [f.  hflexuosus 
(flexus  -us  a  bend  see  flex,  -ose1)] 

fle-xuous,  a.  Full  of  bends,  winding.  Hence 
or  cogn.  flexuo'siTY  n.,  fle'xuousLY2  adv. 
[as  prec,  -ous] 

fle'xupe(-ksher),  n.  Bending,  curvature,  bent 


state;  bend,  curve,  turn;  (Math.)  curving  of 
line  or  surface  or,  in  theory  of  elasticity,  of  sur- 
face or  solid,/,  of  a  curve,  its  bending  to  or  from 
a  straight  line ;  (Geol.)  bending  of  strata  under 
pressure,    \t.  ILflexura  (flex,  -ure)] 

fli'bbeptigi'bbet  (-j-),  n.  Gossiping,  flighty, 
frivolous,  or  restless  person,    [imit.  of  chatter] 

flick,  n.,  &  v.t.  Light  sharp  blow  with  whip- 
lash &c.  shot  outand  withdrawn,  or  with  finger- 
nail ;  sudden  movement,  jerk  ;  slight  sharp 
cracking  sound.  (Vb)  strike  with  a  f. ;  dash  or 
jerk  (dust  &c.)  away,  off;  give  a  f.  with  (whip, 
towel,  &c).    [imit.] 

fli'ekep,  v.i.,  &  n.  Quiver,  vibrate,  wave  to 
and  fro,  blow  lightly  &  unsteadily,  (of  flags, 
leaves,  serpents'  tongues,  wind,  &c.) ;  (of  flame 
&c,  &  fig.  of  hope  &c.)  flash  and  die  away  by 
turns ;  hence  fli'ekepingLY  2  adv.  (N.)  flick- 
ering movement  or  light.    [OE  flicorian  imit.] 

fliep.    See  flyer. 

flight1  (-it),  n.,  &  v.t.  Act  or  manner  of  flying 
through  air  (take  one's  or  a,  wing  one's,  /.,  fly), 
pursuit  of  game  by  hawk ;  migration,  migrat- 
ing body,  flock,  of  birds  or  insects ;  swift 
movement  of  projectiles  &c. ;  (of  time)  swift 
passage;  soaring,  excursion,  sally,  (of  wit,  fancy, 
ambition,  &c.) ;  distance  that  bird,  airship,  or 
missile,  can  fly;  series  (of  stairs  &c.  mounting 
without  change  of  direction,  or  of  hurdles  or 
rails  for  racing  over);  volley  (of  arrows  &c); 
in  the  first  f.,  taking  a  leading  place;  oat-chaff; 
/.  feather,  muscle,  used  in  flying.  (Vb)  shoot 
(wildfowl ;  also  abs.)  in  f.  [OE  flyht  (OTeut, 
fleugan  fly2)] 

flight2  (-it),  n.  Running  away,  hasty  retreat, 
absconding,  (take,  take  to,  betake  oneself  to,  /., 
run  away  ;  put  tof,  rout).  [ME  fluht  (OTeut. 
thleuhan  flee)] 

fligh'ty,  a.  Guided  by  whim  or  fancy,  fickle ; 
halfwitted,  crazy.  Hence  fligh'tiLY2  adv., 
flig-h'tiNESS  n.    [flight  l  +  -y2] 

flrm-flam,  n.  Trifle,  nonsense,  idle  talk ; 
piece  of  humbug,  deception.    [?] 

fli'msy  (-zi),  a.  &  n.  Easily  destroyed,  frail, 
slightly  put  together ;  paltry,  trivial ;  frivolous, 
superficial ;  hence  fli'msiLY2  adv.,  fli'msi- 
ness  n.  (N.)  banknote  (slang);  thin  paper,  re- 
porter's copy,    [from  18th  c. ;  prob.  imit.] 

flinch,  v.i.  Give  way,  draw  back,  (from duty, 
course,  &c);  wince,  [r.  OF^wc/u'retym.  dub.] 

fli*ndeps,n.  pi.  Fragments,  splinters,  (break, 


fly,  inf.).    [cf.  Norw.flindra,  Du.flenter] 
fling,  v.i.  &  t.  (flung),  &  n.    Rush,  go  an_ 
or  violently  (/.  out  of  the  room ;  flung  away  in 


a  rage) ;  (of  horse  &c.)  kick  and  plunge  (often 
out),  (of  person ;  usu.  out)  break  into  invective ; 
throw,  hurl,  (often  about,  aside,  away,  by,  out, 
up,  at ;  rejected  thing,  missile,  flotsam,  dice) ; 
throw  oneself  into  person's  arms,  a  boat,  &c, 
on  person's  compassion  &c,  or  into  an  enter- 
prise (i.e.  take  it  up  with  all  one's  might); 
suddenly  spread  out  (arms),  kick  up  (heels) ; 
cast  (one's  eyes)  carelessly  (up)on  ;  send,  emit, 
(sound,  smell,  light) ;  put  person  suddenly  or 
violently  into  prison  ;  launch  (troops  &c.)  on 
enemy  or  against  fortress  or  enemy ;  (of  wrest- 
ler or  ridden  horse)  throw  to  the  ground ;  /. 
(fact  &c.)  in  one's  teeth,  reproach  him  with  it ; 
/.  (door  &c.)  open  or  to,  open  or  shut  violently. 


(N.)  throw,  cast,  (have  af.  at,  make  an  attempt 
at,  jeer  at) ;  impetuous  dance  (esp.  Highland  f.) ; 
violent  movement,  plunge;  spell  of  indulgence 


in  impulse  (have  one's/.),  [cf.  ON  flengja] 
flint,  n.  Hard  stone  of  nearly  pure  silica  found 
in  pebbly  lumps  steel-grey  within  &  encrusted 
with  white ;  anything  hard  and  unyielding ; 
piece  of  f.  used  with  steel  to  produce  fire  (/.  <£• 
steel)  esp.  in  f.-lock  gun ;  pebble  of  f. ;  wring 


FLIP 


313 


FLOOD 


water  from  af,  work  miracles  ;  skin  af,  be 
miserly  or  avaricious;  set  one's  face  like  af, 
be  determined  ;  f.-glass,  pure  lustrous  kind 
orig.  made  with  f.  ;  f.-lock,  (lock  of)  gun  dis- 
charged by  spark  from  f.  Hence  fli'ntY 2  a., 
fli'ntiNESS  n.  [OE,  cf.  Da.  flint,  perh.  cogn.  w. 
Gk  plinthos  brickj 

flip1,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Put  (pellet,  coin)  in  mo- 
tion with  a  fillip ;  fillip  (person's  ear,  cheek,  &c), 
strike  lightly ;  make  a  fillip  with  fingers ;  move 
(fan,  whip,  fishing-fly)about  withsudden  jerk(s); 
strike  smartly  at  with  whip  &c. ;  (n.)  smart  light 
blow,  fillip,  flick,    [imit.] 

flip2,  n.  Beer  and  spirit  mixed,  sweetened, 
&  heated  with  hot  iron  ;  egg1-/  [perh.  f.  prec. 
in  sense  whip  up] 

fli*p-flap,  n.  Kind  of  somersault ;  kind  of 
firework,  cracker,    [imit.] 

fli'ppant,  a.  Lacking  in  gravity,  treating 
serious  things  lightly,  disrespectful.  Hence 
fli'PPANCY  n.,  fli'ppantLY2  adv.  [from  1605, 
orig.  =  nimble,  voluble,  perh.  f.  flips  -ant] 

fli'pper,  n.  Limb  used  to  swim  with,  as  in 
turtle  &  penguin';  (slang)  hand,   [flip1  +  -ER1] 

fli*pperty-flo*pperty,  a.   Loose,  dangling. 

flirt,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Fillip,  send  with  a  jerk ; 
wave  or  move  briskly  (fan,  bird's  tail) ;  play  at 
courtship  (with),  pretend  to  make  love,  whence 
flirtATiON  n. ,  flirtatious  a.  (N.)  sudden  jerk, 
quick  motion  quickly  checked ;  man  who  pays, 
or  usu.  woman  who  invites  or  accepts,  atten- 
tions merely  for  amusement,  whence  flipt- 
ish1,  flip'tY2,  aa.    [imit.] 

flit,  v.  i. ,  &  n.  Migrate,  be  gone,  depart ;  change 
one's  abode,  move,  (n.,  change  of  abode) ;  pass 
lightly,  softly,  rapidly,  (often  about,  by,  to  & 
fro) ;  fly  lightly,  make  short  flights,  (of  birds  & 
esp.  bats),    [f.  ONflytja  cogn.  w.  fleet8] 

flitch,  n.,  &  v.t.  Side  of  hog  salted  and  cured 
(/.  ofDunmow,  there  given  yearly  to  any  couple 
proving  conjugal  harmony  for  year  and  day) ; 
square  of  blubber;  steak  of  halibut;  slice  (usu. 
outside  one)  of  timber  from  tree  trunk ;  ( vb)  cut 
(log  or  halibut)  into  ff.  [OE  flicce  cf.  MLG  vlike] 

flitter,  v.i.  Flit  about,  flutter ;  f. -mouse,  bat. 
[flit  +  -er5] 

flix,  n.    Kinds  of  fur ;  beaver's  down,    [f/ 

float1,  n.  Floating  (rare;  on  the  f.,  afloat); 
mass  of  floating  weeds,  ice,  &c. ;  raft;  cork  or 
quill  used  on  fishing-line  as  indicator ;  cork  sup- 
porting edge  of  fishing-net;  inflated  part  sup- 
porting fish  &c. ;  hollow  ball  regulating  cistern 
tap;  (Theatr. ;  sing,  or  pi.)  footlights;  (also/.- 
board)  one  of  the  boards  of  water-wheel  or 
paddle-wheel;  kind  of  low-bodied  cart;  platform 
on  wheels  with  show  used  in  processions;  tool 
for  smoothing  plaster  (f. -stone,  for  smoothing 
curved  bricks,  cf.  foil.);  single-cut  file ;  passing 
of  weft- threads  over  part  of  warp  without  being 
in  ter  wo  ven ,  thread  so  passed ;  /.  -bridge,  of  rafts ; 
/.  -grass,  kinds  of  sedge,  [mixture  of  OEjtot  float- 
ing state, OE  flota ship,  fleet,  float2,  ScFflotte] 

float2,  v.i.  &  t.  Rest  on  surface  of  liquid ;  (or 
stranded  ship)  get  afloat ;  move  with  moving 
liquid,  drift;  be  suspended  freely  in  liquid; 
move  or  be  suspended  in  air  as  if  buoyed  up  ; 
hover  before  eye  or  mind;  (Commerc,  or  accept- 
ance) be  in  circulation,  awaiting  maturity ; 
(Commerc.)  bring  (company,  scheme)  into  fa- 
vour, launch,  (of  scbeme  &c. )  be  launched ;  cover 
with  liquid,  inundate;  (of  water  &c.j  support, 
bear  along,  (buoyant  object);  set  afloat;  circu- 
late (rumour);  waft  through  air;  /. -stone,  kinds 
of  light  stone  that  f.  (&  see  prec).  [OEfl otian 
cf.  OS  flota,  cogn.  w.  fleet8] 

floatable,  a.  Capable  of  floating ;  (of  stream) 
in  which  rafts  &c.  can  float,    [-able] 

floatage  (-Ij),  n.    Floating  ;  (right  of  appro- 


priating) flotsam ;  ships  &c.  afloat  on  river ; 
floating  masses ;  buoyancy ;  part  of  ship  above 
water-line,    [-age] 

floatation,  riot-,  n.  Floating  (centre  off., 
of  gravity  in  floating  body);  starting  of  com- 
pany or  enterprise,  [flot-  is  attempt  to  disguise 
hybrid  formation  ;  float2,  -ation] 

floater,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.  (St.  Exch.) 
government  stock  certificate,  railway  bond, 
&c,  recognized  as  security.    [-er1] 

floating*, a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  (Commerc; 
of  cargo)  at  sea  (/.  trade,  rates,  &c,  concerned 
with  cargoes  at  sea) ;  /.  capital2,  debt,  rib; 
fluctuating,  variable,  (thef.  population);  f.  an- 
chor=  r>R  AG2- anchor;  f.  dock*;/,  bridge,  kinds 
of  bridge  &  ferry,  also  part  of  bridge  that  can 
be  swung  away  on  pontoon  ;  /.  light,  light-ship, 
life-buoy  with  lantern,    [-ing  2] 

flocei-nauei-nihili-pili-flcation  (oks), 
n.  Estimating  as  worthless  (the  f.  of  wealth). 
[four  L  wds  =  at  little  or  nothing  +  -fication] 

floeco'se,  a.  (bot.).    Tufted.    If.  lAufloccosus 

(LfloCCUS  FLOCK1,  -OSE1)] 

flo'ecule,  n.  Small  portion  of  matter  like 
flock  of  wool.    [f.  flocculus] 

flo'cculent,  -lose,  -lous,  aa.  Like  tufts  of 
wool ;  in,  showing,  tufts.  Hence  flo'eeulENCE 

n.     [foil., -ULENT, -OSE1, -OUS] 

flo'cculus,  n.  (pi.  -It).  =  floccule  ;  (Anat.) 
small  lobe  in  under  surface  of  cerebellum. 
[mod.L,  dim.  of  foil.] 

flo'ecus,  n.  (pi.  -d  pr.  -oksi).  Tuft  of  woolly 
hairs  or  filaments.    [L,  =  foil.  ] 

flock1,  n.  Lock,  tuft,  of  wool,  cotton,  &c; 
(pi.)  material  for  quilting  &  stuffing  made  of 
wool-refuse  or  torn-up  cloth  ;  (pi.  or  collect, 
sing.)  powdered  wool  or  cloth  for  making  f.- 
paper ;  (Chem.;  pi.)  light  loose  masses  precipi- 
tated ;  f.-bed,  stuffed  with  ff.;  f. -paper,  wall- 
paper sized  &  then  powdered  with  f.  either  all 
over  or  in  patterns.  Hence  flo'ckv  2  a.  fprob. 
f.  OF  hoc  t  Jjfloccus] 

flock2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Large  number  of  people 
(chiefly  in  such  phrr.  as  come  inff);  number  of 
animals  of  one  kind,  esp.  birds,  reeding  or  tra- 
velling together ;  number  of  domestic  animals, 
usu.  sheep,  goats,  or  geese,  kept  together  (ff  <& 
herds,  sheep  &  cattle) ;  the  Christian  body ;  a 
congregation  esp.  in  relation  to  its  pastor; 
family  of  children,  number  of  pupils,  &c ;  /.- 
master,  sheep-farmer ;  (vb)  congregate,  go  in 
great  numbers,  troop,  (often  about,  after,  into, 
to,  in,  out,  together).  [OE  flocc  cf.  OX  flokkr 
perh.  cogn.  w.  folk] 

floe  (-6),  n.  Sheet  of  floating  ice.  [perh.  f. 
Norse  flo  layer] 

flog,  v.t.  Beat  with  birch,  whip,  cat,  &c, 
whence  flo'ggiNG^l)  n.;  drive  (learning,  lazi- 
ness, &c)  into  or  out  of  person ;  urge  (horse  &c ) 
on  with  whip  (/.  dead  horse,  waste  energy) ; 
(slang)  defeat,  excel ;  cast  fishing-line  repeat- 
edly over  (stream),  [perh.  imit.,  or  school  slang 
f.  L flagellare  to  whip] 

flong,  n.  Prepared  paper  for  stereotyping, 
[f.  Fflan  flawn] 

flood  (-ud),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (A Isof-tide)  inflow 
of  tide  (opp.  ebb);  (poet.)  river,  stream,  sea, 
(/.  &  field,  sea  &  land);  irruption  of  water  over 
land,  inundation,  (the  F.,  Noah's  F.,  that  in 
Genesis), whence floodo'METERn. ;  outpouring 
of  water,  torrent,  downpour,  ( ff.  of  rain,  af.  of 
tears  or  words);  f.-gate,  opened  &  closed  to  ad- 
mit or  exclude  water,  esp.  lower  gate  of  lock, 
also  sluice.  ( Vb)  inundate,  cover  with  a  f.  (also 
fig.,  was  flooded  with  letters);  irrigate ;  deluge 
(burning  house,  mine)  with  water ;  (of  rain)  fill 
(river)  to  overflowing ;  come  in  great  quantities 
(usu.  in) ;  have  uterine  hemorrhage,     [com.- 


FLOOR 


3U 


FLOWER 


Teut. ;  OE  flod  cf.  G  flut,  Du.  vloed,  cogn.  w. 
flow1]  _ 

floor  (-or),  n.,  &  v.t.  Lower  surface  of  room, 
(also  flooring)  boards  &c.  of  which  it  is  made  ; 
bottom  of  sea,  cave,  &c. ;  part  of  House  of  Par- 
liament where  members  sit  and  speak  {take  the 
/.,  esp.  U.S.,  speak  in  debate);  set  of  rooms  &c. 
on  same  level  in  house  (ground/.,  on  ground 
level,  first  /.,  above  this),  storey;  level  area ; 
f.-lamp,  mounted  on  metal  &c.  pillar  standing 
on  f.;  f. -cloth,  substitute  for  carpet;  hence 
floop'LESS  a.  (Vb)  furnish  with  f.,  pave ;  serve 
as  f.  of ;  bring  to  the  f.  or  ground,  knock  down ; 
confound,  nonplus ;  (at  school)  tell  (boy)  to  sit 
down  as  not  knowing  lesson ;  overcome,  get  the 
better  of,  (f.  the  paper,  answer  every  question 
in  it).    [OKflor  cf.  Du.  vloer,  Gflur] 

floop'ep  (-or-),  n.  Knock-down  blow ;  discon- 
certing news  or  argument ;  paper  or  question 
too  hard  to  answer,    [-er  j] 

flop,  v.i.  &  t.,  n.,  int.,  &  adv.  Sway  (intr.) 
about  heavily ;  walk  &c.  in  ungainly  way ;  sit, 
kneel,  lie,  down  awkwardly  ;  throw  down  ne- 
gligently or  noisily ;  make  dull  sound  of  soft 
body  falling  or  of  flat  thing  slapping  water; 
henceflo*ppY2a.  (N.)  flopping  motion,  sound 
made  by  it.    (Int.  &  adv.)  with  a  f .    [=  flap] 

flop'a,  n.  (List  of)  plants  of  particular  region 
or  epoch  (cf.  fauna).  [L  goddess  of  flowers 
(flos_-oris  flower),  used  in  L  titles  of  bot.  bks] 

flop'al,  a.  Of  flora(s)  (/.  zone,  tract  of  earth 
with  special  vegetable  characteristics);  of  flow- 
er(s).    [f.  hfloralis  of  Flora  (prec.)] 

Fld'pentme,  a.  &n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Florence 
in  Tuscany  (F.  iris,  white  or  pale  blue  one) ; 
kind  of  twilled  silk.  [f.  L  Florentinus  (Floren- 
tia  Florence,  -ine1)] 

flope'scence,  n.  Flowering  time  or  state, 
[f.  hflorescere  (florere  bloom,  -escent,  -ence)] 

flop'et,  n.  (Bot.)  one  of  small  flowers  making 
up  a  composite  flower  (/.  of  the  disk,  the  ray, 
of  the  flower's  centre  or  circumference) ;  small 
flower,  floweret,  [f.  OF florete  (flower,  -ette)] 

flop'iate,  v.t.  Decorate  with  flower-designs 
&c.    [as  foil., -ATE3] 

flop'icultupe,  n.  Cultivation  of  flowers. 
Hence  flopieu'ltuPAL  a.,  flopieirltupiST(3) 
n.    [f.  hflos  -oris  flower  +  culture] 

fld'pid,  a.  Profusely  adorned  as  with  flowers, 
elaborately  ornate,  (of  literary,  artistic,  or  mu- 
sical style);  ostentatious,  showy;  ruddy,  flushed, 
high-coloured.  Hence flopi'diTV,  flo'PidNESS, 
nn.,flo*pidLY2adv.  [f.hfloridtis(flos flower)] 

Flo'pida,  n.  State  in  U.S.  (F.  water,  a  per- 
fume ;  F.  wood,  kind  used  for  inlaying). 

flopi'fepous,  a.  (Of  seeds  or  plants)  produc- 
ing many  flowers,  [f.  hjlorifer  (flos  flower, 
-ferous)] 

florile-g-ium,  n.  (pl.-m).  Anthology,  [transl. 
into  mod.L  (Lflos  flower,  legere  gather)  of  Gk 
anthologion  anthology] 

flo'Pin,  n.  Foreign  coin  of  gold  or  silver  cur- 
rent at  different  times;  (Hist.)  English  gold 
coin  (6/8)  of  Edw.  Ill ;  current  English  coin  (2/-). 
[F,f.  It.  florino  dim.  olfiore  f.  L./?oremnom../?os 
flower  (stamped  with  lily)] 

flop'ist  {also  flo'-),  n.  One  who  deals  in,  raises, 
or  studies  flowers.    [L  flos  -oris  flower,  -ist] 

flop'uit  (-obit),  n.  Period  (failing  exact  birth 
and  death  dates)  at  which  a  person  was  alive. 
[L.  =  he  flourished] 

flopy.    See  Fleury. 

flo'sculap,  -lous,  aa.  Having  florets,  com- 
posite-flowered. [f.L  flosCulus(FLOWRR,  -CULE)] 

floss,  n.  Rough  silk  enveloping  silkworm's 
cocoon  ( f.  silk,  this  used  in  cheap  silk  goods). 

Hence  flo'ssv  2  a.     fperh.  f.  OF  Jlosche  down] 

flotation.    See  floatation. 


floti*lla,n.  Small  fleet;  fleet  of  boats  or  small 
ships.    [Sp.,  dim.  otflota  fleet] 

flo'tsam,  n.  Wreckage  found  floating  (cf. 
jetsam)  ;  oyster-spawn.  [AF floteson  (OFfloter 
=  float2,  -son] 

flounce1  (-ow-),  v.i.,&  n.  Go  with  agitated  or 
violent  motion,  flop,  plunge,  throw  the  body 
about,  (away,  out,  about,  doicn,  up);  (n.)  fling, 
jerk,  of  body  or  limb.  [cf.  Norw.  flunsa  hurry 
(found  later)] 

flounce2  (-ow-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Strip  gathered  & 
sewn  by  upper  edge  round  woman's  skirt,  & 
with  lower  edge  hanging,  as  ornament;  (vb) 
trim  with  f.  or  ff.  [earlier/roimce  f .  OF  fronce, 
froncir,  wrinkle,  perh.  f.  Lfrons  -tis  brow] 

flou'ndepM-ow-),  n.  A  small  flat-fish.  [prob. 
f.  OF  flondre  cf.  Norw.  flundra,  Dei.flynder] 

flou'ndep2  (-ow-),  v.i.,  &  n.  Struggle  & 
plunge  (as)  in  mud  or  wading ;  make  mistakes, 
manage  business  badly  or  with  difficulty  ;  (n.) 
piece  of  floundering,  staggering  attempts  to 
get  on.    [cf.  Du.  flodderen\ 

floup  (-owr),  n.,  &  v.t.  Finer  part  of  meal  ob- 
tained by  bolting ;  wheat  meal ;  fine  soft  pow- 
der ;  f.-box,  tin  box  for  dredging  f.  ;  hence 
floup'Y2  a.  (Vb)  sprinkle  with  f. ;  (U.S.)  grind 
into  f.  [form  of  flower  ;  orig.  sense  finest  part] 

flou'pish  1  (flu-),  v.i.  &  t.  Grow  vigorously ; 
thrive,  prosper,  be  successful ;  be  in  one's 
prime ;  spend  one's  life,  be  active,  in,  at,  about, 
&c, a  certain  time(cf.  floruit)  ;  use  ff.  in  hand- 
writing or  literary  work  or  speech ;  show  osten- 
tatiously ;  wave  (weapon)  about ;  throw  (limbs) 
about ;  prelude  fancifully  in  music  &c.  [f.  OF 
fiorir  (-ish  2)  f.  L  florere  (flos  flower)] 

flou'pish  2,  n.  Prosperity,  vigour,  (rare  ;  in 
full  f. )  Ornament  of  flowing  curves  about  let- 
ter or  word  in  hand- writing ;  rhetorical  embel- 
lishment, florid  expression ;  ostentatious  wav- 
ing of  weapon,  hand,  &c. ;  (Mus.)  fanfare  of 
horns  &c.  for  person's  arrival,  florid  passage,  ex- 
temporized addition  or  prelude ;  hence  flou'p- 
ish y2  a.    [f.  prec] 

flout  (-owt),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Mock,  insult,  ex- 
press contempt  for  by  word  or  act ;  scoff  at ; 
(n.)  mocking  speech  or  action,  [from  16th  c. ; 
perh.  var.  of  flute  v.] 

flow  (-6),  v.i.,  &  n.  Glide  along  as  a  stream  ; 
(of  blood)  circulate  ;  (of  persons  or  things)  come, 
go,  in  numbers;  (of  talk,  literary  style,  &c.) 
move  easily;  (of  garment,  hair,  See.)  hang 
easily,  undulate ;  (Math. ;  of  numbers)  increase 
or  diminish  continuously  by  infi  nitesimal  quan- 
tities ;  gush  out,  spring ;  (of  blood)  be  spilt ;  re- 
sult from ;  run  full,  be  in  flood  (ebb  &  f. ;  flow- 
ing tide,  progressive  tendency) ;  (of  wine)  be 
poured  out  without  stint ;  be  plentifully  sup- 
plied with  (archaic ;  land  flowing  with  milk  & 
honey).  <N.)  flowing  movement  in  stream ; 
amount  that  flows ;  flowing  liquid ;  (of  dress, 
figure,  &c.)  undulation ;  outpouring,  stream, 
copious  supply ;  rise  of  tide  {ebb  &f.) ;  overflow- 
ing of  Nile  &c. ;  /.  of  spirits,  habitual  cheerful- 
ness. [OE  flowan,  cf.  ON  floa ;  cogn.  w.  flood  ,* 
unconnected  with  L  fluere] 

flower  (-ow-;  also  flowr),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t 
(Bot.)  reproductive  organ  in  plant  containing 
one  or  more  pistils  or  stamens  or  both,  &  usu.  a 
corolla  &  calyx,  (pop.)  coloured  (i.  e.  not  green) 
part  of  plant  from  which  fruit  or  seed  is  later 
developed,  whence  flowePAGE(l)  n. ;  (Old 
Chem. ;  pi.)  powder  left  after  sublimation  (ff. 
of  stdphur  &c.) ;  scum  formed  by  fermenta- 
tion (ff.  of  tan) ;  a  blossom  apart  from  the 
plant;  flowering  plant;  (pi.)  ornamental 
phrases  (usu.  ff.  of  speech  often  iron.) ;  the  pick 
or  choice  of;  the  best  part,  essence  ;  the  choicest 
embodiment  of;  state  of  blooming  (inf.),  prime 


FLOWERER 


315 


FLUTE 


(in  the  f.  of  his  age) ;  f. -de-luce,  see  fleur-de- 
lis  ;  /.  girl,  who  sells  ff. ;  f. -piece,  picture  of  ff. ; 
flowerpot,  usu.  of  red  earthenware  holding  soil 
in  which  plant  may  be  set ;  floxoer-show,  compe- 
titive or  other  exhibition  of  ff.;  hence  (-)flow- 
cped2,  flower'LESS,  aa.,  flowep'ET1  n.  (Vb) 
produce  ff.,  bloom  or  blossom,  whence  flow- 
er'iNG2  a. ;  (Gardening)  cause  or  allow  (plant) 
to  f. ;  embellish  with  worked  ff.  or  floral  de- 
sign. [MIC  &  OF  flour  f.  L  floreni  nom.  flos, 
cogn.  w.  blow3] 

floweirep,  n.  Plant  that  flowers  at  specified 
time  &c.  {late,  abundant,  /.).    [-er  'J 

flowery,  a.  Abounding  in  flowers  ;  full  of 
fine  words,  compliments,  figures  of  speech,  &c, 
whence  flovwep*iNESS  (-owr-)  n.    [-Y2] 

flowing1,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  (of 
style)  fluent,  easy ;  (of  lines,  curves,  contour) 
smoothly  continuous,  not  abrupt;  (Naut.)  with 
f.  sheet  or  sail,  sailing  with  lee  clews  eased  off 
when  wind  is  nearly  across  course.  Hence 
flowing'LY2adv.    [-ing2] 

flown x  (on),  a.  (archaic).  Swollen,  puffed  up, 
(/.  with  insolence  &  wine),    [obs.  p.p.  of  flow] 

flown2.    See  fly2. 

flu'ctuate,  v.i.  Move  up  &  down  like  waves 
(rare) ;  vary  irregularly,  rise  &  fall,  be  unstable ; 
vacillate,  waver.  SofluetUATiON  n.  [f.ltfluc- 
tuare  (fluctus  -us  wave  f.  fluere  flow),  -ate3] 

flue  *,  n.  Kind  of  fishing-net.  [from  14th  o. ; 
cf.  MDu.  vluwe] 

flue  2,  n.  Substance  formed  by  loose  particles 
of  cotton  &c,  fluff.  Hence  flue'v^a.  [cf. 
Flem.  vluwe  perh.  f.  F  velu  hairy] 

flue3,  n.  Smoke-duct  in  chimney;  channel 
for  conveying  heat,  esp.  hot-air  passage  in  wall, 
tube  for  heating  water  in  some  kinds  of  boiler ; 
fissure  in  organ  mouth-pipes  (also  called  /.- 
pipes),    [perh.  cogn.  w.  flue5] 

flu(e)4,  n.  (colloq.).    (Short  for)  influenza. 

flue5,  v.i.  &t.  Splay,  make  (opening)  widen 
inwards  or  outwards,  [f.  obs.  adj.yhte  shallow 
perh.  cogn.  w.  flow] 

flu'ency,  n.  Smooth  easy  flow,  esp.  in  speech ; 
ready  utterance,    [f.  hfluentia  (foil.,  -ence)] 

flu'ent,  a.  &  n.  Flowing  (rare  in  lit.  sense) ; 
ready  to  flow,  liquid,  (rare) ;  fluid,  not  settled, 
liable  to  change,  (rare) ;  (of  motion,  curves,  &c.) 
graceful,  easy ;  (of  speech  or  style)  copious,  com- 
ing easily,  ready ;  expressing  oneself  quickly  & 
easily;  (Math.,  in  fluxions)  that  flows  (n.,  the 
variable  quantity  that  flows).  Hence  flu'ent- 
ly2  adv.    [f.  L fluere  flow,  see  -ent] 

fluff,  n.,  &  v.t.  Light  feathery  stuff  given  off 
by  blankets  &c. ;  soft  fur  ;  soft  downy  mass  or 
bunch  ;  soft  short  hair  on  lip  or  cheek  ;  (slang) 
theatrical  part  imperfectly  known ;  hence 
flu'ff y  2  a. ,  flu'fflNESS  n.  ( Vb)  put  soft  surface 
on  (flesh  side  of  leather) ;  make  into  f. ;  shake 
(oneself,  one's  feathers  &c.)  up  or  out  into 
fluffy  mass  ;  (slang)  blunder  in  theatrical  part, 
[perh.  modification  of  flue2] 

flu'id,  a.  &  n.  (Substance)  consisting  of  par- 
ticles that  move  freely  among  themselves  & 
yield  to  the  slightest  pressure  (including  gases, 
liquids,  &  the  assumed  pervasive  imponderable 
media  of  electricity  &c.) ;  moving  readily,  not 
solid  or  rigid,  not  stable  ;  liquid  constituent  or 
secretion.  Hence  flui'dlFY  v.t.,  flurdiTY  n. 
[f.  F  fluide  f.  L  fluidus  (fluere  flow,  -id  i)] 

fluke1,  n.  Kinds  of  flat-fish,  the  flounder, 
(now  rare) ;  kinds  of  parasitic  worm  found  in 
sheep's  liver ;  kind  of  kidney  potato.  [OE  floe 
cf.  ON  fldke,  cogn.  w.  G  flach  flat] 

fluke2,  n.  Broad  triangular  plate  on  arm  of 
anchor ;  barbed  head  of  lance,  harpoon,  &c. ; 
(pi.)  whale's  tail.    [perh.  f.  prec] 

fluke3,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Make)  lucky  accidental 


stroke ;  get,  hit,  &c,  by  f.  Hence  flu'kv  2  a., 
flu'kiLY2  adv.,  flu'kiNESS  n.  [etym.  dub.; 
first  in  billiards] 

flume,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (chiefly  U.S.).  Artificial 
channel  conveying  water  for  industrial  use ; 
ravine  with  stream  ;  (vb)  build  ff.,  convey  down 
a  f.  [in  early  use  =  stream  ;  f.  OF  flum  f.  L  flu- 
men  river  (fluere  flow)] 

flu'mmepy,  n.  Food  made  by  boiling  oat- 
meal down  to  a  jelly  (archaic  or  dial.) ;  kinds 
of  sweet  dish  made  with  milk,  flour,  eggs,  &c; 
empty  compliments,  trifles,  nonsense,  [f.  W 
llymru  etym.  dub.] 

flu'mmox,  v.t.  (slang).  Confound,  bewilder, 
disconcert,    [prob.  imit.] 

flump,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Fall  or  move  heavily, 
set  or  throw  down,  with  a  dull  noise  (n.,  the 
action  or  sound),    [imit.] 

flung-.    See  fling  v. 

flu'nkey,  n.  Liveried  servant,  footman,  (usu. 
contempt.);  toady, snob.  Hence flu'nkeyDOM, 
flu-nkeyis.M,  nn.  [orig.  Sc. ;  perh.  f.  flank, 
with  sense  sidesman] 

fluo(p)-,  fluopo-,  comb,  forms  of  fluorine, 
as  fluoboric,  fluorhydric ;  fluoroscopy,  instru- 
ment with  fluorescent  screen  used  instead  of 
dark  room  to  show  Rontgen-ray  effects,    [foil.] 

flu'OP,  n.  Kinds  of  gemlike  readily  fusible 
mineral  containing  fluorine ;  f.-spar,  calcium 
fluoride.    [L,=  flow  (^uere  flow,  -or1)] 

fluope'scence,  n.  Coloured  luminosity  pro- 
duced in  some  transparent  bodies  by  direct  ac- 
tion of  light,  esp.  of  violet  &  ultra-violet  rays ; 
property  of  rendering  ultra-violet  rays  visible. 
Hence  nuope'sce  v.i.,  fluoPE'scENTa.  [prec, 

-ESCENT,  -ENCE] 

flu'OPine,  n.  Non-metallic  element  grouped 
with  bromine,  chlorine,  &  iodine.    Hence  flu*- 

OPIDE  n.      [FLUOR,  -INE5] 

flu'ppy,  n.,  &  v.t.  Gust,  squall ;  commotion, 
excitement,  nervous  hurry,  agitation  ;  whale's 
death-throes ;  (vb)  confuse  by  haste  or  noise, 
agitate,    [imit. ;  cf.  flaw,  hurry] 

flush ',  v.i.  &  t.,"&  n.  Take  wing  &  fly  away  ; 
cause  to  do  this,  put  up,  (birds) ;  (n.)  number  of 
birds  put  up  at  once.  [perh.  imit. ;  cf.  fly,  rush  ] 

flush2,  v.i.  &  t.  Spurt,  rush  out;  cleanse 
(drain  &c.)  by  flow  of  water  ;  flood  (meadow) ; 
(of  plant)  throw  out  fresh  shoots  (also  causative, 
rain  flushes  the  plants) ;  glow  with  warm  col- 
our ;  (of  blood)  rush  into  &  redden  face ;  (of  face) 
become  red  or  hot,  blush  ;  cause  to  glow  or 
blush,  suffuse  with  warm  colour ;  inflame  with 
pride  or  passion,  encourage,  [perh.  =  prec.  in- 
fluenced by  flash  &  blush]       » 

flush3,  n.  Rush  of  water;  sudden  abun- 
dance ;  stream  from  mill-wheel ;  rush  of  emo- 
tion, elation  produced  by  it  or  by  victory  &c. ; 
fresh  growth  of  grass  &c.  ;  cleansing  of  drain 
by  flushing  ;  glow  of  light  or  colour  ;  rush  of 
blood  to  face,  reddening  caused  by  it ;  hot  fit  in 
fever ;  freshness,  vigour,    [f.  prec] 

flush4,  a.,  &  v.t.  Full  to  overflowing,  in 
flood  ;  (usu.  pred.)  having  plentiful  supply  of  or 
of  money  &c,  (of  money)  abundant;  even,  in 
same  plane,  level  with,  without  projections  or 
raised  edges.  (Vb)  level ;  fill  in  (joint)  level 
with  surface,    [prob.  f.  flush2] 

flush  5,  n.  Set  of  cards  all  of  one  suit.  [cf.  F 
&  Sp.  flux  prob.  f.  L  FLUXtt*] 

flu'stePj  v.t.  &  i„  &  n.  Confuse  with  drink, 
half-intoxicate ;  flurry,  make  nervous ;  be  agi- 
tated, bustle ;  (n.)  flurry,  flutter,  agitation,  [cf. 
Icel.  flaustr  n.,  flaustr a  v.] 

flu'stpa,  n.  (pi.  -ae,  -as).  Sea-mat,  polyzoic 
species  resembling  sea- weed,  [arbitrary  mod.  L 
coinage  by  Linnaeus] 

flute,  n.,  &  v.i.  &t.  Musical  wind-instrument, 


FLUTTER 


316 


FOCUS 


long  wooden  pipe  with  holes  along  it  stopped 
by  fingers  or  keys,  &  blow-hole  in  side  near 
upper  end,  whence  flu*tiST(3)  n. ;  f. -player ; 
organ  stop  with  f.-like  tone;  semicylindrical 
vertical  groove  in  pillar,  similar  groove  else- 
where, e.g.  in  frills,  whence  flu'tiNG1^)  n. 
( Vb)  play  f. ;  whistle,  sing,  or  speak,  in  f.-like 
tones  ;  play  (air  &c.)  on  f.  ;  make  ff.  or  grooves 
in.  [f.  OF  fleiite,  flaute,  flahute,  etym.  dub.] 
flirtter,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Flap  wings,  flap 
(wings),  without  flying  or  in  short  flights  ;  come 
or  go  with  quivering  motion  (usu.  to  the 
ground) ;  go  about  restlessly,  flit,  hover ;  quiver, 
vibrate,  (of  pulse)  beat  feebly  &  irregularly  ; 
tremble  with  excitement,  be  agitated;  move 
(flag  &c.)  irregularly,  agitate,  ruffle;  throw 
(person)  into  confusion  or  agitation.  (N.)  flut- 
tering ;  tremulous  excitement  (be,  pxd,  in  af); 
stir,  sensation,  {make  a/.);  (slang)  gambling 
venture,  speculation.  [OE  flotorian  frequent, 
cf.  ftiotan  FLEET5] 

flirty,  a.  Like  flute  in  tone,  soft  &  clear,  [-Y2] 
flirvial,  a.  Of,  found  in,  river(s).  [F,  f.  L 
fluvialis  (fluvius  river,  -al)] 
flu'viatlle,  a.  Of,  found  in,  produced  by, 
river(s).  [F,  f.  \j  fluviatilis  (prec,  -atile)] 
flirvio-,  comb,  form  of  h  fluvius  river,  as 
jluvio-marine,  pluviometer. 
flux,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Morbid  or  excessive  dis- 
charge of  blood,  excrement,  &c,  (formerly) 
dysentery ;  flowing  out,  issue ;  flowing ;  inflow 
of  tide  (usu.  /.  &  reflux,  often  fig.) ;  flood  of 
talk  &c. ;  continuous  succession  of  changes  (in 
a  state  off.) ;  (Math.)  continued  motion  (line  is 
thef.  of  a  point) ;  (Physics)  rate  of  flow  of  any 
fluid  across  given  area,  amount  crossing  area 
in  given  time  ;  substance  mixed  with  metal  &c. 
to  promote  fusion.  (Vb)  issue  in  a  f.,  flow  copi- 
ously ;  make  fluid,  fuse,  treat  with  a  fusing  f. 
[F,  f.  hfluxus  (fluereflux-  flow)] 
flirxion,  n.  Flowing  (rare);  continuous 
change  (rare) ;  (Math.)  rate  or  proportion  at 
which  a  flowing  or  varying  quantity  increases 
its  magnitude  (method  of  ff.,  the  Newtonian 
calculus).  Hence  flu'xionAL,  flu'xionARY1, 
aa.  [F,  f.  Itfluxionem  (fluereflux-  flow,  -ion)] 
fly1,  n.  Two- winged  insect  (/.  in  amber, 
curious  relic ;  /.  on  wheel,  person  who  over- 
estimates his  own  influence  ;  break  f.  on  wheel, 
expend  disproportionate  energy;  hessian, 
Spanish,  tsetse,  /.) ;  kinds  of  plant-disease 
caused  by  various  ff.  (a  good  deal  off.  exists) ; 
natural  or  artificial  f.  used  as  fishing-bait ;  /.- 
bane,  kinds  of  plant,  esp.  catch  M.  &  Plough- 
man's spikenard  ;  f.-blow,  (n.)  f.'s  egg  in  meat 
&c,  (v.t.)  deposit  eggs  in,  taint,  (f.-blown, 
tainted,  lit.  &  fig.);  f.-book,  case  for  keeping 
fishing-ff.  in ;  f. -catcher,  trap  for  ff.,  kinds  of 
bird ;  f.-fish  (v.i.),  fish  with  f.;  f.-flap,  for  driv- 
ing away  ff. ;  f.-net,  net  or  fringe  protecting 
horse  from  ff;  f. -paper,  for  catching  or  poison- 
ing ff. ;  f.-trap,  for  catching  ff,  also  kinds  of 
plant  esp.  Venus' s  f.-t.,  Dionaea  ;  f. -whisk,  for 
driving  away  ff.  [OEfle'oge,  flyge,  cf.  Du.  vlieg, 
Gfliege,  cogn.  w.  foil.] 

fly  2,  v.i.  &  t.  (flew,  flown  pr.  -on  ;  is,  has  flown, 
see  -edM2)  ;  fly  is  preferred  in  talk  &  ordinary 

Srose  for  flee,  but  not  flew  or  flotvn  for  fled). 
love  through  air  with  wings  (/.  high,  be  am- 
bitious ;  high-flown,  exalted,  turgid,  bombastic ; 
as  the  crow  l  flies ;  the  bird  is  flown,  person 
wanted  has  escaped ;  often  about,  away,  forth, 
off,  out)  or  in  airship ;  make  (pigeon,  hawk)  f.; 
(Hawk.)  soar  by  way  of  attack  at  (fig.,  /.  at 
higher  game,  have  nobler  ambitions) ;  pass  or 
rise  quickly  through  air ;  jump  clear  over  or 
over  fence  &c. ;  make  (kite)  rise  &  stay  aloft  (/. 
a  kite,  raise  money  by  accommodation  bill,  also 


try  how  the  wind  blows,  feel  one's  way  by 
ballon  d'essai) ;  (of  flag,  hair,  garment,  &c) 
flutter,  wave  ;  set  or  keep  (flag)  flying ;  travel 
swiftly,  rush  along,  pass  rapidly ;  spring,  start, 
hasten,  (/.  to  arms,  take  up  arms  eagerly ;/.  in 
the  face  1  of;f.  at,  tipon,  attack  violently ;/. 
into  a  passion,  raptures,  &c;  /.  out,  burst  into 
violent  language  or  action) ;  be  driven  or  forced 
off  suddenly  (made  sparks  f. ;  send  flying ; 
make  the  money  /.,  spend  quickly  ;  door  flew 
open  ;  glass  &c.  flies,  breaks  in  pieces) ;  let  f., 
discharge  (missile),  (abs.)  shoot,  hit,  or  use 
strong  language,  at ;  run  away,  flee,  flee  from 
(must  f.  the  country) ;  f.-away  (of  garments) 
streaming,  loose,  neglige\  (of  persons)  flighty  ; 
f. -by-night,  one  who  makes  night  excursions  or 
decamps  by  night ;  f.-the-garter,  kind  of  leap- 
frog. [com.-Teut. ;  OE  fliogan,  cf.  G  fliegen  ; 
unconnected  with  flee] 

fly3,  n.  Flying,  distance  flown,  (on  thef,  on 
the  wing,  in  motion) ;  one-horse  hackney-car- 
riage ;  lap  oh  garment  to  contain  or  cover  but- 
tonholes, flap  at  entrance  of  tent ;  part  of  flag 
furthest  from  staff,  also  its  breadth  from  staff 
to  end  ;  (Theat.  ;  pi.)  space  over  proscenium  ; 
speed-regulating  device  in  clockwork  &  machi- 
nery ;  /.-leaf,  blank  leaf  at  beginning  or  end  of 
book,  blank  leaf  of  circular  &c. ;  flyman,  driver 
of  f.  =  carriage,  man  stationed  in  ff.  of  theatre  to 
work  ropes  &c;  f. -wheel,  heavy-rimmed  on  re- 
volving shaft  to  regulate  machinery  or  accumu- 
late power,    [f.  prec] 

fly4,  a.  (slang).    Knowing,  wide-awake.    [?] 
flyer,  fli'er,  n.     Bird  &c.  that  flies  (usu. 
high, poor,  &c.,/.);  animal,  vehicle,  &c,  going 
with  exceptional  speed  ;  flying  jump,    [-er1] 
fly'ing,  a.    In  vbl  senses  ;  also  or  esp. :  mak- 
ing movements  like  flight  (f.-dog,  kind  of  vam- 
pire-bat ;/.  Dutchman  ;/.  fish,  kinds  rising  in- 
to air  by  wing-like  pectoral  fins ;  /.  fox,  kinds 
of  fruit-eating  bat ;  /.  man,  airship  navigator ; 
/.  squirrel,  kinds  floating  in  air  by  skin  connect- 
ing fore  &  hind  legs) ;  hanging  loose,  fluttering, 
(f.  jib,  light  sail  set  before  jib  on  f.  jib-boom ; 
with  f.  colour  ls) ;  done  or  taken  in  passing 
(/.  jump,  with  running  start ;/.  handicap,  mile, 
start,  in  which  starting-post  is  passed  at  full 
speed) ;  passing,  hasty,   (f.  visit) ;  temporary 
(/.  bridge) ;  designed  for  rapid  movement  (/. 
squadron,  column) ;  /.  buttress,  slanting  from 
pier  &c.  to  wall  &  usu.  carried  on  arch.  [-ing2] 
foal,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.    Young  of  horse,  ass,  &c, 
colt  or  filly,  (in,  with,f.,  pregnant) ;  give  birth 
to  (f.),  give  birth  to  f.    [com.-Teut. ;  OE  fola, 
cf.  Gfohlen,  cogn.  w.  Git  polos,  hpidlus] 
foam,  n.,  &  v.i.    Collection  of  small  bubbles 
formed  in  liquid  by  agitation,  fermentation, 
&c. ;  froth  of  saliva  or  perspiration  ;  (poet.)  the 
sea.  ( Vb)  emit  f . ,  froth  at  the  mouth  ;  (of  water 
&c.)  froth,  gather  f.,  run  foaming  along,  down, 
over,  &c,  pass  off  or  away  in  f. ;  (of  cup  &c.)  be 
filled  with  foaming  liquor.  Hence  foa'mLESS, 
foa'mY  2,  aa.    [ vb  f .  n. ,  OE  fdm  cf .  G  feim] 
fob  \  n.,  &  v.t.    Small  pocket  for  watch  &c. 
formerly  made  in  waistband  of  breeches  ;  (vb) 
put  in  one's  f.,  pocket.    [?] 
fob2,  v.t.    Cheat,  take  in;  palm  (something 
inferior)  off  upon  (person) ;    put  (person)  off 
with  (something  inferior),    [from  16th  c. ;  cf.  G 
foppen  befool] 
fo'cal,  a.  Of,  situated  or  collected  at,  a  focus ; 
(Opt.)/,  distance  or  length,  distance  between 
centre  of  mirror  or  lens  &  its  focus,  [focus,  -aL] 
fo'calize,  v.t.  =  focus  v.t.  Hence  foealiz- 
a'tion  n.    [prec,  -ize] 

fo'cus,  n.  (pi.  -ci  pr.  -si,  -uses),  &  v.t.  &  i.  (-?-, 
-ss-).  (Plane  geom.jone  of  points  from  which 
distances  to  any  point  of  given  curve  are  con- 


FODDER 


317 


FOLK 


nected  by  linear  relation  ;   (Opt,  Heat,  &c.) 

g)int  at  which  rays  meet  after  reflection  or  re- 
action, point  from  which  rays  appear  to  pro- 
ceed, point  at  which  object  must  be  situated  for 
image  given  by  lens  to  be  well  defined  (in,  out 
of,  bring  into,/.),  focal  length  of  lens,  adjust- 
ment of  eye  or  eyeglass  necessary  to  produce 
clear  image ;  point  to  which  sound-waves  con- 
verge ;  principal  seat  (of  disease,  activity,  &c). 
(Vb)  converge,  make  converge,  to  a  f.;  adjust 
f.  of  (lens,  eye);  bring  into  f.    [L,=  hearth] 

fo'dder,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dried  food,  hay,  straw, 
&c,  for  stall-feeding  cattle ;  hence  fo'dder- 
less  a.  (Vb)  give  f.  to.  [OE  fddor,  cf.  Du.  voe- 
der,  Gfutter,f.  Aryan  pat-  feed] 

foe  (fo),  n.  (poet.  &c).  Enemy,  adversary,  op- 
ponent, ill-wisher  ;  foeman  (archaic),  enemy  in 
war.  \OEfdh  adj.  &  gefd  noun  f .  OTeut.  faiho-, 
gafaiho-,  cogn.  w.  Gk  pikros  bitter] 

foe'tus  (fe-),  fe'tus,  n.  Fully  developed  em- 
bryo in  womb  or  egg.  Hence  f(o)e*tAL  a., 
f(o)e*ticiDE(2)  n.    [L fetus  -us  offspring] 

fog*1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Aftermath;  long  grass  left 
standing  in  water.  (Vb)  leave  (land)  under  f.; 
feed  (cattle)  on  f.    [from  14th  c;  etyra.  dub.] 

fog  2,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Vapour  suspended  in  at- 
mosphere at  or  near  earth's  surface,  obscurity 
caused  by  this  {in  a  /.,  puzzled,  at  a  loss) ;  ab- 
normal darkened  state  of  atmosphere  ;(Photog.) 
cloud  on  developed  plate ;  f.-bow,  like  rainbow 
produced  by  light  on  f.;f.-horn,  sounding  in- 
strument for  warning  ships  in  f.;  f. -signal,  de- 
tonator placed  on  railway  line  in  f.  to  guide 
driver.  (Vb)  envelop  (as)  with  f.;  bewilder,  per- 
plex ;  (Gardening)  die  off  from  damp  ;  (Photog.) 
make  (negative)  obscure  or  cloudy ;  (Railway) 

f>lace  f. -signals  on  line,  whence  fo'grgER5  n. 
prob.  back-formation  f.  foggy  ;  from  16th  c] 

fo'g'gy,  a.  Thick,  murky ;  of,  like,  infested 
with,  fog  2 ;  obscure,  dull,  confused,  {has  only 
a  f.  idea  of  it) ;  beclouded,  indistinct.  Hence 
fo'g-g-iLY  2adv.,  fo'g-giNESs  n.  [earlier  senses, 
covered  with  coarse  grass,  boggy,  flabby ;  prob. 
f .  fog  *,  fog  2  being  formed  f.  foggy] 

f6*gle,n.  (thieves' slang).  Silk  handkerchief.  [?] 

fo*g,y»-gT©y(-g-).n.  (Usu.  oldf.)  old-fashioned 
fellow,  old  man  behind  the  times.  Hence  fo*- 
g<e)yDOM,  fo'gyiSM,  nn.,  fo'gyiSH1  a.  [perh. 
var.  of  foggy  in  obs.  sense  moss-groum] 

Fohn  (G),  n.  Hot  southerly  wind  in  the  Alps. 
[G,  perh.  f.  L  Favonius] 

foi'ble,  n.  Weak  point,  weakness  of  character, 
quality  on  which  one  mistakenly  prides  oneself; 
(Fenc.)partof  sword-blade  from  middle  to  point 
[F,  obs.  form  oifaible  feeble] 

foil 2,  n.,  &  v.t  (Arch.)  arc  or  space  between 
cusps  of  window  (vb,  ornament  with  ff.,  &s  foil- 
ed arch) ;  metal  hammered  or  rolled  into  thin 
sheet  (usu.  gold,  tin,  &c,  -/.) ;  sheet  of  this,  or 
now  amalgam  of  tin  &  quicksilver,  placed  be- 
hind mirror-glass,  backing ;  leaf  of  it  placed 
under  precious  stone  &c.  to  brighten  or  colour 
it  or  enhance  its  brightness  by  contrast  (vb, 
supply  with  this);  anything  that  sets  something 
off  by  contrast  ( vb,  set  off  thus).  [OF,  f.  Lfolium 
leaf  cogn.  w.  Gk  phullon] 

foil2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Hunt)  run  over  or  cross 
(scent,  ground)  so  as  to  baffle  hounds  (also  abs. 
of  deer  &c,  spoil  the  scent  thus) ;  beat  off,  re- 
pulse, frustrate,  parry,  baffle.  (N.)  Track  of 
hunted  animal  {run,  run  upon,  thef,  over  same 
track  a  second  time) ;  (archaic)  repulse,  defeat, 
check,  [f.  OF  fauler  full  cloth,  trample,  (Lfullo 
fuller)] 

foil 3,  n.  Blunt-edged  sword  with  button  on 
point  used  in  fencing,  [etym.  dub.;  perh.  f. 
prec.  in  sense  parry ;  or  f.  obs.  foin  thrust  (&  = 
foil  in  17th  c.)r.  OF  foinet.  hfuscina  fish-spear] 


foi'son  (zn),  n.  (archaic).  Plenty.  [OF,  f.  L 
fusionem  {funderefus-  pour,  -ion,  -son)] 

foist,  v.t  Introduce  surreptitiously  or  unwar- 
rantably into  or  in  (ad v. ) ;  palm  (off)  on  or  upon, 
father  (composition)  upon.  [orig.  of  palming 
false  die  ;  prob.  f.  Du.  dial,  vuisten  take  in  the 
hand  (vuist  fist)] 

fold !,  n.,  &  v.t  (Usu.  sheep-f.)  enclosure  for 
sheep ;  (fig.)  church,  body  of  believers.  (Vb) 
shut  up  (sheep  &c.)  in  f.;  jplace  sheep  in  f.  or  ff. 
on  (land)  to  manure  it  [OE  f  aid,  cf.  Du.  vaalt; 
unconnected  w.  foil.] 

fold2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Double  (flexible  thing) 
over  upon  itself  (also  in,  over,  together ;  /.  up, 
make  more  compact  by  folding) ;  bend  portion 
of  (thing)  back,  down ;  become,  be  capable  of 
being,  folded  {folding  door  or  doors,  of  two 
valves  hung  on  opposite  jambs) ;  wind,  clasp, 
(arms  &c.)  about,  round  ;  lay  together  &  inter- 
lace (arms),  clasp  (one's  hands) ;  swathe,  enve- 
lop, (/.  it  in  paper ;  hills  folded  in  mist) ;  em- 
brace in  arms  or  to  breast.  (N.)  doubling  of 
folded  object ;  hollow  between  two  thicknesses 
(carried  it  in  af.  of  her  dress),  hollow  or  nook 
in  mountain  &c;  coil  of  serpent,  string,  &c; 
folding  (another  f.  gives  32mo) ;  line  made  by- 
folding.  [com.-Teut;  n.  f.  vb,  OE  fealdan,  cf. 
G fatten,  also  Gk  (di)plasios double, 8tGkpleko, 
L  plicare,  plait] 

-fold,  suf.  (OE  feald ;  cf.  Du.  -voud,  G  -fait) 
cogn.  w.  fold2,  Gk  -paltos,  -plasios,  &  -plo-  in 
haplos  single,  &  prob.  L  -ptex  (simplex  &c); 
added  to  cardinals  to  form  adjj.  w.  sense  mul- 
tiplied by  (orig.  sense  folded  in  — ,  plaited  in 
—  strands).  Now  largely  superseded  by  wds 
f.  L  in  -ble,  -pie,  (treble,  quadruple),  but  retain- 
ed in  the  advl  use  (repaid  tenfold),  &  in  adjj. 
when  there  is  a  plurality  of  things  more  or  less 
different  (a  twofold  charm). 

fo'ldep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  paper-folding 
instrument ;  (pi.)  folding  eyeglasses,    [-er  l] 

folia*eeous(-shws),  a.  Leaf-like ;  with  organs 
like  leaves  ;  of  leaves  ;  laminated,  [f.  L  folia- 
ceus  (folium  leaf,  -aceous)] 

fo'liag-e  (ej),  n.  Leaves,  leafage,  (lit,  or  as 
represented  in  art ;/.  leaf,  excluding  petals  &c; 
/.  plant,  cultivated  for  f.,  not  for  flowers). 
Hence  (-)foliag-ED  2  a.  [f.  F  feuillage  (f cuttle 
leaf  f.  L  folia  leaves,  -age)  corrected  on  L] 

fo'liap,  a.  Of  leaves,  [f.  L/oZiwraleaf, -ar1] 

fo'liate l  (-at),  a.  Leaflike ;  having  leaves ; 
having  specified  number  of  leaflets  (1, 5,  &c,  -/.). 
[f.  \jfoliatus  (folium  leaf,  -ate  2)] 

fo'liate  2,  v.i.  &  t  Split  (intr.)  into  laminae; 
decorate  (arch,  door-head)  with  foils ;  number 
leaves  (not  pages)  of  (volume)  consecutively. 
So  foliATiON  n.    [f.  L  folium  leaf,  -ate  3] 

fo'lio,  n.  (pi.  -os).  Leaf  of  paper,  parchment 
&c,  numbered  only  on  front ;  (Bookkeep.)  two 
opposite  pages  of  ledger  &c.  used  concurrently, 
page  of  ledger  &c.used  for  both  sides  of  account; 
page-number  of  printed  book ;  number  of  words 
(72  or  90)  taken  as  unit  in  reckoning  length  of 
document ;  sheet  of  paper  folded  once  (inf.,  of 
books  on  such  paper),  volume  made  of  such 
sheets,  largest-sized  volume,  (also  attrib.,  a  f. 
book,  in  six  volumes  f).  [L,  abl.  of  folium  leaf 
(abl.  f.  use  in  reff.,=o?i  leaf  50  &c.)] 

fo'liole,  n.  Division  of  compound  leaf,  leaflet 
[F,  f.  hfoliolum  dim.  of  folium  leaf] 

folk  (fok),  n.  (Archaic)  a  people,  nation,  race  ; 
(pi.,  the  sing,  being  archaic  or  dial.)  people  in 
general,  people  of  specified  class,  (now  being 
ousted  by  people) ;  folk-,  of  the  people  (chiefly 
in  compounds  imitated  f.  German,  as/. -custom, 
-song  ;  f. -etymology,  perversion  of  word's  form 
to  make  it  significant;  f.-lore,  traditional  be- 
liefs &c,  study  of  these),    [OE  folc,  cf.  G  volk] 


FOLLICLE 


318 


FOOT 


fo'lliele,  n.  Small  sac  or  vesicle  ;  cocoon.  So 
folli'culAR  i,  follreulated  [ate  2],  aa.  [f.  L 
folliculus  (follis  bellows,  -cule)] 

fo'llow,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Go  or  come  after  (mov- 
ing thing  or  person  ;  /.  the  hounds,  hunt ;  /.  my 
leader,  game  in  which  each  player  must  do  as 
leader  does ;  /.  one's  nose,  leave  one's  route  to 
chance  ;/.  the  plough,  be  ploughman) ;  go  along 
(path);  come  after  in  order  or  time  ;  accompany, 
serve ;  go  after  as  admirer ;  result  from,  be  the 
necessary  consequence  of,  be  involved  in, (trade 
follows  the  flag) ;  strive  after,  aim  at;  treat  or 
take  as  guide  or  master,  obey,  espouse  opinions 
or  cause  of ;  conform  to  (/.  suit),  act  upon,  take 
as  rule ;  practise  (profession  &c. ;  f.  the  sea,  be 
sailor) ;  keep  up  with  mentally,  grasp  the  mean- 
ing of,  (argument,  speaker) ;  go  or  come  after 
person  or  thing  (/.  in  his  steps  ;  /.  in  the  wake 
of) ;  come  next  in  order,  as  his  arguments  are 
as  follows  (not  follow);  happen  after  something 
else,  ensue  ;  result,  be  ded\ucible,(it  follows  that 
he  was  not  there) ;  (Cricket,  of  side)/,  on,  go  in 
again  out  of  turn  after  getting  less  than  oppo- 
nents by  certain  number  (n.,  doing  of  this) ;  /. 
out,  pursue  to  the  end  ;  /.  up,  pursue  steadily, 
add  another  blow  &c.  to  (previous  blow  &c), 
(Footb.  &c.)  keep  near  (player  with)  ball  to 
support ;  (n.,  Billiards)  stroke  causing  player's 
ball  to  roll  on  after  object-ball,  motion  so  given. 
[OE  folgian,  cf.  G/oZflrenperh.  cogn.  w.  full1] 

fo'llowep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  adherent, 
disciple;  man  courting  maidservant,    [-er1] 

f o'llo wing-  >,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  body  of 
adherents,  followers,    [-ing1] 

following- 2,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  now  to 
be  mentioned  (also  as  pron.  sing,  or  pi.,  the  f. 
are  noteworthy),    [-ing2] 

fo'lly,  n.  Being  foolish,  want  of  good  sense, 
unwise  conduct ;  foolish  act,  idea,  or  practice, 
ridiculous  thing ;  costly  structure  (considered) 
useless  (usu.  with  originator's  name,  — 's  F.). 
[f.  OF  folie  (fol  mad,  see  fool1);  last  sense 
perh.  starts  f.  F  use  of  folie  =  favourite  abode] 

foment,  v.t.  Bathe  with  warm  or  medicated 
lotions,  apply  warmth  to  ;  foster,  stimulate,  or 
instigate  (sentiment,  conduct,  sedition,  &c), 
whence  fome'ntER 1  n.  [f.  Ffomenter  f.  LL/o- 
mentare  f.  hfomentuni(fovere cherish,  -ment)] 

fomentation,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  (appli- 
cation of)  warm  flannels  &c.  for  fomenting 
purposes,    [f.  lAjfomentatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

fond,  a.  Foolishly  credulous  or  sanguine ; 
over-affectionate,  doting;  tender,  loving;  /.  of, 
full  of  love  for,  much  inclined  to.  Hence  fo'nd- 
ly2  adv.,  fo'ndNESS  n.  [p.p.  of  obs.  fon  be- 
come insipid] 

fo-ndant,  n.  Kind  of  sweetmeat.  [F  (fondre 
melt  f.  lafundere  pour,  -ant)] 

fo'ndle,  v.t.  &  i.  Caress;  toy  amorously  {with, 
together),    [f.  obs.  fond  vb  (fond),  -le(3)] 

font,  n.  Receptacle  for  baptismal  water ;  re- 
ceptacle for  holy  water ;  oil-reservoir  of  lamp, 
[f.  L.  fons  -tis  fountain  in  eccl.L  sense] 

fo'ntal,  a.  Primary,  original,  of  the  fountain- 
head;  baptismal,  [f.  med.L.  fontalis  (prec.,-AL)] 

fontane'l(le),  n.  Membranous  space  in  in- 
fant's head  at  adjacent  angles  of  parietal  bones. 
[F  (die),  dim.  otfontaine  fountain] 

food,  n.  "Victuals,  nourishment,  provisions, 
{be  f  for  worms,  dead;  bef.  for  .fishes,  drowned; 
/.  for  powder,  soldiers) ;  edibles  (/.  <£•  drink) ; 
particular  kind  of  f. ;  nutriment  of  plants ;  ma- 
terial for  the  mind  {mental,  intellectual,  f. ;  /. 
for  thought  or  meditation) ;  f. -stuff,  thing  used 
asf.  Hencefoo'dLESSa.  [OE  fodat.  Teut.  fad-, 
fod^,  f .  Aryan  pat-  whence  Gk  pateomai  feed] 

fog*1*  n-.  &  v.i.  &  t.  Silly  person,  simpleton, 
persipn  whose  conduct  one  disapproves  of,  {be 


af.  to,  be  nothing  in  comparison  with ;  play 
thef,  blunder,  trifle ;  f.'s  bolt  is  soon  shot,  his 
stock  of  argument  is  soon  exhausted ;  man  is 
f.  or  physician  at  thirty,  sensible  man  needs  no 
doctor) ;  jester,  clown,  in  medieval  great  house 
{play  thef,  indulge  in  buffoonery) ;  dupe  (make 
af.  of;  be  af.for  one's  pains,  take  trouble  to 
no  end ;  All  Fools'  day,  1st  April ;  April  /., 
person  taken  in  or  sent  on  f.'s  errand  on  that 
day ;  send,  go,  on  f.'s  errand,  fruitless  one; /.'a 
mate1  ;  f.'s  paradise,  illusory  happiness) ;  f.'s- 
cap,  foolscap,  cap  with  bells  worn  by  medieval 
jester,  dunce's  conical  paper  cap,  watermark  of 
somel7th-c.  paper,  long  folio  writing  or  printing 
paper  15-17  x  12-13£  in. ;  hence  foo*lERY(4,  5), 
foolo'CRACv,  nn„  foo'liSH1  a.,  foo'lishLY2 
adv.,  foo'lishNESS  n.  (Vb)  play  the  f.,  idle, 
trifle,  (also  about  8c,  U.S.,  around) ;  cheat  (per- 
son) out  of  money  &c.  or  into  doing,  get  (money 
&c.)  by  cajolery  out  of  person ;  throw  (time, 
money)  away  foolishly;  make  a  f.  of,  dupe, 
play  tricks  on.  [f.  OF  fol  f.  L  follis  bellows  in 
pop.  LL  sense  windbag,  empty-headed  person] 

fool2,  n.  Creamy  liquid  of  fruit  stewed, 
crushed,  &  mixed  with  milk,  cream,  &c.  (esp. 
gooseberry  f).    [prob.  f.  prec] 

foo'lhapdy,  a.  Foolishly  venturesome,  de- 
lighting in  needless  risks.  Hence  foo'lhardi- 
ness  n.    [f.  OF  fol  hardi  (fool1,  hardy)] 

foot  \  n.  (pi.  feet).  Termination  of  leg  begin- 
ning at  ankle  (find1  one's  feet) ;  step,  pace, 
tread,  (swift  of  f. ;  has  a  light  f.) ;  infantry 
(the  kth  f.  or  regiment  off. ;  f. -soldier ;  a  cap- 
tain off. ;  /.  &  horse) ;  lower  end  of  bed,  grave, 
couch,  &c.  (opp.  head),  part  of  stocking  &c. 
coveringf. ;  metrical  unit  with  varying  number 
of  syllables  one  of  which  is  accented  ;  lineal 
measure  of  12  in.  (10  feet  long;  a  ten-f.  pole  ;  sixf. 
or  feet  three ;  see  also  square  a.,  cubic)  ;  lower 
usu.  projecting  part,  base ;  (Zool.)  kinds  of  loco- 
motive or  adhesive  organ  in  invertebrates; 
(Bot.)  part  by  which  petal  is  attached,  root  of 
hair ;  lowest  part,  bottom,  of  hill,  ladder,  wall, 
list,  page,  class,  &c. ;  dregs,  oil  refuse,  coarse 
sugar,  (pi.  foots).  Phrr. :  have  onef.  in  grave, 
be  near  death  ;  (with  one's)  feet  foremost,  being 
carried  to  burial;  find,  know,  length  of  one's  f, 
learn  his  weaknesses,  be  able  to  manage  him  ; 
measure  another's  /.  by  one's  own  last,  judge 
others  by  oneself ;  on  one's  feet,  standing,  in 
health,  with  a  livelihood ;  carry  one  off  his  feet, 
make  him  enthusiastic,  greatly  excite  ;  fall1 
on  one's  feet;  keep  one's  feet,  not  fall ;  put  one's 
/.  down,  take  up  firm  position  (fig.) ;  put  one's 
/.  in  it,  blunder;  best1/.;  f.'s  pace,  walk; 
change  x  /.  or  feet ;  at  one's  feet,  as  his  disciple, 
subject,  or  suppliant ;  have  ball1  at  one's  feet ; 
with  foal  at  /.,  of  mare  that  has  foaled ;  onf, 
walking,  not  riding  &c,  also  in  motion  (set 
agitation,  movement,  Sec.  on  /.,  start  it),  busy, 
projected,  proceeding ;  tread  under  f,  oppress ; 
wet  &c.  under  f,  on  the  ground.  F.-&-mouth 
(disease),  kind  of  fever  esp.  in  horned  cattle; 
football,  large  round  or  elliptical  inflated  ball, 
game  played  with  it,  footballer,  player  at  this ; 
f.-bath,  washing  of  feet,  small  bath  used  for  this; 
footboard,  footman's  platform  at  carriage-back, 
board  for  getting  in  or  out  of  carriage  by,  sloped 
board  for  drivers  feet ;  footboy,  page,  boy  ser- 
vant in  livery;/.-6WcZflfe,  -path,  -road,  -way,  &c, 
for  f. -passengers  only  ;  f. -drill,  -pump,  Sec, 
worked  by  or  with  help  of  f. ;  footfall,  sound 
of  footstep;  footguards,  Coldstream,  Grena- 
dier, &  Scots  Fusilier  Guards  ;  f.-hill,  lying  at 
base  of  mountain  ;  foothold,  support  for  feet, 
surface  for  standing  on ;  footlights,  row  of 
lights  in  front  of  stage  screened  from  audience ; 
footman,  infantry-man,  liveried  servant  for. 


FOOT 


319 


FORBIDDING 


carriage,  door,  &  table ;  /.-mark,  footprint ; 
/.-muff,  for  keeping  feet  warm  ;f.-note,  inserted 
at  f.  of  page ;  /.-pace,  walking  pace,  dais  ;  foot- 
pad, unmounted  highwayman  ;  /.-page,  boy 
servant;/,  -pan,  for  washing  feet ;/.  -passenger, 
one  who  walks,  not  rides  or  drives ;  /.-plate, 
driver's  and  fireman's  platform  in  locomotive  ; 
/.-pound,  quantity  of  energy  that  will  raise  1  lb. 
to  height  of  1  ft; /ootprint,  impression  left  by  f.; 
/.-race,  running-match  between  persons  ;/.-rot, 
disease  of  f.  in  sheep  &  cattle ;  /.-rule,  rigid 
measure  1ft  long ;  /ootsore,  having  sore  feet, 
esp.  with  walking;  footstalk,  (Bot.)  stalk  of 
leaf  or  peduncle  of  flower,  (Zool.)  attachment 
of  barnacle  &c. ;  /ootstep,  tread,  footprint,  (fol- 
low in  one's  /ootsteps,  do  as  he  did) ;  /.-stone, 
foundation  stone,  stone  at  foot  of  grave ;  /oot- 
stool,  for  resting  feet  on ;  /ootwarmer,  thing  to 
warm  feet,  esp.  flat  hot- water  tin  used  in  rail- 
way carriages.  Hence  (-)footED 2,  foo't- 
less,  aa.  T Aryan ;  OE/ot,  cf.  G/uss,  Skr.  pad, 
Gkj)Ous  podos,  L  pes  pedis] 

foot2,  v.i.  &  t.  F.  it,  dance,  (rare)  pace,  go ; 
set  f.  on,  traverse  on  f.,  (rare);  put  new  f.  to 
(stocking) ;  add  up  or  up  (account) ;  pay  (bill) ; 
(of  bill,  items,  &c.)  mount  up  to.    (f.  prec] 

fdb'tep,  n.  (slang).  The  game  football,  [-er  l] 

fob'ting",  n.  Placing  of  feet,  foothold  ;  sur- 
face for  standing  on,  secure  position,  (lit.  &  fig.); 
conditions,  relations,  position,  status,  in  which 
person  is  towards  others,  degree  of  intimacy 
&c. ;  entrance  on  new  position,  admittance  to 
trade,  society,  &c,  (only  in  pay  /or  or  pay 
one's  /.,  i.  e.  a  customary  fee  for  it);  projecting 
course  at  foot  of  wall  &c. ;  (reckoning  of)  sum 
total  of.  column  of  figures  &c.    [foot 2  +  -ing  *] 

foo'tle,  v.i.,  &  n.  (slang).  Trifle,  play  the  fool ; 
hence  fdb'tliNG2a.    (N.)  twaddle,  folly.    [?] 

foo'zle,  v.t.,  &  n.  (slang,  esp.  golf).  Do  clum- 
sily, bungle,  make  a  mess  of;  (n.)  clumsy  failure, 
[cf.  G  dial,  jfuseln  work  badly  or  slowly] 

fop,  n.  Dandy,  exquisite,  vain  man.  Hence 
fo'pLiNG  1(2),  fo'ppER  y(4,  5),  nn.,  fo'ppiSH l  a., 
fo'ppishLY  2  adv.,  fo'ppishNESS  n.    [?] 

fop  (for,  fo-r,  ter,  according  to  position  or 
emphasis  required),  prep.  &  conj.  1.  Prep.  : 
Representing,  in  place  of,  in  exchange  against, 
as  price  or  penalty  of,  in  requital  of,  (sits  /., 
member  /.,  Liverpool ;  once  f.  all,  instead  of 
many  repetitions,  finally ;  substituted/. ;  agent 
/. ;  got  it/.  2d.  ;  thrashed  /.  his  pains) ;  in  de- 
fence or  support  or  favour  of,  on  side  of,  (take 
my  word /.  it,  be  assured ;  hurrah/,  person  or 
thing ;  am/,  tariff-reform) ;  with  a  view  to,  in 
order  to  be,  conducive(ly)  to,  (go  /.  a  walk ; 
went/,  a  soldier ;  is,  did  U,  /.  her  good  ;/.  sale, 
to  be  sold) ;  to  get,  win,  or  save  (send,  go,/,  a 
cab  ;  would  not  do  it/,  the  world ;  not  paid/. ; 
play  /.  penny  points ;  was  tried  /.  his  li/e ; 
cannot  do  it  /.  the  li/e  o/  me ;  run  /.  it)  ;  to 
reach,  arrive  at,  be  received  by,  or  belong  to 
(left,  sailed,  f.  India ;  made  f.  shelter ;  go  f. 
slang,  attack  ;  getting  on  /.  two  o'clock ;  bought 
gowns  /.  the  maids  ;  won  a  name  /.  himsel/) ; 
(after  vbs,adjj.,nn.,&  interjections,  of  emotion, 
faculty,  or  fitness;  after  adjj.  &  advv.  with  too, 
enough ;  after  expressions  implying  fitness  &c.) 
as  regards,  in  the  direction  of,  (don't  care  /. 
games  ;  a  longing  /.  praise  ;  Jit  /.  nothing ; 
ready/,  dinner  ;  oh/,  wings  !  ;  now  /.  it!  ;  too 
beautx/ul  /.  words ;  good  enough  /.  me ;  time  /. 
school ;  is  not  long/,  this  world,  will  soon  die  ; 
nothing/,  it  but  to  submit,  submission  the  only 
course  open  ;  is  the  man/,  the  job  ;  it  is  /.  you 
to  make  the  move ;  the  motive  /.  retreating) ; 
with  tne  result,  at  the  cost,  to  the  amount,  of 
(all  out /or  UU  ;  150/  6  wickets  ;  drew  on  him/. 
£100) ;  to  affect,  as  affecting,  beneficially  or  the 


reverse  (they  live  /.  each  other ;  can  shift  /. 
mysel/;  things  look  bad/,  you;  it  is  bad  /.'him 
to  smoke ;  &  hence  /.  with  noun  or  pron.  & 
infin.  as  neutral  noun-phrase  =  Latin  ace.  & 
inf.,  it  is  wicked  /.  him  to  smoke,  it  is  usual  /. 
hats  to  be  worn  =  that  hats  should  be  worn) ;  in 
the  character  of,  as,  as  being,  (hold  it/,  certain ; 
mistaken/,  him;  be  hanged/,  a  pirate;  take/, 
granted  ;  I/,  one  do  not  believe  it ;  did  it/,  the 
second  time  ;  /.  good)  ;  by  reason,  under  influ- 
ence, because,  on  account,  of  (did  it  /.  pure 
wantonness ;  avoid  it  /.  /ear  o/  accidents ;  I 
tremble  /.  him ;  notorious  /.  parsimony ;  do  it 
/.  my  sake ;  fie  /.  shame  I ;  alas  /.  him  !) ;  in 
spite  of  (/.all  that,/,  all  you  say,/,  all  he  seems 
to  dislike  me,  I  still  like  him) ;  on  account  of 
the  hindrance  of  (were  it  not,  but,  except,  /.  one 
thing  I  might  be  happy) ;  corresponding  to,  in 
contrast  with,  (/.  one  enemy  he  has  a  hundred 
/riends ;  bulk/,  bulk,  taking  equal  bulk  of  each; 
word  /.  word,  literally,  verbatim);  so  far  ai 
concerns,  regarding,  (/.  the  rest ;  /.  my  part ; 
/.  all,  aught,  I  know;  hard  up/,  money;  xcants 
/.  nothing) ;  considering,  making  the  allowance 
required  by,  the  usual  nature  of  (a  humane  man 
/.  an  executioner ;  very  bright/,  a  winter  day); 
during,  over,  to  the  extent  of,  (has  been  so  /. 
months ;  walk/,  two  miles;  made  com/ortable 
/.  li/e,  /.  the  present ;  le/t  him  alone/,  once) ;  /. 
all  the  world,  exactly  (looked  /.  a.  t.  to.  like  a 
porpoise).  2.  Conj.  (introducing  new  sentence 
or  series  of  sentences  containing  proof  of  or 
reason  for  believing  what  has  been  previously 
stated)  seeing  that,  since,  in  qrder  to  be  con- 
vinced of  this  observe  or  remember  that . . . 
[prob.  shortened  f.  fore2] 

for-,  pref.  formerly  very  common,  but  remain- 
ing only  in  some  dozen  common  words.  Mean- 
ings :  (l)away,off, B.v&vt,(/orby,/orget,/orgive); 
(2)  prohibition  (/orbid, /or/end);  (3)  abstention, 
neglect,  (/orbear,  .forgo,  /orsake,  /orswear) ; 
(I)  bad  effect  (/ordo) ;  (5)  excess,  intensity,  (/or- 
lorn,  /orpinejorwom).  [OE/or-,/aer-,  cf .  G  ver-, 
cogn.  w.  Gkjoeri,  pro,  para,  &  L  per,  pro] 

fo'page  (-uT,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Food  for  horses 
&  cattle,  esp.  for  horses  in  army ;  foraging  (on 
the/.  Sec.) ; /.-cap,  infantry  undress  cap.  (Vb) 
collect  f.  from,  ravage  ;  search  for  f.  or  (fig.)/or 
anything,  rummage ;  supply  with  f. ;  get  by  for- 
aging; sofo"pagrep[-iERjn.  [f. OF /ourrage(r) 
(Jeurre  f.  Rom.  */odro  f.  Teut.  see  fodder)] 

fopa'men,  n.  (pi.  -mind).  Orifice,  hole,  pass- 
age, (esp.  in  Anat.,  Zool.,  Rot.).  Hence  fora*- 
minATE2,  -ated,  aa.    (L  (/orare  bore,  -men)] 

fopasmirch  as,  conj.  Seeing  that,  since. 
[=/or  as  much  as] 

fo*pay,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Go  on,  make)  incursion, 
raid,  inroad.    [f^Rom.  */odro  (forage)] 

fop'beap l  (-bar ;  also  -bar"),  n.  (usu.  pi.).  An- 
cestors).   [fore2  +  obs.  beer  (be,  -er1)] 

fopbeap* 2  (bar),  v.t.  &  i.  (-bore,  -borne).  Ab- 
stain or  refrain  from  or  /rom ;  not  use  or  men- 
tion ;  be  patient.  Hence  fopbeap'ANCE  n., 
fopbeap'ing'LY  2  adv.    [for-(3),  bear2] 

fopbi'd,  v.t.  (-bad  or  -bade;  -bidden).  Com- 
mand (person  &c.)  not  to  do,  (person  etc.)  not  to 
go  to  (place),  not  allow  (person  &c.  something ; 
nereonor  thing  to  exist  or  happen), (/.  him  to  go, 
him  the  court,  him  wine;  /.  gladiators,  bull- 
fights; was /orbidden wine);  (of circumstances, 
hindrance,  &c.)  exclude,  prevent,  make  unde- 
sirable, (God/.!,  may  it  not  happen !) ;  /orbidden 
or  prohibited  degrees  ;  /orbidden  fruit,  thing 
desired  because  not  allowed.  [OE  /orbiodan 
see  for-(2),  bid] 

fopbi'dding",  a.  Repellent,  of  uninviting  ap- 

Eearance.  Hence  fopbi'ddingfLY  2  adv.,  Fop- 
•i'dding-NESS  n.    [-ing2] 


FORBY 


320 


FOREGATHER 


fopby(e)%  prep.  &  adv.  (Sc.  &  archaic).  Be- 
sides ;  not  to  mention ;  in  addition.  [for-(1)  + 
by  ;  cf.  G  vorbei] 

force *,  n.  Strength,  power,  impetus,  violence, 
intense  effort ;  military  strength ;  body  of  armed 
men,  army,  (pi.)  troops;  body  of  police  (the  /., 
the  police) ;  strength  exerted  on  an  object,  coer- 
cion, (by  f.,  by  compulsion);  mental  or  moral 
strength ;  influence,  controlling  power,  efficacy, 
power  to  convince,  vividness  of  effect,  (the/,  of 
circumstances  brought  it  about ;  there  is  f.  in 
what  you  say ;  described  with  muchf.) ;  (loose 
use)  desirability,  good  sense,  (can't  see  the  f.  of 
doing  what  one  dislikes );  binding  power,  vali- 
dity, (law  remains  in,  comes  into,f. ;  put  inf., 
enforce) ;  real  import,  precise  meaning ;  (Phy- 
sics) measurable  and  determinable  influence 
inclining  body  to  motion,  intensity  of  this,  (for- 
merly) kinetic  energy  (conservation  off.  or 
energy),  (formerly)  cause  of  any  class  of  phy- 
sical phenomena,  e.  g.  of  heat  or  motion,  con- 
ceived as  inherent  in  matter,  (fig.)  agency 
likened  to  these  (considers  himself  a  f.  in  the 
world) ;  by  f.  of,  by  means  of  ;  (Mil.)  in  f,  in 
large  numbers ;  in  great  f.,  vigorous,  fit,  lively ; 
f.-pump,  that  forces  water  beyond  range  of  at- 
mospheric pressure.  Hence  fop'eeLESS  a.  [F, 
f.  pop.  L  *fortia  (Lfortis  strong)] 

fonee2,  v.t.  Use  violence  to,  ravish;  con- 
strain, compel,  (/.  one's  hand,  compel  him  to 
act  prematurely  or  adopt  policy  unwillingly), 
put  strained  sense  upon  (words),  (Whist)  com- 
pel (player)  to  trump  or  reveal  his  strength,  com- 
pel player  to  play  .(certain  card);  compel  (person) 
to  do,  into  doing,  or  into  specified  action;  strain 
to  the  utmost,  urge,  (/.  the  pace  or  running, 
adopt  high  speed  in  race  to  tire  adversary  out 
quickly  ;  so/,  the  bidding  at  auction;  /.  one's 
voice,  strain  to  get  notes  beyond  usual  compass ; 
forced  march,  requiring  special  effort ;  forced 
draught1;  /.  the  game,  run  risks  to  score 
quickly ;  /.  an  analogy,  simile,  &c,  apply  it  too 
closely,  run  it  to  death) ;  overpower,  capture, 
make  way  through,  break  open,,  (stronghold, 
defences,  pass,  lock,  door)  by  f. ;  drive,  propel ; 
impose,  press,  (thing)  upon  person  (/.  a  card, 
in  conjuring,  make  one  choose  a  particular  card 
unconsciously) ;  effect,  produce,  by  effort  (/.  a 
smile,  make  oneself  smile ;  /.  one's  way,  a  pass- 
age) ;  take  by  f.,  extort,  wring,  (/.  it  out  of  his 
hands;  forced  loan;  f.  tears  from  his  eyes,  the 
facts  out  of  him) ;  artificially  hasten  the  ma- 
turity of  (plant,  scholar).  Hence  fop'eedLY  2 
adv.    [f.  ¥  forcer  (prec.)l 

force  3.  n.  (northern).  Waterfall,  [f.  ONfors) 

fop*eerul,a.  (Archaic  or  literary  or  affected 
for)  forcible.  Hencefop*eefulLY2adv.,  fop'ce- 

fulNESS  n.     f-FUL] 

force  majeure  (mahzher-),  n.  Irresistible 
compulsion,  coercion  diplomatically  recognized 
as  irresistible.    [FJ 

force-meat,  n.  Meat  chopped,  spiced,  & 
seasoned  for  stuffing,    [f.  obs.  force  corruption 

Of  FARCE  2] 

fop'ceps,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  Surgical  pincers; 
<Anat.,  Entom.,  Zool.)  organ  resembling  f., 
whence  fop*cipATE  2  a.    [ L  (genit.  -ipis)] 

fop'eible,  a.  Done  by,  involving,  force ;  tell- 
ing, vivid,  convincing,  (of  acts,  words,  style, 
artist,  Sec.) ;  f. -feeble,  disguising  feebleness  un- 
der show  of  force.  Hence  fop'eibleNESS  n., 
fop'cibL y  2  adv.    [OF  (force  *,  -ible)] 

fop*eite,  n.   An  explosive,   [force1,  -ite1^)] 

ford,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Shallow  place  where  river 
&c.may  be  crossed  by  wading ;  ( vb)  cross  (water), 
cross  water,  by  wading.    Hence  fop'dABLE, 


fop'dLESS,  aa.  [cf.  Gfurt ;  cogn.  w.  fare,  also 
w.  L  portus  port  J] 

fopdo* (-oo),  v.t.  (archaic;  -did,  -done  pr.  dun). 
Kill,  destroy,  spoil ;  (p.p.)  exhausted,  tired  out. 
[OE  fordon  see  for-(4),  do1] 

fore J,  a.  &  n.  Situated  in  front  (opp.  hind, 
back,  aft).  (N.)  f.  part,  bow  of  ship;  (Xaut.) 
at  thef.,  on  the  f. -royal  mast-head ;  to  thef.,  on 
the  spot,  ready  to  hand,  available,  alive,  (re- 
cently) conspicuous  (come  to  thef.,  take  leading 
part),    [developed  f.  compounds  w.  fore-] 

fore2,  adv.  &  prep.  (Adv.)  in  front  (still  in/. 
&  aft,  atbow&  stern,  allover  ship,back  wards  & 
forwards  or  lengthwise  in  ship  ;f.-&-af trigged, 
having  f.-&-aft  sails,  i.e.  sails  set  lengthwise, 
not  to  yards,  as  chief  sails;  f.-dt-aft  cap,  with 
peak  at  each  end) ;  (prep.)  in  presence  of  (in 
adjurations)  as  /.  George= by  George,  [com.- 
Teut.;  OE  fore,  cf.  G  vor,  cogn.  w.  L  pro,  prae, 
per,  Gk  pro,  para,  peri ;  prep,  often  mistakenly 
fore  as  though  short  for  before] 

fore 3,  int.  (golf),  warning  people  in  front  of 
stroke,    [prob.  for  before] 

fope-,  pref.  freely  used  with  vbs,  their  par- 
ticipialadjectives,  vblnouns,  &  nouns  of  action; 
also  with  other  nouns.  Meanings  with  vbs  &c: 
(1)  in  front  (forerunner) ;  (2)  beforehand,  in  ad- 
vance, (foreordain).  Meanings  with  nouns 
other  than  verbal  or  of  action:  (3)  in  front, 
front-,  (forequarter);  (i)  front  part  of  (forearm); 
(5)  of,  near,  or  towards  stem  of  ship  or  con- 
nected w.  foremast  (forecastle) ;  (6)  anticipatory, 
precedent,  (foreknowledge),    [see  fore  2] 

fope'arm  \  n.  Arm  from  elbow  to  wrist  or 
finger-tips;  corresponding  part  in  foreleg  or 
wing.    [fore-(4)J 

fopeap'm2,  v.t.  Arm  beforehand.  [fore-(2)] 

fopebo'de  (ter-),  v.t.  Predict  (rare) ;  betoken, 
portend  ;  have  presentiment  of  (usu.  evil)  or 
that.  Hence  fopebo'dingLY2  adv.  [fore-(2>] 

forebo'ding,  n.  Prediction  (rare),  presage 
or  omen,  presentiment,  (esp.  of  evil),    [-ing1] 

fope'-ea'bln,  n.  Cabin  in  forepart  of  ship, 
usu.  for  second-class  passengers,    [fore-(o)] 

fopeca'st1,  v.t.  (forecast  or -ed,see  in  etym.). 
Estimate,  conjecture,  beforehand.  [fore-(2)+ 
cast1  ^forecasted  depends  on  mistaken  assump- 
tion that  the  vb  is  derived  f.  foil.] 

fope'east2,  n.  Foresight,  prudence,  (rare); 
conjectural  estimate  of  something  future,  esp. 
of  coming  weather,    [f.  prec] 

fopecastle  (fo'ksl),  fo'e'sle,  n.  (Hist.)  short 
raised  deck  at  bow ;  (in  war-ship)  part  of  upper 
deck  forward  of  after-shroud ;  (in  merchant- 
ship)  forward  part  under  deck  where  sailors 
live.    [fore-(5)J 

fopeelo'se  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Bar,  preclude,  pre- 
vent, shut  out  from  enjoyment  of;  (Mortgage 
Law)  bar  (person  entitled  to  redeem)  upon  non- 
payment of  money  due,  bar  (right  of  redemp- 
tion), take  away  power  of  redeeming  (mort- 
gage), whence  fopeclo'SURE  n. ;  settle  (argu- 
able point  &c.)  by  anticipation,  [f.  Fforclore 
(OF  for  out  f.  L J oris,  close3)] 

fope'eoupt,  n.  Enclosed  space  before  build- 
ing, outer  court.    [fore-(3)] 

fope'fathep,  n.  Ancestor  (our  &c.  #.,  earlier 
generations).    [fore-(6)] 

fope'flng-ep,  n.  Finger  next  thumb  (also 
called  first  or  index  finger).    [fore-(3)] 

fope'foot,  n.  One  of  beast's  front  feet; 
(Naut.)  foremost  piece  of  keel,  course  in  front 
of  this  (crossing  our  /.).    [fore-(3,  5)] 

fore'fpont,  n.  Very  front,  foremost  part, 
van,  (in  thef.  of  the  battle).    [fore-(3)J 

foregather.    See  forgather. 


For  words  in  fore-  not  giv«n  see  fore-. 


FOREGIFT 


321 


FOREWOMAN 


foregift,   n.    (law).      Premium   for  lease. 

[FORE-(6)J 

forego*1,  v.t.  &  i.  (-went,  -gone  pr.  -gawn). 
Precede  in  place  or  time  {forego ing,  previously 
mentioned) ;  foregone  conclusion,  decision  or 
opinion  come  to  in  advance  of  the  evidence  or 
necessary  facts,  prejudice,  result  that  can  be  or 
could  have  been  foreseen.    [fore-(2)] 

forego2.    See  forgo. 

forego'er,  n.    Predecessor.    [fore-(1)j 

fore'ground,  n.  Part  of  view,  esp.  in  pic- 
ture, nearest  observer;  most  conspicuous 
position.    [fore-(3)] 

fore'hand,  n.  &  a.  Part  of  horse  before 
rider ;  (adj.,  of  stroke  at  tennis  &c.)  not  back- 
handed.   [fore-(3)J 

forehead  (fo'red),  n.  Part  of  face  above  eye- 
brows &  between  temples.  [OE  forhbafod  see 
fore-(4),  head  J] 

fo'reign  (-rin),  a.  Belonging  to,  proceeding 
from,  other  persons  or  things ;  alien  from  or  to, 
irrelevant,  dissimilar,  or  inappropriate,  to  ;  in- 
troduced from  outside  (esp.  /.  body  or  substance 
in  the  tissues  &c);  situated  outside,  coming 
from  another  district,  parish,  society,  &c. ;  out- 
side the  country,  not  in  one's  own  land ;  of,  in, 
characteristic  of,  coming  from,  dealing  with, 
some  country  not  in  the  United  Kingdom  or 
English-speaking  colonies  (/.,  colonial,  &  home 
trade ;  /.  parts,  countries ;  F.  Office,  depart- 
ment for  f.  affairs  or  its  building;  /.  letter- 
paper,  thin  to  reduce  postage).  Hence 
fo*reigniSM(2,  4)  n.,  fo*reignizE(3)  v.t.  &  i. 
[f.  OF  forain  (Lforis  outside,  -an)] 

fo'reigner,  n.  Person  born  in  foreign  coun- 
try or  speaking  foreign  language ;  foreign  ship, 
imported  animal  or  article,    [-er1] 

forejirdge,  v.t.  Judge  or  determine  before 
hearing  the  evidence.    [fore-(2)] 

foreknow  (forno-),  v.t.  (-knew,  -known). 
Know  beforehand,  have  prescience  of.  So 
foreKNOWLEDGE  n.    Jfore-(2)] 

fo'rel,  fo'rrel,  n.  vellum-like  parchment 
for  covering  account-books.  [OF  forrel  dim.  of 
forre  sheath] 

fore'land  (-and),  n.  Cape,  promontory ;  strip 
of  land  in  front  of  something.    [fore-(3)] 

fore;leg,  n.    Beast's  front  leg.   [fore-(3)] 

fore'loek1,  n.  Lock  of  hair  growing  just 
above  forehead  (take  time,  occasion,  &c,  by  the 
/.,  not  let  chance  slip).    [fore-(3)] 

fore'loek2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Wedge  put  through 
hole  in  bolt  to  keep  it  in  place ;  (vb)  secure  thus. 
[fore-(3),  lock2] 

fore'man,  n.  President  &  spokesman  of 
jury ;  principal  workman  superintending 
others  (working  /.,  one  who  both  works  & 
supervises).    [fore-(3)] 

foremast  (-ma-),  n.  Forward  lower  mast  of 
ship  (/.  man,  seaman,  hand,  sailor  below  rank 
of  petty  officer).    [fore-(5)| 

fore'most  (-ost,  -ost),  a.  &  adv.  superl.  Most 
advanced  in  position,  front,  (head,  end,  &c.,/., 
with  head  &c.  in  front) ;  most  notable,  best, 
chief ;  (adv.)  before  anything  else  in  position,  in 
the  first  place  (usu.  first  &  f.).  [OE  formest 
double  superl.  with  -m-  (cf.  L  primus)  &  -est  f. 
st.  of  fore  2,  assimilated  to  most] 

fore'noon,  n.    The  day  till  noon,  morning. 

[FORE  2  +  NOON] 

fore'nsie,  a.  Of,  used  in,  courts  of  law  (/. 
medicine,  medical  jurisprudence).  Hence 
fore'nsiCALLy  adv.  [f.  hforensis  (forum) 
+  -ic] 

foreordai'n,  v.t.  Predestinate,  appoint 
beforehand.  SoforeoRDiNATioNn.  [fore-(2)] 

forepeak,  n.  (naut.).    End  of  forehold  in 
angle  of  bows.    [fore-(5)] 
f.d. 


fore'plane,  n.  First  plane  used  after  saw  or 
axe.    [fore-(6)] 

fore-rea*eh,  v.i.  &  t.  Shoot  ahead ;  gain 
upon,  pass.    [fore-(I)] 

fore-ru*n,  v.t.  (-nn- ;  -ran,  -run).  Be  pre- 
cursor of,  foreshadow.  Hence  foreru'nnER J 
(l,2)n.    [FORE-(l)] 

fore'sail  (-si,  -sal),  n.  Principal  sail  on  fore- 
mast (lowest  square  sail,  or  triangular  before 
mast),    [fore-(o)] 

foresee*,  v.t.  (-saw,  -seen).  See  beforehand, 
have  prescience  of,  (noun,  or  that):  exereise 
foresight  (obs.  exc.  in  foresee*iNG2a.,  fore- 
see'ingL  y  2  ad  v. ).    [fore-(2)] 

foresha-dow,  v.t.  Prefigure,  serve  as  type 
or  presage  of.    [fore-(2)] 

fore-sheets,  n.  pi.  Inner  part  of  bows  of 
boat  with  gratings  for  bowman,    [fore-(o)] 

foreshore,  n.  Part  of  shore  between  high 
&  low  water  marks,  or  between  water  &  land 
cultivated  or  built  on.    [fore-(4)] 

foreshor*ten,  v.t.  Cause,  show  in  drawing 
&c,  the  apparent  shortening  due  to  visual  per- 
spective.   [fore-(I)]  i 

foreshow,  v.t.  (p.p.  -shown).  Foretell ;  fore- 
shadow, portend,  prefigure.  [OE  foresciawian 
see  FORE-(l),  show] 

fore'sight,  n.  Foreseeing,  prevision ;  care 
for  the  future  ;  front  sight  of  gun.    [fore-(2,  3)] 

foreskin,  n.    Prepuce.    [fore-(3)] 

fo'rest,  n.,  &  v.t.  Large  tract  covered  with 
trees  &  undergrowth  sometimes  mixed  with 
pasture,  trees  growing  in  it  (lit.,  &  fig.  as  af.  of 
masts) ;  (with  proper  name  prefixed)  district 
formerly  f .  but  now  cultivated,  as  Sherwood  F. ; 
(Law)  unenclosed  woodland  district  kept  for 
hunting  usu.  owned  by  sovereign;  f.-tree,  of 
large  growth  fitted  for  f. ;  (vb)  plant  with  trees, 
convert  into  f.  [OF,  f.  med.L  forestis  (silva 
wood)  outside  (walls  of  park)  f.  hforis  outside] 

forestall  (awl),  v.t  (Hist.)  buy  up  (goods) 
in  order  to  profit  by  enhanced  price ;  be  before- 
hand with  in  action,  anticipate  and  so  baffle ; 
deal  with  before  the  regular  time,  anticipate, 
[f.  OEforestealln.  ambush,  see  fore-(6),  stall] 

fore'stay,  n.  Stay  from  foremast-head  to 
bowsprit-end ;  sail  hoisted  on  this.    [fore-(5)] 

fd'rester,  n.  Officer  in  charge  of  forest,  or 
of  growing  timber ;  dweller  in  forest ;  bird  or 
beast  of  forest,  e.  g.  New-Forest  pony ;  kinds  of 
moth.    [f.  OF  forestier  (forest,  -ier)J 

fo'restry,  n.  Wooded  country,  forests; 
science  &  art  of  managing  forests,  [f.  OF 
foresterie  (forest,  -ery)] 

foretaste1,  n.  Partial  enjoyment  or  suffer- 
ing of  in  advance,  anticipation.    [fore-(2)] 

foreta'ste2,  v.t.  Taste  beforehand,  antici- 
pate enjoyment  &c.  of.    [fore-(2)] 

forete'll,  v.t.  (-told).  Predict,  prophesy ;  pre- 
sage, be  precursor  of.    [fore-(2)J 

fore'thought,  n.  Previous  contriving,  de- 
liberate intention ;  provident  care.    [fore-(6)J 

fore'time,  n.  The  past,  early  days,  old 
times.    [fore-(6)] 

fore'token »,  n.  Sign  of  something  to  come, 
prognostic.    [fore-(6)] 

foreto'ken  2,  v.t.  Portend,  point  to.  [fore-(2)] 

fore'top,  n.  top  of  foremast ;  (short  for)  fore- 
topgallant-masthead,  i.  e.  head  of  mast  above 
fore-topmast,  i.  e.  mast  above  foremast ;  fore- 
topgallant-sail,  sail  above  fore-topsail,  i.  e.  sail 
above  foresail.    [fOre-(o)] 

fore'ty  pe,  n.  Type  of  coming  thing.  [fore-(6)] 

forewap'n  (-awn),  v.t.  Warn  beforenand 
(esp.  in  forewarned  is  forearmed).    [fore-(2)] 

forewoman,  n.  President  &  spokeswoman 
of  jury  of  matrons ;  chief  workwoman  super- 
vising others.    [fore-(3)] 


FOREWORD 


FORMALITY 


foreword  (-erd),  n.  Preface,  introductory 
remarks,  [from  1842;  mod.  formation  of  the 
anti-Latinists,  cf.  6  vorwort ;  fore-(3)] 

fore'yard,  n.    Lowest  yard  on  foremast. 

fOP*faps,  n.  Coarse  linen  cloth  of  unbleached 
flax.    [Forfar  in  Scotland] 

rop'feit  (-fit),  n.  &  a. ,  &  v.  t.  (Thing)  lost  ow- 
ing to  crime  or  fault  (his  life  was  the/,  or  teas 
/.,  hisf.  life) ;  penalty  for  breach  of  contract  or 
neglect,  fine ;  trivial  fine  for  breach  of  rules  in 
clubs  &c.  or  in  games  (playff.),  article  sur- 
rendered by  player  in  game  of  ft  to  be  redeemed 
by  performing  ludicrous  task ;  forfeiture.  (Vb) 
lese  right  to,  be  deprived  of,  have  to  pay,  as 
penalty  of  crime,  neglect,  &c,  or  as  necessary 
consequence  of  something ;  hence  fop'feit- 
able  a.,  fop'feitURE  n.  [f.  OF  forfait  p.p.  of 
forfaire  f.  med.L  foris  facer e  transgress  (L 
foris  outside,  facere  do)l 

fopfe'nd,  v.t.  Avert,  keep  off,  (usu.  in  God 
/./).     [FOR-(2)] 

fop'fleate,  a.  (zool.).  Scissor-shaped.  [f.  L 
forfex  -ids  scissors  +  -ate  2] 

forgather,  v.i.  Assemble,  meet  together, 
associate,  converse.    [for-(5)] 

forgave.    See  forgive. 

forge  *,  n.  Smithy ;  blacksmith's  hearth  or 
fireplace  with  bellows ;  furnace  or  hearth  for 
melting  or  refining  metal,  workshop  containing 
it.    [OF,  f.  hfabnea  fabric] 

forge  2,  v.  t.  &  i.  Shape  by  heating  in  fire  and 
hammering ;  fabricate,  invent,  (tale,  lie),  make 
in  fraudulent  imitation,  esp.  write  (document, 
signature)  in  order  to  pass  off  as  written  by  an- 
other, whence  fop'gER  1n.  Hence  fop'ge able 
a.    [f.  OF  forgier  f.  hfabricare  fabricate] 

fopge3,  v.i.  Make  way,  advance,  gradually 
or  with  difficulty,  esp.  /.  ahead,  take  lead  in 
race,  get  started.    [?] 

fbP'gepy,  n.  Forging,  counterfeiting,  or 
falsifying,  of  document;  spurious  thing  esp. 
document  or  signature,    [forge2,  -ery] 

fopge't  (-g-),  v.t.  (got,  -gotten  &  poet,  -got; 
-tt-).  Lose  remembrance  of  (noun,  that,  how  to, 
orabs.) ;  neglect  (usu.  to  do),  inadvertently  omit 
to  bring  or  mention  or  attend  to ;  put  out  of 
mind,  cease  to  think  of,  (esp.  forgive  &f);  dis- 
regard, slight;  /.  oneself,  neglect  one's  own 
interests,  act  unbecomingly  or  unworthily,  lose 
consciousness  ;f.-me-not,  kinds  of  myosotis,  esp. 
one  with  small  yellow-eyed  blue  flowers  (f. -nu- 
ll, blue  as  name  of  colour).  Hence  fopge'tFUL 
a.,  fopgre'tfulLY2  adv.,  fopge'tfulNESS  n., 
fopgre'ttABLE  a.  [OEforgietan  cf.  G  vergessen 
see  for-(1),  get] 

fopgrve,  v.t.  (-gave,  -given).  Remit,  let  off, 
(debt,  person  debt) ;  pardon  (offence,  offender, 
offender  offence,  or  abs.).  Hence  fopgi'VABLE 
a.,  forgiveness  [forgiven  +  -NESS]n.,  fop- 
gl'viNG2  a.,  fopgri'vingLY 2  adv.,  fopgi'v- 
ingNESS  n.    [OKforgiefan  see  for-(1),  give] 

fopgo\  v.t.  (-went,  -gone).  Abstain  from,  go 
without,  let  go,  omit  to  take  or  use,  relinquish. 
[OE/ organ  see  for-(3),  go] 

fork,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Pronged  agricultural 
implement  for  digging,  lifting,  carrying,  or 
throwing ;  two,  three,  or  four,  -pronged  instru- 
ment used  in  eating  at  table  or  cooking ;  (also 
tuning-f.)  steel  instrument  giving  when  struck 
a  fixed  musical  note;  stake  with  forked  end 
used  as  prop  for  vines  &c. ;  forking,  bifurcation, 
e.  g.  that  of  human  legs,  of  diverging  roads,  or 
of  branches  ;  flash  of  forked  lightning ;  hence 
fop-ky2  a.  (poet.).  (Vb)  Form  f.,  have  or  de- 
velop branches ;  lift,  carry,  dig,  or  throw  with 
f. ;  (slang)  /.  out  or  over,  hand  over,  pay.  [OE 
fovea  f.  Lfurca] 

forked,   a.     With   fork  or  fork-like   end, 


branching,  divergent,  cleft,  (three-f.  &c,  with 
three  &c.  prongs) ;  two-legged.    [-ed2J 

foplop*n,  a.  Desperate,  hopeless,  (cf.  foil.) ; 
abandoned,  forsaken,  (poet.)  deprived  of;  in 
pitiful  condition,  of  wretched  appearance,  [p.p. 
of  obs.  forlese,  OE  forliosan  see  for-(1),  lose] 

foplop*n  hope,  n.  Storming-party ;  desper- 
ate enterprise,  [f.  Du.  verloren  hoop  lost  troop 
(hoop  =  HEAP)] 

form  *,  n.  Shape,  arrangement  of  parts, 
visible  aspect  (esp.  apart  from  colour),  shape  of 
body  (face  &  /.) ;  person  or  animal  as  visible 
or  tangible  (saw  af,  the  f.  of  —,  before  me) ; 
(Philos.)  that  which  makes  anything  (matter)  a 
determinate  species  (Scholastic),  conditions  of 
thing's  existence  by  knowing  which  we  can  pro- 
duce it  (Baconian),  formative  principle  holding 
together  the  elements  of  thing  (Kantian) ;  mode 
in  which  thing  exists  or  manifests  itself  (in, 
under,  take,  the  f.  of),  species,  kind,  variety ; 
(Gram.)  one  of  the  shapes  taken  by  a  word  in 
spelling,  pronunciation,  or  inflexion,  external 
characteristics  of  words  apart  from  meaning  ; 
class  in  some  (esp.  the  Public)  schools  (usu. 
numbered  from  sixth  down  to  first) ;  arrange- 
ment &  style  in  literary  or  musical  composi- 
tion ;  customary  method  (in  duef),  set  order  of 
words,  formula,  regularly  drawn  document, 
document  with  blanks  to  be  filled  up;  for- 
mality, mere  piece  of  ceremony;  behaviour 
according  to  rule  or  custom  (good,  bad,  f, 
satisfying  or  offending  current  ideals) ;  con- 
dition of  health  &  training  (in,  out  of,  /.,  fit  or 
not  for  racing  &c,  of  horses  or  athletes ;  lose 
one's/.),  good  spirits  (was  in  great  f.) ;  long  seat 
without  back,  bench ;  (Print ;  also  forme)  body 
of  type  secured  in  chase  for  printing  at  one 
impression ;  hare's  lair.  [f.  OF  forme  f.  L  forma] 

form  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Fashion,  mould,  (into  certain 
shape ;  after,  by,  from,  upon,  pattern ;  or  abs.) ; 
assume  shape,  become  solid ;  mould  by  disci- 
pline, train,  instruct,  (person,  or  faculty  &c.) ; 
embody,  organize,  into  a  company  &c. ;  frame, 
make,  produce ;  articulate  (word) ;  conceive 
(idea,  judgment) ;  develop  (habit) ;  contract 
(alliance) ;  be  material  of,  make  up,  make  one  or 
part  of;  (Gram.)  construct  (new  word)  by  deri- 
vation, inflexion,  &c.;(Mil.  &c.)  draw  up  (t.  &  L; 
often  up)  in  order,  assume  specified  formation 
(/.  fours,  line,  column),  [f.  OF  fourmer  f.  L 
formare  (prec.)] 

form-,  comb,  form  of  formic  or  formyl,  as 
/otwialdehyde,  a  disinfectant  &  antiseptic, 
formalin  a  solution  of  this. 

-form,  suf.  (in  actual  use  -iform,  see  -i-)  f.  F 
-forme  f.  F  -formis  (form  l)  giving  adjj.  (1)  w. 
sense  having  the  form  of  (crucifoi-m,  cunei- 
form), (2)  referring  to  number  of  forms  (uni- 
form, multiform,  diversiform).  Chloroform 
does  not  contain  this  suf. 

for-mal,  a.  (Metaphys.)  of  the  essence  of  a 
thing  (/.  cause  l),  essential  not  material ;  of  the 
outward  form,  shape,  appearance,  arrange- 
ment, or  external  qualities,  (Log.)  concerned 
with  the  form,  not  the  matter,  of  reasoning ; 
valid  in  virtue  of  its  form,  explicit  and  definite, 
not  merely  tacit ;  ceremonial,  required  by  con- 
vention (af.  call),  perfunctory,  having  the  form 
without  the  spirit ;  observant  of  forms,  precise, 
prim,  excessively  regular  or  symmetrical,  stiff, 
methodical,  whence  fop*maliSM(2),  for'mal- 
ist(2),  nn.,  formali'stic  a.  Hence  for'mal- 
ly  2  adv.    [f.  hformalis  (form  \  -al)] 

fopma'lity,  n.  Conformity  to  rules,  pro- 
priety ;  ceremony,  elaborate  procedure ;  formal 
or  ceremonial  act,  requirement  of  etiquette  or 
custom;  being  formal,  precision  of  manners, 
stiffness  of  design,  [f.  Lformalitas  (prec,  -ty)] 


FORMALIZE , 3 

formalize,  v.  t.  Give  definite  shape  or  legal 
formality  to ;  make  ceremonious,  precise,  or 
rigid,  imbue  with  formalism.  Hence  fopmal- 

iZA'TION  n.     [-IZE] 

format  (-ah),  n.    Shape  &  size  of  book.    [F] 

formation,  n.  Forming,  being  formed ; 
thing  formed ;  arrangement  of  parts,  structure, 
(Mil.)  disposition  of  troops ;  (Geol.)  assemblage 
of  rocks  or  series  of  strata  having  some  common 
characteristic,    [f.  hformatio  (form  2,  -ation)] 

fop'mative  (-a-),  a.  &  n.  Serving  to  fashion, 
of  formation  ;  (Gram.,  of  flexional  &  derivative 
suffixes  and  prefixes)  used  in  forming  words, 
(n.)  f.  element.  [OF  (-if,  -ive)  see  form2,  -ative] 

forme,  n.  (print.).    See  form  \ 

former,  a.  &  pron.  Of  the  past  or  an  earlier 
period  {inf.  times ;  more  like  herf.  self;  ourf. 
haunts),  whence  foP*mePLY2adv.;  tlief.  (with 
noun,  or  oftener  as  pron.  with  possessive  the 
/.'«),  the  first  or  first-mentioned  of  two  (opp. 
latter),  [back-formation  f.  formest  fore- 
most ;  from  12th  c] 

fop*mic,a.  (chem.)  F.  acid,  colourless  irritant 
volatile  acid  contained  in  fluid  emitted  by  ants. 
Hence  fop-mATE1^),  fop'mENE,  fop'mvL, 
nn.    [for  formicic  f.  L  formica  ant  +  -icj 

formidable,  a.  To  be  dreaded ;  likely  to  be 
hard  to  overcome,  resist,  or  deal  with.  Hence 
fop'midableNESS  n.,  fop'midabLV2  adv. 
[F,  f.  hformidabilis  (formidare  fear,  -able)] 

fop'mless,  a.  Shapeless,  without  determin- 
ate or  regular  form.  Hence  fop'mlessLY2 
adv.,  fop'mlessNESS  n.    [-less] 

for'mula,  n.  (pi.  -ae,  -as).  Set  form  of  words, 
definition,  enunciation  of  principle,  statement 
prescribed  for  use  on  some  occasion ;  rule  un- 
intelligently  followed,  conventional  usage  or 
belief,  whence  fop*muliSM(3),  fop*muliST(2), 
nn.,  fopmuli'stic  a. ;  recipe;  (Math.)  rule  or 
principle  in  algebraic  symbols ;  (Chem.)  expres- 
sion by  symbols  of  substance's  constituents ; 
tabulation  of  certain  facts  by  symbols  &  fig- 
ures. Hence  fop*mulaPiZE(3)  [through  obs. 
formular  a.],  fop*mulizE(3),  vv.t.  =  formu- 
late, fopmulapiz ation,  fopmulizATioN, 
nn.    [L,  dim.  of  forma  form  *] 

fop'mulapy,  n.  &  a.  Collection  of  formulas ; 
document  or  book  of  set  forms  esp.  for  belief  or 
ritual ;  (adj.)  in  or  of  formulas,  [f.  Fformulaire 
1.  neut.  of  L  formularius  (prec,  -ary1)] 

fop'mulate,  v.t.  Reduce  to,  express  in,  a 
formula ;  set  forth  systematically.  Hence  fop- 

mulATION  n.     [FORMULA  +  -ATE  3] 

fop'nicate,  v.i.  Commit  fornication.  So 
fop'nicatOR2  n.  [f.  L  fornicari  (fornix  -ids 
brothel),  -ate3] 

fornication,  n.  Voluntary  sexual  inter- 
course between  man  (sometimes  restricted  to 
unmarried  man)  &  unmarried  woman  (cf.  adul- 
tery).   [OF,  f.  LL  fomicationem  (prec,  -ion)] 

foppi'ned,  a.  (archaic).  Wasted  by  hunger, 
torture,  &c.    [p.p.  of  obs.  f orpine  see  for-(o)] 

forrader.    See  forward5. 

forrel.    See  forel. 

fopsa'ke,  v.t.  (-sdbk,  -saken).  Give  up,  break 
ofFf  rom,  renounce ;  withdraw  one's  help,  friend- 
ship, or  companionship  from,  desert,  abandon, 
[earlier  senses  deny,  repudiate,  refuse ;  OE/or- 
sacan  f.  for-(3)  +  sacan  contend] 

forsooth  (-th),  adv.  Truly,  in  truth,  no 
doubt,  (used  parenthet.  always  in  irony).  [OE 
forsoth  (for,  sooth  n.)] 

fopspe'nt,  a.  Tired  out.  [p.p.  of  obs.  for- 
spend see  FOR-(5),_SPEND] 

forswear*  (-war),  v.t.  (-swore,  -sworn).  Ab- 
jure, renounce  on  oath ;  /.  oneself,  swear  false- 
ly, perjure  oneself ;  (p.p.)  perjured.  IOE  for- 
swerian,  see  for-(3,  1),  swear] 


3 FORTUNE 

fopt,  n.  Fortified  place  (usu.  single  building 
or  set  of  connected  military  buildings,  cf.  fort- 
ress) ;  trading-station,  orig.  fortified,  in  N. 
America.    [F,  abs.  use  oljort  strong  f.  Lfortis] 

foptaliee,  n.  (Archaic  &  poet.)  fortress; 
(mod. )  small  outwork  of  fortification,  small  fort, 
[f.  med.L  fortalitia  (Lfortis  strong)] 

forte1,  n.  Person's  strong  point;  (Fenc.) 
sword-blade  from  hilt  to  middle  (cf.  foible). 
[f.  F  fort  abs.  use  of  adj.  =  strong  ;  fern,  form 
ignorantly adopted  for  masc,  cf.  morale,  locale] 

fop'te2,  mus.  direction  (abbr.  /.).  Loud; 
forte  forte  (abbr.  ff.),  very  loud  ;  forte  piano 
(abbr.  fp.),  loud  &  then  immediately  soft.   [It.] 

fopth,  adv.  &  prep.  Forwards  (now  only  in 
back&f,  to  &  fro) ;  onwards  in  time  (now  only 
in  from  this  time/.,  &  in  comb,  as  hence/.) ;  for- 
ward, into  view,  {bring,  come,  show,  &c,  /.); 
out  from  home  &c.  (sail,  issue,  f.) ;  out  of  doors 
(cast  f.);&  so  f,  &  so  on,  &  the  like  ;  so  far  /., 
to  that  extent ;  so  /ar  f.  as,  to  whatever  ex- 
tent ;  (prep. ;  archaic)  from  out  of.  [cf.  G  fort 
(root  of  fore2  +  suf.  -to-)] 

fortheo'ming-  (-ku),  a.  About  or  likely  to 
come  forth ;  approaching ;  ready  to  be  pro- 
duced when  wanted,   [prec,  come,  -ing2] 

forthrig-h't,  adv.,  fopthpiarht,  a.  &  n.,  (ar- 
chaic). (Adv.)  straight  forward  ;  straightway. 
(Adj.) going  straight;  outspoken,  unswerving ; 
decisive,  dextrous.  (N.)  straight  course  (ff.  & 
meanders),    [forth  +  right  a.  &  adv.] 

forthwith  (-th,  -dh),  adv.  Immediately, 
without  delay,    [for forth  with  used  abs.] 

fortification,  n.  Fortifying;  strengthening 
of  wine  with  alcohol ;  (Mil.)  providing,  art  or 
science  of  providing,  with  defensive  works, 
(usu.  pi.)  defensive  work(s),  wall(s),  earth- 
work^), tower(s),  &c  IF,  f.  L  fortificationem 
act  of  strengthening  (foil.,  -ation)] 

fortify,  v.t.  &  i.  Strengthen  structure  of  ; 
impart  vigour  or  physical  strength  or  endur- 
ance to,  strengthen  mentally  or  morally,  en- 
courage ;  strengthen  (liquors)  with  alcohol ; 
corroborate,  confirm,  (statement);  provide 
(town,  army,  oneself)  with  defensive  works ; 
erect  fortifications.  Hence  foptifiABLE  a.  ff. 
F  fortifier  f.  hfortificare  (fortis  strong,  -fy)j 

forti'ssimo,  mus.  direction  (abbr.  ff.,  ffor., 
fortiss.).    Very  loud.    [It.] 

fortitude,  n.  Courage  in  pain  or  adversity. 
[F,  f.  Itfortitudo  (fortis  strong,  -tude)] 

fortnight  (-it),  n.  Period  of  two  weeks  (to- 
day, this  day,  Monday,  &c,/.,  a  f.  from  today 
&c    [OE  fiorwertyne  niht  fourteen  nights] 

fortnightly,  a.  &  adv.  (Happening,  appear- 
ing) once  every  fortnight,    [-ly  *• 2] 

fortress,  n.,  &  v.t.  Military  stronghold,  esp. 
strongly  fortified  town  fit  for  large  garrison ; 
(vb,  poet.)  serve  as  f.  to,  protect,  [f.  OF  forte- 
resse  strength,  strong  place,  f.  fort  see  fort] 

fortu*itism,fortuntist,nn.  Belief,  believ- 
er, in  chance  &  natural  causes,  not  design,  as 
causing  adaptations  in  nature  (cf.  teleology, 
-ist).    [foil.,  -ism,  -1ST] 

fortuitous,  a.  Due  to  or  characterized  by 
chance,  accidental,  casual.  Hence  foptu'it- 
ously2  adv.,  foptu'itousNESs  n.  [f.  L/or- 
tuitus  (fors  -tis  chance)  +  -ous] 

fortuity,  n.  Fortuitousness ;  a  chance  oc- 
currence ;  accident ;  unstudied  or  unintended 
character,   [f.  L  as  prec.  (for  fortuitity)] 

fortunate  (-tshdb-),  a.  Favoured  by  fortune, 
lucky,  prosperous ;  auspicious,  favourable,  [f. 
L  fortunatus  (fortune  2,  -ate  2)] 

fortunately,  adv.  Luckily,  successfully, 
(esp.  as  parenthesis  qualifying  whole  sentence 
=  it  is  a  fortunate  thing  that),    [-ly  2] 

fortune1  (-tshobn,  -tun),  n.    Chance,  hap, 


FORTUNE 


324 


FOUND 


b 


luck,  as  a  power  in  men's  affairs  (F.,  this  power 
personified,  as  goddess ;  try  the  f.  of  war,  see 
what  it  will  bring,  risk  it ;  soldier  off.) ;  luck 
good  or  bad  that  falls  to  any  one  or  to  an  enter- 
prise &c  (in  sing,  or  pi.  ;  try  one's  /.,  take  some 
risky  step),  coming  lot  (tell  person  his  /.,  tell  ff., 
of  gipsies  &c,  whence  fop*tune-tellER 1  n.) ; 
good  luck;  prosperity,  prosperous  condition, 
wealth,  (make  one's/.,  prosper;  make  a  f.,  be- 
come rich  ;  spent  a  small  f.  on  it,  large  sum  ; 
marry  a  /.,  heiress),  whence  foP'tuneLESS  a.; 
f. -hunter,  man  seeking  rich  wife.  [F,  f.  L/or- 
tuna  cogn.  w.  fors  -tis  chance  Seferre  bring] 
fop'tune  2,  v.i.  (archaic  Se  poet. ).  Chance,  oc- 
cur, (esp.  impers.,  it  fortunzd  that);  come  by 
chance  upon.  [f.  OF  fortuner  f.  L  foHunare 
make  fortunate  (prec.)J 

fop'ty,  a.  &  n.  Four  times  ten,  40,  XL,  (f.-one, 
f. -first,  Sec ;  /.  winks,  short  nap  esp.  after  din- 
ner) ;  hence  fop'tiETH  a.  &  n.  (N.)  age  of  f. 
years  (after  f,  over  f. ;  the  ff.,  years  of  life  or 
century  between  39  &  50) ;  roaring  ff.,  stormy 
part  of  Atlantic  between  39°  &  50°  N.  lat.;  /.- 
penny  nail;  the  F.-five,  Jacobite  rebellion  of 
1745.  [OE  fbowertig  cf.  G  vierzig  (four,  -ty2)] 
for'um,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)  public  place,  market- 
lace,  place  of  assembly  for  judicial  &  other 
usiness,  esp.  at  Rome ;  place  of  public  discus- 
sion ;  court,  the  law  courts,  (fig.  the  f.  of  con- 
science Sec).    [L] 

fop'wapd1  (-ard),  a.  &  n.  (Naut.)  belonging 
to  fore  part  of  ship ;  lying  in  one's  line  of  mo- 
tion (the  f.  horizon),  onward  or  towards  the 
front  (the  f.  path ;  f.  play  in  cricket,  see  foil. ; 
/.  movement,  special  effort  at  political  &c.  pro- 
gress ;  /.  school,  party,  opinions,  advanced  or 
extreme);  (Commerc.)  relating  to  future  pro- 
duce (/.  contract).  Advanced,  progressing  to 
maturity  or  completion,  (of  plant,  crop,  season) 
well  advanced  or  early ;  ready,  prompt,  eager, 
(often  to  do) ;  precocious ;  presumptuous,  pert, 
whence  fop*  wapdLY2  adv. ;  hence  fop'wapd- 
ness  n.  (N.)  one  of  the  first-line  players  in  foot- 
ball. [OE  foreweard  (fore  2,  -ward),  a.] 
fop'wapd^s),  adv.  (-d  is  added  below  to 
senses  in  which  the  -s  form  is  rare  or  not  used). 
Towards  the  future,  continuously  onwards, 
(-d ;  from  this  time  f. ;  look  f.,  ahead  ;  car- 
riage /. ;  date  /.,  of  commercial  orders,  post- 
date) ;  towards  the  front  in  the  direction  one  is 
facing,  (Cricket;  -d)  play  f,  reach  f.  to  play 
short-pitched  ball ;  with  continuous  f.  motion 
(rushing  f.),  (Mil.,  as  word  of  command,  -d,= 

fo  f.,  advance) ;  in  advance,  ahead,  (-d  ;  send 
im  /.);  backward(s)  &  /.,  to  &  fro;  to  the 
front,  into  prominence,  (-d  ;  bring  /.,  draw  at- 
tention to ;  come  /.,  offer  oneself  for  task,  post, 
&c. ;  put  or  setf.,  allege,  make  oneself  too  con- 
spicuous) ;  (Naut. ;  -d)  to,  at,  in,  fore  part  of 
ship  ;  onward  so  as  to  make  progress  (-d ;  go  /., 
be  going  on,  progress ;  can't  get  any  forwarder, 
or  usu.  colloq.  forrader,  make  no  progress). 
[OK  foreweard,  prob.  neut.  ace.  of  prec] 

fop'wapd  3,  v.t.  Help  f.,  promote ;  accelerate 
growth  of ;  send  (letter  &c.)  on  to  further  desti- 
nation, (loosely)  dispatch  (goods  &c).   [f.  prec] 

fopweap'ied,  forwop'n,  aa.  (archaic). 
Tired  out.    [for-(5),  weary,  wear,  vv.] 

fosse,  n.  Long  narrow  excavation,  canal, 
ditch,   trench,   esp.   in   fortification ;    (Anat.) 

;roove,  depression,  also  fossETTE  n.    [F,  f.  L 

'ossa  orig.  fem.  p.p.  of  fodere  dig] 

fo'ssick,  v.i.  (slang).  Rummage,  search  a- 
bout.  [dial,  wd  current  in  Austral,  gold-mining 

= search  in  crevices  or  abandoned  workings] 

fossil  (fo'sl),  a.  &  n.  Found  buried,  dug  up, 
(/.  fuel  Sec  ;  now  rare) ;  (thing)  preserved  in 
strata  of  earth  with  more  or  less  chemical  or 


I 


other  change  of  texture  &  recognizable  as  re- 
mains of  plant  or  animal  of  past  (usu.  prehis- 
toric) ages  (/.  bones,  shells,  ivory  ;  hunting  for 
ff. ;  also  fig.,  as  words  are  f.  thoughts);  (person 
or  thing)  belonging  to  the  past,  antiquated,  in- 
capable of  further  development.    Hence  fo*s- 

SilATE3  v.t.,  fOSSilA'TION  n.,  fOSSili'FEROUS 

a.,  fo*ssiliZE(3)  v.t.  &  i.,  fossilizA'TiON  n.  [f. 
F  fossile  f.  L  fossilis  (fodere  foss-  dig,  -il)] 
fossop'ial,  a.  (zool.).     Burrowing;  used  in 
burrowing,     [f.  L  fossorius  (Jossor  digger  f. 
fodere  see  prec,  -or2)  +  -al] 
fo'step1,  n.    Food  (obs.  exc  in  comb.,  as/.- 
child,  -father,  -mother,  -parent,  -son,  -daughter, 
-brother,  -sister, = having  the  specified  relation- 
ship not  by  blood,  but  in  virtue  of  nursing  or 
bringing  up ;  acting  or  treated  as  — ).     [OE 
fostor  (food,  suf.  -tro-)] 
fester2,  v.t.    (Archaic)  tend  affectionately, 
cherish,  keep  warm  (in  bosom),  promote  growth 
of;  encourage,  harbour,  cherish,  nurse,  (feel- 
ing) ;    (of   circumstances)   be   favourable   to. 
Hence  fo'stePER1,  fo'stPESS1,  nn.    [f.  prec] 
fo*stepag"e  (-ij),  n.      Fostering;  custom  of 
employing  foster-mothers,    [-age] 
fo'steplinjg',  n.    Foster-child,  nursling,  pro- 
t6g6.    f OE  fostorling  (foster  l,  -ling  l)\ 
foug-ht.    See  fight  *. 

foul(fowl),  a.,  n.,  adv.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Offensive 
to  the  senses,  loathsome,  stinking ;  dirty,  soiled 
(/.  linen),  filthy;  defaced  with  corrections  (/. 
copy) ;  charged,  with  noxious  matter  (f.  air, 
water) ;  clogged,  choked,  (f.  gun-barrel) ;  (of 
ship's  bottom)  overgrown  with  weed,  barnacles, 
&c  ;  morally  polluted,  obscene,  disgustingly 
abusive,  (thef.  fiend,  the  devil ;  /.  deed,  motive, 
talk ;  f.-mouthed,  -tongued) ;  (of  fish  at  or  after 
spawning)  in  bad  condition ;  ugly  (now  dial,  exc 
in  fair  or  f);  unfair,  against  rules  of  game  &c, 
(/.  blow,  stroke,  riding ;/.  play,  in  games,  &  fig. 
treachery) ;  (of  weather)  wet,  rough,  stormy  ; 
(of  wind)  contrary;  in  collision  (fall1  /.  of); 
entangled  (rope  isf.).  (N.)  something  f.  (through 
f.  &  fair,  through  everything) ;  collision,  en- 
tanglement, esp.  in  riding,  rowing,  or  running, 
irregular  stroke  or  piece  of  play.  (Adv.)  in 
irregular  way  (hit  him  f. ;  play  one  /.,  deal 
treacherously  with  him).  (Vb)  become  f.,  get 
clogged ;  make  f.  or  dirty  ;  pollute  with  guilt, 
dishonour;  cause  (anchor,  cable)  to  become 
entangled,  jam  or  block  (crossing,  railway  line, 
traffic) ;  become  entangled ;  run  f.  of,  collide 
with.  [OE/«J  cf.  G  fault.  Aryan  pu-  stink, 
rot,  cf.  Gk  puon,  L  pus  ;  the  v.i.  f.  OE  fulian] 
fou'lapd  (foo'lahr),  n.  Thin  flexible  material 
of  silk  or  silk  &  cotton  ;  handkerchief  of  it.  [F] 
foully  (fowl-li),  adv.  Abominably,  cruelly, 
wickedly,  (ivas  f.  murdered) ;  with  unmerited 
insult  (/.  slandered),  [-ly  2] 
f bu'lness,  n.  Foul  condition  ;  foul  matter ; 
disgusting  wickedness.  f-NESS] 
fou'mapt  (foo-),  n.  Polecat.  [ME  fulmard 
(foul,  mearth  marten)] 

found1  (fow-),  v.t.  &  i.  Lay  base  of  (build- 
ing &c) ;  be  original  builder,  begin  building,  of 
(town,  edifice) ;  set  up,  establish  (esp.  with  en- 
dowment), originate,  initiate,  (institution) ; 
construct,  base,  (tale,  one's  fortunes,  classifica- 
tion, rule,  &c)  (up)on  some  ground,  support, 
principle,  &c  (also  is  founded  in  justice  Sec ; 
well,  ill,  Sec,  founded,  reasonable,  justified, 
baseless,  &c) ;  rely,  base  oneself,  (of  argument 
Sec)  be  based,  (up)on.  [f.  ¥  fonder  t.  hfundare 
(fundus  bottom)] 

found2  (fow-),  v.t.  Melt  &  mould  (metal), 
fuse  (materials  for  glass) ;  make  (thing  of  molten 
metal,  glass)  by  melting.  So  fou*ndRY(3)  n. 
[f.  Ffondre  f.  Lfunderefus-  pour] 


FOUND 3! 

found3.    See  find. 

foundation  (fow-),  n.  Establishing,  con- 
stituting on  permanent  basis,  esp.  of  an  en- 
dowed institution  ;  such  institution,  e.g.  monas- 
tery, college,  or  hospital  (on  the  f.,  entitled  to 
benefit  by  its  funds,  whence  founda'tion- 
er1  n.),  or  its  revenues ;  solid  ground  or  base, 
natural  or  artificial,  on  which  building  rests, 
lowest  part  of  building  usu.  below  ground- 
level  ;  basis,  ground- work,  underlyingprinciple, 
(report  has  nof. ;  base  religion  on  a  moral  f.) ; 
body  or  ground  on  which  other  parts  are  over- 
laid, e.g.  under-skirt,  first  set  of  stitches  in 
crochet  or  knitting ;  f. -muslin,  -net,  gummed 
fabrics  for  stiffening  dresses  &  bonnets ;  /.- 
school,  endowed ;  f. -stone,  esp.  one  laid  with 
ceremony  to  celebrate  founding  of  edifice,  [f. 
L  Jundatio  (found  \  -ation)] 

foirnder1,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  found1; 
esp.,  one  who  founds  institution  (f.'s  kin,  re- 
latives of  f.  entitled  to  election  or  preference) ; 
f.'s  shares,  shares  issued  to  ff.  of  public  com- 
pany as  part-consideration  for  business  taken 
over,  &  separate  from  ordinary  capital.  Hence 
tbu'ndePSHip,  fou'ndPESS1,  nn.    [-er1] 

fovrndeP2,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  found2,  [-er1] 

fou'nder3  (fow-),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  earth, 
building,  &c),  fall  down  or  in,  give  way ;  (of 
horse  ;  or  with  rider  substituted  as  subject) 
fall  from  overwork,  collapse,  fall  lame,  stick 
fast  in  bog  &c;  cause  (horse)  to  break  down  by 
overwork;  (of  ship)  fill  with  water  &  sink, 
cause  (ship)  to  do  this;  (Golf)  hit  (ball)  into 
ground.  (N. )  inflammation  of  horse's  foot  from 
overwork  ;  (also  chest,  body,  -/.)  rheumatism  of 
chest-muscles  in  horses,  [f.  OF  fondrer  sub- 
merge, collapse,  (L  fundus  bottom)! 

fou'ndling  (fow-),  n.  Deserted  infant  of 
unknown  parents,    [p.p.  of  find  +  -ling1] 

fount1  (fow-),  n.  (poet,  or  rhet.).  Spring, 
source,  fountain,  [f.  L  fons  -tis  on  anal,  of 
■mount ;  from  late  16th  c] 

fount2  (fow-),  n.  (print.).  Set  of  type  of  same 
face  &  size.    [f.  Ffonte  (fondre  found2)] 

fountain  (fow*ntin),n.  Water-spring ;  source 
of  river  &c.  (also  fig.,  Crown  is  thef.  of  honour ; 
poison  the  ff.  of  trust) ;  jet  of  water  made  to 
spout,  structure  provided  for  it,  (also  drinking- 
/.)  public  erection  with  constant  supply  of 
drinking-water ;  reservoir  in  lamp,  printing- 
press,  &c,  for  oil,  ink,  &c.  (f.-pen,  having  this) ; 
f.-head,  original  source.  Hence  (-)fountain- 
ed2  a.  [f.  OF  fontaine  f.  LL  fontana  orig. 
fem.  of  L  fontanus  adj.  (fount1,  -an)] 

foup  (for),  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  three,  4, 
IV,  (/.  corners  of  earth  &c,  remotest  parts  ;/. 
corners  of  document  &c,  its  scope  ;  within  the 
f.  seas,  in  Gt  Britain ;  /.  figures,  some  number 
from  1000  to  9999 ;  twenty  &c.  -/.  or  f.-&-twenty 
&c. ;  f.-dt-twentieth  &c.) ;  (ellipt.)  f.  hours  (/. 
o'clock),  f.  horses  (carriage  &c.  &/.) ;  f.-ale,  sold 
at  id.  a  quart;  f. -coupled,  with  f.  coupled 
wheels;  f. -course,  with  fourfold  rotation  (of 
crops) ;  /.-dimension^  ;  /. -footed,  quadruped 
(adj.) ;  f.-foot  way,  space  (4  ft  8k  in.)  between 
pair  of  rails  ;  f. -handed,  (of  monkeys)  quadru- 
manous,  (of  games)  for  f.  persons,  (of  piece  of 
music)  for  two  players;  f.-horse(d),  drawn  by 
f.  horses ;  f. -in-hand,  vehicle  with  f.  horses  & 
no  outrider  (also  adv.,  drive  &c.  f.-i.-h.)  ;f.-oar, 
(boat)  with  f.  oars ;  /.  o'clock,  the  plant  Marvel 
of  Peru  ;f.-part,  arranged  for  f.  voices  to  sing ; 
fourpence,  sum  or  coin  =  id. ;  fourpenny,  cost- 
ing or  worth  id. ,  silver  coin = id.  ;f. -post  (of  bed), 
having  f.  posts  to  support  canopy  &  curtains, 
f. -poster,  such  bed  ;  f. -pounder,  gun  throwing 
i  lb.  shot;  f. -rowed  barley,  with  f.  rows  of 
awns ;  fourscore,  eighty,  age  of  80  years ;  /.- 


5 FRACTIONIZB 

square,  square-shaped,  solidly  based  or  steady ; 
f. -wheel,  f. -wheeled  carriage;  f. -wheeler,  t- 
wheeled  hackney  carriage  ;  hence  foup'FOLD 
a.  &  adv.,  fouprEE"N  a,,  fouptee*nxH2a.  &  n. 
(N.)  the  number  f. ;  set  of  f.  persons  or  things, 
esp.  f. -pipped  card,  domino,  or  side  of  die,  f.- 
oared  boat  &  crew  (ff.,  races  for  these),  hit  &c. 
at  cricket  for  f.  runs  ;  on  all  fours  (earlier  four 
=  f.  limbs),  crawling  on  hands  &  knees  ;  (Mil. ; 
pi.)  formation  f.  deep  usu.  faced  flank  wards 
(ff.  right  or  left)  for  marching  (form2  j/.);  f.- 

f)enny worth  of  spirits  ;  (pi.)  f.-per-cent.  stock. 
Aryan ;  OE  Jioiver,  cf.  Bu.  &  G  vier,  Gk  tes- 
sares,  L  quatuor] 

fourgon  (F),  n.    Luggage  van. 

Fou'piepism  (fob-),  n.  Fourier's  system  for 
reorganization  of  society  (phalanstery). 
[Charles  K,  French  socialist,  1772-1837] 

foursome  (for-),  n.  Game  of  golf  between 
two  pairs,    [four,  -some  ;  orig.  adj.] 

fourth  (for-),  a.  &  n.  Next  after  third  (the, 
a,  f,  ellipt.  as  n.,  esp.  =  4th  day  of  month ;  /. 
part,  quarter).  (N.)  quarter,  f.  part;  (Mus.) 
tone  four  diatonic  degrees  above  or  below  given 
tone,  this  interval,  harmonic  combination  of 
tone  &  its  f. ;  (pi.)  articles  of  f.  quality.  [OE 
ftortha  cf.  G  vierte,  Gk  tetartos,  L  quartus] 

foup'thly,  adv.  In  the  fourth  place  (in  enu- 
merations).   [-LY  2] 

fowl,  n.,  &  v.i.  Bird  (rare),  birds  (rare  exc* 
in  wild-f),  their  flesh  as  food  (only  in  fish,  flesh, 
&f.)\  domestic  cock  or  hen  (often  qualified,  as 
barndoor,  game,  guinea,  -f. ;  f.-run,  place 
where  ff.  may  run,  ^breeding  establishment  for 
ff.),  its  flesh  as  food.  (Vb)  catch,  hunt,  shoot,  or 
snare,  wild-f.,  whence  fowlER1,  fowliNG1, 
nn. ;  fowling-piece,  light  gun  used  in  fowling. 
[com.-Teut. ;  OE  fugel  cf.  G  vogel  perh.  by 
(fl 


dissim. 
fox 


n.  f.  *fluglo-  (flug-  fly  2)] 
\  n.  (fem.  vixen,  also  bitch-f).  Red-furred 
sharp-snouted  bushy-tailed  quadruped  preserv- 
ed in  England  as  beast  of  chase  &  proverbial 
for  cunning ;  crafty  person  ;  northern  constella- 
tion ;  fly  Hng /.;  /.  &  geese,  game  played  on 
board  ;/. -brush,  tail  of  f.;  /.-earth1  ;  foxglove, 
tall  purple  or  white  flowered  plant ;  foxhound, 
kind  bred  &  trained  to  hunt  ff.;  f.-hunt  n.  & 
v.t.,  chasing  of,  chase,  f.  with  hounds,  whence 
fo'xhuntER1  n. ;  fox-hunting  a.  &  n.,  (given 
to)  this  sport ;  foxtail,  f.'s  tail,  kinds  of  grass  ; 
f. -terrier,  short-haired  for  unearthing  ff,  but 
kept  chiefly  as  pets.    [com.-Teut.;  cf.  Gfuchs] 

fox2,  v.i.  &  t.  Act  craftily,  dissemble  ;  dis- 
colour (leaves  of  book,  engraving,  &c.)  with 
brownish  spots  (esp.  in  p.p.).    [f.  prec] 

fo'xy,  a.  Fox-like,  crafty  (-looking) ;  reddish- 
brown,  (Paint.)  over-hot  in  colour;  damaged 
with  mildew  &c.    Hence  fo'xiNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

foyer  (fwah'ya),  n.  Large  room  in  theatre 
&c.  for  audience's  use  during  interval.    [F] 

fra  (-ah),  n.     =  frate  as  prefixed  title.    [It.] 

fpa'cas  (-ah),  n.  Noisy  quarrel,  row.  [F,  f. 
It.  fracasso  uproar] 

fpa'ction  (-shn),  n.  Dividing  of  Eucharistic 
bread  ;  (Arith.)  numerical  quantity  that  is  not 
an  integer,  one  or  more  aliquot  parts, (vulgar f, 
expressed  by  numerator  above  &  denominator 
below  a  line  ;  decimal/.; proper,  improper, /., 
with  numerator  less,  greater,  than  denomina- 
tor) ;  small  piece  or  amount,  scrap,  (esp.  not  a 
/.).  Hence  fpa'etionAL,  fpa'ction ary  J,  aa. 
[f.  OF  fraccion  f.  eccl.L  fr actionem  (L  fran- 
gerefract-  break,  -ion)] 

fpa'ctionate,  v.t.  Separate  (mixture)  into 
portions  of  different  properties  by  distillation 
&c.    [prec.  + -ate  3] 

fpa'ctionize,  v.t.  Break  up  into  fractions 
(Math.),  or  portions,    [-ize] 


FRACTIOUS 


326 


FRAUD 


fpa'ctious  (-shush  a.  Unruly,  cross,  peevish. 
Hence  fpa'etiousLY2  adv.,  fpa'ctiousNESS 

n.  [f.  fraction  in  obs.  sense  brawling  +  -ous, 
after  captious  &c] 

fra-eture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Breaking, 
breakage,  esp.  of  bone  or  cartilage  (compound  * 
f.) ;  surface  shown  by  mineral  when  broken 
with  hammer;  substitution  of  diphthong,  diph- 
thong substituted,  for  simple  vowel  owing  to 
influence  of  following  consonant ;  (vb)  cause  f. 
in,  break  continuity  of,  crack  (t.  &  i.).  [F,  f.  L 
fr act ura  (fraction,  -ure)] 

fpae'num,  fpe-,  n.  (pi.  -na).  Small  ligament 
checking  motion  of  organ.    [L,  =  bridle] 

f  o&'gi  le  (-j-),  a.  Easily  snapped  or  shattered, 
weak,  perishable,  of  delicate  frame  or  constitu- 
tion. So  fragri'liTY  n.  [F,  f.  hfragilis  (f rag- 
root  of  f ranger  e  break)] 

fpa'grment,  n.  Part  broken  off,  detached 
piece ;  isolated  or  incomplete  part,  remainder 
of  lost  or  destroyed  whole,  esp.  extant  remains 
or  unfinished  portion  of  a  writing  or  work  of 
art.  Hence  fpa'gmentARY l  a.  [f.  hfrag- 
mentum  (as  prec,  -ment)] 

fpa/grant,  a.  Sweet-smelling.  So  fra'g1- 
pance  n.    [f.  L  fragrare  smell  sweet  (-ant)] 

fpail1,  n.  Rush  basket  for  packing  figs, 
raisins,  &c.    [f.  OF  fray  el  etym.  dub.] 

fpail2,  a.  Fragile;  transient  (/.  life,  bliss, 
&c.) ;  in  weak  health  ;  morally  weak,  unable  to 
resist  temptation,  (euphem.,  of  women)  un- 
chaste,   [f.  OF  fraile  fragile] 

fpai'lty,  n.  Liability  to  err  or  yield  to  temp- 
tation ;  fault,  weakness,  foible,  [f.  OF  fraileM 
f.  hfragilitatem  (fragile,  -ty)] 

fpaise 1  (-z),  n.  (fortif.).  Horizontal  or  down- 
sloping  palisade  round  berm.  [F,  orig.  =  me- 
sentery of  calf] 

fpaise2  (z),  n.  Tool  for  enlarging  circular 
hole  or  cutting  teeth  in  watch  wheels.  [F  (frai- 
ser  enlarge  hole  f.  f raise  as  prec.)] 

fpamboe'sia  (-bez-),  n.  Chronic  contagious 
negro  disease  with  raspberry-like  swellings, 
the  yaws.  [mod.  L,  f.  F  framboise  raspberry 
perh.  f.  D\i.braambezie (bramble,  berry)] 

frame1,  v.t.  &  i.  Shape,  direct,  dispose, 
(thoughts,  acts,  another  person)  to  a  purpose 
(for,  to,  to  do,  or  with  adv.) ;  give  promise  of 
being  skilful  &c.  (usu.  well);  adapt,  fit,  to  or  in- 
to ;  construct  by  combination  of  parts  or  adap- 
tation to  design,  contrive,  devise,  invent,  com- 
pose, express,  (complex  article,  plot,  rule,  story, 
theory);  articulate  (words) ;  conceive,  imagine ; 
[f.  foil.]  set  in  a  f.,  serve  as  f.  for  (landscape 
framed  in  an  archway),  whence  fpa*miNG1(3) 
n.  Hence  fpa'mABLE  a.,  fpa'mER1  n.  [OE 
framian  be  helpful  (fram  forward  cf.  from)] 

frame2,  n.  Construction,  constitution,  build; 
established  order,  plan,  system,  (thef.  of  society 
or  government);  temporary  state  (of  mind); 
framed  work  or  structure  (the  f.  of  heaven  or 
earth),  human  or  animal  body  (sobs  shook  her 
/.,  man  of  gigantic  f.) ;  skeleton  of  building, 
underlying  support  or  essential  substructure  of 
anything;  case  or  border  enclosing  picture, 
pane  of  glass,  &c,  whence  fpa'meLESS  a.; 

(Gardening)  glazed  structure  protecting  plants 
from  cold ;  (Mining)  inclined  board  for  washing 

ore  ;  /. -house,  of  wooden  skeleton  covered  with 
boards  ;f.-saw,  stretched  in  f.  to  make  it  rigid  ; 
framework,  f.,  substructure,upon  or  into  which 

casing  or  contents  can  be  put  (lit.,  fig. ).   [f.  prec] 

fpanc,  n.  French  silver  coin  of  about  9hd„  the 

unit  of  coinage.    [F,  perh.  f.  Francorum  Rex 

king  of  the  frank  ]s,  legend  on  earliest  coin  so 

called  (gold  =  10/6)] 

fpa'nehise  (-z),  n.  (Chiefly  hist.)  legal  im- 
munity or  exemption  from  some   burden  or 


jurisdiction,  privilege  or  exceptional  right, 
granted  to  person,  corporation,  &c;  full  mem- 
bership of  corporation  or  State,  citizenship ; 
right  of  voting  at  public  elections  esp.  for  mem- 
ber of  Parliament,  principle  of  qualification  for 
this  (fancy i/.).    [OF (franc  frank2,  -ise)] 

Franci'scan,  a.  &  n.  (Friar)  of  the  order 
founded  1209  by  St  Francis  of  Assisi ;  of  the  Ff. 
[f.  med.L  Franciscus  Francis  +  -an] 

Fra'neo-,  comb,  form  of  med.L  Franci  the 
Franks,  now  used  =  French-&-,  as  F.-Germun. 
Hence  Fpa'neoPHiL(E),  Fpa'neoPHOBE,  nn. 
&  aa.    [frank  1,  -o-] 

fpa'ncolin,  n.  Kind  of  partridge  resembling 
pheasant.    [F,  f.  It.  francolino] 

franc-tireur  (F),  n.  (pi.  -cs  -rs).  Man  of  ir- 
regular light-infantry  corps. 

fra'ngipane  (-j-),  n.  Perfumeof  red  jasmine; 
kind  of  pastry.    [F,  perh.  f.  inventor's  namej 

Frank1,  n.  One  of  the  Germanic  nation  or 
coalition  that  conquered  France  in  6th  c;  (in 
Levantine  use)  person  of  Western  nationality. 
Hence  Fpa'nkiSH l  a.  [f.  L  Francus  f.  OHG 
Franko  perh.  f.  weapon  (OE  franca  javelin)] 

fpank2,  a.  Ingenuous,  open,  sincere,  candid, 
outspoken  :  undisguised,  avowed.  Hence 
fpa'nkLY  2  ad  v. ,  fpa'nkNESS  n.  [f .  OF  franc 
f.  med.Lfrancus  free  f.  prec.  (full  freedom  being 
confined  to  the  Franks)] 

fpank  3,  v.t.  &  n.  (Hist.)  superscribe  (letter 
&c. )  with  signature  ensuring  gratis  conveyance; 
facilitate  coming  &  going  of  (person),  give  so- 
cial passport  to ;  convey  (person)  gratuitously ; 
(n. ;  hist.)  franking  signature,  franked  cover, 
[f.  prec.  in  obs.  sense  free  of  charge] 

Fpankfopt  black,  n.  Fine  black  pigment 
used  in  copperplate  engraving.  [German  town] 

fpa'nkincense,  n.  Aromatic  gum  resin 
(prop,  from  trees  of  genus  Boswellia)  used  for 
burning  as  incense,  [f.  OF  franc  encens  (frank  2 
in  obs.  sense  luxuriant,  incense1)] 

fpa'nklin,  n.  (hist.).  Land-owner  of  free  but 
not  noble  birth  in  14th  &  loth  cc.  [frank2, 
perh.  -ling  M 

fpa'nk-pledg-e,  n.  (hist.).  System  by  which 
each  member  of  tithing  was  responsible  for 
every  other  (also  rarely  fig.,  e.  g.  of  relation  be- 
tween members  of  a  Government).  [AF  franc 
plege  (frank2,  pledge),  perh.  mistransl.  of  ON 
frith-borh  peace-pledge  (not  free-pledge)] 

fpa'ntie,  a.  Wildly  excited,  beside  oneself 
with  rage,  pain,  grief,  &c;  showing  frenzy,  un- 
controlled. Hence  fpa'ntiCALLY,  fpa'ntieL  y2, 
advv.  ff.  OF  frenetique  f.  LL  phreneticus  f.  Gk 
phremtikos  (phreniTis  f.  phren  -Snos  brain)] 

f pap,  v.t.  (naut).  Bind  tightly,  [f.  OF fraper 
bind,  strike] 

fpass,  n.  Excrement  of  larvae ;  refuse  left  by 
boring  insects,    [f.  Gfrass  (fressen  devour)] 

fpa'te  (-ahta),  n.  (pi.  -ti  pr.  -te).   Friar.    [It] 

fpatep'nal,  a.  (As)  of  brother(s),  brotherly, 
[f.  L  fratemus  (f rater  brother)  +  -al] 

fpatep'nity,  n.  Being  fraternal,  brotherli- 
ness;  religious  body ;  guild,  company  with  com- 
mon interests,  set  of  men  of  same  class  &c. 
[f.  OF  fratemitef.  Lfratemitatem  (prec,  -ty)] 

fpa'tepnize,  v.i.  Associate,  make  friends, 
behave  as  intimates,  (with,  together,  or  abs.). 
So  fpa'tepnizA'Tio.v  n.  [f.  F  fraterniser  (L 
fratemus  fraternal,  -ize)] 

fpa'tpicide,  n.  Killing  of  one's,  one  who 
kills  his,  brother  or  sister.  Hence  fpa'tPieidAL 
a.  [F,  f.  L  fratricidium,  -cida,  (frater  -tris 
brother,  -cide)] 

frctu  (-ow),  n.  (Of  German  wife  or  widow) 
Mrs  ;  German  woman.    [G] 

fraud,  n.  Deceitfulness  (rare) ;  criminal  de- 
ception, use  of  false  representations,  (in  Law, 


FRAUDULENT 


327 


FREEZE 


inf.,  to  the/.,  of,  so  as  to  defraud) ;  dishonest 
artifice  or  trick  {pious  f.,  deception  intended 
to  benefit  deceived,  &  esp.  to  strengthen  re- 
ligious belief) ;  person  or  thing  not  fulfilling 
expectation  or  description,  [f.  OF  fraude  f .  L 
fraudem  nom.  fraus] 

fpairdulent,  a.  Guilty  of,  of  the  nature  of, 
characterized  or  effected  by,  fraud.  Hence  or 
cogn.  fpau'dulENCE  n.,  fpairdulentLY  > 
adv.    [OF,  f.  Jjfraudulentus  (prec.,  -ulent)] 

fraught  (-awt),  a.  Stored,  equipped,  with 
(poet.) ;  (fig.)/,  with,  involving,  attended  with, 
full  of,  threatening  or  promising,  destined  to 
produce,  (woe,  danger,  meaning,  &c).  [p.p.  of 
obs.  fraught  v.  load  with  cargo  (obs.  fraught 
cargo  prob.  f.  MDu  vracht  freight)] 

frdu'lein  (oilin),  n.  (Of  German  spinster) 
Miss  (with  surname ;  also  alone  as  voc.) ;  Ger- 
man spinster ;  German  governess.    [GJ 

fraxine'lla,  n.  Kinds  of  garden  dittany, 
[mod.  L,  dim.  of  ~Lfraxinus  ash] 

fpay l,  n.  Noisy  quarrel,  brawl ;  fight,  con- 
flict, (lit.  or  fig. ;  eager  for  thef).  [for  affray] 

fpay2,  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  deer)  /.  head,  or  /.,  rub 
velvet  off  new  horns ;  wear  through  by  rub- 
bing, ravel  out  edge  or  end  of,  (usu.  woven 
material) ;  become  ragged  at  edge.  [f.  Yfrayer 
f.  L  fricare  rub] 

fpazi'L  n.  (Canad.  &  U.S.).  Anchor-ice,  ice  at 
bottom  of  stream,    [perh.  f.  Yfraisil  cinders] 

f peak  (-ek),  n.  Caprice,  vagary ;  capricious- 
ness  (otit  of  mere  /.) ;  product  of  sportive  fan- 
cy ;  (also  /.  of  nature)  monstrosity,  abnormally 
developed  specimen.  Hence  fpea'kiSH1  a., 
fpea'kishLY 2  adv.,  fpea'kishNESS  n.  [from 
16th  c. ;  etym.  dub. ;  cf.  OE  frician  to  dance] 

freaked,  a.  Oddly  flecked  or  streaked,  [-ed  2] 

fpe'ekle,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Light  brown  spot  on 
skin,  (pi.)  sporadic  sunburn;  (vb)  spot,  be  spotted, 
with  ff.    [earlier  frecken  f.  ONfreknur  pi.] 

fpee  K  a,  (freer,  freest,  pr.  -eer,  -eist).  1.  Not 
in  bondage  to  another,  having  personal  rights 
&  social  &  political  liberty,  {f.  labour,  of  f.  men 
not  slaves,  &  see  2) ;  (of  State,  its  citizens  or  in- 
stitutions) subject  neither  to  foreign  dominion 
nor  to  despotic  government,  having  national  & 
civil  liberty  ;  f.-born,  inheriting  citizen  rights 
&  liberty ;  freehold,  (estate  held  by)  tenure  in 
fee-simple  or  fee-tail  or  for  term  of  life  (also  of 
corresponding  tenure  of  office),  (adj.)  held  by 
freehold ;  freeholder,  possessor  of  freehold  es- 
tate ;  freeman,  person  not  slave  or  serf,  citizen 
of  f.  State  (&  see  4);  freemason,  member  of 
fraternity  for  mutual  help  &  brotherly  feeling 
called  F.  &  Accepted  Masons  having  elaborate 
ritual  &  system  of  secret  signs  (the  orig.  f. 
masons  were  prob.  skilled  masons  emancipated 
&  allowed  to  move  from  place  to  place  in  & 
after  14th  c,  &  the  accepted  may  have  been 
honorary  members  of  the  f.  masons'  societies) ; 
freemasonry,  system  &  institutions  of  the  free- 
masons, secret  understanding  between  like 
characters,  instinctive  sympathy.  2.  Loose  (/. 
wheel  in  bicycle,  driving-wheel  able  to  revolve 
while  pedals  are  at  rest),  unrestricted  (/.  love, 
sexual  relations  irrespective  of  marriage),  at 
liberty,  not  confined,  released  from  ties  or 
duties,  unimpeded  (/.  trade,  left  to  its  natural 
course  without  customs  duties  to  restrict  im- 
ports or  protect  home  industries,  this  principle ; 
f. -trader,  believer  in  it),  unfettered  in  action 
(have  or  give  af.  hand,  right  of  actingat  discre- 
tion), permitted  to  do,  independent  (Jr.  Church, 
unconnected  with  State;  the  F.  Cc,  noncon- 
formists ;  F.  C.  of  Scotland,  seceders  of  1843 
from  Presbyterian  establishment;  /.  lance, 
medieval  mercenary,  modern  politician  or  con- 
troversialist  with   no   party   allegiance,    un- 


attached journalist  ;  /.  labour,  of  workmen  not 
belonging  to  trade  unions,  &  see  1 ;  f -thinker, 
-thinking  n.  &  a.,  -thought,  rejector  &c.  of  au- 
thority in  religious  belief,  rationalist  &c),  un- 
constrained (/.  step,  gestures) ;  (of  literary  style) 
not  observing  strict  laws  of  form,  (of  transla- 
tion) not  literal ;  allowable  (it  isf.  for  or  to  him 
to  do  so) ;  open  to  all  comers  (/.  fight,  in  which 
any  one  present  joins) ;  clear  of  obstructions, 
clear  of  or  from  something  undesirable,  (of 
wind)  not  adverse  ;  not  fixed,  not  in  contact, 
(Chem.)  not  combined,  (of  power  or  energy)  dis- 
engaged or  available ;  f -board,  part  of  ship's 
side  between  line  of  flotation  &  deck-level ;  /.- 
hand  (of  drawing),  done  without  artificial  aid 
to  the  hand ;  f.-stone,  kind  of  peach  of  which 
when  ripe  the  stone  is  loose  (&  see  3) ;  f.-will, 
power  of  directing  our  own  actions  without 
constraint  by  necessity  or  fate  (&  see  3).  3. 
Spontaneous,  unforced,  unearned,  gratuitous, 
willing,  (/.  grace,  unmerited  favour  of  God ;  /. 
gift,  not  in  requital ;  did  it  of  my  ownf.  will, 
&  so  f.-will  adj.,  voluntary  ;/.  quaHers,  gratui- 
tous entertainment ;  am  f.  to  confess,  not  un- 
willing) ;  lavish,  profuse,  unstinted,  copious, 
(/.  of  his  money,  open-handed ;  so  f. -handed, 
liberal ;  /.  flow  of  water ;  /.  liver,  living,  in- 
dulger,  indulgence,  in  pleasures  esp.  of  the 
table) ;  frank,  unreserved,  (f.-spoken,  not  con- 
cealing one's  opinions,  blunt;  /.  &  easy,  un- 
ceremonious, also  as  n.,  smoking-concert  &c.)„ 
forward,  familiar,  impudent,  (make  or  be  /.,. 
take  liberties  with),  (of  talk,  stories  &c.)  broad, 
not  quite  decent ;  freestone,  fine-grained  easily 
sawn  sandstone  or  limestone  (&  see  2).  4.  Re- 
leased or  exempt  from  (f.  from  the  ordinary 
rxdes,  disease,  difficulty,  &c.) ;  having  burgess 
rights  (made  f.  of  the  city),  having  the  entree  & 
use  of(f.  of  the  house) ;  not  subject  to  tax,  toll,, 
duty,  trade-restrictions,  or  fees  (/.  port,  open 
to  all  traders  alike;  /.  school,  with  no  fees- 
charged;  /.  pass,  not  paid  for;  also  adv.,  as- 
the  gallery  is  openf,  &  in  comb,  as  carriage- f.r 
without  charge  for  conveyance) ;  freeman,  one 
who  has  the  freedom  of  a  city,  company,  &c.  (& 
see  1).  Hence  fpee'LY2  adv.  [comu-Teut. ;  OE 
freo  cf.  Gfrei  f.  Aryan  pri  to  love] 

fpee2,  v.t.  (freed).  Make  f.,  set  at  liberty, 
(freedman,  emancipated  slave,  esp.  in  Rom. 
Hist.) ;  relieve  from,  rid  or  ease  of;  clear,  dis- 
engage, disentangle.    [OE  frion  (prec.)] 

fpee'bootep,  n.  Pirate,  piratical  adventurer. 
Hence  by  back-formation  fpee'boot  v.i., 
fpee'bootiNG1.  2  n.  &  a.    [f.  Du.  vrijbuiter 

(FREE  \  BOOTY,  -ER  *)] 

fpee'dom,  n.  Personal  liberty,  non-slavery ; 
civil  liberty,  independence  ;  liberty  of  action, 
right  to  do  ;  power  of  self-determination,  inde- 
pendence of  fate  or  necessity ;  frankness,  out- 
spokenness, undue  familiarity  (take  ff.  with) ; 
facility,  ease,  in  action ;  boldness  of  concep- 
tion ;  (Physics)  capability  of  motion ;  exemp- 
tion from  defect,  disadvantage,  burden,  duty, 
&c. ;  privilege  possessed  by  city  or  corporation ; 
participation  in  privileges  of  membership  of 
company  &c.  or  citizenship  o/city  (often  given 
honoris  causa  to  distinguished  persons) ;  un- 
restricted use  of  (has  thef.  of  the  library).  [OE 
frtodom  (free1,  -dom)] 

fpee'maptin,  n.  Hermaphrodite  or  imper- 
fect female  of  ox  kind.    [?] 

fpee'sia  (-z-),  n.  Kinds  of  iridaceous  bulbous 
plant  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope.    [?] 

freeze,  v.i.  &  t.  (froze,  frozen),  &  n.  (Impers.) 
it  freezes  &c,  there  is  &c.  frost ;  be  converted 
into  or  covered  with  ice ;  become  rigid  as  result 
of  cold;  become  fastened  to  or  together  by 
frost,  (slang)  /.  on  to,  take  or  keep  tight  hold  of ; 


FREEZING 


328 


FRIAR 


feel  very  cold  (/.  to  death,  die  by  frost) ;  be 
chilled  by  fear ;  cause  to  congeal,  form  ice  up- 
on, (fluid  or  moist  thing ;  often  in,  over,  up), 
preserve  (meat  &c. )  by  refrigeration ;  (by  exagg. ) 
/.  one's  blood,  terrify  him ;  chill  (feelings),  para- 
lyse (powers) ;  stiffen,  harden,  injure,  kill,  by 
chilling  {frozen  to  death) ;  (slang)  /.  out,  ex- 
clude from  business,  society,  &c,  by  competi- 
tion or  boycotting  &c. ;  freezing-mixture,  salt 
&  snow  or  other  mixture  used  to  f.  liquids ; 
freezing-point,  temperature  at  which  liquid, 
esp.  water,  freezes ;  (n.)  state,  coming,  period, 
of  frost.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  friosan  cf.  G 
frieren,  also  L  pruina  hoarfrost] 

freezing-, a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  (by  exagg.) 
very  cold ;  (of  manners)  chilling,  distant.  Hence 
free'zingLY  2  adv.    [-ing  2] 

freight  (-at),  n.,  &  v.t.  Hire  of  ship  for  trans- 
porting goods ;  transport  of  goods  by  water  (in 
U.S.  by  land  also),  charge  for  this;  cargo,  ship- 
load ;  load,  burden.  ( Vb)  load  (ship)  with  cargo ; 
hire  or  let  out  (ship)  for  carriage  of  goods  & 
passengers,  [prob.  f.  MDu.  vrecht  var.  of  wacht 
see  fraught] 

freightage  (-ij),  n.  Hire  of  ship  for,  cost 
of,  conveyance  of  goods ;  freighting  or  hiring  of 
ship;  cargo,    [-age] 

freighter  (-at-),  n.  One  who  (charters  &) 
loads  ship ;  one  who  consigns  goods  for  carriage 
inland ;  one  whose  business  is  to  receive  &  for- 
ward freight ;  cargo  ship,    [-er  *] 

French,  a.  &  n.  Of  France  or  its  people ; 
having  the  qualities  attributed  to  F.  people ; 
F.  bean,  kidney  or  haricot  bean  used  as  vege- 
table both  in  unripe  sliced  pods  &  in  ripe  seeds ; 
F.  bread,  kind  of  fancy  bread ;  F.  chalk,  kind 
of  steatite  used  for  marking  cloth  &  removing 
grease  &  as  dry  lubricant ;  F.  grey,  tint  com- 
posed of  white  with  ivory  black,  Indian  red,  & 
Chinese  blue ;  F.  horn  x  ;  take  F.  leave,  depart, 
act,  without  asking  leave  or  giving  notice; 
Frenchman,  man  of  F.  birth  or  nationality, 
(good  &c.)  F.-speaker,  F.  ship  ;  F.  polish,  kind 
of  polish  for  wood;  F.-polish  v.t.,  polish  with 
this,  whence  Freneh-po*lishER  1  n.;  F.  roof, 
mansard ;  F.  window,  glazed  folding-door  serv- 
ing as  window  &  door ;  Frenchwoman,  woman 
of  France.  (N.)  the  F.  language  (F.  lesson,  mas- 
ter, &c.,  concerned  with  this);  the  F.  (pi.),  the  F. 
people.  Hence  Fre'nchNESS  n.,  Fre*nehY2>3 
a.  &  n.    [OE  frencisc  (frank  *,  -ish  l)\ 

Fre'nehify,  f-,  v.t.  Make  French  in  form, 
character,  or  manners  (usu.  in  p.p.).  Hence 
FrenehiFio  action  n.    [-fy] 

Fre'nehless,  a.  Knowing  no  French,  [-less] 

frenum.    See  fraenum. 

fre'nzy,  n.,  &  v.t.  Mental  derangement,  tem- 
porary insanity,  paroxysm  of  mania,  (rare) ;  de- 
lirious fury  or  agitation,  wild  folly ;  (vb,  usu.  in 
p.p.)  drive  to  f.,  infuriate,  (frenzied  rage,  that 
of  a  frenzied  person),  [f.  OF  frenesie  f.  LL 
phrenesis  (Gk  phrenitikos  frantic)] 

fre'queney,  n.  Frequent  occurrence,  being 
repeated  at  short  intervals,  (of  pulse)  rapidity ; 
(Physics)  rate  of  recurrence  (of  vibration  &c), 
number  of  repetitions  in  given  time.  [f.  Lfre- 
quentia  (foil.,  -ency)] 

fre'quent *,  a.  Found  near  together,  numer- 
ous, abundant ;  often  occurring,  common,  hap- 
pening in  close  succession,  (of  pulse)  rapid,  (it  is 
af.  practice  to),  whence  fre'quentLY  2  adv. ; 
•(with  agent-noun)  habitual,  constant,  (a  /. 
caller),  [f.  hfrequens  -entis  crowded  cogn.  w. 
farcxre  farce2] 

freque'nt2,  v.t.  Go  often  or  habitually  to 
{place,  meetings,  company,  house).    Hence  or 

ppgn-  f sequent  a -tion,  freque'ntER  1,  nn. 

[f.  hfrequentare  (prec.)] 


freque'ntative,  a.  &  n.  (gram.).  (Verb  or 
verbal  form  or  conjugation)  expressing  fre- 
quent repetition  or  intensity  of  action,  [f.  L. 
frequentativus  (prec,  -ative)] 

fre'seo,  n.  (pi.  -6s,  -oes),  &  v.t.  Method  of 
painting  (esp.  in  /.),  picture,  in  water-colour 
laid  on  wall  or  ceiling  before  plaster  is  dry ; 
(vb)  paint  (wall  &c,  picture  or  subject)  thus. 
[It.,  orig.  adj. = foil.] 

fresh,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  New,  novel,  not  pre- 
viously known,  used,  met  with,  or  introduced, 
(break  f.  ground,  try  something  unhackneyed) ; 
additional,  other,  different,  further,  (begin  af. 
chapter) ;  recent,  lately  made  or  arrived,  just 
come  from ;  raw,  inexperienced,  (freshman, 
first-year  man  at  University) ;  not  preserved  by 
salting,  pickling,  smoking,  tinning,  &c.  (/.  her- 
rings, meat,  fruit,  &  see  below ;  /.  butter,  &  see 
next  sense) ;  not  salt  (/.  water;  freshwater  a., 
of  f.  water,  not  of  the  sea,  as  freshwater  fish, 
fishing,  sailor;  f.  butter,  not  flavoured  with 
salt,  &  see  prec.  sense),  not  salt  or  bitter,  drink- 
able, (/.  water) ;  pure,  untainted,  invigorating, 
refreshing,  cool,  (of  air,  wind,  water) ;  not  stale, 
musty,  or  vapid  (f.fish,  meat,  fruit,  &  see  above; 
/.  egg) ;  not  faded  (/.  flowers,  memories) ;  un- 
sullied,bright&  pure  in  colour  (af.  complexion), 
looking  healthy  or  young;  not  weary,  brisk, 
vigorous,  fit,  (never  felt  fresher ;  asf.as  paint, 
quite  brisk,  prob.  a  pun  on  the  warning '  f.  paint'; 
a  f.  wind,  of  some  strength).  (Adv.)  freshly, 
newly,  esp.  in  comb.  &af.-caught,  -coined  ;f. -run 
(of  salmon),  lately  come  up  from  the  sea.  (N.) 
f.  part  of  day,  year,  &c.  (in  the  f.  of  the  morn- 
ing) ;  rush  of  water  in  river,  flood.  Hence 
fre*shEN6  v.t.  &  i.,  fre'shNESS  n.  [OE  fersc 
cf.  G  frisch  affected  by  OF  freis  f em.  fresche 
from  same  Teut.  origin] 

f re'sher,  n.  (slang).  =  FRESHmaw.    [-er  1] 

fre'shet,  n.  Rush  of  fresh  water  flowing  into 
sea ;  flood  of  river  from  heavy  rain  or  melted 
snow,    [fresh  n.  +  -ET1] 

fre'shly,  adv.  Recently  (only  with  partici- 
ples, = fresh  adv.);  afresh  (rare);  with  unabated 
vigour;  withfreshappearance, odour, &c.  [-LY2] 

fret1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ornamental  pattern  made  of 
con  tin  uous  combinations  of  straigh  t  lines  j  oined 
usu.  at  right  angles  (also  Greek  f.).  (Vb)  varie- 
gate, chequer ;  adorn  (esp.  ceiling)  with  carved 
or  embossed  work.  F.-saw,  very  narrow  saw 
stretched  on  frame  for  cutting  thin  wood  in 
ornamental  patterns ;  fretwork,  carved  work  in 
decorative  patterns  esp.  of  straight  lines,  also 
wood  cut  with  f.-saw.  [prob.  f.  OF  frete  trellis- 
work  &  freter  vb] 

fret2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Gnaw,  wear  or  consume 
or  torment  by  gnawing,  (of  moths  &c,  horses 
champing  bit,  action  of  frost,  rust,  corrosives, 
friction,  &c,  or  the  passions);  make  (passage 
&c.)  by  wearing  away;  chafe,  irritate,  annoy, 
worry,  distress ;  distress  oneself  with  regret  or 
discontent  (/.  away  or  out  one's  life  &c);  (of 
stream  &c.)  flow  or  rise  in  little  waves,  chafe ; 
ruffle  (water).  (N.)  irritation,  vexation,  queru- 
lousness,  (in  af. ;  /.  &fume ;  on  thef.) ;  hence 
fre'tFUL  a.,  fre*tfulLY2  adv.,  fre'tfulNESS 
n.,  fre'ttY  2  a.    [OE  fretan  cf.  Gfressen  (fra- 

COgn.  W.  FOR-,  EAT)] 

fret3,  n.  Bar  or  ridge  on  fingerboard  of 
stringed  instrument  to  regulate  fingering. 
Hence  fre'ttED  2  a.    [perh.  f.  OF  frete  ferrule] 

frrable,  a.  Easily  crumbled.  Hence  or  cogn. 
friaBi'LiTY,  fri'ableNESS,  nn.  [F,  f.  hfriabi- 
lis  (friare  crumble)] 

fri'ar,  n.  Member  of  certain  religious  orders 
esp.  the  four  mendicant  orders  of  Franciscans 
(Grey  jpy.),Augustines  (A  ustinFf.),  Dominicans 
(Black  Ff.),  &  Carmelites  (White  Ff.) ;  f.'s  bal- 


FRIARY 


329 


FRITTER 


sam,  tincture  of  benzoin.  Hence  fpi'aPLY J  a. 
[ME  &  OF  frere  f.  Lfratrem  nom.  -tev  brother] 
fpi'apy,  n.  Convent  of  friars,  [f.  obs.  frary 
f.  OF frairie,  frerie  {frere  see  prec.)  w.  assim. 
to  prec. ;  or  f.  prec.  w.  -y  for  -ry(3)  by  mistake 
of  -ar  for  -er  jJ 

fpi'bble,  v.L,  &  n.  Trifle,  be  frivolous ;  (n.) 
trifler.  [imit.;  earlier  senses  stammer,  totter] 
fri'candeau (do), n. (pi. -x pr. -z), & v.t.  Slice 
of  fried  or  stewed  meat,  esp.  veal,  served  with 
sauce ;  (vb)  make  into  ff.  [F] 
fricassee*,  n.,  &  v.t.  Meat  cut  up,  fried  or 
stewed,  &  served  with  sauce,  esp.,  ragout  of 
birds  or  small  animals  cut  up ;  (vb)  make  f.  of. 
[f.  F  fricass&e  {fricasser  vb  etym.  dub.)] 
fpi'cative  (-a-),  a.  &  n.  (Consonant)  made  by 
friction  of  breath  in  narrow  opening,  as  /,  th, 
Scotch  ch.  [f.  lifricare  rub  +  -ative] 
f pi'ction,  n.  Medical  chafing ;  rubbing  of  two 
bodies,  attrition;  (Physics,  Mech.)  resistance 
body  meets  with  in  moving  over  another  (angle 
off.,  maximum  angle  at  which  one  will  remain 
on  another  without  sliding) ;/.  -ball,  used  in  bear- 
ings to  lessen f. ;  f. -clutch,  -cone,  -coupling,  -disk, 
-gear(ing),  contrivances  for  transmitting  mo- 
tion by  f.  Hence  fpi'etionAL,  fpi'etionLESS, 
aa.  [F,  f.  hfrictionem  (fricare  rub,  -ion)] 
Fri'day,  n.  Sixth  day  of  week  (Good  F.,  F. 
before  Easter-day.commemorating  Crucifixion; 
Black  F. ,  used  as  name  for  various  disasters  that 
fell  on  F.).  [OE  frigedaeg;  com.-WG  transl.  of 
LL  dies  Veneris  day  of  planet  Venus,  cf.  G 
Freitag ;  =  day  of  Frig  wife  of  Odin] 
friend  (frend),  n.,  &  v.t.  One  joined  to  an- 
other in  intimacy  &  mutual  benevolence  inde- 
pendently of  sexual  or  family  love ;  person  who 
acts  for  one,  e.g.  as  second  in  duel ;  (loosely)  ac- 
quaintance, stranger  that  one  comes  across  or 
has  occasion  to  mention  anew,  (my  f.  in  the 
brown  hat  noxo  left  me ;  used  in  voc.  as  polite 
form  or  in  irony,  &  by  Quakers  as  ordinary  ad- 
dress ;  my  honourable  /.,  of  another  M.P.  in 
House  of  Commons ;  my  learned  f,  of  another 
lawyer  in  court) ;  (pi.)  one's  near  relations,  those 
responsible  forone;  sympathizer.helper,  patron, 
(no  f  of  or  to  order,  virtue,  &c;  af  at  court, 
one  whose  influence  maybe  made  use  of);  help- 
ful thing  (my  shyness  was  here  my  bestf);  one 
who  is  not  an  enemy,  who  is  on  the  same  side ; 
be,  keep,  make,  ff.,  be  or  get  on  good  terms ;  F., 
Quaker  (Society  of  Ff,  the  Quakers  as  a  com- 
munion); hencefpie'ndLESsa.,  fpie'ndless- 
NESSn.  (Vb, poet.) befriend,  help.  [com.-Teut.; 
OE  friond,  cf.  Gfreund;  p.p.  of  OTeut.  frijih 
jan  love  (OE  freon  see  free  *i  2),  -nd  2] 
fpie'ndly,  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Acting,  disposed  to 
act,  as  friend ;  characteristic  of  friends,  express- 
ing, showing,  or  prompted  by,  kindness  (f.  lead 
among  London  poor,  entertainment  to  raise 
funds  for  distressed  person);  not  hostile,  on 
amicable  terms,  (af.  nation;  f  action  at  law, 
brought  merely  to  get  a  point  decided ;  /.  match, 
played  for  honour  merely,  not  in  competition 
for  cup  &c);  favourably  disposed,  ready  to  ap- 
prove or  help,(of  things)  serviceable,convenient, 
opportune;  F.  Society,  for  mutual  insurance 
against  distress  in  sickness  or  old  age  ;  hence 
fpie'ndliLY2  (rare)  adv.,  fpie'ndliNESs  n. 
(N.,  w.  pi.)  native  of  f.  tribe.  (Adv.,  rare)  in 
f.  manner  (used,  received,  usf).  [OE  friondlic 
&.,fr6ondlice  adv.,  see  -ly2] 
friendship,  n.  Being  friends,  relation  be- 
tween friends;  friendly  disposition  felt  or 
shown,    [ship] 

friezes  n.    Coarse  woollen  cloth  with  nap 

usu.  on  one  side  only.    [f.  F  frise  (f riser  curl)] 

frieze2,  n.    Member  of  entablature  coming 

between    architrave  &    cornice;    horizontal 


broad  band  of  sculpture  filling  this  ;  band  of 
decoration  elsewhere,  [f.  ¥  frise  prob.  con- 
nected w.  It.  fregio  fringe  f.  L  Phrygium  (opus 
work)  of  Phrygia] 

fri'gate  (at),  n.  (Hist.)  warship  next  in  size 
&  equipment  to  ships  of  the  line,  with  28-60 
guns  on  main  deck  &  raised  quarter-deck  & 
forecastle  ;  (mod.,  loosely  for)  cruiser ;  (also  /.- 
bird)  large  swift  tropical  bird  of  prey.  [f.  F 
frigate  f.  It.  fregata  etym.  dub.] 

fright  (-it),  n.,  &  v.t.  Sudden  fear,  violent 
terror,  alarm ;  grotesque-looking  person  ;  (vb, 
poet.)  frighten.  [OE  fryhto  metathetic  form  of 
fyrhto  cf.  OE  forht,  G  furcht] 

frigh*ten,  v.t  Throw  into  a  fright,  terrify, 
(often  out  of,  into,  doing) ;  drive  away,  out  of 


(place  &c),  into  (submission  &c),  by  fright; 
frightened  at  or  of.    [prec.  (n.)  +  -en  6J 
f righ'tful,  a.  Frightening  (archaic) ;  dread- 


ful, shocking,  revolting ;  ugly,  hideous,  whence 
friglvtfulNESS  n. ;  (slang)  very  great,  awful. 
Hence  fpigh'tfulLY  2  adv.    [ful] 

fri'gid  (j),  a.  Cold  (esp.  of  climate  or  air ;  /. 
zone,  region  enclosed  by  either  polar  circle) ; 
without  ardour,  apathetic,  formal,  forced; 
chilling,  depressing ;  dull,  flat,  insipid.  Hence 
or  cogn.  fpig-i'diTY,  fpi#gidNESS,  nn.,  fpi*- 
gidLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  frigidus  (frigere  be  cold  f. 
frigus  n.  cold)] 

fpill,  n.  Ornamental  edging  of  woven  mate- 
rial, one  side  of  strip  being  gathered  &  the 
other  left  loose  with  fluted  appearance ;  similar 
paper  ornament  on  ham-knuckle  &c. ;  natural 
fringe  of  feathers,  hair,  &c,  on  bird,  animal,  or 
plant ;  (pi.)  airs,  affectation,  (puts  on  ff.) ;  me- 
sentery of  animal ;  (Photog.)  puckered  gelatine 
film  at  edge  of  plate.  Hence  fpillED 2  a. ,  fri'll- 
ery(o),  fpi'lliNG  1(3,  6),  nn.    [?] 

fringe  (-j-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Ornamental  bordering 
of  threads  left  loose  or  formed  into  tassels  or 
twists ;  such  bordering  made  separately ;  bor- 
der, edging,  (Newgate  f,  beard  allowed  to  grow 
below  shaven  chin) ;  front  hair  cut  short  &  al- 
lowed to  hang  over  forehead ;  natural  border 
of  hair  &c.  in  animal  or  plant ;  hence  fpin'ge- 
less,  fPi'ngY  2,  aa.  ( Vb)  adorn  or  encircle  with 
f.,  serve  as  f.  to ;  hence  fpi'ngiNG^)  n.  [ME 
&  OF  frenge  f.  L  fimbria] 

fpi'ppepy,  n.  Finery,  needless  or  tawdry 
adornment  esp.  in  dress  ;  empty  display  esp.  in 
literary  style  ;  knick-knacks,  trifles,  [f.  OF/re- 
perie  (frepe  rag,  -ery)] 

frise'tte  (-z-),  n.  Band  of  small  artificial 
curls  on  forehead.    [F  (friser  frizz)] 

friseup  (frezer-),  n.    Hairdresser,    [as  prec] 

Frrsian  (-z-),  a.  &  n.  (Native,  language)  of 
Friesland.    [f.  L  Frisii  pi.  f.  OFris.  Frise  +  -an] 

frisk,  v.i.,  &  n.  Move  sportively,  gambol  (v. 
&  n.).  Hence  fri'skv2  a.,  fpi'skiLY2  adv., 
fpi'sklNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  frisk  a.  f.  OF  f risque 
lively  perh.  cogn.  w.  fresh] 

fpi'sket,  n.  (print.).  Thin  iron  frame  with 
tapes  across  it  keeping  sheet  in  position  while 
printing,    [f.  F  frisquette  etym.  dub.] 

fpit,  n.,  &  v.t.  Calcined  mixture  of  sand  & 
fluxes  as  material  for  glass-making ;  vitreous 
composition  from  which  soft  porcelain  is  made ; 
(vb)  make  into  f.,  partially  fuse,  calcine,  [f.  It. 
fritta  fern.  p.p.  of  friggere  fry  2] 

fri't-fly.n.  Small  fly  destructive  to  wheat.  [?] 

fpith.    See  firth. 

fri'tillary  (or  -ti'-),  n.    Kinds  of  liliaceous 

Elant,  esp.  Snakeshead  ;  kinds  of  butterfly,   [f. 
i  fritillus  dice-box  +  -ary  n 
fpi'tteP1,  n.    Piece  of  fried  batter  often  con- 
taining slices  of  fruit  &c.  (apple,  oyster,  &c.,/.); 
(pi.)  =  fenks.    [f.  F  friture  (L  frigere  frict- 
fry2,  -ure),  see  -er2^)] 

11* 


FRITTER 


330 


FRONTISPIECE 


fri'tter2,  v.t.  Subdivide  minutely;  throw 
(time,  money,  energy,  &c.)  away  on  divided 
aims.  [f.  obs.  n.  /ritter(s)  =  obs.  fitters  n.  pi.  f. 
obs.  fitter  v.  perh.  cogn.  w.  G  fetzen  rag,  scrap ; 
or  f.  OF  freture  f.  h/ractura  fracture] 

fri'vol  (-vl),  v.i.  &  t.  Be  a  trifler,  trifle ;  throw 
(money,  time)  away  foolishly,  [back-formation 
f.  foil.] 

fpi'volous,  a.  Paltry,  trumpery,  trifling,  fu- 
tile ;  given  to  trifling,  not  serious,  silly.  Hence 
or  cogn.  frivd'liTV,  fri'volousNESS,  nn., 
fpi'volousLY2  adv.  [f.  L  frivolus  (perh.  f. 
fricare  rub)  +  -ous] 

friz(z)  \  v.t.,  &  n.  Curl,  crisp,  form  into  mass 
of  small  curls,  (hair,  or  person  &c.  in  regard  to 
it) ;  dress  (wash-leather  &c.)  with  pumice  or 
scraping-knife.  (N.)  frizzed  state,  frizzed  hair, 
row  of  curls ;  hence  fri'zzY2  a.  [f.  F  /riser] 

fri'zz2,  v.i.  Make  sputtering  noise  in  frying. 
[f.  fry2  w.  imit.  termin.] 

fri'zzle  \  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Curl  (t.,  &  i.  esp.  with 
up,  of  hair  &c.)  in  small  crisp  curls.  (N.)  friz- 
zled hair ;  hence  fri'zzlY2  a.  [etym.  dub.;  old- 
er than  frizz1  ;  cf.  OFris.  frisle  head  of  hair] 

fri'zzle2,  v.i.  &  t.  Fry,  toast,  or  grill,  with 
sputtering  noise,    [frizz2  +  -le(3)] 

fro,  adv.    Away  (only  in  to  &  /.,  backwards 
&  forwards,  or  of  repeated  journeys  between 
two  places),    [f.  ON  fra  prep.  =OE  from] 
n.,  &  v.t.     " 


frock, 


Monk's  long  gown  with 


loose  sleeves,  (fig.)  priestly  character  (v.t.,  in- 
vest with  priestly  office,  cf.  unfrock)  ;  = 
smock-/.  ;  sailor's  woollen  jersey ;  child's  skirt 
&  bodice  as  outer  dress  for  indoor  use,  (in  re- 
cent fashionable  use)  woman's  dress ;  (also  /.- 
coat)  man's  long-skirted  coat  not  cut  away  in 
front ;  military  coat  of  like  shape,  [f.  F/roc  cf. 
med.L  froccus,  fioccus;  perh.  =  flock1  as 
woollen,  or  f.  OHG  hroch  (G  rock)  coat] 

frog1  *,  n.  Tailless  amphibious  animal  deve- 
loped from  tadpole ;  (contempt,  for)  Frenchman 
(as  eating  ff.),  whence  Fpo'ggY3n. ;  f. -eater, 
Frenchman ;  /.-fish,  kinds  of  fish  esp.  the  Ang- 
ler ;  f.'s,  f.,  -march,  carrying  of  prisoner  face 
downwards  by  four  men  holding  a  limb  each  ; 
/.-spawn,  lit.,  &  as  name  for  kinds  of  freshwater 
algae.  Hence  fro'ggY  2  a.  (esp.  =  cold  as  a  f .). 
[OE  /rogga,  also  /rox  cf.  G  /rosch] 

frog  \  n.  Elastic  horny  substance  in  middle 
of  sole  of  horse's  foot.    [?] 

frog 3,  n.  Attachment  to  waistbelt  to  support 
sword,  bayonet,  &c. ;  military  coat-fastening  of 
spindle-shaped  button  &  loop,  whence  frogg- 
ed2  a.  [perh.  f.  Port,  /roco  f.  L  fioccus  flock1] 

frog*4,  n.  Grooved  piece  of  iron  at  place  in 
railway  where  tracks  cross.    [?J 

frd'lie,  a.  (archaic),  v.i.,  &  n.  Joyous,  mirth- 
ful, sportive,  full  of  pranks ;  (vb)  play  pranks, 
gambol ;  (n.)  outburst  of  gaiety,  prank,  merri- 
ment, merry-making,  gay  party.  Hence  fro*- 
HesoME  a.,  fro'licsomeLY 2  adv.,  fro'lic- 
somexESS  n.  [f.  Du.  vrolijk  adj.  cf.  G/rohlich 
(MDu.  vro  glad,  -like)] 

from,  prep,  expressing  separation  &  intro- 
ducing:— person,  place,  &c,  whence  motion 
takes  place  (comes  /.  the  clouds ;  repeated  /. 
mouth  to  mouth) ;  starting-point  (/.  title  to  colo- 
phon, throughout  book  ;  /.  2nd  July  ;  /.  day  to 
day,  daily ;  /.  time  to  time,  occasionally  ;  /.  a 
child,  since  childhood) ;  inferior  limit  (saw  /. 
10  to  20  boats) ;  object  &c.  whence  distance  or 
remoteness  is  reckoned  or  stated  (ten  miles  /. 
Borne;  am /ar  /.  saying  :  /.  home,  out,  away  ; 
absent,  away,  f,  home  ;  apart  /.  its  moral  as- 
pect); thing  or  person  got  rid  of,  escaped, 
avoided,  of  which  one  is  deprived  &c,  person 
or  thing  deprived,  (took  his  sioord  /.  hvm ;  re- 
leased him  /.  prison ;  cannot  re/rain/,  laugh- 


ing ;  appeal  /.  lower  court ,  dissuade  /.  /oily) ; 
state  changed  for  another  (/.  being  attacked 
became  the  aggressor;  raise  penalty  /.  banish- 
ment to  death) ;  thing  distinguished  (doesn't 
knoiv  black  /.  white) ;  source  (dig  gravel  /.  pit ; 
draw  conclusion/,  premisses ;  quotations  /.  the 
/athers);  place  of  vantage  &c.  (saw  it  /.  the 
poop ;  /.  his  point  o/  view,  as  he  sees  things) ; 
giver,  sender,  &c.  (gi/ts  /.  Providence ;  /rocks 
/.  Worth's  ;  things  not  required  /.  me) ;  model 
(painted  /.  nature) ;  reason,  cause,  motive, 
(died  /.  /atigue ;  suffering  /.  dementia  ;  /.  his 
looks  you  might  suppose) ;  advbs  or  advl  phrr. 
of  place  or  time  (/.  long  ago,  o/  old,  above,  &c), 
or  prepositions  (/.  tinder  her  spectacles  ;  /.  out 
the  bed).  [OE  /ram,  /rom,  forward  cf.  fro] 
frond,  n.  (Bot.)  leaflike  organ  formed  by 
union  of  stem  &  foliage  in  certain  flowerless 
plants,  esp.  ferns,  &  differing  from  leaf  in  usu. 
bearing  fructification ;  (Zool.)  leaflike  expan- 
sion in  some  animal  organisms.  Hence  fro'nd- 
age(1)  n.,  frondo'SE1  a. 


[f.  h/rons  -dis  leaf] 
Pa 


Fronde  (-awnd),  n.  Party  that  rebelled 
against  Mazarin  &  Court  during  minority  of 
Louis  XIV;  malcontent  party ;  violent  political 
opposition.    [F,  orig.  =  sling] 

front  (-u-),  n.  &  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Forehead 
(poet. ;  head  &/.,  chief  part  or  item) ;  face  (/. 
to/. ;  have  the/.,  be  impudent  enough  usu.  to 
do;  present,  shoic,  a  bold/.) ;  (Mil.)  foremost 
line  or  part  of  army  &c,  line  of  battle,  part  of 
ground  towards  real  or  imaginary  enemy,  scene 
of  actual  fighting  (go  to  the  /.,  join  troops  on 
campaign),  direction  in  which  formed  line  faces 
(change/.) ;  (Arch.)  any  face  of  building,  esp. 
that  of  main  entrance ;  fore  part  of  anything 
(opp.  back)  ;  band  of  false  hair,  set  of  false 
curls,  worn  over  woman's  forehead ;  breast'of 
man's  shirt,  also  dicky;  (with  prep.)  forward 
position  (in  /.  o/,  before,  in  advance  of,  con- 
fronting ;  in/. ;  come  to  the/.,  become  conspicu- 
ous) ;  (ellipt.)  =  in  f.  as  adv.  or  adj.  (were  beset 
/.  &  rear ;  two-pair/.,  second-floor  room  in  f.) ; 
/rontsman,  salesman  stationed  on  pavement 
in  f.  of  shop;  hence  fro'ntwARD  a.  &  adv., 
fro'ntWARDS  adv.  (Adj.)  of  the,  situated  in, 
f.  (/.  bench,  reserved  for  ministers  or  ex-minis- 
ters in  Parliament  houses ;  /.  door,  chief  en- 
trance of  house).  ( Vb)  face,  look,  to,  towards, 
up(on) ;  face,  stand  opposite  to ;  have  f.  on  side 
of  (street  &c.) ;  confront,  meet,  oppose ;  furnish 
with  f.  (/routed  with  stone);  (Mil.)  turn  (i.  &  t.) 
to  the  f.  (often  as  word  of  command),  [n.  OF,  f. 
L  /rons /rontis ;  vb  f.  OF /ronter] 

fro'ntage  (-u-,  -ij),  n.  Land  abutting  on 
street  or  water,  land  between  front  of  building 
&  road,  whence  fro'ntagER1^)  n. ;  extent  of 
front ;  front  of  building ;  ground  occupied  by 
troops  in  camp  or  on  parade  ;  facing  a  certain 
way,  exposure,  outlook,    [-age] 

fro'ntal1  (-u-),  n.  Covering  for  front  of 
altar ;  facade,     [f.  OF  /rontel  f.  LL  /rontale 

(FRONT,  -AL)] 

fro'ntal2  (-u-),  a.  Of  forehead  (/.  bone, 
artery) ;  of,  on,  front  (/.  attack,  delivered  direct, 
not  on  flank  or  rear),    [-al] 

fro'ntier  (u-,  -6-),  n.  Part  of  a  country  that 
borders  on  another ;  (attrib.)  of,  on,  the  f.  [OF 
(front,  -aria  -ary1)] 

Fro'ntignae  ( inyak),  n.  A  muscat  wine, 
[erron.  for  -nan,  name  of  French  town] 

fro'ntispiece  (-u),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Arch.)  princi- 
pal face  of  building,  decorated  entrance,  pedi- 
ment over  door  &c. ;  illustration  facing  title- 
page  of  book  or  one  of  its  divisions  (vb,  supply 
with  as  f.) ;  face  (esp.  in  boxing  slang),  [f.  F 
/rontispice  i.  med.L  /rontispicium  counten- 
ance (front,  specere  look)  w.  assim.  to  piece] 


FRONTLESS 


331 


FUCUS 


fpo'ntless  (u-),  a.  Unblushing  (rare) ;  with- 
out front,    [-less] 

fpo'ntlet  (-u-),  n.  Band  worn  on  forehead ;  = 
phylactery  ;  animal's  forehead  ;  cloth  hang- 
ing over  upper  part  of  altar  frontal,  [f.  OF 
/rontelet  (frontal1,  -let)] 

fponto-,  comb,  form  of  L  frons  -tis  =  of  the 
forehead  &  — ,  as  /. -nasal,  [for  fronti-  (-I-,  -o-)] 

fpo'nton  (fru-),  n.  Pediment.  [F,  f.  It. 
frontone  (front,  -oon)] 

fpore,  a.  (poet.).  Frozen,  frosty,  [archaic 
p.p.  of  freeze] 

frost  (-aw-,  -6-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Freezing,  pre- 
valence of  temperature  below  freezing-point 
of  water  (ten  &c.  degrees  off. ;  hard,  sharp,/. ; 
white  or  hoar,  black,  /.,  with,  without,  rime ; 
Jack  F„  t.  personified),  frozen  state  or  con- 
sistency {there  is  still  /.  in  the  ground),  frozen 
dew  or  vapour  (windows  covered  with/.) ;  influ- 
ence that  chills,  makes  grey,  &c. ;  (slang)  fail- 
ure ;f.-bite,  inflammation  or  gangrene  or  &  be- 
low skin  from  severe  cold,  /.-bitten,  affected 
with  this ;  /.-work,  tracery  made  by  f.  on  glass 
&c.  ;  hence  fpo'stLESS  a.  (Vb)  nip,  injure, 
(plants  &c.)  with  f. ;  cover  (as)  with  rime,  pow- 
der with  coating  of  sugar  &c,  whence  fpo'st- 
ingj(3)  n.;  give  roughened  or  finely  granulated 
surface  to  (glass,  metal) ;  turn  (hair)  white ; 
arm  (horse's  shoes)  against  slipping  by  nails  &c. 
[com.-Teut.;  cf.  G/rost;  cogn.  w.  freeze] 

fno'sty,  a.  Cold  with  frost ;  cold,  chilling, 
frigid,  lacking  in  warmth  of  feeling;  covered, 
seeming  to  be  covered, with  hoar-frost.  Hence 
f Po'str ly  2  adv. ,  fpo'stiNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

fpoth  (-aw-,  -6-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Collection  of 
small  bubbles,  foam ;  impure  matter  on  liquid, 
scum ;  worthless  matter,  idle  talk,  &c. ;  hence 
fpo'thY2  a.,  fpo'thlLY2  adv.,  fpo'thiNESS  n. 
(Vb)  emit,  gather,  f.;  cause  (beer  &c.)  to  foam, 
[perh.  f.  OX/rotha  cf.OE  d-/reothan  to  f.] 

fpou*-fpou  (-oo-,  -oo),  n.  Rustling,  esp.  of 
dresses.    [F,  imit.1 

fpow  (-ow),  n.  Dutchwoman,  [f.  Du.  vrouw 
-G/rau  woman] 

fpowapd  (fro'ard),  a.  (archaic).  Perverse, 
refractory.  Hence  fpowaPdLY2  adv.,  fpo- 
wapdNESs  n.    [fro,  -ward] 

frown,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Knit  brows  esp.  to  ex- 
press displeasure  or  concentrate  attention ;  (of 
things)  present  gloomy  aspect;  express  dis- 
approbation (at,  on,  upon) ;  put  (interrupter, 
interruption,  &c.)  down  with  f. ;  express  (defi- 
ance &c.)  with  f. ;  hence  fpowningLY2  adv. 
(N.)  vertically  furrowed  state  of  brow ;  look  ex- 
pressingseverity,  disapproval,  or  deep  thought, 
ff.  OF  /roignier  perh.  f.  Teut.  cf.  Sw.  dial./ryna, 
Norw.  /r&yna,  make  wry  face] 

fpowst,  n.,  &  v.i.  Fusty  heat  in  room  (vb, 
stay  in,  enjoy,  this).   Hence  fpow'stY  2  a.   [?] 

frowzy,  a.  Ill-smelling,  fusty,  musty,  close ; 
slatternly,  unkempt,  dingy.  Hence  frowzi- 
ness  n.    [?] 

fpoze(n).    See  freeze. 

fpucti'fepous,  a.  Bearing  fruit,  [f.  L 
/ructi/er  (fruit,  -ferous)] 

fpuctifica'tion,  n.  (bot.).    Fructif ying ;  re- 

f>roductive  parts  of  plant,  esp.  of  ferns  &  mosses, 
f.  L /ructificatio  (foil.,  -fication)] 

fpu'etify,  v.i.  &  t.  Bear  fruit  (lit.  &  fig.)  ; 
make  fruitful,  impregnate,  [f.  F  /ructifierf.  L 
/ructificare  (fruit,  -fy)] 

fpu'ctose,  n.  Fruit  sugar,  [f.  L  /ructus 
fruit  +  -OSE2] 

fpu'ctuous,  a.  Full  of.  producing,  fruit  (lit. 
&  fig.).    [OF^  f.  h/ructuosus  (fruit,  -ous)] 

fpu'gral  (-oo-),  a.  Careful,  sparing,  economi- 
cal, esp.  as  regards  food ;  sparingly  used  or  sup- 
plied, costing  little.  Hence  or  cogn.  fpuga'liTY 


n.,  fpu'galLY2  adv.    [f.  L  /rugalis  (/rugi  in- 
decl.  adj.  jjrig.  dat.  oi/rux  profit  +  -al] 
fpuit  (-oot),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Usu.  pL)  vegetable 

?roducts  fit  for  food  (usu.  ff.  o/  the  earth),  so 
Pui'tAGE(l)  n.;  plant's  or  tree's  edible  product 
of  seed  with  its  envelope  (also  collect,  in  sing., 
as/eeds  on/.);  vegetable  seed  with  envelope  as 
means  of  reproduction  ;  (bibl.)  offspring  (usu. 
/.  o/the  body,  loins,  womb) ;  produce  of  action, 
(pi.)  revenues  produced  (the  ff.  o/  industry) ; 
(sing,  or  pi.)  result,  issue,  consequence ;  /.-cake, 
containing  currants  &c. ;  /.  clipper,  fast  ship 
carrying  f. ;  /.-kni/e,  with  silver  &c.  blade 
against  acid ;  /.-piece,  picture  of  f. ;  /.-sugar, 
glucose,  levulose,  or  fructose ;  /.-tree,  grown  for 
its  f. ;  hence  (-)fpuitED2  a.    (Vb)  bear,  make 
bear,  f.  _JOF,  f.  L  /ructus  -us  (/rui  enjoy)] 
fpuitap'ian,  n.    Feeder  on  fruit,   [-arian] 
fpui'tep,  n.    Fruit-ship ;  tree  producing  fruit 
(a  sure/.);  fruit-grower,    [fruit  n.  &  v.,  -er1] 
fpui*tepep,n.  Dealer  in  fruit,  [-er  *  doubled] 
fpui*tful,  a.  Productive,  fertile,  causing  fer- 
tility ;   productive  of  offspring,  prolific,  (Tit.  & 
fig. ;  a  session  /.  in  great  measures) ;  benefi- 
cial, remunerative,  whence  fpui*tfulLY  2  adv. 
Hence  fpui'tfulNESS n.    [ful] 
fpuition  (frooi'shn),  n.     Enjoyment,  attain- 
ment of  thing  desired,  realization  of  hopes  &c. 
[OF,  f.  h/ruitionem  (/rui/ruit-,  enjoy,  -ion)] 
fpui'tless,  a.  Not  bearing  fruit ;  yielding  no 

?rofit,  ineffectual,  useless,  empty,  vain.  Hence 
pui'tlessLY2 adv., fpui*tlessNESS  n.  [-less] 

fpui*tlet,  n.  (bot.).    =  drupel,    [-let] 

fpui'ty,  a.  Of  fruit ;  (of  wine)  tasting  of  the 
grape,  whence  fPUi'tiNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

fpirmenty  (-oo-),  fup'mety,  n.  Hulled 
wheat  boiled  in  milk  &  seasoned  with  cinna- 
mon, sugar,  &c.  [f.  OF /rumentie  (/rument  f.  L 
/rumentum  corn),  -y  4] 

frump,  n.  Old-fashioned  dowdily-dressed 
woman.  Hence  fpvrmpiSH^fpirmpY^aa.  [?] 

fpu'stpate,  a.  (archaic).  Frustrated,  [f.  L 
/rustratus  (foil.,  -ate2)] 

fpustpa'te  (also  fru.*-),  v.t.  Balk, baffle,  neu- 
tralize, counteract,  disappoint.  So  fpustPA'- 
tion  n.  [f.  \j/rustrari  (/rustra  in  vain),  -ate3] 

fpirstule,  n.  Two-valved  shell  of  diatom. 
[F,  f.  JAi/rustuhim  (foil.,  -ule)] 

fpu'stum,  n.  (pi.  -ta,  -turns).  Remainder  of 
regular  solid  whose  upper  part  has  been  cut  off 
by  plane  parallel  to  base,  or  part  intercepted 
between  two  planes.    [L,  =  piece  broken  off] 

fpute'seent,  a.  (bot.).  Of  the  nature  of  a 
frutex.    [for /ruticescent  (foil.,  -escent)] 

fpu'tex,  n.  (bot.).  Woody-stemmed  plant 
smaller  than  tree,  shrub.    [L  (genit,  -ids)] 

fpu'ticose,  a.  (Bot.)  shrubby ;  (of  minerals, 
zoophytes,  &c.)  looking  like  shrub,  [prec,  -ose  ]] 

fpy  *,  n.  Young  fishes  fresh  from  the  spawn ; 
young  of  salmon  in  second  year ;  young  of  other 
creatures  produced  in  large  numbers,  e.g.  bees 
or  frogs ;  small/.,  young  or  insignificant  beings, 
children  &c.    [f.  ON  /rid  seed] 

fpy2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Cook  (t.  &  i.)  in  boiling 
fat  (other  fish1  to  /.;  /rying-pan,  shallow  pan 
used ;  out  o/ /rying-pan  into  fire,  from  bad  to 
worse).  (N.)  fried  meat ;  various  internal  parts 
of  animals  usu.  eaten  fried,  esp.  lamb's/,  [f.  F 
/rire  f.  li/rigere  cf.  Gk  phrugo] 

fpy*ep,  fpi*ep,  n.  Vessel  for  frying  fish,  [-er1] 

firbsy  (zi),  a.  Fat  or  squat,  [f.  obs.  /ubs 
small  fat  person] 

fuchsia (ffsha),  n.  Drooping-flowered shrub. 
[mod.L  ( Fu chs  16th-c.  German  botanist,  -ia1)] 

fu'chsine  (fook-),  n.  Salt  of  rosaniline  form- 
ing deep  red  dye.  [prec.  (f.  resemblance  of 
colour  to  flower)  +  -ine  4J 

fu'cus,  n.(pL-ci  pr.-si).  Kinds  of  seaweed  with 


FUDDLE 


332 


FULLNESS 


flat  leathery  fronds.  Hence  fireoiD  a.  [L,= 
rock-lichen,  cf.  Gk  phokos] 

fu'ddle,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Tipple,  booze ;  intoxi- 
cate ;  stupefy,  confuse ;  (n.)  spell  of  drinking  (on 
the  /.),  intoxication,  confusion,  [cf.  Du.  vod 
slack,  G  dial,  fuddeln  swindle] 

fudge1,  int.  &  n.    Nonsense ! ;  nonsense.    [?] 

fudge2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Fit  together,  patch, 
make  up,  in  a  makeshift  or  dishonest  way,  cook, 
fake ;  practise  such  methods ;  (n.)  piece  of  fudg- 
ing,   [peril,  f.  obs.  fadge  v.i.,  fit] 

fu'el,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Material  for  fires, 
firing,  coal,  wood,  &c;  something  that  feeds  or 
inflames  passion  &c.  (Vb)  supply  (fire)  with  f. ; 
get  f.  [f.  OF  fowaille  f.  pop.  lifocalia  neut.  pi. 
of  focalis  (focus  hearth,  -al)] 

fug-,  n.  Fustiness  of  air  in  room ;  fluff  &  dust 
collected  in  corners  &c.    Hence  firggY  2  a.  [?] 

fuga'elous,  a.  Fleeting,  evanescent,  hard  to 
capture  or  keep.  So  fugA'CiTY  n.  [f.  Jjfugax 
(fugere  flee,  -acious)] 

fu'gal,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  fugue.  Hence 
fu'gal  ly  2  adv.    [-al] 

-fuge,  suf.  in  adjj.  &  nn.  f.  mod.L  in  -fugus. 
Ace.  to  L  anal,  the  sense  should  be  fleeing  from 
(fugere)  as  in  L  lucifugus,  erifuga ;  but  in  the 
mod.  formations  it  is  putting  to  flight  (fugare) 
as  in  febrifuge,  vermifuge. 

f u'gitive,  a.  &  n.  Flying,  running  away,  that 
has  taken  flight ;  flitting,  shifting ;  evanescent, 
of  short  duration,  quickly  fading ;  (of  literature) 
of  passing  interest,  ephemeral,  occasional.  (N.) 
one  who  flees  esp.  from  danger,  enemy,  justice, 
or  owner ;  exile,  refugee.  [F  (-if  -ive),  i.  lifugi- 
tivus  (fugere  fugit-  flee,  -ive)] 

fu'gleman,  n.  (pi.  -men).  Soldier  formerly 
placed  before  regiment  &c.  while  drilling  to 
show  the  motions  &  time ;  leader,  organizer, 
spokesman,  whence  by  back-formation  firgle 
v.i.   [f.  Gfliigelmann  (fliigel  wing,  mann  man)] 

fugue  (fug),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Polyphonic  com- 
position on  one  or  more  short  themes  contra- 
puntally  harmonized  &  re-introduced  from  time 
to  time ;  hence  firguiST(l)  n.  (Vb)  compose  or 
perform  f.  (fuguing  or  fugued,  in  the  form  of 
a  f . ).    [F,  f .  It.  &  L  fuga  flight] 

-ful,  suf.  orig.  =FULL,a.  (1)  forming  adjj.  f. nn., 
w.  sense  full  of  (beautiful),  &  sometimes  having 
qualities  of  (masterful);  also  adjj.  f.  adjj.  or  f.  L 
adj.  stems  (direful,  grateful,  tristful),  perh.  on 
anal,  of  older  synonyms  in  -ful ;  also  f.  vv.  (for- 
getful), arising  perh.  f.  cases  in  which  first  com- 
ponent might  in  form  be  either  n.  or  v.  (helpful, 
&  esp.  thankful  where  the  sing.  n.  being  disused 
thank  would  naturally  be  taken  for  verb);  a  pass, 
sense  is  seen  in  bashful  =  abashable.  (2)  form- 
ing nn.,  w.  sense  amount  required  to  fill  (hand- 
ful). Handful  is  a  differentiation  f .  hand  full, 
which  in  the  Teut.  langg.  had  orig.  besides  its 
literal  sense  that  of  quantity  that  fills  a  hand. 
The  differentiation  is  not  carried  out  equally  in 
all  langg.,  G  handvoll  &c.  taking  their  gender  f. 
first  component,  though  written  as  single  wds. 
In  mod.  E  -ful  is  a  living  suf.  freely  added  to  nn. 
(boxful,  houseful,  churchful);  a  reminiscence  of 
its  orig.  is  seen  in  spoonsful,  cupsful,  which  are 
ambiguous  &  contrary  to  good  niod.  usage. 

f  u'lerum,  n.  (pi.  -ra).  (Mech. )  point  against 
which  lever  is  placed  to  get  purchase  or  on  which 
it  turns  or  is  supported ;  means  by  which  influ- 
ence &c.  is  brought  to  bear ;  (Bot.;  usu.  pi.)  ac- 
cessory organs,  appendages,  e.g.  bracts,  tendrils. 
[L,=  post  of  couch  (fulcire  to  prop)] 

fulfW  (fob),  v.t.  <-l!->.  Bring  to  consumma- 
tion, carry  out,  (prophecy,  promise),  satisfy  (de- 
sire, prayer) ;  perform,  execute,  do,  (command, 
law);  answer  (purpose),  comply  with  (condi- 
tions) ;  bring  to  an  end,  finish,  complete,  (period, 


work).  Hence  fulfi'lMENT  n.  [OE  fullfyU an 
(full1,  fill)] 

fu'lgent,  a.  (poet.  &  rhet.).  Shining,  brilliant, 
[f.  hfulgere  shine,  -ent] 

f u'lgurite,  n.  (Geol. )  rocky  substance  fused 
or  vitrified  Dy  lightning,  tube  made  by  passage 
of  lightning  into  sandy  soil ;  an  explosive,  [f.  L 
fulgur  lightning  +  -ite  l(2)] 

fuli'ginous,  a.  Sooty,  dusky,  [thfuligino- 
sus  (fuligo  -inis  soot,  -ous)] 

full1  (fool),  a.,  v.t,  &  adv.  Filled  to  utmost 
capacity,  holding  all  (of,  or  abs.)  its  limits  will 
allow,  replete,  (f.  to  the  brim,  to  overflowing,  & 
colloq.  up),  (of  heart  &c. )  overcharged  with  emo- 
tion (f.-hearted,  stirred  with  deep  feeling,  also 
zealous,  confident,  courageous) ;  holding  or  hav- 
ing abundance  of,  crowded  (in  af.  house,  with 
a  good  proportion  of  members  presents  show- 


ing marked  signs  of(f.  of  vitality) ;  engrc 
with  the  thought  of  (f.  of  himself,  of  his  sub- 
ject; f.  of  the  news  &c,  unable  to  keep  from 
talking  of  it) ;  replete  with  food  (archaic  of  per- 
sons; af.  stomach) ;  (chiefly  bibl.)  having  had 
one's  fill  of(f.  of  years  db  honours);  abundant, 
sufficient,  copious,  satisfactory,  (a  f.  meal; 
turned  it  to  f.  account ;  give  f.  details ;  he  is 
veryf.  on  this  point) ;  complete,  entire,  perfect, 
answering  completely  to  its  name,  reaching  the 
specified  orusual  limit,  entirely  visible,  (f.  point 
or  stop,  period  in  punctuation ;  /.  daylight,  mem- 
bership ;  f.  brother,  sister,  born  of  same  father 
and  mother;  of  the  f.  blood,  of  pure  descent,  not 
hybrid,  so /.  -blooded,  &  see  below ;  /.  pay,  that 
allowed  on  active  service ;  /.  age,  after  minority ; 
/.  dress2,  &  so  f. -dress  rehearsal;  f. -dress  de- 
bate in  Parliament,  prearranged  on  important 
question,  notarising  casually;  /.  swing  n.;  atf. 
length,  lying  stretched  out,  also  =  inf.  below ; 
f. -length  portrait  Sec,  of  whole  figure;  /.  moon, 
with  whole  disk  illuminated,  also  the  time  when 
this  comes ;  /.  face,  turned  straight  to  spectator ; 
waited  af.  hour ;  it  wasf.  summer) ;  (of  light) 
intense,  (of  colour)  deep,  (of  motion  &c.)  vigor- 
ous (af.  pulse ;  /.  gallop,  speed,  &c,  used  adv. 
with  come  &c);  swelling,  plump,  protuberant, 
(of  dress)  containing  superfluous  material  ar- 
ranged in  folds  &c.  (vb,  make  f.,  gather,  pleat); 
f.-back,  football  player  stationed  behind;  /.- 
blooded,  vigorous,  hearty,  sensual,  &  see  above ; 
f.-bodied,  esp.  of  wine  with  much  body  ;  /. -bot- 
tomed of  wig,long  behind,opp.  bob1  ;  /.  -mouthed, 
(of  cattle)  with  f.  complement  of  teeth,  (of  dogs) 
baying  loudly,  (of  oratory,  style,  &c.)  sonorous, 
vigorous ;  f. -timer,  child  who  attends  during  all 
school-hours  (opp.  half-timer);  (used  abs.  as  n.) 
whole  (cannot  tell  you  thef.  of  it ;  inf.,  without 
abridgment ;  to  the  /.,  to  the  utmost  extent, 
quite);  height,  acme,  (season,  moon,  is  past 
thef);  hence  firlliSH  *(2)a.  (Adv.)  very  (chiefly 
poet. ;  /.  fain ;  f.  many  a ;  knoio  itf.  well);  quite, 
fully,  (/.  six  miles ;  f.  as  useful  as ;  often  in 
comb.,  as  f.-bloitm,  of  flowers,  quite  open,  also 
fig.  as  f.-b.  dignity;  f. -grown,  having  reached 
maturity) ;  exactly  (hit  him  f.  on  the  nose). 
[Aryan ;  cf.  G  voll,  Skr.  purna,  L  plenus,  Gk 
pleres] 

full  2  (fdbl),  v.t.  Cleanse  &  thicken  (cloth),  [f. 
OF  fouler  see  foil2] 

fu'ller1  (fob-),  n.  One  who  fulls  cloth;  /.'« 
earth,  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,    [-er  J] 

firller2(fdb-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Grooved  tool  on  which 
iron  is  shaped ;  groove  made  by  this  esp.  in 
horse-shoes ;  (vb)  stamp  with  f.    [?] 

ful(l)ness,  n.  Being  full  1 ;  esp.:  (bibl.)  the 
f.  of  the  heart,  emotion,  genuine  feelings,  thef. 
of  time,  the  destined  time,  the  f.  of  the  world 
8cc,  all  that  fills  it ;  (of  sound,  colour,  &c.)  rich- 
ness, volume,  body,    [-ness] 


FULLY 


333 


FUNNEL 


fully  (fdb'li),  adv.  Completely,  without  defi- 
ciency;  quite  (esp.  with  numbers),    [ly2] 

fu'lmar  (fob-),  n.  Sea-bird  of  petrel  kind  & 
gull's  size.   [perh.  f.  ON  full  foul*  +  mar  mew] 

fu'lminant,  a.  Fulminating  ;  (Path.,  of  dis- 
eases) developing  suddenly,    [f.  L  as  foil.,  -ant] 

fu'lminate,  v.i.  &  t.  Flash  like  lightning, 
explode,  detonate,  (fulminating  gold,  mercury, 
Sec, various  fulminates,  see  fulminic);  thunder 
forth,  utter  or  publish,  (censure) ;  issue  (usu. 
official)  censures  against  (esp.  of  Pope).  Hence 
or  cogn.  fulminA'TTON  n.,  fu'lminatORY  a. 
If.  L  fulminare  {fulmen  lightning),  -ate3] 

fu'lmine,  v.t.  &  i.  (poet).  Send  forth  (light- 
ning, thunder) ;  thunder  (lit.  &  fig.),   [as  prec.] 

fulmrnie,  a.  (chem. ).  F.  acid,  nitro-acetoni- 
tril,  an  acid  forming  explosive  salts  with  some 
metals.  Hence  fu'lminATE1^)  n.  [f.  L  fulmen 
-inis  lightning  +  -ic] 

fu-lness.    See  fullness. 

fu-lsome  <fu.-,  fob-),  a.  Cloying,  excessive, 
disgusting  by  excess,  (of  flattery,  servility,  ex- 
aggerated affection).  Hence  fu*lsomeLY2adv., 
fu'lsomeNESs  n.    [full  \  -some] 

fu*lvous,a.  (nat.  hist.).  Reddish-yellow,  taw- 
ny.    So  fUlVE 'SCENT  a.     [f.  hfulw.8  +  -OUS] 

fuma'de.n.  Smoked  pilchard,  [f.  Sp.fumado 
smoked,  f.  L  fumare  fume,  -ado1] 

fu'marole,  n.  Crevice  in  cone  of  volcano 
through  which  vapour  issues,  [f.  F  fumerolle  f. 
hfumariolum  dim.  of  fumarium  smoke-cham- 
ber (fumus  smoke,  - ar y  *)] 

firmble,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Use  the  hands  awk- 
wardly, grope  about,  {at,  with,  fastening  &c; 
for,  after,  thing  sought) ;  handle  or  deal  with 
awkwardly  or  nervously  (/.  the  ball,  not  stop  it 
cleanly) ;  hence  fu'mblER1^  (N.)  bungling 
attempt,  [perh.  f.  OE  folm  palm  of  hand ;  cf. 
Du.  fommelen] 

fume,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Odorous  smoke,  vapour, 
or  exhalation ;  watery  vapour ;  noxious  vapour 
supposed  to  rise  from  stomach  to  brain  (the  ff. 
of  wine  &c:  also  flg.  of  excitement,  enthusiasm, 
&c.) ;  flt  of  anger  {in  a  f.) ;  hence  fu'mY2  a. 
( Vb)  perfume  with  incense ;  subject  to  chemical 
fumes  esp.  those  of  ammonia  (photographic 
film,  oak,  to  darken  tints) ;  emit  ff.;  (of  vapour 
&c)  rise,  be  emitted ;  be  pettish,  chafe,  [n.  f.  OF 
fum,  vbf.  Ffumer,  f.  l>  fumus,  fumare,  smoke] 

fu-mig-ate,  v.t.  Apply  fumes  to ;  disinfect 
or  purify  with  fumes ;  perfume.  Hence  fumi- 
fiTA-TiON,  fu#migatOR2(l,  2),  nn.  [f.  hfumigare 
(fumus  smoke),  -ate3] 

fu'mitopy,  n.  Herb  formerly  used  in  medi- 
cine, [f.  OF  fumeterre  f.  med.L  fumus  terrae 
earth-smoke,  w.  assim.  to  -ory] 

fun,  n.,  &  v.i.  Sport,  amusement,  jocularity, 
drollery,  (makef.  of, poke f.  at, ridicule; for/., 
as  a  joke  ;  is  good,  great,  /.,  very  amusing  ;  like 
f.,  vigorously,  quickly,  much;  what  f  !,  how 
amusing !) ;  (vb;  rare)  indulge  in  f.,  joke.  [perh. 
f.  obs.  fon  befool,  etym.  dub.] 

funa*mbulist,n.  Rope-walker.  [fLfunum- 
bulus  (funis  rope,  ambulare  walk),  -ist] 

fu'nction,  n. ,  &  v.i.  Activity  proper  to  any- 
thing, mode  of  action  by  which  it  fulfils  its  pur- 
pose ;  office-holder's  duty,  employment,  profes- 
sion, calling ;  religious  or  other  public  ceremony 
or  occasion,  social  meeting  of  formal  or  impor- 
tant kind ;  (Math.)  variable  quantity  in  relation 
to  other(s)  in  terms  of  which  it  may  be  expressed 
or  on  which  its  value  depends ;  hence  fu'ne- 
tlonLESS  a.  (Vb)  fulfil  a  f„  operate,  act.  [OF, 
f.  L  functionem  (fungi  fund-  perform,  -ion)] 

fu'nctional,  a.  Official,  merely  formal, (rare); 
(Physiol.)  of,  affecting,  the  functions  of  an  or- 
gan &c.  only,  not  structural  or  organic  (esp.  of 
diseases),    (of   organ)  having  a  function,  not 


functionless  or  rudimentary;  (Math.)  of  a  func- 
tion.    Hence  fu'nctionalL y  2  adv.    [-al] 

functionary,  n.  &  a.  (N.)  official ;  (adj.)  = 
prec.  (not  in  math,  sense),    [-ary  *] 

fu'nctionate,  v.i.    =  function  v.    [-ate3] 

fund,  n.,  &  v.t.  Permanent  stock  of  some- 
thing ready  to  be  drawn  upon  (af.  of  common 
sense,  tenderness,  labour,  knowledge) ;  stock  of 
money,  esp.  one  set  apart  for  a  purpose  (sink  l- 
ingf.) ;  (pi.)  pecuniary  resources  (inff.,  having 
money,  flush) ;  theff.,  stock  of  national  debt  as 
mode  of  investment  (has  £10,000  in  the  ff.;f.- 
holder,  such  investor).  (Vb)  convert  (floating 
debt)  into  more  or  less  permanent  debt  at  fixed 
interest ;  put  into  a  f.,  collect,  store,  (rare) ;  in- 
vest (money)  in  the  ff.    [f.  L  fundus  bottom] 

fu'ndament,  n.  The  buttocks,  [f.  lifunda- 
mentum  (found  *.  -ment)  foundation)] 

fundamental,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  groundwork, 
going  to  the  root  of  the  matter,  serving  as  base 
or  foundation,  essential,  primary,  original,  from 
which  others  are  derived,  (a  f.  change ;  the  f. 
rules  ;  the  f.form) ;  (Mus.)  /.  note,  lowest  note 
of  chord,  /.  tone,  produced  by  vibration  of 
whole  sonorous  body  (opp.  harmonics  produced 
by  that  of  its  parts* ;  hence  f  undamenta'li  i  v 
n.,  fundame'ntalLyS  adv.  (N.)  principle, 
rule,  article,  serving  as  groundwork  of  system 
(usu.  pi.) ;  (Mus.)  f.  note  or  tone,    [-al] 

fune'brial,  a.  (rare).  Of  funeral  (custom  isf. 
in  origin),   [f .  L  funebris  (funus  see  foil. )  +  -  al] 

fu'neral,  a.  &  n.  Of,  used  &c.  at,  burial  or 
cremation  of  the  dead  (f.jpile,  pyre,  pile  of  wood 
&c.  on  which  corpse  is  burnt ;  /.  urn,  holding 
ashes  of  cremated  dead ;/.  oration).  (N.)  burial 
of  the  dead  with  its  observances,  obsequies; 
burial  procession,  [adj.  OF,  f.  med.L  funeralis 
(L  funus  -eris  funeral  +  -al);  n.  f.  OF  funeraille 
f.  med.lifuneralia  neut.  pi.  of  funeralis,  -al(2)] 

fu'nepapy,  a.  =  funebrial.  [f.  LL  fune- 
rariusJvTec,  -ary  *)] 

funer'eal,  a.  Appropriate  to  funeral,  gloomy, 
dismal,  dark.    Hence  fun  er'ealLY2  adv.    [f. 


Iifunereu8  (funeral)  +  -al] 
fu-ngible  (-j-),  a.  (legal).  Tl 
or  be  replaced  by,  anotheranswering  to  the  same 


firngrible  (j-),  a.  (legal).  That  can  serve  for, 


definition  (of  goods  &c.  contracted  for,  when  an 
individual  specimen  is  not  meant),  [f.  med.L 
fungibilis  f.  fungi  (vice)  serve  (turn),  -ible] 

fu'ngicide  (-j-),  n.  Fungus-destroying  sub- 
stance.    [FUNGUS,  -I-,  -CIDE] 

fu'ngin  (-j-),  n.  Substance  forming  cell- walls 
of  fungus,    [-in] 

fu'ngous,  a.  Of  fungi,  having  nature  of  a 
fungus ;  springing  up  like  a  mushroom,  transi- 
tory,   [f.  L  fungosus  (foil.,  -ose *)] 

fu'ngus,  n.  (pi.  -gi  pr.  -ji,  -uses).  Mushroom, 
toadstool,  or  allied  plant  including  moulds; 
(Bot.)  cryptogamous  plant  without  chlorophyll 
feeding  on  organic  matter ;  thing  of  sudden 
growth  ;  (Path.)  spongy  morbid  growth  or  ex- 
crescence ;  skin-disease  of  fish.  Hence  fu*n- 
atal,  fu'ne-iFORM  (-j-),  fungi'voRous  (j-), 
nrng-oiD,  fu'ngxis  y  2,  aa.  [L,  perh.  cogn.  w. 
Gk  sphoggos  sponge] 

funi'culap,  a.  Of  a  rope  or  its  tension  (/. 
railway,  worked  by  cable  &  stationary  engine), 
[f.  1j  funiculus  (funis  cord,  -cule)  +  -ar1! 

funk,  flu,  &  v.i.  &  t.,  (slang).  Fear,  panic,  (blue 
/.,  terror);  coward;  hence  fu'nky2  a.  (Vb) 
flinch,  shrink,  show  cowardice  ;  (try  to)  evade 
(undertaking),  shirk  ;  be  afraid  of,  intimidate, 
[called  Oxford  slang  in  1743 ;  etym.  dub.] 

fu'nnel,  n.  Diminishing  tube,  or  truncated 
cone  &  tube,  for  conducting  liquid,  powder,  &c, 
into  small  opening ;  ventilating  or  lighting  shaft; 
metal  chimney  of  steam  engine  or  ship ;  f.- 
shaped  lower  part  of  chimney.    Hence  (-)fun- 


FUNNIMENT 


334 


FUSIL. 


nellED  2  a.  [ME  fonel perh.  thr.  OF  (cf.  Breton 
founil)  f.  L  infundibulum  f.  wifundere  pour)] 
firnniment,  n.  Joke,  drollery,  [foil.,  -mentj 
fu'nny  >,  a.  Affording  fun,  comical ;  curious, 
queer,  perplexing,  hard  to  account  for ;  f.-bone, 
part  of  elbow  over  which  ulnar  nerve  passes- 
f.-man,  professional  jester.  Hence  fu'nniLY  2 
adv.,  fu*nniNESS  n.  [-y2] 
fu'nny2,  n.  Narrow  clinker-built  boat  for 
one  sculler,  [perh.  f.  prec] 
fun,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Trimming  or  lining  made 
of  dressed  coat  of  certain  animals,  e.  g.  ermine, 
beaver ;  coat  of  such  animals  as  material  for 
trimming  &c. ;  (usu.  pi.)  garment(s)  of  or  having 
f.  ;  short  fine  soft  hair  of  certain  animals  dis- 
tinguished from  the  longer  hair,  (pi.)  skins  of 
such  animals  with  the  f. ;  (collect.)  furred  ani- 
mals (esp./.  &  feather;  hunt/.,  hares);  crust 
adhering  to  surface,  e.  g.  deposit  of  wine  ;  coat- 
ing formed  on  tongue  in  sickness ;  crust  of  car- 
bonate of  lime  in  kettle  &c;  hence  ftiPTY  2  a. 
(Vb;  esp.  in  p.p.)  provide  (garment,  animal), 
clothe  (person),  coat  (tongue,  inside  of  kettle ; 
also  intr.,  become  coated),  with  f. ;  clean  f.  from 
(boiler);  (Carpent.)  level  (floor-timbers)  by  in- 
serting strips  of  wood.  [n.  f.  vb,  OF  forrer 
(now  fourrer)  f.  Rom.  foderare  sheathe,  line,  f. 
Teut,  (OE  foddor  cf.  Gf utter  lining)] 
fup'below,  n.,  &  v.t.  Flounce,  pleated  bor- 
der of  skirt  or  petticoat ;  (pi.,  contempt.)  showy 
ornaments ;  kind  of  wrinkled  seaweed  ;  (vb) 
adorn  with  ff.  [corrupt,  of  falbala] 
fur'bish,  v.t.  Remove  rust  from,  polish  up, 
burnish ;  give  new  look  to,  renovate,  revive, 
(something  antiquated  ;  usu.  up),  [f.  OF forbir 
(-ISH2)  f.  OIIG  forban] 

fup'eate1  (-at,  -at),  a.      Forked,  branched. 
Hence  fupea'to-  comb.  form.    [f.  med.L/wr- 
catus  (It  f urea  fork,  -ate2)] 
fupca*te2,v.i.  Form  a  fork,  divide.  Sofup- 
ca ;tion  n.    [f.  lifurca  fork  +  -ate  3] 
fup'ious,  a.     Full  of  fury,  raging,  frantic, 
violent;  fast  & /.,  (of  mirth  &c.)  eager,  up- 
roarious.    Hence  fup'iousLY2  adv.     [f.  OF 
furieusf.  "Lfuriosus  (fury,  -ous)] 
fupl,  v.t.  &  i.     Roll  up  &  bind  (sail)  on  yard 
or  boom ;  close,  fold  up,  draw  away,  relinquish, 
(fan,  umbrella,  wings,  curtain,  hopes) ;  become 
furled,  roll  away  like  clouds,    [prob.  f.  obs. 
furdle  furl  var.  of  obs.  fardel  vb  (fardel)] 
fup'long",  n.    Eighth  of  mile.    [OE  furlang 
(fiirh  furrow,  long  adj.) ;  orig.  =  length  of 
furrow  in  common  field,  regarded  as  square 
containing  ten  acres] 

fup'loug'h  (-16),  n.,  &  v.t.  Leave  of  absence, 
esp.  to  soldier;  (vb)  grant  f.  to.  [f.  Du.  verlof 
cf.  G  verlaub  (for-,  leave1)] 
fup'mety.  See  frumenty. 
fup'nace  (-Is),  n.,  &  v.t.  Apparatus  includ- 
ing chamber  for  combustibles  in  which  mine- 
rals, metals,  &c,  may  be  subjected  to  continu- 
ous intense  heat ;  hot  place ;  severe  test  (esp. 
tried  in  the  /.) ;  closed  fireplace  for  heating 
building  by  hot  pipes  ;  (vb)  heat  in  f.  [f.  OF  for- 
nais  f.  L  fornace?n  nom.  -ax  (fornus  oven)] 
fup'nish,  v.t.  Provide  with  (furnished  with, 
having) ;  fit  up  (house,  room)  with  all  necessary 
appliances,  esp.  movable  furniture  (furnished 
house,  rooms,  Sec,  esp.  let  with  furniture) ; 
provide,  afford,  yield,  [f.  OF  furnir  (-isn2)  f. 
Rom.  fornire  f.  Teut.  (OHG  frummen  promote 
f.  root  of  from)] 

f up'nitupe  (-tsher),  n.  Contents  of  receptacle 
(/.  of  his  pocket,  money ;/.  of  my  shelves,  books ; 
/.  of  one's  mind,  knowledge  &  intelligence) ; 
harness  &c.  of  horse  &c.  (archaic) ;  movable 
contents  of  house  or  room,  tables,  chairs,  &c. 
[f.  Ffourniture  (fournir  furnish)] 


fupop*e,  n.  Enthusiastic  admiration,  rage, 
craze.  Jit.,  f.  L  furorem (furere  be  mad,  -or1)] 

fu'ppiep,  n.  Dealer  in,  dresser  of,  furs,  [ier] 

fup'ping-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  (Ship-build. ), 
doubling  of  planks  on  ship's  side,    [-ing1] 

fu'ppow  (-6),  n.,  &  v.t.  Narrow  trench  made 
by  plough;  ship's  track;  rut,  track,  groove, 
long  indentation,  deep  wrinkle,  hollow  between 
ridges ;  f. -slice,  slice  of  earth  turned  up  by 
mould-board  of  plough ;  hence  fu'PPOWLESS, 
fu'PPOWY  2,  aa.  ( Vb)  plough ;  make  ff. ,  grooves, 
&c,  in ;  mark  with  wrinkles,  [com. -Teut. ;  OE 
furh  cf.  Du.  voor,  G  furche] 

fup'thep  (-dh-),  adv.  &  a.  (for  usage  of  fur-, 
far-,  see  farther  etym.),  &  v.t.  To  or  at  more 
advanced  point  in  space  or  time  (unsafe  to 
proceed  f. ;  &  then  to  lapse  unless  f.  continued) ; 
to  greater  extent,  more,  (inquire  f.) ;  (also  fur- 
thermore) in  addition,  moreover,  also  (esp.  in- 
troducing fresh  consideration  in  argument) ; 
at  greater  distance  (III  see  you  f.  first,  euphem. 
for  in  hell,  as  strong  refusal  of  request).  (Adj.) 
going  beyond  what  exists  or  has  been  dealt 
with,  additional,  (threats  off.  punishment; 
till  f.  notice,  in  announcing  arrangement  to 
continue  during  pleasure) ;  more  distant  (on 
the  f.  side),  whence  fup'thePMOST  a.  (Vb) 
help  on,  promote,  favour,  (undertaking,  move- 
ment, cause);  hence  fup'thePANCE  n.,  fup*- 
thePSOME  a.  [OE  furthor  adv. ,  furthra  adj. , 
(fore2,  -ther),  fyrthrian  vb] 

fup'thest  (-dh-),  a.  &  adv.  =  farthest. 
[superl.  formed  f.  prec] 

fup*tive,  a.  Done  by  stealth,  clandestine, 
meant  to  escape  notice  ;  sly,  stealthy ;  stolen, 
taken  secretly ;  thievish,  pilfering.  Hence 
fup'tiveLY2  adv.,  fup'tiveNESS  n.  [F  (-if, 
-iveU  f.  L  furtivus  (furtum  theft,  -ive)] 

fup*unele,_n.  Boil,  tumour.  Hence  fup- 
u'neulAR,  fupu'nculous,  aa.  [f.  Lfuruncu- 
lus_(fur  thief,  -uncle)] 

fup'y,  n.  Fierce  passion,  wild  anger,  rage, 
(in  a  /.,  fit  of  rage) ;  impetuosity  in  battle  &c. 
(the  Spanish  F.,  massacre  by  Spaniards  at 
Antwerp  1576) ;  violence  of  weather,  disease, 
&c.  (like  f,  furiously,  hard);  (usu.  pi.)  snake- 
haired  goddess(es)  of  Gk  myth  sent  from  Tar- 
tarus to  punish  crime,  (fig.)  avenging  spirits, 
remorseful  pangs,  (haunted  by  the  ff.  of  her 
father's  blood) ;  virago,  angry  or  malignant 
woman,    [f.  F  furie  f.  hfuria  (furere  be  mad)1 

furze,  n.  Spiny  yellow-flowered  evergreen 
shrub  growing  on  European  waste  lands,  gorse, 
whin.  Hence  fup'zv  2  a.  [OE  fyrs  etym.  dub.] 

f u'scous,  a.  (nat.  hist. ).  Sombre,  dark,  in  col- 
our.   So  fu'sco- comb.  form,    [hfuscus,  -ous] 

fuse l  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Melt  (t.  &  i.)  with  intense 
heat;  blend,  amalgamate,  (t.  &  i.)  into  one 
whole  (as)  by  melting  (of  metals,  living  bones, 
institutions,  motives.  Sec).  Hence  fu'siBLE 
a.,  fusiBiLiTY  n.    [f.  L  fundere  fus-  pour] 

fuse2  (-z),  n.,  &  v.t.  Tube,  casing,  cord,  &c, 
filled  or  saturated  with  combustible  matter  for 
igniting  bomb,  blasting-charge,  &c. ;  (vb)  fit 
f.  to.    [f.  It.  fuso  f.  Ijfusus  spindle] 

fusee*  (-z),  n.  Conical  pulley  or  wheel  esp.  in 
watch  or  clock ;  exostosis  or  bony  tumour  on 
horse's  cannon-bone  ;  large-headed  match  for 
lighting  cigar  or  pipe  in  wind.  [f.  F  fusie  f. 
med.L  fusata  spindleful  (Lftisus  spindle)] 

fu'sel  oil  (-Z-),  n.  Mixture  of  several  alco- 
hols, chiefly  amylic,  formed  in  making  some 
spirits,  [f.  G  fusel  bad  spirit,  cf.  fuseln  foozle] 

fu'sifopm  (-S-),  a,  (nat.  hist.).  Shaped  like 
spindle  or  cigar,  tapering  at  both  ends.  [f.  L 
fusus  spindle,  -1-,  -form] 

fu'sil  (-z-),  n.  Obsolete  light  musket.  [F,  =  It. 
focile  (L  focus  hearth,  fire,  -il)] 


FUSILIER 


335 


GADHELIC 


fusilier*  (-z-),  n.  (usu.  pi.).  (Man  of)  certain 
(now  ten)  British  regiments  formerly  armed 
with  fusils.    [F  (prec,  -ier)J 

fusilla'de,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Wholesale  execution 
hy)  continuous  discharge  of  fire-arms ;  (vb) 
assault  (place),  shoot  down  (persons),  by  f.  [F 
(fusilier  shoot  f.  fusil,  -ade)] 

fu'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Fusing ;  fused  mass  ; 
blending  of  different  things  into  one ;  coalition, 
whence  fu*sioniST(2)  n.  [f.  L  fusio  (fuse  l, 
-ion)  ;  cf.  foison] 

fuss,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Bustle,  excessive  com- 
motion, ostentatious  or  nervous  activity ; 
treatment  of  trifles  as  important ;  abundance 
of  petty  detail ;  hence  fu'ssY  2  a.,  fu'ssiLY  2 
adv.,  fu'ssiNESS  n.  (Vb)  make  f. ;  busy  one- 
self restlessly  with  trifles  ;  move  fussily  about, 
up  &  down,  &c. ;  agitate,  worry,  (person), 
[perh.  imit.  of  sputtering  or  bubbling] 

fustane'lla,  n.  Man's  white  petticoat  in 
modern  Greece.  [It ,  dim.  of  mod.  Gk phoustani 
perh.  f.  It.  fustagno  fustian! 

f  u'stlan  (-t-),  n.  Thick  twilled  short-napped 
cotton  cloth  usu.  dyed  dark ;  turgid  speech  or 
writing,  bombast;  (attrib.)  made  of  f.,  (fig.) 
bombastic,  worthless,  sorry,  pretentious,  [f .  OF 
fustaigne  (med.L  fustaneus  adj.  perh.  =  from 
Fostat  suburb  of  Cairo)] 

fu'stic,  n.  Two  kinds  of  wood  yielding  yel- 
low dye  (young  /.,  Venetian  sumach ;  /.  or  old 
/.,  Amer.  &  W.-Ind.) ;  dye  from  these,  [f.  F  f. 
Sp.  fustoc  f.  Arab,  fustuqt.  Gk  as  pistachio] 

ftrstigate.v.t.  (joc).  Cudgel.  SofustiffA*- 
tion  n.    [L  fustigare  (fustis  cudgel),  -ate  3] 

fu'sty,  a.  Stale-smelling,  musty,  mouldy; 
close,  stuffy  ;  antiquated,  old-fashioned.  Hence 
fu'stiNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  fust  (smell  of)  wine- 
cask  f.  OF  fust  cask  f.  L  fustis  cudgel] 

fu*tchel(l),  n.  One  of  timbers  supporting 
shafts,  pole,  or  axle-bar,  of  carriage.    [?] 

fu'thopc  (foo-),  n.  Runic  alphabet,  [its  first 
six  letters  (th  being  one)] 

fu'tile  (-I-,  -I-),  a.  Useless,  ineffectual,  vain, 
frivolous.  Hence  or  cogn.  futi'liTY  n.,  (rare) 
fu'tileLY2  adv.  [f.  L  futilis  leaky,  futile, 
perh.  f.  fud-  st.  olfundere  pour] 

fu'ttoek,  n.  One  of  ship's  middle  timbers  be- 
tween floor  &  top  timbers,    [perh.  =  foot-hook] 

fu'ture  (-tsher),  a.  &  n.  About  to  happen, 
that  will  be  hereafter  (/.  life,  state,  existence 
after  death),  that  will  be  something  specified 
(myf.  wife) ;  of  time  to  come,  (Gram.,  of  tense) 
describing  event  yet  to  happen.  (N.)  time  to 
come  (for  the /.,  inf.,  from  now  onwards ;  past, 
present,  &f.) ;  what  will  happen  in  the  f. ;  per- 
son's, country's,  &c.,  prospective  condition; 
(Gram.)  f.  tense  ;  one's  betrothed  ;  (Commerc; 
pi. )  goods  &  stocks  sold  for  f.  delivery,  contracts 
for  these  ;  hence  futupeLESsa.  [OF  (-ur,  -ure), 
f.  hfuUirus  fut.  part,  of  esse  be  f.  st.  fu-  be] 

firturist,  n.  &  a.  (theol.).  (One)  believing 
that  the  prophecies  of  the  Apocalypse  &c.  are 
still  to_be  fulfilled,    [-ist] 

futur'ity,  n.  Future  time ;  (sing,  or  pi.) 
future  events;  future  condition,  existence 
after  death,    [-ity] 

fuzz,  n.  Loose  volatile  matter,  fluff;  fluffy 
or  frizzed  hair;  f.-ball,  a  fungus,  the  puff-ball, 
[perh.  imit.  of  blowing] 

fu'zzy,  a.  Frayed,  fluffy;  blurred,  indis- 
tinct ;  frizzed ;  F.-wuzzy,  Soudanese  warrior. 
Hence  fu'zziLY  2  adv.,  fu'zziNESS  n.    [y  2] 

fy,  fye.    =fie. 

-fy,  suf.  forming  vv.  In  the  older  E  vv.  -fy 
represented  F  -fier,  L  -ficare.  F  formed  vv.  in 
-ficare  (with  or  without  intervention  of  adjj. 
in  -ficus)  f.  nn.,  w.  sense  make,  produce,  (paci- 
ficare,  orig.  intr.,  make  peace)  or  make  into 


(deificare  deify) ;  f.  adjj.  w.  sense  bring  into  a 
state  (sanctijicare) ;  &  f.  vb  stems  w.  causative 
sense  (horrijicare  horrify).  In  med.L  -ficare 
was  often  substituted  for  -facere  ;  hence  F  &  E 
vv.  in  -fier,  -fy,  sometimes  repr.  L  vv.  in  -facere 
(F  stupefier,  but  p.p.  stupifait  as  well  as  stup6- 
fi&,  stupefy  ;  OF  satisfier,  but  mod.F satis) aire ; 
F  liquefier  liquefy,  rubefier  rubefy).  Apart  f. 
these  in  -efy  E  has  always  -ify  (-1-),  which  is 
freely  added  to  E  adjj.  &  nn.  to  form  vv.  chiefly 
jocular  or  colloq.  (speechify,  Frenchify;  also, 
on  vb,  the  irreg.  argufy).  Vbs  formed  on  adjj. 
have  often  intr.  as  well  as  trans,  sense  (solidify 
make  or  become  solid).  Vv.  in  -ify  have  nn.  in 
-ification,  those  representing  L  vv.  in  -facere 
have  nn.  in  -faction  ;  but  E  has  petrifaction 
where  F  has  the  correct  petrification. 
fy'lfot,  n.  Equal-armed  cross  of  which  each 
arm  is  continued  rectangularly,  all  clockwise 
or  all  counterclockwise,  [name  based  on  an- 
cient direction  for  design  of  painted  window, 
in  which  /.  may  mean  either  the  particular 
pattern  or  something  to  fill  the  foot  of  the  win- 
dow; cf.  CELT2] 

G 

G  (je),  letter  (pi.  Gs,  G's).  (Mus.)  fifth  note  of 
diatonic  scale  of  C  major ;  corresponding  scale 
or  key ;  G  clef. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  General,  G.P.O.  (Post 
Office)  ;  Grand,  as  G.C-B.  (Cross  of  Bath), 
G.C.M.G.  (Cross  of  St  Michael  &  St  George), 
G.C.V.O.  (Cross  of  Victorian  Order),  G.C.I.E. 
(Commanderof  Indian  Empire),  G.C.S.I.  (Com- 
mander of  Star  of  India) ;  greatest,  G.C.F.  or 
M.  (common  factor  or  measure). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Ga,  Georgia;  GaL(atians); 
Gen.(eral ;  mil.  title) ;  Gen.(esis) ;  Glamo- 
rganshire) ;  Glos.,  Gloucestershire ;  grm., 
gramme(s) ;  gfs,  guineas. 

g-ab,  n.  (fam.).  Talk,  prattle,  twaddle,  (stop 
your  g.,  hold  your  tongue ;  gift  of  the  g.,  talent 
for  speaking,  also  loquacity.    [?] 

ga'bble,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Talk  volubly  or  in- 
articulately, read  aloud  (t.,  often  over,  &  i.)  too 
fast;  utter  too  fast;  (n.)  voluble  confused  un- 
intelligible talk,    [imit.] 

g-abe'lle,  n.  Tax  (usu.  foreign  tax),  esp.  the 
French  pre-Re volution  salt- tax.  [F,  f.  med.L 
gabella  (gabulum  =  OE  gafol  see  gavelkind)] 

g-a*berdine  (en),  n.  Loose  long  upper  gar- 
ment esp.  of  Jews  &  almsmen,  [f.  OF gauvar- 
dine  perh.  f.  MHG  wallevart  pilgrimage] 

ga'bion,  n.  Wicker  cylinder  to  be  filled  with 
earth  for  use  in  fortification  or  engineering.  [F, 
f.  It.  gabbione  (gabbia  cage,  -oon)] 

g-abiona'de,  n.    Line  of  gabions.    [-ade(D] 

g-a'ble,  n.  Triangular  upper  part  of  wall  at 
end  of  ridged  roof ;  (also  g.-end)  g.-topped  wall; 
g. -shaped  canopy  over  window  or  door,  whence 
ga-blETin.  Hence  (-)gra'blED2a.  IOF,  f.  ON 
gafl;  cf.  G  gabel  fork ;  prob.  cogn.  w.  OHG  gc- 
bal,  Gk  kephale,  head] 

ga'by,  n.    Simpleton.    [?] 

gad  %  int.  of  surprise,  asseveration,  &c.  (also 
by  g.,  begad).    [=  god] 

g-ad2,  v.i.  Go  about  idly,  rove,  wander,  (usu. 
about,  abroad,  out);  (of  plants,  esp.  in  part.) 
straggle ;  gadabout,  (person)  given  to  gadding, 
[perh.  back-formation  f.  obs.  gadling  com- 
panion, OE  gsedling  (gxd  fellowship,  -ling1)] 

g-a'd-fly,  n.  Breeze,  cattle-biting  fly ;  irri- 
tating or  worrying  person  ;  violent  impulse, 
oestrum,  [f.  obs.  gad  spike  f.  ON  gaddr  cogn. 
w.  yard  &  L  hasta  spear] 

Gadhe'lic  (-de-),  a.  &  n.  =  Gaelic  in  its  wider 
sense,   [literary  f.  Ir.  Gaedheal  Gael  +  ic] 


GADROON 


336 


GALLANT 


gadpoo'n,  n.  (usu.  pi.  or  attrib.).  Convex 
curve(s)  in  series  forming  ornamental  edge  like 
inverted  fluting,    [f.  F  godron  etym.  dub.] 

Gael  (gal),  n.  Scottish  Celt ;  (rarely)  Irish  Celt, 
[f.  Sc.-Gael.  Gaidheal] 

Gae'lic  (ga-),  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  Scottish 
Celts,  of  Scottish  &  Irish  &  Manx  Celts,   [-ic] 

gaff1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Barbed  fishing-spear ;  stick 
with  iron  hook  for  landing  large  fish  ;  spar  ex- 
tending top  of  fore-&-aft  sail  not  set  on  stays ; 
(vb)  seize  (fish)  with  g.    [f.  F  gaffe  boat-hook] 

g-aff2,  n.  (slang).     Blow  the  g.,  let  out  plot.  [?] 

g-aff3,  n.  (slang).  Public  place  of  amusement, 
esp.  (usu.  penny  g.)  low  theatre  or  music-hall.  [?] 

ga'ffep,  n.  Elderly  rustic,  old  fellow,  (also  as 
prefix  to  name) ;  foreman  of  gang,  [contr.  of 
godfather  or  grandfather ;  cf.  gammer] 

gag,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Thing  thrust  into  mouth 
to  prevent  speech  or  outcry  or  (Surg.)  hold  it 
open  for  operation,  (Pari.)  closure  or  guillo- 
tine, ( vb,  apply  g.  to,  silence,  deprive  of  free 
speech) ;  actor's  interpolations  in  dramatic  dia- 
logue (vb,  make  these) ;  g.-bit,  specially  power- 
ful for  horse-breaking,  g.-rein,  arranged  to  make 
bit  more  powerful,  (gag,  v.t.)  apply  g.-bit  to 
(horse) ;  (slang)  imposture,  lie,  (v.t.,  deceive ; 
v.i.,  practise  deceit),  [n.  f.  vb,  pern,  imit.  of 
choking  sound  ;  slang  sense  perh.  unrelated] 

gage1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Pledge,  thing  deposited  as 
security ;  (glove  thrown  down  as,  any  symbol 
of)  challenge  to  fight ;  (vb)  stake,  pledge,  offer 
as  guarantee,  [n.  f.  OF  guage  f.  Teut.  (wed)  ; 
vb  f.  F  qager  of  same  orig.,  or  for  engage] 

gage \    See  gauge. 

ga'ggle,  v.i.    (Of  geese)  cackle,    [imit.] 

gai'ety,  n.  Beinggay, mirth;  (usu.pl.)merry- 
making.f  estive  occasion(s),amusements ;  bright 
appearance,    [f.  F  gaieU  (gay,  -tv)] 

gaily.    See  gay. 

gain1,  n.  Increase  of  possessions  &c,  profit, 
advance,  improvement;  acquisition  of  wealth, 
lucre,  pelf;  (pi.)  sums  acquired  by  trade  &c, 
emoluments,  winnings ;  increase  in  amount. 
[OF  (gaaignier  gain  2)] 

gain2,  v.t.  &  i.  Obtain,  secure,  (desired  or 
desirable  thing  ;  g.  time,  obtain  delay  by  pre- 
texts or  slow  methods ;  g.  the  ear  of,  get  favour- 
able hearing  from) ;  win  (sum)  as  profits  or  as 
result  of  changed  conditions,  earn,  whence 
gainings  [-ing1  (2)]  n.  pi. ;  make  a  profit,  be 
benefited,  improve  or  advance  in  some  respect, 
be  enhanced  by  comparison  or  contrast;  win 
(land  from  sea,  battle,  victory;  g.  the  upper 
hand,  be  victorious) ;  bring  overtoone's  interest 
or  views,  win  over,  persuade,  prevail  upon  ; 
reach,  arrive  at,  (desired  place);  g.  ground, 
progress,  advance,  encroach  (up)on;  g.  (ground) 
(up)on,  get  closer  to  (person  or  thing  pursued) ; 
(of  sea)  encroach  (up)on  (land) ;  g.  Jup)on,  win 
the  favour  of.  Hence  gai'nABLE  a.,  gai'nER1 
n.  [f.  F  gagner  f.  OF  gaaignier  cf.  It.  gua- 
dagnare  f .  OHG  (weidenen  v.  pasture,  forage,  cf . 
G  weide  pasturage,  OE  wdth  hunting)] 

gai'nful,  a.  Lucrative,  remunerative ;  bent 
on  gain,    [-ful] 

gainsay,  v.t.  (said,  pr.  -ad  or  -ed).  Deny, 
contradict.  Hence  gainsay'ER1  n.  [f.  obs. 
gain  prep,  against  f.  ON  gegn  cf.  G  gegen  +  say] 

gainst,  'gainst.    (Poet,  for)  against. 

gait,  n.  Manner  of  walking,  bearing  or  car- 
riage as  one  walks,    [var.  of  gate  2] 

gai'ter,  n.  Covering  of  cloth,  leather,  &c, 
for  leg  below  knee  or  for  ankle.  Hence  gai*- 
tePED2  a.    [f.  F  guitre  etym.  dub.] 

ga*la,n.  Festive  occasion, fete,  (often  attrib., 
as  g.  day,  dress,  &c).    [F  f.  It.] 

gala-etie,  a.  (astron.).  Of  the  Galaxy,  [f.  Gk 
galaktikos  (foil.,  -ic)] 


gala'cto-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  gala  -aktos  milk 
used  in  scientific  terms  as  galactogogue,  (sub- 
stance) inducing  a  flow  of  milk. 

ga'lantine  (-en),  n.  White  meat  boned, 
spiced,  tied,  boiled,  &  served  cold.  [F,  altered 
f.  galatine  a  fish  sauce] 

gala'nty  show,  n.  Pantomime  on  screen 
made  by  shadows  of  puppets,  [perh.  f.  It.  gu- 
lanti  pi.  of  galante  gallant] 

ga'laxy  (-la-),  n.  Irregular  luminous  band 
of  stars  indistinguishable  to  naked  eye  encir- 
cling the  heavens,  Milky  Way ;  brilliant  com- 
pany (of  beauties,  talent,  &c).  [f.  F  galaxie  f. 
L  f.  Gk  galaxias  (gala  -aktos  milk)] 

ga'lbanum,  n.  Gum  resin  from  some  Per- 
sian species  of  ferula.  [L,  f.  Gk  khalbane  prob. 
f.  Oriental  wd] 

gale1,  n.  (Also  Sweet-g.)  bog-myrtle.  [OE 
(also  Du.  &  G)  gagel] 

gale2,  n.  Rather  strong  wind,  (Naut.)  storm, 
(poet.)  gentle  breeze,  [perh.  cogn.  w.  Da.  gal, 
Norw.  galen,  mad,  furious] 

gale  *,  n.  Periodical  payment  of  rent  (hang- 
ing g.,  arrears  of  rent),  [perh.  =  obs.  gavel  see 
gavelkind] 

ga'lea,  n.  (hot.,  zool.).  Structure  like  helmet 
in  shape,  function,  or  position.  So  ga'leATE  2, 
-ated,  aa.    [L,= helmet] 

galee'ny,  n.  Guinea-fowl.  [f.  Sp.  gallina 
(morisca  Moorish)  hen] 

Ga'len,  n.  (facet.).  Physician,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
Galenos,  Pergamene  2nd-c.  physician] 

gale-nie,  a.,  galenical,  a.  &  n.  Of,  accord- 
ing to,  Galen  ;  esp.  (remedy)  made  of  vegetable, 


not  chemical,  components,    [prec.  +  -ic(al)] 

g-,  n.  Porch  or  chs 
of  church,  [perh.  as  less  sacred  than  church  w. 


Ga'lilee,  g-,  n.  Porch  or  chapel  at  entrance 


ref.  to  Galilee  as  opp.  Judea,  or  esp.  to  Matt.  iv. 
15  (G.  of  the  Gentiles)] 

galima'tias  (-asiah,  or  as  F),  n.  Confused  or 
meaningless  talk,  rigmarole.  [F  (formerly  half 
naturalized,  now  only  as  foreign  word)J 

ga'lingale  (ngg-),  n.  Aromatic  root  of  E.- 
Ind.  plants  used  in  cookery  &  medicine ;  (also 
English  g.)  kind  of  sedge,  [f.  OF  galingal  f. 
Arab,  khalanjan  perh.  f.  Chin,  ko-liang-lciang 
mild  ginger  from  Ko] 

ga'lipot,  n.  Kind  of  hardened  turpentine. 
[F,  etym.  dub.] 

gall1  (gawl),  n.  Secretion  of  liver,  bile,  (now 
only  of  lower  animals) ;  typical  bitter  sub- 
stance, bitterness,  (g.  &  wormwood) ;  g.-bladder 
&  its  contents ;  asperity,  rancour,  whence 
ga'll-LESS  a. ;  g.-bladder,  vessel  containing  the 

ff. ;  g.-stone,  calculous  formation  in  g.-bladder. 
OE  gealla  cf.  G  galle,  also  Gk  khole,  L  fel ; 
perh.  also  cogn.  w.  yellow] 

gall2  (gawl),  n.  Painful  swelling,  pustule, 
blister,  esp.  in  borse ;  sore  produced  by  chafing ; 
mental  soreness  or  its  cause ;  place  rubbed  bare, 
flaw ;  bare  spot  in  field  or  coppice.  [OE  gealla 
sore  on  horse,  perh.  =prec] 

gall3  (gawl),  v.t.  &  i.  Rub  sore,  injure  by 
rubbing ;  vex,  annoy,  harass,  humiliate,  whence 
ga'lliNG2  a.  [f.  prec,  perh.  orig.  as  back- 
formation  f .  gatlKD  2] 

gall 4  (gawl),  n.  Excrescence  produced  by  in- 
sect on  trees,  esp.  on  oak  (also  oak-g.,  used  in 
making  ink  &  tannin,  &  in  dyeing  &  medicine) ; 
g.-fly,  insect  producing  gg. ;  g.-nut,=g.  [f.  F 
galle  f.  "Lgalla] 

ga'llant  (also,  in  senses  indicated  below, 
sometimes -a'nt),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  & i.  Showy,  finely 
dressed,  (archaic) ;  grand,  fine,  stately,  (of  ship, 
horse,  &c);  brave,  chivalrous,  (also  Pari.,  as 
conventional  epithet  of  military  or  naval  mem- 
ber, as  the  honourable  &  g.  member) ;  markedly 
attentive  to  women  (a"nt);  concerned  with 


GALLANTRY 


337 


GAMBADE 


love,  amatory,  (-a'nt) ;  hence  ga'llantLY2  (or 
as  above  galla'ntly)  adv.  (N.)  man  of  fashion, 
fine  gentleman ;  ladies'  man,  lover,  paramour, 
(-a-nt).  (Vb  ;  -a'nt)  play  the  g.,  flirt  with,  flirt 
with ;  escort,  act  as  cavalier  to,  (lady),  [f.  F 
galant  part,  of  OF  galer  make  merry  cf.  gala 
perh.  f.  OHG  wallon  wander] 

gallantry,  n.  Bravery,  dashing  courage  ; 
courtliness,  devotion  to  women ;  a  polite  or 
amorous  act  or  speech ;  conduct  of  a  gallant; 
amorous  intercourse  or  intrigue,  sexual  im- 
morality,   [f.  F  galanterie  (prec,  -ery)] 

galleon,  n.  (hist.).  Vessel  shorter  &  higher 
than  galley ;  ship  of  war  (usu.  Spanish) ;  large 
Spanish  ship  used  in  American  trade,  [f.  Sp. 
galeon  f.  med.L  galeonem  nom.  -o  (galley)] 

gallery,  n.,  &  v.t.  Covered  space  for  walk- 
ing in  partly  open  at  side,  portico,  colonnade  ; 
balcony ;  long  narrow  passage  in  thickness  of 
wall  or  supported  on  corbels,  open  towards  in- 
terior of  building;  platform  projecting  from 
inner  wall  of  church,  hall,  &c,  providing  extra 
room  for  audience  or  reserved  for  musicians, 
reporters,  strangers,  &c ;  (Theatr.)  highest  such 
balcony,  persons  there  seated,  least  refined 
part  of  audience  (play  to  the  g.,  appeal  to  lower 
taste,  use  claptrap) ;  long  narrow  room,  passage, 
corridor;  room  or  building  used  for  showing 
works  of  art ;  (Mil.,  Mining)  horizontal  under- 
ground passage ;  g.-hit  (Cricket,  &  fig.,  from 
theatre)  piece  of  showy  play,  so  g.-shot,  -stroke; 
hence  ga*lleryFUL(2)n.  (Vb)  provide,  pierce, 
&c,  with  g.  or  gg.    [f.  F  galerie  etym.  dub.] 

galley,  n.  (Chiefly  hist.)  low  flat  single- 
decked  vessel  using  sails  &  oars,  &  usu.  rowed 
by  slaves  or  criminals ;  ancient  Greek  or  Roman 
war-ship  with  one  or  more  banks  of  oars ;  large 
open  row-boat,  e.g.  that  used  by  captain  of 
man-of-war;  ship's  kitchen;  (Print.)  oblong 
tray  to  which  type  is  transferred  from  compos- 
ing stick  (g.-proof,  in  slip  form,  not  in  sheets  or 
pages) ;  g.-slave,  person  condemned  to  row  in 
g.,  (fig.)  drudge ;  galleyworm,  kind  of  many- 
footed  insect  (from  likeness  of  its  legs  to  oars), 
[f.  OF  galie,  med.L  galea,  etym.  dub.] 

gallia'mbic,  a.  &  n.  In  the  metre  of  Catul- 
lus's  Attis  (imitated  in  Tennyson's  Boadicea) ; 
(n.  usu.  pi.)  such  verse(s).  [f.  L  galliAMBVS 
song  of  Galli  or  priests  of  Cybele  +  -ic] 

Gallic,  a.  Of  the  Gauls,  Gaulish  ;  (usu.  facet.) 
French,  whence  gallieis.M(4)  n.,  galliciZE 
(2,  3)  v.t.  &  i.    [f.  L  Gallicus  (Gallus  Gaul,  -ic)1 

Galilean,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  ancient  church  of 
Gaul  or  France;  (adherent)  of  the  school  of 
French  Roman  Catholics  following  Bossuet  & 
claiming  partial  autonomy  (opp.  ultramon- 
tane), whence  ga#llieaniSM(3),  Galliean- 
ist(2),  nn.    [f.  L  Gallicanus  (prec,  -an)] 

galliee,  adv.  In  French  (used  in  giving  F 
for  English  phrase  &c).    [L,  =  in  Gaulish] 

galliga'skins,  n.  pi.  (facet.).  Breeches, 
trousers,  [orig.  wide  hose  of  16th  &  17th  cc,  f. 
F  garguesque  for  greguesque  f.  It.  grechesca 
fem.  of  grechesco  Greek  (-esque)] 

gallimairfry,  n.  Heterogeneous  mixture, 
jumble,  medley,    [f.  F  galimafree  etym.  dub.] 

gallinaceous,  a.  Of  the  order  Gallinea  in- 
cluding domestic  poultry  .pheasants,  partridges, 
&c.  So  gallinA'CEAN  a.  &  n.  [f.  L  gallinaceus 
(gallina  hen,  -aceous)] 

gallina'zo,  n.  An  American  vulture,  [f. 
Sp.  gallinaza  (L  gallina  hen,  -aza  augment.)] 

Gallio,  n.  Person,  esp.  official,  refusing  to 
meddle  outside  his  province.    [Acts  xviii] 

gallipot,  n.  Small  earthen  glazed  pot  used 
for  ointments  &c.  [prob.  f.  galley,  as  brought 
in  galleys  from  the  Mediterranean] 

gallium,  n.    Soft  bluish- white  metal,    [f.  L 


gallus  cock,  transl.  of  Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran 
the  discoverer  1875,  +  -ium] 

galliva'nt,  v.i.  Gad  about  (usu.  in  part, 
or  vbl  n.).    [perh.  perversion  of  gallant  v.] 

Gallo-,  comb,  form = French-,  as  -Briton,  -Ger- 
man. Hence  GalloMA'NiA  n.,  GalloMA'NiAO 
a.  &  n.,  Ga'lloPHiL,  GalloPHOBE,  nn.  &  aa., 
GalloPHO'BiA  n.    [Gallus  gaul,  -o-] 

ga'llon,  n.  A  measure  of  capacity  (imperial 
g.,  277*  cubic  inches ;  wine  g.,  231)  for  liquids  or 
corn  &c.    [f.  ONF  galon  cf.  F  jale  bowl] 

galloo'n,  n.  Narrow  close-woven  braid  for 
binding  dresses  &c,  of  gold,  silver,  silk,  or 
cotton,  [f.  F  galon  f.  12th-c.  galonner  tie  the 
hair  with  bands,  perh.  cogn.  w.  gallant] 

gallop,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Horse's  or  other 
quadruped's  fastest  pace,  with  all  feet  off 
ground  together  in  each  stride  (full  g.,  at  ag., 
going  thus),  a  ride  at  this  pace.  (Vb)  go  at  a  g. 
(of  horse,  or  with  its  rider  as  subj.,  or  of  other 
quadruped) ;  make  (horse  &c. )  g. ;  read,  recite,  or 
talk,  fast  (often  through,  over) ;  move  or  pro- 

fress  rapidly  (in  a  galloping  consumption),    [f. 
'  galop(er)  prob.  earlier  walop(er)  etym.  dub.] 

gallopa'de,  n.  Lively,  orig.  Hungarian, 
dance.    [F,  see  galop,  -ade(1)] 

galloper,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  (Mil.)  aide- 
de-camp,  light  field  gun.    [-er  x] 

Gallovrdian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of ' 
[f.  med.L  Gallovidia  +  -an] 

ga'lloway,  n.  Horse  of  small  strong  breed 
from  Galloway ;  small-sized  horse. 

gallows,  n.  pi.  (usu.  treated  as  sing.).  Struc- 
ture, usu.  of  two  uprights  &  crosspiece,  on 
which  criminals  are  hanged;  punishment  of 
hanging  (a  g.  look,  have  the  g.  in  one's  face,  of 
sinister  appearance) ;  similar  structure  used  for 
cookery,  gymnastics,  &c. ;  g.-bird,  person  fit  to 
be  hanged ;  g.-ripe,  fit  to  be  hanged ;  g.-tree,  = 
g.    [OE  galga  cf.  G  galgen] 

galop,  n.,  &  v.i.  Lively  dance  in  2-4  time ; 
(vb)  dance  a  g.    [vb  f.  n.,  F,  see  gallop] 

galore*,  adv.  &  n.  (In)  abundance  (with  beef 
&  aleg.;  g.  of  alcohol ;  also  in  g.).  [f.  Ir.  go  leor 
to  sufficiency] 

galo'sh,  gol-,  n.  Over-shoe  usu.  of  rubber 
to  keep  shoes  clean  or  dry ;  piece  of  leather  &c. 
round  lower  part  of  boot  or  shoe  uppers,  whence 

falo'shED2,  gol-,  a.    [f.  F  galoche  perh.  ult. 
Gk  kalopous  (kala  pi.  logs,  pous  foot)] 
galu'mph,  v.i.     Go  prancing  in  triumph, 
[made  by  L.  Carroll  perh.  on  gallop,  triumph] 
galva#nie,  a.  Of,  produced  by,  as  of,  galvan- 
ism (g.  battery,  pile,  producing  g.  electricity ; 


Galloway. 


g.  belt,  for  applying  it  toUhe  body ;  g.  electricity, 

.    lg.,  of  smile  &e.)  sudd 
Hence  gafva'niCALLY  adv.    [foil.,  -ic] 


foil.);  (fig.,  of  smile  &e.)  sudden  &  forced. 


galvanism,  n.  Electricity  produced  by 
chemical  action  ;  use  of  this  for  medical  pur- 
poses. Hence  ga*lvaniST(3)  n.  [f.F  galvamsme 
(L.  Galvani  discoverer  1792,  -ism)] 

ga'l van ize,  v. t.  Apply  galvanism  to,  stimu- 
late thus  (also  fig.,  g.  into  life,  rouse  by  shock 
or  excitement) ;  coat  with  metal  by  galvanism 
(incorrectly  of  galvanized  iron,  which  is  cover- 
ed with  zinc  usu.  without  galvanism).  Hence 
galvanizATiON,  galvanizEK1,  nn.  [f.  F 
galvaniser  (prec,  -ize)] 

galvano-,  comb,  form  of  galvanic,  gal- 
vanism, as  -graphy,  method  of  producing  cop- 
perplate engravings  by  -plasty,  metal-coating 
by  galvanism,  -meter,  -scope. 

Galwe'gian,  a.  &  n.  =  gallovidian.  [f. 
Galloway  on  anal,  of  Norwegian] 

ga'mba,  n.  (Also  g.  stop)  organ  stop  with 
violin  or  'cello  tone,  [earlier  =,  &  short  for, 
viola  da  gamba] 

gamba'de,  gamba'do  (pi.  -oes),  n.  Horse's 


8 


GAMBIER 3 

leap  or  bound  ;  fantastic  movement,  freak,  es- 
capade, [-ode  F,  readopted  (cf.  gambol)  by 
Scott ;  -ado  f.  Sp.  gambada  of  same  orig.] 

ga'mbien,  n.  Astringent  extract  of  oriental 
plant  used  in  tanning  &c.  [f.  Malay  gambir  the 
plant] 

ga'mbit,  n.  Kinds  of  opening  in  chess  in 
which  player  sacrifices  pawn  or  piece  to  secure 
certain  ends,  many  gg.  having  special  names, 
as  King's,  Queen's,  Cunningham's,  g.  [ult.  f. 
It.  gambetto  tripping  up  (gamba  leg)] 

ga'mble,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Playgames  of  chance 
for  money,  esp.  for  high  stakes  (fir.  away,  lose 
thus) ;  take  great  risks  to  secure  great  results 
in  war,  finance,  &c. ;  hence  ga'mblER  *  n., 
ga'mblesoME  a.    (N.)  gambling  (esp.  on  the 

);  risky  undertaking  or  attempt,     [prob.  f. 

E  gamenian  to  sport  (gamen  game1)] 

gambo'ge  (-oozh),  n.  Gum-resin  from  Cam- 
bodian &  Siamese  trees  used  as  yellow  pigment, 
[f.  mod.L  gambogium  f.  Cambodia] 

ga'mbol  (-bl),  n.,  &  v.i.  (-11-).  Caper,  frisk,  [f. 
F  gambade  leap  f .  It.  gambata  (gamba  leg)] 

game  \  n.  Jest  (make  g.  of,  ridicule) ;  diver- 
sion ;  amusing  incident  (xohat  a  g. !) ;  contest 
played  according  to  rules  &  decided  by  skill, 
strength,  or  luck  (round,  square,  g. ;  have  the 
g.  in  your  hands,  be  sure  to  win  or  able  to 
direct  it;  play  the  g.  lit.  &  fig.,  observe  the 
rules,  behave  honourably ;  play  a  good,  poor, 
g.,  be  skilful  or  not) ;  (Gk  &  Rom.  Ant. ;  pi.) 
athletic,  dramatic,  &  musical  contests,  gladia- 
torial &c.  shows;  scheme,  undertaking,  &c, 
followed  up  like  a  g.  (was  playing  a  deep, 
double,  winning,  losing,  &c,  g. ;  the  g.  is  up, 
success  now  impossible ;  so  that's  your  little  g. ; 
spoilt  my  g. ;  play  one's  g.,  advance  his  schemes 
unintentionally;  g.  not  worth  candle);  (pi.) 
dodges,  tricks,  (none  of  your  gg. !) ;  single  round 
in  some  contests,  e.g.  whist  or  tennis  (g.  &  g., 
one  g.  scored  to  each  side) ;  (Commerc.)  appa- 
ratus for  a  g. ;  winning  score  in  g. ;  state  of  g. 
(the  fir.  is  four  all,  love  three,  &c.) ;  hunted  ani- 
mal, quarry,  object  of  pursuit,  (fair  g.,  legiti- 
mately to  be  pursued  or  attacked  ;  so  forbidden 
fir.);  (collect.)  wild  animals,  birds,  &c,  hunted 
for  sport  or  food,  flesh  of  these ;  kept  flock  of 
swans ;  g.-act,  -law  (usu.  pi.),  regulating  the 
killing  &  preservation  of  g. ;  g.-bag,  for  holding 
g.  killed  by  sportsman ;  g.-ball,  state  of  g.  in 
tennis  &c.  at  which  one  point  may  win ;  g.- 
c.hicken,  -cock,  -egg,  -fowl,  of  kind  bred  for  cock- 
fighting  ;  gamekeeper,  man  employed  to  breed 
g.,  prevent  poaching,  &c. ;  g.-licence,  to  kill  or 
deal  in  g. ;  g.-preserver,  landowner  &c.  who 
breeds  g.  &  applies  g.-laws  strictly  ;g.-tenant, 
lessee  of  shooting  or  Ashing.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE 
gamen  cf.  OHG  gaman  joy] 

game2,  a.  Like  agarne-cock,  spirited, (die2 fir.); 
having  the  spirit  to  do,  for.  Hence  ga'me- 
ly  2  adv.,  ga*me.\ESS  n.    [f.  game  *-cock] 

game3,  v.i.  &  t.  Play  at  gg.  of  chance  for 
money,  gamble ;  throw  away  in  gambling ; 
gaming-house,  -table,  frequented  for  gambling. 
Hence  ga'mesTER  n.    [f.  game  *] 

game4,  a.  (Of  leg,  arm,  &c.)  lame,  crippled.  [?] 

ga'mesome,  a.  Sportive.  Hence  ga'me- 
somei.v-  adv.,  ga'mesomeNESs  n.  [-some] 

game'te,  n.  (biol.).  Sexual  protoplasmic 
body,  which  unites  with  another  for  reproduc- 
tion, [f.  Gk  gamete  wife,  gametes  husband, 
(gamed  marry)] 

gamin  (F),  n.  Street  Arab,  neglected  boy. 

ga'mma,  n.  Third  letter  (r,  ?,  =G)  of  Greek 
alphabet,  used  sometimes  in  enumerations  to 
supplement  3  &  c  ;  kind  of  moth.    [Gk] 

gamma-dion,  n.  =  fylfot,  [late  Gk,  dim. 
of  prec,  fylfot  consisting  of  four  gammas  (F)J 


\ GANGWAY 

ga'mmep,  n.  (Rustic  name  for)  old  woman, 
[f.  godmother  or  grandmother,  cf.  gaffer] 

ga'mmon  \  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Bottom  piece  of  flitch 
of  bacon  including  hind  leg  (usu.  fir.  of  bacon) ; 
smoked  or  cured  ham  ;  (vb)  cure  (bacon),  [f. 
ONF  gambon  (gambe  leg,  -oon)] 

ga'mmon2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Complete  victory  scor- 
ing two  games  at  backgammon ;  (vb)  defeat  (ad- 
versary) thus.    [perh.  =ME  gamen  game  r\ 

ga'mmon3,  n.,  int.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Humbug,  de- 
ception ;  (int.)  nonsense  1  (Vb)  talk  plausibly  ; 
feign  (intr.) ;  hoax,  deceive,    [perh.  as  prec] 

ga'mmon4,  v.t.,  &  n.,  (naut.).  Lash  (bow- 
sprit) to  stem  ;  (n.,  also  -mfir)  the  lashing.    [?] 

gamo-,comb.  form  of  Gk  gamos  marriage, 
used  esp.  in  Bot.  describing  plants  with  speci- 
fied parts  united  as  gamope'talous  with  petals 
united ;  also  gamoge'nesis  sexual  reproduction. 

gamp,  n.  (facet.).  Umbrella,  esp.  large  untidy 
one.    [f.  Mrs  G.  in  Martin  Chuzzlewit] 

ga'mut,  n.  (Hist.)  lowest  note  in  medieval 
scale = modern  G  on  lowest  line  of  bass  stave ; 
the  Great  Scale  consisting  of  all  notes  used  in 
medieval  music  (G  as  above  to  E  in  highest 
space  of  treble).  (Mod.)  whole  series  of  recog- 
nized notes ;  major  diatonic  scale  ;  people's  or 
period's  recognized  scale ;  voice's  or  instru- 
ment's compass ;  whole  range  or  scope  of  any- 
thing (the  whole  g.  of  crime ;  run  up  &  down 
the  g.).  [f.  med.L  gamma  ut  (gamma  taken  as 
name  for  note  one  tone  lower  than  A  of  classical 
scale  +  ut  first  of  six  arbitrary  names  of  notes 
forming  hexachord,  being  the  italicized  sylla- 
bles of  a  Sapphic  stanza,  Ut  queant  laxis  reso- 
narefibrisiwrragestorum/amulituoriim,&oZve 
polluti  labii  reatum,  Sancte  Johannes] 

ga'my,  a.  Abounding  in  game  ;  =  game  2 
(rare) ;  having  flavour  or  scent  of  game  kept 
till  it  is  high.    [-Y2] 

ga'nder,  n.  Male  goose  (sauce  for  the  goose 
is  sauce  for  the  fir.,  used  in  retorting  an  argu- 
ment &c.  on  its  first  user) ;  fool,  simpleton. 
[OE  gan(d)ra,  -d-  being  prob.  euphonic  as  in 
thunder,  cf.  Du.  gander ;  perh.  f.  same  st.  as 
goose,  perh.  orig.  the  name  of  another  bird] 

gang,  n.  Company  of  workmen,  or  of  slaves 
or  prisoners  ;  band  of  persons  acting  or  going 
about  together  esp.  for  criminal  purpose  or  one 
disapproved  by  speaker;  set  of  tools  &c.  ar- 
ranged to  work  simultaneously  ;  fir.  -  board, 
plank  usu.  with  cleats  nailed  on  it  for  walking 
into  or  out  of  boat,  [earlier  senses  mode  of 
going,  way,  cf.  G  &  Du.  firangr,  &  obs.  &  Sc.  vb 
firawfir  walk,  go,  f.  OE  gangan,  also  OHG] 

ga'nge  (-j),  v.t.  Protect  (fish-hook,  part  of 
fishing-line)  with  fine  wire.  Hence  ga'ng- 
iNGM-J-)n.    [?] 

ga'nger  (-ng-),  n.  Foreman  of  gang,    [-er  *] 
ange'tic  (-j-),  a.-   Of  the  Ganges,     [f.  L 
Oangeticus  (L  f.  Gk  Gagges,  -ic)] 

ga'nglion  (-ngg-),  n.  (pi.  -lia).  Enlargement 
or  knot  on  nerve,  from  which  nerve-fibres  radi- 
ate ;  mass  of  grey  matter  in  central  nervous 
system  forming  a  nerve-nucleus  (g.-cell,  -cor- 
puscule,  -globute,  nerve-cell  in  this) ;  (fig.)  cen- 
tre of  force,  activity,  or  interest.  Hence  ga'ng- 
liated,  ga'nglionated,  [-ate3,  -ed1  ],ga'ng- 
Hform,  ganglid'nic,  aa.    [f.  Gk  gagglion] 

ga'n^nene  (-ngg-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Necrosis, 
usu.  with  decomposition,  of  part  of  the  body 
(often  fig.) ;  hence  gangrenous  a.  (Vb)  be- 
come affected,  affect,  with  mortification,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  gaggraina] 

gangue  (-ng),  n.  Earth  &c,  matrix,  in  which 
ore  is  found .    [F,  f.  G  gang  lode=GANG] 

ga'ngway  (-ng-),  n.  Passage  esp.  between 
rows  of  seats  (in  House  of  Commons,  cross- 
passage  half-way  down  giving  access  to  back 


GANNET 


GARNITURE 


benches ;  members  above,  below,  g.  are  more, 
less,  closely  associated  with  official  policy  of 
their  party) ;  opening  in  bulwarks  by  which 
ship  is  entered  or  left,  bridge  laid  across  from 
this  to  shore  &c.    [OE  gangweg  (gang,  way)] 

ga'nnet,  n.  A  sea-bird,  the  Solan  goose.  [OE 
ganot  cogn.  w.  Du.  gent  gander] 

ga'noid,  a.  &  n.  (Of  fish-scale)  enamelled, 
smooth  &  bright ;  (fish)  having  g.  scales,  [f.  F 
ganoide  f.  Gk  ganos  brightness  +  -oid] 

ga'ntpy,  gau'n-,  n.  Four-footed  wooden 
stand  for  barrels ;  platform  to  carry  travelling 
crane  &c.  [perh.  f.  obs.  gawn  contr.  of  gallon 
+  tree ;  or  f .  OF  gantier  var.  of  chantier] 

Ga'nymede,  n.  (Facet.)  waiter,  potboy; 
(Astron.)  largest  satellite  of  planet  Jupiter,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  Ganumedes  cupbearer  of  ZeusJ 

gaol  (jal),  jail,  n.,  &  v.t.  (g-  in  official,  g-  8c  j- 
indifferently  in  literary  use).  Public  prison  for 
detention  of  persons  committed  by  process  of 
law,  (without article)  confinement  in  this;  g., 
j.,  -bird,  prisoner,  habitual  criminal,  rogue ;  g., 
J.,  -delivery,  clearing  of  g.  by  trial  of  prisoners  ; 
#.»  J-,  fever,  virulent  typhus  formerly  endemic 
in  gg. ;  (vb)  put  in  g.  [f.  ONF  gaiole,  OF  jaiole, 
(now  geole)  f.  Rom.  dim.  of  L  cavea  cage] 

gao'lep  (jal-),  jai'ler,  jai'lop,  n.  (see  prec). 
Man  in  charge  of  gaol  or  prisoners  in  it.  Hence 
gao'lepEss1,  also  jai'leress,  jarloress,  n. 
Las  prec.  +  -er2(2)] 

gap,  n.  Breach  in  hedge  or  wall ;  gorge,  pass ; 
unfilled  space  or  interval,  blank,  break  in  con- 
tinuity, {stop,  fill,  supply,  a  g.,  make  up  de- 
ficiency); wide  divergence  in  views,  sympathies, 
&c.  Hence  gappED2,  ga'ppY2,  aa.  10N,= 
chasm,  cogn.  w.  foil.] 

gape,  v.i.,  &  n.  Open  mouth  wide,  (of  mouth, 
oysters,  wounds,  chasm,  &c.)  open  or  be  open 
wide,  split,  part  asunder;  stare,  gaze  curiously, 
at ;  yawn.  (N. )  yawn ;  open-mouthed  stare ;  the 
gg.,  poultry  disease  with  gaping  as  symptom, 
(facet.)fitof  yawning;  expanse  of  openmouth  or 
beak,  part  of  beak  that  opens ;  rent,  opening ; 
g.-seed  (facet.),  staring,  occasion  for  staring, 
thing  stared  at.    [f.  ON  gapa  vb  cf.  G  gaffen] 

ga'pep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  kinds  of  bird, 
kind  of  mollusc,    [-er  ]] 

ga'rage  ( -ij,  or  as  F),  n.  Building  or  shed  for 
storing  or  repair  of  horseless  vehicles,  esp. 
motor-cars.  [F  (garer  shunt  f.  Teut.,  cf.  OE 
werian  defend,  -age)] 

garb,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dress,  costume,  esp.  of  dis- 
tinctive kind,  way  one  is  dressed  ;  (vb)  attire, 
put  (esp.  distinctive)  clothes  upon  (person ;  usu. 
pass,  or  refl.).  [f.  It.  garbo  elegance,  f.  Teut.  cf. 
OHG  garawi  preparation  cogn.  w.  gear] 

garbage  (-ij),  n.  Offal  used  for  food,  refuse, 
filth ;  foul  or  worthless  reading,  [perh.  f.  OF 
garbe  sheaf,  bundle,  +  -age] 

gar'ble,  v.t.  Select  best  in,  take  pick  of, 
(rare);  make  (usu.  unfair  or  malicious)  selections 
from  (facts,  statements,  &c),  mutilate  in  order 
to  misrepresent,  [f.  It.  garbellare  f.  Arab. 
gharbala  sift  cf.  kirbal  sieve] 

gap'boapd  (strake),  n.  First  range  of 
planks  laid  on  ship's  bottom  next  keel ;  corre- 
sponding plates  in  iron  ship.    [f.  Du.  gaarboord 

(GATHER,  BOARD)] 

gar^on  (F),  n.    Waiter  in  French  hotel  &c. 

gap'den  (-dn),  n.,  &  v.i.  Piece  of  ground 
devoted  to  growing  flowers,  fruit,  or  vegetables 
(kitchen,     market,    fir.) ;     (pi.)     ornamental 

? grounds  for  public  resort  (usu.  botanical,  zoo- 
ogical,  &c,  gg.);  specially  fertile  region  (the  g. 
of  England,  Kent,  Worcestershire,  &c.) ;  (pi. 
with  name  prefixed  as  Onslow,  Spring,  Gg.)  set 
of  houses  in  street,  square,  &c;  the  G.,  philo- 
sophy or  school  of  Epicurus  (cf.  porch,  aca- 


demy) ;  (attrib. ;  with  or  without  hyphen)  culti 
vated,  not  wild,  {g.  plants,  g.-cress  ;  common  or 
g.  slang,  ordinary),  living  in  gg.  (g.-spider;  g.- 
white,  kind  of  butterfly ;  g.-warbler,  kind  of 
bird) ;  g.-engine,  portable  forcepump  for  water- 
ing ;  g.-frame,  forcing-frame  for  plants ;  g.-glass, 
bell-glass  for  covering  plant ;  g.-party,  social 
meeting  on  lawn  or  in  g. ;  g.-plot,  piece  of  ground 
used  as  g.;  g.-seat,  bench  &c.  for  use  in  g.,  simi- 
lar seat  for  one  or  two  on  top  of  omnibus ;  g.- 
stuff,  vegetables  &  fruit ;  hence  gap'denED  2, 
gardenE'SQUE,  aa.,  gap'deniNG^l)  n.  (Vb) 
cultivate  a  g.  [f.  ONF  gardin  ult.  f.  Teut.,  cf. 
G  garten,  also  garth,  yard] 

gap'denep  (-dn-),  n.  Person  who  gardens, 
esp.  servant  employed  to  tend  a  garden,  [as 
prec.  +-er2(2),  cf.  F  jardinier] 

gapde'nia,  n.  Genus  of  trees  &  shrubs  with 
large  white  or  yellow  flowers  &  usu.  fragrant 
scent.  [mod.L  (Dr  A.  Garden  d.  1791,  -ia1)] 

gape'fowl,  n.  The  great  auk.  [f.  ON  geir- 
fugl  (geir  of  doubtful  meaning)] 

gap'flsh,  n.  Fish  with  long  spearlike  snout 
&  green  bones,  [perh.  f.  OE  gar  spear  cogn. 
w.  Gk  gaison] 

gapga'ntuan.a.  Enormous,  gigantic.  [Gar- 
gantua  giant  in  Rabelais  +  -an] 

gap'get  (g-),  n.  Inflamed  state  of  head  or 
throat  in  cattle,  pigs,  or  poultry ;  inflammation 
of  cow's  or  ewe  s  udder,  [perh.  f.  obs.  garget 
throat  f.  OF  gargate  etym.  dub.] 

gap'gle,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Wash  (throat),  wash 
throat,  with  liquid  kept  in  motion  by  breath  ; 
(n.)  liquid  used  thus.    [f.  F  gargouiller  (foil.)] 

gap'goyle,  gup-,  n.  Grotesque  spout  usu. 
with  human  or  animal  mouth,  head,  or  body, 
projecting  from  gutter  of  (esp.  Gothic)  building 
to  carry  water  clear  of  wall.  [f.  OF  gargouille 
throat,  gargoyle] 

gapiba'ldi,  n.  Kind  of  woman's  or  child's 
blouse,  orig.  of  bright  red.  [f.  red  shirts  of 
G.  (Italian  patriot  1807-82)  &  his  followers] 

gap'ish,  a.  Obtrusively  bright,  showy, 
gawdy,  over-decorated.  Hence  gap'ishLY  - 
adv.,  gap'ishNESS  n.  [perh.  f.  obs.  gaure  to 
stare,  etym.  dub.] 

gap'land,  n.,  &  v.t.  Wreath  of  flowers, 
leaves,  &c,  worn  on  head  or  hung  on  something 
as  decoration  ;  distinction,  palm,  prize,  for 
victory  &c. ;  (archaic)  anthology,  miscellany  ; 
metal  &c.  imitation  of  g. ;  (vb)  crown  with  g., 
deck  with  gg.,  act  as  g.  to.  [OF (-e),  etym.  dub.] 

gap'lic,  n.  Plant  with  bulbous  strong-smell- 
ing pungent-tasting  root  used  as  flavouring  in 
cookery.  Hence  (esp.  of  smell)  gap'lickY  2  a. 
[OE  gdrUac  (gar  spear,  leek)] 

gap'ment,  n.,  &  v.t.  Article  of  dress,  esp. 
gown  or  cloak,  (pi.)  clothes ;  outward  and  visible 
covering  of  anything;  (vb;  poet.,  usu.  in  p.p.) 
attire,    [f.  OF  garniment  (garnish,  -ment)] 

gar'ner,  n.,  &  v.t.  (poet,  &  rhet).  Storehouse 
for  corn,  granary,  (also  fig.) ;  (vb)  store,  deposit, 
collect.  [i.OFgerner  f.  L granarium  granary] 

gap'net,  n.  Vitreous  mineral,  of  which  a  deep 
transparent  red  kind  is  used  as  gem.  [f.  OF 
grenat  f.  med.  L  granatum  pomegranate  (from 
resemblance  to  its  seeds)] 

gap'nlsh,  v.t.,  &  n.  Decorate,  embellish, 
(esp.  dish  for  table);  (Law)  serve  notice  on 
(person,  called  gapnishEE-  n.)  for  purpose  of 
attaching  money  belonging  to  debtor,  summon 
(person)  as  party  to  litigation  started  between 
others ;  hence  gap'nisnER1,  gap'nishMENT, 
nn.  (N. ;  also  gap'nishiNG1  n.)  things  used  to 
decorate  dish  for  table  (also  fig.  of  literary  em- 
bellishments), [f.  OF  garnir  (-ish2)  fortify, 
prob.  f.  Teut.  cogn.  w.  warn] 

gap'nitupe  (-tsher),  n.    Appurtenances,  ac- 


GAROTTE 


340 


GATE 


cessories ;  adornment,  trimming  esp.  of  dish ; 
costume.    [F  (garnish,  -ure)J 

garotte.    See  garrotte. 

ga'ppet  \,  n.  Room  on  top  floor,  room  partly 
or  entirely  in  roof,  attic ;  (slang)  head  (be  wrong 
in  the  g.,have  one's  g.  unfurnished,  &c).  [f.  OF 
garite  watch-tower  (garir  defend,  f.  Teut.  cf. 
OE  werian  defend)] 

ga'ppet2,  v.t.  (archit.).  Insert  small  pieces 
of  stone  in  joints  of  (coarse  masonry).    [?] 

garreteer*,  n.  Dweller  in  garret,  esp.  poor 
literary  hack,    [-eer] 

ga'ppison,  n.,  &  v.t.  Troops  stationed  in 
fortress,  town,  &c,  to  defend  it  (g.  town,  having 
g.).  (Vb)  furnish  with,  occupy  as,  g. ;  place 
(troops,  soldier)  on  g.  duty.  [f.  OF  garison 
(ganr  see  garret1,  -son)  defence,  w.  sense  of 
F  &  obs.  E  gamison  (garnish)] 

ga'ppon,  n.  Small  inferior  horse  bred  in 
Scotland  &  Ireland,    [f.  Gael.  gearran] 

ga'ppot,  n.    Kind  of  sea  duck.    [F] 

gaKP^tte,  n.,  &  v.t.  Spanish  method  of 
capital  punishment  by  strangulation,  apparatus 
used  in  it;  highway  robbery  performed  by 
throttling  victim.  (Vb)  execute  by  strangula- 
tion ;  throttle  in  order  to  rob,  whence  gap- 
(p^'ttER1  n.  [f.  Sp.  garrote(ar),  the  n.  (etym. 
dub. )  meaning  stick  (used  in  twisting  cord  tight)] 

ga'rrulous  (-rob-),  a.  Given  to  talk,  loqua- 
cious, wordy ;  (of  bird,  stream,  &c.)  chattering, 
babbling.  Hence  or  cogn.  garpvrliTY  (-roo-), 
ga'ppulousNESS,  nn.,  ga'ppulousLY  2  adv. 
[f.  L  garrulus  (garrire  chatter)  +  -ous] 

gap'tep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Band  worn  above  or  be- 
low knee  to  keep  stocking  up ;  the  &..  (badge  of) 
highest  order  of  English  knighthood,  member- 
ship of  this ;  (short  for)  G.  King  of  Arms ;  (vb) 
fasten  (stocking),  encircle  (leg),  with  g.  [f.  OF 
gartier  (garet,  now  jarret,  bend  of  knee,  perh. 
f.  Celt.,  cf.  Breton  gar,  W  gar,  leg-bone)] 

garth,  n.  (archaic  &  dial).  Close,  yard,  gar- 
den, paddock,  open  space  within  cloisters,  [f. 
ON  garthr  =  OE  geard  yard] 

gas,  n.  (pi.  g&ses),  &  v.t.  &  i.  Any  aeriform  or 
completely  elastic  fluid  (used  chiefly  of  those 
that  do  not  become  liquid  or  solid  at  ordinary 
temperatures,  other  gg.  being  usu.  called  va- 
pours) ;  such  fluid,  esp.  coAL-gr.  or  various  mix- 
tures with  carburetted  hydrogen,  used  for  light- 
ing or  heating ;  (Mining)  explosive  mixture  of 
firedamp  with  air ;  hydrogen  &c.  used  to  fill 
balloon ;  nitrous  oxide  g.  as  anaesthetic  (often 
laughing-g.) ;  jet  of  g.  used  for  lighting ;  empty 
talk,  boasting,  humbug,  windbag  eloquence; 
g.-bag,  bag  for  holding  gas,  empty  talker ;  g.- 
oracket,  pipe  with  burner(s)  projecting  from 
wall ;  g.-coal,  bituminous  from  which  g.  can  be 
made;  g.-coke,  residuum  of  coal  when  g.  has  been 
made  from  it ;  g.-engine,  -motor,  with  power  ob- 
tained by  production  or  rhythmical  combustion 
&  explosion  of  g.  in  closed  cylinder ;  g.-fitter, 
tradesman  or  workman  providing  house  with 
g.-fittings,  apparatus  for  heating  or  lighting 
with  g.;  g.-light,  light  given  by  esp.  coal  g.,  jet 
of  burning  g.;  g.-main,  main  pipe  supplying  g.; 
g.-man,  manufacturer  of  g.,  collector  of  sums 
due  for  g. -supply ;  g.-metcr,  apparatus  register- 
ing amount  of  g.  consumed  (he  lies  like  a  g.-m., 
prodigiously);  g.-Hng,  perforated  with  small 
holes  &  fed  with  g.  for  cooking  &c. ;  g.-tar,  coal- 
tar  produced  in  making  g.;  g.  -works,  manufac- 
tory of  g.;  hence  ga'SEOUs  a.,  gase'iTY  n., 
g&'siFORM ,  ga'SLEss.  aa.,  ga'siFY  v.t.,  ga*s- 
lABLEa., gasiFiCA-TiON n.  (Vb)supply (room, 

railway-carriage,  &c.)  with  g.  ;   pass  (thread, 

lace)  through  g. -flame  to  remove  loose  fibres ; 

talk  emptily,  vaguely,  or  boastfully,  [wd  in- 
vented by  Van  Helmont  on  Gk  khaos  chaos] 


Ga*seon,n.  Nativeof  Gascony;  braggart.  [F] 

gaseona*de,n.,  &  v.i.  Boast(ing).  [f.Fgas- 
connade  (prec,  -ade)] 

gaselier',  n.  Gas-lamp,  usu.  suspended  from 
ceiling,  with  several  burners  often  on  branches, 
[f.  gas  after  chandelier] 

gash,  n.,  &  v.t.  Long  &  deep  slash,  cut,  or 
wound ;  cleft  such  as  might  be  made  by  slashing 
cut ;  act  of  making  such  cut ;  (vb)  make  g.  in, 
cut.  [earlier  garse  v.  &  n.  f.  OF  garser  perh.  f. 
LL  caraxare  f.  Gk  kharasso  incise] 

ga'sket,  n.  Small  cord  for  securing  furled 
sail  to  yard ;  strip  of  tow  &c.  for  packing  piston 
or  caulking  joint.    [?] 

gasogene.    See  gazogene. 

ga'solene,  -ine  (-en),  n.  Volatile  inflam- 
mable liquid  got  in  distilling  petroleum  &  used 
for  heating  &  lighting,    [gas,  -ol,  -ene,  -ine  5] 

gaso'meter,  n.  (Chem.)  vessel  for  holding 
gas  ;  large  reservoir  in  which  gas  is  stored  for 
distribution  by  pipes,  [f.  F  gazometre  (gaz  gas, 
metre  f.  Gk  metron  measure)] 

gasp,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Catch  breath  with  open 
mouth  as  in  exhaustion  or  astonishment :  g.  life 
&c.  away  or  out,  expire ;  g.  out,  utter  with  gg. ; 
hence ga'spingLY2 adv.  (N. )  convulsive  catch- 
ing of  breath  (at  one's  last  fir.,  at  point  of  death). 
[f.  ON  geispa  to  yawn  cf.  geip  idle  talk] 

ga*ssy,  a.  Of,  full  of,  like,  gas ;  (of  talk  &c.) 
empty,  verbose.    Hence  ga'ssiNESS  n.    [-Y  *] 

ga*st(e)popod,  n.  Mollusc  (e.g.  snail)  with 
locomotive  organ  placed  vent-rally.  So  gas- 
tepo'podousa.  [gastro-,  Gkpous podos foot] 

gastpae'a,  n.  (Assumed)  primitive  sac-like 
animal  consisting  of  two  layers  (ectoderm  & 
endoderm)  of  cells.    [mod.L  (gastro-)] 

ga'stpic,  a.  Of  the  stomach  (g.  fever,  enteric ; 
g.  juice,  thin  clear  acid  nearly  colourless  fluid 
secreted  by  stomach  glands  &  effecting  diges- 
tion),   [f.  Gk  as  foil.  +  -ic] 

gastp(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  gaster  -(e)?-os 
stomach,  as  gastro-enteric,  of  stomach  &  in- 
testines, -cele,  -tomy,  gast n  'TIS. 

gastPO'logy,  n.  Science  of  cookery.  Sogas- 
tPO'LOGER,  gastPO'LOGiST,  nn.  [f.  Gk  gastro- 
logia  (prec,  -logy)] 

ga'stponome,  n.  Judge  of  cookery.  [F,  back- 
formation  f.  gastronomic  see  foil.] 

gastpo'nomy,  n.  Art  &  science  of  good  eat- 
ing. So  gastPO'nomER1  n.,  gastpono'm- 
ic(al)  aa.,  gastPono'micalLY 2  adv.,  gas- 
tPO*nomiST(3)  n.  [f.  F  gastronomic  f.  Gk  gas- 
TRonomia  on  anal,  otastronomia  astronomy] 

gate1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Opening  in  wall  of  city  or 
enclosure  made  for  entrance  &  exit  &  capable 
of  being  closed  with  barrier;  (bibl.)  place  of  judi- 
cial assembly  in  city ;  mountain-pass ;  means  of 
entrance  or  exit(gr.  of  ivory,  hom,by  which  false, 
true,  dreams  come  ;  Bosphorus  &  Hellespont 
arc  the  two  gg.  of  Constantinople) ;  barrier  clos- 
ing the  opening  of  a  wall,  wooden  or  iron  f  rame- 
work,  solid  or  of  barsorgratings,hungon  hinges, 
turning  on  pivots,  or  sliding,  single  or  double ; 
contrivance  regulating  passage  of  water ;  num- 
ber entering  by  payment  at  gg.  to  see  football 
match  &c,  amount  of  money  thus  taken  (also 
g.-money) ;  g.-bill  (Oxf.  &  Camb.),  record  of  un- 
dergraduate's returns  to  college  after  hours, 
fines  imposed  for  these;  gatehouse,  lodge  of 
park  &c,  room  over  city  gate  often  used  as 
prison  ;  g.-keeper,  attendant  at  g.,  kind  of  but- 
terfly ;  g.-meeting,  at  which  money  is  taken  for 
admission ;  g.-post,  on  which  g.  is  hung  or 
against  which  itshuts;  gateway,  =g.  (first  sense), 
frame  of  or  structure  built  over  g.,  means  of 
entrance  or  exit ;  hence  ga'teLESs  a.  ( Vb ;  Oxf. 
&  Camb.)  confine  to  college  entirely  or  after 
certain  hours.   [OE  geat  =  OFris.  gat,  jet,  hole] 


GATE 

gate2,  n.  (With  prefixed  name  in  North  &c.) 
street,    [f.  ON  gata  cf.  G  gasse  lane] 

ga'thep  (gadh-),  v.t,  &  i.  Bring  together, 
cause  to  assemble,  (be  gathered  to  one's  fathers, 
die) ;  acquire  by  collecting,  amass ;  cull,  pluck ; 
collect  (grain  &c.)  as  harvest ;  receive  addition 
of  (rolling  stone  gathers  no  moss,  change  of 
calling  does  not  pay;  complexion  gathers  co- 
lour; invalid  gathers  strength ;  g.  head,  acquire 
strength,  swell  as  a  festering  sore ;  g.  way,  be- 
gin to  move,  of  ship) ;  summon  up  (energies), 
gain  or  recover  (breath) ;  infer,  deduce,  (that) ; 
draw  (garment,  brow)  together  in  folds  or  wrin- 
kles, esp.  pucker  (part  of  dress)  by  running 
thread  through  ;  pick  up  from  ground ;  draw 
up  (limbs,  person)  into  smaller  compass  ;  sum 
up  (scattered  facts);  summon  up  (thoughts, 
strength,  &c.)  for  an  effort ;  come  together,  con- 
gregate, form  a  mass ;  receive  additions  (the  tale 
gathered  like  a  snowball);  come  to  a  head,  de- 
velop purulent  swelling.  [OE  gaderian,  cf.  Du. 
gaderen  gather  &  OE  geador  together] 

gathering,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  puru- 
lent swelling ;  assembly,  meeting ;  g.-coal,  large 
piece  laid  on  to  keep  fire  alight  during  night 

&C.     [-ING1] 

gathers,  n.  pi.  Part  of  dress  that  is  gathered 
or  drawn  in.    [f.  gather] 

Gatling,  n.  (Also  G.  gun)  machine  gun 
with  clustered  barrels  automatically  loaded  at 
breech,    [inventor's  name] 

gauche  (gosh),  a.  Tactless,  without  ease  or 
grace,  socially  awkward.    [F] 

gauchepie  (goshere*),  n.  Gauche  manners ; 
a  gauche  action.  [F] 

gaucho  (gow'tsho,  gaw-),  n.  One  of  a  mixed 
European  &  Indian  race  of  mounted  herdsmen. 
[Sp.,  prob.  f.  native  S.-Amer.  lang.] 

gaud,  n.  Something  gaudy,  showy  ornament, 
gewgaw ;  (pi.)  showy  ceremonies,  gaieties,  [f. 
OF  gaudir  make  merry  f.  L  gaudere  rejoice] 

gairdy  *,  n.  Grand  entertainment,  esp.  an- 
nual college  dinner  to  old  members  &c. ;  g.-day, 
day  of  rejoicing,  day  on  which  college  g.  is  held, 
[f.  L  gaudium  joy] 

gau'dy2,  a.  Tastelessly  or  inappropriately 
fine,  showy,  or  brilliant  (of  dress,  decoration, 
literary  style,  &c).  Hence  gau'diLY2  adv., 
au'dixESS  n.     [earliest  sense  luxurious,  of 


S 


ood  &c;  perh.  orig.  attrib.  use  of  prec,  later 
taken  as  gaud  +  -y2] 

gauffer.    See  goffer. 

gauge l  (gaj),  gage  (in  naut  sense),  n.  Stan- 
dard measure  to  which  things  must  conform, 
esp.  measure  of  capacity  or  contents  of  barrel, 
diameter  of  bullet,  or  thickness  of  sheet  iron  ; 
capacity,  extent,  scope,  (take  the  g.  of,  estimate); 
distance  between  rails  or  opposite  wheels(6road, 
narrow,  g. ,  of  more,  less,  than  4ft  8£  in. ) ;  ( Naut. ; 
gage)  relative  position  in  respect  to  wind  (have 
the  weather  g.  of,  be  to  windward  of,  fig.  have 
advantage  of;  also  rarely  lee,  southerly,  kc,  g.); 
graduated  instrumentmeasuring  force  orquan- 
tity  of  rainfall,  stream,  tide,  wind,  &c;  contriv- 
ance attached  to  vessel  to  show  height  of  its 
contents ;  instrument  for  testing  and  verifying 
dimensions  of  tools,  wire,  &c;  adjustable  car- 
penter's tool  for  marking  parallel  lines ;  (Print) 
strip  regulating  depth  of  margin  &c;  means  of 
estimating,  criterion,  test.    [ONF,  etym,  dub.] 

gauge2  (gaj),  v.t.  Measure  exactly  (esp.  ob- 
jects or  standard  size,  as  wire,  bolts ;  fluctuating 
quantities  or  forces,  as  rainfall,  wind ;  depth  of 
liquid  content);  find  capacity  or  content  of  (cask 
&c.)  by  measurement  &  calculation  (gauging- 
rod,  exciseman's  instrument  for  this);  estimate, 
take  measure  of,  (person,  character);  make  uni- 
form, bring  to  standard  size  or  shape.    Hence 


Ml GEAR 

gau-geABLE  a.,  gau*gERi(l,  2)  n.     [f.  ONF 
gauger  etym.  dub.] 

Gaul,  n.  Inhabitant  of  ancient  Gaul  •  (facet ) 
Frenchman,  [f.  Gaul  the  country  f.  F  Gaule  f 
L  Gallia  (Gallus  a  Gaul)] 

Gau-lish,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  ancient 
Gauls  ;  (facet.)  French  (adj.).    [prec.  +  -ish1] 

gault,  n.  (geol.).  Series  of  clay  and  marl  beds 
between  upper  &  lower  greensand.    [?J 

gaunt,  a.  Lean,  haggard  ;  grim  or  desolate 
looking.  Hence  gau'ntNEss  n.  [etym.  dub. ; 
from  1440 ;  cf.  Norw.  gand  thin  stick  or  man] 

gau'ntlet1,  n.  (Hist.)  armoured  glove  (fling, 
throw,  down  the  g.,  issue  challenge ;  pick,  take, 
up  the  g.,  accept  challenge);  stout  glove  with 
long  wrist  for  driving,  fencing,  wicket-keeping, 
&c.  Hencegau*ntletED2a.  [f.F gantelet  (gant 
glove  f.  OSw.  wante,  -let)] 

gau'ntlet2,  n.  Run  the  g. ,  pass  between  rows 
of  men  who  strike  one  with  sticks,  cords,  &c, 
as  military,  naval,  or  school  punishment  (also 
fig.  of  being  subjected  to  criticism),  [earlier 
gantlope  f.  Sw.  gatlopp  (gate2,  lopp  course,  cf. 
G  gassenlaufen)  w.  assim.  to  prec] 

gauntry,  -tree.    See  gantry. 

gauze,  n.  Thin  transparent  fabric  of  silk, 
cotton,  wire,  &c. ;  slight  haze.  Hence  gau'zv  2 
a.,  gau'ziNESS  n.     [f.  F  gaze  etym.  dub.] 

ga'velkind,  n.  (legal).  Land-tenure,  esp.  in 
Kent  &  Wales,  involving  equal  division  of  in- 
testate's property  among  all  his  sons.  [f.  obs. 
gavel,  OE  gafol,  tribute,  cf.  med.L  gabulum, 

COgn.  W.  GIVE,  +  KIND] 

gavotte,  n.  Minuet-like  but  more  lively 
dance ;  music  for  it ;  piece  of  music  in  common 
time,  moderately  quick,  with  two  parts  each  re- 
peated. [F,  f.  Pr.  gavoto  (Gavot  native  of  Alps)] 

gawk,  n.    Awkward  or  bashful  person.    [?] 

gawky,  a.  &  n.  Awkward,  ungainly,  bash- 
ful, (person).  Hence  gawkixESS  n.  [perh.  f. 
prec,  but  found  earlier] 

gay,  a.  (gayer,  -est).  Full  of  or  disposed  to  or 
indicating  mirth,  light-hearted,  sportive  ;  airy, 
off-hand  ;  (euphem.)  dissolute,  immoral,  living 
by  prostitution  ;  showy,  brilliant,  bright-co- 
loured, finely  dressed.  Hence  gai'LY2  adv.  [f. 
F  gai  perh.  f.  OHG  wdhi  pretty] 

gaze,  v.i.,  &  n.  Look  fixedly  (at,  on,  upon) ; 
hence  ga'ZER1  n.  (N.)  intent  look  (stand  atg., 
looking  thus).    [?] 

gaze'bo,  n.  Structure  whence  a  view  may 
be  had,  belvedere,  lantern,  turret,  balcony,  &c 
[perh.  facet,  formation  f.  prec.  on  L  future  (cf. 
lavabo),  or  f.  some  Oriental  word] 

gazelle,  n.  Small  graceful  soft-eyed  kinds  of 
antelope.    [F,  f.  Arab,  ghazal] 

azette,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Hist.)  news-sheet,  peri- 
ical  publication  giving  current  events  ;  one 
of  three  official  journals  (London,  Edinburgh, 
Dublin,  G.)  issued  by  authority  twice  a  week 
with  lists  of  government  appointments  &  bank- 
rupts &  other  public  notices ;  (in  newspaper 
titles  as  Westminster,  Pall  Mall,  G. )  newspaper; 
(vb)  publish  in  official  g.  (esp.  in  pass,  of  officials 
so  announced).  [F,  f.  It.  gazzetta  perh.  f.  Vene- 
tian small  coin  so  called] 

gazetteer*,  n.  Geographical  dictionary,  [so 
called  as  first  provided  for  gazette-writers, 
earlier  sense  of  g.] 

ga'zogene,  gas-,  n.  Apparatus  making 
aerated  waters,    [f.  F  gazogene  (gas,  -gen)] 

gear  (g-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Equipment,  apparel, 
&c  (archaic) ;  harness  of  draught  animals  ;  ap- 
paratus, appliances,  tackle,  tools ;  combination 
of  wheels,  levers,  &c  ;  wheels  working  on  one 
another  by  teeth  &c;  arrangements  connecting 
motor  with  its  work  (in,  out  of,  g.,  connected 
or  working,  with  connexion  interrupted  or  not 


gaa 

odicf 


GECKO 


342 


GENERAL. 


working;  high,  low,  g.,  by  which  driving-wheel 
of  bicycle  makes  many,  few,  revolutions  rela- 
tively to  pedals),  whence  geap'iNG  M6)  n. ;  rig- 
ging ;  goods,  household  utensils ;  g.-box,  -case, 
enclosing  gearing  of  bicycle  &c. ;  g.-  wheel,  cog- 
wheel, esp.  that  in  bicycle  which  transmits  mo- 
tion of  pedals  to  axle;  hence  geap'LESS  a. 
( Vb)  harness  (draught  animal ;  often  up) ;  put 
(machinery)  in  g.,  provide  with  g.  (g.  up,  down, 
provide  with  high,  low,  g.) ;  (of  cog-wheel)  fit 
exactly  into,  be  ing.  with.  [prob.  f.  ON  gervi  = 
OHG  garaioi  f.  OTeut.  garwu  ready] 


•cko  (g-),  n.    House  lizard  found  in  warm 
ilay  j 

■£*©©      (  I1 

[orig.  child's  wd,  f.'foll.] 


ge'cKO  (g-),  n.    ±iouse  nzara  iounu  in 
climates,    [f.  Malay  gekoq,  imit.  of  its  cry] 
gee1,  gee'-gee,  (je),   n.  (colloq..).     Horsf 


gee2,  gee*-ho%  gee*-(h)u*p,  gee*-wo% 

( je),  intt.    (Words  of  command  to  horse  &c.)  go 
on,  go  faster,  (sometimes)  turn  to  right. 

geese.  See  goose. 
ehe-nna  (g-),  n.  Hell ;  place  of  burning, 
torment,  or  misery.  [eccl.L,  f.  Hellenistic  Gk 
geenna  f.  Heb.  gehinnom  hell,  orig.  valley  of 
Hinnom  where  children  were  sacrificed] 
gei'sha  (ga-),  n.  Japanese  dancing-girl.  [Jap.] 
ge'latin(e)  (j-;  also  -en),  n.  Amorphous  brit- 
tle transparent  tasteless  slightly  yellow  sub- 
stance, basis  of  the  j  ellies  resulting  from  stewing 
skin,  tendons,  ligaments,  bone-matrix,  &c.  (vege- 
table g.,  constituent  of  gluten  identical  with 
animal  g.;  blasting-g.,  an  explosive  nitro-gly- 
cerine  compound  ;  g.  paper,  coated  with  sensi- 
tized g.  for  photography).  Hence  gelatrni- 
form  a.,gela*tino-comb.  form.  [f.  F gelatine 
f.  It.  gelatina  (gelata  jelly,  -in)] 

fela'tinous,  a.  Jelly-like  in  consistency  &c. ; 
gelatin.    So  gela#tinizE(3)  v.t.  &  i.,  gela*- 
tinoiD  a.  &  n.    [f.  F  gilatineux  (prec,  -ous)] 
gela'tion  ( j-),  n.    Solidification  by  freezing, 
[f.  L  gelatio  (gelare  freeze,  -ation)] 
geld  (g-),  v.t.    Deprive  (usu.  male  animal)  of 
generative  power,  castrate,  excise  testicles  or 
ovaries  of.  Hence  (-)ge'ldER l  n.  [f.  ON  gelda] 
ge'lding,  n.    Gelded  horse  or  other  animal, 
[f.  ON  geldingr  (prec,  -ing3)] 
ge'lid  ( j-),  a.  Icy,  ice-cold  ;  chilly,  cool.  [f.  L 
gelidus  (gelu  frost)  cogn.  w.  cold] 
gem  ( j-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Precious  stone,  esp.  when 
cut  and  polished;  object  of  great  beauty  or 
worth,  choicest  part  of,  prized  thing ;  precious 
or  semi-precious  stone  with  engraved  design ; 
hence  ge'mmv2  a.    (Vb)  adorn  (as)  with  gg. 
[f.  L  gemma  bud,  jewel] 

Gemap'a  (g-),  n.    Later  part  of  Talmud,  com- 
mentary on  mishna.    [Aram.,  =  completion] 
ge'minate1  ( j-,  -at),  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Combined 
in  pairs,    [t.  Itgeminare  (geminus  twin),  -ate2] 
ge'minate  2,  v.t.    Double,  repeat,  arrange  in 
pairs.    So  geminA'TiON  n.    [as  prec,  -ate3] 
Ge'mini  ( j-),  n.  &  (-1)  int.   Constellation  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux  or  the   Twins,  third  sign  of 
Zodiac,  (also  as  archaic  or  vulg.  exclamation  of 
surprise).    [L,  =  twins] 

ge'mma  (j-),  n.  (bot.,  zool. ;  pi.  -ae).    Leaf- 
bud  ;  (in  mosses  &c)  small  cellular  body  that 
separates  from  mother-plant  &  starts  fresh  one; 
(Zool.)  bud-like  growth  on  animal  of  low  organi- 
zation becoming  detached  &  developing  into 
individual.    [L,  see  gem] 
ge'mmate 1,  a.    Having  buds,  reproducing 
by  gemmation,    [f.  L  gemmatus  (prec,  -ate2)] 
gemmate2,  v.i.    Put  forth  buds,  propagate 
by  gemmation,   [f.  L  gemmare  (gemma),  -ate3] 
gemma'tion,  n.    Act,  manner,  of  budding ; 
arrangement  of  buds ;  reproduction  by  gemmae, 
formation  of  new  individual  by  protrusion  & 
separation  of  part  of  the  parent.     So  ge*m- 
mATiVK  a.    [F,  f.  L  as  prec,  -ation] 


gemmi'fepous,  a.  Producing  precious 
stones ;  bearing  buds ;  =  foil.  [f.  L  gemmifer 
(gemma,  -i-,  -ferous)] 

gemmi'parous,  a.  Of,  propagating  by,  gem- 
mation.    Hence  gemmi'parousLY  -   aclv. 
[gemma,  L  -varus  (parere  bring  forth)] 
ge'mmule,  n.    Growing  point  of  plant  em- 
bryo ;  reproductive  cell  of  cryptogam;  (Zool.) 
small  gemma.   [F,  f.  L  gemmula  (gemma,  -ule)] 
-gen  (j-),  suf.  forming  nn.  in  scientific  use  f. 
F  -gene  f.  Gk  -genes  -born,  of  such  a  kind,  (gen-, 
gn-,  seen  in  gi-gn-omai  be  born,  become).  (1)  in 
oxygen  &  later  chem.  formations  -gen  has  the 
sense  (not  Gk)  that  which  produces  (hydrogen, 
nitrogen,  cyanogen) ;  (2)  in  endogen,  exogen,  &c. 
(bot.)  -gen  =  growth  (acrogen,  thallogen). 
gena'ppe  (j-),  n.    Smooth  kind  of  worsted, 
[f.  Genappe  in  Belgium] 

gendarme  (F),  n.  (pi.  -s).  Soldier,  mounted 
or  on  foot,  employed  in  police  duties  esp.  in 
France ;  (Mountaineering)  rock-tower  occupy- 
ing &  blocking  arete. 

gendarmerie  (F),  n.  Force  of  gendarmes. 
ge*ndep 1  (j-),  n.  Grammatical  classification 
(or  one  of  the  two,  or  three,  classes)  of  objects 
roughly  corresponding  to  the  two  sexes  &  sex- 
lessness  (masculine,  feminine,  &  neuter; 
see  also  common  1,  epicene),  (of  nouns  &  pro- 
nouns) property  of  belonging  to  such  class,  (of 
adjj.)  appropriate  form  for  accompanying  a 
noun  of  any  such  class;  (joe)  sex.  Hence 
ge'ndePLESS  a.  [f.  OF  gen(d)re  f.  L  genus] 
ge'ndep2  (j-),  v.t.  (poet.).  =engender.  [f. 
OF„gen(d)rer  f.  L  generare  (prec.)] 
geneald'gical,  a.  Of  genealogy;  tracing 
family  descent ;  g.  tree,  table  showing  descent 
of  family  or  of  animal  species  in  shape  of  tree 
with  branches.  Hence  genealo'giealLY 2 
adv.  [f.  F  gbn&alogique  f.  med.L  f.  Gk  genea- 
logikos  (genealogy,  -ic)  +  -al] 
gen  ea'logize  (-j-),  v.t.  &  i.  Trace  genealogi- 
es;  draw  up  genealogies.  Hence  genea'lo- 
giST(l)  n.    [foil.,  -ize] 

genea'logy,  n.  Account  of  descent  from 
ancestor  by  enumeration  of  intermediate  per- 
sons, pedigree ;  investigation  of  pedigrees ; 
plant's  or  animal's  line  of  development  from 
earlier  forms.  [OF  (-gie)  f.  LL  f.  Gk  genealogia 
(genea  race,  -logy)] 
genera.    See  genus. 

general  (j-),  a.  &  n.  Completely  or  approxi- 
mately universal,  including  or  affecting  all  or 
nearly  all  parts,  not  partial,  particular,  local,  or 
sectional,  (g.  confession,  to  be  made  by  whole 
congregation  ;  g.  council,  summoned  by  invita- 
tion to  the  Church  at  large ;  g.  election  ;  G. 
Post  Office,  head  office  in  London;  G.  Post, 
first  morning  delivery,  also  name  of  indoor 
game) ;  prevalent,  widespread,  usual,  (in  a  g. 
way,  ordinarily) ;  not  limited  in  application, 
relating  to  whole  class  of  objects,  occasions, 
&c,  true  of  all  or  (opp.  universal)  nearly  all 
cases  (as  a  g.  rule,  in  most  cases),  including 
points  common  to  individuals  of  a  class  & 
neglecting  differences  (g.  word,  term,  notion) ; 
not  restricted  to  one  department,  not  special- 
ized, (fir.  dealer,  trader  in  many  articles  ;  g.  prac- 
titioner, doctor  treating  cases  of  all  kinds ;  g. 
servant,  maid-of -all- work ;  g.  reader,  of  miscel- 
laneous literature) ;  roughly  corresponding  or 
adequate,  sufficient  for  practical  purposes,  (g. 
resemblance,  idea) ;  vague,  indefinite,  (spoke 
only  in  g.  terms) ;  (Mil.,  of  officer)  above  rank 
of  colonel ;  (appended  to  titles,  as  adjutant-.^., 
ATTORNEY-fif.,  poarmast er-g. )  chief,  head,  with 
unrestricted  authority  or  sphere,  (also  joe  with 
other  nn.,  as  lover-g.,  one  who  makes  love  to  all 
women) ;  in  g.,  generally,  in  all  ordinary  cases, 


GENERALISSIMO 


343 


GENTEEL. 


barring  special  exceptions,  for  the  most  part. 
(N.)  the  g.  (archaic),  the  public  ;  (pi. ;  now  rare) 
g.  principles,  notions,  or  rules ;  chief  of  religious 
order,  e.g.  of  Jesuits,  Dominicans ;  (Mil.)  officer 
next  below  Field-Marshal  (also  by  courtesy  of 
lieutenant-g.  &  ma^or-g.) ;  commander  of  army ; 
tactician,  strategist,  of  specified  merit  (a  good, 
bad,  great,  g.;  nog.);  =  g.  servant  above  (col- 
loq.).    [OF,  f.  L  generalis  (genus,  -al)] 

generali'ssimo,  n.  Commander  of  com- 
bined military  &  naval  force,  or  of  several 
armies.    [It.,  super!,  of  generate  general] 

generality,  n.  Being  general,  applicability 
to  whole  class  of  instances ;  vagueness ;  general 
point,  principle,  law,  or  statement ;  main  body, 
bulk,  majority,  of.  [f.  F  generality  f.  L  genera- 
litatem  (general,  -tv)] 

generalization,  n.  (Forming  of)  general 
notion  or  proposition  obtained  by  induction 
(often  used  disparagingly,  esp.  hasty  g.,  one 
based  on  too  few  instances),    [foil.,  -ation] 

generalize,  v.t.  &  i.  Reduce  to  general  laws, 
form  into  a  general  notion,  give  a  general  char- 
acter to,  call  by  a  general  name ;  infer  (law,  con- 
clusion) by  induction ;  base  general  statement 
upon  (facts  &c);  (Math.,  Philos.)  throw  into 
general  form,  extend  application  of;  form 
general  notions  by  abstraction ;  (Paint.)  render 
only  the  typical  characteristics  of;  make  vague, 
usegeneralities,  speak  vaguely;  bring  into  gene- 
ral use.    Hence ge'neralizER1  n.   [ize] 

generally,  adv.  For  the  most  part,  exten- 
sively ;  in  a  general  sense,  without  regard  to 
particulars,  not  specially,  (g.  speaking,  in 
general) ;  as  a  general  rule,  commonly,    [-LY  2] 

generalship,  n.  Office  of  a  general ; 
strategy,  military  skill ;  skilful  management, 
tact,  diplomacy,    [-ship] 

ge'nerate,  v.t.  Bring  into  existence,  pro- 
duce, evolve,  (plants,  animals,  &c.,  usu.  in  pass. ; 
heat,  force,  light,  friction,  electricity,  &c. ;  re- 
sult, state  of  things,  state  of  mind,  &c);  (Math. ; 
of  point,  line,  surface,  conceived  as  moving) 
make  (line,  surface,  solid),   [f.  L  generare  beget 

(GENUS), -ATE3] 

generation,  n.  Procreation,  propagation  of 
species,  begetting  or  being  begotten,  (equivocal 
or  spontaneous  g.) ;  production  by  natural  or 
artificial  process;  single  step  in  descent  or 
pedigree  (have  known  them  for  three  gg. ;  his 
descendant  in  the  tenth  g.) ;  whole  body  of  per- 
sons born  about  same  time,  average  time  in 
which  children  are  ready  to  replace  parents 
(reckoned  at  $  of  a  century  or  at  30  years  as  a 
time-measure),     [f.  L  generatio  (prec.,  -ation)] 

ge'nerative  (-at-,  -at-),  a.  Of  procreation ; 
able  to  produce,  productive,    [prec,  -ative] 

ge'nerator,  n.  Begetter;  apparatus  for 
producing  gases,  steam,  electricity,  &c.     [L 

(GENERATE,  -OR2)] 

gene'rie,  a.  Characteristic  of  a  genus  or 
class;  applied  to  (any  individual  of)  a  large 
group  or  class  ;  general,  not  specific  or  special. 
Hence  gene'riCALLY  adv.    [f.  L  genus  +  -ic] 

generous,  a.  Magnanimous,  noble-minded, 
not  mean  or  prejudiced,  free  in  giving,  munifi- 
cent, so  genero'siTY  n. ;  (of  soil)  fertile; 
ample,  abundant,  copious;  (of  diet,  colour, 
wine)  rich  &  full.  Hence  ge'nerousi . v  2  adv. 
[f.  F  gentreux  f.  L  generosus  (genus,  -ous)  well- 
born, generous] 

genesis,  n.  First  book  of  O.  T. ,  with  account 
of  the  Creation  (G-) ;  origin,  mode  of  formation 
or  generation,  (also  in  comb,  as  abiog.,  parthe- 
nog).    [L  f.  Gk  (root  of  gignomai  become)] 

ge'net  (je-),  n.  (Fur  of)  kind  of  civet-cat.  [f. 
OF  genete  t.  Arab,  jarnait] 

genetic  (jI-)»  a.    Of,  in,  concerning,  origin. 


Hence  gene'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  genesis  on  anal, 
of  antithesis  -etic] 

geneva  *,  n.  Spirit  distilled  from  grain  & 
flavoured  with  juniper  berries,  Hollands,  ff. 
Du.  genever  f.  OF  genevre  f.  hjuniperus  juni- 
per w.  assim.  to  foil.] 

Gene'va2,  a.  (attrib.).  Of,  from,  Geneva  (G. 
bands,  clerical  band^s  like  those  of  Swiss  Cal- 
vinists ;  G.  Convention,  of  18&4-5  neutralizing 
ambulances  &c.  in  war ;  G.  cross,  red  Greek 
cross  on  white  ground  distinguishing  ambu- 
lances &c.  in  war;  G.  goivn,  black,  worn  by 
Calvinists  &  low-churchmen  in  pulpit).  Hence 
Gene'VAN,  GenevE'SE,  aa.  &  nn. 

genial  >,  a.  Nuptial,  generative,  (g.  bed,  in- 
stinct ;  rare) ;  conducive  to  growth,  mild,  warm, 
(of  air,  climate,  &c);  cheering,  enlivening; 
jovial,  kindly,  sociable,  whence  genia'liTY  n., 
ge*nializE(3)  v.t.;  of  genius  (rare).  Hence 
ge'nialLY  2  adv.   [f.  L  genialis  (genius,  -al)] 

genral2,  a.  (anat.).  Of  the  chin.  [f.  Gk 
geneion  chin  (genus  jaw  cf.  L  gena)  +  -al] 

geniculate  (at),  geni'culated,  aa.  (nat. 
hist.).  Having  knee-like  joints,  [f.  L  genicu- 
latus  (geniculum  f.  genu  knee,  -cule,  -ate2)] 

genie  (-1),  n.  (pi.  usu.  genii  see  genius).  Jin- 
nee, sprite  or  goblin  of  Arabian  tales,  [f.  F 
ginie  f.  L  genius] 

genro-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  geneion  chin,  as 
-hyoid  of  chin  &  hyoid  bone. 

geni'sta  (j-),  n.  Genus  of  yellow-flowered 
shrubs  (including  in  some  classifications  the 
common  broom).    [L] 

genital  (j-),  a.,  &  n.  (pi.).  Of  animal  genera- 
tion; (n.  pi.)  external  organs  of  generation, 
[f.  L  genitalis  (gignere  genit-  beget,  -al)] 

genitive,  a.  &  n.  G.  case  or  g.,  grammatical 
form  of  nouns,  pronouns,  adjectives,  &  parti- 
ciples, corresponding  in  inflected  langg.  to  of, 
from,  &  other  prepositions  with  the  noun  re- 
presenting the  source,  possessor,  &c.  Hence 
geniti'VAL  a.  [f.  L  genitivus  (casus  case)  of 
generation,  mistransl.  of  Gk  genike  (ptosis 
case)  of  class ;  genitivus  as  prec.  +  -ive] 

fe'nito-,  comb,  form  of  genital,  as  -urinary 
the  genital  &  urinary  organs. 

genius,  n.  (pL  -iuses,  -ii).  Tutelary  spirit  of 
person,  place,  or  institution  (good,  evil,  g.,  two 
opposed  spirits  or  angels  working  for  person's 
salvation  or  damnation,  also  person  who  power- 
fully influences  one  for  good  or  ill);  (usu.  pi., 
genii,  w.  sing,  genie)  demon(s),  supernatural 
being(s) ;  nation's,  age's,  &c,  prevalent  feeling, 
opinions,  or  taste ;  character,  spirit,  drift, 
method,  of  a  language,  law,  &c. ;  associations 
or  inspirations  of  a  place;  natural  ability, 
special  mental  endowments;  (no  pi.)  exalted 
intellectual  power,  instinctive  &  extraordinary 
imaginative,  creative,  or  inventive  capacity, 
(pi.  -iuses)  person  having  this ;  g.  loci  (L),  pre- 
siding deity,  associations  &c,  of  the  place.  [L, 
in  first  sense,  f.  root  of  gignere  beget] 

Genoa  ( j-),  n.  Italian  city  (G.  cake,  rich  with 
almonds  on  top).    Hence  OenoE'SE  a.  &  n. 

genre  (F),  n.  Kind,  style  ;  (also  g.-painting) 
portrayal  of  scenes  &c.  from  ordinary  life. 

gens  (j-),  n.  (Rom.  ant. ;  pi.  gentes).  Clan, 
sept,  among  Greeks  or  Romans.  [L,  genit.  gen- 
tis  (gignere  beget)] 

gent,  n.  Gentleman  (vulg.) ;  person  pretend- 
ing to  status  of  gentleman  (joe),  [short  for 
gentleman] 

gentee'l,  a.  (usu.  iron. ;  vulg.  in  serious  use). 
Appropriate  to,  characteristic  of,  belonging  to, 
the  upper  classes,  stylish,  fashionable,  well- 
dressed,  elegant.  Hence  gentee'lLY2  (-1-11) 
adv.  [16th-c.  adoption  of  gentil  (cf.  13th-c.  gen- 
tle) see  gentile] 


GENTIAN 


344 


GEOMETER 


gentian  (-shn,  -tian),  n.  Kinds  of  usu.  blue- 
flowered  plant  found  esp.  in  mountain  regions ; 
g.-bitter,  tonic  extracted  from  its  root.  [f.  L 
gentiana  (Gentius  king  of  Illyria,  -an)] 
ge'ntile,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  not  of  Jewish  race, 
(in  Mormon  use)  non-Mormon,  whence  ge*n- 
tileDOM  n. ;  of  a  nation  or  tribe,  (a.  &  it  in 
Gram.)  (word)  indicating  nationality ;  heathen, 
pagan,  [f.  F  gentil  f.  L  gentilis  (gens,  -il)J 
gentilrtial  (-shl),  a.  Of  a  nation,  gens,  or 
family  (g.  noun,  name,  insignia),  ff.  L  gentili- 
tius  {gentilis  gentile)  +  -al] 
genti'lity,  n.  Gentle  birth,  status  of  gentle- 
man or  lady,  (now rare) ;  (usu.  iron.)  being  gen- 
teel, social  superiority,  good  manners,  upper- 
class  habits,  (shabby  g.,  endeavour  to  keep  up 
genteel  appearances),  [f.  OF  gentilitt  f.  L  gen- 
tilitatem  (gentile,  -ty)] 

gentle,  a.  (-er,  -est),  &  n.  Well-born„(Herald.) 
having  right  to  bear  arms,  (now  only  in  g.  & 
simple,  &  in  comb,  as  gentlefolks,  gentleman)  ; 
(of  birth,  blood,  family,  pursuits,  &c.)  honour- 
able, belonging  to  or  flt  for  the  class  of  gentle- 
men;  (archaic)  generous,  noble,  courteous  (still 
playfully  in  g.  reader,  author's  apostrophe) ; 
tame,  quiet  (the  g.  craft,  angling),  easily  man- 
aged ;  not  stormy,  rough,  or  violent ;  (of  medi- 
cine) mild,  not  drastic ;  (of  rule  &c.)  not  severe ; 
moderate  (a  g.  heat),  gradual  (a  g.  slope) ;  kind, 
mild,  tender,  (the  g.  sex,  women) ;  gentlefolk(s), 
people  of  good  position  &  family.  (N.) :  (pi. ; 
vulg.)  gentlefolks ;  maggot,  larva  of  flesh-fly  or 
bluebottle,  used  as  flsning-bait  (f.  obs.  sense 
soft  of  adj.).  [f.  OF  gentil  see  gentile] 
gentlehood,  n.  Position  or  character  at- 
taching to  gentle  birth,  [from  1860 ;  -hood] 
gentleman,  n.  Man  entitled  to  bear  arms 
but  not  included  in  the  nobility  (chiefly  hist.) ; 
member  of  certain  professions  &c.  (archaic) ; 
man  of  gentle  birth  attached  to  household  of 
sovereign  or  great  person  (g.  in  toaiting  &c. ; 
g.-at-arms,  one  of  sovereign's  bodyguard  on 
state  occasions) ;  man  of  chivalrous  instincts, 
flne  feelings,  &  good  breeding ;  man  of  good 
social  position,  man  of  wealth  &  leisure ;  (cour- 
teous synonym  for)  man,  (pi.,  in  voc.)  male 
members  of  audience ;  (Law)  man  who  has  no 
occupation ;  (facet.)  old  g.,  the  devil,  my  g.,  the 
fellow  I  was  speaking  of,  g.'s  g.,  valet ;  g. -com- 
moner (hist.),  privileged  undergraduate  at  Oxf. 
&  Camb.;  g. -farmer,  country  g.  who  farms ;  g.- 
usher,e.  acting  as  usher  to  great  person.  Hence 
ge'ntlemanHOOD,  ge*ntlemansHip(l),  nn. 
[gentle  +  man  after  OF  gentilz  horn] 
gentlemanlike,  a.  Appropriate  to,  resem- 
bling, a  gentleman,  [-like] 
ge-ntlemanly,  a.  Feeling,  behaving,  or 
looking,  like  a  gentleman ;  befitting  a  gentle- 
man. Hence  gentlemanlixEss  n.  [-ly1] 
gentleness,  n.  Kindliness,  mildness ;  free- 
dom from  severity,  suddenness,  violence,  steep- 
ness, &c.     [-NESS] 

gentlewoman,  n.    Woman  of  good  birth 
or  breeding,  lady.    Hence  gentlewoman- 
hood    n.,    gen  tie  woman  like,    gen  tie - 
womanLY*,  aa.,  ge'ntlewomanTiNESs  n. 
[gentle  +  woman  after  OF  gentil  femme] 
ge'ntly,  adv.  As  gentleman  or  gentlewoman 
(only  in  g.  born,  of  gentle  birth) ;  quietly,  mode- 
rately, softly,  slowly,  (as  remonstrance)  not  so 
fast  &c. ;  mildly,  tenderly,  kindly,    [-ly  2] 
ge'ntpy,  n.    People  next  below  the  nobility 
in  position  &  birth ;  (contempt.,  esp.  these  g.) 
people,    [prob.  f.  obs.  gentrice  f.  OF  genterise 
var.  of  gentelise  (gentil  gentile)] 
ge*nual  ( j-),a.  Of  the  knee.  [L  flrenwknee,  -al] 

genuflect,  v.i.    Bend  the  knee,  esp.  in  wor- 
lp.    Hence  or  cogn.  ge'nufleetOR \  genu- 


fle'xiON,  nn.,  genuflectORY  a.  [f.  med.L 
genuflectere  -flex-  (prec,  jlectere  bend)] 

genuine,  a.  Of  the  original  stock,  pure-bred ; 
really  proceeding  from  its  reputed  source  or 
author ;  having  the  supposed  character,  not 
counterfeit,  properly  so  called.  Hence  ge'nu- 
ineL  y  2  ad  v. ,  genuine  x  ess  n.  [f.  L  genuinus 
(cf.  ingenuus  ingenuous)  f.  Aryan  gen-  beget] 

genus,  n.  (pi.  ge'nera).  (Logic)  kind  of  things 
including  subordinate  kinds  or  species  (highest 
fir.,  not  itself  subordinated  as  species  to  higher 
g.;  subaltern  fir.,  so  subordinated) ;  (Zool.,  Sot.) 
group  of  animals  or  plants  having  common 
structural  characteristics  distinct  from  those 
of  all  other  groups,  &  usu.  containing  several 
species  (see  class  ;  the  generic  &  specific 
names,  the  former  with  capital  initial,  form 
the  proper  name  ;  the  genus  Homo,  mankind) ; 
(loosely)  kind,  class,  order,  tribe.  IL,  genit. 
■eris  race  f.  Aryan  as  prec] 

-geny  (j-),  suf.  forming  nn.  indicating  mode 
of  production  f.  F  -gbnxe  (-gen),  as  anthropo- 
geny  history  of  human  evolution,  often  with 
corresp.  nn.  in  -genesis  &  adjj.  in  -genetic. 

geo-  ( j-),  comb,  form  of  Gk  ge  earth  (Gk  geo-), 
as  -dyna'mic  of  the  latent  forces  of  the  earth, 
-sele'nic  of  earth  &  moon. 

geocentric,  a.  Considered  as  viewed  from 
the  earth's  centre  (g.  latitude  of  planet,  in 
which  it  would  appear  to  observer  at  earth's 
centre) ;  having  or  representing  the  earth  as 
centre,    [prec,  centric  (centre  r,  -ic)] 

geode  ( j-),  n.  (Concretionary  stone  contain- 
ing) cavity  lined  with  crystals  or  other  mineral 
matter.  Hence  ged'dic  a.  [f.  F  gtode  f.  L  f. 
Gk  geodes  earthy  (ge  earth,  -ode)] 

geo'desy,  n.  Branch  of  mathematics  dealing 
with  figure  &  area  of  the  earth  or  large  por- 
tions of  it  So  geodesic,  geodetic,  aa. 
(-sic,  -tic,  line,  shortest  possible  on  surface  be- 
tween two  points),  geodetic  al  a.,  geode*- 
tiealLY 2  adv.,  geo*desiST(3)  n.  [f.  F geodisie 
f.  mod.L  f.  Gk  QKO(daisia  f.  daid  divide)] 

geo'gnosy,  n.  =  geology  ;  geology  of  a 
district ;  knowledge  of  the  mineral  character, 

Grouping,  &  distribution,  of  particular  rocks, 
o  geogno'stic(AL)  aa.  [f.  F  gtognosie  (geo-, 
Gk  gnosis  knowledge,  gnostos  known) 

geogra*phie(al),  aa.  Of  geography  (-ic  lati- 
tude, angle  made  with  plane  of  equator  by  per- 
pendicular to  earth's  surface  at  any  point ;  -al 
mile,  =  V  of  longitude  on  equator  or  about 
2000  yds).  Hence  geogra'phicalLY 2  adv. 
[f.  Gk  GEO(graphikos  graphic)  4-  -al] 

geo'graphy,  n.  Science  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face, form,  physical  features,  natural  &  politi- 
cal divisions,  climate,  productions,  population, 
&c  (mathematical,  physical,  &  political,  g., 
the  science  in  these  aspects) ;  subject-matter  of 
g. ;  features,  arrangement,  of  place ;  treatise  or 
manual  of  g.  So  geo'GRAPHER  n.  [f.  F  fir^o- 
graphie  f.  L  f.  Gk  OEO(graphia  -graphy)] 

geo'logize,  v.i.  &  t.  Devote  time  to  examin- 
ing places  geologically,  collecting  specimens, 
&c  ;  examine  (place)  thus.     [foll.+  -iZE] 

geo'logy,  n.  Science  of  the  earth's  crust,  its 
strata,  &  their  relations  &  changes  ;  geological 
features  of  district.     Hence  geolo*gic(AL)  aa. 


ge'omancy,  n.  Divination  from  figure  gi  ven 
by  handful  of  earth  thrown  down,  &  hence  from 
figures  given  by  dots  made  at  random.  Hence 
or  cogn.  geomaneER1  n.,  geoma'ntic  a. 
[f.  F  gbomancie  f.  L  f.  Gk  GEO(manteia  -m ancy)] 

geo'meter,  n.  Person  skilled  in  geometry ; 
kinds  of  caterpillar  &  corresp.  moth  (from  cater- 


GEOMETRIC 


345 


GESTICULATE 


pillar's  seeming  to  measure  ground  by  its  mode 
of  walking),  [f.  L  f.  Gk  GEO(metres  measurer)] 
geome'tpie(al),  aa.  Of,  according  to,  geo- 
metry (-al  tracery,  with  openings  of  g.  form,  as 
circles,  trefoils,  &c.;  -alpi^oportion,  involving 
equal  ratios  in  its  two  parts,  as  1 : 3 : :  4 :  12 ;  -al 
progression,  with  constant  ratio  between  suc- 
cessive quantities,  as  1 : 3 : 9 :  27  :  81 ;  g.  spider, 
constructing  web  of  g.  pattern).  Hence  geo- 
me'triealLY2  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  geometrikos 
(prec,  -ic)  +  -al] 

g-eo'metrize,  v.i.  &  t.  Work,  form,  by  geo- 
metrical methods,  [foil.  +  -ize] 
g-ed'metpy,  n.  Science  of  properties  &  re- 
lations "of  magnitudes  (as  lines,  surfaces,  solids) 
in  space.  So  geometprciAN  n.  [f.  F  ge'ome'- 
trie  f.  L  f.  Gk  GKO(metria  measuring)] 
g-eo'phagy  (-ji),  n.  =T>mT-eating.  Sogfeo'- 
phag-isxU)  n.  [geo-,  Gk  -phagia  -eating] 
geopd'nie,  a.  (pedantic  or  facet.).  Agricul- 
tural, [f.  Gk  GKO(ponikos  f.  ponos  toil  +  -ic)] 
George  (jorj),  n.  St  G.,  patron  saint  of 
England  from  time  of  Edw.  Ill  who  chose  him 
as  patron  of  Order  of  the  Garter  (St  G.'s  day, 
23rd  April ;  St  G.'s  cross,  vertical  &  horizontal 
red  bars  crossing  in  centre) ;  G.,  jewel  forming 
part  of  Garter  insignia  ;by  G.,  oath  or  exclama- 
tion, [f.  L  f.  Gk  Gebrgios  supposed  prince  of 
Cappadocia  martyred  under  Diocletian] 
Geop'g-ian1  (jorji-),  a.  Of  the  time  of  the 
Georges  Kings  of  England,  [-ian] 
Geop'gian2  (jorjl-),  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant, 
language)  of  Georgia  in  the  Caucasus  ;  (inhabi- 
tant) of  Georgia  in  U.S.  [-an] 
Geop'gic  (.ior),  n.  One  book  (first,  fourth,  G.) 
of  the  Gg.,  Virgil's  poem  on  husbandry,  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  georgika  pi.  neut.  adj.  (georgos  husband- 
man f.  geo-,  erg-  work,  -ic)] 
ged'tpopism,  n.  Plant-growth  in  relation 
to  gravity  (positive  g.,  tendency  of  roots  to 
grow  towards,  negative  g.,  of  stems  to  grow 
away  from,  centre  of  earth).  So  geotpd'pic  a. , 
g-eotPO*piCALLY  adv.  [geo-,  Gk  tropikos 
(trope  a  turning  f.  trepo  turn  +  -ic,  -ism)] 
gera'nium,  n.  Kinds  of  wild  herbaceous 
plant  bearing  fruit  like  crane's  bill,  Crane's-bill; 
kinds  of  cultivated  pelargonium ;  colour  of  the 
scarlet  g.  [L,  f.  Gk  geranion  (geranos  crane)] 
g-ep'faleon  (j-),n.  Any  large  northern  falcon, 
esp.  the  Icelandic,  [f.  OP  gerfaucon  prob.  f. 
OHG  glr  vulture  cf.  G  geier,  falcon] 
germ,  n. ,  &  v. i.  Portion  of  organism  capable 
of  developing  into  a  new  one  (germ-,  usu.  of 
female  reproductive  element,  opp.  sperm-), 
rudiment  of  animal  or  plant ;  micro-organism 
or  microbe,  esp.  one  of  those  supposed  to  cause 
disease ;  (fig.)  that  from  which  something  may 
spring,  elementary  principle  (in  g.,  not  yet  de- 
veloped); (vb)  germinate,  sprout,  (fig.  only), 
[f.  F  germe  f.  L  germen  etym.  dub.] 
gep'man1,  a.  (Now  only  as  appended  to 
brother,  sister,  cousin)  in  the  fullest  sense 
of  relationship ;  =  germane,  [f.  OF  germain  f. 
L  germanus  of  same  parents  cogn.  w.  J>recj 
Gep'man2,  a.  &  n.  Of,  characterizing,  Ger- 
many or  its  inhabitants  or  language  (G.  measles, 
contagious  disease  like  mild  measles ;  G.  Ocean, 
North  Sea  ;  G.  sausage,  large  kind  stuffed  with 
spiced  partly  cooked  meat ;  G.  text,  black  letter ; 
G.  silver,  white  alloy  of  nickel,  zinc,  &  copper). 
(N.)  native,  language,  of  Germany  (High  G., 
form  of  G  orig.  spoken  in  South,  but  now  in 
literary  use  throughout  Germany;  Low  G., 
dialects  of  Germany  that  are  not  High  G.,  also, 
all  forms  of  WG,  including  English  &  Dutch, 
except  High  G.  Hence  Gep'maniSH1  a., 
Gep'maniSM(2,  3,  4),  Gep'man ist(1,  3),  nn., 
Gep*maniZE(2,  3,  4)  v.t.  &  i.,  GermanlzA- 


tion,  Gep'manizER 1 ,  nn. ,  Gepma'no-  comb, 
form.,  Gepma'noMA'NiA  n.,  Germa-no- 
phil,  Gepma'noPHOBE,  aa.  &  nn.,  Ger- 
mano'philiST,  Gepma'noPHOBiA, nn.  [f. L 
Germanus  a.  &  n.  of  related  peoples  of  central 
&  N.  Europe,  name  perh.  given  by  Celts  to  their 
neighbours  (cf.  Olr.  gair  neighbour)] 

germa'ndep  ( j-),  n.  Kinds  of  plant  esp.  the 
blue-flowered  G.  speedwell,  [f.  med.L  german- 
dra  f.  late  Gk  khamandrua  (khamaidrus  f. 
khamai  on  the  ground,  drus  oak)] 

gepma'ne,  a.  Relevant,  pertinent,  to  the 
matter  or  subject,    [var.  of  German  *] 

Gepma'nie,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  Germans  (chiefly 
hist,  in  G.  Confederation,  G.  Empire) ;  of  the 
Teutonic  race  or  any  Teutonic  people  (of  lan- 
guage, ^primitive  Teutonic  ;  also  with  limiting 
word :  East  G.,  Gothic  &  some  almost  lost  lan- 
guages as  Burgundian  &  Vandal ;  North  G„ 
Scandinavian ;  West  G.,  High  &  Low  German, 
English,  Frisian, Dutch,  &c. ;  see  also  indo-(?.). 
[f.  L  Germanicus  (German2,  -ic)] 

Gepma'nity,  n.  Characteristic  German 
qualities,    [-itv] 

ger'men,  n.  (bot.).  Rudiment  of  seed-vessel, 
ovary.    [L,  genit.  -inis, = germ] 

g-ep'micide,  n.  &  a.  (Substance)  having 
power  to  destroy  (esp.  disease-)germs.  Hence 
gepmiei'dAL  a.    j-i-,  -cide] 

g-ep'minal,  a.  Of  germs,  of  the  nature  of  a 
germ;  in  the  earliest  stage  of  development. 
Hence  g-ep'minalLY  2  adv.    [germen,  -al] 

gep'minate,  v.i.  &  t.  Sprout,  bud,  put  forth 
shoots,  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  cause  to  shoot,  develop 
(trans.),  produce.  Hence  or  cogn.  ger'min- 
ANTa.  (intr.,  usu.  fig.),  grepminA'TiON,  g-ep*- 
minatOR2(2),  nn.,  g-ep'minATiVE  a.  [f.  L 
germinare  (germen),  -ate  3] 

gep'mon  (j-),  n.    Long-finned  tunny.    [F] 

g-eponto'epaey  (g-,  j-),  n.  Government  by, 
governing  body  of,  old  men.  [f .  Gk  geron  -ontos 
old  man,  -cracv] 

-gerous,  suf.  (in  use  -igerous,  see  -i-)  f.  L 
-ger  bearing  (gerere  bear)+-ous ;  in  some  words 
taken  f.  L,  &  freely  added  to  L  stems,  as  in 
frondigerous  leaf -bearing. 

geppyma-ndep,  v.t,  &  n.  Manipulate  (con- 
stituency &c.)  unfairly  so  as  to  secure  dispro- 
portionate influence  at  election  for  some  party 
or  class;  hence  geppyma'ndePER1  n.  (N.) 
such  manipulation,  [vb  f.  n.,  orig.  U.S.;  anec- 
dotic ;  substitution  of  name  of  governor  Gerry 
of  Massachusetts  for  sala-  in  salamander] 

ge'pund,  n.  Forms  of  Latin  verb  (-ndum, 
-ndi,  -ndo)  serving  as  cases  of  the  infinitive  in 
its  noun  use,  constructed  as  nouns  but  able  to 
govern  like  their  verb ;  English  verbal  noun  in 
-ing  1  when  used  distinctly  as  part  of  verb  (his 
doing  this  is  doubtful) ;  g.-gnnder,  teacher  of 
Latin.  So  gepvrndiAL  a.  [f.  L  gerundixtm 
prob.  f.  gerundum  neut.  gerundive  &  gerund 
of  gerere  do = thing  to  be  done,  doing] 

gepu'ndive,  a.  &  n.  Of,  like,  the  gerund ; 
(n. ;  in  L  Gram.)  verbal  adjective  from  gerund 
stem  having  sense  that  should  be  done  &c. 
Hence  g-erundrvA  l  a. ,  gepirndi  veL  y  2  adv. 
[f.  LL  gerundivus  (prec.,  -ive)] 

ge'sso  (j-),  n.     Plaster  of  Paris,  gypsum, 

f)repared  for  use  in  painting  &  in  sculpture. 
It.,  f.  L  gypsum] 

gesta'tion,  n.  Carrying  or  being  carried 
in  the  womb  between  conception  &  birth, 
this  period,  [f.  L  gestatio  (gesture  frequent, 
of  gerere  carry,  -ation)] 

gestatop'ial,  a.  G.  chair,  for  carrying  the 
Pope  on  certain  occasions,  [f.  L  gestatorius 
(gestator  carrier  as  prec.  +  -or2,  -orv)] 

gesticulate,  v.i.  &  t.    Use  expressive  mo- 


GESTURE 


346 


GHEE 


tion  of  limbs  or  body  with  or  instead  of  speech  ; 
express  thus.  So  gesti'eulATTON,  gesti'- 
culatOR2,  nn.,  gesti'eulATiVE,  gestFeula- 

tORY,  aa.    [f.  L  gesticulari  (gesticulus  dim.  of 

gestus  GESTURE,  -ATE3] 

ge'sture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Significant 
movement  of  limb  or  body ;  use  of  such  move- 
ments as  expression  of  feeling  or  rhetorical  de- 
vice ;  (vb)  =  gesticulate,  [f.  med.L  gestura 
(L  gerere  gest-  wield,  -ure)] 

get1  (g-),  v.t.  &  i.  (got;  also  p.p.  -gotten  in 
comb.,  as  ill-gotten).  Obtain,  procure,  by  effort 
or  contrivance,  earn  {cannot  g.  a  living),  gain 
(got  little  by  it),  win  (g.  the  upper  hand,  start, 
advantage,  sun,  wind,  better,  of  a  person  ;  g. 
the  best  of  it,  be  victorious ;  g.  fame,  credit, 
glory,  &c;  g.  knowledge  or  wind  of,  learn,  hear 
rumours  of) ;  learn  by  heart  or  rote  ;  obtain  as 
result  of  calculation  (we  g.  9-5  as  the  average) ; 
receive  as  gift,  wages,  &c. ;  extract  by  prayer, 
demand,  inquiry,  &c.  (from,  out  of;  could  not 
g.  leave,  any  supper) ;  come  to  have  (desired 
thing,  as  rest,  one's  way,  speech  of  some  one,  a 
sight  of,  possession  of;  g.  religion,  be  con- 
verted) ;  contract  (idea  &c;  also  fir.  it  into  one's 
head,  be  convinced ;  g.  measles  &c;  g.  person 
or  thing  on  the  brain,  think  of  him  exclusively, 
on  one's  nerves,  be  irritably  affected  by  him) ; 
(of  story  &c. )  g.  wind,  become  known  ;  have  in- 
flicted on  one,  suffer,  receive  as  one's  lot  or 
penalty,  (fall,  blow,  the  worst  of  it,  six  months ; 
g.  it,  be  punished,  scolded,  &c. ;  g.  the  boot  1, 
sack  l,  mitten)  ;  (with /or  or ind.  obj.)  procure, 
provide,  (got  him  a  place ;  we  cang.  it  for  you) ; 
catch  (fish  &c.) ;  bring  in,  carry  home,  (crop) ; 
what  has  got  him?,  become  of  him;  (colloq.) 
corner,  puzzle,  catch  in  argument,  (esp.  in  perf. 
&  past) ;  (colloq.)  take,  eat,  (dinner  &c.) ;  (colloq., 
in  perf.)  have  (have  not  got  a  penny ;  it  has  got 
to  be  done,  must) ;  (of  animals)  beget ;  (with 
compl.)  succeed  in  bringing,  placing,  &c.  (got  it 
overboard,  through  the  custom-house,  into  the 
room,  &c),  bring  into  some  state  (g.  with  child, 
make  pregnant ;  g.  them  ready ;  g.  person  upon 
a  subject,  make  him  talk  of  it;  g.  ship  under 
way,  start  her ;  esp.  with  p.p.  as  g.  it  done,  got 
the  laws  obeyed),  suffer  injury  &c.  to  some  part 
of  one  (got  my  wrist  dislocated ;  shall  g.  my 
feet  wet) ;  induce,  prevail  upon,  (person)  to  do. 
(Intr.):  succeed  in  coming  or  going  to,  from, 
into,  out  of,  through,  over,  here,  there,  as  far 
as,  &c.  (where  has  it  got  to  ?,  what  has  become 
of  it ;  g.  there  slang,  succeed) ;  (slang)  be  off, 
clear  out ;  (with  infln.)  acquire  habit  (one  soon 
gets  to  like  it) ;  come  to  be  doing  (they  got  talk- 
ing) ;  become  (g.  tired,  hot,  excited,  drunk ;  g. 
well,  better,  recover  from  illness ;  g.  clear,  rid, 
or  quit,  of;  g.  under  way,  begin  to  sail ;  g.  done 
with,  bring  to  an  end ;  g.  married,  used  to  it, 
shelved).  (With  prepp.) :  g.  at,  reach  (whence 
get-a't-ABLE  a.),  get  hold  of,  ascertain,  (slang) 
tamper  with,  bribe,  &c,  (slang)  attack,  banter, 
(who  are  you  getting  at  ?,  often  =  trying  to  im- 
pose upon— expressing  incredulity) ;  g.  into, 
(colloq.)  put  on  (boots,  clothes),  (of  liquor)  affect, 
confuse,  (one's  head) ;  g.  off,  dismount  from, 
obtain  release  from  (engagement  &c),  not  re- 
main on  (the  grass  &c.) ;  g.  on,  mount  (horse  &c), 
rise  on  one's  feet  or  legs  to  speak  in  public  ;  g. 
over,  surmount  (difficulty),  show  (evidence, 
argument)  to  be  unconvincing,  recover  from 
(illness)  or  from  surprise  at,  accomplish  (dis- 
tance, task,  &c),  (slang)  circumvent ;  g.  round, 
cajole,  evade  ;  g.  through,  bring  to  an  end,  (of 
Bill  &c.)  be  passed  by  (Lords,  Commons,  &c), 
while  away  (time  &c.) :  g.  to,  begin  (business 
&c);  g.  upon,=g.  on.  (With  advv.):  g.  aboid,go 
from  place  to  place,  begin  walking  after  illness 


&c, (of  rumours)  be  circulated ;g.  abroad,  (of  ru- 
mours) =g.  about ;  g.  along,  advance,  meet  with 
success,  fare  ill  or  well  &c,  manage  without 
something,  live  harmoniously  togetlier  or  with, 
(colloq.)  g.  along  with  you!,  be  off,  nonsense; 
g.  away,  escape,  start,  (imperat.)  be  off!;  g. 
back,  come  home  &c,  recover  (lost  thing) ;  g. 
down,  dismount;  g.  in,  be  elected  as  M.P., 
enter  (carriage),  bring  home  (crop),  collect 
(debts  &c),  fit  (work  &c.)  into  given  time,  suc- 
ceed in  placing  (blow),  g.  one's  hand  in,  become 
at  home  with  some  operation,  can't  g.  in  a 
word  edgeways  ;  g.  off,  escape  (t.  &  i.),  start, 
go  to  sleep,  be  acquitted  or  pardoned,  be  let  off 
with  or  for  specified  penalty,  procure  acquittal 
or  slight  penalty  for  (person) ;  g.  on,  don,  dis- 
play (pace),  advance,  make  progress,  prosper, 
fare,  manage  without  something,  agree  or  live 
sociably  with,  be  getting  on  for,  approaching 
(an  age  &c);  g.  out,  (imperat.)  be  off!,  non- 
sense !,  transpire,  elicit,  succeed  in  uttering, 
publishing,  &c. :  g.  out  of,  issue  or  escape  from 
(got  out  of  bed  on  wrong  side,  is  in  bad  temper ; 
g.  out  of  sight,  one's  depth,  disappear,  be  in  too 
deep  water  to  stand ;  g.  out  of  hand,  break 
from  control,  also  finish  work  &c),  abandon 
(habit)  gradually,  evade  doing,  elicit  (informa- 
tion) or  obtain  (money)  from  (person) ;  g.  over, 
bring  (troublesome  task)  to  an  end  ;  g.  through, 
bring  to  or  reach  destination,  (of  Bill)  be  passed 
in  Parliament,  succeed  in  an  examination  ;  g. 
through  with,  succeed  in  doing  or  enduring ; 
g.  together,  collect  (t.  &  i.) ;  g.  under,  subdue 
(fire) ;  g.  up,  rise  esp.  from  bed,  mount  esp.  on 
horseback,  (of  fire,  wind,  sea)  begin  to  be  vio- 
lent, (of  game)  rise  from  cover,  (of  cricket-ball) 
rise  sharply  from  pitch,  organize,  set  on  foot, 
(of  laundress)  dress  (linen),  make  presentable, 
arrange  the  appearance  of,  (hair,  the  person, 
mounting  of  play,  binding  &  print  of  book), 
make  rise  (I  got  my,  his,  backup,  became,  made 
him,  angry  or  stubborn),  produce  (g.  up  steam, 
enough  to  work  engine,  also  fig.  of  working  one- 
self into  anger  or  energy),  work  up  (factitious 
emotion  ;  subject  for  examination  &c).  Hence 
ge'ttABLE  a.  [f.  ON  geta  =  OE  -gietan  cf.  G 
(ver)gessen,  f.  Aryan  ghed-  seize,  whence  L 
praeda  =  prae-heda  &  Gk  ekhadon] 

get2,  n.  Begetting,  offspring,  (of  animals,  esp. 
in  sporting  talk),    [f.  prec] 

get-up,  n.  Style  of  equipment  or  costume  ; 
style  of  production  of  book  &c.    [get1] 

ge'um  (j-),  n.  Kinds  of  rosaceous  plant, 
Avens,  as  HERB-bennet.  [L,  prob.  =  herb-bennet] 

gewgaw  (g-),  n.  Gaudy  plaything  or  orna- 
ment, bauble ;  paltry  showy  trifle,  [from  13th  c. ; 
ME  giuegoue  etym.  dub.] 

gey  (ga),  adv.  (Sc).  Very,  considerably,  (also 
adj.  g.  &  — ,  in  same  sense),    [var.  of  gay] 

geysep(gaz-,giz-),  n.  Intermittent hotspring 
throwing  up  column  of  water ;  apparatus  for 
heating  water,  [f.  Icel.  Geysir  name  of  a  parti- 
cular specimen  in  Iceland  (geysa  to  gush)] 

gha'stly  (gah-,ga-), a.&adv.  Horrible, fright- 
ful, shocking;  (exagg.)  objectionable;  deathlike, 
pale,  wan,  lurid ;  (of  smile  &c.) painfully  forced ; 
(adv.,  chiefly  with  adj.  as  g.  pale)  ghastlilv. 
Hence  gha'stliLY  2  adv.,  gha'stliNESS  n.  | f. 
obs.  gast,  OE  gxstan  terrify  cogn.  w.  ghost] 

gha*u)t  (gawt),  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Eastern, 
Western,  Og„  two  mountain  chains  along  E.  & 
W.  sides  of  Southern  Hindostan  ;  mountain 
pass,  defile;  flight  of  steps  leading  to  river, 
landing-place.    [Hind,  ghat] 

Ghazi  (gah-),  n.  Mohammedan  anti-infidel 
fanatic.    [Arab.  p.p.  of  ghaza  fight] 

ghee  (ge),  n.  Indian  buffalo-milk  butter  clari- 
fied to  resemble  oil.    [f.  hind,  ghi] 


GHERKIN 


347 


GILL 


gheirkin  (ger-),  n.  Young  green,  or  small 
kind  of,  cucumber  used  for  pickling,  [f.  Du. 
*gurkkijn  (now  gurkje)  f.  Slavonic  cf.  late  Gk 
aggourion  etym.  dub.] 

ghetto  (ge-),  n.  Jews'  quarter  in  city.  [It., 
perh.  abbr.  of  borghetto  (borgo  borough)] 

Ghi'belline  (gi-),  n.  &  a.  One  of  emperor's 
faction  (opp.  guelph)  in  medieval  Italian  states; 
hence  Ghi*belliniSM(3)  n.  (Adj.)  adhering  to 
Gg.  [f.  It.  Ohibellino  perh.  f.  G  Waiblingen 
estate  belonging  to  Hohenstaufen  emperors] 

ghost  (go),  fr.  Principle  of  life  (now  only  in 
give  up  the  g.,  die) ;  Spirit  of  God  (now  only  in 
Holy  G.,  Third  Person  of  Trinity) ;  soul  of  dead 
person  in  Hades  &c. ;  dead  person  appearing  to 
the  living  (raise,  lay,  g.,  cause  it  to  appear  or 
cease  appearing),  apparition,  spectre  ;  emaci- 
ated person  ;  shadowy  outline  or  semblance 
(not  the  g.  of  a  chance,  none  at  all);  (Opt.)  bright 
spot  or  secondary  image  in  field  of  telescope 
due  to  defect  of  lens  ;  artistic  or  literary  hack 
doing  the  work  for  which  his  employer  takes 
credit.  Hence  gho*stHOOD  n.,  gho'stLiKE  a. 
[com.-WG  ;  OE  gdst  cf.  G  geist;  prob.  cogn.  w. 
ON  geisa  rage  &  Goth,  usgaisjan  terrify] 

gho'stly,  a.  (Archaic)  spiritual,  incorporeal, 
concerned  with  sacred  or  ecclesiastical  matters, 
(our  g.  enemy,  the  Devil ;  g.  father,  adviser,  di- 
rector, &c,  confessor;  g.  comfort,  counsel,  &c, 
administered  by  priest ;  fir.  weapons,  religious 
arguments,  ecclesiastical  penalties,  &c.) ;  (as) 
of  a  ghost,  spectral.  Hence  gho'stliNESS  n. 
[OE  grristticjprec,  -LV1)] 

ghoul  (gool),  n.  Spirit  preying  on  corpses  in 
Eastern  tales.  Hence  ghoirliSH  i  a.,  ghou'l- 
ishLY  2  adv.     [f.  Arab,  ghul  f.  vb  =  seize] 

aia'llo  ant i' co  (jah-,  -te-),  n.  Rich  yellow 
marble  found  in  Italian  ruins.    [It] 

gi'ant,  n.  &  a.  Being  of  human  form  but 
superhuman  stature,  (Gk  mythol.)  one  of  the 
sons  of  Gaea  (Earth)  &  Uranus  (Heaven)  or 
Tartarus  (Hell)  who  warred  against  the  Gods : 
agency  of  enormous  power;  abnormally  tall 
person,  animal,  or  plant;  person  of  extra- 
ordinary ability,  courage,  strength,  &c.  (there 
were  gg.  in  those  days,  our  fathers  were  superior 
to  us) ;  gr.  cement,  specially  tenacious  kind  ;  fir.- 
poivder,  kind  of  dynamite;  g.('s)-stride,  gym- 
nastic apparatus  of  pole  with  revolving  head  & 
hanging  ropes  enabling  user  to  take  huge 
strides  round  pole;  hence  gi'antESS1  n., 
gi'antLiKE  a.  (Adj.)  of  extraordinary  size  or 
force,  gigantic,  monstrous,  (often  in  plant 
names).  [ME  geant  (afterwards  affected  by  L)  f. 
OF  geant  f.  Lr.Gk gigant-  nom.  -gas  etym.  dub.] 

giaour  (jowr),  n.  (Turkish  contemptuous 
name  for)  infidel,  esp.  Christian,  [f.  Pers.  gaur] 

gi'bben  (j-,  g-),  v.i.,  &  n.  Speak  fast  &  in- 
articulately, chatter  like  an  ape ;  (n.)  such 
speech  or  sound,    [imit.] 

gi'bberish  (g-),  n.  Unintelligible  speech, 
meaningless  sounds,  jargon,  blundering  or  un- 
grammatical  talk.  [perh.  f.  prec.  (but  found 
earlier)  +  -ish1  as  used  in  names  of  langg.] 

gi'bbet  (j-),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Orig.)  gallows ;  (later) 
upright  post  with  arm  on  which  bodies  of  exe- 
cuted criminals  were  hung  up ;  death  by  hang- 
ing. ( Vb)  put  to  death  by  hanging  ;  expose  on 
g. ;  hang  up  as  on  g. ;  hold  up  to  infamy  or  con- 
tempt,   [f.  OF  gibet  gallows  dim.  of  gibe  club] 

gi'bbon  (g-),  n.  Kinds  of  long-armed  ape  esp. 
of  Indian  archipelago.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

gi'bbous  (g),  a.  Convex,  protuberant ;  (of 
moon  or  planet)  having  bright  part  greater 
than  semicircle  &  less  than  circle;  humped, 
hunchbacked.  Hence  or  cogn.  gibbft'siTY  n., 
gibbo'so-  comb,  form,  gi'bbousLY2  adv.  [f. 
L  gibbus  hump  +  -ous,  cf.  L  gibbosus] 


gibe  (j),  jibe,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.    Flout,  jeer, 
mock,  (as  vb,  with  at,  or  trans.,  or  abs.).  Hence 


gPbER 


gi'bingLV2  adv.     [perh.   f.  OF 


giber  handle  roughly,  use  horseplay,  or  cogn. 
w.  ON  geip  idle  talk] 

gi'blets  ( j-),  n.  pi.  Parts  of  goose  taken  out 
or  cut  off  before   cooking,    as  liver,  gizzard, 

ginions,  feet ;  giblet  soup,  made  with  these,  [f. 
iF  gibelet  ragout  etym.  dub.] 

gi'bus(j-),  n.  Opera  or  crush  hat.  [G.,  maker] 

gi'ddy  (g-),  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Dizzy,  disposed  to 
fall,  stagger,  or  spin  round  ;  making  dizzy  (a  g. 
precipice,  maze,  success) ;  circling  with  be- 
wildering speed ;  mentally  intoxicated,  incap- 
able of  attention,  excitable,  frivolous  (play  the 
g.  goat,  fool),  inconstant,  nighty ;  g.-go-round, 
merry 2 -go- round  ;  hence  grddiLY2  adv., 
gi'ddiNESS  n.  (Vb)  make  or  become  g.  [OE 
gydig  insane  perh.  cogn.  w..god  cf.  Gk  entheos] 

gift  (g-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Giving  (would  not  have  it 
at  a  g.,  even  gratis ;  the  living  is  in  the  g.  of—, 
is  his  to  bestow ;  came  to  me  by  free  g.) ;  (Law) 
voluntary  transference  of  property  without 
consideration  ;  thing  given,  present,  donation ; 
faculty  miraculously  bestowed,  virtue  looked 
upon  as  emanation  from  heaven  &c,  (g.  of 
tongues)  ;  natural  endowment  (g.  of  the  gab), 
talent,  whence  gi*ftED 2  a.;  g.-book,  one  given 
or  suitable  forgiving  as  present ;  gr. -horse,  one 
given.  (Vb)  endow  with  gg.,  present  with  as 
g. ;  bestow  as  g.  (to  person  ;  away),  [prob.  f. 
ON  gift;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  OE  gift  payment  for 
bride,  Du.  &  G  gift  gift,  f.  OTeut.  giftiz  (give)] 

gig1  (g-),  n.  Light  two-wheeled  one-horsed 
carriage  (g.-lamps  slang,  spectacles  ;  gigman, 
person  who  keeps  g.,  member  of  gigmanity)  ; 
light  narrow  clinker-built  ship's-boat  for  oars 
or  sails ;  rowing-boat  chiefly  used  for  racing, 
[f.  obs.  gig  whipping-top,  etym.  dub.] 

gig2  (g-),  n.  Kind  of  fish-spear,  [short  for 
fizgig  f.  Sp.  fisga  harpoon  (corrupted  to  fishgig 
&  mistaken  for  compdj 

giga'ntie  ( j-),  a.    Giant-like  in  size,  stature, 


&c. ;  abnormally  large,  huge.    Hence  or  cogn. 
gigas  -antis  giant,  -Tc] 


gigantE'SQUE  a.,  glga'ntiCALLY  adv, 


gi'ggle  (g-),  v.i.,  &  n.  Laugh  like  an  affected, 
ill-bred,  i 


lgh.    [imit. ;  cf.  Du.  giggelen,  G  gichelen] 
i'glet,  -ot,  (g-),  n.    Giggling  girl.    [orig. 
vd  woman,  from  14th  c,  etym.  dub. ;  no 


or  undisciplined  girl,  titter,  have  small 
bursts  of  half  suppressed  laughter  ;*(n.)  such 
laugh. 

lewd  woman,  from  I4ti 
associated  with  prec] 

gigma'nity  (g),  n.  The  respectable  un- 
imaginative middle  classes,  Philistines,  [gig- 
man (gig  M  +  -ity  (Carlylese  wds)] 

gig-mill  (g-),  n.  Machine  for  raising  nap  on 
cloth  ;  building  in  which  these  stand,  [f.  obs. 
gig  whipping-top] 

gild1  (g-),  v.t.  (p.p.  usu.  gilded  in  the  fully 
verbal  use  &  in  fig.  use  as  adj.,  gilt  as  adj.  in 
lit.  sense).  Cover  with  thin  layer  of  gold  laid 
on  as  gold  leaf  or  otherwise  (g.  pill,  soften  down 
unpleasant  necessity),  whence  gi*ldER1,gi*ld- 
ing1  (2,  4),  nn. ;  make  (condition  &c.)  tolerable 
or  reputable  by  money  (or  with  money  &c.  as 
subj.);  tinge,  adorn,  with  golden  colour  or  light ; 
give  specious  brilliance  to  by  fair  words;  Gilded 
Chamber,  House  of  Lords ;  gilded  or  gilt  spurs, 
emblem  of  knighthood ;  gilded  yorrth,  the 
young  men  of  fashion  &  wealth  ;  gilt-cup,  but- 
tercup,   [f.  OE  (be)gyldan  (gold)] 

gild2.    See  guild. 

gill1  (g-),  n.  (usu.  pi.),  &  v.t.  Respiration 
organ(s)  in  fishes  &  other  water-breathing  ani- 
mals ;  wattles  or  dewlap  of  fowls ;  vertical 
radiating  plates  on  under  side  of  mushrooms 
&c. ;   flesh  below  person's  jaws  &  ears  (rosy 


GILL. 

about  the  gg.,  healthy-looking) ;  g.-cover,  bony 
case  protecting  fish's  gg. ;  g.-net,  for  entangling 
fishes  by  the  gg.;  hence  (-)glllED 2  a.  (Vb)gut 


(fish) ;  cut  off  gg.  of  (mushroom) ;  take  in  g.-net. 
;etym.  dub. ;  cf.  Sw.  gal,  also  Gk  kheilos  lip] 
gill2  (g-),  n.    Deep  usu.  wooded  ravine  ;  nar- 


row mountain  torrent,    [f.  ON  gil  glen] 

gill  3  (j-),  n.  Quarter-pint  liquid  measure  (in 
some  parts  half-pint),   [f.  OF  gille,  med.L  gillo] 

Gill «  ( j-),  n.  Jack  &  G.,  lad  &  lass.  [abbr.  of 
Gillian  f.  F  Juliane  f .  L  Juliana  (Julius)] 

gillaroo*  (g-),  n.  Irish  trout,  [f.  Ir.  giolla 
fellow,  ruadh  red] 

gi'llie  (g-),  n.  (Hist.)  Highland  chief's  atten- 
dant ;  man  or  boy  attending  sportsman  in  Scot- 
land,   [f.  Gael,  gille  lad,  servant} 

gillyflower  (  j-),  n.  (now  rare).  Clove-scented 
pink ;  other  similarly  scented  flowers,  as  wall- 
flowers, white  stock,  [f.  OF  girofle  f.  LL  f.  Gk 
karuophullon  (karuon  nut,  pfiullon  leaf)  w.  as- 
sim.  to  flower)] 

gilt1.    See  gild1. 

gilt2,n.  Gilding (takethe g.  offthe gingerbread, 
strip  thingof  adventitious  attractions);  g.-edged 
paper,  securities,  stocks,  Sec,  such  investments 
as  trustees  prefer  or  are  restricted  to.    [f.  prec] 

gi'mbal  (j-),  n.  (pi.  exc.  in  comb,  as  g.-ring 
&c).  Contrivance  (usu.  of  rings  &  pivots)  for 
keeping  articles  (esp.  compass  &  chronometer) 
horizontal  at  sea.  [f.  obs.  &  OF  gemel  finger- 
ring  &c.  f.  L  gemellus  dim.  of  geminus  twin] 

gi'meraek  (j-),  n.  &  a.  Trumpery  article, 
knick-knack,  useless  ornament ;  hence  gi*m- 
craekERy(o) n., gi'meraek Y2a.  (Adj.) showy 
&  flimsy,  worthless,  trumpery,  [earlier  gibecrake 
perh.  connected  w.  OF  giber  shake  &  crack] 

gi'mlet  (g-),  n.  Kind  of  boring-tool  (usu.  semi- 
cylindrical  with  wooden  crosspiece  as  handle 
&  worm  at  pointed  end),  [f.  OF  guimbelet  dim. 
of  the  unrecorded  Rom.  equivalent  of  obs.  wim- 
ble boring-tool,  cf.  LG  wemel  boring-tool,  Du. 
wemelen  move  about] 

gimp,  gymp,  (g-),  n.  Silk,  worsted,  or  cotton 
twist  with  cord  or  wire  running  through  it ; 
fishing-line  of  silk  &c.  bound  with  wire ;  (Lace- 
making)  coarser  thread  outliningdesign.  [etym. 
dub.;  cf.  Du.  gimp,  F  guipure] 

gin1  (j-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Snare,  net,  trap,  (n.  &  v.t); 
hoisting  apparatus,  kinds  of  crane  &  windlass ; 
machine  for  separating  cotton  from  its  seeds 
(vb,  remove  seeds  of  with  this),  [shortened  f. 
OF  engin  engine] 

gin2  (j-),  n.  Spirit  distilled  from  grainor  malt, 
geneva1;  g.-palace,  gaudily  decorated  public- 
house  ;  g.-shop,  dramshop  esp.  for  g. ;  g.-sling, 
American  cold  drink  of  g.  flavoured  &  sweet- 
ened,   [short  for  geneva  *] 

gi*ngall  (j-),  j-,  n.  Rest-musket  or  light 
s  wivelgun  in  China  &  India,    [f.  Hind,  janjal] 

gi'nger  ( jini-),  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  (Plant  with)  hot 
spicy  root  used  in  cooking  &  medicine  &  pre- 
served in  syrup  or  candy  as  sweetmeat  (black  g. , 
unscraped,  from  E.  Indies;  white  g.,  scraped, 
from  Jamaica);  mettle,  spirit ;  (of)  light  reddish- 
yellow  colour  (n.  &  a.)  ;  g.-ale,  -beer,  -pop,  kinds 
of  aerated  g. -flavoured  drink;  g.  -brandy,  a  cor- 
dial ;  gingerbread,  a  cake  made  with  treacle  & 
flavoured  with  g.  (take  the  gilt2  off  the  g.-b.; 
also  as  adj.,  with  allusion  to  fancy  and  often 
gilded  shapes  in  which  it  was  made,  gaudy, 
showy,  tawdry ;  g.-b.  nut,  small  button-like  cake 
of  it) ;  g.-nut,  gingerbread  nut ;  g.-race,  a  root 
of  g. ;  g.-wine,  a British  wine  of  fermented  sugar, 
water,  &  bruised  g. ;  hence  gi'nger  v  2  a.  (V  b) 
flavour  with  g.;  putg.  up  fundament  of  (horse) 
&TFD0(iuTce  liveliness,  (fig.)  rouse  up  (person). 
IOE  &  LL  gingiberf.  L zingiber f.  Gk  ziggiberis 
f.  fekr.  crngavera  (ci-nga  horn,  vera  body)] 


348 GIRL 

gingera'de,  n.  =  GiNGER-feeer.  [f.  prec. 
after  lemonade] 

gi'ngerly  ( jinj-),  adv.  &  a.  With,  showing, 
extreme  caution  so  as  to  avoid  making  a  noise 
or  injuring  oneself  or  what  is  touched  or  trod- 
den on.  [perh.  f.  OF  gensor  compar.  of  gent 
graceful  f.  L  genitus  (well-)born] 

gingham  (gi'ngam),  n.  Kind  of  cotton  or 
linen  cloth  of  dyed  yarn  often  in  stripes  or 
checks;  (colloq.)  umbrella,  [f.  F  guingan  ult. 
f.  Malay  gingang  (orig.  striped)] 

gi'ngili  (jinj-),  n.  (E.-Ind.  plant  yielding)  a 
sweet  oil.    ff .  Hind,  jinjali  f .  Arab,  juljulan] 

gingi'val  (jinj-),  a.  Of  the  gums.  [L  gingiva 
gum  +  -AL] 

gi*ngko(g-),n.  Japanese  tree  with  fan-shaped 
leaves.    [Jap.,  f.  Chin,  yinhing  silver  apricot] 

gl'nglymus  (j-),  n.  (anat.).  Hinge-like  joint 
in  body  with  motion  only  in  two  directions  (e.g. 
elbow),    [f.  Gk  gigglumos  hinge] 

gi'nseng  ( j-),  n.  (Root  -of)  medicinal  plant 
found  in  China,  Nepaul,  Canada,  &  Eastern  U.S. 
[f.  Chin,  jin  shin  (jin  man,  shin  perh.  =  image 
of  man,  w.  allusion  to  forked  root] 

gi'psy,  gy-t  (J-),  n.  Member  of  a  wandering 
race  (called  by  themselves  Romany)  of  Hindu 
origin  with  dark  skin  and  hair,  living  by  basket- 
making,  horse-dealing,  fortune-telling,  &c,  & 
speaking  a  much  corrupted  Hindi;  (playful) 
mischievous  or  dark-complexioned  woman ;  g.- 
bonnet,  with  large  side  flaps ;  g.-rose,  scabious; 
g. -table,  light  round  one  on  tripod.  Hence  gi'p- 


syDOM,  gi'psyHOOD,  gi*psyisM(2),nn.,  gi*p- 
syiSH1  a.,  gi'psyFY  (usu.  in  p.p.  -fled)  v.t. 
[earlier  gipcyan  for  Egyptian,  the  race  being 


supposed  to  come  from  Egypt  when  it  appeared 
in  England  in  early  16th  c] 

giraffe  (jirah^f,  .^f),  n.  African  ruminant 
quadruped  with  spotted  skin  &  long  neck  & 
legs,  camelopard.    [ult.  f.  Arab,  zarifah] 

gi'randole  (j-),  n.  Revolving  firework,  dis- 
charge of  rockets  from  revolving  wheel ;  re- 
volving jet  of  water;  branched  candle  bracket 
or  candlestick ;  ear-ring  or  pendant  with  large 
central  stone  surrounded  by  small  ones.  [F,  f. 
It.  girandola  (girare  f.  L  gyrare  revolve  f.  L 
f.  Gk  guros  circle)] 

grrasol(e)  ( j-),  n.  Kind  of  opal  reflecting 
reddish  glow,  fire-opal.  [It.  (-e),  f.  girare  see 
prec.  +  sole  sun,  orig.  =  sunflower] 

gird 1  (g-),  v.t.  (poet,  or  rhet.;  girded  or  girt). 
Encircle  (waist,  person  as  to  waist)  with  belt  &c. 
esp.  to  confine  clothes  (g.  oneself,  one's  loins, 
prepare  for  action,  often  with  up);  invest  with 
strength,  power,  &c;  equip  with  sword  in  belt ; 
fasten  (sword  &c.)  on  with  belt  (on  adv.  or  prep., 
upon,  to);  secure  (clothes)  on  body  with  girdle 
or  belt ;  put  (cord  &c. )  round;  encircle  (town  &c. ) 
with  besiegers  or  siege- works ;  (of  belt,  fence, 
&c. )  encircle.  [OE  gyrdan  cf.  G  giirten  cogn.  w. 

GIRTH  &  perh.  W.  GARTH,  YARD,  GARDEN] 

gird  2  (g-),  v.L,  &  n.    Jest,  gibe,  at.    [?1 

gir'der,  n.  Beam  supporting  joists  of  floor ; 
iron  or  steel  beam  for  like  use ;  latticed,  plate, 
or  other  compound  structure  forming  span  of 
bridge,  roof,  &c.    [gird  *  +  -er1] 

gir'dle1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Belt  or  (now  usu.)  cord 
used  to  gird  waist ;  something  that  surrounds 
like  a  g.;  (Anat.)  bony  supports  for  upper  & 
lower  limbs  (shoulder  or  pectoral,  pelvic  or  hip, 
g.) ;  ring  round  tree  made  by  removal  of  bark ; 
(vb)  surround  with  g.  (often  about,  in,  round) ; 
kill  (tree)  or  make  it  more  fruitful  by  girdling. 
[OE  gyrdel  see  gird  l,  -le(1),  cf.  G  gilrtel] 

gir'dle  2,  n.  (Sc.  &  north. ).  Circular  iron  plate 
hung  over  Are  for  toasting  cakes ;  g.-cake,  so 
made.    [var.  of  griddle] 

girl  (gerl),  n.  Female  child,  unmarried  woman, 


GIRONDIST 


349 


GLACIER 


(old  g.,  affectionate  or  disrespectful  address  or 
description  for  woman,  mare,&c. ;  the  gq. ,  daugh- 
ters or  family,  married  or  not) ;  maidservant ; 
man's  sweetheart  (often  best  g.).  Hence  gip'l- 
hood,  gip*liel-Y3J,  nn.,gip,liSH1a.,giP*lish- 
ly2  adv.,  gir'lishNESS  n.    [cf.  LG  gar  child] 

Giro'ndisttj-),  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  moderate 
republican  party  in  French  assembly  1791-3; 
(person)  of  such  views,  [f .  F  Girondiste  (Gironde 
French  department  from  which  leaders  of  party 
came)] 

girt1  (g-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Measurement  across  or 
round  surface  that  isnot  flat,  with  account  taken 
of  elevations  &  depressions.  (Vb)  measure  g. 
of ;  (of  trees  &c.)  measure  (so  much)  in  g.  [var. 
of  girth] 

girt2.    See  gird1. 

g-ipth  (g-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Leather  or  cloth  band 
tightened  round  body  of  horse  &c.  to  secure 
saddle  &c;  measurement  round  any  more  or 
less  cylindrical  thing ;  g.-web,  woven  material 
for  gg.  (Vb)  surround;  encircle  (horse  &c), 
secure  (saddle  &c),  with  g.;  measure  (so  much) 
in  g.    [f.  ON  georth  cogn.  w.  gird  x] 

gist  (j-),  n.  Real  ground  or  point,  substance 
or  pith  of  a  matter.  [OF,  3rd  sing.  pres.  of  g&sir 
lie  f.  L  jacere] 

gi'ttern  (g-),  n.  =  cithern,  [f.  OF  guiterne 
perh.  as  cithern] 

give1  (g-),  v.t.  &  i.  (gave,  given).  (General 
sense)  make  another  the  recipient  of  something 
in  subject's  possession  or  at  subject's  disposal 
(with  obj.  of  thing  given,  &  ind.  obj.  usu.  pre- 
ceding obj.  if  without  to  Se  following  it  if  with 
to;  in  pass.,  either  obj.  may  become  subj.,  the 
other  being  retained  without  to  if  direct,  with 
or  without  to  if  indirect.  Thus :  I  gave  him  a 
book ;  I  gave  £50  to  the  S.P.C.A.;  Igave  ithim; 
he  was  given  a  book ;  a  book  was  given  him ; 
the  S.P.C.A.  was  given  £50 ;  £50  was  given  to, 
or  given,  the  S.P.  C.A.  Corresponding  construc- 
tions are  to  be  assumed  with  the  various  senses 
unless  they  are  inapplicable  or  exceptions  are 
mentioned).  1.  Bestow  gratuitously,  hand  over 
as  present,  confer  ownership  of  with  or  without 
actual  delivery,  render  (benefit  &c.)  without 
payment,  (abs.)  bestow  alms  or  donations  (to); 
confer,  grant,  (favour,  honour,  &c.) ;  accord 
(one's  heart,  affection,  confidence);  (of  God,  &c.) 
grant  (faculty  &c,  or  to  be  or  do ;  g.  me,  in  im- 
perat.,  I  prefer  or  admire,  as  g.  me  the  good  old 
times);  bequeath ;  sanction  marriage  of  (daugh- 
ter &c. ;  usu.  in  marriage).  2.  Deliver,  hand 
over,  without  reference  to  ownership,  put  (food 
&c.)  before  one,  (g.  mitten,  sack1,  boot1,  cf. 
get),  administer  (medicine) ;  deliver  (message, 
love,  compliments,  &c.) ;  commit,  consign,  en- 
trust, (g.  into  custody  or  in  charge  j)  ;  pledge, 
assign  as  guarantee,  (one's  word,  honour,  Sec). 

3.  Make  over  in  exchange  or  payment,  pay,  sell 
for  price,  (g.  as  good  as  one  gets,  retort  ade- 
quately in  words  or  blows ;  so  g.  a  roland  for 
an  Oliver ;  g.  one  his  due,  admit  any  merits  he 
may  have ;  would  g.  the  world,  one's  ears,  make 
any  sacrifice  to  secure  or  for  something,  or  if). 

4.  Devote,  dedicate,  addict,  (gave  his  life  to  it ; 
much  given  to  these  pursjiits).  5.  Put  forth 
(some  action  or  effort)  to  affect  another  or  sim- 
ply (g.  him  a  kick ;  g.  a  jump,  cry,  Sec ;  g.  orders ; 
g.  some  one  one's  blessing;  g.  you  joy,  prob.  orig. 
with  ellipse  of  God,  now  taken  a,s=wish  with  J 
expressed  or  omitted ;  g.  the  time  of  day,  say 
good  morning,  evening,  &c);  deliver  (judgment 
&c.)  authoritatively  (g.  the  case,  or  it,  for  or 
against  person ;  in  cricket,  g.  batsman  out  or 
not  out);  (p.p.,  of  document)  dated;  provide 
(ball,  party,  dinner)  as  host.  6.  Present,  offer, 
expose,  hold  out,  show,  (g.  person  one's  hand ; 


g.  a  back,  stand  to  be  leapfrogged  over ;  g.  good 
example;  the  Times  gives  the  facts;  gives  no 
sign  of  life ;  thermometer  gives  80°  in  the  shade); 
read,  recite,  sing,  act,  perform,  (piece  &c).  7. 
Make  partaker  of,  impart,  be  source  of,  (gave 
me  his  sore  throat ;  gave  its  name  to  the  battle ; 
g.  a  piece  of  one's  mind,  scold,  reproach ;  g.  to 
the  world,  publish;  g.  person  to  understand, 
know,  Sec,  inform,  assure).  8.  Allot,  assign,  as- 
cribe, grant,  assume,  (he  icas  given  the  contract, 
the  name  of  John,  quarters  ;  under  the  given 
conditions ;  given  health,  the  thing  can  be  done). 

9.  Yield  as  product  or  result  (lamps  g.  a  bad 
light;   analysis  gives  the  following  figures). 

10.  Cause  or  allow  to  have  (solitude  gives  it  its 
only  charm ;  gave  me  mrcch  pain ;  this  gives  him 
a  right  to  complain;  g.  oneself  trouble,  take 
pains ;  g.  oneself  airs,  be  pretentious ;  gave  my- 
self an  hour  to  get  there ;  was  given  a  rest). 

11.  Collapse,  lose  firmness,  yield  to  pressure, 
become  relaxed,  make  room,  shrink.  12.  (Of 
window,  passage,  &c.)  look,  lead,  (up)on,  into. 
13.  (In  phrr.  with  obj.):  g.  birth  to,  bring  forth 
(lit.  &  fig.);  fir.  chase,  start  in  pursuit;  g.  ear, 
listen ;  g.  tongue  ;  g.  ground,  retreat ;  g.  it 
him  Sec,  administer  punishment  (often  hot); 
g.  place,  make  room,  yield  precedence,  be  super- 
seded or  succeeded  (by) ;  g.  rise  to,  occasion  ; 
g.  way,  retire,  fail  to  resist,  be  superseded  by 
(to),  be  dislodged,  break  down,  make  conces- 
sions, abandon  oneself  to  grief  &c,  fall  in  price, 
begin  to  row  or  row  harder.  14.  (With  advv.) : 
g.  away,  alienate  by  gift,  hand  over  (bride)  to 
bridegroom,  betray  or  expose  to  ridicule  or  de- 
tection (esp.  slang  g.  a.  the  show2),  distribute 
(prizes) ;  g.  back,  restore ;  g.  forth,  emit,  publish 
report ;  g.  in,  yield,  cease  fighting  or  arguing, 
hand  in  (document)  to  proper  official,  (p.p.) 
added  as  supplement ;  g.  off,  emit  (vapour  &c.) ; 
g.out,  announce,  emit,  distribute,  cease  or  break 
down  from  exhaustion  &c,  run  short ;  g.  over, 
cease  from  doing,  abandon  (habit  Sec),  desist, 
hand  over  (given  over,  abandoned  to  evil  courses 
&c);  fir.  up,  resign,  surrender,  part  with  (g.  up 
the  ghost),  deliver  (fugitive  &c.)  into  hands  of 
pursuers  &c,  abandon  oneself  to  a  feeling  &c, 
cease  to  have  to  do  with,  cease  from  effort,  (refl. 
&  p.p.)  devote  or  addict  to,  divulge  (names  of 
accomplices  &c),  pronounce  incurable  or  in- 
soluble, renounce  hope  of.  Hence  gi'VER l  n. 
[com.-Teut.;  OE  giefan  cf.  Du.  geven,  G  geben] 

give2j  n.  Yielding  to  pressure,  elasticity, 
(there  ts  no  g.  in  a  stone  floor) ;  g.-&-take, 
mutual  concession,  compromise,  exchange  of 
talk.    [f.  prec] 

gi'zzard  (g-),  n.  Bird's  second  stomach  for 
grinding  the  food  mixed  in  the  first  with  gastric 
juice ;  specially  muscular  stomach  of  some  fish, 
insects,  &  molluscs  ;  fret  one's  g.,  worry  ;  sticks 
in  one's  or.,  is  unpalatable  (fig.),  [f.  OF  g(u)iser 
perh.  f.  L  gigeria  pi.  cooked  entrails  of  fowl] 

gla'brous,  a.  (anat.  &c).  Free  from  hair  or 
down,  smooth-skinned,    [f.  L  glaber  +  -ous] 

gla'ce  (-ah"sa),  a.  (Of  cloth,  leather,  &c.) 
smooth,  polished  ;  (of  fruits)  iced,  sugared.   [F] 

g/la'cial  (asial,  -ashial,  -ashl),  a.  Of  ice,  icy ; 
(Chem.)  crystallized ;  (Geol.)  characterized,  pro- 
duced, by  the  presence  or  agency  of  ice  (g.  epoch, 
era,  period,  when  northern  hemisphere  was 
mostly  covered  with  ice-sheet).  Hence  gla'ci- 
alL v  2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  glacialis  (glades  ice,  -al)] 

gla'ciated  (-s-,  -sh-),  a.  Marked  or  polished 
by  ice-action ;  covered  with  glaciers  or  ice- 
sheet.  So  glaeiA'TioN  n.  [p.p.  of  unused  gla- 
ciate f.  L  glaciare  freeze,  -ate  3] 

gla'eier,  n.  Slowly  moving  river  or  mass  of 
ice  formed  by  accumulation  of  snow  on  high 
ground.   Hence  g*la*ciePED  2  a.   [F  (glace  ice)} 


GLACIS 


350 


GLEAN 


g-la'cis  (or  as  F),  n.  Bank  sloping  down  from 
fort,  on  which  attackers  are  exposed  to  fire. 
[F,  orig.  =  slippery  place  (OF  glacier  to  slip)] 
glad,  a.,  &  v.t.  Pleased  (pred.  only  ;  lam  g., 
g.  of  it,  g.  to  hear  it,  g.  that  it  is  so,  g.  it  is  so, 
shall  be  g.  to  come  &c. ;  iron.,  should  be  g.  to 
know) ;  (of  looks,  feelings,  &c.)  marked  by,  filled 
with,  expressing,  joy ;  (of  news  or  events)  giv- 
ing joy  ;  (of  nature  &c.)  bright,  beautiful ;  hence 
gla*ddEx6  v.t.,  gla*dLY2adv.,  gla'dNESsn., 
(poet.)  g-Ia'dsoME  a.,  gla'dsomeLY2  adv., 
gla'dsomeNESS  n.  ( V  b  ;  archaic)  make  g. 
[OE  glxd  cf.  Da.  &  Sw.  glad,  &  G  glatt  smooth 
(the  orig.  sense  cf.  L  glaber)] 
glade,  n.  Clear  open  space  or  passage  be- 
tween forest  trees.  [perh.  cogn.  w.  prec] 
gla'diatop,  n.  Man  trained  to  fight  with 
sword  or  other  weapon  at  ancient  Roman 
shows ;  political  &c.  champion  in  argument, 
controversialist.  So  gladiatoP'iAL  a.  [L 
(gladius  sword)] 

gla'diolus  (or  gladi'-),  n.  (pi.  -luses,  -It).  Iri- 
daceous  plant  with  sword-shaped  leaves  & 
bright  flower-spikes.  [L,  dim.  of  gladius  sword] 
Gla'dstone,  n.  &  a.  G.  (bag),  kind  of  light 
portmanteau;  G.  claret,  of  cheap  kinds  that 
became  common  by  Gladstone's  reduction  of 
duty  1860.  [W.  E.  G.,  statesman  d.  1898] 
g-lair,  n.,  &  v.t.  White  of  egg ;  kinds  of  ad- 
hesive preparation  made  from  it ;  any  similar 
viscid  substance ;  hence  glalp*EOUS,  glaip*  y 2, 
aa. ;  ( vb)  smear  with  g.  [f.  13th-c.  F  glaire  perh. 
f.  L  clara  fern,  of  clarus  clear] 
glaive,  n.  (archaic  &  poet.).  Broadsword, 
sword.  [OF,  perh.  f.  L  gladius  sword] 
gla-mour,  n.,  &  v.t.  Magic  enchantment, 
(cast  a  g.  over,  enchant) ;  delusive  or  alluring 
beauty  or  charm ;  hence  gla'mopous  a.  (Vb) 
affect  with  g.,  bewitch,  enchant,  [corruption 
of  grammar,  cf.  for  sense  gramarye] 
glance,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  weapon)  glide  off 
object  instead  of  striking  it  full  (often  aside, 
off) ;  (of  talk  or  talker)  pass  quickly  over,  glide 
off  or  from,  subject ;  g.  at,  make  passing  &  usu. 
sarcastic  allusion  to ;  (of  bright  object  or  light) 
flash,  dart,  gleam ;  (of  eye)  cast  momentary 
look,  flash,  (g.  at,  give  brief  look  at ;  g.  over, 
read  cursorily  ;  g.  down,  up,  &c. ;  g.  one's  eye, 
direct  it  at,  over,  &c. ;  hence  gla'neingLV 2 
adv.  (N.)  swift  oblique  movement  or  impact, 
(Cricket)  stroke  with  bat's  face  turned  slant- 
wise to  ball ;  (sudden  movement  producing) 
flash  or  gleam;  brief  look  (at,  into,  over,  &c). 
[perh.  nasalized  form  of  OF  glaichier  to  slip] 
gland,  n.  (Physiol.)  simple  or  complex  organ 
composed  of  nucleated  cells  secreting  consti- 
tuents of  the  blood  for  use  or  ejection ;  (Bot.) 
secreting  cell  or  group  of  cells  on  surface  of 
plant-structure.  So  (see  -ul-)  gla'ndULE  n., 
gla'ndulAR1,  glanduli'FEROus,  gla'ndu- 
Iose1  (bot),  gla'ndulous.  gla'ndLESs,  aa. 
(f .  F  glande  f.  OF  glandre  f .  Irglandula  (glans 
-dis  acorn,  -ule)] 

gla'ndeps,  n.  pi.  Contagious  horse-disease 
with  swellings  below  jaw  &  mucous  discharge 
from  nostrils ;  the  same  communicated  to  man. 
Hence  gla'ndePED2,  gla'ndepous,  aa.  [f. 
OF  glandre  see  prec] 

glandiferous,  a.     Bearing  acorns,    [f.  L 
glandifer  (gland,  -ferous)] 
gla'ndiform,  a.   Acorn-shaped ;  like  gland. 
[gland,  -form] 

glare,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Shine  dazzlingly  or  dis- 
agreeably ;  _be  over-conspicuous  or  obtrusive, 
whence  glap'ingLY2  adv.,  glap'ingNESS  n. ; 
Li  fi,xedly  or  fiercely ;  express  (hate,  defiance) 
by  look.  <N.)  strong  fierce  fight,  oppressive  un- 
relieved sunshine ;  tawdry  brilliance ;  fierce  or 


fixed  look ;  hence  glap* Y  2  a.    [ME,  also  MDu. 
&  MLG,  glaren  perh.  cogn.  w.  glass] 
glass ',  ii.    Substance,  usu.  transparent,  lust- 
rous, hard,  &  brittle,  made  by  fusing  sand  with 
soda  or  potash  or  both  &  other  ingredients 

(CROWN1,  FLINT,  PLATE,  WATER1,  -g.)  ;  SUD- 

stances  of  similar  properties  or  composition,  as 
g.  of  antimony,  vitreous  oxy-sulphide  fused ; 
g.  utensils,  ornaments,  windows,  greenhouses  : 
g.  vessel  esp.  for  drinking,  amount  of  liquid 
contained  in  this,  drink ;  sand-g.,  hour-g. ;  car- 
riage-window ;  plate  of  g.  covering  picture ; 
glazed  frame  for  plants;  looking-g.;  eye-g.,  (pi.) 
pair  of  spectacles ;  lens ;  g.  disk  covering  watch- 
face  ;  telescope,  spy-g.,  field -g.,  opera-g.,  micro- 


scope ;  barometer,  weather-g. ;  g.-blower,  one 

,  chiefly  of  g. 
exhibiting  or  protecting  objects;  g.-cloth,  linen 


who  blows  &  shapes  g. ;  g.-case,  chiefly  of  g.  for 


cloth  for  drying  gg.,  cloth  covered  with  pow- 
dered g.  like  g.-paper ;  g.  cloth,  woven  fabric  of 
fine-spun  g.;  g.-cutter,  workman,  tool,  cutting 
g. ;  g. -culture,  of  plants  under  g. ;  g.-dust, 
powdered  g.  for  polishing ;  g.  eye,  false  eye  of  g., 
kind  of  blindness  in  horses ;  g.-house,  building 
where  g.  is  made,  greenhouse,  g. -roofed  photo- 
graphing-room;  g.-paper,  covered  with  g.- 
dust;  g.-ware,  articles  made  of  g.;  glasswort, 
kinds  of  plant  formerly  used  in  g. -making. 
Hence  g,la,ssFUL(2)  n.,  gla'ssLESS  a.  [OE 
glaes  cf.  G  glas  perh.  f.  OTeut.  gla-,  glx-,  shine] 

glass2,  v.t.  Fit  with  g.,  glaze,  (rare) ;  enclose 
in  g.  (rare) ;  make  (the  eye)  glassy  (rare) ;  mirror, 
occasion  reflection  of  (often  refl.,  as  trees  g. 
themselves  in  the  lake) ;  glassing-jack,  machine 
used  in  dressing  leather,  [f.  prec,  cf.-  earlier 
glaze] 

gla'ssy,  a.  Having  properties  of,  resembling, 
glass;  (of  eye  &c.)  lacking  fire,  dull,  fixed ;  (of 
water)  lustrous  &  transparent,  or  smooth,  as 
glass  (so  g.  calm,  surface,  Sec).  Hence  gla*s- 
sIly  2  adv. ,  gla'ssiNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

Glauber's  salt(s)  (-aw-,  -ow-),  n.  Sulphate 
of  sodium.    [J.  R.  Glaiiber,  German  chemist.] 

glauco'ma,  n.  An  eye-disease  with  tension 
of  the  globe  &  gradual  loss  of  sight.  Hence 
glauco'matous  a.  [f.  Gk  glaukoma  -atos 
(glaukoo  as  foil.,  -m)] 

glau'cous,  a.  (esp.  nat.  hist.).  Of  dull  greyish 
green  or  blue ;  (Bot.)  covered  with  bloom  as  of 
grapes,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  glaukos  +  -ous] 

glaze,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Fit  (window,  picture) 
with  glass,  furnish  (building)  with  glass  win- 
dows (fir.  in,  enclose  with  g.);  cover  (pottery 
&c.)  with  vitreous  substance  fixed  by  fusion 
(n.,  this  substance,  smooth  surface  resulting); 
fix  (paint)  on  pottery  thus ;  overlay  (cloth, 
leatber,  pastry,  &c.)  with  smooth  lustrous  coat- 
ing (n.,  this  coating,  surface  produced);  cover 
(eye)  with  a  film  (n.,  filmy  look) ;  cover  (painted 
surface)  with  thin  coat  of  different  transparent 
colour  to  modify  tone  (n.,  this  coat) ;  give  glassy 
surface  to,  e.g.  by  rubbing  (n.,  polished  look) ; 
become  glassy  (esp.  of  eyes).  Hence  gla'z- 
erj(1,  2)  n.,  gla*ZY2a.    [ME  glasen  (glass1)] 

gla'ziep  (-zher,  -Tier),  n.  One  whose  trade  is 
to  glaze  windows  &c.  Hence  gla*ziERY(2)  n. 
[glass1  +  -er  l  w.  assim.  to  Rom.  wds  in  -ier] 

gla'zing,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  windows  ; 
material  used  to  produce  glaze,    [-ing1] 

gleam,  n.,  &  v.i.  Subdued  or  transient  light ; 
faint,  temporary,  or  intermittent  show  of  some 
quality  &c.  (an  occasional  g.  of  humour ;  not  a 
g.  of  hope) ;  hence  glea'm  y  2  a.  (Vb)  emit  gg., 
shine  with  subdued  or  interrupted  brightness. 
[OE  glxm  cf.  OHG  glimo  glow-worm ;  cogn.  w. 
glimmer,  glimpse] 

glean,  v.i.  &  t.  Gather  ears  of  corn  left  by 
reapers,  gather  (such  remains) ;  strip  (field  &c.) 


GLEBE 


351 


GLOSS 


thus;  collect  in  small  quantities,  scrape  to- 
gether, (news,  facts,  &c).  Hence  glea*nER  \ 
glea'niNG  ](1,  2),  nn.  [f.  OF  glener  etym.  dub. J 

glebe,  n.  (Poet.)  earth,  land,  a  field  ;  portion 
of  land  going  with  clergyman's  benefice,  [f.  L 
gleba  clod,  soil] 

glee,  n.  Musical  composition  for  three  or 
more  voices,  one  to  each  part,  set  to  words 
grave  or  gay,  often  with  contrasted  movements 
&  prop,  without  accompaniment ;  mirth,  lively 
&  manifest  delight,  whence  glee'FUL,  glee*- 
some,  aa.,  glee'fUlLY 2  adv.    [OE  gliw,  gleo] 

gleet,  n.  Thin  morbid  discharge  from  wound, 
ulcer,  &c.  (rare),  or  from  the  urethra.  Hence 
glee'tY  2  a.    [f.  OF  glette  slime] 

§len,  n.    Narrow  valley,    [f.  Gael,  gleann] 
le'ndoveer,  n.  Beautiful  sprite  of  kind  re- 
presented by  Southey  as  occurring  in  Hindu 
myths,  [altered  f.  grandouver  in  F  travel-book 
perh.  f.  Skr.  gandharva  semi-divine  spirit] 

Glenga'ppy,  n.  Kind  of  Highland  cap.  [place] 

Glenn* vet,  n.  Kind  of  Scotch  whisky,  [place] 

gle'noid,  a.  (anat.).  G.  cavity,  fossa,  surface, 
shallow  cavity  on  bone  (esp.  scapula  &  temporal 
bone)  receiving  projection  of  other  bone  to  form 
joint,    [f.  Gk  glenoeides  (glene  socket,  -oid)] 

glib,  a.  &  adv.  (Of  surface  &c.)  smooth,  offer- 
ing no  resistance,  (of  movement)  unimpeded, 
easy,  (rare);  (of  speaker,  speech,  &c.)  fluent, 
ready,  more  voluble  than  sincere  or  thoughtful ; 
hence  gli'bL y  2  adv. ,  gli'bNESS  n.  (Adv.)  volu- 
bly (now  rare),    [perh.  imit. ;  cf.  glide] 

glide,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Pass,  change  place,  by 
smooth  continuous  movement  (of  liquid,  ship, 
bird,  carriage,  snake,  person  skating,  &c.) ;  go 
quietly  or  stealthily ;  (of  time  &c.)  pass  gently 
&  imperceptibly ;  pass  gradually,  shade  off  in- 
sensibly, into ;  cause  to  g.  (light  airs  glided  her 
on  her  course) ;  hence  gli'dingLY  2  adv.  (N.) 
act  of  gliding;  (Mus.)  succession  of  sounds 
made  in  passing  from  one  tone  to  another 
without  silencing  voice  or  instrument ;  (Phon.) 
gradually  changing  sound  made  in  passing 
from  one  position  of  speech  organs  to  another. 
[com.-WG  ;  OE  glidan  cf.  G  gleiten] 

glim,  n.  (slang).  Light,  candle,  lantern,  (douse 
the  g.).    [prob.  cogn.  w.  gleam,  glimpse] 

gli'mmer,  v.i.,  &  n.    Shine  faintly  or  inter- 


mittently ;  (n. ;  also  gli'mmepiNG1  n.)  feeble 
fa:' 
[a 
glimpse,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Faint  &  transient  ap 


or  wavering  light,  faint  gleam  of  hope  &c. 


lg  ii 
ilf  v 


glimpse,  half  view,    [as  prec;  cf.  u 
v.t.  &i. 


o/h( 
Ggli 


pearance,  momentary  or  imperfect  view  of,  (the 
gg.  of  the  moon,  the  earth  by  night,  sublunary 
affairs).  (Vb)  catch  g.  of,  see  faintly  or  partly ; 
(poet.)  appear  faintly,  dawn.  [n.  f.  vb,  ME 
glymsen  cf.  MHG  glimsen  &  see  prec] 

glint,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Flash,  glitter,  sparkle, 
(v.  &  n.) ;  make  flash,  reflect,  (light),  [n.  f.  vb, 
earlier  glent  cogn.  w.  G  glanzen] 

glissa'de  (ahd),  n.,  &  v.i.,  (mountaineering). 
Slide  (n.  &  v.)  down  steep  slope  esp.  of  ice  or 
snow  usu.  on  the  feet  with  support  of  ice-axe 
&e    [vb  f.  n.,  F  (glisser  slip,  -ade)1 

gli'sten  (-isn),  v.i.,  &  n.    Shine  n 
ter.  sparkle,  (v.  &  n.). 
{glisian  shine,  -en6)] 

Sparkle,  glitter. 
-£-  +  -er5] 

gli'tter,  v.i.,  &"  n.  (Shine  with)  brilliant 
tremulous  light,  gleam,  sparkle ;  be  showy  or 
splendid,  [prob.  r.  ON  glitra  cf.  G  glitzern  f. 
Teut.  glit-  shine  -f-  -er  5J 

gloa'ming,  n.  Evening  twilight.  [OE  glo- 
mung  (glom  twilight  cogn.  w.  glow,  -ing  l)] 

gloat,  v.i.  Feast  eyes  or  mind  lustfully, 
avariciously,  malignantly,  &c,  (uj))on  or  over. 
Hence  gloa'tingLY  2  adv.  [cf.  G  glotzen  stare] 


itfully ;  glit- 
[n.  f.  vb,  OE  glisnian 


gli'ster,  v.i.,  &  n.,  (archaic), 
[f.  OE  glisian  see  prec. 


glo- 1 

3le,  di 


globe,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Spherical  body ;  the 
earth ;  planet,  star,  sun ;  spherical  chart  of 
(terrestrial  g.)  the  earth  or  (celestial  g.)  the  con- 
stellations (use  of  the  gg.  archaic,  teaching  of 
geography  &  astronomy  by  these) ;  golden  orb 
as  emblem  of  sovereignty ;  (Anat.)  eyeball ;  ap- 
proximately spherical  glass  vessel,  esp.  lamp- 
shade or  fishbowl ;  g.-fish,  able  to  inflate  itself 
into  globular  form  ;  g.-flower,  ranunculaceous 
plant  with  round  yellow  flowers ;  g.-lightning, 
=  FiRE1-6aZZ;  g.-trotter,  -ting,  hurried  traveller, 
-ling,  through  foreign  countries  for  sight-see- 
ing ;  so  glo'boiD  a.  &  n.,  globo'SE1  a.,  glo- 
bo'SiTY  n.  (Vb)  make  (usu.  in  pass.),  or  be- 
come, globular.    [F,  f.  L  globus] 

gld'bular,  a.  Globe-shaped,  spherical ;  com- 
posed of  globules.    Hence  globula'riTY  n., 
glo'bulaPLY 2  adv.    [foil.,  -ar I,  &  see  -ul-] 
16'bule,  n.    Small  globe,  e.  g.  blood  corpus- 
op,  pill.  [F,  f.  L  globulus  (globe,  -ule)] 

glo'bulin,  n.  Proteid  found  in  blood,  con- 
stituent of  haemoglobin,    [prec,  -in] 

glochi'diate(-k-),  a.  (bot).  Barbed  at  tip.  [f. 
Gk  glokhidion  (glokhis  arrowhead),  -ate2] 

glo'merate,  a.  (bot.,  anat.).  Compactly  clus- 
tered.   [L  glomerare  (glomus  -eris  ball),  -ate  2] 

glo'merule,  n.  Clustered  flower-head ;  clus- 
ter of  small  organisms,  tissues,  blood-vessels, 
&c    [f.  F  glomerule  (L  glomus  see  prec,  -ule)] 

gloom1,  n.  Darkness, obscurity;  melancholy, 
despondency,  [perh.  back-formation  f.  gloomy] 

gloom2,  v.i.  &  t.  Look  sullen,  frown,  be 
melancholy ;  (of  sky  &c )  lour,  be  dull  or  threat- 
ening ;  appear  darkly  or  obscurely  ;  cover  with 
g.,  make  dark  or  dismal.  [ME  gloume  cf.  MG 
glumen  be  savage  ;  cogn.  w.  glum] 

gloo'my,  a.  Dark,  unlighted ;  depressed, 
sullen;  dismal,  depressing.  Hence  gloo'mi- 
ly  2  ad  v. ,  gloo'miNESs  n.  [perh.  f .  prec  +  -  y  2] 

glop'ia,  n.  (Short  for)  G.  Patrx,  doxology 
Glory  be  to  the  Father  &c,  G.  tibi,  response 
Glory  be  to  thee  &c,  or  G.  in  excelsis,  hymn 
Glory  be  to  God  on  high ;  aureole     [L,  =  glory] 

glop'ify,  v.t.  Make  glorious,  exalt  to  the 
glory  of  heaven  ;  invest  with  radiance ;  trans- 
form into  something  more  splendid,  invest 
(common  or  inferior  thing)  with  charm  or 
beauty  (nothing  more  than  a  glorified,  or  glori- 
fication of  a,  cottage) ;  extol,  laud.  Hence 
gloriFiCA'TiON  n.  Tf.  F  glorijier  I.  LL  glorifi- 
care  (glorificus  f.  L  gloria  glory,  -fic)] 

glop'iole,  n.  Aureole,  halo.  [F,  f.  L  gloriola 
dim.  of  gloria  glory] 

glop'ious,  a.  Possessing  glory,  illustrious  ; 
conferring  glory,  honourable ;  splendid,  mag- 
nificent, intensely  delightful,  (a  g.  view,  day  ; 
also  joe,  as  g.  fun;  &  iron.,  as  the  g.  uncer- 
tainty of  cricket);  ecstatically  happy  with 
drink.  Hence  glop'iousLY2  adv.  [AF,  f.  L 
gloriosus  (folL,  -ose1)] 

glop'y  K  n.  Exalted  renown,  honourable 
fame ;  subject  for  boasting,  special  distinction, 
ornament,  pride ;  adoring  praise  &  thanks- 
giving (g.  be  !  or  g.  !,  vulgar  excl.  of  surprise  or 
delight) ;  resplendent  majesty,  beauty,  or  niag- 
nificence,effulgence  of  heavenly  light,  imagined 
unearthly  beauty ;  bliss  &  splendour  of  heaven 
(go  to  g.,  die  ;  send  to  a.  facet.,  kill) ;  state  of 
exaltation,  prosperity,  &c.  (is  in  his  g.) ;  circle 
of  light  round  head  or  figure  of  deity  or  saint, 
aureole,  halo ;  g.-hole  (slang),  untidy  room, 
drawer,  or  receptacle,   [f.  OF  glorie  f.  L  gloria] 

glop'y2,  v.i.  Exult,  pride  oneself,  in  thing 
or  doing,  to  do.  Hence  glop*yingLY 2  adv. 
[f.  L  gloriari  boast  (gloria  glory)] 

gloss  1,  n.,  &  v.t,  &  i.  Word  inserted  between 
lines  or  in  margin  to  explain  word  in  text ; 
comment,   explanation,  interpretation,  para- 


GLOSS 


352 


GNASH 


phrase  ;  misrepresentation  of  another's  words ; 
glossary,  interlinear  translation,  or  set  of  notes. 
(Vb)  insert  gg.  in  (text  &c.);  write  gg.;  make 
comments  esp.  of  unfavourable  sort ;  read  dif- 
ferent sense  into,  explain  away,  [vb  f.  n.,  earlier 
glozc  f.  OF  glose  f.  med.L.  glosa  f.  L  f.  Gk  glossa 
(foreign)  tongue,  obscure  or  foreign  word] 


f flossy ;  give  specious  appearance  to  (often  over). 
vb  f.  n. ;  from  16th  c,  cf.  obs.  Du.  gloos,  Icel. 
glossi,  nn.,  glow,  blaze] 

gio'ssal,  a.  (anat.).    Of  the  tongue,  lingual. 
[f.  Gk  glossa  tongue  +  -al] 
glo'ssapy,  n.    Collection  of  glosses ;  list  & 
explanations  of  abstruse,  obsolete,  dialectal,  or 
technical  terms,  partial  dictionary.      Hence 
g-lossar'iAL  a.,  gkrssaPiST(l)  n.    [f.  L  glos- 
sarium  (glossa  gloss  l,  -ary  j)] 
glossa'top,  n.  Commentator,  esp.  medieval 
commentator  on  Civil  &  Canon  Law.    [med.L 
(glossare  f.  glossa  gloss1,  -or2] 
gld'ss(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  glossa  tongue, 
as   gloss(o)-epiglottic  of  tongue  &  epiglottis, 
glossi'Tis ;  also  of  gloss1,  as  glosso'grapher 
commentator,  glossology  terminology. 
glo'ttis,  n.    Opening  at  upper  part  of  wind- 
pipe &  between  vocal  chords,  affecting  modu- 
lation of  voice   by   contracting   or  dilating. 
Henceglo'ttAL,  glo'ttic,  aa.  [Gkglottis  (glotta 
var.  of  glossa  tongue)] 

Gloucester  (glo'ster),  n.     Kind  of  cheese 
(usu.  single,  double,  -G.,  the  latter  of  richer 
milk)  made  in  Gloucestershire. 
glove  (-uv),  n.,  &  v.t.    Covering  of  leather, 
cotton,  silk,  wool,  or  formerly  steel,  for  the 
hand,  usu.  with  separated  fingers  (throw  down, 
take  up,  the  g.,  make,  accept,  challenge;  fit 
like  a  g.,  exactly ;  hand  l  &  or  in  g.) ;  (also  box- 
ing-g.)  padded  g.  for  boxing  (take  off,  without, 
&c. ,  the  gg. ,  of  arguing  or  contending  in  earnest, 
mercilessly,  &c.) ;  g.-sponge,  in  shape  of  g.;  g.- 
stretcher,  instrument  for  enlarging  g. -fingers ; 
hence  glo'veLESS  a.,  g,lo*VER1(3)  n.      (Vb) 
provide  with  gg.     [OE  glof  perh.  f.  OTeut. 
galofd  (ga-  =  Y-,  lof-  cogn.  w.  Sc.  loof  hand] 
glow  (-6),  v.i.,  &  n.     Be  heated  to  incande- 
scence, throw  out  light  &  heat  without  flame ; 
shine  like  thing  intensely  heated ;  show  warm 
colour;  burn  with  bodily  heat  or  emotional 
fervour;fir.-u7or7H,coleopterous  insect  with  wing- 
ed male  &  wingless  female,  the  latter  emitting 
green  light  at  tail ;  hence  glowingLY  2  adv. 
(N.)  glowing  state  (in  a  g.,  all  of  a  a.,  hot  or 
flushed) ;  brightness  &  warmth  of  colour,  e.  g. 
red  of  cheeks  ;  ardour,  passion  ;  g.-lamp,  with 
carbon  &c.  incandescent  under  electric  cur- 
rent.      [OE  glowan  cf.  G  glilhen;  cogn.  w. 
gloaming  &  obs.  or  dial,  gleed  ember] 
glower  (-owr),  v.i.    Stare,  scowl,  (usu.  at). 
Hence  glower'ingLY  2  adv.    [?] 
gloxi'nia,  n.    American  tropical  plant  with 
large  bell  flowers  of  various  colours.     [B.  P. 
Gloxin  botanist  c.  1785  +  -IA  y] 
gloze,  v.i.  &  t.    Comment  (up)on  (archaic) ; 
palliate,  explain  away,  extenuate,  (usu.  over) ; 
talk  speciously,  use  fair  words,  fawn.    Hence 
glo'zingLY  2  adv.    [f.  F  gloser  (glose  gloss  ])] 
gluernum  (-oos-),  n.    White  metal  obtained 
from  beryl,  beryllium,    [f.  Gk  glukus  sweet] 
gluco'se  (-oo-),  n.  (chem.).     Grape-sugar  or 
dextrose ;  any  member  of  group  of   sugars 
including  dextrose,  laevulose,  mannitose,  &c. 
Hence  glucd'sic  a.,  glu'cosiDE  n.    [f.  Gk 
gleukos,  see  -ose2] 

glue  (-oo),  n.,  &  v.t.    Hard  brittle  brownish 
gelatin  made  by  boiling  hides  &  hoofs  &  used 


warm  as  cement ;  g.-like  cement  or  sticky  sub- 
stance ;  g.-pot,  with  outer  coat  holding  water 
to  heat  g. ;  hence  glue'Y 2  a.  (Vb ;  part. 
gluing)  fasten  or  join  (as)  with  g.  ;  attach 
tightly  or  closely  (eye,  ear,  glued  to  the  key- 
hole), [f.  OF  glu  f.  LL  glus  glutis] 
glum,  a.  Sullen,  looking  dejected  or  dis- 
pleased. Hence  glu'mL  y  2  adv. ,  glu'mNESS  n. 
Icogn.  w.  gloom2  ;  cf.  LG  glum  turbid] 
glume,  n.  (bot.).  Chafflike  bract  in  calyx 
of  grasses  &c;  husk  of  grain.  Hence  glum- 
a-ceous, glumosE \  aa.  [f.  L gluma] 
glut,  v.t.,  &  n.  Feed  (person,  stomach)  or  in- 
dulge (appetite,  desire)  to  the  full,  overload 
with  food  (lit.  or  fig.),  satiate,  cloy  ;  choke  up, 
fill  to  excess  ;  overstock  (market)  with  goods. 
(N.)  full  indulgence,  one's  fill,  surfeit;  supply 
exceeding  demand  (a  g.  in  the  market),  [n.  f. 
vb,  prob.  f.  obs.  &  OF  glut  glutton] 
glu'ten  (-oo-),  n.  Sticky  substance,  whence 
glu'tiniZE(3)  v.i.,  glu'tinous  a.,  glu'tin- 
ously2  adv.,  glutino'siTY  n.  ;  viscid  animal 
secretion ;  nitrogenous  part  of  flour  remaining 
as  viscid  substance  when  starch  is  washed  out. 
[L,  genit.  -inis,  glue] 

glu'tton  (-tn),  n.  Excessive  eater,  gorman- 
dizer ;  greedy  reader  of  books,  person  with  great 
appetite  for  work ;  voracious  animal  of  weasel 
kind  but  larger,  wolverene.  Hence  or  cogn. 
glu*ttonizE(2)  v.i. ;  glu'ttonous  a.,  glu't- 
tonousLY2  adv.,  glu'tton y  x  n.  [f.  OF  glu- 
tun  f.  LL  glutonem  nom.  -o  (glutire  swallow)] 
gly'cepinate,  v.  t.  Treat  with  glycerine  (esp. 
vaccine  lymph),  [-ate3] 
glycerine,  -In,  n.  Colourless  sweet  syrupy 
liquid  got  from  animal  &  vegetable  oils  by 
saponification,  used  as  ointment,  as  vehicle  for 
drugs,  &c.  Hence  glyee'Pic  a.  (chem.),  gly- 
cbvateH3),  glyeepiDE,  glyeePYL,  nn., 
gly'eepo-  comb.  form.  [Gk  glukeros sweet,  -in] 
glycerol,  n.  (chem.).  (Name  preferred  in 
scientific  use  for)  glycerine,  [prec,  -ol(1)] 
glyeo-,  comb,  form,  irreg.  for  glycy-,  of  Gk 
glukus  sweet,  also  used  in  names  of  chem.  com- 
pounds containing  glycerol  or  other  substance 
in  glyc-. 

glycogen,  n.,  glycogenic,  a.,  (j),  (chem.). 
(Substance)  producing  sugar  in  animal  tissues. 
So  glycoGE'NESis  n.    [prec,  -gen(1)] 
glycol,  n.    Any  of  the  fatty  diatomic  alco- 
hols.   Hence  glyeo*l(l)ic  a.    [glyco-,  -ol(1)] 
glyed'nle,  a.  &  n.  (Gk  &  L  pros.).    (Line, 
metre)  consisting  of  three  trochees  &  dactyl, 
the  dactyl  variously  placed,  esp.  of  the  cata- 
lectic  form   (-w- «« -u^ )  used  by  Horace   & 
Catullus.    [Glukon  Gk  poet,  -ic] 
glycosuria,  n.  (path.).    Diseased  condition 
with  sugar  in  the  urine.    Hence  glycosup'ic 
a.    [F  glycose  glucose,  Gk  ouron  urine,  -ia  ]] 

fiyphogpaph,  glypho'gpaphy,  nn. 
late  or  copy,  -ph,  made  by)  electrotype  pro- 
cess giving  raised  copy  of  engraved  plate  for 
use  in  letter-press  printing  (-y).  So  glypho- 
gpaph  v.t.  &  i.,  glypho'GRAPHER  n.,  gly- 
phoGRA'PHic  a.  [f.  Gk gluphe  carving  (glvpho 
carve),  -graphy] 

glyptic,  a.  Of  carving  esp.  on  precious 
stones,    [f.  Gk  gluptikos  (glupho  carve,  -ic)] 

glyptodon,  n.  Extinct  S.-Amer.  quadruped 
allied  to  armadillos  with  fluted  teeth,  [f.  Gk 
gluptos  carved  as  prec.  +  odous  -ontos  tooth] 

glypto'gpaphy,  n.  Art  &  science  of  gem- 
engraving,    [as  prec,  -graphy] 

gnarled,  gnap'ly,  (n-),  aa.  (Of  tree ;  &  fig.) 
covered  with  protuberances,  twisted,  rugged. 
[var.  of  obs.  knurled  (knurl  knob) ;  -ed  2,  -Y  2] 

gnash  (n-),  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  teeth)  strike  together ; 


GNAT 


353 


GO 


grind  the  teeth,  grind  (the  teeth),  [earlier 
gnast  cf.  ON  gnastan  prob.  imit.] 

gnat  (n-),  n.  Small  two-winged  fly  of  which 
female  has  blood-sucking  proboscis  ;  (as  type) 
insignificant  annoyance,  tiny  thing,  (strain  at 
a.,  be  scrupulous  about  trifles).    [OE  gnxt] 

gna'thie,  a.    Of  jaws.   [Gk  gnathos  jaw,  -ic] 

gnaw  (n-),  v.t  &  i.  (p.p.  gnawed,  gnawn). 
Bite  persistently,  wear  away  thus  (often  away, 
off,  in  two,  &c. ;  also  intr.  with  at,  into) ;  (of 
destructive  agents,  pain,  &c.)  corrode,  waste 
away,  consume,  torture.  Hence  gnawing- 
lv  2  adv.    [OE  gnagan  cf.  G  nagen] 

gneiss  (gnis,  nis),  n.  (geol.).  Laminated  rock 
of  quartz,  feldspar,  &  mica.  Hence  gnei'ssic, 
gnei'ssoiD,  gnei'ssosE1,  gnei'ssv  2,  aa.  [G 
(OHG  gneisian  sparkle)] 

gnome1  (n-),  n.  Maxim,  aphorism,  [f.  Gk 
gnome  (gignosko  know)] 

gnome-  (n-),  n.  Diminutive  spirit  of  sub- 
terranean race  guarding  treasures  of  earth  (cf. 

SVLPH,  SALAMANDER,  NYMPH),  goblin,  dwarf. 

Hence  gno'miSH1  a.  [used  by  Paracelsus; 
perh.  for  genomos  (Gk  ge  earth,  -nomos  -dwell- 
ing, or  spec,  use  of  prec] 
gnd'mie,a.  Of,  consisting  of,  using,  gnome  1s, 
sententious;  (Gram.)  g.  aorist,  used  without 
past  sense  to  express  a  general  truth,  [f.  Gk 
gnomikos  (gnome1,  -ic)1 

gno'mon  (n),  n.  Pillar,  rod,  pin  or  plate  of 
sundial,  showing  time  by  its  shadow  on  marked 
surface ;  column  &c.  used  in  observing  sun's 
meridian  altitude;  (Geom.)  part  of  parallelo- 
gram left  when  similar  one  has  been  taken  from 
its  corner.  Hence  gnomo'mc  a.  [Gk  (gno- 
mon), =  inspector,  g.  of  dial,  (gignosko  know)] 
gnd'sis  (n),  n.  Knowledge  of  spiritual  myste- 
ries; Gnosticism.  [Gk(-o-),=knowledge,asprec] 
gnd'stie  (n-),  a.  &  n.  Relating  to  knowledge, 
cognitive ;  having  esoteric  spiritual  knowledge; 
of  the  Gnostics,  occult,  mystic ;  (n.,  usu.  pi. ; 
G-)  early  Christian  heretic(s)  claiming  gnosis, 
whence  gno*stieiSM(3)  n.,  gno#stieiZE<2, 3, 4) 
v.i.  &  t.  [f.  Gkgnostikos  (as  prec,  -ic)] 
gnu  (nu),  n.  Oxlike  antelope.  [Hottentot] 
go ',  v.i.  (went,  gone,  pr.  gawn,  gon  ;  2nd  sing. 
goest,  3rd  goes  pr.  goz  &  archaic  goeth).  Start, 
depart,  move,  continue  moving,  with  self- 
originated  or  imparted  motion,  from  some 
place,  position,  time,  &c.  (often  not  specified 
because  obvious,  whereas  the  goal  &c.  is  al- 
ways specified  if  it  matters ;  cf.  come)  ;  journey, 
travel,  proceed,  progress,  (going  strong,  with 
vigour ;  he  will  go  far,  reach  distinction  ;  go 
easy,  straight ;  go  the  pace  ;  went  miles  round ; 
go  a  walk,  journey,  voyage ;  go  the  same,  the 
shortest,  way);  (of  line  &c.)  lie,  point,  in  cer- 
tain direction ;  be  guided  by,  act  in  harmony 
with,  judge  or  act  upon,  (a  good  rule  to  go  by ; 
have  nothing  to  go  upon ;  always  goes  with  his 
party ;  promotion  goes  by  favour ;  go  with  tide 
or  times,  do  as  others  do);  be  habitually  in 
specified  state  (go  hungry,  armed,  in  rags,  in 
fear  of  one's  life ;  six  months  &c.  gone  with 
child,  having  spent  that  time  in  gestation) ;  be 
moving,  acting,  working,  &c.  ( Who  goes  there  ?, 
sentry  s  challenge ;  a  going  concern,  prosperous 
business ;  cZoc/c  does  not  go,  goes  well ;  tongue 
goes  nineteen  to  the  dozen)  ;  (of  bell,  striking 
clock  or  hour,  gun,  &c. ;  also  with  interjections 
of  sound  as  go  bang,  crack)  sound ;  (of  time) 
pass,  elapse ;  be  current  (the  sovereign  goes 
anywhere ;  the  story  goes,  it  is  said),  be  known 
by,  or  under,  the  name  of,  be  on  the  average 
(is  a  good  actor  as  actors  go  nowadays) ;  (of 
document  &c.)  run,  have  specified  tenor;  (of 
verse,  song)  be  rhythmical,  be  adaptable  to  a 
tune ;  (of  events)  turn  out  uxll,  ill,  hard,  &c, 


(of  election  &c.)  issue  for  or  against,  (of  con- 
stituency, politician,  voter)  take  certain  course 
or  views,  (Liverpool  went  Tory ;  case  goes  by 
default,  takes  its  course  against  absent  party ; 
dinner,play,  wentwell, succeeded;  goeswithovt 
swing);  begin  motion  (Go!,  starter's  word  in 
race;  here  goes!);  getaway  free,  unpunished, 
&c. ;  be  sold  (go  cheap,  for  2/6,  Sec ;  going !, 
gone  !,  auctioneer's  announcement  that  bidding 
is  almost,  quite,  closed  ;  (of  money)  be  spent 
(often  in  books  &c.) ;  be  relinquished,  abolished, 
or  lost  (Greek,  the  carriage,  must  go;  my  sight, 
our  trade,  is  going ;  next  wicket  went  for  no- 
thing); die  (esp.  in  p.p. ;  &  in  many  phrr.,  as  go 
the  way  of  all  the  earth  or  pop.  of  all  flesh,  to  a 
better  world,  to  one's  account  or  own  place, 
aloft,  off  the  hooks,  See);  fail,  give  way,  suc- 
cumb, break  down,  crack ;  make  way  to,  to- 
wards, into,  &c.  (go  to  Jericho,  Bath,  Sec,  be 
off  out  of  speakers  presence;  go  to  Canossa, 
humble  oneself  after  recalcitrance,  w.  ref.  to 
Emperor  Henry  IV  in  1077 ;  go  to  the  devil1  ; 
which  way  goes  to  Bristol;  go  to  a  ball,  to 
church,  market,  Sec,  attend  it ;  go  to  school,  get 
instruction ;  go  to  the  bar,  to  sea,  become  bar- 
rister, sailor;  go  on  the  stage,  the  streets,  be- 
come actor,  prostitute  ;  go  to  stool)  ;  proceed 
to  do  (went  to  find  him),  and  do  (esp.  colloq.  = 
be  so  foolish  as  to  do ;  also  vulg.  have  been  & 
gone  &  done  it,  made  a  blunder  &c),  (a-)doing, 
on  pilgrimage,  an  errand,  the  spree,  &c,  act  as 
bail  (for  person  ;  also  abs.  in  parenthesis  III 
go  bail,  I  assure  you) ;  have  recourse,  refer,  ap- 
peal, to  (go  to  the  country,  test  opinion  by 
general  election  ;  go  to  war,  work,  Sec ;  vulg., 
would  not  go  to  or  for  to  do  it,  be  so  incon- 
siderate &c.  as  to) ;  carry  action  to  certain 
point  (went  all  lengths ;  will  go  so  far  as  to 
say;  will  go  as  high  as  £100,  in  bidding  or 
offering  price ;  go  halves  or  shares,  share 
equally  with,  or  abs. ;  went  to  great  expense, 
trouble,  &c. ;  go  the  whole  hog  ;  go  better  or 
one  better,  outbid  or  outdo  adversary) ;  pene- 
trate, sink,  (ship  went  to  the  bottom;  goes  to 
one's  heart,  grieves  him),  find  room,  (of  num- 
ber) be  capable  of  being  contained  in  another 
either  without  remainder  or  simply,  (will  not 
go  into  or  in  the  basket;  6  into  12  goes  twice, 
into  5  will  not  go,  into  IS  goes  twice  and  one 
over ;  thread  too  thick  to  go  through  needle) ; 
belong  in  receptacle,  on  shelf  &c. ;  pass,  be  al- 
lotted, &c,  to  person  (of  prize,  victory,  inherit- 
ance, office,  &c),  be  applied  to  purpose,  contri- 
bute to  or  towards  result,  amount  together  to 
(12  inches  go  to  the  foot),  tend  to  show  &c. ; 
reach,  extend,  (the  difference  goes  deep  ;  as,  so, 
far  as  it  goes,  caution  against  taking  state- 
ment too  widely;  goes  a  long  &c.  way,  has 
great  &c.  effect  towards,  also  of  food,  money, 
&c,  lasts  long  Sec,  buys  much  &c) ;  pass  into 
certain  condition  (go  brown,  blind,  mad,  to 
seed ;  go  hot  &  cold,  have  accesses  of  fever  or 
shame ;  go  to  pieces,  break  up) ;  (slang)  go  it, 
act  vigorously,  furiously,  &c,  indulge  in  dissi- 
pation ;  going  fifteen  Sec,  in  one's  fifteenth  &c. 
year ;  going  to,  about  to,  intending  to,  (used  as 
fut.  part.);  be  gone,  take  oneself  off;  gone, 
dead  (often  dead  &  gone) ;  gone  on  (slang),  in- 
fatuated with ;  far  gone,  very  ill,  deeply  en- 
tangled. With  prepp. :  go  about,  set  to  work 
at ;  go  at,  attack,  take  in  hand  energetically ; 
go  behind  (decision  &c),  re-examine  grounds 
of ;  go  for,  go  to  fetch,  pass  or  be  accounted  as 
nothing,  little,  Sec,  strive  to  attain,  (slang)  at- 
tack; go  into,  enter  (profession,  Parliament), 
frequent  (society),  take  part  in,  allow  oneself 
to  pass  into  (hysterics  &c),  dress  oneself  in 
(mourning  Sec),  investigate ;  go  off' one's  head1  ; 

12 


GO 


354 


GOD 


go  on,  become  chargeable  to  (parish,  relief  fund, 
&c);  go  over,  inspect  details  of,  rehearse,  re- 
touch ;  go  through,  discuss  in  detail,  scrutinize, 
perform,  (ceremony,  recitation,  &c),  undergo, 
(of  book)  be  sold  out  in  (so  many  editions) ;  go 
with,  be  concomitant  of,  take  same  view  as, 
match,  follow  the  drift  of;  go  without,  not 
have,  put  up  with  want  of.  With  advv. :  go 
about,  move  from  place  to  place,  endeavour  to 
do ;  go  ahead,  proceed  without  hesitation  ;  go 
along  uxith,  =  go  with  ;  go  back  from  or  upon 
one's  word  &c,  fail  to  keep  it ;  go  by,  pass  ;  go 
down,  sink  (of  ship),  be  continued  to  specified 
point,  fall  before  conqueror,  be  recorded  in 
writing,  be  swallowed,  find  acceptance  with ; 

go  in,  enter  as  competitor,  (Cricket)  take  or 
egin  innings,  (of  sun  &c.)  be  obscured  ;  go  in 
for,  take  as  one's  object,  pursuit,  style,  princi- 

Sle,  &c. ;  go  off,  leave  the  stage,  begin,  explode, 
ie,  gradually  cease  to  be  felt,  deteriorate,  be- 
come unconscious  In  sleep,  faint,  &c,  be  got 
rid  of  by  sale,  succeed  well,  badly,  &c. ;  go  on, 
continue,  persevere,  (doing,  with,  in,  or  abs.), 
proceed  as  next  step  to  do,  conduct  oneself 
shamefully  &c,  rail  at  (colloq.),  appear  on 
stage,  begin  bowling,  take  one's  turn  to  do 
something,  (colloq.  in  imperat.)  don't  talk  non- 
sense, going  on  for,  approaching  (a  time,  age, 
&c) ;  go  out,  leave  room  or  house,  be  extin- 
guished, leave  office  (of  Government),  cease  to 
be  fashionable,  depart  to  colony  &c,  (esp.  of 
girls)  leave  home  for  employment  usu.  as 
governess  &c,  mix  in  society,  (of  workmen) 
strike,  (of  heart  &c.)  expand  with  love  &c.  to 
person  ;  go  over,  change  one's  party  or  religion  ; 
go  round,  pay  informal  visit  to,  be  long  enough 
to  encompass,  (of  food  &c.)  suffice  for  whole 
party;  go  through  with,  complete,  not  leave 
unfinished ;  go  to  (imperat. ;  archaic)  interjec- 
tion of  remonstrance,  incredulity,  impatience, 
&c. ;  go  togetlier,  be  concomitant,  match ;  go 
under,  sink,  fail,  succumb.    Go-ahead,  enter- 

})rising ;  go-as-you-please,  unfettered  by  regu- 
ations ;  go-between,  intermediary,  negotiator ; 
go-by,  passing  (usu.  in  give  the  go-by  to,  outstrip, 
leave  behind,  elude,  disregard,  cut,  slight) ;  go'- 
cart,  wheeled  frame  for  teaching  child  to  walk, 
kind  of  perambulator,  litter,  palankeen,  hand- 
cart ;  go-off,  start  (usu.  at  the  first  go-off) ;  go- 
to-meeting,  (of  hat,  clothes,  &c.)  fit  or  kept  for 
going  to  church  in.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  gan  cf.  G 
gehen;  past  supplied  f.  wend] 

go2,  n.  (pi.  goes).  Act  of  going  (come-&-go, 
traffic,  movement  to  &  fro) ;  mettle,  spirit,  dash, 
animation;  (colloq.)  embarrassing  turn  of  af- 
fairs (here 's,  what,  a  go!;  a  rum  go) ;  turn  at 
doing  something  (have  a  go  at) ;  portion  of 
liquor  or  food  served;  (Cribbage)  player's  inabil- 
ity to  play,  counting  one  to  opponent ;  (colloq.) 
it's  no  go,  nothing  can  be  done ;  (colloq.)  all  or 
quite  the  go,  in  fashion  ;  (colloq.)  near  go,  close 
shave  ;  (colloq.)  on  the  go,  in  motion,  also  in  a 
state  of  decline ;  little-^o.    [f.  prec] 

goad,  n.,  &  v.t.  Spiked  stick  used  fpr  urging 
cattle ;  thing  that  torments,  incites,  or  stimu- 
lates. (Vb)  urge  with  g. ;  irritate ;  instigate, 
drive,  by  annoyance  (often  on ;  also  to  do,  into 
doing,  to  or  into  fury  &c).  [OE  gad  cf.  Lom- 
bard gaida  arrowhead ;  not  related  to  obs.  gad 
in  same  sense] 

goal,  n.  Point  marking  end  of  race ;  object 
of  effort  or  ambition  ;  destination  ;  posts  be- 
tween which  ball  is  to  be  driven  in  football  &c, 
points  so  Avon  (drop2,  make,  place2,  score,ag.); 
(Rom.  Ant.)  pillar  at  turning-point  in  chariot 
race;  g.  -keeper,  player  stationed  to  protect  g.; 
q.-hne,  line  between  each  pair  of  g. -posts  pro- 
duced as  end-boundary  of  field  of  play  <cf. 


TOUCH-line).  [etym.  dub.;  once  in  1315=  limit, 
then  not  till  1531 ;  prob.  not  f.  F  gaule  rod] 

goat,  n.  Hardy  lively  wanton  strong-smelling 
usu.  horned  &  bearded  ruminant  quadruped 
(sheep  &  gg.,  the  good  &  the  wicked,  see  Matt. 
xxv.  32,33);  fil.) sub-family  to  which  g.  belongs; 
zodiacal  sign  Capricorn  (G-) ;  licentious  person; 
play  the  giddv  g.;  g.-god,  Pan ;  goatherd,  one 
who  tends  gg. ;  goafs-beard,  meadowsweet,  also 
salsify;  goatskin,  (garment,  bottle,  made  of) 
skin  of  g.;  goatsucker,  nightjar;  goafs  wool, 
non-existent  thing.  Hence  goa'tisn^goa'tY2, 
aa. ,  goa* tish  l  y2  ad  v. ,  goa'tish n ess  n .  [com.  - 
Teut.;  OK  gat  cf.  G  geiss,  cogn.  w.  L  hoed  us  kid] 

goatee*,  n.   Chin-tuft  like  goat's  beard,  [-ee] 

goa'tling,  n.    Goat  1-2  years  old.    [-ling1] 

gob,  n. ,  &  v. i. ,  ( vulg. ).  Clot  of  slimy  substance, 
e.g.  spittle ;  (vb)  spit,    [f.  OF  gobe  mouthful] 

goba'ng,  n.  Game  played  on  chequer-board, 
[f.  Jap.  goban  f.  Chin,  k'i  pan  chessboard,  w. 
assim.  to  go,  bang] 

go'bbet,  n.  (archaic).  Piece,  lump,  esp.  of  raw 
flesh  or  food.    [f.  OF  gobet  (prec,  -ET1)] 

go'bble1,  v.t.  &  i.  Eat  hurriedly  &  noisily ; 
g.-stitch,  one  made  too  long  from  hurry.  Hence 
go'bblER !  n.    [perh.  f.  gob  +  -le(3)] 

go-bble2,  n.  (golf).  Rapid  straight  putt  into 
the  hole.    [perh.  f.  prec] 

go'bble  a,  v.  i.  (Of  turkeycock)  make  charac- 
teristic sound  in  throat ;  make  such  sound  when 
speaking,  from  rage  &c.    [imit.] 

gd'belin,  a.  G.  tapestry,  made,  or  imitated 
from  that  made,  at  the  state-factory  in  Paris 
called  Gobelins  after  its  founders. 

gobemouche  (go-bmoosh),  n.  (pi.  -es  pr.  like 
sing.).  Credulous  newsmonger,  [f.  F  gobe- 
mouchesUt.  fly-catcher  (oobers  wallow,  mouches 
flies)  mistaken  by  E  writers  for  pi.] 

go'blet,  n.  (Archaic)  metal  or  glass  drinking- 
cup,  bowl-shaped  &  without  handles,  sometimes 
with  foot  &  cover ;  (Poet)drinking-cup  ;  (Coni- 
merc)  glass  with  foot  &  stem.  [f.  OF  gobelet 
(gobel  cup  etym.  dub.  +  -et1)] 

go'blin,  n.  Mischievous  ugly  demon,  [f.  F 
gobelin  perh.  f.  med.L  f.  Gk  kobalos  rogue,  ko- 
baloi  sprites  invoked  by  rogues] 

go*by,  n.  Small  flsh  with  ventral  fins  joined 
into  a  disk  or  sucker,  [f.  L  gobius,  co-,  f.  Gk 
kobios  gudgeon] 

god1,  n.  Superhuman  being  worshipped  as 
having  power  over  nature  &  human  fortunes, 
deity,  (usu.  g- ;  g.  of  day,  sun ;  g.  of  war,  Mais ; 
g.  of  love,  blind  g.,  Cupid ;  g.  of  wine,  Bacchus; 
g.  of  this  world,  the  Devil;  Ye  gg.!,  Ye  gg.  & 
little  fishes ! ,  mock-heroic  exclamations ;  feast, 


sight*  for  the  gg..  something  exquisite  &c);  im- 
age, animal,  or  other  object,  worshipped  as  sym- 
bolizing, being  the  visible  habitation  of,  or  itself 
possessing,  divine  power,  an  idol,  (p-);  adored, 
admired,  or  influential  person  (g-);  (Theat.;  pi.) 
occupants  of  gallery.  Supreme  being,  Creator 
&  Ruler  of  universe,  (G-;  often  the  Lord  G., 
Almighty  G.,  G.  Almighty;  G.  the  Father,  Son, 
Holy  Ghost,  Persons  of  Trinity;  act1  of  G.; 
with  G.,  dead  &  in  heaven;  God's  truth,  the 
absolute  truth ;  God's  earth,  the  whole  earth ; 
oh,  my,  good,  &c,  G.!,  exclamations  of  pain, 
grief,  or  anger;  G.  bless,  damn,  help,  you!,  him!, 
&c,  G.  forbid!,  grant—!,  prayers  or  impreca- 
tions; G.  bless  me!,  my  life!,  my  sotd!,  you!, 
&c,  exclamations  of  surprise;  G.  willing,  if 
circumstances  allow;  under  G.,used  to  qualify 
attribution  of  full  agency  to  man;  thank  G.!, 
parenthetic  expression  of  pleasure  at  turn  of 
events &c;  G.  knows,! do  not  know ;  for  God's 
sake,  with  urgent  petitions;  by  G.,  confirma- 
tory oath ;  so  help1  me  G.!).  Godfather,  god- 
mother, g.-parent,  g.-papa,  g.-mamma,  sponsor 


GOD 


355 


GONDOLA 


at  baptism,  &  so  of  theconverse'relation  fj.-child, 
godson,  g.-daughter;  godfather  (fig.),  person 
after  whom  person  or  thing  is  named,  (vb)  be 
responsible  for,  give  one's  name  to ;  g.-f earing, 
sincerely  religious;  go'dma'n,  Christ;  God's- 
acre  (imit.  of  German),  churchyard ;  God' shook, 
bible ;  go'dsend  (s-),  unexpected  welcome  event 
or  acquisition  ;  God's  image,  human  body  ;  g.- 
speed,  utterance  of  words  G.  speed  you!,  usu. 
in  bid  person  g.-s.,  wish  him  success  in  under- 
taking, journey,  &c.  Hence  go'dHOOD,  go'd- 
SHIP,  nn.,  go'dwARD  adv.  &  a.,  go'dWARDS 
adv.  [com.-Teut.;  cf.  Du.  god,  G  gott;  perh.  f. 
Aryan  ghcu  invoke  or  gheu  sacrifice] 

god2,  v.t.    Deify;  g.  it,  play  the g.    [f.  prec] 

go'ddess,  11.  Female  deity  in  polytheism 
(g.  of  love,  Venus) ;  woman  one  adores,    [-ess  l] 

gode'tia  ( -sha),  n.  Free-flowering  hardy  an- 
nual plant.    [Godet  Swiss  botanist,  -I A l] 

go'dhead  (-ed),  n.  Being  God  or  a  god,  divine 
nature,  deity  ;  the  G.,  God.    [-head] 

go*dless,a.  Withoutagod;  not  recognizing 
God ;  impious,  wicked.  Hence  go'dlessNESS 
n.     [-LESS] 

go'dlike,  a.  Resembling  God  or  agodin  some 
quality ;  fit  for,  like  that  of,  a  god.  [like] 

go'dly,  a.  Religious,  pious,  devout.  Hence 
go'dlixEss  n.    [-lv1] 

godown,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Warehouse  in 
parts  of  Asia,  esp.  India,  [f.  Malay  godong  w. 
assim.  to  go,  down] 

go'dwit,  n.  Marsh  bird  like  curlew  but  with 
upward-curved  bill.    [?] 

go'er,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  goes  (good,  slow, 
Sec.  g. ;  comers  &  gg. ).    [-er1] 

Goethian  (gertian),  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of 
Goethe,  like  Goethe,  his  writings,  views,  &c. 
[J.  W.  von  Goethe,  German  poet  1749-1832,  -ian] 

gd'fep,  n.  Thin  batter-cake  stamped  with 
honeycomb  pattern  by  the  irons  it  is  baked  in. 
[f.  F  gaufre  honeycomb,  gofer,  see  wafer] 

gd*f(f)en,  go'pher,  gairffep  (go),  v.t.,  &  n. 
Make  wavy,  flute,  crimp,  (lace  edge,  trimming, 
&c.)  with  heated  irons ;  goffered  edges  of  book, 
embossed.  (NT.)  iron  used  for  goffering;  orna- 
mental plaiting  used  for  frills  etc.  [f.  F  gaufre 
see  prec,  gavfrer  stamp  with  patterned  tool] 

go*ggle,  v.i.  &  t,,  a.,  &  n.  Squint,  roll  eyes 
about  (or  with  eyes  as  subj.),  (of  eyes)  project ; 
turn  (eyes)  sideways  or  from  side  to  side.  (Adj. ; 
of  eyes)  protuberant,  full&  rolling ;  so  go'ggle- 
eyED^a.  (N.j  pi.)  kind  of  spectacles  for  pro- 
tecting eyes  from  glare,  dust,  &c,  usu.  with 
coloured  glasses,  wire  gauze,  &c;  (slang)  round  - 
lensed  spectacles ;  sheep  disease,  staggers,  [a. 
&  n.  f.  vb;  f.  11th  c. ;  etym.  dub.,  cf.  W  gogi 
shake,  Gael,  gog  nodding  of  head] 

go'glet,  gu'gglet,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Long- 
necked  vessel  usu.  of  porous  ware  for  keeping 
water  cool.    (f.  Port,  gorgoleta] 

Goi'del,  n.  MemberofGADHELicraces.  Hence 
(=gadhelic)  Goide'lic  a.  &  n.  [f.  Olr.  Goidel] 

go'ing,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp. :  condition  of 
ground  for  walking,  riding,  &c. ;  (for  a-going, 
Sc  now  regarded  as  part.)  in  action  {set  the  clock 
g.),  existing,  to  be  had,  (one  of  the  best  fellows 
g. ;  there  is  cold  beef  g. ) ;  goings-on,  ( usu.  strange 
Sec.)  behaviour,   [ing  j] 

goi'tpe  (-ter),  n.  Morbid  enlargement  of 
thyroid  gland,  often  showingas  large  pendulous 
swelling  in  neck,  bronchocele,  dewlap.  Hence 
goi'tPED  2  <-terd)  a.  [F,  back-formation  f.  goi- 
treux  (L  guttur  throat,  -ous)] 

fgoi'tpous,  a.  Affected  with,  like,  of.  (of 
jlaces)  characterized  by  prevalence  of,  goitre, 
f.  F  goitreux  see  prec] 

Golco-nda,  n.  Mine  of  wealth  (lit.  or  fig.), 
[old  name  of  Hyderabad] 


gold,  n.  &  a.  Precious  yellow  non-rusting 
malleable  ductile  metal  of  high  specific  gravity 
(as  good  as  g.) ;  coins  made  of  this,  money  in 
large  sums,  wealth ;  (fig.)  brilliant,  beautiful,  or 
precious  things,  stuff,  &c  (a  heart,  voice,  of  g.\ 
age  of g.,-  golden  age ;  she  is  pure  g. ;  all  that 
glisters  or  glitters  is  not  g.) ;  the  metal  used  for 
coating  surface  or  as  pigment,  gilding;  the 
colour  of  the  metal  {old  g.  n.,  dull  brownish- 
golden  yellow ;  old-g.  adj.,  thus  coloured) ; 
g.  amalgam,  g.  combined  with  mercury  in 
plastic  state ;  g.-beater,  one  who  beats  g.  out 
into  g.-leaf,  g.-beater's  skin,  membrane  used  to 
separate  leaves  of  g.  during  beating,  also  as 
covering  for  slight  wounds ;  #. -digger  ;  g.-dust, 


song-bird  with  patch  of  yellow  on  wings,  (slang) 
gold  coin,  sovereign  ;  g.-Jish,  small  red  Chinese 
carp  kept  for  ornament ;  g.-foil,  g.-leaf,  g.  beaten 
into  thin  sheet,  -foil  being  the  thicker ;  g.-mine, 
lit.,  &  fig.  source  of  wealth;  g.  plate,  vessels 
made  of  g. ;  g.-rush,  a  rush  to  some  new  g. -field ; 
goldsmith,  worker  in  g.  (g.-s.  beetle,  with  g.- 
coloured  wing-covers) ;  G.-stick,  (bearer  of)  gilt 
rod  borne  on  State  occasions  by  colonel  of  Life- 
guards or  captain  of  Gentlemen-at-arms.  (Adj.) 
wholly  or  chiefly  of,  coloured  like,  g.  [com.- 
Teut.;  cf.G  gold;  cogn.  w.  yellow] 
go'lden,  a.  Made,  consisting,  of  gold  (G. 
fleece;  g.  key,  money  used  to  remove  obstacle); 
abounding  in,  yielding,  gold ;  coloured,  shining, 
like  gold;  precious,  excellent,  important,  (g. 
opinions,  high  respect ;  g.-mouthed,  eloquent ; 
a  g.  remedy,  opportunity,  saying ;  the  g.  rule, 
that  in  Matt.  vii.  12 ;  g.  mean,  neither  too  much 
nortoolittle,principleofmoderation;  fir.  number 
named  as  important  in  fixing  Easter,  year's 
number  in  Metonic  lunar  cycle  of  19  years ;  g. 
age,  first  of  four  ages,  see  brazen  »,  when  men 
were  happy  &  innocent,  also  most  prosperous 
period  of  nation's  condition  or  literature) ;  g. 
balls,  =  three  ball*s  ;  g.-eye,  kind  of  sea-duck  ; 
g.-knop,  ladybird  ;  g.  rain,  kind  of  firework ;  g.- 
rod,  plant  with  rod-like  stem  &  spike  of  bright 
yellow  flowers  ;  g.  syrup  ;  g.  wedding,  fiftieth 
anniversary,    [-en  5  ;  earlier  gilden] 

fo'ldilocks,  n.  Kinds  of  plant,  esp.  a  species 
buttercup,   [f.  obs.  goldY  2,  lock  *] 
golf  (also  got),  n.,  &  v.i.    Game  for  two  per- 
sons or  couples  played  with  small  hard  ball 
&  clubs  on  links  or  moorland  provided  with 
smooth  greens  each  having  small  cylindrical 


A 


hole ;  g.-club,  society  for  playing  g.,  also  one 
of  the  implements  used ;  (vb)  play  g.,  whence 
go'lfER  i  n.    [perh.  f.  Du.  kolfcf.  G  kolbe  club] 


of  the  implements  used ;  (vbj  play  g.,  whence 
go'lfER  i  n.    [perh.  f.  Du.  kolfcf.  G  fa  " 
Golrath,  n.    Giant.    [1  Sam.  xvii] 
go-lli 
gq'lly,  int.    (Used,  esp.  by  negroes,  for)  Goc 


go'lliwog,  n.  Grotesque  doll ;  bugbear.  [?] 
go'lly,  int.  (Used,  esp.  by  negroes,  for)  God, 
by  God.    [deformation  of  god] 


golosh.    See  galosh. 

golu*ptious,  go  lop-,  a.  (joe).  Luscious,  de- 
lightful,   [perh.  facet,  for  voluptuous] 

gombee'n,  n.  (Anglo-Ir.).  Usury  (g.-man, 
money-lender),  [f.  Ir.  gaimbin  perh.  f.  same 
OCelt.  as  med.L  cambittm  change] 

gom(b)POO*n,  n.  Persian  pottery,  imitated 
in  Chelsea  ware,    [town  on  Persian  gulf] 

Gomo'ppah,  n.  (Type  of)  wicked  town. 
[Gen.  xviii,  xix] 

-gon,  suf.  f.  Gk  -gonos  -angled,  forming  nn. 
as  hexagon,  polygon,  n-gon,  figure  with  six, 
several,  n,  angles. 

go'ndola  (-do-),  n.  Light  flat-bottomed  boat 
with  cabin  amidships  &  high  point  at  each  end 
worked  by  one  oar  at  stern,  used  on  Venetian 
canals.    [It.,  etym.  dub.] 


GONDOLIER 356 

gondolier*,  n.    Rower  of  gondola.    [F,  f.  It. 
gondoliere  (prec,  -ier)1 

gone  (gawn,  gon),  a.   In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  lost, 
hopeless,  (a g.  man,  also  go'nER  *  n. ;  ag.  case) ; 
past,  bygone,  (usu.  past  &  g.).    [p.p.  of  go] 
go'nfalon,  n.  Banner,  often  with  streamers, 
hung  from  cross-bar,  esp.  as  standard  of  some 
Italian  republics,  [f.  It.  gonf alone  f.  OHG  gund- 
fano  f.  OTeut.  gunthjd  war,  fano  bannerj 
gonfalonier*,  n.     Standard-bearer;   chief 
magistrate  in  some  Italian  republics,    [f.  It. 
gonfaloniere  (prec,  -ier)] 
gong,  n.    Metal  disk  with  turned  rim  giving 
resonant  note  when  hung  &  struck  with  soft 
mallet,  used  esp.  as  signal  for  meals ;  saucer- 
shaped  bell.    [imit.  of  its  sound] 
gdnid'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  measuring 
angles.    So  gonio'METRY  n.,  goniome'tpic- 
(al)  aa.    [F  (-metre),  f.  Gk  gonia  angle,  -meter] 
gdnopphoe'a  (-orea),  n.    Inflammatory  dis- 
charge of  mucus  from  urethra  or  vagina.  Hence 
gonorrhoea l  a.    [med.L,  f.  Gk  gonorrhoia 
(gonos  seed,  rhoia  flux)] 

good,  a.  (better,  best),  &  n.  Having  the  right 
qualities,  satisfactory,  adequate,  (a  g.  fire,  not 
too  small  or  dull ;  meat  keeps  g.,  untainted  ;  g. 
soil,  fertile;  not  g.  enough  colloq.,  not  worth 
doing,  accepting,  &c. ;  g.  money,  genuine ;  as 
conventional  epithet  in  the  g.  ship  — ,  the  g.  town 
of  —\  g.  law,  valid,  sound;  is  g.  eating  &c, 
attractive  to  eat  &c.) ;  commendable  (esp.  in  g. 
men&true ;  g.  old  —  !,  colloq.  form  of  approval ; 
also  in  courteous,  patronizing,  ironically  polite, 
or  indignant  address,  as  my  g.  friend,  man, 
sir,  or  in  polite  or  indulgently  contemptuous 
description,  as  your  g.  lady,  the  g.  man ;  the  g. 
people,  fairies  ;  of  g.  family,  well-born  ;  in  g. 
spirits,  not  depressed ;  a  g.  leg,  well  shaped) ; 
right,  proper,  expedient,  (it  is  g.  to  be  here ;  J 
thought,  it  seemed,  g.  to  do  something ;  also  abs. 
as  excl.  of  approval  or  consent) ;  morally  ex- 
cellent, virtuous ;  kind,  benevolent,  (so  of  God 
&c,  esp.  in  prayers  &  exclamations,  as  g.  God!, 
g.  heavens  !,  g.  gracious! ;  be  so  g.  as,  g.  enough, 
to,  =  please  to ;  how  g.  of  you  ! ;  did  me  a  g.  turn 
or  office ;  has  always  been  g.  to  me ;  say  a  g. 
word,  for,  commend,  defend) ;  (esp.  of  child)  well 
behaved,  not  giving  trouble,  (often  as  g.  as 
gold) ;   gratifying,  agreeable,  favourable,  ad- 
vantageous, beneficial,  wholesome,  (g.  news', 
things  are  in  g.  train,  going  well ;  so  in  forms  of 
greeting  or  parting,  as  g.-morning,  g.  day,  good- 
night ;  have  a  g.  time,  enjoy  oneself ;  have  a  g. 
night,  sleep  well;  a  g.  saying  or  story,  as  g.  as 
a  play,  amusing ;  oil  is  g.  for  burns ;  beer  is  not 
g.  for  him  or  his  health ;  take  ing.  part,  not  be 
annoyed  at) ;  adapted  to  an  end,  efficient,  suit- 
able, competent,  (esp.  with  agent-nouns,  as  a  g. 
driver  ;  g.  at  describinflr  &c. ;  has  been  a  g.  wife 
to  him) ;  reliable,  safe,  sure,  (a  g.  man,  finan- 
cially sound,  able  to  meet  liabilities ;  g.  debts, 
sure  to  be  paid ;  a  g.  life,  likely  to  last  long,  such 
as  insurance  office  will  accept;  g.  for  an  amount, 
safely  to  be  trusted  to  pay  it,  also  of  draft  &c, 
drawn  for  so  much) ;  valid,  sound,  thorough, 
ample,  considerable,  (gave  her  a  g.  beating;  did 
it  for  g.  reasons;  rule  holds  g.;  ag.  excuse;  a 
g.  deal  \  few,  many  ;  have  a  g.  mind,  be  much 
inclined  to  do ;  often  as  intensi  ve  before  adj.,  as 
went  a  g.  round  pace,  toill  take  a  g.  long  time) ; 
not  less  than  (played  for  a  g.  hour;  it  is  three 
miles  g.  from  the  station) ;  as  g.  as,  practically 
(he  as  g.  as  told  me  so;asg.  as  dead ;  it  is  as  g. 
as  done) ;  make  g. ,  compensate  for,  pay  (expense), 
fulfil  (promise),  effect  (purpose),  demonstrate 
(statement),  substantiate  (charge),  gain  &  hold 
(position),  replace   or  restore  (thing  lost  or 
damaged) ;  g.  breeding,  correct  or  courteous 


GOOSE 

manners  ;  g.  fellow,  sociable  person,  agreeable 
companion,  g.- fellowship,  conviviality,  socia- 
bility ;  g.-for-nothing,  g.-for-nought,  aa.  &  nn., 
worthless  (person) ;  G.  Friday  ;  g.  humour, 
cheerful  mood  or  disposition, amiability,  whence 
good-hu*mouPED2a..good-hu*moured- 
ly  2  (-merdli)  ad  v. ;  g.  -loo  'king,  handsome ;  goo  'd- 
looking,  of  virtuous  appearance  ;  g.  looks,  per- 
sonal beauty;  g.  luck,  being  fortunate,  happy 
chance,  (often  g.  I.  to  you!,  as  wish) ;  goodman 
(archaic),  head  of  household,  husband,  father, 
&c.  ;  g.-morrow  (archaic),  =  g.-morning ;  g. 
nature,  kindly  disposition,  willingness  to  post- 
pone one's  own  interests,  whence  good-na*- 
turED  2  a.,  good-na*tupedLY  2  adv.  ;  g.- 
neighbourhood,  -neighbourliness,  -neighbour- 
ship, friendly  conduct ;  g.  sense,  soundness  of 
judgment,  practical  wisdom  ;g.  temper,ireedom 
from  irritability,  whence  good-te*mpePED2 
a.,  good-te*mpepedLY2  adv.;  g.  thing,  ad- 
vantageous bargain  or  speculation,  witty  say- 
ing, (pi.)  dainties  ;  goodwife,  mistress  of  house 
(esp.  Sc).  (N.):  (adj.  used  as  pi.  n.)  virtuous 
persons  (the  g. ;  g.  &  bad  alike  respect  him) ; 
what  is  g.  or  beneficial,  well-being,  profit, 
benefit,  advantage,  (is  a  power  for  g. ;  deceive 
him  for  his  g. ;  what  g.  will  it  do?;  much  g.  may 
it  do  you  !,  often  iron.;  do  g.,  show  kindness  to, 
act  philanthropically,  be  beneficial  to  or  benefit ; 
to  the  g.,  as  balance  on  right  side,  net  profit, 
something  extra,  &c. ;  come  to  g.,  yield  g.  result ; 
for  g.,  for  g.  &  all,  permanently,  finally,  defi- 
nitively ;  be  any,  some,  no,  much,  g.,  be  of  any 
&c.  use) ;  desirable  end  or  object,  thing  worth 
attaining;  no  g.y  some  mischief  (is  up  to, 
after,  no  g.);  (pi.)  movable  property ;  (pi.)  mer- 
chandise, wares,  (piece  of  gg.  facet.,  person); 
(pi.)  things  for  transmission  by  rail  &c.  (opp. 
passengers ;  so  gg.  agent,  station,  train,  &c). 
Hence  goo'disn  H2)  a.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  god 
cf.  G  gut;  orig.  sense  perh.  fitting,  f.  same  root 
as  gather] 

gdbd-foye\  int.  &  n.  (Saying  of)  farewell, 
[contr.  of  God  be  with  you  !,  with  good  substi- 
tuted on  anal,  of  good-night  &c] 

foo'dly,  a.    Comely,  handsome ;  of  consider- 
lesize&c;  (iron.)  trifling,  worthless.   Hence 
goo'dliNESS  n.   (OE  gddlic  (good,  -ly  *)] 

goo'dness,  n.  V irtue ;  positive  or  compara- 
tive excellence;  benevolence,  kindness,  gene- 
rosity, (have  the  g.,  be  kind  enough  to) ;  what 
is  good  in  thing,  its  essence  or  strength ;  (in 
exclamations,  substituted  for)  God  (g.  gra- 
cious!, excl.  of  surprise  or  indignation;  g. 
knows,  I  do  not  know ;  I  wish  to  g. ;  thank  g. ! ; 
for  goodness1  sake).    [OE  godnes  (good,  -ness)1 

goodwi'll,  n.  Kindly  feeling  to  person,  fa- 
vour ;  cheerful  acquiescence  or  consent,  hearti- 
ness, zeal ;  privilege  granted  by  seller  of  busi- 
ness, of  trading  as  recognized  successor. 

gdb'dy  ],n.  (archaic).  Elderly  woman  of  lower 
class  (often  as  prefix  to  surname),  [for  GOOD- 
wife  cf.  hussy] 


gdb'dy2,  n.    A  sweetmeat,  bonbon.    [-Y3] 
goo'dy3,  goo'dy-goody,  a.    Primly,  pre- 
tentiously, inopportunely,  obtrusively,  weakly. 


or  sentimentally  virtuous  (talk  #.,  in  g.  manner). 
Hence  goo'di.SESS  n.    [-Y  3] 

goo'gly,  n.  (cricket).  Ball  so  bowled  as  to 
swerve  one  way  &  break  the  other.    l?l 

goosa'ndep,  n.  Bird  allied  to  duck  but  with 
sharp  serrated  Dill.    [?] 

goose,  n.  (pi.  gree.se  pr.  g-).  Kinds  of  web-footed 
bird  between  duck  &  swan  in  size,  female  of 
this  (opp.  gander),  its  flesh,  (all  his  geese  are 
swans,  he  over-estimates;  cook2  person's  g.; 
say  bo  to  g.;  saivcefor  g.  is  sauce  for  gander); 
I  simpleton,whencegoo*seY3n.;  tailor's  smooth- 


GOOSEBERRY 


357 


GOURD 


ing-iron  (with  handle  like  g.'s  neck);  fox1  <£• 
flree.se  ;  g.-club,  for  providing  poor  people  with 
Christmas  goose  paid  for  by  small  instalments ; 
p.-flesh,  rough  bristling  state  of  skin  produced 
by  cold  or  fright ;  g.-foot,  kinds  of  plant  named 
from  shape  of  leaves;  g.-grass,  silverweed, 
cleavers ;  gooseherd,  one  who  tends  geese ;  g.- 
quill,  quill-feather  of  g.  esp.  used  as  pen;  g.- 
skin,=g. -flesh;  g.-step,  balancing-drill  taught 
to  army  recruits.  [Aryan  ;  OE  gos,  cf.  G  gans, 
L  anser,  Gk  khen ;  gander  perh.  unrelated] 

gdb'sebeppy  (-z-),  n.  (Edible  berry  of)  any 
thorny  species  of  Ribes ;  wine  made  of  gg. ;  play 
g.,  act  as  chaperon,  play  propriety,  for  pair  of 
lovers;  flr.-FOOL3.   [perh.  r.  prec] 

gophep.    See  goffer. 

Gop'dian,  a.  G.  knot,  intricate  knot,  difficult 
problem  or  task,  (cut  the  G.  k.,  solve  problem  by 
force  or  by  evading  the  conditions,  [f.  Gordiwi, 
tier  of  knot  cut  by  Alexander  the  Great,  +  -an J 

gore1,  ru  Blood  shed  &  thickened  or  clotted. 
Hence  goP*v2a.,gOP*iLY2adv.  [OEgrordung, 
dirt,  cf.  Du.  goor  mud] 

gore2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Wedge-shaped  piece  of  cloth 
inserted  to  narrowgarment ;  triangular  or  lune- 
shaped  piece  in  umbrella,  balloon,  dome,  globe, 
&c;  (vb)  shape,  narrow,  with  g.  [OE  gdra  tri- 
angular piece  of  land  cogn.  w.  gar  spear,  w.  ref. 
to  shape  of  spear-head] 

gore3,  v.t  Pierce  with  the  horn  or  (rarely) 
tusk  (also  transf.  of  rocks  piercing  ship),  [perh. 

f .  OE  gar  a  spear] 

gopge^n.  (Rhet)  internal  throat;  what  has 
been  swallowed,  contents  of  stomach,  (cast  the 

g.  at,  reject  with  loathing ;  one's  g.  risen  at,  one 
is  sickened  or  disgusted  by);  (Fortif.)  neck  of 
bastion  or  other  outwork,  rear  entrance  to  a 
work;  narrow  opening,  usu.  with  stream,  be- 
tween hills ;  solid  object  meant  to  be  swallowed 
as  bait  for  fish.    [OF,  etym.  dub.] 

gorge2,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Feed  greedily';  satiate, 
glut ;  swallow,  devour  greedily ;  fill  full,  dis- 
tend, choke  up ;  (n.)  act  of  gorging,  surfeit  [f. 
OF  gorger  (prec.)] 

gop'geous  (-jus),  a.  Richly  coloured,  sump- 
tuous, magnificent;  (of  diction)  ornate,  dazzling. 
Hence  gop*geousLV2adv.,  gop'geousxEss 
n.    [f.  OF  gorgias  finely  dressed,  etym.  dub.] 

gop'get  i,  n.  (Hist )  piece  of  armour  for  throat, 
woman's  wimple ;  necklace ;  patch  of  colour  on 
throat  of  bird  &c.  [f.  OF  gorgete  (gorge  \  -et  *)] 

gOP*get2,  n.  (surg.).  Channel-shaped  steel 
instrument  used  in  operations  for  stone  &c. 
[f.  F  gorgeret  (gorge1,  as  tubular)] 

Go#-flf/o,  n.    (Gipsy  for)  non-gipsy.  [Romany] 

gor'gon,  n.  (Gk  my thol. )  one  of  three  snake- 
haired  women  whose  looks  turned  any  beholder 
to  stone;  terrible  or  ugly  person, repulsive  wo- 
man. Hence  gopgd'niAN  a.  [f.  L  Oorgo  -onis 
f.  Gk  Gorgo  -ous  (gorgos  terrible)] 

gopgo'nia,  n.  (pi.  -iae,  -ias).  Sea-fan,  kind 
of  polyp,    [prec,  as  hardening  in  air,+  -ia1] 

gOP*gonize,  v.t.  Stare  at  like  gorgon.  [ize] 
opgonzo'la,  n. .  A  rich  cheese.    [G„  Italy] 

gopi'lla,  n.  Large  powerful  ferocious  arbo- 
real anthropoid  ape.  [Afr.  for  wild  man  in  Gk 
account  of  Hanno's  voyage  5th  or  6th  c.  b.c] 

gor'mandize,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t,  gourman- 
ctise  (F),  n.  Habits  of  a  gourmand,  indulgence 
in  good  eating,  gluttony;  (vb)  eat,  devour,  vo- 
raciously, whence  goP'mandizER l  n.  [vb  f. 
n.,  f.  F  gourmandise  (gourmand,  -ise)] 

gopse,  n.  Prickly  yellow-flowered  shrub, 
whin,  furze.  Hence  gop'sv2  a.  [OE  gorst 
cogn.  w.  Ggerst,  L  hordeum,  barley] 

gosh,  int.    (Also  by  g.)  by  God.    (for  God] 

go'shawk  (s-h-),  n.  Kinds  of  large  short- 
winged  hawk.    [OE  gos-hafoc  (goose,  hawk)] 


Go'shen,  n.  Place  of  light  or  plenty.  [Gen. 
xlv.  10  &c,  Exod.  x.  23] 

go'sling  (-z-),  n.    Young  goose,    [-ling  i] 

go'spel,  n.  Glad  tidings  preached  by  Christ ; 
religiousdoctrineof  Christ  &  his  apostles,  Chris- 
tian revelation ;  protestant  or  evangelical  doc- 
trine (opp.  mass);  record  of  Christ's  life  in  books 
of  four  evangelists ;  any  of  those  books ;  portion 
from  one  of  them  read  at  Communion  service ; 
thing  that  may  safely  be  believed  (takes  his 
dreams  for  g.) ;  principle  that  one  acts  upon, 
believes  in,  or  preaches  (the  g.  of  efficiency,  lais- 
sezfaire,  soap  &  water);  g. -boo k,  containing  gg. 
read  at  Communion ;  g.  oath,  sworn  on  the  gg. ; 
g.-shop,  Methodist  chapel ;  g.  side,  N.  side  of 
altar,  at  which  g.  is  read ;  g.  truth,  truths  con- 
tained in  g.,  something  as  true  as  g.  [OE  god- 
spel  corrupted  by  confusion  w.  God  f.  god  spel 
good  tidings  (good,  spell)] 

go'spellep,  n.  Reader  of  gospel  in  Commu- 
nion service.    [-ER1] 

gcssamer,  n.  &  a.  Light  filmy  substance, 
the  webs  of  small  spiders,  floating  in  calm  air 
or  spread  over  grass ;  a  thread  of  this ;  some- 
thing flimsy ;  delicate  gauze ;  hence  go'ssam- 
ePED2,  go'ssamerv2,  aa.  (Adj.)  light  & 
flimsy  as  g.  [ME  gossomer  perh.  =  goose-sum- 
mer or  St  Martin's  summer,  i.e.  early  November 
when  geese  were  eaten,  g.  being  most  seen  then] 

go'ssip,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Archaic)  familiar  ac- 
quaintance, friend,  (esp.  of  women);  idle  talker, 
newsmonger,  tattler,  (esp.  of  women);  idle  talk, 
groundless  rumours,  tittle-tattle ;  easy  uncon- 
strained talk  or  writing  esp.  about  persons  or 
social  incidents;  hence  go*ssipRY(4,  5)  n., 
go'ssipv  2  a.  ( Vb)  Talk  idly  or  lightly,  tattle ; 
write  in  gossipy  style ;  hence  go'ssipER l  n. 
[earlier  senses,  sponsor,  fellow-sponsor,  one's 
child's  sponsor,  at  baptism ;  OE  godsibb  person 
related  to  one  in  God  (sibb,  sib,  akin)] 

gossoo'n,  n.  (Anglo-Ir.).  Lad.    [f.  Fflraraml 

got,  past  &  p.p.  of  get.  G.-up,  factitious,  arti- 
ficially produced,  adorned,  &c,  with  a  view  to 
effect  or  deception. 

Goth,  n.  One  of  aGermanic  tribe  who  invaded 
Eastern  &  Western  Empires  in  3rd-5th  cc.  & 
founded  kingdoms  in  Italy,  France,  &  Spain ; 
rude,  uncivilized,  or  ignorant  person,  esp.  one 
who  destroys  works  of  art(cf.  vandal),  whence 
Go-thiSH  i  a.  [OE  Gotan  pi.  f.  LL  f.  Gk  Gothoi] 

Gd'tham  (-t-h-),  n.  Typical  foolish  town  (wise 
man  of  G„  fool).  Hence  Go'thamiTEMl)  n. 
[perh.  f.  the  village  in  Notts.] 

Go'thic,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  Goths  or  their  lan- 
guage ;  (Arch.)  in  the  pointed-arch  style  preva- 
lent in  Western  Europe  in  12th-16th  cc,  includ- 
ing in  England  the  Early  English,  Decorated, 
&  Perpendicular  (orig.  sense  not  classical) ;  bar- 
barous, rude,  uncouth ;  (Print, a.  &n.)  German, 
also  black-letter,  (type);  hence  Go'thiCALtY 
adv.,GothieiSM(2,3,4)n.,GothiciZE(2,3)v.i. 
&  t  (N.)  G.  language,  G.  architecture,  [f.  L 
Gothicus  (GOTH,  -ic)] 

gotten.    See  get1. 

gouache  (goo'ahsh),  n.  Way  of  painting  in 
opaque  colours  ground  in  water  &  thickened 
with  gum  &  honey.    [F,  f.  It.  guazzo] 

gouge(gowj,  gooj),  n.,  &  v.t.  Concave-bladed 
chisel  used  in  carpentry  &  surgery.  (Vb)  cut 
with  g.;  cut  out  (a  cork,  a  channel)  (as)  with  g.; 
force  (out,  esp.  person's  eye  with  thumb)  (as)  with 
g.;  force  out  eye  of.    [F,  f.  LL  gubia] 

Goulap'd  (goo-),  n.  Lotion  of  sub-acetate  of 
lead  in  solution.    [T.  G.,  French  surgeon] 

gourd  (gord,  goord),  n.  (Large  fleshy  fruit  of) 
kinds  of  trailing  or  climbing  plants ;  rind  of  the 
fruit  emptied,  dried,  &  used  as  bottle  &c.  Hence 
goup*dFUL(2)  n.    [f.  F  gourde  f.  L  cucurbita) 


GOURMAND 


358 


GRACIOUS 


gourmand  (goor'mand,  or  as  F),  a.  &  n. 
Gluttonous,  fond  of  eating;  (n.:  usu.  as  F)  lover 
of  delicate  fare,  judge  of  good  eating.  Hence 
gour*mandiSM(2)  n.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

gounnandise.    See  gormandize. 

gourmet  (F),  n.  Connoisseur  of  table  deli- 
cacies, esp.  of  wine.    [F] 

gout  (gowt),  n.  Paroxysmal  disease  with  in- 
flammation of  smaller  joints,  esp.  that  of  great 
toe,  &  chalk-stones ;  wheat-disease  caused  by 
g.-Jly,  drop,  splash,  of  liquid,  esp.  blood  ;  spot 
of  colour.  Hence  gou'tY  2  a.,  gou'tiLY 2  adv., 
gou'tiNESS  n.  [f.  OF  goxde  f.  L  gidta  drop  w. 
ref.  to  medieval  theory  of  defluxion  of  humours] 

go'vern  (gu>),  v.t.  &  i.  Rule  with  authority, 
conduct  the  policy,  actions,  &  affairs,  of  (State, 
subject)  despotically  or  constitutionally,  regu- 
late proceedings  of  (corporation  &c;  governing 
body,  managers  of  hospital,  school,  &c);  be  in 
military  command  of  (fort,  town);  exercise  func- 
tion of  government  in  person  (king  reigns  but 
does  not  g.,  merely  selects  those  who  are  to  g.); 
sway,  rule,  influence,  regulate,  determine,  (per- 
son, his  acts,  course  or  issue  of  events) ;  be  the 
predominating  influence ;  conduct  oneself  in 
some  way ;  curb,bridle,  (one'spassions.oneseZ/); 
constitute  a  law,  rule,  standard,  or  principle, 
for,  serve  in  determining ;  (Gram.,  esp.  of  vb  or 
prep. )  have  (noun,  case)  depending  on  it,  require 
(such  a  case).  Hence  go'vernABLE  a.,  go- 
vernaBi-LiTV  n.  [f.  OF  governer  f.  Laguber- 
nare  steer,  govern,  f.  Gk  kubernao  steeiy 

governance,  n.  Act,  manner,  fact,  or  func- 
tion, of  governing,  sway,  control,  [f.  OF  gou- 
vernance  (prec,  -ance)] 

go'verness,  n.  Female  teacher,  instructress, 
esp.  of  children  in  private  household ;  g.-car{t), 
light  two-wheeled  vehicle  with  side  seats  face 
to  face,  [earlier  governeress  f.  OF  gonverne- 
resse  (gouverneur  governor,  -ess1)] 

go'vernment,  n.  (More  modern  word  for) 
governance;  portion  of  country  ruled  by  a 
governor,  province ;  system  of  governing,  form 
of  polity ;  body  or  successive  bodies  of  persons 
governing  a  State,  the  State  as  an  agent,  an 
administration  or  ministry  (form  a  fir.,  of  Prime 
Minister  selecting  colleagues) ;  (Gram.)  relation 
between  GOVERNing  &  other  word ;  g.-house, 
official  residence  of  governor ;  g.-paper,  -securi- 
ties, bonds,  exchequer  bills,  &c,  issued  by  g. 
Hence  governme*ntAL  a.,  governme'nt- 
alLY  2  adv.   [OF  (-ement),  see  govern,  -ment] 

go'vernor,  n.  One  who  governs,  ruler; 
official  appointed  to  govern  province,  country, 
town,  &c,  representative  of  Crown  in  colony 
or  dependency,  executive  head  of  each  of  U.S. ; 
officer  commanding  fortress  or  garrison  ;  head, 
or  one  of  governing  body,  of  institution ;  (slang) 
one's  employer,  one's  father,  sir ;  (Mech.)  auto- 
matic regulator  of  supply  of  gas,  steam,  water, 
&c.,  to  machine,  ensuring  even  motion ;  kind  of 
fishing-fly ;  g.-general,  g.  with  deputy  gg.  under 
him,  whence  go*vernor-ge*neralSHip  n. 
Hence  go'vernorsHip(l,  2)  n.  [f.  OF  gover- 
neiir  f.  L  gubernatorem  (govern,  -or2)] 

go  wan,  n.  (Sc).  Daisy,  [prob.  var.  of  obs. 
golland  &  connected  w.  obs.  gold,  OE  golde, 
marigold,  perh.  f.  gold] 

gowk,  n.  (Dial.)  cuckoo ;  awkward  or  half- 
witted person,  fooL    ff.  OX  gaukr  cf.  G  gauch] 

gown,  n.,  &  v.t.  Loose  flowing  upper  gar- 
ment, esp.  woman's  dress  (usu.  of  dress  with 
pretensions  to  elegance,  or  in  comb,  as  tea, 
dinner,  -fir.),  frock ;  ancient  Roman  toga  (arms, 
gown,  war  &  peace) ;  official  or  uniform  robe  of 
various  shapes  worn  by  alderman,  judge,  law- 
yer, clergyman,  member  of  university,  college, 
or  school,  &c.  (town  &  g.,  non-members  &  mem- 


bers of  university  at  Oxf.  &  Camb.) ;  gownsman, 
civilian,  member  of  university  ;  (vb,  chiefly  in 
p.p.)  attire  in  g.  [f.  OF  goune  f.  med.L  gunna 
fur  garment  (in  LL=fur)] 

Graafian  (-rahf-),  a.  G.  follicle,  vesicle, 
one  of  small  sacs  in  mammal  ovary  in  which 
ova  are  matured.  [R.  de  Graaf,  Dutch  anato- 
mist d.  1673,  -ian] 

grab,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Seize  suddenly ;  appro- 
priate rapaciously ;  capture,  arrest ;  make 
snatch  at;  hence  (-)gra'bbER1  n.  (N.)  sud- 
den clutch,  grasp,  seizure,  or  attempt  to  seize  ; 
practice  of  grabbing,  rapacious  proceedings 
esp.  in  politics  or  commerce ;  (Mech.)  device  or 
implement  for  clutching ;  children's  card  game, 
[n.  f.  vb;  cf.  MDu.  &  MLG  grabben,  perh. 
modification  of  grip] 

gra'bble,  v.i.  Grope  about,  feel  for  some- 
thing ;  sprawl  on  all  fours  (of  ten  for  something), 
[prec.  +  -le(2)] 

grace,  n.,  &  v.t.  Pleasing  quality,  attractive- 
ness, charm,  esp.  that  belonging  to  elegant  pro- 
portions or  ease  &  refinement  of  movement, 
action,  expression,  or  manner,  whence  gra'ee- 
ful  a.,  gra'eefulLY2  adv.,  gra*eefulNESs 
n. ;  becomingness,  air  with  which  something 
is  done,  (cannot  with  any  g.  ask  him ;  have  the 
g.  to,  do  something  that  decency  requires  ;  with 
a  good  g.,  as  if  willing;  with  a  bad  g.,  reluc- 
tantly, ungraciously);  attractive  feature,  ac- 
complishment, ornament;  (airs  & gg.,  behavi- 
our put  on  with  a  view  to  effect  or  attraction) ; 
(Mus.;  also  g.-note,  -notes)  embellishment  of  ex- 
tra note(s)  not  essential  to  harmony  or  melody  ; 
(Gk  Myth.)  the  Gg.,  three  beautiful  goddess 
sisters,  the  bestowers  of  beauty  &  charm; 
favour,  benignant  regard  or  its  manifestation, 
on  part  of  superior  (be  in  one's  good  gg.,  enjoy 
his  favour  or  liking) ;  unconstrained  goodwill 
as  ground  of  concession  (act  of  g.,  privilege, 
concession,  that  cannot  be  claimed  as  right,  & 
see  below ;  by  the  g,  of  God,  appended  to  royal 
titles) ;  boon  ;  (Univv.)  permission  of  Congrega- 
tion, also  of  College  or  Hall,  to  take  degree, 
dispensation  from  statutes ;  (Theol.)  unmerited 
favour  of  God,  divine  regenerating,  inspiring, 
&  strengthening  influence,  condition  (also  state 
ofg.)  of  being  so  influenced,  individual  divinely 
given  excellence,  (year  ofg.,  with  date=A.  d.  ; 
in  this  y.  of  g.  usu.  iron.,  when  Christianity 
has  been  so  long  established) ;  favour  shown  by 
granting  delay  (give  a  day's,  year's,  &c,  g.: 
days  ofg.,  time  allowed  by  law  for  payment  or 
bill  of  exchange  after  it  falls  due,  in  England 
three  days) ;  mercy,  clemency,  (Act  ofg.,  formal, 
esp.  general,  pardon  by  Act  of  Parliament ;  & 
see  above) ;  short  thanksgiving  before  or  after 
meal  (g.-cup,  cup  of  wine  &c.  passed  round 
after  g.,  parting  draught) ;  his,  her,  your,  g., 
forms  or  address  or  description  for  duke, 
duchess,  or  archbishop.  (Vb)  add  g.  to,  adorn, 
set  off  with ;  confer  honour  or  dignity  on,  hon- 
our with  title  &c. ;  do  credit  to.  [f.  F  grace  f. 
L  gratia  (gratus  pleasing,  grateful)] 

gra'celess,  a.  Unregenerate,  depraved, 
(archaic  or  facet.) ;  wanting  sense  of  decency, 
unabashed ;  without  charm  or  elegance  (rare). 
Hence  gra'celessLY 2  adv.,  gra'celess- 
ness  n.   [-less] 

gra'cious  (-shws),  a.  &  int.  Agreeable, 
pleasing,  (archaic);  kindly,  benevolent,  cour- 
teous, (chiefly  poet.) ;  condescending,  indulgent 
&  beneficent  to  inferiors,  (of  exalted  persons,  or 
sarcastic  or  facet.;  esp.  as  polite  epithet  of 
royal  or  ducal  persons  or  their  acts) ;  (of  God) 
dispensing  grace,  merciful,  benignant;  hence 
gra*eiousLY2adv.,  gra'ciousNESs  n.  (Int. ; 
cllipt.  for  g.  God,  as)  good  g. .',  my  g.  !,  excll.  of 


GRACKLE 


359 


-GRAM 


surprise  (also  in  g.  me  !,  g.  goodness .').  [OF,  f.  L 
gratiosus  (grace,  -ose1)] 

gpa'ekle,  n.  Kinds  of  bird  allied  to  jackdaw, 
[ult.  f.  L  graculus  jackdaw] 

gpada'te,  v.i.  &  t.  (Cause  to)  pass  by  im- 
perceptible degrees  from  one  shade  of  colour 
to  another ;  arrange  in  steps  or  grades,  [back- 
formation  f.  foil.] 

gpada'tion,  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  stage(s)  of  transi- 
tion or  advance ;  series  of  degrees  in  rank, 
merit,  intensity,  divergence,  &c,  (pi.)  such  de- 
grees ;  arrangement  in  such  degrees ;  (Fine  arts) 
insensible  passing  from  one  shade,  tone,  &c, 
to  another ;  (Philol.)  ablaut.  Hence  grada'- 
tion al  a.,  gpada'tionalLY2  adv.  [t  L  gra- 
datio  (gradus  step,  -ation)] 

grade,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Math.)  hundredth  part  of 
right  angle ;  degree  in  rank,  proficiency,  quali- 
ty, value,  &c. ,  class  of  persons  or  things  alike  in 
these ;  (Cattle-breeding)  variety  produced  by 
crossing  native  stock  with  superior  breed ; 
(Zool.)  group  supposed  to  have  branched  from 
parent  stock  at  same  stage  of  development ; 
(Philol.)  relative  position  in  ablaut-series ;  (esp. 
U.S.)  gradient,  slope,  rate  of  ascent  or  descent, 
(on  the  up,  down,  g.,  rising  or  falling,  lit.  &  fig.). 
(Vb)  arrange  in  gg.,  class,  sort ;  blend  so  as  to 
affect  g.  of ;  colour  with  tints  passing  into  each 
other;  reduce  (road,  canal,  &c.)  to  easy  gradi- 
ents ;  (Cattle-breeding)  cross  with  better  Dreed 
(g.  up,  improve  t hus)  ;(Philol. ,  in  pass.  )be  changed 
by  ablaut    Ivb  f.  n.,  F,  f.  L  gradus  stepj 

gra'dient,  n.  Amount  of  slope,  inclination 
to  the  horizontal,  inroad,  railway,  &c;  propor- 
tional rise  or  fall  of  thermometer  or  barometer 
in  passing  from  one  region  to  another,  [perh. 
formed  on  prec.  after  quotient] 

gpa'din(e)  (also  -ade'n),  n.  One  of  series  of 
low  steps  or  tier  of  seats ;  ledge  at  back  of  altar, 
[f.  F  gradin  f.  It.  gradino  (grado  grade)] 

gpa'dual1,  n.  Antiphon  sung  between 
Epistle  &  Gospel  [so  called  as  sung  at  steps 
of  altar  or  while  .deacon  mounted  ambo;  f. 
med.L  graduate  neut.  adj.  as  n.,  see  foil.] 

gpa'dual2,  a.  Taking  place  by  degrees, 
slowly  progressive,  not  rapid,  steep,  or  abrupt ; 
g.  psalm,  =  song  of  degrees.  Hence  gpa'du- 
alLY 2  adv.,  gpa'dual  n  ess  n.  (f.  med.L  gi'a- 
dnalis  (L  gradus  -us  step,  -al)] 

gpa'duate1  (at),  n.    One  who  holds  acade- 


mic degree ;  chemist's  graduated  measuring- 
glass.   If.  med.L  graduatus  (foil.,  -ate2)] 

gpa'duate2,  v.i.  &t.  Take,  admit  to  (chiefly 
U.S.),  academic  degree,  (transf.  qualify  or  per- 
fect oneself  as ;  mark  out  in  degrees  or  por- 
tions; arrange  in  gradations,  apportion  inci- 
dence of  (tax)  according  to  a  scale ;  pass  away 
by  degrees,  change  (intr.)  gradually  into:  con- 
centrate (solution)  by  evaporation.  Hence 
gpadu ation,  gpa*duatOR2(l,  2),  nn.  [f. 
medLL  graduare  (gradus  -us  step),  -ate  3] 

gpa'dus,  n.  Dictionary  of  Latin  prosody 
used  in  schools  to  help  in  writing  Latin  verse, 
[for  g.  ad  Parnassum  step  to  Parnassus] 

Gr(a)e'eism,  n.  A  Greek  idiom,  esp.  as 
imitated  in  another  language;  Greek  spirit, 
style,  mode  of  expression,  &c,  imitation  of 
these,  [f.  F  gricisvie  f.  med.L  gi'aecismu-s 
(Graecus  greek,  -ism)] 

Gp(a)e*cize,  v.t.  &  i.  Give  a  Greek  cast, 
character,  or  form,  to ;  favour,  imitate,  the 
Greeks,    [f,  L  graecizare  (prec,  -ize)] 

Gp(a)e'eo-,  comb,  form  of  L  Graecus  greek, 
as  -Roman.  Hence  Qp(a)eeoMA,NiA(c)  nn., 
Gp(a)e'eoPHiL  a.  &  n. 

gpaffl'to  (fe),  n.  (pi.  -ti  pr.  -te).  Drawing  or 
writing  scratched  on  wall  &c,  esp.  on  ancient 
wall  as  at  Pompeii;  decoration  by  scratches 


through    plaster  showing  different-coloured 
under-surface.    [It] 

graft !,  n.,  &  v.t  Shoot  or  scion  inserted  in 
slit  of  another  stock,  from  which  it  receives 
sap ;  (Surg.)  piece  of  transplanted  living  tissue ; 
process  of  grafting  ;  place  where  g.  is  inserted. 
(Vb)  insert  (scion)  as  g.  (in,  into,  on,  upon,  to- 
gether), (fig.)  insert  or  fix  in  or  upon  so  as  to 
produce  vital  or  indissoluble  union  ;  insert 
graft(s) ;  insert  graft(s)  upon  (stock) ;  (Surg.) 
transplant  (living  tissue);  (Naut)  cover  (ring- 
bolt &c.)  with  weaving  of  small  cord;  grafting 
clay,   wax,  composition  for  covering  united 

8 arts  of  g.  &  stock,  [for  earlier  graffw.  &  v.  f. 
'F  grafe  f.  LL  f.  Gk  graphion  stylus  (grapho 
write),named  f.  similarity  of  shape ;  -t  perh.  due 
to  use  of  g.  as  p.p.  of  graff,  cf.  hoist,  baste3] 

graft 2,  n.  Depth  of  earth  that  may  be  thrown 
up  at  once  with  spade,    [cogn.  w.  grave2] 

graft3,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (U.S.  colloq.).  Illicit  spoils 
in  connexion  with  politics  or  municipal  busi- 
ness, practices  intended  to  secure  these ;  (vb) 
seek,  make,  g.,  whence  gpa'ftER x  n.    [?] 

gpail »,  n.  =  gradual  *.  [f.  OF  grael  i  eccL 
L  gradate  var.  of  graduate] 

gpail 2,  n.  (Also  holy  or  saint  g.,  or  sangreal) 
platter  used  by  Christ  at  Last  Supper,  &  in 
which  Joseph  of  Arimathea  received  his  blood 
at  the  Cross,  [f.  OF  grant  f.  med.L  gradalis 
cup  or  platter,  etym.  dub.] 

gpail 3,  n.  Comb-maker's  file.  [f.  F  grele  (gri- 
ler  make  slender  f.  grele  slender  f.  L  gracilis)] 

gpain,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  A  fruit  or  corn  of  a 
cereal ;  (collect,  sing.)  wheat  or  the  allied  food- 
grasses  or  their  fruit,  corn,  a  particular  species 
of  corn ;  (pi. ;  also  gg.  of  Paradise  or  Guinea  gg.) 
capsules  of  W.-Afr.  plant  used  as  spice  &  drug ; 
(pi.)  refuse  malt  after  brewing  or  distilling; 
small  hard  particle  of  sand,  gold,  salt,  gun- 
powder (large,  small,  -g.  powder),  incense,  &c. ; 
smallest  unit  of  weight,  1/5760  of  lb.  Troy,  1/7000 
of  lb.  av.,  smallest  possible  quantity  (without  a 
g.  of  vanity,  love,  &c.) ;  (Hist)  kermes,  cochi- 
neal, or  dye  made  from  either  of  these  (dye  in 
g.,  dye  in  kermes,  dye  in  any  fast  colour,  dye  in 
the  fibre  or  thoroughly ;  in  g.,  thorough, 
genuine,  by  nature,  downright,  indelible) ; 
(Poet)  dye,  colour;  granular  texture,  rough- 
ness of  surface,  mottling;  texture,  arrangement 
&  size  of  constituent  particles,  in  flesh,  skin, 
wood,  stone,  &c. ;  lines  of  fibre  in  wood  giving 
a  pattern,  lamination  or  planes  of  cleavage  in 
coal,  stone,  &c,  (fig.)  nature,  temper,  tendency, 
(against  the  g.t  contrary  to  inclination) ;  g.- 
leather,  dressed  with  the  g.-side  (on  which  the 
hair  was)  out;  g.-sick,  cattle-disease,  disten- 
sion of  rumen  ;  hence  gpai'nLESS,  gpai'nY  2, 
(-)gpalnED2,  aa.  (Vb)  form  (t  &  i.)  into  gg.; 
dye  in  g. ;  give  granular  surface  to ;  remove 
hair  from  (hides) ;  paint  in  imitation  of  g.  of 
wood  or  marble ;  hence  gval'nERMI,  2)  n.  [OF, 
f.  L  granum,  &  f.  OF  graine  f.  pop.  L  grana 
collect,  fern.,  orig.  neut  pi.  of  L  granum] 

gpains,  n.  Forked  fish-spear  or  harpoon, 
[orig.  pi.  of  obs.  grain  fork,  prong,  f.  ON  grein 
division  ;  now  used  as  sing.] 

gpallatop'ial,  a.  (zool.).  Of  the  grallat ores 
or  long-legged  wading  birds,  [f.  L  grallator 
stilt- walker  (grallae  stilts)] 

gpa'lloeh(-ch),n.,  &  v.t.  Dead  deer's  viscera; 
(vb)  disembowel  (deer&c).  [f.  Gael,  grealach 
intestines] 

gram  \  n.  Chick-pea ;  any  pulse  used  as 
horse-fodder,  [f.  Port,  grao  t.  L  granum  grain] 

gram2.    See  gramme. 

-gram,  suf.  (chiefly)  f.  Gk  gramma  -atos 
(grapho  write,  -m)  thing  written,  letter  of  al- 
phabet, forming  nn.  (1)  prepositional  compds  f. 


GRAMA 


360 


GRANDISONIAN 


Gk  {anagram,  diagram,  epigram),  (2)  n.  compds 
(chronogram,  logogram),  (3)  compds  of  numeral 
with  gramma  or  with  gramme  line,  where  Gk 
would  have  -grammon  neut.  adj.,  (4)  the  im- 
proper compd  telegram  f.  adv.  tele,  suggested 
by  which  are  (5)  the  hybrids  cablegram,  pistol- 
gram,  &  the  correctly  formed  phonogram. 

gpa'ma,  gra'mma,  n.  (Also  g.  grass)  kinds 
of  low  pasture  grass  in  W.  &  S.W.  parts  of 
U.S.    [f.  Sp.  grama] 

gpa'mapye.  n.  (archaic).  Magic,  necro- 
mancy,   [f.  OF  gramaire  learning,  grammar] 

gpamer'cy,  int.  (archaic).  Thank  you.  [f. 
OF  grant  merci  (God  give  you)  great  reward 

(GRAND,  MERCY)] 

gpamina'ceous,  gpami'neous,  aa.  Of, 
like,  grass,  grassy.  So  g-pamini'voROUS  a. 
[f.  L  gramen  -inis  grass,  -aceous,  &  L  gra- 
mineus  (-eous)] 

gpa'mmalogue  (-6g),  n.  (shorthand).  Word 
represented  by  single  sign  ;  letter  or  character 
standing  for  .word,  logogram,  [irreg.  f.  Gk 
gramma  (-gram),  logos  word] 

gpa'mmap,  n.  Art  &  science  dealing  with 
a  language's  inflexions  or  other  means  of  show- 
ing relation  between  words  as  used  in  speech 
or  writing,  &  its  phonetic  system  (usu.  divided 
into  phonology,  accidence,  &  syntax  ;  general, 

Shilosophical,  or  universal  g.,  science  of  the 
istinctions  of  thought  recognized  &  variously 
expressed  in  the  grammatical  systems  of  actual 
languages ;  historical  g.,  study  of  the  develop- 
ment or  a  language's  inflexions  &  syntax ;  com- 
parative fir.,  study  of  the  relation  between  two 
or  more  gg.) ;  treatise  or  book  on  g. ;  person's 
manner  of  using  grammatical  forms,  speech  or 
writing  regarded  as  good  or  bad  by  the  rules  of 
g.,  what  is  correct  according  to  those  rules; 
body  of  forms  &  usages  in  a  language ;  elements, 
rudiments,  of  an  art  or  science ;  g.-school,  school 
founded  about  16th  c.  for  teaching  Latin,  of 
which  many  are  now  of  the  public-school  type. 
Hence  gpa'mmaPLESS  a.  [f.  OF  gramaire 
irreg.  f.  L  f.  Gk  grammatike  (tekhne  art)  of 
letters  (gramma  see  -gram)] 

gpammaplan,  n.  One  versed  in  grammar, 
philologist,    [f.  OF  gramarien  (prec,  -ian)] 

gpamma'tical,  a.  Of  grammar  (g.  gender, 
not  determined  by  sex ;  g.  sense,  literal,  irre- 
spective of  other  considerations  than  the  rules 
of  grammar);  conforming  to  the  rules  of  gram- 
mar, or  to  the  formal  principles  of  an  art,  so  (f. 
earlier  grammatic)  gpamma*tieiZE(3)  v.t. 
Hence  gpamma'tieali.v2  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
grammatikos,  see  grammar,  +  -al] 

gramme, gram, n.  Unitofweightinmetric 
system,  weight  of  cubic  centimetre  of  distilled 
water  at  maximum  density  weighed  in  vacuo, 
15*432  Troy  grains;  g. -centimetre,  unit  =  work 
done  in  raising  one  g.  vertically  one  centimetre ; 
similarly  gramme'tre.  [F,  f.  LL  f.  Gk  gramma 
small  weight,  see  -gram] 

gpa'mophone,  n.  Instrument  for  perma- 
nently recording  &  reproducing  sounds,  [irreg. 
form  perh.  made  by  inverting  phonogram] 

gpa'mpus,  n.  Kinds  of  blowing  spouting 
blunt-headed  dclphinoid  cetacean ;  person  who 
breathes  loud.  [f.  16th-c.  graundepose  prob.  f. 
earlier  grapeys  f.  OF  grapois  t  L  crassus 
piscis  fat  fish] 

gpanadi'lla,  gpe-,  n.  Kinds  of  passion- 
flower.   [Sp.,  dim.  of  granada  pomegranate] 

gpa*napy,  n.  Storehouse  for  threshed  grain ; 
region  producing,  &  esp.  exporting,  much  corn. 
If.  Ij  granarium  (granum  grain,  -ary  ])] 

gpand.  a.  &  n.  (In  official  titles)  chief  over 
others,  of  highest  rank,  (G.  Almoner,  Falconer, 
&c,  holders  of  old  offices  still  existing;   G. 


cross  1 ;  G.  Duke,  Duchess,  ruler  of  some 
European  States  called  G.  Duchy,  also  child  of 
Tsar, whence  Grand-du'CAL  a. ;  g.  duke,  also 
Great  Horned  Owl ;  G.  Master,  head  of  military 
order  of  knighthood,  head  of  Freemasons  or  of 
one  of  their  provinces,  &  of  Odd  Fellows  &c. ; 
G.  Signior,  pr.  sen-,  G.  Turk,  Sultan  of  Turkey ; 
G.  Vizier,  chief  minister  of  Turkey) ;  (Law) 
great,  principal,  (opp.  petty,  common ;  g.  assize, 
inquest,  jury) ;  of  most  or  great  importance 
(that  is  the  g.  question ;  made  a  g.  mistake) ; 
final,  summing  up  minor  constituents,  (g.  total; 
g.  finale ;  the  g.  sum  or  result  of  his  achieve- 
ments) ;  (distinguishing  parts  of  large  building) 
main  (the  g.  staircase,  entrance,  &c.) ;  (in  F 
phrases  or  imitations)  great  (g.  army,  G.  Canal, 
G.  Hotel) ;  (Mus.)  full,  of  full  dimensions,  for 
full  orchestra,  in  full  classical  form,  (g.  sonata, 
chorus,  concerto);  conducted  with  solemnity, 
splendour,  &c. ;  fine,  splendid,  gorgeous ;  be- 
longing to  high  society,  distinguished ;  impos- 
ing, impressive,  great  &  handsome  ;  dignified, 
lofty,  in  conception,  treatment,  or  expression 
(g.  style,  fitted  for  great  subjects) ;  morally  im- 
posing, noble,  admirable,  (the  Grand  Old  Man 
or  G.O.M.,  W.  E.  Gladstone);  (colloq.)  very 
satisfactory  (had  a  g.  run ;  ground  was  in  g. 
condition);  (in  names  of  relationships)  in  the 
second  degree  of  ascent  or  descent  (grandson, 
g.-nephew,  one's  child's  son  or  nephew ;  grand- 
mother, g.-aunt,  one's  parent's  mother  or  aunt ; 
so  grandchild ;  g.-daughter ;  grandfather, 
grandfather's  clock,  worked  by  weights  in  tall 
wooden  case;  grandmamma;  grandmother, 
whence  gpa'ndmothePLY !  a.,  esp.  of  legis- 
lation &c.  =  excessively  paternal  ;  teach  yo ur 
grandmother  to  suck  eggs;  g.-niece;  grand- 
papa; grandparent  ;grandsire,  esp.  of  animal's 
sire's  sire,  also  =  ancestor,  old  man,  &  a  method 
of  ringing  changes  on  bells;  g.-uncle);  g.  air. 
distinguished  appearance  ;  g.  committee,  one  of 
two  standing  committees  of  House  of  Commons 
sessionally  appointed  to  consider  Law  &  Trade 
Bills;  g.  lodge;  g.  piano(forte),  large  harp- 
shaped  horizontal  piano ;  fir.  stand,  principal 
stand  for  spectators  at  races  &c;  g.  tour 
(archaic),  tour  of  chief  towns  &c.  of  Europe 
completing  young  man's  education.  Hence 
gpa'ndLY2  adv.,  gpa'ndxEss  n.  [OF,  f.  L 
grandis  full-grown] 

gpa'ndam(e),  n.  (archaic).  Grandmother; 
(-m  only)  animal's  dam's  dam ;  ancestress ;  old 
woman,    [f.  AF  graund  dame  (prec,  dam  2)] 

gpa*n(d-)dad,  n.  (Childish  or  affectionate 
for)  grandfather,    [grand,  dad] 

grancte  (F),  fern,  of  grand  (fir.  toilette  ceremo- 
nial costume;  g.  passion  engrossing  love  affair). 

grandee*,  n.  Spanish  or  Portuguese  noble- 
man of  highest  rank ;  person  of  high  rank  or 
eminence,    [f.  Sp.  &  Port,  grande  grand] 

gpa'ndeur  (-jer,  -dur),  n.  Great  power, 
rank,  or  eminence ;  great  nobility  of  character ; 
sublimity,  majesty,  of  appearance  or  effect; 
conscious  dignity;  splendour  of  living,  sur- 
roundings, &c.    [F  (grand)] 

gpandi'loquent,  a.  Pompous  in  language ; 
given  to  tall  talk.  Hence  gpandi'loquENCE 
n.,  gpandi'loquentLY  2  adv.  [after  eloquent 
f.  L  grandiloquus  (grand,  -loquus  -speaking  f. 
loqui  speak)] 

gpa*ndio*se,  a.  Producing,  intended  or  try- 
ing to  produce,  an  impression  of  greatness, 
planned  on  a  ^magnificent  scale,  pompous. 
Hence  gpandIo*siTYn.,gpandio*seLY2adv. 
[F,  f.  It.  grandioso  (grand,  -ose1)] 

Grandiso'nian,  a.  Marked  by  stately 
courtesy  &  chivalric  magnanimity.  [Sir  C, 
Grandison  in  Richardson's  novel,  -ian] 


GRANGE 


361 


GRASS 


grange,  n.  Barn  (archaic) ;  country-house 
with  farm-buildings  attached,  [f.  AF  graunge 
t.  med.L  granea  (granum  grain)] 
gra'ngerize,  v.t.  Extra-illustrate  (book) 
by  inserting  prints  &c.  often  cut  from  other 
books.  Hence  grangerizA'Tiox,  gra'nger- 
Izer1,  gra*ngeriSM(l),  gpa'ngepiTE(l),  nn. 
[J.  Granger  published  1769  a  Hist,  of  England 
with  blank  leaves  for  illustrations] 
gpani'fepous,  a.  Producing  grain  or  grain- 
like seed.  So  gpa*niFOR.\i,  gpani'voROUS, 
aa.  [t  L  granifer  (grain,  -ferous)] 
gpa'nite,  n.  Granular  crystalline  rock  of 
quartz,  orthoclase  feldspar,  &  mica,  used  for 
building;  g.-ware,  speckled  pottery  imitating 
g.,  kind  of  enamelled  ironware.  Hence  gpa- 
ni'tic  a.,  gpa'nitoiD  a.  &n.,  gpani'tiFORM  a. 
[f.  It.  granitoorig.  grained  (grano  f.  L  granum)] 
gpa'nnom,  gra'nam,  n.  Kind  of  water- 
fly  ;  imitation  of  it  for  fly-fishing.  [?] 
gpa*nny,n.  (Fain.,  affectionate,  or  contempt, 
for)  grandmother ;  (also  g.'s  bend  or  knot)  reef- 
knot  crossed  the  wrong  way.  [prob.  f.  obs. 
grannam  for  grandam  +  -Y  3T 
gpanolrthie,  a.  Of  a  kind  of  concrete.  [L 
granum  grain,  Gk  lithos  stone,  -ic] 
grant,  v.t,  &  n.  Consent  to  fulfil  (request 
&c.) ;  concede  as  indulgence,  allow  (person)  to 
have  (thing ;  noun,  that,  or  to  do) ;  bestow  (pos- 
session, right)  formally,  transfer  (property) 
legally,  whence  gpantEE*,  gpantOR-2,  nn.  ; 
concede  (proposition)  as  basis  for  argument 
(noun,  this  Sec,  that-clsiuse,  or  something  to 
be  something ;  /  g.  you,'  I  admit ;  take  for 
granted,  assume) ;  hence  gpa'ntABLE  a.  (N.) 
granting  (the  g.  or  refusal  of) ;  formal  confer- 
ment, legal  assignment;  thing,  esp.  sum, 
granted  (often  capitation  g.,  g.-in-aid) ;  con- 
veyance by  written  instrument,  [f.  OF greanter 
f.  pop.L  *credentare  f.  part,  of  credere  entrust] 
gpa'nulap,  a.  Of,  like,  grains,  with  granu- 
lated surface  or  structure.  Hence  granu- 
la'piTY  n.,  gpa'nulaPLY2  adv.,  gpa'nulo- 
comb.  form,  gpa'nulous  a.  [f.  LL  granulum 
small  grain  (granum,  -ule),  -ul-,  -arI 
gpa'nulate,  v.t.  &  i.  Form  (t.  &  i.)  into 
grains;  roughen  surface  of;  (of  wound  &c.) 
form  small  prominences  as  beginning  of  heal- 
ing or  junction,  heal,  join.  Hence  or  cogn. 
gpa'nulATE  2  (at)  a.,  gpanuLvriON,  gpa'n- 
ulatOR2(2),  nn.  [as  prec,  -ate 3] 
gpa'nule,  n.  Small  grain,  [as  prec] 
grape,  n.  Green  or  purple  berry  growing  in 
clusters  on  vine,  eaten  as  fruit  or  used  in  mak- 
ing wine  (the  g.,  the  juice  of  the  g.,  wine ;  the 
gg.  are  sour,  sour  gg.,  said  when  person  dis- 
parages what  he  vainly  desires) ;  g.-shot ;  dis- 
eased growth  like  bunch  of  gg.  on  pastern  of 
horse  &c,  or  on  pleura;  g.-brandy,  distilled 
from  gg.,  or  wine,  alone;  flr.-cuRE1;  g.-house, 
vinery  ;  g.-scissors,  for  thinning  g. -bunches  at 
early  stage  of  growth,  also  for  dividing  bunches 
at  table;  g.-shot,  small  balls  put  several  to- 
gether in  bag  &c.  to  make  scattering  charge 
for  cannon  ;  g.-stone,  one  of  seeds  inside  g.;  g.- 
sugar,  dextrose  or  glucose  :  g.-vine,  vine,  also 
skating  figure  in  which  both  feet  are  on  ice  to- 
gether &  form  interlacing  lines.  Hence  gpa'p- 
ery(3)  n.,  gpa'pv  2  a.  [OF,  bunch  of  gg.,  prob. 
f.  graper  gather  with  vine-hook  (grape  hook 
ult.  f.  Teut.  cf.  OHG  krapfo)) 
graph1,  n.  Symbolic  diagram  expressing 
system  of  mathematical  or  chemical  connexion, 
[abbr.  of  graphic  formula] 
gpaph2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Gelatine  copying  appara- 
tus ;  copy,  multiply,  with  this,  [colloq.  abbr. 
of  chromograph,  hectograph,  &c] 
-gpaph,  suf.  f.  Gk  -graphos,  -written,  -writ- 


ing, -writer,  denoting  (1)  thing  written  in  such 
a  way  (f.  Gk,  as  autograph,  chirograph,  holo- 
graph ;  on  Gk  St.,  as  lithograph,  photograph  ; 
&  in  hybrids,  as  pictograph) ;  (2)  instrument 
that  records  something  or  by  some  means 
(heliograph,  seismograph,  telegraph);  (3)  write 
in  such  a  way  (calligraph,  hectograph). 

-grapher,  suf.  repr.  Gk -graphos  8c  forming 
nn.  denoting  one  versed  in  -graphy.    [-er  *] 

gpa'phiefal  rare),  aa.  Of  drawing,  painting, 
engraving,  etching,  &c. ;  vividly  descriptive, 
lifelike ;  of  writing ;  (of  minerals)  showing 
marks  like  writing  on  surface  or  in  fracture ; 
of  diagrams  or  symbolic  curves,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
graphikos  (graphe  writing,  -ic)] 

-gpaphie(al),  stiff".  =  of  or  by  -graphy. 

graphically,  adv.  As  in  a  picture,  vivid- 
ly ;  by  writing ;  by  diagrams  or  graph  ^  [-L  Y  2] 

gpa'phite.  n.  plumbago.  Hence  gpaphi*- 
tic,  gpa'phitom,  aa.  [f.  G  graphit  (Gk  grapho 
write,  -ite  !)] 

gpa*phiupe,  n.  S.-Afr.  rodent  with  tail 
ending  in  pencil  of  hairs,  [f.  Gk  grapheion 
pencil,  oura  tail] 

gpapho'logy,  n.  Study  of,  art  of  inferring 
character  from,  handwriting ;  system  of  graphic 
formulae,  notation  for  graph  is.  [f.  Gk  graphe 
writing,  -logy] 

gpa'photype,  n.  (Process  for  making)  re- 
lief block  for  surface-printing,  [as  prec.  +type] 

-gpaphy,  suf.  f.  Gk  -graphia  forming  nn. 
denoting  (1)  styles  of  writing,  drawing,  &c. 
(litho-,  brachy-,  steno-,  calli-),  (2)  descriptive 
science  (geo-,  biblio-,  seleno-). 

gpa'pnel,  n.  Iron-clawed  instrument  thrown 
with  rope  to  seize  object,  esp.  enemy's  ship; 
small  anchor  with  several  flukes  used  for  boats 
&  balloons,    [dim.  of  OF  grapin  (grape)] 

gpa'pple,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Clutching-instru- 
ment,  grapnel ;  hold  or  grip  (as)  of  wrestlers, 
close  contest.  (Vb)  seize,  fasten,  (as)  with 
grapnel ;  take  hold  of,  grip,  with  the  hands, 
come  to  close  quarters  with  ;  contend  with,  to- 
gether, or  abs.,  in  close  fight,  battle  with ;  g. 
with,  try  to  overcome,  accomplish,  or  deal 
with,  [vb  f.  n.  in  first  sense ;  second  sense  of 
n.  f.  vb ;  n.  f.  OF  dim.  of  grape  hook] 

gra'ppling,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  g.-iron, 
grapnel,    [-ing  *] 

grasp,  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  G.  at,  try  to  seize, 
accept  with  avidity ;  clutch  at,  seize  greedily, 
(part. )  avaricious,  whence  gra'spingL  Y  2ad  v. , 
gra'spingNESS  n. ;  hold  firmly  (g.  nettle,  tackle 
difficulty  or  danger  boldly),  grip ;  get  mental 
hold  of,  comprehend ;  hence  gra'spABLE  a. 
(N.)  fast  hold,  grip,  (within,  beyond  one's  g., 
close,  not  close,  enough  to  be  grasped) ;  control, 
mastery;  mental  hold,  comprehensiveness  of 
mind,  [by  metath.  for  grapsen cogn.  w.  grope, 
cf.  clean  cleanse,  &  hasp] 

grass,  n.,  &  v.t.  Herbage  of  which  blades 
or  leaves  &  stalks  are  eaten  by  cattle,  horses, 
sheep,  &c.  (not  let  g.  grow,  g.  does  not  grow, 
tinder  one's  feet,  of  person  who  wastes  no 
time  in  doing  something) ;  any  species  of  this 
(including  in  bot  use,  excluding  in  pop.  use, 
the  cereals,  reeds,  &  bamboos ;  usu.  with  de- 
fining words,  as  bunch,  spear,  -g.,  g.  of  Par- 
nassus) ;  grazing,  pasture,  (be  at,  go,  put,  send, 
turn  out,  to,  g.;  at  g.  fig.,  out  of  work,  making 
holiday,  &c. ;  so  perh.  g.  widow,  wife  whose 
husband  is  absent) ;  pasture  land  ;  grass-cover- 
ed ground  (keep  off  the  g.) ;  (Mining)  earth's  sur- 
face, pit-head  ;  send,  go,  to  g.,  knock  (person), 
be  knocked  or  fall,  down  ;  gra'sshopper,  kinds 
of  jumping  &  chirping  insect  (grasshopper- 
beam,  working-beam  in  engine  pivoted  at  end 
instead  of  in  middle) ;  g.-snake,  common  ringed 

12* 


GRATE 


362 


GREASE 


6nake ;  g.-tree,  kinds  of  Australasian  tree ; 
hence  gra'ssLESS,  gpa'ssy  2,  aa.  ( Vb)  cover 
with  turf ;  lay  (flax  &c.)  on  g.  to  bleach  ;  knock 
down,  fell,  (opponent) ;  bring  (fish)  to  bank, 
(bird  by  shot)  to  ground ;  (p.p.,  of  golf-club) 
with  face  slightly  sloped  backward,  [com.- 
Teut.  ;  OE  grxs  cf.  G  gras,  cogn.  w.  green, 
grow,  &  w.  L  gramen  grass] 

grate  \  n.  =  grating1  (rare),  whence  gra't- 
ed  2  a. ;  (frame  of  metal  bars  for  confining  fuel 
in)  fireplace  or  furnace.  Hence  grateLESS  a. 
[f.  med.L  f.  It.  grata  f.  L  cratis  hurdle] 

grate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Reduce  to  small  particles  by 
rubbing  on  rough  surface,  whence  (-)grat- 
er  ](2)  n. ;  have  irritating  effect  (up)on  ;  grind 
(teeth) ;  rub  (i.  &  t.)  with  harsh  scraping  noise 
against  or  (up)on  something  else ;  sound  harsh- 
ly or  discordantly  (a  grating  laugh,  voice) ;  (of 
hinge  &c.)  creak.  Hence  gratingLY2  adv. 
[f.  OF  grater  f.  Teut.,  cf.  G  kratzen  scratch] 

grateful,  a.  Acceptable,  comforting,  re- 
freshing; thankful,  feeling  or  showing  grati- 
tude. Hence  gratefulLY2  adv.,  grate- 
fulNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  grate  adj.  f.  L  gratus+-FVL] 

gratify,  v.t.  Remunerate,  fee,  make  pre- 
sent usu.  of  money  to ;  bribe ;  please,  satisfy, 
oblige,  delight,  whence  gratifyiNG2  a., 
gratifyingLY2  adv. ;  please  by  compliance, 
assent  to  wish  of,  give  free  course  to  or  indulge 
(desire,  feeling,  impulse).  SogratiFiCA'TiONn. 
[f.  L  gratificari  (gratus  pleasing,  -fy)1 

a  rat  in  (F),  n.  Way  of  cooking,  dish  cooked, 
by  bread-crumbing  &  cooking  between  two 
fires  to  produce  light  crust. 

grafting,  n.  Framework  of  parallel  or 
crossed  wooden  or  metal  bars;  (Opt.)  set  of 
parallel  wires,  or  surface  of  glass  &c.  ruled 
with  parallel  lines,  for  producing  spectra  by 
diffraction,    [grate  j  +  -ing  2] 

gratis,  adv.  &  a.  Gratuitous(ly),  (given, 
done)  for  nothing,  without  charge,  free.  [L, 
contracted  abl.  pi.  of  gratia  favour] 

gratitude,  n.  Being  thankful,  appreciation 
of  kindness  received  &  inclination  to  return  it. 
[f.  LL  gratitudo  (gratus  thankful,  -tude)] 

gratuitous,  a.  Got  or  given  free,  not  earned 
or  paid  for;  uncalled  for,  unwarranted,  motive- 
less, done  or  acting  without  good  or  assignable 
reason  (a  g.  lie  or  liar).  Hence  gratuitous- 
ly 2adv.,gratu*itousNESsn.  [f.  hgratuitus 
spontaneous,  cogn.  w.  gratia  favour,  +  -ous] 

gratu'ity,  n.  Money  present  of  amount 
fixed  by  giver  in  recognition  of  an  inferior's 
good  offices,  tip  ;  bounty  to  soldiers  on  retire- 
ment or  some  other  occasions,  [f.  med.L  gra- 
tuitous gift  (gratus  grateful,  -ty)] 

gratulate,  -ation.  (Archaic  for)  eongr-. 

gratulatory,  a.  Expressing  joy  atanother's 
success  &c,  complimentary,  congratulatory. 
[f.  L  gratulari  congratulate  +  -ory] 

grava'men,  n.  (pi.  -mina,  rare).  Grievance ; 
memorial  from  Lower  House  of  Convocation  to 
Upper  on  disorders  or  grievances  of  Church ; 
essence,  worst  part,  of  accusation.  [LL,  incon- 
venience (gravare  to  load  f .  gravis heavy,-MEN)] 

grave1,  n.  Excavation  to  receive  corpse, 
mound  or  monument  over  it,  (secret  as  the  g., 
quite ;  make  one  turn  in  his  g.,  of  act  &c.  that 
he  would  have  been  pained  by  while  alive ;  some 
one  walking  on  my  g. ,  said  when  one  shivers  un- 
accountably ;  one  foot  in  g.),  whence  gpa've- 
less  a,;  being  dead,  death,  Hades,  whence 
gra'vewARD  adv.  &  a. ;  receptacle  of  or  for 
what  is  dead  (g.  of  recitations,  place  where 
many  reputations  have  been  lost);  trench  for 
earthing  up  potatoes  &c;  g. -clothes,  wrappings 
in  which  corpse  is  buried;  g.-digger,  lit.,  also 
kinds  of  insect  that  bury  bodies  of  insects  &c. 


as  food  for  their  larvae ;  gravestone,  stone  over 
g.,  inscribed  stone  at  head  or  foot  of  g. ;  grave- 
yard, burial  ground.  [OEgrxf(g?'afan  grave2)] 

grave  2,  v.  t.  (p.  p.  -en,  -ed,  as  stated).  (Archaic) 
bury  (-ed) ;  (archaic)  carve,  sculpture,  engrave, 
(material,  representation,  inscription  ;  -en,  -ed; 
graven  image,  idol) ;  (fig.)  fix  indelibly  (on,  in, 
mind&c. ;  -en, -ed).  [com. -Teut. ;  OE  grafan, 
cf.  Du.  graven,  G  graben,  dig ;  cogn.  w.  groove] 

grave  3,  a.  &  n.  Important,  weighty,  needing 
serious  thought ;  (of  faults,  difficulties,  respon- 
sibilities, symptoms)  formidable,  threatening, 
serious;  dignified,  solemn,  slow-moving,  not 
gay ;  sombre,  plain,  not  showy ;  hence  gra'ye- 
l y  2  adv.  (Of  accent)  low-pitched,  not  acute,  (17. 
accent1  ;  n.,  g.  accent).    [F,  f.  L  gravis  heavy] 

grave 4,  v.t.  Clean  (ship's  bottom) by  burning 
off  accretions  &  tarring  while  aground  or  in 
graving-dock.  [perh.  f.  OF  grave  =  greve  shore] 

gra'vel  (-vl),  n.,  &  v.t.  Coarse  sand  &  small 
water-worn  or  pounded  stones,  much  used  for 
laying  paths  &  roads;  (Geol.,  Mining)  stratum 
of  this,  esp.  one  containing  gold  (pay  g.,  con- 
taining enough  gold  to  yield  profit);  (Path.)  (dis- 
ease with)  aggregations  of  visible  urinary  crys- 
tals; g.-blind,  more  than  SAND-blind  (Shksp., 
M.  of  V.,  11.  ii.  38);  hence  gra'vellY2  a.  ( Vb) 
lay,  strew,  with  g. ;  perplex,  puzzle,  non-plus, 
(f.  obs.  sense  run  aground),  [f.  OF  (&  F  in  path, 
sense)  gravelle  dim.  of  OF  grave  gravel,  shore, 
f.  Celt.  cf.W  gro] 

gra*ver,n.  In vbl senses;  esp., burin,  [-er1] 

gra*vid,a.  Pregnant.  [thgravidus(GRAVKs)] 

gra'vitate,  v.i.  &  t.  Move  or  tend  by  force 
of  gravity  towards  a  body ;  sink  (as)  by  gravity, 
tend  to  low  level,  settle  down ;  (Diamond-dig- 
ging) manipulate  (gravel)  so  that  heavy  stones 
sink  to  bottom  ;  (transf.)  be  strongly  attracted 
to(wards)  some  centre  of  influence.  Hence 
gravitA"TioN  n.,  gravitation  a  l,  gra'vit- 
ative,  aa.  [f.  mod.  L  gravitare  (grave  3),  -ate  3] 

gra*vity,  n.  Being  grave,  solemnity  ;  im- 
portance, seriousness  ;  staidness,  sobriety,  seri- 
ous demeanour ;  weight  (centre  1ofg.;  specific 
g.,  relative  weight  of  any  kind  of  matter,  ex- 
pressed by  ratio  of  given  volume  to  same  volume 
of  a  standard— usu.  water  for  liquid  or  solid,  & 
air  for  gas) ;  attractive  force  by  which  bodies 
tend  to  centre  of  earth,  degree  of  intensity  of 
this  measured  by  acceleration,  degree  of  in- 
tensity with  which  any  body  is  similarly  at- 
tracted by  any  other,  [f.  LfirramYas(GRAVEa,  -ty)] 

gravure*,  n.    (Short  for)  photogravure. 

gra*vy,  n.  Juices  that  exude  from  flesh  dur- 
ing &  after  cooking ;  dressing  for  food  made 
from  these  with  other  materials ;  g.-boat,  boat- 
shaped  vessel  for  g.;  g.  beef,  part  of  leg  of  beef 
cooked  for  its  g.  [etym.  dub. ;  perh.  a  misread- 
ing as  grave  of  grane  in  OF  cookery  books,  cf. 
OF  grain  anything  used  in  cookery] 

gray.    See  grey. 

grayling,  n.  Silver-grey  freshwater  fish 
with  long  high  dorsal  fin  ;  butterfly  with  grey 
under-side  to  wings,    [grey  +  -ling  l] 

graze \  v.i.  &  t.  Feed  (esp.  cattle,  or  intr.  of 
cattle)  on  growing  grass  &c.  or  gra'ziNG }  (3)  n. ; 
feed  (t.  &  i.)  on  (grass  &c);  tend  grazing  cattle ; 
pasture  cattle.    [OE  grasian  (grass  n.)J 

graze2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  11.  Touch  lightly  in  pass- 
ing; abrade  (skin  &c.)  in  rubbing  past;  suffer 
slight  abrasion  of  (part  of  body) ;  go  with  pass- 
ing contact  against,  along,  through,  by,  past, 
&c;  (n.)  grazing,  abrasion,  [etym.  dub.;  perh. 
by  transf.  f.  prec.  cf.  shave'] 

gra'zier  (-zher),  n.  One  who  feeds  cattle  for 
market.  Hence  gra*ziERY(2)  n.  [grass+-ier] 

grease l  (-s),  n.  Fat  of  deer  or  other  game 
(ing.,  in  pride  or  prime  ofg.,  fit  for  killing,  fat); 


GREASE 


melted  fat  of  dead  animals,  esp.  when  soft ;  oily 
or  fatty  matter,  esp.  as  lubricant ;  oily  matter 
in  wool,  uncleansed  wool,  (wool  in  the  g.,  in 
fleeces);  disease  in  horses'  heels ;  g.-box,  attached 
to  train-wheel  for  lubrication;  g.-paint,  com- 
position for  painting  actors'  faces ;  g.-trap,  ap- 
pliance for  catching  g.  in  drains,  [f.  OF  graisse 
(L  crassus  a.  fat)] 

grease2  (z),  v.t.  Anoint,  soil,  or  lubricate, 
with  g.  (g.  the  wheels,  make  affairs  go  smoothly, 
esp.  by  money ;  g.  palm  of,  bribe) ;  affect  (horse) 
with  g.    [f.  prec] 

grea'ser  (z-),  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  (U.S.  slang) 
native  Mexican  or  Spanish- American,    [-er  jJ 

grea'sy  (-zi>,  a.  Smeared  or  covered  with, 
containing,  made  of,  like, with  too  much,  grease; 
(of  wool)  uncleansed ;  (of  horse)  affected  with 
the  grease ;  slimy  with  mud  or  moisture ;  (of 
manners  or  expression)  disagreeably  unctuous ; 
g.  fritillary,  kind  of  butterfly ;  g.  pole,  greased 
for  climbing  or  walking  on  in  village  sports. 
Hence  grea'siLY  2  adv.,  grea'siNESS  n.  [-Y 2] 

great  (grat),  a.  &  n.  Large,  big,  (usu.  with 
implied  surprise,  contempt,  indignation,  &c, 
as  made  a  g.  blot,  look  at  that  g.  wasp ;  often 
colloq.  preceding  other  adj.,  a  g.  big  loaf  or 
thick  stick ;  as  distinctive  epithet  of  the  larger 
species  or  individual,  as  g.  A,  Z,  the  capital 
letters,  G.  St  John's  wort,  also  Greater  Celan- 
dine &c,  G.  Titmouse,  G.  bear1,  G.  Malvern 
&c,  G.  Portland  Street ;  also  in  a  few  phrases, 
as  a  g.  deal1,  many,  the  g.  majority,  much  the 
larger  part,  greatest  common  measure,  lived  to 
a  g.  age,  a  g.  while  ago ;  g.  with  child  archaic, 
pregnant);  beyond  the  ordinary  (takeg.  care ;  of 
g.popxdarity ;  shows  g.  ignorance) ;  important, 
elevated,  distinguished,  critical,  the  chief,  pre- 
eminent, (it  is  a  g.  thing  to  have  — ;  a  g.  occa- 
sion; the  g.  attraction ;  the  G.  Powers  of  Europe, 
chief  States ;  the  g.  world,  high  society ;  inexcll., 
as  G.  God!,  Caesar!,  Scott!;  the  G.,  appended 
in  sense  the  best  known  of  the  name,  as  Alex- 
ander the  G.,or  prefixed  in  titles,  as  the  G.  King, 
of  ancient  Persia,  the  G.  Mogul,  &c,  &  bur- 
lesqued in  the  G.  unpaid,  unwashed)  ;  of  re- 
markable ability,  genius,  intellectual  or  prac- 
tical qualities,lof  tiness  or  integrity  of  character, 
(a  g.  judge,  painter,  &c;  the  truly  g.  man;  g. 
thoughts), whence great-heartED2 a.;  (pred.) 
having  much  skill  at  or  information  on ;  highly 
satisfactory  (wouldn't  it  be  g.  if —  ?);  fully  de- 
serving the  name  of,  (with  agent-nouns)  doing 
the  act  much  or  on  a  large  scale,  (a  g.  scoundrel, 
fiasco ;  g.  friends ;  is  a  g.  dancer,  landowner) ; 
(prefixed  once  or  more  to  uncle,  aunt,  nephew, 
niece,&  kinship  words  compounded  with  grand) 
one  degree  further  removed  upwards  or  down- 
wards; G.  Assize,  Day,  or  Inquest,  Day  of 
Judgment ;  G.  Bible,  Coverdale's  version  1539 ; 
G.  BRITAIN,  charter,  circle1;  greatcoAT1, 
whence  greatcoatED 2,  greateoa-t  less, 
aa. ;  the  g.  commoner;  greater  Britain  ;  great- 
est happiness  of  the  greatest  number,  test  prin- 
ciple of  Benthamism ;  g.  go,  final  examination 
for  B.A.  at  Cambridge,  cf.  greats  below;  g. 
house,  chief  house  in  village  &c. ;  g.  organ, 
se'al;  g.  primer;  g.  toe,  now  usu.  big  toe. 
Hence  grrea'tEN6  v.t.  &  i.  (archaic),  grea't- 
ness  n.  (N.):  (abs.  use  of  adj.)  the  g.,  (pi.)  g. 
persons  (also  without  the  in  g.  &  small),  (sing.) 
what  is  g.;  greats,  Oxford  B.A.  final  examina- 
tion, esp.  that  for  honours  in  Lit.  Hum.  [com.- 
WG ;  OE  griat  cf.  G  gross,  Du.  groot] 

grea'tly,  adv.  Much,  by  much,  (usu.  with 
vbs,  participles,  or  comparatives  ;  g.  esteemed, 
superior ;  should g. prefer);  nobly, loftily,  [-ly 2J 

greave,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Piece(s)  of  armour  for 
shin(s).    [f.  OF  greve  shin,  greave,  etym.  dub.] 


363  GREEN 

greaves,  n.  pi.  Fibrous  tallow  refuse,  used  as 
food  of  dog  &c.  or  fish-bait.    [f.  LG  greven  pi.] 

fjrebe,  n.  Kinds  of  short-bodied  lobe-footed 
most  tailless  diving  bird ;  its  plumage  as  trim- 
ming,   [f.  F  grebe  etym.  dub.] 

Gre'eian  (-shn),  a.  &  n.  Greek  (rare  except 
of  architecture  &  facial  outline  ;  also  in  G. 
bend,  affected  attitude  in  walking  prevalent 
c.  1870,  G.  knot,  way  of  dressing  woman's  hair 
at  back  of  head,  G.  slippers,  trade  name  for 
oriental  shape).  (X.)  Greek  scholar;  boy  of 
highest  class  at  Christ's  Hospital,  [f.  L  Graecia 
Greece  +  -an] 

Grecism,  Grecize,  Greco-.    See  grae-. 

greed,  n.  Insatiate  longing  esp.  for  wealth, 
[back-formation  f.  foil.] 

gree*dy,a.  Ravenous,  voracious,  gluttonous, 
avaricious,  covetous,  rapacious,  (often  of) ; 
eager,  keen,  in  tensely  desirous.  Hence  gree'd- 
Ily2  adv.,  gree'diNESS  n.  JOE  grxdig  cf. 
OHG  grdtag,  cogn.  w.  Skr.  grdh  be  greedy] 

Greek,  n.  &  a.  Native  of  Greece,  member  of 
Greek  race,  (when  G.  meets  G.,  then  comes  the 
tug  of  tear,  orig.  Gg.  joined  Gg.,  then  teas,  said 
of  equal  encounter) ;  member  of  G.  Church ; 
cunning  person,  sharper  ;  the  G.  language  (G. 
to  me,  beyond  my  comprehension),  whence 
Gree'kLESS  a.  (Adj.)  of  Greece  or  its  people, 
Hellenic ;  of,  according  to,  written  or  spoken  in, 
G.  (G.  Fathers,  father  *s  of  the  Church  who 
wrote  in  Gk);  G.  Church,  also  Orthodox  or 
Eastern,  Church  acknowledging  Patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  divided  from  Rome  in  9th  c,  & 
including  esp.  Christians  of  Greece,  Russia,  & 
Turkish  Empire  ;  G.  calends,  fire  »,  fret  1  or 
key ;  G.  cross  l ;  G.  gift,  one  given  with  intent 


to  harm  (Virg.  A  en.  ii.  49).    [adj.  f.  n.;  OE  Cri- 

Gr< 
name  of  Hellenes] 


cas,  pi.  f.  L  Graecus  f.  Gk  Graikoi  prehistoric 


green  \  a.  &  n.  Of  the  colour  between  blue 
&  yellow  in  the  spectrum,  coloured  like  grass, 
sea- water,  emerald,  olive,  &c;  covered  with 
herbage,  verdant,  in  leaf,  (a  g.  Christmas,  sea- 
son, Yule,  mild,  without  snow) ;  (of  complexion) 
pale,  sickly-hued,  (g.  eye,  jealousy,  whence 
green-eyED2  a.;  g.  jaundice,  kind  in  which 
patient's  skin  is  g.) ;  vegetable  (g.  food,  meat) ; 
(of  fruit  &c.)  unripe,  young  &  tender,  flourish- 
ing, not  dried  ;  full  of  vitality,  not  withered  or 
worn  out,  (in  the  g.,  dry,  tree,  under  good,  bad, 
conditions ;  a  g.  old  age) ;  immature,  undeve- 
loped, inexperienced,  gullible ;  not  dried,  sea- 
soned, or  tanned ;  fresh,  not  healed,(a g.  wound); 
greenback,  U.S.  legal-tender  note,  note  issued 
by  any  U.S.  national  bank ;  g.-blind,  having  re- 
tina insensitive  to  g.  rays ;  g.-book,  official  pub- 
lication of  Indian  Government ;  g.  cheese,  un- 
ripened  cheese,  whey  cheese,  cheese  coloured  g. 
with  sage ;  (Board  of)  G.  Cloth,  Lord  Steward  s 
department  of  Royal  Household  ;  g.  crop,  used 
for  food  in  g.  state  (opp.  hay  &c.) ;  g.  drake, 
mayfly ;  g.  earth,  hydrous  silicate  of  potassium, 
iron,  &  other  bases  ;  g.  fat,  of  turtle,  esteemed 
by  epicures ;  greenfinch  or  g.  linnet,  bird  with 
gold  &  g.  plumage  ;  g.-fly,  kind  of  aphis ;  green- 
gage, roundish  g.  fine-flavoured  plum  (Sir  W. 
Gage  c.  1725);  gree'ngrocer(y),  (business  of, 
things  sold  by)  retail  dealer  in  fruit  &  vege- 
tables ;  greenheart,  kinds  of  W.-Ind.  timber 
tree  ;  greenhorn,  ignoramus,  raw  hand,  simple- 
ton ;  greenhouse,  of  glass  for  rearing  delicate 
plants ;  g.  manure,  growing  plants  ploughed 
into  soil ;  g.-peak,  G.  Woodpecker  (transl.  of  It. 
jricchio  verde) ;  g.-room,  accommodating  actors 
&  actresses  when  off  stage  ;  greensand,  -  g. 
earth,  kind  of  sandstone  largely  of  this  earth, 
stratum  largely  of  this  sandstone  ;  greenshank, 
large  kind  of  sandpiper ;  greensickness), (affect- 


GREEN 


364 


GRILL 


cd  with)  chlorosis;  g.-stick,  bone-fracture, 
esp.  in  children,  in  which  one  side  of  bone  is 
broken  &  one  only  bent ;  greenstone,  kinds  of 
g.  eruptive  rock  containing  feldspar  &  horn- 
blende, also  kind  of  jade  ;  g.  stuff,  vegetation, 
g.  vegetables ;  greensward,  turf ;  g.  table,  gam- 
ing table;  greentail,  grannom;  g.  tea,  made 
from  steam-dried  leaves ;  greenweed,  kind  of 
genista  used  for  dyeing ;  greenwood,  woodlands 
in  summer,  esp.  as  scene  of  outlaw  life  ;  green- 
yard, enclosure  for  stray  beasts,  pound  ;  hence 
gpee'niSH  ](2),  &  (in  comb,  as  greeny-yellow) 
gpee'nv2,  aa.,  gree*nLY2adv.,  gpee'nNESS 
n.  (N.)  what  isg.,  g.  part  of  anything,  g.  colour, 
(do  you  see  any  g.,  i.  e.  sign  of  gullibility,  in  my 
eye  ?) ;  g.  dye  (usu.  with  epithet,  as  mineral, 
Paris,  g.) ;  vigour,  youth,  virility,  (usu.  in  the 
a.);  verdure,  vegetation,  also  gpee'nERY  n.; 
(pi.)  g.  vegetables  before  or  after  cooking ;  piece 
of  public  or  common  grassy  land,  grass-plot 
used  for  special  purpose  (esp.  in  comb,  as  bleach- 
ing, bowling,  putting,  -g.).  [OE  grine  cf.  Du. 
groen,  G.  griin,  cogn.  w.  grow] 
green2,  v.i.  &  t.  Become  g.,  esp.  with  ver- 
dure ;  dye  g.,  soil  &c.  with  g.;  (slang)  hoax,  take 
in.  [OE  grhiian  (prec.)] 
gpee'nep,  n.  (slang).  Raw  hand,  esp.  newly 
arrived  foreigner  seeking  work,  [-er  j] 
gpee'ning,  n.  Kind  of  apple,  green  when 
ripe.    [-ing3] 

gpeenth,  n.  (rare).    Verdure,    [th  *] 
Greenwich  (gri'nij),  n.    Town  in  Kent  with 
State  observatory  (G.  time,  mean  time  for  meri- 
dian of  G.,  standard  time  in  England  &  some 
other  countries). 

greet1,  v.t.  Accost  with  salutation;  salute 
with  words  or  gestures,  receive  on  meeting  or 
arrival  with  speech  or  action  (friendly  or  not) ; 
(of  cheers  &c.)  hail ;  (of  sight  &c.)  meet  (eye, 
ear).  Hence  gpee'tiNG1  n.  [com.-WG;  OE 
grcetan,  cf.  Du.  groeten,  G  griisscn,  etym.  dub.] 
greet2, v.i. (Sc).  Weep.  [Oftgretan&gre'otan] 
gpe'ffiep,  n.  Registrar,  notary,(esp.  in  foreign 
countries  &  Channel  Islands).  [F  {greffe  =  OF 
grafe  graft1,  -ier)] 

gregarious,  a.  Living  in  flocks  or  com- 
munities ;  fond  of  company ;  (Bot.)  growing  in 
clusters;  of  flocks,  of  crowds.  Hence  gregap'- 
Iously2  adv.,  gpegap'iousxESS  n.  [f.  L 
gregarius  (grex  -egis  flock,  -ary  i)  +  -ous] 
Gregorian,  a.  &  n.  Of,  according  to,  the 
plain-chant  or  plain-song  ritual  music  named 
after  Pope  Gregory  I  (n.,  a  G.  chant) ;  establish- 
ed by  Pope  Gregory  XIII  (G.  calendar,  cor- 
rection 1582  of  the  Julian  ;  G.  style =new  style  ; 
G.  epoch,  from  1582).  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  Gregorios 
Gregory  -f -an] 

gre'gory-powder,  n.  Compound  powder 
of  rhubarb,  used  as  aperient.  [J.  Gregory, 
Scottish  physician  d.  1822] 
gpe'mial,  n.  Silk  apron  placed  on  bishop's 
lap  at  some  ceremonies,  [f.  LL  gremialis  (L 
gremium  lap,  -al)1 

grena'de,  n.    Small  explosive  shell  thrown 
by  hand ;  glass  receptacle  thrown  to  disperse 
chemicals   for  testing   drains,   extinguishing 
flies  &c.    IF,  f.  Sp.  granada  pomegranate] 
grenadier',  n.     (Orig.)  soldier  who  threw 
.  grenades ;  (now)  Gg.  or  G.  Guards,  first  regi- 
ment of  household  infantry;  S.-Afr.  weaver- 
bird  with  red  &  black  plumage.    IF  (prec,  -ier)] 
gre'nadine  \  n.    Dish  of  veal  or  poultry  fil- 
lets trimmed,  larded,  &  glazed,    [f.  F  grenadin 
perh.  f.  grain  see  gravy] 
gre'nadine  2,  n.    Dress-fabric  of  open  silk  or 
silk  &  wool.  [F,  perh.  f.  Granada  Spanish  city] 
gpessop'ial,  a.  (zool.).  Walking,  adapted  for 
walking,    [f.  L  gradi  gress-  walk,  -or2,  -ial] 


grew.    See  grow. 

gpey  (-a),  gpay,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Inter- 
mediate between  black  &  white,  coloured  like 
ashes  or  lead,  (g.  monk,  Cistercian ;  g.  friar, 
Franciscan  ;  g.  sister,  of  third  order  of  St  Fran- 
cis ;  g.  eye,  with  g.  iris  ;  g.  mare  is  better  horse, 
wife  rules  husband) ;  between  light  &  dark, 
dull,  clouded,  depressing,  dismal ;  (of  person  or 
his  hair)  turning  white  with  age  &c;  ancient, 
immemorial ;  belonging  to  old  age,  experienced, 
mature  ;  g.  crow  or  g.-back,  hooded  crow ;  grey- 
beard, old  man,  large  stoneware  jug  for  spirit, 
kind  of  lichen  ;  g.-coat,  Cumberland  yeoman  ; 
g.-drake,  kind  of  ephemera ;  g.  goose,  greylag  ; 
g.-headed,  old,  of  long  service  in,  ancient,  time- 
worn  ;  g.-hen,  female  of  black  grouse  (cf.  black1- 
cock) ;  g.  matter,  material  of  active  part  of  brain ; 
grey  stone,  g.  volcanic  rock ;  hence  gpey*iSH1(2) 
a,,gpey'LY2adv.,gpey*NESsn.  (N.)g. clothes; 
cold  sunless  light ;  g.  colour ;  g.  pigment ;  g. 
horse  {the  Gg.  or  Scots  Gg.,  2nd  Dragoons). 
(Vb)  become,  make,  g.;  (Photog.)  dull  surface  of 
(glass),  give  mezzotint  effect  to  (photograph)  by 
covering  negative  with  such  glass.  [OE  grxg, 
cf.  Du.  grauw,  G  grau] 

greyhound,  n.  Slender  long-legged  keen- 
sighted  swift  dog  used  in  coursing  hares  &c. 
(oceang.,  swift  ship).  [OE  grighund  (grig-  etyni. 
dub.,  not  connected  w.  grey)] 

gpey'lag  (goose),  n.  Common  European 
wild  goose,  [lag  said  to  refer  to  its  staying  long 
in  England  for  a  migrant] 

grid,  n.  Frame  of  spaced  parallel  bars,  grat- 
ing; gridiron  (for  cooking,  &  docking),  [back- 
formation  f.  gridiron] 

gpi'ddle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Circular  iron  plate  for 
baking  cakes  on  ;  miner's  wire-bottomed  screen 
(vb,  screen  with  g.).  [prob.  f.  OF  gredil  (cf.  16th- 
c.  Norman  gredil  gridiron)  perh.  f.  L  craticula 
(cratis  hurdle,  -cule)] 

gplde,  v.i.,  &  n.  Cut,  scrape,  along,  through, 
&c,  with  strident  or  grating  sound  (also  grides 
its  way) ;  (n. )  grating  sound,  [orig.  sense  pierce, 
prob.  by  metath.  f.  gird2] 

gpi'dipon  (-irn),  n.  Barred  metal  cooking 
utensil  for  broiling;  (Naut.)  frame  of  parallel 
beams  for  supporting  ship  in  dock;  (Theatr.) 
plank  structure  over  stage  supporting  mechan- 
ism for  drop-scenes  &c. ;  a  naval  evolution  ; 

(also   g.-pendulum)    compensation   pendulum 

with  parallel  rods  of  different  metals,    [earlier 

gredire  prob.  =  griddle,  later  confused  w.  iron, 

cf.  andironI 

gpief,  n.  Deep  or  violent  sorrow,  keen  regret. 

(come  to  g.,  meet  with  disaster,  fail,  fall).    [OF 

(grever  grieve)] 
gpie'vance,  n.    Real  or  fancied  ground  of 

complaint,    [f.  OF  grevance  (prec,  -ance)] 
gpleve,  v.t.  &  i.    Give  deep  sorrow  to ;  feel 

grief,   [f.  F  grever  f.  L  gravare  (gravis  heavy)] 
gpie'vous,  a.    Bringing  serious  trouble,  in- 
jurious ;  (of  pain  &c)  severe ;  flagrant,  heinous ; 

exciting  grief.   Hence  gpie'vousLY2  adv.    [f. 

OF  grevos  (prec,  -ous)] 
gpi'ffXin1).  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).    Newly  arrived 

European,  novice,  greenhorn.    Hence  gpi'f- 

flnAGE(2),   gpi'fflnHOOD,   gpi'ffinsHiP,  nn., 

gpl'fflniSHia.    ]?] 

gpi'ffin  2,  gpi'fron  >,  gpy'phon,  n.  Fabu- 
lous creature  with  eagle's  head  &  wings  &  lion's 

body;  (-/on)  kind  of  vulture  (also  g.-vulture). 

[f.  OF  grifoun  (L  gryphus  f.  Gk  grups,  -oon>] 
gpi'fron2,  n.    Kind  of  foreign  coarse-haired 

terrier-like  dog.    [F,  perh. = prec] 
gpig,  n.    Small  eel ;  grasshopper  or  cricket 

(merry,  lively,  as  a  g. ;  sense  cricket  doubtful, 

perh.  invented  to  account  for  phrase).    [?] 
gpill ',  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Broil  (t.  &  i.)  on  gridirom 


GRILL 


365 


GROCER 


(also  fig.  of   torture   or  great  heat),  whence 
grMlER  i(l,  2)  n. ;  scallop  (oysters  &c).    (N.) 
grilled  food  ;  (also  g.-room)  room  where  steaks 
&c.  are  grilled  &  served.    If.  F  griller  (foil.)] 
grill 2,  n.  Gridiron,  [f.  F  gril  (OF  grail  perh. 

as  GRIDDLE)] 

gri'llage,  n.  Heavy  framework  of  cross-tim- 
beringas  foundation  for  building  in  treacherous 
soil.     [F  (foil.,  -AGE)] 

grille,  grill3,  n.  Grating,  latticed  screen, 
esp.  in  door  for  observing  callers,  in  convent 
separating  nuns  from  visitors,  in  front  of  ladies' 
gallery  in  House  of  Commons,  &c. ;  (Tennis) 
square  opening  in  wall ;  spawn-hatching  frame. 
Hence  grillED2  a.    [F  (-e),  as  griddle] 

grilse,  n.  Young  salmon  that  has  been  only 
once  to  the  sea.    [from  15th  c;  etym.  dub.] 

grim,  a.  Stern,  unrelenting,  merciless,  se- 
vere ;  of  forbidding  or  harsh  aspect  (often  of 
death ;  hold  on  like  g.  death,  tight) ;  sinister, 
ghastly,  unmirthful,  (has  a  g.  truth  in  it ;  a 
g.  smile',  g.  laughter,  pastime,  &c).  Hence 
gpi'xriLY2  adv.,  gri'mNESS  n.  [cf.  G  grimm, 
also  obs.  grame  angry] 

grima'ee,  n.,  &  v.i.  Wry  face  expressing 
annoyance  &c.  or  meant  to  raise  a  laugh ;  af- 
fected look ;  use  of  such  looks,  affectation  ;  (vb) 
make  wry  face.  Hence  or  cogn.  gpima'CER1, 
grima'eiER,  nn.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

grima'lkin  (-awl-,  -al-),  n.  Old  she-cat; 
spiteful  old  woman,  [prob.  f.  grey  +  Malkin 
(Matilda,  -kin)] 

grime,  n.,  &  v.t.  Soot,  dirt,  ingrained  in 
some  surface,  esp.  the  skin  ;  hence  gri'mY2  a., 
gri'miNESS  n.  (Vb)  blacken,befoul.  [cf.  Flem. 
grijm(en)] 

Grimm's  law.    See  law. 

grin,  v.i.  &  t„  &  n.  Show  teeth  in  sign  of 
pain  or  in  forced  or  unrestrained  or  stupid 
smile  (often  at;  g.  &  bear  it,  take  pain  &c. 
stoically;  g.  like  Cheshire  cat,  constantly  & 
meaninglessly ;  g.  through  horse-collar,  in 
grimacing- match  at  rustic  sports);  express 
(contempt,  satisfaction)  by  grinning  ;  (n.)  act  of 
grinning  (often  on  the  g.  or  broad  g.).  [OE 
grennian  cf.  OHG  grennan  mutter] 

grind,  v.t.  &  i.  (ground,  pr.  -ow-),  &  n.  Re- 
duce to  small  particles  or  powder  by  crushing 
between  mill-stones,  teeth,  &c.  (often  doum, 
small,  to  pieces,  into  dust.  Sec.) ;  (quasi-pass.) 
admit  of  being  ground  (will  not  g.  fine) ;  op- 
press, harass  with  exactions,  (often  down;  a 
grinding  tyranny ;  also  g.  the  faces  of  the  poor 
&c);  produce  (flour)  by  grinding;  sharpen  or 
smooth  by  friction  (has  an  axe  to  g. ;  g.  lenses, 
diamonds,  &c. );  work  (hand-mill) ;  turn  handle 
of  (hurdy-gurdy;  alsoabs.);  produce,  bring  out, 
(music)  from  hurdy-gurdy ;  toil  monotonously, 
study  hard  ;  teach  (subject,  pupil  in  it)  labori- 
ously ;  rub  (t.  &  i.)  gratingly  on,  into,  or  against 
(ground  his  heel  into  it ;  ship  was  grinding  on 
rocks),  rub  (teeth)  hard  together  (g.  out  an 
oath,  utter  while  grinding  teeth) ;  grindstone, 
thick  revolving  stone  disk  for  grinding,  sharp- 
ening, &  polishing  (hold,  keep,  one's  nose  to  the 
grindstone,  make  him  work  incessantly),  kind 
of  stone  used  for  these.  (N.)  grinding;  hard 
monotonous  work  or  task ;  walk  for  exercise, 
[only  in  E  &  in  Du.  grenden  ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  L 
frendere  gnash  teeth] 

gri'nder.n.  Molar  tooth ;  grinding-machine; 
upper  mill-stone ;  person  who  grinds  (esp.  in 
comb,  as  organ,  knife,  -g.) ;  crammer.    [-erI] 

grip  i,  n.  Firm  hold,  tight  grasp  or  clasp  (at, 
come  to,  gg.,  close  combat),  grasping  power; 
way  of  clasping  hands ;  control,  mastery,  in- 
tellectual hold  ;  power  of  arresting  attention  ; 
part  in  machinery  &c.  that  clips,  part  of  weapon 


&c.  that  is  held  ;  g.-brake.  worked  by  gripping 
with  hand.  [f.  OE  gripe  grasp  &  gripa  handful, 
both  f.  root  of  gripe] 

grip2,  v.t.  &  i.  Seize,  grasp,  or  hold,  tightly ; 
take  firm  hold  ;  compel  attention  of ;  gripsack 
(U.S.),  handbag.  Hence  gi»i,ppER1(2)  n.  [cf. 
MHG  gripfen ;  cogn.  w.  gripe] 

grip  3,  n.  Small  open  ditch.  [OE  grype  cogn. 
w.  griop  burrow] 

gripe,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Clutch,  grip  ;  oppress, 
pinch  ;  affect  with  colic  pains ;  (Naut.)  secure 
with  gg.,  (of  ship)  come  up  into  wind  in  spite  of 
helm.  (N.)  act  of  griping,  clutch  ;  hold,  control, 
(in  the  g.  of) ;  (pi.)  colic  pains;  handle  of  im- 
plement or  weapon  ;  (Naut.,  pi.)  lashings  secur- 
ing boat  in  its  place.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  gripan, 
cf.  Du.  grijpen,  G  greifen] 

grippe,  n.    Influenza.    [F] 

grisai'lle  (-zal,  or  as  F),  n.  Method  of  decora- 
tive painting,  stained-glass  window  &c,  in  grey 
monochrome  representing  objects  in  relief.  [F 
(gris  grey  f.  OHG  gris)] 

gri'seous  (-zi),  a.  (bot,  zool.).  Bluish  or 
pearl  grey.    [f.  med.L  griseus  (prec),  -ous] 

grisG'tte  (-/-),  n.  French  working-class  girl 
(formerly  dressed  in  grey).  [F  (gris  see  gris- 
aille, -ette)] 

gri'skin,  n.  Lean  part  of  loin  of  bacon  pig. 
[perh.  f.  obs.  grice  f.  ON  griss  young  pig  +  -kin] 

gri'sly  (-z-),  a.  Causing  horror,  terror,  or 
superstitious  dread.  [OE  grislic ;  cf.  obs.  grise 
to  shudder] 

grist ],  n.  Corn  for  grinding  (brings  g.  to  the 
mill,  is  profitable ;  all  is  g.  that  comes  to  his 
mill,  he  utilizes  everything) ;  malt  crushed  for 
brewing.  [OE  grist  (grind,  cf.  blast  f.  blow)] 

grist2,  n.  Size  or  thickness  of  yarn  or  rope, 
[perh.  cogn.  w.  girdI] 

gri'stle  (si),  n.  Whitish  tough  flexible  tissue 
in  vertebrates,  cartilage,  (in  the  g.,  immature- 
infants  having  g.  for  bone).  Hence  gri*stlY2a. 
[OE,  cf.  OFris.  &  MLG  gristel,  etym.  dub.] 

griti,  n.  Small  particles  of  stone  or  sand, 
esp.  as  causing  discomfort  or  clogging  machin- 
ery &c,  whence  gritty 2  a.,  gnttiNESS  n. ; 
(also  gritstone)  coarse  sandstone ;  grain  or  tex- 
ture of  stone ;  (colloq.)  strength  of  character, 
pluck,  endurance.    [OE  griot,  cf.  G  griess] 

grit2,  v.i.  &  t.  Produce,  move  with,  grating 
sound  ;  grind  (teeth),    [f.  prec] 

grits,  n.  pi.  Husked  but  unground  oats ; 
coarse  oatmeal.  [OE  grytt(e),  cf.  G  griitze,  cogn. 

W.  GROATS] 

gri'zzled,  a.  Grey(-haired).  [f.  obs.  grizzle 
grey,  grey  hair,  +  -ed2] 

g-ri'zzly,  a.  &  n.  Grey,  greyish,  grey-haired, 
(g.  bear,  large  fierce  N.-Amer.  kind) ;  g.  king, 
queen,  fishing-flies ;  (n.)  g.  bear,    [prec,  -Y2] 

groan,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  deep  inarticu- 
late sound  expressing  pain,  grief,  or  disapproval 
(g.  inwardly,  be  distressed) ;  utter  with  gg. 
(often  out) ;  be  oppressed  or  loaded  under,  be- 
neath, with,  (g.  under  injustice ;  shelf  groans 
with  books ;  groaning  board,  well-loaded  table) ; 
long  for ;  g.  down,  silence  (speaker)  with  gg. 
Hence  gT^oa'ningXY2  adv.  [OE  granian  cogn. 
w.  grin] 

groat,  n.  (hist).  Silver  coin=4d.  issued  1351- 
1662  (occasionally  used  of  the  fourpenny  piece 
1836-56) ;  small  sum  (don't  care  a  g.).  [f.  MDu. 
groot  orig.  great,  in  sense  thick  (penny)] 

groats,  n.  pi.  Hulled  (sometimes  also  crush- 
ed) grain,  esp.  oats.  [cogn.  w.  obs.  OE  grot  frag- 
ment &  grits] 

Gro'bian,  n.  Clownish  slovenly  person.  [G, 
f.  med.L  Grobianun  used  as  typical  name] 

gvo'eer,  n.  Dealer  in  spices,  dried  fruits, 
sugar,  &  miscellaneous  domestic  stores  (g.'s 


GROG 


GROUNDLING 


itch,  eczema  caused  by  handling  sugar).  Hence 
gpO'CERY(2,  &,  usu.  pi.,  1)  n.  [orig.  one  who 
sells  in  the  gross,  f.  OF  grossier  f.  ined.L  gros- 
sarius  (gross,  -ary  *)] 

gpog,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Drink  of  spirit  &  water ; 
social  meeting  with  g. ;  g.-blossom,  pimple  or 
redness  on  nose  from  intemperance.  ( vb)  drink 
g.;  extract  spirit  from  (empty  cask)  by  pouring 
in  hot  water,  [perh.  short  for  grogram,  nick- 
name (from  his  cloak)  of  Adm.  Vernon,  who 
first  had  g.  served  out  instead  of  neat  rum] 

gpo'ggy,  a.  Drunk(en) ;  bibulous ;  (of  horse) 
weak  in  forelegs,  tottering ;  unsteady,  shaky. 
Hence  gpo'ggiNESS  n.    [-y2] 

gro'gpam,  n.  Coarse  fabric  of  silk,  mohair 
&  wool,  or  these  mixed,  often  stiffened  with 
gum.    [f.  F  gros  grain  large  grain] 

gpoin,  n.,  &  v.t.  Depression  between  belly  & 
thigh ;  (Arch.)  edge  formed  by  intersecting 
vaults,  fillet  covering  this,  (vb,  build  with  gg.), 
whence  gPOi'niNG  ](6)  n.  [earlier  grynde  etym. 
dub. ;  cf.  OE  grynde  abyss  cogn.  w.  ground] 

gpo'mwell,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  with  stony 
seeds  formerly  used  in  medicine,  [f.  OF  gromil 
etym.  dub.] 

groom,  n.,  &  v.t.  One  of  certain  officers  of 
Royal  Household  (O.  of  the  stole,  in  waiting, 
&c.) ;  servant  having  care  of  horses  (vb,  curry, 
feed,  tend,  &c;  also  In  p.p.  of  persons,  as  well 
groomed,  neatly  got  up,  esp.  with  well-trimmed 
hair,  beard,  &c.) ;  bridegroom  (rare) ;  grooms- 
man, unmarried  friend  officially  attending 
bridegroom  at  wedding,  [perh.  shortened  f.  OF 
gromet  (also  gourmet)  servant,  etym.  dub.] 

groove,  n.,  &  v.t.  Channel  or  hollow,  esp. 
one  made  to  direct  motion  or  receive  corre- 
sponding ridge  (vb,  make  g.  or  gg.  in) ;  piece 
or  routine,  undeviating  course,  rut,  whence 
gpoo'vv2  a.,  gPOO'viNESS  n.  [f.  Du.  groeve 
furrow,  cf.  G  grube  pit,  cogn.  w.  grave  !] 

grope,  v.i.  Feel  about  as  in  dark  (for,  after, 
or  abs.),  search  blindly  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  g.  one's  way, 
find  it  by  feeling,  proceed  tentatively.  Hence 
gPO'pingL y  2  adv.  [OE  grdpian  (grdp  a  grasp) 
cogn.  w.  grip] 

gpo'sbeak,  n.  Kinds  of  small  bird  with  large 
strong  beak,  esp.  the  hawfinch,    [f.  F  grosbec 

(GROSS2,  BEAK)] 

gpo'schen  (-6sh«),  n.  Small  obsolete  silver 
German  coin.    [G] 

gpos  de  Naples  (gro'denah'pl),  n.  Heavy 
silk  fabric.  [F  {gros  gross2,  Naples)] 

gross  i.  n.  (pi.  gross).  Twelve  dozen,  [t.  F 
grosse  orig.  fern,  of  gros  gross  2] 

fposs  2,  a.  Luxuriant,  rank ;  overfed,  bloat- 
j  repulsively  fat;  flagrant,  glaring;  total, 
without  deductions,  not  net ;  dense,  thick,  solid, 
not  ethereal,  transparent,  or  impalpable;  (of 
food)  coarse,  greasy,  uncleanly,  repulsive,  (g. 
feeder,  one  who  likes  such  food) ;  (of  senses  &c.) 
not  delicate,  dull ;  coarse  in  manners  or  morals, 
unrefined,  indecent ;  (&bs.) in  (the) g.,  in  ageneral 
way,  apart  from  detail,  on  the  whole.  Hence 
gpo'ssLY2  adv.,  gro'ssxF.ss  n.  [f.  F  gros 
grosse  big  f.  LL  grossus  etym.  dub.] 
gpot,  n.  (poet.).  Grotto.  jf.  F  grotte  grotto] 
gpote'sque  (-k),  n.  &  a.  Decorative  painting 
or  sculpture  with  fantastic  interweaving  of 
human  &  animal  forms  with  foliage ;  (pop.) 
comically  distorted  figure  or  design.  (Adj.) : 
(Arch.)  in  the  above  style ;  distorted,  bizarre  ; 
ludicrous  from  incongruity,  absurd ;  hence 
gpote'squeLY 2  adv.,  gPote'squeNESS, 
gpote'squepie  [-ery(o)],  nn.  [f.  F  crotesque 
f.  It.  grottesca  antique  work  (grotto,  -esque) 
perh.  because  grotta  was  used  of  excavated 
chambers  with  mural  paintings] 
gpo'tto,  n.  (pi.  -oes,  -os).    Picturesque  cave  ; 


artificial  ornamental  cave,  room  &c.  adorned 
with  shells  &c.  in  imitation  of  cave,  as  cool  re- 
treat.   Hence  gPO'ttOED  2  a.    [f.  It.  grotta  f.  L 

f.  Gk  krupte  vault  (krupto  hide)  cf.  crypt] 
ground1  (-ow-),  n.  Bottom  of  sea  (now  chief- 
ly fig.,  as  touch  g.,  come  to  something  solid  after 
vague  talk  &c;  of  ship,  take  g.,  strand),  (pi.) 
dregs,  esp.  of  coffee,  whence  gpoirndY2  a. ; 
base,  foundation,  motive,  valid  reason,  (on  the 

g.  of,  by  reason  or  under  pretext  of ;  on  public 
&c.  gg.),  whence  gPOirndLESS  a.,  gpoirnd- 
lessLY2adv.,  gPOU'ndlessNESS  n.;  substra- 
tum, underlying  part,  surface  worked  upon  in 
embroidery,  painting,  &c,  undecorated  part, 
prevailing  colour  or  tone,  (Etching)  composition 
spread  on  metal  &  cut  through  with  needle 
where  acid  is  to  act ;  surface  of  earth  (fall,  be 
dashed,  to  the  g.,  be  abandoned,  fail,  of  scheme, 
hope  ;  break  l  g.;  down  to  the  g.  colloq.,  in  all 
respects,  thoroughly ;  above  g.,  alive  ;  cut  the  g. 
from  under  one's  feet,  anticipate  &  stultify  his 
arguments  or  plans) ;  (pi.)  enclosed  land  for  or- 
nament or  recreation  attached  to  house ;  posi- 
tion, area,  or  distance,  on  earth's  surface  (cover 
much  g. ,  of  inquiry,  report,  &c. ,  be  far-reaching ; 
stand,  shift,  one's  g.,  maintain,  change,  one's 
argument  or  intention  ;  gain  g.,  advance;  lose, 
give,  g.,  retreat,  decline) ;  area  of  special  kind  or 
use  (fishing-gg. ;  forbidden  g.,  subject  that  must 
be  avoided ;  classic g.,  historic  place ;  cricket  &c. 
-g.) ;  person's  property  in  land  ;  (Cricket)  his  &c. 
g.,  behind  popping-crease  (in,  out  of,  his  fir.),  paid 
staff  of  players  attached  to  club ;  (in  names  of 
birds)  terrestrial,  (of  beasts)  burrowing  or  lying 
on  g.,  (of  plants)  dwarfish  or  trailing ;  g.-ash, 
ash  sapling,  walking-stick  of  this  ;  g.-bait  n.  & 
v.t.,  (prepare  with)  bait  thrown  to  bottom  of 
intended  fishing-g.  to  attract  fish ;  g.-box,  small 
box  !  used  to  edge  garden  beds ;  g.-colour,  first 
coat  of  paint,  prevailing  colour  on  which  design 
is  done;  g.-fish,  living  at  bottom;  g.-fishing, 
with  bait  near  bottom ;  g.-floor,  rooms  &c.  on 
level  of  outside  g.  (get  in  on  the  g.-f. ,  be  admitted 
to  company  &c.  on  same  terms  as  promoters) ; 
g.  game, hares, rabbits,  &c;  g.-gudgeon, loach; 
g.-hog,  Amer.  marmot;  g.-ice,  formed  at  bottom 
of  water,  anchor-ice;  g.-ivy,  ale-hoof,  creeping 
herb  with  bluish-purple  flower  &  kidney-shaped 
leaf ;  g.-landlord,  owner  of  g.  leased  for  build- 
ing ;  g.-note,  on  which  a  common  chord  is  built, 
fundamental  bass ;  g.-nut,  (edible  tuber  of)  N.- 
Amer.  wild  bean,  also  W.-Ind.  &  W.-Afr.  pea 
with  pod  ripening  under  g.;  g.-pine,  herb  with 
resinous  smell,  also  clubmoss ;  g.-plan,  plane 
drawing  of  divisions  of  building  at  g.  level,  also 
outline  or  general  design  of  anything ;  g.-rent, 
that  paid  to  g.-landlord ;  g.-sea,  heavy  sea  with- 
out apparent  cause ;  g.-swell,  heavy  sea  caused 
by  distant  or  past  storm  or  earthquake ;  g.- 
torpedo,  fixed  to  bottom  of  sea ;  groundwork, 
foundation  or  basis  (usu.  fig.),  chief  ingredient, 
general  surface  of  thing  showing  where  not 
overlaid  with  embroidery  or  other  ornament. 
[com.-Teut. ;  OE  &  G  grund,  cf.  Du.  grond] 

ground2,  v.t.  &  i.  Base,  establish,  (institu- 
tion, principle,  belief)  on  some  factor  authority 
(in  pass,  also  in ;  p.p.,  well,  ill,  &c,  founded,  also 
abs.  =  well  founded,  whence  gPOU'ndedLY2 
adv.)  ;instructthoroughly(melements),  whence 


:c.) ;  lay  (esp.  arms)  on  g.,  (Electr.)  connect  with 
alight  on  g.;  run  (t.  &  i.) 


gPOU'ndiNG !  n. ;  prepare  g.  of  (embroidery 
&c. ) ;  lay  (esp.  arms)  on  g 
earth  as  conductor;  aligr 
ashore,  strand,    [f.  prec] 

gpound  3,  p.p.  of  grind.  G.  glass,  made  non- 
transparent  by  grinding. 

gpoirndage  (-ij),  n.    Duty  on  ship  lying  on 
beach  or  entering  port,    [age] 

gpou-ndllng,  n.     Kinds  of  ground'-M  ; 


GROUNDSEL 


367 


GRYSBOK 


creeping  or  dwarf  plant ;  spectator  or  reader  of 
inferior  taste  (ref.  to  Hamlet  in.  ii.  12).  [-ling1] 

grou'ndsel l  (-ow),  n.  Kinds  of  weed,  of 
which  the  commonest  is  used  as  food  for  cage- 
birds.  [OE  gundxswelgix  perh.  f.  gund  pus, 
swallow 2, = pus-absorber,  as  being  used  for 
poultices,  later  assimilated  to  ground] 

grou'ndsel2,  n.  (archaic).  Timber  serving  as 
foundation,  lowest  part  of  wooden  framework ; 
threshold,    [sill] 

gpoup  (-oop),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Fine  arts)  two  or 
more  figures  orobjects  formingeomplete  design 
or  distinct  part  of  one ;  number  of  persons  or 
things  standing  near  together,  knot,  cluster; 
number  of  persons  or  things  belonging  or 
classed  together  (in  Pol.,  used  of  smaller  unit 
than  the  party,  &  esp.  in  assemblies  where  the 
two-party  system  does  not  prevail ;  in  scientific 
classification,  used  vaguely  of  cross-divisions 
outside  the  regular  hierarchy  of  class-terms). 
(Vb)  form  (t.  &  rarely  i.)  into  a  g.,  place  in  a  g. 
with ;  form  (t.  &  i.  of  colours,  figures,  &c.)  into 
well-arranged  &  harmonious  whole;  classify. 
Hence  grou*pAGE(3)  n.  [f.  F  groupe  f.  It. 
gruppo  prob.  f.  Teut.  (crop1)] 

grou'per  (oo),  n.  Kinds  of  W.-Ind.  & 
Austral,  fish.  [f.  Port,  garupa  (prob.  S.-Amer.)] 

grouse1  (ows),  n.  (pi.  grouse).    (Prop.)  any 

fllinaceous  bird  with  feathered  feet;  (pop.) 
oor  Fowl  or  Game  or  Red  G.,  reddish  game- 
bird  of  British  Isles  (Black  G.,  black1  game  ; 
Wood  or  Great  G.,  capercailye ;    White  G., 


ptarmigan),  its  flesh.    [?] 

grouse  2  (ows),  v.i.  (sla 

grout1  (-owt),  n.,  &  v.t. 
filling  interstices;  (vb)  finish  with  this.    [cf. 


"grouse2  (ows),  v.i.  (slang).    Grumble.    [?] 
mt1  (-owt),  n.,  &  v.t.  Thin  fluid  mortar  for 


16th-c.  F  grouter] 

grout2  (-owt),  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  pigs)  turn  up 
earth,  turn  up  (earth  &c),  with  snout,  [perh. 
f.  obs.  groot  mud  cogn.  w.  OE  griot  grit] 

grove,  n.  Small  wood,  group  of  trees,  (in 
Bible,  mistransl.  of  Hebrew  word  =  pillar  used 
as  idol,  or  name  of  goddess).  Hence  groVED2, 
gro'veLESS,  gro'w2,  aa.  [excl.  E,  OE  grdf] 

gro'vel,  v.i.  (-11-).  Lie  prone,  humble  oneself, 
(often  in  the  dirt  or  dust) ;  (part.)  abject,  low, 
base,  whence  gro*vellingLY  2  adv.  Hence 
gro'vellER l  n.  [back-formation  f.  obs.  gro- 
velling adv.  (obs.  on grufe  f.  ON  d  griifu  on  one's 
face,  -ling2)  taken  as  part,  in  lay  grovelling  &c.  ] 

grow  (-6),  v.i.  &  t.  (grew,  grown  p.p.  often  as 
act.  intr.  with  is,  cf.  -ed  *(2),  &  asadj.).  Develop 
orexistaslivingplant(alsojoc.  of  lifeless  things 
&c,  be  found  in  someplace ;  g.  into  one,  together, 
&c,  coalesce),  germinate,  sprout,  spring  up,  be 
produced,  come  naturally  into  existence,  arise ; 
increase  in  size,  height  (growmo l  pains,  neu- 
ralgic pains  in  limbs  of  the  young),  quantity, 
degree,  power,  &c.  (g.  downward,  diminish ; 
habit,  person,  picture,  &c,  grows  on  one,  be- 
comes more  influential  with  oradmired  by  him), 
whence  growingLY  2adv. ;  become  gradually 
(p.  rich) ;  g.  tip,  advance  to  maturity  (groum-up 
a.  &  n.,  adult),  emerge  from  soil,  reach  full  size, 
(of  custom)  arise,  become  common  ;  produce  by 
cultivation,  bring  forth,  let  (beard  &c.)  g., 
whence  grow'ABLE  a. ;  (pass. )  be  covered  (often 
up  or  over)  with  some  growth.  [OE  growan  cf. 
Du.  groeien  f.  OTeut.  gro-  cogn.  w.  grass] 

grower,  n.  Plant  that  grows  in  specified 
way  (fast,  free,  &c,  g.) ;  person  growing  pro- 
duce (often  in  comb.,  &sfruit-g.).    [-er  ]] 

growl  (-owl),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  guttural 
sound  of  anger ;  rumble ;  murmur  angrily, 
angry  murmur,  complain(t) ;  utter  with  a  g. 
(out).  Hence  growlingLY2 adv.  [prob.  imit.] 

growler,  n.  In  vbl senses;  also :  four-wheel- 
ed cab ;  kinds  of  fish,    [-er  4 


growlery,  n.  Growling ;  place  to  growl  in, 
private  room,  den.    [-ery  ;  cf.  boudoir] 

grown,  p.p.  of  grow.    G.  man  &c,  mature. 

growth,  n.  Growing,  development,  increase, 
(of  foreign  &c.  g„  grown  abroad  &c;  full  g., 
size  ultimately  attained) ;  cultivation  of  pro- 
duce; what  has  grown  or  is  growing,  (Path.) 
morbid  formation,    [-th  a] 

groyne,  n. ,  &  v.t.  Timber  framework  or  low 
broad  wall  run  out  to  stop  encroachment  of  sea; 
(vb)  supply  (beach)  with  gg.  [perh.  f.  obs.  groin 
snout  f.  OF  groign  (L  grunnire  grunt)] 


grub 


Larva  of  insect,  caterpillar,  mag- 


got ;  dull  drudge,  literary  hack,  sloven,  smug 
ball  bowled  along  ground 
food,  a  feed.    [perh.  f.  foil.] 


ball  bowled  along  ground  at  cricket;  (slang) 
"ood,  a  feed.    [perh.  f.  foil.] 
grub 2,  v.i.  &  t.    Dig  (t.  &  i.)  superficially ; 


clear  (ground)  of  roots  &  stumps,  clear  away 
(roots  &c),  (often  up) ;  fetch  up  or  out  by  dig- 
ging (fig.,  discover  in  books  &c);  search,  rum- 
mage,(intr.) ;  plod,  toil,  on,  along,  away ;  (slang) 
feed,  provide  (boarder  &c.)  with  food,  [prob.  f. 
prec.];  g.-axe,  -hoe,  -hook,  for  grubbing  up 
stumps.  Hence  (-)gru'bbER  1(l,  2)  n.  Iprob. 
cogn.  w.  grave2  ;  cf.  ON gryfja  pit] 

gru'bby,  a.  Of,  infested  with,  grubs ;  dirty, 
grimy,  slovenly,  whence  gru'bbixEss  n.  [-Y  2] 

Gru*b-street,  n.  &  a.  (Region  inhabited  by) 
the  tribe  of  needy  authors  &  literary  hacks ; 
(adj.)  of  these,  [a  London  street  (now  Milton  St) 
so  inhabited  in  17th  c] 

grudge,  v.t.  ,&  n.  Be  unwilling  to  give,  grant, 
or  allow  (thing,  person  thing,  thing  to  person), 
or  to  do ;  (part.) reluctant,  whence gru'dging- 
LY2adv.;  (n.)  feeling  of  resentment  or  ill  will 
(have  a  g.  against ;  bear,  owe,  one  a  g.).  [earlier 
grutch  f.  OF  groucier  etym.  dub.] 

gru'el,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Liquid  food  chiefly  for 
invalids  of  oatmeal  &c.  boiled  in  milk  or  water 
(have,  get,  one's  g.,  be  punished,  severely  de- 
feated, or  killed ;  so  give  one  his  g„  &  g.  vb 
slang  in  same  sense,  whence  gru'elliNG1  n.). 
[OF,  f.  med.L  *grutellum  dim.  of  grutum  f. 
Teut.  cf.  OE  grut  coarse  meal,  &  groats] 

gruesome,  a.  Grisly,  disgusting.  Hence 
grue'somei.v  2  adv.,  gruesome  mss  n.  [f. 
obs.  grue  to  shudder  cf.  G  gratien  +  -someJ 

gruff,  a.  Surly,  laconic,  rough-mannered, 
rough- voiced.  Hence  gru'ffLY  2adv.,  gru'ff- 
ness  n.,  gru'ffiSH  ](2)  a.    [cf.  G.  grob] 

gmrmble,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Utter)  dull  inar- 
ticulate sound,  murmur,  growl  faintly ;  rumble ; 
complain(t)(at,  about,  over);  utter  complaining- 
ly  (often  out).  Hence  gru*mblER  *  n.,  gru*m- 
blingLY  2  adv.  [cf.  F  grommeler,  Du.  gromme- 
len,  G  grummeln] 

grume,  n.  (med.).  Clotof  blood,  viscous  fluid. 
So  gru'mous  a.    [f.  LL  grumus  small  heap] 

gru'mmet,  n.  (naut.).  Ring  usu.  of  twisted 
rope  as  fastening,  rowlock,  wad,  &c.  [f.  loth-c. 
F  gromette  curb  (gourmer  to  curb,  etym.  dub.)] 

gru'mpy,  gru'mpish,  a.  Ill-tempered, 
surly.  Hence  gru'mpiLY2  adv.,  gru'mpi- 
NESsn.  [f.  obs.  grump  offence,  snub,  etym.  dub.] 

Gru'ndyism,  n.     Conventional  propriety, 

Erudery.  [f.  '  What  will  Mrs  Grundy  (a  neigh- 
our)  say  ?  in  Morton's  Speed  the  Plough  1798] 

grunt,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Utter)  low  gruff  sound 
characteristic  of  hogs ;  express  discontent,  dis- 
sent, fatigue,  &c,  by  this;  utter  withg.  (often 
out).  Hence  gru'ntingLY2  adv.  [OEgrunet- 
tan  (cf.  G  grunzen)  frequent,  of  grunian  imit.] 

gru'nter,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.:  pig ;  kinds 
offish,    [-er1]  _ 

gru'yere  (yar),  n.  Swiss  pale  cows'-milk 
cheese  with  many  cavities.    [G.  Swiss  town] 

gry'sbok,  n.  Small  grey  S.-Afr.  antelope, 
[f .  Du.  grijsbok  (grijs  grey,  buck  l)] 


GUACHO 


GUEST-ROPE 


guacho,  incorrect  for  gaucho. 

guai'ae(um)  (gwi-),  n.  Genus  of  W.-Ind. 
trees  &  shrubs  (■«  only);  brownish-green  wood 
of  two  kinds  of  these  used  in  medicine,  lignum 
vitae ;  resin  from  these,  drug  made  from  it. 
[-ummod.L  f.  Sp.  guayaco  of  Haytian  orig.] 

guan  (gwahn),  n.  Kinds  of  S.-Amer.  gallina- 
ceous bird  allied  to  curassow.    [prob.  native] 

guana  (gwah'na),  n.  Iguana ;  any  large  liz- 
ard,   [var.  of  IGUANA] 

guana'eo  (gwanah-),  n.  Wild  llama  with 
reddish-brown  wool,  [native  S.-Amer.  huanaco] 

gua'no  (gwah-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Excrement  of 
sea-fowl  found  esp.  in  islands  about  Peru 
used  as  manure ;  artificial  manure  esp.  that 
made  from  fish  ;  (vb)  fertilize  with  g.  [Sp.,  f. 
native  huanu] 

guarantee*  (ga-),  n„  &  v.t.  Person  making 
guaranty  or  giving  security ;  guaranty  ;  thing 
given  or  existing  as  security  for  fulfilment  of 
conditions  or  permanence  &c.  of  something; 
person  to  whom  guaranty  is  given  (correl.  to 


fulfilment  of  (contract  &c.)  or  genuineness  &c. 
of  (article),  assure  permanence  &c.  of ;  engage 
that  something  has  happened  or  will  happen  ; 
secure  possession  of  to  person  ;  secure  against 
or  from  (risk  &c),  or  in.  (possession  &c.) ;  hence 
gua'rantOR2  n.  [in  first  sense,  earlier  gar- 
ante",  prob.  f.  Sp.  gar  ante  =  F  gar  ant  war- 
rant1; other  senses  of  n.  by  confusion  w. 
guaranty  or  misuse  of  -ee] 
gua'ranty  (ga-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Undertaking 
written  or  other  to  answer  for  payment  of  debt 
or  performance  of  obligation  by  another  person 
liable  in  first  instance ;  ground  or  basis  of  se- 
curity ;  (vb)  guarantee  (now  rare),  [f.  AF  guar- 
antie  (guarant  warrant)] 
guard l  (gard),  n.  Defensive  posture  or  mo- 
tion in  fencing,  boxing,  &c.  (in  cricket,  position 
of  bat  to  defend  wicket ;  take,  give,  g.,  of  bats- 
man, umpire,  ascertaining  correct  spot  on 
ground  for  this) ;  watch,  vigilant  state,  {keep  g., 
be  ong.,  act  as  sentry  &c;  on,  off,  one's  g.,  pre- 
pared, unprepared,  against  attack,  surprise,  or 
one's  own  impulses  &c.) ;  protector,  defender, 
sentry,  official  in  charge  of  stage-coach  or  train, 
(pi.)  household  troops  (including  Foot-gg., 
Horse-gg.,  Life-gg.,  &  by  extension  seven  regi- 
ments of  Ih'agoon  Gg.);  body  of  soldiers  &c. 
serving  as  protectors  of  place  or  person,  escort, 
separate  portion  of  army,  &c.  (advance,  rear, 
-gr. ;  g.  of  honour ;  mount,  relieve,  g.,  earlier  the 
g.,  take  up,  take  others'  place  in,  sentry  duty); 
contrivance  to  prevent  iniury  or  accidenttoften 
in  comb.,  as  fire,  trigger,  -g.) ;  g.-boat,  boat  go- 
ing rounds  of  fleet  in  harbour  to  see  that  good 
watch  is  kept,  also  official  harbour  boat  enforc- 
ing quarantine  or  customs  regulations;  g.- 
chain,  securing  watch,  brooch,  &c;  g.-house, 
accommodating  military  g.  or  securing  prison- 
ers ;  g.-rail,  hand  or  other  rail  to  prevent  falling 
&c.;  g.-ring,  preventing  other  ring  from  slip- 
ping off  finger,  keeper;  g.-room,  as  g.-house 
above  ;  g.-ship,  warship  protecting  harbour  & 
receiving  seamen  till  they  can  join  their  ships ; 
guardsman,  soldier,  esp.  officer,  of  Gg.;  g.-tent, 
as  g.-house  above.  Hence  guar'dLESS  a,  [f. 
F  gaxde  f.  Teut.  see  ward] 
guard2,  v.t.  &  i.  Keep  safe,  stand  g.  over, 
keep  (door  &c. )  so  as  to  control  passage,  protect, 
defend  {from,  against) ;  secure  by  explanations 
or  stipulations  &c.  from  misunderstanding  or 
abuse,  (Med.)  administer  correctives  with 
(drug) ;  keep  (thoughts,  speech)  in  check  (guard- 
ed language  &c,  cautious,  measured),  whence 


guar'dedLY2  adv.,  guar'dedNESS  n.;  use  a 

fencing  g. ;  take  precautions  against ;  (Curling, 
Bowling)  protect  (stone,  bowl)  by  placing  one's 
own  between  it  &  later  player,  (Chess)  protect 
(piece,  pawn)  with  another,    [f.  prec] 

guar'dian  (gar-),  n.  Keeper,  defender,  pro- 
tector, (G.  of  thepoor,  or  G.,  member  of  Board 
elected  to  administer  poor-laws  in  parish  or  dis- 
trict) ;  (Law)  one  having  custody  of  person  or 
property  or  both  of  infant,  idiot,  &c.  (cf.  ward}; 
superior  of  Franciscan  convent ;  g.  angel,  spirit 
watching  over  person  or  place,  [f.  OF  g(u)arden 
(garde  guard1)] 

guar'dianship,  n.  Office  of  guardian,  legal 
tutelage  ;  keeping,  guard,  (under  the  g.  of  the 
laws),    [-ship] 

gua'va  (gwah-),  n.  (Tropical  myrtaceous  tree 
yielding)  acid  fruit  used  for  making  jelly,  [f. 
Sp.  guayaba  prob.  f.  S.-Amer.  or  W.-Ind.  name] 

gubernatorial,  a.  Of  a  governor,  [f.  L 
gubernator  governor  +  -ial] 

gudgeon l  (gu'jn),  n.  Small  freshwater  fish 
used  as  bait ;  credulous  person,  [f.  F  goujon  f. 
L  gobionem  nom.  -o  goby] 

gudgeon2  (gu'jn),  n.  Pivot  at  end  of  beam, 
axle,  &c,  on  which  bell,  wheel,  &c,  works ; 
ring  of  gate  fitting  on  hook  of  post ;  socket  in 
which  rudder  works ;  pin  holding  two  blocks 
of  stone  &c.  together,  [f.  OF  gojon  perh.  -prec] 

Guebre  (ge'ber,  ga--),  n.  Zoroastrian,  fire- 
worshipper,  Parsee.    [f.  F  guebre  f.  Pers.  gabr] 

gue'lder  rose  (ge-),  n.  Plant  with  round 
bunches  of  white  flowers,  snowball  tree.  [Guel- 
der sin.  Prussia] 

Guelph,  -If,  (gw-),  n.  Member  of  medieval 
Italian  party  supporting  Pope  against  Emperor 
(cf.  ghibelline).  Hence  Gue'Iphic  a.  [f.  It. 
Guelfo  f.  MHG  Welf  name  (of  founder  of 
princely  family  of  Guelphs  to  which  present 
British  dynasty  belongs)  used  as  war-cry  at 
battle  of  Weinsberg  1140  against  Conrad  III] 

guerdon  (ger'dn),  n.,  &  v.t.,  (poet.).  Re- 
ward, recompense.  Hence  guer'donLESS  a. 
[OF,  f.  med.L  widerdonum  f.  OHG  widarlon 
(wider  again,  loan)  w.  assim.  to  L  donwm  gift] 

Guer'nsey  <-z-),  n.  One  of  Channel  Islands ; 
(also  G.  shirt,  coat,  frock)  thick  knitted  woollen 
usu.  blue  outer  tunic  or  jersey  worn  by  sailors, 
workmen,  &  children  ;  G.  cow ;  G.  lily,  kind  of 
amaryllis  orig.  from  Japan. 

guer(r)i*lla  (ge-),  n.  (Usu.  now  g.  war)  ir- 
regular war  waged  by  small  bodies  acting  in- 
dependently ;  man  engaged  in  this.  [Sp.  \-rr-) 
dim.  of  guerra  war] 

guess  (ges),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Estimate  without 
measurement  or  detailed  calculation ;  think 
likely,  think  one  divines  nature  of,  form  hypo- 
thesis as  to,  conjecture,  hazard  opinion  about, 
(noun,  that,  hoio,  when,  whether,  &c,  thing  to 
be ;  also  intr.  with  at ;  often  abs.  in  parenthe- 
sis ;  Ig.,  chiefly  U.S.,  I  feel  sure  or  know  well) ; 
conjecture  (answer  to  riddle,  solution  of  prob- 
lem) rightly,  divine.  (N.)  rough  estimate,  con- 
jecture, hypothesis,  (by  g„  at  haphazard) ;  g.- 
work,  (procedure  based  on)  guessing,  [n.  f.  vb, 
ME  gessen  cf.  Du.  gissen ;  f.  root  of  get] 

guest  (ge-),  n.  Person  entertained  at  another's 
house  or  table  (paying  g.,  boarder);  person 
lodging  at  hotel,  Doarding-house,  &c;  animal 
or  vegetable  parasite  (cf.  host2);  g.-chamber, 
kept  for  gg. ;  g.-night,  on  which  gg.  are  enter- 
tained at  club,  college,  &c.  Hence  gue'stSHiP 
n.  [W Aryan  ;  OE  giest  cf.  ON  gestr,  G  gast,  & 
L  hostis  enemy,  orig.  stranger] 

gue*st-rope,  gue'ss-,  n.  Second  rope  fas- 
tened to  boat  in  tow  to  steady  it ;  rope  slung 
outside  ship  to  give  hold  for  boats  coming 
alongside.    [?] 


GUFFAW 


GUM 


guffaw,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Coarse  or  boisterous 
laugh ;  (vb)  make,  say  with,  g.  [orig.  Sc. ;  imit.] 

gUggle.      =  GURGLE. 

guide1  (gid),  n.  One  who  shows  the  way; 
hired  conductor  of  traveller  or  tourist;  (Mil.) 
one  of  company  formed  for  reconnoitring  &c. ; 
(Mil.)  right  &  left  g.,  subalterns  of  company 
superintending  &  acting  as  pivots  &c.  in  evolu- 
tions ;  (Xaut.)  ship  on  which  rest  of  fleet  regu- 
late their  movements ;  adviser ;  directing  prin- 
ciple or  standard  (the  feelings  are  a  bad  g. ; 
Scripture  is  our  a.) ;  book  of  rudiments, 
manual,  (also  g.-book)  book  of  information  on 
a  city,  cathedral,  museum,  &c. ;  (Mech.)  bar, 
rod,  &c,  directing  motion  of  something,  gauge 
&c.  controlling  tool ;  thing  marking  a  position 
or  guiding  the  eye;  g.-post,  FisGKR-post ;  g.- 
rope,  guv  i,  also  small  rope  attached  to  load  of 
crane  to  guide  it ;  guideway,  groove,  track. 
Hence  gui'deLESS  a.  [F,  orig.  fern.,  f.  OF  guie 
(by  assim.  to  Pr.  or  It  guidu)  f.  guier  to  guide 
prob.  f.  Teut.  cogn.  w.  OE  witan  know] 

guide2,  v.t.  Act  as  g.  to,  go  before,  lead, 
direct  course  of;  arrange  course  of  (events); 
be  the  principle,  motive,  or  ground,  of  (action, 
judgment,  &c.) ;  conduct  affairs  of  (State  &c.) ; 
guiding-stick, mahlstick.  Hence gui'dABLE a., 
gui'dANCE  n.  [f.  F  guider  f.  OF  guier  as  prec.j 

guidon  (gi"dn),  n.     Pennant  narrowing  to 

f>oint  at  free  end  (used  as  standard  of  dragoons). 
F,  f.  It.  guidone  perh.  f.  guida  guide1] 

g(u)ild  (gi-),  n.  Society  for  mutual  aid  or 
prosecution  of  common  object;  G.-hall,  in 
which  a  medieval  g.  met,  (often,  from  being 
used  as  meeting-place  of  Corporation)  town- 
hall.  [OE  gild  guild,  payment,  sacrifice,  cf.  Du. 
&  G  geld  money] 

gui'ldep  (gi-),  n.  Obsolete  gold  coin  of 
Netherlands  &c. ;  Dutch  silver  coin  =  1/8.  [cor- 
ruption of  Du.  gulden) 

guile  (gil),  n.  Treachery,  deceit,  cunning  de- 
vices. Hence  gui'leFUL  a.,  gui'lefulLY2 
adv.,gxii*lefulN,Essn.,gui*leLESsa.,gui,le- 
lessr.Y2  adv.,  gui'lelessxESS  n.  [OF,  prob. 
f.  Teut. ;  cf.  wile] 

gui'llemot  (gi-),  n.  Kinds  of  sea-bird.  [F, 
prob.  f.  Guillaume  William] 

guilloehe  (gilo'sh,  or  as  F),  n.  Architec- 
tural ornament  imitating  braided  ribbons,  [f. 
F  guillochis,  or  f.  F  guilloehe  the  tool  used] 

guillotine  (giioten,  or  -te'n),  n.,  &  v.t.  Ma- 
chine with  knife-blade  sliding  in  grooves  for 
beheading;  surgical  instrument  for  excising 
uvula  &c,  kinds  of  machine  for  cutting  paper 
&c. ;  (Pari.)  method  of  preventing  obstruction 
by  fixing  times  at  which  parts  of  Bill  must  be 
voted  on ;  (vb)  use  the  g.  upon.  [F  (Guillotin 
inventor  1789)] 

guilt  (gi-),  n.  The  having  committed  a  speci- 
fied or  implied  offence ;  criminality,  culpability, 
[excl.  E ;  OE  gylt] 

gui'ltless,  a.  Innocent  (often  of  offence) ; 
not  having  knowledge  or  possession  of  (g.  of 
Greek,  soap,  moustache,  &c).  Hence  gui'lt- 
lessL v  2  adv. ,  gui'ltlessxESS  n.    [-less] 

gui'lty,  a.  Criminal,  culpable  ;  conscious  of, 
prompted  by,  guilt  (g.  conscience,  behaviour, 
look) ;  having  committed  a  particular  offence 
(of;  g.,  not  g.,  verdicts  in  criminal  trials).  Hence 
gui'ltiLV2  adv.,  gui'ltiNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

§uimp.  =gimp. 
uinea,  g-,  (gi'ni),  n.  Part  of  W.  coast  of 
Africa;  (g)  former  gold  coin  named  as  first 
coined  for  the  African  trade  (1663-1717  nomi- 
nally 20/-  but  of  fluctuating  value  ;  from  1717 
fixed  at  21/- ;  last  coined  1813),  &  now  money  of 
account  21/  -  used  in  stating  professional  fees, 
amount  of  subscriptions,  &  prices  of  pictures, 


horses,  estates,  &c. ;  g.-foicl,  -hen,  gallinaceous 
bird  with  slate-coloured  white-spotted  plumage 
domesticated  in  Europe;  G.  grains;  g.-pig, 
S.-Amer.  rodent  now  half  -domesticated!  in 
Europe  &c.  as  pet  (origin  of  name  doubtful), 
person  receiving  g.  fees,  esp.  company  director 
or  deputy  clergyman,  whence  gui*nea-pig- 
giNG^  n. ;  G.  worm,  tropical  parasite  in  human 
skin.    [f.  Port.  Guint] 

guipure  (ge'poor,  or  as  F),  n.  Kind  of  lace  ; 
kind  of  gimp.    [F] 

guise  (giz),  n.  Style  of  attire,  garb,  (archaic) ; 
external  appearance ;  semblance,  assumed  ap- 
pearance, pretence,  (under,  in,  the  g.  of).  [F, 
f.  Teut.  (wise*)] 

guitar  (gi-),  n.,  &  v.i.  (-rr-).  Six-stringed  lute 
played  with  hand  with  fretted  finger-board ; 
hence  guitap*iST(3)  n.  (Vb)  play  g.  [f.  Sp. 
guitarra  f.  Gk  kithara  ;  cf.  cither,  gittern] 

gulch  (-tsh),  n.  (U.S.).  Ravine,  esp.  one  with 
gold  deposit,    [perh.  f.  obs.  gulch  to  swallow] 

gu'lden  (goo-),  n.  Dutch  &  Austro-Hung. 
silver  coin  1/8.  [Du.  &  G,=golden  (orig.  name 
of  various  gold  coins)] 

gules,  n.,  &  a.  (usu.  after  noun),  (herald.). 
Red.    [f.  OF  goules  pi.  ermine  dyed  red] 

gulf,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Geog.)  portion  of  sea,  pro- 
portionally narrower  at  mouth  than  bay,  partly 
surrounded  by  coast ;  deep  hollow,  chasm, 
abyss,  (poet.)  profound  depth  Or  the  sea ;  whirl- 
pool, what  swallows  up  anything ;  impassable 
dividing  line  (Luke  xvi.  26) ;  (Univ.  slang)  de- 
gree allowed  to  honour-candidate  who  fails 
but  deserves  pass;  G.-stream,  oceanic  warm 
current  issuing  from  G.  of  Mexico.    (Vb)  en 


filf,  swallow  up  ;  (Univ.)  give  g.  to.    \t.  F  golfe 
Pr.  golfo  f.  late  Gk  kolphos  (Gk  kolpos)] 
gull J,  n.    Kinds  of  long- winged  web-footed 


mostly  marine  bird,  usu.  white  with  mantle 
varying  from  pearl-grey  to  black,  &  bright  bill. 


Hence  gu*llERY(3[ji.    [perh.  f .  W  gwylan] 

_  .rll] 
a !  a.  [p 
fig.  sense  of  prec. ;  perh.  n.  f.  vb  in  fig.  sense  of 


gull2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dupe,  fool.   So  gu'lliBLEa., 
gulliBrLiTY  n.,  gu'lliSH1  a.  [perh.  vb  f.  n.  in 


obs.  gull  to  gorge,  cf.  cram  &  stuff  =teike  in] 

gu'llet,  n.  Food-passage  from  mouth  to 
stomach,  oesophagus  ;  throat ;  water-channel, 
strait,  defile,  (archaic  &  dial. ).  [f.  OF  dim.  of 
gole  (now  gueule)  f.  L  gula] 

gu#lly !,  n.,  &  v.t.  Water- worn  ravine ;  deep 
artificial  channel,  gutter,  drain,  sink ;  g.-drain, 
to  sewer  from  g.-hole,  opening  in  street  for 
drainage ;  (vb)  make  gg.  in,  form  (channels)  by 
water  action,    [prob.  f.  prec] 

gu*lly2,n.  Large  knife,  [perh.  orig.  butcher's 
for  cutting  gullet] 

gu'losity,  n.  (rare).  Gluttony,  [f.  LL  gulosi- 
tas  (L  gulosus  gluttonous  f.  gula  gullet)] 

gulp,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Swallow  (usu.  down) 
hastily,  greedily,  or  with  effort  (g.  down  sobs, 
tears,  suppress  them) ;  perform  act  of  swallow- 
ing with  difficulty,  gasp,  choke ;  hence  gu'lp- 
ingLY^  adv.  (N.)  act  of  gulping  (drained  it  at 
one  g.);  effort  to  swallow;  large  mouthful; 
hence  gu'lpY2  a.    [imit.,  cf.  Du.  gulpen] 

gum',  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Firm  flesh  in  which  the 
teeth  stand ;  gumboil,  small  abscess  on  gg.  [OE 
goma  cf.  G  gaumen] 

gum  2,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Viscid  secretion  of  some 
trees  &  shrubs  that  hardens  in  drying  but  is 
soluble  in  water  (cf.  resin),  used  to  stick  paper 
&c.  together  &  stiffen  linen  &c. ;  secretion  col- 
lecting in  inner  corner  of  eye ;  (also  g.-tree)  any 
tree  exuding  g.,  esp.  kinds  of  eucalyptus  (up  a 
g.-t.,  in  a  fix,  at  end  of  one's  resources) ;  morbid 
secretion  of  g.  as  disease  of  fruit-trees ;  g.  Ara- 
bic ;  g.-dragon,  tragacanth ;  g.-juniper,  sanda- 
rac ;  g.-resin,  vegetable  secretion  of  resin  mixed 


GUM 


370 


GUTTURAL 


with  g.,  as  gamboge ;  g.-senegal,  kind  of  g.  ara- 
bic  from  Senegal.  (Vb)  stiffen,  smear,  with  g.; 
fasten  down,  together,  up, in,8cc, with g.;  exude 
g.  [f.  OF  gomme  f.  L  gummi  f.  Gk  kommi\ 
gum  8,  n.  ( vulg. ).  God  (in  oaths,  as  my,  by,  g. .'). 
[deformation  of  God] 

gu'mma,  n.  (path. ;  pi.  -.9,  -ta).  Syphilitic  tu- 
mour. Hence  gu'mmatous  a.  [mod.L,  f.  L 
gummi  gum2,  from  nature  of  contents] 
gu'mmy,  a.  Viscid,  sticky  ;  abounding  in, 
exuding. gum;  (of  ankles  &  legs)  puffy,  swollen. 
Hence  girmmiNESS  n.  [-Y  2] 
gu'mption  (-shn),  n.  (colloq.).  Resource, 
enterprising  spirit,  go,  ready  practical  sense ; 
(Painting)  vehicle  for  colour.  [Sc,  etym.  dub.] 
gun,  n.  Metal  tube  for  throwing  missiles  with 
gunpowder  or  some  explosive  force,  piece  of  ord- 
nance, cannon,  musket,  fowling-piece,  rifle,  car- 
bine, (sure  as  a  g.,  certainly,  beyond  question; 
ritand,  stick,  to  one's  gg.,  maintain  position ;  son 
ofag.,  contemptible  fellow ;  great  g.,  eminent 
person;  blow  great  gg.,  violently,  a  gale);  mem- 
ber of  shooting-party ;  gunboat,  small  warship 
carrying  heavy  gun(s) ;  g. -carriage  ;  g.-case, 
case  for  sporting  g.,  also  judge's  tippet;  g.-cot- 
ton,  explosive  made  by  steeping  cotton  in  nitric 
&  sulphuric  acids  formerly  used  for  blasting ; 
g.-fire,  firing  of  g.,  esp.  (Mil.,  Naut.)  of  morning 
or  evening  g.  to  show  time ;  g.-harpoon,  pro- 
pelled from  g.,  not  by  hand  ;  g.-house,  shelter 
forg.  &  gunner  in  action;  g.-lock,  mechanism 
by  which  charge  of  g.  is  exploded ;  g.-metal, 
alloy  of  copper  &  tin  or  zinc  (formerly  used  for 
gg-);  g.pit,  to  protect  gg.  from  enemy's  fire; 
gunpowder,  explosive  of  saltpetre,  sulphur,  & 
charcoal,  for  use  in  guns  &  blasting  (gunpowder 
plot,  5th  Nov.  1605  to  blow  up  Parliament),  fine 
green  tea  of  granular  appearance,  white  gun- 
powder, kinds  of  modern  explosive  ;  g.-room, 
compartment  in  warship  fitted  up  for  junior 
officers  or  as  lieutenants'  mess-room  (orig.  for 
gunner  &  his  mates) ;  g.-runner,  -ning,  (person 
engagedin)illegal introduction  of  fire-armsinto 
dependent  country ;  gu'nshot,  range  of  g.  (out 
of,  within,  gunshot);  g.-shy,  frightened  at  re- 
portof  g.  (esp.  of  sporting  dog);  gunsmith,  maker 
and  repairer  of  small  fire-arms ;  g.-stock,  wooden 
mounting  of  g.-barrel.  Hence  (heavily  &c.) 
gunnED2,  gxrnLESS,  aa.  [perh.  f.  Gunna  pet- 
form  of  OX  Gunnhildr  woman's  name  used  as 
personal  name  (as  with  ships,  &  cf.  Mons  Meg 
cannon  kept  at  Edinburgh)  for  ballistae  &  can- 
non (una  magna  balista  de  cornu  quae  vacatur 
Domina  Gunilda,  1330)] 
gu'nnel  i,  n.  A  small  eel-shaped  sea-fish,  the 
butter-fish.  [?] 
gunnel 2.  See  gunwale. 
gu'nner,  n.  Officer  or  man  of  artillery  (as 
official  term,  private  other  than  driver);  (Naut.) 
warrant  officer  in  charge  of  battery,  magazine, 
&c.  (g.'s  daughter,  gun  to  which  sailors  were 
lashed  for  flogging ;  kiss,  marry,  the  g.'s  d.,  be 
flogged);  game-shooter.    [-er2(2)] 

fu'nnery,  n.  Construction  &  management 
large  guns  (g. -lieutenant,  with  warrant  of 
competence  to  supervise  g.  from  g.-ship,  for 
training  in  g. ) ;  firing  of  guns,    [-ery] 

gu'nning,  n.  Shooting,  esp.  of  game  (usu. 
gog.).    [-ing1] 

gu'nny,  n.  Coarse  sacking,  sack,  usu.  of 
jute  fibre,    [f.  Hind,  gonii.  Skr.  goni  sack] 

gu-nter,  n.  (Also  G. 's  scale)  flat  2-f t  rule  with 
scales,  logarithmic  lines,  &c,  used  for  solving 
mechanically  problems  in  surveying  &  naviga- 
tion ;  topmast,  or  its  sail,  sliding  up  &  down 
lower  mast  on  rings  (from  resemblance  to  slid- 
ing G.'s  scale).    [E.  G„  mathematician  d.  1626] 

gunwale  (giVnl),  gu'nnel,  n.    Upper  edge 


of  ship's  or  boat's  side  (g.  to,  under,  level  with, 
below,  water),    [gun+wale  (formerly  used  to 
support  guns) ;  cf.  channel2] 
gu*nyah,n.  Native  Australian  hut.  [native] 
gupgita'tion  (-ji-),  n.     Surging,  bubbling 
motion  or  sound,  [f.  L.  gurgitare  to  surge  (gur- 
ges  -itis  whirlpool)  +  -ation] 
gup'gle,  v.i.  &  t ,  &  n.  (Make)  bubbling  sound 
as  of  water  from  bottle  or  among  stones  ;  utter 
with  such  sounds,     [imit.;  or  f.  Du.  gorgelen, 
G  gurgeln,  or  It.  gorgogliare,  f.  L  (gurgulio  gul- 
let) ;  Cf.  GARGLE,  GUGGLE] 

gup'jun,  n.  E.-Ind.  tree  yielding  g.  balsam 
or  oil,  used  medicinally,  [native] 
gup'nard,  gup'net,  n.  Kinds  of  sea-fish 
with  large  head,  mailed  cheeks,  &  three  free 
pectoral  rays.  [prob.  f.  F  grognard  grumbler 
(grogner  grunt,  -ard)] 

gush,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Issue  in,  send  forth)  sud- 
den or  copious  stream  (often  fig.  of  speech,  ten- 
derness, &c.) ;  emit  (water)  copiously ;  (speak, 
behave,  with) effusiveness, sentimental  affecta- 
tion, whence  gu'shER l  n. ,  gu'shingLY  2  ad  v. , 
gu'shY  2  a.  [ME  gosshe  perh.  imit.] 
gu*sset,n.  Triangular  piece  let  into  garment 
to  strengthe  nor  enlarge  some  part ;  iron  bracket 
strengthening  angle  of  structure.  Hence  gu's- 
setED2  a.  [f.  OF  gousset  (gousse  nut-shell)  flex- 
ible piece  filling  up  joint  in  mail-coat] 

fust  \  n.  Sudden  violent  rush  of  wind ;  burst 
rain,  fire,  smoke,  sound,  or  passion.  Hence 
gu'st y  2  a. ,  gu'stiLY2  adv.  [prob.  f.  ON  gustr, 
cf.  giosa  gush] 

gust2,  n.  (archaic  &  poet).  Senseof  taste;  keen 
relish  (have  a  g.  of,  appreciate) ;  flavour,  [f.  L 
ottstxts  ttistcl 

gusiba'tion,  n.  Tasting.  So  gu'stATivE, 
gu'statORY,  aa.  [f.  L  gustatio  (gustare  f.  gus- 
tus  taste,  -ation)] 

gu'sto,  n.  Special  flavour  (archaic;  enjoy  the 
full  g.  of) ;  zest,  enjoyment  with  which  some- 
thing is  done.  [It.,  as  gust2] 
gut, n.,  & v.t. & i.  (PI.) bowels orentrails (esp. 
of  animals),  contents  of  anything  (has  no  gg.  in 
it,  is  of  no  real  value  or  force) ;  particular  part 
of  lower  alimentary  canal,  intestine,  (blind  g., 
caecum);  (usu.  pi.)  belly  as  seat  of  appetite 
(vulg.);  material  for  violin  strings  made  from 
intestines  of  animals ;  material  for  fishing-lines 
made  from  intestines  of  silk- worm ;  narrow 
water-passage,  sound,  strait,  (Oxf.  &  Camb.) 
bend  of  river  in  racing-course ;  defile,  narrow 
lane  or  part  of  street.  ( vb)  take  out  gg.  of,  clean, 
(fish) ;  remove  or  destroy  internal  fittings  of 
(house  &c.) ;  extract  essence  of  (book  &c.) ;  eat 
greedily  (vulg.).  [OE  guttas  pi.,  prob.  cogn.  w. 
geotan  pour] 

gutta-pep*eha(-tsha),  n.  Greyish  horny  sub- 
stance flexible  when  thin,  of  inspissated  juice  of 
various  Malayan  trees,  [f.  Malay  getah  gum, 
percha  name  of  tree] 

gu'ttate,  a.  (nat.  hist).  Speckled.  [f.Lgut- 
tatus  (gutta  drop,  -ate2)] 
gu'ttep,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Track  made  by  run- 
ning water  (rare);  shallow  trough  below  eaves, 
or  channel  at  side  of  street,  carrying  off  rain- 
water (g.-child,  street-arab ;  take  child  &c.  out 
of  g.,  remove  from  poor  surroundings);  open 
conduit  for  out-flow  of  fluid  ;  groove ;  g.-man, 
cheap  street-vendor  of  trifles ;  g.-snipe,  street- 
arab.  (Vb)  furrow,  channel ;  flow  in  streams ; 
(of  candle)  melt  away  by  becoming  channelled 
so  that  wax  &c.  runs  down.  [f.  OF  gutiere 
(gouJtte  drop  f.  L  gutta)] 

guttle,  v.i.  &  t    Eat  gluttonously.    Hence 
gu'ttlER !  n.    [prob.  f .  gut  after  guzzle] 
gu'ttupal  (-er-),  a.  &  n.     Of  the  throat ;  (of 
sounds)  produced  in  throat  or  by  back  of  tongue 


GUTTURO- 


371 


HABIT 


&  palate  (n.,  g.  sound  or  letter,  as  k,  g).  Hence 
gu*ttupalizE(3)    v.t.,    gu*ttupalis.M(l)    n., 
gu'tturalLY  2  adv.    If.  L  guttur  throat  +  -al] 
gu'tturo-,  comb,  form  of  L  guttur  throat 
(see  -o),  as  -maodllary  of  throat  &  jaws. 
gu'tty,  n.  (golf).    Gutta-percha  ball.    [-Y  3] 
guy1  (gi),  n.,&v.t.  Rope,  chain,  &c,  to  steady 
load  of  crane  &c.  or  hold  tent  &c.  in  place ;  (vb) 
secure  with  guy(s).    [f.  OF  guis  cf.  guide] 
guy  2  (gi),  n.  (pi.  -s),  &  v.t.  &  i.    Effigy  of  Guy 
Fawkes  burnt  on  5th  Nov. ;  grotesquely  dressed 
person,  fright;  (slang)  act  of  decamping  {give 
the  a.  to,  escape  from ;  do  a  g.,  disappear).  (Vb) 
exhibit  in  effigy ;  ridicule ;  (slang)  run  away. 
gu'zzle,  v.i.  &  t.    Drink,  eat,  greedily  (i.  &  t.) ; 
consume  (money  &c.)  in  guzzling  (often  away). 
Hence  gu'zzlER 1  n.  Iperh.  f.  OF  gosiller  vomit 
{gosier  throat)] 

gwy'niad,  n.  White-fleshed  lake  fish  of  sal- 
mon kind.  [  W  {gwyn  white)] 
gybe  (j-),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  fore-&-aft  sail  or 
boom)  swing  from  one  side  to  other,  make  (sail) 
do  this;  (of  ship,  crew,  &c.)  change  course  so 
that  this  happens,  [prob.  f.  Du.  gijben] 
gyle  (g-),  n.  Quantity  of  beer  brewed  at  once ; 
fermenting  wort ;  fermenting-tun.  [f.  Du.  gijl 
{gijlen  to  ferment)] 

gymkha*na(jimkah-),n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Pub- 
lic place  with  facilities  for  athletics  ;  athletic- 
sports  display,  [mixtureof  gym{nastics)  &  Hind. 
(gend-)khana  ball-house,  racquet  court] 
gymna'sium  (j-),  n.  (pi.  -urns,  -a).  Place, 
room,  or  building,  with  appliances  for  practice 
in  gymnastics;  Continental,  esp.  German,  school 
ofhighestgradepreparingforuniversities(o/te?i 
pr.  gimnah*-;  pi.  sometimes  -ien),  whence  gym- 
na'siAL  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  gumnasion  (gumnazo  ex- 
ercise f.  gumnos  naked)] 
gymnast,  n.  Expert  in  gymnastics,  [f.  Gk 
gumnastes  {gumnazo  see  prec)] 
gymna'stie,  a.  &  n.  Of  gymnastics,  involv- 
ing bodily  or  (rarely)  men  talexercise,  discipline, 
effort,  or  activity;  hence  gymna'stiCALLY 
adv.  (N.)  course  of  instruction  regarded  as 
discipline  {grammar  is  a  good  g.)',  (pi.)  exer- 
cises developing  the  muscles,  esp.  such  as  are 
performed  in  gymnasium  (also  in  same  sense 
as  sing.),  [f.  L  f.  Gk  gumnastikos  (prec,  -ic)] 
gymno-  (jl-),  comb,  form  of  Gk  gumnos 
naked,  bare,  used  in  many  hot.,  zool.,  &  biol. 
terms,  as  -spermous  having  seeds  unprotected 
by  seed-vessels. 

gymno'sophist,  n.  One  of  ancient  Hindu 
philosophic  sect  going  nearly  naked  &  given 
up  to  contemplation ;  mystic,  ascetic.  So 
gymno'sophv *  n.  [f.  Lf.  Gk gumnosophistai 
pi.  (prec,  sophist)] 

gynaece'um  (g-,  j-},  n.  (Gk  &  Rom.  Ant.) 
women's  apartments  in  house  ;  (Bot. ;  often  in- 
correctly -oe'cium)  female  organs  of  flower.  [L, 
f.  Gk  gunaikeion(gune  -aikos woman);  -oecium 
from  confusion  with  Gk  oikion  house] 
gynae'eo-  (g-,  j-),  comb,  form  of  Gk  gune 
-aikos  woman,  as  -logy,  science  of  diseases  of 
women.  Hence  gynaeeo'CRACV  n. 
gyna'ndpous  (g-,  j-),  a.  (bot.).  With  sta- 
mens &pistilunitedinonecolumnas  in  orchids, 
[f.  Gk  gunandros  (gune  woman,  aner  andros 
man)  of  doubtful  sex  +  -ous] 
gyn(o)-  (g-,  j-),  shortened  form  of  gynaeco-, 
esp.  in  Bot.  =  pistil-,  ovary-,  as  gynobase,  en- 
largement of  receptacle  supporting  gynaeceum, 
gy'nophore,  pedicel  supporting  ovary,  also 
(Zool.)female  gonophore;  also  =  woman-,whence 
gyno'CRACY  n. 

-gynous  (g-,  j),  suf.  f.  Gk  -gunos  {gune 
woman) +-ous,  forming  adjj.  =  having  —  female 
organs  or  pistils,  as  mono'g.,  tetra'g.,  andro'g. 


gyp  ( J-),  n.  College  servant  at  Cambridge  & 
Durham  (cf.  scout)  ;  g.-room,  g.'s  pantry,  [perh. 
for  obs.  gippo  scullion,  orig.  man's  short  tunic, 
f.  obs.  Fjupeau] 

gy  •ps(um)  ( j-),  n.  Hydrous  calcium  sulphate, 
mineral  from  which  plaster  of  Paris  is  made, 
whence  gy pso'graph y  n. ;  this  used  as  man- 
ure, whence  gypsum  v.t.  Hence  gy'ps- 
eous,  gypsi'FEROus,  gypsous,  aa.  [L,  f. 
Gk  gupsos] 

gypsy.    See  gipsy. 

gyp'ate  (jir-),  a.  (bot.).  Arranged  in  rings  or 
convolutions._  [f.  hgyratus  (gyre,  -ate2)] 

gypa'te  (jir-),  v.i.  Go  in  circle  or  spiral,  re- 
volve, whirl.  Hence  gyPATiON  n.,  gyp'at- 
ory  a.    [f.  L  gyrare  (foil.),  -ate3] 

gy pe,  v.  i. ,  &  n. ,  (poet. ).  =  prec. ;  (n. )  gyration, 
[vb  as  prec;  n.  f.  L  f.  Gk  guros  ring] 

gypo-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  guros  ring,  as 
-graph,  instrument  recording  revolutions ;  gy- 
roidal,  spirally  arranged  ;  -scope,  -stat,  instru- 
ments illustrating  dynamics  of  rotating  bodies, 
also  (-scope)  rapidly  spinning  wheel  fixed  in 
something,  e.g.  car  on  single  rail,  to  keep  it  in 
equilibrium. 

gypo'se,  a.  (bot.).  Folded  &  waved,  marked 
with  wavy  lines,    [gyre,  -ose  l] 

gyve  (j-),  n.  (usu.  pi.),  &  v.t.,  (poet).  Shackle, 
fetter.    [ME  give  {pr.  g-),  etym,  dub.] 


H,  h,  (atsh),  letter,    drop2  one's  hs. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  Her  or  His,  as  H.B.M. 
(BritannicMajesty),H.E.(Excellence),H.I.H.t 
H.R.H.,  H.S.H.,  (Imperial,  Royal,  Serene, 
Highness),  H.M.  (Majesty),  H.M.S.  (Majesty's 
Ship). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Hab.(akkuk) ;  Hag.(gai); 
Hants.,  Hampshire ;  Heb.(rews) ;  Herts., 
Hertfordshire;  Hon.(ourable) ;  Hon.(orary) 
See.(retary) ;  Hos.(ea) ;  h.(orse)  p.(ower) ; 
Hunts.,  Huntingdonshire. 

ha1  (hah),  int.  expr.  surprise,  joy,  suspicion, 
triumph,  &c    [com.-Teut.,  Gk,L] 

ha2.    See  hum  v. 

haaf  (hahf),  n.  (In  Shetland  &  Orkney)  deep- 
sea  fishing  ground,    [f.  ON  haf  high  sea] 

ha'beas  corpus,  n.  Writ  requiring  body 
of  person  to  be  brought  before  judge  or  into 
court,  esp.  to  investigate  lawfulness  of  his  re- 
straint; B.C.  Act  (of  Charles  II,  1679,  facilitat- 
ing use  of  this).    [L, =you  must  have  the  body] 

ha'bepdashep,  n.  Dealer  in  small  articles 
of  dress  &c  Hence  ha'bepdashERY(l)  n. 
[conn.  w.  obs.  haberdash  small  wares,  prob.  f. 
AF  hapertas,  etym.  dub.] 

ha*bepgeon  (-jn),  n.  (hist.).  Sleeveless  coat 
of  mail.    If.  F  haubergeon  (hauberk,  -oon)] 

ha'bile,  a.  Skilful,  dexterous,  [var.  of  able] 

habrliment,  n.  (PI.)  dress  suited  to  any 
office  or  occasion  (facet,  of  ordinary  clothes) ; 
(sing.)  equipment,  attire,  [f.  OF  habillement 
(habiller  fit  otit  f.  habile  able,  see  -ment)] 

habi'litate,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  (mine)  with 
working  capital ;  (intr.)  qualify  for  office  (esp. 
in  German  Univ.).  So  habilitA'TiON  n.  [f.  L 
habilitare  (as  ability),  see  -ate  3] 

ha'bit1,  n.  Settled  tendency  or  practice,  as 
he  is  in,  has  {fallen  into),  the  or  a  h.  of  contra- 
diction', mental  constitution,  esp.  h.  of  mind ; 
bodily  constitution,  as  a  man  of  corpulent  h. ; 
(Bot.,  Zool.)  mode  of  growth;  (archaic)  dress, 
esp.  of  religious  order;  (also  riding-h.)  lady's 
riding-dress.  [OF,  f.  L  habitus  -us  f.  habere 
habit-  have,  (refl.)  be] 

ha'bit2,  v.t.  Clothe ;  (archaic)  inhabit,  [f .  F 
habiter  f.  L  habitare  inhabit,  as  prec] 


HABITABLE 


372 


HAIR 


ha'bitable,  a.  That  can  be  inhabited. 
Hence  habitaBi'LiTY,  ha'bitablexESs,  nn., 
ha'bitabLY2  adv<  [F,  f.  L  habitabilis  (as 
prec,  see  -able)] 

ha'bitant,  n.  Inhabitant ;  (pron.  as  F)  Cana- 
dian of  French  descent.    [F  (habit2,  -ant)] 

ha'bitat,  n.  Natural  home  of  plant  or  ani- 
mal ;  habitation.    [L,  3rd  sing.  pres.  as  habit2] 

habita'tion,  n.  Inhabiting,  as  fit  for  human 
h. ;  place  of  abode  ;  branch  of  Primrose  League. 
[F,  f.  L  habitationem  (as  habit2,  -ation)] 

habi'tual,  a.  Customary;  constant,  con- 
tinual ;  given  to  (specified)  habit,  as  ah.  drunk- 
ard. Hence  habi'tualLY2  adv.,  habi'tual - 
ness  n.  [f.  med.L  habitualis  (as  habit1,  -al)] 

habi'tuate,  v.t.  Accustom  (to  thing,  to  do- 
ing).   So  habitUATiON  n.    [f.  L  habituare  (as 

HABIT1),  See  -ATE*] 

ha'bitude,  n.  Mental  or  bodily  constitution ; 
custom,  tendency.  [F,  f.  L  habitudo  (habere 
have,  see -tude)] 

habi'tue  (-a,  or  as  F),  n.  Habitual  visitor  or 
resident.    [F,  p.p.  of  habituer  (as  habituate)] 

hachures  (F),  n.  pi.  Lines  used  in  hill-shad- 
ing to  indicate  slope. 

haci&nda  (a-,  ah-),  n.  Estate,  plantation, 
with  dwelling-house  (in  Spain  or  Sp.  colonies). 
[Sp.,  f.  hfacienda  neut.  pi.  gerund. of facere  do] 

hack *,  n.  Mattock ;  miner's  pick ;  gash, 
wound,  esp.  from  kick  with  toe  of  boot.  [prob. 
cogn.  w.  G  hacke,  Da.  hakke,  mattock] 

hack2,  v.t.  &  i.  Cut,  notch,  mangle;  kick 
shin  of  (opponent  at  football) ;  deal  cutting 
blows  at ;  emit  short  dry  coughs ;  a  hacking 
(short  dry  frequent)  cough.  [ME  hacken  f. 
com.-WG  hakkon,  cf.  G  hacken,  Du.  hakken; 
conn.  w.  prec] 

hack3,  n.  Board  on  which  hawk's  meat  is 
laid ;  (of  eyas  hawk)  be  at  h.  (not  allowed  to 
prey  for  itself) ;  frame  for  drying  bricks,  [var. 
of  hatch  l] 

hack4,  n.  Horse  let  out  for  hire;  jade; 
horse  for  ordinary  riding;  common  drudge  (also 
attrib.,  as  h.  writer),    [abbr.  of  hackney] 

hack5,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  common,  hackney; 
ride  (horse),  ride  on  horseback,  on  road  at  ordin- 
ary pace.    [f.  prec] 

ha'ekery,  n.    Indian  bullock-cart.    [?] 

ha'ckle1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Steel  flax-comb;  long 
feathers  on  neck  of  domestic  cock  &  other 
birds;  with  his  hh.  up,  (of  cock,  dog,  man) 
angry,  ready  to  fight ;  artificial  fly  dressed  with 
h. ;  (v.t.)  dress  (flax,  fly)  with  h.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
MHG  has  hachele,  perh.  f.  hak-  root  of  OHG 
*hakjan  prick] 

ha'ckle2,  v.t.     Hack,  mangle,     [hack2  + 

-LE(3)] 

ha'ekly,  a.    Rough,  jagged,    [f.  prec.  +  -y2] 

ha'ckmatack,  n.    Amer.  Larch,   [native] 

ha'ckney,  n.,  &  v.t  Horse  of  middle  size  & 
quality  for  ordinary  riding ;  drudge,  hireling ; 
h.-carriage,  -coach,  (kept  for  hire);  (v.t.,  esp. 
in  p.p.  -eyed)  make  common  or  trite,  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  OF  haquenie  ambling  horse,  etym.  dub.] 

had.    See  have. 

ha-ddock,  n.    Fish  allied  to  cod.    [?] 

hade,  v.i.  (Geol.,  Mining).  Incline  from  the 
vertical.    [?] 

Ha'des,  n.  (Gk  Myth.).  Lower  world,  abode 
of  departed  spirits.  [Gk,  orig.  a  name  of  Pluto] 

Ha;dji,  Ha-jji,  n.  (Title  of)  Mohammedan 
pilgrim  to  Mecca,    ff.  Arab.  haji] 

haecee'ity(heks-),n.  (philos.).  Thisness;  in- 
dividuality, [f.  med.L  haecceitas  (haec  fern,  of 
hxc  this,  see  -ty)] 

hae'mal,  a,  (anat).  Of  the  blood ;  situated 
on  same  side  of  body  as  the  heart  &  great 
blood-vessels,    [f.  Gk  haima  blood  +  -al] 


haematic,  a.  &  n.  Of  or  containing  blood  ; 
(n.)  medicine  acting  on  the  blood,  [f.  Gk  hai- 
matikos  (as  foil.,  see  -ic)] 

hae'matin,  n.  (chem.).  A  bluish-black  amor- 
phous substance,  a  constituent  of  haemoglobin, 
[f.  Gk  haima  -matos  blood  +  -in] 

haematite,  n.  A  red,  brown,  or  blackish, 
iron  ore.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  haimatites  (lithos)  blood- 
like stone  (as  prec,  see  -ite)] 

haemato-,  hemato-,  incomb.  =  Gk^aima 
-matos  blood,  as  -cele,  tumour  containing  ex- 
travasated  blood. 

haemoglo'bin,  n.  Colouring  matter  of  the 
red  corpuscles  of  the  blood,  [f.  haematin  + 
globulin] 

hae'morrhage,  he#m-,  (he-),  n.  Escape 
of  blood  from  blood-vessels,  bleeding,  [f.  F 
emorogie  f.  L  f.  Gk  haimorrhagia  (haima  blood 
+rhag-  st.  of  rhegnumi  break)] 

hae'morphoids,  he'm-,(hem-).  n.  pi.  Piles, 
[f.  OF  emoroyde  (cf.  emerods)  f.  L  f.  Gk  hai- 
morrho'ides  (phlebes)  bleeding  (veins)  (haima 
blood  +  -rhoos  -flowing)] 

harfix  (hah-),  n.  Mohammedan  who  knows 
Koran  by  heart  (used  as  title).    [Pers.] 

haft,  n.,  &  v.t.  Handle  (of  dagger,  knife,&c) ; 
(v.t.)  furnish  (knife  &c)  with  h.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE 
hxft(e)  f.  OTeut.  haftjom  f.  root  haf-  heaveI 

hag1  \  n.  Ugly  old  woman  ;  witch ;  (formerly) 
evil  spirit  in  female  form ;  h.-ridden,  afflicted 
by  nightmare.  Hence  ha'ggiSH 1  a.    [?] 

hag  2»  n.  Soft  place  in  bog  ;  firm  place  in  bog. 
[cf.  ON  hogg  ravine] 

hagga'dah  (-gah-),  n.  Legendary  part  of  the 
Talmud.    [Heb.,  =  tale,  f.  higgid  tell] 

ha'ggard,  a.  &  n.  Wild-looking  (esp.  as  a 
result  of  fatigue,  privation,  worry,  &c);  (of 
hawk)  caught  in  her  adult  plumage,  untamed ; 
(n.)  such  a  hawk.  Hence  ha'ggardxESS  n. 
[cf.  F  hagard,  etym.  d\ib.] 

ha'ggis,  n.  Heart,  lungs,  &  liver,  of  sheep 
&c,  boiled  in  maw  with  suet,  oatmeal,  &c    [?] 

ha'ggle,  v.i.,  &  n.  Dispute,  wrangle,  (about, 
over),    [f.  dial,  hag  chop  f.  ON  hoggva  +  -le(3)] 

ha'giarehy  (-g-),  n.  Rule,  order,  of  saints, 
[f.  foil.  +  Gk  arkhe  rule] 

hagio-  (-g)  in  comb.  =  Gk  hagios  saint(ly),  as : 
-cracy,  government  of  holy  persons ;  -grapha, 
books  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  not  included 
under  Law  &  Prophets;  -grapher,  -gra'phic, 
(writer)  of  any  of  these,  or  of  saints'  lives ; 
-latry,  worship  of  saints;  -logy,  literature 
treating  of  lives  &  legends  of  saints. 

hah,  int.  &  v.i.    =ha1»2. 

ha  ha  (hah  hah),  int.  repr.  laughter. 

ha-ha  (hah 'hah),  n.  Sunk  fence  bounding 
garden.    [F,  perh.  f.  ha  expr.  surprise] 

hai(c)k  (hah "Ik,  hak),  n.  Arabian  outer 
wrapper  for  head  &  body.  [Arab,  hayk  t.  hak 
weave] 

hail1,  n.  Pellets  of  frozen  vapour  falling  in 
shower,  as  h.-storm ;  h.-stotie,  pellet  of  h.  Hence 
hai'lY2a.  [com.-Tcut. :  OE  hagol, Du.  &G  hagel] 

hail2,  v.i.  &  t.  It  hails,  hail  falls ;  (fig.)  pour 
down  (blows,  words,  &c),  come  down,  violently. 
[OE  hagaliant.  OTeut.  hagalqjan  (cf.  prec)] 

hail 3,  int.  of  greeting ;  h.-fellow,  h.  fellow  well 
met,  intimate,  too  intimate,  toith.  [ellipt.  use 
of  obs.  adj.  hail  f.  ON  heill  sound,  hale] 

hail4,  v.t  &i.,  &  n.  Salute  ;  greet  (person 
&c  as  king  &c,  also  h.  him  king) ;  call  to  (ship, 

Eerson)  to  attract  attention;  (of  ship,  person) 
e  come  from  (place) ;  (n.)  salutation,  esp.  with- 
in h.,  near  enough  to  be  hailed,  [f.  prec] 
hair,  n.  One  or  (collect,  pi.)  all  of  the  fine  fila- 
ments growing  from  skin  of  animals,  esp.  from 
human  head  (pi.  hairs  in  collect,  sense  is  ar- 
chaic) ;  (of  plants)  elongated  cell  growing  from 


HAKE 


373 


HALM 


epidermis ;  h.-like  thing  ;  jot,  tittle ;  against 
the  h.,  against  the  grain  ;  to  ah.,  exactly ;  a  h. 
of  the  dog  that  bit  you ;  (slang)  keep  your  h.  on, 
keep  cool ;  (of  girl)  put  up,  turnup,  herh.,  dress 
it  in  woman's  fashion  ;  do  or  put  up,  let  down, 
her  h.  (in  the  toilet) ;  not  turn  a  h.,  show  no  sign 
of  exhaustion  or  discomposure ;  hairbreadth 
or  hair's  breadth,  minute  distance  ;  hairbrush, 
toilet  brush  for  h.;  haircloth  (made  of  h.,  for 
various  purposes) ;  hairdresser,  one  whose 
business  is  to  dress  and  cut  h. ;  h.-line,  line,  rope, 
made  of  h.,  (also)  up-stroke  in  writing ;  -net, 
-oil,  (used  for  the  h.) ;  hairpin  (for  fastening  the 
h.) ;  h.-powder,  scented  powder  for  hair,  now 
used  by  men-servants;  h.-shirt  (of  haircloth, 
for  ascetics);  h.-splitting  a.  &  n.,over-subtle(ty); 
h.-spring,  fine  spring  in  watch,  regulating  bal- 
ance wheel ;  h.-stroke,  fine  up-stroke  in  writing 


h.-trigger,  secondary  trigger  releasing  main  one 
by  slight  pressure.  Hence  haiP'iNESS  n. 
(-)haiPED2,  haiirLESS,  hahTLiKE,  haiP'Y2, 
aa.    [com.-Teut:  OE  hxr,  her,  Du.  &  G  haar] 

hake1,  n.    Fish  like  cod.    [?] 

hake2,  haik,  n.  Wooden  framework  for 
drying  bricks  &  other  purposes,  [prob.  =  hack3] 

hakee-m,  -krm 1  (em),  n.  (In  India  &  Mo- 
hammedan countries)  physician.  [Arab,  hakim 
wise,  physician] 

ha'kim2  (hah-),  n.  (As  prec.)  judge,  ruler, 
governor.    [Arab,  hakim] 

ha'lberd,  -Pt,  n.  (hist).  Combined  spear  & 
battle-axe.  [f.  OF  halebarde  f.  MHG helmbarde 
{helm  helmet  or  helm  handle  +  barta  broad-axe 
f.  OTeut  bardoz  beard)] 

halbepdiep*  (er),  n.  Man  armed  with  hal- 
berd,   [f.  OF  hallebardier  (as  prec,  see  -ier)] 

ha'lcyon,  n.  &  a.  Bird  fabled  by  the  ancients 
to  breed  in  floating  nest  on  sea  at  winter  sol- 
stice, and  to  charm  wind  &  waves  into  calm 
for  the  purpose ;  (ZooL)  Australasian  kingfisher; 
(adj.)  calm,  esp.  h.  days  (orig.  14  days  about 
winter  solstice),  [f.  L  halcyon  f.  Gk  alkuon 
kingfisher] 

hale  \  a.  Robust,  vigorous,  (esp.  of  old  per- 
sons). Hence  ha'leNESS  n.  [north,  repr.  of 
OE  hdl  whole] 

hale  2,  v.t.  (archaic).  Drag,  draw,  forcibly  (lit. 
&  fig. ).  [f.OF  haler  f.  OHG  hulon  (G  holen  fetch)] 

half  (hahf ),  n.  (pi.  halves),  a.,  adv.  One  of  two 
equal  or  corresponding  parts  into  which  a  thing 
is  divided,  as  the  h.  of  10  is  5,  cut  it  in  h.  (into 
hh.),  yourh.  is  bigger  than  mine,  two  pounds  & 
a  half  (pound)  or  two  &  a  half  pounds,  h.  of  it 
is  (but  of  them  are)  rotten;  (colloq.)=  h.-pint, 
-mile,  -back,  -holiday ;  better  h.,  wife ;  do  a  thing 
by  hh.  (imperfectly) ;  too  clever  by  h.  (far) ;  go 
hh.,  share  equally  (with  person  in  thing)  ;  cry 
hh.,  claim  equal  share ;  (adj.)  forming  a  h.,  as  a 
h.  length,  a  h.  share ;  (adj.  now  viewed  as  n. 
w.  o/om.)  h.  the  men,  h.  your  time,  h.  a  pound  ; 
(adv.)  to  the  extent  of  h.,  (loosely)  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  as  it  is  h.  cooked,  a  h.-cooked  pota- 
to, h.  dead,  I  h.  wish,  not  h.  (nearly)  long 
enough,  (colloq.)  not  h.  (not  at  all)  bad,  not  h.  a 
bad  fellow ;  (adv.,  prob.  orig.  adj.)  h.  (an  hour) 
past  two  (o'clock) ;  (Xaut)  h.  three,  34  (fathoms), 
east  h.-south  (5|°  south  of  east) ;  h.-dr-h.,  (what 
is)  h.  one  thing  &  h.  another,  esp.  mixture  of 
ale  &  porter;  h.-back,  (Footb.)  position,  player, 
immediately  behind  forwards;  h.-baked,  (fig.) 
not  thorough,  not  earnest ;  h.-binding  of  book, 
leather  back  &  corners,  cloth  or  paper  sides ;  h.- 
blood,  person  having  one  parent  in  common 
with  another,  this  relationship,  (also)  person  of 
mixed  nationality;  h.-blooded,  born  of  different 
races ;  h.-boot  (reaching  far  above  ankle) ;  h.- 
bred,  of  mixed  breed,  mongrel ;  h.-breed,  h.- 
blooded  person  ;  h.-brothert  -sister,   (by  one 


parent  only) ;  h.-butt,  cue  of  length  between 
ordinary  cue  &  long  butt;  h.-caste  a.  &  n.,  h.- 
bre(e)d,  esp.  (child)  of  European  father  &  Indian 
mother ;  h.-cock,  h.-way  position  of  cock  of  fire- 
arm, from  which  trigger  will  not  move  it ;  h.- 
crown,  coin  worth  2/6 ;  h.-hearted,  lacking  cour- 
age or  zeal,  so  h.-heartedly,  -ness  ;  A.-hitch  ; 
h.-holiday,  day  of  which  (the  latter)  h.  is  taken 
as  holiday ;  h.-length,  portrait  of  upper  h.  of 
person ;  h.-mast  high,  (of  flag)  lowered  to  h. 
height  of  mast  as  mark  of  respect  for  the  dead  ; 
h.-moon,  moon  of  which  only  h.  is  illuminated, 
crescent,  crescent-shaped  thing ;  h.-mourning, 
black  relieved  by  grey  &c;  h.-pay,  reduced 
allowance  to  army  or  navy  officer  when  retired 
or  not  in  actual  service  ;  h.-seas-over,  h.  drunk ; 
h.-timer,  child  who  attends  school  for  h.  usual 
time,  earning  money  in  other  h.;  h.-truth, 
statement  that  conveys  only  part  of  the  truth ; 
h.-way  house,  inn  midway  between  two  towns 
&c;  h.-wiited,  imbecile;  h.-yearly  a.  &  adv., 
(occurring)  every  h.  year.  [com.-Teut:  OE 
h(e)alf,  G  halb] 

halfpenny,  n.  (pi.  as  penny).  Bronze  coin 
worth  half  a  penny  ;  three  halfpence,  (usu.  for) 
a  penny  h.,  lid.;  halfpennyworth  (usu.  pron. 
hapath),  ha'p'orth,  as  much  as  a  h.  will  buy. 

ha'libut,  ho*l-,  n.  Large  flat  flsh  used  for 
food.  [prob.  f.  haly  holy  +  butt  flat  flsh,  be- 
cause eaten  on  holy-days] 

ha'lidom,  n.  (archaic).  Holy  thing,  esp.  (as 
oath)  by  my  h.    [OE  hdligdom  (holy,  -dom)] 

halieu'tic,  a.  &  n.  Of  fishing ;  (n.  pi.)  art  of 
fishing,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  halieutikos  (halieud  fish  f. 
hals  sea,  see  ic)] 

hall  (hawl),  n.  Large  public  room  in  palace 
&c;  servants'  h.,  room  in  which  servants  dine ; 
residence  of  landed  proprietor ;  (Univv.)  institu- 
tion governed  by  a  head  without  fellows,  (also) 
buildingforstudentshavingornothavingUniv. 
privileges  ;  (in  Eng.  colleges  &c.)  common  din- 
ing-room, dinner  in  this  ;  building  of  guild,  as 
Saddlers' H.;  large  room  for  nublic  business; 
entrance-passage  of  house ;  Liberty  H.,  place 
where  one  may  do  as  one  likes ;  h.-mark,  mark 
used  at  Goldsmiths'  H.  (&  by  Government  assay 
offices)  for  marking  standard  of  gold  &  silver, 
(v.t.)  stamp  with  this  (often  fig.).  [com.-Teut.: 
OE  heall,  Du.  &  Da.  hal] 

hallelujah,  -luiah.    See  alleluia. 

halliard.    See  halyard. 

hallo*,  -loa*  (-16),  int.,  n.,  &  v.i.  Int.  calling 
attention  or  expr.  surprise ;  (n.,  &  v.i.)  (the)  cry 


h.    [perh.  var.  of  hollo] 
hall 


halloo*  >,  int  inciting  dogs  to  the  chase,  call- 
ing attention,  or  expressing  surprise  (also  as  n., 
the  cry  h.).    Iperh.  var.  of  hollo] 

halloo* 2,  v.i.  &  t.  Cry  •  halloo  1 ',  esp.  to  dogs  ; 
urge  on  (dogs  &c.)  with  shouts ;  shout  (t.  &  i.) 
to  attract  attention  ;  (pro v.)  do  not  h.  until  you 
are  out  of  the  wood.    [f.  prec;  or  =  hallow  3] 

ha'llow1  (-6),  n.  Holy  person,  saint,  (now 
only  in  all  hallows,  hallowmas,  feast  of  All- 
hallows).    [OE  hdlga,  form  of  hdlig  holy] 

ha'llow2,  v.t  Make  holy  ;  honour  as  holy. 
[com.-Teut:  OE  hdlgian,  G  heiligen,  f.  hailag- 
holy] 

ha'llow3,  v.t.  &  i.  Chase  with  shouts  ;  incite 
with  shouts ;  shout  to  incite  dogs  &c  [ME 
halowen  prob.  f.  OF  halloer] 

hallu'cinate,  v.t.  Produce  false  impressions 
in  the  mind  of  (person),  [f.  L  (h)allucinari 
wander  in  mind,  see  -ate  3] 

hallucination,  n.  Illusion ;  apparent  per- 
ception of  external  object  not  actually  present. 
So  hallu'einatoRY  a.  [f.  LL  (h)allucinatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

halm.    See  haulm. 


HALMA 


374 


HAND 


ha'lma,  n.  Game  played  on  board  of  256 
squares.    [Gk,  =  leap,  f.  hallomai  leap,  see  -m] 

ha'lo,  n.,  &  v.t.  Circle  of  light  round  lumin- 
ous body,  esp.  sun  or  moon ;  circle,  ring  ;  disk 
of  light  surrounding  head  of  saint,  nimbus ; 
(fig.)  ideal  glory  investing  person  &c;  (v.t.)  sur- 
round with  h.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  halos 
threshing-floor,  disk  of  sun  or  moon] 

ha'loid,  a,  &  n.  (chem.).  (Salt)  having  a  com- 
position like  that  of  common  salt.  [f.  Gk  hals 
salt  +  -oid] 

halt l  (hawlt),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Temporary  stop- 
page on  march  or  journey  ;  (v.i.)  make  ah.;  (v.t., 
Mil.)  bring  to  a  stand,  [(vb  f.  n.)  orig.  in  phr. 
make  halt  f.  G  halt  machen  (halt  hold)] 

halt2  (hawlt),  a.  (archaic).  Lame  ;  crippled. 
[com.-Teut:  OE  &  Da.  halt] 

halt3,  v.i.,  &  n.  Walk  hesitatingly ;  hesitate, 
as  h.  between  tico  opinions ;  (of  argument,  verse, 
&c.)  be  defective ;  (archaic)  be  lame ;  (n.,  archaic) 
halting,  limp.  Hence  ha'ltingL  y  2  adv.  [(n.  f. 
vb)  OE  haltian,  f.  prec] 

ha'ltep  (hawl-),  n.,  &  v.t  Rope,  strap,  with 
noose  or  headstall  for  horses  or  cattle  ;  rope 
with  noose  for  hanging  person ;  death  by  hang- 
ing ;  h.-break  v.t.,  accustom  (horse)  to  h. ;  (v.t.) 
fasten  (often  up)  with  h.,  hang  (person)  with 
h.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  hxlftre  f.  root  halb,  whence 
helve] 

halve  (hahv),  v.t.  Divide  into  halves  ;  share 
equally ;  reduce  to  half ;  (Golf)  h.  a  hole  with, 
reach  it  in  same  number  of  strokes  as  (other 
player) ;  fit  (crossing  timbers)  together  by  cut- 
ting out  half  thickness  of  each.     [ME  HALFen] 

ha'lyapd,  ha'lliard,  hairlyard  (haw-), 
n.  (naut.).  Rope,  tackle,  for  raising  or  lowering 
sail,  yard,  &c.   [orig.  hallyer  (hale  v.,  -yer)] 

ham  \  n.  Back  of  thigh,  thigh  &  buttock  ; 
(formerly)  bend  of  the  knee  ;  thigh  of  hog  salted 
&  dried  in  smoke  or  otherwise  for  food.  [OE, 
prob.  f.  OTeut.  ham-  be  crooked] 

ham2,  n.  (hist.).  Town,  village.  [OE  ham 
home  ;  seen  in  Oakham  &c] 

ha*madpy*ad,  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  nymph  living 
&  dying  with  the  tree  she  inhabited ;  venomous 
Indian  serpent ;  Abyssinian  baboon,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
hamadruas  (hama  with  +  drus  tree)] 

Ha-mburgh  (-berg,  -bitru),  n.  Black  variety 
of  grape ;  small  variety  of  domestic  fowl. 

hames,  n.  pi.  Two  curved  pieces  of  wood 
or  metal  forming  (part  of)  collar  of  draught 
horse,    [cf.  Du.  haani] 

Ha'mite ',  n.  (Supposed)  descendant  of  Ham, 
member  of  Egyptian  or  other  African  race. 
Hence  Hami'tic  a.    [-ite] 

ha'mite  2,  n.  Fossil  cephalopod  with  hook- 
shaped  shell,    [f.  L  hamus  hook,  see  -ite] 

ha'mlet,  n.  Small  village,  esp.  one  without 
church.  Jf.  OF  hamelet  dim.  of  hamel  dim.  f. 
Teut.  (OE  ham  home)] 

ha'mmep',  n.  Instrument  for  beating, 
breaking,  driving  nails,  &c,  with  solid  (usu. 
metal)  head  at  right  angles  to  handle  ;  machine 
with  metal  block  serving  same  purpose ;  simi- 
lar contrivance,  as  for  exploding  charge  ingun 
(whence  ha'mmePLESS  a.),  striking  string  of 
piano,  &c. ;  auctioneer's  mallet  indicating  by 
rap  that  article  is  sold  ;  come  under  the  h.,  be 
sold  by  auction;  knight  of  the  h.,  blacksmith; 
throwing  the  h.,  athletic  contest  with  heavy  h. ; 
h.  &  tongs,  with  might  &  main  ;  h.-beam  (pro- 
jecting from  wall  at  foot  of  principal  rafter) ; 
h. -cloth  (covering  driver's  seat  in  coach;  hist, 
unexpl.);  h.-head,  head  of  h.,  kind  of  shark, 
African  bird ;  hammerman,  hammersmith, 
smith  who  works  with  h.  [com. -Teut.:  OE  & 
Du.  hamer,  G  hammer] 

ha'mmep2,  v.t.  &  i.  Strike,  beat,  drive,  (as) 


with  hammer ;  h.  out,  devise ;  h.  (force)  idea 
into  person's  head ;  work  hard  at.  [f.  prec] 

ha'mmock,  n.  Hanging  bed  of  canvas  or 
netting  suspended  by  cords  at  ends,  used  esp.  on 
board  ship ;  h.-chair  (made  of  canvas  suspended 
on  adjustable  framework),  [f.  Sp.  hamaca  of 
Carib.  orig.] 

ha'mpep',11.  Basketwork  packing-case.  [f. 
obs.  hanaper  f.  OF  hanapier  case  for  goblet 
{hanap  f.  OFrank.  *hnapp)] 

ha'mpeP2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Obstruct  movement  of 
(person  &c.)  with  material  obstacles ;  (fig.)  im- 
pede, hinder;  (n.,  Naut.)  necessary  but  cum- 
brous part  of  equipment  of  vessel.    [?J 

ha'mshaekle,  v.t.  Shackle  (horse  &c.)  with 
rope  connecting  head  and  foreleg.    [?] 

ha'mster,  n.  Rodent  like  large  rat,  with 
cheek-pouches  for  carrying  grain  to  its  winter 
store.    [G] 

ha-m string",  n.,  &  v.t.  {-inged  or  -ung).  (In 
man)  one  of  five  tendons  at  back  of  knee ;  (in 
quadrupeds)  great  tendon  at  back  of  knee  in 
hind  leg ;  (v.t.)  cripple  (person,  animal)  by  cut- 
ting the  hh.    [ham  *] 

ha'mulus, n.  (anat.,  zool., bot.) (pi.  -li).  Small 
hook  or  hook-like  process.    [L,  dim.  of  hamus] 

hand  \  n.  Terminal  part  of  human  arm  be- 
yond wrist ;  similar  member  of  all  four  limbs  of 
monkey;  forefoot  of  quadruped ;  authority,  dis- 
posal, as  in  the  hh.  of;  agency,  as  by  the  hh.  of; 
share  in  action,  as  have  a  h.  in  it ;  pledge  of 
marriage,  as  give  one's  h.  to ;  person  who  does 
something  with  his  hh.,  as  a  picture  by  the  same 
h.,  all  hh.,  the  whole  crew,  a  good  h.  (skilful) 
at  singlestick;  person,  source,  from  which  thing 
comes,  as  (first,  second,  h.;  cool  h.;  skill,  as  a 
h.  for  pastry;  style  of  workmanship ;  turn,  in- 
nings, at  cricket,  billiards,  &c;  style  of  writing, 
as  a  legible  h. ;  signature,  as  witness  the  h.  of 
A.B. ;  h.-like  thing,  esp.  pointer  of  clock  or 
watch ;  fixed  quantity  of  various  commodities, 
e.g.,  bundle  of  tobacco  leaves ;  a  lineal  measure 
of  horse's  height,  =4  in. ;  (Cards)  cards  dealt  to 
a  player,  player  holding  these,  as  first,  third,  h. ; 
at  h.,  close  by,  about  to  happen  soon ;  by  h.,  by 
manual  labour ;  for  one's  own  h.,  on  one's  own 
account;  (live) from h.  tomouth,  improvidently; 
in  h.,  held  in  the  hand,  at  one's  disposal,  under 
control;  off  h.,  without  preparation,  then  & 
there ;  onn.,  in  one's  possession ;  on  one's  hh., 
resting  on  one  as  a  responsibility;  on  all  hh., 
to,  from,  all  quarters ;  on  the  one  h.,  onthe  other 
h.,  (of  contrasted  points  of  view  &c);  out  ofh., 
at  once,  extempore,  (also)  out  of  control ;  to  h., 
within  reach ;  to  one's  h„  ready  for  one  without 
exertion  on  one's  own  part ;  bear  a  h.,  take  part 
in ;  come  to  h.,  turn  up,  be  received  ;  have  a  h„ 
be  concerned  in  (action);  layhh.  on,  touch,  seize; 
take  in  h.,  undertake ;  change  hh.,  (of  property) 
pass  from  one  person  to  another;  clean  hh., 
(fig.)  innocence ;  with  a  heavy  h.,  oppressively ; 
with  a  high  h.,  boldly,  arrogantly ;  have,  keep, 
one's  h.  in,he  in  practice ;  his  h.  is  out,  he  is  out 
of  practice  ;  (win)  hh.  down,  easily;  hh.  off!,  do 
not  touch  ;  hh.  up  !  (direction  to  persons  to  hold 
up  their  hands  as  a  sign  of  assent  &c,  or  to  pre- 
clude resistance);  h.  in  h.,  with  hh.  mutually 
clasped  ;  go  h.  in  h.  ivith,  keep  step  with,  lit.  & 
fig.;  h.  over  h.,  with  each  h.  successively  passing 
over  the  other,  as  in  climbing  rope,  (fig.)  with 
steady  or  rapid  progress  (in  overtaking  &c.) ; 
h.  to  h.,  (of  conflict  &c.)  at  close  quarters ;  serve 
(person)  h.  &foot  (assiduously) ;  be  h.  in  (or  dt) 
glove  (intimate)  with ;  h.-bag  (small,  for  carrying 
about) ;  h.-ball,  ball  for  throwing  with  h.,  game 
played  with  this  between  two  goals ;  h.-barrow 
(carried  by  h.);  handbell,  bell  rung  by  h.,  esp. 
one  of  a  set  for  musical  performance ;  handbill, 


HAND 


375 


HAPPEN 


printed  notice  circulated  by  h. ;  handbook,  short 
treatise,  manual,  guide-book  ;  h.-canter,  gentle 
canter;  h.-carl  (pushed  or  drawn  by  h.);  hand- 
cuff v.t.,  secure  with  handcuffs  (pair  of  metal 
rings  joined  by  short  chain,  for  securing  pri- 
soner's hh.);  h.-gallop,  easy  gallop;  h.-glass, 
magnifying  glass  held  in  h.,  small  mirror  with 
handle ;  handgrip,  grasp,  seizure  with  the  h. 
(friendly  or  hostile) ;  handhold,  something  for 
the  hh.  to  grip  on  (in  climbing  &c.) ;  h.-line,  fish- 
ing-line worked  without  rod ;  h.-made,  made  by 
h.  (esp.  opp.  to  machine-made);  handmaid(en), 
female  servant  (archaic,  exc.  fig.);  h.-organ, 
portable  barrel-organ  with  crank  turned  by  h. ; 
h.-rail,  railing  along  edge  of  stairs  &c;  hand- 
shake, shake  of  person's  h.  with  one's  own,  as 
greeting  ;  handspike,  wooden  lever  shod  with 
iron,  used  on  shipboard  &  by  artillery ;  hand- 
writing, writing  with  the  h.,  esp.  of  particular 
f>erson.  Hence  (-)handED2,  ha'ndLESS,  aa. 
com.-Teut. :  OE  hand,  ho-,  OHG  hant] 

hand2,  v.t.  Help  (person)  with  the  hand  (into, 
out  of,  carriage  &c.) ;  (Naut.)  take  in  (sail) ;  de- 
liver, transfer,  by  hand  or  otherwise  (over  to 
person,  down  to  succeeding  generations,  on,  up, 
&c).    [f.  prec] 

ha'ndful,  n.  (pi.  -fuls).  Quantity  that  fills 
the  hand;  small  number  (of  men  &c);  (colloq.) 
troublesome  person  or  task.  [OE  handfull 
(hand  >,  see  -FUL)] 

ha'ndicap,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-pp).  Race,  competi- 
tion, in  which  chances  of  competitors  are  equal- 
ized by  start,  difference  in  weight  to  be  carried 
(in  horse  races),  &c. ;  extra  weight  or  other  con- 
dition imposed  on  superior  competitor;  (v.t.  Jim- 
pose  h.  on  (competitor),  (fig.,  of  circumstances) 
place  (person)  at  disadvantage.  Hence  ha'ndi- 
eappKK1!).    [?] 

handicraft,  n.  Manual  skill ;  manual  art 
or  trade ;  handicraftsman,  man  who  exercises 
a  h.    [earlier  handcraft] 

ha'ndi  work,  n.  Work  done,  thing  made,  by 
the  hands  or  by  any  one's  personal  agency.  [OE 
handgeweorc  (hand  *  +  collect,  form  of  xceorc 

WORK)] 

handkerchief  (ha'ngkertshif),  n.  Square 
of  linen,  silk,  &c,  carried  in  pocket  (pocket-h.) 
for  wiping  nose  &c.  or  worn  about  neck  (also 
neck  h.,  neckerchief) ;  throw  the  h.  to  (person,  in 
certain  games,  to  invite  him  to  pursue),  also, 
express  condescending  preference  for  (person). 
[hand  l  +  kerchief] 

ha'ndle \  n.  That  part  of  a  thing  which  is 
made  to  hold  it  by ;  h.  of  the  face,  (facet.)  nose ; 
h.  to  one's  name,  title ;  fact  that  may  be  taken 
advantage  of.    [OE  (hand1  +  -le)] 

ha'ndle  2,  v.t.  Touch,  feel,  with  the  hands ; 
manipulate ;  manage  (thing,  person) ;  treat 
(person  roughly,  kindly,  &c.) ;  treat  of  (subject) ; 
deal  in  (goods).  [OE  handlian  (hand1),  cf.  G 
handeln] 

ha*n(d)sel,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Gift  at  beginning 
of  New  Year,  or  on  entering  on  new  circum- 
stances ;  earnest  money ;  foretaste  ;  (v.t.)  give 
h.  to,  inaugurate,  be  the  first  to  try.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
OE  has  handselen  giving  into  a  person's  hands ; 
Da.  has  handsel  earnest  money] 

ha'ndsome,  a.  Of  fine  form  or  figure ;  (of 
conduct  &c.)  generous,  as  a  h.  present,  h.  treat- 
ment ;  (prov.)  h.  is  that  h.  does  ;  (of  price,  for- 
tune, &c.)  considerable.  Hence  ha'ndsome- 
LY2adv.,  ha'ndsomeNESS  n.  [hand1,  -some] 

ha'ndy,  a.  Ready  to  hand ;  convenient  to 
handle;  clever  with  the  hands  ;h.dandy,  child's 
game  in  which  one  player  guesses  which  of 
other  player's  hands  conceals  some  object ;  h.- 
man  (useful  for  odd  jobs,  often  of  sailors). 
Hence  ha'ndiLY  2  adv.,  ha'ndlNESS  n.    [-v  2] 


hang-1,  v.t.  &  i.  (hung,  exc.  as  below).  Sus- 
pend, attach  loosely,  (from,  to,  hook  or  other 
object  above) ;  suspend  (meat,  game)  to  dry  or 
become  high  ;  attach  (wall-paper) ;  fit  up  (bells 
in  house) ;  suspend  floating  in  space ;  rest  (door 
on  hinges,  coach  on  springs)  in  free  swinging 
position ;  (past  &  p.p.  hanged)  suspend  on  gibbet 
as  capital  punishment,  (as  imprecation)  hang!, 
h.  it,  h.  you,  I'll  be  hanged  if —  ;  let  droop,  as 
h.  the  head  (from  shame  &c.) ;  remain,  be,  sus- 
pended, lit.  &  fig.,  as  sword,  punishment,  hangs 
over  his  head,  rogue  shall  h.  for  it,  hangs  in  the 
balance,  is  undecided;  decorate  with  (things 
suspended);  h.  (loiter) about;  h.fire,  (of  firearm) 
be  slow  in  going  off  (also  fig.) ;  h.  heavy,  (of  time) 
pass  slowly ;  h.  on,  depend,  rely,  on,  attend  care- 
fully to ;  h.  back,  show  reluctance  to  act  or 
move ;  h.  (lag)  behind ;  h.  off,  h.  back ;  h.  on, 
stick  closely  (to) ;  h.  out,  suspend  from  window 
&c,  (intr.)  protrude  downwards,  (slang)  reside ; 
h.  together,  be  coherent,  be  associated  ;  h.  up, 
suspend,  (fig.)  put  aside,  postpone  indefinitely; 
h.-dog  n.  &  a.,  base  &  sneaking  (fellow) ;  hang- 
man, executioner;  h.nail,= agnail.  [(1)  OE 
hon  trans.,  cf.  OHG  hdhan,  MDu.  haen  ;  (2)  OE 
hangian  intr.,  cf.OFris.  hangia ;  (3)  ON  hengjan 
causal,  cf.  MDu  hengen] 

hang  2,  n.  Downward  droop  or  bend ;  the  way 
a  thing  hangs ;  get  the  h.  of,  get  the  knack  of, 
understand;  (colloq. )not  a  h.,  not  at  all.  [f.  prec] 

ha'nger',  n.  Wood  on  side  of  steep  hill. 
[OE  hangra  f.  hang  l] 

ha'nger  2,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  bell,  paper, 
-h. ;  loop  &c.  by  which  thing  is  hung ;  chain,  rod, 
to  which  pot  is  hung  in  fireplace  Dy  pot-hook ; 
stroke  with  double  curve  in  writing  (I)  cf.  pot- 
hook ;  short  sword,  orig.  hung  from  belt ;  h.-on, 
follower,  dependant,    [-er1] 

ha'nging,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  drapery 
with  which  walls  &c.  are  hung ;  h.  committee 
(deciding  on  h.  of  pictures  in  exhibition) ;  a  h. 
matter  (resulting  in  capital  punishment),  [-ing  l] 

hank,  n.  Circular  loop  or  coil,  esp.  as  definite 
length  of  cotton  yarn  (840  yds),  worsted  (560  yds), 
&c;  (Naut.)  ring  of  rope,  iron,  &c,  for  fixing 
staysails  to  stays.  [14th  c,  cf.  ON  honk  hank, 
Swed.  hank  string,  Da.  hank  handle] 

ha'nker,  v.i.  Crave,  long,  after.  Hence 
ha'nkeriNG l  n.  [etym.  dub. ;  Du.  has 
hunkeren] 

ha*nky-pa*nky,  n.  Jugglery ;  underhand 
dealing,    [arbitrary,  perh.  on  hocus-pocus] 

Ha'nsardize,  v.t.  Confront  (M.P.)  with  his 
former  utterances  recorded  in  Hansard  (official 
report  of  proceedings  in  Parliament),    [-ize] 

Hanse  (s),  n.  (hist).  Guild  of  merchants ; 
political  and  commercial  league  of  Germanic 
towns,  whence  HanseATic  a.;  entrance-fee  of 
guild.    [OF,  f.  OHG  hansa  company] 

ha'nsom  (cab),  n.  Two- wheeled  cabriolet 
for  two  inside,  with  driver  mounted  behind  and 
reins  going  over  roof.  [Hansom,  patentee,  1834] 

hap1,  n.  (archaic).  Chance,  luck,  lot ;  (w.  pi.) 
chance  occurrence.    [ME,  f.  ON  happ] 

hap2,  v.i.  (archaic).  Come  about  by  chance  ; 
happen  (to  do).    [ME  happe(n),  f.  prec] 

ha'pha'zard(-p-h-),  n.,  a.,  adv.  Mere  chance, 
esp.  at,  by,  h. ;  casual(ly).    [hap  l  +  hazard] 

ha*pless,a.  Unlucky.  Hence  ha'plessLY  2 
adv.    [-less] 

haplo'graphy,  n.  The  mistake  of  writing 
once  what  should  be  written  twice  (e.g.philogy 
for  philology),  cf.  dittography.  [f  Gk  haplous 
single  +  -graphy] 

ha'ply,  adv.  (archaic).    By  chance ;  perhaps. 

[HAP1+-LY2] 

ha'ppen,  v.i.  Come  to  pass  (by  chance  or 
otherwise),  whence  ha'ppeniNG1  n.  (usu.  pi.); 


HAPPY 


376 


HARMONICA 


chance,  have  the  fortune,  to  (do) ;  come  upon 
(thing)  by  chance.  [ME  (hap  l  +  -en  «)] 
ha'ppy,  a.  (Of  person  or  circumstance) 
lucky,  fortunate;  contented  with  one's  lot;  I 
shall  be  h.  (pleased)  to  assist ;  h.  dispatch,  = 
foil. ;  h.  family  ;  apt,  felicitous,  (of  language  or 
conduct) ;  h.-go-lucky,  haphazard  (adj.).  Hence 
ha*ppiLY2adv„  ha'ppiNESSn.  [f.  hap*  +  -y2] 
hapa-kiTi  (hah-),  n.  Suicide  by  disembowel- 
ment,  as  practised  by  higher  classes  in  Japan 
when  in  disgrace  or  sentenced  to  death,  happy 
dispatch.  [Jap.  (vulg.),  f.  hara  belly  +  kiri  cut] 
hara-ngue  (-ng),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Speech  to  an 
assembly;  loud  or  vehement  address;  (v.i.) 
make  h. ;  (v. t)  make  h.  to.  l(vb  f.  F  haranguer) 
f.  OF  arenge  f.  med.L  harenga  (It.  aringa,  cf. 
aringo  arena)] 

haTas  (or  ahrah-).  Breeding  station  for 
horses,  [f.  OF  haraz,  etym.  dub. ;  now  usu. 
treated  as  F] 

ha'rass,  v.t.  Vex  by  repeated  attacks; 
trouble,  worry.  Hence  ha'rassMENT  n.  [f.  F 
harasser,  perh.  f.  OF  harer  set  a  dog  on] 
hap'bing-er  (-j-),  n.,  &  v.t.  One  who  an- 
nounces another's  approach,  forerunner ;  (for- 
merly) one  sent  to  purvey  lodgings  for  army, 
royal  train,  &c. ;  (v.t.)  announce  approach  of. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  herbergere  f.  herberge  lodging  f. 
OHG  heriberga  (hari  army  +  -berga  shelter  f. 
bergan  protect)] 

hap'boup,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Place  of  shelter  for 
ships ;  shelter ;  h.-master,  officer  in  charge  of 
harbour;  (v.t.)  give  shelter  to  (esp.  vermin, 
criminal,  evil  thoughts) ;  (v.i.)  come  to  anchor 
in  h.  Hence  hap'boupLESS  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME 
liereberge  {here  army  +  beorg  shelter)] 
hap'bourage,  n.  (Place  of)  shelter,  [-age] 
hard,  a. ,  n. ,  ad  v.  Firm,  unyielding  to  touch, 
solid ;  h.  cash,  specie,  as  opp.  to  paper  currency ; 
difficult  (to  do) ;  h.  of  hearing,  somewhat  deaf; 
difficult  to  understand  or  explain,  as  h.  words, 
question ;  (of  person  or  conduct)  unfeeling, 
harsh ;  stingy ;  difficult  to  bear,  as  h.  life,  times, 
lines  ;  h.  (severe)  winter ;  a  h.  bargain  (without 
concession) ;  harsh,  unpleasant,  to  eye  or  ear ; 
h.  water  (unfit  for  washing  owing  to  its  mineral 
salts) ;  (of  markets  and  prices)  high,  unyielding ; 
(Phonetics)  k,  t}  and  p,  are  h.  as  opposed  to  g, 
d,  &b,c  is  h.  in  cat,  g  is  h.  in  go ;  strenuous, 
as  h.  fight,  h.  labour  (imposed  on  some  crimin- 
als), h.  worker;  (n.)  firm  beach  or  jetty  for  land- 
ing ;  (adv.)  strenuously,  severely,  as  try  h.,  rain- 
ing h.,  freezing  h.,  h.  pressed  (closely  pursued); 
with  difficulty,  as  h.-earned  (cf.  hardly),  h.- 
baked,  -boiled,  (so  as  to  be  h.) ;  be  h.  put  to  it,  be 
in  difficulties ;  die  h.  (only  after  h.  struggle) ;  it 
will  go  h.  with  him  (prove  to  his  disadvantage) ; 
it  shall  go  h.  but  (short  of  overpowering  diffi- 
culties) I  will  find  them ;  h.  by,  close  by ;  h. 
upon,  close  to;  run  (person)  h.,  pursue  him 
closely ;  h.  &  fast,  (of  rules)  strict ;  h.-bake, 
almond  toffee ;  h.-bitten,  tough  in  fight ;  h.- 
favoured,  -featured,  of  harsh  or  ugly  features; 
h.-fisted,  stingy ;  h.-headed,  practical,  not  senti- 
mental ;  h.-hearted,  unfeeling,  so  h.-heartedly, 
-ness;  h.-mouthed,  (of  horse)  not  easily  con- 
trolled by  bit  (also  fig.) ;  h.-set,  set  so  as  to  be  h., 
(of  egg)  that  has  been  subjected  to  incubation ; 
hardshell,  having  a  h.  shell,  (fig.)  rigid,  uncom- 
promising, esp.  (U.S.)  Hardshell  Baptists  ;  h.- 
tack,  ship-biscuit;  h.-up,  in  want  (esp.  of 
money),  at  a  loss  for,  (Naut,  adv.,  of  tiller)  as 
far  as  possible  to  windward ;  hardware,  iron- 
mongery ;  hardwareman,  dealer  in  this ;  hard- 
wood, wood  of  deciduous  trees  as  opposed  to 
pines  and  firs.  Hence  hap*dNESS  n.  [com.- 
Teut.  adj.:  OE  heard,  Du.  hard.  G  hart.  cf.  Gk 
kratus  strong ;  OE  adv.  hearde] 


hap'den,  v.t.  &  i.    Make  or  become  hard, 
callous  (esp.  in  p.p.),  or  robust,    [-en  6] 
hap'dihood,   n.      Boldness,  audacity,      [f. 

HARDY  a.  +  -HOOD] 

hap'dly,  adv.  In  a  hard  manner ;  with  diffi- 
culty ;  harshly ;  scarcely ;  h.-earned,  earned  with 
difficulty  or  (facet.)  ease,    [-ly2] 

hap'dship,  n.  Hardness  of  fate  or  circum- 
stance ;  severe  suffering  or  privation,    [-ship] 

hap'dy  \  a.  Bold,  audacious,  whence  hap'd- 
iLY  2  adv. ;  robust,  capable  of  endurance ;  (Hort. , 
of  plants)  able  to  grow  in  the  open  air  all 
the  year,  half  h.,  requiring  shelter  in  winter 
only,  h.  annual,  one  that  may  be  sown,  or  sows 
itself,  in  the  open,  (fig.)  subject  that  comes  up 
yearly.  Hence  hap'diNESS  n.  [f.  F  hardi  p.p. 
of  hardir  f.  WG  *hardjan  make  hard] 

hap'dy2,  n.  Blacksmith's  bar  of  hard  iron 
for  cutting  metal  on  &c.  [prob.  f.  prec.  or  hard] 

hane,  n.  Rodent  quadruped  with  long  ears, 
short  tail  &  divided  upper  lip ;  mad  as  a  March 
h.  (h.  in  breeding  season);  (prov.)  first  catch 
your  h.  (then  cook  him) ;  hold  (or  run)  with  the 
h.  &  run  (or  hunt)  with  the  hounds,  keep  in 
with  both  sides ;  h.  &  hounds,  paper-chase ; 
harebell,  round -leaved  bell-flower,  also  (see 
BLUEi-oeW)  wild  hyacinth;  h.-brained,  rash, 
wild ;  h.-lip,  fissure  of  upper  lip ;  h.'s-foot, 
species  of  clover,  (also)  corkwood  tree,  [com.- 
Teut. :  OE  hara,  Du.  haas,  G  hase] 

hap'em,  -am,  n.  Women's  part  of  Moham- 
medan dwelling-house ;  its  occupants  ;  (usu. 
-am)  Mohammedan  sacred  place,  [f.  Arab. 
haram,  -im,  prohibited  f.  harama  prohibit; 
also  haree'm,  -im  (-em)] 

ha'picot  (-ko),  n.  Ragout  (usu.  of  mutton) ; 
h.  (bean),  French-bean.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

hark,  v.i.  &  t.  Listen  (usu.  to,  rarely  trans. ; 
also  abs.  in  imper.) ;  (as  call  to  hounds)  go  for- 
ward, away,  off,  &c. ;  h.  back,  (of  hounds)  re- 
trace course  to  find  scent,  (fig.)  revert  (to  sub- 
ject), (trans.)  recall  (hounds).  [ME  herkien,  cf. 
MDu.  horken,  G  horchen] 

hapl(e),  n.  Barb,  fibre,  of  feather,  [prob.  = 
MLG  herle,  harle,  fibre  of  flax  or  hemp] 

Haplei'an  (-le-),  a.  Of  (the  library  of)  Robert 
Harley  Earl  of  Oxford,  d.  1724.    [ban] 

hap'lequin,  n.  Character  in  Italian  comedy ; 
mute  character  in  English  pantomime,  invisi- 
ble to  clown  &  pantaloon,  usu.  wearing  parti- 
coloured tights ;  buffoon ;  (also  h.  duck)  northern 
duck  with  variegated  plumage.  [F,  f.  It.  arlec- 
chino,  etym.  dub.] 

haplequina'de,  n.  Part  of  pantomime  in 
which  harlequin  plays  chief  part.  [f.  F  arle- 
quinade  (as  prec,  see  -ade)] 

har'lot,  n.,  &  v.i.  Prostitute ;  (v.i.)  play  the 
h.  Hence  hap'lotRY(l)  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  orig. 
masc.  =  vagabond,  knave,  f.  OF  (h)arlot,  lad, 
knave,  vagabond,  =  It.  arlotto  hedge-priest ; 
etym.  dub.j 

harm,  n.,  &  v.t.  Damage,  hurt.  Hence 
hap'mFUL,  hap'mLESs,  aa.,  hap*mfulLY2, 
hap'mlessLY 2,  advv.,  hap'mfulNEss, 
hap'mlessNESS,  nn.  [(vb  f.  OE  hearmian  f. 
n.)  com. -Teut. :  OE  hearm,  G  harm,  Da.  harme] 

harma'ttan,  n.  Parching  land-wind  on 
coast  of  Upper  Guinea  in  Dec,  Jan.,  &  Feb. 
[f.  W.-Afric  haramata] 

hapmd'nic,  a.  &  n.  Harmonious,  concord- 
ant; relating  to  harmony;  h.  tones  (produced 
by  vibration  of  aliquot  parts  of  strings  &c) ;  h. 
quantities  (whose  reciprocals  are  in  arithmeti- 
cal progression,  as  .',  i,  i,  or  as  12, 15, 20),  h.  pro- 
gression, series  of  these;  (n.)  h.  tone.  Hence 
hapmo'niCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  harmonikos 
(as  harmony,  see  -ic)] 

harmo-nica,  -con,  nn.    Names  of  several 


HARMONIOUS 


377 


HAT 


musical  instruments,  [{-ca)  L  fern.,  (con)  Gk 
neut,  adj.  as  prec] 

harmo'nious,  a.  Concordant,  forming  a 
consistent  or  agreeable  whole ;  free  from  dis- 
sent ;  sweet-sounding ;  singing,  playing,  tune- 
fully. Hence  harmcniousiv  -  adv.  [f.  F 
harmonieux  (as  harmony)] 

harmonist,  n.  Person  skilled  in  harmony ; 
musician ;  collator  of  parallel  narratives, 
whence  harmoni'stic  a. ;  harmonizer.     [f. 

HARMONIZE,  See  -1ST] 

harmo'nium,  n.  Keyboard  instrument  in 
which  tones  are  produced  by  metal  reeds.  [F, 
as  harmony] 

har'monlze,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  into,  be  in,  har- 
mony (with) ;  make,  be,  agreeable  in  artistic 
effect ;  add  notes  to  (melody)  to  form  chords. 
Hence  harmonizATiox  n.  [f.  F  harmoniser 
(as  harmony,  see  -IZE)] 

harmono'metep,  n.  Instrument  measur- 
ing harmonic  relations  of  notes,  [f.  F  har- 
monometre  (as  foil.,  see  -meter)] 

hap'mony,  n.  Agreement ;  pre-established 
h.  (between  body  &  soul  before  their  creation) ; 
agreeable  effect  of  apt  arrangement  of  parts ; 
combination  of  simultaneous  notes  to  form 
chords  (cf.  melody);  sweet  or  melodious 
sound ;  collation  of  parallel  narratives  &c, 
esp.  of  the  four  Gospels,  [f.  F  harmonie  f.  L  f. 
Gk  harmonia  (harmo-  join)] 

harness,  n.,  &  v.t.  Gear  of  draught  horse 
or  other  animal ;  (fig.)  working  equipments ;  in 
h.,  in  the  routine  of  daily  work ;  apparatus  in 
loom  for  shifting  warp-threads  ;  (Hist.)  defen- 
sive armour ;  h.-cask  (with  rimmed  cover,  for 
keeping  salt  meat  on  board  ship) ;  (v.t.)  put  h. 
on  (horse  &c).  [(vb  f.  OF  harneschier)  f.  OF 
harneis  (It  amese),  etym.  dub.] 

harp1,  n.  Stringed  musical  instrument, 
roughly  triangular,  played  with  the  fingers. 
[com.-Teut. :  OE  hearpe,  Du.  harp,  G  harfe] 

harp2,  v.i.  Play  on  harp,  whence  haP'pER1, 
hap'piST,  nn. ;  dwell  tediously  on  (subject). 
[OE  hearpian  (as  prec.)] 

happoo'n,  n.,  &  v.t.  Spear-like  missile  with 
rope  attached,  for  catching  whales  &c. ;  h.-gun 
(for  firing  this);  (v.t.)  strike,  spear,  with  h. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  harpon  (harpe  clamp  f.  L  f.  Gk 
harpe  sickle)] 

hap#psichopd(-k-), n.  Keyboardinstrument 
with  strings  plucked  by  quill  or  leather  points, 
used  16th-18th  c.  [f.  obs.  F  harpechorde  (L 
harpa  harp  +  chorda  string)] 

har'py,  n.  (Gk  &  LMyth.)  rapacious  mon- 
ster with  woman's  face  &  body  &  bird's  wings 
&  claws ;  rapacious  person  ;  h.-eagle,  S.-Amer. 
bird  of  prey.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  harpuiai  pi.  (cf.  har- 
pazo  snatch)] 

har-quebus,  ar-,  n.  (hist.).  Early  type  of 
portable  gun,  supported  on  tripod  by  hook  or 
on  forked  rest.  So  harquebusiKH'  n.  [f.  F 
harquebuse  f.  It.  arcobugio  corrupt,  (as  if= 
arco  bow  +  bugio  hollow)  of  MHG  hakenbilhse 
(haken  hook  +  bilhse  gun)] 

ha'ppidan,  n.  Haggard  old  woman,  vixen, 
[perh.  f.  F  haridelle  old  jade] 

ha'ppiep1,  n.    One  who  harries,    [-er1] 

ha'ppiep2,  n.  Hound  used  for  hunting  hare ; 
(pi.)  pack  of  these  with  huntsmen  (also  as  name 
of  hare-&-hounds  club) ;  kind  of  falcon,  [perh. 
=  prec] 

ha*ppow  1,  n.  Heavy  frame  with  iron  teeth 
for  breaking  clods  on  ploughed  land,  covering 
seed,  &c. ;  under  the  h.,  in  distress.  [ME  harwe, 
etym.  dub.] 

ha'ppow2,  v.t.  Draw  harrow  over  (land) ; 
lacerate,  wound,  (lit.  &  fig.  of  feelings  &c), 
whence  ha'ppowiNG  2  a.    [f.  prec] 


ha'ppow3,  v.t.  Harry,  spoil,  (chiefly  in  phr. 
h.  hell,  of  Christ).    Ivar.  of  foil.] 

ha'ppy,  v.t.  Ravage,  waste,  spoil,  (land,  or 
abs.);  despoil  (person);  harass,  worry.  [OE 
hergian  f.  OTeut.  harjojan  (harjo-  army)] 

harsh,  a.  Rough  to  the  touch,  taste,  eye,  or 
ear ;  repugnant  to  feelings  or  judgment ;  cruel, 
unfeeling.  Hence  hap'shLY  2  adv.,  har'sh- 
ness  n.  [ME  harsk,  cf.  Swed.  hdrsk,  Da.  harsk, 
rank,  G  harsch  harsh] 

hapt,  n.  Male  of  (esp.  red)  deer,  esp.  after 
fifth  year ;  h.  of  ten  (branches  on  horns) ;  h.'s- 
tongue,  fern  with  long  fronds.  [OE  heort  f. 
OTeut.  herut-  perh.  conn.  w.  Gk  kerat-  horn] 

har,t(e)beest,  n.  S. -African  kind  of  ante- 
lope.   [S.-Afr.  Du.] 

hap'tshopn  (-s-h),  n.  Substance  got  from 
horns  of  hart,  formerly  chief  source  of  ammo- 
nia ;  (spirit  of)  h.,  aqueous  solution  of  ammo- 
niaj_saZ£  of  ft.,_smelling  salts. 

hap'um-scap'um,  a.  &  n.  Reckless  (per- 
son, conduct),    [arbitrary] 

har'vest,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Season  for)  reaping  & 
gathering  in  of  grain  or  other  products ;  corn- 
crop  ;  season's  yield  of  any  natural  product ; 
(fig.)  product  of  any  action ;  h.-bug,  mite 
troublesome  during  h. ;  h.  festival,  thanks- 
giving service  for  h.;  h.  home,  close  of  harvest- 
ing, festival  of  this  ;  h.  moon  (full  within  fort- 
night of  Sep.  22  or  23) ;  h.  mouse,  small  species, 
nesting  in  stalks  of  growing  grain;  (v.t.)  reap 
&  gather  in  (crop,  or  abs.),  lay  up,  husband, 
[(vb  f.  n.)  OE  hxrfest  f.  OTeut.  harbistoz  (harb- 
-  L  carpere  pluck)] 

hap'vestep,  n.  Reaper;  reaping-machine 
(esp.  sheaf-binding  one) ;  harvest-bug.    [-er1] 

has.    See  have. 

hash1,  v.t.  (Also  h.  up)  cut  (meat,  also  fig.) 
in  small  pieces,    [f.  F  hacher  (hache  hatchet)] 

hash  2,  n.  Dish  of  hashed  meat ;  old  matter 
served  up  in  new  form  ;  medley;  make  ah.  of, 
spoil  in  dealing  with  ;  settle  a  person's  h.,  make 
an  end  of,  do  for,  him.    [f.  prec] 

ha'shish,  -eesh,  n.  Top  leaves  &  tender 
parts  of  hemp,  dried  for  smoking  or  chewing, 
in  Arabia,  Egypt,  Turkey,  &c  (cf.  bhang). 
[Arab,  hashish  dry  herb] 

ha'slet,  hap'slet,  n.  Piece  of  meat  to  be 
roasted,  esp.  pig's  fry.  [f.  OF  hastelet  (haste 
spit  f.  L  hasta  spear,  -let)] 

hasp,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fastening  contrivance,  esp. 
clasp  passing  over  staple  &  secured  by  padlock ; 
hank,  skein,  of  yarn ;  (v.t.)  fasten  with  h.  [(vb 
f.  OE  hsepsian  f.)  OE  hxpse,  cf.  OHG  haspa 
reelful  of  yarn,  MHG  haspe  hinge] 

ha'ssock,  n.  Cushion  for  kneeling;  tuft  of 
matted  grass  &c. ;  (in  Kent)  soft  calcareous 
sandstone.    [OE  hassuc,  etym.  dub.] 

ha'state,  a.  Spear-shaped,  [f.  L  hastatus 
(hasta  spear,  see  -ate2)] 

haste,  n.,&  v.i.  Urgency  of  movement;  hurry, 
precipitancy,  as  more  h.,  less  speed ;  make  h.,  be 
quick  (to  do,  &  do);  (v.i.)  make  h.  (to  do,  or  abs.). 
[( vb  f.  OF  haster)  f.  OF  haste  f.  WG  *haisti-  vio- 
IcncGl 

ha'sten  (-an),  v.t.  &  i.  Cause  (person)  to  make 
haste ;  accelerate  (work  &c);  make  haste,  [-en6] 

ha*sty?  a.  Hurried ;  speedy ;  rash,  inconsider- 
ate; quick-tempered;  h.  pudding  (of  flour 
stirred  to  thick  batter  in  boiling  milk  or  water). 
Hence  ha'stlLY2  adv.,  ha'stiNESSn.  If.  OF 
hasti,  for  -if  (as  haste1,  see  -ive)] 

hat,  n.,  &  v.t,  Man's,  woman's,  outdoor  head- 
covering,  usu.  with  brim  (cf.  bonnet,  cap)  ;  top, 
high,  chimney-pot,  h.,  cylindrical  silk  h.;  opera 
h.  (cylindrical  compressible) ;  cardinal's  or  red 
h.,  (fig.)  office  of  cardinal ;  h.  in  hand,  servile- 
(ly);  send  round  the  h.,  solicit  contributions; 


HATCH 


378 


HAWK 


as  black  as  my  h.,  quite  black;  hatband  (put 
round h.) ;  h.-block  (for  moulding h.  on);  h.  trick, 
(Cricket)  taking  3  wickets  by  successive  balls ; 
(v.t.)  cover,  furnish,  with  h.  Hence  ha'tFUL, 
ha* ttER  i  (3),  nn. ,  ha'tLESS  a.  [( vb  f .  n. )  OE  hxt 
f.  OTeut.  hattuz  (had-,  hod-,  whence  hood)] 
hatch  *,n.  Lower  half  of  divided  door;  (Naut.) 
hatchway,  trap-door  covering  this ;  under  hh., 
below  deck,  (fig.)  down outof  sight, brought  low ; 
flood-gate ;  hatchway,  opening  in  ship's  deck  for 
lowering  cargo.  [OE  hxc,  hec,  cf.  Du.  hek,  Da. 
hekke] 

hatch2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Bring  forth  (young 
birds  &c,  or  abs.)  from  egg;  incubate  (egg); 
emerge  from  egg;  (of  egg) produce  young;  con- 
trive &  develop  (plot  &c.) ;  (n.)  hatching,  brood 
hatched,  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME  hacchen,  etym.  dub.] 
hatch 3, v.t.,  &  n.  Engrave (usu.  parallel)  lines 
on  (surface) ;  Arch. )  hatched  moulding  (with  two 
crossing  sets  of  parallel  lines ;  (n.)  engraved  line, 
[(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  hacher  (as  hatchet)] 
ha'tehepy,  n.  Place  for  hatching  fish,  [-ery] 
ha'tchet,  n.  Light  short-handled  axe ;  h.- 
(narrow,  sharp)  face,  bury  the  h.,  cease  from 
hostilities;  throw  the  h.,  exaggerate;  throw  the 
helve  after  the  h.,  add  new  loss  to  that  already 
incurred,  [f.  F  hachette  dim.  of  hache  f.  OHG 
*happja  sickle] 

ha'tehment,  n.     Escutcheon;  tablet  with 

deceased  person's  armorial  bearings,  affixed  to 

front  of  his  house,    [corrupt,  of  achievement] 

hate1,  n.  (chiefly  poet.).    Hatred.    [OE  hete 

f.  OTeut.  hatoz] 

hate2,  v.t.  Have  strong  dislike  of ;  bear  ma- 
lice to.  Hence  ha'tABLE  a.  [OE  hatian  (root 
hat-,  whence  prec.)] 

ha*teful,a.  Exciting  hatred.  Hence  ha'te- 
fulLY  2  adv.,  ha*tefulNESS  n.    [-ful] 
ha'tped,  n.    Active  dislike ;  enmity,  ill-will. 
[ME  (hate1  +  -red  =  OE  rxden  condition)] 
ha'ttl,  n.  Turkish  edict  made  irrevocable  by 
Sultan's  mark,    [in  full  hattisherif  (-ef ),  hattx- 
humayun  (-hobmah'un),  f.  Pers.  khattisherif, 
-humayun,  sacred  writing] 
hau'berk,  n.    Coat  of  mail.    [f.  OF  hauberc 
f.  OHG  halsberg  (hals  neck  +  -bergan  cover)] 
haugh  (hahch,  hahf),  n.    Piece  of  flat  allu- 
vial land  by  river,    [perh.  f.  OE  healh  corner] 
haugh'ty  (haw-),  a.    Proud,  arrogant ;  dig- 
nified. Hence  haugh'tiLY  2  adv.,  haugh'ti- 
ness  n.    [extension  of  older  haught  a.  f.  F  haut 
t  L  aUus  high,  -y2] 

haul,  v.t.  &  i.  Pull,  drag,  forcibly;  pull  at, 
upon,  (rope  &c);  (Naut.)  turn  ship's  course; 
h.  upon  the  wind,  bring  ship  round  to  sail  closer 
to  wind;  (of  wind)  shift;  (n.)  hauling,  (fig.)  a- 
mount gained,  acquisition.  Hence  hau'lAGE(3) 
n.  [(n.  f.  vb)  var.  of  hale  v.] 
hau'liep,  n.  One  who  hauls  (esp.  tubs  in  coal 
mine  to  bottom  of  shaft),  [f.  prec,  see  -yer] 
ha(u)lm  (hawm,  hahm),  n.  Stalk,  stem ;  (col- 
lect. sing.)stems,  stalks,  of  peas,  beans,  &c,  used 
for  thatching  &c.  [OE  healm,  cf.  G  &  Da.  halm, 
Gk  kalamos  reed] 

haunch  (haw-,  hah-),  n.  Part  of  body  (of  men 
&  quadrupeds)  between  last  ribs  &  thigh ;  leg 
&  loin  of  deer  &c.  as  food ;  side  of  arch  between 
crown  &  piers,  [f.  OF  hanche  =  med.L  hancha 
prob.  of  G  orig.,  cf.  OHG  ancha  joint,  leg] 
haunt  (haw-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Frequent  (place); 
frequent  company  of  (person);  (of  thoughts  &c.) 
v  isit  (person)  frequently ;  (p.  p.)  visited,  frequent- 
ed, by  ghosts ;  stay  habitually  (in,  about,  place, 
with  person);  (n.)  place  of  frequent  resort,  usual 
feeding-place  of  animals,  den  frequented  by 
criminals,  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  hanter,  etym.  dub.j 
haut'fooy  (ho-),  ho'boy,  o'boe  (-oi),  n.  High- 
pitched  wooden  wind  instrument ;  reed-stop  on 


organ  ;  tall  species  of  strawberry,  [f.  F  haut- 
bois  (haut  high  +  bois  wood)] 

hauteur  (hoter),  _n.  Loftiness  of  manner.  [F] 

haul-gout  (hogoo*),  n.  Taint,  high  flavour. 
[F,  =  seasoning,  lit.  high  flavour] 

Hava'na,  n.  Cigar  made  at  Havana  or  in 
Cuba. 

have1,  v.t.  &  i.  &  auxil.  (Pres. :  J  have,  ar- 
chaic thou  hast,  he  has,  we,  you,  they,  have ; 
past  had,  archaic  2nd  sing,  hadst;  p.p.  had). 
Hold  in  possession ;  experience  the  existence  of 
(persons  &c.  in  various  relations),  as  I  h.  two 
sons,  no  uncle,  no  equals  ;  possess,  contain,  as 
appendage,  part,  quality,  &c,  as  June  has 
30  days,  trees  h.  leaves,  it  has  its  advantages ; 
enjoy,  suffer,  as  J  had  that  pleasure,  a  tooth- 
ache, no  fear ;  know,  as  he  has  no  Greek ;  be 
burdened  with,  as  I  had  my  work  to  do ;  be 
obliged,  as  /  had  to  do  my  work ;  retain,  as  h. 
this  in  mind  ;  entertain,  as  h.  no  doubt ;  show 
by  action  &c.  that  one  possesses,  as  h.  the  im- 
pudence to  say,  engage  in,  carry  on,  as  had 
some  conversation,  h.  a  game,  h.  a  try  (make  an 
attempt);  he  will  h.  it  (maintains)  that ;  as  Plato 
has  (expresses)  it ;  obtain,  receive,  take  (food), 
as  we  had  news,  h.  an  egg ;  the  Ayes  h.  it  (h.  the 
advantage) ;  let  him  h.  it,  punish  or  reprimand 
him ;  i"  had  him  there  (gained  advantage  over 
him);  (slang)  you  h.  been  had  (cheated);  h.  him 
(cause  him  to  be)  shot ;  h.  him  up,  cause  him  to 
be  brought  before  court  of  justice ;  /  had  my 
leg  broken  (experienced  such  breakage) ;  h.  at, 
make  attack  upon;  h.  done,  stop;  h.  on,  be 
wearing  (clothes);  h.  it  out,  settle  dispute  (with 
person)by  discussion  &c. ;  (in  past subj.,  =  would 
h.)  had  rather  (would  prefer  to)  go,  had  better 

?o,  would  act  more  wisely  in  going ;  (auxiliary) 
have,  had,  shall  have,  packed,  my  packing  is, 
was,  will  be,  complete,  had  I  (if  I  had)  knoivn 
&c.  Icom.-Teut. :  OE  habban,  Du.  hebben,  G 
haben,  perh.  conn.  w.  L  habere] 

have2,  n.  (slang).  Swindle,  take-in.  [f.  prec] 

ha'ven,  n.  Harbour,  port;  (fig.)  refuge.  [OE 
hxfen,  cf.  Du.  haven,  G  hafen ;  perh.  f.  root  of 
have  or  heave] 

ha'vepsack,  n.  (Soldier's)  stout  canvas  bag 
for  provisions,  [f.  F  havresac  f.  G  habersack 
(haber  oats  +  sack)] 

ha'vildap,  n.  Sepoy  officer  corresponding  to 
sergeant,  [f.  Pers.  hawalar  (Arab,  hawafah 
charge  +  Pers.  dar  holder)] 

halving,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also,  property, 
belongings,  (often  pi.),    [-ing1] 

ha'voc,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-ocking,  -ocked).  Devasta- 
tion, destruction,  as  make  h.  of, play  h.  among ; 
cry  h.,  give  signal  to  army  to  seize  spoil  (now 


fig.);  (v.t.)  devastate  (often  abs.).    [(vb  f.  n.)  f. 
LF  havok  f.  OF  havot,  prob.  of  Teut.  orig." 
haw1, n.  (Fruit  of)  hawthorn  ;  (Hist.)  hedge, 


enclosure ;  hawbuck,  country  bumpkin  ;  haw- 
finch, common  grosbeak.  [OE  haga,  cf.  Du.  haag 
hedge,  G  hag  hedge,  bush] 

haw2,  n.  Third  eyelid  of  horse,  dog,  &c, 
cartilage  within  inner  corner  of  eye.    [?] 

haw-haw,  int.  &n.  Boisterous  laugh.  Hence 
haw-haw  v.i.    [imit] 

hawk1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Bird  of  prey  used  in  fal- 
conry,  with  rounded  wings  shorter  than  falcon's; 
rapacious  person ;  h.  -cyecf,keen-sigh  ted ;  h.  -moth, 
sphinx-moth ;  h. -nosed,  with  aquiline  nose ;  h.  '*■ 
bill,  kind  of  turtle ;  (v.i.)  hunt  game  with  h. ;  (v.i. 
&  t.)  h.  (at),  attack  as  h.  does.  Hence  hawk- 
ish i,  hawk-LiKE,  aa.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  habuc,  cf. 
Du.  havik,  G  habicht,  perh.  f.  root  haf-  seize] 

hawk2,  v.t.  Carry  (goods)  about  for  sale 
(often  fig.),    [prob.  f.  hawker] 

hawk 3,  v.i.  &  t.  Clear  the  throat  noisily ; 
bring  (phlegm  &c.)  up  from  throat,  [prob.  imit.] 


HAWK 


379 


HEAD 


hawk4,  n.     Plasterer's  square  board  with 
handle.    I?] 

hawker,  n.  One  who  haw.ks  goods  about, 
[prob.  f.  MLG  hoker  (G  hoker,  Du.  heuker)  perh. 
t  hocken  carry  on  one's  back] 
hawse  (-z),  n.  Part  of  ship's  bows  in  which 
h.-holes  are  cut  for  cables ;  space  between  head 
of  anchored  vessel  &  anchors;  situation  of  cables 
before  ship's  stem  when  moored  with  two  an- 
chors out  from  forward,  one  on  starboard,  other 
on  port  bow.  [16th  c.  ha{u)lse,  prob.  f.  ON  hals 
neck] 

hawser  (-z-),  n.  (naut).  Large  rope,  small 
cable,  now  often  of  steel,  [prob.  f.  OF  haucier 
hoist  f.  LL  *altiare  (altus  high)] 
hawthorn,  n.  Thorny  shrub,  with  white, 
red,  or  pink  blossom  &  small  dark  red  berry,  the 
haw  i.  [OE  hagathorn  (as  haw  \  see  thorn)] 
hay,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Grass  mown  &  dried  for 
fodder;  Burgundian  A.,  Lucerne;  look  for  a 
needle  in  a  bottle3  (or  bundle)  ofh.;  make  h., 
turn  it  over  for  exposure  to  sun ;  make  h.  of, 
throw  into  confusion ;  make  h.  while  the  sun 
shines,  seize  opportunities;  haycock,  conical 
heap  of  h. ;  h.-fever,  summer  disorder  usu.  with 
asthmatic  symptoms,  caused  by  pollen  or  dust ; 
h. -fork  (for  turning  over  or  loading  h.);  hay- 
maker, one  who  lifts,  tosses,  &  spreads  h.  after 
mowing,  instrument  for  shaking  &  drying  h.; 
hayrick,  haystack,  regular  pile  ofh.  with  point- 
ed or  ridged  top ;  (v.t.)  put  (land)  under  h.,  make 
into  h. ;  (v.i.)  make  h.  l(vb  f.  n.)  com.-Teut.: 
OE  hieg,  Du.  hooi,  G  heu,  f.  st.  of  hew] 
hay  ward  (-ord),  n.  Officer  of  parish  &c.  in 
charge  of  fences  &  enclosures,  [obs.  hay  hedge 
(as  haw1)  +  ward] 

ha'zard  (-erd),  n.,  &  v.t.  Game  at  dice,  with 
complicated  chances ;  chance ;  danger ;  at  all 
hh.  (risks);  each  of  winning  openings  in  tennis- 
court;  (Billiards)  winning  h.,  striking  object 
ball  into  pocket,  losing  h.,  pocketing  own  ball 
off  another ;  (Golf)  any  kind  of  bad  ground  ;  (in 
Ireland)  cab-stand ;  (v.t.)  expose  to  h.,  run  the 
h.  of,  venture  on  (action,  statement,  guess),  [(vb 
f.  F  hasarder)  f .  OF  hasard,  prob.  of  Arab,  orig.] 
hazardous,  a.  Risky ;  dependent  on  chance. 
Hence  ha'zardousLY  2  adv.,  ha'zardous- 
ness  n.    [-OUS] 

haze  J,  n„  &  v.t.  Obscuration  of  atmosphere 
near  earth,  often  arising  from  heat ;  (fig.)  men- 
tal obscurity  or  confusion ;  (v.t.)  make  hazy.  [?] 
haze2,  v.t.  (naut.).    Harass  with  overwork  ; 
(U.S.)  bully,    [cf.  OF  haser  harass,  worry] 
ha'zel,  n.    Bush  whose  fruit  is  the  h.-nut; 
(stick  of)  its  wood  ;  reddish-brown  colour  (esp. 
of  eyes);  wych-A.     Hence  ha*zellY2a.     [OE 
hxsel,  cf.  Du.  hazel,  G  hasel] 
ha*zy,  a.    Misty ;  vague,  indistinct ;  slightly 
drunk.    Hence  ha'ziLY2  adv.,  ha'ziNESS  n. 
[etym.  dub.;  known  earlier  than  haze1] 
he l,  pron.  (obj.  him,  poss.  his,  pi.  they,  obj. 
them,  poss.  their)  &  n.  (pi.  hes).  (Pron.)  the  male 
person  in  question ;  (n.)  male ;  (attrib.  esp.  of 
animals)  he-goat  &c.    [OE,  cogn.  w.  OFris.  hi, 
he  ;  other  Teut.  langg.  use  st.  t-] 
he2,  int.  expr.  amusement  or  derision  (often 
repeated,  h.  h.).    [in  many  langg.] 
head1  (hed),  n.     Anterior  part  of  body  of 
animal,  upper  part  of  man's  body,  containing 
mouth,  sense-organs,  and  brain  ;  (as  measure) 
taller  by  a  h.,  (Horse-racing)  won  by  a  h.;  can- 
not make  h.  or  tail  of  (understand) ;  seat  of  in- 
tellect or  imagination ;  life,  as  it  cost  him  his  h. ; 
image  of  h.,  esp.  on  one  side  of  coin  (opp.  to  tail), 
as  hh.  1  win,  tails  you  lose ;  antlers  of  deer,  as 
deer  of  the  first  h.  (when  antlers  are  first  de- 
veloped); person,  as  croxcned  hh.,  some  hot  h. 
(hasty  person);  individual,  as  twopence  per  head 


(each),  esp.  of  cattle,  as  every  h.  of  cattle,  twenty 
h.;  large  h.  (number)  of  game ;  thing  like  h.  in 
form  or  position,  e.g.  cutting  or  striking  part  of 
tool,  knobbed  end  of  nail  &c;  (of  plants)  com- 
pact mass  of  leaves  or  flowers  at  top  of  stem ; 
foam  on  top  of  liquor ;  cream  on  top  of  milk ; 
top  (of  mast,  staircase,  page,  &c);  maturated 
part  of  boil  &c. ;  upper  end ;  end  of  lake  at  which 
river  enters  it ;  end  of  bed  at  which  one's  head 
rests ;  fountain-^.  ;  body  of  water  kept  at 
height  for  mill  &c;  pressure  (per  unit  of  area) 
of  confined  body  of  steam  &c. ;  front  (of  proces- 
sion, army,  &c.) ;  front  part  of  plough,  holding 
the  share ;  bows  of  ship,  as  by  the  h.,  with  h. 
lower  in  water  than  stern,  (fig.)  slightly  drunk ; 
promontory,  as  Beachy  H. ;  underground  pas- 
sage for  working  coal  in  mine;  ruler,  chief, 
(often  attrib.);  master  of  college ;  head-master 
of  school ;  position  of  command,  as  at  the  h.  of; 
main  division  in  discourse ;  category ;  culmina- 
tion, crisis,  as  come  to  ah.;  off  one's  h.,  crazy ; 
on  one's  h.  (of  vengeance  falling,  guilt  resting, 
on  person);  out  of  one's  own  head,  from  one's  own 
invention  ;  over  one's  h.,  above  one,  esp.  fig.  of 
danger  impending  &c,  (also)  beyond  one's  com- 
prehension, as  he  talks  over  our  hh.,  (also)  per- 
son is  promoted  over  another's  h.  (who  has  prior 
claim) ;  by  the  h.  &  ears,  forcibly  (esp.  of  drag- 
ging in  a  story) ;  over  h.  &  ears  ;  from  h.  to  foot, 
all  over  the  person ;  h.  of  hair,  the  hair  on  the 
h. ,  esp.  when  copious ;  h.  over  heels,  topsy-turvy; 
by  h.  &  shoulders,  -  by  h.  &  ears,  (also)  con- 
siderably (taller,  &  fig.  of  mental  or  moral  sta- 
ture) ;  keep  one's  h.,  keep  calm ;  keep  one's  h. 
above  water,  (fig.)  keep  out  of  debt ;  lose  one's  h., 
be  beheaded,  (also)  become  confused  ;  make  h., 
press  forward ;  make  h.  against,  resist  success- 
fully ;  put  (thing)  into  person's  A.,  suggest  it  to 
him ;  n.  first  or  foremost,  with  the  h.  foremost 
(of  plunge  &c),  (fig.)  precipitately;  give  (horse) 
his  h.,  let  him  go  freely;  lay  (our  &c.)  hh.  to- 
gether, consult  together ;  talk  person's  h.  off, 
weary  him  with  talk ;  beat  person's  h.  off,  beat 
him  thoroughly;  (pro v.)  two  hh.  (minds)  are 
better  than  one  ;  headache,  continuous  pain  in 
h. ;  headachy,  suffering  from,  producing,  this ; 
headband,  band  worn  round  h.;  headborough 
(Hist.),  petty  constable ;  h.-dress,  covering  (esp. 
woman  s  ornamental  attire)  for  the  h.;  head- 
fast,  rope  at  h.  of  vessel  to  make  her  fast  to 
wharf  Sec;  h. -gear,  hat,  cap,  h.-dress;  head- 
land, promontory,  (also)  strip  left  unploughed 
at  end  of  field ;  h.-line,  line  at  top  of  page  con- 
taining title  &c,  title  or  sub-title  in  newspaper ; 
headman,  chief  man,  chief  of  tribe  &c. ;  h.-mas- 
ter,  -mistress,  principal  master,  mistress,  of 
school;  h.-money  (paid  for  or  by  each  person) ; 
h.-piece,  helmet,  (also)  intellect,  man  of  intellect, 
(also)  ornamental  engraving  at  h.  of  chapter 
&c.  in  book ;  h.-quarters,  (Mil.)  commander-in- 
chief's  residence,  (gen.)  centre  of  operations ; 
headspring,  main  source  of  stream  (also  fig.); 
h.-stall,  part  of  bridle  or  halter  that  fits  round 
h. ;  headstock,  bearings  of  revolving  parts  in 
machine ;  headstone,  gravestone ;  h.  stone,  chief 
stone  in  foundation  (also  fig.);  h.-voice,  one  of 
higher  registers  of  voice  in  singing  or  speaking ; 
headway,  progress,  (of  ship)  rate  of  progress, 
(Arch.)  space  overhead ;  h.  wind  (meeting  one 
directly  in  front);  h.-work,  mental  work.  Hence 
(-)headED  2,  hea'd  less,  aa.  [com.-Teut. :  OE 
htafod,  Du.  hoofd,  G  haupt ;  connexion  w.  L 
caput  doubtful] 

head2  (hed),  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  with  head; 
(also  h.  down)  lop  off  head  of  (plant,  tree) ;  be, 
form,  the  head  of;  place  name  &c,  (of  name  &c.) 
be  placed,  at  the  head  of  (chapter,  list,  &c);  come 
to  a  head,  develop ;  be,  put  oneself,  at  the  head 


.HEAD 


380 


of  (a  company  &c);  lead;  excel;  oppose;  go 
round  thehead  of  (lake  8cc.);h.back,off,get  ahead 
of  so  as  to  turn  back,  aside;  (intr.)  front  (in 
named  direction) ;  (of  ship)  make  for  (place, 
point),    [f.  prec] 

-head,  -hood,  suff.  forming  nn.  of  condition 
or  quality  on  nn.  &  aa.  An  independent  noun 
appearing  in  Goth,  as  haiduz  manner,  way, 
gives  OHG  -heit  &  the  E  suff.  (1)  -head,  ME 
-hide,  -hed,  first  joined  to  aa.  but  extended  to 
nn.  &  finally  giving  place  to  -hood  exc.  in  a  few 
wds  such  as  godhead,  maidenhead,  (distinct  in 
meaning  f.  godhood,  maidenhood).  (2)  -hood, 
ME  -hod,  OE  -had,  orig.  noun  =  person,  person- 
ality, condition,  quality ;  then  as  suf.  to  nn.  & 
later  to  adjj.,  both  in  new  formations  &  to  re- 
place -head. 

hea'der,  n.  One  who  puts  a  head  on  cask 
&c. ;  brick,  stone,  laid  with  end  in  face  of  wall 
(cf.  stretcher)  ;  plunge  head  first,    [-er  l] 

hea'ding,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or  esp.: 
(Footb.)  striking  ball  with  head ;  title  &c.  at 
head  of  page  &c;  horizontal  passage  in  pre- 
paration for  tunnel.    [-ING1] 

hea'dlong*.  adv.  &  a.  Head  foremost  (in  fall- 
ing &c);  precipitate(ly);  impetuous(ly).  [earlier 
headling  (head1  +  -ling2),  assim.  to  -long] 

hea'dmost,  a.    Foremost. 

hea'dsman,  n.  Executioner ;  man  in  com- 
mand of  whaling  boat.    Ihead  j  +  -es  +  man] 

hea*dstrong,a.  Violentlyself-willed.  Hence 
hea'dstrong-NESs  n.    [= strong  in  head] 

hea'dy,  a.  (Of  person,  thing,  action)  impetu- 
ous, violent;  (of  liquor  &c.)  apt  to  intoxicate. 
Hence  hea'diLV  2  ad  v. ,  hea'diNESS  n.    [- y  2] 

heal  (hel),  v.t.  &  i.  Restore  (person,  wound) 
to  health  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  cure  (person  of  disease) ; 
(of  wound)  become  sound  or  whole ;  h.-all,  uni- 
versal remedy  (pop.  name  of  various  plants). 
Hence  hea'lER  *  n.  [com.-Teut. :  OE  hxlan,  Du. 
heelen,  G  heilen,  cogn.  w.  hale,  whole] 

health  (he-),  n.  Soundness  of  body  (also  fig.); 
condition  of  body,  as  good,  bad,  h.;  h. -officer, 
officer  of  h.,  (charged  with  administering  h.  laws 
&c);  toast  drunk  in  person's  honour;  bill4o/^. 
[OE  hxlth,  cogn.  w.  hale,  see  -th  l] 

hea*lthful,a.  Health-giving;  conducive  to 
moral  or  spiritual  welfare.  Hence  hea'lth- 
fulLY  2  ad  v.,  hea'lthfulNESS  n.    [-ful] 

hea'lthy,  a.  Having  good  health  (lit.  &  fig.); 
conducive  to  good  health.  Hence  hea'lthiL  v  2 
adv.,  hea*lthi.\Ess  n.    [health  +  -y  2] 

heap  l,  n.  Group  of  things  lying  one  on  an- 
other:  (colloq.)  large  number,  as  an,,  of  people, 
hh.  of  times,  (adv.)  he  is  hh.  better;  (colloq.) 
struck  all  of  ah.,  mentally  prostrated.  [OE 
Map,  cf.  Du.  hoop,  Da.  hob,  G  haufe ;  also  L 
cumbere,  cubare] 

heap 2,  v.t.  Pile  (things  up,  together,  &c.)  in 
a  heap  ;  load  (cart,  person,  &c.  with  goods,  bene- 
fits, &c.) ;  accumulate  (insults  &c.  upon).  [OE 
hiapian,  as  prec.l 

heap  (her),  v.t.  &  i.  (heard  pron.  herd).  Per- 
ceive (sound  &e.  or  intr.)  with  the  ear ;  as  J 
heard  a  groan,  Ih.  him  groaning,  I  heard  him 
groan  (but  he  was  heard  to  groan) ;  listen,  give 
audience,  to,  as  h.  him  out  (to  the  end),  h.  him  his 
lesson,  h.  a  sermon ;  listen  judicially  to  (case, 
plaintiff,  &c);  grant  (prayer);  he  will  not  h. 
(entertain  the  notion)  of  it ;  you  will  h.  of  this 
(be  reprimanded  for  it) ;  be  informed  (that,  of, 
about)',  (as  form  of  cheering,  often  iron.)  h.!  h.!. 
Hence  heap* able  a.,  heap'ER J  n.  [com.-Teut.: 

OE  hieran,  Du.  hooren,  G  horen] 

hearing,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  perception 
by  ear,  as  hard  of  h.,  deaf ;  within  h.,  near 

enough  to  be  heard ;  give  him  a  fair  h.,  listen 

impartially  to  him.    [-ing  ]] 


HEAT 


[OE 


hearken  (har-),  hap-,  v.i.    Listen  (to), 
hercnian  (as  hark,  w.  suf.  -«.-)] 

heap'say,  n.  What  one  hears  (but  does  not 
know  to  be  true),  gossip,  as  h.  evidence. 

hearse  (hers),  n.  Car  for  carrying  coffin  at 
funeral ;  (formerly)  framework  supporting  pall 
at  funeral,  often  adapted  for  carrying  tapers, 
[f.  F  herse  f.  L  hirpicem  (nom.  -ex)  rake,  harrow] 

heart  (hart),  n.  Hollow  organ  keeping  up 
circulation  of  blood  by  contracting  &  dilating  ; 
right,  left,  h.  (side  of  h.) ;  smoker's  h.  (h.  disor- 
der due  to  smoking) ;  breast ;  mind  ;  soul ;  after 
one's  (own)  h.  (desire) ;  seat  of  the  emotions,  esp. 
of  love,  as  give,  lose,  one's  h.  to,  win  the  h.  of, 
(person);  sensibility,  as  he  has  no  h.;  courage, 
as  pluck  up  or  take,  lose,  h.;  (as  term  of  endear- 
ment to  person)  dear,  sweet,  h.;  (Naut.)  my  hh. 
(spirited  fellows) ;  central  part,  esp.  of  tree,  as 
(fig.)  h.  of  oak,  courageous  man  ;  vital  part,  es- 
sence ;  (of  land)  fertility,  as  out  ofh.,  in  poor  con- 
dition ;  h. -shaped  thing ;  (Cards,  pi.)  suit  marked 
with  hh.;  at  h.,  in  one's  inmost  feelings ;  by  h., 
in,  from,  memory,  as  learn,  say,  by  h. ;  from  one's 
h.,  sincerely ;  in  one's  h.,  secretly  ;  in  h.,  in  good 
spirits  ;  near(est)  one's  h.,  dear(est)  to  one ;  out 
ofh.,  in  low  spirits ;  with  all  one's  h.,  sincerely, 
with  the  utmost  goodwill ;  find  in  one's  h.,  (esp. 
w.  neg.)  prevail  on  oneself  (to  do) ;  have  thing 
at  h„  be  deeply  interested  in  it ;  lay  thing  to  h., 
think  it  over  seriously ;  searchings  of  h.,  mis- 
givings; take  thing  to  h.,  be  much  affected  by 
it ;  break  person's  h.,  overwhelm  him  with  sor- 
row; cry  one's  h.  out,  cry  violently,  eat  one's  h. 
out,  pine  away  from  vexation  &c;  have  the  h., 
(esp.  w.  neg.)  be  hard-hearted  enough  (to  do) ; 
h.  &  hand,  enthusiastically ;  in  ones  h.  of  hh. 
(inmost  feelings) ;  h.  &  soul,  with  all  one's 
energy ;  have  one's  h.  inone'smouth,  be  violent- 
ly alarmed  or  startled ;  his  h.  is  in  the  right 
place,  he  means  well ;  take  h.  (of  grace),  pluck 
up  courage  ;  wear  one's  h.  upon  one's  sleeve, 
lack  proper  reserve ;  it  does  my  h.  good,  it  re- 
joices me;  h.-ache,  mental  anguish;  h.-beat, 
Eulsation  of  h.,  (fig.)  emotion  ;  h.('s)-blood,  life- 
lood,  life:  h.-break,  overwhelming  distress; 
h.-breaking,  -broken,  causing,  crushed  by,  this  ; 
heartburn,  burning  sensation  in  lower  part  of 
chest;  h.-burning,  jealousy, grudge ;  h.-disease 
(of  h.);  h.-felt,  sincere  (emotion  &c);  h.-rend- 
ing;  distressing ;  heartsease,  pansy ;  h.-sick,  de- 
spondent; h.-sore,  grieved  at  h.;  h.-strings, 
(fig.)  heart,  deepest  affections  ;  h.-whole,  undis- 
mayed, with  the  h.  unengaged,  sincere.  Hence 
-heaptED2  a.  [com.-Teut.:  OE  heorte,  Du. 
hart,  G  herz ;  cf.  L  cor  -dis,  Gk  kardia] 

hearten  (har-),  v.t.  &  i.  Inspirit,  cheer  (often 
on,  up);  (intr.)  cheer  up.  [f.  archaic  vb  heart 
(OE  hiertan,  as  prec.)  -f  -en6] 

hearth  (har-),  n.  Floor  of  fireplace ;  h.-rug 
(laid  before  fireplace) ;  hearthstone,  flat  stone 
forming  h.,  (also)  stone  &c.  for  whitening  hh. 
[OE  heordh,  cf.  Du.  haard,  G  herd] 

hear'tily,  adv.  With  goodwill,  courage,  or 
appetite ;  very,  as  h.  sick  of  it.    [hearty,  -ly  2] 

hear'tless,  a.  Unfeeling,  pitiless,  cruel. 
Hence  hear'tlessLY  2  adv.,  hear*tlessNESs 
n.    [-less] 

hear'ty  (har-),  a.  &  n.  Cordial,  genial ;  (of 
feelings) sincere  ;  vigorous; (of  meals) abundant; 
(n.,  as  address  to  sailors)  myhh.  Hence  hear'ti- 

NESSn.     [-Y2] 

heat1,  n.  Hotness;  sensation,  perception,  of 
this ;  red,  white.  Sec.  h.,  at  which  metals  &c.  are 
red,  white,  &c;  (Physics)  kinetic  &  potential 
energy  of  the  invisible  molecules  of  bodies,  cap- 
able of  transmission  by  conduction  or  radiation 
(formerly  held  an  elastic  material  fluid) ;  latent 
h.,  h.  required  to  convert  a  solid  into  liquid  or 


HEAT 


3S1 


HEDDLES 


vapour,  or  a  liquid  into  vapour;  specific  h.,  h. 
required  to  raise  temperature  of  a  given  sub- 
stance to  given  extent  (usu.  one  degree),  usu. 
calculated  relatively  to  water;  hot  weather; 
inflamed  state  of  body ;  pungency  of  flavour ; 
prickly  h.,  skin  disease  common  in  hot  climates; 
single  effort,  esp.  at  a  h.;  [trial)  hh.,  races, 
contests,  the  winners  of  which  compete  in  final 
(h.) ;  warmth  of  feeling,  anger ;  violentstage  (of 
debate  &c.) ;  sexual  excitement  of  animals  dur- 
ing breeding  season ;  h.-spot,  freckle, (also)  point 
of  the  skin  at  which  heat  can  be  felt ;  h.-wave, 
wave  of  radiant  h.,  (also)  access  of  great  h.  in 
atmosphere  regarded  as  passing  from  place  to 

glace.  [OE  hsktu,  cf.  MDu.  heete  ;  also  G  hitze, 
>u.  hitte] 

heat 2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  hot ;  inflame  (blood  &c); 
i  n  flame  with  passion,  whence  hea'tedLV2  ad  v.; 
(intr.)  become  hot  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  hea't- 
er  M2)  n.  [com.-Teut.:  OE  hxtan,  Du.  heten,  G 
heizen  ;  cogn.  w.  hot! 

heath,  n.  .Bare  flat  waste  tract  of  land,  esp. 
if  covered  with  shrubs  ;  name  of  such  shrubs, 
esp.  of  genus  Erica ;  h.-bell,  flower  of  h.  &  other 

Slants ;  h.-berry,  bilberry,  crowberry,  &  other 
erries;  h.-cock,  blackcock.  Hence  nea'thY2 
a.  [OE  hxdh,  cf.  Du.  &  G  heide] 
hea'then  (dh),  a.  &  n.  (One  who  is)  neither 
Christian,  Jewish,  nor  Mohammedan  ;.  (n.  pi. 
collect.)  <Ae  h.;  unenlightened  person.  Hence 
hea'thennoM.  hea*theniSM(2),  hea'then- 
ishNESS,  hea'then  i:v,  mi.,  hea'then  is  h  !  a., 
hea'thenishi.v2  adv.,  hea*theniZE(3)  v.t. 
&  i.  [OE  hxdhen,  cf.  Du.  heiden,  G  heide; 
Goth,  has  haithno  heathen  woman,  perh.  f. 
haithi  heath] 

hea'thep(hedh-),  n.  Various  species  of  genus 
Erica  (called  in  the  North  Ling) ;  h.-bell,  (flower 
of)  species  of  Erica;  h.-mixture,  (fabric)  of  mixed 
hues  supposed  to  resemble  h.  Hence  nea'th- 
erv  2  a.    [?J 

heave1,  v.t.  &  L  (past  &  p.p.  heaved  or  hove). 
Lift  (heavy  thing) ;  (of  vein  or  stratum)  displace 
(another) ;  utter  (groan,  sigh)  with  effort;  (Naut. 
&  colloq.)  throw ;  (Naut.)  haul  up,  haul,  by  rope ; 
rise,  swell  up ;  rise  with  alternate  falls,  as 
waves;  pant;  retch;  pull  (at  rope,  &c);  h. 
down,  turn  (ship)  over  on  one  side  for  cleaning 
8zc.;h.  to,  bring  (ship),  bring  ship,  to  a  standstill; 
h.  in  sight,  become  visible  ;  h.  ho  (cry  of  sailors 
in  heavinganchorup).  [com.-Teut.:OE  hebban, 
Du.  heffen,  G  heben,  cf.  L  capere  take] 
heave2,  n.  Heaving ;  h.  of  the  sea,  force  ex- 
erted by  swell  of  sea  on  ship's  course ;  hori- 
zontal displacement  of  vein  or  stratum ;  (pi.) 
disease  of  horses,  broken  wind.  [f.  prec] 
hea'ven  (he-),  n.  Sky,  firmament,  (in  prose 
now  usu.  pi.) ;  region  of  the  atmosphere  in  which 
clouds  float,  winds  blow,  &  birds  fly  ;  (formerly) 
each  of  several  spheres  into  which  space  round 
earth  was  divided ;  habitation  of  God  &  his 
angels,  usually  placed  beyond  sky  (cf.  hell)  ; 
seventh  h..  h.  of  hh.,  highest  of  seven  hh.  re- 
cognized by  Jews,  abode  of  God ;  God,  Provi- 
dence, as  it  is  H.'s  will ;  (in  asseverations  &  ex- 
clamations) by  hh.  !,  good  hh.  ! ;  place,  state,  of 
supreme  bliss  ;  h.-born,  of  divine  origin.  Hence 
hea'ven  ward  a.,  hea'ven  ward(s)  adv.  [OE 
he  fen,  later  heoj one,  cf.  LG  heben;  etym.  dub.] 
hea'venly,  a.  Of  heaven,  divine ;  of  the  sky, 
as  h.  bodies ;  of  superhuman  excellence ;  (colloq.) 
what  h.  (excellent)  figs  ! ;  h.-minded,  holy,  de- 
vout. Hence hea'venliNESS n.  [OYhcofonlic 
(as  prec,  see-LY1)] 

hea'vy  (he-),  a.,  n.,  adv.  Of  great  weight ;  of 
great  specific  gravity;  weighty  because  abun- 
dant, as  ah.  crop ;  laden  with ;  (of  ordnance  of 
the  larger  kind)  h.  guns,  metal,  artillery,  (fig.) 


h.  metal,  formidable  opponent(s) ;  (Mil.)  carry- 
ing h.  arms ;  striking,  falling,  with  force,  as 
h.  storm,  sea;  (of  ground)  clinging,  difficult  to 
travel  over ;  (of  bread  &c)  dense  from  not  hav- 
ing risen ;  (of  food)  hard  tc*digest ;  (of  horse)  h.  in 
or  on  hand,  bearing  or  hanging  on  bit,(fig.)dull, 
hard  to  entertain  ;  (of  sky)  overcast,  gloomy ; 
clumsy  in  appearance  or  effect ;  (of  persons)  in- 
tellectually slow;  unwieldy;  (of  artistic  or 
literary  productions)  dull,  tedious ;  (Theatr.) 
serious,  sombre,  as  h.  villain ;  oppressive,  griev- 
ous, as  a  h.  fate  ;  sad,  as  h.  news  ;  despondent ; 
doleful ;  drowsy ;  it  lies  h.  (makes  its  weight 
felt) ;  time  hangs  h.  (passes  slowly) ;  (n.  pi.)  the 
Hh.,  Dragoon  Guards;  (adv.)  =  heavily  (now 
chiefly  in  compounds;  as  h.-buying,  -laden, 
-pulling) ;  h.-armed,  bearing  h.  arms  or  armour  ; 
h.-hearted,  melancholy,  doleful ;  h.  spar,  bary- 
tes ;  h.-weight,  jockey  &c.  of  more  than  average 
weight,  boxer  over  11  stone.  Hence  hea*vi- 
ly  2  adv.,  hea'viNESs  n.,  hea'vyisn  l  a.  [OE 
hefig  (hefe  weigh t,cogn.w.  heave),  cf.  Du.  hevig] 
hebdomad,  n.  Week  (esp.  in  reference  to 
Van.  ix.  27).  [f.  L  f.  Gk  hebdomas  -ados  (hepta 
seven,  see  -ad)] 
hebdd'madal,  a.  Weekly;  (Oxf.  Univ.) 
11.  Council,  board  meeting  weekly.  If.  L  heb- 
domadalis  (as  prec,  see  -al)J 
He'be,  n.  (Gk.  Myth.)  goddess  of  youth,  cup- 
bearer of  Olympus ;  (facet.)  waitress,  barmaid. 
IGk] 
he-be tate,  v.t  &  i.  Make,  become,  dull.  [f. 
L  hebetare  (hebes  -etis  blunt),  see  -ate3] 
Hebra'ie.  a.  Of  Hebrew  or  the  Hebrews. 
Hence  Hebra'iCALLY  adv.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk 
Hebraikos  (as  Hebrew,  see  -ic)J 
He'braism,  n.  Attribute  of  the  Hebrews  ; 
Hebrew  system  of  thought  or  religion ;  Hebrew 
idiom  or  expression,  so  he'bpaizE(3)  v.t.  &  i., 
hebrai'stic  a.,  hebrai'stiCALLY  adv.  [f. 
F  Mbraisme  f.  late  Gk  Hebraismos  (as  prec, 
see  -ism)] 

He'braist,  n.  Hebrew  scholar ;  adherent  of 
Hebrew  thought  or  religion,  [as  prec,  -ist] 
He'brew,  n.  &  a.  Israelite,  Jew ;  Epistle  to 
the  Hh.,  book  in  N.  T.;  language  of  the  ancient 
Hebrews;  (colloq.)  unintelligible  speech  (cf. 
greek)  ;  (adj.)of  Hebrew,  of  the  Jews ;  H.-wise, 
(of  writing)  from  right  to  left.  [f.  OF  Ebreu  f. 
med.L  Ebreus  f.  L  f.  Gk  Hebraios  f.  Aram. 
'ebrai  =  Heb.  Hbri  one  from  the  other  side 
{'abar  cross  over)] 

he-eatomb  (-6m),  n.  (Gk  ant.).  Great  public 
sacrifice  (prop.  100  oxen),  [f.  L  f.  Gk  hekatombe 
{hekaton  hundred  +  bous  ox)] 
heck,  n.    Frame  obstructing  passage  of  fish 
in  river.    [OE  hec,  see  hatch  l] 
he'ckle,    v.t.     (Dress    flax,     hemp,     with) 
hackle  l ;  catechize  severely.    [= hackle  '] 
hectare  (he'ktar,   ektarT),  n.     (In   metric 
system)  superficial  measure  of  100  ares  (2'471 
acres),    [f.  hecto-  +  are  j] 
he'etic,  a.  &  n.    H.  fever,  that  which  accom- 
panies consumption  and  similar  diseases,  at- 
tended with  flushed  cheeks  and  hot  skin  ;  con- 
sumptive ;  morbidly  flushed  (lit.  &  fig.);  (n.)  h. 
fever,  patient,  flush,     [f.  LL  f.   Gk  hektikos 
habitual,  hectic,  (hexis  habit  of  body,  f.  ekho 
hold,  be  ;  see  -ic)] 

hecto-  in  comb.  =  Gk  hekaton  hundred,  as : 
-graph,  apparatus  for  multiplying  copies ;  (Me- 
tric system)  -gramime),  weight  of  100  grammes 
(3'52 oz.),  -litre, -liter, (deter),  100 litres (3531  cub. 
ft),  -metre,  -meter,  100  metres  (328-089  ft). 
he'etop,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Bluster(er),  bully. 
f(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Gk  Hektor,  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  Trojan  hero  in  Iliad] 
I   he'ddles,  n.  pi.  Small  cords  or  wires  through 


HEDGE 3 

which  warp   is  passed   in  loom  after  going 
through  the  reed.    [?] 


hedge 


Fence  of  bushes  or  low  trees, 


living  (quickset  h.)  or  dead  (dead  h.),  or  of  turf, 
stone,  &c ;  line  of  things  or  persons  forming 
barrier;  (fig.)  barrier;  (Betting)  act,  means,  of 
hedging;  h.-priest,  illiterate  priest  of  low 
status  ;  hedgerow,  row  of  bushes  forming  h.  ; 
h.-school,  low-class  school,  (formerly)  open-air 
school  esp.  in  Ireland;  h.-sparrow,  common 
British  and  European  bird,  one  of  the  Warblers. 
[OE  hecg,  cf.  Du.  hegge,  G  hecke ;  cogn.  w.  haw1] 

hedge2,  v.t.  &  i.  Surround  with  hedge  (lit. 
&  fig.) ;  fence  off;  hem  in ;  make,  trim,  hedges, 
whence  he'dgTER1  n.;  secure  oneself  against 
loss  on  (bet,  speculation,  or  abs.)  by  compen- 
sating transactions  on  the  other  side ;  (intr.) 
avoid  committing  oneself,    [f.  prec] 

hedgehog,  n.  Spiny  insectivorous  quad- 
ruped, rolling  itself  up  into  ball  for  defence ; 
name  of  various  animals  armed  with  spines; 
prickly  seed-vessel  of  some  plants ;  person  hard 
to  get  on  with,  whence  he'dgehogg y  2  a. 
[hedge  (from  its  habits)  +  hog  (from  its  snout)] 

hedo'nic,  a.  &  n.  Of  pleasure ;  (n.  pi.)  doc- 
trine of  pleasure,    [f.  Gk  hedonikos  (foil.,  -ic)] 

he'donism,  n.  Doctrine  that  pleasure  is  the 
chief  good.  So  he'doniST  n.,  hedonistic  a. 
[f.  Gk  hedone  pleasure  +  -ism] 

heed,  v.t.  (Sc.  &  literary),  &  n.  Concern  one- 
self about,  take  notice  of;  (n.)  careful  attention, 
as  take  h.,  pay  or  give  h.  to.  Hence  hee'dFUL, 
hee'dLESs,  aa.,  hee'dfulLY2,  hee'dlessLY2 
advv.,  hee'dfulNEss,   hee'dlessxEss,   nn. 

Kn.  prob.  f.  vb)  OE  hidan,  cf.  Du.  hoeden,  G 
Men  (hut  guard)] 

hee'-haw.n.  Ass's  bray;  loud  laugh,  [unit.] 

heel  K  n.  Hinder  part  of  human  foot  below 
ankle ;  (Anat.)  corresponding  part  of  hind  limb 
inquadruped,  often  raised  above  ground ;  (pop., 
of  quadruped)  hinder  part  of  hoof,  (pi.)  hind 
feet;  part  of  stocking  that  covers  h.;  part  of  boot 
that  supports  h.;  thing  like  h.  in  shape  or  posi- 
tion, as  handle  end  of  violin  bow,  crook  in  head 
of  golf  club,  after  end  of  ship's  keel ;  at  h.,  at, 
on,  upon,  one's  hh.,  close  behind  one;  down  at 
h.,  (of  shoes)  with  h.  part  crushed  down,  (of 
person)  wearing  such  shoes,  slovenly;  to  h.,  (of 
dog)  close  behind,  under  control;  h.-&-toe 
walk  Hng;  hh.  over  head,  (usu.)  head  over  hh., 
upside  down,  in  a  somersault;  kick  one's  hh., 
stand  waiting ;  cool  one's  hh.;lay,  clap,  by  the 
hh.,  imprison ;  show  a  clean  pair  of  hh.,  take  to 
one's  hh.,  run  away;  turn  on  one's  h.,  turn 
sharply  round ;  be  carried  with  the  hh.  foremost 
(as  a  corpse);  h.-ball,  shoemaker's  polishing 
mixture  of  hard  wax  and  lamp  black;  h.-tap, 
a  thickness  of  leather  in  h.,  liquor  left  at  bottom 
of  glass.    [OE  Mia,  cf.  Du.  hicl.  Da.  hxl] 

heel2,  v.i.  &  t.  Touch  ground  with  heel,  e.g. 
in  dancing ;  furnish  (boot  &c.)  with  heel ;  chase 
or  follow  closely ;  (Football)  pass  ball  out  at  back 
of  scrummage  with  the  heels ;  (Golf)  strike  (ball) 
with  heel  of  club.    [f.  prec] 

heel  3,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  ship  &c.)  lean  to  one  side ; 
cause  (ship)  to  do  this,  [corrupt,  of  obs.  heeld, 
OE  hieldan  (heald  sloping),  cf.  Du.  hellen] 

heel4,  n.  (naut.).  Inclination  of  ship  to  one 
side.    [f.  prec] 

heft,  n.,  &  v.t.  (dial.,  U.S.).  Weight;  (dial.) 
lift,  push,  (v.t.)  lift,  esp.  to  judge  weight,  [(vb 
prob.  f.  n.)  late  f.  heave  v.,  cf.  weave  weft] 

hegremo'nie  (heji-,  hegl-),  a.  Ruling,  su- 
prejne.    [f.  Gk  hegemonikos  (as  foil.,  see  -ic)] 

he'gremony  (-g-,  -j- ;  also  -em),  n.  Leader- 
ship, esp.  of  one  State  of  a  confederacy,  [f.  Gk 
hegemonia  (hegemon  leader)l 

hegira  (-j-),  -jira,  n.    Mohammed's  flight 


2 HELIUM 

from  Mecca  to  Medina ;  Mohammedan  era 
reckoned  from  this  (622  a.d.).  [med.L,  f.  Arab. 
hijrah  departure  from  one's  country  (hajara 
separate)] 

hei'fep  (hef),  n.  Young  cow  that  has  not 
had  calf.    [OE  heahfore,  etym.  dub.] 

heigh  (ha),  int.  expr.  encouragement  or 
inquiry ;  h.-ho,  int.  expr.  boredom,  disappoint- 
ment, &c 

height  (hit),  n.  Measurement  from  base  to 
top ;  elevation  above  ground  or  recognized  (esp. 
sea)  level ;  considerable  elevation,  as  situated 
at  ah.',  high  point ;  top  ;  the  h.  (utmost  degree) 
of  folly  &c;  rising  ground;  at  its  h.  (highest 
degree).    [OE  hiehtho  (as  high,  see  -th  ])] 

heigh'ten  (hi-),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  high(er) ;  in- 
tensify;  inflate  (description,  story) ;  (intr.)  rise 
(usu.  fig.),    [prec.  + -en 6] 

hei'nous  (ha-),  a.  (Of  crime  or  criminal) 
odious,  atrocious.  Hence  hei*nousLY2adv., 
hei'nousNESS  n.  [f.  F  haineux  (haine  hatred 
f.  hair  hate,  cf.  Goth,  hatjan ;  see  -ous)] 

heir  (ar),  n.  Person  receiving  or  entitled  to 
receive  property  or  rank  aslegal  representative 
of  former  owner ;  (fig.)  one  to  whom  something 
(joy,  punishment,  &c)  is  morally  due;  h. 
apparent;  h.-at-law  (by  right  of  blood) ;  h.  in 
tail  (to  entailed  estate) ;  h.  male,  male  h.  tracing 
descent  wholly  through  males;  h.  presump- 
tive. Hence  heip'DOM,  heip'ESS1,  heip'SHip, 
nn.,  hehrLESS a.  [OF,  f.  LL  herem=Lheredem 
(nom.  heres)] 

heip'loom  (ar-),  n.  Chattel  that  follows 
devolution  of  real  estate  ;  piece  of  personal 
property  that  has  been  in  family  for  generations 
(also  fig.  of  qualities),    [prec.  +  loom  l] 

he  jira.    See  hegira. 

held.    See  hold  \ 

helracal,  a,  H.  rising,  setting,  of  star  (whe n 
it  first  emerges  from  sun's  rays  and  becomes 
visible  before  sunrise,  or  is  last  visible  after 
sunset  before  being  lost  in  sun's  rays),  [f.  Gk 
heliakos  (helios  sun,  see  -AC)  +  -al] 

helia'nthus,  n.  Genus  including  common 
sunflower,    [f.  Gk  helios  sun  +  anthos  flower] 

he'lieal,  a.  Spiral.  Hence  or  cogn.  he'li- 
calLY  2  adv.,  he'llcoiD,  helieoi'd  al,  aa.    [as 

HELIX +  -AL] 

He'licon,  n.  Boeotian  mountain,  sacred  to 
Muses ;  source  of  poetic  inspiration.  So  Heli- 
ed'niAN  a.    [L,  f.  Gk  Helikon] 

helio-  in  comb. =Gk  helios  sun,  as :  -ce'ntric, 
as  viewed  from  centre  of  sun,  taking  sun  as 
centre ;  -chromy,  photographic  representation 
in  natural  colours;  -gram,  message  by  helio- 
graph (3);  -graph,  n.,  (1)  engraving  obtained  by 
exposure  to  light,  (2)  apparatus  for  photograph- 
ingsun,(3)signallingapparatusreflectingflashes 
of  sunligbt  -graph,  v.t.,  send  message  by  helio- 
graph, photograph  by  heliography ;  -gra'phic,  of 
heliography ;  -graphy,  description  of  the  sun, 
engraving  process,  signalling  by  heliograph; 
-gravure',  photogravure;  -meter,  instrument 
for  finding  angular  distance  between  two  stars 
(orig.  for  measuring  diameter  of  sun);  -scope, 
apparatus  for  observing  sun  without  injury  to 
eye ;  -trd'pic,  -tropisvi,(ol plants)  turning,  pro- 
perty of  turning,  in  particular  way  under  in- 
fluence of  light ;  -type,  picture  obtained  from 
gelatine  film  exposed  to  light. 

helio'sis,  n.  (Bot.)  spots  on  leaves  caused  by 
concentration  of  sun's  rays  through  glass  &c; 
sunstroke.    [Gk  heliosis  (helios  sun,  see  -osis)] 

heliotrope,  n.    Plant  with  small  clustered 

fmrple  flowers;  colour  of  these;  bloodstone, 
f.  L  f.  Gk-heliotropion  plant  turning  flowers  to 
the  sun  (helios  sun  +-tropos  f.  trepo  turn)] 
he'lium,  n.    A  transparent  gas,  inferred  as 


HELIX 


HENDECA- 


existing  in  sun's  atmosphere  in  1868,  first  ob- 
tained in  1895.    [f.  Gk  helios  sun] 

helix,  n.  (pi.  -ices).  Spiral  (like  corkscrew,  or 
in  one  plane  like  watch-spring);  (Arch.)  spiral 
ornament ;  rim  of  external  ear ;  genus  including 
common  snail.    [Gk  helix] 

hell,  n.  Abode  of  the  dead ;  abode  of  con- 
demned spirits ;  place,  state,  of  wickedness  or 
misery ;  ah.  of a  (considerable)  noise ;  den  for 
captives  in  Prisoner's  Base  &  other  games;  gam- 
ing-house ;  (in  imprecations)  h.!,  what  then,  do 
you  want  ? ;  h.-cat,  spiteful  or  furious  woman  ; 
h.-hound,  fiend ;  h.-weed,  name  of  various 
plants.  Hence  he'lliSH1  a.,  he'llishLY2  adv., 
hellishxESS  n.,  he'll  ward  adv.  &  a.  [OE 
hel(l),  cf.  Du.  hel,  G  holle,  f.  root  hel-  hide] 

hellebope,  n.  Ancient  name  of  various 
plants  supposed  to  cure  madness ;  (Bot.)  species 
including  Christmas  Rose.  [f.  Lf.  Gk  helleboros] 

He'llene,  n.  AncientGreek  of  genuine  Greek 
race ;  subject  of  modern  kingdom  of  Greece.  So 
Hellenic  a.    [f.  Gk  Hellen] 

He'llenism,  n.  Greek  idiom  or  construction ; 
imitation  of  the  Greeks ;  Grecian  culture ;  Greek 
nationality.  So  He*lleniZE(3)  v.t.  &  L  [f.  Gk 
Hellenismos  (as  prec,  see  -ism)] 

Hellenist,  n.  One  who  used  the  Greek  lan- 
guage but  was  not  a  Greek,  whence  Hellen- 
rstic  a.;  Greek  scholar,  [f.  Gk Hellenistes  (as 
prec,  see  -ist)] 

hello,  n.  &  v.  =  hallo. 

helm1,  n.  (Archaic)  helmet;  (also  h.-cloud) 
cloud  forming  over  mountain  before  or  during 
storm.  Hence  helmED2a.  [com.-Teut.:  OE, 
Du.,  G ;  f.  kel-  cover] 

helm2,n.,&  v.t.  Tiller,  wheel,  by  which  rud- 
der is  managed ;  space  through  which  h.  is 
turned,  as  more,  little,  h. ;  down  (with  the)  h.,  up 
(with  the)  h.,  place  h.  so  as  to  bring  rudder  to 
windward,  to  leeward ;  (fig.)  government,  guid- 
ance; helmsman,  steersman;  (v.t)  steer  (usu. 
fig.),    [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  helma,  cf.  ON  hjdlm) 

he'lmet,  n.  Defensive  head-cover  of  soldiers, 
firemen,  &c. ;  felt  or  pith  hat  for  hot  climates ; 
upper  part  of  retort ;  (Bot.)  arched  upper  part 
or  corolla  in  some  flowers ;  shell  of  a  genus  of 
molluscs.  Hence  he'lmetED  2  a.  [obs.  F,  dim. 
of  helme  helm1] 

helminth,  n.  Worm  (usu.  intestinal).  Hence 
helmi'nthic,  helmi'nthoiD,  aa.,  helmin- 
tho'LOGY  n.  [f.  Gk  helmins -inthos maw- worm] 

he'lot,  n.  (H-)  one  of  a  class  of  serfs  in  ancient 
Sparta ;  drunken  H.  (made  drunk  as  warning  to 
Spartan  youth);  serf.  Hence  he'lotiSM(2),  he*- 
lotRYd,  2),  nn.,  he*lotiZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  L  Helotes 
f.  Gk  Heilotes  (pi.  of  Heilos)  taken  as  =  inhabit- 
ant of  Helos,  Laconian  town] 

help1,  v.t.  (archaic  past  holp  &  p.p.  holpen). 
Aid,  assist,  as  h.  me,  h.  me  to  hft  it,  ft.  me  to  an 
answer,  h.  the  work  on  or  forward,  h.  me  over 
the  stile,  ft.  me  out  (of  a  difficulty) ;  h.  (person) 
to,  serve  him  with  (food) ;  distribute  (food  at 
meal) ;  remedy,  prevent,  as  it  can't  be  helped, 
I  can't  h.  that,  don't  be  longer  than  you  can 
(cannot)  h. ;  (in  invocation  or  oath)  so  h.  me  God 
(as  I  keep  my  word,  as  I  speak  the  truth,  &c). 
[com.-Teut.:  OE  helpan,  Du.  helpen,  G  helfen] 

help 2,  n.  Assistance,  as  we  need  your  h.,  she, 
it,  is  a  great  h.\  (U.S.)  domestic  servant ;  lady 
h.,  assistant  &  companion  to  mistress  of  house ; 
mother's  h.,  superior  nursemaid ;  remedy  or  es- 
cape, as  there  is  no  h.  for  it ;  helping  (of  food). 
[OE  &  MDu.,  cf.  Du.  hulp,  G  hulfe] 

helpful,  a.  (Of  person  or  thing)  useful,  ser- 
viceable.    Hence  he'lpfulLY2  adv.,  he'lp- 

fulNESS  n.     [-FUL] 

he'lpingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  portion  of 
food  served,    [ing  J] 


he'lpless,  a.  Lacking  help ;  unable  to  help 
oneself.  Hence  helplessLv  2  adv.,  help- 
less\ESS  n.    [-less] 

helpmate,  n.  Helpful  companion  or  partner 
(usu.  husband  or  wife),    [help  +  mate] 

helpmeet,  n.  =  prec.  [formed  by  misunder- 
standing of  Gen.  ii.  18,  20] 

he'lter-ske-lter,  adv.,  a.,  n.  (In) disordered 
haste,    [irnit.] 

helve,  n.  Handle  of  weapon  or  tool ;  throw 
the  h.  after  the  hatchet.  [OE  hielfe,  cf.  MDu. 
helf,  helve  ;  f.  same  root  as  halter] 

Helvetian  (-shn), a.  &  n.  Swiss,  [f.  L  Helve- 
this  +  -AN] 

hem  1,  n.  Border,  edge,  of  cloth  &c,  esp.  bor- 
der made  by  turning  in  edge  &  sewing  it  down. 
IOE,  cf.  NFris.  heam] 

hem  2,  v.  t.  Turn  down  &  sew  in  edge  of  (cloth 
&c.  or  abs.) ;  h.  in,  about,  round,  enclose,  con- 
fine,   [f.  prec] 

hem3,  int.,  n.,  &  v.i.  Int.  calling  attention  or 
expressing  hesitation  ;  (n.)  utterance  of  this  ; 
(v.i.)  utter  sound  h.,  clear  throat,  hesitate  in 
speech,    [imit.] 

hematic  &c.    See  haem-. 

hemi-,  pref.  in  wds  f.  Gk  or  on  Gk  elements, 
=  half-,  affecting  one  half,  &c,  as  -ano'psia, 
half-blindness,  -he'dral  (cryst),  having  half 
proper  number  of  planes,  -meta'bola,  insects  un- 
dergoing incomplete  metamorphosis,  -ple-gia, 
paralysis  of  one  side.    [Gk  hemi-  =  L  semi] 

hemisphere,  n.  Half  sphere ;  half  the  celes- 
tial sphere,  esp.  as  divided  by  the  equinoctial 
or  by  the  ecliptic ;  half  the  earth,  containing 
(Eastemh.)  Europe,  Asia,  &  Africa,  or  ( Western 
ft.)  America;  Northern,  Southern,  hh.,  halves 
of  the  earth  as  divided  by  equator ;  Magdeburg 
hh.,  pair  of  brass  hh.  exhausted  of  air  to  show 
atmospheric  pressure  by  their  cohesion.  Hence 
hemisphe'Pic(AL)  aa.  [f.  OF  emispere  f.  Gk 
HKMi(sphaira  sphere)] 

hemistich  (k),  n.  Half  of  line  of  verse,  [f. 
LL  f.  Gk  HK*n(stikhion  f.  stikhos  verse)] 

hemlock,  n.  Poisonous  umbelliferous  plant, 
used  as  powerful  sedative ;  poisonous  potion 
got  from  this.    [OE  hymlic(e),  etym.  dub.] 

hemorrhage  &c    See  haem-. 

hemp,  n.  Annual  herbaceous  plant,  native 
of  India ;  its  cortical  fibre,  used  for  rope  &  stout 
fabrics;  (facet.)  rope  for  hanging;  =  bhang, 
hashish;  name  of  various  other  plants  yielding 
fibre.  Hence  he'mpEN  s  a.  [OE  henep,  cf.  Du. 
hennep,  G  hanf;  cogn.  w.  Gk  kannabis] 

he-m-stitch,  v.t.,  &  n.  (Hem cloth  &c.  with) 
kind  of  ornamental  stitch. 

hen,  n.  Female  of  common  domestic  fowl  (cf. 
cock)  ;  second  element  in  name  of  other  female 
birds,  as  guinea  h., pea-hen ;  h.  &  chickens,  name 
of  a  compound  daisy  &  other  plants ;  henbane, 
narcotic  &  poisonous  plant,  drug  got  from  this  ; 
h.  -coop(for  keeping  poultry  in);  ft.-  harrier,  blue 
hawk,  a  bird  of  prey ;  h.-hearted,  pusillanimous; 
h.-pecked,  domineered  over  by  one's  wife  ;  ft.- 
roost,  place  where  fowls  roost  at  night.  [OE 
henn  (rem.  of  hano  cock)  cf.  Du.  hen,  G  henne] 

hence,  adv.  (Archaic)  from  here ;  (poet.,  rhet.) 
h.!,  go  away,  ft.  with,  away  with,  take  away, 
go  ft.,  die ;  henceforth,  henceforward,  from  this 
time  forward ;  five  years  ft.,  in  five  years'  time 
from  now ;  as  a  result  from  this ;  as  an  infer- 
ence from  this  (ft.  it  appears  that),  therefore. 
[ME  hennes  (henne  adv.  f.  root  of  he  +  -es)] 

he'nehman,  n.  (Hist. )  squire,  page  of  honour; 
chief  attendant  of  Highland  chief ;  trusty  fol- 
lower ;  political  supporter.  [14th  c. ;  OE  heng- 
(e)st  male  horse,  cf.  Du.  &  G  hengst,  +  man] 

hendeea-in  comb.  =  Gk  henaeka  eleven,  as 
hendecagon,  plane  rectilineal  figure  of  eleven 


■get 


HENDIADYS S 

sides,  -sylla-bic,  a.  &  n.,  (verse)  of  eleven  sylla- 
bles, -syllable,  such  a  verse  (esp.,  in  Latin :  s*- 
(or-^)-~~-^-^-*). 

hendi'adys,  n.  Expression  of  a  complex  idea 
by  two  words  connected  with  &  (e.g.  in  goblets 
&  gold  for  in  golden  goblets).  [med.L,  f.  Gk  hen 
dia  duoin  one  thing  by  two] 

he'nna,  n.  Egyptian  privet;  its  shoots  & 
leaves  used  as  adye  forthebody.  [Arab,  henna'] 

he'nny,  a.  &  n.  Hen-like  ;  (n.)  hen-like  cock. 

[HEN  +  -V2] 

he-notheism,  n.  Belief  in  one  God  without 
asserting  that  he  is  the  only  God  (cf.  monothe- 
ism ).    [f.  Gk  heis  henos  one  +  theos  god  +  -ism] 

hepa'tic,  a.  Of,  good  for,  the  liver ;  liver- 
coloured,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  hepatikos  (hepato-,  -ic)] 

he'patize,  v.t.  Convert  (lungs)  into  liver- 
substance.  Hence  hepatizA'TiON  n.  [as  foil. 
+  -ize] 

hepato-  in  comb.  =  Gk  hepar  -atos  liver,  as 

Zenous,  originating  in  the  liver. 
lepta-  in  comb.  =  Gk  hepta  seven,  as :  -glot 
a.  &  n.,  (book)  in  seven  languages ;  -gon,  plane 
rectilineal  figure  of  seven  sides,  so  -gonal  a.; 
he 'dron, solidofseven faces ;  -sylla 'bic, of se ven 
syllables ;  -tench,  first  seven  books  of  Bible. 

he'ptad,  n.  Set,  group,  of  seven,  [f.  Gk  hep- 
tas  -ados  set  of  seven  {hepta)] 

he'ptarehy,  n.  Government  by  seven  rulers; 
seven  kingdoms  of  Angles  &  Saxons  in  Britain. 
So  heptap'ehic(AL)  aa.  [f.  hepta-  +  Gk  -ark- 
hia  government] 

her1,  pron.  Objective  case  of  she;  colloq. 
also  subjective,  as  Was  that  her?.  [OE  hire, 
dat.  of  hio,  heo,  she] 

hep2,  pron.  &  a.  Possessive  case  of,  &  adj. 
corresp.  to,  she,  with  absolute  form  hers,  as 
it  is  her  hat,  it  is  hers,  hers  is  best,  my  father 
&  hers  suffer(s)  for  it,  her  (vulg.  hers)  &  my 
(common )  father,  her  (vulg.  hers)  &  my  (respec- 
tive) father(s).    [OE  hi(e)re,  genitive  as  prec] 

he'rald1,  n.  Officer  who  made  state  procla- 
mations, bore  messages  between  princes,  offi- 
ciated in  the  tourney,  arranged  various  state 
ceremonials,  regulated  use  of  armorial  bear- 
ings, settled  questions  of  precedence,  &  record- 
ed names  &  pedigrees  of  those  entitled  to  ar- 
morial bearings  ;  Heralds'  College,  corporation 
(now)  recording  pedigrees  &  granting  bearings ; 
messenger  (often  as  title  of  newspaper);  fore- 
runner.   If.  OF  heraut,  prob.  of  Teut.  orig.] 

he'rald2,  v.t.  Proclaim  the  approach  of; 
usher  in.    [f.  OF  herauder  (as  prec.)J 

hera'ldic,  a.    Of  heraldry,    [-ic] 

he'paldpy,  n.  Science  of  a  herald;  cant3- 
ing  h. ;  armorial  bearings ;  heraldic  pomp.  [-R  v] 

herb,  n.  Plant  whose  stem  is  not  woody  or 
persistent ;  plant  of  which  leaves  &c.  are  used 
for  food,  medicine,  scent,  flavour,  &c;  h.  beer, 
drink  made  from  hh. ;  h.  bennet,  yellow-flowered 
species  of  Avens  [prob.  f.  OF  herbe  beneite  =  h 
herba  benedicta  blessed  herb] ;  h.-tea,  -water, 
medicinal  infusion  of  herbs.  So  herbA'CEOUS, 
hepbi'FEROUS,  hepbi'voRous,  hep'busss, 
aa.    [f.  OF  erbe  t.  L  herba  grass] 

her'bage  (-Ij),  n.  Herbs  collectively ;  succu- 
lent parts  of  herbs;  (Law)  right  of  pasture  on 
another's  ground.  [OF,  f.  med.L  herbaticum 
(as  prec,  see  -age)] 

her'bal,  a.  &  n.  (Book  with  descriptions)  of 
herbs,    [f.  L  herbalis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

her'balist,  n.  One  skilled  in  herbs  (now  of 
early  botanical  writers) ;  dealer  in  medicinal 

herbs.   Jprec  +  -ist] 

herbarium,  n.    (Book,  case,  room,  for)  col- 
lection of  dried  plants.    [LL  (herb,  -arium)] 
hep*bopize,v.i.    Gather  herbs,  botanize.  So 

hePboplzATiox,  hep'bopisT,  nn.    [f.  F  her- 


i HERETIC 

boriser  (herbe  herb,  confused  w.  L  arbor  tree); 
correct  forms  herbalize,  -arize,  are  archaic] 

hep'by,  a.  Abounding  in  herbs;  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  herb,    [-v  2] 

Herculean,;!.  Of  Hercules;  strong  as  Her- 
cules ;  difficult  as  his  labours,  [f.  L  Htrculeus 
(as  foil.)  +  -an] 

Hercules,  n.    (Gk  &  Rom.  Myth.)  hero  of 

I)rodigiousstrength,  who  performed  12immense 
abours ;  Pillars  of  H.,  rocks  on  either  side  of 
Strait  of  Gibraltar,  (fig.)  ultimate  limit ;  strong 
man  ;  H.  beetle  (S.-Amer.,  5 in.  long);  a  northern 
constellation  ;  H.  powder,  explosive  used  in 
mining.    [L,  f.  Gk  Herakles] 

herd  \  n.  Company  of  animals,  esp.  cattle, 
feeding  or  travelling  together ;  large  number 
of  people  (contempt.),  esp.  the,  the  common,  the 
vulgar,  h.;  h.-book,  pedigree-book  of  cattle  or 
pigs;  herdsman,  keeper  of  hh.  [com. -Teut.: 
OE  heord,  G  herde,  Da.  hjprd] 

hepd2,  n.  Keeper  of  herds,  herdsman,  esp.  w. 
word  prefixed,  as  cowh.,  swineh*  [com.-Teut.; 
OE  hirde,  G  hirte.  Da.  hyrde] 

hepd3,  v.i.  &  t.  Go  in  a  herd  {together,  with 
others ;  esp.  fig.  of  persons) ;  tend  (sheep,  cattle), 
[f.  herd  i^2] 

here  (her),  adv.  &  n.  In  this  place ;  (answering 
roll-call)  h.!,  I  am  present ;  (calling  attention  to 
person's  presence)  my  son  h.  will  show  you ;  (in 
drinking  healths)  here 's  (a  health)  to;  in  this 
life ;  at  this  point  (in  discourse  &c);  in  this  mat- 
ter ;  to  this  place ;  look  h.  (in  this  direction) ; 
/  don't  belong  h.  (to  this  place);  h.  &  there,  in 
various  places ;  h.,  there,  &  everywhere,  every- 
where, all  about ;  neither  h.  nor  there,  not  to 
the  point,  of  no  importance ;  (colloq.,  to  an- 
nounce commencement  of  bold  act)  h.  goes!; 
(n.)  this  place  or  point,  as  from,  to,  near,  h. ; 
hereabout(s),  somewhere  near  h.;  hereafter,  in 
future,  later  on,  in  the  world  to  come,  (n.)  the 
future,  the  world  to  come ;  hereat  (archaic),  at 
this ;  hereby,  by  this  means,  as  a  result ;  herein, 
in  this  (place,  book,  &c);  hereinafter,  below  (in 
document  &c);  hereof  (archaic)  of  this ;  hereto 
(archaic),  to  this  matter ;  heretofore,  formerly ; 
hereunder,  below  (in  book  &c);  hereupon,  after 
this,  in  consequence  of  this;  herewith,  with  this 
(esp.  of  enclosure  in  letter  &c).  [com. -Teut.: 
OE  her,  cf.  Du.  &  G  hier;  prob.  f.  he] 

hepe'ditable,  a.  That  may  be  inherited.  So 
hepeditaBi'LiTY  n.  [f.  obs.  F  hbreditable  f.  L 
hereditare  inherit  (heres  -edis  heir),  see  -able] 

hereditament  (or  here*-),  n.  Property  that 
can  be  inherited;  real  property;  inheritance, 
[f.  med.L  hereditamentum(a,s'pvec.,  see-MENT)] 

hepeditap'ian,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doc- 
trine of  heredity,    [-arian] 

hepe'ditapy,  a.  Descending  by  inheritance ; 
(of  diseases,  instincts,  &c)  transmitted  from 
one  generation  to  another ;  like,  the  same  as, 
that  one's  parents  had,  as  h.  creed,  hatred ;  of, 
holding  position  by,  inheritance.  Hence  here*- 
ditapiLV2  adv.,  hepe'ditaplNESS  n.  [f.  L 
hereditarius  (as  heredity,  see  -ary  j)] 

hepe'dity,  n.  Tendency  of  like  to  beget  like. 
Hence  hepe«ditiSM(3)  n.  [f.  F  hiridiU  f.  L 
hereditatem  heirship  (as  heir,  see  -ty)] 

hepe'siapeh,  n.  Leader, founder, of  aheresy. 
\f.  LL  (-cha)  f.  Gk  hairesiarkhes  (as  foil.  +  -ark- 
his  ruler)] 

heresy,  n.  Opinion  contrary  to  the  orthodox 
doctrine  of  the  Christian  Church,  or  to  the  ac- 
cepted doctrine  on  any  subject.  Hence  he'Pe- 
sIo'logist,  he'pesio'LOGY,  nn.  [f.  OF  eresie 
t.  L  *heresia  for  haeresis  t.  Gk  hairesis  choice, 
sect  (haireomai  choose)] 

he*petle,  n.  Holder  of  an  unorthodox  opinion 
(orig.  in  the  matter  of  religion).    So  here'ti- 


HERIOT 


385 


HETERODOX 


cal  a.    [f.  F  Mrttique  f.  eccL  L  f.  Gk  hairetikos 
(as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

he'piot,  n.  (law).  Render  of  best  live  beast  or 
dead  chattel,  or  money  payment,  to  lord  on  de- 
cease of  tenant  (now  only  of  manorial  tenures). 
[OE  heregeatwa  (here  army +geatwa  trappings)] 

heritable,  a.  That  can  be  inherited  (esp.  as 
dist.  from  movable  property) ;  transmissible 
from  parent  to  child;  capable  of  inheriting. 
Hence  he'pitabLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  heritable  {Mri- 
ter,  see  hereditable)] 

heritage,  n.  What  is  or  may  be  inherited  ; 
(fig.)  portion  allotted  to  any  one;  (bibl.)  the 
ancient  Israelites,  the  Church ;  inherited  lot. 
[OF  (as  prec,  see  -age) J 

he'pitop,  n.  One  who  inherits,  [f.  OF  heHiier 
(as  hereditary),  assim.  to  wds  in  -or] 

herl.    See  harl. 

herma'phpodite  (it),  n.  &  a.  Human  being, 
animal,  combining  characteristics  of  both  sexes; 
(Zool.)  animal  having  normally  both  male  &  fe- 
male sexual  organs.e.g.  earth-worm;  (Bot.)plant 
in  which  same  flower  has  stamens  &  pistils ;  per- 
son, thing,  combining  opposite  qualities ;  ship 
having  characters  of  two  kinds  of  craft ;  (adj.) 
combining  both  sexes  or  opposite  characteris- 
tics. Hence  hermaphPodi*tic(AL)aa.,  hep- 
ma'phPoditiSM  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Hermaphro- 
ditos,  who  became  one  with  the  nymph  Sal- 
macis] 

hepmeneu'tie,  a.  &  n.  Of  interpretation ; 
(n.  pi.)  interpretation,  esp.  of  Scripture.  So 
hepmeneu'tieAL  a.  [f.  Gk  hermeneutikos 
(hermeneud  interpret,  see  -ic)] 

Hep'mes,  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  son  of  Zeus  &Maia, 
messenger  of  the  gods,  god  of  science,  eloquence, 
&c;  H.  Trismegistus  (Thrice-Great),  >J  eo-pla- 
tonist  name  of  Egyptian  god  Thoth,  as  author 
of  mysterious  doctrines,  secrets  of  alchemy  &c. 
[L  f.  Gk  Hermes] 

herme'tie,  a.  Of  alchemy,  as  h.  art ;  h.  seal, 
air-tight  closure  by  fusion  &c.  (also  fig.),  whence 
herme'tie  ally  adv.  [f.  med.L  hermeticus 
irreg.  f.  hermes  Trismegistus] 

hep'mit,  n.  Early  Christian  recluse ;  person 
living  in  solitude  ;  h.-crab,  kind  that  lives  in 
mollusc's  cast-ofF  shell  to  protect  its  shell-less 
hinder  parts.  If.  OF  ermite  f.  L  (-ta)  f.  Gk  ere- 
mites  (eremia  desert,  see  -ite  *)] 

hep'mitage,  n.  Hermit's  abode;  solitary 
abode ;  French  wine  from  hill  near  Valence 
(with  ruined  h.  on  top).    [OF  (as  prec,  see  -age)] 

hep*nia,n.(path.).  Rupture.  Hence  hep'ni- 
al,  hep#niARY  \  aa.,  hepnioTOMY  n.    [L] 

hernshaw.    See  heron. 

hep*o,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  (Gk  Ant.)  man  of  superhu- 
man qualities  favoured  by  the  gods,  demigod ; 
illustrious  warrior ;  man  admired  for  achieve- 
ments &  noble  qualities ;  chief  man  in  poem, 
play,  or  story ;  h.-worship(per),  worship(per)  of 
the  ancient  hh.  or  of  heroic  men  generally,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  herds) 

hepo'ie,  a.  &  n.  (Of  acts  or  qualities)  of,  fit 
for,  a  hero  ;  (of  persons)  having  the  qualities  of 
a  hero  ;  the  h.  age  (of  Greece,  before  return  from 
Troy) ;  (of  poetry)  dealing  with  heroes ;  h.  verse, 
that  used  in  h.  poetry  (Gk  &  L  hexameter,  E 
five-foot  iambic,  F  Alexandrine) ;  (of  language) 
grand,  high-flown ;  bold,  attempting  great 
things;  (n.)  h.  verse;  (n.  pi.)  high-flown  lan- 
guage or  sentiments.  Hence  hePO'iCALLY  adv. 
if.  L  f.  Gk  heroikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

hepdi-ed'mie,  a.  Combining  the  heroic  with 
the  comic    [hero  4-  -I-  4-  comic] 

hepo*ify,  v.t.  Make  a  hero  of.  [as  prec  +  -fy] 

he'poine  (-In),  n.    Demigoddess ;  heroic  wo- 
man ;  chief  woman  in  poem,  novel,  &c     [f. 
L  f.  Gk  heroine,  fern,  of  herds  hero] 
f.d. 


he'poism,  n.  Heroic  conduct  or  qualities, 
[f.  F  Mroisme  (hiros  hero,  see  -ism)] 

he'poize,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  a  hero  of;  make 
heroic ;  play  the  hero,    [-ize] 

he'pon,  hern,  n.  Long-legged  wading  bird, 
[f.  OF  hairon  1.  pop.  L  *hagironem  (nom.  -ro)  f. 
OHG  heiger ;  OF  dim.  heroneeau  gives  heron- 
sew,  -shew,  shaw,  hernshaiv,  now  dial.] 

he'ponpy,  n.  Place  where  herons  breed,  [-ry] 

hep'pes,  n.  Skin  disease,  with  patches  of 
distinct  vesicles.  Hence  herpetic  a.  [L,  f. 
Gk  herpes  -etos  shingles  (herpo  creep)] 

heppeto'log-y,  n.  Zoology  of  reptiles.  So 
heppeto'LOGiST  n.  [f.  Gk  herpeton  reptile 
(herpo  creep)  +  -logy] 

Herr  (har),  n.    German  equivalent  of  Mr. 

he'pping,  n.  North  Atlantic  fish,  much  used 
for  food,  coming  near  coast  in  large  shoals  to 
spawn;  kippered  h.,=  kipper;  red  h.  (cured 
by  smoking) ;  neither  fish1,  flesh,  nor  good  red 
h.',h.-bone,  stitch  resembling  bones  of  h.,(  Arch.) 
zigzag  arrangement  of  stones  or  tiles,  (v.  t. )  work 
with  h.-bone  stitch,  mark  with  h.-bone  pattern  ; 
h.-pond,  (facet.)  North  Atlantic.  [OE  hxring, 
cf.  Du.  haring,  G  hering) 

Heppnhutep  (har'nhooter),  n.  One  of  the 
sect  of  Moravians,  [f.  Hermhut,  their  first 
German  settlement] 

heps.    See  her. 

hepse'lf,  pron.  Emphatic  &  reflexive  form 
corr.  to  she,  as  she  said  it  h.,  she  has  hurt  h., 
ask  the  woman  h.;  she  is  not  h.  (in  her  normal 
state  of  body  or  mind).    [OE  hire  self] 

he'sitant,  a.  Hesitating ;  irresolute.  So 
he'sitANCE,  -ancy,  nn.    [as  folL,  see  -ant] 

he'sitate  (-z-),  v.i.  Show,  speak  with,  inde- 
cision ;  scruple,  be  reluctant,  to  (do).  Hence  or 
cogn.  he'sitatingXY  2  adv.,  hesitATiox  n., 
he'sitatiVE  a.  [f.  L  haesitare  frequent,  of 
haerere  haes-  stick  fast,  see  -ate  3] 

Hesperian,  a.  (poet.).  Western,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
Hesperios  (as  hesperus)  +  -anI 

he'spepis,  n.  Genus  including  Rockets  & 
Dame  s  Violet.  [L,  f.  Gk  Hesperxs  of  evening, 
of  the  West  (as  foil.)] 

hespepop'nis,  n.  American  genus  of  fossil 
birds,    [as  foil.  +  Gk  ornis  bird] 

He'spepus,  n.  Evening  star.  [L,  f.  Gk  hes- 
peros,  a.  &  n.,  western,  evening  (star)] 

He'ssian  (shn),  a.  &  n.  Of  Hesse  in  Ger- 
many; H.(boot),  high  boot  first  worn  by  H.  troops; 
H.  fly,  fly  whose  larva  destroys  wheat;  (n.) 
strong  coarse  cloth  of  hemp  or  jute,    [-ian] 

hest,  n.  (archaic).  Behest.  [OE  hxs  (hdtan, 
see  hight),  assim.  to  OE  nn.  in  -t] 

hetaep'a  (tera),  -aip'a  (-ira),  n.  Courtesan , 
harlot.  [Gk  hetaira,  fern,  of  hetairos  com- 
panion] 

hetaep'ism,  -aip'ism.  n.  Open  concubin- 
age ;  communal  marriage  m  a  tribe,  [f.  Gk  he- 
tairismos  (as  prec,  see  -ism)] 

hetepo-  in  comb,  (before  vowel  heter-)  =  Gk 
heteros  other,  different,  as:  -chrd'  motis,  of  differ- 
ent colours  ;  -gamous,  irregular  as  regards  sta- 
mens &  pistils ;  -graphy,  incorrect  or  inconsis- 
tent spelling  ;  -mor'phie,  of  dissimilar  forms  ; 
-mor'phism,  diversity  of  form ;  -nomous,  sub- 
ject to  different  laws  (of  growth  &c),  subject 
to  an  external  law  (cf.  autonomous)  ;  -nomy, 
presence  of  a  different  law,  subjection  to  exter- 
nal law ;  -pdthic,  =  allopathic,  also,  differing 
in  effect ;  -phy'llous,  bearing  leaves  of  different 
forms  on  same  plant ;  -taxy,  abnormal  disposi- 
tion of  organs  or  parts. 

he'tepoelite,  a.  &  n.  Irregularly  declined  ; 
(n.)  h.  noun.  [r.  F  hiteroclite  r.  L f.  Gk  hetero- 
(klitos  f.  klino  inflect)] 

he'tePOdox,  a.    (Of  person  or  opinion)  not 

v.i 


H  ETERO&ENEOUS 3 

orthodox.  So  he'tepodoxv  *  n.  [f.  Gk  hete- 
nodoxos  {doxa  opinion)] 

heterogeneous,  a.  Diverse  in  character ; 
composed  of  diverse  elements  ;  (Math.)  incom- 
mensurable because  of  different  kinds.  Hence 
or  cogn.  heterogene'iTY,  hetepoge'ne- 
ousxess,  nn.,  heteroge'neousLY  2  adv.  [f. 
scholastic  L  heterogenous  f .  Gk  HETERO(fire»es  f. 
genos  kind)  +  -ousj] 

hetepoge'nesis,  n.  Birth  of  a  living  being 
otherwise  than  from  parent  of  same  kind,  esp. 
spontaneous  generation  from  inorganic  matter. 
So  hetePOgenETic  a.    [hetero-J 

he'tman,  n.  Polish  military  commander  (re- 
tained as  title  among  Cossacks).    [Polish] 

heuri'stic,  a.  Serving  to  discover,  [irreg. 
f.  Gk  heurisko  find,  see  -ic] 

hew  (hu),  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  hewn  or  hewed).  Chop, 
cut,  (thing  down,  away,  off,  asunder,  to  pieces, 
&c.)  with  axe,  sword,  &c;  cut  into  shape;  h. 
one's  way,  make  a  way  for  oneself  by  hewing ; 
deal  cutting  blows  at,  among,  &c.  [com.-Teut. : 
OE  hiawan,  Du.  houwen,  G  hauen] 

hewer,  n.  One  who  hews ;  man  who  cuts 
coal  from  seam:  hh.  of  wood  &  drawers  of 
water,  drudges  {Joshua  ix.  21).   |-er  a] 

hexa-  in  comb,  (before  vowel,  &  in  some  mod. 
words  before  consonant,  hex-)  =  Gk  hex  six,  as : 
•chord,  diatonic  series  of  six  notes  with  semi- 
tone between  third  &  fourth ;  -gon,  -gonal,  (fig- 
ure) having  six  sides ;  -gram,  figure  formed  by 
two  intersecting  equilateral  triangles  (the  angu- 
lar points  coinciding  with  those  of  a  hexagon), 
figure  of  six  lines ;  -he'dral  a.,  -he'dron  n.,  (fig- 
ure) having  six  faces;  -pod,  n.  &  a.,  (animal) 
with  six  feet ;  -pody,  line  of  verse  of  six  feet ; 
-style,  a.  &  n.,  (portico)  of  six  columns;  -teuch, 
first  six  books  of  Bible. 

hexa*metep,  n.  Line  of  six  metrical  feet, 
esp.  dactylic  h.  (five  dactyls  &  trochee  or  spon- 
dee, any  of  first  four  feet,  &  rarely  the  fifth, 
being  replaced  by  spondee).  Hence  hexame'- 
tPic  a.,  hexa'metPisT  n.  [L,  f.  GkHEXA(rae- 
tros  f.  metron  measure)] 

he'xapla,  n.  Six-fold  text  in  parallel  columns, 
esp.  of  Old  or  New  Testament.  [Gk,  neut.  pi.  of 
UKXAiploos  -fold)] 

hey  (ha),  int.  calling  attention,  or  of  joy,  sur- 
prise, or  interrogation ;  h.for—!  (expr.  applause 
or  exultant  appreciation) ;  h.  presto  (conjuror's 
phrase  of  command,  hence  used  to  announce 
surprising  transformation  &c).    [ME,  Du.,  G] 

hey-day  \  int.  expr.  joy,  surprise,  &c.  [hey 
prob.  =  prec.;  day  unexpl.1 

heyday  2  (ha-),  n.  Full  bloom,  flush,  (of 
youth,  vigour,  prosperity,  &c).   [?] 

hi,  in  t  calling  attention,  [parallel  form  to  he  y] 

hia-tus,  n.  (pi.  -uses).  Break,  gap,  esp.  in  a 
series,  account,  &c. ;  missing  link ;  break  be- 
tween word  ending,  and  another  beginning, 
with  a  vowel.    [L,  vbl  n.  f.  hiare  gape] 

hrbepnate,  v.  i.  Spend  the  winter  (of  animals) 
in  torpid  state,  (of  persons)  in  mild  climate ;  (fig.) 
remain  inactive.  So  hi'bepnANT  a.,  hibep- 
Iiation  n.  [f.  L  hibernare  {hibemus  wintry), 
see -ate3] 

Hibep'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Ireland,  [f. 
L  Hibernia  Ireland,  corrupt,  of  Iverna  t.  Gk 
Ierne  f.  OCelt.  *Jveriu,  whence  Erin ;  see  -an] 

Hibep'nieism,  n.  Irish  idiom,  expression, 
or  bull,    [as  prec,  on  Anglicism  &c] 

hl'ccup,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t  Involuntary  spasm 
of  respiratory  organs,  with  sudden  closure  of 
glottis  &  characteristic  sound  ;  (v.i.)  make  h.; 

(v.t.)  say,  bring  out,  with  hh.    [(vb  f.  n.)  earlier 

hicket,  imit;  hiccough  due  to  pop.  etym.] 

hie  la'cet,  n.    Epitaph.    [L,= here  lies] 

hi'ekopy,  n.  N.-Amer.  tree  allied  to  walnut, 


J HIGH 

with  tough  heavy  wood ;  wood,  stick,  of  this, 
[f.  native  Virginian  pohickery] 

hid,  hidden.    See  hide  2. 

hlda'lgo,  n.  Spanish  gentleman.  [Sp.,  f.  hijo 
dalgo  (Ljilius  de  aliquo)  son  of  something] 

hide  J,n.,&  v.t.  Animal's  skin,  raw  or  dressed; 
(facet.)  human  skin,  as  to  save  his  own  h.;  hide- 
bound, (of  cattle)  with  skin  clinging  close  as 
result  of  bad  feeding,  (fig.)  narrow-minded; 
(v.t.,  colloq.)  flog.  Hence  (-)hidED2  a.  [OE  hyd, 
cf.  Du.  huid,  G  haut,  &  L  cutis,  Gk  kutos] 

hide2,  v.t.  &  i.  (past  hid,  p.p.  hidden,  hid). 
Put,  keep,  out  of  sight ;  keep  (fact)  secret  (from) ; 
keep  (thing)  from  view  without  that  intention; 
h.  one's  head,  keep  out  of  sight  from  shame  &c. ; 
(intr.)  conceal  oneself;  h.-&-seek,  children's 
game  (also  fig.  of  dealings  with  evasive  person 
or  thing).  [OE  h-ydan,  cf.  MDu.  huden  ;  cogn. 
w.  Gk  keutho) 

hide  3,  n.  (hist.).  Measure  of  land,  as  much  as 
would  support  one  free  family  &  dependants 
(perh.  about  120  acres).  [OE  hid,  higid  (hiw- 
household)] 

hi'deous,  a.  Frightful,  repulsive,  revolting, 
to  senses  or  mind,  as  h.  crime,  noise,  pattern. 
Hence  hi'deousLY2  adv.,  hi'deousNESS  n. 
[f.  OF  hidos  (hisde  fear,  etym.  dub.,  -ous)] 

hi'ding  J,  n.    Thrashing,    [f.  hide  l  +  -ing l] 

hi'ding 2,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  hide  2,  esp. :  be 
in  h.,  remain  hidden ;  h.-place,  place  of  conceal- 
ment.    [-ING  J] 

hie,  v.i.  (poet).  Go  quickly  {to  &c).  [OE 
higian  strive,  pant,  cf.  Du.  hijgen,  G  heichen] 

hi'epapch  (-k),  n.  Chief  priest;  archbishop, 
[f.  med.L  {-cha)  f.  Gk  hierarkhes  {hieros  sacred 
+  -arkhes  ruler)] 

hi'epapchy,  n.  Each  of  three  divisions  of 
angels;  the  angels;  priestly  government;  or- 
ganized priesthood  in  successive  grades;  any 
graded  organization.  Hence  hiepap'ehic(AL) 
aa.,  hi'epapch  ism  (3)  n.  [f.  OF  ierarchie  f.  LL 
{ier-)  f.  Gk  hierarkhia  (as  prec.)] 

hiepa'tic,  a.  Of  the  priests  (esp.  of  ancient 
Egyptian  writing,  &  of  Egyptian  &  Greek  tra- 
ditional styles  of  art) ;  priestly,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  hiera- 
tikos  f.  hieraomai  be  a  priest  {hiereus),  -ic] 

hiepo-  in  comb.  =Gk  hieros  sacred,  holy,  as  : 
-cracy,  priestly  rule ;  -gram,  -graph,  sacred  in- 
scription or  symbol ;  -latry,  worship  of  saints ; 
-logy,  sacred  literature  or  lore. 

hrepoglyph,  n.  Figure  of  an  object  stand- 
ing for  a  word,  syllable,  or  sound,  as  used  in 
ancient  Egyptian  &  other  writing ;  writing  of 
this  kind ;  secret  symbol ;  writing  difficult  to 
make  out.    [f.  foil.] 

hieroglyphic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  written  in, 
hieroglyphs;  symbolical;  (n.  pi.)  hieroglyphs. 
Hence  hiepoglyphicAL  a.,  hlepoglyph- 
icalLY  2  adv.     [f.  LL  f.  Gk  umno{gluphikos  f. 


gluphe  carving,  see  -ic)] 

hi'epophant,  n.  (Gk  Ant.)  initiating  priest ; 
expounder  of  sacred  mysteries.  Hence  niepo- 
pha'ntic  a.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  HiRRO{pIiantes  f. 
phaino  show)] 

hi'ggle,  v.i.  Dispute  about  terms ;  chaffer, 
[prob.  conn.  w.  haggleI 

hi'ggledy-pi'ggledy  (gldi),  adv.,  a.,  &  n. 
(In)  utter  confusion.    [?] 

high  (hi),  a.,  (n.),  adv.  Of  great  or  specified 
upward  extent,  as  ah.  hill,  one  inch  h. ;  situated 
far  above  ground,  sea  level,  &c;  upper,  inland, 
as  H.  Asia,  H.  Dutch,  German ;  (of  physical 
actions)  extending  to  or  from,  performed  at,  a 
height,  as  h.  jump,  h.  flying  ;  of  exalted  rank  ; 
the  Most  H.,  God ;  of  exalted  quality,  as  h.  art, 
h.  minds ;  a  h.  (very  favourable)  opinion  of',  h. 
life,  that  of  the  upper  classes ;  h.  (luxurious) 
feeding ;  (of  meat  or  game)  slightly  tainted ; 


HIGHLY 


387 


HIP 


great,  intense,  extreme,  as  in  ft.  favour,  ft. 
pressure,  ft.  temperature  ;  ft.  latitude  (far  from 
equator) :  expensive,  as  corn  is  ft. ;  (of  time)  far 
advanced,  as  ft.  noon,  it  is  ft.  time  to  go ;  (of 
sounds)  acute  in  pitch,  shrill ;  ft.  (angry)  words ; 
extreme  in  opinion,  as  a  ft.  Tory;  ft.  (elated, 
hilarious)  spirits ;  ft.  &  dry,  (of  ship)  out  of  the 
water,  (fig.)  out  of  the  current  of  events ;  (of 
officers  &c.)  chief,  as  H.  Admiral,  Chancellor; 
with  a  h.  hand  ;  on  the  h.  horse  ;  h.  &  low, 
(people)  of  all  conditions ;  h.  &  mighty,  arro- 
gant ;  on  the  h.  ropes,  (colloq.)  elated,  disdainful, 
enraged  ;onh.,  in,  to,  heaven  ;from  on  h.,trom 
heaven  or  a  high  place ;  (adv.)  far  up,  aloft ;  in, 
to,  a  h.  degree ;  at  a  h.  price ;  (of  sounds)  at,  to, 
a  h.  pitch  ;  play  h.,  play  for  h.  stakes,  play  card 
of  h.  value ;  run  h.,  (of  sea)  have  strong  current 
with  h.  tide  (also  fig.  of  feelings) ;  ft.  (chief) 
altar ;  h.-blower,  horse  that  flaps  nostrils  nois- 
ily ;  h.-born,  of  noble  birth ;  H.  Church,  n.  &  a., 
(party,  principles)  giving  a  h.  place  to  authority 
of  Episcopate  and  priesthood,  saving  grace  of 
sacraments,&c. ;  H.-Churchm&n,  holderof  these 
principles ;  H.  Court,  supreme  court  (usu.  =  H. 
Court  of  Justice) ;  h.  day,  festal  day ;  h.  falwt- 
in(g)  a.  &  n.  [etym.  dub.],  bombast(ic);  h.-jlown, 
extravagant,  bombastic;  h.-flyer,  -flier,  (fig.) 
ambitious  person,  one  who  has  high-flown  no- 
tions ;  h.-handed,  overbearing,  arbitrary ;  h. 
jinks;  highlands,  mountainous  or  elevated 
country,  esp.  (Sc.  pron.  he'lants)  N.  part  of 
Scotland ;  Highlander,  inhabitant  of  (esp.  the 
Scotch)  highlands ;  ft.-Zows(archaic),bootsreach- 
ingover  ankles ;  h.  mass1  ;  h.-minded,  of  morally 
lofty  character ;  h.-mindedness,  this  quality ;  ft.- 
pitched,  (of  sound)  acute  in  pitch,  (of  roof  &c.) 
steep,  (fig.)  of  lofty  character ;  h.-priest,  chief 
priest,  esp.  of  the  Jews ;  h.  road,  main  road  ;  h. 
BE  as  ;  h.-spirited,  of  lofty  or  courageous  spirit ; 
h.-stepper,  horse  that  lifts  its  feet  high  in  walk- 
ing &  trotting  (also  fig.) ;  H.  Street  (often 
S  roper  name  of  principal  street  in  town,  at 
•xford  usu.  the  H.);  h.-strung,  in  h.  state  of 
vigour  or  sensitiveness ;  h.  table  (for  the  fellows 
of  college,  colloq.  the  h.);  h.  tea,  tea  at  which 
meat  is  served ;  ft.  tide  ;  ft.  treason  ;  h.  water, 
state  of  tide  when  water  is  highest,  time  when 
tide  is  at  the  full ;  (the  king's)  highway,  public 
(esp.  main)  road,  main  route  by  land  or  water, 
(fig.)  ordinary  direct  course  (of  action  &c); 
high'wayman,  man  (usu.  mounted,  cf.  FOOTpad) 
who  robs  passengers  on  highway,  [com.  -Teut. : 
OE  heah,  Du.  hoog,  G  hoch] 

higfh'ly.adv.  In  a  high  degree,  as  h.  amusing, 
h.  polished,  commend,  esteem,  h. ;  h.  paid  (at  a 
high  price) ;  honourably,  favourably,  as  think, 
speak,  h.  of;  h.  descended  (of  noble  parentage). 
[OE  hialice  (as  prec,  see  -ly2)] 

hig-h'ness,  n.  Title  of  various  British  and 
other  princes  &c,  &sHis,  Her,  (Royal,  Serene, 
Imperial)  H.;  (used  where  height  is  not  idio- 
matic) the  h.  of  his  character,  of  the  poor-rate, 
fell  from  sheer  h.  o/(but  reached  the  height  of 
his)  ambition.  [OE  Manes  (as  prec,  see  -ness)] 

bight  (hit),  p.p.  (archaic,  poet.,  facet.).  Called, 
named,  [irreg.  p.p.  of  OE  hdtan,  com.-Teut., 
cf.  Du.  heeten,  G  heissen] 

hilap'ious,  a.  Cheerful,  joyous.  Hence  or 
cogn.  hilar'iousLv2  adv.,  hilap'iousNESS, 
hila'PiTY,  nn.    [f.  L  hilaris  +  -ous] 

hill,  n.,  &  v.t.  Natural  elevation  of  earth's 
surface,  small  mountain ;  heap,  mound,  how- 
ever raised,  as  ant-,  dung-,  mole-,  h.;  (v.t)  form 
into  h.,  bank  up  (plants)  with  soil.  Hence 
hi-llv  2  a.,  hilliNESS  n.  f(vb  f.  n.)  OE  hyll,  cf. 
MDu.  hil,  hul ;  also  L  collis  hill,  celsus  high, 
culmen  top] 

hillo*,  -loa*  (-16),  (or  hi'-),  int.  used  to  hail 


distant  person  or  to  express  surprise  at  meeting, 
[cf.  hallo] 

hi'llock.  n.    Small  hill  or  mound,    [-ock] 

hilt,  n.,  &  v.t.  Handle  of  sword  or  dagger ; 
prove  &c.  up  to  the  h.,  completely ;  (v.t.)  furnish 
with  h.    [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  &  MDu.] 

hi'lum,  n.  (bot. ).  Point  of  attachment  of  seed 
to  seed-vessel.    [L,  =  little  thing,  trifle] 

him,  pron.  Objective  case  of  he  ;  colloq.  also 
subjective,  esp.  after  than,  as  that's  h.,  you  are 
worse  than  h.    [OE,  dat.  of  he  &  it] 

himse'lf,  pron.  Emphatic  &  reflexive  form 
corr.  to  he,  as  he  did  it  h.,  I  saw  the  man  h.,  he 
hurt  h.iheis  not  h.  (not  in  normal  state  of  body 
or  mind,    [him  +  self] 

hind J,  n.  Female  of  (esp.  red)  deer,  esp.  in 
and  after  third  year.    [OE,  cf.  Du.  &  G  hinde] 

hind2,  n.  Farm  servant,  esp.  (in  Scotland  & 
northern  England)  married  &  skilled  farm- 
workman,  having  charge  of  two  horses,  &  pro- 
vided with  cottage  on  the  farm ;  steward ;  rus- 
tic, boor.  [ME  hine,  prob.  f.  hina,  higna,  genit. 
pi.  of  higan,  hiwan,  domestics] 

hind3,  a.  Situated  at  the  back,  posterior, 
(less  usu.  than  hinder  exc.  of  things  in  pairs, 
front  &  back,  as  h.  leg,  quarters,  wheel).  [ME, 
perh.  back-formation  f.  OE  hinder  adv.  =  Goth. 
hindar,  G  hinter,  taken  as  compar.  adj.,  or  a 
shortening  of  behindan  behind] 

hi'ndep  *•    See  prec. 

hi'ndep2,  v.t.  Impede,  obstruct,  prevent,  as 
you  will  h.  him,  h.  his  work,  h.  its  completion, 
ft.  him  from  working  (or  abs.).  [OE  hindrian, 
cf.  G  hindern  ;  f.  hindar  adv.,  see  hind3] 

Hi'ndi  (-e),  a.  &  n.  (Aryan  vernacular  lan- 
guage) of  N.  India.    [Hind,  (hind  India)] 

hi'ndmost,  a.  Furthest  behind  ;  most  re- 
mote.    [HIND  3] 

hindrance,  n.  Obstruction,  prevention  ; 
obstacle,    [f.  hinder2  +  -ance] 

Hindu*  (-doo),  -doo*,  (or  hi--),  n.  &  a.  Aryan 
of  N.  India  who  (also,  any  one  who)  professes 
Hinduism ;  (adj.)  Indian.  [Pers.,  f.  hind  India 
=  Skr.  Sindhu  river  (esp.  the  Indus)] 

Hi'nduism,  -dooism,  n.  Polytheistic  re- 
ligion of  the  Hindus,    [-ism] 

Hi'nduize,  -dooize,  v.t.  Render  Hindu  in 
religion,  customs,  &c.    [-ize] 

Hindustani,  -doosta'nee,  (dostahne),  a. 
&  n.  Of  Hindustan ;  (n.)  Hindu,  Mohammedan, 
of  Upper  India ;  language  of  Mohammedan  con- 
querors of  Hindustan,  Urdu  (Hindi  mixed  with 
Arabic,  Persiam&c).  [Pers.  (-i), =of  Hindustan 
country  of  the  Hindus  (hindu  +  -stan  place)] 

hinge  (-j),  n.,  &  v.t  &  L  Movable  joint  or 
mechanism  like  that  by  which  door  is  hung  on 
side  post ;  natural  joint  doing  similar  work,  as 
that  of  bivalve  shell ;  off  thehh.,  in  disordered 
state  of  body  or  mind  ;  (fig.)  central  principle, 
critical  point,  on  which  all  turns ;  (v.t.)  attach 


(as)  with  h. ;  (v.i.,  of  door  &C;_or  fig.)  hang  & 

;  hingTED  2, 
hi'ng-eLESS,  aa.    [(vb  f.  n.)  ME  heng,  cf.  Du. 


turn  on  (post,  principle,  &c).  Hence  hingTED  2, 


henghe,  conn.  w.  hang] 

hi'nny !,  n.  Offspring  of  she-ass  by  stallion, 
[f.  L  hinnus,  cf.  Gk  hinnos,  ginnos] 

hi'nny  2,  -nie.    See  honey. 

hint,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Slight  indication,  covert 
or  indirect  suggestion  ;  (v.t.)  suggest  slightly 
(thing,  that) ;  (v.i.)  h.  at,  give  a  h.  of.  f(vb  f.  n.) 
prob.  f.  obs.  hent  lay  hold  of,  etym.  dub.] 

hi'nterland,  n.  District  behind  coast  or 
river's  banks.    [G] 

hip  K  n.  Projection  of  pelvis  &  upper  part  of 
thigh-bone,  in  men  &  quadrupeds ;  have  (per- 
son) on  the  ft.  (at  a  disadvantage) ;  smite  ft.  <£~ 
thigh  (unsparingly) ;  (Arch.)  projecting  inclined 
edge  on  roof ;  h.-bath  (in  which  one  sits  im- 


HIP 


HOARD 


mersed  to  the  hh.) ;  h.-disease  (of  h.-joint,  with 
fungous  growth).  Hence  (-)hippED2a.  [OE 
hype,  cf.  Du.  heup,  G  hiifte] 
hip2,  hep,  n.  Fruit  of  (esp.  wild)  rose.  [OE 
Mope,  Mope,  cf.  OHG  hiufo,  hiafo] 
hip *,  hyp,  n.  Morbid  depression,  the  blues. 
[  =  hyp  (ochondria)] 

hip4,  v.t.    Make  low-spirited,    [f.  prec] 
hip5,  int.  introducing  united  cheer,  as  h.,  h., 
hurrah. 

hipe,  v.t,  &  n.    Throw  (antagonist  in  wrest- 
ling) in  a  particular  manner;  (n.)  such  throw.  [?] 
hippo-  in  comb.  =Gk  hippos  horse,  as :  -cen- 
taur, =  centaur  ;  -phagy,  practice  of  eating 
horse-flesh ;  -phil  ;  -phobia. 
hippoca'mpus,  n.  (pi.  -pi).    Genus  of  small 
fishes,  sea-horse;   (Anat.)   h.    major,  minor, 
eminences  on  floor  of  each  lateral  ventricle  of 
brain,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  niFPO(kampos  sea-monster)] 
hi'ppoepas,  n.  (hist).  Wine  flavoured  with 
spices,    [f.  OF  ipocras  f.  Hippokrates  Gk  phy- 
sician or  oth  c.  b.  c,  prob.  Tbecause  strained 
through  filter  called  Hyppocrates's  sleeve] 
hi'ppodpome,  n.    (Gk  &  Rom.  Ant.)  course 
for  chariot  races  &c. ;  circus.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  hip- 
PO(dromos  race,  course)] 
hi'ppog-riff,  -g-pyph,  n.    Fabulous  griffin- 
like  creature  with  body  of  horse,    [f.  Fnippo- 
griffe  f.  It  ippogrifo  (hippo-  +  grifo  griffin)] 
hippopd'tamus,  n.  (pi.  -muses,  -mi).  Large 
African  pachydermatous  quadruped  inhabiting 
rivers  &c.    [f.  LL  f.  Gk  HiPPo(»ofamos  river)] 
hip'cine,  a.  Goat-like.  [f.  Lfiircinus  (hircus 
goat,  see  -ine  !)] 

hire1,  n.     Payment  by  contract  for  use  of 
thing  or  for  personal  service ;  engagement  on 
these  terms;  (fig.)  reward;   h.-purchase,  h.- 
system,  (by  which  hired  thing  becomes  hirer's 
after  certain  number  of  payments) ;  onh.,  ready 
to  be  hired.    [OE  hyr,  cf.  Du.  huur,  G  heuer] 
hire2,  v.t.    Employ  (person)  for  wages ;  pro- 
cure, grant  (also   h.  out),  temporary  use_of 
(thing)  for  stipulated  payment.    Hence  hip*- 
able  a.    [OE  hyrian,  cf.  Du.  huren,  G  heuern] 
hipe'ling",  n.    One  who  serves  for  hire  (usu. 
contempt).  [OE  hyrling  (as  hire  1,  see  -ling1)] 
hip'sute,  a.     Hairy,  shaggy;  untrimmed. 
Hence  hip'suteNESS  n.  [f.  L  hirsutus,  cf.  hir- 
tus  shaggy] 

his  (-z),  a.  &  pron.   Possessive  case  of,  &  adj. 
corr.  to,  he,  also  in  absolute  use,  as  h.  hat,  it 
is  h.    [OE,  genit  of  he  &  it] 
hi'spid,  a.  (bot,  zool.).    Shaggy;  bristly,    [f. 
L  hispidus] 

hiss,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  (Of  person,  snake,  goose, 
liquid  poured  on  fire,  &c)(make)  sharp  spirant 
sound  of  s,  esp.  as  sign  of  disapproval  or  derision; 
express  disapproval  of  (person  &c.)  thus ;  h.  off 
(the  stage),  away,  down,  &c,  drive  off  &c.  by 
hh.;  utter  (quoted  words)  with  angry  h.  [imit] 
hist,  int.  used  to  call  attention,  enjoin  silence, 
or  incite  dog  &c. 

histo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  histos  web,  tissue,  in 
biol.  wds,  as :  -genesis,  -geny,  production  of  or- 
ganic tissues ;  -gene-tic,  concerned  with  this ; 
-logy,  science  of  organic  tissues,  whence  -lo'gi- 
col,  -logist. 

histop'ian,  n.  "Writer  of  history  (esp.  in 
higher  sense,  as  opp.  to  mere  annalist  or  com- 
piler), [f.  F  histonen  f.  L  as  history  +  -an] 
histop'iated,  a.  (Of  ornamental  letters  &c. ) 
decorated  with  figures  of  men  or  animals,  [f. 
med.L  hxstoriare  (as  history),  see  -ate2] 
histo'pic,  a.  Noted  in  history ;  (Lat  &  Gk 
C* ram.)  h.  tenses,  those  normally  used  of  past 
events  (cf.  primary),  h.  present  (used  for  past), 
h.  infinitive  (used  for  indicative) ;  =foll.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  historikos  (as  history,  see  -ic)] 


histo'pical,  a.    Of  history,  as  h.  evidence, 

rinciples:  belonging  to  history,  not  legend; 
method  (of  investigation),  that  based  on  his- 
tory; (of  novel,  picture,  &c.)  dealing  with  h. 
events; =prec.  Hence  histo'ricalL Y^adv.  [-al] 

histopio'graphep,  n.  Writer  of  history, 
esp.  official  historian  of  a  court  &c.  [f.  LL  hi- 
storiographies (as  history,  see  -grapher)] 

histopio*gT»aphy,  n.  Writing  of  history. 
Hence  histopiog,pa,phic(AL)  aa.  [t  Gk  hi- 
storiographia  (as  foil.,  see  -graph y)] 

hi'stopy,  n.  Continuous  methodical  record 
of  public  events;  (no  pi.)  study  of  growth  of 
nations  ;  whole  train  of  events  connected  with 
nation,  person,  thing,  &c. ;  eventful  past  career, 
as  this  knife  has  a  h. ;  (no  pi.)  aggregate  of  past 
events,  course  of  human  aftairs ;  ancient  h.  (usu. 
to  a.d.  476),  (facet)  thing  that  is  out  of  date  ; 
mediaeval,  modern,  h.  (to,  from,  15th  c.) ;  sys- 
tematic account  of  natural  phenomena  &c, 
esp.  natural1  h.;  historical  play.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
historia  inquiry,  h.,  (histor  learned  f.  id-  know)] 

hi'stpion,  n.  Stage-player  (usu.  contempt.). 
[F,  f.  L  histrionem  (nom.  -io)] 

histpid'nie,  a.  &  n.  Of  actors  or  acting; 
stagy,  hypocritical,  whence  hi'stpioniSM, 
histpio'niciSM,  nn.  [in.  pi.)  theatricals,  thea- 
trical art,  pretence.  Hence  histpio'niCALLY 
adv.    [f.  LL  histrionicus  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

hit1,  v.t.  &  i.  (hit).  Strike  with  blow  or  mis- 
sile ;  direct  blow  at ;  (of  moving  body)  strike ; 
(intr.)  strike  against,  upon ;  deliver  (blow,  per- 
son &c.  a  blow);  (fig.)  affect  sensibly,  wound, 
as  hard  h.  (e.  g.  by  money  losses) ;  (also  h.  upon) 
light  upon,  get  at,  (thing  aimed  at) ;  (also  h.  off) 
imitate  to  a  nicety ;  fall  in  with,  suit ;  h.  it,  h. 
the  {right)  nail  on  the  head,  guess  right,  express 
the  exact  truth ;  h.  it  off,  agree  (with,  together) ; 
h,  out,  deal  vigorous  Mows.  [OE  hyttan,  cf. 
Sw.  hitta,  Da.  hitte] 

hit2,  n.  Blow,  stroke ;  stroke  of  sarcasm  &c. 
(at) ;  stroke  of  good  luck ;  successful  attempt, 
[f.  prec] 

hitch1,  v.t.  &  i.  Move  (thing)  with  jerk; 
shift ;  h.  up,  lift  with  jerk  ;  contrive  to  bring 
(thing  into  story  &c) ;  fasten  with  loop,  hook, 
&c;  become  so  fastened  (in,  on  to,  &c).    [?] 

hitch2,  n.  Jerk,  abrupt  pull  or  push ;  (Naut) 
noose,  knot,  of  various  kinds,  as  half-h.  (formed 
by  passing  end  of  rope  round  its  standing  part 
&  then  through  the  bight);  temporary  stop- 
page ;  impediment,    [f.  prec] 

hi'thep  (-dh-),  adv.  &  a.  To,  towards,  this 
place  (now  usu.  here) ;  h.  &  thither,  in  various 
directions,  here  &  there  ;  (adj.)  situated  on  this 
side,  the  nearer  (of  two) ;  hUherto,  up  to  this 
time ;  hitherward  (archaic),  in  this  direction. 
[OE  hider,  f.  stem  of  he,  here,+  suf.  seen  inL 
citra  on  this  side] 

hive,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  (Also  beeh.)  artificial  habi- 
tation for  bees;  (fig.)  busy  swarming  place; 
hiveful  of  bees ;  swarming  multitude ;  h. -shaped 
thing;  (v.t.)  place  (bees)  in  h.,  house  (persons 
&c)  snugly,  hoard  up ;  (v.i.)  enter  h.,  live  to- 

f  ether  like  bees.  [OE  hyf,  prob.  conn.  w.  ON 
ufr  hull  &  L  cupa  tub] 

hives,  n.  pi.  Skin  eruption ;  inflammation  of 
bowels,  larynx,  &c    [?] 

ho,  int.  expr.  surprise,  admiration,  triumph, 
derision  ;  calling  attention ;  added  to  other  intt. 
as  heigh-ho,  what  ho,  or  (Naut)  to  name  of  des- 
tination &c,  as  westward  ho.    [not  in  OE] 

hoar,  a.  &  n.  Grey -haired  with  age ;  greyish 
white;  h.-frost,  white  frost,  frozen  dew;  (of 
things)  grey  with  age  ;  h.-stone,  ancient  boun- 
dary stone ;  (n.)  hoariness,  h.-frost.     IOE  hdr. 


(esp.  of  money 


cf.  OHG  her  old,  G  hehr  august] 
I   hoard,  n.,&  v.t   Stock,  store, 


HOARDING 


HOLD 


laid  by  ;  amassed  stock  of  facts  &c;  (v.t.)  amass 
(money  &c.  or  abs.)  &  put  away,  store  up,  trea- 
sure up  in  the  heart,  [(vb  OE  hordian)  OE  hord, 
cf.  OS  hord,  Goth,  huzd,  treasure] 

hoar'ding",  n.  Fence  of  boards  round  build- 
ing during  erection  or  repairs,  often  used  for 
posting  bills,  [f.  obs.  hoard  ult.  f.  OF  hurt  f. 
OHG  hurt  hurdle,  +  -ing  *] 

hoarhound.    See  horehound. 

hoarse,  a.  (Of  voice)  rough,  husky,  croak- 
ing ;  having  such  a  voice.  Hence  hoap'seLY2 
adv.,hoar'SEN6v.t.  &  i.,  hoar'seNESS  n.  [OE 
lias,  *hars,  ME  hors,  cf.  MDu.  hees] 

hoap'y,  a.  (Of  hair)  grey,  white,  with  age  ; 
having  such  air,  venerable;  (Bot.,  Entom.) 
covered  with  short  white  hairs.  Hence  hoap'i- 
NESSn.    [-Y2] 

hoax,  v.t.,  &  n.  Deceive,  take  in,  (person)  by 
way  of  joke  ;  (n.)  humorous  or  mischievous  de- 
ception,   [f.  18th  c;  perh.  conn.  w.  hocus] 

hob,  n.  Side  casing  of  fireplace,  having  sur- 
face level  with  top  of  grate  ;  peg,  pin,  as  mark 
in  quoits  &c;  shoe  of  sledge  ;  =  hobnail.    [?] 

ho'bble1,  v.i.  &  t.  Walk  lamely,  limp ;  (fig.) 
proceed  haltingly  in  action  or  speech ;  (of  verse) 
have  halting  rhythm  ;  cause  to  h.;  tie  together 
legs  of  (horse  &c.)  to  prevent  it  from  straying 
&c. ;  tie  (legs)  thus.  [14th  c. ;  prob.  cogn.  w.  Du. 
hobbelen  rock  from  side  to  side,  stammer] 

ho'bble 2,  n.  Uneven  or  infirm  gait ;  awk- 
ward situation ;  rope,  clog,  &c,  for  hobbling 
horse  &c.    [f.  prec] 

ho'bbledehoy,  hobbad-,  bobbed-,  n. 
Awkward  youth,  between  boyhood  &  manhood. 
Hence  hobbledehoy*HOOD,hobbledehoy- 
ism,  nn.,  hobbledehoyiSH l  a.    [?] 

ho'bby,  n.  Favourite  subject  or  occupation 
that  is  not  one's  main  business ;  (archaic)  small 
horse ;  (Hist.)  early  type  of  velocipede,  [f.  OF 
hobin,  hobi,  prob.  var.  of  name  Robin] 

ho'bby-horse,  n.  Wicker  horse  used  in 
morris-dance  &c;  child's  stick  with  horse's 
head  ;  rocking-horse  ;  horse  on  merry-go-round; 
(now  rare)  =  prec. 

ho'bgroblin,  n.  Mischievous  imp  ;  bogy  ; 
bugbear,    [f.  hob  for  Rob(in)  +  goblin] 

ho'bnail,  n.  Heavy-headed  nail  for  boot-soles. 

ho'bnailed,  a.  Furnished,  marked,  with 
hobnails;  h. -liver  (studded  with  projections  like 
nail-heads),    [-ed2] 

ho'b-nob,  v.i.  (-bb-).  Drink  together;  hold 
familiar  intercourse  (with),  [f.  hob  or  nob  - 
give  &  take,  earlier  hab  nab,  perh.  =  have  or 
not  have] 

hock1,  n.  Joint  of  quadruped's  hind-leg  be- 
tween true  knee  &  fetlock,    [southern  by-form 

Of  HOUGH] 

hock2,  n.    German  white  wine  (prop,  that  of 

Hochheim).  [earlier hockamore  f.  GHochheimer] 

ho'ekey,  n.    Game  played  with  ball  &  curved 


clubs  between  goals.    [?] 
hd'cus,  v.t.  (-ss-).    Ts 


Take  in,  hoax ;  stupefy 
(person)  with  drugs ;  drug  (liquor),  [f.  obs.  n. 
hocus  =  foil.] 

ho'eus-po'cus/n.,  &  v.i.  &t.  (-ss-).  Jugglery, 
deception ;  typical  conjuring  formula ;  (v.i.) 
juggle ;  (v.t.)  play  tricks  on.    [I7th-c.  sham  L] 

hod,  n.  Builder's  light  open  trough  on  staff 
for  carrying  mortar  &c. ;  hodman,  labourer  who 
carries  h.,  (fig.)  mechanical  worker,  literary 
hack.  [prob.  =  obs.  hot  f.  OF  hotte  panier,  of  G 
orig.] 

ho'dden,  n.  (Sc).  Coarse  woollen  cloth ;  h. 
grey,  grey  h.,  typical  rustic  garb.    [?] 

Hodge,  n.  Typical  English  agricultural  la- 
bourer,   [changed  from  Roger] 

ho'dg-e-po'dg-e,  n.  =  hotch-potch,  [assim. 
to  prec] 


hodiep'nal,  a.  Of  the  present  day.  [f.  L  ho- 
diernus  (hodie  to-day)  +  -al] 

hodd'meter,  od-,  n.  Instrument  for  mea- 
suring distance  travelled  by  wheeled  vehicle, 
[f.  Gk  hodos  way,  see  -meter] 

hoe  (ho),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Tool  for  loosening  soil, 
scraping  up  weeds,  &c;  (v.t.)  weed  (crops), 
loosen  (ground),  dig  up,  cut  down,  with  h.;  (v.i.) 
use  h.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  houe  f.  OHG  houwd  (hou- 
wan  hew)] 

hog" J,  n.  Swine,  esp.  castrated  male  reared 
for  slaughter;  (dial.)  young  sheep  before  first 
shearing ;  (fig. )  coarse,  gluttonous,  or  filthy  per- 
son ;  go  the  whole  h.,  do  the  thing  thoroughly  ; 
hogback,  h.'s-back,  sharply  crested  hill-ridge ; 
h.-flsh,  fish  with  bristles  on  head  ;  h.  in  armour, 
stiff  clumsy  person ;  h.  mane,  horse's  mane  cut 
short;  h.'s  pudding,  h.'s  entrail  variously 
stuffed;  h.-wash,kitchen  swill  &c.  for  hh.  Hence 
ho'g-g-iSH1,  ho'g-LiKE.aa.,  ho*g,g'ishLY2adv., 
ho'g-g-ishxEss,  ho'g-LiNG1,  nn.    [?] 

hog12,  v.t.  &  i.  Raise  (back  &c),  rise,  arch- 
wise in  the  centre ;  cut  (mane)  short,    [f.  prec] 

ho,g,g,et,n.    Yearling  sheep.    [hog1+-et1J 

ho'g-gin,  n.    Sifted  gravel.    [?] 

ho'gshead  (-z-h-),  n.  Large  cask ;  liquid  mea- 
sure, 52$  imperial  gallons  (abbr.  hhd).  [f.  hog  1 
(unexpl.)  +  head] 

hoick(s),  int.  used  to  incite  hounds  (also 
yoicks).    [?] 

hoist1,  v.t.,  &  n.  Raise  aloft  (esp.  flags) ;  raise 
by  means  of  tackle  &c;  (n.)  hoisting,  shove  up, 
elevator,  lift.  [(n.  f.  vb)  corrupt,  of  obs.  hoise, 
earlier  hysse,  cf.  Da.  hisse,  Du.  htfschen,  F  his- 
ser,  etym.  dub.] 

hoist2,  p.p.  H.  with  his  own  petard,  blown 
up  by  his  own  bomb,  ruined  by  his  own  devices 
against  others,    [p.p.  of  hoise,  see  prec] 

hoi'ty-toi'ty,  n.,  a.,  int.  Riotous  or  giddy 
conduct ;  (adj.)  frolicsome ;  haughty ;  petulant ; 
(int.)  expr.  surprised  protest  at  undue  assump- 
tion &c    [prob.  f.  obs.  hoit  v.  romp,  etym.  dub.] 

hd'key-pd'key,  n.  =  hocus-pocus  ;  cheap 
ice-cream  sold  by  street  vendors,  [f.  hocus- 
pocus  ;  second  sense  perh.  of  diff.  orig.] 

hold1,  v.t.  &  i.  (held',  archaic  p.p.  also  holden 
in  formal  reports  of  meetings  &c).  Keep  fast, 
grasp ;  keep  (oneself,  one's  head,  &c)  in  par- 
ticular attitude  ;  (of  vessel)  contain ;  possess  ; 
(Mil.)  keep  possession  of  (place) ;  occupy  (place, 
person's  thoughts,  &c);  engross  (person,  his 
attention) ;  keep  (person  &c)  in  specified  place, 
condition,  &c,  as  h.  him  at  bay,  in  suspense  ; 
make  (person)  adhere  to  (terms,  promise)  ;  ob- 
serve, celebrate,  conduct,  (festival,  meeting, 
conversation) ;  use  (insolent  &c  language) ;  h. 
to  (bind  by)  bail;  restrain,  as  h.  your  noise, 
tongue  ;  think,  believe,  (thing,  that,  person  &c 
to  be) ;  (of  judge  or  court)  lay  down,  decide 
(that) ;  entertain  specified  feeling  towards,  as 
h.  him  in  esteem,  contempt ;  (intr.)  remain  un- 
broken, not  give  way ;  h.  by,  to,  adhere  to  (choice, 
purpose,  &c) ;  h.  tvith,  approve  of;  (of  laws  &c, 
also  h.  good,  true)  be  valid,  apply ;  keep  going, 
esp.  h.  on  one's  way;  (archaic)  h.!,  stop,  wait; 
h.  one's  hand,  forbear ;  h.  one's  head  high,  be- 
have proudly ;  h.  %ip  one's  hzad,  maintain  one's 
dignity  or  cheerfulness ;  h.  one's  own,  not  give 
way,  stand  one's  ground ;  h.  water,  (fig. )  be 
sound,  bear  examination;  h.  back,  (trans.)  re- 
strain, (intr.)  hesitate,  refrain,  from  ;  h.  forth, 
speak  publicly  (usu.  contempt.) ;  h.  hard,  stop 
(imperative) ;  h.  in,  confine,  keep  in  check  ; 
h.  off,  (intr.)  delay;  h.  on,  keep  one's  grasp  on 
something,  (colloq.  imper.)  stop;  h.  out,  (trans.) 
stretch  forth,  offer  (inducement  &c),  (intr.)  en- 
dure, persist ;  h.  over,  postpone  ;  h.  together  t. 
&  i.,  (cause  to)  cohere;  h.  up,  support,  sustain, 


HOLD 


HOMERIC 


flit.  &  fig.),  exhibit,  display,  (esp.  to  derision 
&c),  (U.S.)  stop  &  rob  on  highway,  (of  horse) 
keep  up,  not  fall;  Zt.-aW,portable  case  for  clothes 
Zee. ;  h.-back,  hindrance ;  holdfast,  firm  grasp, 
staple  or  clamp  securing  object  to  wall  &c. 
[com.  -Teut. :  OE  ha  ldan,MDu.  houden,  G  halten] 
hold  2,  n.  Grasp  (lit.  &  fig. ),  esp.  take,  get,  keep 
h.  of ;  opportunity  of  holding,  thing  to  hold  by  ; 
(fig.)  h.  (on),  influence  (over),    [f.  prec] 
hold3,  n.  Cavity  in  ship  below  deck,  where 
cargo  is  stowed,    [corrupt,  of  hole] 
ho'lder,  n.    In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  contrivance 
for  holding  something,  as  cigar,  pen,  -h.  [-eb1] 
ho'lding-,  n.    In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  tenure  of 
land;  land  held;  stocks  &c.  held.    [-ing1] 
hole  l9  n.    Hollow  place  in  solid  body ;  deep 
place  in  stream  &c;   animal's  burrow;  small 
mean  abode ;  cavity  into  which  ball  &c.  must 
be  got  in  various  games  ;  (Golf)  point  scored  by 
player  who  gets  ball  from  one  h.  to  another 
with  fewest  strokes ;  perforation  ;  pick  hh.  in, 
find  fault  with  ;  make  a  h.  in,  use  large  amount 
of;  round  (square)  peg  in  square  (round)  h., 
person  not  fitted  for  his  place;  h.-dt-corner, 
secret,  underhand.    Hence  ho'leY  2  a.    [OE  & 
Du.  hoi ;  orig.  neut.  adj.] 
hole2,  v.t.  &  i.    Make  holes  in ;  make  (shaft, 
tunnel) ;  (Mining,  intr.)  dig  through  from  one 
working  to  another ;  put  into  hole ;  drive  (golf- 
ball  or  abs.)  into  hole.    [OE  holian,  as  prec] 
ho'liday  (-di),  n.  Day  of  cessation  from  work 
or  of  recreation ;  (usu.  pi.)  period  of  this,  vaca- 
tion; bank3A.;  blind1  man's h.; make  h.,  cease 
from  work  ;  h.  (gay)  clothes ;  h.  task  (to  be  done 
by  schoolboy  during  hh.);  =  uohY-day.     [OE 
hdligdaeg,  see  holy  &  day] 
hd'lily,  adv.    In  a  holy  manner,    [-ly2] 
hd'liness,  n.    Sanctity,  sacredness;  H.,  his 
H.,  title  of  Pope.    [OE  hdlignes  (holy,  -ness)] 
ho'lla,  int.   See  hollo,    [f.  F  hold] 
Ho'lland,  n.    Province  of  northern  Nether- 
lands, kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  whence 
Ho*llandER1(4)  n. ;  a  linen  fabric ;  brown  H., 
this  unbleached.  [Du.,  f.  holt  wood+  -lant  land] 
Hollands,  n.  Grain  spirit  made  in  Holland, 
[f.  Du.  hollandsch  genever,  Holland  gin] 
ho'llo1,  int.  calling  attention  ;  (n.)  the  cry  h. 
[conn.  w.  holla] 

ho'llo2,  -low1,  -la,  -loa,  v.i.  &  t.    Shout; 
call  to  hounds  ;  (trans.)  shout  (words),  [as  prec] 
ho'llow2,  a.,  n.,  adv.     Having  a  hole,  not 
solid ;  h.  square  ;  empty,  hungry ;  (of  sound) 
not  full-toned;  (fig.)  empty,  insincere,  false; 
(n.)  h.  place,  hole,  valley,  basin  ;  (adv.)  beaten 
h.  (completely) ;  h.-eyed,  with  eyes  deep  sunk ; 
h.-hearted,  insincere.  Hence  ho'llowLY2 adv., 
ho'llowNESS  n.    [ME  holg,  holch,  holu,  a.,  OE 
holh  n.,  prob.  =hol  hole] 
ho'llow3,  v.t.    (Also  h.  out)  excavate ;  bend 
into  hollow  shape,    [f.  prec] 
ho'lly,   n.      Evergreen   shrub   with  glossy 
leaves,  small  green  flowers,  &  red  berries.  [OE 
hole(g)n,  cf.  Du.  &  G  hulst] 
ho'llyhoek,  n.   Tall  plant  with  large  flowers 
of  many  varieties  of  colour,  [f.  HOLY+obs.  hock 
mallow,  OE  hoc,  etym.  dub.] 
holm  l.  -me,  (hom),  n.    Islet,  esp.  in  river  or 
near  mainland ;  flatground  by  river,  submerged 
in  time  of  flood,    [f.  ON  holmr] 
holm2  (hom),  n.      (Usu.  h.-oak)  evergreen 
oak,  ilex,    [corrupt,  of  OE  holen  holly  (from 
resemblance  in  foliage)  +  oak] 
hdlo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  holos  whole,  as :  -graph 
a.  &  n.,  (document)  written  wholly  by  person 
in  whose  name  it  appears ;  -he'dral,  (of  crystal) 
having  full  number  of  planes  for  perfect  sym- 
metry; -meta'bota  n.  pi.,  insects  undergoing 
complete  metamorphosis;  -phote,   apparatus 


for  making  available  all  the  light  of  a  lamp  (in 
lighthouse  &c). 

ho'loeaust,  n.  Whole  burnt-offering ;  whole- 
sale sacrifice  (fig.)  or  destruction,  [f.  Fholocauste 
f.  LL  f.  Gknoi.o(kauston  burnt  f.  kaid)] 

holothup'ian,  a.  &  n.  (Animal)  of  the  genus 
Holothuria,  sea-slug.  [f.  mod.L  Holothuria, 
n.  pi.  f.  Gk  holothourion,  a  zoophyte] 

ho'lstep,  n.  Leather  case  for  pistol,  fixed  to 
saddle  or  worn  on  belt.  [17th-c  E  &  Du.,  cf. 
Icel.  hulstr  case,  Sw.  holster] 

holt,  n.  (Poet.)  wood,  copse ;  wooded  hill. 
[OE,  cf.  Du.  hout  timber,  G  holz  wood,  a  wood] 

ho'ly,  a.  &  n.  Consecrated,  sacred  ;  morally 
&  spiritually  perfect ;  belonging  to,  commis- 
sioned by,  devoted  to,  God ;  of  high  moral  ex- 
cellence; (n.)h.  ofhh.,  inner  chamber  of  sanctu- 
ary in  Jewish  temple,  separated  by  veil  from  h. 
place  or  outer  chamber,  (fig.)  innermost  shrine ; 
h.  cross  (of  Christ) ;  H.  city  ;  H.  Cross  day, 
festival  of  Exaltation  of  the  Cross,  Sep.  14  ;  h.- 
day,  religious  festival ;  H.  family  ;  H.  Ghost, 
Spirit,  third  person  of  the  Godhead  ;  H.  grail  ; 
H.Land, W.Palestine,  esp.  Judaea;  H.  office  ; 
h.  orders  ;  H.  roman  Empire  ;  H.  Thursday, 
(prop.)  Ascension  Day,  (pop.)  Thursday  in  H. 
Week;  H.  Saturday(in  H.  Week);  h.  water,  water 
dedicated  to  h.  uses,  or  blessed  by  a  priest;  H. 
Week  (before  Easter  Sunday);  H.  Writ,  h. 
writings  collectively,  esp.  the  Bible.  [OE  hdlig 
(hdl  whole,  see  -Y2),  cf.  Du.  &  G  heilig) 

ho'lystone,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Scour  with)  soft 
sandstone  used  for  scouring  decks.    [?] 

hom,  n.  Sacred  plant  of  ancient  Persians  & 
Parsees  ;  its  juice.    [Pers.] 

hd'mage,  n.  (Feud.)  formal  public  acknow- 
ledgment of  allegiance;  acknowledgment  of 
superiority,  dutiful  reverence,  as  pay,  do,  h. 
to  (person,  his  qualities),  [f.  OF  ommage  f.  LL 
hominaticum  (homo  -minis  man,  see  -age)] 

home1,  n.,  a.,  adv.  Dwelling-place;  fixed 
residence  of  family  or  household ;  native  land ; 
long  or  last  h.,  the  grave ;  place  where  thing  is 
native  or  most  common  ;  institution  of  refuge 
orrestfordestituteor  infirm  persons;  (in  games) 
goal;  at  h.,  in  one's  own  house  or  native  land, 
at  one's  ease,  familiar  with  or  on  (subject,  &c), 
accessible  to  callers  (esp.  not  at  h.),  (n.)  see  at- 
home  ;  (adj.)  of,  connected  with,  h.;  carried  on 
ath.;  proceedingfromh. ;  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  h. ;  h.  counties,  those  nearest  to  London  ; 
carried  on,  produced,  in  one's  own  country,  as 
h.  industries,  products ;  treating  of  domestic 
affairs  ;  H.  Office,  department  of  Secretary  of 
State  for  H.  Affairs,  building  used  for  this ; 
that  comes  h.  to  one,  as  h.  question,  truth, 
thrust;  (adv.)  to  one's  h.  or  country,  as  come, 
go,  h. ;  arrived  at  h.,  as  he  is  h.  ;  to  the  point 
aimed  at,  as  the  thrust  went  h. ;  bring  charge  h . 
to  person,  convict  him  of  it ;  come  h.  to,  affect 
intimately ;  h.-born,  native ;  h.-bred,  bred  at  h. ; 
h.-cominq,  arrival  at  home ;  h.-feU,  felt  inti- 
mately ;  h.-made,  made  at  h.  or  for  h.  consump- 
tion ;  H.  Rule,  government  of  a  country  (esp. 
Ireland)  by  its  own  citizens ;  h.-sickiness),  de- 
pressed, depression,  as  result  of  absence  from 
h.  Hence  ho'meLESS,  ho'meiiKE,  aa.  [com.- 
Teut. :  OE  ham,  Du.  heem,  G  heim;  (adv.)  accus. 
case  of  this] 

home2,  v.i.  &  t.  Go  home  (esp.  of  pigeons) ; 
furnish  (person  &c.)  with  a  home.    [f.  prec] 

ho'mely,  a.  Simple,  plain  ;  primitive ;  un- 
pretending ;  (of  persons  or  features)  uncomely, 
plain.    Hence  ho'meliNESS  n.    [-ly  l] 

homeo-.    See  homoeo-. 

ho'mep,  n.    Homing  pigeon,    [-er1! 

Home'plc,  a.  Of,  in  the  style  of.  Homer  or 
the  poems  ascribed  to  him.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  homeri- 


HOMESPUN 


HONOUR 


kos  (Homeros,  traditional  author  of  Iliad  & 
Odyssey,  see  -ic] 

ho'mespun,  a.  &  n.  (Cloth  made  of  yarn) 
spun  at  home ;  (anything)  plain,  homely. 

ho'mestead,  n.  House  with  outbuildings ; 
farm.    [OE  hdmstede  (home,  stead)] 

ho'meward,  adv.  &  a.,  -wards,  adv.  (Go- 
ing, leading)  towards  home;  /i.-bound5,  (esp. 
of  ship)  preparing  to  go  home,    [-ward(s)] 

hd'micide,  n.  1.  One  who  kills  a  human 
being.  2.  Killing  of  a  human  being.  Hence 
homicrdAL  a.  [F,  f.  L  (1)  homicida,  (2)  homi- 
cidium  (homo  man,  see  -cide)] 

homile'tic,  a.  &  n.  Of  homilies  ;  (n.  pi.)  art 
of  preaching,  [f.  Gk  homiletikos  (homileo  hold 
converse  with,  as  foil. ;  see  -etic)] 

hd'mily,  n.  Sermon ;  tedious  moralizing 
discourse,  [f.  F  omelie  f.  eccl.  L  f.  Gk  homilia 
f.  homilos  crowd  (homou  together  +  He  crowd)] 

ho'ming-.  a.  That  goes  home  ;  (of  pigeons) 
trained  to  fly  home,    [part  of  home  2] 

hd'miny,  n.  Coarsely  ground  maize  boiled 
with  water  or  milk,    [of  Amer.-Ind.  orig.] 

hd'mo,  n.  (zool.).    Man.    [L] 

hd'mo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  homos  same,  as :  -ce'n- 
tric,  having  same  centre  ;  -gamous,  (Bot.)  hav- 
ing all  florets  hermaphrodite  or  of  same  sex  ; 
-genetic,  having  common  descent  or  origin; 
-geny,  similarity  due  to  common  descent ;  -mor'- 
phic,  -mor'phous,  of  same  or  similar  form; 
-nomous,  having  same  law  of  growth  ;  -phone, 
word  having  same  sound  as  another,  Dut  of 
different  meaning  or  origin,  (also)  symbol  de- 
noting same  sound  as  another ;  -phd'nic,  (Mus.) 
of  same  pitch,  in  unison ;  -phonous,  (of  music) 
in  unison,  (of  symbols)  denoting  same  sound ; 
-phony,  unison  ;  -pla'stic,  similar  in  structure ; 
-tyjie,  part,  organ,  like  another  in  structure. 

hd'moeopath  (-mi-),  n.  One  who  practises 
homoeopathy,    [f.  foil.] 

homoeo'pathy,  n.  Hahnemann's  treat- 
ment of  disease  by  drugs  (usu.  in  minute  doses) 
that  in  healthy  person  would  produce  symptoms 
like  those  of  the  disease.  So  nomoeopa'thic 
a.,  homoeopathic  ally  adv.,  homoeo*- 
pathisx  n.  [f.  Gk  homoios  like  +  -patheia  f. 
pathos  suffering ;  first  used  by  Hahnemann  (G 
homoopathie)] 

homogeneous,  a.  Of  the  same  kind ;  con- 
sisting of  parts  all  of  the  same  kind,  uniform. 
Hence  or  cogn.  homogene'iTY,  homo- 
g-e*neousNESS,  nn.,  homoge'neousi.v- 
adv.  [f.  schol.  L  homogeneus  f.  Gk  HOMO(genes 
f.  genos  kind)  +  -ous] 

homoiou'sian  (-ow-),  a.  &  n.  (One  who  held 
that  Father  &  Son  in  the  Godhead  were)  of  like 
substance (cf.  homoousian).  [f.  Gkhomoiousios 
(homoios  like  +  ousia  essence)  +  -an] 

homo'logate,  v.t.  (Sc).  Acknowledge,  ad- 
mit; confirm.  SohomologATiONn.  [f.med.L 
homologare  f.  Gk  HOMO(Zo£reo  f.  logos  word), 
see -ate3] 

homo'logize  (-j-),  v.i.  &  t.  Be  homologous, 
correspond ;  make  homologous,  [as  foil.  +  -ize] 

homo'logous,  a.  Having  the  same  relation, 
relative  position,  &c;  corresponding,  [f.  med. 
L  f.  Gk  homo(/o0os  ratio)] 

hd'mologrue  (-6g),  n.  Homologous  thing.  [F, 
f.  Gk  (neut  adj.)  as  prec] 

homd'logy,  n.  Correspondence,  sameness  of 
relation.  Hence  homolo'gn  al  a.,  homo- 
lo'glcalL Y  2  adv.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  homologia  (as 
prec.)] 

hd'monym,  n.  Wora  of  same  sound  as  an- 
other but  different  sense ;  namesake.  So  ho- 
monyinic,  homonymous,  aa.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk 
homonumon,  neut.  adj.  (homo-  +  onoma  name)] 

hdmoou'sian,  homou's-,  (-ow),  a.  &  n. 


(One  who  held  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  to  be) 
of  the  same  substance  (cf.  homoiousian).  [f. 
med.Lf.  GkHOMO(ot*siosf.  OMStaessence)  +  -AN] 

homu'ncule,  -cle,  n.  Little  man,  mannikin. 
[f.  L  homunculus  (homo  -minis  man,  see  -cule)1 

ho'my.a.  Suggesting  home,  home-like.  1-y*J 

hone,  n.,  &  v.t.  Whetstone,  esp.  for  razors ; 
various  ston es  as  material  f  or  this ;  ( v.  t. )  sharpe n 
on  h.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  hdn,  cf.  ON  hein,  Da.  heen] 

ho'nest  (6-),  a.  Fair  &  upright  in  speech  & 
act,  not  lying,  cheating,  nor  stealing ;  sincere  ; 
(of  act  or  feeling)  showing  uprightness ;  (of  gain 
&c.)  gained  by  fair  means,  as  turn,  earn,  an  h. 
penny;  (of  things)  unadulterated,  unsophisti- 
cated ;  (archaic,  of  woman)  chaste,  virtuous ; 
make  an  h.  woman  of,  marry  (seduced  woman); 
(patronizing  or  facet.)  good,  worthy.  Hence 
ho'nestLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  honeste  f.  L  honestus 
honourable,  handsome  (honos  honour)] 

ho'nesty  (6-),  n.  Uprightness ;  truthfulness ; 
plant  with  purple  flowers  &  semi-transparent 
pods.    [f.  OF onestei.  L  honestatem  (prec,  -ty)] 

ho'ney  (liii-),  n.  Sweet  viscid  yellow  fluid, 
the  nectar  of  flowers  collected  by  bees  &  other 
insects;  (flg.)  sweetness;  (also  Sc.  &  North. 
hinnie,  -ny)  sweetheart,  darling ;  h.-bee,  common 
hive-bee  ;  h.-buzzard,  bird  of  prey  feeding  on 
larvae  of  bees  &  wasps ;  h.-dew,  sweet  sticky 
substance  found  on  leaves  &  stems,  held  to  bo 
excreted  by  aphides,  ideally  sweet  substance, 
tobacco  sweetened  with  molasses ;  honeysuckle, 
woodbine,  climbing  shrub  with  fragrant  yellow 
flowers ;  h.-sweet,  sweet  as  h.  Hence  ho'ney  - 
ed2,  -nied,  a.    [OE  hunig,  cf.  Du.,  G,  honig] 

honeycomb  (m),  n.,  &  v.t.  Bees'  wax 
structure  of  hexagonal  cells  for  honey  &  eggs ; 
cavernous  flaw  in  metal,  esp.  guns ;  ornamental 
or  other  work  hexagonally  arranged  ;  (v.t.)  fill 
with  cavities,  undermine,  mark  with  h.  pattern, 
[(vb  f.  n.)  OE  hunigcamb,  see  prec.  and  comb] 

ho'ney  moon,  n.,  &  v.i.  Holiday  spent  to- 
gether by  newly-married  couple ;  (v.i.)  spend  h. 
(in,  at,  place),  [(vb  f.  n.)  honey  +  moon,  refer- 
ence being  orig.  to  waning  affection,  not  to 
period  of  a  month] 

hong*,  n.  (In  China)  set  of  buildings  used  as 
factory  &c;  foreign  trading  establishment  in 
China  or  Japan,    [f.  Chin,  hang  row,  rank] 

honopap*ium  (ho-,  6-),  n.  (pi.  -urns,  -a).  Fee 
for  professional  services.    [LL  as  foil.] 

ho'norary  (6-),  a.  Conferred  as  an  honour 
(without  the  usual  requirements,  functions, 
&c.) ;  holding  h.  title  or  position  ;  h.  secretary, 
treasurer,  Sec,  serving  without  pay  (abbr. 
hon.);  (of  obligations)  depending  on  honour, 
not  legally  enforceable,  [f.  L  honorarius  (as 
honour,  see  -ary  l)\ 

honori'fie  (6-),  a.  &  n.  (Expression)  implying 
respect  (esp.  of  Oriental  forms  of  speech),  [f.  L 
honorificus  (as  foil.,  see  -fic)] 

honour1  (6'ner),  n.  High  respect;  glory; 
reputation,  good  name ;  nobleness  of  mind ; 
allegiance  to  what  is  right  or  to  conventional 
standard  of  conduct ;  (of  woman)  chastity,  repu- 
tation for  this ;  exalted  position ;  thingconf  erred 
as  distinction  ;  (pi.)  civilities  rendered  to  guests 
&c,  esp.  do  the  hh.  of  (the  table,  a  house,  the 
town,  etc.);  last,  funeral,  hh.,  observances  of 
respect  at  funeral;  military  hh.,  marks  of  re- 
spect paid  by  troops  at  burial  of  officer,  to 
royalty,  &c. ;  hh.  of  war,  privileges  granted  to 
capitulating  force,  as  that  of  marching  out  with 
colours  flying  &c. ;  (Univ. ,  pi. )  special  distinction 
for  proficiency  beyond  that  required  to  pass 
examination ;  person,  thing,  that  reflects  h.  on 
(to)  another,  as  he  is  an  h,  to  his  profession ;  (in 
Whist)  ace,  king,  queen,  knave,  of  trumps ; 
(Commerc. )  acceptance  (of  protested  bill  by  third 


HONOUR 


392 


HOPPER 


party  )for  the  h.  of  (to  save  the  credit  of)  drawer 
or  indorser ;  in  h.  (celebration)  of;  bound  in  h. 
(as  a  moral  duty)  to  (do) ;  be  on  one's  h.  (under 
moral  obligation)  to  (do) ;  (forms  of  asseveration) 
upon  my  h.,  (colloq.)  h.  bright;  code,  law,  of  h., 
rules  forming  conventional  standard  of  con- 
duct;    AFFAIR,    DEBT,    LEGION,    MAID,    POINT, 

word  \  of  h.  [f.  OF  onor  f.  L  honorem  (nom. 
•or)  repute,  office,  beauty] 

ho'nour2, v.t,  Respecthighly ; conferdignity 
upon  ;  (Commerc.)  accept,  pay,  (bill)  when  due. 
[f.  OF  honorer  f.  L  honorare  (as  prec.)] 

ho-nourable,  a.  Worthy  of  honour ;  bring- 
ing honour  to  its  possessor;  consistent  with 
honour;  upright;  title  (abbr.  Hon.)  of  children 
of  peers  below  rank  of  Marquess,  Maids  of 
Honour,  Justices  of  High  Court,  Lords  of 
Session,  members  of  Government  or  Executive 
Councils  in  India  &  Colonies ;  Most  H,  title 
of  Marquesses,  Order  of  Bath,  &  Privy  Coun- 
cil; Right  H.,  title  of  peers  below  rank  of 
Marquess,  Privy  Councillors,  &  others.  Hence 
ho'noupabLY 2  adv.  [f.  OF  honorable  f.  L 
honorabilis  (as  prec,  see  -ble)] 

hood,  n.,  &  v.t.  Covering  for  head  &  neck, 
whether  part  of  cloak  &c.  or  separate ;  (Univ.) 
badge  worn  over  gown  &c.  to  indicate  degree; 
leather  covering  for  hawk's  head ;  thing  like  h. 
in  shape  or  use ;  (v.t.)  cover  with  h.  Hence 
hoo'dED  2  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  hod,  cf.  Du.  hoed, 
Ghut  hat] 

-hdbd.    See  -head. 

hoo'die,  -dy,  n.  (Also  h.-crow)  Hooded  or 
Royston  Crow,    [hood  x  +  -Y  3] 

hoo'dman-blmd,  n.  Old  name  for  blind- 
man's-buff. 

hoo'dwink,  v.t.  Deceive,  humbug;  blind- 
fold^   [hood  n.  +  WINK  V.J 

hoof,  n.(pl.  -fs,  -ves),  &  v.t.  &i.  Horny  casing  of 
footof  horse  &  other  animals ;  cloven/?.;  (facet.) 
human  foot ;  h.-pad,  pad  to  prevent  one  foot 
from  striking  the  other ;  h.-pick  (for  removing 
stones  from  h.) ;  (v.t)  strike  with  h.,  (slang,  of 
person)  kick  out  &c;  (v.i.)  go  on  foot.  Hence 
<-)hoofED2a.  [(vbf.  n.)  com.-Teut.:  OEhof,  Du. 
hoe£  G  huf] 

hook1,  n.  Piece  of  metal  or  other  material 
bent  back  or  having  sharp  angle,  for  catching 
hold  or  for  hanging  things  upon ;  (also  fish-h.) 
bent  piece  of  wire,  usu.  barbed,  for  catching 
fish;  (fig.)  trap,  snare;  curved  cutting  instru- 
ment, esp.  reaping-h.;  h.  &  eye,  small  metal  h. 
&  loop  as  dress-fastening ;  sharp  bend,  e.g.  in 
river;  projecting  point  of  land,  esp.  H.  of 
Holland;  =  pot-£;  by  h.  or  by  crook,  by  fair 
means  or  foul;  drop  off  the  hh.,  (slang)  die; 
(slang)  on  one's  own  h.  (account);  h.-nose(d), 
(having)  aquiline  nose.  [OE  hoc,  cf.  Du.  hoek 
corner,  point  of  land] 

hook2,  v.t.  &  i.  Grasp  with  hook;  secure 
with  hook(s) ;  h.  on,  in,  up,  &c,  attach  with 
hook ;  (intr.)  join  on,  fit  on  ;  steal ;  catch  (fish) 
with  hook  (also  fig.) ;  (Golf)  drive  (ball)  widely 
to  left ;  (Cricket)  play  (ball)  round  from  off  to  on 
sidewithout  hitting  it  at  the  pitch,    [f.  prec] 

hob'kah  (-ka),  n.  Smoking-pipe  with  long 
flexible  tube,  smoke  beingdrawn  through  water 
in  vase  to  which  tube  and  bowl  are  attached, 
[f.  Arab,  huqqah,  casket,  hookah-bottle] 

hooked,  a.  Hook-shaped ;  furnished  with 
hook(s).     [-EDl.  2] 

hdb'kep,  n.  Two-masted  Dutch  fishing- 
vessel;  one-masted  fishing  smack,  [prob.  f. 
Dn.Jioeker  (hoek  hook)] 

hoo'lee,  hd'li  (-le),  n.  Hindu  festival  in  hon- 
°£r-  f  Krishna  &  the  milkmaids.    [Hind,  (-i)] 

hoo-ligan,  n.  One  of  gang  of  young  street 
roughs.    Hence  hoo'li£raniSM(3)  n.    [name] 


hoop J,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Circular  band  of  metal,  wood, 
&c. ,  esp.  for  binding  staves  of  casks  &c ;  wooden 
or  iron  circle  trundled  along  by  child ;  circle  of 
elastic  material  for  expanding  woman's  skirt ; 
iron  arch  used  in  croquet ;  h.  -petticoat  (expand- 
ed by  hh.) ;  (v.t.)  bind  with  hh.,  surround  as  h. 
does.    f(vb  f.  n.)  OE  hop,  cf.  Du.  hoep] 

hoop2,  v.i.,  &  n.  Utter  the  cry  h. ;  hooping- 
cough,  contagious  disease,  esp.  of  children,  with 
short  violent  cough  followed  by  long  sonorous 
inspiration;  (n.)  the  cry  h.,  sound  heard  in 
hooping-cough,  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  houper  (houp, 
imit.) ;  whoopis  late  spelling] 

hoo'poe  (-oo),  n.  S.-European  bird  with 
variegated  plumage  &  large  erectile  crest. 
[earlier  hoop  f.  F  huppe  tuft,  crest,  bird,  f.  pop. 
L  upupa  =  L  upupa  hoopoe] 

hoot,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Make  loud  sounds,  esp. 
of  disapproval  (at  or  abs.) ;  assail  (person  &c.) 
with  derisive  shouts;  drive  (person)  out,  away, 
&c  by  hooting ;  (of  owl)  utter  cry ;  (of  steam 
whistle  &c)sound  (intr.);  (n. )  inarticulate  shout, 
esp.  of  derision  or  disapprobation ;  owl's  cry. 
[(n._f.  vb)  ME  huten,  perh.  imit.] 

hoot(s),  int.  (3c  &  north.)  expr.  dissatisfac- 
tion or  impatience,  [cf.  Sw.  hut  begone,  W 
hwt  away,  Ir.  ut  out,  all  in  sim.  sense 

hoo'ter,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  siren,  steam 
whistle,  esp.  as  signal  for  work  to  begin  or 
cease.    [-ER x] 

hoove,  n.  Disease  of  cattle,  with  inflation  of 
stomach,  usu.  caused  by  green  fodder,  [f.  OE 
hof-,  a  stem  of  heave] 

hop  \  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Climbing  perennial  plant, 
cultivated  for  the  cones  borne  by  the  female  ; 
(pi.)  ripe  cones  of  this,  used  for  giving  bitter  fla- 
vour to  malt  liquor  &c;  h.-bind,  -bine,  climbing 
stem  of  h.;  h.-fly,  aphis  destructive  to  hh.;  h.- 
garden,  field  for  cultivation  of  hh.;  h.-picker, 
labourer,  machine,  employed  to  pick  hh.;  h.-pil- 
low  (stuffed  with  hh.,  to  produce  sleep) ;  ft. -poc- 
ket ;  h.-pole  (on  which  h.  plant  is  trained) ;  (v.t.) 
flavour  with,  bear,  hh.;  (v.i.)  gather  hh.  [(vb  f. 
n.)  earlier  hoppe,  MDu.,  etym.  dub.] 

hop  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Spring  (of  person)  on  one  foot, 
(of  animals)  with  all  feet  at  once;  (trans.)  h. 
over  (ditch  &c) ;  (slang)  h.  (the  twig),  depart 
suddenly,  die  ;  hop-o'-my-thumb,  dwarf,  pigmy; 
hopscotch,  child's  game  of  hopping  on  one  foot 
&  with  it  pushing  flat  stone  &c,  over  scotches 
(lines)  marked  on  ground.  [OE  hoppian,  cf. 
Sw.  hoppa,  Da.  hoppe,  G  hopfen] 

hop3,  n.  Hopping  ;  spring  ;  (colloq.)  dance  : 
h.,  skip  (or  step),  &jump,  exercise  consisting  of 
these  three  movements  in  sequence,    [f.  prec] 

hope  \  n.  Expectation  &  desire  combined  (of 
thing,  of  doing,  that) ;  feeling  of  trust ;  ground 
of  h. ;  person,  thing,  thath.  centres  in ;  forlorn 
hope.    IOE  hopa,  cf.  Du.  hoop,  G  hoffe] 

hope  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Look  with  expectation  &  de- 
sire (for  thing  or  abs.) ;  expect  &  desire  (thing, 
that,  to  do).    [OE  hopian,  cf.  Du.  hopen] 

ho'peful,  a.  &  n.  Feeling  hope ;  inspiring 
hope,  promising,  often  iron,  as  (n.)  young  h.  (of 
boy  or  girl).  Hence  ho*pefulLY2adv.,  ho*pe- 

fUlNESS  n.     [HOPE  *  +  -FUL] 

ho'peless,  a.  Feeling  no  hope ;  admitting  no 
hope,  as  a  h.  case.  Hence  ho'peless  ly  2  adv. , 
ho'pelessNESS  n.    [-less] 

ho'plite,  n.  Heavy-armed  foot-soldier  of  an- 
cient Greece,  [f.  Gk  hoplites  (hoplon  weapon, 
see  -ite1)] 

ho'ppei*  \  n.  One  who  hops ;  hopping  insect, 
esp.  flea;  inverted  pyramid  or  cone  (orig.  with 
hopping  motion)  through  which  grain  passes  in 
mill ;  similar  contrivance  in  various  machines ; 
barge  carrying  away  mud  &c  from  dredging- 
machine  &  discharging  it.    [hop2  +  -ER l] 


hopper a 

ho'ppep2,  n.    Hop-picker,    [hop  i  +  -er  i] 

ho'pple,  v.t.,  &  n.  Fasten  together  legs  of 
Jhorse  &c);  <n.)  apparatus  for  this.  [(n.  f.  vb) 
etym.  dub.;  earlier  than  hobble  in  this  sense] 

hoP'apy,  a.  Of  the  hours ;  occurring  every 
hour.  [f.  med.L  horarius (hora  hour,  see  -ary1)] 

Hopa'tian  (-shn),  a.  Of,  like,  (the  poems  of) 
Horace  (Q.  Horatius  Flaccus,  d.  B.c.  8),  [f.  L 
Horatianus  (Horatius,  see  -an)] 

hopde,  n.  Troop  of  Tartar  or  other  nomads; 
gang,  troop,  (usu.  in  contempt.),  [ult.  f.  Turki 
orda,  see  urdu] 

hore'hound,  hoar-,  n.  Herb  with  bitter 
aromatic  juice  used  for  coughs  &c.  (also  com- 
mon, white,  h.) ;  other  allied  herbs.  [OE  hare 
hune  (hdr  hoar  +  hune,  a  plant)] 

hopi'zon,  n.  Line  at  which  earth  &  sky  ap- 
pear to  meet;  apparent,  sensible,  visible,  h., 
circle  of  contact  with  earth's  surface  of  a  cone 
whose  vertex  is  at  observer's  eye ;  celestial, 
rational,  true,  h.,  great  circle  of  the  celestial 
sphere,  plane  of  which  passes  through  centre 
of  earth  &  is  parallel  to  that  of  sensible  h.  of  a 
place ;  (fig.)  limit  of  mental  perception,  experi- 
ence, interest,  &c.  [f.  OF  orizonte  r.  LL  hortzon- 
tem  (nom.  -on)  f.  Gk  horizon  (kuklos)  bounding 
(circle),  part,  of  horizo  (horos  boundary,  -ize)J 

hopizo'ntal,  a.  &  n.  Of,  at,  the  horizon  ;  pa- 
rallel to  the  plane  of  this,  at  right  angles  to 
the  vertical;  level,  flat;  (of  machinery  &c.) 
having  its  parts  working  in  h.  direction ;  (n.) 
h.  line,  bar,  &c.  Hence  horizonta'lixv  n., 
hopizo'ntalLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  prec.  +  -al] 

horn  i,  n.  Non-deciduous  excrescence,  often 
curved  &  pointed,  on  head  of  cattle,  sheep, 
goats,  &  other  mammals,  found  in  pairs,  single, 
or  one  in  front  of  another ;  take  the  bull  by  the 
hh.;  each  of  two  deciduous  branched  appen- 
dages on  head  of  deer ;  projection  on  head  of 
other  animals,  as  snail's  tentacles,  insect's  an- 
tennae, crest  of  horned  owl ;  draw  in  one's  hh., 
restrain  one's  ardour,  draw  back  ;  substance  of 
which  hh.  consist ;  h.-shavings  (used  as  man- 
ure);  thing  made  of  h.,  as  SHOE-ft.;  drinking- 
vessel,  powder-flask,  made  of  h.;  h.  of  plenty, 
•=  cornucopia  ;  wind  instrument  (not  now 
made  of  h.),  as  hunting-h.,  French-h,  (of  trum- 
pet class),  English  h.  (kind  of  oboe) ;  h.-shaped 
projection ;  extremity  of  moon  or  other  cres- 
cent; arm,  branch,  of  bay,  river,  &c;  either 
alternative  of  a  dilemma ;  h.-bar,  cross-bar  of 
carriage ;  hornbeam,  small  tough- wooded  tree 
used  in  hedges ;  hornbill,  bird  with  h.-like  ex- 
crescence on  bill ;  h.-book  (hist.),  paper  contain- 
ing alphabet,  Lord's  Prayer,  &c,  mounted  on 
wooden  tablet  with  handle,  &  protected  by  thin 
plate  of  h.;  h.-mad,  (archaic)  stark  mad  (orig. 
of  horned  beasts) ;  h.-plate,  axle-guard  of  rail- 
way carriage ;  h omstone,  brittle  siliceous  rock. 
Hence  1iop*iiful  n.,  hop*nLESS  a.  [com.- 
Teut.:  OE  &  ON  horn,  Goth,  haum,  cogn.  w. 
L  cornu,  Gk  keras] 

horn  2,  v.t.  Furnish  with  horns  (esp.  in  p.p.); 
gore  with  the  horns ;  adjust  (frame  of  ship)  at 
right  angles  to  line  of  keel.    [f.  prec] 

hop'nblende  (-d),  n.  Dark  brown,  black,  or 
green  mineral,  a  constituent  of  granite  &  many 
rocks,  composed  chiefly  of  silica,  magnesia,  & 
lime.    [G  (horn  horn  +  blende)] 

hop'ner,  n.  Maker  of  horn  spoons,  combs, 
&c;  one  who  blows  a  horn.  '  [horn  1  +  -er  i] 

hop*net,  n.  Large  insect  of  wasp  family,  in- 
flicting serious  sting ;  bring  hornets'  nest  about 
one's  ears,  stir  up  host  of  enemies.  [OE  hyr- 
net(u),  cf.  MDu.  hornete,  LG  hornt,  G  hornisse] 

hop'npipe,  n.  Obsolete  wind  instrument; 
(music  for)  lively  dance,  usu.  of  single  person 
(esp.  associated  with  merrymaking  of  sailors). 


3 HORSE 

hop*ny,  a.  Of,  like,  horn ;  abounding  in  horns; 
hard  as  horn,  callous,  as  h.-handed.     Hence 


hop'niNESsn.    [-Y2] 
i,  n.  Ti 

OgEK  " 

orloge  f.  L  f.  Gk  horologion  (hora  time  +  -logos 


hd'pologei-j), 


ime-piece,  dial,  clock.  So 
hopo'log-EK  i(3),  hopo*log'isT(3),  nn.    [f.  OF 


-telling)] 

hopd'logy,  n.  Art  of  measuring  time  or 
making  clocks.  So  hoPolo'gric(AL)  aa.  [f.  Gk 
hora  time  +  -o-  +  -logy] 

hopo'ptep,  n.    Aggregate  of  points  seen  sin- 

ffle  in  any  given  position  of  eyes.  [f.  Gk  horos 
imit  +  opter  one  who  looks] 

ho'roseope,  n.  (astrol.).  Observation  of  sky 
&  planets  at  certain  moment,  esp.  at  person  s 
birth  ;  scheme  showing  disposition  of  the  hea- 
vens at  particular  moment;  cast  a  h.,  erect 
such  scheme  by  calculating  degree  of  ecliptic  on 
eastern  horizon  at  person's  birth  &c.  So  horo- 
sco*pic( al)  aa.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  horoscopos  (hora 
time  +  skopos  observer)] 

h6'ppent,a.  (poet.).  Bristling,  [f.  L  horrerc 
bristle,  shudder  at,  see  -ent] 

hd'PPible,  a.  Exciting,  fit  to  excite,  horror  ; 
hideous,  shocking  ;  (colloq.)  excessive,  unplea- 
sant, as  h.  noise,  bore,  weather.  Hence  ho'P- 
pibleNESS  n. ,  ho'ppibLY  2  adv.  [OF,  f .  L  hor- 
ribilis  (as  prec,  see  -ble)] 

ho*ppid,a.  Terrible,  frightful ;  (poet, archaic) 
rough,  bristling  ;  (colloq.)  as  prec.  Hence  ho'P- 
pidLY2  adv.,  ho*ppidNESS  n.  [f.  L  horrid  us 
(as  prec,  see  -id  i)] 

ho'PPify,  v.t.  Excite  horror  in  ;  shock,  scan- 
dalize. So  hoppi'Fic  a.,  hoppiFiCATiON  n. 
(facet),  [f.  L  horrificare  (as horrent,  see-FV)] 

hd'PPOP,  n.  Terrified  shuddering ;  intense 
dislike  (of) ;  (Med. )  shuddering,  as  symptom  of 
;  tlu 


lie  hh.,  fit  of  h.  or  depression,  esp.  as 
in  delirium  tremens  ;  h.-struck,  shocked  ;  hor- 
rifying thing ;  Chamber  of  Hh.,  place  full  of 
hh.  (orig.  room  of  criminals  &c  in  Tussaud's 
waxwork  exhibition),  [f.  OF  orror  f.  L  horror- 
em  (as  prec,  see  -or1)] 

hops  (F),  adv.  &  prep.  Outside,  as  h.  concours, 
(of  exhibit)  not  competing  for  prize ;  h.  de  combat 
pred.  a.,  outof  fight,  disabled ;  h.  d'cev.vre  (pl.usu. 
-s),  extra  dish  served  as  relish  at  beginning  or  in 
interval  of  meal. 

horse1,  n.  Solid-hoofed  quadruped  with 
flowing  mane  &  tail,  used  as  beast  of  burden  & 
draught,  &  for  riding  on ;  (esp.)  adult  male  h., 
stallion  or  gelding,  (cf.  mare,  colt)  ;  (collect, 
pi.)  cavalry;  light  h„  lightly  armed  mounted 
soldiers ;  8EA-ft. ;  vaulting-block  in  gymnasium; 
frame  (often  with  legs)  on  which  something  is 
supported,  as  clothes-h.;  (Naut)  rope,  bar,  in 
various  uses ;  (Mining)  obstruction  in  vein  ;  to 
A.,(ascommand)  mount  your  h. ;  flog  a  dead  h. ; 
grin  through  a  h.-collar,  practise  elementary 
humour ;  look  a  gift  h.  in  the  mouth,  find  fault 
with  a  gift  \mount,  ride,thehigh  &,putonairs; 
dark,  willing,  h.;  put  the  cart  before  the 
h. ;  eat,  work,  like  a  h.  (much) ;  on  horseback, 
mounted  on  a  h.;  h.  artillery  (of  mounted 
soldiers) ;  h.-block,  small  platform  of  stone  or 
wood  for  mounting  h.;  h.-box,  closed  vehicle  for 
taking  h.  by  rail  or  for  slinging  h.  into  ship, 
(facet)  large  pew ;  h.-breaker,  one  who  breaks 
in  hh.;  h.-chestnut,  large  tree  with  conical  clus- 
ters of  white  or  pink  flower,  fruit  of  this  (like 
edible  chestnut,  but  of  coarse  bitter  taste) ;  h.- 
cloth  (used  to  cover  h.,  or  as  part  of  trappings); 
h. -coper  ;  h.-flesh,  flesh  of  h.,  esp.  as  food,  horses 
collectively ;  h.-fly,  insect  (of  various  kinds) 
troublesome  to  nn.;  H.  Guards,  cavalry  bri- 

fade  of  English  Household  troops,  esp.  (Koyal 
J.  G.)  third  regiment  of  it,  (also)  head-quarters 
of  such  cavalry,  esp.  a  building  opposite  White- 

13* 


HORSE 


HOTTENTOT 


hall,(also)  military  authorities  at  head  of  army ; 
horse-hair,  hair  from  mane  or  tail  of  h.  (often 
attrib.) ;  h.  latitudes,  belt  of  calms  at  northern 
edge  of  N.E.  trade- winds ;  h.-laugh,\oud coarse 
laugh ;  h.-leech,  large  kind  of  leech,  insatiable 
person,  (daughters  of  the  h.-leech,  Prov.  xxx. 
15) ;  horseman,  (skilled)  rider  on  horseback ; 
horsemanship,  art  of  riding,  skill  in  riding,  on 
horseback;  n.-marines,  imaginary  corps  of 
mounted  marines,  as  type  of  men  out  of  their 
element,  (prov.)  tell  that  (nonsense)  to  the  h.- 
marines ;  h.-play,  boisterous  play ;  h.-pond 
(for  watering  &  washing  horses,  prov.  as  duck- 
ing-place for  obnoxious  persons) ;  h.-power, 
machine  by  which  work  of  h.  is  made  to  drive 
other  machinery,  (Mech.)  unit  of  work,  =  550 
foot-pounds  per  second  (abbr.  h.p.) ;  h.-race 
(between  hh.  with  riders) ;  h.-radish,  plant 
whose  pungent  root  is  scraped  or  grated  as  con- 
diment ;  horseshoe,  iron  shoe  for  h.,  thing  of 
this  shape ;  h.-tail,  tail  of  h.  (used  in  Turkey  as 
standard,  or  as  ensign  denoting  rank  of  pasha), 

fenus  of  cryptogamous  plants  like  h.  s  tail ; 
orse-whip,  whip  for  h.,  (v.t.)  chastise  (person) 
with  this  ;  horsewoman,  woman  who  rides  on 
horseback.  Hence  hop'se less  a.  |com.-Teut.: 
OE  hors,  OHG  hros,  Du.  ros,  G  ross] 

hoPse2,v.t&i.  Provide  (person,  vehicle)  with 
horse(s);  carry  (person)  on  one's  back;  place  per- 
son on  man's  back  to  be  flogged ;  (intr.)  mount, 
go,  on  horseback,    [f.  precj 

hop'sy,  a.  Concerned  with,  addicted  to, 
horses  or  horse-racing  ;  affecting  dress  &  lan- 
guage of  groom  or  jockey.  Hence  hop'siLY  2 
adv.,  hor'siNESS  n.    [f.  horse  *  +  -y  2] 

hop'tative,  a.  Tending,  serving,  to  exhort. 
So  hop*tatORY  a.  [f.  L  hortativus  (hortari 
exhort,  see  -ive)] 

hop'ticultupe  (-tsher),  n.  Art  of  garden 
cultivation.  Hence  hopticu'ltuPAL  a.,  hop- 
tieirltupiST  n.  [f.  L  hortus  garden +culture] 

hor'tus  si'ccus,  n.  Arranged  collection  of 
dried  plants.    [L,= dry  garden] 

ho'sanna  (-z-),  n.  Cry  of  h.,  shout  of  adora- 
tion, (Matt.  xxi.  9, 15,  &c).  [LL  f.  Gk  hosanna 
t.  Heb.  hosha'na  for  hoshi'ahnna  save,  pray !] 

hose  (-z),  n.,  &  v.t  (Collect,  as  pi.)  stockings, 
half-h.,  socks,  (now  chiefly  shop) ;  (w.  pi.  hoses) 
flexible  tube  for  watering  plants  &c;  (v.t.) pro- 
vide with  h.,  drench  or  water  with  h.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
OE  hosa,  cf.  Du.  hoos,  G  hose] 

ho'sier  (-zher),  n.  Dealer  in  hose  &  frame- 
knitted  or  woven  underclothing.  Hence  ho'si- 

ERY(l)  n.     [f.  HOSE  1  +  -IER] 

hd'spice,  n.  House  of  rest  for  travellers, 
esp.  one  kept  by  religious  order ;  home  for  the 
destitute  or  sick.   [F,  f.  L  hospitium  (as  host  2)J 

hd'spitable,  a.  Giving,  disposed  to  give, 
welcome  &  entertainment  to  strangers  or 
guests.  Hence  ho'spitabLY2  adv.  [F,  f. 
med.L  hospitare  entertain,  as  prec,  -able] 

hd'spital,  n.  Institution  for  care  of  the  sick 
or  wounded ;  charitable  institution  (in  proper 
names,  as  Christ's  H.,  school  in  London) ;  (Hist.) 
hospice,  establishment  of  Knights  Hospitallers; 
h.  fever  (typhus  arising  from  exhalations  from 
diseased  bodies) ;  H.  Saturday,  Sunday,  days 
on  which  money  is  collected  in  streets  &c. 
(Saturday),  in  churches  (Sunday),  for  the  local 
hh.  [OF,  f.  med.L  hospitale  neut.  adj.  place  for 
guests  (as  host2,  see  -al)] 

hospitalism,  n.  (Hygienic  imperfections 
of)  the  hospital  system,    [-ism] 

hospita'lity,  n.  Friendly  &  liberal  recep- 
tion of  guests  or  strangers,  [f.  OF  hospitalite 
f .  L  hospitalitatem  (as  hospital,  see  -ty)] 

no-spital(l)ep,  n.  Member  of  charitable 
religious  order;  (in  some  London  hospitals) 


chaplain ;  Knights  Hh. ,  order  of  military  mem- 
bers founded  c.  1048.  [f.  OF  hospitalier  i. 
med.L  hospitalarius  (as  prec,  see  -ary  *)j 

hd'spodar,  n.  Lord  (formerly  title  of  gover- 
nors of  Wallachia  &  Moldavia).  [Roumanian, 
of  Slav,  orig.] 

host  K  n.  Large  number  (of) ;  (archaic)  army ; 
(bibl.)  Lord  (God)  of  hh.  (armies),  host(s)  of 
heaven,  sun,  moon,  &  stars,  (also)  angels.  IOF, 
f.  L  hostis  stranger,  enemy] 

host2,  n.  One  who  lodges  another ;  landlord 
of  inn  ;  reckon  without  one's  h.,  overlook  diffi- 
culty, opposition,  &c. ;  (bibl.)  animal,  plant, 
having  parasite  or  commensal,  [f.  OF  oste  f.  L 
hospitem  (nom.  -pes)  host,  guest] 

host 3,  n.  Bread  consecrated  in  the  Eucharist. 
[f.  OF  oiste  f.  L  hostia  victim] 

ho'stage,  n.  Person  given  to  another  as 
pledge ;  pledge,  security ;  h.  to  fortune,  person, 
thing,  that  one  may  lose.  Hence  ho*stag-e- 
ship  n.    [OF,  f.  L  obses  -idis  hostage,  see  -age] 

hd'stel,  n.  (Archaic)  inn  ;  house  of  residence 
for  university  students  &c.  [OF  (as  hospital)] 

hd'stelpy,  n.  (archaic).  Inn.  [f.  OF  ostel- 
erie  (ostelier  innkeeper,  f.  med.L  as  hospital- 
ler, see  -ery)] 

ho'stess,  n.  Woman  who  entertains  guests  ; 
mistress  of  inn.    [f.  OF  ostesse  (host  2,  -ess  *)] 

ho'stile,  a.  Of  an  enemy  ;  unfriendly  ;  op- 
posed. Hence  ho'stileLY2  adv.  [LLhostilis 
(as  host  1,  see  -il)1 

hostility,  n.  Enmity ;  state  of  warfare ; 
(pi.)  acts  of  warfare ;  opposition  (in  thought 
&c).    [f.  LL  hostilitas  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

hostler  (6#sler),  n.     =  ostler. 

hot l,  a.  &  adv.  Of  a  high  temperature  ;  very 
warm;  communicating  or  feeling  heat ;  produc- 
ing the  sensation  of  heat,  as  h.  fever,  blush  ; 
(of  pepper  &c)  pungent,  biting ;  ardent,  pas- 
sionate ;  angry ;  excited  ;  exciting  ;  (Hunt,  of 
scent)  strong ;  (fig.,  of  news  &c)  fresh,  recent ; 
blow1  h.  &  cold;  h.  &  h.,  (of  food)  served  as 
soon  as  cooked ;  give  it  him  h.,  chastise,  repri- 
mand, him  severely ;  make  it  or  the  place  too  h. 
(uncomfortable,  by  persecution  &c )  to  hold  him ; 
(adv.)  hotly,  eagerly,  angrily;  hotbed,  bed  of 
earth  heated  by  fermenting  manure,  (fig.)  place 
favourable  to  growth  o/(vice  &c) ;  h.  blast  (of 
heated  air  forced  into  furnace) ;  h.-blooded, 
ardent,  passionate  ;  h.-brained,  -headed,  excit- 
able ;  hothead,  impetuous  person ;  hothouse, 
building  (usu.  with  glass  root  &  sides)  for  grow- 
ing plants  out  of  season  or  in  colder  climate ;  h.- 
pot,  mutton,  beef,  with  potatoes  &c  cooked  in 
oven  in  tight-lidded  pot;  h.-press,  press  of 
glazed  boards  &  hot  metal  plates  for  smoothing 
paper  or  cloth,  (v.t.)  press  (paper  &c)  in  this  ; 
h.-short,  (of  iron)  brittle  in  its  h.  state  ;  hotspur, 
rash  person  (surname  of  Sir  H.  Percy,  d.  1403) ; 
h.  water,  (fig.)  trouble,  disgrace,  scrape  ;  h.  well, 
spring  of  naturally  h.  water,  reservoir  in  con- 
densing steam-engine.  Hence  ho'tLY2  adv., 
hotNESS  n.  [com.-Teut :  OE  hat,  Du.  heet, 
G  heiss,  cf.  heat] 

hot2,  v.t.  (vulg.).    Heat.    [f.  prec] 

ho'tchpotch,  -pot,  n.  Dish  of  many  mixed 
ingredients,  esp.  mutton  broth  with  vegetables : 
(Law)  blending  of  properties  for  purpose  of 
securing  equal  division  (esp.  of  property  of  in- 
testate parent) ;  mixture,  medley,  [f.  F  hoche- 
pot  (hocher  shake + pot)  ;  -potch  by  assim.] 

hote'l  (or  6-),  n.  House  for  entertainment  of 
travellers  &c,  (usu.  large)  inn.  [F,  later  form 
of  HOSTEL] 

Ho*ttentdt,  n.  Member  of  S. -African  race 
formerly  occupying  region  near  the  Cape  ;  (fig. ) 
person  of  inferior  intellect  or  culture.  [Du., 
perh.= stammerer]  . 


HOUGH 3i 

hough  (hok),  n.,  &  v.t.  Joint  of  quadruped's 
hind  leg  between  true  knee  &  fetlock;  (v.t.) 
hamstring.  Hence  hou'grhER1  n.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  14th  c. ;  =  OE  hoh  human  heel,  cogn.  w.  heel! 

hound1  (how-),  n.  Dog  for  chase,  esp.  one 
hunting  by  scent ;  the  hh.,  pack  of  fox-hh. ; 
master  of  hh. ;  despicable  man ;  player  who 
follows  scent  in  hare  &  hh. ;  h.  's  tongue,  genus 
of  boraginaceous  plants.  Hence  hou'ndiSH1  a. 
[com.-Teut. :  OE  &  G  hund.  Du.  hond,  perh. 
cogn.  w.  Gk  kudn  kunos,  L  canis] 

hound2,  v.t.  Chase  (as)  with  hound;  set 
(hound,  or  fig.  person)  at  (quarry  &c.) ;  urge 
(person)  on.    [I.  prec] 

hour  (owr),  n.  Twenty-fourth  part  of  day, 
60 minutes ;  short  time  ;  (pi.)  fixed  time  for  daily 
work  &c,  as  office  hh.  are  10  to  3;  at  the  eleventh 
h.,  at  a  late  stage  (Matt,  xx) ;  small  hh.,  1»  2,  &c, 
a.m.;  good  or  early,  bad  or  late,  regular,  hh. 
(times  forgetting  up  &  going  to  bed) ;  the  ques- 
tion of  the  h.  (present  time) ;  in  a  good,  evil,  h., 
(un)luckily  ;  (prayers  to  be  said  at)  seven  stated 
times  of  day  appointed  for  prayer;  (Astr.)  15° 
of  longitude ;  h.-circle,  meridian  (24  of  which 
are  usu.  marked  on  globe) ;  h.-glass,  sand-glass 
running  for  an  hour.  [f.  OF  ure  f.  L  f.  Gk  hora 
season,  hour] 

houri  (hoor'i,  howr'I),  n.  Nymph  of  Moham- 
medan Paradise  ;  voluptuously  beautiful  wo- 
man. [F,  f.  Pers.  hurt  f.  Arab,  haura  (hawira 
have  eyes  like  gazelle's)] 

houp'ly  (owr-),  a.  &  adv.  (Occurring,  done, 
reckoned)  every  hour ;  continual(ly),  frequent- 
ly).    [HOUR +  -LY  1»2] 

house1  (hows),  n.  {pi.  pron.  -ziz).  Building 
for  human  habitation  or  (usu.  w.  defining  pre- 
fix) occupation,  as  alms/i.,  bake/!.,  light1/!., 
summer/!.  ;  h.  of  God,  church,  place  of  wor- 
ship; inn;  ale,  coffee,  eating,  -h.;  public-, 
TiEd,  h. ;  building  for  keeping  animals  or  goods, 
as  hen-h.,  store/!.,  ware1/!.;  (place  of  abode 
of)  religious  fraternity;  (Oxf.  Univ.)  the  H., 
Christ  Church ;  =  (boys  in)  boarding-/!.;  (build- 
ing used  by)  an  assembly,  as  H.  of  com- 
mons, lords,  Hh.  o/ parliament  ;  make  a  H., 
secure  presence  of  40  members  in  H.  of  Com- 
mons ;  (colloq.)  the  H.,  Stock  Exchange ;  clear- 
ing, custom, -A.;  counting-house;  (audience 
in)  theatre ;  household,  family ;  (Astrol.)  twelfth 
part  of  heavens  ;  (attrib.,  of  animals)  kept  in, 
frequenting,  infesting,  the  h.,  as  h.  cat,  -fly,  &c. ; 
h.  of  call,  h.  where  carrierscall  for  commissions, 
where  person  may  be  heard  of,  &c. ;  h.  of  ill 
fame,  brothel ;  h.  &  home,  (emphatic)  home ; 
h.-to-h.,  carried  on  from  h.  to  h. ;  bring  down 
the  h. ;  keep  h.,  maintain,  provide  for,  a  house- 
hold ;  keep  openh.,  provide  general  hospitality ; 
keep  the  h.,  not  go  outdoors;  like  a  h.  on  fire, 
vigorously,  fast ;  h.-agent  (for  sale  &  letting  of 
hh.) ;  h.-boat,  boat  fitted  up  for  living  in ;  house- 
breaker, burglar,  man  employed  in  demolishing 
old  houses;  h.-dog  (kept  to  guard  h.) ;  house- 
keeper, woman  managing  affairs  of  house- 
hold, (also)  person  in  charge  of  h.,  office,  &c. ; 
housekeeping,  (good, bad,  liberal, Sec.)  domestic 
economy ;  houseleek,  herb  with  pink  flowers 
growing  on  walls  &  roofs ;  housemaid,  female 
servant  in  charge  of  reception-  &  bed-rooms ; 
housemaid's  knee,  inflammation  of  knee-cap 
due  to  kneeling ;  housemaster  (of  school  board  - 
ing-h.) ;  h.-room,  accommodation  in  h.  ;  h.- 
surgeon,  -physician,  residing  in  hospital;  h.- 
icarming,  celebration  of  entrance  into  new  h. 
Hence  hou*seFUL(2)  n.,  hou'seLESS  a.  [com.- 
Teut.  :  OE  hus,  Du.  huis,  G  haus] 

house2  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Receive  (person  &c), 
store  (goods),  in  house  or  as  house  does ;  (Naut. ) 
place  (gun  &c.)  in  secure  position ;  (intr.)  take 


>  HOY 

shelter  (as)  in  house.    [OE  husian  (as  prec),  cf. 
Du.  huizen,  G  hausen] 

household,  n.  Inmates  of  house  ;  domestic 
establishment ;  (pi.)  second  quality  of  flour ;  h. 
troops  (employed  to  guard  sovereign's  person) ; 
h.-gods,  (Rom.  Ant.)  Lares  &  Penates,  (fig.)  es- 
sentials of  home  life ;  h.  word,  familiar  saying 
or  name,    [house  j  +  hold] 
hou'seholder,  n.    One  who  occupies  house 
as  his  own  dwelling  (esp.  as  hence  entitled  to 
franchise) ;   head  of  household.      [house  l  + 
holder] 
housewife,  (n.).    Mistress  of  family,  (good, 
bad)  domestic  economist,  (howswif) ;  (InVzif) 
case  for  needles,  thread,  &c.    Hence  hou'se- 
wifeLY  i  a.    [ME  hus(e)wif  (house  >,  wife)] 
hou*se  wifepy  (-wifri),  n.  Domestic  economy, 
housekeeping,    [prec.  +  -ry] 
hou'sing-  (z-),  n.    Horse's  cloth  covering,  for 
protection  or  ornament,  [f.  house  v.  or  n.  f .  OF 
huche  housing,  etym.  dub.,  +  -ing1] 
Houyhnhnm  (hwi'nm),  n.    Horse  with  hu- 
man characteristics  (Gidliver's  Travels),  [imit. 
of  horse's  neigh ;  made  by  Swift] 
Ho*va,  n.  One  of  ruling  tribe  in  Madagascar, 
[native] 

hove.    See  heave. 

hovel  (ho-vl,  hu-),  n.  Open  shed,  out-house  ; 
mean  dwelling ;  conical  building  enclosing 
kiln.    [?]  " 

hovellep  (ho-vler,  hu-),  n.  Unlicensed  boat- 
man, esp.  one  who  goes  out  to  wrecks.  [?] 
ho'ver  (or  hu-),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  bird  &c.)  hang 
in  the  air  (over,  about,  spot) ;  loiter  about  (per- 
son, place);  (n.)  hovering,  state  of  suspense, 
[(n.  f.  vb)  perh.  f.  obs.  hove,  etym.  dub.] 
how,  adv.  (n.).  (In  direct  or  indirect  question) 
in  what  way,  as  h.  does  he  do  it  ?,  ask  him  h.  he 
does  it,  tell  him  h.  to  do  it,  (with  intensive  ad- 
dition) h.  the  deuce,  devil,  dickens,  h.  ever,  h.  on 
earth ;  h.  are  you  ?,  h.  do  you  do  ?,  what  is  your 
state  of  health?;  (colloq.)  h.-d'yc-do,  embar- 
rassing situation  ;  (Crick.)  (h.'s  that  ?,  is  he  out 
or  not  ? ;  h.  now  ?,  what  is  the  meaning  of  this  ? ; 
h.  (can  you  show  that  to  be)  so  ? ;  h.  (at  what 
price)  is  corn  ? ;  (in  question  or  exclamation)  to 
what  extent,  as  h.  far  is  it?,  h.faritis!,  h.  many 
are  there  ?,  h.  many  there  are!,  h.  would  you 
like  it?,  h.  he  snores!;  (n.)  the  h„  the  way  in 
which ;  (in  relative  clause)  in  whatever  way, 
as,  as  do  it  h.  you  can ;  howbe'it,  (archaic)  never- 
theless; however,  in  whatever  way,  to  what- 
ever extent,  nevertheless,  (archaic)  in  any  case ; 
h.  ever;  howsoever,  how  —  soever,  in  whatso- 
ever manner,  to  what  extent  soever.  [OE  hu, 
cf.  Du.  hoe ;  f.  stem  of  who] 
howdah  (howda),  n.  Seat  for  two  or  more, 
usu.  with  canopy,  on  elephant's  back.  [f.  Pers. 
haudah  f.  Arab,  handaj  litter] 
howitzer,  n.  Short  gun  for  horizontal  firing 
of  shells  with  small  charges,  [earlier  howitz  f. 
G  haubitze  f.  Boh.  houfnice  catapult] 
howl »,  v.i.  &  t,  (Of  animals)  utter  long  loud 
doleful  cry ;  (of  persons)  utter  long  cry  of  pain, 
derision,  &c ;  utter  (words)  with  howling.  [ME 
houlen,  cf.  Du.  hxiilen,  G  heulen,  also  Gk  htdao, 
L  ululare ;  imit.] 

howl2,n.  Long  doleful  cry  of  dog,  wolf,  &c; 
loud  cry  of  pain ;  yell  of  derision,  [f.  prec] 
howler,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or  esp.:  S.- 
Amer.  monkey  ;  (slang)  glaring  blunder ;  (slang) 
come  a  h.,  come  to  grief,  [-er1] 
howlet,  n.  (dial.).  Owl.  [prob.  f.  F  hulotte 
(as  owl)] 

howling,  a.  That  howls ;  h.  dervish  ;  (bibl.) 
h.  (dreary)  wilderness;  (slang)  extreme,  glaring, 
as  a  h.  shame,    [-ing2] 
hoy1,  n.    Small  vessel,  usu.  rigged  as  sloop, 


hoy  a 

carrying  passengers  &  goods  esp.  for  short  dis- 
tances,   [prob.  f.  MDu.hoei,  etym.  dub.] 

hoy2,  int.  used  to  call  attention,  drive  beasts, 
&(Naut.)  hail  or  call  aloft,    [natural  cry] 

hoya,  n.  Genus  of  climbing  plants  with  pink, 
white,  or  yellow  flowers,  known  as  wax-flowers. 
[T.  Hoy,  gardener,  d.  1821] 

hoy'den,n.  Boisterous  girl.Hence  hoy'den- 
hood,  hoydenisM,  nn.,  hoydeniSH  i  a.    [?] 

hub »,  n.  Central  part  of  wheel,  rotating  on 
or  with  axle,  &  from  which  spokes  radiate; 
nave ;  (fig.)  central  point  of  interest  &c.    [?] 

hub  2,  hu'bby,  n.  (colloq.).  Husband,  [abbr.] 

hu'bble-bubble,  n.  Rudimentary  hookah ; 
bubbling  noise  ;  confused  talk,    [imit.] 

hu'bbub,  n.  Confused  din ;  disturbance,  riot; 
confused  yelling  of  war-cry.  [of  Ir.  orig.;  cf. 
Gael,  ubub  int.  of  contempt.,  Ir.  abu,  a  war-cry] 

hu'bbuboo,  -aboo,  n.  =  prec 

hu'ckaback,  n.  Stout  linen  fabric  with 
rough  surface,  for  towels  &c.    [?] 

hu'ckle,  n.  Hip ;  haunch ;  h.-back(ed),  hump- 
backed); h.-bone,  hip,  haunch,  -bone,  (also) 
knuckle-bone  of  quadruped,  [dim.  of  obs.  huck 
hip,  etym.  dub.] 

hu'cklebeppy,  n.  (Fruit  of)  low  berry-bear- 
ing shrub  common  in  N.  Amer.  [perh.  corrupt, 
of  hurtleberry  whortleberry] 

hu'ekster1,  n.  Pedlar,  hawker ;  mercenary 
person.  Hence  hu*ckstERY(2)  n.  [earlier  than 
obs.  huck  v.  higgle  ;  see  -ster] 

hu'ckstep  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Bargain,  haggle ;  carry 
on  petty  traffic  in  (lit.  &  fig.);  adulterate.  Hence 
hu'ckstePER  I.  hu'ckstePESS1,  nn.  [f.  prec] 

hu'ddle,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Heap  together  con- 
fusedly; crowd  (things  &c.)  promiscuously  to- 
gether, up,  into,  out  of,  &c.;  coil  oneself  up; 
hurry  over,  through,  botch  up,  (work  &c. );  (intr. ) 
nestle  closely  together,  (n.)  confused  mass ;  con- 
fusion, bustle,  [(n.  f.  vb)  perh.  f.  Teut.  root  hud- 
cover  +  -LE(3)] 

Hudibra'stic,  a.  In  the  metre  or  manner 
of  Butler's  Hudibras,  mock-heroic  poem  1663- 
78.    [&tter  fantastic  &cc.] 

hue l  (hu),  n.  Colour,  tint ;  variety  of  colour 
caused  by  admixtureof  another.  Hence  -huED2 
a.  [OE  hiw,  cf.  Goth,  hiwi  form,  appearance, 
also  Skr.  chawi  hide,  skin,  beauty] 

hue2  (hu),  n.  H.  &  cry:  clamour  of  pursuit 
or  assault ;  outcry  (against) ;  proclamation  for 
capture  of  criminal ;  (formerly)  police  gazette 
with  particulars  of  offenders  wanted  &c.  [f.  OF 
hu,  hui,  outcry,  f.  huer  shout,  imit.] 

huff1,  v.t.  &  l.  Bully,  storm  at ;  bully  (person 
into,  ovt  of,  thing  or  doing);  offend;  take  offence; 
(Draughts)  remove  (opponent's  man)  from  board 
as  forfeit  (orig.  after  blowing  on  the  piece), 
[imit.  f.  sound  of  blowing;  v.  &  n.  f.  16th  c] 

huff2,  n.  Fit  of  petulance,  esp.  in  a  h. ,  take  h. ; 
(Draughts)  act  of  huffing.  Hence  hu'fifiSH1, 
hu'ffv2,  aa.,  hu'fflLY2,  hu'ffishLY2,  advv., 
hu'ffiNESS,  hu'fflshNESS,  nn.    [see  prec] 

bug",  v.t.  &  n.  Squeeze  tightly  in  one's  arms, 
usu.  with  affection;  (of  bear)  squeeze  (man 
&c)  between  its  forelegs ;  delight  in,  cling  to, 
(prejudices  &c) ;  exhibit  fondness  for  (person) ; 
congratulate  oneself  (on,  for) ;  keep  close  to 
(shore,  &c);  (n.)  strong  clasp,  grip  in  wrestling, 
esp.  Cornish  h.    [1] 

huge,  a.  Very  large ;  enormous  ;  (of  imma- 
terial things)  great.  Hence hu'geNESSn.  [prob. 
f.  OF ahuge,  etym.  dub.] 

hu-g-ely ,  adv.  Enormously,  very  much.  [prec. 

H — LY^] 

hu*g,eous(-jus),a.(usu.  facet.).  Huge.  Hence 
hu'greousLY^adv.,  hu'geous\Ess  n.  [-ous] 

tiu'gsBv-mwggev,  n.,  a.,  adv.,  &  v.t.  &  i. 
Secrecy ;  (in)  secret ;  confusion ;  conf used(ly) ; 


> HUMBLE 

(v.t.)  conceal,  hush  up ;  (v.i.)  proceed  in  secret 
or  muddled  fashion.    [?] 

liwggery,  n.  Practice  of  courting  attorney 
&c.  for  employment,    [f.  hug  l  +  -ery] 

huguenot  (hu/genot),  n.  (hist.).  French  Pro- 
testant.   [F,  etym.  dub.] 

hulk,  n.  Body  of  dismantled  ship,  used  as 
store- vessel  &c  or  (pi.,  hist.)  as  prison ;  un- 
wieldy vessel ;  (fig.)  big  person  or  mass.  [OE 
hulc,  cf.  OF  hulke,  Du.  hulk,  perh.  f.  Gk  holkas 
towed  ship,  ship  of  burden  (helko  draw)] 

hu'lking*, a.  Bulky;  clumsy,  [prec  + -ing2] 

hull  \  n.,  &  v.t.  Outer  covering  of  fruit,  esp. 
pod  of  peas  &  beans;  (fig.)  covering;  (v.t.)  re- 
move h.  of.  [OE  hulu  (helan  cover),  cf.  G  hulle 
covering] 

hull2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Frame  of  ship ;  h.  down,  far 
away,  so  that  h.  is  invisible ;  (v.t.)  strike  (ship) 
in  h.  with  cannon  shot.    [perh.  =  prec] 

hu'llabaloo*,  n.  Uproar,  [prob.  redupl.  f. 
hullo  ;  f.  18th  c] 

hullo*,  -loa  (-16),  int.  used  to  call  attention, 
[cf.  hallo] 

hum l,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  continuous  murmuring 
sound,  as  of  bee,  spinning  top,  &c ;  make  low 
inarticulate  vocal  sound,  esp.  (usu.  h.  &  ha)  of 
hesitation  ;  sing  with  closed  lips  ;  (colloq.)  be  in 
state  of  activity,  as  make  things  h. ;  (trans.) 
utter,  sing,  with  closed  lips,    [imit.] 

hum  2,  n.  Humming  sound  esp.  of  hesitation 
(usu.  hh.  &ha's),  applause,  surprise,  &c  [imit.] 

hum  3,  int.  expr.  hesitation,  dissent,  &c 

hum  \  n.  (slang).    Sham,  hoax.   [= humbug] 

hu'man,  a.  (n.).  Of,  belonging  to,  man,  as  h. 
nature;  that  is  a  man  or  consists  of  men,  as 
h.  race,  creature ;  of  man  as  opp.  to  God,  as  h. 
affairs ;  having,  showing,  the  qualities  distinc- 
tive of  man,  as  more,  less,  than  h. ;  (n.,  facet.) 
h.  being.  Hence  hu'man n ess  n.  [f.  Fhumain 
(12th  c)  f.  L  humanus  (homo  man,  see  -an)] 

huma'ne,  a.  Benevolent,  compassionate  ; 
H.  Society  (for  rescue  of  drowning  persons) ;  (of 
branches  of  study)  tending  to  refinement,  ele- 
gant. Hence  huma'neLY 2  adv.,  huma'ne- 
ness  n.    [differentiated  f.  prec.  after  1700] 

hu-manism,  n.  Devotion  to  human  in- 
terests ;  system  concerned  with  human  (not 
divine)  interests,  or  with  the  human  race  (not 
the  individual) ;  Religion  of  Humanity ;  lite- 
rary culture,  esp.  that  of  the  Humanists,  [-ism] 

hu'manlst,  n.  Student  of  humaif  nature  or 
human  affairs;  student  (esp.  in  14th-16th  cc) 
of  Roman  &  Greek  literature  &  antiquities, 
whence  humanistic  a.  [f.  F  humaniste  (as 
human,  see  -_IST)] 

humanitarian,  n.  &  a.  One  who  professes 
humanism  (Religion  of  Humanity) ;  visionary 
philanthropist ;  (adj.)  holding,  concerned  with, 
the  views  of  hh.  Hence  humanitap'ianiSM 
n.    [f.  foil.  +  -arianJ 

huma'nity,  n.  Human  nature ;  (pi.)  human 
attributes ;  the  human  race  ;  humaneness,  be- 
nevolence; (pi.)  benevolent  acts;  Religion  of 
H.  (rejecting  the  supernatural,  &  concerned 
chiefly  or  wholly  with  the  advancement  of 
man's  welfare) ;  the  hh.,  polite  scholarship,  esp. 
of  Latin  &  Greek  classics,  [f.  F  humamU  f.  L 
humanitatem  (as  human,  see  -ty)] 

hu'manlze,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  human,  give 
human  character  to  ;  make,  become,  humane. 
Hence  humanizATiON  n.  [f.  F  humaniser 
(as  human,  see  -ize)] 

hu'mankind,  n.    Mankind. 

hu-manly,  adv.  In  a  human  manner :  by 
human  means ;  from  human  point  of  view ; 
with  human  feeling,    [-ly2] 

hu'mble,  a.  (comp.  &sup.pron.  -blcr,  -blist), 
&  v.t.   Having,  showing,  low  estimate  of  one's 


HUMBLE-BEE 


HURDLE 


own  importance  ;  (formally,  esp.  in  subscribing 
letter)  your  h.  servant;  of  lowly  condition  ;  (of 
things)  of  modest  pretensions,  dimensions,  &c ; 
eat  h.  pie,  make  h.  apology,  submit  to  humilia- 
tion ;  h.  plant,  common  sensitive  plant ;  (v.t.) 
make  h.. bring  low,  abase  (oneself  Sec).  Hence 
hirmblexEss  n.,  hu'mbLY2  adv.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
OF,  f.  L  humilis  lowly  (humus  ground,  -il)J 

hu'mble-bee,  n.  Bumble-bee.  [f.  loth  c. ; 
cf.  G  hummel  large  wild-bee,  Du.  hommel 
drone-bee] 

hu-mbug,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (-gg-).  Fraud, 
sham;  deception;  (as  int.)  nonsense!;  impos- 
tor ;  delude  (person  into,  out  of,  thing  or  do- 
ing) ;  (v.i.)  be,  behave  like,  a  h.  Hence  hum- 
bu'g-g-ERV  n.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  1750  etym.  dub.] 

hu'mdrum.  a.  &  n.,  &  v.i.  (-mm-).  Common- 
place(ness),  dull(ness) ;  (v.i.)  proceed  in  h.  way. 
Hence  hirmdrumNESS  n.  [f.  1550 ;  prob.  re- 
dupl.  f.  hum  v.] 

hu'merus,  n.  (anat).  Bone  of  the  upper  arm 
in  man ;  corresponding  bone  in  other  verte- 
brates.   Hence  hu'mePAL  a.    [L,=shoulder] 

hu'mid,  a.  Moist,  damp.  So  humi'diFV 
v.t.,  humi'diTY  n.  [f.  L  (h)umidus  (umere  be 
moist,  see  -id  *)] 

humi'liate,  v.t.  Lower  the  dignity  or  self- 
respect  of ;  mortify.  Hence  or  cogn.  huml*- 
liatiNG2  a.,  humiliATiON  n.  [f.  liLhumiliare 
(as  humble1,  see  -ate3)] 

humi'lity,  n.  Humbleness,  meekness ;  hum- 
ble condition,  [f.  F  humiliti  f.  L  humilitatem 
(as  humble1,  see  -tv)] 

hu'mming,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
(eolloq.)  vigorous,  energetic,  as  a  h.  knock  on 
the  head  ;  h.-bird  (of  several  species  that  make 
h.  sound  by  vibration  of  wings) ;  h.-top  (h.  when 
it  spins),    [f.  hum  v.  +  -ing  j] 

hu'mmock,  n.  Hillock,  knoll ;  risingground, 
esp.  in  marsh  &c.  Hence  hu'mmoekv-  a. 
[orig.  naut. ;  etym.  dub.] 

hu'mopal,  a.  (med.).  Of  the  bodily  humours ; 
h.  pathology,  doctrine  referring  all  disease  to 
state  of  the  humours,  whence  nu'mopaliSM, 
hirmoraliST,  nn.,  humorali'stic  a.  [F,  f. 
L  as  humour,  see  -al] 

hu'morist,  n.  Facetious  person  ;  humorous 
talker,  actor,  or  writer.  Hence  humori'stic 
a.  [f.  F  humoriste  f.  med.L  humorista  (as  prec, 
see  -ist)] 

hu'mopous,  a.  Full  of  humour ;  facetious, 
funny.  Hence  hu'morousLY 2  adv.,  hir- 
mqpousNESS  n.    [-ous] 

hu'moup "■  (or  u-),  n.  State  of  mind,  mood  ; 
inclination,  as  in  the  h.  for  fighting ;  facetious- 
ness,  comicality ;  faculty  of  perceiving  this ; 
jocose  imagination  (less  intellectual  &  more 
sympathetic  than  wit),  whence  hu'mouPLESS 
a. ;  out  of  h.,  displeased;  good,  ill,  h.  (temper), 
whence  -humouPED2a.;  cardinal  hh.,  (hist.) 
four  chief  fluids  of  the  body  (blood,  phlegm, 
choler,  melancholy),  determining  person's  phy- 
sical &  mental  qualities :  aqueous,  vitreous,  h., 
transparent  fluid  parts  of  the  eye.  [AF,  f.  L 
(h)umorem  moisture  (as  humid,  see  -OR1)] 

hu'moup2,  v.t.  Gratify,  indulge,  (person, 
taste,  temper,  &c);  adapt  oneself  to,  make 
concessions  to.    [f.  prec] 

hu'moupsome,  a.  Capricious;  peevish. 
Hence  hirmoursomexESS  n.  [humour1  + 
-some] 

hump,  n.,  &  v.t  Protuberance,  esp.  on  the 
back,  as  deformity  or  (in  camel  &c.)  as  normal 
feature ;  rounded  boss  of  earth  &c. ;  (slang)  fit 
of  depression  or  vexation,  as  it  gives  me  the  h. ; 
humpback,  (person  having)  back  with  ah.;  h.- 
backed,  having  such  a  back ;  (v.t.)  make  h.- 
shaped,  annoy,  depress.     Hence  humpED2, 


hu-mpLESS,  hu'mpv  2,  aa.  [f.  16S0,  h.-backed 
replacing  crump  -  backed ;  Du.  homp  =  thick 
piece  (cut  off)] 

humph  (hmf),  int.  &  v.i.  Int.  expr.  doubt  or 
dissatisfaction  ;  (v.i.)  utter  this. 

hu*mpty-du*mpty,  n.  Short  dumpy  per- 
son ;  (from  nursery  rhyme  in  which  H.  is  taken 
to  mean  an  egg)  person,  thing,  that  once  thrown 
down  cannot  be  restored,    [for  humpy -dumpy] 

hu'mus,  n.    Vegetable  mould.  [L,=ground] 

Hun,  n.  One  of  an  Asiatic  nomad  race  who 
invaded  &  ravaged  Europe  in  4th  &  5th  cc. 
Hence  Hu'nniSH1  a.  [OE  Hune  f.  med.L 
Hunni] 

hunch1,  v.t.  Bend,  arch,  convexly;  thrust 
out,  up,  to  form  a  hump.    [?] 

hunch 2,  n.  Hump ;  thick  piece ;  h.-back(ed), 
hump-back(ed).    Hence  hu*nehY2a.    [?] 

hu'ndped,  n.  &  a.  (Cardinal  number)  ten 
times  ten  (100,  C),  as  a,  one,  six,  several,  h.  men. 
a,  one,  six,  h.  of  them  or  of  my  friends,  hh.  of 
men,  hh.  of  them,  some,  several,  hh.  of  &c. ; 
(ordinal,  in  compds)  the  h.-&-first,  six-h.-&- 
ninth ;  (also  h.  &  one)  large  number ;  h.  pounds 
(of  money) ;  (chiefly  hist.)  subdivision  of  county 
or  shire,  having  its  own  court ;  chiltern  hun- 
dreds; great,  long,  h„  120;  hundredweight, 
1121b.  avoirdupois  (abbr.  cwt).  Hence  hu*n- 
dredFOLD  n.,  hu'ndpedTH2  a.  &  n.  [OE 
(hund  hundred  +  -red = Goth,  -rath  number)] 

hung-.    See  hang  v. 

hu'ng-ep1  <-ngg-),  n.  Uneasy  sensation,  ex- 
hausted condition,  caused  by  want  of  food  : 
(fig.)  strong  desire  (for,  after,  &c).  [OE  hun- 
gor,  cf.  Du.  honger,  G  hunger] 

hu'ngep2  (-ngg-),  v.i.  &  t.  Feel  hunger ;  have 
craving  (for,  after);  (p.p.,  archaic)  hungry; 
(trans.)  starve  (into  submission,  out  of  place 
&c).    [OE  hyngran,  f.  prec] 

huTigry  (-ngg-),  a.  Feeling  hunger ;  showing 
hunger,  as  a  h.  look ;  inducing  hunger,  as  a  h. 
air ;  h.  rice,  W. -African  grain  allied  to  millet ; 
(fig.)  eager,  greedy;  (of  soil)  poor,  barren. 
Hence  nu'ng-piLY2  adv.,  hu'ngriNESS  n. 
[OE  hungrig  (as  hunger  \  see  -y2)j 

hunk,  n.  Large  piece  cut  ofi*;  clumsy  piece  ; 
hunch.    [19th  c  ;  cf.  WFlem.  hunke] 

hunks,  n.    Close-fisted  man,  miser.    [?] 

hunt1,  v.i.  &  t  Pursue  wild  animals  or 
game  ;  (trans.)  chase  (these)  for  food  or  sport ; 
seek  after,  for ;  drive  away,  out ;  scour  (dis- 
trict) in  pursuit  of  game ;  use  (horse,  hounds) 
in  hunting ;  h.  down,  bring  to  bay ;  h.  out,  track 
out,  find  by  search ;  h.  up,  search  for ;  h.  in 
couples  ;  h.  the  hare,  slipper,  squirrel,  games. 
fOE  huntian  f.  hunta  hunter,  cogn.  w.  Goth. 
hinthan  seize] 

hunt 2,  n.  Hunting  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  persons  hunt- 
ing with  hounds  ;  hunting  district,    [f.  prec] 

hu'ntep,  n.  One  who  hunts  ;  (fig.)  fortune, 
place,  &c,  -h. ;  horse  for  hunting ;  watch  with 
hinged  cover  protecting  glass  or  (half-h.)  outer 
part  of  it.    Hence  hu'ntPESS 1  n.    [-er  j] 

hu'ntingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  h.-box,  small 
house  for  use  during  h.-season;  A. -crop;  h.- 
ground,  place  where  one  hunts  (often  fig.); 
happy  h.-ground(s),  the  future  state  (prop,  as 
expected  by  Amer.  Indians),  good  place  for  h. 
(fig.) ;  h.-horn,  horn  used  in  h.,  second  pommel 
on  near  side  of  side-saddle,    [-ing*1] 

hu'ntsman,  n.  Hunter ;  man  in  charge  of 
(esp.  fox-)  hounds. 

hup'dle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Portable  rectangular 
frame  strengthened  with  withes  or  wooden 
bars,  for  temporary  fence  &c  ;  wooden  frame 
to  be  jumped  over  in  h.-race  ;  (Hist)  frame  on 
which  traitors  were  dragged  to  execution; 
(v.t.)  mark  ojT&c.  with  hh.  [(vbf.  n.)  OE  hyrdel ; 


HURDLER i 

cf.  Du.  horde,  G  hiirde,  also  L  cratis  hurdle, 
Gk  kurtia  wickerwork] 

hup'dlep,  n.  One  who  makes  hurdles,  or  runs 
in  hurdle-races,    [-ek1] 

hup'dy-gxipdy,  n.  Musical  instrument  with 
droning  sound,  played  by  turning  handle,  orig. 
one  with  rosined  wheel  turned  by  left  hand  & 
played  by  right,    [prob.  imit.] 

hurl,  v.t.,  &  n.  Throw  violently  from  some 
position  (lit.  &  fig.);  throw  (missile  &c,  also 
fig.) ;  (n.)  hurling,  violent  throw,  [cf.  LG  hur- 
reln\  prob.  imit.] 

hup'Iey,  n.  (Ir.).  Hockey ;  hockey-stick,  [as 
prec] 

hup'ly,  n.  (archaic).    Commotion,    [as  prec] 

hup*ly-bup*ly,  n.  Commotion,  tumult,  [f. 
1540;  redupl.  f.  hurt,  v.] 

hurrah*  (hu-,  hob-),  -pay,  int.,  n.,  &  v.i. 
Int.  expr.  exultation  or  approbation  ;  (n.)  this 
cry ;  (v.i.)  shout  h.  [replaces  huzza ;  cf.  Swed. 
&  Da.  hurra,  Du.  hoera] 

hu'ppicane  (-kan),  n.  Storm  with  violent 
wind,  esp.  W.-Indian  cyclone  (also  fig.) ;  h.-bird, 
frigate-bird ;  h-deck,  light  upper  deck ;  h.-lamp 
(designed  to  resist  wind),  [f.  Sp.  huracan,  of 
Carib.  orig.] 

hu'ppy  %  n.  Undue  haste  ;  eagerness  to  get 
a  thing  done  quickly ;  eagerness  (to  do,  for 
thing);  (w.  neg.  or  interrog.)  need  for  haste  ; 
(colloq.)  you  will  not  beat  that  in  a  h.  (easily) ; 
h.-scurry,  adv.,  adj.,  n.,  (in)  disorderly  haste, 
(v.i.)  proceed  thus.    [f.  16th  c;  imit,  cf.  hurl] 

hu'ppy  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Carry,  drive,  (person  &c. 
away,  along,  into,  into  doing,  &c.)  with  undue 
haste  ;  move,  act,  with  great  or  undue  haste ; 
h.  up,  make  haste.  Hence  hu'ppiedLY2  adv., 
hu'ppiedNESS  n.    [as  prec] 

hurst,  n.  Hillock  ;  sandbank  in  sea  or  river ; 
wooded  eminence  ;  wood.  [OE  hyrst,  cf.  G  dial. 
horst  sandbank,  MDu.  horst  thicket] 

hurt1,  n.  Wound,  material  injury;  harm, 
wrong.  Hence  hup#tFUL,  hup'tLESS,  aa., 
hup*tfulLY2adv.,  hup'tfulNESS  n.  [prob.  f. 
OF  hurte,  as  foil.] 

hupt2,  v.t.  &  i.  (hurt).  Cause  bodily  injury 
or  pain  to  ;  damage  ;  inflict  injury  upon  ;  dis- 
tress, wound,  (person,  his  feelings  &c);  (colloq.) 
suffer  injury  or  pain.  [prob.  f.  OF  hurter  (mod. 
heurter)  knock,  etym.  dub.] 

hup'tle,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (archaic).  Strike 
against;  hurl  swiftly;  strike  against;  move 
with  clattering  sound  ;  come  with  a  crash ;  (n.) 
hurtling,  clashing  sound,     [(n.  f.  vb)  prob.  f. 

HURT  V.+  -LE(3)] 

hu'sband  *  (-z-),  n.  Man  joined  to  woman  bv 
marriage ;  (archaic)  good,  bad,  h.  (economist). 
Hence  hu'sbandHOOD,  hu'sbandsmp,  nn., 
hu'sbandUKE  a.  [OE  husbonda  master  of 
house  (hus  house  +  bonda  f.  ON  bondi  free- 
holder f.  bua  dwell)] 

hu'sband',  v.t.  Manage  thriftily,  econo- 
mize ;  (archaic)  till  (ground),  cultivate  (plants) ; 
(poet.,  facet.)  provide  with  husband;  (rare) 
marry  (woman),    [f.  prec] 

hu-sbandman,  n.    Farmer. 

hu'sbandpy,  n.  Farming;  (good,  bad) 
economy ;  careful  management,    [-ry] 

hush  s  n.    Stillness ;  silence ;  h.-money, 
to  prevent  exposure,    [f.  foil.] 

hush2,  v.t.  &  i.  Silence,  quiet ;  h.  up,  sup- 
press (affair)  ;  be  silent,  esp.  (as  int.)  h.  ! ;  hush- 
aby, int.  used  to  lull  child,  [back-formation  f. 
obs.  adj.  husht  f.  husht,  hust,  intt.  (imit.)] 

husk,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dry  outer  covering  of  some 
fruits  or  seeds ;  (fig.)  worthless  outside  part  of 
anything;  disease  of  cattle;  (v.t.)  remove  h. 
from,    [late  ME  huske,  etym.  dub.] 

husky,  a.  Of.  full  of,  husks ;  dry  as  a  husk ; 


paid 


8 HYDRANGEA 

(of  voice  or  person)  dry,  hoarse,  whence  hu's- 
kiLY 2  adv.,  hu'skiNESS  n.    [-y  2] 

hussar*  (-z-),  n.  Soldier  of  light  cavalry 
regiment  (orig.  Hungarian  light  horseman  of 
loth  c).  [f.  Hung,  huszar  f.  OServ.  husar  f.  It. 
corsaro  corsair] 

Hu'ssite,  n.  Follower  of  John  Huss,  Bohe- 
mian religious  reformer  of  loth  c    [-ite  *] 

hu'ssy,  -zzy,  n.  Woman  of  light  or  worth- 
less character ;  pert  girl.    [f.  housewife] 

hu'sting-s,  n.  Platform  from  which  (before 
1872)  candidates  for  Parliament  were  nomi- 
nated ;  election  proceedings ;  court  (now  rarely) 
held  in  Guildhall  of  London.  [OE  Misting  f.  OX 
husthing  house-assembly] 

hu'stle1  (-si),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Push  roughly, 
jostle;  thrust  (person  &c.  into,  out  of,  &c) ; 
impel  unceremoniously  (into  thing  or  dom^r) ; 
(intr.)  push  roughly  against ;  push  one's  way  ; 
hurry,  bustle;  (n.)  hustling.  f(n.  f.  vb)  f.  Du. 
husselen  shake,  toss] 

hut,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Small  mean  house  of  rude 
construction;  (Mil.)  temporary  wooden  house 
for  troops  ;  (v.t.)  place  (troops  &c)  in  hh.;  (v.i.) 
lodge  in  h.  Hence  hu'tMENT  n.  [(vb  f.  F  hutter) 
f.  F  hutte  f .  G  hiltte] 

hutch,  n.  Box-like  pen  for  rabbits  &c  ;  hut, 
cabin,  small  house ;  truck  used  in  mining  &c. 
[ME  &  F  huche  f.  med.L  hidica,  etym.  dub.] 

huzza*  (-ah),  int.,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Int.  of  ex- 
ultation, encouragement,  or  applause ;  (make, 
greet  with)  the  cry  h.    [imit.] 

hy'aeinth,  n.  Genus  of  bulbous  plants  with 
bell-shaped  flowers  of  various  colours,  esp. 
purplish  blue,  so  (esp.  as  Homeric  epithet  of 
doubtful  sense  for  locks,  hair)  hyaci'nthiNE2 
a. ;  this  colour ;  precious  stone,  orange  variety 
of  zircon,  [earlier  jacynth,  ult.  f.  L  f.  Gk 
huakinthos,  flower  &  gem,  also  name  of  youth 
loved  by  Apollo] 

Hyades,  n.  pi.  Group  of  stars  near  Pleiades, 
[f.  Gk  Huades  (ace  to  pop.  etym.,  f.  hud  rain, 
but  perh.  f.  hus  swine)] 

hyaena.    See  hyena. 

hy'alfne,  a.  &  n.  Glass-like,  vitreous  (chiefly 
techn.) ;  (n.,  poet.)  smooth  sea,  clear  sky,  &c 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  hualinos  (hualos  glass,  see-iNE2)] 

hy'alite,  n.  Colourless  variety  of  opal.  [f. 
Gk  hualos  glass,  see  -ite] 

hy'aloid,  a.  &  n.  (anat.).  Glassy;  h.  (mem- 
brane), thin  transparent  membrane  enveloping 
vitreous  humour  of  eye.  [f.  F  hyaloide  f.  L  f. 
Gk  hualoeides  (as  prec,  see  -oid)] 

hy'brid,  n.  &  a.  Offspring  of  two  animals 
or  plants  of  different  species  or  varieties  ;  per- 
son of  mixed  nationality;  (fig.)  thing,  word, 
composed  of  incongruous  elements ;  (adj. )  cross- 
bred, mongrel ;  heterogeneous ;  h.  bill  in  Parlia- 
ment, one  combining  characteristics  of  public 
&  private  bill,  &  referred  to  a  h.  committee. 
Hence  hybpi'diTY  n.  [f.  L  hybrida  offspring 
of  tame  sow  &  wild  boar ;  etym.  dub.] 

hy'bridism,  n.  Fact,  condition  of  being 
hybrid  ;  cross-breeding,    [prec  +  -ism] 

hy'bpidize,  v.t.  &  i.  Subject  (species  &c) 
to  cross-breeding  ;  produce  hybrids ;  (of  animal 
or  plant)  interbreed.  Hence  hy'bpidiz  able  a., 
hybpidizATioN  n.    [hybrid  +  -ize] 

hy'datid,  n.  (path.).  Cyst  containing  watery 
fluid,  morbid  formation  in  animal  bodies,  esp. 
that  of  tape- worm  larva,  [f.  Gk  hudatis  -idos 
watery  vesicle  (hudor  -atos  water,  -id2)] 

hy'dra,  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  snake  whose  many 
heads  grew  again  when  cut  off;  (fig.)  thing 
hard  to  extirpate  ;  water-snake  ;  a  fresh- water 
polyp.    [L,  f.  Gk  hudra  water-snake] 

hydringea  (-jya),  n.  Genus  of  shrubs  with 


HYDRANT 


HYMNODY 


globular  clusters  of  white,  blue,  or  pink  flowers. 
[f.  Gk  hudor  -w&ter+aggos  vessel] 

hydrant,  n.  Pipe  (esp.  in  street)  with  nozzle 
to  which  hose  can  be  attached,  for  drawing 
water  from  main.    [U.S.  (hydro-,  -ant)] 

hydrate1  (-at),  n.  (chem.).  Compound  of 
water  with  another  compound  or  an  element. 
[f.  Gk  hud  or  water,  see  -ate  l] 

hydrate2,  v.t.  (chem.).  Combine  with  water. 
Hence  hydPA'TiON  n.    [f.  prec] 

hydrairlie,  a.  &  n.  Of  water  conveyed 
through  pipes  or  channels  ;  operated  by  water- 
power,  as  h.  lift ;  h.  ram,  automatic  pump  in 
which  kinetic  energy  of  descending  column  of 
water  raises  some  of  the  waterabove  its  original 
level :  hardening  under  water,  as  h.  cement ; 
h.  press,  hydrostatic  press ;  (n.  pi.)  science  of 
conveyance  of  liquids  through  pipes  &c,  esp. 
as  motive  power.  Hence  or  cogn.  hydrau'l- 
ically  adv.,  hydraulrciAN  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
hudraulikos  (hudor  water +aulos  pipe,  see  -ic)] 

hydpie,  a.  (chem.).  Of,  containing,  hydro- 
gen.   So  hy'driDE  n.    [f.  hydrogen  +  -ic] 

hy'dro,  n.    =  hydropathic,    [colloq.  abbr.] 

hydro-  in  comb.  =  Gk  hudro-  comb,  form  of 
hudor  water,  (1)  in  miscell.  terms,  w.  sense 
'  having  to  do  with  water',  (2)  in  names  of  dis- 
eases, w.  sense  '  dropsical '  or  '  affected  with 
accumulation  of  serous  fluid',  (3)  in  chem. 
terms,  usu.  w.  sense '  combined  with  hydrogen ' ; 
as :  -carbon,  compound  of  hydrogen  &  carbon  ; 
-ce'phalus,  water  on  the  brain;  -cepha'lic, 
-ce'phalous,  affected  .with  this  ;  -chlor'ic,  con- 
taining hydrogen  &  chlorine  ;  -cy&'nic,  contain- 
ing hydrogen  &  cyanogen,  esp.  h.  acid,  prussic 
acid  ;  -dyna'mic(al),  of  the  forces  acting  on 
or  exerted  by  liquids ;  -dyna'mics,  science  of 
these  forces;  -electric,  developing  electricity 
by  friction  of  water  or  steam  ;  -grapher,  person 
skilled  in,  -gra 'phic(al)  having  todowith,hydro- 
graphy ;  -graphy,  scientific  description  of  the 
waters  of  the  earth  ;  -kin^tic(s),  (science)  of  the 
motion  of  liquids;  -7o£ry,science  of  the  properties, 
laws,  &c,  of  water ;  -lysis,  decomposition  of 
water  in  which  the  two  constituents  are  fixed 
in  distinct  compounds;  -md'nia,  craving  for 
water  ;  -mecha'nics  (of  liquids) ;  -meter,  instru- 
ment for  finding  specific  gravity  of  liquids 
(sometimes  also  of  solids) ;  -me'tric,  -metry, 
concerned  with,  determination  of,  specific 
gravity  of  liquids ;  -phane,  opal  that  absorbs 
water  &  becomes  transparent  on  immersion ; 
-phone,  instrument  for  detection  of  sound  by 
water ;  -phyte,  aquatic  plant ;  -pneuma'tic,  in- 
volving combined  action  of  water  &  air ;  -qui'n- 
one,  (Phot.)  preparation  from  quinone,  used  as 
developer ;  -sphere,  waters  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face ;  -stat,  electrical  device  for  detecting  pre- 
sence of  water ;  -therapeu'tic,  -the'rapy,  hydro- 
pathic, hydropathy  ;  -ther'mal,  of  the  action  of 
heated  water  on  earth's  crust ;  -thor'ax,  dropsy 
of  the  chest ;  -tropism,  (of  plants)  tendency  to 
turn  to  or  from  moisture  ;  -zo'a  n.  pi.,  class  of 
coelenterate  animals  chiefly  marine,  including 
jelly-fish  &  fresh- water  hydra. 

hydrogen,  n.  Colourless  invisible  odour- 
less gas,  an  element,  the  lightest  substance 
known,  forming  two-thirds  in  volume  of  water. 
Hence  hydro'genous  a.  [f.  F  HYDRO(firen€ 
-gen)1 

hydro'genate,  v.t.  Charge,  cause  to  com- 
bine, with  hydrogen.  So  hydro'g-eniZE  v.t. 
[prec.  +  -ate  3] 

hydpoid,  a.  &  n.  (zool.).  (Animal)  like,  allied 
to,  the  hydra  (polyp),    [-oid] 

hydpomel,  n.  Mixture  of  honey  &  water ; 
vinous  h.  (also  mead),  this  fermented.  [L,  f.  Gk 
hudromeli  (meli  honey,  see  hydro-)] 


hydropathic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  concerned  with, 
hydropathy  ;  (n.)  h.  establishment,  [f.  foll.+  -ic] 

hydrd'pathy,  n.  Medical  treatment  by  ex- 
ternal &  internal  application  of  water.  So 
hydPO'pathiST  n.    Ihydro-  +  -pathy] 

hydpopho'bia,  n.  Aversion  to  water,  esp. 
as  symptom  of  rabies  in  man ;  rabies,  esp.  in 
man;  (facet.)  dread  of  water.  Sohydpopho*- 
bic  a.   [L,  f.  Gk  /moVoPHOBiA,  see  hydro] 

hydpo'pic,  a.  Dropsical.  [ME,  f.  OF  ydro- 
pique  f.  L  f.  Gk  hudropikos  (as  foil.,  see  -ic)] 

hy'dpopsy,  n.  (archaic  or  med.).  Dropsy. 
[ME,  f.  OF  ydropisie  f.  med.L  hydropisia  (for 
L  -sis)  f.  Gk  hudrops  [hudor  water)] 

hydposta'tic,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  equilibrium  of 
liquids  &  the  pressure  exerted  by  liquids  at  rest ; 
h.  paradox,  principle  that  any  quantity  of  a 
perfect  liquid,  however  small,  may  be  made  to 
balance  any  other  quantity ;  h.  press  (also  hy- 
draulic, Bramah's,  press),  machine  in  which 
pressure  of  a  body  of  water  is  multiplied  by 
transmission  from  small  to  larger  cylinder ;  (n. 
pi.)  science  of  the  pressure  &  equilibrium  of 
liquids  at  rest.  Hence  hydPosta'ticAL  a., 
hydPosta'ticalLY  2  adv.  [hydro-  +  static  ; 
Gk  had  hudrostates  hydrostatic  balance] 

hy'dpous,  a.  (chem.,  mineral.).  Containing 
water,    [f.  Gk  hudor  water  +  -ous] 

hye'na,  hyae*na,n.  Carnivorous  quadruped 
allied  to  dog  tribe ;  striped  h.,  variety  whose 
howl  is  compared  to  fiendish  laughter ;  cruel, 
treacherous,  or  rapacious  person;  Tasmania n 
tiger ;  h.-dog.  S. -African  canine  quadruped  like 
h.    [L  {-ae-)  t  Gk  huaina  fem.  f.  hus  pig] 

hyeto-  in  comb.  =  Gk  huetos  rain,  as  -graphy, 
mapping  of  rainfall,  -meter,  rain-gauge. 

Hygera  (-je-«),  n.  Goddess  of  health ;  health 


personified. 

jeia  late  f o 

hygiene  (-jlen), 
sanitary  science. 


Hence  hygei'AN  a. 
geia  late  for  Hugieia  (hugies  healthy)] 


[f.  Gk  Hu- 


ri.  Principles  of  health  ; 
Hence  hygie'nic(AL)  aa.. 
hygle*niealLY2adv.,  hygrie'nics,  hyg-ien- 
ist,  nn.  [f.  F  hygiene  f.  Gk  hugieine  {tekhne 
art)  of  health,  f.  hugies  healthy] 

hygpo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  hugrbs  wet,  fluid,  as : 
-deik  (dik),  form  of  hygrometer ;  -logy,  study  of 
the  humidity  of  atmosphere  &c. ;  -meter,  instru- 
ment for  measuring  humidity  of  air  orgas;  -me'- 
tric, -metry,  concerned  with,  measurement  of, 
humidity;  -scope,  instrument  indicating  but 
not  measuring  humidity  of  air ;  -sco'pic,  of  the 
hygroscope,  (of  bodies)  sensitive  to  moisture. 

hylic,  a.  Of  matter,  material,  [f.  med.L  f. 
Gk  hxdikos  (hule  matter,  see  -ic)] 

hylo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  hule  matter,  as :  -morph- 
ism,  doctrine  that  primordial  matter  is  first 
cause  of  the  universe;  -theism,  doctrine  that 
God  &  matter  are  identical ;  -theist,  -thei'stic, 
holderof,  concerned  with,  this  doctrine ;-zo'ism, 
-zovitHc),  -zo'ic,  materialism,  -ist(ic). 

Hymen i,n.(Gk&  Rom.  myth.).  God  of  mar- 
riage. So  hymene*ALa.,hymene#alLY2adv. 
[L,_f.  Gk  Humen\ 

hymen2,  n.  (anat.).  Virginal  membrane, 
stretched  across  external  orifice  of  vagina,  [f. 
Gk  humen  membrane] 

hymeno-  in  comb.  =  Gk  humen  membrane, 
as :  -ptera  n.  pi.,  large  order  of  insects  with  four 
membranous  wings,  so  -pteral,  -pterous,  aa. 

hymn  (-m),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Song  of  praise  to* 
God,  esp.  metrical  composition  sung  in  religious 
service;  song  of  praise;  h.-book  (of  hh.);  (v.t.) 
praise  (God  &c. )  in  hh.,  express  (praise  &c.)  in  h. ; 
(v.i.)singhh.  Hencehymnic(-mn-)a.,hym- 
niST  (-mn-)  n.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  f.  Gk  humnos] 

hymnal  (-mn-),  a.  &  n.  Of  hymns;  (n.)  hymn- 
book,  so  hymnARY x  n.    [hymn  +  -al] 

hymnody  (-mn),  n.  Singing  of  hymns;  com- 


HYMNOGRAPHER 


400 


HYPOTHESIS 


position  of  hymns,  whence  hymnodiST  n. ; 
hymns  collectively,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  humnodia  (hum- 
nos  hymn  +  ode  song,  ode] 

hymno'gpapher,  n.  Composer  of  hymns, 
[f.  Gk  humnographos  (as  prec,  see  -grapher)] 

hymno'logfy(-mn-),n.  Composition,  study, of 
hymns ;  hymns  collectively.  So  hymnolo'git 
a.,  hymno'logiST  n.    [hymn  +  -o-  +  -logy] 

hy'oid,  a.  &  n.  (anat.).  H.  bone,  tongue-bone 
between  chin  &  thyroid  cartilage ;  pertaining 
to  this ;  (n.)  h.  bone.  [f.  F  hyoidet  Gk  huoeides 
shaped  like  letter  U] 

hyp.    See  hip*. 

hy  pae'thral,  -pe*thpal,a.  Open  to  the  sky, 
roofless ;  open  air.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  hupaithros  (aither 
air,  see  hypo-)] 

hypa'llage  (-ji),  n.  (gram.).  Reversal  of  na- 
tural relations  of  two  elements  in  a  proposition 
(e.g.  apply  the  wound  to  water  for  apply  water 
to  the  wound).  [L,  f.  Gk  hupallage  (allasso  ex- 
change, see  hypo-)] 

hyper-,  pref.  =  Gk  huper  in  senses  '  over ', 
1  above  ',  '  exceeding ',  excessive '. 

hyperaesthe'sfa,  n.  (Path.)  morbid  sensi- 
tiveness of  nerves;  excessive  sensibility.  So 
hypepaesthfinc  a.  [hyper-  +  Gk -aisthesia 
f.  aisthanomai  perceive] 

hyper'baton,  n.  Inversion  of  normal  order 
of  words,  esp.  for  sake  of  emphasis.  [L,  f.  Gk 
huperbaton  (baino  step,  see  hyper-)] 

hyper'bola,  n.  (geom.).  Curve  produced 
when  cone  is  cut  by  plane  making  larger  angle 
with  base  than  side  of  cone  makes  (cf.  ellipse). 
Hence  hyperbo'lic  a.  [f.  Gk  huperbole  f. 
huperballo  exceed  (ballo  throw,  see  hyper-)] 

hypep'bole(-li),  n.(rhet.).  Exaggerated  state- 
ment not  meant  to  be  taken  literally.  Hence 
hyperbo'liOAL  a.,  hypenbo'liealLY2  adv., 
hyper'boliSM,  hypeP'boliST,  nn.   [as  prec] 

hypenbop*ean,a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  the  ex- 
treme north  of  the  earth  or(colloq.)  of  a  country; 
(Gk  Myth.)  one  of  a  race  living  in  land  of  sun- 
shine &  plenty  beyond  north  wind.  [f.  LL 
hyperboreanus  (L  -boreus)  f.  Gk  huperboreos 
(Boreas  north  wind,  see  hyper-)] 

hy pereatale'etie,  a.  (pros. ).  (Of  verse)  hav- 
ing extra  syllable  after  last  complete  dipody. 
[f.  LL  HYPKB.(catalecti(ms  catalectic)] 

hypepcpi'tieal,  a.  Too  critical,  esp.  of  small 
faults.  Hence  hypePCPPtiealLYSadv.,  hy- 
pepcpi'ticiSM  n.,  hypepcpi'tieiZE  v.t.  &  i. 
[HYPER-  +  critical] 

h; 
re< 
Gk  hupermetros  (metron  metre,  hyper-)] 

hypepmetpd'pia,  n.  Morbidly  long  sight. 
Hence  hypermetropic  a.  [as  prec.  +Gk  ops 
eye  +  -iaY1] 

hypepphysleal,a.  Supernatural,  [hyper-] 

hypepsthene  (-en),  n.  Greenish  mineral 
allied  to  hornblende,  [f.  F  HYPER(stene  f.  Gk 
sthenos  strength,  from  its  hardness)] 

hypep'tpophy,  n.  Enlargement  (of  organ 
&c.)  due  to  excessive  nutrition.  Hence  or  cogn. 
hypeptpd-phic,  hy pep'tPophiED2,  aa.  [hy- 
per- +  Gk  -trophia  nourishment  f.  trepho] 

hypethpal.    See  hypaethral. 

hyphen,  n. ,  &  v.t.  Sign  (-)  used  to  join  two 
words  together,  to  join  separated  syllables  of 
word  broken  at  end  of  line,  or  to  divide  word 
into  parts ;  short  pause  between  syllables  in 
speaking;  (v.t.)  join  (words)  with  h.,  write 
(compound  word)  with  h.  [(vb  f.  n.)  LL,  f.  Gk 
(tuphen  together  (hupo  under  +  hen  one)] 

nypno-  in  comb,  (before  vowel  hypn-)  =  Gk 

hujina*  sleep,  as :  -ge'nesis,  -gene'tic,  induction 
of.  inducing,  the  hypnotic  state ;  -logy,  science 
of  the  phenomena  of  sleep. 


hypepme'tPle(al),  aa.    (Of  verse)  having  a 
jdundant  syllable ;  (of  syllable)  redundant,    [f. 


hypno'sis,  n.  Artificially  produced  sleep ; 
hypnotic  state.  If.  Gk  hupnoo  make  sleep,  -osis] 

hypno'tie,  a.  &  n.  Of,  producing,  hypno- 
tism ;  thing  that  produces  sleep ;  person  under 
influence  of  hypnotism.  If.  F  hypnotique  f.  LL 
f.  Gk  hupnotikos  (as  prec,  see  -otic)] 

hypnotism,  n.  (Artificial  production  of)  a 
state  resembling  deep  sleep,  in  which  the  sub- 
ject acts  only  on  external  suggestion.  So  hyp- 
notiST  n. ;  hy'pnotiZE  v.t.    [f.  prec  -f  -ism] 

hypo-  in  comb,  (before  vowel  hyp-)  -  Gk 
hupo  under,  below,  slightly;  (Chem.)  forming 
names  of  oxygen  compounds  lower  in  the  series 
than  those  with  the  simple  name.  Exx. :  -blast, 
inner  layer  of  cells  in  blastoderm ;  -bra'nchial 
situated  under  the  gills ;  -cy'cloid,  curve  traced 
by  point  in  circumference  of  circle  rolling  round 
interior  circumference  of  another  circle  ;  -ga's- 
trium,  lowest  region  of  abdomen ;  -ge'al,  -ge'an, 
aa.,  underground ;  -gene,  (of  rocks)  formed 
under  the  surface ;  -ge'um,  pi.  -gea,  under- 
ground chamber;  -glo'ssal  (nerve),  motor  nerve 
of  tongue;  -gynou-s,  (Bot.)  situated  below  pis- 
tils or  ovary ;  -nd'sty,  (Bot.)  tendency  in  plant- 
organs  to  grow  more  rapidly  on  under  side ; 
-pho'sphite,  salt  of  hypophosphorous  acid;  -tra- 
che'Jium  (-ke-),  lower  part  of  capital  of  column. 

hy-pocaust,  n.  (Rom.  antiq.).  Hollow  space 
under  floor  in  which  heat  from  furnace  was 
accumulated  for  heating  house  or  bath.  [f.  LL 
f.  Gk  hupokauston  place  heated  from  below 
(kaio,  kau-,  burn,  see  hypo-)] 

hypocho'ndpia  (-k-),  n.  Morbid  state  of 
depression  for  which  there  is  no  real  cause.  So 
hypochondPi'ASis  n.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  (to)  hupo- 
khondria  soft  parts  of  body  below  costal  carti- 
lages (khondros  cartilage,  see  hypo-)] 

hypoeho*ndpiac,  a.  &  n.  Of,  affected  by, 
hypochondria;  (n.)  h.  person.  Hence  hypo- 
ehondpraeAL  a.,  hypochondPi'aealLv  2 
adv.  [f.  F  hypochondriaque  i.  med.L  f.  Gk 
hujaokhondriakos  (as  prec,  see  -AC)] 

hypo'cpisy,  n.  Simulation  of  virtue  or 
goodness  ;  dissimulation,  pretence,  [f.  OF  ypo- 
crisie  f.  eccl.  L  f.  Gk  hupokrisis  lit.  acting  of  a 
part  f.  hupokrinomai  (hupo-  hypo-  +  krino 
decide,  judge)] 

hypocrite,  n.  Person  guilty  of  hypocrisy ; 
dissembler,  pretender.  So  hypoeri'tiCAL  a., 
hypoepi'tiealLY 2  adv.  [f.  OF  ypocrite  f. 
eccl.  L  (-ta)  f.  Gk  hupokrites  actor  (as  prec)] 

hypodep'mie,  a.  (Med.,  of  drugs  &c )  intro- 
duced beneath  the  skin,  as  h.  injection ;  (Anat.) 
lying  under  the  skin.  Hence  hypodep'mic- 
ally  adv.    [f.  hypo-  -f  Gk  derma  skin  -I-  -ic] 

hypostasis,  n.  (pi.  -ases).  (Med.)  Excess  of 
blood  in  organs  of  body;  (Metaphys.)  under- 
lying substance,  opp.  to  attributes  or  to  what 
is  unsubstantial  ;  (Theol.)  personality  (of 
Christ),  person  (of  the  Godhead).  So  hypo- 
sta'tic(AL)  aa.,  hyposta'tiealLY2  adv..  hy- 
po*stasizE(3),  hypo*statizE(3),  vv.t.  (meta- 
phys.). [f.  LL  f.  Gk  hupostasis  (hupo-  hypo-  + 
stasis  standing,  state)] 

hypotenuse,  n.  Side  opposite  right  angle 
of  triangle,  ff.  LLf.  Gk  hupoteinousa  (gramme) 
subtending  line  (hupo-  hypo-  +  teino  stretch) ; 
also  (improp.)  -thenuse] 

hypothec  (-Ic),  n.  (Rom.  &  Sc  Law).  Secu- 
rity established  by  law  over  thing  belonging  to 
debtor.  So  hypo'theeARY  i  a.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk 
hupotheke  f.  hupotithemi  place  under,  deposit 
as  pledge  (hupo-  hypo-  +  tithemi  place)] 

hypothecate,  v.t.  Pledge,  mortgage. 
Hence  hypothecATiox  n.  [f.  LL  hypothe- 
care  (as  prec),  see  -ate3] 

hypd'thesis,  n.  (pi.  -theses).     Supposition 


HYPOTHESIZE 


401 


■IC 


made  as  basis  for  reasoning,  without  reference 
to  its  truth,  or  as  starting-point  for  investiga- 
tion ;  groundless  assumption.  So  hypothe*- 
tic(AL)  aa.,  hypothe'ticalLY 2  adv.  [f.  Gk 
hupothesis  foundation  (as  hypothec)] 

hypothesize,  v.i.  &  t.  Frame  a  hypothesis ; 
(trans.)  assume,    [f.  prec.  -t-  -izeJ 

hypso-  in  comb.  =  Gk  hupsos  height,  as : 
-graphy,  department  of  geography  dealing 
with  altitudes ;  -meter,  -me'tric(al),  -metry, 
instrument  for,  concerned  with,  science  of, 
measuring  altitudes. 

hyp'ax,  n.  Genus  of  small  rabbit-like  quad- 
rupeds, including  Syrian  rock-rabbit  and  S.- 
Afr.  rock-badger.    If.  Gk  hurax  shrew-mouse] 

hy'son  (-sn),  n.  Kind  of  green  tea  from  China, 
[f.  Chin.  Jisi-ch'un  lit.  bright  spring] 

hy-spy,  I  spy,  n.    Kind  of  hide-&-seek. 

hyssop,  n.  Small  bushy  aromatic  herb, 
formerly  used  medicinally ;  (bibl.)  plant  whose 
twigs  were  used  for  sprinkling  in  Jewish  rites, 
bunch  of  this  used  in  purification,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
hussopos,  prob.  of  eastern  orig.] 

hyster'ia,  n.  Functional  disturbance  of 
nervous  system  (esp.  of  women),  characterized 
by  anaesthesia,  convulsions,  &c,  &  usu.  at- 
tended with  disturbance  of  moral  &  intellec- 
tual faculties  (formerly  thought  to  be  due  to 
disturbance  of  womb) ;  morbid  excitement, 
[mod.  medical  L,  on  foil.] 

hyste'pic,  a.  &  n.  =foll. ;  (n.  pi.)  hysterical 
fits  or  convulsions,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  husterikos  of 
the  womb  (hustera,  see  -ic)] 

hyste'pical,  a.  Of,  affected  with,  hysteria ; 
morbidly  emotional.  Hence  hyste'PiealLY2 
adv.    [prec.  +  -al] 

hystero-  in  comb.=Gk  hustera  womb,  as : 
-ge'nic,  -geny,  productive,  production,  of  hys- 
teria ;  -logy,  treatise  on  the  uterus ;  -tomy, 
operation  of  cutting  into  the  uterus. 

hy'steron  pro'teron,  n.  (Gram.)  figure  of 
speech  in  which  what  should  come  last  is  put 
first ;  inversion  of  natural  order.  [LL,  f.  Gk 
husteron  proteron  latter  (put  in  place  of) 
former] 


I  \  1,  (i),  letter  (pi.  Is,  I's).  As  Roman  numeral 
I  or  i  =  l,  as  i  1,  ii  2,  iii  3,  iv  (rarely  iiii)  4,  vi  6, 
viii  8,  ix  (rarely  viiii)  9,xi  11,  xiv  14,  li  51,  cii  102, 
miv  1,004. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  (I.) :  Idaho ;  Jesus,  I.N.R.I. 
(Nazarenus  Rex  Judxorum,  of  Nazareth  King 
of  the  Jews),  see  also  ihs  ;  Imperial,  I.S.O. 
(Service  Order) ;  Independent,  I.L.P.  (Labour 
Party) ;  Indian,  I.C.S.  (Civil  Service) ;  Island ; 
Isle,  I. W.  (of  Wight),  (i. ) :  id.  I.e.  (est) ;  idem, 
I.q.  (quod) ;  indicated,  I.h.p.  (horse  power). 

Abbreviations  (2):  la.,  Iowa;  ito.(idem), 
ibid.(era) ;  ld.(em) ;  Ill.(inois) ;  in.(ches) ;  in- 
clusive) ;  Incogr.(nito) ;  Ind.(iana) ;  Ind.(ian) 
T.(erritory) ;  inf.(ra);  lnit.(io) ;  lnst.(ant); 
Is.(aiah). 

I2,  pron.  &  n.  Subjective  case  of  1st  pers. 
pron.  (objective  me,  poss.  my;  pi.  we,  obj.  us, 
poss.  our) ;  (n.,  Metaphys.)  the  I,  the  ego,  subject 
or  object  of  self-consciousness.  [OE  ic,  cf.  Du. 
ik,  G  ich,  also  L  ego,  Gk  ego] 

-i,  suf.  forming  pi.  of  L  nn.  in  -us  &  -er  of  2nd 
decl.  &  of  Ital.  wds  in  -o,  -e ;  retained  in  E  in 
wds  of  scientific  or  learned  use,  as  cirri,  foci, 
dilettanti,  literati;  also  freq.  in  mod.L  names 
of  groups  or  orders  in  Nat.  Hist.,  as  acantho- 
pterygii,  acrocarpi. 

-I-,  connecting  vowel  in  L,  being  stem  vowel, 
as  in  omnivorus,  weakened  representative  of 
this,   as    in    hrrbivorus    (herba),   granivorus 


(grano-),  or  merely  connective,  as  in  gramini- 
vorus  (gramin-) ;  used  in  E  in  compds  formed 
on  L  models,  as  hydriform,  setiform.    Cf.  -o-. 

-la1,  suf.,  f.  L  &  Gk  -ia,  forming  abstract  nn. 
&c,  as  hydrophobia,  mania,  militia ;  freq.  in 
mod.L  terms  of  pathology  {cephalalgia,  hys- 
teria) ;  of  bot.  (classes,  as  Cryptogamia,  &  per- 
sonal names,  as  dahlia,  fuchsia) ;  in  names  of 
countries,  as  A ustralia;  &  in  names  of  alka- 
loids, as  morphia,  strychnia,  (in  more  recent 
nomenclature  -ine).    F  -ie  f.  -ia  gives  -y  K 

-la2,  suf.  forming  pi.  of  Gk  nn.  in  -ion  &  Lnn. 
in  -ium,  as  paraphernalia,  regalia ;  freq.  in 
mod.L  names  of  classes  &c.  in  Zool.,  as  mam- 
malia, reptilia. 

-ial,  suf.  repr.  L  -ialis,  in  adjj.  f.  n.-stems 
in  -to-,  -ia-,  as  curialis,  tibialis;  much  used  in 
med.L,  F,  &  E,  to  form  adjj.  f.  L  adjj.  in  -is  & 
-IMS,  as  celestial,  dictatorial  (L  -tis,  -rius). 

ramb,  n.  =  iambus,    [f.  F  iambe,  as  iambus] 

ia'mbic,  a.  &  n.  (pros.).  Of,  containing,  based 
on,  iambuses;  (n.)  i.  verse,  [f.  F  iambique  f.  L 
f.  Gk  iambikos  (as  foil.,  see  -ic)l 

iambus,  n.  (pros.;  pi.  -buses).  The  metrical 
footv>-.  [L,  f.  Gk  iambos  iambus,  lampoon 
(iapto  assail)] 

-Ian,  suf.  of  aa.  &  nn.  =  L  -anus  -an  added  to 
stems  in  -i-,  as  Italian,  Virgilian,  or  w.  con- 
nective -i-,  as  Christian;  esp.  forming  aa.  in 
proper  names,  as  Addisonian,  Bostonian, 
(varying  in  place-names  with  -er,  as  Londoner, 
&  often  added  to  Latinized  stems,  as  Mancu- 
nian^ Olastcegian,  Oxonian,  Liverpudlian). 

Iber*ian(I-),a.  &n.  Of  ancient  Iberiajof  Spain 
&  Portugal  as  one  country;  (n.)  inhabitant, 
language,  of  ancient  Iberia,  ff.  L  Iberia  f.  Gk 
Iberes  Spaniards  +  -an] 

I'bex,  n.  (pi.  -exes).  Wild  goat  of  Alps  & 
Apennines,  with  large  recurved  horns.    [L] 

ibi'dem,  adv.  In  the  same  book,  chapter, 
passage,  &c.  (abbr.  ib.,  ibid.).  [L,  =  in  same 
place  (ibi  there  +  demonstr.  suf.  -dem)] 

l'bis,  n.  (pi.  ibises).  Stork-like  bird  found  in 
lakes  &  swamps  of  warm  climates;  Sacred  I, 
kind  venerated  by  ancient  Egyptians.  [L  f.  Gk] 

-ible,  suf.  f.  L  -ibilis,  i.e.  -bilis  -ble  as 
appended  to  p.p.  stems,  3rd  conj.  vbs,  &  some 
2nd  conj.  (terrible),  or  f.  L  -ibilis  (-bilis  with  4th 
conj.) ;  also  in  mod.  formations,  as  avertible. 
Displaced  by  -able  in  many  wds  taken  thr.  F  or 
formed  really  or  apparently  on  E  vbs.  Mean- 
ing :  *  that  can  be  — d '. 

-Ic,  suf.  (1)  forming  adjj.  (often  thr.  F  -ique)  f. 
L  -icus,  sometimes  of  L  orig.,  as  in  classicus, 
publicus,  domesticus,  but  usu.  f.  Gk  -ikos,  as  in 
grammaticus,  poeticus.  E  adjj.  in  -ic  are  direct 
f.  Gk,  or  on  Gk  elements.or  (esp.  scientific  terms) 
on  wds  f .  L  or  other  langg. ,  as  carbonic,  Byronic. 
(Chem.)  -ic  in  names  of  oxygen  acids  &c.  indi- 
cates higher  degree  of  oxidation  than  -ous,  as  in 
chloric,  sulphuric.  (2)  Gk  adjj.  in  -ikos  were 
used  as  nn.  in  3  ways :  in  masc.  sing.,  as  kritikos 
man  able  to  discern,  critic;  in  fem.  sing.,  as 
mousike  (tekhne)  art  of  the  muses,  music ;  in 
neut.  pi.,  as  ta  oikonomika  things  pertaining  to 
management,  economics.  In  L  the  last  two  both 
became  -ica, whence  much  fluctuation  in  med.L 
as  to  grammatical  treatment.  The  Rom.  langg. 
usu.  had  fem.  sing,  for  names  of  arts  and 
sciences,  but  F  occas.  had  pi.,  as  les  matM- 
matiques.  E  wds  before  15th  c.  were  sing.,  as 
still  arithmetic,  music,  magic,  logic,  rhetoric; 
later,  -ics  became  usu.  form  for  names  of 
sciences,  as  acoustics,  conies,  dynamics, (treated 
as  sing.),  &  of  practical  matters,  as  athletics, 
politics,  tactics,  (pi.).  Besides  this  spec,  use, 
other  adjj.  in  -ic  become  nn.,  as  epic,  emetic, 
cosmetic,  rtistic,  mechanic. 


■ICAL 


402 


IDEA 


-ical,  suf.  (-ic  +  -al)  forming  adjj.  f.  nn.,  as 
musical,  or  more  commonly  secondary  adjj.  f. 
adjj.,  as  comical,  historical.  Many  adjj.  have 
both  the  -ic  &  -ical  form,  often  with  distinction 
in  meaning  (see  -al). 

-ically,  suf.  (-ical  +  -ly  2)  forming  adv v.  corr. 
to  adjj.  in  -ic,  -ical,  advv.  in  -icly,  as  publicly, 
politicly,  being  rare. 

ice  \  n.  Frozen  water ;  break  the  i. ,  (fig. )  make 
a  beginning,  break  through  reserve  or  stiffness ; 
(w.  pi.)  frozen  confection,  i. -cream,  water-i. ; 
i.-age,  glacial  period;  i.-axe  (used  by  Alpine 
climbers  for  cutting  steps) ;  iceblink,  luminous 
appearance  on  horizon,  caused  by  reflexion  from 
i.;  i.-boat,  boat  mounted  on  runners  for  travel- 
ling on  i.,  (also)  boat  used  for  breaking  i.  on  river 
&c;  i.-cream,  flavoured  cream  or  custard  con- 
gealed in  freezing  mixture;  i.-fall,  steep  part 
of  glacier  like  frozen  waterfall ;  {.-field,  expanse 
of  i.,  esp.  in  Polar  regions ;  i.-foot,  belt  of  i.  along 
coast  in  Arctic  regions ;  iceman,  man  skilled  in 
traversing  i.,  (also)  maker  of  ii.;  {.-pudding,  a 
frozen  confection.  [com.-Teut.:  OE  is,  Du.  ijs, 
G  eis] 

ice2,  v.t.  Freeze;  cover  (as)  with  ice;  cool 
(wine)  in  ice ;  cover  (cake  &c.)  with  concretion 
of  sugar,  whence  i'eiNG  *  n.  [f.  prec] 
-ice,  suf.  f.  OF  -ice,  non-popular  representa- 
tive of  L  -{tin  in  abstract  nn.  (justice,  avarice, 
malice,  notice,  &  the  F  formations  cowardice, 
jaundice)  &  of  L  -itius,  -itium,  {novice,  preci- 
pice, service).  But  E  -ice  has  freq.  diff.  orig.,  as 
in  apprentice,  bodice,  pracUce,  where  -ice  is 
partly  due  to  assim. 

i'eebepgr,  n.  Floating  mass  of  ice,  detached 
portion  of  Arctic  glacier;  (fig.)  unemotional 
person,  fprob.  f.  Du.  ijsberg  (ijs  ice  +  berg  hill)] 
I'celand,  n.  Large  island  between  Norway 
and  Greenland;  I.  lichen,  moss,  edible  species; 
/.  poppy,  yellow  Arctic  poppy ;  I.  spar,  trans- 
parent variety  of  calcite.  Hence  I'celand- 
er!(4)  n.  [f.  ON  Island  (iss  ice  +  land)] 
Ieela-ndie,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  prec.  [-ic] 
ichneu'mon  (Iknu-),  n.  Small  brown  weasel- 
like quadruped  allied  to  mongoose,  noted  for 
destroying  crocodiles'  eggs ;  (also  {.-fly)  small 
parasitic  hymenopterous  insect  depositing  eggs 
in  or  on  larva  of  another  insect.  [L,  f.  Gk 
ikhneumon  spider-hunting  wasp  f.  ikhneuo 
track  (ikhnos)] 

ichno-  in  comb.  =  Gk  ikhnos  track,  trace,  as: 
-graMphic(al),  -graphy,  (of)  the  drawing  of 
ground-plans;  -lite  (also  ichnite),  fossil  foot- 
print ;  -logy,  study  of  fossil  footprints. 
i'chop  (fk-),  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  fluid  flowing  like 
blood  in  veins  of  gods ;  (Path.)  watery  acrid 
discharge  from  wounds  &c.  Hence  i'ehorous 
a.    [GkMor] 

iehthyo-  (Ik-)  in  comb,  (before  vowel  ichthy-) 
=  Gk  ikhthus  fish,  as :  -grapher,  -graphy,  writer 
on,  description  of,  fishes ;  -latry,  worship  of  a 
fish-god ;  -lite,  fossil  fish ;  -logy,  natural  history 
of  fishes,   whence   -lo'gical,   -logist ;    -phagi, 
-phagist,  fish-eater(s) ;  -phagous,  fish-eating ; 
ichthyornis,  extinct  genus  of  toothed  birds. 
ichthyoid,  a.  &  n.  Fish-like ;  (n.)  vertebrate 
of  fish  type,    las  prec.  +  -oid] 
i'ehthyosaupus,  n.  Extinctmarine  animal 
with  huge  head,  tapering  body,  four  paddles,  & 
long  tail,    [ichth yo-  4-  Gk  sauros  lizard] 
ichthyo'sis,  n.    Disease  in  which  epidermis 
becomes  dry  &  horny.    So  iehthyo  Tic  a.    [f. 
Gk  ikhthus  fish  +  -osisj 

-ician,  suf.  ( =  F  -icien),  spec,  form  of  -ian 
added  to  names  of  arts  or  sciences  in  -ic(s)  to 
form  personal  designations  (  =  one  skilled  in  or 
concerned  with),  as  arithmetician,  logician, 
optician,  politician;    sometimes  used  when 


there  is  no  corresp.  n.  (&  even  no  adj.)  in  -ic, 
as  academician,  algebrician,  Hebrician. 

reiele,  n.  Tapering  ice-formation,  produced 
by  freezing  of  successive  drops  trickling  from 
the  point  of  attachment.  [OE  has  ises  gical  (is 
ice  +  gical,  cogn.  w.  ON  jokull  icicle,  glacier)] 

reon,  n.  Image,  statue;  (Eastern  Church) 
painting,  mosaic,  &c,  of  sacred  personage,  itself 
regarded  as  sacred.  [LL,  f.  Gk  eikon  image 
( 'eiko  be  like)] 

icd'nic,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  an  image  or  por- 
trait; (of  statues)  following  a  conventional  type, 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  eikoniJcos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

ieono-incomb.  =  Gket'A;dmmage,as :  -graphy, 
illustration  of  subject  by  drawings  or  figures, 
so  -grapher, -gra'phic; -later, -latry,  worshipper, 
worship,  of  images  ;  -logy,  study  of  icons  (in  any 
sense);  -machy,  war  against  use  of  images  in  con- 
nexion with  worship  ;  -stasis,  (Eastern  Church) 
screen  separating  sanctuary  from  main  body  of 
church,  &  on  which  icons  are  placed. 

ico'noclasm,  n.  Breaking  of  images  (lit.  & 
fig.),    [prec.  +  Gk  klasma  (klao  break,  -m)] 

ico'noclast,  n.  Breaker  of  images,  esp.  one 
who  took  part  in  movement  in  8th  &  9th  cc, 
against  use  of  images  in  religious  worship  in 
churches  of  the  East;  (fig.)  one  who  assails 
cherished  beliefs.  Hence  iconoclastic  a.  [f. 
LL  f.  Gk  eikonoklastes  (eikon  icon  +  klastes  f. 
klao  break)] 

reosahe'dron,  n.  Solid  contained  by  twenty 
plane  faces,  [f.  Gk  eikosaedron  (eikosi  twenty 
+  hedra  base)] 

-ies.    See  -ic(2). 

i'etus,  n.  (pros.).  Rhythmical  or  metrical 
stress.    [L,  =  blow,  f.  were  strike] 

i'ey,  a.  Abounding  in,  covered  with,  ice ;  very 
cold  (lit.  &  fig.,  as  i.  manners).  Hence  i'eiLY  2 
adv.,  i'eiNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

id,  n.  (biol.).  Unit  of  germ-plasm,  [arbitrary, 
suggested  by  id{oplasm) 

-id1,  suf.  f.  F  4de  f.  L  -idus,  which  forms  adjj. 
chiefly  f.  vbs  w.  -e-  stems,  as  acidus  acid  f.  acerc, 
but  also  f.  vbs  w.  -i-  or  consonant  stem,  asflui- 
dus  fluid  f.  flu&re,  &  f .  nn.,  as  morbidus  morbid 
f.  morbus.  Earlier  E  wds  come  thr.  F,  others 
f.  L  direct. 

-id2,  suf.  of  nn.  (=  F  -ide)  f.  L  f.  Gk  -id-  (nom. 
-is),  as  chrysalid,  pyramid.  In  bot. ,  a  maryllid, 
orchid,  &c,  should  denote  plants  amaryllis, 
orchis,  &c,  but  in  fact  denote  members  of  the 
order  of  which  these  are  typical  genera  (ama- 
ryllideae,  orchidaceae). 

-id  3,  suf.  of  nn.  &  aa.  (zool.).  1.  Through  F  f. 
L  names  of  families  in  -idae  pi.  of  -{des  f.  Gk 
-ides  son  of,  as  Araneid,  member  of  the  family 
Araneidae.  2.  f.  L  names  of  classes  in-ida  taken 
as  neut.  pi.  of  -ides  (  =  Gk  -ides),  as  Arachnid, 
member  of  the  class  Arachnida. 

-id4,suf.  Early spellingof-iDE.nowchiefly U.S. 

ide,  n.    Fish  allied  to  carp.    [f.  Swed.  M] 

-ide,  suf.  (chem.)  forming  names  of  simple 
compounds  of  an  element  with  another  element 
or  a  radical,  the  suf.  -{de  being  added  to  the 
name  (usu.  abbrev. )  of  the  more  electro-negative 
element,  as  bromine  chloride,  sulphur  bromide, 
carbon  sulphide,  boron  carbide ;  first  used  in 
ox{de  tramoxygen. 

idea  (ider'),  n.  Archetype,  pattern,  as  distin- 
guished from  its  realization  in  individuals  ^Pla- 
tonic) eternally  existing  pattern  of  which  indi- 
vidual things  in  any  class  are  imperfect  copies ; 
conception,  plan,  of  thing  to  be  aimed  at,created. 
&c;  plan  or  action;  notion  conceived  by  the 
mind ;  way  of  thinking ;  vague  belief,  fancy,  as 
the  {.  of  his  doing  such  a  thing,  I  had  no  i.  you 
were  there ;  (Descartes,  Locke)  immediateobject 
of  thought  or  mental  perception;  (Kant)  con- 


IDEAL 


403 


IGNEOUS 


ccption  of  reason  transcending  all  experience. 
Hence  idea'd,  ideaED-,  (-erd),  idea'LESS, 
aa.    [LL  f.  Gk,=  form,  kind,  f.  id-  see) 

ideal,  a.  &  n.  Answering  to  one's  highest 
conception ;  embodying  an  idea ;  existing  only 
in  idea  ;  visionary  ;  relating  to,  consisting  of, 
(Platonic)  ideas ;  (n.)  perfect  type ;  actual  thing 
as  standard  for  imitation.  Hence  idealLY2 
adv.    [f.  F  ideal  f.  LL  idealis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

idealism,  n.  Representation  of  things  in 
ideal  form,  imaginative  treatment,  (cf.  real- 
ism), so  idealizA'TiON  n.,  idealizE  v.t.  &  i.; 
(Philos.)  system  of  thought  in  which  the  object 
of  external  perception  is  held  to  consist  of  ideas. 
So  idealiST  n. ;  idealistic  a.    [-ism] 

idea*lity,n.  Quality  of  being  ideal;  (Phrenol.) 
imaginative  faculty,    [-itt] 

ideate,  v.t.  &  i.  Imagine,  conceive;  form 
ideas.     Hence  ideATiON  n.,  idea'tionAL  a. 

ff.  IDEA  + -ATE  3] 

idee  fixe  (e'dafeks),  n.  Idea  that  dominates 
the  mind,  monomania.  [F,  lit.  fixed  idea] 
idem,  n.  or  adv.  (abbr.  id.).  (In)  the  same  au- 
thor (I-) ;  the  same  word  (I-) ;  i.  quod,  the  same 
as.  [L  idem  masc,  idem  neut,  same] 
identic,  a.  (Diplom.)  i.  note,  simultaneous 
&  uniformly  worded  expression  of  opinion  from 
several  powers  to  another ;  =  foil.  [f.  schol.  L 
identicus  (cf.  identity)] 

identical,  a.  (Of  one  thing  viewed  at  differ- 
ent times)  the  very  same  ;  (ot  different  things) 
agreeing  in  every  detail;  (Logic,  Math.)  express- 
ing an  identity.  Hence  ide*nticalLY2adv.  [-al] 
identify,  v.  t.  Treat  (thing)  as  identical  (with) ; 
associate  oneself  inseparably  with  (party.policy, 
&c);  establish  identity  of.  Hence  ide'ntin- 
able  a.,  identincA'TiON  n.  [f.  LL  identificare 
(as  foil.,  see  -fy)] 

identity,  n.  Absolute  sameness ;  individu- 
ality, personality;  (Alg.)  equality  of  two  ex- 
pressions for  all  values  of  the  literal  quantities, 
equation  expressing  this,  e.  g.  (x  +  1)2  =  gfi  +  2x 
+  1.  [f.  F  identite  f.  LL  identitas,  irreg.  f.  idem 
same  (see  -ty)] 

Ideo-  in  comb.  =  idea,  as :  -gram,  -graph, 
character  symbolizing  the  idea  of  a  thing  with- 
out expressing  its  name  (e.g.  Chinese  char- 
acters), whence  -gra'phic(al),  -graphy:  -logy, 
science  of  ideas,  (also)  visionary  speculation, 
whence  -lo'gical,  -logist. 

ides,'n.  pi.  (Rom.  antiq.).  Eighth  day  after 
nones  (loth  of  March,  May,  July,  October,  13th 
of  other  months).    [F,  f.  L  Idus] 

id  est  (abbr.  i.  e.).    That  is  to  say.    [L] 

i*dioey,n.  Extreme  mental  imbecility,  [f.  Gk 
idioteia  (as  idiot)  or  f.  idiot  +  -CY ;  idiotcy  is 
irreg.  form] 

rdiom,  n.  Language  of  a  people  or  country ; 
specific  character  of  this ;  form  of  expression 
peculiar  to  a  language,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  idioma  -ma- 
tos  (idioomai  make  one's  own  f.  idios,  see  -m)] 

idioma'tic,  a.  Characteristic  of  a  particular 
language ;  vernacular;  colloquial.  Hence  idio- 
ma'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gkidiomatikos  (orec.,-ic)] 

idid'pathy,  n.  (path. ).  Disease  not  preceded 
or  occasioned  by  another.  Hence  idiopathic 
a.,  idiopa'thiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk  idiopatheia 
(idios  own,  see  -pathy)] 

idiosyncrasy,  n.  Mental  constitution, 
view,  feeling,  peculiar  to  a  person  ;  mode  of  ex- 
pression peculiar  to  an  author ;  (Med.)  physical 
constitution  peculiar  to  a  person.  So  idiosyn- 
cratic a.  ff.  Gk  idios  ugkrasia  (idios  own  + 
sun  together  +  krasis  mixture  f.  kerannumi 
mix,  whence  kratikos  adj.) ;  theimprop.  -cracy 
is  by  confus.  w.  -cracy] 

i'diot,  n.  Person  so  deficient  in  mind  as  to 
be  permanently  incapable  of  rational  conduct; 


utter  fool.  So  idid'tic  a.,  idietiCALLY  adv. 
[F,  f .  L  (-ta)  f.  Gk  idiotes  private  person,  *  lay- 
man ',  ignorant  person,  f.  idios  own,  private] 

i'dle,  a.  (-er,  -est),  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  action, 
thought,  word)  ineffective,  worthless,  vain ; 
groundless;  useless;  unoccupied;  lazy,  indo- 
lent; (v.i.)  be  i.;  (v.t.)  pass  (time  &c.)  away  in 
idleness;  i.  wheel,  safety  wheel  coming  into 
operation  in  case  of  breakdown,  (also)  inter- 
mediate wheel  between  two  geared  wheels. 
Hence  i'dleNESS,  i'dlER1,  nn.,i*dLY2adv.  [(vb 
f.  a.)  OE  idel,  cf.  Du.  ijdel,  G  eitel ;  orig.  sense 
prob.  'empty'] 

i'dlesse,  n.    Idleness,   [sham  archaic, -ess2] 

idol  (i'dl),  n.  Image  of  deity  used  as  object  of 
worship ;  false  god  ;  person,  thing,  that  is  the 
object  of  excessive  devotion  ;  phantom ;  (Logic) 
false  mental  conception,  ii.  of  the  tribe,  cave, 
market,  theatre,  (L  idola  tribus,  specus,  fori, 
theatri),  four  classes  of  fallacies  (Bacon,  Nov. 
Org.  I.  xxxix),  referable  respectively  to  limita- 
tions of  human  mind,  prejudices  of  idiosyn- 
crasy, influence  of  words,  philosophical  &  logi- 
cal prepossessions,  [f.  OF  idole  f.  L  f.  Gk  eidolon 
phantom  (eidos  form)] 

ido'later,  n.  Worshipper  of  idols ;  devoted 
admirer  (of).  So  ido'latPESS *,  ido'latpv1, 
nn.,  idelatpous  a.,  ido'latPOusLY 2  adv. 
[f.  OF  idolatre  shortened  f.  eccl.  L  f.  Gk  eidolo 
latres ;  F  had  also  idolatre  by  confus.  w.  suf. 
-dire  -aster,  whence  earlier  E  idolatrei'] 

i'dolize,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  an  idol  of ;  venerate, 
love,  to  excess ;  practise  idolatry.  Hence  ido- 
Hzation  n.    [-IZE] 

ido'lum,  n.  (pi.  -la).  Mental  image,  idea; 
(Logic)  fallacy  (see  idol).    [L,  as  idol] 

i'dyll,  -yl,  n.  Short  description  in  verse  or 
(prose  t.)  in  prose  of  picturesque  scene  or  inci- 
dent, esp.  in  rustic  life;  episode  suitable  for 
such  treatment.  Hence  idyllic  a.,  idyllic- 
ally  adv.,  i'dyllisT  n.,  I'dylliZE(l)  v.t.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  eidullion  (eidos  form)] 

-iep,  suf.  forming  personal  nn.  denoting  occu- 
pation &c. ;  there  are  two  sets,  ME  wds  w.  un- 
accented -ier,  as  collier  (see  -er2),  &  later  wds 
f.  16th  c.  w.  -ier  usu.  accented,  as  cavalier  (but 
Jina'ncier),  and  often  spelt  -eer.  The  latter,  & 
perh.  usu.  the  former,  f.  F  -ier,  -eer. 

if,  conj.  (n.).  On  the  condition  or  supposition 
that,  as  i.  you  are  (now)  tired  tee  will  sit  down. 
i.  you  (hereafter)  see  him  give  him  the  message, 
i.  he  has  found  it  he  will  send  it,  i.  he  had  fair 
warning  he  has  nothing  to  complain  of,  i.  he 
bad  been  teamed  he  has  (or  had)  nothing  to 
complain  of,  (w.  past  tense  implying  that  con- 
dition is  not  fulfilled)  i  /  knew  xchat  to  do  I 
should  do  it,  i.  he  had  been  warned  he  would, 
have  (or  would  have  had)  nothing  to  complain 
of;  whenever,  as  i.  I  feel  any  doubt  I  inquire, 
i.  I  felt  any  doubt  I  inquired,  i.  I  had  been 
badly  treated  I  complained ;  whether,  as  ask. 
see,  try,  i.  you  can  turn  the  handle ;  (when  if 
is  omitted,  order  of  verb  &  subject  is  inverted, 
as)  were  I  (if  I  were)  in  your  place,  would, 
could,  should,  might,  had,  he  (if  he  would, 
could,  &c),  (poet.)  loved  I  not  honour  more  ; 
(without  apodosis)  i.  I  only  knew !,  I  wish  I 
knew,  i.  I  haven't  lost  my  watch!  (I  have,  to 
my  surprise  or  disgust) ;  as  ?'.,  as  the  case 
would  be  if,  as  it  seems  as  i.  he  meant  (vulg. 
means)  to  compromise,  he  talks  as  (he  would) 
i.  he  were  drunk ;  as  i.  you  didn't  know,  you 
know  quite  well;  (n.)  condition,  sivpposition. 
as  i.  if  s  &  ans  were  pots  <fr  pans.     [OE  gif,  cf . 

Du.  of  if,  G  ob  whether ;  perh.  cases  of  a  noun 

(OHG  iba)  meaning  *  doubt '] 

i'gneous,  a.  Of  fire,  fiery ;  produced  by  vol- 
canic agency.    If.  L  igneus  (ignis  fire)  +  -ous] 


IGNIS  FATUUS 


404 


ILLUMINATE 


i-g-nis  fa'tuus,  n.  Will-o'-the-wisp,  phos- 
phorescent light  (now  rarely)  seen  on  marshy 
ground,  supposed  due  to  spontaneous  combus- 
tion of  gas  from  decaying  organic  matter ;  delu- 
sive hope  or  aim.  [med.  or  mod. L, = foolish  Are] 
ig-ni'te,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  intensely  hot ;  (Chem.) 
heat  to  the  point  of  combustion  or  chemical 
change  ;  set  fire  to  ;  take  fire.  Hence  or  cogn. 
Ig-ni'tABLE  a.,  igni'tiON  n.  If.  L  ignire  -it- 
{ignis  fire)]  ,  .  ., 

ig-no*ble,  a.  <-er,  -est).  Of  low  birth,  position, 
or    reputation;    mean,    base,   dishonourable. 
Hence  igrno'bleNESS  n.,  Igrno'bLY  2  adv.    [F, 
f.  L  ignobilis  (in-  not  +  nobilis  noble)] 
i'gnominy,  n.    Dishonour,  infamy ;  infam- 
ous conduct.  So  igrnomi'nious  a.,  ignomi'- 
niousLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  ignominie  f.  L  ignominia 
(in-  not  +  (g)nomen  name)] 
ignora'mus,  n.  (pi.  -muses).    Ignorant  per- 
son.   [L,  =  we  do  not  know,  (legal)  we  take  no 
notice  of  (bill) ;  mod.  sense  perh.  f.  Ruggle's 
Ignoramus  (1615)  exposing  lawyers'  ignorance] 
i'gnoranee,  n.     Want  of   knowledge   (of 
thing,  or  in  general).    [F,  f.  L  ignorantia  (as 
foil.,  see-ANCE)] 

i'g-norant,  a.  Lacking  knowledge;  unin- 
formed (of,  in,  subject,  of  fact).  Hence  i'er- 
norantLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  L,  as  foil.,  see  -ant] 
ignora'tio  (-shio)  ete'nchi  (-ki),  n.  (logic). 
Argument  that  appears  to  refute  opponent 
while  actually  disproving  something  not  ad- 
vanced by  him.    [L] 

ig-noi»e%  v.t.  Refuse  to  take  notice  of;  (of 
Grand  Jury)  reject  (bill)  as  unfounded,  [f.  F 
ignorer  f.  L  ignorare  not  know,  ignore  (in-  not 
+  gno-  know)] 

igno'tum  per  igno'tius.  (Explanation  of) 
the  unknown  by  the  still  less  known.    [L] 
Igua-na  (-wah-),  n.  Large  W.-Ind.  &  S.-Amer. 
arboreal  lizard.    [Sp.,  f.  Carib.  iwana] 
igua'noddn,  n.    Huge  herbivorous  lizard, 
found  fossil,  [f.  prec.  +  Gk  odous  odontos  tooth, 
after  mastodon  Sec. J 
IHS,  abbr.  repr.  Gk  Iesous  Jesus  (Gk  cap.  e 
being  like  H) ;  often  taken  to  mean  Jesus  Ho- 
minum  Salvator  (Saviour  of  men),  In  Hoc  Sig- 
no  (vinces)  in  this  sign  (thou  shalt  conquer),  In 
Hoc  (cruce)  Salus  in  this  (cross)  is  salvation. 
il-,  pref.    =  in  1 « 2  before  I. 
-il,  -He,  suf.  of  adjj.  &  sometimes  nn.,  repr. 
L  -Uis  or  when  added  to  -i-  stems  -ilis  (civilis). 
In  OF  -Uis  appeared  as  -il,  but  -Uis  lost  i,  tonic 
accent  falling  on  prec.  syllable  (humble  L  hu- 
mUem,  frele  hfragilem).    L  wds  adopted  early, 
in  OF  took  -il  masc,  -He  fem.  (civil,  -He) ;  later 
wds  have  -He  for  both  genders  (agile,  facile). 
Few  E  wds  have  -il  (civil,  fossil,  utensil) ;  & 
the  tendency  is  to  pronounce  -He  of  either 
origin  with  i. 

Hex,  n.  (pi.  -exes).  Holm-oak;  (Bot.)  genus 
including  common  holly,  f  L] 
i'liae,  a.  Of  the  flank(-bone),  as  i.  artery ; 
i.  passion,  painful  affection  due  to  intestinal 
obstruction,  [f.  F  iliaque  f.  LL  iliacus  (ilium, 
class.  L  only  in  pi.  ilia  flanks ;  but  orig.  the 
adj.  corr.  to  L  ileus  f.  Gk  eileos  colic)] 
I'liad  (I-),  n.  Epic  poem  attributed  to  Homer 
&  describing  siege  of  Troy ;  (flg.)  J.  (long  series) 
of  woes.  (f.  L  f.  Gk  Ilias  (poiesis)  (poem)  of 
Ilium  or  Troy] 

riium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Hip-bone.  [L,  see  iliac] 
Ilk,  a.  (Sc).  Of  that  i.,  of  the  same,  as  Guthrie 
of  that  i.,  Guthrie  of  Guthrie ;  (vulg.)  that  i., 
that  family,  class,  or  set  [OE  ilea  same,  prob. 
f.  pronominal  st.  i-  (cf.  Goth,  is  he)  +  -lie  like] 
ill,  a.,  n.,  adv.  Out  of  health,  sick,  as  he  is  i„ 
was  taken  i. ;  morally  bad,  as  i.  fame,  disre- 
pute, i.  blood,  i.  will,  animosity,  strife, i.nature, 


churlishness,  i.  (morose)  humour,  temper; 
harmful,  as  (pro v.)  i.  weeds  grow  apace ;  do  an 
i.  turn  to  person,  harm  him  or  his  interests ; 
wretched,  disastrous,  as  (pro v.)  it's  an  i.  wind 
that  blows  nobody  good  ;  (archaic)  difficult,  as 
i.  to  please ;  faulty,  unskilful,  as  i.  manage- 
ment ;  (of  manners  or  conduct)  improper ;  i. 
(imperfect)  success.  (N.)  evil,  the  opposite  of 
good ;  harm,  injury ;  speak  i.  (something  un- 
favourable) of ;  (pi.)  misfortunes.  (Adv.)  badly, 
as  behaved  i. ;  take  (thing)  i.,  take  offence  at 
it ;  unfavourably,  as  it  would  have  gone  i.  with 
him ;  imperfectly,  scarcely,  as  i.  provided,  it  i. 
became  him  to  speak ;  i.  at  ease,  embarrassed, 
uneasy ;  i.-advised,  -visMly,  imprudent(ly) ;  i.- 
affected,  not  well  disposed;  i.-bred,  badly 
brought  up,  rude ;  i.  breeding,  bad  manners ; 
i.-conditioned,  of  evil  disposition,  (also)  in  bad 
condition ;  i.-disposed,  disposed  to  evil,  malevo- 
lent, (also)  unfavourably  disposed  (towards) ; 
i.-fated,  destined  to,  bringing,  bad  fortune  ;  i.- 
favoured,  uncomely,  (also)  displeasing,  objec- 
tionable ;  i.-gotten,  gained  by  evil  means ;  i.- 
humoured,  bad-tempered  ;  i.-judged,  unwise; 
i.-mannered,  unmannerly,  rude ;  i.-natured(ly), 
churlish(ly) ;  i.-omened,  attended  by  bad  omens ; 
i.-starred,  born  under  an  evil  star,  unlucky ;  i.- 
tempered,  morose,  peevish  ;  i.-timed,  unseason- 
able ;  i.-treat,  -use,  treat  badly,  [early  ME,  f. 
ON  illr,  etym.  dub.l 

illa'tion,  n.  Deduction,  conclusion  ;  thing 
deduced,    ff.  LL  illatio  (as  infer,  see  -ion)] 

illa'tive,  a.  (Of  words)  stating,  introducing, 
an  inference,  as  i.  particles ;  inferential.  Hence 
Hla'tlveLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  illativus  (as  prec, 
see  -ive)1 

ille'gal,  a.  Not  legal;  contrary  to  law. 
Hence  or  cogn.  Illega'liTYn.,  Ille*galLY2adv. 
[f.  med.L  lUlegalis  legal)] 

ille'gible,  a.  Not  legible.  Hence  Illegl- 
bi'lity  n.,  Hle*glbLY2adv..  [il-] 

illeg-i'timate 1  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Not  authorized 
by  law ;  improper ;  not  born  in  lawful  wedlock, 
bastard  ;  wrongly  inferred  ;  abnormal ;  (n.)  one 
whose  position  is  i.,  esp.  bastard.  Hence  ille- 
gi'timACY  n.,  Illegi'timateLY  2  adv.   [il-] 

illeg-i'timate2,  v.t.  Declare  illegitimate. 
Hence  illegitimA'TiON  n.    [f.  prec] 

illrberal,  a.  Not  befitting  a  free  man ;  with- 
out liberal  culture  ;  vulgar,  sordid ;  narrow- 
minded  ;  stingy.  Hence  or  cogn.  illlbera'liT  y 
n.,  illi*beralLY2  adv.  [f.  F  illiberal  f.  L  il- 
(liberalis  liberal)] 

illi'cit,  a.  Unlawful,  forbidden.  Hence 
Illi'eitL y  2  adv.  [f .  F  illicite  f .  L  i  \.(l  icitus  p.  p. 
of  licere  be  allowed)] 

illi'mltable,  a.  Boundless.  Hence  illimit- 
aBixiTY,  illi-mitablexEss,  nn.,  illl'mit- 
abLY2adv.    [il-] 

illi'terate  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Ignorant  of  letters ; 
unlearned;  unable  to  read;  (n.)  i.  person. 
Hence  Illi'tePACY,  illi'tepateNESS,  nn.  [f.  L 
nAlitteratus  literate)] 

i'llness,  n.  Unhealthy  condition  of  body, 
sickness,    [-ness] 

illo'g'ieal,  a.  Devoid  of,  contrary  to,  logic 
Hence  Illog-lea'liTY  n.,  Illo'gicalLY 2  adv. 

[IL-] 

illth,  n.  (rare).  Ill-being,  [-th1] 
illu'me,  v.t.  (poet.).  Light  up,  make  bright, 
(lit.  &  fig.),  [for  illumine,  cf.  F  allumer] 
illirminate  (-oo-,  -u-),  v.t.  Light  up,  whence 
illirminANT  a.  &  n. ;  give  spiritual  or  intel- 
lectual light  to  ;  throw  light  upon  (subject) ; 
shed  lustre  upon  ;  decorate  (buildings  &c.)  pro- 
fusely with  lights  as  sign  of  festivity ;  decor- 
ate (initial  letter  in  manuscript  &c.)  with  gold, 
silver,  &  brilliant  colours.  So  IllirminA'TiON, 


ILLUMINATI 


405 


IMMEDIATE 


illu'minatoR2,  nn.,  illu'minativ'E  a.  [f.  L 
iL{luminare  t.  lumen  -minis  light),  see  -ate  3] 

illumina'ti  (or  -ahte),  n.  pi.  Secret  society 
founded  by  Weishaupt  in  1776,  holding  deistic 
&  republican  principles,  &  organized  like  free- 
masons ;  persons  claiming  to  possess  special 
enlightenment.  So  illu*mlniSM(3),  illu'min- 
ist(2),  nn.  [L  (as  prec,  see  -ate2)  or  It.,  whence 
occasional  sing,  -ato] 

illu'mine,  v.t.  Light  up :  enlighten  spiritu- 
ally ;  brighten,  [f.  F  illuminer  (as  illuminate)] 

illu'sion (-zhn), n.  Deception, delusion; sensu- 
ous perception  of  an  external  object  involving 
a  false  belief ;  a  transparent  tulle.  [F,  f.  L  il'iu- 
sionem  f.  iL(ludere  lus-  play),  see  -ion] 

illu'sionist,  n.  One  who  disbelieves  in  ob- 
jective existence,  so  illu'sioniSM  n. ;  one  who 
produces  illusions,  esp.  conjurer,    [-ist] 

illu'sive  (-s-),  a.  Deceptive.  Hence  or  cogn. : 
illu'siveLY2,  illu*sopiLY2,advv.,  illu'sive- 
ness,  illu'soriNESS,  nn.,  IIIu'sory  a.  [as 
illusion,  see  -ive] 

i'llustpate,  v.t.  Make  clear,  explain  ;  make 
clear  by  examples ;  elucidate  (description  &c.) 
by  drawings ;  ornament  (book,  newspaper,  &c.) 
with  designs.  Hence  i'llustpatOR2  n.  [f.  L 
lL(lustrare  light  up,  prob.  f.  st.  of  lumen  light)] 

illustration,  n.  Illustrating ;  example ; 
drawing  &c.  illustrating  book  or  article  in 
paper.    [F,  f.  L  illustrationem  (prec,  -ation)] 

illu'strative,  a.  Serving  as  explanation  or 
example  (of).  Hence  illtrstrativeLY  2  adv. 
[as  illustrate,  see  -ive] 

illirstrious,  a.  Distinguished,  renowned. 
Hence  illu'striousLY  2  adv.,  illirstrious- 
ness  n.  [f.  L  iL(lustris  see  illustrate)  +  -ous] 

im-  *> 2,  pref.     =  in-  *» 2  before  b,  m,  p. 

i'mage l  (-ij),  n.  Artificial  imitation  of  the 
external  form  of  an  object,  e.  g.  statue  (esp.  of 
saint  &c.  as  object  of  veneration) ;  optical  coun- 
terpart produced  by  rays  of  light  reflected  from 
mirror,  refracted  through  lens,  &c;  form,  sem- 
blance ;  counterpart,  as  he  is  the  very  i.  of  his 
father ;  type ;  simile,  metaphor ;  idea,  concep- 
tion. Hence  i'mageLESS  a.  [F,  f.  L  imagi- 
nem  (nom.  -go)  prob.  f.  same  root  as  imitate] 

i'mage2,  v.t.  Make  an  image  of,  portray  ; 
reflect,  mirror ;  picture  (thing  to  oneself) ;  de- 
scribe vividly ;  typify.  Hence  i'mage  able  a. 
[f.  prec] 

i'magepy,  n.  Image ;  statuary,  carving ; 
figurative  illustration,      [f.  OF  imagerie  (as 

IMAGE  *,  See  -ERY)] 

ima'ginable,  a.  That  can  be  imagined,  as 
the  greatest  difficulty  i.,  took  all  the  trouble  i. 
Hence  ima'ginabLY2  adv.  [f.  LLimaginabilis 
(as  imagine,  see  -ble)] 

ima'ginal,  a.  (entom.).  Of  an  insect  imago, 
[f.  L  as  image  i  +  -al] 

imaginary,  a.  Existing  only  in  imagina- 
tion; (Math.)  having  no  real  existence,  but 
assumed  to  exist  for  a  special  purpose  (e.g. 
square  root  of  negative  quantity).  Hence 
ima'ginapiLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  imaginarius  (as 
prec,  see  -ary1)] 

imagination,  n.  Imagining ;  mental  facul- 
ty forming  images  of  external  objects  not  pre- 
sent to  the  senses  ;  fancy ;  creative  faculty  of 
the  mind.  [F,  f.  L  imaginationem  (as  imagine, 
see  -ation)] 

imaginative,  a.  Of,  given  to  using,  having 
or  showing  in  a  high  degree,  the  faculty  of 
imagination.  Hence  ima'ginativeLY 2  adv., 
ima'ginativeNESS  n.  [OF  (-if,  -ive),  f.  LL 
imaginations  (as  prec,  see  -ative)] 

ima'gine,  v.t.  Form  mental  image  of ;  con- 
ceive (thing,  thing  to  be  or  do.  that  it  is,  how, 
xchat,  &c) ;  guess,  as  cannot  i.  what  he  is  doing ; 


suppose,  be  of  opinion,  (that) ;  take  into  one's 
head  (idea,  that),  [f.  F  imaginer  f.  L  imaginari 
(as  image1)] 

ima-go,  n.  (pi.  -gines,  -gos).  Final  &  perfect 
stage  of  insect  after  all  metamorphoses,  e.g. 
butterfly.   fmod.L  sense  of  imago  image] 

ima'm,  imaum,  (ahm),  n.  Officiating 
priest  of  Mohammedan  mosque ;  title  of  vari- 
ous Mohammedan  leaders.  [Arab,  (-am)  f. 
amma  go  before] 

rmbeeile  (-el,  -II),  a.  &  n.  Mentally  weak, 
stupid,  idiotic ;  physically  weak ;  (n.)  person  of 
weak  intellect.  Hence  or  cogn.  i'mbecileL  v  2 
adv.,  imbeci'liTY  n.  [f.  F  imbecille  (now  -He) 
f.  L  imbecillus,  etym.  dub.] 

imbi'be,  v.t.  Drink  in,  assimilate,  (ideas 
&c) ;  drink  (liquid) ;  inhale  (air  &c) ;  absorb 
(moisture  &c).  So  imbibitiox  n.  [(partly 
thr.  F  imbiber)  t.  L  im  Hbibere  bibit-  drink)  con- 
ceive (opinions),  drink] 

i 'rubricate,  v.t.  &  i.  Arrange  (leaves,  scales 
of  fish,  &c),  be  arranged,  so  as  to  overlap  like 
tiles.  So  i*mbpieATE2(-at),i'mbPieatiVE,aa., 
imbPiCA'TiON  n.  [f.  L  imbricare  form  like  a 
tile  (imbrex  -ids  f.  imber  shower),  -ate  s] 

imbpo'glio  (-olyo),  n.  Confused  heap ;  com- 
plicated (esp.  political  or  dramatic)  situation. 
[It.,  f.  broglio±  cf.  broil1] 

imbrue*  (-oo),  v.t.  Stain  (one's  hand,  sword, 
&c,  in,  with,  blood,  slaughter,  Sec),  ff.  OF 
embreuver  moisten  for  EM(beuvrer  f .  L  *biberare 
f.  bibere  drink)] 

imbpu'te,  em-,  v.t.    Brutalize,    [im-  *] 

imbue*,  v.t.  Saturate  (with);  dye  (with): 
permeate,  inspire,  (with  feelings  &c) ;  =  im- 
brue,  [f.  L  iMl(buere  cogn.  w.  bibere  drink)] 

i'mitate,  v.t.  Follow  example  of ;  mimic ; 
be  (consciously  or  not)  like.  So  imitaBi"LiTY, 
i'mitatOR2,  nn.,  i'mitABLE  a.  [f.  Itimitari, 
see  -ate  3] 

imitation,  n.  Imitating ;  copy ;  counterfeit 
(often  attrib.,  asl  leather) ;  (Mus.)  repetition  of 
melody  &c,  usu.  at  different  pitch,  in  another 
part  or  voice,    [f.  L  imitatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

i'mitative,  a.  Following  model  or  example 
(of) ;  i.  arts,  painting  &  sculpture  ;  i.  word,  one 
that  reproduces  a  natural  sound  (e.  g.  fizz)  or 
whose  sound  is  thought  to  correspond  to  ap- 

Eearances  &c.  of  object  described  ;  counterfeit, 
[ence  i'mitativei/Y2  adv.,  i'mitativeNEss 
n.    [f.  LL  imitativus  (as  prec,  see  -ative) J 

imma*culate  (-at),  a.  Pure,  spotless ;  fault- 
less (often iron.) ;  7".  Conception  (of  Virgin  Mary, 
as  born  free  from  taint  of  original  sin) ;  (Nat. 
Hist.)  not  spotted.  Hence  imma'culACV, 
imma'culateNESS,  nn.,  imma'culatei.v- 
adv.    [f.  L  im  l(maculatus  f.  macula  spot)] 

rmmanent,  a.  Indwelling,  inherent,  (in) ; 
(of  God)  permanently  pervading  the  universe. 
Hence  i'mmanENCE,  -ency,  nn.  [f.  LL  im  *- 
(manere  remain),  see  -ent] 

immaterial,  a.  Not  material,  incorporeal ; 
unimportant.  Hence  immatepia'liTY  n., 
immatep*ialiZE(3)  v.t  [f.  med.L  im  2(materia- 

Hs  MATERIAL)] 

immatep'ialism,  n.  Doctrine  that  matter 
does  not  exist  in  itself  apart  from  perception. 
So  immatep*ialiST  n.    [-ism] 

immature',  a.  Not  mature.  So  imraa- 
tup*iTY  n.    [f.  L  im  2(maturus  mature)] 

immea'supable,  a.  Not  measurable,  im- 
mense. Hence  immeasupaBixiTY,  im- 
mea'supablexESS,  nn.,  Immea'surabLV  ■ 
adv.    [im-2] 

imme'diate  (-at),  a.  (Of  person  or  thing  in  its 
relation  to  another)  not  separated  by  any  inter- 
vening medium ;  (of  relation  or  action)  direct, 
without  intervening  medium ;  (Logic)  i.  infer* 


IMMEMORIAL 


408 


IMPASSE 


ence  (from  single  premiss,  without  intervention 
of  middle  term) ;  nearest,  next,  as  my  i.  neigh- 
bour ;  occurring  at  once,  without  delay,  as  an 
i.  reply.  Hence  imme'diACY,  imme'diate- 
ness,  nn.,  imme'diateLY 2  adv.  [f.  med.L 
iM2(mediatus  mediate)] 

immemorial,  a.  Ancient  beyond  memory; 
very  old.  Hence  immemop'ialLY  2  adv.  [f. 
med.L.  iM(memorialis  memorial)] 

immervse,  a.  Vast,  huge  ;  (slang)  very  good. 
Hence  or  cogn.  imme'nseNESS,  imme'n- 
sity,  nn.  [F,  f.  L  im  2(mensus  p.p.  of  metiri 
measure)  immeasurable] 

immensely,  adv.  In  an  immense  degree ; 
(colloq.)  very  much,    [-ly  2J 

immerse,  v.t.  Dip,  plunge,  (in  liquid) ;  put 
overhead  in  water,  esp.  baptize  thus ;  bury, 
imbed,  (in) ;  involve  deeply,  absorb,  (in  debt, 
difficulties,  thought,  &c).  [f.  L  iM.(mergere 
mers-  dip)] 

immer'sion,  n.  Immersing;  baptism  by 
plunging  whole  person  in  water  (cf.  affusion); 
(fig.)  absorption  (in  thought  &c.) ;  (Astr.)  dis- 
appearance of  celestial  body  behind  another  or 
in  its  shadow,    [f.  LL  immersio  (prec,  -ion)] 

i'mmig-pate,  v.i.  &  t.  Come  as  settler  (into 
foreign  country) ;  bring  in  (person)  as  settler. 
So  i'mmigPANT  a.  &  n.,  immigTATioN  n. 
[f.  L  iM.(migrare  migrate)] 

i'mminent,  a.  (Of  events,  esp.  dangers)  im- 
pending, soon  to  happen.  Hence  or  cogn.  l*m- 
minENCE  n.,  i'mminentLY2  adv.  ff.  L  im- 
(minere  see  eminent)  overhang,  see  -ent] 

immi'scible,  a.  That  cannot  be  mixed. 
Hence  ImmiseiBixiTY  n.,  immi'seibLY2 
adv.    [f  im-  2  +  L  miscere  mix,  see  -ble] 

immi'tigable,  a.  That  cannot  be  softened 
or  toned  down.  Hence  immi'tigabLY  2  adv. 
[f.  L  im  2(mitigabilis  mitigable)] 

immixture,  n.  Mixing  up ;  being  involved 
(in),    [f.  L  im  l(miscere  mixt-  mix)  +  -ure] 

immo'bile,  a.  Immovable;  (loosely) motion- 
less.   So  immoBi'LiTY  n.    [F,  f.  L  m2(mobilis 

MOBILE)] 

immobilize,  v.t.  Fix  immovably;  make 
(troops)  incapable  of  being  mobilized;  withdraw 
(specie)  from  circulation.  Hence  immobilizA'- 
tion  n.    [f.  F  immobilizer  (as  prec,  see  -ize)] 

immo'depate,  a.  Excessive,  wanting  in 
moderation.  Hence  immo'derateLY  2  adv. 
Tf.  L  im  Hmoderatus  moderate)] 

immo*dest,a.  Indecent,  indelicate;  forward, 
impudent.  Hence  immo'destLY  2  adv.,  im- 
mo'destY *  n.    [f.  L  im  2(modestus  modest)] 

i'mmolate,  v.t.  Kill  (victim)  as  sacrifice; 
(fig.)  sacrifice  (thing  &c.  to  another).  So  im- 
molATioN,  i'mmolatoR2,  nn.  [f.  Lim%o- 
lare  sprinkle  with  meal  (mola),  sacrifice,  -ate  3] 

immo'ral,  a.  Opposed  to  morality  ;  morally 
evil ;  vicious,  dissolute.  Hence  immopa'liry 
n. ,  immo'palLY  2  adv.    I  im-  2] 

immop'tal,  a.  &  n.  Undying  ;  divine ;  un- 
fading, incorruptible ;  famous  for  all  time ;  (col- 
loq.) constant,  long-lasting;  (n.)i.  being,  esp. 
(pi.)  gods  of  antiquity  ;  (pi.)  royal  bodyguard  of 
ancient  Persia,  So  immopta'liTY  n.  [f.  L 
im  2(mortalis  mortal)] 

immortalize,  v.t.  Confer  enduring  fame 
upon ;  endow  with  endless  life ;  perpetuate. 
Hence  immoptalizA'TiON  n.    [-ize] 

immop'tally,  adv.  Eternally  ;  (colloq.)  in- 
finitely, very,    [-ly  2] 

immorte-lle  (-el),  n.  Composite  flower  of 
papery  texture  retaining  colour  after  being 
dried,  often  used  to  adorn  graves.  [F,  fern,  of 
tmmortel  immortal] 

immovable  (-moo-),  a.  &  n.  That  cannot  be 
moved ;  motionless  ;  not  subject  to  change ;  i. 


feast;  steadfast,  unyielding;  emotionless; 
(Law,  of  property)  permanent  (also  as  n.  pi.). 
Hence  immovaBi'LiTY,  immo'vableNESS, 
nn.,  immo'vabLY  2  adv.    [im-  2] 

immirne,  a.  &  n.  Having  immunity  (from 
poison,  contagion,  &c.) ;  (n.)  i.  person,  [f.  L  im  2- 
munis  exempt  from  public  burden  (munus)] 

immirnity,  n.  (Law)  exemption  (from  tax- 
ation, jurisdiction,  &c.) ;  freedom  (from);  se- 
curity against  contagion  &c.  (from),  [f.  L  im 
munitas  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

i'mmunize,  v.t.  Render  immune  (against 
contagion).    Hence  ImmuniZA'TiON  n.    [-ize] 

immupe*  (-ur),  v.t.  Imprison ;  shut  oneself 
up.  Hence  immupe'MENT  n.  [f.  med.L  im  *- 
(murare  f.  murus  wall)] 

immutable,  a.  Unchangeable ;  not  subject 
to  variation  in  different  cases.  Hence  immu- 
taBi-LiTY  n.,  immu'tabLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  im2- 
(mutabilis  mutable)] 

imp  i,  n.  Child  of  the  devil ;  little  devil ;  mis- 
chievous child.  [OE  impa  young  shoot,  scion, 
conn.  w.  foil.] 

imp  2,  v.t.  Imp  the  wings  o/(bird),  strengthen 
its  flight ;  (rare)  enlarge,  eke  out.  [OE  impian 
graft,  prob.  f.  Gk  emphud,  cf.  F  enter] 

i'mpact  \  n.  Striking  (on,  against),  collision, 
[f.  L  impingere  -pact-  impinge] 

impa'et2,  v.t.  Press,  fix,  firmly  (into,  in).  So 
impa'etiON  n.  [prob.  back-formation  f.  im- 
pacted f.  L  p.p.  as  prec.  +  -ed  l] 

impaip*,  v.t.  Damage;  weaken.  So  im- 
paiP'MENT  n.  [f.  OF  empeirer  f.  L  *im  Hpejo- 
rare  f.  pejor  worse)  make  worse] 

impale,  v.t.  Transfix  (body  &c  upon,  with, 
stake  &c,  esp.  as  form  of  capital  punishment) ; 
(Herald. )  combine  (two  coats  of  arms)  by  placing 
side  by  side  on  one  shield  separated  by  vertical 
line  down  middle  ;  (rare)  fence  in  with  stakes. 
So  impa'leMENT  n.  [f.  F  empaler  f.  med.L 
im  Hpalare  f.  palus  stake)] 

impalpable,  a.  Imperceptible  to  the  touch; 
not  easily  grasped  by  the  mind,  intangible. 
Hence  impalpaBi'LiTY  n.,  impa'lpabLY2 
adv.    [f.  med.L  im2( palpabilis  palpable)] 

impa'ludism,  n.  Morbid  state,  with  ten- 
dency to  intermittent  fevers  &  enlargement  of 
spleen,  found  in  dwellers  in  marshes,  [f.  im-  l 
+  L  palus  -udis  marsh  +  -ism] 

impa'nate  (or  impa-),  a.  (Of  the  body  of 
Christ)  contained  in  the  bread  after  consecra- 
tion. So  impanAiTON  n.  [f.  med.L  iMl(pa- 
nare  f.  panis  bread),  see  -ate  2] 

impanel.    See  empanel. 

impa'padise,  em-,  (-is),  v.t.  Bring  into  state 
of  supreme  happiness ;  ravish ;  make  a  para- 
dise of  (place,  state).    [im-1] 

impapisylla'bic,  a.  &  n.  (Gk  &  Lat.  Gram.). 
(Noun)  that  has  more  syllables  in  genitive  than 
in  nominative,  [f.  L  iM2(#ar  equal)+SYLLABic] 

impap'k,  v.t.  Enclose  (beasts)  in  park  ;  en- 
close (land)  for  park.  Hence  impapkA'TiON 
n.    [f.  OF  EM(parquer  t.  pare  park)] 

impap't,  v.t.  Give  share  of  (thing  to  person 
&c);  communicate  (news  &c  to).  Hence  im- 
paptA-TiON,  impaptMENT,  nn.  [f.  OF  em- 
partiri.  L  im  Hpartire  part)] 

impap'tial  (-shl),  a.  Not  partial,  unpreju- 
diced, fair.  Hence  impaptia'liTY  (-shl-)  n., 
impap'tialLY 2 adv.    [im-2] 

impap'tible,  a.  (Of  estate)  not  divisible,  [f. 
LL  im2(  partibilis  partible)] 

impa'ssable,  a.  That  cannot  be  traversed. 
Hence  impassaBii.n  v,  impa'ssableNESS, 
nn.    [im-2] 

impa-sse  (also  as  F).  Blind  alley  ;  position 
from  which  there  is  no  escape.  [F  (im-  2  +  pas- 
ser PASS)] 


IMPASSIBLE 


407 


IMPERSONAL 


impossible,  a.  Incapable  of  feeling  or  emo- 
tion ;  incapable  of  suffering  injury  ;  not  subject 
to  suffering.  Hence  impassiBi'LiTY,  impas- 
sibleNESS,  nn.,  impa'ssibLV  2  adv.  [f.  eccl. 
L  im2(  passibilis  passible)] 
i-mpa'ssion,  v.t.  Stir  the  passions  of,  excite 
strongly,  (chiefly  in  p.p.).  [f.  It.  im  l(passionare 
f.  passione  passion)] 

I  impa'ssive,  a.  Deficient  in  feeling  or  emo- 
tion ;  serene ;  without  sensation  ;  not  subject  to 
suffering.  Hence  impassiveLY2  adv.,  im- 
pa'ssiveNESS,  impassi'viTV,  nn.  [im-  2] 
impa'ste,  v.t.  Enclose  (as)  with  paste  ;  make 
into  a  paste ;  paint  by  laying  on  colours  thickly, 
[f.  It.  im  Hpastare  f.  pasta  paste)] 
impa'sto,  n.  (paint.).  Laying  on  of  colour 
thickly.    [It.,  as  prec] 

impa'tient  (-shnt),  a.  Not  enduring  with 
composure  ;  intolerant  of ;  restlessly  desirous 
(for  thing,  to  do).  Hence  or  cogn.  impa*- 
tiENCE  n.,impa*tientLY 2adv.  [OF,  f.  L  im2- 
(patientem  part,  otpati  suffer)] 
impawn,  v.t.  Put  in  pawn ;  (fig.)  pledge, 
plight    [im-  i] 

im  payable  (or  as  F),  a.  Beyond  price  ;  (col- 
loq.)  going  beyond  ordinary  limits.  IF  (IM- 2 )] 
impea'ch,  v.t.  Call  in  question,  disparage, 
(character  &c);  accuse  (person)  o/,  charget^'M); 
find  fault  with  (thing);  accuse  of  treason  or 
other  high  crime  before  competent  tribunal. 
Hence  impea'ehABLE  a.  [f;  OF  empechter 
impede  f.  LL  im  1(pedicare  f.  pedica  fetter,  f. 
pes  pedis  foot)  entangle] 

impea'chment,  n.  Calling  in  question  ; 
accusation,  esp.  (facet.)  the  soft  i.  (Sheridan, 
Rivals  v.  3) ;  accusation  &  prosecution  for  trea- 
son &c.  [f.  OFempec/ie?nen£(asprec.,see-MENT)] 
impeccable,  a.  Not  liable  to  sin  ;  (of  things) 
faultless.  Hence  or  cogn.  impeccaBi  lit  v  n., 
impe'ceabLY  2adv.,  lmpeecANT  a.  [f.  LL 
im2(  peccabilis  f.  peccare  sin,  see  -ble)] 
impecu'nious,  a.  Having  no  money.  Hence 
impecunio'siTY  n.  [f.  im-2  +  obs.  pecunious 
f.  Lpecuniosus  (pecunia  money  f.  pecu  cattle, 
see  -ous)l 

impe'dance,  n.  (electr.).  Virtual  resistance 
due  to  self-induction  in  electrified  body.  [f.  foil. 
-t-  -ance] 

impede,  v.t.  Retard,  hinder,  [f.  L  im  l(pe- 
dire  f.pes  foot)  lit.  shackle  the  feet  of] 
impediment,  n.  Hindrance,  obstruction ; 
i.  {in  one's  speech),  stammer ;  (pi.,  also  L  impedi- 
menta) baggage,  esp.  of  army.  Hence  impe- 
dime'ntAL  a.  [f.  L  impedimentum  (as  prec, 
see  -ment)] 

impel,  v.t.  (-11-).    Drive,  force,  (person  &c.  to 
action,  to  do) ;  drive  forward,  propel.    So  im- 
pe'llENT  a.  &  n.    [f.  L  im  Hpellere  puis-  drive)] 
impe'nd,  v.i.     Hang,  be  suspended,  (over) ; 
(fig.,  of  danger)  hang  threateningly  (over);  be 
imminent.  So  impe'ndENCE,  -ency,  nn.,  im- 
pe'ndENT  a.    [f.  L  im  Mpendere  hang)] 
impenetrable,  a.     That  cannot  be  pene- 
trated ;  inscrutable,  unfathomable ;  impervious 
(to,  by,  ideas  &c.) ;  (Nat.  Philos.)  having  that 
property  in  virtue  of  which  two  bodies  cannot 
occupy  same  place  at  same  time.  So  impene- 
traBi'LiTY,  impe'netpableNESS,  nn.,  im- 
pe'netrabLY2  adv.     [f.  F  impenetrable  f.  L 
im2(  penetrabilis  penetrable)] 
impenetrate,  v.t.  Penetrate  deeply,  [im-1] 
impenitent,  a.    Not  penitent.     Hence  or 
cogn.  impe'nitENCE,  -ency,  nn.,  impe'ni- 
tentLY2  adv.  .  [f.  L  im  Hpaenitens  penitent)] 
imperative,  a.  &  n.     (Gram.)  expressing 
command ;  commanding, peremptory ;  urgent; 
obligatory:  (n.)  i.  mood,  whence  imperati*- 
val  a.     Hence  imperativeLY2  adv.,  im- 


pe'ratlveNESS  n.  [f.  LL  imperativus  f.  im  l- 
(perare  =  parare  make  ready)  command,  -ive] 

impera'tor,  n.  (Rom.  hist.).  Commander 
(title  conferred  by  salutation  of  soldiers  on  vic- 
torious general,  under  the  Republic) ;  emperor. 
So  imperator'i al  a.    [L  (as  prec,  see  -or 2)] 

imperceptible,  a.  That  cannot  be  per- 
ceived ;  very  slight,  gradual,  or  subtle.  Hence 
imperce'ptibLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  med.L  iM2(per- 
cepiibilis  perceptible)] 

imperci'pient,  a.  Lacking  perception,  [im-] 

imper'fect,  a.  &  n.  Not  fully  formed  or  done, 
incomplete;  faulty;  (Gram.)t'.  tenses, those  that 
denote  action  going  on  but  not  completed  (e.  g. 
he  is,  he  will  be,  singing,  but  usu.  of  past  time, 
as  he  was  singing);  (n.)  i.  tense.  Hence  im- 
per*feetLY2adv.  [f.Fimparfait  f.  L  iu2(per- 
fectus  perfect),  refash.  on  L] 

imperfe-ction,  n.  Incompleteness  ;  faulti- 
ness ;  fault,  blemish,  [f.  L imperfectio  (as  prec, 
see  -ion)] 

imperforate  (-at),  a.  Not  perforated,  esp. 
( Anat. )  lacking  the  normal  opening  (also  of  sheet 
of  postage-stamps  or  single  stamp),    [im-2] 

imperial,  a.  &  n.  Of  an  empire  or  sovereign 
state  ranking  with  an  empire ;  of  Great  Britain, 
as  dist.  from  its  constituent  kingdoms  &c;  i. 
federation,  proposed  adjustment  of  British  Em- 
pire, giving  colonies  share  in  control  &  cost  of 
measures  taken  f  or  j  oint  interest ;  of  an  emperor; 
supreme  in  authority  ;  majestic,  august ;  mag- 
nificent ;  (of  weights  &  measures  used  by  sta- 
tute in  U.K.)  i.  gallon,  acre,  &c  ;  (of  paper) 
22x32  in.;  (n.)  small  part  of  beard  left  growing 
beneath  lower  lip  (from  Napoleon  III) ;  trunk 
for  luggage,  adapted  for  root  of  coach  ;  Russian 
gold  coin  worth  15  silver  roubles.  Hence  im- 
per'ialLY2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  imperialis  (impe- 
RiUM.^ee  -al)] 

imperialism,  n.  Rule  of  an  emperor ;  ex- 
tension of  British  Empire  where  trade  requires 
protection  of  the  flag ;  union  of  different  parts 
of  [British  Empire  for  purposes  of  warlike  de- 
fence, internal  commerce,  &c;  belief  in  value 
of  colonies  &  dependencies  (cf.  little  England- 
ism).  So  imperialistic  a.,  imper*ializE(3) 
v.t.    [-ism] 

imperialist,  n.  Adherent  of  an  emperor, 
esp.  (1600-1800)  of  German  Emperor ;  advocate 
of  imperial  rule,  esp.  adherent  of  Bonaparte 
family ;  advocate  of  (British)  imperialism,  [-ist] 

imperii,  v.t.  (-11).    Bring  into  danger,  [im-1] 

imperious,  a.  Overbearing,  domineering ; 
urgent,  imperative.  Hence  imper'iousLY  2 
adv.,  imper'iousNESS  n.  [f.  L  imperiosus  (as 
imperium,  see  -ous)] 

imperishable,  a.  That  cannot  perish. 
Hence  impe'rishaBi  lit Y,imperishable- 
ness,  nn.,  impe*rishabLY2adv.    [im-2] 

impe'rium  (or  -er-),  n.  Absolute  power ;  em- 
pire ;  i.  in  imperio,  supreme  authority  within 
jurisdiction  of  another  authority.  [L,  =  com- 
mand, dominion] 

impermanent,  a.  Not  permanent.  Hence 
imper*manENCE,  -ency,  nn.    [im-2] 

impermeable,  a.  That  cannot  be  passed 
through;  (Physics)  that  does  not  permit  passage 
of  fluids.  Hence  impermeaBi'LiTY  n.  [f.  LL 
im  2(permeabilis  permeable)] 

impermissible,  a.  Not  permissible,  [im-2] 

imperscri'ptible,  a.  Not  backed  by  writ- 
ten authority,  [f.  im-2  +  L  VEB.(scribere  script- 
write)  register,  see  -ble] 

impersonal,  a.  (Gram.)  i.  verb,  one  used 
only  in  3rd  sing.  (e.g.  it  rains) ;  having  no  per- 
sonal reference ;  having  no  personality.  Hence 
impersonating  n.,  Imper'sonalLY2  adv. 
[f.  LL  im  2(personalis  personal)] 


IMPERSONATE 


408 


IMPOSTUME 


impep'sonate,  v.t.  Represent  in  bodily- 
form,  personify ;  play  the  part  of,  personate ; 
act  (character).  Hence  im person ation,  im- 
peP'sonatoR2,  nnM  imper'sonatn  j;  a.  [f. 
im-  l  +  L  persona  person  +  -ate  3] 

impepso'nify,  v.t.    Personify,    [im-1] 

impertinent,  a.  Insolent,  saucy;  intrusive ; 
out  of  place,  absurd ;  not  to  the  point.  Hence 
or  cogn.  impeP'tinENCE  n.,  impep'tinent- 
ly2  adv.    [f.  L  iMHpertinens  pertinent)] 

impeptup'bable,  a.  Not  excitable,  calm. 
Hence  impeptupbaBi'LiTY,  impertup'b- 
ableNESS.nn.,  impeptup'babLY2adv.  [im-2] 

impep'vious,  a.  Not  affording  passage  {to); 
(fig.)  i.  (deaf)  to  argument  &c.  Hence  imper*- 
viousLV2  adv.,  Impep'viousNESS  n.  [f.  L 
iM2(pervius  pervious)] 

impetrgfo,  n.  Pustular  disease  of  skin.  So 
impetiginous  a.  [L,  gen.  -ginis,  f .  im  1(petere 
seek)  assail,  cf.  vertigo)] 

i*m petrate,  v.t.  (Theol. )  obtain  by  request ; 
(rare)askfor.  SoimpetPA'TiONn., i'mpetpa- 
tORY  a.  [f.  L  im  l(petrare  =  patrare  bring  to 
pass),  see  -ate  3] 

impetuous,  a.  Moving  violently  or  rapidly ; 
acting  with  rash  or  sudden  energy.  Hence  or 
cogn.  impetuosiTY,  impe'tuousNESS,  nn., 
impe'tuousLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  impUueux  f.  L  im- 
petuosus  (as  foil.,  see  -ous)] 

i'm  pet  us,  n.  Force  with  which  a  body  moves ; 
(fig. )  moving  force,  impulse.  [L,  =  assault,  force, 
f.  im  ^(  peter  e  seek)  assail] 

i'mpeyan,  a.  I.  pheasant,  E. -Indian  phea- 
sant, with  crested  head  &  brilliant  plumage. 
[Sir  Elijah  Impey,  1787] 

i'mpi,  n.    Body  of  Kafir  warriors.    [Zulu] 

imprety,  n.  Ungodliness;  want  of  dutiful- 
ness  or  reverence,    [f.  L  im  Hpietas  piety)] 

impi-nge  (-j),v.i.  &t.  Strike  (t.  &  i.)  on,  upon. 
Hence  impi'ngeMENT  n.  [f.  L  im  Hpingere  = 
pangere  fix,  drive)  drive  (thing)  at] 

i'mpious,  a.  Not  pious,  wicked,  profane. 
Hence  i'mpiousLY2adv.  [f.  ~LiM2(pius pious)] 

i'mpish,  a.  Of,  like,  an  imp.  Hence  i'mp- 
ishLY2  adv.,  i'mpishNESS  n.    [-ish  1] 

impi'teous,  a.  (poet.).    Pitiless,    [im-2] 

impla'cable,  a.  That  cannot  be  appeased. 
Hence  or  cogn.  implaeaBi'LiTY  n.,  impla'e- 
abLY2  adv.   [F,  f.  L  im 2(placabilis  placable)] 

implaee'ntal,  a.  Having  no  placenta,  [im-2] 

impla'nt,  v.t.  Insert,  infix,  (in);  instil  (prin- 
ciple, idea,  &c,  in  mind  &c);  plant.  Hence  im- 
plantA'TiON  n.    [f.  F  im  ^(planter  plant)] 

imple'dge,  v.t.  Put  in  pledge,  pawn,   [im-1] 

i'mplement  \  n.  Article  of  furniture,  dress, 
&c. ;  (pi.)  equipment  of  these ;  tool,  instrument, 
(esp.  in  pi.);  (Sc  Law)  full  performance,  [prob. 
f.  L  implementum,  in  sense  'that  which  serves 
to  stock  a  house  &c.'  f.  im  Hplere  fill),  see  -ment] 

i'mplement2,  v.t.  (chiefly  Sc).  Complete 
(contract  &c);  fulfil  (engagement);  fill  up,  sup- 


plement,   [f.  prec] 
imple'tion,  n.    Filling; 
pletio  f.  im  *(plereplet-  fill),  see  -ion] 


"illing;  fullness,    [f.  lAuim- 


i'mplicate1  (-at),  n.  Thing  implied,  [f.  L 
im Hplicare  plicat-  or plicit-  fold),  see  -ate2] 

i*mplieate2,v.t.  Entwine,  entangle;  involve, 
imply,  as  inference,  so  i'mplicati ve  a. ;  involve 
(person  in  charge,  crime,  &c);  (pass. )  be  affected 
in  (a  thing's  operation).  So  implicA'TiON  n. 
[as  prec,  see  -ate3] 

impli'eit,  a.  Implied  though  not  plainly  ex- 
pressed ;  virtually  contained  (in) ;  i.  faith  (not 
independently  reached  by  the  individual,  but 
involved  in  general  belief  of  Church,  absolute, 
unreserved,  cf.  explicit).  Hence  impli'eitLV2 
adv.,  impll'eltXESS  n.  Kperh.  thr.  F)  as  im- 
plicate i] 


implope',  v.t.  Beg  earnestly  for;  entreat 
(person  to  do).  Hence  implop'ingLY  2  adv., 
imploP'ing-NESS  n^    [f.  L  im  Hplorare  weep)] 

implu'vium  (-ploo-),  n.  (Rom.  ant.).  Square 
basin  in  middle  of  atrium  receiving  rain-water 
from  open  space  in  roof.  [L  f.  im  Hpluere  rain)] 

imply*,  v.t.  Involve  the  truth  of  (thing  not 
expressly  asserted,  that) ;  mean ;  insinuate, 
hint.  Hence  implredLY2  adv.  [t  OF  emptier 

(as  IMPLICATE,  Cf.  EMPLOY)] 

impo*liey,n.  Bad  policy;  inexpediency,  [im-  2] 

i'mpoli'te,  a.  (-est).  Uncivil,  rude.  Hence 
impoli'teLY2  adv.,  impoliteNESs  n.  If.  L 
iyi2(politus  POLITE)] 

impolitic,  a.  Not  politic ;  inexpedient. 
Hence  impo'liticLY  2  adv.    [im-2] 

impcndepable,  a.  &  n.  (Physics)  having 
no  weight;  very  light ;  (n.)  i.  thing.    [im-2J 

impd'nent,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  that  imposes, 
[f.  L  im  1(ponere  place)  lay  on,  see  -ent] 

import1,  v.t.  Bring,  introduce,  (thing,  esp. 
goods  from  foreign  country,  into),  whence  im- 
pop*tABLE  a.,  impoptasixiTY,  importA- 
tion,  impop*tER1,  nn. ;  imply,  indicate,  mean, 
(thing,  that) ;  express,  make  known,  (that) ;  be 
of  consequence  to,  as  questions  that  i.  us  nearly, 
it  imports  us  to  know.  [f.  L  im  ^(portare  carry) 
bring  in,  in  med.L  =  be  of  consequence] 

i'mpopt2,  n.  What  is  implied,  meaning ;  im- 
portance ;  (usu.  pi.)  commodity  imported  ;  im- 
portation,   [f.  prec] 

importance,  n.  Being  important ;  weight, 
significance;  personal  consequence,  dignity; 
pompousness  (usu.  self-i.).  [F,  f.  med.L  impor- 
tantia  (as  import1,  see  -ance)] 

important,  a.  Carrying  with  it  great  con- 
sequence, weighty,  momentous ;  consequential, 
pompous.  Hence  impoptantLY2  adv.  [F,  f. 
med.L  as  import1,  see  -ant] 

importunate  (-at),  a.  Persistent,  pressing, 
in  solicitation.  Hence  or  cogn.  impoptu- 
nateLY2  adv.,  impoptirniTY  n.  [f.  L  im2- 
(portunusi.  portus  port)  inconvenient,  -ate2] 

importu'ne  (or  import-),  v.t.  Solicit  press- 
ingly  (person  or  abs.).  [f.  F  importuner  i.  med.L 
importunari  (as  prec)] 

impo'se  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  (Archaic)  place  (thing) 
upon;  (Print.)  lay  (pages  of  type)  in  proper 
order  &  secure  them  in  a  chase ;  lay  (tax,  duty, 
charge,  obligation,  upon) ;  palm off(thing  upon 
person) ;  exert  influence  (on  person)  by  striking 
character  or  appearance,  whence  impo'sing- 
ly2  adv.,  impo'sing-NESS  n. ;  i.  upon,  take 
advantage  of  (person) ;  practise  deception  (up- 
on),   [f.  F  im l(poser,  cf.  compose)] 

imposition,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  impose; 
also  or  esp. :  laying  on  of  hands  (in  ordination 
&c):  impost,  tax,  duty;  work  set  as  punish- 
ment at  school  (colloq.  abbr.  impo,  impot).  [f. 
L  impositio  f.  im  1(ponere  posit-  place),  -ion] 

impo'ssible,  a.  Not  possible  (often  w.  it  as 
suhj.,  as  it  is  i.  to  alter  them);  (loosely)  not 
easy,  not  convenient ;  (colloq.)  outrageous,  in- 
tolerable, as  an  i.  hat,  person.  Hence  or  cogn. 
impossi'Bi'LiTY  n.,  impo'ssibLY2  adv.  [f. 
L  iMHpossibilis  possible)] 

i'mpost1,  n.  (Hist.)  tax,  duty,  tribute; 
(Racing  slang)  weight  horse  carries  in  handi- 
cap.   [OF,  f.  med.L  iM.l(ponere  pos(i)t-  place)] 

i'mpost 2,  n.  Upper  course  of  pillar,  bearing 
arch.    [f.  F  imposte  f.  It.  imposta  (as  prec)] 

impo'stop,  n.  One  who  assumes  a  false 
character  or  passes  himself  off  for  some  one 
else ;  swindler.  Hence  impo'stpous  a.  [f.  F 
imposteurf.  LLimpdstor  (as  impost1, see  -or'2)] 

impo'stume,  -thume,  n.  (now  rare).  Pu- 
rulent swelling,  abscess,  (lit  &  flg.).  Jf.  OFcw- 
postume  f.  Gk  Aro(stema  I.  sta-  stand,  -m)J 


IMPOSTURE 


409 


IMPUDICITY 


impo-sture  (tsher),  n.  Fraudulent  decep- 
tion.   [F,  f.  LL  impostura  (impost  *,  -ure)] 

i'mpotent,  a.  Powerless ;  helpless,  decrepit ; 
(of  males)  wholly  lacking  in  sexual  power. 
Hence  or  cogn.  i'mpotENCE,  -ency,  nn.,  i*m- 
potentLY  2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  im  2(potens  potent)] 

impoirnd,  v.t.  Shut  up  (cattle)  in  pound  ; 
shut  up  (person,  thing)  as  in  pound ;  take  legal 
possession  of;  confiscate,    [im-1] 

impo'vepish,  v.t.  Make  poor ;  exhaust 
strength  of.  So  impo'verishMENT  n.  [f.  OF 
EM(poverir  f.  povre  poor),  see  -ish2] 

impracticable,  a.  Impossible  in  practice; 
(of  persons  or  things)  unmanageable ;  (of  roads 
&c.)  impassable.  Hence  imppactieaBixiTY, 
impra*etieableNESS,  nn.,  impra'cticab- 
LY2adv.    [im-2J 

i'mppecate,  v.t.  Invoke,  call  down,  (evil 
upon  person  &c).  So  imprecA'TiON  n.,  i*m- 
ppecatORY  a.    [f.  L  im  Hprecari  pray)] 

impregnable,  a.  (Of  fortress  &c.)  that 
cannot  be  taken  by  arms ;  (fig.)  proof  against 
attack.  Hence  impreg-naBi'LiTY  n.,  im- 
pre'g-nabLY2  adv.  [f.  F  im  2(prenable  f. pren- 
dre take  f.  L  prehendere) ;  -g-  in  imit.  of  reign, 
deign,  &c] 

impre'gnate *  (-at),  a.  Pregnant  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
permeated  (with),  [f.  LL  i*0(praegnare  be 
pregnant),  see  -ate2] 

impregnate2,  v.t.  Make  (female)  preg- 
nant; (Biol.)  fecundate  (female  reproductive 
cell  or  ovum) ;  fill,  saturate,  (with) ;  imbue,  fill, 
(with  feelings,  moral  qualities,  &c).  Hence 
imppegrnA'TiON  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ate  3] 

impresar'io,  n.  Organizer  of  public  enter- 
tainments, esp.  manager  of  operatic  or  concert 
company.  [It.  (impresa  undertaking,  as  em- 
prise, see  -ary  !)] 

imprescriptible,  a.  Not  subject  to  pre- 
scription, that  cannot  be  legally  taken  away, 
esp.  i.  right.    [F  (im-2)] 

i'mppess  \  n.  Stamping ;  mark  made  by 
seal,  stamp,  &c. ;  (fig.)  characteristic  mark, 
[f.  foil.] 

impre'ss  2,  v.  t.  Apply  (mark  &c. )  with  pres- 
sure, imprint,  stamp,  (on) ;  imprint,  enforce, 
(idea  &c,  that,  what,  &c,  on  person,  his  mind) ; 
mark  (thing  with  stamp  &c.  lit.  &  fig.);  affect, 
influence,  deeply,  whence  impressiBLE  a.; 
affect  (person)  strongly  (with  idea  &c).  [f.  L 
im  Hprimere  =  premere  press  2)] 

impress  3,  v.t.  Force  (men)  to  serve  in  army 
or  navy;  seize  (goods  &c.)  for  public  service  ; 
enlist,  make  use  of,  (thing)  in  argument  &c. 
Hence  imppe'ss.MEXT  n.    [im-  j  +  press  3] 

impression,  n.  Impressing  (of  mark) ; 
mark  impressed  ;  print  taken  from  type  or  en- 
graving ;  (printing  of)  number  of  copies  forming 
one  issue  of  book,  edition,  (also,  unaltered  re- 
print from  standing  type  or  plates,  as  opp.  to 
edition) ;  effect  produced  (esp.  on  mind  or  feel- 
ings) ;  notion,  (vague)  belief,  impressed  on  the 
mind,  as  that  is  my  i.,  I  was  under  the  i.  that. 
[F,  f.  L  impressio  (as  impress2,  see  -ion)] 

impressionable,  a.  Susceptible  of  im- 
pressions, easily  influenced.  Hence  impres- 
sionaBrLiTY  n.  [F  (impressionner,  as  prec, 
see  -able)] 

impressionism,  n.  Method  of  painting  or 
writing  so  as  to  give  general  tone  &  effect 
without  elaborate  detail.  So  impre'ssion- 
ary  i ,  impressioni'stic,  aa.,  impre'ssion- 
iSTn.    [ism] 

impre*ssive,  a.  (Of  language,  scenes,  &c.) 
able  to  excite  deep  feeling.  Hence  impres- 
siveLY2  adv.,  impre'ssiveNESs  n.    [-ive] 

i'mprest,  n.  Money  advanced  to  person  to 
be  used  in  state  business,    [earlier  prest  n.  & 


v. ;  It.  has  iMHprestare=Li  praestare  be  surety 
for,  fulfil)  lend,  impresto  loan] 

imprima'tur,  n.  Official  licence  to  print 
(nowusu.  of  works  sanctioned  by  R.-C.  Church)- 
(fig.)  sanction,    [mod. L,  =  let  it  be  printed] 

imprrmis,  adv.  In  the  first  place.  [=L  in 
primis  among  the  first  things] 

Pmppint1,  n.  Impression,  stamp,  (lit.  & 
fig.) ;  publisher's,  printer's,  i.  (name,  place,  &c, 
on  title-page  or  at  end  of  book),  [f .  F  empreinte 
stamp  (as  foil.)] 

imppi'nt2,  v.t.  Stamp  (figure  &c.  on);  im- 
press (idea  &c.  on,  in,  mind  &c.) ;  impress 
(quality  &c.  on,  in) ;  stamp  (thing  icith  figure). 
[f.  OF  empreinter  f.  empreindre  f.  pop.  L  im1- 
(premere  press)] 

imppi'son  (-zn),  v.t.  Put  into  prison  ;  (fig.) 
confine,  shut  up.  So  imppi'sonMENT  n.  [f. 
OF  em  (prisoner  f.  prison)] 

improvable,  a.  Not  likely  to  be  true  or  to 
happen.  Hence imppobaBi'LiTY  n.,  imppo*- 
babLY2  adv.   [f.  L  im  2(probabiIis  probable)] 

imppd'bity,  n.  Wickedness  ;  dishonesty, 
[f.  L  improbitas  f.  im  2(probus  honest),  see  -tv] 

impromptu,  adv.,  n.,  a.  Extempore  (per- 
formance, composition) ;  musical  composition 
having  character  of  improvisation.  [=L  in 
promptu  in  readiness  (promere,  see  prompt)] 

imppo'pep,  a.  Inaccurate,  wrong  ;  i.  frac- 
tion (greater  than  1,  with  numerator  greater 
than  denominator) ;  unseemly,  indecent.  Hence 
imppepePLY  2  adv.    [im-  2J 

imppo'ppiate,  v.t.  Annex  (ecclesiastical 
benefice)  to  corporation  or  person  as  property ; 
place  (tithes,  ecclesiastical  property)  in  lay 
hands.  So  imppo'ppiATE  2  (-at)  a.,  impro- 
ppiA'TiON  n.  [f.  med.  or  mod.L  im  l(proi>riare 
f.  proprius  own),  see  -ate  3] 

imppo'ppiatop,  n.  One  to  whom  benefice 
is  impropriated,    [as  prec,  see  -or  2] 

imppoppi'ety,  n.  Incorrectness;  unfitness; 
indecency,    ff.  L  im 2( proprietas  propriety)] 

imppo'vable,  a.  That  can  be  improved; 
adapted  for  cultivation.  Hence  imppova- 
bi'lity,  Imppo'vableNESS,  nn.    [-able]  I 

imppeve  (-oov),  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  become, 
better ;  i.  away,  get  rid  of  by  improvements  ; 
make  good  use  of  (the  occasion,  the  opportuni- 
ty) ;  i.  upon,  produce  something  better  than ; 
preach  on  (the  occasion)  with  a  view  to  edifica- 
tion. So  imppo'veMENT  n.  [f.  AF  Eu(prow- 
er  f.  OF  prou  profit,  =  L  pro  prep,  used  as  n.)j 

imppo'vep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or  esp.: 
one  who  works  at  trade  for  low  -wage  or  none 
to  improve  his  skill ;  =dress-£.    [-er1] 

imppo'vident,  a.  Unforeseeing ;  heedless  ; 
thriftless.  Hence  or  cogn.  imppo'vidENCE 
n.,  imppo*videntLY  2  adv.    [im-  2] 

imppo'visatop  (-z),  improv(v)isatcr'e 
(-vezahtore),  h.  (It.  pi.  ~ori,  pron.  -ore).  One 
who  improvises  or  composes  extempore.  So 
imppov(v)isatpi'ce  (-tretsha)  1-trix]  n.  [It. 
(-e),  as  improvise,  see  -or2] 

imppovi'se  (-iz),  v.t.  Compose,  utter,  (verse, 
music,  &c,  or  abs.)  extempore ;  provide,  get  up, 
extempore.  Hence  imppoviSATiON  n.,  im- 
ppovisatop'iAL,  imppovi'satORY,  aa.  [f.  F 
improviser  f.  It.  improv(v)isare  f.  improv(i)iso 
f.  L  im  2(provisus  p.p.  as  provide)] 

imppu'dent,  a.  Rash,  indiscreet.  Hence 
or  cogn.  imppirdENCE  n.,  imppu'dentLY 2 
adv.    [f.  L  im  ^prudens  prudent)] 

i'mpudent,  a.  Shamelessly  forward  ;  un- 
blushing ;  insolently  disrespectful.  Hence  or 
cogn.  I'mpudENCE  n.,  rmpudentLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  im Zpudens  (pudere  be  ashamed,  -ent)] 

impudi'city,  n.  Shamelessness,  immodesty, 
[f.  F  impudicite  f.  L  iM(pudicus  as  prec),  -ty] 


IMPUGN 


410 


INACCESSIBLE 


impug*n,  v.t.  Assail  by  word,  call  in  ques- 
tion, (statement,  action).  Hence  impug'n- 
able  a.,  impurnMENT  n.  [f.  F  impugner  t 
L  iMHpugnare  fight)  assail] 

impu'issant,  a.    Impotent,  weak.    So  im- 

PU'ISSANCE  n.      [F  (IM-2  +  PUISSANT)] 

i'mpulse,  n.  Impelling,  push  ;  (Dynam.)  in- 
definitely large  force  enduring  inappreciably 
short  time  but  producing  finite  momentum, 

e.  g.  blow  of  hammer,  (also)  product  of  average 
value  of  force  multiplied  by  time  during  which 
it  acts  ;  mental  incitement ;  sudden  tendency 
to  act  without  reflection  ;  impetus,  [f.  L  im- 
pulsus  -us  (as  IMPEL)] 

impulsion,  n.  Impelling,  push ;  mental  im- 
pulse ;  impetus.  [F,  f.  L  impulsio  (as  impel, 
see  -ion)] 

impu'lsive,  a.  Tending  to  impel ;  (of  per- 
sons, conduct,  &c.)  apt  to  be  moved,  prompted, 
by  sudden  impulse.  Hence  impirlsiveLY - 
adv.;  ImpirlsiveNESS  n.  [f.  med.L  impulsi- 
vus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

impu'nity,  n.  Exemption  from  punishment, 
esp.  with  i.;  exemption  from  injury  as  conse- 
quence of  act.  \t.  L  impunitas  f.  im  2(punis  f. 
poena  penalty),  see  -ty] 

impure*,  a.  Dirty ;  unchaste ;  mixed  with 
foreign  matter,  adulterated,  (lit.  &  fig.);  (of 
colour)  mixed  with  another  colour.  Hence  or 
cogn.  impupe'LY2  adv.,  impup'iTY  n.  [f.  L 
im  Hpurus  PURE)] 

impu'te,  v.t.  Attribute,  ascribe,  (fault  &c, 
rarely  good  quality  &c,  to  person  &c. ) ;  (Theol. ) 
ascribe  (righteousness,  guilt,  to  person)  by 
vicarious  substitution.  So  lmputaBixiTY, 
imputA-rioN,  nn.,  impirtABLE,  impu'ta- 
tivE,  aa.,  impu'tativeLY2  adv.  [f.  F  imputer 

f.  L  im  Hputare  reckon)  enter  in  the  account] 
in  \  prep.  expr.  inclusion  or  position  within 

limits  of  space,  time,  circumstance,  &c,  as :  i. 
Europe,  England,  London,  (so  of  any  large  city 
or  of  town  &c.  in  which  speaker  lives,  cf.  at), 
i.  the  house,  a  box,  a  cab,  a  pond,  a  crowd ;  (of 
dress  &c.)  i.  muslin,  mourning,  white,  brown 
boots;  i.  (the  works  of)  Thackeray;  (of  part 
affected)  blind  i.  one  eye ;  (of  ratio)  not  one  i.  a 
hundred ;  (of  body  &c.  to  which  one  belongs 
&c.)  i.  the  army,  shares  i.  a  company  ;  (of  non- 
physical  regions)  i.  politics,  fancy,  my  opinion; 
(of  situation,  often  idiomatic)  i.  clover,  hot 
water,  fetters,  leading-strings,  the  dark2, 
health,  hope  (of),  sorrow,  calf,  i.  (supplied 
with)  cash,  i.  (under  influence  of)  liquor;  (of 
occupation)  i.  search  of,  i.  pursuance  of,  i. 
(while)  crossing  the  river ;  (of  form  or  arrange- 
ment) packed  i.  dozens,  sold  i.  building-plots, 
falling  i.  folds;  (of  instrument  or  material) 
drank  his  health  i.  a  cup  of  ale,  the  coat  was  i. 
green  velvet ;  (of  purpose)  i.  reply  to,  i.  quest 
of,  i.  honour  of;  (of  time)  i.  (during)  the  day, 
i.  (within  the  space  of)  three  months ;  i.  itself, 
apart  from  all  else,  absolutely;  (of  person's 
capacity  &c.)  as  far  as  i.  me  lies,  did  not  think 
he  had  xti.  him  (was  capable  of  it) ;  not  i.  it,  not 
in  the  running,  not  a  serious  competitor ;  (with 
vbs  of  motion  or  change)  put  it  i.  your  pocket, 
cut  it  i.  half,  throw  it  i.  the  fire ;  (expr.  relation 
of  vb  to  indirect  object),  believe  i.,  trust  i., 
share  i., engage  i.,rejoicei. ;  (so  with  adjj.  &  nn.) 
weak  i.  (as  regards)  algebra,  wanting  i.  courage, 
your  trust  iThim,  a  change  i.  the  constitution ; 
(of  number  or  dimension)  seven  i.  number,  four 
feet  i.  width ;  (forming  adv.  phr.)  i.fact,  i.  truth, 
i.  honour,  i.  any  case ;  i.  so  (or  as)  far  as,  in  such 
measure  as ;  i.  that,  since,  because.  Jcom.-Teut.: 
OE,  OSax., OHG,  Goth., in,  Swed.,  Da.,  %;  cogn. 
w.  L  in,  Gk  en] 
in2,  adv.  expr.  position  bounded  by  certain 


limits  or  motion  to  a  point  enclosed  by  them, 
as  :  come  i.,  send  him  i.,  walk  i.,  (into  house,  en- 
closed ground,  Sec), put  a  notice  i.  (intoapaper), 
lock  him  i.,  he  is  i.  (the  house  &c,  esp.  =  at 
home) ;  i.  with  it,  put,  take,  it  i. ;  throw  i.  the 
harness  (to  the  bargain,  in  addition) ;  a  coat 
with  the  woolly  side  i.  (nearest  the  body) ;  the 
Liberals  were  i.  (office);  (Crick.)  before  he  had 
been  i.  (batting)  five  minutes ;  keep  the  fire  i. 
(burning) ;  train,  boat,  summer,  is  i.  (arrived) ; 
(with  trans,  vbs)  burn,  cut,  rub,  (thing)  i.  (so  as 
to  penetrate  into  another),  hem,  cover,  wall, 
(thing)  i.  (so  as  to  enclose  it) ;  i.  for,  involved  in, 
committed  to,  (usu.  something  unpleasant,  esp. 
it),  also,  engaged  in  competition  for  (race,  prize, 
&c.) ;  be,  keep,  i.  (on  friendly  terms)  with ;  breed 
i.  &i.  (repeatedly  within  same  stock);  i.  &  out, 
now  i.,  now  out.  [com.-Teut.:  OE,  OSax.,  OHG] 

in  3,  a.  Internal,  living  &c.  inside,  as  i.  patient, 
i.-patient,  one  who  remains  in  hospital  while 
under  treatment,    [prec.  used  attrib.] 

in4,  n.  (PL)  political  party  in  office;  ins  & 
outs,  turnings  to  &  fro  (usu.  fig.),  details  (of 
procedure  &c).    [f.  IN2] 

in  5,  prep.  (L).  In  arti'culo  mortis,  in  the  instant 
of  death;  xn  camera;  in  esse,  in  actual  existence, 
cf.  in  posse  explained  below;  in  exte'nso,  at 
full  length ;  in  extre'mis,  at  the  point  of  death ; 
in  fiagra'nte"  deli'cto,  in  the  very  act  of  com- 
mitting an  offence ;  in  forma  pau'peris,  as  poor 
person  not  liable  to  costs ;  in  lo'co  parentis,  in 
place  of  a  parent ;  in  me'dias  res,  into  the  thick 
of  it ;  in  memor'idm,  in  memory  of ;  inpartibus 
(infide'lium),  (of  Rom.  Cath.  titular  bishop)  in  a 
heretical  country ;  in  posse,  potentially,  opp.  to 
in  esse;  in pro'pria  persd'na,  in  his  (her)  own 
person ;  in  puris  natura'libus,  stark  naked ;  in 
re;  in  si'tu,  in  its  (original)  place;  in  sta'tu 
quo,  in  the  same  state  (as  formerly) ;  in  ter- 
ror'em,  as  a  warning;  in  to'to,  completely. 

in-  \  pref.  =L  in  in,  on,  into,  towards,  against 
(becoming  il-  before  I,  im-  before  b,  m,  p,  ir- 
before  r).  In  OF  in-,  im-,  became  en-,  em- ;  E 
has  usu.  in-,  im-,  in  wds  obviously  of  L  orig., 
whether  thr.  F  or  otherwise.  Words  that  still 
retain  both  forms  are  given  in  this  dictionary 
under  the  more  usual  form. 

in-2,  pref.  =L  in-,  (il-  &c.  as  prec.)  cogn.  w. 
Gk  a,  an-,  com.-Teut.  un-,  prefixed  to  adjj.  & 
their  derivatives  to  express  negation.  As  liv- 
ing E  pref.,  in-  often  interchanges  with  un-, 
which  is  preferred  in  wds  not  obviously  an- 
swering to  L  types  (unavailing,  uncertain, 
undevout). 

-In,  suf.  (chem.)  forming  names  of  neutral 
substances  such  as  glycerides,  glucosides, 
proteids,  &c.  (albumin,  casein,  fibrin,  gelatin) 
to  distinguish  them  from  names  of  alkaloids  & 
basic  substances  in  -ine5.  Some  wds  of  this 
class  were  formerly  spelt  -ine,  &  are  still  so  spelt 
in  pop.  use  (margarine,  gelatine). 

-ina1 ,  L  fern.  suf.  found  in  regina,  extended 
in  It.  or  Sp.  &  used  in  E  to  form  fem.  titles 
(czarina)  &  proper  names  (Oeorgina) ;  occurring 
also  in  names  of  musical  instruments  (concer- 
tina, seraphina). 

-ina2,  suf.,  neut.  pi.  of  (often  mod.)  L  adjj., 
used,  in  agreement  with  animalia  animals 
understood,  to  form  names  of  groups  of  animals 
related  to  some  typical  genus,  as  Bombycina 
(genus  Bombyx). 

inability,  n.  Being  unable ;  lack  of  power 
or  means,    [in-2] 

inacce'ssible,  a.  That  cannot  be  reached  ; 
(of  persons)  not  open  to  advances,  unapproach- 
able. Hence  inaccessiBi'LiTY  n..  Inacce's- 
sibLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  LL  m^accessibilis  acces- 
sible)] 


INACCURATE 


411 


INCENDIARY 


ina'eeurate,  a.  Not  accurate.  Hence  in- 
a'ceuPACY  n.,  inaccurate  iy  2  adv.    [in-2] 

inaction,  n.  Absence  of  action ;  sluggish- 
ness, inertness.  So  inactivE  a.,  inactive- 
ly 2  adv.,  Inaeti'viTY  n.    [in-2] 

inadaptability,  n.    Want  of  adaptability. 

[IN-2] 

inadequate,  a.  Not  adequate  (to  purpose, 
to  do) ;  insufficient.  Hence  inadequACY  n., 
ina'dequateL y  2  adv.    [in-  2] 

inadhe'sive,  a.    Not  adhesive,    [in-  2] 

inadmissible,  a.  That  cannot  be  admitted 
or  allowed.  Hence  inadmissiBi'LiTY  n.  [in-2] 

inadver'tent,  a.  Not  properly  attentive; 
negligent ;  (of  actions)  unintentional.  Hence 
or  cogn.  inadvep*tENCE,  -ency,  nn„  inad- 
vep*tentLY  2  adv.  [iN-2+obs.  advert ent  (ad- 
vert)] 

inalienable,  a.  Not  alienable.  Hence  in- 
alienaBi-LiTY  n.,  ina'lienabLY  2  ad  v.  [in-2] 

inalterable,  a.  Unalterable.  Hence  in- 
altepaBi'LiTY  n.,  ina-lterabiv  2  adv.   [in-2] 

inamora'to  (rah-),  n.  (fem.  -ta).  Lover.  [It. 
(now  inn-)  f.  in  Hamorare  f.  amove  f.  L  amor 
love)  fall  in  love] 

ina'ne,  a.  &  n.  Empty,  void ;  silly,  senseless ; 
(n.)  the  i.,  vacuity,  infinite  space.  Hence  or 
cogn.  ina*neLY2adv., ina'niTY n.  [f.  ~Linanis 
empty,  vain] 

inanimate  (-at),  a.  Destitute  of  life ;  not 
endowed  with  animal  life,  as  i.  nature  (outside 
the  animal  world) ;  spiritless,  dull.  Hence  or 
cogn.  ina'nimateLY 2  adv.,  inanimA'TiON 
n.    [f.  LL  iN2(animatus  animate1)] 

inani'tion,  n.  Emptiness,  esp.  from  want  of 
nourishment,  [f.  L  inanitio  f.  inanire  make 
empty  (as  inane),  see  -ion] 

inappea'sable,  a.    Not  appeasable,    [in-  2] 

inappe*llable,a.  Not  to  be  appealed  against, 
[f.  in-  2  +  L  appellare  appeal  +  -ble] 

ina'ppetence,  n.  Want  of  appetence,  [in-2] 

inapplicable,  a.  Not  applicable,  unsuit- 
able, (to  case,  purpose).  Hence  ina'pplica- 
bi'lity  n.,  ina'pplicabLY  2  adv.    [in-  2] 

ina'pposlte,  a.  Not  apposite,  out  of  place. 
Hence  ina'ppositeLV  2  adv.    [in-  2] 

inappreciable,  a.  Imperceptible,  not 
worth  reckoning ;  that  cannot  be  appreciated. 
Hence  inapppeciabLY  2  adv.    [in-2] 

inapppeeia'tion,  n.  Failure  to  appreciate. 
So  inapppeciativE  a.    [in-2] 

inapprehensible,  a.  That  cannot  be 
grasped  by  senses  or  intellect,    [in-2] 

inapproachable,  a.  Unapproachable. 
[in-2] 

inapppo*ppiate,a.  Not  appropriate.  Hence 
inapppo*ppiateLY2adv.,inapppo*ppiate- 
NESS  n.    [in-2] 

ina'pt,  a.  Unfit,  unskilful.  Hence  Ina'pti- 
tude,  ina'ptNESS,  nn.,  ina'ptLY  2adv.  [in-2] 

inarch,  v.t.  Graft  by  connecting  growing 
branch  without  separation  from  parent  stock. 

[IN-1  +  ARCH  V.] 

inar'm, v.t.  (poet).  Embrace,   [in  l  +  arm  n.] 

inarticulate,  a.  Not  jointed  ;  (of  speech) 
not  articulate ;  unable  to  speak  distinctly ; 
dumb.  Hence  inapti'culateLY  2  adv.,  inar- 
ti'eulateNESS  n.  [f.  L  in  2(articulatus  arti- 
culate)] 

inartificial,  a.  Lacking  in  art,  inartistic  ; 
artless,  natural.  Hence  inaptificialL  Y  2  adv. 
[f.  L  m2(artificialis  artificial)] 

inapti'stie,  a.  Not  following  the  principles 
of  art ;  unskilled  in  art,  Hence  inapti'stic- 
ALLYadv.    Jin-2] 

inasmuch,  adv.  I.  as,  since,  because  ;  (ar- 
chaic) in  so  far  as.    [orig.  three  wds] 

lnatte'ntlon,  n.    Want  of  attention,  heed- 


lessness; neglect  of  courteous  attentions.  So 
inatte'ntivE  a.,  inatte'ntiveLY  2  adv.,  in- 
atte'ntiveNESS  n.    [in-  2] 

inaudible,  a.  That  cannot  be  heard.  Hence 
inaudiBixiTY  n.,  inau'dibLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
m2(audibilis  audible)] 

inau'g-upal,  a.  Of  inauguration.  [F,  f.  in- 
augurer  (as  foil.)] 

inaugurate,  v.t.  Admit  (person)  to  office 
&c.  with  ceremony ;  enter  with  ceremony  upon 
(undertaking  &c.) ;  initiate  public  use  of  (build- 
ing &c).  Hence  or  cogn.  inaug-UPATiON,  in- 
au'g-upatOR 2,  nn.,  inau'guratORY  a.  [f.  L 
in l( a ugur are  take  omens,  f.  augur),  see  -ate3] 

inauspicious,  a.  Not  of  good  omen  ;  un- 
ltfcky.  Hence  inauspi'ciousLY  2  adv.,  in- 
auspi'ciousNESS  n.    [in-2] 

i'nboapd.adv.&a.  (naut).  (Situated)  within 
sides  of  or  towards  centre  of  ship,    [in  l] 

i'nbopn,  a.    Implanted  by  nature,    [in  *] 

inbpea'the,  v.t.  Breathe  (thing)  in  (lit.  & 
fig.).    [in1] 

i*nbped,a.  Innate,  inherent  by  nature,  [in1] 

i'nbpeeding-,  n.  Breeding  in-&-in,  breeding 
from  animals  closely  related,    [in  *] 

I'nca,  n.  Emperor  or  king  of  Peru  before 
Spanish  conquest ;  one  of  royal  race  of  Peru. 
[Peruv.l 

incalculable,  a.  Too  great  for  calculation  ; 
that  cannot  be  reckoned  beforehand ;  (of  per- 
son, character,  &c.)  uncertain.  Hence  incal- 
culaBi'LiTY  n.,  Inca'lculabLY  2  adv.  [in-  2] 

Incandesce  (-es),  v.i.  8c  t.  Glow,  cause  to 
glow,  with  heat.  [f.  L  in  1(candescere  incept, 
of  candere  be  white)] 

incandescent,  a.  Glowing  with  heat: 
shining  brightly;  (of  electric  &  other  light) 

firoduced  by  glowing  of  filament  &c.  Hence 
ncande'scENCE  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ent] 

incanta'tion,  n.  (Use  of)  magical  formula  ; 
spell,  charm.  [F,  f.  L  incantationem  f.  in  i (can- 
tare  chant)  bewitch,  see  -ion] 

inca'pable,  a.  Not  capable  (of  conduct  &c.f 
of  doing ;  often  in  good  sense,  =*too  honest  &c. 
to  do) ;  not  susceptible  (of  improvement  &c.) ; 
lacking  in  ordinary  powers,  as  drank  <&  i. 
Hence  incapaBixiTY  n.,  inca'pabLY2  adv. 
[f.  med.L  m2(capabilis  capable)] 

incapacitate,  v.t.  Render  incapable  or 
unfit  (for  work  &c.,/or,  from,  doing).  Hence 
incapacitATiON  n.    [f.  foil.  +  -ate  3] 

incapacity,  n.  Inability  (for  doing,  for 
work&c,  to  do,  orabs.) ;  legal  disqualification, 
[f.  F  in  2(capacit6  capacity)] 

incarcerate,  v.t.  Imprison  (lit.  &  fig.). 
Hence  or  cogn.  ineapeePATiON,  incap'ce- 
patOR2,  nn.  [f.  med.L  in l(carcerare  f.  career 
prison),  see  -ate  3] 

ineap-nadine,  a.,  &  v.t,  (poet).  (Dye)  flesh- 
coloured,  crimson,  [(vb f.  a.)  F  (-in,  -ine) f.  It.  in- 
carnadino  (for  -tino)  f.  incamato  incarnate  *] 

incap'nate1  (-at),  a.  (Of  person,  spirit, 
quality,  &c.)  embodied  in  flesh,  esp.  in  human 
form,  as  he  is  an  i.  fiend,  Liberty  i. ;  (as  p.p.,  of 
Christ)  was  i.  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  [f.  L  in  Hear- 
nare  f.  caro  carnis  flesh),  see  -ate  2] 

i'nearnate2,  v.t.  Embody  in  flesh;  put 
(idea  &c.)  into  concrete  form,  realize ;  (of  per- 
son &c.)  be  living  embodiment  of  (quality),  [as 
prec,  see  -ate3] 

incapna'tion,  n.  Embodiment  in  (esp.  hu- 
man) flesh,  esp.  the  I.  (of  Christ) ;  impersona- 
tion, living  type,  (of  quality  &c).  [F,  f.  LL  in- 
carnationem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)1 

incau'tious,  a.  Rash.  Hence  incau'tious- 
ly  2  adv.,  incau'tiousNESs  n.    [in-  2] 

ince'ndiapy,  a.  &  n.  Of,  guilty  of,  the 
malicious   setting  on  fire  of   property;   (fig.) 


INCENSE 


412 


INCOGNITO 


tending  to  stir  up  strife,  inflammatory;  (n.)  i. 
person  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  inee'ndiapiSM  n. 
[f.  L  incendiarius  f.  incendium  conflagration  f. 
iN(cendere  cens-  =  *cand&re  cause  to  glow,  cf. 
candere  glow),  see  -ary  j] 
i'ncense  \  n.  Gum,  spice,  producing  sweet 
smell  when  burned ;  smoke  of  this,  esp.  in  re- 
ligious ceremonial;  (flg.)  praise,  flattery,  [f. 
OF  encens  f.  eccl.  L  incensum  thing  burnt,  in- 
cense, neut.  p.p.  as  prec] 
i'ncense2,  v.t.  Fumigate  (person,  thing) 
with  incense  ;  burn  incense  to  (deity  &c.) ;  suf- 
fuse with  fragrance.  Hence  ineensA'TiON  n. 
[f.  F  encenser  (as  prec.)] 

ince'nse3,  v.t.    Enrage,  make  angry,    [f.  OF 
incenser  f.  L  incendere  (see  incendiary)] 
i'neensopy,  n.    Vessel  for  burning  incense, 
censer.  [f.med.Lincensoriwn (incense1,  -ory)J 
incentive,  a.  &  n.    Tending  to  incite  ;  (n.) 
incitement,  provocation,  motive,    [f.  L  incen- 
tive setting  the  tune  f.  in  Hcinere  cent-=canere 
sing)  sing  to,  blow  on  instrument;  -ive] 
inee'pt,  v.i.  &  t.    (Camb.  Univ.)  complete 
the  taking  of  Master's  or  Doctor's  degree,  so 
inee'ptOR2  n. ;  (Biol.)  take  in.  [f.  L  in  ^(cipere 
cept-  =  caper e  take)  begin] 
inception,  n.     Beginning;  (Camb.  Univ.) 
incepting,    [f.  L  inceptio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)J 
inee'ptive,   a.  &   n.     Beginning ;    initial ; 
(Gram.)  i.  verb,  one  that  denotes  the  beginning 
of  an  action  ;  (n.)  L  verb.    [obs.  F  (-if,  -ive),  as 
incept,  see  -ive] 

ineep'titude,  n.    Uncertainty.   [F,  f.  L  in2- 
(cei'tus  certain),  see  -tude] 
incessant,  a.     Unceasing,  continual,  re- 
peated.    Hence  ince'ssANCV,  inee'ssant- 
ness,  nn.,  ince'ssantLY  2  adv.    [F,  f.  LL  in2- 
(cessantem  part,  of  cessare  cease)] 
i'neest,  n.  Sexual  commerce  of  near  kindred, 
[f.  L  incestus  -us  or  in  2(cestum  neut.  adj.  = 
castum  chaste)] 
incestuous,  a.  Involving,  guilty  of,  incest. 
Hence  inee'stuousLY2  adv.  [f.  L  incest nosus 
(as  prec,  see  -ous)l 

inch  \  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Twelfth  part  of  (linear) 
foot;  square,  cubic,  i„  area  equal  to  square, 
content  equal  to  cube,  whose  side  is  an  i.;  (as 
unit  of  rainfall)  quantity  that  would  cover  sur- 
face to  depth  of  an  inch ;  (of  atmospheric  or 
other  pressure)  amount  that  balances  weight 
of  column  of  mercury  lin.  high  in  mercurial 
barometer ;  small  amount ;  by  it,  bit  by  bit ; 
every  i.,  entirely;  (pi.)  stature;  give  him  an  i.  & 
he'll  take  an  ell  ;  (v.t.  &  i.)  move  by  ii.  f(vb  f. 
n.)  OE  ynce  f.  L  uncia  twelfth  part,  inch] 
inch  2,  n.  Small  (esp.  Scotch)  island,  [f.  Gael. 
innis] 

-ineher,  n.     Six  &c  -i.,  thing  of  six  &c 
inches  in  length,  diameter,  &c    [-ER1] 
i'nehoate1  (-koat),  a.     Just  begun;  unde- 
veloped,   (f.  L  in Hcohare,  choare),  see  -ate2] 
i'nehoate2  (k),  v.t.    Begin  ;  originate.    So 
inchOA'TiON n., ineho'atiVE  a.  [prec,  -ate3] 
i'neidence,  n.    Falling  on,  contact  with,  a 
thing  ;  what  is  the  i.  of  the  tax  ?,  on  whom  will 
it  fall  ? ;  (Phys.)  falling  of  line,  or  of  thing  mov- 
ing in  a  line,  upon  a  surface ;  angle  of  %.,  that 
which  the  incident  line,  ray,  &c,  makes  with 
the  perpendicular  to  the  surface  at  point  of  i.; 
range,  scope,  extent,  of  influence.    [F  (as  foil., 
see  -ence)] 

rneident1,  n.  Subordinate  or  accessory 
event ;  event,  occurrence  ;  detached  event  at- 
tracting general  attention;  distinct  piece  of 
action  in  play  or  poem ;  (Law)privilege,  burden, 
&c  attaching  to  estate  &c.  [F  (as  foil.)] 
i'neident-,  a.  Apt  to  occur,  naturally  at- 
taching, (to) ;  (Law)  attaching  to  (cf.  prec.) ;  (of 


light  &c)  falling,  striking,  (upon).  [F,  f.  L  in  i- 
(cidere-cadere  fall),  see  -ent] 

incidental,  a.  Casual,  not  essential ;  liable 
to  happen  to ;  i.  images,  colours,  (perceived  as 
consequence  of  impressions  no  longer  present). 
Hence  ineide'ntalLY  2  adv.  [incident1  +  -al] 

inci'nerate,  v.t.  Reduce  to  ashes ;  consume 
(body  &c)  by  fire.  Hence  or  cogn.  ineinePA'- 
tion,  inei'nenatoR 2(2),  nn.  If.  med.L  in1- 
cinerare  f.  cinis  -eris  ashes),  see  -ate  2] 

inci'pient,  a.  Beginning ;  in  an  initial  stage. 
Hence  inei'piENCE,  -ency,  nn.,  inei'pient- 
ly  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  incept,  see  -ent] 

i'neipit,  sent.    (Here)  begins  (book  &c).    [L] 

inci'se  (-z),  v.t.  Make  a  cut  in ;  engrave,  [f. 
F  inciser  f.  L  in  l(cidere  cis-  =  caedere  cut)] 

inci'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Cutting  into  a  thing ;  cut, 
gash,  notch.    [F,  f.  Lincisionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

inclusive  (-S-),  a.  Cutting,  penetrating ;  (flg.) 
mentally  sharp  ;  acute,  trenchant.  Hence  in- 
ei'siveLY  2  adv.,  inei'siveNESs  n.  [f.  med.L 
incisivus  (as  incise,  see  -ive)] 
•  inersop  (-z-),  n.  Any  tooth  between  the 
canine  teeth  in  either  jaw.  [med.L,  =  cutter 
(as  incise,  see  -or2)] 

inci'te,  v.t.  Urge,  stir  up,  (person  &c  to 
action,  to  do).  Hence  or  cogn.  ineitA'Tiox, 
inei'teMENT,  nn.  [f.  F  inciter  f.  L  in  1(citare 
rouse  frequent,  of  ciere  cit-)] 

ineivi'lity,  n.  Rudeness,  discourtesy,  [f.  F 
incivility  f.  LL  in  Hcivilitatem  civility)] 

i'neivism,  n.  Want  of  good  citizenship,  esp. 
of  loyalty  to  French  Revolution  principles,  [f. 
F  m2(tivismet.  Lcivis  citizen)] 

i'n-eleaping",  n.  The  cheques  &c  collective- 
ly payable  by  a  bank  &  reoeived  through  clear- 
ing-house for  settlement,    [in  adv.] 

inclement,  a.  (Of  weather  or  climate)  se- 
vere, esp.  cold  or  stormy.  So  inele'mENCY  n. 
[f.  L  in  2(clemens  clement)] 

inclinable,  a.  Inclined,  disposed,  (to  thing, 
to  do) ;  favourable  (to),    [f.  OF  enclinable  (as 

INCLINE,  See  -ABLE)] 

inclination,  n.  Leaning,  slope,  slant ;  dif- 
ference of  direction  of  two  lines,  esp.  as  mea- 
sured by  angle  between  them  ;  disposition,  pro- 
pensity, (to,  for,  thing,  to  do) ;  liking,  affection, 
(for).    [F,  f.  L  inclinationem  (foil.,  -ation)] 

incli'ne  \  v.t.  &  i.  Bend  (head,  body,  oneself) 
forward  or  downward ;  i.  one's  ear,  listen  fa- 
vourably (to  person,  prayer,  &c);  dispose 
(mind,  heart,  person,  fodo),  as  i.  our  hearts  to 
keep  this  law,  I  am  inclined  to  think ;  be  dis- 
posed, as  Ii.  to  think ;  lean,  cause  to  lean,  from 
the  vertical  &c;  inclined  (sloping)  plane,  one 
of  the  mechanical  powers ;  tend  (to  corpulence 
&c).    [f.  OF  encliner  f.  L  in  1(clinare  bend)] 

incli'ne2  (or  i'n-),  n.  Inclined  plane  ;  slope, 
[f.  prec] 

inclind'metep,  n.  Instrument  measuring 
vertical  intensity  of  earth's  magnetic  force  as 
shown  by  dip  of  magnetic  needle,  or  for  mea- 
suring slope,    [incline  +  -o-  +  -meter] 

inelu'de,  v.t.  Comprise,  embrace,  (thing  &c ) 
as  part  of  a  whole ;  (part,  in  abs.  constr.)  if  we 
L,  as  seven  were  killed,  including  the  guard  ; 
treat,  regard,  as  so  comprised ;  (p.p.)  shut  in. 
[f.  L  in  1(cludere  clus-  =  claudere  shut)] 

inclu'sive  (s-),  a.  Including,  comprising,  (of 
or  abs.) ;  (abbr.  incl.)  pages  7  to  26  i.  (including 
pages  7  &  26) ;  includingjmuch  or  all,  as  i.  terms 
(at  hotel  &c).  Hence"  or  cogn.  inclu'siON 
(-zhn)  n.,  inelu'siveLY2  adv.,  inelu'sive- 
ness  n.  [f.  med.L  inclusivus  (as prec,  see  -ive)] 

inco'gnito,  a.  &  n.  (pi.  -ti  pron.  -te,  fern,  to, 
pron.  -ta,  pi.  -te  pron.  -ta),  &  adv.  (abbr.,  spoken 
&  written,  inco'g).  (Person)  concealed  under 
disguised  character;  (adv.)  with  one's  name, 


INCOGNIZABLE 


413 


INCONVERTIBLE 


character,  &c,  concealed,  as  travel,  do  good,  i. 
[It.,  =  unknown,  f.  L  in 2(cognitus  p.p.  of  cogno- 
scere  get  to  know)] 

ineo'gnizable  (-kogn-,  -kon),  a.    That  can- 
not be  apprehended  by  senses  or  intellect,  [in-2] 
[     incognizant  (as  prec.),  a.  Unaware,  uncon- 
scious, o£    So  inco'grnizANCE  n.    [in-2] 

incoherent,  a.  Not  coherent  (lit.  &  fig.).  So 
incoher'ENCE  n.,ineohep*entLY2adv.  [in-2] 

ineohesive,  a.    Not  cohesive,    [in-2] 

incombu'stible,  a.  That  cannot  be  con- 
sumed by  fire.  Hence  ineombustiBiLiTY  n. 
[f.  med.L  in  2(combustibilis  combustible)] 

income  (i'ngkwm),  n.  Periodical  (usu.  annual) 
receipts  from  one's  business,  lands,  work,  in- 
vestments, &c. ;  i.-t ax  (levied  on  this),    [in  2] 

i'nco'mer  (-ku-),  n.  One  who  comes  in  ;  im- 
migrant; intruder;  successor,    [in adv.] 

i'neo'mingf1  (-ku-),  n.  Entrance,  arrival ;  (usu. 
pi.)  revenue,  income,    [in  adv.] 

i'ncoming2  (-ku-),  a.  Succeeding;  immi- 
grant; (of  profit)  accruing,    [in  adv.] 

incommensurable,  a.  (Of  magnitudes) 
having  no  common  measure  integral  or  frac- 
tional (with  another) :  irrational,  surd ;  not 
comparable  in  respect  of  magnitude ;  not  wor- 
thy to  be  measured  with.  Hence  incommen- 
suraBixiTY  n.,  ineomme'nsupabLY2  adv. 
[f.  med.L  ia2(commensurabilis  commensur- 
able)] 

ineomme'nsurate  (at),  a.  Out  of  propor- 
tion, inadequate,  (with,  to) ;  =  prec.  Hence 
ineommensupateNESs  n.    [in-2] 

incommo'de,  v.t.  Trouble,  annoy ;  hinder, 
[f.  F  incommoder  t.  L  in  2(commodare  f.  corn- 
modus  commodious)] 

incommo'dious,  a.  Not  affording  good  ac- 
commodation, uncomfortable.  Hence  incom- 
mo*diousNESS  n.    [in-2] 

incommirnicable,  a.  That  cannot  be 
shared  ;  that  cannot  be  told.     Hence  ineom- 

municaBi-LiTY,     incommvrnicableNESS, 

nn„  ineommirnieabLY  2  adv.    [in-2] 

incommu'nicative,  a.  Not  communicative. 

Hence  ineommirnieativeLY 2    adv.,    in- 

communicativeNESS  n.    [in-  2] 

incommutable,  a.      Unchangeable;  not 

commutable.   Hence  incommu'tabLY  2  adv. 

[f.  L  m2(commutabilis  commutable)] 
incompa'ct,  a.  Not  compact  (esp.  fig.),  [in-2] 
ineo'mpapable,  a.    Matchless;  not  to  be 

compared  (with,  to).  Hence  inecmpapable- 

ness  n.,  inco'mparabLY 2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  in2- 

(comparabilis  comparable)] 
incompatible,  a.    Opposed  in  character, 

discordant;  inconsistent  (with).    So  incom- 

patiBixiTY  n.       [f.  med.L  in  2(compatibilis 

COMPATIBLE)] 

ineo'mpetent,  a.  Not  qualified  or  able  (to 
do) ;  not  legally  qualified.  Hence  or  cogn.  in- 
co'mpetENCE.-ENCY^n.jinco'mpetentLY2 
adv.    [f.  F  incompetent  f.  LL  in  2(competentem 

COMPETENT)] 

incomple'te,  a.  Not  complete.  Hence  in- 
comple'teLY2  adv.,  ineomple'te.vESS  n. 
[f.  L  in  2(completus  complete)] 

incomprehensible,  a.  That  cannot  be 
understood ;  (Athanas.  Creed)  boundless.  Hence 
i neom pre hensiBi  'lit y,  Ineomppehe'n- 
siblexEss,  nn.,  ineomppehe'nsibLY  2  adv. 
[f.  L  in  Hcomprehensibihs  comprehensible)] 

incomprehension,  n.  Failure  to  under- 
stand.   [IN-2] 

incompressible,  a.  That  cannot  be  com- 
pressed. Hence ineomppessiBixiTYn.  [in-2] 

incomputable,  a.  That  cannot  be  com- 
puted.   [in-2] 

inconceivable,  a.  That  can  not  be  imagined ; 


(pop.)  very  remarkable.  Hence  ineonceiva- 
bulity  n.,  inconcei'vabLY2  adv.    [in-  2] 

inconclu'sive,  a.  (Of  argument,  evidence, 
action)  not  decisive  or  convincing.  Hence  in- 
conclu'siveLY 2  adv.,  ineonelu'siveNEss 
n.    [in-2| 

inconde'nsable,  a.  That  cannot  be  con- 
densed, esp.  that  cannot  be  reduced  to  liquid  or 
solid  condition,    [in-  2] 

incondi'te,  a.  (Of  literary  composition  &c.) 
ill  constructed ;  crude,  unpolished,  [f.  L  IN  2- 
(conditus  p.p.  of  condere  put  together)] 

inconfop'mity,  n.  Dissimilarity,  want  of 
conformity, (to,  with) ;  =  nonconformity,  [in -j 

incongruous,  a.  Disagreeing,  out  of  keep- 
ing, (with) ;  out  of  place,  absurd.  Hence  or 
cogn.  incong-pu'iTY,  inco'ng-puousNESs, 
nn.,  inco'ngruousLY2  adv.  [f.  L  in 2(con- 
gruus  congruous)] 

inconsecutive,  a.  Wanting  in  sequence, 
inconsequent.  Hence  ineonse'cutiveLY  - 
adv.,  Inconse'cutiveNESS  n.    [in-2] 

inconsequent,  a.  Not  following  naturally, 
irrelevant ;  wanting  in  logical  sequence ;  dis- 
connected. Hence  or  cogn.  inco'nsequENCi: 
n.,  inconsequ'entiAL  a.,  inconsequen- 
tial!, v  2,  inco'nsequentLY  2,  advv.  [f.L  in  '- 
(consequens  consequent)] 

inconsi'depable,  a.  Not  worth  considering; 
of  small  size,  value,  &c.    [f.  F m2(conside'rabU 

CONSIDERABLE)] 

inconsiderate  (-at),  a.  (Of  person  or  action) 
thoughtless,  rash ;  lacking  in  regard  for  feelings 
&c.  of  others.  Hence  or  cogn.  ineonsi'dep- 
ateLY2  adv.,  ineonsi'depateNESS,  Incon- 
sidePA'TiON,  nn.  [f.  L  ix2(conside,ratus  con- 
siderate)] 

inconsistent,  a.  Not  in  keeping,  discord- 
ant, incompatible,  (with) ;  (of  single  thing)  hav- 
ing i.  parts  ;  acting  at  variance  with  one  s  own 
principles  or  former  conduct.  Hence  incon- 
si'stENC y  n. ,  inconsi'stentLY  2  adv.    Fin-  2] 

inconso'lable,  a.  (Of  person,  his  grief,  &c. ) 
that  cannot  be  consoled.  Hence  inconso'l- 
abLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  m2(consolabilis  consolable)] 

inconsonant,  a.  Not  harmonizing  (with, 
to).    Hence  inco'nson ance  n.    [in-  2] 

inconspi'cuous,  a.  Not  conspicuous  ;  (Bot. 
of  flowers)  small,  pale,  or  green.  Hence  ineon- 
spi'cuousNESS  n.  [f.  LL  in  2(conspicuus  con- 
spicuous)] 

incenstant,  a.  (Of  person)  fickle,  change- 
able ;  variable,  irregular.  Hence  or  cogn.  in- 
eenstancY  n.,  incenstant ly  2  adv.  [F,  f. 
L  in  2(constantem  constant)] 

inconsumable,  a.  That  cannot  be  con- 
sumed by  fire  &c. ;  (Pol.  Econ.)  not  meant  to  be 
consumed  in  use.    [in-  2] 

incontestable,  a.  That  cannot  be  disputed. 
Hence  incontestable y  2  adv.    [F  (in-  2)] 

inco'ntinent,  a.  Wanting  in  self-restraint 
(esp.  in  regard  to  sexual  appetite);  unable  to 
contain  or  keep  back.  So  Ineo'ntinENCE  n. 
[F,  f.  L  in  2(continentem  continent)] 

inco'ntinently,  adv.  At  once,  immediately, 
[archaic  incontinent  adv.  (thr.  F)  f.  LL  in  con- 
tinenti  (tempore)  in  continuous  time,  +  -ly2] 

incontrovertible,  a.  Not  to  be  disputed. 
Hence  IneontPOveP'tibLY  2  adv.    [in-  2] 

incon ve'nience,  n.  Want  of  adaptation  to 
personal  requirement  or  ease ;  instance  of  this ; 
(v.t.)  put  (person  &c.)  to  i„  incommode,  [(vb  f. 
n.)  OF,  f.  l,Ijinconve?iientia(8LS  folL,  see-ENCE)] 

Inconvenient,  a.  Unfavourable  to  ease  or 
comfort,  awkward,  troublesome.  Hence  in- 
conve'nientLY  2  adv.    If.  F  inconvenient  f.  L 

ixfyonvenientem  convenient)] 

inconvertible,  a.    Not  convertible  (esp.  of 


INCONVINCIBLE 


414 


INDEED 


paper  money).  Hence  meonvertiBrLiTY  n., 
ineonvep'tibLY  2  adv.    [in-  2] 

inconvi'ncible,  a.  Not  to  be  convinced. 
[in- 2] 

incoordination,  n.  Want  of  coordination. 
[in- 2] 

incorporate l  (-at),  a.  (Of  company  &c.) 
formed  into  a  corporation  ;  (of  persons)  united 
in  a  corporation,    [as  foil.,  see  -ate2] 

incop'popate 2,  v.t.  &  i.  Unite  (inone  body, 
with  another  thing) ;  (spec.)  combine  ingredients 
of  gunpowder ;  constitute  as  a  legal  corporation ; 
become  incorporated  {with).  Hence  or  cogn. 
ineoppoPA'TiON,  ineop*popatoR2,nn.  [f.  LL 
iNl(corporare  f.  corpus  -oris  body),  -ate3] 

ineorpor'eal,  a.  Not  composed  of  matter ; 
of  immaterial  beings ;  (Law)  having  no  material 
existence,  esp.  i.  /hereditament.  Hence  in- 
coppop'ealLY 2  adv.,  incoppope'iTV  n.  [f. 
L  IN  %(corporeus  f.  corpus  -oris  body)  +  -al] 

ineoppe'et,  a.  Not  in  accordance  with  fact ; 
(of  style  &c.)  improper,  faulty;  (of  book)  not 
properly  corrected  for  press.  Hence  incop- 
pe'ctLY2  adv.,  Ineoppe'etNESS  n.  [f.  L  in2- 
(correctus  correct)] 

incd'ppig ible,  a.  (Of  person  or  habit)  incur- 
ably bad  or  depraved.  Hence  ineoppigiBixiTY 
n. ,  ineo'PPigribLY  2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  in  ^(corrigi- 

pilis  CORRIGIBLE)] 

ineoppu'ptible,  a.  That  cannot  decay,  so 
incopp*uptiON  n.  (bibl. ) ;  eternal ;  that  cannot 
be  corrupted,  esp.  bribed.  Hence  or  cogn.  in- 
eoppuptiBixiTY  n.,  ineoppirptibLY2  adv. 
[f.  LL  m2(corruptibilis  corruptible)] 

incpa'ssate  (-at),  a.  (hot,  zool.).  Of  thick  or 
swollen  form.  [f.  L  ital(crassare  f.'  crassus 
thick),  see -ate2] 

incpea'se1  (s),  v.i.  &  t.  Become  greater; 
grow  in  numbers,  esp.  by  propagation ;  advance 
(in  quality,  attainment,  &c.) ;  make  greater  or 
more  numerous ;  intensify  (quality).  Hence 
incpea'singL y  2  adv.  [f.  OF  encreistre  (st. 
-eiss-)  f.  L  is  i(crescere  grow)] 

i'ncpease  2,  n.  Growth,  enlargement  ;gro wth 
in  numbers,  multiplication  (of  men,  animals,  or 
plants) ;  on  the  i. ,  increasing ;  increased  amount ; 
(archaic)  crops,    [f.  prec] 

inere'dible,  a.  That  cannot  be  believed ; 
(colloq.)  hard  to  believe,  surprising.  Hence  or 
cogn.  incpediBi'LiTY  n.,  incpe'dibLY2  adv. 
[f .  L  IN  2(credibilis  credible)] 

incpe'dulous,  a.  Unbelieving  (of  or  abs.). 
Hence  or  cogn.  inepedu'liTY  n.,  incpe'du- 
Iously  2  adv.   [f.  L  in  2(credulu8  credulous)] 

i'ncpement,  n.  Increase ;  amount  of  this ; 
profit;  (Math.)  small  amount  by  which  vari- 
able quantity  increases,  [f.  L  incrementum  (as 
increase,  see  -ment)] 

inerrminate,  v.t  Charge  with  crime ;  in- 
volve in  accusation.  Hence lnerrminatouY 
a.    [f.  med.L  in  Hcriminare  criminate)] 

inerusta'tion,  n.  Encrusting ;  crust,  hard 
coating  ;  faci  ng  or  marble  &c  on  building ;  (fig.) 
accretion  of  habit ;  scab.    [f.  LL  incrustatio  (as 

ENCRUST,  See  -ATION)] 

i'ncubate,  v.t.  &  i.  Hatch  (eggs)  by  sitting 
on  them  or  otherwise ;  sit  on  eggs,  brood,  [f. 
L  in  *(cubare  cubit-  or  cubat-  lie),  see  -ate  3] 

ineuba'tion,  n.  Hatching ;  artificial  i.  (by 
artificial  heat) ;  (of  the  Holy  Ghost)  brooding ; 
(Path.)  phase  through  which  germs  of  disease 

J  ass  before  development  of  first  symptoms.   So 
•ncubatiVE,  rneubatoii v,  aa.  [f.  L  incuba- 
tio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 
i'ncubatop,   n.      Apparatus  for  hatching 
birds,  rearing  children  born  prematurely,  or 
developing  bacteria.    [L  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 
i'ncubus,  n.  Evil  spirit  supposed  to  descend 


on  sleeping  persons;  nightmare ;  person,  thing, 
that  oppresses  like  nightmare.  [LL,  =L  incubo 
nightmare  (as  incubate)] 

rneuleate,  v.t.  Urge,  impress,  (fact,  habit, 
idea)  persistently  (upon  person,  mind).  So  in- 
cuIca'tion,  i'nculcatoR2,  nn.  [f.  L  in  *(cu£- 
care  =  calcare  tread  f.  calx  -Ids  heel),  -ate3] 

i'nculpate,  v.t.  Accuse,  blame ;  involve  in 
charge.  Hence  InculpA'TiON  n„  incu'lpat- 
ory  a.   [f.  L  in  Hculpare  f.  culpa  fault),  -ate3] 

ineu'lt,  a.  (rare).  Untilled ;  unpolished,  rude ; 
(of  person  or  manners)  coarse,  [f.  Lin  2(cultus 
p.p.  of  colere  till)] 

incu'mbency,  n.  Office,  tenure,  sphere,  of 
an  incumbent,    [f.  foil.,  see  -ency] 

ineu'mbent1,  n.  Holder  of  ecclesiastical 
benefice  or  (rare)  of  any  office,    [as  foil.] 

ineu'mbent'-,  a.  Lying,  pressing,  (on) ;  rest- 
ing (up)on  (person)  as  duty,  as  it  is  i.  on  you 
to  warn  them.    [f.  L  in  1(cumbere  lie),  -ent] 

incuna'bula,  n.  pi.  Early  stages  of  thing ; 
(w.  sing.  -Mm)  books  printed  early,  esp.  before 
1500.    [L,  =  swaddling-clothes,  f.  cunae  cradle] 

incur*,  v.t.  (-rr-).  Fall  into,  bring  on  one- 
self, (danger,  blame,  punishment,  &c).  [f.  L 
m^(currere  curs-  run)] 

incup'able,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  that  cannot  be 
cured.  Hence  ineupaBULiTY,  ineur'able- 
ness,  nn.,  incup'abLY  2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  in2- 
(curabilis  curable)] 

incurious,  a.  Devoid  of  curiosity ;  heed- 
less, careless ;  uninteresting (usu.  not i.).  Hence 
incupio'siTY  n.,  incup'iousLY 2  adv.  [f.  L 
inz(curiosus  curious)] 

incup'sion,  n.  Hostile  invasion ;  sudden 
attack.  So  ineup*siVE  a.  [f.  L  incursio  (as 
incur,  see  -ion)] 

incup*ve,  v.t.  Bend  into  a  curve ;  curve  in- 
wards (esp.  in  p.p.).  So  ineupvATioN  n.'  [f.  L 
in  Hcurvare  curve)] 

i'neus  (-us),  n.  Bone  of  ear  receiving  vibra- 
tions from  malleus.    [L,  =  anvil  (as  foil.)] 

incu'se1  (-z),  a,  &  n.  (Of  impression  on  coin 
&c)  hammered  or  stamped  in ;  (n.)  such  im- 
pression,   [f.  L  in  ^(cudere  cus-  forge)] 

incu'se2  (-z),  v.t.  (esp.  in  p.p.).  Impress 
(figure  &c)  by  stamping ;  mark  (coin  &c)  with 
such  figure,    [as  prec] 

indeb'ted,  a.  Owing  money  (to) ;  owing 
gratitude  (to  person,  or  fig.  to  thing,  for  benefit 
&c).  Hence  indeb'tedNESS  n.  [f.  OF  endetti 
p. p.  of  EK(detter  f.  dette  debt)] 

inde'cent,  a.  Unbecoming;  immodest,  ob- 
scene. Hence  or  cogn.  inde'CENCY  n.,  inde- 
cently 2  adv.    [f.  L  in  Hdecens  decent)] 

indeci'duous,  a.    Not  deciduous.   Tin-2] 

indecipherable,  a.  That  cannot  be  de- 
ciphered.   [in-2] 

indeci'sion,  n.  Want  of  decision,  hesita- 
tion,   [f.  F  in  ^(dicision  decision)] 

indeci'sive,  a.  Not  decisive;  undecided, 
irresolute.  Hence  indeci'siveLY  2  adv.,  in- 
deei'siveNESs  n.    [in-  2] 

indecli'nable,  a.  That  cannot  be  declined, 
having  no  inflexions,  [f.  F  iN2(d6clinable  de- 
clinable)] 

indecompo'sable,  a.  That  cannot  be  de- 
composed or  resolved  into  constituents,    [in-  ^ 

indecorous,  a.  Improper;  in  bad  taste. 
Hence  indecop'ousLY2  adv.,  indecor'ous- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  in 2(decorus  decorous)] 

indecop'um,  n.  Lack  of  decorum ;  improper 
proceeding,    f  L,  neut.  adj.  as  prec] 

indeed,  adv.  In  truth,  really,  as  he  icas,  i., 
a  remarkable  man  ;  (intensifying)  I  shall  be 
very  glad  i.,  this  is  quick  work  v.,  yes,  i.  f,  no,  i. ! ; 
(echoing  last  speaker's  words  with  approval  or 
iron.)  who  is  this.  Mr  Smith  ?—who  is  he,  i. ! 


INDEFATIGABLE 


415 


INDICATE 


( =  you  may  well  ask,  or,  can  you  ask  ?) ;  (con- 
cessive) there  are  i.  exceptions;  (interrog.) 
really?  is  it  so? ;  as  int.,  expr.  irony,  contempt, 
incredulity,  &c.    [in  prep.  +  deed] 

indefa'tig-able,  a.  (Of  persons,  qualities, 
&c.)  that  cannot  be  tired  out,  unremitting. 
Hence  indefatigaBixiTY  n.,  indefa'tig- 
abLY  2  adv.  [f.  obs.  F  indefatigable  f.  L  iN^ae- 
fatigabilis  f.  v^fatigare  wear  out,  see  -ble)] 

indefea'sible,  a.  That  cannot  be  forfeited 
or  done  away  with,  esp.  i.  right.  Hence  inde- 
feasiBi*LiTY  n.,  indefea'sibLY  2  ad  v.    [in-2] 

indefectible,  a.  Unfailing,  not  liable  to  de- 
fectordecay :  faultless,  [in-2  +  defect  + -ible] 

indefe'nsible,  a.  Admitting  of  no  defence 
(by  force  of  arms  or  by  argument).  Hence  in- 
defensiBixiTY    n.,    indefe'nsibLY 2   adv. 

[IN-2J 

indefinable,  a.    That  cannot  be  defined. 
Hence  indefi'nabLY  2  adv.    [in-  2] 
indefinite,  a.  Vague,  undefined ;  unlimited ; 
(Gram., of  adjj.,  pronouns,  &c.)  not  determining 
the  person,  thing,  time,  &c,  to  which  they  refer, 
esp.  i.  article  (a,  an) ;  (of  tenses)  denoting  an 
action  without  specifying  whether  it  is  con- 
tinuous or  complete  (e.g.  Greek  aorist,  English 
past).    Hence  inde'flniteLY  2  adv.,  indefi- 
niteNESS,  indefl'niTUDE,  nn.    [f.  L  iN2(de- 
finitus  definite)] 
indehi'scent,  a.  (hot).  Not  dehiscent,  [in-2] 
indelible,  a.    (Of  mark,  stain,  ink,  &c. ,  &  fig. 
of  disgrace  &c.)  that  cannot  be  blotted  out. 
Hence  indellBi'LiTY  n.,  inde'libLY  2  ad  v.   [f. 
L  is2(delebilis  f.  delere  blot  out,  see  -ble)] 
indelicate  (-at),  a.    Coarse,  unrefined  ;  im- 
modest ;  tactless.    Hence  inde'lieACY  n.,  In- 
de'licateLY  2  adv.    [in-  2] 
indemnify,  v.t.     Protect,  secure,  (person 
from,  against,  harm  or  loss) ;  secure  (person) 
against  legal  responsibility  (for  actions) ;  com- 
pensate (person  for  loss,  expenses  incurred, 
&c).     Hence  indemniFiCATiON   n.     [f.  L 
in  Hdemnis  f.  damnum  loss),  see  -fy] 
indemnity,  n.  Security  against  damage  or 
loss ;  legal  exemption  from  penalties  &c.  in- 
curred ;  compensation  for  loss  incurred ;  sum 
paid  for  this,  esp.  sum  exacted  by  victorious 
belligerent  as  one  condition  of  peace,     [f.  F 
indemnity  f.  LL  indemnitor  (as  prec.,  see  -ty)] 
indemo'nstrable, a.  Thatcannotbe proved 
(esp.  of  primary  truths),    [in-  %\ 
inde'nt1,  v.t.  &  i.    Make  tooth-like  notches 
in  ;  form  deep  recesses  in  (coast-line  &c. ) ;  divide 
(document  drawn  up  in  duplicate)  into  two 
halves  with  zigzagline,  draw  up  (document)  in 
exact  duplicate ;  (Print.)  set  back  (beginning  of 
line)  further  from  margin  to  mark  new  para- 
graph; (intr.)  make  requisition  (prop,  written 
order  with  duplicate)  upon  (person  for  thing) ; 
order  (goods)  by  an  indent,     [f.  F  endenter  f.  L 
*  in  ^(dentare  f.  dens  -ntis  tooth)] 
inde'nt 2  (or  i*n-),  n.  Indentation  ;  indenture ; 
official  requisition  for  stores ;  order  for  goods 
(esp.  to  England  from  abroad),    [f.  prec] 
inde'nt 3, v.t.   Make  a  dent  in ;  impress  (mark 

&C).      [IN1] 

i'ndent4,  n.    Dent,  depression,    [f.  prec] 

indentation,  n.  Indenting ;  cut,  notch ; 
zigzag ;  deep  recess  in  coast-line&c.  [indent  j»  3 
+  -ation] 

inde'ntion,  n.  Indenting  of  line  in  printing ; 
«=  prec.    [irreg.  f.  indent1  -f  -ion] 

inde'ntupe  (-tsher),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Indented  docu- 
ment (see  indent  J) ;  any  sealed  agreement  or 
contract,  esp.  that  which  binds  apprentice  to 
master ;  take  up  one's  ii.,  receive  them  back  on 
completion  of  service ;  formal  list,  certificate, 
&c. ;  indentation ;  bind  (person)  by  ii.  esp.  as 


apprentice,     [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  endenteure  (as 

INDENT1,  see  -URE)] 

independence,  -eney,  nn.  (ce) being  in- 
dependent (on,  of,  or  abs.);  independent  in- 
come ;  (-cy)  =  Congregationalism  ;  (-cy)  inde- 
pendent State,    [f.  foil.,  see  -ence,  -ency] 

independent,  a.  &  n.  Not  depending 
on  authority  (of,  or  abs.);  (/-)=  congrega- 
tional; not  depending  on  something  else  for 
its  validity,  efficiency,  &c,  as  i. proof,  research, 
observer ;  not  needing  to  earn  one's  livelihood ; 
i.  income  (dispensing  one  from  earning  liveli- 
hood) ;  unwilling  to  be  under  obligation  to 
others;  (n.)  person  who  acts  (in  politics  &c.) 
independently  of  any  party ;  Congregationali?  t ; 
(as  title  of  paper)  New  York  I.  &c.  Hence  in- 
depe*ndentLY2adv.    [in-2] 

indescribable,  a.  vague,  indefinite  ;  too 
great,  beautiful,  bad,  &c,  to  be  described. 
Hence  indesepibaBi'LiTY  n.,  indeserrb- 
abLY2adv.    [in-2] 

indestrvrctible,  a.  That  cannot  be  de- 
stroyed. Hence  indestruetiBrLiTY  n.,  in- 
destPU'ctibLY  2  adv.    [in-  2] 

indeter'minable,  a.  That  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained ;  (of  disputes  &c.)that  cannot  be  settled, 
[f.  L  ix2(determinabilis  determinable)] 

indetep'minate  (-at),  a.  Not  fixed  in  ex- 
tent, character,  &c. ;  vague  ;  left  doubtful ; 
(Math.,  of  quantity)  not  limited  to  fixed 
value(s).  Hence  indetep'minateLY 2  adv., 
indetep'minatexESs  n.  [f.  L  in  2(determina- 

tus  DETERMINATE)] 

indetep'mination,  n.  Want  of  determina- 
tion or  decision  ;  being  indeterminate,   [in-2] 

indetep'minism,  n.  Theory  that  human 
action  is  not  wholly  determined  by  motives. 
So  indetep'minisT  n.    [in-2] 

i'ndex,  n.  (pi.  -exes,  -ices),  &  v.t.  Forefinger ; 
(on  instruments)  pointer  showing  measure- 
ments &e. ;  guiding  principle  ;  alphabetical 
list,  usu.  at  end  of  book,  of  subjects  &c.  with 
references ;  (R.C.)  the  I.,  list  of  books  forbidden 
to  Roman  Catholics,  or  to  be  read  only  in  ex- 
purgated editions  (in  full,  I".  librorum prohibi- 
torum) ;  i.  expurgatorius,  list  of  passages  to 
be  expunged  in  books  otherwise  permitted  (in 
.fig.  use  often  confused  with  last) ;  (Alg.)  expo- 
nent ;  (v.t.)  furnish  (book)  with  i.  (esp.  in  p.p.), 
enter  (word  &c.)  in  i.  Hence  i'ndex  less  a. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  L  (gen.  -ids),  =  forefinger,  informer, 
sign,  f.  in-2  +  die-  point  out] 

I'ndia,  n.  Country  of  S.  Asia  east  of  river 
Indus  &  south  of  Himalayas ;  Further  L,  coun- 
try between  this  &  China  ;  Indiaman,  ship  en- 
gaged in  Indian  trade,;  J.  Office,  department  of 
British  Government  dealing  with  Indian  af- 
fairs ;  J.  paper,  soft  absorbent  kind  imported 
from  China,  used  for  proofs  of  engravings  ;  J. 
proof  (on  this  paper) ;  i.-rubber,  coagulated 
juice  of  certain  plants,  used  for  tires,  rubbing 
out  pencil  marks,  &c.  [L,  f.  Gk  (Indos  Indus, 
f.  Pers.  hind  =  Skr.  sinahu  river,  -ia  l)] 

I'ndian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  India ;  (one)  of 
the  original  inhabitants  of  America  &  W.  In- 
dies ;  European,  esp.  Englishman,  formerly 
resident  in  India ;  Red  I.,  one  of  aboriginal 
race  of  N.  America  ;  /.  club,  bottle-shaped,  for 
use  in  gymnastics ;  /.  corn,  maize,  N.  American 

framinaceous  plant ;  J.  file,  single  file ;  In- 
ia(n)  ink,  black  pigment  made  in  China  & 
Japan  ;  I.  meal  (made  from  I.  corn) ;  /.  summer, 
period  of  calm  dry  hazy  weather  in  late  autumn 
in  North.  U.S.  Hence  I*ndianiZE<3)  v.t.  [-an] 
i'ndicate,  v.t.     Point  out,  make   known, 
show;  (Med.)  suggest,  call  for,  (treatment); 
I  state  briefly ;  be  a  sign  of,  betoken,  (thing, 
I  that,  &c. ;  indicated  horsepoiver  (shown  by  in- 


INDICATIVE 


416 


INDISTINCTIVE 


dicator;  abbr.  i.h.p.).  So  indiCA'TiON  n.  [f. 
L  in  Hdicare  make  known),  see  -ate  3J 

indi'cative,  a.  &  n.  (Gram.)  stating  a  thing 
as  a  fact,  not  as  conception,  wish,  &c,  of  speak- 
er ;  {also  Tndicativ)  suggestive,  giving  indica- 
tions, of;  (n.)  i.  mood.  Hence  indi'cativeLY2 
adv.  [F  {-if,  -ive),  f.  L  indicativus  (prec,  -ive)] 

i'ndieatop,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  points 
out,  esp.  recording  instrument  attached  to  ap- 
paratus &c.  Hence  I'ndieatORY  a.  [LL  (as 
prec,  see  -or2)] 

incfrcium  (-shi-),  n.  (pi.  -id).  Indication,  sign. 
[L  (as  index)] 

indict,  v.t.  Accuse  (person  for  riot  &c,  as 
a  rioter,  on  charge),  esp.  by  legal  process,  [f. 
AF  enditer  indict  f.  OF  enditer  make  known  f. 
LL  *mHdictare  dictate)] 

indictable,  a.  Liable,  (of  action)  rendering 
one  liable,  to  be  indicted,    [-able] 

induction,  n.  Fiscal  period  of  15  years  insti- 
tuted by  Constantine  &  reckoned  from  Sep.  1st, 
312 ;  assessment  of  property-tax  by  Roman  Em- 
perors at  beginning  of  each  15  years ;  this  tax ; 
proclamation,  [f.  L  indictio  f.  in  \dicere  diet- 
say),  see  -ion] 

indictment,  n.  Formal  accusation  ;  legal 
process  in  which  this  is  preferred  to  &  pre- 
sented by  Grand  Jury ;  document  containing 
charge ;  bill  of  i.,  written  accusation  as  pre- 
ferred to  Grand  Jury.  [f.  AF  enditement  (as 
indict,  see  -ment)] 

I'ndies,  n.  pL  (Also  East  I.)  India,  Further 
India,  &  the  islands  beyond ;  West  I.,  group  of 
islands  lying  at  mouth  of  Gulf  of  Mexico,  [pi. 
of  Indy  f.  L  India} 

indi'fferenee,  n.  Absence  of  interest  or  at- 
tention (to,  towards,  orabs.);  neutrality;  un- 
importance, esp.  a  matter  of  i.,  so  indi'ffer- 
ency  n.    [f.  L  indifferentia  (as  foil.,  see  -ence)] 

indi'ffepent,  a.  &  n.  Impartial,  neutral ; 
having  no  inclination  for  or  against  (to) ; 
neither  good  nor  bad ;  rather  bad,  esp.  very  i. ; 
neutral  in  chemical,  electrical,  or  magnetic 
quality;  unimportant  (to) ;  (n.)  neutral  person, 
esp.  in  religion  or  politics.  Hence  Indiffer- 
entLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  in  2(differens  different)] 

indi'fFerentism,  n.  Spirit  of  indifference, 
professed  or  practised,  esp.  in  religious  matters. 
So  indi'fTerentiST  n.    [-ism] 

i'ndigene,  n.  Native,  [f.  F  indigene  f.  Lt'»- 
digena  (indu-  =  in-  1  +  gen-  be  born)] 

indigenous,  a.  Native,  belonging  natural- 
ly, (to  soil  &c,  also  fig.).  Hence  indi'genous- 
ly2  adv.    [f.  LL  inaigenus  (as  prec.)  4-  -ous] 

i'ndigent,  a.  Needy,  poor.  So  i'ndigENCE 
n.  [F,  f.  L  indigere  (indu-  =  in-  1  +  egere  want), 
see  -ent] 

indigested,  a.  Shapeless ;  not  thought  out ; 
not  digested  in  stomach,  [f.  obs.  indigest  a.  f. 
L  iN2(digestus  p.p.  as  digest)  +  -ed1] 

indigestible,  a.  Not  digestible  (lit.  &  fig.). 
Hence  indigestiBiLiry  n.  [f.  L  ia2(digesti- 
bilis  digestible)] 

indigestion,  n.  Difficulty  in  digesting  food, 
dyspepsia;  undigested  condition  (lit.  &  fig.). 
[F,  r.  L  is2(digestionem  digestion)] 

indigestive,  a.  Suffering  from,  tending  to, 
indigestion,    [in-2] 

indig-n,  a.  (archaic).  Unworthy,  [f.  F  in- 
digne  f.  L  is2(dignus  worthy)] 

indi'gnant,  a.  Moved  by  mingled  anger  & 
scorn  or  feeling  of  injured  innocence  (at  thing, 
with  person,  or  abs.).    Hence  indi'gnantLY  2 

adv.    [f.  L  indignari  (as  prec),  see  -ant] 

mdigna'tion,  n.  Anger  excited  by  mean- 
ness, injustice,  wickedness,  or  misconduct  (at 

thing,  against,  with,  person) ;  {.-meeting  (to  ex- 
press public  i.).  [f.  hindignatio  (prec,  -ation)] 


indi'gnity,  n.  Unworthy  treatment ;  slight, 
insult,    [f.  L  indignitas  (as  indign,  see  -ty)] 

i'ndigo,  n.  Blue  powder  from  plants  of  genus 
Indigofera,  used  as  dye ;  i.-blue,  blue- violet 
(often  attrib.);  i.-bird,  N.-Amer.  species  of 
painted  finch ;  {.-white,  reduced  or  deoxidized 
i.,  a  white  crystalline  powder.  Hence  indi- 
gd'tic  [-t-  euphon.]  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  indikon  In- 
dian (dye)] 

indire'et,  a.  (Of  road  &c)  not  straight ;  not 
going  straight  to  the  point ;  (Pol.  Econ.,  of 
taxes)  not  direct,  paid  by  consumer  in  the  form 
of  increased  price  for  the  taxed  goods  ;  (Gram.) 
i.  speech,  reported  speech,  with  necessary 
changes  of  pronouns,  tenses,  &c  (e.g.  I  will 
help  you,  he  said  he  tvould  help  me),  i.  object, 
person,  thing,  affected  by  verbal  action  but  not 
primarily  acted  on  (e.  g.  him  in  give  him  the 
book),  i.  passive,  passive  having  for  subject 
the  i.  object  of  the  active  (e.  g.  I  in  I  was  told 
it) ;  not  directly  aimed  at,  as  an  i.  result. 
Hence  indire'etLY2  adv.,  indire'etXESS  n. 
[f.  L  in  2(directus  direct)] 

indirection,  n.  Round-about  means,  esp. 
by  i.  (after  Shak.  Ham.  i.  ii.  65) ;  deceit,  trick- 
ery,   [prec  +  -ion] 

indiseer-nible,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  that  cannot 
be  discerned  or  distinguished  from  another ; 
identity  of  ii.,  doctrine  that  things  cannot 
exist  together  as  separate  entities  unless  they 
have  different  attributes.  Hence  Indiseer'n- 
ibLY2adv.    [in-2] 

indiscep'ptible,  a.  Incapable  of,  not  de- 
structible by,  dissolution  of  parts.  Hence  in- 
diseerptiBrLiTY  n.    [in-2] 

indi'scipline,  n.  Want  of  discipline.  So 
indi'sciplinABLE  a.    [in-  2] 

indiscreet,  a.  Injudicious,  unwary.  Hence 
indisei>ee*tLY2adv.  [f.  his2(discretus  dis- 
creet)] 

indi'serete,  a.  Not  divided  into  distinct 
parts,    [in-2] 

indiscretion,  n.  Injudicious  conduct ;  ac- 
cidental or  (calculated  i.)  supposed  accidental 
revelation  of  official  secret  &c. ;  imprudence  ; 
transgression  of  social  morality,  [f.  F  indis- 
cretion f.  LL  iw2(discretionem  discretion)] 

indiscriminate  (-at),  a.  Confused,  oro- 
miscuous ;  making  no  distinctions.  Hence  in- 
discriminate ly  2  adv. ,  indiscpi'minate- 
ness,  IndiscpimlnATiON,  nn.,  indiscpi*- 
minativEa.    [in-2] 

indispensable,  a.  That  cannot  be  dis- 
pensed with,  necessary;  (of  law,  duty,  &c) 
that  cannot  be  set  aside.  Hence  indispens- 
aBixiTY,  IndispensableNESS,  nn.,  indis- 
pe*nsabLY2adv.  [f.  med.liin2(dispensabiiis 

DISPENSABLE)] 

indispo'se,  v.t.  Render  unfit  or  unable  (for 
thing,£odo);  makeaverse  (towards,  from,  thing, 
to  do) ;  (esp.  in  p. p.)  put  out  of  health,   [in- 2] 

indisposi'tion,  n.  Ill  health,  ailment;  dis- 
inclination (to  thing,  to  do);  aversion  (to,  to- 
wards),   [in-  2] 

indisputable,  a.  That  cannot  be  disputed. 
Hence  IndisputaBi'LiTY,  indrsputable- 
ness,  nn.,  Indi'sputabLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  in2- 
(disputabilis  disputable)] 

indissoluble  (orindIs61-),a.  Lasting,  stable, 
as  an  i.  bond ;  that  cannot  be  dissolved  or  de- 
composed. Hence  indissoluBixiTY  n.,  in- 
di'ssolubLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  in  2(dissolubilis  dis- 
soluble)] 

indisti'net,  a.  Not  distinct;  confused,  ob- 
scure. Hence  indisti'nctL y  2  adv.,  indis- 
ti'nctNESS  n.    [f.  L  in  2(distinctus  distinct)] 

indistinctive,  a.  Not  distinctive.  Hence 
indlsti'nctiveL y  2  adv.    [in-  2] 


INDISTINGUISHABLE 


417 


-INE 


in  distinguishable,  a.  Notdistinguishable. 
Hence  indisti'ng-uishabLY  2  adv.   [in-  2] 

indistri'butable,  a.  That  cannot  be  distri- 
buted,   [in- 2] 

indi'te,  v.t.  Put  into  words,  compose,  (poem, 
speech,  &c.) ;  (usu.  facet.)  write  (letter  &c.).  [f. 
OF  v.n(diter  f.  L  dictare  dictate)] 

indiver'tible,  a.  That  cannot  be  turned  a- 
side.  Hence  indivep'tibLY 2  adv.  [in-2  +  di- 
vert -f-  -ible] 

individual,  a.  &  n.  Single;  particular, 
special,  opp.  to  general ;  having  distinct  char- 
acter ;  characteristic  of  particular  person ;  sin- 
gle member  of  class  ;  single  human  being,  opp. 
to  society,  family,  &c;  (vulg.)  person,  as  an  i. 
of  somewhat  prepossessing  appearance,  [f. 
raed.L  indiviaualis  f.  IN  2(aivia uus  f.  dividere 
divide),  see  -al] 

individualism,  n.  Self-centred  feeling  or 
conduct,  egoism;  social  theory  favouring  free 
action  of  individuals  (cf.  socialism).  So  indi- 
vi'dualisT  n.,  individuali'stic  a.    [-ism] 

individuality,  n.  Separate  existence  ;  in- 
dividual character,  esp.  when  strongly  marked; 
(pi. )  individual  characteristics,    [-it y J 

individualize,  v.t.  Give  individual  char- 
acter to ;  specify.  Hence  individualizATiON 
n.    [-ize] 

individually,  adv.  Personally,  in  an  indi- 
vidual capacity ;  in  a  distinctive  manner ;  i. 
different,  different  as  individuals  though  per- 
haps identical  in  species,    [-ly  2] 

indivi'duate,  v.t.  Individualize,  form  into 
an  individual.  SoindividuATiONn.  [f.  med.L 
individuare  (as  individual),  see  -ate  3J 

indivisible,  a.  &  n.  Not  divisible ;  (n.)  in- 
finitely small  particle  or  quantity.  Hence  in- 
divisiBi'LiTY  n.,  indivi'sibLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL 
in  2(divisibilis  divisible)] 

Indo-  in  comb.=  Indian,  as:  -Aryan,  Aryan 
of  or  in  India ;  -Chinese,  of  Further  India ; 
-European,  -Germanic,  of  the  family  of  lan- 
guages spoken  over  greater  part  of  Europe  & 
Asia  as  far  as  N.  India ;  -ne'sian,  of  the  East 
Indian  islands,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  Indos] 

Indd'eile  {or  -dosil),  a.  Not  docile.  Hence 
indoei*liTY  n.    [f.  L  in  2(docilis docile)] 

i*ndolent?  a.  Slothful,  lazy ;  (Med.)  causing 
no  pain,  as  i.  tumour.  Hence  or  cogn.  i'ndo- 
Ience  n.,  i'ndolentLY2  adv.  [f.  ItLindolens 
(in-2  +  dolere  grieve,  see  -ent)] 

indd'mitable,  a.  Unyielding;  stubbornly 
persistent.  Hence  indo'mitabLY 2  adv.  [f. 
LL  in  2(domitabilis  f.  domitare  tame,  see  -ble)] 

i'ndoop,  a.  Situated,  carried  on,  within  doors 
or  under  cover,  as  i.  games ;  within  workhouse, 
as  i.  relief,    [in  prep.] 

indoop's,  adv.  Within  a  house ;  under 
[earlier  within  doors] 

indorsation,  n.  Endorsement,  [f.  indorse 
var.  of  ENDORSE  +  -ation] 

indorsee*,  n.  One  in  whose  favour  note  or 
bill  is  endorsed,    [as  prec,  see  -ee] 

i'ndraugh  t  (ahf  t),  -draft,  n.  Drawing  in ; 
inward  flow  or  current,    [in  adv.] 

i'ndpi,  n.  Babacoote,  lemurine  animal  of 
Madagascar,  [f.  Malagasy  indry  behold,  mis- 
taken for  its  name] 

indu'bitable,  a.  That  cannot  be  doubted. 
Hence  indu'bitabLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  in  2(dubita- 
bilis  f.  dubitare  doubt,  see  -ble)] 

indu'ce,  v.t.  Prevail  on,  persuade,  (person 
&c.  to  do,  to  action  &c.) ;  bring  about,  give  rise 
to;  (Electr.)  produce  (current)  by  induction  ;  in- 
fer, derive  as  an  induction,  [f.  L  mHducere 
duct-  lead)] 

inducement,  n.    What  induces ;  attraction 
that  leads  one  on  (to  action,  to  do),    [-ment] 
f.d. 


■  cover. 


indu'c t,  v.  t.  Introduce  f  ormall  y  into  posses- 
sion of  {to  benefice);  install  (into  seat,  room,  &c); 
introduce,  initiate,  (to,  into),  [as  induce] 
indu-ctile,  a.  Not  ductile,  [in-2] 
indu*ction,n.  Inducting; production(o/facts) 
to  prove  general  statement ;  inferring  of  general 
law  from  particular  instances  (cf.  deduction)  ; 
mathematical  i.,  proving  universal  truth  of 
theorem  by  showing  (1)  that  if  true  of  any  par- 
ticular case  it  is  true  of  the  next  case  in  a  series, 
(2)  that  it  is  true  of  a  particular  case ;  (Electr., 
Magnet.)  bringing  about  of  electric  or  magnetic 
state  in  a  body  by  proximity  (without  contact) 
of  electrified  or  magnetized  body ;  i.-coil,  ap- 

Earatus  for  producing  electric  currents  by  i.  ft', 
i  inductio  (as  induce,  see  -ion)] 

indu'ctive,  a.  (Of  reasoning  &c.)  of,  based 
on,  induction  ;  of  electric  or  magnetic  induc- 
tion. Hence  indu'etiveLY2  ad  v., indu'ctive- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  inductivus  (as  induce,  see  -ive)J 

indu'cte-p,  n.  One  who  inducts  clergyman  ; 
any  part  of  electric  induction  apparatus.  [L, 
as  induce,  see  -or2] 

indu'lge,  v.t.  &  i.  Gratify  (person,  oneself, 
in  wish,  matter,  &c. ) ;  gratify  (person  with  thing 
given) ;  give  free  course  to,  entertain,  (desire 
&c. ) ;  (intr. )  take  one's  pleasure  freely  in  (strong 
language,  bicycling,  a  cigar).  Hence  indu'l- 
gTENT  a.,  indu'lgentLY 2 adv.  [f.  L  indulgere, 
-dult-,  etym.  dub.] 

indulgence,  n.  Indulging  (in,  t,  &  i.) ;  (also 
self-i.)  habitual  indulging  of  one's  desires ;  pri- 
vilege granted  ;  Declaration  of  L,  proclamation 
of  religious  liberties,  esp.  those  of  Charles  II  in 
1672  &  of  James  II  in  1687;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  remis- 
sion of  punishment  still  due  to  sin  after  sacra- 
mental absolution,  [f.  L  indxdgentia  (as  prec, 
see  -ence)] 

indu-lgeneed,  a.  (R.-C.  Ch.).  (Of  prayers, 
material  objects,  &c.)  procuring  indulgence  to 
the  user,    [-ed  2] 

indu'lt,  n.  Pope's  licence  for  thing  not  sanc- 
tioned by  common  law  of  Church.  [F,  f.  L  in- 
dultum,  neut.  p.p.  as  indulge] 

i'ndupate,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  become,  hard ; 
make  callous  or  unfeeling ;  become  inveterate. 
Hence  or  cogn.  induPATioN  n.,  i'ndupativi; 
a.    [f.  L  in  Hdurare  f.  durus  hard),  see  -ate3] 

indu'sium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Membranous  shield 
covering  fruit-cluster  of  fern ;  collection  of  hairs 
enclosing  stigma  of  some  flowers ;  case  of  larva. 
[L,  =  tunic,  f.  induere  endue] 

indu-strial,  a.  &  n.  Of  industries ;  i.  school, 
one  where  neglected  children  are  taught  a  trade 
besides  ordinary  subjects;  (n.)  one  engaged 
in  i.  pursuits;  (n.  pi.)  shares  in  joint-stock  i. 
enterprise.  Hence  indu*stPialiSM(3),  in- 
du*stpialiST(3),  nn.,  indu*stpialiZE<3)  v.t.. 
indu'stpialLY  2  adv.    [as  industry,  see  -alJ 

indu'stpious,  a.  Diligent,  hard-working. 
Hence  indu'stpiousLY  ^adv.  [f.  Lindustriv- 
sus  (as  foil.,  see  -ous)] 

i'ndustpy,  n.  Diligence ;  habitual  employ- 
ment in  useful  work  ;  branch  of  trade  or  manu- 
facture,   [f.  L  industria,  etym.  dub.] 

indwe'll,  v.t  &  i.  (indwelt).  (Usu.  fig.,  of 
spirit,  principle,  &c.)  dwell  in,  occupy ;  (intr.) 
dwell  in.    Hence  indwe'llER1  n.    [in  prep.] 

-ineJ,  suf.  of  adjj.,  repr.  L  -inus,  w.  sense 
'pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of ' ;  appearing  in 
F  as  -in  masc,  -ine  fern.,  in  E  formerly  as  -in, 
now  usu.  as  -ine  (asinine,  divine,  marine,  su- 
pine) ;  a  previous  suf.  is  sometimes  blended,  as 
in  clandestine,  vespertine.  On  model  of  proper 
names  f.  L,  adjj.  like  Florentine,  Caroline,  are 
formed  in  E.  Nat.  Hist,  forms  adjj.  on  names 
of  genera  (bovine,  equine,  caprine,  feline) ;  these 
have  (-in)  unstressed  ;  others  have  (-in)  stressed 

14 


-INK 


418  INEXPUGNABLE 


or  not  (divi'ne,  A'lpine),  (-in)  unstressed  (femi- 
nine), or  (-en)  stressed  (mari'ne). 

-ine2,  suf.  of  adjj.,  repr.  L  -inus  f.  Gk  -inos  in 
names  of  minerals*  plants,  &c.  (adamantine, 
hyacinthine) ;  also  repr.  orig.  li-inus  (pristine). 
Normal  pronunc.  (-in)  is  giving  place  to  (-in). 

-ine3,  suf.  forming  fern,  nn.,  repr.  F  -ine  f.  L 
-ina  f.  Gk  -ine  (heroine).  E  represents  in  same 
way  -in  in  6  markgrafin  &c.  (margravine). 

-ine4,  suf.  of  nn.,  repr.  F  -ine  f.  L -ina  (-inus), 
orig.  =  -ine1  used  in  L  to  form  abstract  nn.  f. 
vbs  (rapina  rapine,  ruina  ruin),  f.  agent  nouns 
(disciplina,  doctrina,  medicina),  8c  f.  other 
sources  (resina,  urina).  L  adjj.  in  -inus,  -ina, 
were  also  used  as  nn.  (concubina,  lupinus),  esp. 
in  prop,  names  (Antoninus,  Agrippina).  For 
-ina,  E  has  -ine,  sometimes  -in  (resin) ;  for  -inus, 
E  has  -in  (Crispin,  Justin)  or  -ine  (lupine,  Con- 
stantine).  E  further  forms  (thr.  F)  names  of 
derivative  products  (dentine,  brilliantine,  nec- 
tarine). Fern,  names  of  Rom.  orig.  also  often 
take  -ine  (-in),  as  Caroline,  Catharine. 

-ine5,  suf.  (chem.),  offshoot  of  prec,  in  names 
of  derived  substances,  orig.  used  unsystematic- 
ally,  &  interchangeable  with  -in  ;  nowconflned 
to  alkaloids  &  basic  substances  (aconitine, 
cocaine,  nicotine)  &  (less  freq.)  Hofmann's 
names  of  hydro-carbons ;  also  retained  in  the 
four  elements  chlorine,  fluorine,  iodine,  bro- 
mine. 

ine-briate1  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Drunken;  (n.)  i. 
person,  esp.  habitual  drunkard,  [f.  L  in  l(ebri- 
are  f.  ebrius  drunk),  see  -ate2] 

inebriate2,  v.t.  Make  drunk,  intoxicate 
(lit.  &  fig.).  SoinebniATiONn.  [as  prec,  -ate 3] 

inebri*ety,n.  (Habit  of )  drunkenness,  [in-1] 

inedible,  a.  Not  edible.  Hence  inediBi- 
lity  n.    [in-  2] 

ine'dited,  a.  Not  published ;  published  with- 
out editorial  alterations,    [in-  2] 

ine'ffable,  a.  Unutterable,  too  great  for 
words.  Hence  ine#ffabLY2adv.  [F,  f.  Lin2- 
(effabilis  f.  Evfari  speak,  utter,  see  -ble)] 

ineffa'ceable,  a.  That  cannot  be  effaced. 
Hence  ineffaeeaBixiTY  n.,  InefTa'ceabLY  2 
adv.    [in-2] 

ineffective,  a.  Not  producing  the  desired 
effect ;  (of  person)  inefficient ;  lacking  artistic 
effect.  Hence  ineffective  ly 2  adv.,  In- 
effe'ctiveNESs  n.    [in-2] 

ineffectual,  a.  Without  effect,  fruitless. 
Hence  ineffe'etualLY2  adv.,  ineffe'ctual- 
ness  n.    [in-2J 

ineffica'cious,  a.  (Of  remedy  &c.)  not  effi- 
cacious.   [in-2] 

inefficient  (-shnt),  a.  (Of  person)  not  fully 
capable,  not  well  qualified ;  ineffective.  Hence 
ineffi'ciENCY  n.,  ineffi'cientLY2adv.  [in-2] 

inela'stic,  a.  Not  elastic ;  unadaptable,  un- 
yielding.   Hence  inelasti'eiTY  n.    [in-2] 

ine'leg-ant,  a.  Ungraceful ;  unrefined  ;  (of 
style)  unpolished.  Hence  Ine'legANCE  n.,  In- 
e;leffantLY2adv.  [t.Fm2(eUgant  elegant)] 

ineligible,  a.  Not  eligible.  Hence  ineli- 
gfiBi'LiTY  n.,  Ine'ligribLY2  adv.    [in-2] 

inelu'ctable,  a.  That  cannot  be  escaped 
from.  [f.  LiN2(eluctabilist.  Eluctari  struggle 
out,  see  -BLE)] 

ine'pt,  a.  Out  of  place  ;  absurd,  silly.  Hence 
or  oogn.  ine'ptiTUDE,  ine'ptNESS,  nn.,  in- 
e'ptLY2  adv.    [f.  L  in  Septus  =  aptus  apt)] 

inequa-lity  (-61),  n.  Want  of  equality  in 
magnitude,  quality,  rank,  circumstances,  &c. ; 

variableness  ;  (of  surface)  irregularity;  (Astr.) 

deviation  from  uniformity  in  motion  of  heaven- 
ly body,  [f .  OF  inequality  t  med.  L  in  2(aequali- 

tatem  equality)] 
inequilateral,  a.    Of  unequal  sides,   [in-2] 


ine'quitable,  a.  Unfair,  unjust.  Hence  in- 
e-quitabL v  2  adv.    [in- 2] 

ine'quity,  n.    Unfairness,    [in-2] 

inera'dieable,  a.  That  cannot  be  rooted 
out.    Hence  inepa'dieabLY2  adv.    [in-2] 

inerrable,  a.  Not  liable  to  err.  Hence  or 
cogn.  ineppaBi'LiTY,  ine'ppANCY,  nn.,  in- 
e'ppabLY 2  adv.,  ine'PPANT  a.  [f.  L  in  Herra- 
bilis  f.  errare  err,  see  -ble)] 

inep't,  a.  Without  inherent  power  of  action, 
motion,  or  resistance  ;  without  active  chemical 
or  other  properties ;  sluggish,  slow.  Hence 
inep'tLY2  adv.,  iner'tNESS  n.  [f.  L  iN2(e?v>- 
-ertis  t.  ars  art)] 

ineP'tia  (-shia),  n.  (Physics)  property  of 
matter  by  which  it  continues  in  its  existing 
state  of  rest  or  uniform  motion  in  straight  line, 
unless  that  state  is  changed  by  external  force 
(also  vis  inertiae  force  of  i.) ;  inertness,  sloth. 
[L,  as  prec] 

inesca'pable,  a.    Not  to  be  escaped,    [in-2] 

inesse'ntial,  a.    Not  indispensable,    [in-2] 

ine'stimable,  a.  Too  great,  intense,  pre- 
cious, &c,  to  be  estimated.  Hence  ine'stim- 
abLY2  adv.    [f.  F  in2(estimable)] 

ine'vitable,  a.  Unavoidable,  sure  to  happen, 
esp.  the  i.;  (Critics'  slang,  of  character-drawing, 
development  of  plot,  &c.)  so  true  to  nature  &c 
as  to  preclude  alternative  treatment  or  solu  ti  on , 
convincing.  Hence  inevitaBi'LiTY,  ine'vit- 
ableNESs,  nn.,  ine'vitabLY2  adv.  [f.  L  in  l! 
(evitabilis  f.  Evitare  avoid,  see  -ble)] 

inexa'ct,  a.  Not  exact.  Hence  inexa'cti- 
tude,  inexa'ctNESS,  nn.,  Inexa'ctLV2  adv. 
[in- 2] 

inexcu'sable,  a.  (Of  person,  action,  &c) 
that  cannot  be  justified.  Hence  inexcu's- 
abLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  in  2(excusabilis  excusable)] 

inexe'cutable,  a.  That  cannot  be  carried 
out.    [in-2] 

inexhau'stible,  a.  That  cannot  be  ex- 
hausted. Hence  inexhaustiBixiTY  n.,  in- 
exhau'stibLY  2  adv.    [in-  2J 

ine'xopable,  a.  Relentless.  Hence  inex- 
opaBi'LiTY  n„  ine'xopabLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  in  2- 
(exorabilis  f.  Exorare  entreat,  -able)] 

inexpe'etant,  a.    Not  expectant,    [in-  2] 

inexpe'dient,  a.  Not  expedient.  Hence 
inexpe'diENCY  n.    [in-2] 

inexpensive,  a.  Cheap.  Hence  inex- 
pe'nsiveLY2  adv.,   inexpe'nsiveNESs  n. 

[IN-2] 

inexperience,  n.  Want  of  experience.  So 
inexpep'iencED  2  a.  [f.  F  in  ^(expirience  ex- 
perience)] 

inexpep't,  a.  Unskilled.  Hence  inex- 
pep'tLY 2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  in *(expertus  expert)] 

ine'xpiable,  a.  (Of  offence)  that  cannot  be 
expiated;  (of  resentment  &c)  implacable. 
Hence  ine'xpiabL y  2  adv.  [f.  L  in  Hexpiabilis 

EXPIABLE)] 

inexplicable,  a.  That  cannot  be  explained 
or  accounted  for.  Hence  InexplieaBrLiTY  n., 
ine*xplieabLY2adv.  [F,  f.  L  iN2(explicabilis 

EXPLICABLE)] 

inexplicit,  a.  Not  definitely  or  clearly  ex 
pressed.  Hence  inexpli*citLY2adv.,  inex- 
pli'citNESS  n.    [in-2] 

inexplo'sive,  a.    Not  explosive,    [in-2] 

inexpressible,  a.  &  n.  That  cannot  be 
expressed  in  words;  (n.  pi.,  facet.)  trousers. 
Hence  inexpre'ssibi, v  2  adv.    [in- 2] 

inexpressive,  a.  Not  expressive.  Hence 
inexppe-ssiveLY 2  adv.,   inexpressive- 

NESS  n.     [IN-  2] 

inexpu'g-nable.a.  Impregnable,  invincible, 
(lit.  &  fig.).  [F,  f.  L  nx2(expugnabilis  f.  Expug- 
nare  storm,  see  -ble)] 


INEXTENSIBLE 


419 


INFLAME 


inexte'nsible,  a.    Not  extensible,    [in-2] 
inexti'ng-uishable,  a.    Unquenchable  (lit. 

&%.).      [IN- 2] 

ine'xtpicable,  a.  (Of  place,  state,  &c.)  that 
cannot  be  escaped  from  ;  (of  knot,  problem  &c.) 
that  cannot  be  unravelled  or  solved.  Hence 
ine'xtrieabLY  2  adv.     [f.  L  in  2(extricabilis 

EXTRICABLE)] 

infa'llibilism,  n.  Principle  of  the  Pope's  in- 
fallibility.   So  infa'llibiliST  n.    [-ism] 

infa'llible,  a.  Incapable  of  erring ;  (of  me- 
thod, test,  proof,  &c.)  unfailing.  Hence  in- 
falliBixrrv  n.,  infa'llibLY2  adv.  [f.  med.L 
iN2(fallibilis  fallible)] 

i'nfamize,  v.t.  Render  infamous,  [f.  L  in2- 
(famis  f.  fama  fame)  infamous,  see  -ize] 

i'nfamous,  a.  Of  ill  fame,  notoriously  vile ; 
abominable;  (Law)  deprived  of  all  or  some 
rights  of  citizen  on  account  of  i.  crime.  Hence 
or  cogn.  i'nfamousLi'2  adv.,  i'nfamY1  n. 
[f.  med.L  infamostcs  =  L  in/amis  (see  prec.)] 

i#nfaney,n.  Early  childhood.babyhood;  (Law) 
minority  (to  end  of  one's  21st  year) ;  early  stage 
of  development,     [f.  L  injantia  (foil.,  -ancyj] 

i'nfant,  n.  Babe ;  child  under  7  years  of  age ; 
minor  (under  21) ;  {.-school  (for  young  children, 
usu.  under  7).  [f.  OF  enfant  f.  L  in  2(fans  -ntis 
part,  of  fari  speak)] 

infa'nta,  n.  Daughter  of  king  &  queen  of 
Spain  or  Portugal  (usu.  eldest  daughter  who  is 
not  heir  to  throne).    [Sp.,  Port.,  f.  L  as  prec. ] 

infa'nticide,  n.  Murder  of  infant  after  birth, 
esp.  with  mother's  consent;  custom  of  killing 
new-born  infants.  Hence  or  cogn.  infa'nti- 
cide(I)  n.,  infa'ntierdAL  a.  [f.  LL  infantici- 
dium  (as  infant,  see  -cide(2))] 

i'nfantiie,  a.  Of  infants :  in  its  infancy.  So 
i'nfantiNE  *  a.    [f.  LL  infantilis  (infant,  -id] 

i'nfantpy,  n.  Foot-soldiers;  mounted  i. 
(mounted  for  transit  but  fighting  on  foot) ;  in- 
fantry man,  soldier  of  i.  regiment,  [f.  F  in- 
fanterie  f.  It.  infanteria  (infante  youth,  foot- 
soldier,  as  infant,  see  -ery)J 

infa'tuate,  v.t.  Affect  (person)  with  extreme 
folly;  inspire  with  extravagant  passion.  Hence 
infa'tuatedLY  2  adv. ,  infatUA'TiON  n.  [f.  L 
in ^(fatuare  f.  fatuus  foolish),  see  -ate3] 

infe'et,  v.t.  Fill  (air  &c.)  with  noxious  cor- 
ruption or  germs ;  affect  (person,  body,  mind, 
with  disease  &c.  lit.  &  fig.) ;  imbue  (person  with 
opinion  &c).  So  infe'ctivE  a,,  infe'etive- 
ness,  infecti*viTY,  nn.  If.  L  in  Ulcere  feet-  = 
facere  make)  taint] 

infe'etion,  n.  Communication  of  disease, 
esp.  by  agency  of  atmosphere  or  water  (cf.  con- 
tagion) ;  moral  contamination ;  diffusive  in- 
fluence of  example,  sympathy,  &c.  [F,  f.  LL 
infertionem  (as  infect,  see  -ion)] 

infe'etious,  a.  Infecting  with  disease,  pesti- 
lential ;  (of  disease)  liable  to  be  transmitted  by 
air  or  water  (cf.  contagious);  (of  emotions  &c.) 
apt  to  spread,  catching.  Hence  Infe'ctious- 
ly2  adv.,  infe'ctiousNESS  n.     [prec,  -ious] 

infeliel'fle,  a.  Producing unhappiness.  [in-2] 

infeli'citous,  a.    Not  felicitous,    [in-  2] 

infeli'eity,  n.  Unhappiness;  misfortune; 
inaptness  of  expression  &c.  [f.  L  in  2(felicitas 
felicity)] 

infer*,  v.t.  (-rr-).  Deduce,  conclude,  (thing, 
that,  when,  &c.) ;  imply.  Hence  i'nfePABLE  a. 
[f.  L  in  Mferre  bring)] 

i'nfepenee,  n.  Inferring ;  thing  inferred. 
Hence  infere'ntiAL  a.,  lnfepe*ntialLY2adv. 
[f.  med.L  inferentia  (as  prec,  see  -ence)] 

infep'iop,  a.  &  n.  Situated  below ;  lower  in 
rank,  quality,  &c  (to  or  abs.) ;  of  poor  quality; 
(of  planets)  whose  orbit  lies  within  that  of  the 
earth  ;  (Bot.,  of  calyx)  below  ovary,  (of  ovary) 


below  calyx  ;  (Print.) placed  at  bottom  of  ordin- 
ary letters  (e.g.  H3,  Cn) ;  (n.)  person  inferior  to 
another,  as  one's  ii.,  your  ii.  Hence  infepio'p- 
ity  n.,  infep'ioPLY2  adv.  [L,  comp.  of  in- 
ferus  low] 
infep'nal,  a.  Of  hell ;  hellish,  fiendish ;  (eol- 
loq.)  abominable,  confounded;  i.  machine,  ay- 


paratus  (usu.  disguised)  for  producing  explosion 
destructive  of  life  or  property.  Hence  mfep- 
na'liTY  n.,  infep'nalLY  2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  infer- 


nalis  (infernus  situated  below,  see  -al)1 

infep'no,  n.  Hell  (esp.  w.  reference  to  Dante's 
Divine  Comedy).    (It.,  f.  L  infernus,  see  prec  J 

infep'pable,  a.  =  inferable. 

infep'tile,  a.  Not  fertile.  So  infepti'lnv 
n.    [F,  f.  LL  m2(fertilis  fertile)] 

infest, v.t.  (Of  vermin,  pirates,  diseases,  &c) 
haunt,  swarm  in  or  about,  (place).  So  infest- 
A'TiONn.  [f.  L  infestare  assail  (infestus  hostile)] 

infeuda'tion,  n.  Enfeoffment ;  i.  of  tithes, 
granting  of  tithes  to  laymen,  [f.  med.L  infeu- 
datio  f.  nxHJ'eudare  i.Jeudum  fee),  see  -ation] 

infibula'tion,  n.  Fastening  of  sexual  organs 
with  clasp  to  prevent  copulation,  [f.  rare  inti- 
bxdate  v.  f.  L  in  Hjibulare  f.  fibula),  -ation] 

i'nfidel  (-dl),  n.  &  a.  Disbeliever  in  religion ; 
(Hist.)  adherent  of  religion  opposed  to  Chris- 
tianity ;  (from  Jewish  or  Mohammedan  point 
of  view)  disbeliever  in  the  true  religion  ;  (gen.) 
unbeliever;  (adj.)  unbelieving,  of  unbelievers. 
Hence  i*nfldelizE(3)  v.t.  &  i.  [f.  OF  infidele  t. 
L  in  Hfidelis  faithful  f.  fides  faith)] 

infide'lity,  n.  Disbelief  in  Christianity ;  dis- 
loyalty, esp.  (a,lso  conjugal  i.)  to  husband  or 
wife.    ff.  L  injidelitas  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

i'nfield,  n.  Farm  land  around  or  near  home- 
stead ;  arable  land ;  land  regularly  manured  & 
cropped,    [in  adv.] 

infrltpate,  v.t.  &  i.  Introduce  (fluid)  by  fil- 
tration (into,  through) ;  permeate  (t.  &  \.)  by 
filtration.    Hence  inflltPA'TiON  n.    [in-1] 

i'nfinite,  a.  &  n.  Boundless,  endless ;  very 
great;  (w.  pi.  noun)  innumerable,  very  many"; 
(Gram.,  of  verb  parts)  not  limited  by  person  or 
number,  e.g.  infinitive,  gerund,  supine  (cf. 
finite)  ;  (n.)  the  I.,  God,  the  i.,  i.  space.  Hence 
PnfiniteLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  in  2(finitiis  finite)] 

inflnite'simal,  a.  &  n.  Infinitely  or  very 
small  (amount).  Hence  infinite'simalLY 2 
adv.    [as  prec  on  centesimal  &c] 

inf  i'nitive,  a.  &  n.  (Form  of  the  verb)  that 
expresses  the  verbal  notion  without  predicat- 
ing it  of  any  subject  (e.g.  see,  to  see).  Hence 
innniti*VAL  a.  [f.  L  in  2(finitivu%  f.  finire  -it- 
define,  see  -ive)] 

inf  i'nitude,  n.  Boundlessness  ;  boundless 
number  or  extent  (of),    [as  infinite,  -tude] 

infrnity,  n.  =prec;  (Math.)  infinite  quan- 
tity (symbol :  oo).  [f.  F  infiniU  i.  L  infinitas 
(as  infinite,  see  -ty)] 

infip'm,  a.  Physically  weak,  esp.  through 
age ;  (of  person,  mind,  judgment,  &c)  weak, 
irresolute.  Hence  infip'miTY  n.,  infip'mLY  - 
adv.    [f.  L  i*t2(firmus  firm)] 

inflp'mapy,  n.  Hospital  a  sick-quarters  in 
school,  workhouse,  &c  [f.  med.L  infirmaria 
(as  prec,  see  -ary1)] 

infi'x  1,  v.t.  Fix  (thing  in  another) ;  impress 
(fact  &c  in  mind);  (Gram.)  insert  (formative 
element)  in  body  of  word,    [in  adv.] 

i'nfix2,  n.  (gram.).  Modifying  element  in- 
fixed in  word.    [f.  prec] 

infia'me,  v.t.  &  l  Set  ablaze  ;  light  up  (as) 
with  flame  ;  excite  passionately ;  raise  (body, 
blood,  &c)  to  morbid  heat;  aggravate;  catch 
Are ;  become  excited ;  become  morbidly  in- 
flamed, [f.  OF  enflammer  f.  L  iN^aramore 
f.  flamma  flame)] 


INFLAMMABLE 


420 


-ING 


inflammable,  a.  &  n.  Easily  set  on  fire ; 
easily  excited ;  (n. )  i.  substance.  Hence  in- 
flammaBi'UTV,  infla'mmable.vESS,  nn.  [f. 
L  as  prec,  see  -ble] 

inflammation,  n.  Inflaming  (lit.  &  fig.); 
morbid  process  affecting  a  part  of  the  body 
with  heat,  swelling,  pain,  &  redness,  [f.  L  in- 
flammatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

infla'mmatory,  a.  Tending  to  inflame 
with  desire  or  passion  (usu.  in  bad  sense) ;  of, 
tending  to,  inflammation  of  the  body.  [f.  L  as 
inflame,  see  -ory] 

infla'te,  v.t.  Distend  with  air  or  gas ;  puff 
up  (person  with  pride  &c.) ;  raise  (price)  arti- 
ficially ;  (p. p.,  of  language)  bombastic.  So  in- 
fla'tiON  n.   [f.  L  iN1(Jlare  blow),  see  -ate3] 

infle'et,  v.t.  Bend  inwards,  curve  ;  (Gram.) 
vary  termination  of  (word)  to  express  gramma- 
tical relation;  (Mus.)  flatten,  sharpen,  (note) 
by  a  chromatic  semitone,  [f.  L  in  Hflectere  fiex- 
bend)] 

infle'etive,  a.  (gram.).  Of,  subject  to,  in- 
flexion.   [-IVE] 

infle*xible,a.  Unbendable ;  (fig.) unbending, 
rigid.  Hence  inflexiBrLiTV  n.,  Infle'xibLY2 
adv.    [f.  Lin Hfiexibilis  flexible)] 

inflexion,  n.  Inflecting ;  inflected  form  of 
word ;  suffix  &c.  used  to  inflect ;  modulation  of 
voice ;  (Geom.)  change  of  curve  from  convex  to 
concave.  Hence  infle'xionAL,  infie'xion- 
less,  aa.    [f.  L  injlexio  (as  inflect,  see  -ion)] 

infli'ct,  v.t.  Lay  on  (stroke,  wound,  upon); 
impose  (suffering,  penalty,  oneself,  one's  com- 
pany, &c. ,  upon).  Hence  or  cogp.  infli'ctABLE 
a.,  Infli'etiON  n.    [f.  L  iNHfiigere  flict-  dash)] 

inflore-seenee,  n.  (bot).  Arrangement  of 
flowers  of  plant  in  relation  to  axis  &  to  each 
other;  collective  flower  of  plant;  flowering 
(also  fig.),  [f.  L  in  HJioresccre  come  into  flower 
Lflosfioris),  see  -escent,  -ence] 

i'nflbw,  n.  Flowing  in.  So  i'nflow'iNG  J> 2 
n.  &  a.    [in  adv.] 

influence,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Astrol.)  flowing  from 
stars  of  ethereal  fluid  affecting  character  & 
destiny  of  man  (also  fig.  of  personal  power) ; 
action  invisibly  or  insensibly  exercised  (upon) ; 
undue i. ;  ascendancy,  moral  power,  (over,  with, 
person  &c.) ;  thing,  person,  exercising  (usu.  non- 
material)  power;  (Electr.)  =  induction;  (v.t.) 
exert  i.  upon,  have  effect  upon,  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f. 
LL  inluentia  f.  L  in  Hfluere  flow),  see  -ence] 

i'nfiuent,  a.  &  n.  Flowing  in  (lit.  &  fig. ) ;  (n. ) 
tributary  stream,    [f.  L  as  prec,  see  -ent] 

influe'ntial,  a.  Having  great  influence. 
Hence  influe'ntialLY2  adv.  [influence,  -al] 

influenza,  n.  Contagious  febrile  disorder, 
usu.  with  rapid  prostration  &  severe  catarrh '; 
(also  i.-cold)  severe  catarrh;  (fig.)  mental  or 
commercial  epidemic.    [It,  as  influence] 

i'nflux,  n.  Flowing  in,  esp.  of  stream  &c 
into  river  &c,  or  of  persons  or  things  into  place 
&c    [f.  LL  iml(fluxus  flux)] 

infop'm,  v.t  &  i.  Inspire,  imbue,  (person, 
heart,  thing,  with  feeling,  principle,  quality, 
&c);  tell  (person  of  thing,  that,  how,  &c),  so 
infbPTnANT  n.;  bring  charge  (against  person), 
[f.  OF  enformer  f.  L  in  Hformare  f.  forma  form) 
give  shape  to,  describe] 

infop'mal,  a.  Not  according  to  due  form ; 
without  formality.  Hence  infot»ma*liTY  n., 
infomnalLY  2  adv.    [in-  2] 

information,  n.  Informing,  telling ;  thing 
told;  (Law)  charge,  complaint,  lodged  with 
court  or  magistrate.  Hence  information  a  L 
a.    [f.  OF  enformacion  f.  L  informationem  (as 

INFORM,  See  -ATION)] 

informative,  a.  Giving  information,  in- 
structive.   So  InfoirmatORY  a.    [-ative] 


infop'med,  a.  Instructed,  knowing  the  facts, 
educated,  intelligent,  esp.  well,  ill,  -i.    [-ed  2] 

infop'mep,  n.  One  who  informs  against  an- 
other, esp.  (also  common  i.)  one  who  makes  it 
his  business  to  detect  offenders  and  lay  in- 
formation against  them,    [-er  *] 

i'nfpa  (-a),  adv.  Below,  lower  down,  further 
on,  (in  book),  as  vide  i.,  see  below.    [L,  =  below] 

inf pa-  in  comb.  =  L  infra  below ;  used  esp.  in 
anat  terms  in  sense  'below,  under,  some  part ', 
as  -re'nal,  -sca'pular,  -ster'nal,  beneath  the 
kidneys,  shoulder-blade,  breast-bone. 

infraction,  n.  Violation,  infringement,  [f. 
L  injractio  (as  infringe,  see  -ion)] 

i'nfpa  dig-.,  pred.  a.  Beneath  one's  dignity, 
unbecoming.  Jabbr.  of  L  infra  dignitatem) 

i-nfralapsap'ian,  n.  &  a.  Calvinist  who 
held  that  God's  election  of  some  was  consequent 
to  his  prescience  of  the  Fall,  or  that  it  con- 
templated man  as  already  fallen  (cf.  sublap- 

SARIAN,  SUPRALAPSARIAN).    [f.  INFRA-  +  L  lap- 

sus  fall  +  -arian] 

inf pe'quent,  a.  Not  frequent.  Hence  or 
cogn.  infpe'quENC  y  n. ,  inf pe'quent  l  y2  adv. 
[f.  L  iN2(frequens  frequent)] 

infpi'nge  (-j),  v.t.  Transgress,  violate,  (law, 
oath,  &c).  Hence  infpi'ng-eMENT  n.  [f.  L 
in  *(J'ringere  fract-  =frangere  break)] 

inf pu'etuous,  a.  Unfruitful ;  (fig. )  fruitless. 
[is-2  +fntetuous  t.  L  fructuosus  (fructus  -us 
fruit,  see  -ous)l 

infundi'bulap,  a.  Funnel-shaped,  [f.  L  in- 
fundibulum  funnel  (used  in  E  of  parts  of  body) 
f.  in  l(fundere  pour)] 

infup'iate,  v.t.  Fill  with  fury,  enrage,  [f. 
med.L  in  ^(furiare  f.  furia  fury),  see  -ate  3] 

infu'se  (-z),  v.t  Pour  (thing  into)-,  (fig.) 
instil  (grace,  spirit,  life,  &c,  into) ;  steep  (herb, 
tea,  &c)  in  liquid  to  extract  its  soluble  pro- 
perties, whence  infu*SER1(2)  n.  [f.  L  in  *(/ 'un- 
deref  us-  pour)] 

infu'sible  (-z-),  a.  That  cannot  be  fused  or 
melted.    Hence  infusiBi'LiTY  n.    [in-  2] 

infu'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Infusing  (lit  &  fig.); 
liquid  extract  thus  obtained ;  infused  element, 
admixture,    [f.  L  infusio  (as  infuse,  see  -ion)] 

infusop'ia  (-s-),  n.  pi.  Class  of  protozoa  found 
in  infusions  of  decaying  animal  or  vegetable 
matter.  Hence  infusop*iAL  a.,  infusop'iAN, 
infu'soRY,  aa.  &  nn.    [mod.L  (infuse,  -ory)] 

-ing-1,  suf.  forming  vbl  nn.,  OE  -ung,  -ing,  f. 
OTeut  -unga.  -ing  orig.  formed  mere  nn.  of 
action  (asking),  but  came  in  ME  to  acquire 
partly  vbl  (gerundial)  character,  being  qualified 
by  adv.  (the  habit  of  speaking  loosely)  or  govern- 
ing an  object  (the  idea  of  building  him  a  house). 
This  use,  peculiar  to  E,  led  to  introduction  of 
perf.,  fut,  &  pass,  forms  (having  killed,  being 
HZZed).  The  substantival  nature  of -i«gr  is  marked 
by  the  possess,  case  or  adj.  that  often  precedes 
it  (after  John's  behaving  so  badly,  upon  my 
granting  the  request) ;  but  mod.  tendency  is  to 
drop  the  possess,  sign  exc  with  pronn.  or  single 
nn.  Meanings :  (1)  vbl  action  (bicycling,  fore- 
bodings), esp.  as  occupation  (banking)  or  as 
inflicted  (thrashing),  also  perh.  f.  nn.  (soldier- 
ing) ;  (2)  thing  produced  by  vbl  actien  (carving, 
filings,  building);  (3)  material  for  (sacking), 
whether  f.  n.  or  vb  (fencing  =  what  fences  or 
serves  as  fence) ;  (4)  what  is  used  to  do  vbl  ac- 
tion (binding,  dentist's  filling) ;  (5)  what  is  to 
be  operated  on  (washing,  darning) ;  (6)  set  or 
arrangement  of  (colouring,  feathering). 

-ing*2,  suf.  of  pres.  part,  (often  used  as  adj., 
as  charming,  sometimes  as  prep,  or  adv.,  as 
during).  OE  -ende  (cf.  OHG  -anti,  L  -ent-,  Gk 
-ont-,  Skr.  -ant-)  was  weakened  to  -inde  &  thus 
confused  with  -inge  -ing1,  which  became  the 


■ING 


421 


INITIATIVE 


regular  form  in  14th  c.  As  result  of  the  con- 
fusion, some  constructions  gerundial  in  orig. 
now  appear  participial,  as  he  went  hunting  (i.  e. 
on  hunting,  vbl  n.),  the  ark  was  building  (on 
building).  On  the  other  hand,  some  wds  in  -ing 
that  might  be  explained  as  attrib.  nouns  in 
-ing1  are  perh.  better  regarded  as  quasi-pass, 
participles  {washing  tie,  cooking  apple,  breech- 
loading  gun).  Gompds  are  formed  with  advv. 
&  adjj.  {well-meaning,  fair-seeming;  for  stress 
cf.  -ED2),  &  with  objective  nn.  (cheese-paring, 
heart-breaking ;  stressed  on  first  component). 

-ing"3,  suf.  (-ing,  -ung,  in  other  Teut.  langg.) 
forming  nn.  w.  sense  '  one  belonging  to ',  '  one 
having  the  quality  of ' ;  also  used  as  patronymic 
&  dim.  Exx. :  Atheling,  king,  shilling,  far- 
thing, Biding,  gelding,  herring,  whiting. 

i'ngatheping,  n.    Gathering  in. 

inge'minate  (-j-),  v.t.  Repeat,  reiterate,  [f. 
L  in  1(geminare  f.  geminus  twin)] 

inge'nious  (-j-),  a.  Clever  at  contriving; 
cleverly  contrived.  Hence  inge'niousLY  2 
adv.  [f.  L  ingeniosus  (ingenium  cleverness, 
see  -ous)] 

ingenue  (F),  n.     Artless  girl,  esp.  as  stage 

ingenuity,  n.  Skill  in  contriving,  [f.  L 
ingenuitas  ingenuousness  (as  foil.,  see  -ty)  ;  E 
meaning  by  confusion  of  ingenious  w.  foil.] 

inge'nubus  (-j),  a.  Open,  frank ;  innocent, 
artless.  Hence  inge'nuousLY2  adv.,  in- 
ge'nuousNESS  n.  Tl  L  in  Hgenuus  f.  gen-  be- 
get) free-born,  frank] 

inge'st  (-j-),  v.t.  Take  in  (food)  to  the  stomach. 
So  inge'stiox  n.,  inge'stiVE  a.  [f.  L  in*- 
(gerere  gest-  carry)] 

i'ngle,  n.  Fire  burning  on  hearth ;  i.-nook, 
chimney-corner.    [Sc»;  etyro.  dub.] 

inglop'ious,  a.  Shameful,  ignominious ; 
obscure.  Hence  inglop*iousLY 8  adv.  [f.  L 
is2(gloriosus  glorious)] 

i'ngoing,  a.  &  n.    Going  in. 

i'ngot(-ot),n.  Mass(usu.  oblong)  of  cast  metal, 
esp.  of  gold,  silver,  or  steel,  [pern.  f.  in  adv.  + 
goten  pp.  of  OE  geotan  cast] 

ingrain  (Tn-  before  noun,  -gra'n  after  n.  or 
in  pred.),  a.  Dyed  in  grain ;  inherent,  invete- 
rate, ingrained,    [orig.  two  wds] 

ingrained  (as  prec),  a.  Deeply  rooted,  in- 
veterate ;  thorough.  Hence  ingrai'nedLY  2 
adv.    [prob.  var.  of  engrained] 

ingpate,  a.  &  n.  (archaic).  Ungrateful ;  un- 
grateful person,    [f.  L  in  2(gratus  grateful)] 

ingpa'tiate  (-shi-),  v.t.  Bring  oneself  into 
favour  with.  Hence  ingpa'tiatingLY  2  adv. 
[prob.  f.  16th-c.  It.  ingratiare  f.  L  in  gratiam 
into  favour,  see  -ate3] 

ingratitude,  n.  Want  of  gratitude.  [F,  f. 
LL  ingratitudo  (as  ingrate,  see  -tude)] 

ingrave'scent,  a.  (med.).  (Of  disease  &c.) 
growing  worse.  So  ingrave'seENCE  n.  [f.  L 
ml(gravescere  f.  gravis  heavy),  see  -ent] 

ingpe'dient,  n.  Component  part,  element, 
in  a  mixture,  [f.  L  IN  Hgredi  gress-  =  gradi 
step),  see  -ent] 

i'ngpess,  n.  Going  in  ;  right  of  entrance,  [f. 
L  ingressus  -its  (as  prec.)] 

i'ngpowing,  a.  Growing  inwards,  esp.  (of 
nail)  growing  into  the  flesh.  So  i'ngpowth  n. 
Iin  adv.] 

rnguinal  (-gw-),  a.  Of  the  groin,  [f.  L  in- 
guinalis  (inguen  -inis  groin,  see  -al)] 

ingup'gitate  (-ji-),  v.t.    Swallow  greedily ; 

(fig.)  engulf.    So  ingupgitA'TiON  n.    [f.  L  in  1- 

(gurgitare  f.  gurges  -itis  whirlpool),  see  -ate3] 

i]  " 


inha'bit,  v.t.    (Of  men  or  animals)  dwell  in, 
occupy,  (region,  town,  house ;  also  fig. ).    Henc 
or  cogn.  inha'bit  able  a.,  inha'bit  ant,  in 


habitATiON,  nn.    [f.  OF  enhabiler,  f.  L  in- 
(habitare  dwell,  see  habit)] 

inhabitancy,  n.  Residence  as  inhabitant, 
esp.  during  specified  period,  so  as  to  acquire 
rights  &c.    [-ancy] 

inha'le,  v.t.  Breathe  in  (air,  gas,  &c,  or 
abs.),  take  (esp.  tobacco  smoke  or  abs.  of  this) 
into  the  lungs  (also  fig. ).  Hence  inhalATTON, 
inha'lER  *(2),  nn.    [f.  L  in  Hhalare  breathe)] 

inharmd'nic,  a.    Not  harmonic,    [in-2] 

inharmonious,  a.  Not  harmonious.  Hence 
inharmo'niousLY2 adv.    [in-2] 

inhere*,  v.i.  (Of  qualities  &c.)  exist,  abide, 
in ;  (of  rights  &c. )  be  vested  in  (person  &c. ).  So 
inher'ENCE  n.,  inheiTENT  a.,  inhep'entLY  2 
adv.    [f.  L  in  l(haerere  hoes-  stick)] 

inhe'rit,  v.t.  Receive  (property,  rank,  title) 
by  legal  descent  or  succession ;  derive  (quality, 
character)  from  one's  progenitors;  (abs.)  suc- 
ceed as  heir.  Hence  inhe'pitOR2,  inhe'pi- 
tPESS x,  inhe'PiTRix,  nn.  [f.  OF  En(heriter  put 
in  possession  as  heir  f.  LL  hereditare  f.  heres 
-edis  heir)] 

inheritable,  a.  Capable  of  inheriting  or  of 
being  inherited  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  inhepita- 
Bi'LiTYn.    [AF  (as  prec,  see -able)] 

inheritance,  n.  Inheriting;  what  is  in- 
herited (lit.  &  fig.).  [£.  AF  enheritance  (as  prec, 
see  -ance)] 

inhe'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Inhering,  [f.  LL  in- 
haesio  (as  inhere,  see  -ion)] 

inhi'bit,  v.t.  Forbid,  prohibit,  (person  &c. 
from  doing ;  esp.  in  Eccl.  Law) ;  forbid  (eccle- 
siastic) to  exercise  clerical  functions ;  hinder, 
restrain,  (action,  process).  So  inhibi*tiON  n., 
inhi'bitORY  a.  [f.  L  in  l(hibere  hibit-  =  habere 
hold)] 

inho'spitable,  a.  Not  hospitable ;  (of  region, 
coast,  &c.)  not  affording  shelter  &c.  Hence  in- 
ho*spitableNESS  n.,  inho'spitabLY2  adv. 
[OF  (in-2)] 

inhospita'lity,  n.  Being  inhospitable,  [f. 
L  iN2(hospitalitas  hospitality)] 

inhu'man,  a.  (Of  person  or  conduct)  brutal, 
unfeeling,  barbarous,  so  inhuma'nuv  n., 
inhu'manLY2  adv.  ;  not  of  the  ordinary  hu- 
man type.    [f.  L  is2(humanus  human)] 

inhirme,  v.t.  Bury.  Hence  inhumATiON 
n.    Jf.  L  in  1(humare  r.  humus  ground)] 

inrmical,  a.  Hostile  (to);  harmful  (to). 
Hence  ini'micalLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  inimicalis  f. 
iN2(imicus= amicus  friend),  see  -al] 

ini*mitable,a.  That  defies  imitation.  Hence 
ini-mitablexKss  n.,  ini'mitabL y 2  adv.  [f. 
L  ui2(imitabilis  imitable)] 

ini'quity,  n.  Unrighteousness,  wickedness  ; 
gross  injustice.  Hence  ini'quitous  a.,  in- 
i'quitousLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  iniquity  f.  L  iniqui- 
tatem  f.  in 2(iquu8=aequus  just),  see  -ty] 

inrtial  (-shl),a.  &  n.,&  v.t. (-11-).  Of,  existing  or 
occurring  at,  the  beginning,  ast.  stage,expenses, 
difficulties ;  i.  letter  (standing  at  beginning  of 
word),  esp.  (n.  pi.)  first  letters  of  person's  name 
&  surname ;  (v.t.)  mark,  sign,  with  ii.  Hence 
ini*tialLY2  adv.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  initialis  f. 
initium  f .  in  l(ire  it-  go),  see  -al] 

ini'tiate  x  (-shi-),  v.t.  Begin,  set  going,  origi- 
nate ;  admit  (person),  esp.  with  introductory 
rites  or  forms,  (into  society,  office,  secret,  in 
mysteries,  science,  &c).  So  initiATiON,  ini*- 
tiatOR,  ini'tiaTRix,  nn.,  ini'tiatORY  (-sha) 
a.    [f.  L  initiare  (as  initial),  see  -ate  3] 

ini'tiate2  (-at),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  who  has 
been  initiated,    [as  prec,  see  -ate2] 

initiative  (-shya-),  n.  &  a.  First  step,origina- 
tion ;  take  the  i.,  take  the  lead  (in  doin^r) ;  have 
the  (power,  right,  to  take  the)  i. ;  right  of  citi- 
zen^) outside  legislature  to  originate  legislation 


INITIO 


422 


INOFFICIOUS 


(as  in  Switzerland) ;  (adj.)  beginning,  originat- 
ing,   [(as  noun,  f.  F)  as  prec.,  see  -ive] 

ini'tio  (-shio),  adv.  At  the  beginning  (in  refer- 
ence to  passage  in  book  &c.;  abbr.  init.).    [L] 

inje'ct,  v.t.  Drive,  force,  (fluid,  medicine,  into 
cavity  &c)  as  by  syringe ;  fill  (cavity  &c  with) 
by  injecting.  Hence  inje*etOR2  n.  [f.  L  in1- 
(jicereject-  =jacere  throw)] 

inje'etion,  n.  Injecting ;  liquid  or  solution 
injected ;  i.-engine,  one  in  which  steam  is  con- 
densed by  injection  of  jet  of  cold  water.  If.  L 
injectio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

injudicious  (-shws),  a.  Unwise,  ill-judged. 
Hence  injudreiousLY  2  adv. ,  injudi'cious- 

NESS  n.     [IN-2] 

injunction,  n.  Authoritative  admonition 
or  order ;  judicial  process  restraining  person 
from  wrongful  act  or  compelling  restitution 
&c.  to  injured  party,  whence  inju'nct  v.t. 
(colloq.).  [f.  LL  injunctio  f.  iwungere  enjoin, 
see  -ion] 

i'njure  (-jer),  v.t.  Do  wrong  to ;  hurt,  harm, 
impair,    [back-formation  f.  injur v] 

i'njuped,  a.  Wronged;  showing  sense  of 
wrong,  offended,  as  in  an  i.  voice,  [p.p.  of  prec] 

injurious  (-oor-), a.  Wrongful;  (of  language) 
insulting,  calumnious;  hurtful.  Hence  in- 
jup'iousLY2  adv.,  injup'iousNESS  n.  [f.  F 
injurieux  f.  L  injuriosus  (as  foil.,  see  -ous)] 


i'njupy,  n.    Wrongful  action  or  treatment : 
harm,  damage,    [f.  L 
right)  wrong] 


in  2(juria  f.  jus  juris 


inju'stiee,  n.  Want  of  equity,  unfairness ; 
unjust  act;  you  do  him  an  i.  (judge  him  un- 
fairly).   [F,  f.  L  in  2(justitia  justice)] 

ink,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fluid  (black,  red,  &c)  for 
writing  with  pen;  (printer's  i.)  viscous  paste 
similarly  used  in  printing ;  black  liquid  ejected 
by  cuttle-fish  &c  from  bladder  (i.-bag)  to  assist 
its  escape;  i.-bottle,  -pot,  (for  holding  i.);  i.- 
horn,  small  vessel  of  horn  formerly  used  for 
holding  i. ;  inkstand,  stand  for  one  or  more  i.- 
bottles,  often  with  pen- tray  &c;  (v.t)  mark  {in, 
over,  &c)  with  i.,  cover  (types  &c)  with  i.  so  as 
to  print  from  them.  Hence  rnkiNESS  n.,  i'nk- 
less,  i'nkY2,  aa.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  enque  f.  LL 
encawstum  f.  Gk  e'gkauston  (as  encaustic) 
purple  ink  used  by  Roman  emperors  for  signa- 
ture ;  It.  inchiostro  follows  L  accent] 

rnkep,  n.  Telegraph  instrument  recording 
message  in  ink ;  (Print.  &c)  inking-roller.  [-erI] 

rnkiing-,  n.  Hint,  slight  knowledge  or  sus- 
picion, (of),  [f.  obs.  or  dial,  inkle  hint,  get  a 
notion  of,  etym.  dub.] 

i'nland  (-and,  -and),  n.,  a.,  adv.  Interior  of 
country ;  placed  in  this,  remote  from  sea  or 
border;  carried  on  within  limits  of  a  country, 
as  i.  trade,  i.  duty  (on  i.  trade),  i.  revenue  (con- 
sisting of  taxes  &  i.  duties) ;  (adv.)  in,  towards, 
the  interior.  Hence  i'nlandER^D  n.,  in- 
la*ndiSH !  a.    [in  adv.] 

inlay*  \  v.t.(inlaid).  Embed  (thing  tnanother) 
so  that  their  surfaces  are  even ;  ornament 
(thing  with  another  inlaid) ;  insert  (page,  plate, 
cut)  in  space  cut  in  larger  stouter  page,    [in  2] 

i'nlay2  (or  InhV),  n.    Inlaid  work.    [f.  prec] 

i'nlet,  n.  Small  arm  of  sea,  creek  ;  piece  in- 
serted,   [in  adv.  +  let  v.] 

i'nliep,  n.  (geol.).  Underlying  formation 
completely  covered  by  overlying  one.   [in  adv.] 

i'nly,  adv.  (poet.).  Inwardly ;  closely,  deep- 
ly.   [OE  innliee  (in  »,  see  -ly  2)j 

rnlyingr,  a.    Lying  inside,    [in  adv.] 

i'nmate,  n.  Occupant  (of  house  &c),  esp. 
one  of  several,    [in  adv.] 

<  i'nmost,  a.  Most  inward  ;  (fig.)  deepest,  most 
intimate.    [OE  innemest  (in  adv.,  see  -most)] 

inn,  n.  t  Public  house  for  lodging  &c  of  travel- 


lers ;  innkeeper,  one  who  keeps  an  i. ;  Ii.  of 
Court,  (buildings  in  London  belonging  to)  four 
legal  societies  having  exclusive  right  of  admit- 
ting persons  to  practise  at  bar  (Inner  Temple, 
Middle  Temple,  Lincoln's  I.,  Gray's  I.) ;  Ii.  of 
Chancery,  buildings  in  London  formerly  used 
for  residence  of  law  students,  societies  occupy- 
ing these.    [OE,  f.  in  adv.] 

inna'te  (or  Vn-),  a.  Inborn,  natural.  Hence 
in  na*  t  e  l  y  2  ad  v. ,  inna'te  ness  n.  [f .  LL  in  i- 
(natus  p.p.  of  nasci  be  born)] 

innavigable,  a.  Not  navigable,  [f.  Lin2- 
(navigabilis  navigable)] 

i'nnep,  a.  &  n.  Interior,  internal ;  the  i.  man, 
man's  soul  or  mind,  (facet.)  stomach,  as  refresh- 
ed his  i.  man;  (n.)  division  of  target  next  out- 
side bull's-eye,  shot  that  strikes  this.  Hence 
i'nnePMOST  a.    [OE  innera  a. ,  compar.  of  in  2] 

innervate,  v.t.  Supply  (organ  &c)  with 
nerve-force  or  nerves.    Hence  innepvA'TiON 

n.     [f.  IN-  !  +  NERVE  +  -ATE  3] 

i'nning-s,  n.  (pi.  same,  colloq.  -es).  (Cricket 
&c)  portion  of  game  played  by  either  side  while 
in  or  batting,  play  of  one  batsman  during  his 
turn ;  (fig.)  time  of  possession  or  power  of  poli- 
tical party  &c    [orig.  pi. ;  f.  in  adv.  +  -ing  *] 

i'nnoeent,  a.  &  n.  Free  from  moral  wrong, 
sinless  ;  not  guilty  (of  crime  &c) ;  (colloq.)  win- 
dows i.  of  (without)  glass ;  simple,  guileless ; 
harmless  ;  (n.)  i.  person,  esp.  young  child  ;  In- 
nocents' Day,  Dec.  28,  festival  of  the  slaughter 
of  children  by  Herod  (Matt,  ii.  16);  (Pari,  slang) 
massacre  of  the  ii.,  sacrifice  of  measures  at  end 
of  session  for  want  of  time ;  simple  person ; 
idiot.  Hence  or  cogn.  i'nnoeENCE,  -enc  y  (rare), 
nn.,  i'nnoeentLY2  adv.  [F,  t  L  in  2(nocentem 
part,  of  nocere  hurt)] 

innd'cuous,  a.  Not  injurious,  harmless  (esp. 
of  snakes).  Hence  innocu'iT  v,  inno'cuous- 
ness,  nn.,  inno'cuousLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  in  2(no- 
cuus  as  prec)  +  -ous] 

inno-minate  (-at),  a.  Unnamed ;  (Anat.)  i. 
bone,  hip-bone  (made  up  of  three  original  bones), 
[f.  L  in  2(nominatus,  as  nominate)] 

i'n novate,  v.i.  Bring  in  novelties ;  make 
changes  in.  Hence  or  cogn.  innovA'TiON,  i'n- 
novatOR2,  nn.,  i'nnovatORY  a.  [f.  L in  Hno- 
vare  make  new  f .  novus),  see  -ate  3] 

inno'xious,  a.  Harmless.  Hence  inno'x- 
iousLY  2  adv.,  inno'xiousNESS  n.  [f.  L  in 2- 
(noxius  noxious)] 

innue-ndo,  n.  (pi.  -oes),  &  v.i.  Oblique  hint, 
allusive  remark  (usu.  depreciatory);  (v.i.)  make 
ii.  [(vb  f.  n.)  L,  gerund  of  m2(nuere  nod),= 
by  nodding,  i.  e.  by  way  of  explanation,  as  '  he, 
innuendo  the  plaintiff  )] 

innu'mepable,  a.  Countless,  [f.  Lin2(?iw- 
merabilis  numerable)] 

innutprtion,  n.    Lack  of  nutrition,    [in- 2] 

innutpi'tious,  a.    Not  nourishing,    [in-2] 

inobservance,  n.  Inattention  ;  non-obser- 
vance (of  law  &c).  [F,  f.  L  in  2(observantia 
observance)] 

inoccupa*tion,n.  Wantofoccupation.  [in-2] 

ind'culate,  v.  t.  Impregnate  (person,  animal, 
with  virus  or  germs  of  disease)  to  induce  milder 
form  of  it  &  so  safeguard  person  against  its 
attacks;  implant  (disease  &c)  thus  (on,  into, 
person  &c);  insert  (bud,  scion)  in  plant,  treat 
(plant)  thus.  Hence  or  cogn.  inoeulATiON, 
ino'culatOR 2,  nn.,  ino'culatiVE  a.  [f.  L  in i- 
(oculare  f.  oculus  eye,  bud)  engraft,  see  -ate3] 

ino'dopous,  a.  Having  no  odour,  [f.  Lin2- 
(odorus  odorous)] 

inoffe'nsive,  a.  Unoffending ;  not  objection- 
able. Hence  Inoffe'nsiveL  y  2  ad  v. ,  inoffe'n- 
siveNESS  n.    [in-2] 

Wit 


inoffl'eious,  a. 


'ithout  office  or  function 


INOPERATIVE 


423 


INSERTION 


(Law)  not  in  accordance  with  moral  duty.    [f. 
'j  in  2(officiosus  obliging,  see  officious)] 
ind'perative,  a.     Not  working  or  taking 


inopportu'ne,  a.  Unseasonable.  Hence  In- 
opportirneLY  2  adv.,   inoppoptu'neNESS 

l.    [f.  LL  in  2(opportunus  opportune)] 

inop'dinate  (-at),  a.  Immoderate,  excessive; 
intemperate; disorderly.  Hence inop'dinate- 
LV2adv.  If.  L  iN2(ordinatus  p.p.  of  ordinare 
f.  ordo  -dinis  order)] 

inopgra'nie,  a.  Having  no  organized  physical 
structure  ;  (Chem.,  of  compounds  &c.)  not  en- 
tering into  composition  of  organized  bodies  ;  i. 
chemistry,  that  of  mineral  substances ;  not 
arising  by  natural  growth,  extraneous,    [in-2] 

inopganiza'tion,  n.  Lack  of  organization. 
[in-  2] 

inop'nate  (-at),  a.    Not  ornate,    [in-2] 

ino'sculate,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  blood-vessels  &c.) 
join,  have  terminal  connexion,  (with) ;  (of  fibres 
&c.)  unite  closely,  be  interwoven ;  (trans.)  unite 
(fibres  &c)  closely.  Hence  inosculA'TioN  n. 
[f.  in-  2  +  L  osculare  furnish  with  mouth  (oscu- 
lum  dim.  of  os  mouth),  -ate  3] 

i'npouping-,  a.  &  n.    Pouring  in. 

i'nquest,  n.  Legal  or  judicial  inquiry  to 
ascertain  matter  of  fact ;  =  coroner's  i. ;  great, 
last,  %.,  last  Judgment ;  coroner's  jury ;  grand 
i. ,  grand  j  ury.  [f .  OF  enqueste  f .  med.  L  inquesta 
f.  com. -Rom.  *inquerere  inquire] 

inquretude,  n.  Uneasiness  of  mind  or  body, 
[f.  LL  (-do)  f.  m2(quittus  quiet),  -tude] 

inquire*,  en-,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  search  (into 
matter) ;  seek  information  (of  person,  about, 
after,  thing  &c.) ;  i.  after,  for,  him  (how  he  is); 
ask  for  (goods  in  shop  &c);  ask  to  be  told 
(person '8  name,  busmess,  &c,  whether,  how. 
Sec).  Hence  inquiP'ingLY  2  adv.  [ME  en- 
qvere  f.  OF  enquerre  f.  com. -Rom.  inquerere 
-quest-  =  L  in  Hquirere  quisit-  =  quaerere  seek); 
wholly  (in-)  or  partly  (en-)  refash.  on  L] 

inquip'y,  en-,  n.  Asking ;  question ;  investi- 
gation ;  make  it.,  ask  (about  &c.) ;  court  of  i. 
(investigating  charge  agcinst  officer  or  soldier), 
[f.  preC.  +  -y  4] 

inquisition  (-z-),  n.  Search,  investigation ; 
judicial  or  official  inquiry ;  (Rom.  Cath.)  the  I., 
ecclesiastical  tribunal  for  suppression  of  heresy, 
the  Holy  Office.  Hence  inquisi*tionAL  a. 
[OF,  f.  L  inquisitionem  (as  inquire,  see  -ion)} 

inqursitive  (-z),  a.  Given  to  inquiry,  curi- 
ous. Hence  inqui'sitiveLY  2  adv.,  Inqui'si- 
tiveNESS  n.  [OF  (-if,  -ive),  f.  LL  inquisitivus 
(as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

inqui'sitop  (-z-),  n.  Official  investigator; 
officer  of  the  Inquisition  ;  Grand  L,  director  of 
court  of  Inquisition  in  some  countries  ;  I.-Oene- 
ral,  head  of  this  in  Spain,  [f .  OF  inquisiteur  f . 
L  inquteitorem  (as  inquire,  see  -or2)] 

inquisitop'ial,  a.  Of,  like,  an  inquisitor  • 
offensively  prying.  Hence  inquisitop'ialLY  2 
adv.  [f.  med.L  inquisitorius  (as  prec,  see  -ORY) 

+  -AL] 

i'npoad,  n.  Hostile  incursion,  raid ;  (fig.) 
forcible  encroachment,  [in  adv.  +  road  n.  in 
sense  '  riding '] 

i*npush,n.    Rushing  in.    [in  adv.] 
insalivate,  v.t.     Mix  (food)  with  saliva. 
Hence  InsalivA'TiON  n.     [f.  in-1  +  saliva + 

-ATE  3] 

insalu'bpious,  a.  (Of  climate  or  place)  un- 
healthy. So  insalu'briTY  n.  [f.  his2(salubris 

SALUBRIOUS)] 

insa'ne,  a.  Mad ;  senseless ;  i.  asylum  (for  i. 
persons).  Hence  or  cogn.  insa'neLY2  adv., 
insa*niTY  n.  [f.  L  in  2(sanus  sane]) 

insa*nitapy,  a.    Not  sanitary,    [in-  2] 


insatiable  (-sha-),  a.  That  cannot  be  satis- 
fied ;  inordinately  greedy  (of).  Hence  insati- 
aBULiTY  n.,  insa'tiabLY2  adv.  [f.  L  w2(sati- 
abilis,  as  satiate,  see  -ble)] 

insa'tiate  (-shyat),  a.  Never  satisfied,  [f.  L 
in 2(satiatus,  as  prec.)] 

inscpi'be,  v.t.  Write  (words  &c.  in,  on,  stone, 
metal,  paper,  &c);  enter  name  of  (person)  on 
list ;  (esp.  in  p.p.)  issue  (loan)  in  form  of  shares 
with  registered  holders,  as  inscribed  stock ; 
mark  (sheet,  tablet,  &c,  with  characters); 
(Geom.)  trace  (figure)  within  another  so  that 
some  particular  points  of  it  lie  in  the  boundary 
of  that  other,  whence  inscpl'bABLE  a.  [f.  L 
in  ^(scribere  script-  write)] 

inscription,  n.  Words  inscribed,  esp.  on 
monument,  coin,  Sec,  so  inscpi'ptionAL,  in- 
sepi'ptiVE,  aa. ;  inscribing  (of  loan),  [f.  L  in- 
scriptio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

inscpu'table  (-roo-),  a.  That  cannot  be  pene- 
trated (fig.),  wholly  mysterious.  Hence  in- 
seputasi'LiTY,  inscpu'tableNESs,  nn.,  in- 
sePU'tabLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  in2(scrutabUis  f. 
scrutari  search,  see  -ble)] 

1'nsect,  n.  Small  invertebrate  animal,  usu. 
with  body  divided  into  segments  &  several 
pairs  of  legs,  esp.  (Zool.)  one  with  body  divided 
into  three  regions  (head,  thorax,  abdomen),  six 
legs  upon  thorax,  &  (usu.)  two  or  four  wings  ; 
(fig.)  insignificant  person  or  creature ;  -Lpow- 
der  (for  killing  or  driving  away  ii.).  Hence 
inseeti'voRA  n.  pi.,  Inse'etivoRE  n.,  tai- 
seeti'VOROUS  a.  [f.  liinsectrim (animal) notch- 
ed animah_f.  in  1(secare  sect-  cut)] 

insectap'ium,  n.  Place  for  keeping  insects. 

[-ARIUM] 

insecticide,  n.  Insect-killer,  esp.  prepara- 
tion used  for  killing  insects.  Hence  insecti- 
ei'dAL  a.    [-CIDE] 

insectology,  n.  Science  of  insects,  esp.Jn 
their  economic  relations  to  man.  [f.  F  insecto- 
logie  (as  insect^ see  -o-  &  -logy)] 

insecure*  (-ur),  a.  Unsafe ;  (of  ice,  ground, 
&c)  liable  to  give  way.  Hence  or  cogn.  in- 
seeupe'LY2  adv.,  inseeup'iTY  n.  [f.  Lin2 
(securus  secure)] 

inse'minate,  v.t.  Sow  (seed  &c,  lit.  &  fig. 
in).  Hence  inseminATiON  n.  [f.  L  iN^serai- 
nure  f.  semen  -minis  seed),  see  -ate  3] 

inse'nsate  (-at),  a.  Without  sensibility,  un- 
feeling ;  stupid ;  without  physical  sensation. 
Hence  inse'nsateLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  in  Hsensa- 
tus  f.  sensus  sense,  see  -ate  2)J 

insensibi'lity,  n.  Lack  of  mental  feeling 
or  emotion  ;  indifference  (to) ;  unconsciousness, 
swoon,   [f.  LL  insensibilitas  (as  foil.,  see  -ty)] 

insensible,  a.  Too  small  or  gradual  to  be 
perceived,  inappreciable,  whence  inse'nsib- 
ly  2  adv.;  unconscious,  as  he  fell  down  &  was 
long  i.;  unaware  (of,  to,  how,  Sec);  emotion- 
less, callous,    [f.  L  m2(sensibilis  sensible)] 

insensitive,  a.  Not  sensitive  (to  touch, 
sight,  light,  mental  or  moral  impressions). 
Hence  inse'nsitiveNESS  n.    [in-2] 

insentient  (-shi-),  a.    Inanimate,    [in-2] 

inseparable,  a.  &  n.  That  cannot  be  sepa- 
rated ;  (Gram. )  i.  prefix,  one  that  cannot  be  used 
as  separate  word  (e.g.  dis-,  mis-,  un-) ;  (n.,  usu. 
pi.)  i.  person  or  thing,  esp.  friend.  Hence  in- 
separaBULiTY  n.,  Inse'papabLY  2  adv.  [f. 
L  in  2(separabilis  separable)] 

inser't,  v.t.  Place,  fit,  thrust,  (thing  in, 
into,  another,  between  edges  &c) ;  introduce 
(letter,  word,  article,  in,  into,  written  matter, 
newspaper,  Sec),    [f.  L  in Hserere  sert-  join)] 

insertion,  n.  Inserting;  thing  inserted,  esp. 
in  writing  or  print;  ornamental  needlework  Sec 
inserted  Into  plain  material,  as  lace  i.;  (Anat.) 


INSET 


424 


INSTANTANEOUS 


mode  of  attachment  of  muscle,  organ,  See.  [f. 
L  insertio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)1 

i'nset1,  n.  Extra  page(s)  inserted  in  sheet 
or  book ;  small  map  &c.  inserted  within  border 
of  larger ;  piece  let  into  dress,    [in  2  +  set  n.] 

mse't2,  v.t.  (inset  or  -tted).  Fix  or  insert  in 
(sheet  &c).    [in  adv.+  set  v.  or  f.  prec.  J 

i'nshope*,  adv.  &  a.  Close  to  shore;  i.  of, 
nearer  to  shore  than,    [in  adv.] 

inside,  n.,  a.,  adv.,  prep.  (Pron.  l'nsi'd)  inner 
side  orsurface,(of  path)  side  nextto  wall  oraway 
from  road ;  (i*nsi-d)  inner  part,  interior  ;  (insi'd) 
stomach  &  bowels  (colloq.) ;  the  i'nsi'de  (middle 
part)  of  a  week ;  (Insi'd)  passenger  travelling  i. 
coach  &c. ;  turned  i'nside  out,  so  that  inner 
side  becomes  outer ;  (adj.,  i'nsid)  situated  on  or 
in  the  i. ;  (adv.,  insi'd)  on  or  in  the  i.;  (colloq.) 
i.  of  (in  less  than)  a  week ;  (prep.,  i'nsi'd)  on  the 
inner  side  of,  within,    [in  a.+  side] 

insrder,  n.  One  who  is  in  some  society, 
organization,  &c  (cf.  outsider)  ;  one  who  is  in 
the  secret,    [f.  prec.  +  -er1] 

insi'dious,  a.  Treacherous,  crafty;  pro- 
ceeding secretly  or  subtly,  as  i.  disease.  Hence 
insi'diousLY2  adv.,  insi'diousNESS  n.  [f.  L 
insidiosus  cunning  f.  in  1(sidiae  f.  sedere  sit) 
ambush,  see  -ous] 

i'nsig-ht,  n.  Penetration  (into  character, 
circumstances,  &c.)  with  the  understanding. 
[in  adv.  +  sight] 

insi'gnia,  n.  pi.  Badges,  distinguishing 
marks,  (of  office,  honour,  &c).  [L,  neut.  pi.  of 
in  x(signis  f.  signum  sign)  distinguished] 

insignificant,  a.  Unimportant,  trifling ; 
contemptible;  meaningless.  Hence  insig1- 
ni'ficANCE,  -ancv,  nn.,  insigrni'fieantLY2 
adv.    [in-2] 

insincere*,  a.  Not  sincere,  disingenuous. 
Hence  insineepe'LY  2  adv.,  insinee'PiTY  n. 
[f.  L  in  2(sincerus  sincere)] 

insinuate,  v.t.  Introduce  (thing,  oneself, 
into  place,  oneself,  person,  into  favour,  office, 
&c.)  gradually  or  subtly;  convey  indirectly, 
hint  obliquely,  (idea,  that).  Hence  insi'nu- 
atingfLY2  adv.,  insInuATiON,  insi'nuat- 
or  2,  nn. ,  insi'nuati ve  a.  [f.  L  in  *  (sinuare  t 
sinus  -us  curve),  see  -ate3] 

insi'pid,  a.  Tasteless  ;  wanting  in  flavour ; 
lifeless,  dull,  uninteresting.  Hence  insipi'd- 
ity,  insi'pidNESS,  nn.,  insi'pidLY  2  adv.  [f. 
LL  in  2(sipidus=sapidus  well-tasting,  f.  sapere 
taste,  be  wise,  see  -id  *)] 

insi'st,  v.i.  &  t.  Dwell  long  or  emphatically 
(on),  as  i.  on  this  point,  on  his  unpunctuality ; 
maintain  positively,  as  i.  on  his  innocence,  i. 
(on  it)  that  he  is  innocent ;  demand  persistently, 
as  Ii.  on  being  present,  on  your  being  present, 
on  your  presence,  i.  (on  it)  that  you  shall  be 
present.  Hence  insi'stENCE,  -ency,  nn.,  in- 
si'stENT  a.,  insi'stentLY2  adv.  [f.  L  in*- 
{sisterg  stand)] 

instrorrety,  n.  Intemperance,  esp.  in  drink- 
ing.    [IN-2] 

insola'tion,  n.  Exposure  to  sun's  rays,  for 
purposes  of  bleaching  &c,  as  medical  treat- 
ment, or  as  cause  of  disease,  [f.  L  insolatio  f. 
ml(8olare  t.  sol  sun),  see  -ation] 

i'nsolent,  a.  Offensively  contemptuous,  in- 
sulting. Hence  or  cogn.  i'nsolENCE  n.,  i*n- 
solentLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  in  2(solens  part,  of  solere 
be  accustomed),  see  -ent] 

inso'luble,  a.  That  cannot  be  solved ;  that 
cannot  be  dissolved.  Hence  InsoluBi'LiTY, 
inso'lubleNESS,  nn.,  inso'lubLY 2  adv.  [f.  L 

lH2(solubilis  SOLUBLE)] 

insolvent,  a.  &  n.  (Debtor)  unable  to  pay 
debts;  relating  to  ii.,  as  i.  laws.  Hence  in- 
so'lvENorn.    [in-2] 


inso'mnia,  n.  Sleeplessness.  [L,  f.  in 2(som* 
nis  f.  somnus  sleep)  sleepless] 

insomu'eh,  adv.    To  such  an  extent  that. 

insou'eiant  (-soo-,  or  as  F),  n.  Careless,  in- 
different. So  insou'eiANCE  n.  [F  (in- 2- 
souciant  part,  of  soucier  care  f.  L  sollicitare 
disturb)] 

inspa'n  ,v.t.  (S.-Afr.;  -nn-).  Yoke  (oxen  &c.) 
in  team  to  vehicle ;  harness  (wagon),  [f.  Du, 
wHspannen  span,  put  horses  to)] 

inspe'et,  v.t.  Look  closely  into ;  examine 
officially.  So  inspe'etiON,  inspe'etOR2,  in- 
spe'etoPSHiP,  nn.,  inspector al,  inspec- 
toP'iAL,  aa.    [f.  L  mHspicere  sped-  look)] 

inspe'etopate  (-at),  n.  Office  of  inspector ; 
body  of  inspectors;  district  under  inspector,  esp. 
in  Greenland,    [-ate  1] 

inspiration,  n.  Drawing  in  of  breath  ;  in- 
spiring; divine  influence,  esp.  that  under  which 
books  of  Scripture  are  held  to  have  been  written , 
whether  verbal  i.  (dictating  every  word),  plen- 
ary i.  (covering  all  subjects  treated),  or  moral 
i.  (confined  to  moral  &  religious  teaching), 
whence  inspiration  ism  (3),  inspiration- 
ist(2),  nn.;   thought   &c.    inspired;   inspiring 

Erinciple.  Hence  inspipa'tionAL  a.  [OF,  t 
i  inspirationem  (as  inspire,  see  -ation)] 

i'nspiratop,  a.  Apparatus  for  drawing  in 
air  or  vapour.    [L  (as  foil.,  see  -or2)] 

inspire*,  v.t.  Breathe  in,  inhale,  (air  &c.  or 
abs.),  whence  inspiP'atORY  a.;  infusethougbt 
or  feeling  into  (person ;  esp.  of  divine  or  super- 
natural agency;  often  in  p.p.) ;  animate  (person 
&c.  with  feeling) ;  infuse  (feeling  into  person 
&c),  create  (feeling  in  person);  an  inspired 
article  (in  journal),  one  secretly  suggested  by 
or  emanating  from  influential  person  &c.  [f.  OF 
enspirer  f.  L  mHspirare  breathe)] 

inspi'Pit,  v.t.  Put  life  into,  animate ;  en- 
courage (person  to  action,  to  do).  Hence  in- 
spi'PitiNG2  a.    [in-  i+spiRiT  n.] 

inspi'ssate  (or  i*n-),  v.t.  Thicken,  condense. 
So  inspissATiON  n.  [f.  LL  w*(spissare  f. 
spissus  thick),  see  -ate3] 

instability^  n.  Lack  of  stability  (usu.  fig. 
of  moral  qualities  &c. ).  [f.  F  instability  f.  L 
instabilitatem  f.  m2(stabilis  stable),  see  -ty)] 

insta'll  (-awl),  v.t.  Place  (person  in  office  or 
dignity)  with  ceremonies,  whence  insta'll am 
(-awl-)  a.  &  n. ;  establish  (person,  oneself,  in 
place,  condition,  &c);  place  (heating  or  lighting 
apparatus  &c. )  in  position  for  use.  So  install  A  '- 
tion  n.  [f.  med. L  in  1(stallare  f.  stallum  stall)] 

instalment  (-awl-),  n.  Each  of  several 
parts,  successivelyf ailing  due,  of  a  sum  payable; 
each  of  several  parts  supplied  &c.  at  different 
times,  [f.  obs.  mi(stall  v.  arrange,  fix)  +  -ment] 

i'nstance1,  n.  Fact  illustrating  a  general 
truth,  example;  fori., for  example;  at  the  i. 
(request,  suggestion)  of;  (Law)  process,  suit,  as 
court  of  first  i.  (primary  jurisdiction) ;  in  the 
first  i.,  in  the  first  place,  at  the  first  stage  of  a 
proceeding.  [F,f.  L instant iapresence.urgency, 
pleading,  objection  to  general  statement,  in- 
stance to  the  contrary  (as  instant  *,  see-ANCE)] 

i'nstance2,  v.t.  Cite  (fact,  case)  as  an  in- 
stance; (usu.  pass.)  exemplify,    [f.  prec] 

i'nstancy,  n.    Urgency,    (as  prec,  -ancy] 

i'nstant  ],a.  Urgent, pressing;  (abbr.i>ist.)of 
the  current  month,  as  the  6th  inst.  (cf.  proximo, 
ultimo)  ;  immediate.  [F,  f.  L  in  *(stare  stand) 
be  present,  press  upon,  see  -ant] 

i'nstant  %  n.  Precise  (esp.  the  present)  point 
of  time,  moment,  as  come  this  i.,  lwcnt  that  i.; 
Itoldyou  the  t'.(as  soon  as)  I  knew ;  short  space 
of  time,  moment,    [prec.  as  n.] 

instanta'neous,  a.  Occurring,  done,  in  an 
instant ;  (Dynam.)  existing  at  a  particular  in- 


INSTANTER 


425 


INTACT 


Ftant.  Hence  instantaneousLY2  adv.,  in- 
stantaneousNESS  n.  [prec.  +-aneous,  after 
movientaneous] 

instantep,  adv.  Immediately,  at  once,  (now 
nsu.  facet.).    IL,  f.  instans  instant1] 

instantly,  adv.  At  once,  [instant1  + -ly2] 

instaura'tion,  n.  Restoration,  renewal.  So 
instauratOR2n.  ff.  hinstauratio  f.  in  1(stau- 
rare,  see  restore  &  -ation)] 

instea'd  (ed),  adv.  As  a  substitute  or  alter- 
native ;  in  place  of,  as  i.  of  this,  i.  of  going,  you 
should  be  out  i.  of  (sitting)  in  on  this  fine  day, 
(also  in  his,  my,  our,  stead),  [in  prep,  -f  stead  n.] 

i'nstep,  n.  Upper  surface  of  human  foot  be- 
tween toes  &  ankle;  part  of  shoe  &c.  fitting 
this ;  i.-shaped  thing.    [?] 

instigate,  v.t.  Urge  on,  incite,  (person  to 
action,  to  do  usu.  something  evil) ;  bring  about 
(revolt,  murder,  &c.)  by  persuasion.  So  insti- 
g-A'TiON,  i'nstigatOR  2,  nn.  [f.  L  in  Ustigare, 
cf.  Gk  stizo  prick,  root  stig-),  see  -ate3] 

insti'l(l),  v.t.  (-11-).  Put  in  (liquid  into  thing) 
by  drops ;  infuse,  (feeling,  ideas,  &c.  into  person, 
mind,  &c. )  gradually.  Hence  or  cogn.  instill  - 
A"TiON,in*stilMENT, nn.  [f. L in Hstillare drop)] 

instine t > ,  n.  In nate  propensity,  esp.  in  lower 
animals,  to  certain  seemingly  rational  acts  per- 
formed without  conscious  design  ;  innate  im- 
pulse ;  intuition,  unconscious  skill.  Hence  in- 
stinetiVE  a.,  instinetiveLY2  adv.  [f.  L  in- 
stinctus  -its  f.  in  l(stinguere  stinct- prick)  incite] 

instinct2,  pred.  a.  Imbued,  charged,  (with 
life,  beauty,  force,  &c).    [f.  L  p.p.  as  prec] 

institute1,  n.  Society,  organization,  for  pro- 
motion of  scientific  or  other  object ;  building 
used  by  this ;  (pi.)  digest  of  elements  of  a  sub- 
ject, esp.  of  jurisprudence,  as  Ii.  of  Justinian. 
[f.  L  neut.  p.p.  as  foil.] 

institute2,  v.t.  Establish,  found;  set  on 
foot  (inquiry  &c);  appoint  (person  to,into,  bene- 
fice),   [f.  L  in  l(stituere  -tut-  =  statuere  set  up)] 

institution,  n.  Instituting;  establishment 
(0/ person)  in  cure  of  souls;  established  law, 
custom,  or  practice;  (colloq.,  of  person  &c) 
familiar  object ;  organization  for  promotion  of 
some  public  object;  building  used  by  this. 
Hence  institu'tionAL  a.  [OF,  f.  L  institutio 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

instru'et,  v.t.  Teach  (person  &c  in  subject); 
inform  (person  that,  when,  Sec.) ;  (of  client,  soli- 
citor) give  information  to  (solicitor,  counsel) ; 
direct,  command,  (person  to  do).  Hence  or  cogn. 
instru'ctOR2,  instru'ctPESS  i,  nn.  [f.  Lin1- 
(struere  struct-  pile  up)  build,  teach] 

instruction,  n.  Teaching;  (pi.) directions, 
orders;  (pi.)  directions  to  solicitor  or  counsel. 
Hence  instruction al  a.  [OF,  f.  L  instruc- 
tionevi  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

instructive,  a.  Tending  to  instruct,  con- 
veyi  ng  a  lesson.  Hence  instructively  2  ad  v. , 
instPiretlveNESs  n.    [-ive] 

instrument,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thing  used  in  per- 
forming an  action ;  person  so  made  use  of ;  tool, 
implement,  esp.  for  delicate  or  scientific  work ; 
(also  musical  x.)  contrivance  for  producing  mu- 
sical sounds  by  vibration  of  strings  &c  (stringed 
&c  ii.)  or  of  body  of  air  in  pipe  &c  (wind  ii.); 
formal,  esp.  legal,  document;  (v.t.)  arrange 
(music)  for  ii.  [(vo  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  instrumentum 
(as  instruct,  see  -ment)] 

instrumental,  a.  Serving  as  instrument 
or  means  (to  purpose,  in  work,  in  doing) ;  of, 
arising  from,  an  instrument,  as  i.  errors ;  (of 
music)  performed  on  instruments  (cf.  vocjal), 
whence  instrumental ist(3)  n. ;  (Gram.)  i. 
case  (denoting  the  instrument).  Hence  InstPU- 
me'ntalLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  med.L  instrumentalis 
(as  instrument,  see  -al)] 


instrumentality,  n.  Agency,  means,  esp. 
by  trie  i.  of.    [-ity] 

instrumentation,  n.  Arrangement  of  mu- 
sic for  instruments ;  operation  with  surgical  or 
other  instrument ;  instrumentality.  [F.  f.  in- 
strumenter  (as  instrument),  see  -ationj 

insubordinate  (-at),  a.  Disobedient,  re- 
bellious.   HenceinsubordinA'TioNn.  [in-2] 

insubstantial,  a.  Not  real ;  lacking  soli- 
dity or  substance.  Hence  insubstantial  it  v 
n.    [f.  LL  in  2(substantialis  substantial)] 

insu'fferable,  a.  Unbearably  arrogant,  con- 
ceited, &c  Hence insu'fferabLY2 adv.  [in-2] 

insufficient,  a.  Not  sufficient,  inadequate. 
Hence  or  cogn.  insufficiENCY  n.,  insuffi- 
cient r.v  2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  in  2(sufficientem  suf- 
ficient)] 

insufflate,  v.t.  Blow,  breathe,  (air,  gas,  &c) 
into  cavity  of  the  body  &c ;  treat  (nose  &c)  thus. 
Hence  insufflatOR  2(2)  n.  [f.  L  nssHsvFjlare 
blow  upon),  see  -ate3] 

insuffla'tion,  n.  Blowing  on  or  into ;  breath- 
ing on  person  as  rite  of  exorcism,  [f.  L  insuffla- 
tio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

insular,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  an  island ; 
of,  like,  islanders,  esp.  narrow-minded,  whence 
insular  ism  n.  Hence  insularrrv  n.,  in- 
sulaPLY2adv.  [f.  LinsulaHs  (as foil.,  see  -ar1)] 

insulate,  v.t.  Make  (land)  into  an  island ; 
detach  (person,  thing)  from  surroundings,  iso- 
late ;  isolate  (thing)  by  interposition  of  non-con- 
ductors, to  pre  vent  passage  of  electricity  or  heat. 
Hence  insulA  *tion,  insulato r  2(2),  nn.  [f.  L 
insida  island  +  -ate  3] 

insult1,  n.  Insultingspeech  or  action,  affront, 
[f.  LL  iti^sultus  =  saltus  leap,  as  foil.)] 

insu'lt 2,  v.t.  Treat  with  scornful  abuse,  offer 
indignity  to;  (of  person  or  thing)  affront.  Hence 
insu,lting,LY2adv.  [thm Hsultare  =  saltare, 
frequent,  of  satire  salt-  leap)] 

insu'pepable,  a.  (Of  barriers  &c  &  fig.  of 
difficulties  &c)  that  cannot  be  surmounted  or 
overcome;  (rare)  unsurpassable.  Hence  in- 
supepaBixiTY  n.,  insu'perabLY  2  adv.  [f. 
L  in  2(superabilis  f.  superare  overcome,  -ble)] 

insupportable,  a.  Unbearable.  Hence 
insuppor*tabLY  2  adv.    [F  (in-  2)] 

insurance  (-shoor-),  n.  Insuring ;  sum  paid 
for  this,  premium,  [earlier  en-,  f.  OF  enseur- 
ance  (as  ensure,  see  -ance)] 

insur'ant,  n.  Person  to  whom  insurance 
policy  is  issued,    [f.  foil.  +  -ant] 

insure*  (shoor),  v.t.  Secure  payment  of  sum 
of  money  in  event  of  loss  of  or  damage  to  (pro- 
perty, life ;  cf.  assurance)  by  payment  of  pre- 
mium ;  secure  payment  of  (sum  of  money)  thus 
(said  of  owner  of  the  property  or  of  insurance 
company) ;  the  insured,  the  person  to  whom 
such  payment  is  secured.  Hence  insup*ABLE 
a.    [earlier  ensure] 

insur'er,  n.  One  who  insures  property  in 
consideration  of  premium,  underwriter,   [-er  *] 

insur'gent,  a.  &  n.  Rising  in  active  revolt ; 
(of  sea  &c)  rushing  in  ;  (n.)  rebel.  Hence  In- 
sur'gENCY  n.  [f.  L  in  l(surgere  surrect-  rise), 
see  -ent] 

insurmountable,.!.  Not  to  be  surmounted. 
Hence  insurmountabLY2  adv.    [in-2] 

insurrection,  n.  Rising  in  open  resistance 
to  established  authority;  incipient  rebellion. 
Hence  insurre'ctionAL,  insurre'etion- 
ary  1,  aa.,  insurrectionist)  n.  [F,  f.  rare 
L  insurrectionem  (as  insurgent,  see  -ion)] 

insusceptible,  a.  Not  susceptible  (of 
treatment,  to  agency  &c).  Hence  insuscep- 
tlBi'LiTYn.    Tin-2] 

inta'ct,  a.  Untouched ;  entire ;  unimpaired, 
[f.  L  in 2(tactus  p.p.  of  tangere  touch)] 

14* 


INTAOLIATED 


426 


INTER- 


intag'liated,  a.  Carved  on  the  surface,  [f. 
It.  iiUagliato  pp.  of  in  Htagliare  cut  f.  LL  tale- 
are  f.  talea  twig)  +  -kd  l] 

intag'lio,  n„  &  v.t.  Engraved  design  ;  carv- 
ing in  hard  material ;  gem  with  incised  design 
(cf.  cameo)  :  (v.t.)  engrave  (material,  design) 
ttius.    J(vb  f.  n.)  It.  (as  prec.)] 

i'ntake,  n.  (chiefly  Sc).  Place  where  water 
is  taken  into  channel  or  pipe  from  river  &c. ; 
airway  in  mine;  abrupt  narrowing  in  pipe, 
stocking,  &c.    [in  adv.  +  take  v.] 

inta'ngible,  a.  That  cannot  be  touched ; 
impalpable ;  that  cannot  be  grasped  mentally. 
Hence  in tangiBi'LiTV  n.,  inta*ngribLY2 adv. 
[f.  med.L  iN2(tangibilis  tangible)] 

Pntegep,  n.  Whole  number,  undivided  quan- 
tity, (cf.  fraction)  ;  thing  complete  in  itself. 
[L,  adj.  =  untouched,  whole  (in-2  +  tag-  root  of 
tangere  touch)] 

Pntegpal,  a.  &  n.  Of,  necessary  to  the  com- 
pleteness of,  a  whole ;  whole,  complete ;  (Math. ) 
of,  denoted  by,  an  integer,  involving  only  in- 
tegers ;  i.  calculus  (dealing  with  finding  &  pro- 
perties of  ii.  of  functions,  cf.  differential)  ; 
(n.)  quantity  of  which  a  given  function  is  the 
differential  or  differential  coefficient.  Hence 
or  cogn.  integrpa'liTY  n.,  Pnteg-palLY  2  ad  v. 
[f.  LL  integralis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

i*n  tegpan  t,  a.  (Of  parts)  component,  making 
up  a  whole,   [as  foil.,  see  -ant] 

i'nteg-rate l  (-at),  a.  Made  up  of  parts ; 
whole,  complete,    [as  foil.,  see  -ate2] 

i'ntegpate  2,  v. t.  Complete  (imperfect  thing) 
by  addition  or  parts ;  combine  (parts)  into  a 
whole ;  (Math.)  find  the  integral  of ;  indicate 
mean  value  or  total  sum  of  (area,  temperature, 
&c),  whence  i#nteg-patoR2(2)  n.  Hence  or 
cogn.  integPATiON  n.,  PntegratiVE  a.  [f.  L 
integrare  make  whole  (integer),  see  -ate  3] 

inte'gpity,  n.  Wholeness  ;  soundness ;  up- 
rightness, honesty,  [f.  L  integritas  wholeness, 
purity,  (integer,  see  -tv)] 

inte'gument,  n.  Skin,  husk,  rind,  or  other 
(usu.  natural)  covering.  Hence  integu- 
me'ntARY1  a.  [f.  L  integumentum  f.  iNtye- 
gere  cover),  see  -ment] 

i'ntellect,  n.  Faculty  of  knowing  &  reason- 
ing; understanding;  person,  persons  collec- 
tively, of  good  understanding,  [f.  L  intellectus 

-US  (as  INTELLIGENT)] 

intelle'ction,  n.    Action,  process,  of  under- 


standing, esp.  as  opp.  to  imagination.    So  in 
telle'ctivE  a.    [f.  L" 
gent,  see  -ION)] 

u 


;L  intellectio  (as  intelli- 


intellectual,  a.  &  n.  Of,  appealing  to,  re- 
quiring the  exercise  of,  intellect ;  (person)  pos- 
sessing a  good  understanding,  enlightened  per- 
son, esp.  the  ii.  (of  a  country  &c).  Hence  or 
cogn.  intellectua'liTV,  intelleetualiz.v 
tion,  nn„  intelle*ctualizE(3)  v.t.  &  i.,  in- 
telle'ctualLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  intellectualis  (as 
intellect,  see  -al)] 

intelle'ctualism,  n.  Doctrine  that  know- 
ledge is  wholly  or  mainly  derived  from  pure 
reason.    So  intelle*etualiST(2)  n.    [-ism] 

intelligence,  n.  Intellect,  understanding, 
whence  intellige'ntiAL  a. ;  quickness  of  un- 
derstanding, sagacity,  (of  person  or  animal) ; 
rational  being ;  information,  news.  [F,  f.  L  in- 
telligentia  (as  intelligent)] 

inteiligeneep,  n.  Bringer  of  news,  in- 
formant ;  secret  agent,  spy.    [f.  prec.  +  -er  x] 

intelligent,  a.  Having  or  showing  (usu.  a 
high  degree  of)  understanding.  Hence  inte'l- 
ligenti.v2  adv.  [f.  L  intelhgere  understand 
(inter-  -f  legere  gather,  pick  out,  read),  -ent] 

intelligible,  a.  That  can  be  understood  ; 
(Philos.)  that  can  be  apprehended  only  by  the 


intellect,  not  by  the  senses.  Hence  intelligi- 
bi-lity  n.,  inte'lligibLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  intelligi- 
bilis  (as  prec,  see  -ble)] 

inte'mpepate  (-at),  a.  (Of  person  or  con- 
duct) immoderate,  unbridled,  violent ;  exces- 
sive in  the  indulgence  of  an  appetite  ;  addicted 
to  drinking.  Hence  or  cogn.  inte'mpePANCE 
n.,  inte'mpepateLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  in  ^(temper  a- 

tuS,  as  TEMPER  V.)] 

intend,  v.t.  Purpose,  design,  as  we  i.  to  go, 
we  i.  no  harm,  we  i.  that  it  shall  be  done  today, 
was  this  intended  (done  on  purpose)  ? ;  design, 
destine,  (person,  thing)  for  a  purpose,  as  we  i. 
our  son  for  the  bar,  i.  him  to  go,  i.  it  as  a  stop- 
gap, this  torn  is  intended  for  you  {to  eat),  this 
daub  is  intended  for  (meant  to  represent)  me  ; 
mean,  as  what  exactly  do  you  i.  by  the  word  ?. 
[f.  F  entendre  f.  L  IN  ^(tendere  tent-  or  ^ens- 
stretch,  tend)  strain,  direct,  purpose] 

inte'ndant,  n.  Superintendent,  manager, 
of  public  business  &c  (chiefly  as  foreign  title). 
Hence  inte'ndanc  y  n.  [F,  f.  L  as  prec,  -ant] 

intended,  n.  (colloq.).  Affianced  lover,  as 
your,  his,  her,  i.    [p.p.  of  intend  as  n.] 

intendment,  n.  True  meaning  as  fixed  by 
law.  [f.  F  entendement  meaning  (as  intend, 
see  -ment)] 

intense,  a.  (-er,  -est).  (Of  quality  &c)  exist- 
ing in  a  high  degree,  violent,  vehement ;  hav- 
ing some  quality  in  high  degree  ;  (of  feeling  or 
action)  eager,  ardent;  feeling,  apt  to  feel,  i. 
emotion.  Hence  inte*nseLY2adv.,  intense- 
ness,  intensiFiCA'TioN,  inte'nsrrv,  nn.,  in- 
te'nsiFY  v.t.  &  i.   [F,  as  intent2] 

intension,  n.  Intensity,  high  degree,  of  a 
quality,  opp.  to  extension ;  strenuous  exertion 
of  mind  or  will.    [f.  L  intensio  (intend,  -ion)] 

inte'nsive,  a.  Of,  relating  to,  intensity  as 
opp.  to  extent;  intense  ;  (Gram.)  expressing  in- 
tensity, giving  force ;  (Econ.)  serving  to  in- 
crease production  of  given  area,  as  i.  methods, 
agriculture  ;  (Med.)  i.  inoculation  (in  which  in- 
tensity of  matter  introduced  is  increased  in 
successive  operations).  Hence  IntensiveLY- 
adv.    [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  as  intend,  see  -ive] 

inte'nt l,  n.  Intention,  purpose,  esp.  xvith  i. 
to  (defraud  &c),  xcith  malicious,  good,  &c,  i.\ 
(pi.)  to  all  ii.  &  purposes,  practically,  virtually. 
[ME  &  OF  (1)  entent  f.  L  intentus  -us,  (2)  entente 
f.  pop.  L  intenta  tern,  p.p.,  both  as  intend] 

inte'nt2,  a.  Resolved,  bent,  (on  doing,  on 
object) ;  sedulously  occupied  (on) ;  (of  faculties, 
looks,  &c)  earnest,  eager.  Hence  inte'ntLY2 
adv.,  intentNESS  n.  [f.  L  as  intend  ;  doub- 
let of  intense,  L  -tens-  having  chiefly  the  physi- 
cal, -tent-  the  mental  senses] 

intention,  n.  Intending;  thing  intended, 
purpose,  whence  (-)inte'ntionED 2  a. ;  ulti- 
mate aim ;  (pi.,  colloq.)  purposes  in  respect  of 
proposal  of  marriage  ;  (Med.)  second  i.,  healing 
of  wound  by  granulation,  first  i.,  healing  with- 
out this  by  immediate  re-union  of  parts ;  (Log- 
ic) conception,  as  first  ii.,  primary  conceptions 
of  things  (e.g.  a  tree,  an  oak),  second  ii.,  secon- 
dary conceptions  (e.g.  difference,  identity,  spe- 
cies); (R.-C.  Ch. )  special,  particular,  i.,  special 
object  for  which  mass  is  celebrated  &c  [OF, 
f.  L  intentionem  (as  intend,  see  -ion)] 

intentional,  a.  Done  on  purpose.  Hence 
intentionally  -  adv.  [f.  med.L  intentionalis 
(as  prec,  see  -al)] 

intep*1,  v.t.  (-rr-).  Deposit  (corpse  &c)  in 
earth,  tomb,  &c. ;  bury.  [f.  OF  enterrer  f.  pop. 
Lin  Hterrare  f.  terra  earth)] 

t  titer  %  t  prep.  (L).  Between,  among,  as  ?'. 
d'lia,  amongst  other  things,  i.  nos,  se,  between 
ourselves,  themselves. 

inter-,  pref.  =  prec    Besides  wds  given  in 


INTERACT 

their  alphab.  place,  inter-  is  used  freely  to  form 
(1)  vbs,  nn.,  &  aa.,  expr.  mutual  or  reciprocal 
action  or  relation,  or  with  sense  'among',  'be- 
tween',  as:  -be'd,  embed  (thing)  between 
others;  -ce'nsal,  between  two  censuses;  -col- 
le'giate,  carried  on  &c.  between  colleges  ;  -col- 
u'mnar,  placed,  existing,  between  two  columns; 
-columnia'tion,  placing  of  columns  at  intervals, 
such  interval ;  -connect,  connect  by  reciprocal 
links ;  -convertible,  interchangeable ;  -cro'ss,  t. 
&  i.,  lay,  lie,  across  each  other,  (cause  to)  pro- 
pagate with  each  other;  -flow,  n.  &  v.i.,  flow 
into  each  other ;  -grada'tion,  gradual  approxi- 
mation ;  -grade,  (v.i.) pass  into  another  form  by 
intervening  grades,  (n.)  such  grade;  -growth, 
growing  of  things  into  each  other ;  -ja'culatory, 
expressed  in  parenthetical  ejaculations ;  -kni't, 
intertwine ;  -la'p,  overlap ;  -li'nk,  link  together 
(things,  one  with  another) ;  -ocea'nic,  between, 
connecting,  two  oceans  ;  -plai't,  plait  together ; 
-provincial,  situated,  carried  on,  between  pro- 
vinces ;  -pu'nction,  punctuation  ;  -pu'nctuate, 
punctuate ;  -ra'cial,  existing  between  different 
races  ;  -shoo't,  shoot  or  glance  (t.  &  i.)  at  inter- 
vals, variegate  (thing  with  colours  &c,  esp.  in 
p.p.  -shot) ;  -space,  interval  of  space  or  time ; 
-ta'ngle,  tangle  together,  whence  -ta'nglement 
n. ;  -texture,  interweaving;  -tri'bal,  existing 
between  different  tribes ;  -twi'st,  twist  together ; 
-vei'n,  intersect  (as)  with  veins ;  -wor'k,  (trans.) 
interweave,  lit.  &  fig.,  (intr.)  work  upon  each 
other;  -wrea'the,  wreathe  together.  (2)  Scien- 
tific, esp.  anat.,  wds  w.  sense '  between ',  chiefly 
adjj.,  as:  -arti'cular,  between  contiguous  sur- 
faces of  a  joint ;  -co'stal,  between  the  ribs  (of 
body  or  ship),  (n.  pi.)  i.  parts ;  -di'gital,  between 
fingers  or  toes ;  -di'gitate,  interlock  like  fingers 
of  clasped  hands,  so  -digita'tion  n. ;  -fa'cial,  in- 
cluded between  two  faces  of  crystal  or  other 
solid  ;  -femoral,  between  the  thighs ;  -folia'ce- 
ous,  placed  alternately  between  a  pair  of  oppo- 
site leaves  ;  -gla'cial,  between  glacial  periods ; 
-lo'todar,  between  lobes;  -node,  (Bot.)  part  of 
stem  between  two  of  the  knots  from  which 
leaves  arise,  (Anat.)  slender  part  between  two 
joints,  esp.  bone  of  finger  or  toe ;  -o'sseous,  be- 
tween bones ;  -pari'etal,  between  right  &  left 
parietal  bones  of  skull;  -septal,  between  par- 
titions; -spi'nal,  spi'nous,  between  spines  or 
spinous  processes ;  -ste'llar,  between  stars ; 
-stratification,  -stra'tified,  interspersion,  in- 
terspersed, {with  strata). 

i'ntepact1,  n.  Interval  between  two  acts  of 
play ;  interlude,    [inter-,  after  F  entr'acte'] 

intera'et 2,  v.i.  Act  reciprocally,  act  on  each 
other.  Hence  intera'etiON  n.,  intera'ctiVE 
a.    [inter-] 

interblend,  v.t.  &i.  Mingle  (things,  one  with 
another);  (intr. )  blend  with  each  other,  [inter-] 

interbree'd,  v. t.  &  i.  Cross-breed ;  (intr. ,  of 
animals  of  different  race  or  species)  breed  with 
each  other,    [inter-] 

inter'ealary,  a.  (Of  day  or  month)  inserted 
in  calendar  to  harmonize  calendar  with  solar 
year ;  (of  year)  having  such  additions  ;  inter- 
polated, intervening,  [f.  L  intercalarius  (as 
foil.,  see  -ary  !)] 

intercalate,  v.t.  Insert  (intercalary  day 
&c.  or  abs.) ;  interpose  (anything  out  of  ordinary 
course,  esp.  in  p.p.  of  strata).  So  intereal.v 
tion  n.  [f.  L  iNTER(caZare  proclaim),  see  -ate3] 

interce'de,  v.i.  Interpose  on  behalf  of  an- 
other, plead  (with  one  person  for  another),  [f. 
L  iNTER(cedere  cess-  go)  intervene] 

interce'pt,  v.t.  Seize,  catch,  (person  &c.)  on 
the  way  from  place  to  place ;  cut  off  (light  &c. 


427 INTERFERE 

from) ;  check,  stop ;  (Math.)  mark  off  (space)  be- 
tween two  points  &c.  Hence  or  cogn.  inter- 
ee*ptiON,  intereentOR2,  nn.,  interce'p- 
tiVE  a.  [f.  L  iKTER(cxpere  cept-  =  capere  take)] 
intei*ce*ssion,  n.  Interceding,  esp.  by 
prayer.  So  interce'ssoR  2  n. ,  in tercessor* - 
ial,  IntePce'ssoRY,  aa.    [f.  L  intercessio  (as 

INTERCEDE,  See  -ION)] 

interchange  i,  n.   Reciprocal  exchange  (of 
things)  between  two  persons  &c. ;  alternation, 
[f.  OF  entrechange  (as  foil.)] 
interchange2,  v.t.    (Of  two  persons)  ex- 
change (things)  with  each  other ;  put  each  of 
(two  things)  in  the  other's  place ;   alternate. 
Hence  or  cogn.  interehangeaBi'LiTY,  In- 
terehangeableNESS,  nn.,  interchange- 
able  a.,  interchangeable  2  adv.  [f.  OFen- 
trechangier  (entre-  inter-  +  changier  change)] 
intercolonial,  a.     Existing,   carried   on, 
between  different  colonies,    [inter-] 
intercommunicate,  v.i.     Have  mutual 
intercourse  ;  have  free  passage  to  each  other. 
So  intereommunieATiON  n.    [inter-] 
intercommunion,    n.      Intimate    inter- 
course ;  mutual  action  or  relation,    [inter-] 
intercommunity,  n.     Being  common  to 
various  parties;    having  things  in  common. 
[inter-] 

intercourse,  n.  Social  communication, 
dealings,  between  individuals;  communion 
between  man  &  God ;  communication  for  trade 
purposes  &c.  between  different  countries  &c. ; 
sexual  connexion,  [f.  OF  entrecours  f.  entre- 
corre  run  between  f.  L  iNTER(cwrere  curs-  run)] 
intercurrent,  a.  (Of  time  or  event)  inter- 
vening; (of  disease)  occurring  duringprogress  of 
another,  (also)  recurring  at  intervals.  Hence 
intercunrENCE  n.  [f.  L  as  prec,  -ent] 
interdepend,  v.i.  Depend  on  each  other. 
So  interdependENCE,  -ency,  nn.,  interde- 
pendENT  a.,  interdependentLY2  adv. 
[inter] 

interdict l,  n.  Authoritative  prohibition  ; 
(R.-C  Ch.)  sentence  debarring  person  or  place 
from  ecclesiastical  functions  &c.  [f.  OF  entre- 
dit  f.  entredire  f.  L  iNTER(dzcere  diet-  say)] 
interdi'ct2,  v.t.  Prohibit  (action);  forbid 
use  of ;  restrain  (person  from  doing) ;  forbid 
(thing  to  person).  So  interdi'ctiON  n.,  in- 
terdi'ctORY  a.  [ME  entrediten  (as  prec),  re- 
fash,  on  L] 

interest1,  n.  Legal  concern,  title,  right,  (in 
property) ;  pecuniary  stake  (in  commercial  un- 
dertaking &c.) ;  VESTcd  ii.;  advantage,  profit, 
as  it  is  (to)  your  i.  to  go,  I  do  it  in  your  i.,  in  the 
i.  (or  ii.)  of  truth ;  thing  in  which  one  is  con- 
cerned ;  principle  in  which  a  party  is  concerned ; 
party  having  a  common  i.,  as  the  brewing  i. ; 
selfish  -pursuit  of  one's  own  welfare  ;  make  i., 
bring  personal  interest  to  bear  (with  person) ; 
concern,  curiosity,  esp.  take  an  i.,  no  i.,  in; 
money  paid  for  use  of  money  lent  or  for  for- 
bearance of  debt ;  simple  i.  (reckoned  on  prin- 
cipal only,  &  paid  at  fixed  intervals) ;  compound 
i.  (reckoned  on  principal  &  on  accumulations  of 
L).  [L,=it  matters,  3rd  sing.  pres.  of  iNTER(esse 
be) ;  earlier  interess  f.  L  inf.  in  sense  compen- 
satory payment] 

interest2,  v.t.  Cause  (person)  to  take  per- 
sonal interest  or  share  (in) ;  excite  curiosity  or 
attention  of,  whence  interesti  ng  2  (-teres-)  a. , 
inter  estingLY2  adv.  Hence  interested- 
ly y  2  adv.  [earlier  interess  (vb  f.  n.)  as  prec] 
interfere*,  v.i.  (Of  things)  come  into  col- 
lision or  opposition  (xoith) ;  (of_person)  meddle 
(with  or  abs.),  whence  interfer'iNG2  a. ;  inter- 


For  other  words  in  inter-  see  inter-. 


INTERFLUENT 


428 


INTERNECINE 


vene,  take  part,  (in) ;  (Physics,  of  waves  of 
light  &c.)  strike  against  each  other  ;  (of  horse) 
knock  one  leg  against  another.  Hence  inter- 
fer'ENCE  n.  [f.  OF  s'entreferir  strike  each 
other  (entre-  inter-  +f6rir  f.  hferire  strike)] 

inter'fluent,  a.  Flowing  into  each  other,  [f. 
L  iTXTERifluere  flow),  see  -ent] 

interfu*se(-z),v.t.  &i.  Intersperse, mix,(thing 
with) ;  blend  (things)  together ;  (of  two  things) 
blend  with  each  other.  So  interfirsiON  (-zhn) 
n.    [f.  L  iSTERifunderefus-  pour)] 

i'ntepim,  adv.,  n.,  a.  (In  the)  meantime ;  in- 
tervening ;  provisional,  temporary.  [L  (inter 
-f  adv.  suf.  -im)] 

intep'iop,  a.  &  n.  Situated  within  ;  inland, 
remote  from  coast  or  frontier ;  internal,  domes- 
tic, opp.  to  foreign ;  existing  in  mind  or  soul, 
inward.  (NT.)  i.  part,  inside  ;  inland  region  ;  in- 
side of  building  or  room,  picture  of  this  ;  inner 
nature,  soul ;  (department  dealing  with)  home 
affairs  of  a  country,  as  Minister  of  the  I.  Hence 
inteP'ioPLY  2  adv.  [L,  compar.  adj.  f.  inter] 

intepja'eent,  a.  Lying  between,  intermedi- 
ate,   [f.  L  iNTERO'acere  lie),  see  -ent] 

intepje'et,  v.t.  Throw  in,  interpose,  (re- 
mark &c.)  abruptly;  remark  parenthetically, 
[f.  L  WTEn(jicereject-  =jacSre  throw)] 

intepje'ction,  n.  Ejaculation,  exclamation ; 
natural  ejaculation  viewed  as  part  of  speech 
(e.g.  ah !,  whew .').  Hence  or  cogn.  intepje'e- 
tionAL,  intepje'etORY,  aa.,  intepje'ction- 
alLY  2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  interjectionem  (prec. ,  -ion)] 

intepla'ce,  v.t.  &  i.  Bind  together  intricate- 
ly, entangle;  interweave  (often  fig.);  mingle 
(two  things,  one  with  another) ;  cross  each 
other  intricately.  Hence  intepla'eeMENT  n. 
[f.  F  entrelacer  (entre-  inter-  -f  lacer  lace)] 

inteplap'd,  v.t.  Mix  (writing,  speech,  with 
foreign  words  &c).  [f.  F  entrelarder  (entre- 
inter-  +  larder  lard)] 

i-nterleaf,  n.  (pi.  -ves).  Extra  leaf  (usu. 
blank)  between  leaves  of  book,    [inter-] 

inteplea've,  v.t.  Insert  (usu.  blank)  leaves 
between  leaves  of  (book,  also  fig.),   [f.  prec] 

intepli'ne,  v.t.  Insert  words  between  lines  of 
(document  &c. ) ;  insert  (words)  thus.  So  intep- 
HneA'TiON  n.  [prob.  f.  med.L  iHTER(lineare  f. 
linea  line)] 

intepli'neap,  a.  Written,  printed,  between 
the  lines,    [f.  med.L  iHTER(linearis  linear)] 

inteplo'ek,  v.i.  &  t.  (Intr.)  engage  with  each 
other  by  overlapping  &c. ;  (trans.,  usu.  pass.) 
lock,  clasp,  within  each  other ;  (Railways)  con- 
nect (levers  for  signals  &c.)  by  bolts  &c.  to  en- 
sure uniformity  of  movement,    [inter-] 

intepld'cutop,  n.  One  who  takes  part  in 
dialogue  or  conversation  ;  my  i.,  the  person  in 
conversation  with  me.  Hence  or  cogn.  intep- 
loeu'tioN,  inteplcreutPEss  *,  inteplccu- 
trix,  nn.,  inteplo'cutORY  a.  [f.  L  inter- 
(loqui  locut-  talk),  see  -ion] 

inteplo'pep,  n.  Intruder,  one  who  (esp.  for 
profit)  thrusts  himself  into  others'  affairs; 
(Hist.)  unauthorized  trader.  Sointeplo'pe  v.i. 
[inter-  +  loper  f.  lope  dial,  form  of  leap] 

i'nteplude,  n.  Pause  between  acts  of  play  ; 
what  fills  this  up;  (Mus.)  instrumental  piece 
played  between  verses  of  psalm  or  hymn  &c.  ; 
intervening  time  or  space  of  different  charac- 
ter ;  event,  amusing  incident,  &c,  interposed  ; 
(Hist.)  dramatic  or  mimic  representation  be- 
tween acts  of  mystery-plays  or  moralities,  [f. 
med.L  iSTER(ludium  t  ludiis  play)] 

interma'priage,  n.  Marriage  between 
members  of  different  families,  castes,  tribes, 
&c,  or  (loosely)  between  near  relations,  [inter-] 


intepma'ppy,  v.i.  (Of  tribes,  nations,  fami- 
lies, &c.)  become  connected  by  marriage  [with 
other  tribes  &c).    [inter-] 

intermeddle,  v.i.  Concern  oneself  (with, 
in,  esp.  what  is  not  one's  business),  [f.  OF  en- 
tremesler  (entre-  inter-  +  mesler  meddle)] 

intermediary,  a.  &  n.  Acting  between 
parties,  mediatory;  intermediate;  (n.)  i.  person, 
thing,  esp.  mediator,    [f.  intermedium,  -ary  *] 

intermediate  '  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Coming  be- 
tween two  things,  as  regards  time,  place,  or 
order ;(n.)i.  thing.  Hence  intepme'diateLY2 
adv.  [f.  med.L intermedials  f.  L  iNTER(medius 
middle),  -ate2! 

interme'diate2,  v.i.  Act  between  others, 
mediate,  (between).  Hence  intepmediA"noN, 
intepme'diatoR2,  nn.    [inter-] 

interme'dium,  n.  (pi.  -ia,  -iums).  Inter- 
mediate thing,  medium,  esp.  one  serving  to 
transmit  energy  through  space.    [L,  neut.  adj. 

as  INTERMEDIATE  !] 

internment,  n.    Burial,    [inter  ]  +  -ment] 

interme'zzo  (-dzo),  n.  Short  light  dramatic 
or  other  performance  between  acts  of  drama  or 
opera,  short  movement  connecting  main  divi- 
sions of  large  musical  work.  [It.,  pop.  form  of 
intermedio  (as  intermediate  l)] 

intermigr-a-tion,  n.  Reciprocal  migration. 
[inter-] 

intep'minable,  a.  Endless  ;  tediously  long. 
Hence  intep'minableNESS  n.,  intep'min- 
abLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  in  ^(terminabilis  f.  termi- 
nare  terminate,  see  -ble)] 

intepmi'ng-le,  v.t.  &  i.  Mix  together  (two 
things,  one  with  another) ;  (intr.)  mingle  (with). 
[inter-] 

intepmi'ssion,  n.  Pause,  cessation,  esp. 
without  i.    [f.  L  intermissio  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 

intepmi't,  v.t.  &  i.  (-tt-).  Suspend,  discon- 
tinue ;  stop  for  a  time  (esp.  of  fever,  pain,  &c, 
or  of  pulse).  Hence  or  cogn.  intepmi'ttENCE 
n. ,  intepmi'ttENT  a.,  intermittent  ly  2adv. 
[f.  L  iHTER(mittere  miss-  send)] 

intepnvix,  v.t.  &  i.  Mix  together.  So  in- 
termi'xtURE  n.    [first  in  p.p.,  see  mix] 

intep'n,  v.t.  Oblige  to  reside  within  limits 
of  country  &c.  Hence  intep'nMENT  n.  [f.  F 
internerf.  L  internus  internal  (m+suf.  -ternus)] 

internal,  a.  &  n.  Of,  situated  in,  the  inside 
of  a  thing ;  of  the  inner  nature  of  a  thing,  in- 
trinsic ;  i.  evidence,  derived  from  what  is  con- 
tained in  the  thing  itself  (cf.  external)  ;  of  the 
domestic  affairs  of  a  country  ;  of  the  mind  or 
soul,  inward,  subjective ;  (n.  pi.)  intrinsic  quali- 
ties. Hence  intepna'luv  n.,  intep'nalLY2 
ad  v.    [f .  late  med.  L  internalis  (as  prec. ,  see  -  al)] 

international,  a.  Existing,  carried  on,  be- 
tween different  nations ;  of  the  I.  Working 
Men's  Association  (for  promoting  joint  political 
action  of  working  classes  in  all  countries) ;  (n.) 
one  who  takes  part  in  i.  (usu.  athletic)  contest, 
member  of  above  Association.  Hence  intep- 
nationa'liTY  n.,   intepna'tionalLY2  adv. 

[INTER-] 

intepna'tionalist,  n.  One  who  advocates 
community  of  interests  between  nations,  esp. 
supporter  of  Association  named  in  prec,  so 
interna'tionaliSM  n.;  one  versed  in  interna- 
tional law.    [-1ST] 

internationalize,  v.t.  Make  international, 
esp.  bring  (territory  &c)  under  combined  pro- 
tection &c.  of  different  nations.  Hence  intep- 
nationalizA'TioN  n.    [-ize] 

interne'cme,  a.  Mutually  destructive; 
(orig.)  deadly,  as  i.  war.  [f.  L  internecinus  t. 
iNTER(necare  kill)  destroy,  see  -ine  j] 


For  other  words  in  inter-  see  inter-. 


INTERNUNCIAL 


429 


INTIMATE 


internirneial,  a.  (Of  nerves)  communicat- 
ing between  different  parts  of  the  system,  [f. 
L  as  foil.  +  -alJ 

internu'ncio  (-shio),  n.  Ambassador  of  Pope 
when  or  where  no  nuncio  is  employed  ;  minister 
representing  (esp.  Austrian)  government  at 
Ottoman  Porte.  If.  It.  internunzio  f.  L inter- 
(nuntius  messenger)] 

intercseulate,  v.i.  Intermingle  with  each 
other ;  form  connecting  link.    Hence  inter- 

OSCUlATION  n.      [INTER-] 

interpa'ge,  v.t.  Print,  insert,  on  interme- 
diate pages,    [inter-] 

interpellate,  v.t.  (In  foreign,  esp.  French, 
Chamber)  interrupt  order  of  day  by  demanding 
explanation  from  (Minister  concerned).  So  in- 
ter pell  a  tion,  interpellates 2,  nn.  [f.  L 
iSTER(pellare  var.  oipellere  drive),  see  -ate3] 

interpenetrate,  v.t.  &  i.  Penetrate  thor- 
oughly, pervade  ;  penetrate  reciprocally ;  (intr., 
of  two)  penetrate  each  other.  So  interpene- 
tPA'TiON  n.,  interpe'netrativE  a.  [inter-] 

i'nterplay,  n.  Reciprocal  play  ;  operation 
of  two  things  on  each  other,    [inter-] 

interpolate,  v.t.  Make  insertions  in  (book 
&c. ),  esp.  so  as  to  give  false  impression  as  to  date 
&c;  introduce  (words)  thus  ;  (Math.)  insert  (in- 
termediate term)  in  series.  So  interpolA"- 
tion,  inter'polatoR  2,  nn.  [f.  L  inter(  polare 
cogn.  w.  polire  polish)  furbish  up,  -ate  3] 

interpo'se  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Insert,  make  inter- 
vene, (between) ;  put  forth,  introduce,  (veto, 
objection,authority,&c)by  way  of  interference; 
intervene  (between  disputants  &c);  say  (quoted 
words)  as  an  interruption ;  make  an  interruption. 
Hence  interpo'SAL  n.    [f.  F  iNTER(poser,  see 

COMPOSE)] 

interposition,  n.  Interposing  ;  thing  inter- 
posed ;  interference.  [F,  f.  L  interpositionem 
f.  in  TEK(ponere  posit-  place)] 

interpret,  v.t.  &  i.  Expound  the  meaning 
of  (abstruse  words,  writings,  &c.) ;  make  out 
the  meaning  of;  bring  out  the  meaning  of,  ren- 
der, by  artistic  representation  or  performance ; 
explain,  understand,  in  specified  manner,  as 
this  we  i.  as  a  threat ;  act.as  interpreter.  Hence 
or  cogn.  interpret  able,  inter'pretATiVE, 
aa.,  interpret  a  tion  n.  [f.  F  interpreter  f.  L 
interpretari  f.  iNTER(pres  -pretis  cogn.  w.  Skr. 
prath-  spread  abroad)  explainer,  interpreter] 

interpreter,  n.  One  who  interprets ;  one 
whose  office  it  is  to  translate  orally  in  their 
presence  the  words  of  persons  speaking  differ- 
entlanguages.  Hence  inter'pretersHiP,  in- 
ter'pretrsss  1,  nn.  [f.  OF  interpreteur  f.  LL 
interpretatorem  (as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

interregnum,  n.  (pi.  -na,  -nums).  Period 
during  which  State  has  no  normal  ruler,  esp.  be- 
tween end  of  king's  reign  &  accession  of  success- 
or ;  interval,  pause.    [L  iNTER(refirw/um  reign)] 

interrelation,  n.  Mutual  relation,  [inter-] 

interrelationship,  n.  Mutual  relation- 
ship,   [inter-] 

interrogate,  v.t.  Ask  questions  of  (person 
&c),  esp.  closely  or  formally.  So  Inte'rrogat- 
or  2  n.    [f.  L  iNTER(ro#are  ask),  see  -ate  3] 

interrogation,  n.  Asking  questions ;  ques- 
tion ;  point,  mark,  note,  o/(used  to  express)  i.(?). 
[F,  f.  L  interrogationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

interrogative,  a.  &  n.  Of,  having  the  form 
or  force  of,  a  question ;  of  inquiry,  as  an  i.  tone  ; 
(Gram.,  of  words)  used  in  asking  question,  as  i. 
pronouns  (who  ?,  which  ?,  &c.)  Hence  inter- 
ro'gativeLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  interrogativus  (as 
prec,  see  -ive)] 

interrd'gatory,  a.  &  n.     Of  inquiry,  as  an 


i.  tone;  (n.)  question,  set  of  questions,  esp.  (Law) 
one  formally  put  to  accused  person  &c  |f.  LL 
interrogatorius  (as  prec,  see  -orv)] 

interru'pt,  v.t.  Break  in  upon  (action,  pro- 
cess, speech,  person  speaking,  &c,  or  abs.) ;  ob- 
struct (view  &c);  break  the  continuity  of. 
Hence  or  cogn.  interru'ptedLY 2  adv.,  in- 
terru'ptER1,  interrirptiON,  nn.,  inter- 
ru'ptORY  a.    [f.  L  iNTER(rumpere  rupt- break)] 

interse'et,  v.t.  &  i.  Divide  (thing)  by  passing 
or  lying  across  it ;  (of  lines  &c)  cross,  cut,  each 
other,    [f.  L  iNTER(secare  sect-  cut)] 

intersection,  n.  Intersecting  ;  point,  line, 
common  to  intersecting  lines,  planes.  Hence 
intersection al  a.  [r.  L  interseciio  (as  prec, 
see  -ion)] 

intersperse,  v.t.  Scatter,  place  here  & 
there  (between,  among) ;  diversify  (thing)  with 
(others  so  scattered).  So  intersper'siON  n. 
[f.  L  iNTER(s£>er#ere  spers-  =  spargere  scatter)] 

interstate,  a.  (U.S.).  Existing,  carried  on, 
between  States,    [inter-] 

inter'stice  (o?1  i'n-),  n.  Intervening  space  ; 
chink,  crevice,  [f.  L  interstitium  f.  inter(*is- 
tere  stit-  stand)] 

interstitial  (-shl),  a.  Of,  forming,  occupying, 
interstices,    [as  prec  +  -al] 

intertwi'ne,  v.t.  &  i.  Entwine  (things,  one 
with  another) ;  become  entwined.  Hence  in- 
ter twi'neMENT  n.    [inter-] 

i'nterval,  n.  Intervening  time  or  space ; 
pause  ;  break,  gap ;  at  ii.,  here  &  there,  now  & 
then ;  (Mus.)  difference  of  pitch  between  two 
sounds,  in  melody  or  harmony ;  distance  be- 
tween persons  or  things  in  respect  of  qualities. 
Hence  interva'llic  a.  [f.  L  iNTER(va/Zwm 
rampart)  space  between  ramparts,  interval] 

interve'ne,  v.i.  Come  in  as  something  ex- 
traneous ;  occur  in  the  meantime ;  (of  person 
or  thing)  come  between,  interfere,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent or  modify  result  &c;  lie,  be  situated,  be- 
tween. So  interveniENT  a.,  interve'ntioN 
n.    [f.  L  iNTER(re«ire  vent-  come)] 

i'nterview,  n.,  &  v.t.  Meeting  of  persons 
face  to  face,  esp.  for  purpose  of  conference  ; 
meeting  between  person  employed  by  news- 
paper &  some  one  from  whom  he  seeks  to  get 
statements  for  publication  ;  (v.t.)  have  an  i. 
with  (person),  esp.  with  a  view  to  publication 
of  his  statements.  Hence  i'nterviewER 1  n. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  entrevue  f.  s'entrevoir  (entre-  in- 
ter- +  voir  f.  L  videre  see)] 

intervelve,  v.t.  Wind,  roll  up,  (things) 
within  each  other,    [f.  inter-  +  L  volvere  roll] 

interwea've,  v.t.  Weave  together,  inter- 
lace, (things,  one  with  another) ;  blend  inti- 
mately,   [inter-] 

interwi*nd,v.t.  &i.  Wind  together,  [inter-] 

intestate  (-at),  a.  &  n.  (Of  person)  not  having 
made  a  will,  as  he  died  i.;  (n.)i.  person.  Hence 
inte'stACY  n.  [f.  L  in  2(testatus  p.p.  of  testari 
make  will  f.  testis  witness)] 

intestine1,  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  lower  part  of  ali- 
mentary canal  from  pyloric  end  of  stomach  to 
anus  ;  small,  large,  i.,  parts  of  this.  So  intes- 
tinAL  (or  -i'nal)  a.    [f .  L  neut.  adj.  as  foil.] 

inte'stine2,  a.  (Of  wars  &c)  internal,  do- 
mestic civil ;  i.  motion  (entirely  within  a  body), 
[f.  L  intestinus  internal  (intus  within)] 

i'ntimate J  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Close  in  acquaint- 
ance, familiar,  as  i.  friend(ship) ;  i.  (close)  con- 
nexion ;  i.  knowledge  (resulting  from  familiar- 
ity) ;  essential,  intrinsic ;  (of  diary)  recording 
emotions  &c;  (n.)  i.  friend.  Hence  i'ntimACY 
n.,  i'ntimateLv 2  adv.    [foil.,  -ate2] 

i'ntimate2,  v.t.    Make  known,  state,  (fact, 


For  other  words  in  inter-  see  inter-. 


INTIMIDATE 


430 


INTUITIVISM 


wish,  that) ;  imply,  hint.  So  intimA'TiON  n. 
[f.  LL  intimare  (intimus  inmost),  -ate  3] 

inti'midate,  v.t.  Inspire  with  fear,  cow,  esp. 
in  order  to  influence  conduct.  Hence  intimi- 
cIa'tion,  inti'midatOR2,  nn.  If.  med.L  in1- 
timidare  f.  timidus  timid),  see  -ate3] 

inti'mity,  n.  Inwardness ;  privacy,  [f.  L 
intimus  inmost,  see  -tv] 

inti'tule,  v.t.  Entitle  (Act  of  Parliament, 
usu.  p.p.).  [f.  OF  intituler  f.  LL  in  Htitulare  f. 
titulus  TITLE)] 

i'nto  (as  to),  prep.  expr.  motion  or  direction  to 
a  point  within  a  thing,  lit.  &  fig.,  as :  come  i.  the 
garden,  throw  it  i.  the  fire,  look  i.  the  box,  the 
matter,  inquire  i.  it,  get  i.  trouble,  come  i.  (ac- 
quire) property,  watching  far  on  i.  the  night ; 
expr.  change,  condition,  result,  as :  turn  stones 
i.  gold,  collect  them  i.  heaps,  divide  them  i.  three 
classes,  flogged  i.  submission,    [in+to] 

i'ntoed  (-6d),  a.  Having  the  toes  turned  in- 
wards,   [in  adv.  +  toe  +  -ED  2] 

intolerable,  a.  That  cannot  be  endured. 
Hence  into'lepableNESS  n.,  into'lerabLY  2 
adv.    [f.  L  in  molerabilis  tolerable)] 

into'lerant,  a.  Not  tolerant  (of,  esp.  religi- 
ous opinions  differing  from  one's  own).  Hence 
or  cogn.  into'lePANCE  n.,  into'lerantLv 2 
adv.    [f.  L  in  molerans  tolerant^] 

i'ntonate,  v.t.    =  intone,    [-ate3] 

intona'tion,  n.  Reciting  in  singing  voice ; 
(Church  Mus.)  opening  phrase  of  plain-song 
melody;  utterance,  production,  or  musical 
tones ;  modulation  of  voice,  accent,  [as  foil., 
see  -ation] 

into'ne,  v.t.  Recite  (psalm,  prayer,  &c,  or 
abs.)  in  singing  voice ;  utter  with  particular 
tone.    [f.  L  in  Mfonare  f.  tonus  tone)] 

into'xieant,  a.  &  n.  Intoxicating  (liquor). 
[as  foil.,  see  -ant] 

into'xieate,  v.t.  Make  drunk;  excite,  ex- 
hilarate, beyond  self-control.  Hence  into'xi- 
eatiNG2  a.,  intoxieA'TiON  n.  [f.  med.L  in1- 
(toxicare  smear  with  poison  f.  toxicum  f.  Gk 
toxikon  f.  toxa  arrows),  see  -ate3] 

i'ntra-  in  comb.  =  L  intra  on  the  inside,  with- 
in, as:  -cra-nial,  within  the  skull ;  -mur'al,  ex- 
isting, done,  within  walls. 

intra'etable,  a.  Not  docile,  refractory ;  (of 
things)  not  easily  dealt  with.  Hence  intraeta- 
bi'lity,  intra'etablexEss,  nn.,  intra'ct- 
abLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  in  ^(tractabUis  tractable)] 

intra'dds,  n.  (arch.).  Lower  or  interior  curve 
of  arch  (cf.  extrados).    [F  (intra-  +  dos  back)] 

intransigent,  a.  &  n.  Uncompromising 
in  politics;  (n.)  uncompromising  Republican, 
[f.  F  intransigeant  f.  Sp.  los  intransigentes  ex- 
treme Republicans  f.  in-2  +  L  TRANS(iflrere  = 
agere  act)  come  to  an  understanding,  see  -ent] 

intra'nsitive,  a.  &  n.  (Verb)  that  does  not 
take  a  direct  object  (cf.  transitive).  Hence 
intpa'nsitiveLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  w2(transitivus 

TRANSITIVE)] 

i'ntpant,  n.  One  who  enters  a  college,  asso- 
ciation, &c.    [f.  L  intrare  enter,  see  -ant] 

intpe'pid,  a.  Fearless,  brave.  Hence  intpe- 
pi'diTY  n.,  intpe*pidLY2  adv.  [f.  L  iN2(ire- 
pidus  alarmed)] 

intricate  (-at),  a.  Perplexingly  entangled; 
involved ;  obscure.  Hence  i'ntPieACY  n.,  i*n- 
tpieateLY2  adv.  [f.  L  iNl(tricare  f.  tricae 
tricks),  see  -ate  2] 

i*ntPig<u)ant(-gant),  n.  (fem.  intrig(u)a'nte, 
pron. -ahnt,-ant,orasF).  Intriguer.  [F  (-guant), 
part,  as  foll.l 

intpi-g-uei  (-eg),  v.t     Carry  on  underhand 

f»lot ;  employ  secret  influence  (with) ;  have  a 
iaison  (irith).    [f.  F  intriguer  (as  intricate)] 
intPi'&ue2  (-eg),  n.    Underhand  plotting  or 


plot  j  secret  amour,  liaison.  [F,  f.  It.  intrigo  f. 
intrigare  (as  intricate)] 

intrinsic,  a.  Belonging  naturally,  inherent, 
essential,  esp.  i.  value  (cf.  extrinsic).  Hence 
intrinsic  ally  adv.  [f.  F  intrinseque  f.  med.L 
intrinsecus  (adj.  f.  adv.),  cf.  extrinsic] 

intPO-  in  comb.=L  intro  to  the  inside,  as: 
-Jle'xion,  inward  bending;  -gre'ssion,  going  or 
coming  in;  -susce'ption,  (Phys.,  Biol.)=  intus- 
susception. 

intpodu'ce,  v.t.  Bring  in  ;  place  in,  insert ; 
bring  into  use  (custom,  idea,  improvement,  &c, 
into  place,  system,  &c);  usher  in,  bring  for- 
ward, (matter  &c);  (of  conjunctions  &c.)  open 
(sentence) ;  make  known,  esp.  in  formal  manner 
(person  to  another);  bring  (young  lady)  out  into 
society  ;  draw  attention  of  (person  to  subject 
&c);  bring  (bill  &c. )  before  Parliament.  So  In- 
tPodu'etORY  a.   [f.  L  iNTRO(eJwcere  duct-  lead)] 

introdu*etion,n.  Introducing;  preliminary 
matter  prefixed  to  book ;  (as  title)  introductory 
treatise ;  formal  presentation  of  one  person  to 
another ;  letter  of  i.  (given  by  one  person  to  an- 
other &  introducing  him  to  a  third).  [F,  f.  L 
introductionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

intromit,  n.  (eccl.).  Psalm,  antiphon,  sung 
while  priest  approaches  altar  to  celebrate  mass 
or  Holy  Communion,  [f.  F  introit(e)  f.  L  introi- 
tus  -us  f.  iNTRO(tre  it-  go)] 

intpomi't,  v.t.  (archaic),  (-tt-).  Let  in,  admit, 
(into);  insert.  So  intromi'ssiON  n.,  intro- 
mi'ttENT  a.    [f.  L  iNTRO(mi#ere  miss-  send)] 

intPOspe*et,v.i.  Examine  one's  own  thoughts 
&  feelings.  Hence  intPOspe'etiON,  intro- 
spe'etioniST,  intPOspe'etiveNEss,  nn.,In- 
tPOspe*etivE  a.,  IntPospe'etiveLY 2 adv.  [f. 
L  iNTRO(spicerc  sped-  look)] 

Intpovep't,  v.t.  Turn  (mind,  thought)  in- 
wards upon  itself  ;  (esp.  Zool.)  withdraw  (organ 
&c.)  within  its  own  tube  or  base,  as  finger  of 
glove,  whence  intPovep*siBLE  a.  Hence  in- 
tPOvep'siON  n.,intPovep*siVE,  intpovep*- 
tiVE,  aa.    [f.  L  iXTRO(vertere  vers-  turn)] 

intPU'de,  v.t  &  i.  Thrust,  force,  (thing  into); 
force  (thing  upon  person);  come  uninvited, 
thrust  oneself  in,  (into  place,  company.&a.T/pon 
person,  his  privacy,  &c).  Hence  IntPU'dER 1 
n.    [f.  L  in  Htrudere  trus-  thrust)] 

intpu'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Intruding;  forcing  in  ; 
forcing  oneself  in  (into,  upon) ;  (Geol.)  influx  of 
rock  in  state  of  fusion  between  strata  &c. ;  set- 
tlement of  minister  of  Church  of  Scotland  with- 
out consent  of  congregation,  whence  intpu*- 
sioniST(2)  n.  So  intPirsivE  (-s-)  a.,  intpir- 
siver.Y2  adv.,  intPU'siveNESS  n.  IOF,  f. 
med.L  intrusionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

l*ntubate,v.t,(med.).  Insert  tube  into  (larynx 
&c.)  to  keep  it  open.  Hence  IntubA'TiON  n. 
[f.  in-2  +  L  tuba  tube  +  -ate3] 

i'ntuit,  v.t.  &  i.  Know  by  intuition  ;  receive 
knowledge  by  direct  perception,  [f.  L  ml(tuiri 
tuit-  look)] 

intui'tion  (-shn),  n.  Immediate  apprehension 
by  the  mind  without  reasoning ;  immediate  ap- 
prehension by  sense;  immediate  insight.  Hence 
intui'tion al  a.  [F,  f.  med.L  intuitionem  (as 
prec,  see  -ion)] 

intuitionalism,  n.  Doctrine  that  the  per- 
ception of  truth  is  by  intuition.  So  intui*- 
tionaliST  n.    [-ism] 

intui'tionism,  n.  Doctrine  that  in  percep- 
tion external  objects  are  known  immediately, 
without  intervention  of  vicarious  phenomenon; 
=  prec    So  intui-tion 1 8T  n.    [-ism] 

intu'itive,  a.  Of,  possessing,  perceived  by, 
intuition.  Hence  intu*itiveLY2adv.,intu*i- 
tiveNESsn.  [f.  med.L intuitivux  (intuit,  -ivk)] 

intu'itivism,  n.  Doctrine  that  ethical  prin- 


INTUMESCENT 


431 


INVIOLATE 


ciples  are  matters  of  intuition.  So  intu'itiv- 
ist  n.    [-ism] 

intume'scent  (-snt),  a.  Swelling  up.  So  in- 
tume'SCENCE  n.  [f.  L  in  ^(tumescere  incept, 
of  tumere  swell),  see  -ent] 

i'ntussusee'ption,  n.  (Physiol.)  taking  in 
of  foreign  matter  by  living  organism,  &  its  con- 
version into  organic  tissue ;  taking  in  (of  ideas 
&c);  withdrawal  of  one  portion  of  intestine 
within  another,  [f.  L  intus  within  +  susceptio 
f.  sus(cipere  =  capere  take)  take  up,  see  -ion] 

inirnetion,  n.  Smearing,  rubbing,  with  oil. 
[f.  L  inunctio  f.  \a^(unguere  anoint),  see  -ion] 

i'nundate,  v.t.  Overflow,  flood,  (land  &c. 
with  water,  also  flg.).  So  Inund  action  n.  [f. 
Lin ^(undare flow f.  unda  wave),  see  -ate 3] 

inupba'ne,  a.  Not  urbane,  discourteous. 
Hence  inurba'niTY  n.  [f.  L  in  2(urbanus  ur- 
bane)] 

inure*,  en-,  (-ur),  v.t.  &  i.  Accustom,  habi- 
tuate, (person  &c.  to  thing,  to  do),  whence  in- 
ure'MENT  n.;  (intr.,  chiefly  Law;  often  en-) 
come  into  operation,  take  effect,  [in-  1  +  obs. 
ure  work  f.  F  ozuvre  f.  L  opera] 

inup'n,  v.t.  Put  (ashes  of  cremated  body)  in 
an  urn.    [in-2] 

inu'tile,  a.  Useless.  So  inuti'liTY  n.  [F,  f. 
L  in  2(utilis  useful) ;  long  out  of  use,  but  re- 
cently revived] 

inva'de,  v.t.  Make  hostile  inroad  into  (coun- 
try &c.) ;  (flg.  of  sounds,  diseases,  feelings,  &c.) 
assail ;  encroach  upon  (rights  &c).  Hence  in- 
va'dER !  n.    [f.  L  in  Hvadere  vas-  go)] 

inva'ginate,  v.t.  Put  in  a  sheath ;  introvert 
(tubular  sheath).  Hence  invaginATiON  n.  [f. 
in- *  +  L  vagina  sheath  +  -ate5] 

i*n valid l  (-ed),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  enfeebled  or 
disabled  by  illness  or  injury.  Hence  i'nva- 
HdHOOD,  i*nvalidiSM(3),  nn.  [f.  L  m2(validus 
valid),  pronunc.  after  F  invalide] 

invali'd a  (-ed,  also  i*n-),  v.t.  &  i.  Lay  up, 
disable,  (person)  by  illness  (usu.  pass.);  treat  as 
an  invalid,  remove  from  active  service,  send 
home  &c,  as  an  invalid;  (intr.)  become  an  in- 
valid, go  on  the  sick-list.    [f.  prec] 

inva'lid  3,  a.  Not  valid,  esp.  havi ng  no  legal 
force.    Hence  Inva'lidLY2  adv.    [invalid '] 

invalidate,  v.t.  Make  invalid3.  Hence 
inva'lidA'TiON  n.    [prec.  +  -ate  3] 

invalidity,  n.  Want  of  validity;  bodily 
infirmity,    [invalid  1»3  +  -ity] 

in va/luable,  a.  Above  price,  priceless,  [in-2] 

invariable,  a.  Unchangeable  ;  always  the 
same;  (Math.)  constant,  fixed.  Hence  in- 
variaBi'LiTY,  invar'iableNESS,  nn.,  In- 
var'iabLY  2  adv.    [in-  2] 

inva'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Invading;  encroach- 
ment. So  inva'siVE  (s-)  a.  [F,  f.  L  invasionem 
(as  invade,  see  -ion)] 

inve'ctive,  n.  Violent  attack  in  words ;  abu- 
sive oratory.  [F,  f.  med.L  invectiva  (oratio)  f. 
LL  invectivus  (as  foil.,  see  -ive)] 

inveig-h*  (a),  v.i.  Speak  violently,  rail  loudly, 
against,  [f .  L  IN  l(ve hi  pass,  of  vehere  vect-  carry) 
go  into,  assail] 

invei'gle  (-ve-,  -va-),  v.t.  Entice,  seduce, 
(into  place,  conduct,  &c,  into  doing).  Hence 
Invei'grleMENT  n.  [16th-c.  envegle  prob.  f.  F 
avevgler blind  f.  aveugle  adj.  f.  pop.  L  AB(oculus 
eve) ;  taken  as  a-vegle,  &  so  changed  to  envegle] 

inve'nt,  v.t.  Devise,  originate,  (new  method, 
instrument,  &c);  fabricate  (false  story  &c). 
Hence  orcogn.  inve*ntivEa.,Inve*ntiveLY2 
adv.,  inve'ntiveNESS,  inve'ntOR2,  inve'n- 
trESS1,  nn.  [f.  L  ^^(venire  vent-  come)  find, 
contrive] 

inve'ntlon,  n.  Inventing;  thing  invented, 
contrivance  ;  fictitious  story  ;  inventiveness ;  /. 


of  the  Cross,  (festival,  May  3,  commemorating) 
finding  of  the  Cross  by  Helena  mother  of  Con- 
stantine,  A.  D.  326.  [OF,  f.  L  inventionem  (as 
prec,  see  -ion)] 

i'nventory  (-vn-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Detailed  list  (of 
goods,  furniture,  &c.) ;  stock  of  goods  in  this; 
(v.t.)enter  (goods  &c.)in  i.,  make  l.  of.  [(vbf.  n.) 
f.  med.L  inventorium  (as  invent,  see  -ory)] 

invera'eity,  n.    Untruthfulness,    [in-2] 

Inverne'ss,  n.  Town  in  Scotland ;  /.  cloak, 
coat,  or  i.  as  n.,  overcoat  with  removable  cape. 

inver'se  (or  Pn-),  a.  &  n.  Inverted  in  posi- 
tion, order,  or  relations ;  i.  ratio,  proportion, 
(between  two  quantities  one  of  which  increases 
as  the  other  decreases);  (n.)  inverted  state,  thing 
that  is  the  direct  opposite  (of  another).  Hence 
inver'seLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  invert] 

inversion,  n.  Turning  upside  down  ;  re- 
versal of  position,  order,  or  relation,  esp.  (Gram.) 
of  order  of  words  ;  reversal  of  a  ratio.  So  in- 
ver'siVE  a.   [f.  L  inversio  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 

inver't1,  v.t.    Turn  upside  down ;  reverse 

})osition,  order,  relation,  of;  (Mus.)  change  re- 
ative  position  of  notes  of  (chord,  interval)  by 
placing  lowest  note  higher,  [f.  L  iN1(rer(ere 
vers-  turn)] 

i'nvert2,  n.  Inverted  arch,  as  at  bottom  of 
sewer,    [f.  prec] 

invertebrate  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Not  having 
backbone  or  spinal  column ;  (fig.)  wanting  in 
firmness ;  (n.)  i.  animal  or  (fig.)  person,  [f.  in-  2 
+  L  vertebra  joint  of  spine  +  -ate2] 

inve-st,  v.t.  &  i.  Clothe  (person  &c  in,  with) ; 
cover  as  garment ;  clothe,  endue,  (person  See. 
with  qualities,  insignia  of  office,  rank,  &c); 
lay  siege  to;  employ  (money  in  stocks  &c); 
(intr.)  i.  in,  put  money  into  (stocks),  (colloq.) 
lay  o\it  money  on,  as  i.  in  a  bun.  Hence  in- 
ve'stOR2  n.    [f.  L  in  Hvestire  clothe)] 

inve'stig-ate,  v.t.  Examine,  inquire  into. 
Hence  or  cogn.  investigA'TiON,  inve'sti- 
gatOR2,  nn.,  inve'stig-ativE,  inve'stigat- 
ory,  aa.    [f.  L  mi(vesttgare  track),  see  -ate3] 

investiture,  n.  Formal  investing  of  person 
(with  office) ;  enduement  (with  attributes),  [f. 
med.L  investitura  (as  invest,  see  -ure)] 

investment,  n.  Investing  of  money;  money 
invested ;  property  in  which  money  is  invested ; 
investiture ;  clothing,    [-ment] 

inve'terate  (-at),  a.  Long-established ;  (of 
disease,  habit,  prejudice,  &c.)  deep-rooted, 
obstinate.  Hence  Inve'terACY  n.,  inve'ter- 
ateLY2  adv.  [f.  L  mHveterare  make  old  f. 
vetus  -eris  old),  see  -ate3] 

invi'dious,  a,  (Of  conduct  &c)  giving 
offence,  esp.  by  real  or  seeming  injustice  &c  ; 
(of  thing)  likely  to  excite  ill  feeling  against  the 
possessor.  Hence  invi'diousLY  2  adv.,  in- 
vi'diousNESS  n.  [f.  L  invidiosus  (invidia 
envy,  see  -ous)] 

invi'gilate,  v.i.  Watch  over  students  at 
examination.  Hence  invigilATioN,  invi'- 
gilatOR  2,  nn.    [f.  L  in  Mvigilare  watch),  -ate  3] 

invi'gorate,  v.t.  Make  vigorous ;  animate. 
Hence  invi'goratiVE  a.,  invi'g-oratOR 2  n. 
[f .  in-  i  +  L  vigor  vigour  +  -ate  3j 

invi'ncible,  a.  Unconquerable  (lit.  &  fig.). 
Hence  invinclBi'LiTY  n.,  Invi'neibLY  2  ad  v. 
[F,  f.  L  laHvincibilis  f.  vincere  conquer,  -ble)] 

in vi'olable,  a.  Not  to  be  violated  ;  (of  laws, 
persons,  places,  &c)  to  be  kept  sacred  from  in- 
fraction, profanation,  &c.  Hence  inviola- 
bi'lity  n.,  invi-olabLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  in  2(viola- 
bilis,  as  foil.,  sec  -ble)] 

invrolate  (-at),  a.  (Of  laws,  places,  &c.)  not 
violated ;  unbroken  ;  unprofaned.  Hence  In- 
vi'olAC  y,  invi-olateNESS,  nn. ,  inviolateLY  2 
adv.    [f.  L  in ^(violatus  p.p.  as  violate)] 


INVISIBLE 


432 


IRENICON 


invisible  (-z-),  a.  &  n.  That  cannot  be  seen  ; 
not  to  be  seen  at  particular  time,  as  when  I 
called  she  was  i.;  too  small  to  be  seen ;  i.  ink 
(visible  only  after  heating  &c.) ;  the  i.,  the  un- 
seen world,  God.  Hence  or cogn.  invisiBi'LiTY, 
Invi'sibleNESS,  nn.,  invi'sibLY  2  adv.  [F,  f. 
L  in  2(visibilis  visible)1 

invi'te,  v.t.,  &  n.  Request  courteously  to 
come  (to  dinner,  to  one's  house,  in,  Sec.) ;  re- 
quest courteously  (to  do  what  is  presumably 
agreeable);  solicit  courteously  (suggestions, 
opinion,  confidences) ;  bring  on,  tend  to  bring 
on,  (thing)  unintentionally ;  (of  thing)  present 
inducements,  attract,  whence  invi'ting-LY  2 
adv.,  invi'tingNESS  n. ;  (n.,  colloq.)  invitation. 
So  InvitA'TiON  n.,  invrtatORY  a.  [(n.  f.  vb) 
f.  F  inviter  f.  L  invitare] 

invocation,  n.  Invoking,  calling  upon  God 
&c.  in  prayer ;  appeal  to  Muse  for  inspiration 
or  assistance  in  poem.  So  invo'eatoRY  (or 
I'nvoka-)  a.  [OF,  f.  L  invocationem  (as  invoke, 
see  -ation)] 

i*n voice,  n.,  &  v.t.  List  of  goods  shipped  or 
sent,  with  prices  &  charges;  (v.t.)  make  an  i. 
of  (goods),  [(vb  f.  n.)  prob.  orig.  invoyes  pi.  of 
invoy  as  envoy  l] 

invo'ke,  v.t.  Call  on  (God  &c.)  in  prayer  or 
as  witness ;  appeal  to  (person's  authority  &c.) ; 
summon  (spirit)  by  charms  ;  ask  earnestly  for 
(vengeance,  help,  &c).  [f.  F  invoquer  f.  L  in  1- 
(vocare  call)] 

i'hvolucne  (-ker),  n.  Covering,  envelope, 
(esp.  anat.);  (Bot.)  whorl  of  bracts  surrounding 
inflorescence.  TF,  f .  L  involucrum  (as  involve)] 

invo'luntapy,  a.  Done  without  exercise  of 
the  will,  unintentional.  Hence  invo'luntapi- 
ly  2  adv.,  invo'luntapiNESS  n.  [f.  L  in 2(vol- 
untarius  voluntary)] 

i'nvolute,  a.  &  n.  Involved,  intricate; 
curled  spirally ;  (Bot.)  rolled  inwards  at  edges ; 
(n.,  geom.)  locus  of  point  in  a  straight  line  that 
rolls  without  sliding  on  a  curve  in  the  plane  of 
that  curve  (cf.  evolute).    [as  involve] 

involu'tion,  n.  Involving ;  entanglement ; 
intricacy ;  curling  inwards ;  part  so  curled ; 
(Math.)  raising  of  quantity  to  any  power,  [f.  L 
involutio  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 
.involve,  v.t.  Wrap  (thing  in  another); 
wind  spirally ;  entangle  (person,  thing,  in  diffi- 
culties, mystery,  &c.) ;  implicate  (person  in 
charge,  crime) ;  include  (in) ;  imply,  entail,  ff. 
L  iN*(volvere  volut-  roll)] 

involvement,  n.  Involving;  financial 
embarrassment ;  complicated  affair,    [-msnt] 

invulnerable,  a.  That  cannot  be  wounded 
or  hurt  (esp.  fig.).  Hence  invulneraBixiTY  n., 
invirlnerabLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  in  2(vulnerabilis 

VULNERABLE)] 

i'nward  (-era),  a.  &  n.  Situated  within; 
mental,  spiritual ;  directed  towards  the  inside ; 
(n. pi.) entrails.  [OE  innanweard(innanin  adv., 
see^lVARD)] 

i'rfwapd(s),  adv.  (Of  motion  or  position)  to- 
wards the  inside ;  within  mind  or  soul,    [prec] 

i'nwardly.  adv.  On  the  inside;  (of  speak- 
ing) not  aloud  ;  in  mind  or  spirit.    [-LY2] 

i'nwardness,  a.  Inner  nature,  essence; 
quality  of  being  inward  •  spirituality,    [-ness] 

inweave,  en-,  v.t.  Weave  in  (thing  xvith 
another,  lit.  &  fig.),    [in-  i] 

i'n  wrought,  a.  &  (inrawt)  p.p.  (Of  fabric) 
decorated  (with  pattern) ;  (of  pattern)  wrought 
hn,  on,  fabric) ;  (fig.)  intimately  blended  (with), 
I  in  +  wrought  p.p.  of  work] 

inya'la  (-ah-),  n.    S.-Afr.  antelope,    [native] 

rodine,  n.  Non-metallic  element  resembling 
cnlonne&brominein  chemical  properties,  used 
in  medicine  &  photography.    Hence  id'dic  a., 


i'odiSM(o)  n.,  i*odizE(5)  v.t.  [f.  F  iode  f.  Gk 
iodes  violet-like  (ion  violet,  see  -oid),  from  col- 
our of  its  vapour,  +  -ine  3] 

io'doform  (or  i'o-),  n.  Compound  of  iodine 
analogous  to  chloroform,  used  as  antiseptic  &c. 
[f.  prec.+  -o-,  see  chloroform] 

Polite,  n.  Silicate  of  aluminium,  iron,  & 
magnesium,  of  blue  or  violet  colour,  [f.  Gk  ion 
violet,  see  -lite] 

i'on,  n.  Either  of  the  elements  that  pass  to 
the  poles  in  electrolysis  (anion,  cation).  [Gk  ion 
neut.  part,  of  eimi  go] 

-ion,  suf.,  mainly  thr.  F -ion f .  L  -ionem  (nom. 
-io)  forming  nouns  of  condition  or  action  f.  adjj. 
&  nn.  (communio),  f.  vb  stems  (legio),  but  esp. 
f.  p.p.  stems,  producing  the  compd  suff.  -tion, 
-sion,  -xion,  -ation,  -ition,  -son. 

16'nian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Ionia;  (Mus.)  I.  mode. 
(1)  effeminate  mode  in  ancient  Greek  music,  (2) 
ecclesiastical  mode  corresp.  to  modern  major 
diatonic  scale ;  (n.)  member  of  part  of  the  Hel- 
lenic race  which  occupied  Attica,  N.  coast  of 
Peloponnese,  &c.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  Ionios  +  -an] 

16'nie,  a.  Of  Ionia,  as  /.  dialect,  that  of 
which  Attic  was  a  development ;  /.  order 
(characterized  by  two  lateral  volutes  of  the 
capital);   (Pros.)  i.  d  ma^or'i,  metrical  foot 

^  ^,  i.  a  minor'S,  ^  ^ .    [f.  L  f.  Gk 

Ionikos] 

-Iop1,  suf.,  later  spelling  of  -iour,  as  in 
warrior. 

-iop2,  suf.  =L  -iorot  comparatives,  as  in  se- 
nior, ulterior. 

io*ta,  n.  Greek  letter  i;  atom,  jot,  (after 
Matt.  v.  18).    [Gk  iota] 

id'tacism,  n.  Excessive  use  of  iota;  pro- 
nunciation of  other  Greek  vowels  like  iota  (e), 
cf.  itacism.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  iotakismos] 

I  6  U%  n.  Signed  document  bearing  these 
letters  followed  by  specified  sum,  constituting 
formal  acknowledgment  of  debt.  [  =  1  owe  you] 

-ioup,  suf.  =  -i-  representing  some  formative 
or  stem  element  +  -our  -or2,  as  saviour  f.  sal- 
vatorem  thr.  OF  salve(d)or,  AF  sauveour. 

-ious,  suf.  repr.  L  -iosus,  F  -ieux,=-i-  (part  of 
another  suf.)  +  -ous,  w.  sense  'characterized 
by,  full  of '.  L  has  -iosus  (1)  in  adjj.  f.  derivative 
nn.  in  -ia,  -ies,  -ius,  -ium,  (invidiosus,  pemi- 
ciosus,  odiosus,  &  by  false  anal,  cur  iosus  f. 
curd),  (2)  in  adjj.  f.  nn.  in  -ion-  (nom.  -io),  as 
ambitiosus,  captiosus,  religiosus.  E  tends  to 
use  -ious  for  any  noun  in  -ion  (rebellious,  cau- 
tious, contradictious).  E  also  forms  adjj.  in 
-ious  by  adding  -ous  to  stem  of  L  adjj.  in  -iws 
(various) ;  see  also  -itious  &  -ous. 

ipecacua'nha  (-na),  n.  Root  of  a  S.-Amer. 
shrub,  used  as  emetic  &  purgative.  [Port.,  f. 
native  ipekaaguene] 

i-pse  ai'xlt,  n.  Dogmatic  statement  resting 
on  bare  authority.  [L,  =he  himself  (the  master) 
said  it] 

i'pso  fa'cto,  adv.    By  that  very  fact.    [L] 

ir- ii 2,  preff.    =  in-  l » 2  before  r. 

ira*de  (-ah-),  n.  Written  decree  of  Sultan  of 
Turkey.    [Turk.,  f.  Arab,  iradah  will] 

Ira'nian  (11-),  a.  &  n.  Persian ;  (of  languages) 
of  the  Asiatic  family  comprising  Zend,  Old 
Persian,  &  their  modern  descendants;  (n.) 
member  of  I.  race.    [Pers.  iran  Persia,  -ian] 

ira'seible  (-si-),  a.  Irritable,  hot-tempered. 
Hence  ipasciBi'LiTY  n.  [F,  f.  L  irasdbilis 
(ir^asci  grow  angry,  see  -ble)] 

lpa'te,  a.    Angry,    [f.  L  iratus  p.p.  as  prec] 

ire,  n.  (poet.).  Anger.  Hence  ipe'FUL  a., 
ipe'fulLY  2  adv.    [OF,  f.  L  ira] 

ipe*nie(al),  aa.  Peaceful;  pacific,  [f.  Gk 
eirenikos  (eirene  peace,  see  -ic  &  -al)J 

irenicon.    See  eirenicon. 


IRIDESCENT 


433 


IRREMOVABLE 


iride'seent  (snt),  a.  Showing  colours  like 
those  of  rainbow ;  changing  colour  with  posi- 
tion. Hence  iride'scENCE  n.  [as  iris  + 
-escent] 

iprdium,  n.  "White  metal  of  platinum  group, 
like  polished  steel,    [as  iris  +  -ium] 

lP'is,  n.  Flat  circular  coloured  membrane  in 
aqueous  humour  of  eye,  with  circular  opening 
(pupil)  in  centre ;  genus  of  plants,  chiefly  with 
tuberous  roots,  sword-shaped  leaves,  &  showy 
flowers;  kind  of  rock-crystal  reflecting  pris- 
matic colours.  [Gk  iris  -idos  (goddess  of)  rain- 
bow, iris] 

Ip'ish  (ir-),  a.  &  n.  Of  Ireland  ;  I.  bull*;  I. 
stew;  (n.)  I.  language:  (as  pi.)  the  I.  (people); 
Irishman,  -woman,  native  of  Ireland.  Hence 
PrishiSM(4)  n.,  PrishiZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  Ir-  st.  of 
O E  Iras  n.  pi.  +  -ish  l] 

irk,  v.t.  (archaic).  Disgust,  tire,  bore,  esp.  it 
irks  (me,  him,  &c).    [ME  irken,  etym.  dub.] 

i'rksome,  a.  Tedious,  tiresome.  Hence 
ip'ksomeL v 2 adv. ,  ir'ksomex ess  n.  [-some] 

iron1  (nn),  n.  &  a.  Metal  largely  used  for 
tools  &c.  (wrought  i.,  cast  i.,  steel),  often  fig. 
as  type  of  hardness,  as  a  man  of  i.,  rod  of  %.; 
preparation  of  i.  as  tonic;  tool  made  of  i.,  as 
curling,  grappling,  -i.;  branding  tool;  golf-club 
with  i.  head  laid  back  to  loft  the  ball ;  i.  tool  for 
smoothing  out  linen  &c;  (usu.  pi.)  fetters ;  the 
i.  entered  into  his  soul  (Ps.  civ.  18,  L  mistrans- 
lation of  Heb. 4  his  person  entered  into  the  iron ', 
i.  e.  fetters) ;  (Prow.)  strike  while  the  i.  is  hot  (at 
a  good  opportunity),  have  (too)  many  ii.  in  the 
fire  (many  undertakings,  also,  many  expe- 
dients) ;  (a.)  of  i.,  very  robust,  firm,  unyielding, 
merciless ;  i.  age,  age  of  cruelty,  oppression,  &c. 
(cf.  brazen1);  i.-bark,  species  of  eucalyptus 
with  solid  bark ;  i.-bound,  bound  with  i.,  (of 
coast)  rock-bound,  (fig.)  rigorous,  hard  &  fast ; 
ironclad,  clad  in,  protected  with,  i.,  (n.)  ship 
cased  with  plates  of  i.;  i.-grey  a.  &  n.,  (of)  the 
colour  of  freshly  broken  i.;  i.  horse,  locomotive 
steam-engine,  also,  bicycle  or  tricycle ;  iron- 
master, manufacturer  of  i. ;  i.-moxdd,  spot 
caused  by  i.-rust  or  ink-stain,  (v.t.  &  i.)  stain, 
be  stained,  with  this ;  Ironsides,  man  of  great 
bravery,  esp.  (pi.)  Cromwell's  troopers ;  i.-stone, 
name  of  various  hard  i.-ores  ;  ironwork,  work 
in  i.,  things  made  of  i.  ;  ironworks  (sing,  or  pi.), 

f)lace  where  i.  is  smelted  or  i.  goods  are  made. 
OE  (1)  isern,  isen,  n.  &  a.,  cf.  Du.  ijzer,  G  eisen, 
(2)  OE  iren  n.,  not  paralleled  in  other  langg.] 

iron2  (lrn),  v.t.  Furnish,  cover,  with  iron; 
shackle  with  irons;  smooth  (linen  &c.)  with 
flat-iron  &c.    [f.  prec] 

lPO'nie(al),  aa.  _Of,  using,  said  in,  addicted 
to,  irony.  Hence  lPO'niealLY2  adv.  [f.  L  f. 
G_k  eironikos  (as  irony  \  see  -ic)] 

lP'onist  (iron-),  n.  One  who  uses  irony,  [f. 
Gk  eiron  dissembler  +  -ist] 

ip'onmong-ep  (irn-),  n.  Dealer  in  iron  goods. 
Hence  ip*onmongERY(l,  2,3)  n. 

ipony !  (lr'oni),  n.  Expression  of  one's  mean- 
ing by  language  of  opposite  or  different  ten- 
dency, esp.  simulated  adoption  of  another's 
point  of  view  for  purpose  of  ridicule ;  ill-timed 
or  perverse  arrival  of  event  or  circumstance  in 
itself  desirable,  due  to  the  feigned  goodwill  & 
actual  malice  o/(Fate,  circumstance,  &c.) ;  use 
of  language  that  has  an  inner  meaning  for  a 
privileged  audience  and  an  outer  meaning  for 
the  persons  addressed  or  concerned  (sometimes 
including  speaker) ;  Socratic  i.,  simulation  of 
ignorance  as  means  of  confuting  adversary,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  eironeia  simulated  ignorance] 

ipony  2  (ii-ni),  a.    Of,  like,  iron.    [-Y  2] 

ippa'diant,  a.  Shining  brigl  t;ly.  So  ippa*- 
dlANCE  n.    [as  foil.,  see  -ant] 


ippa'diate,  v.t.  Shine  upon ;  (fig.)  throw 
light  on  (subject) ;  light  up  (face  &c.  with  joy 
&c. ).  Hence  ippa'diatiVE  a.  [f.  L  ir  Hradiare 
f.  radius  ray),  see  -ate3] 

ippadia'tion,  n.  Shining,  illumination,  (lit, 
&  fig.) ;  apparent  extension  of  edges  of  illumin- 
ated object  seen  against  dark  ground.  [F  (as 
prec,  see  -ation)] 

irra'tional,  a.  &  n.  Unreasonable,  illogical, 
absurd  ;  not  endowed  with  reason  ;  (Math.,  of 
roots  &c. )  not  rational,  not  commensurable  with 
the  natural  numbers  (e.g.  non  terminating 
decimal) ;  (n.)  i.  number,  surd.  Hence  ippa- 
tiona'liTY  n.,  ippa'tionaliZE(3)  v.t,  Ippa*- 
tionalLY2adv.  [f.  L  ir 2(rationalis  rational)] 

ippeclai*mabie,a.  Not  to  be  reclaimed  or  re- 
formed. Hence  ippeelai'mabLY2  adv.  [ir-2] 

ippe'cog-nizable,  a.  Unrecognizable,  [ir-2] 

irreconcilable,  a.  &  n.  Implacably  hos- 
tile;  (of  ideas  &c.)  incompatible;  (n.)  implac- 
able opponent  of  political  measure  &c.  Hence 
ippeeoncilaBi'LiTY,  ippeconci'lableNESS, 
nn. ;  ippeconci'labLY 2 adv.    [ir-2] 

ippeco'vepable  (-ku-),  a.  That  cannot  be 
recovered  or  remedied.  Hence  Ippeco'vep- 
abLY  2  adv.    [ir-  2] 

ippecu'sable,  a.  That  must  be  accepted,  [f. 
LL  m2(recusabilis  f.  recusare  refuse,  see  -ble)] 

irredeemable,  a.  (Of  government  annui- 
ties) not  terminable  by  repayment ;  (of  paper 
currency)  for  which  issuing  authority  does  not 
undertake  to  pay  coin  ;  irreclaimable,  hopeless, 
whence  ippedee'mab  l y  2  adv.    [ir-  2] 

ippede'ntist,  n.  (It.  politics).  Advocate  of 
recovery  to  Italy  of  all  Italian-speaking  dis- 
tricts. So  ippede'ntiSM  n.  [f.  It.  irredentista 
f.  (Italia)  irredenta  unredeemed  (Italy)] 

irredireible,  a.  That  cannot  be  brought 
(to  desired  condition) ;  that  cannot  be  reduced, 
as  i.  minimum;  that  cannot  be  simplified. 
Hence  ippeduciBi'LiTY  n.    [ir-2] 

ippe'fpagable,  a.  (Of  statement,  argument, 
person)  indisputable,  unanswerable.  Hence 
ippe'fpagabLY 2  adv.  [f.  LL  m2(refragabilis 
f.  wsfragari  etym.  dub.,  see  -ble)] 

ippefpa'ngible,  a.  Inviolable ;  (Opt.)  incap- 
able of  being  refracted,    [ir-  2] 

irrefutable,  a.  Not  to  be  refuted.  Hence 
irpefutaBrLiTYn.,ippe*futabLY2adv.  [f.  L 
m2(refutabilis  refutable)] 

ippe'gnlap,  a.  &  n.  Not  regular,  contrary  to 
rule  ;  abnormal ;  not  of  symmetrical  form ;  (of 
surface)  uneven ;  disorderly ;  uneven  in  dura- 
tion, order,  &c. ;  (Gram.,  of  part  of  speech)  not 
normally  inflected  ;  (of  troops)  not  in  regular 
service;  (n.  pi.)  i.  troops.  Hence  or  cogn.  1p- 
pegxila'PiTY  n.,  Ippe'grulaPLY  2  ad  v.  [f.  OF 
irreguler  f.  med.L  !R2(regula7ns  regular)] 

ippe'lative,  a.  Unconnected,  unrelated,  (to) ; 
having  no  relations,  absolute.  Hence  ippe'la- 
tiveLY  2  adv.    [ir-  2] 

ippe'levant,  a.  Not  to  the  point ;  that  does 
not  apply  (to  matter  in  hand).  Hence  ippe'le- 
VANCE,-ANCY,nn.,ippe*levantLY2adv.  [ir-2] 

ippeli'gion,  n.  Hostility  to,  disregard  of, 
religion.  Hence  or  cogn.  iPPeli*gioni8T(2)  n., 
ippeli'gious  a.,  ippeli'giousLV2  adv.  [f.  L 
iR2(religio  religion)] 

irremediable,  a.  Thatcannot  be  remedied. 
Hence  Ippeme'diabLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  m^reme- 
diabills  remediable)] 

irremi'ssible,  a.  Unpardonable  ;  unalter- 
ably binding.  Hence  Ippemi'ssibLY  2  adv. 
[f.  F  irre'missible  f.  L  iR^emissibilis,  as  remit, 
see  -ble)] 

irremo'vable  (oo),  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
moved, esp.  from  office.  Hence  ippemova- 
bulit y  n.,  ippemo*vabLY  2  adv.    [ir-  2] 


IRREPARABLE 


431 


-ISM 


irreparable,  a.  (Of  injury,  loss,  &c.)  that 
cannot  be  rectified  or  made  good.  Hence  ir- 
re'parableNESS  n.,  irre'parabLY2  adv.  [f. 
F  irreparable  f.  L  iR2(reparabilis  reparable)] 

irrepla'ceable,  a.  Of  which  the  loss  cannot 
be  supplied,    [ir-  2J 

irrepressible,  a.  &  n.  Not  to  be  repressed 
or  restrained  ;  (n.,  colloq.)  i.  person.  Hence  ir- 
repre'ssibLY  2  adv.  [ir-2,  repress,  -ible] 

irreppoa'ehable.a.  Free  from  blame,  fault- 
less. Hence  irreproaehaBi'LiTY  n.,  irre- 
proa'chabLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  ir  2(Hprochable,  as 
reproach  v.,  see  -able)] 

irresistible,  a.  Too  strong,  convincing, 
charming,  &c,  to  be  resisted.  Hence  irresis- 
tlBi'LiTY  n.,  irresl'stibLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  ir  2- 
resistibilis,  as  resist,  see  -ble)] 

irre'solute,  a.  Undecided,  hesitating ;  want- 
ing in  resolution.  Hence  or  cogn.  irre'solute- 
ly2  adv.,  Irre'soluteNESS,  Irresolu'tiON, 
nn.    [f.  L  ir  2(resolut^ts  resolute)] 

irreso'lvable,  a.  That  cannot  be  resolved 
into  parts ;  (of  problem)  that  cannot  be  solved. 
Dir-2J 

irrespective,  a.  I.  of,  not  taking  into  ac- 
count, without  reference  to,  (often  quasi-adv., 
as  the  posts  were  filled  i.  of  nationality).  Hence 
irrespe'etiveLY  2  adv.    [ir-  2] 

irresponsible,  a.  Not  responsible  for  con- 
duct; acting,  done,  without  due  sense  of  re- 
sponsibility. Hence  irresponsiBi'LiTY  n., 
irrespo'nslbLY  2  adv.    [ir-  2] 

irrespo*nsive,a.  Not  responsive  (to).  Hence 
irrespo'nsiveNESS  n.    [ir-2] 

irrete'ntive,  a.  Not  retentive.  Hence  ir- 
rete'ntiveNESs  n.    [ir-  2] 

i  r  re  trie*  vable,  a.  That  cannot  be  retrieved. 
Hence  irretrlevaBi'LiTY  n.,  irre  trie*  v- 
abLY2adv.    [ir-2] 

irre'verent,  a.  Wanting  In  reverence. 
Hence  or  cogn.  irre*verENCE  n. ,  irre  vere'n- 
tiAL  a.,  irre'verent ly  2  adv.  [f.  L  ir 2(reve- 
rens  reverent)] 

Irreversible,  a.  Unalterable ;  not  rever- 
sible. Hence  irre versiBi  'lit y  n.,  irrever*- 

sibLY2adv.    [ir-2] 

irrevocable,  a.  Unalterable ;  gone  beyond 
recall.  Hence  irre voeaBi  'lit  y  n.,  irre'voc- 
abLY2  adv.     [f.  L  m2(revocabilis  revocable)] 

i'rrigate,  v.  t.   (Of  streams  &c. )  supply  (land) 

with  water ;  water  (land)  with  channels  &c. ; 

(Med.)  supply  (wound  &c.)  with  constant  flow 

of  liquid ;  (fig. )  refresh  as  with  moisture.  Hence 

or  cogn.  i'rrig-ABLE,  I'rrigatiVE,  aa.,  irri- 

gATiON,  i'rrigratOR2(l,2),  nn.  [f.  LmHrigare 

moisten),  see  -ate3] 
i'rritable,  a.     Easily  annoyed,  whence  i'r- 

ritabLY2  adv.;  (of  organ  or  part)  very  sensi- 
tive to  contact  &c. ;  (Physiol.,  of  muscles  & 

nerves)  capable  of  being  excited  to  vital  action 

by  physical  stimulus.    So  irritaBi'LiTY  n.   [f. 

L  irritabilis  (as  irritate,  see  -ble)] 
i'rritaney1,  n.    Irritation,  annoyance,    [as 

irritant,  see  -ancy] 
i'rritaney  2,  n.  (law).    Making,  being,  null  & 

void,    [as  irritate2,  see  -ancy] 
i'rritant,  a.  &  n.    Causing  (usu.  physical) 

irritation  ;  (n.)  i.  substance  or  agency  (also  fig.). 

[as  foil.,  see -ant] 
i'rritate  K  v.t.    Excite  to  anger,  annoy,  vex, 

whence  i'rritatingTL  y  2 adv.;  excite,  produce 

uneasy     sensation    in,    (bodily    organ    &c); 

(Physiol.)   stimulate  (organ)   to   vital  action. 

Hence  or  cogn.  irritATioN  n.,  i'rritatiVE  a. 

If.  L  irrUare,  see  -ate  3] 
i'rritate2,  v.t.  (law).    Make  null  &  void.    [f. 

L  vrritare  t.  iR2(ritus  =  ratus  established)  in- 
valid, see  -ate  3] 


irru'ption,  n.  Invasion ;  violent  entry,  [f. 
L  irruptio  f .  ir  l(rumpere  rupt-  break),  see  -ion] 

is.    See  be. 

Isabella,  a.  &  n.  Greyish  yellow.  Hence 
isabe'lliNE  a.    [female  name ;  history  dub.] 

isago'gle  (-jik),  a.  &  n.  Introductory;  (n.  pi.) 
study  of  literary  &  external  history  or  Bible, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  eisagogikos  f.  eisagoge  introduction 
(eis  into  +  agoge  leading  f.  ago),  see  -ic] 

r satin,  n.  (chem.).  Crystalline  reddish  sub- 
stance got  from  indigo  by  oxidation,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
isatis  woad  +  -in] 

ischiadic,  -die  (-k-),  a.  Of  the  hip,  sciatic, 
[(f.  med.L  ischiaticus)  f.  L  f.  Gk  iskhiadikos  f. 
iskhias  -ados  pain  in  hip  (iskhion),  see  -ic] 

-ise,  suf.  of  nn.,=OF  -ise,  prop.  f.  L  -itia,  but 
also  (in  learned  formations)  f.  L  -tcia,  -itia, 
-tcium,  -Uium  (OF  justise,  juise,  servise,  f.  L 
justitia,  judicium,,  sermtium).  In  wds  f.  L, 
later  F  changed  -ise  to  -ice,  which  E  adopted  ; 
but  in  native  wds  F  &  E  retain  -ise  (franchise, 
merchandise ;  E  also  has  exercise,  F  -ice). 

-ish1,  suf.  of  adjj.,=OE  -ise  of  com.-Teut 
orig.  (cf.  Du.  &  G  -isch),  cogn.  w.  Gk  -iskos  dim. 
suf.  of  nn.  In  old  formations,  prec.  vowel  was 
modified,  as  still  in  English,  French,  Welsh. 
(1)  OE  chiefly  formed  aa.  f.  national  names 
(British,  Danish),  with  a  few  in  sense  '  belong- 
ing to,  of  the  nature  of '  (heathenish,  outland- 
ish) ;  later  aa.  have  usu.  not  the  neutral  sense 
(boyish,  girlish),  but  that  of  '  having  the  bad 
qualities  of  (foppish,  monkish,  swinish,  f. 
names  of  things  bookish,  hellish,  f.  vbs  &  advv. 
snappish,  stand-offish,  uppish).  (2)  Sense  pecu- 
liar to  E  is  '  somewhat '  (stiMsh). 

-ish 2,  suf.  of  vbs  repr.  F  -iss-  seen  in  some 

Earts  of  some  vbs  in  -ir  (pirissant,  finissais),  f. 
i  inceptive  suf.  -ise-,  used  in  It.  &  F  to  form 
vbs  without  incept,  sense  to  correspond  to  L 
vbs  in  -ire,  -ire.  In  a  few  wds  F  -iss-  became 
in  E  -ise  (chastise,  advertise) ;  on  the  other 
hand,  other  F  endings  have  become  -ish  (ad- 
monish, LAVISH,  RELISH). 

Pshmael,  n.  Outcast,  one  at  war  with 
society.  Hence  I'shmaeliTE 1  n.  [Gen.  xvi.  12] 

i'sing-lass  (izingg-),  n.  Whitish  semi-trans- 
parent substance,  a  form  of  gelatin,  got  from 
some  fresh- water  fish,  esp.  sturgeon,  &  used  in 
making  jellies,  glue,  &c.  [perh.  corrupt,  of 
obs.  Du.  huisenbtas  sturgeon's  bladder] 

I'slam  (Iz-),  n.  Mohammedanism  ;  the  Mo- 
hammedan world.  Hence  Isla'mic,  Islam- 
i'tic,  aa.,  PslamiSM(3),  PslamiTE^l),  nn. 
[Arab., = surrender,  n.  f.  aslama  he  surrendered 
f.  8alama  he  became  safe,  whence  also  salaam, 
Moslem,  Mussulman] 

is'land,  n.,  &  v.t.  Piece  of  land  surrounded 
by  water ;  (fig.)  anything  detached  or  isolated, 
esp.  woodland  surrounded  by  prairie;  (Physiol.) 
detached  portion  of  tissue  or  group  of  cells ; 
(v.t.)  make  into  an  i.,  isolate,  dot  as  with  ii. 
Hence  is'landER1^)  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  igland 
(ieg  isle,  cf.  ON  &  OFris.  ey,  +  land,  -s-  by 
confus.  w.  isle)] 

Isle  (il),  n.  Island  (in  prose  usu.  only  with 
proper  name,  as  I.  of  Wight,  British  Ii.,  &  usu. 
of  small  islands).  [ME  &  OF  i(s)le  i.  L  insula 
island  (in-1,  see  consul)] 

is'let,  n.  Little  island ;  isolated  tract  or  spot, 
[f.  F  islette  (as  prec,  see  -et1)] 

i'sm,  n.  Any  distinctive  doctrine  or  practice, 
[foil,  used  as  n.] 

-ism,  suf.  forming  abstract  nn. :  (1)  of  action 
on  vbs  in  -ize,  as  baptism ;  (2)  of  typical  con- 
duct or  condition  on  class  nouns,  as  heroism, 
barbarism ;  (3)  of  system  or  principle  on  name 
of  subject  or  founder  or  connected  catchword. 
as  conservatism,  Arianism,  jingoism;   (!)  cf 


ISO- 


435 


ITE 


peculiarity  in  manner  or  language,  as  Galli- 
cism, archaism;  (5)  of  morbid  condition  in- 
duced, by  excessive  use  of  drug,  as  alcoholism. 
[=F  -isme  f.  L  f.  Gk  -ismos  or  -isma  f.  -izo  -ize] 
iso-  in  comb.  =  Gk  isos  equal,  as:  -bar  n., 
•ba'ric  a.,  (line  on  map)  connecting  places  at 
which  barometric  pressure  is  the  same  (at  given 
time  or  on  the  average) ;  -cheim  (kirn)  n.,  -chei'- 
mal,  -chi'menal,  aa.  &  nn.,  (line  on  map)  con- 
necting places  of  same  mean  winter  tempera- 
ture ;  -chroma'tic,  of  same  colour ;  -chronous, 
occupying  equal  time,  vibrating  uniformly,  as 
pendulum;  -cli'nal,  showing  equal  magnetic 
inclination ;  -dynd'mic,  indicating  equal  mag- 
netic force;  -ge'otherm,  line  connecting  points 
in  interior  of  earth  having  same  temperature  ; 
-gd'nic,  indicating  equal  angles  (of  magnetic 
variation) ;  -me'ric,  composed  of  same  elements 
in  same  proportions,  &  having  same  molecular 
weight,  but  differently  grouped ;  -me'tric(al),  of 
equal  measure  ;  -mor'phism,  -mor'phous,  (pro- 
perty of)  crystallizing  in  same  or  closely  related 
geometric  forms ;  -nomy,  equality  of  political 
rights ;  -perime'trical,  having  equal  perimeters; 
-sei'smal,  connecting  points  at  which  earth- 
quake-shock is  of  same  intensity ;  -theral  a.  & 
n.,  (line)  connecting  places  of  same  mean  sum- 
mer temperature ;  -therm  n.,  -ther'mal  a.  &  n., 
(line)  connecting  places  of  same  mean  annual 
temperature. 

l'solate,  v.t.  Place  apart  or  alone ;  (Chem.) 
free  (substance)  from  its  combinations ;  (Electr. ) 
= insulate  ;  subject  (person  &c.)  to  quarantine. 
Hence  IsoIation,  I*solatoR2(2),  nn.  [orig.  in 
p.p.,  f.  F  isole  f.  It.  isolato  (as  insulate)] 
-ison,  suf.  of  nn.,  f.  OF  -aison,  -eison,  -ison,  f. 
L  -ationem,  -etionem,  -itionem ;  later  formations 
took  -ation,  -ition.  For  exx.  see  -son. 
rsopod,  n.  Crustacean  with  seven  pairs  of 
equal  &  similarly  placed  thoracic  legs,  [iso-  + 
Gk  pous  podos  foot] 

iso'sceles  (-sel-),  a.  (Of  triangle)  having  two 
sides  equal.  [LL,  f.  Gk  iso(skeles  f.  skelos  leg)] 
Psrael  (iz-),  n.  The  Jewish  people,  whence 
I'snaeliTEMD  n.,  PsraelitisH i  a. :  (fig.)  God's 
elect.  [L,  f.  Gk  Israel  f.  Heb.  yisrael  striver 
with  God  (Gen.  xxxii.  28)] 
i'ssue  \  n.  Outgoing,  outflow ;  termination 
(of  matter  &c);  discharge  of  blood  &c,  inci- 
sion to  procure  this;  way  out,  outlet;  mouth  of 
river ;  progeny,  children,  as  without  male  i.  ; 
result,  outcome ;  in  the  i.,  as  things  turn  out ; 
point  in  question,  esp.  (Law)  between  contend- 
ing parties  in  action,  as  i.  of  fact  (when  fact  is 
denied),  i.  of  law  (when  application  of  the  law 
is  contested) ;  at  i.,  (of  persons)  at  variance,  (of 
things)  in  dispute ;  join  i.,  proceed  to  argue 
(with  person  on  point  agreed  upon  as  basis  of 
dispute),  (Law)  submit  an  i.  jointly  for  decision, 
(of  one  party)  accept  the  i.  tendered  by  the 
other  ;  giving  out,  issuing,  (o/bills  of  exchange, 
notes,  stamps,  &c.) ;  number  of  coins,  notes, 
copies  of  newspaper,  &c,  issued  at  one  time. 
Hence  Pssucless  a.  [OF,  f.  pop.  L  *exuta=Ju 
exitus  -us  f.  EX(ire  it-  go),  whence  OF  issir] 
i'ssue2,  v.i.  &  t.  Go  or  come  out  (often  oid, 
forth) ;  emerge  from  a  condition  ;  be  derived, 
spring,  (from);  result  (from);  end,  result, (in); 
come  out,  be  published ;  send  forth ;  publish, 
put  intocirculation,  (notes,  newspaper),  whence 
rssuABLE  a.,  Pssuance  n.  [f.  prec] 
-1st,  suf.  forming  personal  nn. :  (1)  of  agent, 
corresp.  to  Gk  vbs  in  -izo  or  possible  E  vds  in 
-ize,  as  antagonist,  plagiarist ;  (2)  of  adherent 
of  creed  &c.  in  -ism,  as  atheist,  ventriloquist, 
Darwinist,  fatalist ;  (3)  of  one  concerned  with 
any  subject  (apart  from  -ism,  -ize),  as  dentist, 
tobacconist,  balloonist,  esp.  as  player  of  musical 


instrument  (violinist).  [  =  F  -istc,  It.  &  Sp.  -ista, 
f.  L  -ista  f.  Gk  -istes  (-izo  -ize  +  -tes  agent-suf.); 
tobacconist,  accompanist  are  formed  irreg.] 

-ister,  suf.  of  nn.,  f.  OF  -istre,  by-form  of  -iste 
-1ST,  perh.  by  false  anal.  f.  ministre  (L  minister) 
&c;  in  E  prob.  associated  with  -er1.  Exx.: 
chorister,  palmister,  sophister. 

i'sthmus,  n.  (pi.  -muses).  Neck  of  land; 
(An at.,  Bot.)  narrow  part  connecting  two  larger 
parts.  Hence  i'sthmiAN  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  isthmos] 

i'stle  (-tli),  n.  Fibre  used  for  cord,  nets,  &c, 
got  from  species  of  agave  &c.    [f.  Mex.  ixtli] 

it,  pron.  (poss.  its;  pi.  they,  obj.  them,  poss. 
their).  The  thing  in  question ;  the  person  in 
question,  as  who  is  it  (that  knocks)  ?,  it  (the  per- 
son that  knocks)  is  I,  (archaic  poet.)  it  (what 
occupies  my  mind)  is  the  miller's  daughter,  & 
she  is  grown  so  dear,  (nursery  sympathetic)  has 
it  lost  its  rattle  then  ?  (have  you,  your) ;  (as 
subject  of  impers.  vb)  it  rains,  it  is  cold;  it  (the 
season)  is  winter,  it  (the  day)  is  Ash  Wednes- 
day, it  is  Ash  Wednesday  today,  it  (the  dis- 
tance) is  6  miles  to  Oxford  ;  it  says  in  the  Bible 
(the  Bible  says)  that  all  men  are  liars ;  I  would 
go  if  it  were  not  (would  go  but)  for  the  expense  ; 
(as  subject,  anticipating  deferred  virtual  sub- 
ject in  more  or  less  conscious  apposition)  it  is 
absurd  talking  (or  to  talk)  like  that,  it  is  in- 
credible that  he  should  refuse,  it  is  a  dirty 
business,  this  meat-canning ;  (anticipating  de- 
ferred subject  introduced  by  that  conj.,  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  adv.  predicate)  it  is  seldom 
that  Tie  fails,  it  is  in  vain  that  you  quibble,  it  is 
to  him  that  you  must  apply ;  (as  antecedent  to 
relative  of  either  number  &  any  gender,  sepa- 
rated by  predicate)  it  was  a  purse  that  he 
dropped,  it  ivas  the  Russians  that  began  it ; 
(as  indef.  obj.  w.  trans,  or  intr.  vb)/ace  it  out, 
carry  it  with  a  high  hand,  deuce  take  it,  run 
for  it,  lord  it  over  him,  cab  it  (go  habitually  or 
on  the  particular  occasion  in  cab),  give  it  him 
(hot),  have  done  it  (blundered).  JOE  hit  nom. 
&  ace.  f.  (orig.  demonstr.)  stem  hi-  (nom.  masc. 
he)  ;  OE  gen.  his,  dat.  him ;  OE  hit  corresponds 
to  Du.  het  &  in  form  to  Goth,  hita  this] 

i'tacism  (e),  n.  Pronunciation  of  Greek  e 
like  i  (i.  e.  e),  cf.  etacism  ;  substitution  in  MS  of 
Greek  iota  for  other  vowels,  [f.  Gk  eta  the  letter 
e,  spelt  ita  to  indicate  the  pronunc.  (eta)] 

Ita'lian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Italy ;  I.  handwriting, 
that  now  current  in  England,  Italy,  France, 
&c,  opp.  to  Gothic ;  I.  iron  (cylindrical,  with 
rounded  end,  for  crimping  lace  &c);  (n.)  lan- 
guage, native,  of  Italy.  Hence  Ita'lian- 
ism(2,  4)  n.,  Ita'lianiZE<3)  v.t.  &  I  If.  L Italia- 
nus,  (Italia  Italy,  see  -an)] 

Ita'lic,  a.  &  n.  Of  ancient  Italy,  esp.  as  apart 
from  Rome ;  i.  type,  sloping  type  introduced  by 
Aldus  Manutius  of  Venice(c.  1500) ;  (n.  pl.)letters 
thus  sloping,  now  used  for  emphasis  or  distinc- 
tion, e.g.  to  indicate  foreign  word  (cf.  roman). 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Italikos  (Italia  Italy,  see  -ic)] 

italicize,  v.t.  Print  (words)  in  italics,  usu. 
for  emphasis  or  distinction,    [-ize] 

Ita-liot  (-ot),  -ote,  n.  &  a.  (Inhabitant)  of 
Greek  colonies  in  S.  Italy.  If.  Gk  Italiotes 
(Italia  Italy,  see  -ot2)] 

itch  *,  n.  Irritation  -in  the  skin ;  contagious 
disease  accompanied  by  this  &  caused  by  the 
i.-mite,  which  burrows  in  the  skin;  restless 
desire,  hankering,  (for  thing,  to  do).  Hence 
i'tchiNESS  n.,  itchy  2  a.    [OE  gicce,  as  foil.] 

itch2,  v.i.  Feel  irritation  in  skin;  scratch 
where  it  itches  (where  there  is  an  itching) ;  (of 
person  or  his  fingers)  crave  uneasily  (for  thing, 
to  do).   [OE  gicc(e)an,  cf.  Du.  jeuken,  G  jucken] 

-ite  \  suf.  of  adjj.  &  nn., =F  -ite  f.  L  -ita  f.  Gk 
-ites  (also  used  in  E,  as  pyrites),  w.  sense  '(one) 


-ITE 


436 


JACK 


belonging  to  or  connected  with';  (1)  in  names 
of  persons,  in  mod.  formation  often  contempt. 
(Stagirite,  Sybarite,  Durhamite,  Shelleyite, 
Preraphaelite) ;  (2)  in  names  of  fossil  organisms 
(ammonite,  belemnite) ;  of  mineral  species, 
often  superseding  -awe,  -in,  &c.  (anthracite, 
haematite,  graphite,  darwinite) ;  of  constituent 
parts  of  body  or  organ  (somite,  ccrite,  segment 
of  body,  of  horn) ;  of  some  saccharine  sub- 
stances, glucoses,  &c.  (dulcite,  pinite) ;  of  explo- 
sives (cordite,  dynamite) ;  of  commercial  pro- 
ducts (ebonite,  vulcanite) ;  of  salts  of  acids  de- 
nominated by  aa.  in  -otis  (nitrite,  sulphite). 

-ite2,  suf.  formed  in  adjj.  f.  L  p.p.  in  -itus 
(erudite,  exquisite),  in  vbl  nn.  f.  L  -itus  (appe- 
tite), &  in  vbs  formed  on  L  p.p.  stem  in  -it- 
(expedite,  unite) ;  but  vbs  f.  L  p.p.  St.  -it-  usu. 
end  in  -it  (deposit,  merit). 

i'tem,  n.  &  adv.  Article,  unit,  included  in 
enumeration;  entry  of  this  in  account  &c; 
detail  of  news  &c.  in  newspaper  &c. ;  (adv.)  like- 
wise, also,  (introducing  mention  of  i.).  [L,  adv., 
=  in  like  manner,  also,  (is  he  +  -tem  adv.  suf.)] 

i'terate,  v.t.  Repeat  (quoted  words  &c.) ; 
make  (charge,  assertion,  objection,  &c.)  repeat- 
edly. Hence  or  cogn.  i'tePANCE,  -ancy,  itePA*- 
tion,  nn.,  i'teratiVE  a.  [f.  L  iterare  (iterum 
again),  see  -ate3] 

-ites.    See  -ite  K 

ithypha'llic,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  phallus  carried 
in  Bacchic  festivals;  in  the  metre  used  for 
Bacchic  hymns ;  (n.)  poem  in  this  metre,  licen- 
tious poem.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  ithuphallikos  (ithus 
straight  +  phallos  phallus,  see  -ic)] 

itinerant,  a.  Travelling  from  place  to 
place ;  (of  justices)  travelling  on  circuit ;  (of 
Wesleyan  ministry)  preaching  in  a  circuit. 
Hence  iti'nePACY,  itrnePANCY,  nn.  [as  iti- 
nerate, see  -ant] 

itrnepapy,  n.  &  a.  Route ;  record  of  travel ; 
guide-book ;  (adj. )  of  travelling,  of  roads,  [f.  LL 
itinerarius  a.,  -um  n.  (also  used  in  E),  f.  iter 
itineris  journey,  see  -ary  x] 

Iti'nepate,  v.i.  Travel  from  place  to  place ; 
(of  Wesleyan)  preach  within  circuit.  Hence 
itinePA'TiON  n.    [f.  Litinerari  (as  prec),  see 

-ATE3] 

-ition,  suf.,  =  -ion  appended  to  L  3rd  or  4th 
conj.  p.p.  stems  (perdition,  sortition). 

-itious  >,  suf.  of  adjj.,  f.  L  -icius  +  -ous  (-c-  by 
confus.  of  c  &  t  in  LL  MSS),  formed  usu.  on  L 
p.p.  stems  (factitious);  E  wds  in  -icious,  on  the 
other  hand,  often  repr.  L  stems  with  -it-  -f-ious 
(avaricious)  as  well  as  those  in  -ic-  +  -ious 
(suspicious). 

-itious2,  suf.  (in  appearance  compd)  in  which 
-ious  is  appended  to  L  stems  in  -ft-  (ambitious, 
nutritious,  cf.  suppositiTiovs1),  sometimes  also 
disguised  as  -icious  (malicious). 

-itis,suf.  forming  esp.  names  of  inflammatory 
diseases  (appendicitis,  bronchitis),  f.  Gk  -itte 
adj.,  fern,  of  -ites,  w.  nosos  disease  understood. 

-itous,  suf.  of  adjj.,  =  -iT(y)-f  -ous,  corresp.  to 
L  -itosus  for  -itatosus  (calamitosus  calamitous). 

its,  poss.  a.    See  it.    [replaces  his  in  16th  c] 

itself,  pron.  Emphatic  &  reflexive  form 
corresp.  toil ;  mi, apart fromits surroundings, 
viewed  in  its  essential  qualities  &c.  [it  +  self, 
but  often  treated  as  its  +  self,  cf.  its  own  self] 

-ity.    See  -ty. 

-ium,  suf.  forming  names  of  metals,  after 
sodium  (soda),  potassium  (potassa) ;  alumin- 
um is  changed  to  -minium  to  conform  to  the 
type,  but  some  later  metals  have  names  in  -um, 
the  L  termination  for  metals. 

-ive,  suf.  forming  adjj.  w.  sense  '  tending  to, 
having  the  nature  of ',  f.  F  -if  (fem.  -ive)  f.  L 
■ivus  added  to  p.p.  stem  (activus,  passivus), 


pres.  stem  (cadivus),  or  noun  (teinpestivus). 
Most  E  wds  are  of  mod.  formation,  chiefly  in 
-sive,  -live,  &  esp.  -ative,  which  tends  to  become 
living  suf.  (talkative).  Some  are  formed  immed. 
on  vb  stems  (esp.  in  -s,  -c,  -t),  as  amusive,  coer- 
cive,   costive  is  not  an  ex. 

I'vopy,  n.  Hard  white  substance  composing 
main  part  of  tusks  of  elephant,  hippopotamus, 
walrus,  narwhal,  &  (fossil  i.)  mammoth  ;  vege- 
table i.,  hard  albumen  of  seed  of  S.-Amer.  palm 
(i.-nut) ;  black  i.,  African  negro  slaves;  colour 
of  i.;  (slang,  pi.)  dice,  billiard-balls ;  (slang,  sing. 
or  pi.)  teeth;  i.-black,  black  pigment  from  cal- 
cined i.   [f.  OF  yvoire  f.  L  eboreus  a.  (ebur  -oris)] 

i'vy,  n.  Climbing  evergreen  shrub,  with  dark- 
green  shining  leaves,  usu.  five-angled  ;  i.  gera- 
nium, i. -leaved  pelargonium.  Hence  i'viED2  a. 
[OE  ifig,  etym.  dub.] 

i'xia,  n.  Genus  of  S. -African  iridaceous 
plants,  with  large  showy  flowers.    [Gk] 

i'zapd,  n.  Capriform  antelope  of  Pyrenees, 
allied  to  chamois,    [f.  F  isard,  etym.  dub.] 

-ize,  -ise,  suf.  of  vbs.,  =  F  -iser  f.  LL  -izare 
f.  Gk  -izo ;  in  Gk  either  intr.,  'act  like',  as 
hellenizo,  speak,  act  as  a,  Greek,  or  trans.,  as 
katharizo  clean;  Christian  Gk  vbs,  as  euag- 
gelizo  evangelize,  were  first  Latinized,  &  -izare 
so  established  as  L  for  Gk  vbs  (cf.  G  -iren  for 
Rom.  vbs) ;  F  extended  -iser  to  form  vbs  from 
names  &c,  whence  the  mod.  use.  -ize  is  the 
better  spelling  for  all  wds,  mod.  or  f.  Gk,  that 
contain  the  Gk  suf.  (advertise,  surprise,  &c, 
do  not).  Meanings:  (1)  trans.,  treat  in  such  a 
way  (catechize) ;  (2)  intr.,  follow,  have,  such  a 
practice  or  feeling  (apostatize,  sympathize) ; 
(3)  t.  &  i.,  bring,  come,  into  such  a  state  (pul- 
verize, anglicize,  cicatrize) ;  (4)  t.  &  i.,  act  lUce, 
treat  on  system  of,  (Calvinize,  Boivdlerizk) ; 
(5)  trans. ,  impregnate  &c.  with  (oxidize).  Nn.  are 
formed  in  izer,  -ization,  as  well  as  -ist,  -ism. 


J»  j»  (ja),  letter  (pi.  Js,  J's).    J  (pen),  broad- 
pointed  pen  stamped  with  J. 
Abbreviation  (1) :  Justice,  in  J.  P.  (of  Peace). 
Abbreviations  (2) :  Jam.(aica) ;  Jam.(es,  E- 

Sistleof);  Jan.(uary);  Jep.(emiah);  Josh.(ua); 
ud.(ith) ;  JudgMes,  O.-T.  book) ;  jun.(ior). 


ja*al-g-oat  (or  yah-),  n.  Wild  goat  of  Sinai, 
Upper  Egypt,  &c.    [f.  Heb.  ya*el  wild  goat) 

jab,  v.t.,  &  n.  Poke  roughly;  stab;  thrust 
(thing)  abruptly  (into) ;  (n.)  abrupt  blow  with 
pointed  thing  or  fist.    [prob.  imit,] 

ja'bbep,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Speak  volubly  &  with 
little  sense;  utter  (words)  rapidly  &indistinctly; 
chatter,  as  monkeys  &c. ;  (n. )  jabbering,  gabble, 
gibberish.    [_(n.  f.  vb)  prob.  imit.,  with  -er5] 

ja'bipu  (-oo),  n.  Tropical  American  bird  of 
stork  family,    [native] 

jabopa'ndi,  n.  Dried  leaflets  of  Brazilian 
plant  with  diuretic  &  sudorific  properties,  [f. 
native  jaburandi] 

jabof  (zh-),  n.  Ornamental  frill  on  woman's 
bodice ;  (Hist.)  frill  on  man's  shirt-front  [F, 
etym.  dub.] 

ja'cinth,  n.  Reddish-orange  gem,  variety  of 
zircon,    [f.  OF  iacinte,  as  hyacinth] 

jack1,  n.  (J)  familiar  form  of  name  John, 
esp.  as  type  of  the  common  people,  as  J.  &  gill  ; 
every  man  j.,  every  individual;  =j.-tar;  la- 
bourer, man  who  does  odd  jobs,  &c;  cheap  J. ; 
steeple-/.;  (Cards)  knave;  machine  for  turning 
spitin  roasting  meat ;  machine  for  lifting  heavy 
weights;  (also  carriage-j.)  machine  for  lifting 
axle  off  ground  while  cleaning  wheel ;  boot  i-?'.; 
parts  of  various  machines  &c;  pike,  esp.  voung 
orsmall  one ;  J.  Frost,  frost  personified ;  before 


JACK 4; 

you  could  say  J.  Robinson,  very  quickly  or  sud- 
denly ;  J.-a-dandy,  dandy  ;  jackass,  male  ass, 
dolt,  blockhead;  laughing  jackass,  Giant  King- 
fisher of  Australia ;  j.-boot,  large  boot  coming 
above  knee,  worn  by  fishermen  &c;  jackdaw, 
daw ;  J.  in  office,  consequential  petty  official ; 
j.-in-the-box,  toy  figure  that  springs  out  of  box 
when  lid  is  raised,  (also)  kind  of  firework  ;  J.-in- 
the-green,  man  or  boy  enclosed  in  framework 
covered  with  leaves  in  May -day  sports;  J.  Ketch, 
common  hangman  ;  j.-knife,  large  clasp-knife 
for  the  pocket ;  J.  of  all  trades,  one  who  can 
turn  his  hand  to  anything ;  j.-o '-lantern,  will- 
o'-the-wisp  (often  fig.  );j.  -plane  (for  coarse  work); 
j.-pudding,  buffoon,  clown ;  j.-snipe  (small  spe- 
cies) ;  j. -tar,  common  sailor;  j.-towel  (endless, 
hung  from  roller),  [prob.  conn.  w.  John,  but 
perh.  f.  F  Jacques  James  f.  L  f.  G  lakobos  Jacob] 

jack2,  v.t.  Hoist  with  jack:  ruin;  j.  up, 
abandon  (attempt  &c.  or  abs.).  [first  sense  f. 
prec;  others  perh.  imit.,  cf.  chuck] 

jack3,  n.  Ship's  flag,  smaller  than  ensign,  esp. 
one  flown  from  j.-staff  at  bow,  indicating  na- 
tionality, as  British,  i 'rench  J.;  union  J.  [prob. 

=  JACK1] 

jack  4,  n.  (archaic).  Foot-soldier's  sleeveless 
tunic;  (also  black  j.)  vessel  for  liquor,  usu.  of 
waxed  leather  coated  with  tar  &c.  [f.  Fjaque, 
etym.  dub.] 

jack5,  n.  E.-Ind.  fruit,  like  bread-fruit  but 
coarser,  [f.  Port,  jaca  f.  Malayalam  chakka] 
ja'ckal  (awl),  n.  Animal  of  dog  kind,  of  size 
of  fox,  formerly  supposed  to  hunt  up  lion's  prey 
for  him ;  (fig.)  person  who  does  preparatory 
drudgery  &c.  [f.  Turk,  chakal  f.  Pers.  shagal, 
cogn.  w.  Skr.  s'rgala] 

ja'ckanapes,  n.  (Archaic)  monkey;  pert 
fellow ;  coxcomb ;  pert  child,  [earlier  Jack 
Napes,  first  found  or  William  de  la  Pole,  Duke 
of  Suffolk  (d.  1450),  whose  badge  was  a  clog  & 
chain,  such  as  was  used  for  tame  ape] 
ja'cket,  n.,  &  v.t.  Sleeved  outer  garment 
for  man  or  woman ;  Norfolk,  eton,  j.;  dust 
his  j.,  beat  him;  outer  covering  round  boiler 
&c.  for  protection,  keeping  in  heat,  &c. ;  ani- 
mal's coat;  potatoes  boiled  in  their  jj.  (skins) ; 
(v.t.)  cover  with  j.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  jaquet,  dim. 
as  JACK4] 

Ja'cob,  n.  J.'s  ladder,  plant  with  corymbs 
of  blue  or  white  flowers,  &  leaves  suggesting 
ladder,  (Naut.)  rope  ladder  with  wooden  steps 
for  ascending  rigging  from  deck;  J.'s  staff,  sur- 
veyor's iron-shod  rod  used  instead  of  tripod, 
(also)  instrument  for  measuring  distances  & 
heights,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  lakobos  f.  Heb.  ya'agob] 

Jacobe'an,  a.  Of  the  reign  of  James  I ;  of 
St  James  the  Less.  [f.  LL  Jacobaeus  {Jacobus 
as  prec,  whence  James),  see  -an] 

Ja'cobin ],  n.  Dominican  friar  [from  convent 
near  to  church  of  S.  Jacques] ;  member  of  ex- 
treme democratic  club  established  in  Paris  in 
old  J.  convent  (1789),  sympathizer  with  ^prin- 
ciples, extreme  radical,  whence  Jacobi'nic- 
(AL)aa.,Ja*cobiniSM(3)n.,Ja*cobiniZE(3)v.t. 
[F,  f.  med.L  Jacobinus  (jacob,  -ine1)] 

ja'cobin2,  n.  Pigeon  with  reversed  feathers 
on  back  of  neck,  suggesting  cowl.  [f.  Fjacobine, 
fem.  as  prec] 

Ja'cobite,  n.  Adherent  of  James  II  after  his 
abdication,  or  of  his  son  the  Pretender.  Hence 
Jacobi'tiCAL a.,  Ja*eobitiSM(3)  n.  [f.  L  Jaco- 
bus James  +  -ite  *] 

jacd'bus,  n.  English  gold  coin  struck  in  reign 
of  James  I,  worth  20-24s.    fas  precl 

ja'conet,  n.  Cotton  cloth  of  medium  thick- 
ness, esp.  dyed  waterproofed  kind  for  poulticing 
&c  [f.  Hind.  Jagannathi  f.  place-name] 

Jacqrue/7e(zhakkere*),n.  Rising  of  peasantry, 


r  .     JAPAN 

esp.  that  of  1337-8  in  France.  [F  (Jacques  James, 
peasant,  see  -erv)] 

jaetita'tion,  n.  (med.).    Restless  tossing  of 
body  in  illness;  twitching  of  limb  or  muscle, 
[f.  med.L  jactitatio  f.  L  jactitare  double  fre- 
quent. otjacSrejact-  throw,  see  -ation] 
jade  *,  n. ,  &  v.t.  Inferior,  w  earied,  or  worn-out 
horse ;  (in  reprobation,  usu.  playful)  woman  ; 
(v.t.,  esp.  in  p.p.)  wear  out  with  hard  work.    [?] 
Jade2,n.  A  silicate  of  lime  &  magnesia,  a  hard 
green,  blue,  or  white  stone  ;  silicate  of  sodium 
&  aluminium  like  this  in  appearance,    [f.  F  le 
jade  for  Vejade  f.  Sp.  ( piedra  de)  ijada  (stone 
of)  the  colic,  f.  L  ilia  pi.  flank] 
jag1,  n.    Sharp  projection,  e.g.  point  of  rock. 
Hence  ja'gg y 2 a.    [prob.  imit.] 
jag- 2,  v.t.  Cut,  tear,  in  uneven  manner ;  make 
indentations  in,  whence  Ja'srgTER  J(2)  n.  Hence 
ja'g-gedLY2  adv.,  ja'ggredNESS  n.    [f.  prec] 
ja'g-uap  (-war,  -uar),  n.     Large  carnivorous 
spotted  quadruped  of  cat  kind,  in  some  wooded 
parts  of  America.    If.  native  yaguara] 
Jah,  n.  Jehovah,  [repr.  Heb.  Yah  shortened 
form  of  Yahweh  jehovah] 
Jail  &c.    See  gaol  &c 

Jain,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  a  non-Brahminical 
E.-Ind.  sect,  with  doctrines  like  those  of  Bud- 
dhism. Hence  JaPniSM  n.  [f.  Hind.  f.  Skr. 
jaina  of  a  Buddha  (jina  f.  root  ji  conquer)] 
ja'lap,  11.  Purgative  drug  got  esp.  from  tu- 
berous roots  of  a  Mexican  climbing  plant. 
[F,  f.  Su.jalapa  f.  Xalapa,  Ja-,  Mexican  city, 
f.  Aztec  Xalapan  (xalli  sand  +  atl  water  +  pan 
upon)] 

Jalousie  (zha/ldbze),  n.  Blind,  shutter,  with 
slats  sloping  upwards  from  without.  [F,  as 
jealousy] 
jam  \  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Squeeze  (thing)  between 
two  surfaces ;  cause  (part  of  machine)  to  be 
fixed  so  that  it  cannot  work  ;  squeeze  (things) 
together  in  compact  mass  ;  thrust  (thing)  vio- 
lently (into  space) ;  block,  fill  up,  (passage  &c) 
by  crowding  into  it ;  become  tightly  wedged  ; 
(n.)  crush,  squeeze,  stoppage  (of  machine  &c) 


[prob.  imit.] 
be 


due  to  this,  crowded  mass. 

jam  2,  n.  Conserve  of  fruity  made  by  boiling 
it  with  sugar  to  a  pulp ;  (slang)  real  j.,  a  real 
treat,    [perh.  f.  prec] 

jamb  (-m),  n.  Side  post  of  doorway,  window, 
&c,  esp.  (pi.)  stone  sides  or  cheeks  of  fireplace, 
[f.  Fjambe  leg  f.  LL  gamba  hoof,  perh.  f.  Celt. 
camb-  crooked] 

ja-ngle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  harsh  noise  ; 
cause  (bell  &c)  to  do  this  ;  speak,  utter,  in  dis- 
cordantornoisy  way;  (archaic)  dispute,  wrangle, 
(n.  &  vb).    [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  jangler,  etym.  dub.] 

ja'nitop,  n.   Doorkeeper.    [L,  f.  janua  door] 

ja'nizapy,  -nissapy,  (ja-,  ya),  n.  (Hist.) 
one  of  body  of  Turkish  infantry  forming  Sul- 
tan's guard  (abolished  in  1826) ;  Turkish  soldier ; 
(fig.)  personal  instrument  of  tyranny,  [ult.  f. 
Turk,  yeni-  tsheH  (yeni  new  +  tsheri  soldiery)] 

Ja'nsenist,  n.  Member  of  party  in  Rom. 
Cath.  Church  holding  with  Cornelius  Jansen 
(d.  1638)  the  perverseness  &  inability  for  good 
of  the  natural  human  will.  So  Ja'nseniSM  n., 
Janseni'stic  a.    [-1ST] 

Ja'nuapy,  n.  (abbr.  Jan.).  First  month  of 
year.  [f.  L  Januarius  (mensis  month)  of  janus, 
seo  -ary  J] 

Ja'nus,  n.  Ancient  Italian  god,  guardian  of 
doors  &  gates,  represented  with  faces  on  front 
&  back  of  head.    [L] 

Jap,  a.  &  n.  (colloq.).    Japanese. 

japa'n1,  n.  (J-)  insular  empire  on  east  of 
Asia,  whence  JapanE'SE  a.  &  n..  Japan- 
e'sque  a. ;  hard  varnish,  esp.  kind  brought 
orig.  from  J.;  work  in  Japanese  style,  [prob.  f. 


JAPAN 


438 


JERID 


Malay  Japung  f.  Chin.  Jih-pun  sunrise  (jih  sun 
+  pun  origin)] 

japa'n2,  v.t.  (-nn-).  Lacquer  with  japan; 
make  black  &  glossy  as  with  japan,  [f.  prec.] 
jape,  v.i.,  &  n.  Jest.  [f.  14th  c. ;  etym.  dub.] 
Japhe'tie,  a.  Of,  descended  from,  Japheth 
son  of  Noah ;  Indo-European,  [-ic] 
japd'nie,  a.  Japanese.  [F  Japon  japan,  -ic] 
japd'nica,  n.  Kinds  of  Japanese  plant,  esp. 
ornamental  variety  of  pear  or  quince.  [mod.L 
fern.  adj.  as  prec] 

jar1,  n.  Sound,  vibration,  esp.  harsh  one; 
thrill  of  nerves  or  feelings,  shock ;  want  of  har- 
mony, disagreement ;  quarrel,  [as  foil.] 
jap*2,  v.i  &  t.  Sound  discordantly,  make  grat- 
ing impression  (upon  person,  his  ear,  nerves, 
&c.) ;  strike  with  grating  sound  (upon,  against, 
object) ;  (of  body  affected)  vibrate,  resound, 
discordantly  ;  (of  opinion,  statement,  action)  be 
at  variance,  disagree,  (with);  dispute,  wrangle; 
cause  (thing)  to  j.;  send  shock  through  (nerves). 
Hence  jap'Ping/LY  2  adv.  [prob.  imit.] 
jar3,  n.  Earthenware,  stoneware,  or  glass 
vessel,  with  two  handles  ornone,usu.  cylindri- 
cal ;  leyden./.  Hence  jaP*FUL(2)  n.  [f.  F  jarre 
f.  Arab,  jarrah] 

jardiniere  (zhardlnyar-),  n.  Ornamental  pot 
or  stand  for  display  of  growing  flowers  in  room, 
on  window-sill,  &c.    [F] 

jap'g-on  l,  n.  Unintelligible  words,  gibberish; 
barbarous  or  debased  language;  mode  of  speech 
full  of  unfamiliar  terms,  as  critics'  j.,  meta- 
physical j. ;  twittering  of  birds.  Hence  jap*- 
g-oniZE(2,  3)  v.t.  &  i.  [OF,  etym.  dub.] 
jap'g-on2,  japg"00*n,n.  Translucent,  colour- 
less, or  smoky  variety  of  zircon  found  in  Cey- 
lon. [F,  perh.  ult.  f.  zircon] 
japg-one'lle,  n.  Kind  of  pear  that  ripens 
early.    [F,  dim.  of  prec] 

japl  (y-),  n.   (hist.).      Old  Norse  or  Danish 
chief.    [ON,  orig.  man  of  noble  birth ;  =earl] 
ja*ppah,  n.  (Durable  timber  of)  W. -Austral, 
mahogany  gum-tree.    [f.  native  jerrhyl] 
jap'vey,  n.    Hackney-coachman ;  driver  of 
Irish  car.    [by-form  of  surname  Jarvis] 
ja#sey,  n.  (familiar).  Wig,  esp.  of  worsted.  [?] 
ja'smin(e),  je'ssamin(e),  n.      Genus  of 
shrubs  with  white  or  yellow  salver-shaped 
flowers,  esp.  common  or  white  j.,  climbing 
shrub  with  fragrant  flowers,   [f.  Arab.  f.  Pers. 
yasmin ;  F  has \  jasmin,  jesscmin] 
ja'spep,  n.    Opaque  variety  of  quartz,  usu. 
red,  yellow,  or  brown,    [f.  OF  jaspret.  Lf.  Gk 
iaspis,  of  oriental  orig.,  -  any  bright  chalce- 
dony except  carnelian  ;  cf.  Heb.  yashpeh] 
jau-ndiee  (jah-,  jaw-),  n.,  &  v.t.     Morbid 
state  caused  by  obstruction  of  bile,  &  marked 
by  yellowness  of  skin,  fluids,  &  tissues,  consti- 
pation, &  loss  of  appetite ;  disordered  vision 
(usu.  fig.),  as  characteristic  of  this ;  (v.t.)  affect 
with  j.,  (fig.  esp.  in  p.p.)  affect  (person,  his  judg- 
ment &c)  with  envy  or  jealousy,    [(vb  prob. 
back-formation  f.  jau'ndicKD2)  f.  F  jaunice 
(jaune  yellow  f.  L  galbinus  f.  galbus,  -ice)] 
jaunt  (jaw-,  jah),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Take)  excursion, 
journey,  esp.  for  pleasure ;  jaunting-car,  light 
two-wheeled  vehicle  popular  in  Ireland.    [?] 
javrnty  (jaw-,  jah),  a.    Having  or  affecting 
easy  sprightliness,  airy  self -satisfaction.  Hence 
jairntiLY2  adv.,   javrntixEss  n.      [earlier 
jantee  f.  F  gentil  genteel] 

ja*velln  (-vl-),  n.  Light  spear,  dart.  [f.  F 
javeline,  perh.  of  Celt,  orig.] 
jaw,  n.  Lower,  upper,  j.,  two  bones  or  sets 
of  bones  forming  framework  of  mouth  &  masti- 
cating apparatus  in  vertebrates  ;  j.-bone,  each 
of  the  two  bones  forming  lower  jaw  in  most 
mammals,  these   two  combined  into  one  in 


others;  (pi.)  bones  of  mouth  including  teeth, 
mouth  ;  (pi.)  narrow  mouth  of  valley,  channel, 
&c;  (pi.)  seizing  members  of  machine,  e.g.  vice; 
(colloq.)  loquacity,  as  hold  yourj.,  stop  talking, 
(also)  sermonizing  talk,  lecture  ;j. -breaker  (col- 
loq.), word  hard  to  pronounce ;  (v.i.)  speak  esp. 
at  tedious  length  ;  (v.t.)  lecture,  [(vbf.  n.)  perh. 
cogn.  w.  chew] 

jay,  n.  Noisy  chattering  European  bird  of 
brilliant  plumage ;  genus  to  which  this  belongs ; 
(fig.)  impertinent  chatterer,  simpleton.  [OF, 
perh.  f.  OHG  gdhi  quick] 

jea'lous  (jel-),  a.  Solicitous  for  preservation 
of  (rights  &c) ;  apprehensive  of  being  displaced 
in  the  love  or  good- will  o/(wife,  husband,  lover, 
friend ;  also  of  the  supposed  rival) ;  envious  (of 
person,  his  advantages,  &c.) ;  (bibl.,  of  God)  in- 
tolerant of  unfaithfulness ;  (of  inquiry,  super- 
vision, &c)  suspiciously  vigilant.  Hence  jea'- 
Iously  2  adv.  [f.  OF  gelos  f.  LL  zelosus  (as 
zeal,  see  -ous)] 

jea'lousy,  n.  Quality,  state,  of  being  jealous, 
[f.  OF  gelosi  (as  prec,  see  -Y l)] 

jean  (jan),  n.  Twilled  cotton  cloth,  kind  of 
fustian,  [prob.  =  ME  Gene  f.  med.L  Janua 
Genoa] 

jeep1,  n.  (naut.).  (Usu.  pi.)  tackle  for  hoisting 
&  lowering  lower  yards.    [?] 

jeer2,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Scoff  derisively  (at) ;  de- 
ride ;  (n.)  gibe,  taunt.    [?] 

Jeho'vah,  n.  Principal  name  of  God  in 
O.T.  [repr.  Heb.  yahaveh,  perh.  f.  hawah  be, 
exist] 

Jeho'vist,  n.  Author(s)  of  those  parts  of 
the  Hexateuch  in  which  God  is  called  Jehovah 
(cf.  elohist).    Hence  Jehovi'stic  a.    [-ist] 

Je"hu,  n.  (facet.).  Furious  driver;  driver. 
[2  Kings  ix.  20] 

jeju'ne,  a.  Meagre,  scanty ;  (of  land)  barren ; 
unsatisfying  to  the  mind.  Hence  jeju'neLY2 
adv.,  jeju'neNESS  n.    [f.  L  jejunus  fasting] 

je'lly,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Soft  stiff  semi-transparent 
food,  consisting  chiefly  of  gelatin,  got  from  skin, 
bones,  &c,  by  boiling  &  cooling  ;  similar  pre- 
paration of  juice  of  fruit  &c ;  j.-fish,  pop.  name 
of  medusa  or  sea-nettle  ;  (vb)  (cause  to)  set  as  j., 
congeal,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  gelie  frost  f.  L  gelata 
(gelare  freeze,  see  -Y  4)] 

jemi'mas,n.pl.  (colloq.).  Elastic-sided  boots. 

je'mmy,  n.  Crowbar  used  by  burglars,  usu. 
made  in  sections ;  sheep's  head  as  a  dish.  [fam. 
form  of  James] 

je  ne  sa/'s  <jfuo/(zhenesakwah*),  n.  An  in- 
describable something.   [F,  =  I  know  not  what] 

je'nnet,  n.  Small  Spanish  horse,  [f.  F  genet 
f.  Sp.  jinete  light  horseman,  etym.  dub.] 

jenneting-,  n.  Kind  of  early  apple,  [prob. 
f.  F  name  Jeannet  +  -ing3] 

je'nny,  n.  Locomotive  crane  ;  =8PiNning-j. ; 
a  stroke  at  billiards  ;  j.-wren,  (pop.  &  nursery 
name  for)  wren.    [fam.  form  of  Janet] 

jeo'papdize,  v.t.    Endanger,    [foil.,  -ize] 

jeo'papdy  (jep-),  n.  Danger.  [ME  iuparti 
f.  OF  iu  (or  ieu)  parti  divided  (i.  e.  even)  game, 
f.  lijocus  game  +  partitusp.y.  of  partiri  divide 
f.  pars  -rtis  part] 

jequrpity,  n.  Indian  twining  shrub  with 
parti-coloured  seeds  used  for  ornament  &  in 
medicine,    [f.  Yjeqwirityi.  native  jekiriti] 

jepbd'a  (or  jer'b-),n.  Small  rodent  of  African 
deserts,  with  long  hind  legs  &  great  jumping 
powers,  [f.  Arab,  yarbu'  flesh  of  loins,  jerboa] 

Sjepemrad,  n.  Lamentation,  doleful  com- 
>laint.  [f.  ¥jiri,miade  f.  Jeremie  f.  L  Jeremias 
Teremiah,  see  -ad] 

Je'picho  (-ko),  n.  Town  in  Palestine ;  go  to  J. 
(to  the  devil). 
jepi'd  (-ed),  -eed,  n.    Javelin  used  by  Per- 


JERK 


439 


JINGO 


sian,  Turkish,  &  Arabian  horsemen  ;  game  in 
which  this  is  used.    [f.  Arab,  jarid] 

jerk 1,  n.  Sharp  sudden  pull,  twist,  &c. ;  invc~ 
luntary  spasmodic  contraction  of  muscle ;  (pi.) 
spasmodic  movements  of  limbs  or  face,  esp. 
from  religious  excitement.  Hence  jep*kiLY  2 
adv.,  jer*kiNESS  n.,  jep*kv 2  a.    [prob.  imit.] 

jerk2,  v.t.  &  i.  Pull,  thrust,  twist,  &c,  with 
a  jerk ;  throw  with  suddenly  arrested  motion  ; 
(intr.)  move  with  a  jerk,    [as  prec] 

jerk  3,  v.t.  Cure  (esp.  beef)  by  cutting  in  long 
slices  &  drying  in  sun.  [f.  Amer.  Sp.  charquear 
(charque  f.  Peruv.  ccharqui  dried  flesh)] 

jep'kin,  n.  (hist.).  Man's  close-fitting  jacket, 
often  of  leather.    [?] 

je'ppy,  n.  J.-builder,  -building,  builder, 
building,  of  unsubstantial  houses  with  bad 
materials  ;  j.-built,  so  built ;  (also  j.-shop)  low 
beer-shop.    [prob.  fam.  form  of  Jeremiah] 

jep'sey  (zl),  n.  ( J-)  one  of  the  Channel  Islands 


(often  attrib.);  close-fitting  woollen  knitted 
tunic,  esp.  as  worn  in  athletic  exercises ;  simi- 
lar garment  worn  as  under -vest;  woman's 
close-fitting  knitted  jacket ;  J.  cow. 

Jeru'salem,  n.  City  in  Palestine ;  J.  {pony), 
donkey ;  J.  artichoke. 

jess,  n.,  &  v.t.  Short  strap  of  leather,  silk, 
&c,  round  legs  of  hawk  used  in  falconry ;  (v.t.) 
put  jj.  on  (hawk),  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  ges  nom.  of 
get  f.  L  jactus  -us  throw  f .  jacere  jact-] 

jessamine.    See  jasmine. 

jest1,  n.  Piece  of  raillery  or  banter  ;  taunt, 
jeer ;  joke  ;  fun,  esp.  in  j..  not  seriously ;  ob- 
ject of  derision,  as  a  standing  j. ;  j.-book,  book 
of  jj.  [orig.  =  exploit,  f.  OF  geste  f.  L  gesta, 
neut.  pi.  p.p.  of  gerere  do] 

jest2,  v.i.  Joke ;  jeer ;  speak,  act,  in  trifling 
manner,  whence  je'sting/LY  2  adv.  [f.  prec] 

je'step,  n.  One  who  jests,  esp.  professed 
maker  of  amusement  maintained  in  court  or 
noble  household.    F-er  l] 

Je'suit  (-z),  n.  Member  of  Society  of  Jesus, 
Rom.  Cath.  order  founded  by  Ignatius  Loyola 
in  1533 ;  dissembling  person,  prevaricator ; 
Jesuits'  (Peruvian)  bark.  Hence  Jesui*tiCAL 
a.,  Jesui'tiealLY 2  adv.,  Je*suitiSM(2),  Je*- 
suitRY(i),  nn.,  Je*suitizE(3)  v.t. &  i.  [f.  mod.L 
Jesuita  (Jesus,  see  -ite  *)] 

jet  *,  n.  &  a.  Hard  black  lignite  taking  brilli- 
ant polish ;  (of)  colour  of  this,  deep  glossy  black, 
(also  j.-black).  [f.  OF  jaiet  f.  L  f.  Gkgagates, 
ace.  to  Pliny  f.  Gagae  town  in  Lycia] 

jet2,  n.  Stream  of  water,  steam,  gas,  &c, 
shot  forward  or  upwards  esp.  from  small  open- 
ing ;  spout,  nozzle,  for  emitting  water  &c.  thus. 
[f.  foil.  &  f.  F  Jet  as  foil.] 

jet3,  v.t.  &  i.  Spurt  forth  in  jets.  [f.  F  jcter 
throw  f.  LL  jectare  =  L  jactare  frequent,  of 
jacere  jact-  throw] 

je'tsam,  n.  Goods  thrown  overboard  from 
ship  to  lighten  it,  &  (in  mod.  use)  afterwards 
washed  ashore  (cf.  flotsam),    [var.  of  foil.] 

je'ttison,  n.,  &  v.t.  Throwing  of  goods  over- 
board, esp.  to  lighten  ship  in  distress ;  throw 
(goods)  overboard  thus,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  AF  gette- 
son  (OF  getaison)  f.  L  jactationem  (jactare 
throw,  see  jet3  &  -ation)] 

je'tty,  n.  Mole,  pier,  running  out  to  defend 
harbour  or  coast ;  landing-pier.  [f.  OF  jetee 
structure  thrown  out,  fern.  p.p.  as  jet  3] 

/eu  (zher),  n.  (pi.  jeux  pron.  zher).  J.  de  mots 
(mo),  play  on  words,  pun ;  j.  d'esprit  (espre-), 
witty  or  humorous  (usu.  literary)  trifle.    [F] 

Jew 1,  n.  Person  of  Hebrew  race  ;  extortion- 
ate usurer ;  trader  who  drives  hard  bargains. 
J.'s-ear,  edible  cup-shaped  fungus;  J.'s-harp, 
small  lyre-shaped  musical  instrument,  played 
by  holding  frame  between  teeth  &  striking 


metal  tongue.  Hence  Jew'ESS x  n.,  JewiSH l 
a.  [f.  OF  giu  f.  L  f.  Gk  Ioudaios  f.  Aramaic 
y'hudai =Heb.  y'hudi  f.  y'hudah  Judah] 

Jew2,  v.t.  (colloq.).  Cheat,  overreach,  [prec] 

jewel,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Ornament  containing 
precious  stone(s),  worn  for  personal  adorn- 
ment ;  precious  stone ;  highly  prized  person  or 
thing ;  the  J.-house,  room  in  Tower  of  London 
in  which  crown  jj.  are  kept ;  hence  or  cogn. 
jewellER  \  jewellERY(l),  jewelRY,  nn., 
jewellv2  a.  (Vb)  adorn,  furnish,  with  jj., 
fit  (watch)  with  jj.  for  the  pivot-holes,  [(vb  f. 
n.)  f.  AF  juel = OF  joel,  perh.  ult.  f.  L  gaudium 
joy,  or  cogn.  w.  F  jeu  play  f.  L  jocus] 

jewing",  n.  Wattles  at  base  of  beak  in  some 
domestic  pigeons.  [Jexo  (from  resemblance  to 
hooked  nose)  +  -ing  j] 

Jewry  (joorl),  n.  The  Jews ;  (Hist.)  Jews' 
quarter  in  town  &c    [f.  OFjuerie  (jew,  -ery)] 

Je'zebel,  n.  Impudent  or  abandoned  woman : 
woman  who  paints  her  face.  [J.,  wife  of  Ahab] 

jib  \  n.  Triangular  stay -sail  from  outer  end 
of  jib-boom  to  fore-topmast  head  in  large  ships, 
from  bowsprit  to  masthead  in  smaller  ones ;  cut 
of  his  j.,  his  personal  appearance;  j.-boom, 
spar  run  out  from  end  of  bowsprit ;  projecting 
arm  of  crane,    [perh.  abbr.  of  gibbet] 

jib2,  v.t.  &  i.  (naut.).  Pull  (sail,  yard)  round 
from  one  side  of  ship  to  the  other ;  (intr.,  of 
sail  &c)  swing  round  thus.  [Da.  has  gibbe 
(hard  g)  in  same  sense] 

jib3,  v.i.  (Of  horse  &c)  stop  &  refuse  to  go 
on,  move  backwards  or  sideways  instead  of 
going  on,  whence  ji'bbERi  n. ;  (fig.)  refuse  to 
proceed  in  some  action  ;  j.  at,  show  repugnance 
to  (course,  person).    [?] 

jib-doop,  n.  Door  flush  with  wall  in  which 
it  stands,  usu.  painted  &c  so  as  to  be  indistin- 
guishable.   [?] 

ji*ff(y),  n.  Very  short  time,  as  in  a  /.,  (wait) 
half  a  j. 

jig1- 


■3-  in 

n.  Lively  dance  ;  music  for  this.  [etym. 
mod.F  gigtie  jij 
j,  kind  of  fiddle] 


dub. ;  mod.F  gi'gxie  jig  is  prob.  f.  this,  not  f.  OF 
gigue,  kind  of  fiddle] 
jig2,  v.i.  &  t.    Dance  a  jig ;  move  (t.  &  i.)  up 


&  down  rapidly  &  jerkily ;  separate  coarser  & 
finer  portions  of  (ore)  by  shaking  it  under  water 
in  box  with  perforated  bottom,    [as  prec] 


one  who  jigs  ore.    [partly  f.  prec.  +  -er  *] 
ji'ggep2,  n.    =chigoe.    [corrupt] 
ji'g-g-ep3,  v.t.  (only  in  pass.).    (As  substitute 

for  oath)  I'm  jiggered,  &c    [?] 

ock  or  jerk  lightly,   [f.  jig2  + 

jiha'd,  je-,  (-ahd),  n.  Religious  war  of  Mo- 
hammedans against  unbelievers ;  (fig.)  crusade 
for  or  against  a  doctrine  &c.    [Arab,  (ji-)] 

Jill.   See  gill5. 

jilt,  n.,  &  v.t.  Woman  who  capriciously  casta 
off  lover  after  giving  him  encouragement; 
(rarely)  man  who  treats  woman  thus;  (v.t.) 
play  the  j.  towards,  be  faithless  to.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
prob.  f.  obs.  gillot,  prob.  dim.  of  name  gill] 

jimp,  a.  (Sc).    Slender,  graceful;  scanty.    [?] 

ji'ngie,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Mingled  noise  like  that 
of  small  bells,  links  of  chain,  &c  ;  repetition  of 
same  or  similar  sounds  in  words,  esp.  if  de- 
signed to  catch  the  attention ;  Irish  &  Austra- 
lian covered  two -wheeled  car;  (vb)  make, 
cause  (keys  &c)  to  make,  a  j.,  (of  writing)  be 
full  of  alliterations,  rhymes,  &c    [imit.] 

ji'ngo,  int.,  n.  (pi.  -oes),  a.  (In  asseveration) 
by  (the  living)  j. !  ;  supporter  of  bellicose  policy, 
blustering  patriot  (esp.  supporter  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield's  policy  in  1878,  f.  use  of  by  j.  in 


oINKS 


440 


JOINT 


popular  song) ;  (adj.)  vulgarly  dashing.  Hence 
ji*ngoiSM(2),  ji*ng"oiST(2),  nn.,  jing-oi'stic  a. 
[orig.  conjurer's  gibberish] 

jinks,  n.  Highj.,  boisterous  sport,  merry- 
making,   [prob.  imit.  of  nimble  motion] 

jinnee*,  n.  (pi.  jinn,  often  used  as  sing. ;  fern. 
jinnee'yeh).  (In  Mohammedan  demonology) 
spirit,  lower  than  angels,  able  to  appear  in  hu- 
man &  animal  forms,  &  having  supernatural 
power  over  men  (also  genie),    [f.  Arab,  jinni] 

jinpi-cksha,  -pi'kisha,  n.  Light  two- 
wheeled  hooded  vehicle  drawn  by  man  or  men, 
first  used  in  Japan  c.  1870.  [Jap.  (-kisha),  f.  jin 
man  +  riki  power  +  sha  vehicle] 

jiu-jitsu.    See  ju-jutsu. 

jdb  *,  n.  Piece  of  work,  esp.  one  done  for 
hire  or  profit;  transaction  in  which  duty  is 
sacrificed  to  private  advantage  ;  anything  one 
has  to  do;  do  person's  j.,  ruin  him;  bad  j., 
thing  on  which  labour  is  wasted,  failure  ;  good, 
bad,  j.  (state  of  affairs) ;  /.  lot,  lot  of  goods 
bought  as  speculation ;  jobmaster,  one  who 
lets  out  horses  &  carriages  by  the  j.;  j.-work, 
done  &  paid  for  by  the  j.    I?] 

j6b2,  v.i.  &  t.  Do  jobs  ;  hire  (horse,  carriage) 
for  definite  time  or  job,  let  out  on  hire  thus ; 
buy  &  sell  (stock,  goods)  as  broker ;  deal  in 
stocks ;  turn  position  of  trust  to  private  advan- 
tage; deal  corruptly  with  (matter),  whence 
jo*bbERY(4)  n.    Hence  jo'bbER !  n.    [f.  prec] 

job  3.  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Prod,  stab  slightly ;  hurt 
(horse)  with  bit;  (intr.)  thrust  at  (thing);  (n.) 
prod,  thrust,  jerk  at  bit.    [prob.  imit.] 

Job  4,  n.  Patriarch  whose  story  forms  Book 
of  J.  in  O.  T. ;  J.'s  comforter,  one  who  under 
guise  of  comforter  aggravates  distress. 

joba'tion,  n.  Reprimand,  esp.  lengthy  one. 
[f.  obs.  jobe  reprove  f.  prec.  +  -ation] 

jo'bbepnowl  (-61),  n.  Stupid  head  ;  stupid 
person,  [prob.  f.  obs.  (&  F)  jobard  fool  (jobe 
silly)  +  NOLL] 

jo'ekey1,  n.  Professional  rider  in  horse- 
races ;  J.  Club,  club  for  regulation  of  horse- 
racing,  esp.  that  established  at  Newmarket; 
lad,  understrapper.  Hence  jo'ckeyDOM,  jo*e- 
keysHip(3),  nn.    [f.  Sc.  Jock  Jack  +  -v  3] 

jo'ekey2,  v.t.  &  i.  Outwit,  cheat ;  get  (per- 
son &c.)  away,  out,  in,  &c,  by  trickery;  cheat 
(person  into,  out  of,  doing) ;  (intr.)  cheat,  [f. 
prec.  in  obs.  sense  'cheat'] 

jo'eko,  n.  Chimpanzee.  [F,  madebyBuffon 
f.  native  engeco  (prop,  ncheko)] 

joco'se.  a.  Playful;  waggish.  Hence  jo- 
co'soly2  adv.,  joeo'seNESs,  joed'siTY,  nn. 
[f.  L  jocosus  (jocus  jest,  see  -ose1)] 

jd'culap,  a.  Mirthful ;  humorous.  Hence 
or  cogn.  joeula'piTv  n.,  jo'culaPLY2  adv. 
[f.  Jj  jocularis  ( joculus  dim.  of  jocus  jest,  -ar  i)] 

jo#eund,a.  Merry, sprightly;  pleasant.  Hence 
or  cogn.  joeu'ndiTV  n.,  jo'eundLv2  adv. 
[OF,  f.  LL  jocundus  f.  L  jucundus  (juvare 
please),  influenced  by  assoc.  w.  jocus  jest] 

Joe  Mi'llep,  n.  Stale  joke,  chestnut,  [f. 
Joseph  M.,  comedian,  d.  1738,  whose  name  was 
attached  to  a  jest-book  after  his  death] 

jo'ey,  n.  Young  kangaroo ;  young  animal, 
[f.  native  Austral,  joe] 

jog,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Shake  with  push  or  jerk  ; 
nudge  (person),  esp.  to  arouse  attention  ;  stimu- 
late (person's,  one's  own,  memory);  move  up  & 
down  with  unsteady  motion;  proceed  laborious- 
ly, trudge,  (often  on,  along) ;  go  on  one's  way, 
depart,  as  we  must  be  jogging  ;  proceed,  get 
through  the  time,  aswemustj.onsomehow,  mat- 
ters j.  along ;  j.-trot,  slow  regular  trot,  (fig. )  mo- 
notonous progression  (often  attrib.) ;  (n.)  shake, 
push,  nudge,  slow  walk  or  trot.    [prob.  imit] 

Jo»sglB\  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Shake,  move,  (as)  by 


repeated  jerks ;  (n.)  slight  shake,  [prob.  f.  prec. 
+  -le(3)J 

jo'g-gle2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Joint  of  two  pieces  of 
stone  or  timber,  contrived  to  prevent  their  slid- 
ing on  one  another  ;  notch  in  one  of  two  pieces, 
projection  in  the  other,  or  small  piece  let  in  be- 
tween both,  for  this  purpose ;  (v.t.)  join  by 
means  of  a  j.    [(vb  f.  n.)  perh.  cogn.  w.  jag] 

Joha'nnine,  a.  Of  the  apostle  John.  [f.  L 
as  john,  see  -ine  l] 

Joha*nnisbepg-ep,n.  Fine  white  wine  from 
Johannisberg  in  the  Rheingau.    [Gj 

John  (jon),  n.  Masculine  Christian  name ; 
J.  BARLEYcom ;  J.  Bull,  English  nation,  typical 
Englishman,  whence  John-Bu'lliSM  n.;  J. 
Chinaman, =CHiNAman;  J.  company  ;  J.  J)oe, 
fictitious  character  in  law-  J.  dory1.  [=OF 
Jehan  f.  L  f.  Gk  Ioannes  f.  Heb.  yokhanan] 

Joh'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Mem ber)  of  St  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,    [-ian] 

jdh'nny,  n.  Fellow,  esp.  fashionable  idler ; 
J.  Raw,  novice  ;  j.-cake,  cake  of  (U.S.)  maize- 
meal  or  (Austral.)  wheat-meal.    [f.  john,  -y3] 

Johnso'nian  (jon-),  a.  Of,  like,  Samuel  John- 
son, man  of  letters  &  lexicographer  (d.  1784), 
esp.,  abounding  in  Romance  words.  So  John- 
sonE'SE  n.    [-ianI 

join,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Put  together,  fasten, 
unite,  (things,  one  to  another) ;  connect  (two 
points)  by  straight  line ;  \mite  (persons,  one 
with  or  to  another)  in  marriage,  friendship,  alli- 
ance, &c. ;  (intr. ) come  together,  be  united,(with, 
to,  or  abs.);  take  part  with  others  (in  doing) ; 
come  into  the  company  of  (person) ;  become 
member  of  (club  &c.) ;  take,  resume,  one's  place 
in  (regiment,  ship,  company,  &c.) ;  come  into 
connexion  with,  as  the  Cherwell  joins  the 
Thames  below  Oxford  ;j.  battle,  begin  fighting; 
j.  hands,  clasp  one's  hands  together,  clasp  each 
other's  hands,  (fig.)  combine  in  action  or  enter- 
prise; j.  issue1;  (n.)  point,  line,  of  junction. 
[(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  joindre  (st.  joign-)  f.  Ljungere 
junct-  join,  cogn.  w.  Gk  zug-,  E  yoke] 

joi'ndep,  n.  (rare  exc.  law).  Joining,  union, 
[f.  F  joindre  join  taken  as  noun,  cf.  -er  4] 

joi'nep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  one  who 
makes  furniture,  house  fittings,  &  other  wood- 
work lighter  than  carpenter's,  whence  joi'n- 
ery(1,  2)  n.    [f.  OF  joigneor  (joigner  join)] 

joint1,  n.  Place  at  which  two  things  are 
joined  together ;  structure  in  animal  body  by 
which  two  bones  are  fitted  together ;  out  ofj., 
(of  bone)  dislocated,  (fig.)  out  of  order;  put 
(person's)  nose  out  of  j.;  part  of  stem  from 
which  leaf  or  branch  grows ;  point  at  which, 
contrivance  by  which,  two  parts  of  artificial 
structure  are  joined,  rigidly  or  so  as  to  allow  of 
movement ;  (Geol.)  fissure  in  mass  of  rock ;  one 
of  the  parts  of  which  a  body  is  made  up  ;  one  of 
the  parts  into  which  butcher  divides  carcass, 
esp.  as  served  at  table  ;  (slang,  esp.  U.S.)  illicit 
opium-den  or  drinking-saloon  ;  j. -stool  (orig. 
joined),  one  made  of  parts  fitted  by  a  joiner. 
Hence  joi'ntLESS  a.    [OF,  p.p.  as  join] 

joint2,  a.  Held  or  done  by,  belonging  to,  two 
or  more  persons  &c.  in  conjunction,  as  ?'.  action, 
opinion,  estate ;  (of  persons)  sharing  ( with  others 
in  possession,  action,  state,  &c),  as  j.  owners ; 
during  their  j.  lives,  while  they  are  all  alive ; 
j.  stock,  capital  divided  into  shares,  common 
fund,  (attrib.)  holding,  formed  on  basis  of,  a  j. 
stock,  as.?'. -.sfocfc  bank,company.  Hence joi'nt- 
ly2  adv.    [F,  as  prec] 

joint 3,  v.t.  Connect  by  joints ;  fill  up  joints 
of  (masonry  &c.)  with  mortar  &c,  point;  pre- 
pare (board  &c.)  for  being  joined  to  another  by 
planing  its  edge ;  divide  (body,  member)  at  a 
joint  or  into  joints,    [f.  joint  *} 


JOINTER 


441 


JUDAS 


joi'ntep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  plane  for 
jointing ;  mason's  tool  for  pointing ;  workman 
employed  in  jointing  esp.  electric  wire,    [-er  *] 

joi'ntpess,  n.  Widow  who  holds  a  jointure, 
[f.  obs.  j ointer  joint  possessor  +  -ess  l] 

joi'nture,  n.,  &  v.t.  Sole  estate  limited  to 
-  wife,  to  be  enjoyed  by  her  after  husband's  death 
for  her  life  ;  (v.t.)  provide  (wife)  with  j.  l(vb  f. 
n.)  F,  f.  L  junctura  (as  join  *,  see  -ure)] 

joist,  n.  One  of  parallel  timbers  stretched  on 
edge  from  wall  to  wall  for  floor  boards  to  be 
nailed  to.  Hence  joi*stED2a.  [f.  OF  giste 
[gesir  lie  f.  hjacere)] 

joke  \  n.  Thing  said  or  done  to  excite  laugh- 
ter ;  witticism,  jest ;  ridiculous  circumstance ; 
practical  j.,  trick  played  on  person  in  order  to 
have  laugh  at  his  expense ;  it  is  noj.  (a  serious 
matter).  Hence  jo'kY  2  a. .  [f.  17th  c,  prob.  f. 
Itjocus  jest] 

joke2,  V.i.  &  t.  Make  jokes  ;  poke  fun  at, 
banter.  Hence  jo'king'LY2  adv.  [f.  prec.  or 
f.  L  jocari  as  prec] 

jo'kep,  n.  One  who  jokes;  (slang)  fellow, 
chap ;  (Cards)  odd  (often  blank)  card  in  some 
games,  counting  as  (highest)  trump,    [-er  *] 

jokul,  jbkull,  (yo-kdbl,  yer-),  n.  Snow-moun- 
tain in  Iceland.  [Icel.  (.70-),= icicle,  glacier,  dim. 
of  jaki .piece  of  ice] 

jo'llify,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  merry,  esp.  tipple ; 
make  jolly.    Hence  JoIIIfication  n.    [-fyJ 

jo'lllty,  n.  Merrymaking,  festivity,  [f.  OF 
jolivete  (as  jolly,  see  -ty)j 

jo'lly,  a.  &  adv.  Joyful ;  slightly  drunk  ;  fes- 
tive, jovial;  the  j.  god,  Bacchus;  (colloq.,  of  per- 
son or  thing)  very  pleasant,  delightful,  (often 
iron.,  as  he  must  be  a  j.  fool  to  do  it),  whence 
jO'IIIly2  adv.;  (adv.,  colloq.)  very,  as  he  will  be 
j.  savage,  you  vrill  j.  well  have  to.  [ME  &  OF 
joli(f)  gay,  pretty,  etym.  dub.] 

jo'lly-boat,  n.  (Also  jolly)  clinker-built 
ship's  boat,  smaller  than  cutter.    [?] 

jolt,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Shake  (person  &c.)  with 
jerk  from  seat  &c,  esp.  in  locomotion  ;  (of  ve- 
hicle) move  along  with  jerks,  as  on  rough  road; 
(n.)  such  jerk.    Hence  jo*ltY2a.    T?] 

jd'lterhead,  n.  Clumsy  head ;  stupid  person, 
[extension  of  obs.  jolthead,  etym.  dub.] 

Jd'nathan,  n.  {Brother)  J. ,  personified  peo- 
ple of,  typical  citizen  of,  United  States,  [perh. 
f.  J.  Trumbull,  governor  of  Connecticut] 

Jongleur  (F),  n.  (hist.).  Itinerant  minstrel, 
[var.  oljingleur  juggler] 

jd'nquil  (or  ju-),  n.  Species  of  narcissus,  rush- 
leaved  daffodil ;  j.  colour,  pale  yellow,  [ult. 
dim.  of  hjuncus  rush ;  Fjonquille  &c] 

jor'dan,  n.    Chamber-pot.    [?] 

Jordan  al'mond,  n.  Fine  almond  esp. 
from  Malaya,    [prob.  f.  F  jar  din  garden] 

jop'um,  n.  Large  drinking-bowl ;  its  contents, 
esp.  punch.    [?] 

jo'seph  (-z-),  n.  (J-)  chaste  person ;  woman's 
long  riding-cloak  of  18th  c.  [see  Gen.  xxxix, 
xxxvii.  3] 

joss,  n.  Chinese  idol  ;j.-house,  Chinese  tem- 
ple ;.?. -stick  (of  fragrant  tinder  mixed  with  clay, 
as  incense),    [prob.  f.  Port,  deos  f.  L  deus  god] 

joassep,n.  (slang).    Fool;  fellow.    [?] 

jo'stle  (-si),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Knock,  push, 
against ;  struggle  with  (person  for  thing) ;  push 
against,  elbow ;  push  (person  away, from,  &c.) ; 
(n.)  jostling,  encounter,  [(n.  f.  vb)  e&tlieTJustle, 
f.  just  joust  +  -LE(3)] 

jot^n.  (Usu.  w.  negative  expressed  or  implied) 
small  amount,  whit.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  iota  letter  i] 

jot2,  v.t.  Write  (usu.  down)  briefly  or  hastily, 
[prob.  f.  prec] 

jounce  ( jow-),  v.t.  &  i.  Bump, bounce,  jolt.  [?] 

Joup'nal  ( jer-),  n.  (In  bookkeeping  by  double 


entry)  book  in  which  each  transaction  is  en- 
tered, with  statement  of  accounts  to  which  it 
is  to  be  debited  &  credited ;  daily  record  of 
events  ;  (Pari.)  the  Jj.,  record  of  daily  proceed- 
ings ;  (Naut.)  log-book ;  daily  newspaper,  other 
periodical ;  part  of  shaft  or  axle  that  rests  on 
bearings  (hist,  unexpl.) ;  j.-box  (enclosing  j.  & 
bearings).  [OF  as  diurnal] 
joup'nallst,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is  to 
edit  or  write  for  a  public  journal.  Hence  or 
cogn.  joupnalE-SE,  joup'naliSM,  nn.,  joup- 
nali'stic  a.    [-ist] 

joup'nalize,  v.t.  &  i.  (Bookk.)  enter  in  jour- 
nal ;  record  in,  keep,  private  journal,  [-ize] 
joup'ney  (jer-),  n.,  &  v.i  Distance  travelled 
in  specified  time,  as  a  day's,  U  days',  j. ;  expedi- 
tion to  some  distance,  round  of  travel  (usu.  by 
land,  cf.  voyage),  as  take,  undertake,  perforin, 
aj. ;  journeyman,  qualified  mechanic  or  arti- 
san who  works  for  another,  (fig.)  mere  hireling, 
(Astr.)  j.  (clock),  secondary  clock  in  observa- 
tory ;  j.-work,  work  of  a  journeyman  (esp.  fig. ) ; 
(v.i.)  make  a  j.  [(vb  f.  OF  joumeer)  f.  OF  jornee 
day,  day's  work  or  journey,  f.  pop.  L  diumata 
(diurnus  diurnal,  see  -ade)] 
joust  (joost),  just,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Engage  in)  com- 
bat between  two  knights  &c.  on  horseback  with 
lances,  [(n.  f.  OF  juste)  f.  OF  juster  t  pop.  L 
juxtare  approach  {juxta  near)] 
Jove,  n.  Jupiter,  esp.  by  J. !  [f.  L  Jovem 
(nom.  Jupiter)] 

jo*vial,a.  Merry;  convivial.  Hence  or  cogn. 
jovia'liTY  n.,  jo'vialLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  jovia- 
lis  of  Jupiter  (Jupiter  Jovis,  see  -al)] 
Jo'vian,  a.     Of,  like,  Jove;  of  the  planet 
Jupiter,    [f.  L  as  prec,  see  -an] 
jowl,  n.    Jawbone,  jaw ;  cheek,  esp.  cheek  by 
j. ;  external  throat  or  neck  when  prominent, 
dewlap  of  cattle,  crop  of  bird  ;  head  &  shoulders 
of  salmon  &  other  fish.  [(1)  OE  ceafl  jaw,  cf.  Du. 
kevel  gum ;  (2)  OE  ceolur  throat,  cf.  Du.  keel,  G 
kehle  ;  the  ME  forms  (1)  jowle  (2)  cholle,  both  of 
unexplained  development,  were  ult.  confused] 
joy \  n.  Vivid  emotion  of  pleasure,  gladness; 
thing  that  causes  delight ;  j.-bells  (rung  on  fes- 
tive occasions).  Hence  or  cogn.  joy*  ful,  joy- 
less,  joyous,  aa.,  joy'fulLY2,  joylessLv  2, 
joyousLY2,  advv.,  joyfulNESs,  Joyless- 
ness,  joyousNESS,  nn.    [f.  OF  joie  f.  pop.  L 
*gaudia  fern.  f.  L  gaudia  pi.  of  gaudium) 
joy2,  v.i.  &  t.  (chiefly  poet.).    Rejoice ;  glad- 
den, [f.  OF  joir  rejoice  ult.  f.  L  gaudere  rejoice] 
ju'bilate*  (joo-),  v.L    Exult,  make  demon- 
strations of  joy.    Hence  or  cogn.  ju'dUance, 
jubilATioN.nn.,  Ju'oIIant  a.,  ju'bilantLY2 
adv.    ff.  L  jubilarc  (jubilum  shout),  see  -ate3] 
jubilate  2  (joobllahti  or  yob-),  n.  Hundredth 
psalm  as  canticle  in  Anglican  service ;  outburst 
of  triumph.    [L, = shout  ye  (its  first  word)] 
ju'bilee   (joo-),  n.    (Jewish  Hist.)   year  of 
emancipation   &  restoration,   kept   every   50 
years,  ace  to  Lev.   xxv;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  year  of 
remission   from   penal   consequences  of   sin, 
granted  formerly  at  various  intervals,  now  at 
any  time ;  fiftieth  anniversary;  silver  j.,  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary;  Diamond  J.,  sixtieth  year 
of  reign  of  Queen  "Victoria ;  season  of  rejoicing ; 
exultant  joy.    [f.  FjubiU  f.  LL  jubilaeus  (an- 
nus year)  of  jubilee  f.  Gk  iobelaios  (iobelos  f. 
Heb.  yobel  ram,  ram's-horn  trumpet,  jubilee) 
by  assoc.  w.  native  L  jubilum  shout] 
Juda-ic  (joo),  a.  Jewish,   [f.  L  f.  Gk  Ioudai- 
kos  (Ioudaios  Jew,  see  -ic)] 
Ju'daize,  v.i.  &  t.    Follow  Jewish  customs 
or  rites  ;  make  Jewish.  So  Ju'daiSM,  Ju'da- 
ist,  nn.    [f.  LL  judaizare  f.  Gk  ioudatzo  (as 
prec,  see -ize)] 
ju'das  (joo-),  n.    (J-)  disciple  who  betrayed 


JUDENHETZE 


442 


JUMPER 


Christ,  infamous  traitor ;  peephole  in  door ;  (of 
beard  &c.)  J. -colour  (ed),  red  ;  J.-tree,  (with 
purple  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves). 

Ju'denhetze  (yoo-,  -ze),  n.  Systematic  per- 
secution of  Jews.    [G] 

judge1,  n.  Public  officer  appointed  to  hear 
&  try  causes  in  court  of  justice ;  (of  God)  su- 
preme arbiter ;  (Heb.  Hist.)  officer  having  tem- 
Sorary  authority  in  Israel  in  period  between 
oshua  &  the  kings;  (pi.,  abbr.  Judg.)  book  of 
O.  T.;  person  appointed  to  decide  dispute  or 
contest;  person  who  decides  a  question  ;  per- 
son who  is  qualified  to  decide  on  merits  of  thing 
or  question,  as  am  noj.  of  that,  goodj.  of  claret. 
Hence  ju'dgesmp(l,  2)  n.  [f.  OF  juge  f.  L  ju- 
dicem  (nom.  -dex)  f.  jus  right  +  -dicus  speaking] 

judge  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Pronounce  sentence  on  (per- 
son) in  court  of  justice ;  try  (cause) ;  decide 
(question);  decide,  decree,  (that  Sec);  form 
opinion  about,  estimate,  (person  &c.  by  his 
deeds  &c.) ;  criticize,  censure ;  conclude,  con- 
sider, suppose,  (thing  to  be,  that,  Sec.) ;  act  as 
iudge ;  form  a  judgment  {of  thing  &c).  [f.  OF 
jugier  f.  L  judicare  (as  prec.)] 

judgma*tie(al),aa.  (colloq.).  Judicious,  dis- 
cerning. Hence  judgma'tiealLY2  adv.  [f. 
judge,  on  dogmatic  Sec] 

ju'dgmerit,  -ement,  n.  Sentence  of  court 
of  justice ;  the  lastj.  (by  God  at  end  of  world) ; 
misfortune  viewed  as  sign  of  divine  displea- 
sure, as  it  is  a  j.  on  you  for  getting  up  late ; 
criticism ;  opinion,  estimate,  as  in  my  j. ;  criti- 
cal faculty,  discernment ;  good  sense ;  j.-day 
(of  God '8  final  j.) ;  j.  debt  (for  payment  of  which 
a  j.  has  been  given) ;  j.-seat,  judge's  seat,  tri- 
bunal,   [f.  Fjugement  (as  prec,  see  -ment)] 

judicature  (jood-),  n.  Administration  of 
justice ;  Supreme  Court  of  J.  in  England  (unit- 
ing former  Courts  of  Chancery,  King's  Bench, 
Common  Pleas,  Exchequer,  &c) ;  judge's  (term 
of)  office ;  body  of  judges ;  court  of  justice,  [f. 
med.L  judicatura  (as  judge2,  -ure)] 

judicial  (joo-),  a.  Of,  done  by,  proper  to,  a 
court  of  law;  j.  murder,  legal  but  unjust  death 
sentence  ;  having  the  function  of  judgment,  as 
a  j.  assembly  ;  of,  proper  to,  a  judge  ;  express- 
ing a  judgment,  critical ;  impartial.  Hence ju- 
di'eialLY2  adv.  _[f.  L  judicialis  (as  foil.,  -al)] 

judi'cious  (joo-),  a.  Sensible,  prudent; 
sound  in  discernment.  Hence  judi'ciousLY2 
adv.,  judi'ciousNESS  n.  [f.  Fjudicieux  f.  L 
judicium  judgment  (as  judge  *),  see  -ous] 

j  ug  ',n.  Deep  vessel  for  holding  liquids,  with 
handle  &  often  with  spout,  whence  ju,g'FUL(2) 
n.;  (slang,  also  stone-j.)  prison.    [?] 

jug2,  v.t.  Stew,  boil,  (hare,  rabbit)  in  jug  or 
jar  (usu.  in  p.p.) ;  (slang)  imprison,    [f.  prec] 

jug  3,  v.i.  (Of  nightingale  or  other  bird)  utter 
sound  jug.    So  jug  n.    [imit.l 

jugate  ( joo'gat),  a.  (bot.).  Having  leaflets  in 
pairs,  [f .  L  jugare  j  oin  (jugum  yoke),  see  -ate  2] 

Juggernaut,  n.  (Hind.  Myth.)  Krishna, 
eighth  avatar  of  "Vishnu,  his  idol  at  Puri,  an- 
nually dragged  in  procession  on  huge  car, 
under  wheels  of  which  devotees  are  said  to 
have  formerly  thrown  themselves;  (fig.,  also 
J.  car)  institution,  notion,  to  which  persons 
blindly  sacrifice  themselves  or  others,  [f.  Hind. 
Jagannath  f.  Skr.  Jagannatha  (jagat  world  + 
natha  lord)] 

ju'ggins,  n.  (slang).    Simpleton.    [?] 

ju'ggle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Play  conjuring  tricks ; 
j.  with,  deceive  (person),  misrepresent  (facts) ; 
cheat,  (persan  &c  out  of  thing) ;  bring,  get, 
change,  (away,  into,  &c)  by  trickery ;  (n.)  piece 
of  juggling,  fraud,  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  jogler  f.  LL 
joculare  (L  -ri)  jest  (joculus  dim.  otjocus  jest)] 

Ju'ggler,  n.    Conjurer  ;  trickster,  impostor. 


So  ju*gglERY(2,  4)  n.  [f.  OF  jogleor,  jougleur 
(whence  var.  jongleur),  f.  L  joculatorem  (as 
juggle,  see  -or2)] 

j  u'gulap,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  neck  or  the  throat ; 
j.  veins,  great  veins  of  neck,  conveying  blood 
(external  j.)  from  superficial  parts  of  head,  (in- 
ternal j.)  from  inside  of  skull ;  (of  fish)  having 
the  ventral  fins  in  front  of  the  pectoral ;  (n.)  j. 
vein.    [f.  L  jugulum  collar-bone,  see  -ar  ]] 

ju'gulate,  v.t.  Kill,  esp.  (fig.)  arrest  "the 
course  of  (disease  &c.)  by  powerful  remedy  &c. 
[f.  Ljugidare  (as  prec),  see  -ate;{] 

juice  (joos),  n.  Liquid  part  of  vegetables  or 
fruits  ;  fluid  part  of  animal  body  or  substance, 
esp.  the  jj.,  the  bodily  humours,  gastric  j. ; 
(flg.)  essence,  spirit,  of  anything.  Hence 
jui'eeLESS  a.    [f.  F  jus  f.  L  jus  broth,  juice] 

jui'ey,  a.  Full  of  juice,  succulent ;  (of  weath- 
er) wet ;  (colloq.)  of  rich  intellectual  quality,  in- 
teresting ;  (Art  slang)  of  rich  colouring  sugges- 
tive of  moisture.    Hence  jui'eiNESS  n.   [-Y  2] 

Ju-ju  (joo  joo),  n.  (W.-Afr.).  Charm  or  fetish ; 
ban  effected  by  this.    [perh.  f.  Fjou-jou  toy] 

ju'jube  (joo-),  n.  Edible  berry-like  drupe  of 
certain  plants ;  lozenge  of  gelatin  &c  flavoured 
with  or  imitating  this.  [F,  f.  med.h  juj uba  f. 
Gk  zizuphon] 

ju-jutsu,  jiu-jitsu,  (jooJMtsoo'),  n.  Japan- 
ese art  of  wrestling  &c    [Jap.  (ju-)\ 

ju'lep  (joo-),  n.  Sweet  drink,  esp.  as  vehicle 
for  medicine ;  medicated  drink  as  stimulant 
&c  [F,  f.  Arab,  julab  f .  Pers.  gulab  (gul  rose 
+  ab  water)] 

Ju'lian  (job-),  a.  Of  Julius  Caesar ;  J.  calen- 
dar (introduced  by  him,  cf.  Gregorian),  [f.  L 
Julianus  (Julius,  see  -an)] 

Julienne  (F),  n.  Soup  of  vegetables  cooked 
in  meat  broth. 

July  (joo-),  n.  Seventh  month  of  year,  called 
after  Julius  Caesar.  [ME  &  OF  Jule  f .  L  Julius ; 
18th-c  pron.  joo'li,  mod.  pron.  irreg.  &  unexpl.j 

ju'mble1,  v.i.  &  t.  Move  (t.  &  i.)  about  in 
disorder;  mix  up,  confuse,    [prob.  imit.] 

j u'mble  2,  n.  Confused  assemblage ;  muddle ; 
jolting ;  j.-sale  (of  miscellaneous  cheap  articles 
at  bazaar  &c.) ;  j.-shop  (where  miscellaneous 
goods  are  sold).   Hence  ju'mblY  2  a.   [f.  prec] 

ju'mbo,  n.  Big  clumsy  person,  animal  or 
thing,  esp.  (J)  famous  elephant  in  London  Zool. 
Gardens ;  notably  successful  person.    [?] 

jump !,  n.  Leap,  bound,  spring  from  ground ; 
long,  high,  j.,  athletic  competitions;  start 
caused  by  shock  or  excitement,  esp.  (slang)  the 
jj.,  delirium  tremens;  abrupt  rise  in  amount, 
price,  value,  &c. ;  sudden  transition,  gap  in 
series,  argument,  &c.  Hence  ju'mpiNESS  n., 
ju*mpv2a.    Tf.  foil.] 

jump2,  v.i.  &  t.  Spring  from  ground  &c.  by 
flexion  &  sudden  muscular  extension  of  legs  or 
(of  fish)  tail ;  move  suddenly  with  leap  or  bound 
(up  from  seat  Sec,  out.  Sec.) ;  start  with  sudden 
jerk  from  excitement,  shock,  &c,  esp.  j.  for 
joy ;  rise  suddenly  in  price  &c ;  come  to,  arrive 
at,  (conclusion)  hastily  ;  j.  at,  (fig. )  accept  (offer, 
bargain)  eagerly;  j.  (up)on,  attack  (offender 
Sec)  crushingly  with  word  or  act;  agree,  coin- 
cide, (together,  one  urith  another) ;  pass  over 
(gate  &c)  by  leap  ;  (of  railway  carriage)  leave 


help  (child  &c)  to  j.  down  Sec. ;  cause 


(gate  i 
(line) ; 

(thing)  to  j.  ;  startle  (person,  nerves) ;  cook 
(potatoes  &c)  in  frying-pan,  occasionally  shak- 
ing them  (usu.  in  p.p.);  pounce  upon  (thing); 
steal  a  march  upon ;  (Colon.)  take  summary 
possession  of  (claim  abandoned  or  forfeited  by 
former  occupant) ;  skip  over  (subject,  part  of 
book,  &c).  Hence  ju'mpABLE  a.  [f.  1500; 
prob.  imit.] 
ju'mper1,  n.   In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  member  of 


JUMPER 


m 


JUSTIFY 


"Welsh  Methodist  body  (or  later  sects)  who 
juinp(ed)  as  part  of  worship  ;  jumping  insect, 

e.  g.  flea  ;  rope  made  fast  to  keep  yard,  mast, 
&c.  from  jumping,    [-eb  *] 

ju'mper2,  n.  Loose  outer  jacket  of  canvas 
&c.  worn  by  sailors  &c.  [prob.  f.  obs.  jump 
short  coat  perh.  f.  F  juppe] 

jirmpiner,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  in  names 
of  j.  animals,  as  j.-deer,  N.  -Ainer.  black-tailed 
deer;  j.-beanf  seed  of  Mexican  plant  j.  owing  to 
movements  of  enclosed  larva ;  j.  cat  K   [-ing  2] 

ju'netion,  n.  Joining ;  joint,  meeting-place ; 
station  where  railway  lines  meet  &  unite  (often 
in  proper  names,  as  Clapham  J.),  [f.  Ltjunctio 
(as  join  i,  see  -ion)] 

jirnetupe  (-tsher),  n.  Joining ;  place  where 
things  join ;  concurrence  of  events,  state  of 
affairs,  as  at  this  j.  [f.  L  junctura  (join,  -ure)] 

June,  n.  Sixth  month  of  year,  [(partly  thr. 
Fjuin)  f.  L  Junius] 

ju'ngle,  n.  Land  overgrown  with  under- 
wood or  tangled  vegetation,  esp.  in  India  (often 
attrib.  of  animals  inhabiting  j.,  &BJ.-bear,  -cat, 
•fowl) ;  wild  tangled  mass ;  (slang)  W.-African 
share  market  ;j.-fever  (caused  by  miasma  of  j. ). 
Hence  jirnglED2,  ju'nglY2,  aa.  [f.  Hind. 
jangal  desert,  forest] 

jirnion  (joo-),  a.  &  n.  The  younger  (esp.  of 
son  having  same  name  as  father,  as  John 
Smith  j.  or  of  younger  of  two  boys  of  same  sur- 
name in  school ;  abbr.  jun.,  jr) ;  of  less  stand- 
ing, of  lower  position,  as  j.  partner ;  (n.)  j.  per- 
son.'as  the  jj.,  is  myj.  Cf.  senior.  Hence  ju- 
nid'PiTY  n.    [L,  compar.  of  juvenis  young] 

jirniorate  (-at),  n.  (In  Society  of  Jesus)  two- 
years'  course  attended  by  junior  members  be- 
fore entering  priesthood,    [-ate  !] 

ju'nipep  (joo-),  n.  Genus  of  coniferous  ever- 
green shrubs,  esp.  common  j.,  shrub  with  prickly 
leaves  &  dark  berries  yielding  oil  of  j.  used  in 
medicine  &  in  making  gin.    [f.  L  juniperus] 

junk  *,  n.,  &  v.t.  Old  cable  cut  up  for  oakum 
&c;  lump,  chunk ;  (Naut.)  salt  meat ;  lump  of 
tissue  in  sperm-whale,  containing  spermaceti  ; 
j.-shop,  marine  store ;  (v.t.)  divide  into  jj.    [?] 

junk2,  n.  Flat-bottomed  sailing  vessel  used 
in  Chinese  seas.    [prob.  f.  Javanese  djong) 

ju'nkep  (ydongk-),  n.  Young  German  noble; 
member  of  exclusive  aristocratic  party  in 
Prussia.    [G,  earlier  junkher  (young,  herr)] 

ju'nket,  n.,  &  v.i.  Dish  of  sweetened  curds 
&  whey,  usu.  with  scalded  cream  on  top ; 
feast;  (v.i.) feast, picnic.  Hence  ju'nketiNG1 
n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  prob.  f.  ONF  jonquette rush-ba9ket 
(for  making  j.)  f.  jonc  rush  f.  L  juncus] 

Ju'no  (joo-),  n.  Wife  of  Jupiter ;  woman  of 
stately  beauty ;  third  of  the  asteroids.    [L] 

ju'nta,  n.  Deliberative  or  administrative 
council  in  Spain  or  Italy;  =folL  [Sp.,  f.  L 
juncta,  fern.  p.p.  as  join1] 

ju'nto,  n.  Clique,  faction,  political  or  other 
combination  of  persons,    [erroneous  f.  prec] 

jupe  (F),  n.    Woman's  skirt. 

Ju'pitep  (joo),  n.  (Rom.  Myth.)  king  of 
gods  ;  J.  Pluvius  (pldb-),  god  of  rain  ;  largest 
planet  of  solar  system.    [L] 

jup'al  ( joor-),  a.  Of  law ;  of  (moral)  rights  & 
obligations,    [f.  Tu  jus  juris  right  +  -al] 

jupa'ssic  (joor-),  a.  Of  the  Jura  mountains 
between  France  &  Switzerland ;  marked  like 
these  by  prevalence  of  oolitic  limestone,  [f.  F 
Jurassique  after  liassic,  triassic] 

jurat  (joor'at),  n.  Municipal  officer  like 
alderman ;  life  magistrate  in  Channel  Is.  [f. 
med.L  juratus  (jurare  swear)] 

jupl'dical  (joor-),  a.  Of  judicial  proceedings ; 
legal,    [f.  L  juridicus  (jus  juris  right  +  -dicus 

f.  dicere  say)  +  -al] 


j upisconsu'l t  ( joor-),  n.  One  learned  in  law, 
jurist,  [f.  L  jurisconsultus  {jus  juris  law  -f 
p.p.  as  consult)] 

jurisdiction,  n.  Administration  of  justice ; 
legal  or  other  authority  ;  extent  of  this,  terri- 
tory it  extends  over.  Hence  jurisdiction  v  i. 
a.    [f.  L  jurisdictio  (as  prec,  see  diction)] 

jupisppu'dence,  n.  Science,  philosophy,  of 
human  law,  whence  jupisppude'ntiAL  a.  ; 
skill  in  law,  so  jupisppu'OENT  a.  &  n.  [f.  L 
jurisprudentia  (as  prec,  see  prudence)] 

jup'ist  (joor-),  n.  One  versed  in  law  ;  legal 
writer;  student  of,  graduate  in,  law.  Hence 
jupi'stic(AL)  aa.,  jupi'stiealLY 2  adv.  [f.  F 
juriste  f.  med-Lj  urista  (jus  juris  law,  see  -1ST)] 

jup'op  (joor-),  n.  Member  of  jury ;  one  who 
takes  an  oath  (cf.  aotf-juror).  [f.  OF  jureor  f. 
L  juratorem  (jurare  swear,  see  -or2)] 

jury  ( joor -i),  n.  Body  of  men  sworn  to  render 
verdict  on  question  submitted  to  them  in  court 
of  justice ;  grand  j.  (of  from  12  to  23  men  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  indictments  before  they 
are  submitted  to  trial  j.) ;  trial,  common,  petty, 
j.  (of  12  men,  who  try  final  issue  of  fact  in  civil 
or  criminal  cases  &  pronounce  unanimous  ver- 
dict) ;  special  j.  (of  persons  of  certain  station  in 
society) ;  coroner's  j. ;  body  of  persons  selected 
to  award  prizes  in  competition  ;  j.-box,  enclo- 
sure for  j.  in  court ;  juryman,  member  of  j.  [f. 
OF jur6e  oath,  inquiry,.f.  med.L  jurata  (jurare 
swear,  cf.  -y  4)] 

jup*y-mast  (joor-),  n.  Temporary  mast  in 
place  of  broken  or  lost  one.    [?] 

just1,  a.  (Of  person  or  conduct)  equitable, 
fair;  (of  treatment  &c)  deserved,  as  a  j.  re- 
ward; (of  feelings,  opinions,  &c)  well-ground- 
ed, as  j.  resentment,  fear ;  right  in  amount  &c, 
f »roper.  Hence  ju'stLY2  adv.,  ju'stNEse  n. 
f.  Lijustus(jus  right)] 

just2,adv.  Exactly,  as  j.  atthatspot,j.  there, 
j.  then,j.  three  o'clock,^'.  asyotisay,j.  so,  that  is 
j.  it  (precisely  the  point  in  question),  (U.S.)  j. 
hoiv  many  there  are  remains  to  be  seen;  barely, 
as  /  /.  managed  it ;  exactly  at  that  moment, 
(loosely)  not  long  before,  as  1  havej.  (a  moment, 
or  not  long,  ago)  seen,  him  pass  ;j.  now,  at  this 
moment,  (also)  a  little  time  ago ;  (colloq.)  posi- 
tively, quite,  as  it  isj.  splendid,    [f.  prec] 

just3.    See  joust. 

ju'stice,  n.  Just  conduct ;  fairness ;  exercise 
of  authority  in  maintenance  of  right ;  poetical 
j.  (ideal,  as  shown  in  poem  &c);  judicial  pro- 
ceedings, as  Court  of  J. ;  magistrate  ;  judge, 
esp.  (in  England)  of  Supreme  Court  of  Judica- 
ture, whence  ju'stieesHiP  n. ;  J.  of  the  Peace, 
inferior  magistrate  appointed  to  preserve  peace 
in  county,  town,  &c  ;  do  j.  to,  treat  fairly, 
show  due  appreciation  of;  do  oneself  j.,  per- 
form worthily  of  one's  abilities.  [OF  (-ice,  -xse), 
f.  L  justitia  (as  just,  see  -ice)] 

justiciable  (-shy-),  a.  Subject  to  jurisdic- 
tion ;  (n.)  person  subject  to  jurisdiction  (of 
another).  [OF,  f.  justicier  bring  to  trial  f. 
med.L  jiistitiare  (as  prec),  see  -able] 

justi'ciap  (-shy-),  n.  Chief  political  &  judi- 
cial officer  under  Norman  &  early  Plantagenet 
kings,    [as  foil.,  see  -ar2] 

justi'ciapy  (-shy-),  n.  &  a.  Administrator  of 
justice ;  =  prec;  (adj.)  of  the  administration  of 
justice,  [f.  med.L  j  ustitiarius  (justice,  -ary1)] 

ju'stify,  v.t.  Show  the  justiceor  Tightness  or 
(person,  act,  &c),  vindicate ;  (of  circumstances) 
be  such  as  toj.;  (Theol.)  declare  (person)  free 
from  penalty  of  sin  on  ground  of  Christ's  right- 
eousness or  (Rom.  Cath. )  of  the  infusi  on  of  grace ; 
make  good  (statement  &c);  adduce  adequate 
grounds  for  (conduct,  claim,  &c) ;  j.  bail,  show 
by  oath  of  person  furnishing  bail  that  he  is 


JUT Hi 

Secuniarily  qualified.  Hence  or  cogn.  justi- 
iaBI*LITY,jUStiFICA*TION,  nn.,ju*stifiABLE, 
ju'stiflcativE,  ju'stiflcatORY,  aa.,  ju*sti- 
flabL y  2  adv.  [f.  F  justifier  f.  LL  justificare 
(as  just1,  see  -fv)] 

jut,  n.,&v.i.  Projection;  protruding  point; 
(v.i.)  project  (often  out,  forth),    [var.  of  jet2.  3] 

jute1,  n.  Fibre  from  bark  of  certain  plants, 
chiefly  imported  from  Bengal,  used  for  canvas, 
cordage,  &c.  [f.  Bengali  jhoto  f.  Skr.  juta  = 
jata  braid  of  hair] 

Jute  2,  n.  One  of  Low  German  tribe  invading 
Britain  in  5th  &  6th  cc.  [Baeda  has  Jutae  pi., 
OE  Eotas  =  Icel.  Iotar  people  of  Jutland] 

juvene'scence,  n.  State  of  being  young ; 
youth.  So  juvene'SCENTa.  [f.  L juvenescere 
reach  age  of  youth  (juvenis  young),  see  -ence] 

ju'venile  (joo-),  a.  &  n.  Young,  youthful ; 
suited  to,  characteristic  of,  youth ;  (n.)  young 
person.  Hence  or  cogn.  ju'venileLY2  adv., 
juveni'liTY  n.    [f.  L  juvenilis  (as  prec,  -il)] 

juxtapo'se  (-z),  v.t.  Place  (things)  side  by 
side.  [f.  F  juxtaposer  (Ljuxta  next  +  pose?*, 
see  compose)] 

juxtaposition,  n.  Placing,  being  placed, 
side  by  side.    [F  (L  juxta  next,  position)] 


KEDGEREE 


K 

K,  k,  (ka),  letter  (pi.  Ks,  K's). 

Abbreviations  (1) :  King's,  as  K.C.  (Counsel) ; 
Knight,  as  K.G.  (of  the  Garter),  K.G.C.B. 
(Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath),  K.P.  (of  the  Order 
of  St  Patrick),  K.T.  (of  the  Order  of  the  Thistle); 
K.C.,  Knight  Commander,  as  K.C.B.  (of 
the  Bath),  X.C.I.E.  (of  the  Indian  Empire), 
K.C.M.G.  (of  the  Order  of  St  Michael  & 
St  George),  K.C.S.I.  (of  the  Star  of  India), 
K.C.V.O.  (of  the  Royal  Victorian  Order). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Kan.(sas) ;  kg.,  kilo- 
gramme; kl., kilolitre;  km.,  kilometre ;  Kt, 
knight ;  Ky,  Kentucky. 

kaama  (kah'ma),  n.    Hartebeest.    [native] 

ka'ddisn,  n.  Part  of  daily  ritual  of  syna- 
gogue,   [f.  Aram,  qaddish  holy] 

kadi.    See  cadi. 

Ka'f(f)ip,Ca*fTpe,n.MemberofaS.-Afr.race 
of  Bantu  family ;  native  of  Kafiristan  in  Asia ; 
(pi.)  S.-Afr.  mine  shares.    [Arab,  kafir  infidel] 

ka'go  (kah-),  n.  Japanese  basket-work  palan- 
quin slung  on  pole,  [f .  Jap.  kango  of  Chin.  orig.  ] 

kai'nite,  -it,  n.  Hydrous  chlorosulphate  of 
magnesium  &  potassium,  used  as  fertilizer.  [G 
(-it)  f.  Gk  kainos  new,  see  -ite  *] 

kai*sep(kiz-),n.  Emperor;  German  Emperor; 
Emperor  of  Austria ;  (Hist. )  head  of  Holy  Roman 
Empire.  Hence  kai'sersmpn.  [ult.f.L  Caesar] 

kajcrwah  (-jah-,  or  ka'ja-),  n.  Camel-litter 
for  women.    [Hind.  &  Pers.] 

kale,  kail,  n.  Colewort,  cabbage,  esp.  bore- 
cole, kind  with  wrinkled  leaves;  Scotch  k.,  kind 
with  purplish  leaves;  broth  made  of  this  or 
other  vegetables ;  k. -yard,  kitchen-garden ;  k.- 
yard  school,  writers  of  fiction  describing,  with 
unsparing  use  of  the  vernacular,  common  life 
in  Scotland,    [northern  form  of  cole] 

kalei'doscope  (-li-),  n.  Tube  through  which 
are  seen  symmetrical  figures,  produced  by  re- 
flections of  pieces  of  coloured  glass,  &  varied  by 
rotation  of  the  tube ;  (fig.)  constantly  changing 
group  of  bright  objects.  Hence  kaleido- 
sco*pic(AL)  aa.,  kaleidosco*picalLY2  adv. 
[f.  Gk  kalos  beautiful  +  eidos  form  +  -scope] 

ka'li,  n.  Prickly  saltwort,  from  which  soda- 
ash  was  obtained,    [f.  Arab,  qali  alkali] 

kalian,  -lloun,  (kahlyah'n,  -yoon),  n.  Per- 
sian form  of  hookah.  [Pers.  {-an),  f.  Arab,  qa- 
lyan,  -un] 


ka*long*(kah-),  n.  Malay  frugivorous  fox-bat, 
largest  known  bat.    [Malay] 

ka'lpa,  n.  Great  age  of  the  world,  day  of 
Brahma,  (4,320,000,000  years).    [Skr.] 

ka'mt  (kah-),  n.  Japanese  title  of  governors 
&c;  divinity,  god,  in  Japanese  native  religion. 

kamptu'lieon,  n.  Floor-cloth  of  mixed  rub- 
ber, gutta-percha,  &  cork,  mounted  on  canvas, 
[f.  Gk  kamptos  flexible  +  oulos  thick  +  -ikon -ic] 

ka'naka,  n.  Native  of  South  Sea  Islands,  esp. 
one  employed  in  Queensland  on  sugar  planta- 
tion.   [Hawaiian,  =  man] 

kangaroo*  (-ngg-),  n.  Marsupial  mammal 
with  strongly  developed  hind-quarters  &  great 
leaping-power,  native  of  Australia,  Tasmania, 
&c;  k.-rat,  small  Australian  marsupial;  (slang, 
pi.)  W. -Australian  mining  shares,  dealers  in 
these ;  k.  bicycle,  one  with  sloping  back,  early 
form  of  safety,    [peril,  native  Austral.] 

kanoo'n,  n.  Kind  of  harp  with  fifty  to  sixty 
strings,    [f.  Pers.  or  Arab,  qanun] 

Ka'ntian,  a.  Of  Immanuel  Kant,  German 
philosopher,  d.  1804.    So  Ka'ntiSM  n.    [-ian] 

ka'olin  (kah-,  ka-),  n.  Fine  white  clay  pro- 
duced by  decomposition  of  feldspar,  used  in 
making  porcelain.  Hence  ka*oliniZE(3)  v.t. 
[F,  f.  Chin,  kao-ling,  name  of  mountain  (kao 
high  +  ling  hill)] 

kape'llmeister  (-mi-),  n.  Leader  or  con- 
ductor of  orchestra  or  choir.    [G] 

ka'pok  (kah-),  n.  Fine  cotton  wool  surround- 
ing seeds  of  certain  tree,  used  for  stuffing 
cushions  &c.    [f.  Malay  kapogA 

Kap'aite,  n.  Member  of  Jewish  sect  that 
rejects  Rabbinical  tradition  &  interprets  scrip- 
tures literally,  found  chiefly  in  Crimea,  [f.  Heb. 
q'raim  (qara  read)  +  -ite  *] 

karma,  n.  (Buddh. ).  Sum  of  person's  actions 
in  one  of  his  successive  states  of  existence, 
viewed  as  deciding  his  fate  in  the  next ;  destiny. 
[Skr.,  =  action,  fate] 

kapCp)oo%  n.  Elevated  plateau  of  clayey  soil 
in  S.  Africa,  waterless  in  dry  season  ;  the  Great 
K.  (in  Cape  Colony),    [of  Hottentot  orig.] 

karo'ss,  n.  Mantle  of  animals'  skins  with 
the  hair  on,  used  by  S. -African  natives,  [f.  S.- 
Afr.  karos,  perh.  of  Du.  orig.] 

kar'tel,  n.  Wooden  bed  in  S.-African  ox- 
wagon.  [S.-Afr.  Du.,  prob.  f.  Port,  catel  f.  Tamil 
kattil  bedstead] 

karte'll.    See  cartel. 

kata'bolism,  n.  (biol.).  Destructive  meta- 
bolism, [f.  Gk  katabole  throwing  down  {kata- 
ballo  throw  down)  4-  -ism] 

ka'tydid,  n.  Large  green  orthopterous  in- 
sectabounding  in  America,  [imit.  of  the  sound 
the  insect  produces] 

kauri  (kowrl),  n.  Coniferous  tree  of  N.  Zea- 
land, furnishing  valuable  timber  &  a  resin,  k.- 
gum.    [Maori] 

ka* va  (kah-),  n.  (Intoxicating  beverage  from 
roots  of)  a  Polynesian  shrub,    [native] 

kava'ss,  n.  Armed  constable,  servant,  or 
courier,  in  Turkey,  [f.  Turk,  qawwas  bow- 
maker  (qaws  bow)] 

kayak  (kl-),  n.  Eskimo  canoe  of  light  wooden 
framework  covered  with  sealskins.    [Eskimo] 

kea  (ka'ct),  n.  Green  Alpine  parrot  of  N.  Zea- 
land which  destroys  sheep  for  their  kidney-fat. 
[Maori,  imit] 

keck,  v.i.  Make  sound  as  if  about  to  vomit ; 
k.  at,  reject  (food  &c.)  with  loathing,    [imit.] 

kedg-e,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Change  position  of  ship 
by  winding  in  hawser  attached  to  small  anchor 
at  some  distance ;  (of  ship)  move  thus ;  move 
(ship)  thus  ;  k.(-anchor),  small  anchor  for  this 
purpose,    [perh.  var.  of  cadge] 

ke'dgepee,  n.  Indian  dish  of  rice,  split  pulse, 


KEEL. 


445 


KERCHIEF 


onions,  eggs,  &c. ;  European  dish  of  fish,  rice, 
eggs,  &c.    If.  Hind,  khichri,  Skr.  k'rsara] 

keel a,  n.,  &  v.t.  Lowest  longitudinal  timber 
of  vessel,  on  which  framework  of  the  whole  is 
built  up ;  combination  of  iron  plates  serving 
same  purpose  in  iron  vessel;  (poet.)  ship ;falsek. 
(attached  to  bottom  of  true  k.  to  protect  it);  k.- 
blocks  (on  which  k.  rests  in  building  &c.) ;  keel- 
haul, haul  (person)  under  k.  as  punishment ; 
(v.t.)  turn  (ship)  k.  upwards,  k.  over, upset,  cap- 
size, (person  &c).  Hence  kee'lLESS  a.  [{vb  f. 
n.)  prob.  f.  ON  kjolr,  cf.  Sw.  kol] 

keel2,  n.  Flat-bottomed  vessel,  esp.  of  kind 
used  on  Tyne  &c.  for  loading  colliers;  amount 
carried  by  this.  [prob.  f.  MDu.  kiel,  cogn.  w. 
OE  ceol] 

keen1,  n.  Irish  funeral  song  accompanied 
with  wailing,    [f.  Ir.  caoine,  as  foil.] 

keen2,  v.i.  &  t.  Utter  the  keen;  bewail 
(person)  thus;  utter  in  wailing  tone.  [f.  Ir. 
caoinim  wail] 

keen  3,  a.  Having  sharp  edge  or  point ;  (of 
edge  &c.)  sharp ;  (of  sound,  light,  &c.)  penetrat- 
ing, vivid,  strong ;  (of  cold)  intense ;  (of  pain 
&c.)  acute,  bitter;  (of  person,  desire,  interest) 
eager,  ardent,  (colloq.  on  thing,  on  doing) ;  (of 
eyes,  sight,  smell)  sharp,  highly  sensitive ;  in- 
tellectually acute ;  k.-set,  hungry,  eager,  (for). 
Hence  kee'nLY2  adv.,  kee'nNESS  n.  [com.- 
Teut.:  OE  cine,  Du.  koen,  G  kiihn,  bold] 

keep1,  v.t.  &  i.  (kept).  Pay  due  regard  to, 
observe,  stand  by,  (law,  promise,  faith,  treaty, 
peace,  appointment) ;  celebrate  (feast,  cere- 
mony, &c.) ;  guard,  protect,  (person,  as  God  k. 
you!,  fortress,  town,  &c,  goal  at  football  &c); 
have  charge  of ;  maintain  (house  &c.)  in  proper 
order;  maintain  (diary,  accounts,  books)  by 
making  requisite  entries;  provide  for  sus- 
tenance of  (family  &c) ;  maintain  (woman)  as 
mistress ;  have  (commodity)  habitually  on  sale ; 

k.   COMPANY1,    PACE,    STEP,    LOOK1    Out,   TIME, 

watch  1,  wicket  ;  maintain  in  proper  or  specified 
condition  (often  in  spec,  senses,  as  A;,  the  ball1 
rolling,  pot  boiling,  one's  hair  on) ;  detain 
(person  in  prison,  in  custody,  &c.) ;  restrain 
(person,  thing,  oncself,from  doing,  from  thing); 
reserve  (thing/or  future  time  &c.) ;  conceal,  as 
k.  one's  counsel1,  a  secret ;  continue  to  follow 
(way,  course) ;  remain  in  (one's  bed,  room, 
house);  retain  one's  place  in  (the  saddle,  the 
field,  the  stage,  one's  ground,  &c.)  against 
opposition;  k.  house;  remain  (indoors  &c); 
(colloq.,  esp.  Camb.  Univ.)  reside,  as  where  do 
you  k.?',  remain  in  specified  condition,  as  k.  in 
good  health,  k.  in  touch  with,  k.  cool,  k.  friends ; 
continuein  specified  direction,  course,  oraction, 
as  k.  straight  on  for  two  miles,  he  keeps  giggling ; 
(of  food  &c.)  remain  in  good  condition,  (fig.,  of 
news  &c.)  admit  of  being  reserved  for  later 
occasion  ;  k.  (work  persistently)  at ;  k.  (abstain) 
from ;  k.  to,  adhere  to  (course,  promise),  confine 
oneself  to;  k.  (thing  &c.)  to  oneself,  refuse  to 
share  it  with  others ;  k.  oneself  to  oneself,  avoid 
society;  k.  back,  hold  back,  retard  progress 
of,  conceal ;  k.  doxon,  hold  in  subjection,  k.  low 
in  amount;  k.  in,  confine,  restrain,  (feelings 
&c),  confine  (schoolboy)  after  hours,  k.  (fire) 
burning,  (intr.)  remain  indoors,  remain  on  good 
terms  with;  k.  one's  feet,  not  fall;  k.  one's  hand 
in;  k.  off,  ward  off,  avert,  (intr.)  stay  at  a 
distance ;  k.  on,  continue  to  hold,  use,  show,  &c, 
(intr.)  continue  (doing) ;  k.  together,  remain, 
cause  to  remain,  together;  k.  under,  hold  in 
subjection ;  k.  up,  prevent  (one's  spirits,  prices, 
&c.)  from  sinking,  maintain,  k.  in  repair,  in 
efficient  or  proper  state,  &c,  as  k.  up  appear- 
ances, k.  up  your  Greek,  carry  on  (correspon- 
dence &c),  cause  (person)  to  sit  up  at  night, 


(intr.)  bear  up,  not  break  down,  proceed  at 
equal  pace  with,    [late  OE  cipan,  etym.  dub.] 

keep2,  n.  (Hist.)  tower,  stronghold;  main- 
tenance, food  required  for  this,  as  you  don't 
earn  your  k.    [f.  prec] 

keeper,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  :=game1- 
keeper;  lunatic's  attendant;  ring  that  keeps 
another,  esp.  wedding-ring,  on  the  finger,  [-er1] 

keeping-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  also  or  esp. : 
custody,  charge,  as  in  safe  k.,  in  his  k. ;  agree- 
ment, harmony,  (orig.  esp.  of  painting)  as  in, 
out  of,  k.  (with) ;  (attrib.,  or  intr.  part.)  fit  for  k., 
as  k.  apples ;  k.-room  (chiefly  U.S.),  sitting-room 
usually  occupied,    [-ing  1] 

kee'psake,  n.  Thing  kept  for  sake,  or  in 
remembrance,  of  giver ;  (attrib.)  namby-pamby, 
like  certain  literary  annuals  of  early  19th  c. 
called  kk.    [keep  *  +  sake] 

kef,  keif  (kif),  kief  (kef),  n.  Drowsy  state 
produced  by  bhang  &c. ;  enjoyment  of  idleness ; 
Indian  hemp  &c.  smoked  to  produce  k.  [f.  Arab. 
kaif,  colloq.  kef,  well-being] 

keffiyeh  (feya),  n.  Bedouin  Arab's  kerchief 
worn  as  head-dress,  [f.  Arab,  kaffiyah,  kuf- 
fiyeh.  perh.  f.  LL  cofea  coif] 

ke'fir,  n.  Effervescent  liquor  like  koumiss, 
used  for  invalids.    [Caucas.J 

keg-,  n.  Small  barrel,  usu.  of  less  than  10  gals, 
[earlier  cag,  cf.  Icel.  kaggi,  Sw.  kagge] 

kelp,  n.  Large  kinds  of  seaweed ;  calcined 
ashes  of  seaweed  used  for  the  sake  of  carbonate 
of  soda,  iodine,  &c.  contained,  formerly  used  in 
making  soap  &  glass.    [ME  culp,  etym.  dub.] 

ke'lpie,  -py,  n.  (Sc).  Water-spirit,  usu.  in 
form  of  horse,  reputed  to  delight  in  the  drown- 
ing of  travellers  &c.    [?] 

ke'lson,  keelson,  n.  Line  of  timber  fasten- 
ing ship's  floor-timbers  to  keel.  [f.  keel  ;  -son 
unexpl.,  cf.  Du.  kolzwijn,  G  kielschwein] 

Kelt  &c.    See  celt  &c. 

kemp,  n.  Coarse  hair  in  wool.  Hence 
ke'mpY2  a.  [prob.  f.  ON  kampr  beard, 
whisker,  &c] 

ken I,  n.  Range  of  sight  or  knowledge,  esp.  in, 
out  of,  beyond,  one's  k.    [f.  foil.] 

ken  2,  v.t.  (now  Sc.  or  north.) ;  (kent).  Recog- 
nize at  sight ;  know  (person,  thing,  fact,  that 
&c).  [com.-Teut.:  OE  cennan,  Du.  &  G  kennen] 

kennel1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (-11-).  House  for 
shelter  of  house-dog  or  hounds ;  mean  dwelling ; 
(v.i.)  live  in,  go  to,  k. ;  (v.t.)  put  into,  keep  in,  k. 
((vb  f.  n.)  prob.  f.  ONF  *kenil  (F  chenil)  f.  pop. 
L  canile  (canis  dog)] 

ke'nnel2,  n.  Gutter,  [earlier  cannel  t  OF 
canel  channel] 

keno'sis,  n.  (theol.).  Renunciation  of  divine 
nature,  at  least  in  part,  by  Christ  in  the  incar- 
nation. So  kenoTic  a.,  keno*ticiSM(3)  n. 
[Gk  kenosis  (kenoo  vb  empty  f.  kenos,  see  -osis)] 

Ke'ntish,  a.  Of  Kent ;  K.  fire,  prolonged 
volley  of  applause  or  demonstration  of  dissent ; 
K.  rag,  hard  limestone  found  in  Kent.  IOE 
Centisc  (Cent  f.  L  Cantium,  see  -ish1)] 

ke'ntledge  (-lij),  n.  (naut.).  Pig-iron  used  as 
permanent  ballast.    [?] 

ke'pi,  n.  French  military  cap  with  horizontal 
peak.  [f.  F  ke'pi  f.  G-Swiss  kdppi  dim.  of  kappe 
cap] 

ke'ratose,  a.  &  n.  Of  horny  substance ;  (n.) 
horn-like  substance  forming  part  of  some 
sponges,    [f.  Gk  keras  -atos  horn  +  -ose  l] 

kerb,  n.  Stone  edging  to  pavement  or  raised 
path ;  k.-stone,  one  of  stones  forming  this.  [var. 
of  curb  n.] 

kerchief  (-if),  n.  Cloth  used  to  cover  head ; 
(poet.)  handkerchief.   Hence  kep'chiefED2  a. 

SME  curchef,  ker-,  t.  OF  couvrechief,  cuevre-, 
covrir  cover  +  chief  head  f.  L  caput)\ 


KERF 


446 


KIDDERMINSTER 


kerf,  n.  Slit  made  by  cutting,  esp.with  saw ; 
cut  end  of  felled  tree.    [OE  cyrf,  f.  st.  of  carve] 

kep'mes(-iz),  n.  Pregnant  female  of  an  insect, 
formerly  taken  for  a  berry,  feeding  on  A;,  oak, 
an  evergreen  oak  of  S.  Europe  &  N.  Africa ;  red 
dye-stuff  consisting  of  dried  bodies  of  these ; 
amorphous  trisulphide  of  antimony,  of  brilliant 
red.    [f.  Arab.  &  Pers.  qirmiz] 

kermis,  n.  Periodical  fair  in  Holland  &c, 
with  much  noisy  merrymaking.  [Du.,  orig.  = 
mass  on  anniversary  of  dedication  of  church, 
when  yearly  fair  was  held  (kirk  +  mis  mass  x)] 

kern(e),  n.  (hist.).  Light-armed  Irish  foot- 
soldier  ;  peasant,  boor.    If.  Ir.  ceithern] 

ker'nel,  n.  Softer  (usu.  edible)  part  within 
hard  shell  of  nut  or  stone  fruit ;  body  of  seed 
within  husk  &c,  e.  g.  grain  of  wheat ;  nucleus, 
■centre  of  formation  (often  fig.).  [OE  cyrnel, 
dim.  of  corn] 

ke'posene,  n.  Lamp-oil  obtained  by  distil- 
lation of  petroleum  &  from  coal  &  bituminous 
shale,    [irreg.  f.  Gk  keros  wax  +  -ene] 

kep'sey,  n.  Kind  of  coarse  narrow  cloth 
woven  from  long  wool,  usu.  ribbed,  [perh.  f. 
K.  in  Suffolk] 

kep'seymepe,  n.  Twilled  fine  woollen  cloth ; 
<pl.)  trousers  of  this,  [corrupt,  of  cassimere, 
var.  of  cashmere] 

ke'stpel,  n.  Species  of  small  hawk.  [ME 
castrel,  prob.  =OF  cresserelle,  etym.  dub.] 

ketch,  n.  Small  two-masted  coasting  vessel, 
[earlier  cache,  catch,  f.  catch  v.] 

ke'tehup,  n.  Sauce  made  from  juice  of 
mushrooms,  tomatoes,  &c.  [prob.  f.  Chin. 
koe-chiap  brine  of  pickled  fish] 

ke'ttle,  n.  "Vessel,  usu.  of  metal  with  spout 
&  handle,  for  boiling  water ;  fish  l-k. ;  a  pretty 
k.  of  fish,  awkward  state  of  affairs ;  ke'ttle- 
drum(mer),  (player  of)  hollow  brass  or  copper 
hemisphere,  over  edge  of  which  parchment  is 
stretched  &  tuned  to  definite  note ;  k.-holder, 
piece  of  cloth  &c.  to  protect  hand  from  heat  of 
k.  handle.  Hence  ke*ttleFUL(2)n.  [com.-Teut.: 
OE  cetel,  Du.  ketel,  G  kessel] 

ke*vel,  n.  (naut.).  Peg,  cleat,  usu.  fixed  in 
pairs,  to  which  certain  ropes  are  belayed,  [f. 
ONF  keville  (F  clieville)  f.  L  clavicula  dim.  of 
clavis  key] 

key1  (ke),  n.  Instrument,  usu.  of  iron,  for 
moving  bolt  of  lock  forwards  or  backwards ; 
get,  have,  the  k.  of  the  street,  be  shut  out  for 
the  night,  homeless;  master1  A;.;  House  of 
Kk.,  elective  branch  of  legislature  of  I.  of  Man  ; 
St  Peter's  kk.,  cross  kk.  borne  in  Papal  arms; 
what  gives  or  precludes  opportunity  for  or 
access  to  something ;  golden,  silver,  k.,  money 
used  as  bribe;  (pi.)  ecclesiastical  authority  as 
transmitted  to  the  Pope,  esp.  power  of  the  kk.; 
place  that  from  its  position  gives  control  of 
sea,  territory,  &c;  solution,  explanation;  trans- 
lation of  foreign  book;  book  of  solutions  of 
mathematical  problems  &c. ;  (Mus.)  system  of 
notes  definitely  related  to  each  other  &  based 
on  particular  note,  (fig.)  tone,  style,  of  thought 
or  expression ;  k.-note,  note  on  which  a  k.  is 
based,  (fig.)  prevailing  tone  or  idea;  piece  of 
wood  or  metal  inserted  between  others  to 
secure  them ;  part  of  first  coat  of  wall  plaster 

f)assing  between  laths  &  so  securing  the  rest ; 
e  vers  pressed  by  Angers  in  playingorgan,  piano, 
&c;  similar  levers  in  typewriter  &c;  instru- 
ment for  grasping  screws,  pegs,  nuts,  &c,  esp. 
one  for  winding  clock  or  watch ;  keyboard,  set 
of  kk.  on  piano  &c;  k.-bugle  (fitted  with  kk.  to 
increase  number  of  sounds) ;  keyhole  (by  which 
k.  is  put  into  lock) ;  k.-ring  (for  keeping  kk.  on) ; 
keystone,  stone  at  summit  of  arch  locking  the 
whole  together,  (fig.)  central  principle  &c.  on 


which  all  depends.  Hence  key'LESS  a.  [OE 
cxg,  etym.  dub.] 

key  2,  v.  t.  Fasten  (often  in,  on,  &c.)  with  pin, 
wedge,  bolt,  &c. ;  regulate  pitch  of  strings  of 
(piano  &c.) ;  (fig.)  k.  up,  stimulate  (person  to  do, 
to  condition  &c).    [f.  prec] 

key3  (ke),  n.  Low  island  or  reef.  [f.  Sp. 
cayo] 

khakan  (kahkah'n),  n.  =khan.  [f.  Turk. 
khaqan  king,  emperor] 

kha'ki  (kah-),  a.  &  n.  Dust-coloured,  dull- 
yellow  ;  (n.)  k.  fabric  of  twilled  cotton  or  wool, 
used  in  Brit.  army.  [Hind., =dusty  (khak  dust)] 

kha'msin,  n.  Hot  S.  or  S.E.  wind  in  Egypt 
for  about  50  days  in  March,  April,  &  May.  [Arab. 
{khamsun  fifty)] 

khan l  (or  kahn),  n.  Title  of  rulers  &  officials 
in  Central  Asia,  Afghanistan,  &c. ;  (Hist.)  su- 
preme ruler  of  Turkish,  Tartar,  &  Mongol  tribes, 
&  emperor  of  China,  in  middle  ages.  Hence 
kha'nATE i(l)  n.    [Turk.,  perh.  as  khakan] 

khan 2  (or  kahn),  n.  Caravanserai.  [Arab., 
=inn] 

khe'da  (ka-),  ke'ddah,  n.  Enclosure  used 
in  Bengal  &c.  to  catch  elephants.  [Hind,  (-da)] 

Khedi've  (-ev),  n.  Title  of  viceroy  of  Egypt, 
accorded  to  Ismail  Pasha  by  Turkish  Govern- 
ment in  1867.  Hence  Khedl*v(i)AL  aa.  [f.  F 
khidive  f.  Turk,  kliediv] 

khi'dmutgar,  n.  Male  servant  who  waits 
at  table  (in  India),  [f.  Hind,  khidmatgar  (khid- 
mat  service  +  -gar  suf.)] 

ki'bble,  v.t.    Grind  coarsely.    [?] 

kibe,  n.  Ulcerated  chilblain,  esp.  on  heel ; 
tread  on  person's  kk.,  hurt  his  feelings.    [?] 

kibi'tka,  n.  Tartars  circular  tent  covered 
with  felt ;  Tartar  household ;  Russian  hooded 
sledge.    [Russ.1 

ki'blah,  n.  Point  to  which  Mohammedans 
turn  at  prayer,  i.  e.  temple  at  Mecca,  [f.  Arab. 
qiblah  (qabala  be  opposite)] 

kibo'sh  (or  kr-),  n.  (slang).  Nonsense,  hum- 
bug ;  put  the  k.  on,  do  for,  knock  on  the  head.  [?] 

kick !,  n.  Art  of  kicking ;  drop1-,  place-,  k. ; 
more  kk.  (harshness)  than  halfpence  (kindness) ; 
recoil  of  gun  when  discharged  ;  (Footb.)  good, 
bad,  &c,  k.  (kicker),    [f.  foil.] 

kick2,  v.i.  &  t.  Strike  out  with  the  foot;  fc. 
against  the  piricks,  resist  to  one's  own  hurt; 
show  annoyance,  dislike,  &c.  (against,  at,  pro- 
posal, treatment) ;  strike  with  foot ;  (slang)  k. 
the  bucket,  die;  k.  one's  heel.?;  drive,  move, 
(thing)  by  kicking ;  drive  forcibly  &  contemp- 
tuously (out,  downstairs,  &c);  k.  off,  throw  off 
(shoes)  by  kicking,  (Footb.)  give  first  kick;  k. 
up,  raise  (dust),  create  (fuss,  noise) ;  k.-off,  first 
kick  at  football.    [ME  kike,  etym.  dub.] 

kick3,  n.  Indentation  in  bottom  of  glass 
bottle.    [?] 

ki'ckep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  horse  given  to 
kicking,    [-er  j] 

ki'ckshaw,  n.  Fancy  dish  in  cookery  (usu. 
contempt.) ;  toy,  trifle,  [f.  F  quelque  chose 
something] 

kid1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Young  of  goat ;  leather 
from  skin  of  this,  used  for  gloves  &  boots ;  the 
Kk.  or  K.,  pair  of  small  stars  in  Auriga ;  (slang) 
child,  whence  ki'dd v 3  n. ;  k.-glove  (adj.),  over- 


dainty,  avoiding  everyday  work  &c. ;  (v.t.)  give 
birth  to  (k.);  (v.i.)  give  birth  to  k.  [(vbf.  n.) 
ME  kide,  cf.  ON  kidh,  G  kitz] 


kid2,  v.t.,  &  n.  (slang).  Hoax,  humbug,  (vb 
often  abs.).    [perh.  f.  prec] 

kid  3,  n.  Small  wooden  tub,  esp.  sailor's  mess- 
tub,    [perh.  var.  of  kit1] 

Ki'ddepminstep,  n.  Town  in  Worcester- 
shire ;  K.  carpet  (with  pattern  formed  by  inter- 
section of  two  cloths  of  different  colours). 


KIDDLE 


Wi 


KING 


ki'ddle,  n.     Barrier  in  river  with  opening 
fitted  with  nets  &c.  to  catch  fish ;  arrangement 
of  stake-nets  on  sea-beach,    [f.  OF  quidel,  gu-] 
ki'dnap,  v.t.  (-pp-).    Steal  (child) ;  carry  off 
(person)  by  illegal  force.  Hence  ki'dnappER 1 
n.    [kid  1  +  obs.  nap  seize,  cf.  nab] 
ki'dney,  n.    One  of  pair  of  glandular  organs 
in  abdominal  cavity  of  mammals,  birds,  &  rep- 
tiles, serving  to  excrete  urine  &  so  remove 
effete  nitrogenous  matter  from  blood;  k.  of 
sheep,  cattle,  &  pigs,  as  food;  temperament, 
nature,  as  a  man  of  that  k.,  of  the  right  k.; 
(also  k.  potato)  oval  kind  of  potato ;  k.  bean, 
(1)  dwarf  French  bean,  (2)  scarlet-runner.    [?J 
kief.    See  kef. 

kie-kie  (ke'ke),  n.  N. -Zealand  climbing 
plant  with_ leaves  used  for  baskets  &c.  [Maori] 
kier  (ker),  n.  Vat  in  which  cloth  is  boiled  for 
bleaching  &c.  [cf.  ON  ker,  Da.  &c.  kar] 
ki'lderkin,  n.  Cask  for  liquids  &c,  con- 
taining 16  or  18  gal. ;  this  as  measure,  [corrupt, 
of  Du.  kindeken  (kind  child,  see  kin)] 
kill l,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  to  death,  slay ;  (of  disease, 
grief,  shock,  drink,  poison,  &c.)  cause  the  death 
of  ;  k.  off,  get  rid  of  (number  of  persons  &c.)  by 
killing ;  (abs.,  esp.  Sport.)  perform  act  of  killing, 
do  execution  ;  (intr.,  quasi-pass.)  yield  good  or 
much  meat  when  killed,  as  pigs  do  not  k.  well 
at  that  age ;  represent  in  fiction  &c.  as  dead, 
as  k.  your  villain  in  the  last  chapter ;  destroy 
vitality  of  (plant,  disease,  &c.) ;  destroy,  put  an 
end  to,  (feelings  &c);  neutralize  (colour  &c.) 
by  contrast ;  consume  (time)  for  the  sake  of 
doing  so ;  overwhelm  (person)  with  admiration, 
amusement,  &c,  whence  ki'lliNG2  a.,  ki'll- 
ingLY 2  adv. ;  (Lawn  Tennis)  strike  (ball)  so 
that  it  cannot  be  returned  ;  (Footb.)  stop  (ball) 
dead;  totally  defeat  (bill  in  Parliament);  k. 
(fatally  harm)  with  (mistaken)  kindness ;  k.- 
devil,  artificial  bait  made  to  spin  in  water ;  k.- 
joy,  one  who  throws  gloom  over  social  enjoy- 
ment; k.-time  n.  &  a.,  (occupation)  intended 
to  k.  time.    [?] 

kill 2,  n.    Act  of  killing ;  animal  killed,  esp. 
by  sportsman,    [f.  prec] 

kiln,  n.  Furnace,  oven,  for  burning,  baking, 
or  drying,  esp.  (lime-k.)  for  calcining  lime,  or 
ibrick-k.)  baking  bricks;  k.-dry  v.t.,  dry  in  k. 
[OE  cylene  f.  L  culina  kitchen] 
kilo-  in  comb.,  arbitrary  representative  (f.  F) 
of  Gk  khilioi  1,000,  as:  -gram(me),  weight  of  1,000 
grammes  (2- 2051b.  avoird.);  -gra'mmetre,  energy 
that  will  raise  one  kilogramme  to  the  height  of 
one  metre  ;  -litre,  -liter,  measure  of  1,000  litres 
(35-31  cub.  ft) ;  -metre,  -meter,  measure  of  1,000 
metres  (3280-89  ft),  whence  -me'tric(al)  aa. 
kilt1,  v.t.  Tuck  up  (skirts)  round  body; 
gather  in  vertical  pleats  (esp.  in  p.p.).  [prob. 
of  Scand.  orig.,  cf.  Da.  kilte] 
kilt2,  n.  Skirt,  usu.  of  tartan  cloth,  reach- 
ing from  waist  to  knee,  part  of  Highland  male 
dress,  [f.  prec] 
kin,  n.  &  a.  Ancestral  stock,  family,  as  comes 
of  good  k. ;  one's  relatives ;  kith  &  k.;  (pred. 
adi.)  related,  as  we  are  k.,  he  is  k.  to  me;  ofk., 
akin,  related  by  blood  ties  or  (fig. )  in  character ; 
near  ofk.,  closely  related ;  next  of  k.  Hence 
ki'nLESS  a.  [com.-Teut. :  OE  cyn(n),T>u.  kunne, 
Da.  &  Sw.  kon,  f.  root  kin,  kan,  kun ;  cogn.  w. 
Gk  genos  race,  L  genus  kind] 
-kin,  suf.  form.  dimm.,corresp.  toMDu.  -kijn, 
-ken,  G  -chen ;  chiefly  in  wds  f.  Du.  or  of  doubt- 
ful orig.,  lambkin  being  the  only  E  formation 
of  real  currency ;  ME  had  proper  names,  as 
Malkin,  Perkin,  Simkin. 
ki'nchin,  n.  (cant.).  Child  ;  k.  lay,  practice  of 
stealing  money  from  children  sent  on  errands, 
[prob.  f.  G  kindchen  (kind  child,  see  prec.)] 


ki'ncob  (-ngk-),  n.  Rich  Indian  stuff  em- 
broidered with  gold  or  silver.  [f.Hind.  kimkhab) 
kind1,  n.  Race,  natural  group,  of  animals, 
plants,  &c,  as  human  k.,  the  rabbit  k.;  class, 
sort,  variety,  as  of  what  kind  is  it  ?,  of  a  differ- 
ent k.,  something  of  the  k.,  something  like  the 
thing  in  question,  nothing  of  the  k.,  not  at  all 
like  it,  (contempt.)  we  had  coffee  of  a  k.  (that 
scarcely  deserved  the  name) ;  (in  transposed 
constr.)  ivhat  k.  of  tree  is  this  ?,  of  what  k.  is 
this  tree  ?,  this  is  the  k.  of  thing  I  meant  (a  thing 
of  the  kind  I  meant);  (colloq.)  these  k.  of  men 
(men  of  this  k.)  annoy  me ;  (implying  looseness, 
vagueness,  exaggeration,  &c,  in  the  term  used) 
he  is  a  k.  of  stockbroker,  of  millionaire,  felt  a 
kind  of  compunction ;  (colloq.)  Ik.  of  (to  some 
extent)  expected  it ;  (archaic)  nature  in  general 
as  the  law  ofk.;  (archaic)  way,  fashion,  natural 
to  person  &c,  as  they  act  after  their  k.;  charac- 
ter, quality,  as  they  differ  in  k.,  not  merely  in 
degree ;  in  k„  (of  payment)  in  goods  or  natural 
produce,  not  in  money,  (of  repayment,  esp.  fig.) 
repay  his  insolence  in  k.  (with  insolence).  [OE 
gecynde  (ge-  y-  +  *cynde  f.  root  kun-,  see  kin)] 
kind2,  a.  Of  gentle  or  benevolent  nature; 
friendly  in  one's  conduct  to  (person  &c);  (ar- 
chaic) affectionate ;  k.-hearted,  having  a  k. 
heart.  Hence  ki'ndly1  adv.,  ki'ndxEss  n. 
[OE  gecynde  (as  prec.) ;  orig.  =  natural,  native] 
ki'ndepg-apten,  n.  School  for  developing 
minds  of  children  by  object  lessons,  toys,  games, 
&c.  Hence  ki'ndepgrapteniSM  n.  [G,  chil- 
dren's garden] 

ki'ndle,  v.t.  &  i.  Set  on  fire,  light,  (flame, 
fire,  substance);  (fig.)  inflame,  inspire,  (passion 
&c),  stir  up  (person  to  emotion  &c,  to  do) ; 
(intr.)  catch  fire,  burst  into  flame ;  (fig.)  become 
animated,  glow  with  passion  &c;  make,  be- 
come, bright,  (cause  to)  glow  (often  up),  [prob. 
f.  ON  kynda  kindle  +  -le(3)] 
krndly2,a.  Kind;  (of  climate, surroundings, 
&c.)  pleasant,  genial ;  (archaic)  native-born,  as 
a  k.  Scot.  Hence  ki#ndliLY2  adv.,  ki'ndli- 
ness  n.  [OE  gecyndelic  (as  kind  2,  see  -ly  i)] 
ki'ndped,  n.  &  a.  Blood  relationship ;  (fig.) 
resemblance  in  character ;  one's  relatives;  (adj.) 
related  byblood,(flg.)  allied,  connected,  similar, 
as  frost  &  k.  phenomena,  [f.  kin  +  -red,  OE 
rdeden  condition,  reckoning] 
kine.    See  cow. 

kinema'tic,  a.  &  n.  Of  motion  considered 
abstractly  without  reference  to  force  or  mass ; 
(n.  pi.)  science  of  this.  Hence  kinema'tieAi. 
a.  [f.  Gk  kinema  -matos  motion  (kineo  move, 
see  -m)  +  -ic] 

kine,matog'paph(orklnima,t-),cinenia*t- 
(s-),  n.  Contrivance  for  projecting  in  rapid  suc- 
cession on  screen  a  series  of  instantaneous 
photographs,  so  as  to  give  effect  of  motion. 
Hence  kinematogpa'phic  a.  [f.  F  cinSma- 
tographe  (as  prec,  see  -graph] 
kine'tic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  due  to,  motion  ;  k.  ener- 
gy ;  k.  theory  of  heat,  of  gases,  (that  heat,  the 
gaseous  state,  is  due  to  motion  of  particles) ; 
(n.  pi.)  science  of  the  relations  between  the  mo- 
tions of  bodies  &  the  forces  acting  on  them, 
[f.  Gk  kinetikos  (kineo  move,  see  -ETic)] 
king1,  n.  Male  sovereign  (esp.  hereditary) 
ruler  of  independent  state  ;  K.  of  &A;.,God,(also) 
title  assumed  by  many  Eastern  kk. ;  K.  Charles's 
spaniel;  K.'s  bench,  counsel1,  English, 
evidence1,  HiGmcay ;  K.  of  the  Castle,  child's 
game ;  great  merchant  Sec,  as  fur,  railway,  -k.; 
k.  of  beasts,  birds,  lion,  eagle  ;  best  kind  (of 
fruits,  plants,  &c) ;  (Chess)  piece  that  has  to  be 
protected  from  checkmate,  k.'s  bishop,  knight, 
rook,  (placed  on  k.'s  side  of  board  at  beginning); 
(Cards)  card  bearing  representation  of  k.,  & 


KING 


443 


KLEPTOMANIA 


usu.  ranking  next  below  ace ;  k.-bird,  kind  of 
bird  of  paradise,  (also)  American  tyrant  fly- 
catcher ;  k.-bolt,  main  or  large  bolt ;  k.-crab, 
large  arthropodous  animal  with  horseshoe- 
shaped  carapace ;  k.-craft,  skilful  exercise  of 
royalty ;  k.-cup,  buttercup,  (also)  marsh  mari- 
gold j  kingfisher,  small  bird  with  long  cleft  beak 
&  brilliant  plumage,  feeding  on  fish  it  captures 
by  diving ;  k.-maker,  one  who  sets  up  kk,  esp. 
Earl  of  Warwick  in  reign  of  Henry  VI ;  K.-of- 
Arms,  any  of  three  chief  heralds  of  College  of 
Arms ;  k.-post,  upright  post  from  roof-ridge  to 
tie-beam ;  k.'s  evil,  scrofula,  formerly  held  to  be 
curable  by  k.'s  touch.  Hence  ki'ngXESS, 
ki*ngLiKE,  ki'ng-LY1,  aa.,  ki'ngliNESS, 
ki'ng'SHip(l),  nn.  [com.-Teut.:  OE  cyni(n)g, 
Du.  koning,  G  konig,  f.  same  root  as  kin] 

king"2,  v.i.  &  t.  Act  the  king,  govern,  esp. 
k.  it ;  make  (person)  a  king.    [f.  prec.J 

ki'ngdom,  n.  Monarchical  state  ;  United K., 
Great  Britain  &  Ireland  ;  territory  subject  to 
king ;  spiritual  reign  of  God,  sphere  of  this,  esp. 
the  k.  of  heaven;  domain ;  province  of  nature, 
esp.  animal,  vegetable,  mineral,  k.;  (slang)  k.- 
come,  the  next  world  (echo  of  thy  k.  come  in 
Lord '8  Prayer).  Hence  ki'ngdomEO  2  a.  [OE 
cyningdom  (as  king  *,  see  -dom)] 

ki'nglet,  n.  Petty  king  (usu.  contempt.),  so 
ki'iigLiNG l  n.;  golden-crested  wren,    [-let] 

kink,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Twist,  curl,  in  rope, 
thread,  wire,  &c;  (fig.)  mental  twist,  crotchet; 
(v.i.,  of  rope  &c.)  form  a  k.;  (v.t.)  cause  (rope)  to 
do  this.  Hence  ki'nkY2  a.  [(vb)  prob.  f.  Du. 
kinken;  (n.)  Du.,  G,  Da.,  Sw.,  f.  root  *kik  bend] 

ki'nkajou  (-00),  n.  Animal  allied  to  racoon, 
with  prehensile  tail  &  nocturnal  habits,  [f.  F 
quincajou  f.  N.  Amer.  Ind.] 

ki'nnikini'G,  n.  Mixture  of  dried  sumach- 
leaves,  bark  of  willow,  &c,  as  substitute  for 
tobacco,  or  mixed  with  it ;  any  plant  used  for 
this.    [Algonquin] 

ki'no  (ke-),  n.  Gum  of  various  trees,  resem- 
bling catechu,  &  used  in  medicine  &  tanning  as 
astringent,    [prob.  of  W.-Afr.  orig.] 

ki'nsfolk  (-ok),  n.  pi.  (literary).  Relations 
by  blood.  So  ki'nsMAN,  ki'nswoMAN,  nn.  [f. 
kin  +  folk] 

ki'nship,  n.  Blood  relationship ;  similarity, 
alliance,  in  character,    [-ship] 

kio'sk,  n.  Light  open  pavilion  in  Turkey  & 
Persia ;  Yildiz  K.,  Turkish  Sultan's  palace ;  (in 
France  &  Belgium)  structure  for  sale  of  news- 
papers, band-stand,  &c.    [f.  Turk,  kiushk] 

kip  \  n.  Hide  of  young  or  small  beast  as  used 
for  leather.    [?] 

kip  2,  n.  (slang).  Common  lodging-house ;  lodg- 
ing;  bed.    [cf .  Da.  kippe  mean  hut  or  alehouse] 

ki'ppen  s  n.  Male  salmon  in  spawning  sea- 
son ;  kippered  fish,  esp.  herring.    [?] 

ki'pper2,  v.t.  Cure  (salmon,  herring,  &c.) 
by  cleaning,  rubbing  with  salt,  pepper,  &c,  & 
drying  in  open  air  or  smoke,    [perh.  tprec] 

kirk,  n.  (Sc.  &  north.)  church  ;  (in  E  use) K. 
of  Scotland,  Church  of  Scotland  as  opp.  to 
Church  of  England  or  to  Episcopal  Church  in 
Scotland  ;  kirkman,  member  of  K.  of  Scotland; 
k.-session,  lowest  court  in  K.  of  Scotland  & 
other  Presbyterian  Churches,  composed  of  min- 
ister &  elders,    [north,  form  of  church] 

kirseh(wasser)  (ke'rshvahser),  n.  Spirit 
distilled  from  fermented  liquor  of  wild  cherries. 
[G  (kirsche  cherry  +  wasser  water)] 

kip*tle,  n.  (archaic).  Woman's  gown  or  outer 

Eetticoat ;  man's  tunic  or  coat    [OE  cyrtel,  cf. 
•a.  &  Sw.  kjortel,  perh.  f.  L  curtus  short] 
ki'smet,  n.    Destiny.    [Turk.,  f.  Arab,  qis- 
ma(t)  f.  qasama  divide] 
kiss J,  n.    Caress  given  with  lips ;  (Billiards) 


impact  between  moving  balls ;  kind  of  sugar- 
plum. [OE  cons,  cf.  Du.  kus,  G  kuss] 
kiss2,  v.t.  Touch  with  the  lips,  esp.  as  sign 
of  affection,  greeting,  or  reverence;  (abs.,  of 
two  persons)  k.  &  be  friends,  &c. ;  (Billiards,  of 
ball)  touch  (ball)  with  kiss  l  (also  abs.  of  two 
balls) ;  k.  away,  remove  (tears  &c.)  with  kisses; 
k.  the  book  (Bible,  in  taking  oath) ;  k.  the  dust, 
yield  abject  submission,  (also)  be  slain ;  k.  the 
ground,  prostrate  oneself  in  token  of  homage, 
(fig.)  be  brought  low ;  A;,  hands  or  the  hand  (of 
sovereign  &c.  as  ceremonial  salutation  or  on 
appointment  to  office) ;  k.  the  rod,  accept  chas- 
tisement submissively ;  k.-in-the-ring,  game  for 
young  people  in  which  one  pursues  &  kisses 
another  of  opposite  sex ;  k.-me-quick,  kinds  of 

Slant,  small  bonnet  standing  far  back  on  head, 
[ence  ki'ssABLE  a.,  krssabiA  -  adv.  [OE 
cyssan,  cf.  Du.  kussen,  G  kussen] 

ki'ssing*,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  k.-crust,  soft 
crust  where  loaf  has  touched  another  in  bak- 
ing ;  k.  kind,  on  affectionate  terms,    [-ing2] 

kit1,  n.  Wooden  tub  for  various  purposes; 
(articles  carried  in)  soldier's  valise  or  knap- 
sack ;  personal  equipment,  esp.  as  packed  for 
travelling ;  workman's,  esp.  shoemaker's,  put- 
fit  ;  k.-bag  (for  carrying  soldier's  or  traveller's 
k.).    [prob.  f.  MDu.  kitte  tub,  etym.  dub.] 

kit2,  n.    Abbr.  of  kitten. 

kit3,  n.  (now  rare).  Small  fiddle  used  by  danc- 
ing-master.   [?] 

ki-t-cat,  n.  K.  Club,  club  of  Whig  politicians 
founded  under  James  II ;  member  of  this  ;  k. 
(portrait),  portrait  of  less  than  half-length,  but 
including  hands,  [f.  Kit  Cat(ling),  keeper  of 
pie-house  where  club  met] 

ki'tchen,  n.  Part  of  house  where  food  is 
cooked  ;  k.-garden  (for  fruit  &  vegetables) ;  k.- 
maid,  servant  employed  in  k.,  usu.  under  cook ; 


Ar.-MIDDEN ;  k.-stuff,  k.  requisites,  esp.  vegeta 
bles.  [OE  cycene,  cf.  Du.  keuken,  G  kuche  f. 
vulg.  L  cucina  var.  of  coquina  (coquere  cook)] 


ki'tchenep,  n.     Cooking-range  ;  person  in 
charge  of  monastery  kitchen,    [-er  *] 
kite,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.    Bird  of  prey  of  same 
family  as  falcon,  with  long  wings,  usu.  forked 
tail,  &  no  tooth(  in  bill ;   rapacious   person, 
sharper;  toy  consisting  of  light  wooden  frame, 
usu.  in  form  of  isosceles  triangle  with  circular 
arc  as  base,  with  paper  stretched  over  it,  flown 
in  strong  wind  by  means  of  attached  string ;  fly 
a  k.,  (fig.)  make  experiment  to  gauge  public 
opinion  &c. ;  (Commerc.  slang)  accommodation 
bill ;  (pi.)  highest  sails  of  ship,  set  only  in  light 
wind ;  (v.i.)  soar  like  k. ;  (v.t.)  cause  to  do  this, 
(Commerc.)  convert  into  k.   [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  cyta] 
kith  (-th),  n.    K.  &  kin,  acquaintance  &  kins- 
folk.     [OE  cythth,  orig.  =  knowledge,  known 
country,  cogn.  w.  cunnan  can] 
ki'tten,  n.,  &  v.t.     Young  of  cat ;  skittish 
young  girl;  (v.t)  bring  forth  (kk.orabs.).  Hence 
ki'tteniSH  1  a.    [(vb  f.  n.)  ME,  prob.  f.  OF  chi- 
toun  var.  of  chaton  kitten,  see  cat] 
kitteree'n,  n.  W.-Ind.  one-horse  chaise.  [?] 
ki'ttiwake,  n.    Genus  of  sea-gulls,    [imit] 
ki'ttle,  a.     Ticklish,  difficult  to  deal  with, 
esp.  k.  cattle  (usu.  fig.  of  persons  or  things),   [f. 
ME  vb  kytylle  tickle,  puzzle ;  prob.  imit.] 
kittirl  (-dbl),  kitoo-1,  n.     Kind  of  palm; 
strong  black  fibre  from  leaf-stalks  of  this.    [f. 
Cingalese  kitul] 

ki*tty,n.   Pet  name  for  kitten,  [f.  kit2  +  -y3] 
ki'wi  (ke),  n.    =apteryx.    [Maori] 
klepht,  il     One  of  the  Greeks  who  after 
Turkish  conquest  of  Greece  in  15th  c.  main- 
tained independence  in  mountains ;  brigand. 
[f.  mod.  Gk  klephtes  f.  Gk  kleptes  thief] 
kleptoma-nia,  n.    Lresistible  tendency  to 


KLIPSPRINQER 


449 


KNOB 


theft  in  persons  not  tempted  to  it  by  needy  cir- 
cumstances. Hence  klepto.M axiac  n.  [f.  Gk 
kleptes  thief  +  -o-  +  -mania] 

kli'pspringer  (-nger),  n.  Small  S.-Afr.  ante- 
lope.JS.  Afr.  Du.(klip  rock  +  springer  springer)] 
kloof,  n.    Ravine,  deep  narrow  valley,  in  S. 
Africa.    [Du.,= cleft] 

knack,  n.  Acquired  faculty  of  doing  a  thing 
adroitly ;  ingenious  device ;  trick,  habit,  of  ac- 
tion, speech,  &c.  Hence  kna'ck y  2  a.  [?] 
kna'cker,  n.  One  who  buys  &  slaughters 
useless  horses,  whence  kna*ckERY(3)  n. ;  one 
who  buys  old  houses,  ships,  &c,  for  the  mate- 
rials.   l?J 

knag,  n.    Knot  in  wood,  base  of  a  branch. 
Hence  kna'ggY  2  a.    [ME,  =  G  knagge] 
knap J,  n.  (dial. ).   Crest  of  hill,  rising  ground. 
[OE  cnxp(p),  pern.  cogn.  w.  ON  knappr  knob] 
knap  2,  v.t.  Break  (flints  for  roads)  with  ham- 
mer, whence  kna*ppER](t  -)  n. ;  (bibl.,  dial.) 
knock,  rap,  snap  asunder,    [imit] 
kna'psack,  n.    Soldier's  or  traveller's  can- 
vas or  leather  bag,  strapped  to  back  &  used  for 
carrying  necessaries.     [LG,  prob.  f.  knappen 
bite  +  sack] 

kna'pweed,  n.  Common  weed  with  hard 
stem  &  light  purple  flowers  on  dark  globular 
head,    [earlier  knopweed  {knop  knob  +  weed)] 

knar,  n.  Knot  in  wood,  esp.  protuberance 
covered  with  bark  on  trunk  or  at  root  of  tree. 
[ME  knarre =LG  knarrein),  Du.  knar] 

knave,  n.  Unprincipled  man,  rogue,  whence 
kna*VERY(4),  kna'vishNESS,  nn.,  kna*v- 
ish1  a.,  kna*vishi,Y 2  ad  v. ;  (Cards)  lowest 
court  card  of  each  suit.  [OE  cnafa  boy,  serv- 
ant, knave,  cf.  G  knabe] 

knead,  (ned),  v.t.  Work  up  (moist  flour  or 
clay)  into  dough  or  paste ;  make  (bread,  pottery) 
thus;  (fig.)  blend,  weld  together;  operate  on 
(muscles  &c.)  as  if  kneading,  massage.  Hence 
knea'dABLE  a.,  knea'dEitMl,  2)  n.  [OE  cne- 
dan,  cf.  Du.  kneden,  G  kneten] 

knea'ding,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  k.-trough, 
wooden  trough  in  which  dough  is  kneaded. 
[-ing  i] 

knee  *,  n.  Joint  between  thigh  &  lower  leg 
in  man,  corresponding  joint  in  animals ;  give  a 
k.  to,  support  (pugilist)  on  one's  knee  between 
rounds,  act  as  second  to ;  on  one's  kk.,  kneeling, 
esp.  in  supplication,  worship,  or  submission; 
bring  (person)  to  his  kk.,  reduce  him  to  submis- 
sion ;  part  of  garment  covering  the  k. ;  thing 
like  k.  in  shape  or  position,  esp.  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  with  angular  bend ;  k.-breeches  (reaching 
down  to  or  just  below  k.) ;  k.-cap,  convex  bone 
in  front  of  k. -joint,  (also)  protective  covering 
for  k. ;  k.-deep,  so  deep  as  to  reach  the  kk. ;  k.- 
hole  (table),  (writing-table  with)  hole  between 
drawer  pedestals  to  admit  kk.;  k.-joint,  joint 
of  k.,  joint  of  two  pieces  hinged  together; 
k.-pan,  k.-cap;  k.-swell,  (in  Amer.  organ  &c.) 
lever  worked  by  k.,  for  producing  crescendo  & 
diminuendo  effects.  [com.-Teut :  OE  cniow, 
Du.  &  G  knie,  cf.  L  genu,  Gk  gonu,  Skr.  janu] 

knee2,  v.t.  Touch  with  the  knee;  fasten 
(framework  &c.)  with  knees;  (colloq.)  cause 
(trousers)  to  bulge  at  knees,    [f.  prec] 

kneel,  v.i.  Fall,  rest,  on  the  knee(s)  esp.  in 
supplication  or  reverence  (to  person).  [ME 
cneolen  f.  OE  cniowlian  (as  knee  *)] 

knell1,  n.  Sound  of  bell,  esp.  of  one  rung 
solemnly  after  death  or  at  funeral ;  (fig.)  an- 
nouncement, event,  &c,  regarded  as  an  omen 
of  death  or  extinction.    [OE  cnyll  (as  foil.)] 

knell 2,  v.i.  &  t.  (archaic).  (Of  bell)  ring,  esp. 
at  death  or  funeral ;  give  forth  doleful  sound ; 


(fig.)  sound  ominously;  (trans.)  proclaim  as  by 
a  knell.  [OE  cnyllan,  cf.  MHG  erknellen] 
kni'ekerbocker,  n.  (K-)  New  Yorker ;  (pi., 
colloq.  abbr.  knickers)  loose-fitting  breeches 
gathered  in  at  knee.  [K.,  pretended  author  of 
W.  Irving's  History  of  New  York] 

kni'ck-knack,  ni*ck-nack,  n.  Light 
dainty  article  of  furniture,  dress,  or  food  ;  trin- 
ket, gimcrack.  Hence  (k)nick-(k)na*ck- 
ery(2,  5)  n.,  (k)ni*ck-(k)nackisH !  a.  [re- 
dupl.  of  knack  in  obs.  sense  '  trinket '] 

knife,  n.  (pi.  knives),  &  v.t  (-fed).  Blade 
with  sharpened  longitudinal  edge  fixed  in  han- 
dle either  rigidly,  as  in  table,  carving,  -k.,  or 
with  joint,  as  in  pocket-k.,  used  as  cutting  in- 
strument or  as  weapon  ;  (of  malicious  or  vin- 
dictive person)  get  a  k.  into  (person) ;  tear  to 
the  k.,  relentless  war ;  blade  forming  part  of 
machine,  as  in  turnip-cutter  &c;  the  k.,  surgi- 
cal operations,  as  have  a  horror  of  the  k. ;  be- 
fore you  can  say  k.,  very  quickly  or  suddenly  ; 
play  a  good  k.  &  fork,  eat  heartily;  k.-board 
(on  which  kk.  are  cleaned) ;  k.-boy  (employed  to 
clean  table-kk.) ;  k.-edge,  edge  of  k.,  wedge  of 
hard  steel  on  which  pendulum  &c.  oscillates  ; 
k.-grinder,  itinerant  sharpener  of  kk.  &c,  one 
who  grinds  kk.  &c.  in  process  of  making ;  k.- 
machine  (for  cleaning  kk.);  k.-rest,  metal  or 
glass  support  for  carving-k.  or  -fork  at  table ; 
(v.t.)  cut,  stab,  with  k.  [(vb  f.  n.)  late  OE  cnif, 
cf.  Du.  knijf,  G  kneif] 

knight  (nit),  n.,  &  v.t.  Military  follower, 
esp.  one  devoted  to  service  o/(lady)  as  atten- 
dant or  champion  in  war  or  tournament ;  per- 
son, usu.  one  of  noble  birth  who  had  served  as 
page  &  squire,  raised  to  honourable  military 
rank  by  king  or  qualified  person ;  one  on  whom 
corresponding  rank  is  conferred  as  reward  for 
personal  merit  or  services  to  crown  or  country ; 
(Hist.,  also  k.  of  the  shire)  person  representing 
shire  or  county  in  parliament ;  (Rom.  Ant.)  one 
of  the  class  of  equites,  orig.  the  cavalry  of 
Roman  army ;  (Gk  Ant)  citizen  of  second  class 
at  Athens  ;  piece  in  game  of  chess,  usu.  with 
horse's  head ;  k.  bachelor,  commander,  com- 
panion *,  hospitaller,  templar  ;  k.-errant, 
medieval  k.  wandering  in  search  of  chivalrous 
adventures,  (fig.)  person  of  chivalrous  or  of 
quixotic  spirit ;  k.-errantry,  practice,  conduct, 
of  a  k.-errant  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  k.  of  the  post,  one 
who  got  his  living  by  giving  false  evidence ;  k.- 
service  (Hist ),  tenure  of  land  under  condition  of 
performing  military  service.  Hence  knigh't- 
hood  n.,  knig-h'tLiKE,  knigh'tLY1,  aa., 
knigh'tLY2  adv.  (poet).  [com.-WG:  OE  cniht, 
Du.  &  G  knecht  lad,  servant,  soldier] 

knigh'tage,  n.  Whole  body  of  knights  ;  list 
&  account  of  knights,    [-age] 

knit,  v.t.  &  i.  (knitted  or  knit).  Form  (close 
texture,  garments  &c.  of  this)  of  interlooping 
yarn  or  thread ;  contract  (brow)  in  wrinkles ; 
make,  become,  close  or  compact  (esp.  in  p.p.,  as 
a  well-k.  frame) ;  (fig.)  unite  (t  &  i.)  intimately 
by  means  of  common  interests,  marriage,  &c, 


(often  together) ;  k.  up,  repair  by  knitting,  (fig.) 

1  »E  i 
tan,  cf/MDu.  knuiten,  G  knutten] 


close  up,  conclude,  (argument  &c).    [OE  cnyt- 


kni'tting,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  work  in 
process  of  k.;  k.-needle,  slender  rod  of  steel, 
wood,  ivory,  &c,  two  or  more  of  which  are  used 


together  in  k.    [f.  prec.  +  -ing  1] 
kni'ttle,  n.  (naut). 
[f.  knit  +  -le] 


kni'ttle,  n.  (naut).  Small  line  made  of  yarn 


knob,  n.,  &  v.t.  &i.  Rounded  protuberance^ 
esp.  at  end  or  on  surface  of  thing ;  handle  of  door 
(often  door-k.)  or  drawer ;  small  lump  (of  sugar, 


lav-  pronounce  n- 


15 


XNOBBLE 


450 


KOA 


coal,  &c.) ;  (slang)  head  (usu.  nob) ;  kno'bkerrie 
[after  Cape  Du.  knopkirie],  short  stick  with 
knobbed  head  as  weapon  of  S.- Af  r.  tribes ;  knob- 
stick,  knobbed  stick,  esp.  as  weapon,  (also)  work- 
man who  works  during  strike ;  (v.t.)  furnish 
withkk.;  (v.i.)bulgeow£.  Hencekno#bbv2a., 
kno'bbiNESS  n.    l(vb  f.  n.)  ME,  cf.  G  knobbe] 

kno'bble,  n.  Small  knob.  Hence  kno'b- 
blY  2  a.    [f.  knob  i  +  -le] 

knocks  v.t.  &  i.  Strike  with  hard  blow; 
strike  at  (door)  to  gain  admittance ;  (slang) 
make  strong  impression  on,  as  what  knocks  ?ne 
is  his  impudence, ;  k.  (person  &c.)  on  the  head, 
stun,  kill,  him  by  blow  on  head,  (fig.)  put  an  end 
to  (scheme  &c);  k.  one's  head  against,  (fig.) 
come  into  unpleasant  collision  with  unfavour- 
able facts  or  conditions ;  k.  liead  vb,  kotow 


drive  (thing)  in,  out,  off,  Sec,  by  striking  (see 
"  of,  render  (argu- 
ment &c.)  invalid  ;  k.  about,  strike  repeatedly, 


also  below) ;  k.  the  bottom  out  of,  render  (ai 


treat  roughly,  (intr.)  wander,  lead  irregular 
life ;  k.  doion,  strike  (person  &c.)  to  ground 
with  blow,  (fig.)  cause  to  succumb,  (at  auction) 
dispose  of  (article  to  bidder)  by  knock  with 
hammer,  (colloq.)  call  upon  (person  for  a  song 
&c),  (colloq.)  lower  (prices);  k.  off,  strike  off 
with  blow,  leave  off  work,  leave  off  (work), 
<colloq.)  dispatch  (business),  deduct  (sum  from 
price,  bill,  &c),  k.  person's  head  off,  (fig.)  sur- 
pass him  easily ;  k.  out,  (fig.)  vanquish,  k.  out  of 
time,  disable  (pugilist)  so  that  he  cannot  re- 
spond to  call  of '  Time ',  (colloq.)  make  (plan  &c.) 
hastily;  k.  together,  put  hastily  together;  k. 
under,  submit,  knuckle  under;  k.  up,  drive 
upwards  with  blow,  make  or  arrange  hastily, 
score  (runs)  at  cricket,  arouse  (person)  by 
knocking  at  door,  exhaust,  become  exhausted ; 
k.-about  l).  &  a.,  boisterous,  noisy  (performance 
in  music-hall  &c),  wandering  irregularly,  (of 
clothes)  suitable  for  rough  use ;  k.-down  a.  & 
n.,  (of  blow,  lit.  &  fig.)  overwhelming,  (of  price 
at  auction)  reserve,  minimum,  (n.)  free  fight; 
k.-knees  (that  k.  together  in  walking) ;  k.-kneed, 
having  k.-knees ;  k.-out,  a.  &  n.,  (of  blow)  dis- 
abling, (n.)  one  of  gang  who  join  at  auction  to 
buy  goods  at  low  price,  afterwards  reselling 
among  themselves,  this  practice,  such  sale, 
{late  OE  cnocian,  cf.  ON  knoka,  prob.  imit.] 
knock2,  n.  Blow  ;  rap  esp.  at  door,  [prec] 
kno'eker,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  appendage, 
usu.  of  iron  or  brass,  so  hinged  to  door  that  it 
may  be  struck  against  metal  plate  to  call  atten- 
tion ;  goblin  held  to  dwell  in  mines  &  indicate 
presence  of  ore  by  knocking,  [-er  *] 
knell1,  n.  Small  hill,  mound.  [OE  cnoll,  cf. 
Du.  knot  clod,'  ball,  MHG  knolle  clod] 
knoll2,  v.t.  &  i.  (archaic).  Ring  (bell);  (of 
bell)  sound ;  toll  out  (hours) ;  summon  by  sound 
of  bell.  [var.  of  knell] 
knop,  n.  (archaic).  Knob;  bud  of  flower. 
[ME  &  Du.,  cf.  G  knopf] 

knot1,  n.  Intertwining  of  parts  of  one  or 
more  ropes,  strings,  Sec,  to  fasten  them  to- 
gether; grannv's,  reef1-,  slip-,A;.;  ribbon  &c. 
so  intertwined  as  ornament  or  adjunct  to  dress, 
as  shoulder,  sword,  top,  TRVK-love,  -k.  ; 
(Naut.)  division  marked  by  kk.  on  log-line,  as 
measure  of  speed,  (loosely)  nautical  mile  (6,080 
ft) ;  difficulty,  problem ;  gordian  k. ;  central 
point  in  problem  or  plot  of  story  &c. ;  marriage, 
wedding,  k.  (bond) ;  hard  lump  in  animal  body; 
excrescence  in  stem,  branch,  or  root,  of  plant ; 
hard  mass  formed  in  trunk  at  insertion  of 
branch,  causing  round  cross-grained  piece  in 
board  ;  node  on  stem  of  plant ;  group,  cluster, 
of  persons  or  things ;  k.-grass,  common  weed 


with  intricate  creeping  stems  &  pale  pink  flow- 
ers ;  knotwork,  ornamental  work  representing 
or  consisting  of  intertwined  cords,  (also)  kind 
of  fancy  needlework.  Hence  kno'tLESS  a.  LOE 
cnotta,  cf.  Du.  knot,  G  knoten] 

knot2,  v.t.  Tie  (string  &c.)  in  knot ;  make, 
knit,  knots  for  fringes,  (trans.)  make  (fringe) 
thus,  whence  kno'ttiNG1  n.',  knit  (one's  brows): 
unite  closely  or  intricately ;  entangle,  [f.  prec] 

kno'tty,  a.  Full  of  knots;  (fig.)  puzzling, 
hard  to  explain,  as  k.  subject,  question,  point. 
Hence  kno*ttlNESS  n.    [f.  knot  1  +  - y  2] 

knout  (nowt,  noot),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Flog  with) 
scourge  formerly  used  in  Russia,  often  fatal  in 
its  effects.    f(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  Russ.  knut] 

know1  (no),  v.t.  &  i.  (knew,  pron.  nu,  known). 
Recognize,  identify,  as  /  knexo  him  at  once, 
knew  him  for  an  American,  shall  you  k.  him 
again  ? ;  be  acquainted  with  (thing,  place,  per- 
son) by  sight,  to  speak  to,  Sec ;  have  personal 
experience  of  (fear,  pain,  &c.) ;  be  on  intimate 
terms  with ;  be  aware  of  (fact),  be  aware  (that, 
how,  what.  Sec) ;  k.  (person  &c.)  to  be  (that  he 
is) ;  be  versed  in  (language,  science,  &c.) ;  he 
would  do  it  if  he  knew  how  (knew  the  way) ;  all 
one  knows,  all  one  can,  (adv.)  to  the  utmost 
of  one's  power;  k.  about,  have  information 
about ;  Ik.  better  (than  that),  I  am  too  well  in- 
formed of  the  facts  to  believe  that ;  k.  better 
than,  be  too  discreet  to  do ;  k.  of,  be  aware  of ; 
not  that  I  k.  of,  not  so  far  as  I  k. ;  k.  what 's 
what,  have  proper  knowledge  of  the  world  &  of 
things  in  general ;  k.  the  ropes  ;  k.-nothing, 
ignorant  person,  (also)  agnostic,  whence  know- 
nothingism.  Hence  knowaBi'LiTY,  know- 
ableNESS,  nn.,  knowtABLE  a.  [com.-Teut. 
(retained  only  in  E)  &  Aryan :  OE  (ge)cndwan, 
OHG  -endan,  L  &  Gk  and-,  Skr.jna-] 

know-,  n.  (colloq.).  In  the  k.,  knowing  (about) 
the  thing  in  question  or  what  is  not  generally 
known,    [f.  prec] 

knowing,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  cunning, 
wide-awake ;  (colloq. )  stylish,  smart,  as  a  k.  hat. 
Hence  knowing-NESS  n.    [-ing2] 

knowingly,  adv.  In  a  knowing  manner; 
consciously,  intentionally,  as  /  have  never  k. 
injured  him.    [-ly  2] 

knowledge  (noiy),  n.  Knowing,  famili- 
arity gained  by  experience,  (of  person,  thing, 
fact) ;  person's  range  of  information,  as  it  came 
to  my  k.  (became  known  to  me),  not  to  my  k., 
not  so  far  as  I  know,  he  had  to  my  (certain) 
k.  been  bribed  (I  know  he  had) ;  theoretical  or 
practical  understanding  (of  subject,  language, 
&c ) ;  the  sum  of  what  is  known,  as  every  branch 
of  k.  [ME  knaulage,  century  later  than  obs. 
vb  knowledge  confess  (know,  -ledge  unexpl.)] 

knu'ckle,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Bone  at  finger- 
joint,  esp.  at  root  of  finger;  projection  of  carpal 
or  tarsal  joint  of  quadruped ;  joint  of  meat  con- 
sisting of  this  with  parts  above  &  below  it ;  k.- 
bone,  bone  forming  k.,  esp.  of  sheep  or  the  like, 
(pi.)  game  played  with  such  bones;  k.-duster, 
metal  instrument  protecting  kk.  from  injury  in 
striking;  (v.t.)  strike,  press,  rub,  with  kk. ;  (v.i.) 
place  kk.  on  ground  in  playing  at  marbles,  k. 
down,  under,  give  in,  submit  (to).  f(vb  f.  n.) 
ME  knokel,  cf.  Du.  kneukel,  G  knochel,  prob. 
dim.  of  wd  appearing  in  MLG  as  knoke  bone] 

knur(p),  n.  Hard  excrescence  on  trunk  of 
tree  ;  hard  concretion  ;  wooden  ball  in  north- 
country  game  like  trap-ball.  [ME  knorre,  cf. 
Du.  knor,  G  knorre(n)] 

knurl,  n.  Knot,  knob ;  bead  or  ridge  in  metal 
work,  whence  knurl kd-  a.    [prob.  f.  prec] 


ko'a,  n.    An  acacia  in  Sandwich  Is.   [native] 


kn-  pronounce  n-. 


KOBOLD 


451 


LABIATE 


kd'bold,  n.  (Germ.  Myth.).  Familiar  spirit, 
brownie  ;  underground  spirit  in  mines  &c.  [G, 
etym.  dub.] 

ko'dak,  n.,  &  v.t.     Kind  of  photographic 
camera  with  continuous  roll  of  sensitized  film ; 
(v.t.)  photograph  with  k.,  (fig.)  seize  quickly, 
describe  vividly,  (scene,  view),    [trade  name] 
ko*el,n.  Indian  &  Australian  kinds  of  cuckoo, 
[f.  Hind,  koil  f.  Skr.  kokilaY 
ko'h-i-noop  (-hi-),  n.    Famous  Indian  dia- 
mond, property  of  British  Crown  since  1849; 
anything  superb  (o/its  class),   [f.  Pers.  kohi  nur 
\koh  mountain  +  nur  light)] 
kohl  (kol),  n.    Powder,  usu.  antimony,  used 
in  East  to  darken  eyelids  &c.    [f.  Arab,  koh, 
see  alcohol] 

kohlra'bi  (-rah-),  n.    Cabbage  with  turnip- 
shaped  stem,  used  in  England  as  food  for  cattle. 
[G,  f.  It.  cavoli  rape  pi.  (see  cole  &  rape)] 
kola.    See  cola. 

koo'doo,  kudu  (koo'doo),  n.    Large  white- 
striped  spiral-horned  S.-Afr.  antelope,  [native] 
koo'lah,  n.   Arboreal  mammal  of  Australia, 
like  sloth  in  form,    [native] 
ko*pje(-pi),u.  (S.-Afi\).  Small  hill.  [Du.,dim. 
of  kop  head] 

kop'an  {or  korah"n),  n.  Sacred  book  of  the 
Mohammedans,  collection  of  Mohammed's  oral 
revelations, written  in  Arabic.  Hence  kopa'n- 
ic  a.  [f.  Arab,  qoran  recitation  (qara'a  read)] 
kd'sher,  a.  &  n.  (Of  food  or  shop  where  food 
issoldorused)fulfillingrequirementsof  Jewish 
law ;  (n.)  k.  food  or  shop.  [f.  Heb.  kosher  right] 
kotow  (-ow),  n.,  &  v.i.  Chinese  custom  of 
touching  ground  with  forehead  as  sign  of  wor- 
ship or  absolute  submission ;  (v.i.)  perform  the 
k.,  act  obsequiously,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Chin,  k'o-tou 
(k'o  knock  +  t'ou  head)] 

kou'miss  (koo-),  n.    Fermented  liquor  pre- 
pared from  mare's  milk.    [f.  Tartar  kumiz] 
koup'bash  (koor-),  koop-,n.  Hide  whip  as 
instrument  pf  punishment  in  Turkey  &  Egypt, 
[f.  Arab,  qurbash  f.  Turk,  qirbach] 
kpaal  (krahl),  n.    S. -African  village  of  huts 
enclosed  by  fence ;  enclosure  for  cattle  or  sheep, 
[colon.  Du.,  f.  Port,  corral] 
kra'ken  (krah-,  kra-J,  n.   Mythical  sea-mon- 
ster appearing  off  coast  of  Norway.    [Norw.] 
kpan(t)z,  n.  (S.-Afr.).    Precipitous  or  over- 
hanging wall  of  rocks.  [S.-Afr.  Du., = Du.  krans 
coronet] 
kpe'mlin,  n.    Citadel  within  Russian  town, 
esp.  that  of  Moscow  containing  imperial  palace 
&c.    [F,  f.  Russ.  kreml] 

kpeu'tzep  (kroi-),  n.    Small  silver  &  copper 
coins  formerly  current  in  Germany  &  Austria, 
[f.  G  kreuzer  (kreuz  cross)] 
lrr/efir*p/e/(kre'gspel),  n.  War-game  in  which 
blocks  representing  troops  &c.  are  moved  about 
on  maps.    [G] 
Kpi'shnaism  (ai),  n.  Worship  of  Krishna, 
great  deity  of  later  Hinduism,  worshipped  as 
incarnation  of  Vishnu,    [-ism] 
kro-ne  (-e),  n.    Silver  coin  of  Denmark,  Nor- 
way, &  Sweden,  worth  Is.  lhd>',  Austrian  silver 
coin  worth  10d.;  German  10-mark  gold  piece. 
[G  &  Da.  krone,  Sw.  krona,  crown] 
Kpoo,  Kpou,  Kpu,  (-00),  n.  &  a.    (Member) 
of  negro  race  on  coast  of  Liberia,  skilful  as  sea- 
men.   [W.-Afr.] 

krypton,  n.  (chemA  A  rare  gas  discovered 
by  Ramsay  in  1898.  [f.  Gk  krupton  hidden,  neut 
adj.  f.  krupto  hide] 

ku'dos,  n.  (slang.).    Glory,  renown.    [Gk] 
Ku-Klux(-Klan),n.  Secretsociety  in  south- 
ern States  of  N.  America,  which  developed  a 
system  of  political  outrage  &  murder  after  civil 
war  of  1861-5.    [fancy  name] 


ku'kri  (kdb-),  n.  Curved  knife  broadening  to- 
wards point,  used  by  Gorkhas  of  India.  [Hind.] 

kirmmel  (G),  n.    Cumin-flavoured  liqueur. 

kursaal  (koor'zahl),  n.  Building  for  use  of 
visitors  esp.  at  German  health  resort.    [G] 

kvass,  n.    Russian  rye-beer.    [f.  Russ.  kvas] 

ky 'an ize,  v.  t.  Treat  (wood)  with  solution  of 
corrosive  sublimate  to  prevent  decay,  [t  J.  H. 
Kyan,  inventor,  +  -ize] 

ky'lin  (ke-),  n.  Fabulous  composite  animal 
figured  on  Chinese  &  Japanese  pottery,  [f.  Chin. 
ch'i-lin  (ch'i  male  +  lin  female)] 

ky'lo,  n.  One  of  small  breed  of  long-horned 
Scotch  cattle.    [?] 

Kyp*ie  ele'ison  (ela-),  n.  Words  of  short 
petition  used  in  Eastern  &  Roman  Churches, 
esp.  at  beginning  of  Mass,  musical  setting  of 
these ;  response  to  commandments  in  Commu- 
nion Service  in  Anglican  Church,  [f.  Gk  Kurie 
eleeson  Lord,  have  mercy] 


L  (el),  letter  (pi.  Ls,  L's).  Thing  shaped  like  L ; 
rectangular  joint  of  pipes  &c. ;  Roman  numeral 
=  50,  as  CL  150,  XL  40,  lx  60,  lv  55,  (LXX,  the 
Septuagint). 

Abbreviations  (1) :  L.:  left ;  lira(s) ;  London, 
as  L.C.C.  (County  Council) ;  Lord,  as  L.C.J. 
(Chief  Justice),  L.J(J).  (Justice,  -s) ;  Lance,  L.- 
Copp.(oral);  licentiate,  as  L.R.C.P.  (Royal 
College  of  Physicians) ;  librae,  L.S.D.  (solidi, 
denarii):  LL :  legum,  laLi.ii.(accalaureus), 
LL.D.(oc£or) :  1.:  leg,  l.b.w.  (before  wicket); 
line,  as  1. 14 ;  litre(s),  as 51.;  libra(e), as 20/.;  loco, 
l.c.( itato);  lower, I.e. (case):  11.:  lines, as  11. 2-15. 

Abbreviations  (2):  La.,  Louisiana;  Lam.- 
(entations) ;  Lanes.,  Lancashire ;  lat.(itude) ; 
lb.,  libra(e) ;  Leics.,  Leicestershire ;  Lev.(iti 
cus);  Lieut.(enant) :  Lines.,  Lincolnshire, 
lit.(erally);  \\t,{erae)Y\\xm.(aniores);  LIt.(era- 
rum)  D.(octor);  loe.(o)  eit.{ato);  London., 
Bishop  of  London ;  longr.(itude) ;  loq.(  uitur) ; 
Lt,  lieutenant ;  Ltd,  limited. 

la  (lah),  n.  (inus.).  Sixth  note  of  octave,  [first 
syl.  of  L  labii,  see  gamut] 

laa'g-ep  (lahg-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Camp,  encamp- 
ment, esp.  in  circle  of  wagons.    (Vb)  form  (wa- 


gons) into  1.;  encamp  (persons)  in  1.;  encamp. 
[S.-Afr.  Du.,  & G,  lager, Du.  leger,  see  leaguer1] 

la'bapum,  n.  Constantine  the  Great's  im- 
perial standard  with  Christian  added  to  Roman- 
military  symbols ;  symbolic  banner.  [L,  f.  Gk 
labaron  etym.  dub.] 

labdaeism.    See  lambdacism. 

labefa'ction,  n.  Shaking,  weakening,  down- 
fall, [f.  L  labefacere  (labare  totter,/acere  make), 
see  -faction] 

la'bel  (-bl),  n. ,  &  v.t.  Slip  of  paper,  cardboard, 
linen,  metal,  &c.,  for  attaching  to  object  &  in- 
dicating its  nature,  owner,  name,  destination, 
&c;  (fig.)  short  classifying  phrase  or  name  ap- 
plied to  persons  &c. ;  adhesive  stamp ;  (Archit.) 
dripstone.  (Vb)  attach  1.  to  ;  assign  to  a  cate- 
gory (as,  obj.  &  compl.,  or  abs.).  10F,=  ribbon, 
fillet,  etym.  dub.] 

labial,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  lips ;  (Anat, ,  Zool.)  of, 
like,  serving  as,  a  lip,  lip-like  part,  or  labium ; 
(Mus.)  l.pipe,  in  organ,  one  furnished  with  lips, 
flue-pipe;  (Phonet.)  (sound)  requiring  closure 
or  approximation  of  lips  (p,  b,  m,  f,  v,  w,  & 
vowels  in  which  lips  are  rounded,  as  o),  whence 
la'bialiSM(l),  labializ.vi  ion,  nn.,  la'bial- 
ize(3)  v.t.    [f.  med.L  labialis  (labium,  -al)] 

la'biate  (-at),  a.  &  n.  (Bot.)  with  corolla  or 
calyx  divided  into  two  parts  suggesting  lips 
(n.,  such  plant);  (Bot.,  Zool.)  like  lip  or  labium. 
[labium  + -ATE2] 


LABILE 


452 


LACTIC 


la'bile,  a.  (physics,  chem.).  Unstable,  liable 
to  displacement  or  change,  [f.  L  labilis  (labi  to 
lapse  2,  -il)] 

la'bio-,  comb,  form  of  foil.  =  of  the  lip(s)  &  — , 
as  -dental,  made  with  lip  &  teeth. 
terbium,  n.  (pi.  -id).  (Anat.;  usu.  pi.)  lip(s)of 
female  pudendum  ;  floor  of  mouth  of  insects, 
crustaceans,  &c;  inner  lip  of  univalve  shell; 
lip,  esp.  the  lower,  of  labiate  corolla.  [L,  =  lip] 
laboratory  (or  labo*-),  n.  Room  or  building 
used  for  experiments  in  natural  science,  esp. 
chemistry,  or  for  manufacturing  chemicals  &c. 
(also  fig.,  I.  of  the  mind,  of  ideas,  &c).  Hence 
laboratoiriAL  a.  [f.  med.L  laboratorium 
(laborare  labour2,  -ory)] 
laborious,  a.  Hard-working ;  toilsome ;  (of 
style  &c)  showing  signs  of  toil,  not  facile  or 
fluent.  Hence  labop'iousLY 2  adv.,  labop*- 
iousNESS  n.  [f.  L  laboriosus  (foil.,  -ious)] 
la'boup  *,  n.  Bodily  or  mental  toil,  exertion, 
(hard  L;  lost  I.,  fruitless  efforts);  toil  tending 
to  supply  wants  of  community,  body  of  those 
who  contribute  by  toil  to  production,  labourers, 
(opp.  capital2);  task  (I.  of  Hercules,  Hercu- 
lean I.,  one  needing  enormous  strength  &c.) ; 
pains  of  childbirth,  travail,  {in  I.);  l.-market, 
supply  of  unemployed  1.  with  reference  to  de- 
mand on  it.  [f.  OF  labor  f.  L  laborem  nom.  -or] 
la'bour2,  v.L  &  t.  Use  1.,  exert  oneself,  work 
hard ;  strive  for  end  or  to  do ;  advance  with 
difficulty  {wheels  I.  in  the  sand) ;  be  troubled 
(her  labouring  heart)  or  impeded,  suffer  under 
mistake  &c;  (of  ship)  roll  or  pitch  heavily ;  (ar- 
chaic or  poet. )  till  (ground) ;  elaborate,  work  out 
in  detail,  treat  at  length,  (I will  not  I.  the  point ; 
laboured,  much  elaborated,  showing  signs  of 
1.,  not  spontaneous);  labouring  man,  labourer. 
|f.  F  labourer  f.  L  laborare  (labor  labour1)] 
la'bour  er,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  man  doing 
for  wages  work  that  requires  strength  or  pa- 
tience rather  than  skill  or  training,  [-er1] 
la'bret,  n.  Piece  of  shell,  bone,  &c,  inserted 
in  lip  as  ornament.  [L  labrum  lip,  -et  1] 
labur'num,  n.  Small  tree  with  racemes  of 
bright  yellow  flowers.  [L] 
la'byrinth,  n.  Complicated  irregular  struc- 
ture with  many  passages  hard  to  find  way 
through  or  about  without  guidance,  maze ;  in- 
tricate or  tortuous  arrangement ;  (Anat.)  com- 
plex cavity  of  internal  ear ;  entangled  state  of 
affairs.  Hence  labyri'nthlNE2a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
laburinthos  etym.  dub.] 
labyri'nthodon,  n.,  -dont,n.  &  a.  (Kinds 
of  large  fossil  amphibian)  with  labyrinthine 
teeth,  l-dont  f.  -don  mod.L,  f.  Gk  as  prec.  + 
odous  -ontos  tooth] 

lac  *,  n.  Dark-red  resin  used  in  East  as  scarlet 
dye ;  ware  coated  with  this.  [f.  Hind,  lakh  f. 
Skr.  laksha] 

lac2,  lakh,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  A  hundred 
thousand  (usu.  I.  of  rupees).  [Hind,  (-kh)  f. 
Skr.  laksha] 

lace l,  n.  Cord  or  leather  strip  for  fastening 
or  tightening  opposite  edges  of  boots,  stays,  &c, 
by  help  of  eyelets  or  hooks ;  braid  for  trimming 
men's  coats  &c.  (usu.  gold  or  silver  I.) ;  fine  open 
fabric  of  linen,  cotton,  silk,  woollen,  or  metal 
threads  usu.  with  inwrought  or  applied  pat- 
terns ;  l.-glass,  Venetian  with  L-like  designs ;  l.- 
pillow,  laid  on  lap  of  woman  making  1.  Hence 
la*CY  2  a.  [f.  OF  laz,  las,  t.  L  laqueus  noose] 
lace2,  v.t.  &  i.  Fasten  or  tighten  (boot,  stays, 
&c.)  with  1. ;  compress  waist  of  by  drawing 
Rtay-11.  tight,  (intr.)  compress  one's  waist ;  inter- 
lace or  embroider  (fabric)  with  thread  &c. ;  pass 
(cord  &c. )  through ;  trim  with  1. ;  diversify  (flower 
with  streaks  of  colour) ;  lash,  beat,  (also  intr.  as 
I.  into  person) ;  flavour,  fortify,  (milk,  beer,  &c.) 


with  spirit.  Hence  la'ciNGMl^G)  n.  [f.  OF 
lacier  as  prec] 

la'cerate,  v.t.  Mangle,  tear,  (esp.  flesn  or 
tissues) ;  afflict,  distress,  (heart,  feelings).  Hence 
orcogn.  la'cerABLE,  la*eerATE2(-at),  Ia'eer- 
ative,  aa.,  laeePATiON  n.  [f.  L  lacerare  (lacer 
torn),  -ate3] 

lacep'tian,  -tine, aa.  Of  lizards ;  lizard-like. 
[f.  L  lacerta  lizard  +  -ian,  -ine  1l 

lace't  (la-),  n.  Work  made  of  braid  or  tape 
shaped  into  a  design  with  lace  stitches,    [-et  a] 

la'ches  (-tshiz),  n.  (Law)  negligence  in  per- 
forming a  legal  duty,  delay  in  asserting  right, 
claiming  privilege,  &c. ;  culpable  negligence. 
[f.  OF  laschesse  (lasche  I.  lascher  f.  \Aaxare  f. 
laxus  LAX,  -ESS2)J 

La'chrymaChri'stiflak-),  n.  Strong  sweet 
red  S.-Ital.  wine.    [L,  =  Christ's  tear] 

la'ehrymal  (-k-),  a.  &  n.  Of,  for,  tears  (I. 
vase,  or  I.  as  n.,  to  hold  tears;  I.  canal,  duct, 
gland,  sac,  in  Anat.;  edso  11.  asn.,  these  organs). 
[med.L  (-alis),  f.  L  lacrima  tear  cf.  Gk  dakru] 

lachrymation,  n.  Flow  of  tears,  [f.  L 
lacrimatio  (lacrimare  as  prec,  -ation)] 

la'chpymatopy,  a.  &  n.  Of,  causing,  tears ; 
(vase)  for  tears,    [f.  lacrimare  see  prec.  +  -ory] 

la'chpymose,  a.  Tearful,  given  to  weeping. 
Hence  laehrymo'seLY2adv.  [f.  L  lacrimosus 
(lacrima  tear,  -ose1)] 

laerniate  (-at),  -ated,  aa.  (bot.,  zool.).  Cut 
into  deep  irregular  segments,  slashed,  jagged, 
fringed,    [f.  L  lacinia  lappet,  -ate2] 

lack,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Deficiency,  want,  need, 
of  (no  I.,  plenty  of;  for  I.,  owing  to  want  or 
absence  of).  ( Vb)  be  wanting  (only  in  part, 
forms,  as  money  was  lacking,  is  lacking  in 
courage) ;  be  without,  not  have,  be  deficient  in ; 
lackland,  (person)  having  no  land ;  la'ck-lustre, 
(of  eye  &c)  dulL  [cf.  MLG  lak,  MDu.  lac,  de- 
ficiency, blame,  fault] 

lackadaisical  (-z-),  a.  Languishing,  affect- 
ed, given  to  airs  &  graces,  feebly  sentimental. 
Hence  lackadaisical l v  2  adv.,  laekadar- 
sicalNESS  n.   [f.  archaic  lackaday,  -daisy,  int. 

(ALACK)  +  -ICAL] 

la'ckey,  la'cquey  (-ki),  n.,  &  v.t.  Footman, 
man-servant  (usu.  liveried) ;  (vb)  dance  atten- 
dance on,  behave  servilely  to.  [f.  F  laquais 
(in  OF  also  alacays  pi.)  etym.  dub.] 

lacd'nic,  a.  Brief,  concise,  sententious ;  given 
to  such  speech  or  style.  Hence  laco'niCALLY 
adv.,laco*niciSM(2)n.  [f.  Gklakonikos(Lakd)i 
Spartan,  -ic)] 

la'conism,  n.  Brevity  of  speech ;  short  pithy 
saying,  [f.  Gk  lakonismos  (lakonizo  behave 
like  Spartan  or  Lakon,  -ism)] 

la'cquep  (-ker),  la'ckep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Gold- 
coloured  varnish  of  shellac  dissolved  in  alcohol 
used  esp.  as  coating  for  brass ;  kinds  of  resinous 
varnish  (esp.  Japanese  I.)  taking  hard  polish  & 
used  for  wood  &c,  articles  so  coated  ;  (vb)  coat 
with  1.  [f.  obs.  F  lacre  sealing-wax  pern.  f.  Port. 
lacca  lac1] 

laerim-,  laepym-.    See  laehpym-. 

lacrosse  (lahkraws,  -6s),  n.  N.-Amer.  game 
like  hockey,  but  with  ball  driven  by  &  carried 
in  crosse.    [F  la  the  +  crosse] 

lacta'tion,  n.  Suckling ;  secreting  of  milk. 
[f.  L  lactare  suckle  (lac  -tis  milk)  +  -ation] 

la'cteal,  a.  &  n.  Of  milk ;  conveying  chyle  or 
other  milky  fluid  (n.  pi.,  vessels  of  mesentery 
doing  this),    [f.  L  lacteus  (lac  see  prec)  +  -al] 

lacte'scence,  n.,  lacte'scent,  a.  Milky 
(appearance) ;  (yielding)  milky  juice,  [f.  L  lac- 
tescere  (lactere  be  milky,  see  prec. ),  -ence,  -ent] 

la'ctic.  a.  (chem.).  Of  milk ;  I.  acid,  formed  in 
sour  milk,  whence  la'ctATE  J(3)  n.  [f.  L  lac  -tis 
milk  +  -ic] 


LACTIFEROUS 


453 


LAITY 


laeti'fepous,  a.  Yielding  milk  or  milky 
fluid,    [f.  L  lactifer  (prec,  -ferous)] 

lacto-,  comb,  form  (-I-,  -o-)  of  L  as  prec; 
-protein,  albuminous  constituent  of  milk ; 
-meter,  -scope,  instruments  for  testing  purity 
of  milk. 

lacto'se,  n.  Saccharine  substance  in,  sugar 
of,  milk,    [as  prec.  +  -ose  2] 

lacu'na,  n.  (pi.  -ae,  -as).  Hiatus,  blank,  miss- 
ing portion,  empty  part;  cavity  in  bone,  tissue, 
&c.  Hence  laeirnAL,  lacu'nAR,  laeirnARY, 
lacirnosE  *,  aa.    [L  {lacus  lake  ')] 

laeirstpine,  a.  Of,  dwelling  or  growing  in, 
lake(s) ;  I.  age,  of  lake  J-dwellings.  [f.  L  lacus 
•us  lake  1  on  anal,  of  hpalustr-  f.  palus  -udis 
marsh  +  -ine  l] 

lad,  n.  Boy,  youth,  young  fellow,  fellow. 
Hence  la'ddie  [-y3J  n.  [ME  ladde;  earlier 
sense  serving-man ;  perh.  orig.  p.p.  of  lead] 

la'dder,  n.  Set  of  steps  (called  rungs)  insert- 
ed usu.  in  two  uprights  of  wood  or  metal  or  in 
two  cords  to  serve  as  (usu.  portable)  means  of 
ascending  building  &c;  (fig.)  means  of  rising 
in  the  world  or  attaining  object  {kick  doum  I., 
abandon  friends  or  occupation  that  have  help- 
ed one  to  rise) ;  l.-dredge,  with  buckets  carried 
round  on  l.-like  chain ;  l.-stitch,  crossbar  stitch 
in  embroidery.  [OE  hlxder  cf.  G  leiter  cogn. 
w.  lean  2  &  Gk  klimax  climax] 

lade,  v.t.  (p.p.  laden).  Put  cargo  on  board 
(ship) ;  ship  (goods)  as  cargo  (bill4  of  lading), 
whence  la'diNG1^)  n.;  (p.p.,  of  vehicle,  beast 
of  burden,  person,  tree,  branch,  table,  &c.)  load 


ed  [with);  (p.p.)  painfully  burdened  with  sin, 
sorrow,  &c.    [e 
&  G  laden] 


sorrow,  &c.    [com.-Teut.;  OE  hladan,  cf.  Du. 


la-di-da'  (lah-,  -ah),  a.  &  n.  (Person  given 
to)  swagger  or  pretension  in  manners  &  pro- 
nunciation ;  pretentious  in  this  way.  [imit.  of 
pronunciation  used] 

Ladi'n  (en),  n.  rhaeto-romanic  of  the  En- 
gadine.  [f.  It.  Ladino  1.  L  latinms] 
la'dle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Large  spoon  with  cup  bowl 
&  long  handle  for  transferring  liquids  ;  hence 
la*dleFUL(2)  n.;  (vb)  transfer  (liquid)  with  1. 
from  one  receptacle  to  another.  [OE  hlxdel 
lade  in  obs.  sense  bale  +  -le(1)] 
la'dy,  n.  Ruling  woman  (poet.  exc.  in  I.  of 
the  manor,  our  sovereign  I.) ;  woman  to  whom 
man  is  devoted,  mistress,  love  ;  Our  L.,  Virgin 
Mary  ;  woman  belonging  to,  or  fitted  by  man- 
ners, habits,  &  sentiments,  for,  the  upper  classes 
(corresp.  to  gentleman  ;  I.  of  bedchamber,  l.- 
in-waiting,  1.  attending  sovereign  ;  fine  3  I.) ; 
(courteously  for)  woman  (as  voc.,  only  poet,  or 
vulg.  in  sing.,  but  usu.  form  of  address  in  pi.) ; 
(title  used  as  less  formal  prefix  for)  Marchioness, 
Countess,  Viscountess,  Baroness,  (also  prefixed 
to  Christian  name  of)  daughter  of  duke,  mar- 
quis, or  earl,  (or  to  husband's  Christian  name 
of)  wife  of  holder  of  courtesy  title  lord  William 
&c.,(or  to  surname  of)  wife  of  baronet  or  knight, 
(also  in  the  compound  title)  L.  Mayoress,  wife 
of  Lord  Mayor;  my  I.,  form  of  address  used 
chiefly  by  servants  &c.  to  holders  of  title  1. ; 
wife  (archaic  or  vulg.,  exc.  of  those  who  hold 
the  title  I.) ;  painted  I.,  kind  of  butterfly ;  (with 
-clerk,  -doctor,  -president,  -dog,  &c.)  female ; 
(with  -cook,  -parlourmaid,  -help,  &c.)  claiming 
to  be  treated  as  1.  Ladies'  gallery,  in  House  of 
Commons  reserved  for  11.  ;L.-altar{\nlj. -chapel); 
la 'dy-bird,  coleopterous  insect,  reddish-brown 
with  black  spots ;  l.-chair,  made  by  two  persons' 
interlaced  hands  to  carry  wounded  man  &c; 
L.-chapel,  in  large  church  usu.  east  of  high 
altar  &  dedicated  to  Virgin  ;  l.-clock,  -cow,  lady- 
bird; L.Day,  Feast  of  Annunciation  25thMarch, 
one  of  the  quarter  days ;  l.-fern,  tall  slender 


kind  ;  l.-help,  1.  employed  as  domestic ;  l.-killer, 
man  devoting  himself  to  making  conquests  of 
11. ;  l.-leve,  sweetheart;  L.'s  bed1  straw ;  l.'s 
companion,  roll  containing  cottons  &c;  L.'s 
cushion,  mossy  saxifrage;  L.'s  finger,  kidney 
vetch;  L.'s  laces,  kind  of  striped  grass;  l.'s 
maid,  in  charge  of  l.'s  toilet ;  l.'s  man,  frequent- 
ing female  society;  L.'s  mantle,  rosaceous  herb; 
L.-smock,  cuckoo-flower;  L.'s-slipper,  orchida- 
ceous wild  &  garden  plant  with  usu.  yellow  bag 
or  slipper  shaped  flowers,  calceolaria ;  L.'s 
tresses,  quaking  grass.  Hence  la'dyHOOD  n. 
[OE  hlxfdige  (hlaf  loaf,  dig-  knead  cf.  dough); 
in  l.-altar,  -bird,  -chapel,  -clock,  -cow,  -day, 
-smock,  I.  is  old  genit.  =  (Our)  Lady's] 

la'dyfy,  -ify,  v.t.  Make  lady  of ;  call  lady ; 
(p.p.)  having  the  airs  of  a  fine  lady,    [-fv] 

la'dylike,  a.  With  manners  &c.  of  a  lady ; 
(of  man)  effeminate  ;  befitting  a  lady,    [-like] 

la'dyship,  n.  Being  a  lady;  her,  your,  I., 
their  11.,  she,  you,  they,  (in  respectful  mention 
of  or  address  to  titular  lady),    [-ship] 

l(a)evo-,  comb,  form  of  L  laevus  left,  esp.  in 
terms  concerned  with  chem.  property  of  caus- 
ing plane  of  polarized  light  ray  to  rotate  to  left 
(opp.  dextro-)  ;  so  -gyr'ous,  -ro'tatory,  of  sub- 
stances having  this ;  -compound,  chemical  com- 
pound having  it ;  -glucose,  =  f oil. 

l(a)e*vulose,  n.  (chem.).  Laevo-rotatory 
form  of  glucose,  fruit-sugar,    [prec,  -ul-,  -ose2] 

lag1,  v.i.,  &  n.  Go  too  slow,  not  keep  pace, 
fall  behind  (often  behind  adv.  &  prep.) ;  (n., 
physics)  (amount  of)  retardation  in  current  or 
movement  {I.  of  tide,  interval  by  which  it  falls 
behind  mean  time  in  1st  &  3rd  quarters  of  moon, 
cf.  priming2).  Hence  la'ggARD  n.  &  a.,  la*g- 
gERi  n.,  la'ggixo2  a.  [n.  f.  vb;  vb  perh.  f. 
obs.  n.  =  hindmost  person,  which  is  perh.  cor- 
ruption of  last  in  children's  games  {fog,  seg,  I., 
=  1st,  2nd,  last,  in  diall.)] 

lag2,  v.t.,  &  n.,  (slang).  Send  to  penal  servi- 
tude ;  apprehend,  arrest ;  (n.)  convict.    [?] 

lag  3,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stave,  lath,  strip  of  wood  or 
felt,  esp.  as  part  of  non-conducting  cover  of 
boiler  &c  ;  (vb)  case  with  11.,  whence  la'gg- 
ing  ](3)  n.    [f.  ON  logg  barrel-rim] 

la'gan,  n.  (legal).  Goods  or  wreckage  lying 
on  bed  of  sea.    [OF,  perh.  f.  Teut.  lie3,  lay  3)J 

larger  (beep)  (lahg-),  n.  Light  kind  of  (orig. 
German)  beer.    [f.  G  lager-bier  {lager  store)] 

lagoo'n,  -une,  n.  Stretch  of  salt  water 
parted  from  sea  by  low  sand-bank ;  enclosed 
water  of  atoll.  [F  {-une),  f.  It.  &  Sp.  laguna  f. 
L  lacuna] 

la'ic,  a.  &  n.  Non-cleric(al),  lay(man),  secu- 
lar, temporal.  So  la'icAL  a.,  la'icalLY2  adv. 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  laikos  (laos  people,  -ic)] 

la'icize,  v.t.  Make  lay ;  commit  (school  &c), 
throw  open  (office),  to  laymen.  Hence  laiciz  v 
tion  n.    [prec,  -ize] 

laid.    See  lay3. 

lain.    See  lie3. 

laip,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Place  where  animals  lie 
down ;  shed  or  enclosure  for  cattle  on  way  to 
market,  whence  laiP*AGE(l,  3)  n. ;  wild  beast's 
lying-place ;  (vb)  go  to,  rest  or  place  in,  1.  [OE 
leger  bed,  also  Du.,  cf.  G  lager;  cogn.  w.  lie  3] 

laipd,  n.  (Sc ).  Landed  proprietor  in  Scotland. 
Hence  laip*dsHip  n.  [Sc  form  of  lord  w. 
changed  sense] 

La'is,  n.  Accomplished  or  beautiful  courte- 
san,   [name  of  two  celebrated  Greek  hetaerae] 

laissez-aller  (la'sa  a 'la,  or  as  F)  ,n.  Uncon- 
strained freedom,  absence  of  constraint.    [F] 

lai'ssez-faipe  (la'sa  far,  or  as  F),  n.  Govern- 
ment abstention  from  interference  with  indi- 
vidual action  esp.  in  commerce.    [F,  =  let  act] 

la'ity,  n.    Being  a  layman  ;  laymen ;  unpro- 


LAKE 


i5i 


LANCE 


fessional  people,  those  outside  any  particular 
learned  profession,    [f.  F  lai  lay  2  +  -ty] 

lake  *.  n.  Large  body  of  water  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  land ;  the  Great  L.,  Atlantic  ocean  ; 
the  Great  Ll.,  Superior,  Huron,  Michigan,  Erie, 
&  Ontario,  forming  boundary  of  U.S.  &  Canada ; 
I. -country,  I. -land,  region  of  English  11.  in 
Westmoreland,  Cumberland,  &  Lanes. ;  I.- 
dweller,  prehistoric  inhabitant  of  1,-dwelling, 
built  on  piles  driven  into  bed  of  1.;  I.  poets, 
Coleridge,  Southev,  &  Wordsworth,  who  lived 
in  lake-land.  Hence  la'keLESS  a.,  la'keLET 
n.    [f.  OF  lac  f.  L  locus] 

lake  2,  n.  Crimson  pigment,  orig.  made  from 
lac,  now  from  various  combinations,    [var.  of 

LAC1] 

lalla'tion,  n.  lambdacism.  [f.  L  lallare 
sing  lullaby  +  -ation] 

lam,  v.t.  &  i.  (slang).  Thrash,  hit  (t,  &  i. 
with  into)  hard  with  cane  &c.  [perh.  cogn.  w. 
lame] 

la'ma1  (lah-),  n.     Thibetan   or  Mongolian 
Buddhist  priest  (Dalai  or  Grand-L.,  chief  1.  of 
Thibet,  Teshu-L.,  of  Mongolia).  Hence  la'xna- 
ism,  la'maiST,  nn.    [Thibetan  llama] 
lama2.    See  llama. 

Lamap'ckian,  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of  La- 
marck or  his  theory  of  organic  evolution  by  in- 
heritable modifications  produced  in  the  indi- 
vidual by  habit  &c.  [Lamarck,  F  botanist  & 
zoologist,  d.  1829,  +  -ian] 
lama'sery  (-mah-),  n.  Monastery  of  lamas, 
[f.  F  lamaserie  irreg.  f.  lama  j] 
lamb  (-m),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Young  of  sheep  (as 
well  be  hanged  for  a  sheep  as  for  a  I.,  sin 
boldly,  go  the  whole  hog ;  xoolf,  fox,  in  Us 
skin,  hypocrite) ;  its  flesh  as  food ;  young  mem- 
ber of  church  flock ;  innocent,  weak,  or  dear 
person  ;  The  L.  (of  God),  Christ ;  I.'s-vry2,  pro- 
duct of  l.'s  castration  ;  lambskin,  with  wool  on, 
or  as  leather ;  Ls'-tails,  hazel  catkins ;  Vs-wool, 
used  in  hosiery ;  hence  la'mbHOOD,  la*mb- 
kin,  nn.,  la'mbLiKE  a.  (Vb) :  (Pass. ;  of  11.)  be 
brought  forth  ;  bring  forth  1.,  yean  ;  tend  (ewes) 
at  lambing-time,  whence  la'mbER  *  (-mer)  n. 
[OE ;  com.-Teut.,  cf.  Du.  lam,  G  lamm] 
la'mbda,  n.  Letter  L  in  Greek  alphabet  (\ 
X) ;  I.  moth,  with  1.  on  wings.  [Gk,  also  labda] 
la*(m)bdacism,  n.  Pronunciation  of  r  as  I. 
[prec., -ism] 

la'mbdoid,  lambdoi'dal,  aa.  Lambda- 
shaped  (I.  suture,  connecting  two  parietal  bones 
with  occipital,  [f.  F  lambdoide  f.  Gk  lambdo- 
eides  (lambda,  -oid)  +  -al] 
la'mbent,  a.  (Of  flame  or  light)  playing  on 
surface  without  burning  it,  with  soft  radiance ; 
(of  eves,  sky,  &c.)  softly  radiant;  (of  wit  &c.) 
gently  brilliant.  Hence  la'mbENCV  n.,  la*m- 
bentLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  lambere  lick,  -ent] 
la-mbrequin  (-kin),  n.  Short  piece  of  drap- 
ery over  top  of  door  or  window,  or  hung  from 
mantelpiece.  [F,  etym.  dub. ;  orig.  scarf  worn 
over  helmet] 

lame,  a. ,  &  v. t.  Crippled  by  injury  or  defect 
in  a  limb,  esp.  foot  or  leg,  limping  or  unable  to 
walk,  (of  person,  limb,  steps,  &c. ;  I.  of  or  in  a 
leg  Sec.)  i  (of  argument,  story,  excuse)  imper- 
fect, unsatisfactory;  (of  metre)  halting;  I. 
duck  J ;  hence  la'misii  *(2)  a.,  la'mei.v  2  adv., 
la-me.NEss  n.  (Vb)  make  1.,  cripple,  (lit.  &  fig.). 
[OE  lama,  cf.  Du.  lam,  G  lahm] 
lamella,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Thin  plate,  scale,  layer, 
or  film,  esp.  of  bone  or  tissue.  Hence  lame'l- 
Iar1,  la'mellATE2,  -ated,  lame'llosE1,  aa., 
lame'lli-  comb.  form.  [L,  dim.  of  lamina] 
lament,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Passionate  expres- 
sion of  grief  ;  elegy,  dirge.  (Vb)  express  or  feel 
grief  for  or  about, be  distressed  at,  regret,  (also 


intr.  with  for  or  over,  or  abs.) ;  (p.p.)  mourned 
for  (esp.  conventionally  of  the  dead,  as  the  late 
lamented  — ).  [f.  L  n.  lamentum  &  vb  lamentari] 
la*m  en  table,  a.     Mournful  (archaic) ;   (of 
events,  fate,  condition,  character,  &c.)  deplor- 
able, regrettable.  Hence  la'mentabi.v-  adv. 
[f.  L  lamentabilis  (prec,  -able)] 
lamenta'tion,  n.    Lamenting,  lament ;  Ll. 
(of  Jeremiah),  O.-T.  book  (abbr.  Lam.),    [f.  L 
lamentatio  (lament,  -ation)] 
la'mia,  n.    Monster  in  woman's  shape  prey- 
ing on  human  beings  &  sucking  children's  blood. 
[L  f.  Gk] 

la'mina,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Thin  plate,  scale,  layer, 
or  flake,  of  metal,  bone,  membrane,  stratified 
rock,  vegetable  tissue,  &c.  Hence  la'mlnAR1, 
la'minosE x,  aa.,  la'mini-  comb.  form.  [L] 
la'minate,  v.t.  &  i.  Beat  or  roll  (metal)  into 
thin  plates ;  split  (t.  &  i.)  into  layers  or  leaves  ; 
overlay  with  metal  plates;  manufacture  by 
placing  layer  on  layer.  Hence  or  cogn.  la'min- 
ate2  (-at)  a.,  laminA'TiON  n.  [prec.  +  -ate«] 
La'mmas,  n.  First  of  August,  formerly  ob- 
served as  harvest  festival  (latter  L.  .non-existent 
date,  day  that  will  never  come,  cf.  Greek  ca- 
lends). [OE  hldfmaesse  (loaf,  mass1)] 
la-mmerg-eyer  (-gi-),  n.  Bearded  Vulture, 
largest  European  bird  of  prey.  [f.  G  Idmmer- 
geier  (Idmmer  lambs,  geier  vulture)] 
lamp,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Vessel  with  oil  &  wick 
for  giving  light ;  glass  vessel  enclosing  candle, 
gas-jet,  incandescent  wire,  or  other  illuminant 
(smell  of  the  l„  betray  nocturnal  study,  be  la- 
borious in  style  &c. ;  with  allusion  to  ancient- 
Greek  torch-race,  pass,  hand,  on  the  I.,  do  one's 
part  in  advancing  knowledge,  a  cause,  &c. ) ; 
safety  I. ;  spirit  I. ;  (fig. )  sun,  moon,  star;  source 
of  spiritual  or  intellectual  light,  hope,  &c;  l.- 
black,  pigment  made  from  soot ;  l.-chimney, 
glass  cylinder  shielding  1. -flame;  lamplight, 
given  by  1.  or  11.;  l.-lighter,  man  who  lights 
street  11.  (like  a  l.-l.,  with  speed) ;  Z.-post,  usu.  of 
iron  supporting  street  1.;  hence  la'mpLESS  a. 
(Vb)  shine;  supply  with  11.;  illuminate,  [f.  F 
lampe  f.  L  f.  Gk  lampas  (lampo  shine)] 
la'mpas1,  n.  Horse-disease  with  swelling  in 
roof  of  mouth.  [F,  earlier  =  disease  producing 
thirst,  etym.  dub.] 

la'mpas2,  n.    Kind  of  flowered  silk  orig. 
from  China.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 
la'mpion,  n.  Pot  of  usu.  coloured  glass  with 
oil  &  wick  used  in  illuminations.  [F,  f.  It.  lam- 
pione  (lampa  lamp,  -oon)1 
lampocn,  n.,  &  v.t.  Virulent  or  scurrilous 
piece  of  satire;  hence  lampoo'niST(l)  n.;  (vb) 
write  1.  or  11.  against,  whence  lampoo'nER J 
n.    [f.  F  lampon  perh.  f.  lampowt  let  us  drink] 
la'mppey,  n.  Eel-like  fish  with  sucker  mouth, 
pouch  gills,  &  seven  spiracles  on  each  side,  & 
fistula  on  top,  of  head,  [f .  OF  lamproie  f .  med.  L 
lampreda  perh.  =  lampetra  taken  as  f.  L  lam- 
bere lick,  petra  stone  w.  ref.  to  use  of  sucker] 
Lanca'stplan,  a.  &  n.    (Adherent)  of  family 
descended  from  John  of  Gaunt  Duke  of  Lan- 
caster, or  of  the  Red-rose  party  fighting  for  it 
in  Wars  of  the  Roses.    [Lancaster,  -ian] 
lance l,  n.    Weapon  with  long  wooden  shaft 
&  pointed  steel  head  used  by  horseman  in  charg- 
ing ;  similar  implement  for  spearing  fish  or  kill- 
ing harpooned   whale ;  =  lancer ;   l.-corporal, 
N.C.O.  acting  as  corporal  with  private's  pay ; 
l.-fish,  launce ;  l.-snake,  venomous  Amer.  kind ; 
lancewood,  tough  elastic  W.-Ind.  kind  used  for 
carriage-shafts, fishing-rods,  &c.  [F,  f.  hlancea; 
l.-corporal  on  anal,  of  obs.  lancepesade  f.  It. 
lancia  spezzata  broken  lance,  i.  e.  veteran] 
lance2,  v.t.     Fling,  launch,  (poet.);  (surg.) 
prick  or  cut  open  with  lancet ;  pierce  with  1. 


LANCELET 


455 


LANIFEROUS 


[poet,  sense  f.  OF  lander  f.  L  lanceare  (lancea 
lance1);  other  senses  f.  prec.] 

la'ncelet,  n.  A  fish,  the  lowest  true  verte- 
brate.   [lance1,  -let] 

la'nceolate  (-at),  a.  Shaped  like  spear-head, 
tapering  to  each  end.  [f*.  L  lanceolatus  (lan- 
ceola  dim.  of  lancea  lance,  -ate2)] 

la'ncer,  n.  Soldier  of  cavalry  regiment  armed 
with  lances  ;  (pi.)  kind  of  quadrille,  music  for 
it.    [f.  F  lander  (lance  K  -ier)] 

la'neet,  n.  Surgical  instrument  usu.  with 
two  edges  &  point  for  bleeding  or  lancing ;  (also 
I. -arch,  -light,  -idndows,  &c.)  arch  or  window 
with  pointed  head,  whence  la'ncetED2  a.  [f. 
OF  lancette  (lance1,  -ette)] 

la'ncinating",  a.  (Of  pain)  acute,  shooting, 
[part,  of  rare  lancinate  f.  L  landnare  rend] 

land  K  n.  Solid  part  of  earth's  surface  (opp. 
sea,  water ;  how  the  I.  lies,  what  is  the  state  of 
affairs);  ground,  soil,  expanse  of  country ;  coun- 
try, nation,  state,  {I.  of  promise,  Canaan  ;  I.  oj 
cake's  ;  I.  of  the  leal,  heaven  ;  I.  of  the  living, 
presentlife);  landed  property,  (pi.) estates;  strip 
of  plough  or  pasture  land  parted  from  others  by 
water  furrows.  L.-agent,  -ncy,  steward(ship)  of 
estate,  agent,  agency,  for  sale  &c.  of  estates; 
l.-bank,  issuing  notes  on  security  of  landed  pro- 
perty ;  l.-breeze,  blowing  seaward  froml. ;  l.-car- 
riage,  transport  by  1. ;  l.-crab,  kinds  that  live  on 
1.  but  breed  in  sea;  landfall  (naut.).  approach 
to  land  esp.  for  first  time  on  voyage  (good,  bad, 
landfall,  according,  not  according,  to  calcula- 
tion); L-force(s),  military,  not  naval ;  l.-grabber, 
(esp.)  man  who  takes  Irish  farm  after  eviction 
of  tenant ;  landholder,  proprietor  or  (usu.)  ten- 
ant of  1.;  l.-hunger,  -gry,  eager(ness)  to  acquire 
1.;  l.-jobber,  speculator  in  1.;  landlady,  woman 
keeping  inn,  boarding-house,  or  lodgings,  also 
woman  having  tenants ;  l.-law  (usu.  pi.),  law(s) 
of  landed  property ;  L.  League,  Irish  association 
1879-81  for  reducing  rents,  introducing  peasant- 
proprietorship,  &c;  L-locked,  almost  or  quite 
enclosed  by  1. ;  landlord,  person  of  whom  an- 
other holds  any  tenement  (opp.  tenant),  keeper 
of  inn,  lodgings,  &c. ;  l.-lubber  (naut),  person 
ignorant  of  the  sea  &  ships ;  landmark,  object 
marking  boundary  of  country,  estate,  &c,  con- 
spicuous object  in  district  &c,  object  or  event 
or  change  marking  stage  in  process  or  turning- 
point  in  history ;  landovmer,  owner  of  1.;  land- 
rail, corncrake ;  l.-service,  military ;  Lshark, 
one  who  lives  by  preying  on  seamen  ashore ; 
l.-sick  (naut.;  of  ship),  impeded  in  movement  by 
nearness  of  1. ;  l.-slide  (U.S.),  overwhelming  poli- 
tical defeat ;  landslip,  sliding  down  of  mass  of 
land  on  cliff  ormountain;  landsman,  non-sailor; 
l.-swell,  roll  of  water  near  shore ;  l.-tax,  assessed 
on  landed  property ;  l.-tie,  rod,  beam,  or  piece 
of  masonry,  securing  or  supporting  wall  &c.  by 
connecting  some  part  of  it  with  the  ground  ; 
l.-wind, =1.  -breeze.  Hencela'ndLES8a.,la*nd- 
ward  a.  &  ad  v.,  la'ndWARDS  adv.  [com.-Teut. ; 
OE,  Du.,  G,  Sw.,  &  Da.,  land] 

land2,  v.  t.  &L  Set  or  go  ashore  (p.p. = having 
come  ashore,  see  -ed  l{2),  esp.  in  comb,  as  newly- 
landed),  disembark;  set  down  from  vehicle; 
bring  to,  reach  or  find  oneself  in,  a  certain 

})lace,  stage,  or  position ;  deal  (person  blow  &c. ; 
anded  him  one  in  the  eye);  bring  (fish)  to  1., 
(fig.)  win  (prize  &c.) ;  (trans,  of  jockey,  intr.  of 
horse)  bring  or  come  in  (first  &c,  or  abs.= 
first) ;  alight  after  jump  &c.    [f.  prec.] 
la'ndau,  n.  Four-wheeled  carriage  with  top 
of  which  front  &  back  halves  can  be  indepen- 
dently raised  &  lowered.    [L.  in  Germany] 
landaule't,  n.  Coupe  with  landau  top.  [-let] 
la'nddrbst,  n.     Kind  of  magistrate  in  S. 
Africa.    [S.-Afr.  Du.] 


la'nded,  a.  Possessed  of  land  (the  I.  interest, 
owners  &  holders  of  land) ;  consisting  of  land 
(I.  estate,  property),    [land  ^ed2] 

la'ndgrave,  n.  (fem.  -gravine,  pr.  -en).  Title 
of  certain  German  potentates,  [f.  MHG  lant- 
grdve  (land  *,  G  graf  count)] 

la'nding-,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also:  (also  Z.- 
place)  place  for  disembarking;  platform  be- 
tween two  flights  of  stairs  ;  l.-net,  for  landing 
large  fish  when  hooked ;  L-stage,  platform, 
often  floating,  on  which  passengers  &  goods 
are  disembarked,    [-ing  j] 

landlordism,  n.  System  by  which  land  is 
owned  by  landlords  receiving  fixed  rents  from 
tenants  (esp.  depreciatively  of  Irish  system) ; 
advocacy  of  this.    [-iSM] 

lando'cracy,  n.  The  landed  class.  So 
la*ndocRAT  n.    [-cracy] 

la'ndscape,  n.  (Picture  representing,  art 
reproducing,  or  actual  piece  of)  inland  scenery ; 
l.-gardening,  -ener,  laying,  layer,  out  of  grounds 
in  imitation  of  natural  scenery ;  l.-marble, 
kind  with  treelike  markings  ;  l.-painter,  who 
paints  11.,  also  la'ndscapiST(l)  n.  [f.  Du. 
landschap  (land  »,  -ship)] 

/a'ncfsturm  (-oorm),  n.  (In  Germany  &c.) 
general  levy  in  war,  of  men  outside  army,  navy, 
&  landwehr.    [G] 

ia'nd-tag  (-ahch),  n.  Legislative  body,  diet, 
of  a  German  State.    [G] 

la'nctwehr (-var),n.  (In  Germany &c.) militia 
serving  continuously  only  during  war.    [G] 

lane,  n.  Narrow  road  usu.  between  hedges 
(it  is  a  long  I.  that  has  no  turning,  change  is 
sure  to  come),  narrow  street;  passage  made  or 
left  between  rows  of  persons ;  course  prescribed 
for  ocean  steamers ;  red  L,  throat ;  the  L„  Drury 
L.  (theatre).    [OE  ;  cf.  OFris.  lana,  Du.  laan] 

la'ngpage,  -idg-e  (ngg-),  n.  Case-shot  with 
irregular  pieces  of  iron  formerly  used  to 
damage  rigging.    [?] 

lang-  syne,  adv.  &  n.  (In)  the  old  days.  [Sc, 
=long  since] 

la-nguage  (-nggwij),  n.  A  vocabulary  &  way 
of  using  it  prevalent  in  one  or  more  countries 
(dead  I.),  (transf.)  method  of  expression  (finger 
I.,  talk  by  conventional  signs  with  fingers  ;  I.  of 
flowers,  symbolic  meanings  attached  to  various 
kinds) ;  words  &  their  use  ;  faculty  of  speech  ; 
person's  style  of  expressing  himself  (bad  I.,  or 
vulg.  1.,  oaths  &  abusive  talk ;  strong  L,  ex- 
pressing vehement  feelings) ;  professional  or 
sectional  vocabulary ;  literary  style,  wording  ; 
l.-master,  teacher  of  (usu.  mod.  foreign)  1.  or  11. 
[f.  F  langage  (L  lingua  tongue,  -age)] 

la'nguid  (-nggw-),  a.  Inert,  lacking  vigour, 
indisposed  to  exertion,  spiritless,  apathetic,  not 
vivid,  dull,  uninteresting,  sluggish,  slow-mov- 
ing, faint,  weak.  Hence  la'nguidLY  2  adv., 
la'nguidNESS  n.    [f.  L  languidus  (foil.,  -id  i)] 

la'ng-uish,  v.i.  Grow  or  be  feeble,  lose  or 
lack  vitality ;  live  under  enfeebling  or  depress- 
ing conditions ;  grow  slack,  lose  intensity ; 
droop,  pine  (for) ;  put  on  languid  look,  affect 
sentimental  tenderness,  whence  la'ngxiish- 
ingLV2adv.  Hence  la'ng^iishMENT  n.  [f.  F 
languir  (-ISH2)  f.  L  languere  cf.  laxms] 

la'nguor  J-gger),  n.  Faintness,  fatigue ;  las- 
situde, inertia,  want  of  alertness ;  soft  or  tender 
mood  or  effect ;  slackness,  dullness,  drooping 
state ;  (of  sky  &c.)  oppressive  stillness.  So 
la'ng-uopousa.,  la'ngfUorousLY2adv.  [OF, 
f.  L  languorem  nom.  -or  (prec,  -OR2)] 

la'niary,  a.  &  n.  (Tooth)  adapted  for  tearing, 
canine,  [r.  L  laniarius  (lanius  butcher  f. 
laniare  tear,  -ary  l)\ 

lani'ferous,  -gerous,  aa.  Wool-bearing, 
[f.  L  (-fer,  -ger)  f.  Tana  wool,  -ferous,  -gerous] 


LANK 


456 


LARD 


lank,  a.  Shrunken,  spare  ;  tall  &  lean  ;  (of 
grass  &c.)  long  &  flaccid  ;  (of  hair)  straight  & 
limp,  not  wavy.  [OE  hlanc ;  excl.  E ;  perh.  cogn. 
w.  G  lenken  to  bendj 

lanky,  a.  Ungracefully  lean  &  long  or  tall 
(of  limbs,  person).    Hence  la'nkiNESS  n.   [-v2J 

la'nner,  la'nnepet,  nn.  Kind  of  falcon,  fe- 
male of  it,  (-er) ;  (-et)  male  of  it.  [f.  F  lanier 
prob.  f.  OF  lanier  cowardly] 

la'nolin,  n.  Extract  from  sheep's  wool  as 
basis  of  ointments,   [f.  L  lana  wool  +  -ol2  +-in] 

la'nsquenet  (-ke-),  n.  Card-game  of  German 
■origin.  [F,  f.  G  landsknecht  17th-c  mercenary 
flit,  servant  of  country)] 

la'ntsrn,  n.  Transparent  case  protecting 
flame  of  candle  &c.  (B\j\A,vs-eye,  Chinese, 
dark1,  magic,  I.);  parts h  I. ,  the  moon ;  =  magic 
1.,  whence  la*ntepniST(3)  n.;  light-chamber  of 
lighthouse ;  erection  on  top  of  dome  or  room 
with  glazed  sides  to  admit  light;  luminous 
proboscis  of  l.-jly ;  I.  jaws,  long  &  thin,  giving 
hollow  look  to  face,  whence  lantepn-jawED2 
a.  [f.  F  lanterne  f.  L  lanterna  perh.  f.  Gk  lam- 
pter  (lampo  shine)  w.  assim.  to  L  lucerna] 

la'nthanum,  n.  (chem.).  Rare  element  be- 
longing to  earth-metal  group,  discovered  1839- 
41.  [f.  Gk  lanthano  lurk  (w.  ref.  to  lateness  of 
discovery)  +-um] 

la'nthorn  (tern),  n.  Lantern,  [pop.  assim. 
of  lantern  to  horn,  common  former  material] 

la'nyapd,  n.  (naut.).  Short  rope  or  line  at- 
tached to  something,  esp.  shrouds  or  stays,  to 
secure  it  or  serve  as  handle,  [f.  F  laniere,  w. 
assim.  to  yard] 

Laodice'an,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  lukewarm 
esp.  in  religion  or  politics.    [Rev.  iii.  15, 16] 

lap1,  n.  Hanging  part  or  flap  of  garment, 
saddle,  &c. ;  lobe  of  ear ;  front  part  of  skirt  held 
up  to  contain  something ;  waist  to  knees  of  one 
sitting,  with  dress,  as  place  on  which  child  is 
nursed  or  object  held  (in  Fortune's  I.,  in  the  I. 
of  luxury,  &c),  whence  la*pFUL(2)  n. ;  hollow 
among  hills ;  l.-dog,  small  pet  dog ;  lapstone, 
shoemaker's  stone  held  in  1.  to  beat  leather  on. 
[OE  lappa  cf.  G  lappen] 

lap2,  v.t.  &  i.  Coil,  fold,  wrap,  (garment  &c. 
about,  round,  advv.  or prepp.);  enfold,  swathe, 
in  wraps  &c;  (of  influences  &c.)  surround,  en- 
circle, (often  round),  enfold  caressingly  (esp. 
pass.,  lapped  in  luxury);  make  (valve,  roof- 
slate,  &c.)  overlap ;  project  over  something  (also 
I.  over  adv.  =  overlap  intr.);  (Racing)  pass  (com- 
petitor) by  one  or  more  11.    [prob.  f.  prec] 

lap  3,  n.  Amount  of  overlapping,  overlapping 
part  (half-l.,  joining  of  rails,  shafts,  &c,  by  halv- 
ing thickness  of  each  at  end) ;  layer  or  sheet  (of 
cotton  &c.  being  made)  wound  on  roller ;  single 
turn  of  rope,  silk,  thread,  &c,  round  drum  or 
reel;  one  circuit  of  race-track;  l.-joint,=  half- 
l.  above;  l.-streak,  clinker-built  boat.  [f.  prec] 

lap  4,  n.,  &  v.t.  Rotating  disk  for  polishing 
gem  or  metal ;  ( vb)  polish  with  1.   [perh.  f.  prec.] 

lap  s,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Take  up  liquid,  drink  (up 
liquid),  by  scooping  with  tongue;  consume 
(liquid)  greedily  (usu.  up  or  down) ;  (of  water) 
move,  beat  upon  (shore),  with  sound  of  lapping. 
<N.)  liquid  food  for  dogs;  (slang)  weak  be  verage, 
also  alcoholic  liquor;  single  act  of  lapping, 
amount  taken  up  by  it ;  sound  of  wavelets  on 
beach  &c.  [OE  lapian  cf.  OHG  laffan ;  cf.  G 
l°j[cl  spoon,  L  lambere,  Gk  lapto,  lick] 

lapap(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  lapara  flank,  in 
anat.  &  surg.  terms :  la'parocele  lumbar  hernia, 
lapare'ctomy  excision  of  part  of  intestine  at 
side,  laparotomy  cutting  of  abdominal  walls. 

lape'l,  n.  Part  of  coat-breast  folded  back. 
Hence  lape-11  ed  2  a.    [lap  i,  -el] 

la'plolde,  n.  Cutter  of  stones  or  inscriptions 


on  stone,  [f.  L  lapicida  for  lapidicida  (lapis 
-idis  stone  +  caedere  cut,  kill,  cf.  -cide)] 

la'pidapy,  a.  &  n.  Concerned  with  stones 
(esp.  1.  bee,  building  in  stone  walls  &c.) ;  en- 
graved on  stone,  (ot  style)  suitable  for  inscrip- 
tions, monumental ;  (n.)  cutter,  polisher,  or  en- 
graver, of  gems.  [f.  L  lapidarius  {lapis  -idis 
stone,  -ary  !)] 

la'pidate,  v.t.  Stone,  stone  to  death.  So 
lapidATiON  n.    [f.  L  lapidare  (prec),  -ate3] 

laprdify,  v.t.  Make  into  stone.  Hence  la- 
pidiFiCATiON  n.  [f.  F  lapidifier  f.  med.L  lapi- 
dificare  (prec,  -FY)] 

la*pis  la'zuli,  n.  Bright  blue  pigment,  a  sili- 
cate containing  sulphur  ;  its  colour.  [L,  =  stone 
of  azure] 

Lapp,  n.  &  a.  One  of  dwarfish  race  of  north- 
ern Scandinavia;  (also  La'ppiSH1  n.)  their 
language;  Lapland,  their  country,  whence 
La*plandep1(4)  n.;  (adj.;  also  La'ppiSH1  a.) 
of  the  LI.  or  their  language,  [f.  S  w.  Lapp,  perh. 
term  of  contempt,  cf.  MHG  lappe  simpleton] 

la'ppet,  n.  Flap,  fold,  loose  or  overlapping 
piece,  of  garment,  flesh,  membrane,  &c;  lobe 
of  ear  &c;  =  lapel ;  streamer  of  lady's  head- 
dress.   Hence  la'ppetED 2  a.    [lap  j  +  -et  l] 

Lappo*nian,a.  &  n.  =  lapp.  [f.  med.L  Lappo 
-onis  +  -ian] 

lapse  *,  n.  Slip  of  memory,  tongue,  or  pen, 
slight  mistake ;  weak  or  careless  deviation  from 
right,  moral  slip ;  falling  away  from  faith  or 
into  heresy ;  decline  to  lower  state ;  termina- 
tion of  right  or  privilege  through  disuse ;  (of 
water)  gentle  flow ;  passage  or  interval  o/time. 
[f.  L  lapsus  -us  (labi  laps-  glide)] 

lapse  2,  v.i.  Fail  to  maintain  position  or  state 
for  want  of  effort  or  vigour,  fall  back  or  away, 
(often  into  inferior  or  previous  state) ;  (of  bene- 
fice, estate,  right,  &c.)  fall  in,  pass  away,  be- 
come void,  revert  to  some  one,  by  failure  of 
conditions,  heirs,  &c;  glide,  flow,  subside,  pass 
away,  (p.p.,  see  -edM2)  that  has  lapsed,  ff.  L 
lapsare  frequent,  (prec)] 

la'psus,  n.  (pi.  -us).  Slip  (usu.  in  I.  linguae, 
pr.  -gwe,  of  the  tongue,  I.  calami  of  the  pen).  [L] 

Lapu'tan,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Laputa ; 
chimerical,  visionary,  absurd.  [Laputa  in  Old- 
liver's  Travels  +  -an] 

la'pwing,  n.  Bird  of  plover  family,  peewit. 
[OE  hUapwince  (hUapan  leap1,  wink,  w.  ref. 
to  manner  of  flight)  assim.  to  lap,  wing] 

lap,  n.  (PI.  lar'es)  ancient-Roman  household 
deity  (usu.  pi.;  LI.,  LI.  &  Penates,  the  home) ; 
(pi.  lars)  white-handed  Burmese  gibbon,    [L] 

lap'boapd  (-berd),  n.  &  a.  (naut).  (Older 
term  now  replaced,  to  save  confusion  with 
starboard,  by)  port5.  [ME  lade-,  lathe-,  borde  ; 
lade-  (etym.  dub.)  changed  to  lar-  by  assim.  to 
starboard] 

lap'eeny,  n.  (Law)  felonious  taking  away  of 
another's  personal  goods  with  intent  to  convert 
them  to  one's  own  use  (petty  I.,  formerly,  of  pro- 
perty below  value  of  12d.);  theft.  Hence  lap* - 
eenER1,  lap#eenisT(l),  nn.,  larcenous  a., 
lap'eenousLY 2  adv.  [f.  F  larcin  f.  L  latro- 
cinium  (latro  robber)  +  -Y 1] 

lapch  (-tsh),  n.  Bright-foliaged  coniferous 
tree  yielding  Venetian  turpentine,  tough  tim- 
ber, &  bark  used  in  tanning ;  its  wood.  [f.  G 
larche  f.  L  larix  -icvt] 

lapd  \  n.  Internal  fat  of  abdomen  of  pigs  esp. 
when  rendered  &  clarified  for  use  in  cooking  & 

Eharmacy.   Hence  lap'dv  2  a.  [OF,=  bacon,  f. 
i  lardum  perh.  cogn.  w.  Gk  larinos  fat,  laros 
pleasant  to  taste] 

lard2,  v.t.  Insert  strips  of  bacon  in  (meat  &c) 
before  cooking  (lar ding-needle,  -pin,  instru- 
ments for  doing  this) ;  garnish  (talk,  writing) 


LARDACEOUS 


457 


LASTING 


with  metaphors,  technical  terms,  foreign  words, 
&c.    [f.  F  larder  (prec.)] 

larda'ceous,  a.  (med.).  Lardlike  (esp.  ef  de- 
generation of  tissue  or  of  patient  suffering  from 
it).     [-ACEOUS] 

lar'der,  n.  Room  or  closet  for  meat  &c.  [f. 
OF  lardier  f.  med.L  lardarium  (lard,  -ary')] 

lar'don,  lardoo'n,  n.  Strip  of  bacon  or 
pork  used  to  lard  meat.    [F  (-on) ;  lard1,  -oon] 

lar'dy-dar'dy,  a.  (slang).  Affected,  lan- 
guidly foppish,    [cf.  la-di-da] 

lares.    See  lar. 

large,  a.  &  n.  (Archaic)  liberal,  generous, 
kindly,  munificent,  unprejudiced,  (still  in  I. 
views,  I.  charity,  I.  tolerance,  L-minded,  whence 
large-mi'ndedNESS  n.,  l.-hearted,  whence 
large-hear'tedNESS  n.,  &c.) ;  of  wide  range, 
comprehensive,  (I.  poicers,  discretion) ;  (of  artis- 
tic treatment)  free,  sweeping,  broad  ;  of  con- 
siderable or  relatively  great  magnitude  (less 
colloq.  than  big,  &  without  emotional  implica- 
tions of  great ;  seldom  used  of  persons  except 
as  in  I.  of  limb= with  L  limbs  &c.) ;  (with  agent 
nouns)  on  a  large  scale  (I.  &  small  farmers) ; 
hence  lar*griSH1(2)  a.,  lar'geNESS  n.,  lar'g-- 
ex6,  v.i.  &  t.  (poet.).  (N. ;  only  now  with  at, 
in) :  at  I. :  at  liberty,  free  ;  (of  narration  &c.)  at 
full  length,  with  details  ;  as  a  body  or  whole 
(popular  with  the  people  at  I.);  without  parti- 
cularizing, without  definite  aim,  (scatters  im- 
putations at  I.):  in  L,  on  1.  scale  (opp.  in  little). 
[F,  f.  fem.  of  L  largus  copious] 

lar'gely,  adv.  In  adj.  senses ;  also,  to  a  great 
or  preponderating  extent  (is  I.  due  to),    [-ly  2] 

lar'gessCe),  n.  (archaic).  Money  or  gifts 
freely  bestowed  esp.  by  great  person  on  occa- 
sion of  rejoicing;  generous  or  plentiful  be- 
stowal.   [F  (-e),  f.  L  largus  copious,  -ess  2] 

la'riat,  n.  Rope  for  picketing  horses  &c. ; 
lasso,  [f.  Sp.  la  reata  f.  reatar  tie  again  (re-, 
L  apt  are  fit)] 

lark  *,  la'veroek,  n.  Kinds  of  small  bird 
with  sandy-brown  plumage  &  long  hind-claws, 
esp.  the  SKYlark  (Crested,  Horned,  Red,  Shore, 
L.,  other  kinds) ;  l.-heel,  larkspur,  also  Indian 
cress  or  garden  nasturtium ;  larkspur,  plant 
with  spur-shaped  calyx.  [OE  laferce,  cf.  Du 
leeuwerik,  G  lerche,  etym.  dub.] 

lark2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Frolic,  spree,  amusing  inci- 
dent ;  hence  lar*kY2a. ;  (vb)  play  tricks,  frolic, 
[f.  1811 ;  etym.  dub.] 

la-rrikin,  n.  (Usu.  young)  street  rowdy, 
hooligan,    [orig.  Australian  ;  etym.  dub.] 

la'rum,  n.    (Now  rare  for)  alarum. 

lap'va,  n.  (pi.  -at).  Insect  from  time  of  leav- 
ing egg  till  transformation  into  pupa,  grub; 
immature  form  of  other  animals  that  undergo 
some  metamorphosis.  Hence  lar'VALa.,  lar*- 
vi-  comb.  form.    [L,  =  ghost,  mask] 

laryngoscope,  n.  Mirror  apparatus  for 
examining  larynx,     [larynx,  -scope] 

laryngo'tomy,  n.  Cutting  into  larynx 
from  without,  esp.  to  provide  breathing-chan- 
nel,   [foil.,  -tomv] 

la'rynx,  n.  Cavity  in  throat  holding  vocal 
oords.  Hence  laryngeAL,  laryngic,  aa., 
laryngiTis  n.,  (-j-),  lary'ngo-  comb,  form, 
laryngo'LOGY  n.    [f.  Gk  larugx  -ggos] 

La'scar  (or  -ar),  n.  E.-Indian  sailor,  [perh. 
incorrect  use  of  Hind,  lashkar  army] 

lasei'vious  (lasi-),  a.  Lustful,  wanton  ;  in- 
citing to  lust.  Hence  lasei'vlousLY 2  adv., 
lasci'viousNESS  n.  [f.  LL  lasciviosus  (L  la- 
scivia  f.  lascivus  sportive,  -ose  *)] 

lash J,  v.i.  &  t.  1.  Make  sudden  movement 
of  limb,  tail,  &c. ;  pour,  rush,  vehemently;  strike 
violently  at ;  hit  or  (of  horse)  kick  out ;  break 
out  into  excess,  strong  language,  &c.    2.  Beat 


with  1.,  flog ;  (of  waves)  beat  upon  ;  castigate  in 
words,  rebuke,  satirize ;  urge  as  with  11. ;  hence 
la'shlNG^l)  n.  3.  Fasten  (down,  on,  together, 
to  something)  with  cord,  twine,  &c,  whence 
la'shiNG  Hi)  n.  [sense  1  perh.  imit.;  sense  2  f. 
foil. ;  sense  3  prob.  separate  wd,  etym.  dub.] 

lash 2,  n.  Stroke  with  thong,  whip,  &c. ; 
flexible  part  of  whip  (the  I.,  punishment  of 
flogging) ;  =  eye-Z.,  whence  la'shi.ESS  a.  ; 
goading  influence,    [f.  prec.  in  sense  1] 

la'sher,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.  (water  rush- 
ing over)  weir,  pool  below  weir,    [-er  J] 

la'spring,  n.  Young  salmon,  [perh.  corrup- 
tion of  obs.  lax-pink  (obs.  lax,  OE  leax,  cf.  G 
lachs,  salmon)] 

lasque  (k),  n.  Flat,  ill-formed,  or  veiny  dia- 
mond,   [perh.  f.  Pers.  lashk  piece] 

lass,  n.  Girl;  sweetheart.  Hence  la'ssie 
[-Y  3]  n.  [ME  lasce,  cf.  MSw.  losk  (kona)  un- 
married (woman)] 

la'ssitude,  n.  Weariness,  languor,  disincli- 
nation to  exert  or  interest  oneself.  [F,  f.  L  las- 
situdo  (lassus  tired,  -tude)] 

la'sso,  n.,  &  v.t.  Sp.-Amer.  noosed  rope  of 
untanned  hide  for  catching  cattle  &c. ;  (vb) 
catch  with  L    [f.  Sp.  lazo  lace  j] 

last1,  n.  Shoemaker's  wooden  model  for 
shaping  shoe  &c.  on  (stick  to  one's  I.,  not  meddle 
with  things  one  does  not  understand,  w.  ref.  to 
L  prov.  ne  sutor  ultra  crepidam).  [OE  last 
footstep,  Ixst  boot,  cf.  G  leiste  last,  geleise  track, 
perh.  cogn.  w.  L  lira  furrow] 

last 2,  n.  Commercial  measure  of  weight,  ca- 
pacity, or  quantity,  varying  with  place  &  goods 
(I.  of  wool,  12  sacks  or  4,3681b.;  I.  of  malt,  10  qrs 
or  80  bushels).    [OE  hlxst,  cf.  G  last,  load] 

last3,  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  After  all  others,  coming 
at  the  end,  (the  I.  two  &c.  =  the  1.  &  1.  but  one  &c. , 
the  two  &c.  I.  being  now  usu.  held  incorrect  in 
this  sense ;  I.  but  not  least,  1.  in  order  of  mention 
or  occurrence  but  not  of  importance) ;  belonging 
to  the  end,  esp.  of  life  or  the  world  (the  four  I. 
things,  death,  judgment,  heaven,  hell;  I.  day, 
Day  of  Judgment ;  on  one's  I.  legs)  ;  next  be- 
fore expressed  or  implied  point  of  time,  latest 
up  to  date,  most  recent,  (in  the  I.  fortnight,  I. 
Christmas,  I.  Tuesday  or  Tuesday  I.,  I.  evening 
or  night,  but  not  I.  morning,  day,  or  afternoon ; 
also  ellipt.  as  n.  for  1.  letter,  joke,  baby,  &c,  as  I 
said  in  my  I.,  have  you  heard  — 's  1.  ?,  Mrs  — 's 
I.) ;  lowest,  of  least  rank  or  estimation  ;  only  re- 
maining (I.  crust,  resource) ;  latest  to  be  (was 
the  I.  to  be  consulted) ;  least  likely,  willing,  suit- 
able, &c.  to  or  to  be  (should  be  the  I.  to  do  it ;  is 
the  I.  thing  to  try) ;  conclusive,  definitive,  (has 
said  the  I.  word  on  the  matter) ;  utmost,  ex- 
treme, (is  of  the  I.  importance).  (N.)  1. -men- 
tioned person  or  thing  (the,  this,  which,  I.) ;  1. 
day  or  moments,  death,  (the  or  his  &c.  1.) ;  1.  per- 
formance of  certain  acts  (breathe,  look,  one's 
I.);  1.  mention  (shall  never  hear'  the  I.  of  it) ;  at 
I.,  (rarely)  at  long  I.,  in  the  end,  after  much  de- 
lay; to,  till,  the  I.,  to  the  end,  esp.  till  death. 
(Adv.)  after  all  others  (often  in  comb.,  as  L- 
made,  -mentioned);  on  the  1.  occasion  before 
the  present  (when  did  you  see  him  I.?) ;  (in  enu- 
merations) in  the  1.  place,  finally,  also  la'stLY2 
adv.  [OE  latost  superl.  of  Ixt  a.,  late  adv. ;  cf. 
G  letzt ,  &  for  dropping  of  -t-  best] 

last4,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Go  on,  remain  unex- 
hausted or  adequate  or  alive  ;  suffice  (will  I.  me 
eight  months) ;  I.  out,  continue  esp.  in  vigour 
or  use  at  least  as  long  as ;  (n.)  staying  power, 
stamina.    [OE  Ixstan  fulfil,  cf.  G  leisten] 

la'sting",  a.  &  n.  Enduring,  permanent  (no 
I.  benefit)  ;  durable  ;  hence  la'stingLY  2  adv., 

la'sting-NESS  n. ;  (n.)  kind  of  durable  cloth. 

[-IKG2J 

15* 


LATAKIA 


458 


LATTER 


Latakia  (-ea),  n.  Kind  of  Turkish  tobacco 
chiefly  used  in  mixtures.    [L.,  a  Syrian  port] 

latch,  n.,  &  v.t.  Door  or  gate  fastening  made 
of  small  bar  falling  into  catch  &  lifted  by  lever 
fee.  from  outside;  small  spring-lock  of  outer 
ioor  catching  when  door  is  closed  &  worked  by 
[.-key  from  outside ;  on  the  I.,  fastened  by  I. 
only;  (vb)  fasten  with  1.  [perh.  f.  OF  lache 
lace  * ;  or  f.  obs.  latch,  OE  Ixccan,  to  grasp] 

la'tchet,  n.  (bibl. ).  Thong  for  fastening  shoe, 
f.  OF  lachet  (lace  »,  -et1)] 

late1,  a.  (comp.  later,  latter  ;  superl.  latest, 
last),  &  n.  After  the  due  or  usual  time  (was 
!.  for  dinner ;  it  is  too  I.  to  go ;  with  agent 
nouns,  as  l.-comer=one  who  comes  1.);  back- 
ward in  flowering,  ripening,  &c. ;  far  on  in  day 
or  night  (I.  hours,  after  usual  time  for  rising 
or  going  to  bed),  or  in  time  {on  Wednesday  at 
latest,  then  if  not  before) ;  far  on  in  a  period, 
ievelopment,  &c.  (I.  stained  glass,  I.  latin); 
no  longer  alive,  no  longer  having  specified 
status  &c,  that  was  recently  so-&-so,  {the  I. 
prime  minister,  dead  or  resigned  ;  my  I.  hus- 
band, residence) ;  of  recent  date  {the  I.  floods, 
war  ;  of  I.  years,  in  the  last  few ;  also  as  n.  in 
of  I.,  recently) ;  I.  fee,  on  letter  posted  after 
ordinary  collection  time.  Hence  la'tEN  6  v.t.  & 
i.,  la'teNESS  n.,  la,tiSH1(2)  a.  &  adv.  [com.- 
reut. ;  OE  Ixt,  cf.  Du.  laat,  G  lass,  sluggish, 
cogn.  w.  L  lassus  tired] 

late2,  adv.  (-er,  -est,  last).  After  proper 
time  (better  I.  than  never),  far  on  in  time,  (this 
happened  later  on ;  sooner  or  later,  early  or  I., 
soon  or  I.,  some  time  or  other);  at  or  till  1. 
hour;  (Poet.)  recently,  lately;  formerly  but 
not  now  (his  own  room,  I.  the  chaplain's) ;  at  1. 
stage  of  development  &c.  (traces  remained  as 
I.  as  the  Stuart  times).    [OE,  f.  Ixt  see  prec] 

latee'n,  a.  L.  sail,  triangular  on  long  yard 
at  angle  of  45°  to  mast ;  (of  ship  &c.)  so  rigged. 
[f.  F  (voile)  latine  Latin  (sail),  named  as  common 
in  Mediterranean] 

la'tely,  adv.  Not  long  ago,  recently,  in  re- 
cent times.    [OE  Ixtlice  (late  1,  -like)] 

la'tent,  a.  Hidden,  concealed  ;  existing  but 
not  developed  or  manifest ;  dormant ;  U  heat. 
Hence  la'tENCv  n.,  la'tentLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
latere  be  hidden,  -ent] 

-later,  suf.    See  -latry. 

la'tepal,  a.  &  n.  Of,  at,  towards,  from,  the 
side,  side-,  (I.  branch  of  family,  descended  from 
brother  or  sister  of  person  in  direct  line);  (n.) 
side  part,  member,  or  object,  esp.  1.  shoot  or 
branch.  Hence la'tenalLY2  adv.  [f.  L  lateralis 
(latus  -eris  side,  -al)] 

La'teran,  n.  &  a.  The  L.,  St  John  L., 
cathedral  church  of  St  John  L.  (Sancti  Joannis 
in  Later ano)  in  Rome ;  L.  Council,  one  of  five 
general  councils  of  Western  Church  there  held, 
[f.  L  Laterana,  -um,  named  f.  ancient-Roman 
family  of  Plautii  Laterani] 

la-tex,  n.  (bot.).  Milky  juice  of  plants.  [L, 
=  liquid] 

lath,  n.  (th,  pi.  -dhz),  &  v.t.  Thin  narrow 
strip  of  wood  esp.  for  use  as  support  for  slates 
or  plaster  or  as  material  for  trellis  or  Venetian 
blind  (as  thin  as  a  I.,  of  persons,  whence 
Uvthv  2a.) ;  (vb)  provide  (wall,  ceiling)  with  11., 
whence  la*thiNGM3)  n.  [ME  laththe,  cf.  G 
latte,  perh.  cogn.  w.  G  laden  shop-counter ;  cf. 
also  OE  Ixtt] 

lathe  >  (-dh),  n.  One  of  (now  five)  adminis- 
trative districts  of  Kent.    [OE  Ixth  estate] 

lathe  2  (-dh),  n.  (Also  turning-l.)  machine  for 
turning  wood,  metal,  ivory,  &c.,  by  rotating 
article  against  tools  used ;  (also  potter's  L) 
machine  with  horizontal  revolving  disk   for 

throwing  &  turning  pottery ;  l.-bearer,  -carrier. 


-dog,  appliance  connecting  object  with  1.  centres 
or  holders  ;  I. -bed,  lower  framework  of  1.  with 
slot  from  end  to  end  for  adjustment,  [prob. 
cogn.  w.  Da.  -lad  structure,  frame,  &  lade  ;  or 
perh.  modification  of  lath] 

la-ther  (-dh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Froth  of  soap  & 
water ;  frothy  sweat  of  horse ;  hence  la*th- 
ePY  2  a.  ( Vb)  cover  (esp.  chin  &c.  for  shaving) 
with  1. ;  (of  horse)  become  covered  with  1. ;  (of 
soap)  form  1. ;  beat,  thrash,  whence  la'ther- 
ing  Ml)  n.  [n.  f.  OE  Uathor  washing  soda  cogn. 
w.  Gk  loetron  bath,  L  lavare  wash ;  vb  f.  OE 
Uthran  f.  same  root] 

latifu'ndia,  n.  pi.  Large  estates,  esp.  as 
characterizing  a  country's  social  system.  [L 
(sing,  -um),  f.  latus  broad,  fundus  farm] 

La'tin,  a.  &  n.  Of  Latium  or  ancient  Latins 
or  Romans;  of,  like,  in,  the  language  of  the 
ancient  Romans,  whence  La*tiniSM(4)  n. ;  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church ;  speaking  one  of 
the  languages  descended  from  Latin,  Romance, 
(the  L.  peoples,  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy, 
&c).  (N.)  the  L.  language  (old  L.,  before  about 
75  B.  c,  preclassical ;  classical  L„  that  of  great 
writers  of  late  republican  &  early  imperial 
Rome,  about  75  b.  c.  to  175  a.d.  ;  late  L.,  about 
175  to  600  a.d.  ;  medieval  L.,  about  600  to  1500 
a.d.  ;  modern  L.,  since  1500  a.d.;  low  L.,= 
medieval,  or  late  &  medieval ;  thieves'  L„  secret 
language  of  thieves  &c. ;  dog  L.),  whence 
La*tinLESS  a.,  La*tiniST(3)  n. ;  inhabitant  of 
Latium.  (Rom.  Ant.)  Italian  with  special  fran- 
chise,   [f.  L  Latinus  (Latium  Roman  district, 

-INEl)] 

Latt'ne,  adv.  In  Latin  (giving  Latin  equiva- 
lent of  word  &c).    [L] 

Latrnity,  n.  Way  person  writes  Latin, 
quality  of  Latin  style  or  grammar,  [f.  L  Latini- 
tas  (prec.,  -ty)] 

la'tinize,  v.t.  &  i.  Give  Latin  form  to  (word), 
put  into  Latin ;  make  conformable  to  ideas, 
customs,  &c,  of  the  ancient  Romans,  Latin 
peoples,  or  Latin  Church ;  use  Latin  forms, 
idioms,  &c.  Hence  latlnlzATibN,  la'tinizER1, 
nn.    [f.  L  latinizare  (latin,  -ize)] 

la'titude,  n.  (Joe.)  breadth  (hat  with  great 
I.  of  brim) ;  (rare)  scope,  full  extent,  (under- 
stood, taken,  in  its  proper  I.) ;  freedom  from 
narrowness,  liberality  of  interpretation,  toler- 
ated variety  of  action  or  opinion,  whence  (esp. 
of  religious  matters)  latitudinARiAN  a.  &  n., 
latitudinar*ianiSM(3)  n. ;  (Geog.)  angular 
distance  on  a  meridian  (degree,  minute,  &c,  of 
I.),  place's  angular  distance  on  its  meridian  N. 
or  S.  of  equator,  (usu.  pi.)  regions,  climes,  esp. 
w.  ref.  to  temperature  ;  (Astron.)  angular  dis- 
tance of  heavenly  body  from  ecliptic.  So  lati- 
tu'dinAL  a.  (geog.).  [f.  L  latitudo  -inis  (latus 
broad,  -tude)] 

latri'ne(-en),  n.(usu.  pi.).  Privy,  esp.  in  camp, 
barracks,  hospital,  &c.  [F,  f.  L  latrina  for  lava- 
trina  (lavare  wash,  -ine  4)] 

-latry,  suf.  f.  Gk  latreia  worship,  in  wds  f.  an 
existing  Gk  original  (idolatry),  &  mod.  forma- 
tions on  same  model  (angelolatry,  Mariolatry). 
In  (humorous)  hybrid  formations  -o-  is  added  to 
the  initial  componentas  lordolatry,  babyolatry. 
Corresponding  personal  nn.  (-worshipper)  are 
formed  in  -(o)later  f.  Gk  -latres. 

la'tten,  n.  &  a.  (archaic).  (Of)  a  mixed  yellow 
metal  like  (or  the  same  as)  brass,  [f.  OF  laton 
perh.  f.  Teut.  (lath)] 

la'tter,  a.  (Archaic)  later,  second,  (I.  grass, 
aftermath) ;  belonging  to  end  of  period,  world, 
&c.  (in  these  I.  days,  at  this  late  period  of  the 
world's  history;  I.  end,  death);  second-men- 
tioned (opp.  former ;  also  the  I.  ellipt.  =  second- 
mentioned  thing  or  person) ;  l.-day,  modern  (I.- 


LATTERLY 


459 


LAW 


day  saints,  mormons).  [OE  Ixtra  comp.  of  Ixt 
late  1,  later  being  a  new  formation] 

la'tterly,  adv.  Towards  the  end  of  life  or 
some  period  ;  lately,  of  late.    [f.  prec] 

la'ttice,  n.  Structure  of  cross  laths  with  in- 
terstices serving  as  screen,  door,  &c;  (also  l.- 
xvork)  laths  so  arranged ;  I.  bridge,  made  with 
1.  girders ;  I.  frame  or  girder,  girder  made  of 
two  flanges  connected  by  iron  l.-work;  L-ioin- 
dow,  one  having  1.,  also  one  with  small  panes 
set  in  diagonal  lead- work.  Hence  la'ttiCED2 
a.,  la'tticiNO  M6)  n.    [f.  OF  lattis  {latte  lath)] 

laud,  n.,  &  v.t.  Praise  (rare  exc.  in  hymns); 
(pi.)  first  of  day-hours  of  church  ;  hymn   of 

E raise.  (Vb)  praise,  celebrate  ;  so  laudATiON, 
auda'toR'2,  nn.,  lau'dATiVE,  lau'datouv, 
aa.  [n.  f.  OF  laude,  vb  f.  L  laudare,  f.  L  lau- 
dem  nom.  laus  praise] 

lau'dable,  a.  Commendable,  praiseworthy; 
(Med.,  of  secretions)  healthy,  sound.  Hence  or 
cogn.  laudami.iTY  n.,  lau'dabLY  2  adv.  [f. 
L  laudabilis  (prec,  -able)] 

lavrdanum  (lodn-),  n.  Alcoholic  tincture  of 
opium,  [name  given  by  Paracelsus  to  a  costly 
panacea  or  elixir,  later  transferred  to  prepara- 
tions containing  opium  ;  perh.  var.  of  L  lada- 
num  or  med.L  labdanum  a  gum-resin,  or  f.  L 
laudare  praise] 

laud  a' tor  t&'mporis  a'cti,  n.  One  who 
prefers  the  good  old  days.    [L] 

laugh  (-ahf,  -af),  v.i.  &  t„  &  n.  Make  the 
sounds  &  movements  of  face  &  sides  by  which 
lively  amusement,  sense  of  the  ludicrous,  ex- 
ultation, &  scorn,  are  instinctively  expressed, 
have  these  emotions,  {I.  in  one's  sleeve,  be  se- 
cretly amused ;  laughing  hyena,  jackass  ;  I. 
on  wrong  side  of  mouth,  have  revulsion  from 
joy  or  amusement  to  tears  or  vexation ;  he 
laughs  best  who  laughs  last,  warning  against 
premature  exultation);  (of  water,  landscape, 
corn,  &c.)  be  lively  with  play  of  movement  or 
light ;  utter  laughingly ;  hold  up  to  scorn ;  I. 
at,  make  fun  of,  ridicule,  also  look  pleasantly 
or  smile  at ;  get  (person)  out  o/habit,  belief,  &c, 
by  ridicule  (I.  person,  opinion,  &c,  out  of  court, 
deprive  of  a  hearing  by  ridicule) ;  I.  away,  dis- 
miss (subject)  with  a  1.,  while  away  (time)  with 
jests;  I.  down,  silence  with  laughter;  I.  off 
(embarrassment  &c),  get  rid  of  with  a  jest ;  I. 
over,  discuss  with  laughter ;  hence  lau'ghER1 
n.,  lau*ghiNG2  a.,  lau'ghingLY2  adv.  (N.) 
sound  made  in,  act  of,  laughing  (join  in  the  L, 
esp.  of  person  taking  banter  good-humouredly; 
have,  get,  the  I.  of,  turn  the  tables  on  assailant, 
also  have  the  I.  on  one's  side) ;  person's  manner 
of  laughing.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  hlehhan,  cf.  Du. 
&  G  lachen ;  prob.  imit.] 

lau'ghable,  a.  Exciting  laughter,  amusing. 
Hence  lau'grnabLY2  adv.  [prec.  n.  or  v.-f- 
-able] 

lau'g-hing,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  no  I. 
matter,  serious  thing,  not  a  fit  subject  for  1.;  I. 
firas,nitrousoxide,withintoxicatingeflectwhen 
inhaled,  used  as  anaesthetic  ;  L-stock,  person  or 
thing  generally  ridiculed,    [-ing  *] 

laughter,  n.  Laughing  (Homeric  I.,  loud 
&  general,  such  as  Homer  attributes  to  ring  of 
spectators  at  ludicrous  incident).  [OE  hleahtor 
cf.  G  geldchter  (prec.)] 

launce  (lahns,  lans),  n.  Sand-eel.  [perh.  var. 
of  lance  J] 

launch  *  (lah-,  law-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Hurl,  dis- 
charge, send  forth,  (missile,  blow,  censure, 
threat,  decree) ;  burst  (usu.  out)  into  expense, 
strong  language,  &e.  (also  I.  out  abs.,  spend 
money  freely,  expatiate  in  words) ;  set  (vessel) 
afloat ;  send  off.  start,  (person,  enterprise)  on  a 
course ;  go  forth,  out,  on  an  enterprise ;  (n.)  pro- 


cess of  launching  ship.    [f.  ONF  lancher  =  OF 
lander  lance  2] 

launch2  (as  prec),  n.  Man-of-war's  largest 
boat,  rather  flat-bottomed  &  usu.  sloop-rigged; 
large  electric  or  steam  boat  for  passengers, 

Eleasure  trips,  &c  [f.  Sp.  lancha  pinnace  perh. 
Malay  lancharan  (lanchar  swift)] 

lau'ndress,  n.  Woman  who  washes  Sc  gets 
up  linen ;  caretaker  of  chambers  in  Inns  of 
Court,  [f.  (now  rare)  launder  vb  f.  obs.  laun- 
der n.  washer  of  linen  f.  OF  lavandier  f.  LL  la- 
vandarius  (lavanda  neut.  pi.  gerundive  of  L 
lavare  wash,  -ary  l)+  -ess1] 

lau-ndry,  n.  Establishment  for  washing 
linen,    [as  prec,  -ry] 

lau-neate  (-tat),  a.  &  n.  Wreathed  with,  (of 
wreath)  consisting  of,  laurel ;  worthy  of  laurels 
as  poet  (poet  l„  or  I.  as  n.,  poet  receiving  sti- 
pend as  writer  of  Court  odes,  whence  lau're- 
atesHipn.),  or  for  eloquence  Sec.  [f.  L  laureatus 
(laurea  laurel- wreath  f.  laurus  laurel,  -ate  2)] 

lau'rel  (16-),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Kinds  of  glossy- 
leaved  shrub  ;  foliage  of  bay-tree  as  emblem  of 
victory  or  distinction  in  poetry  (collect,  sing, 
or  pi.;  reap,  win,  11.;  rest  on  one's  11.,  cease  to 
strive  for  further  glory ;  look  to  one's  U.,  beware 
of  losing  pre-eminence) ;  l.-bottle,  filled  with  1.- 
leaves  for  killing  insects ;  (vb)  wreathe  with  1. 
[f.  F  laurier  f.  OF  lor  f.  L  laurus ;  -I  by  dissim.] 

laurustrnus,  -res-,  n.  Evergreen  flower- 
ing shrub.  [mod.L,  prop,  two  wds  (L  laurus 
laurel,  tinus  a  plant,  perh.  the  1.)] 

la*va  (lah-),  n.  Matter  flowing  from  volcano, 
solid  substance  it  cools  into ;  (w.  pi.)  kind,  bed, 
of  1.   Jit.  (lavare  It.  &  L  wash)] 

lava'bo,  n.  (pi.  -os).  Ritual  washing  of  cele- 
brant's hands  at  offertory,  towel  or  basin  used 
for  this ;  monastery  washing-trough ;  wash- 
basin, (pi.)  lavatory,  (after  F).  [L, =1  will  wash, 
first  wd  of  Ps.  xxvi.  6] 

lava'tion,  n.  Washing,  [f.  L  lavatio  (lavare 
wash,  -ATION)] 

la'vatopy,  n.  Vessel  for  washing  (archaic); 
room  &c  for  washing  hands  &  face,  often  pro- 
vided also  with  water-closets  &c.  [f.  L  lava- 
torium  f.  lavare  wash,  -ory(2)] 

lave,  v.t.  (poet.).  Wash,  bathe;  (of  stream 
&c)  wash  against,  flow  along,  [repr.  both  OE 
lafian  pour  (water)  cf.  G  laben  refresh,  &  F 
laver  f.  L  lavare  =  Gk  loud  wash,  cf.  lather] 

lavement,  n.  (med.).  Injection,  enema.  [F 
(prec,  -ment)] 

lavender,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  lilac-flowered 
narrow-leaved  shrub  cultivated  for  perfume  ; 
its  flowers  &  stalks  laid  among  linen  &c  (lay  up 
in  I.,  often  fig.,  put  aside  for  future  use);  pale 
blue  colour  with  trace  of  red ;  l.-water,  per- 


fume of  distilled  1.,  alcohol,  &  ambergris ;  (vb) 

f>ut  1.  among  (linen),  [f.  AF  lavendre  f.  med.L 
avendula,  livendula,  perh.  f.  L  lividus] 

la'ver  *,  n.  Kinds  of  marine  algae,  esp.  the 
edible  species.    [L] 

la'ver2,  n.  (Bibl.)  large  brazen  vessel  for 
Jewish  priests'  ablutions  ;  (archaic)  washing  or 
fountain  basin,  font.    [f.  OF  laveoir  lavatory] 

laverock.    See  lark  *. 

la'vish,  a.,  &  v.t.  Giving  or  producing  with- 
out stint,  profuse,  prodigal,  (of  money  &c,  in 
giving);  very  orover  abundant;  hence  hwish- 
LY2adv.,  la*vishNESS  n.  (Vb)  bestow  or  spend 
(money,  effort,  blood,  admiration,  &c)  profuse- 
ly ;  hence  la'vishMENT  n.  [f.  obs.  lavish  pro- 
fusion f.  OF  lavache  deluge  of  rain] 

law !?  n.  Body  of  enacted  or  customary  rules 
recognized  by  a  community  as  binding,  this 
personified,  (the  I.  forbids,  allows ;  often  the  I. 
of  the  land ;  the  I.  of  the  Medes  &  Persians, 
unalterable  1.,  see  Dan.  vi.  12 ;  lay  down  the  I., 


LAW | 

talk  authoritatively,  hector);  one  of  these  rules; 
their  controlling  influence,  l.-abiding  state  of 
society,  (often  I.  &  order ;  necessity  knows  no  I., 
over-rides  its  sanctity),  the  11.  as  a  system 
(court  of  I.;  so  soN-in-J.  &c.)  or  science  (learned 
in  the  I.),  jurisprudence ;  binding  injunctions 
(give  the  I.  to,  impose  one's  will  upon);  (with 
defining  word)  one  of  the  branches  of  the  study 
of  1.,  the  11.  concerning  specified  department, 
(commercial  I.;  the  I.  of  evidence;  canon,  civil, 
common1,  martial,  I. ;  international  I.,  I.  of 
nations,  regulating  relations  between  States) ; 
the  statute  &  common  1.  (opp.  equity);  (in  pred. 
use,  of  decisions,  opinions,  &c;  also  good,  bad, 
Sec,  I.)  borne  out,  or  not,  by  the  relevant  11.  (it 
may  be  common  sense,  but  it  is  not  I.);  the  legal 
profession  (usu.  the  I. ;  bred  to  the  I);  legal  know- 
ledge ;  judicial  remedy,  1. -courts  as  providing 
it,  litigation,  (go  to  I. ;  have,take,thel.  of  person; 
take  the  I.  into  one's  own  hands,  redress  one's 
wrong  by  force) ;  (also  I.  of  Moses)  precepts  of 
Pentateuch,  Mosaicdispensation ;  rule  of  action 
or  procedure,  esp.  in  an  art,  department  of  life, 
or  game ;  (also  2.  of  nature  or  natural  I.)  correct 
statement  of  invariable  sequence  between  spe- 
cified conditions  &  specified  phenomenon  (11. 
of  motion,  three  propositions  formulated  by 
Newton  ;  Kepler's  11. ,  three  propositions  on 
planetary  motions;  Grimm's,  Verner's,  I.,  on 
consonant  changes  in  Germanic  languages) ; 
laws  of  nature,  regularity  in  nature ;  (Sport) 
allowance,  start,  given  to  hunted  animal  or 
competitor  in  race,  (whence  gen.)  time  of  grace, 
respite.  L.-abiding(ness),  obedient,  obedience, 
tol.;  l.-calf,  unstained  used  for  binding  1.  -books; 
I.- French,  the  Anglo-Norman  terms  used  in  L- 
books  &  1.;  lawgiver,  one  who  makes  (esp.  code 
of)  11. ;  l.-hand,  handwriting  used  in  legal 
documents  ;  L-Latin,  barbarous  Latin  of  early 
English  statutes ;  l.-lord,  member  of  House  of 
Lords  qualified  to  assist  in  its  legal  work ;  /.- 
maker,  legislator;  I.  merchant,  11.  regulating 
trade  &  commerce,  differing  in  some  respects 
from  Common  L. ;  l.-officer,  legal  functionary, 
esp.  Attorney  or  Solicitor  General ;  l.-stationer, 
selling  stationery  needed  by  lawyers  &  taking 
in  documents  to  be  engrossed ;  lawsuit,  prose- 
cution of  claim  in  1. -court;  l.-term,  word  or 
expression  used  in  1.,  also  period  appointed  for 
sitting  of  1. -courts  ;  l.-writer,  writer  on  1.,  also 
engrosser  of  legal  documents.  [OE  lagu  f.  ON, 
orig.  sense  thing  laid,  cogn.  w.  lay3] 


or  recognized,  by  law,  not  illegal  or  (of  child) 
illegitimate.    Hence  lawftilLY2  adv.,  law- 

fulNESS  n.     [-FUL] 

lawk(s),  int.  (vulg.)  expressing  astonish- 
ment; laivk-a-mussy  (vulg.), = Lord  have  mercy, 
[for  alack  or  Lord] 

lawless,  a.  (Of  country  &c.)  where  law  is 
non-existent  or  inoperative ;  regardless  of,  dis- 
obedient to,  uncontrolled  by,  law,  unbridled, 
licentious.    Hence  lawlessNESs  n.    [-less] 

lawn  >,  n.  Kind  of  fine  linen  used  esp.  for 
bishops'  sleeves;  l.-sieve,  fine  sieve  of  1.  or  silk. 
Hence  lawn  v  2  a.    [prob.  f.  Loon  in  France] 

lawn  2,  n.  Glade  (archaic);  (extent  of)  grass- 
covered  land;  close-mown  turf -covered  piece 
of  pleasure-ground  or  garden,  whence  law'n- 
Y2  a.;  l.-mower,  machine  with  revolving  spiral 
knives  for  mowing  11.;  l.-sprinkler,  machine 
with  revolving  pipe-end  for  watering  11. ;  /.- 
tennis,  modification  of  tennis  played  on  1., 
asphalt,  &c.  [earlier  laund  I.  OF  launde  f. 
OCelt.  (W  llan).  cogn.  w.  land'] 

lawyer,  n.  Member  of  legal  profession,  esp. 


10 LAY 

attorney,  solicitor ;  person  versed  in  law  (good, 
no,  Sec,  I.) ;  Penang  I.,  walking-stick  of  Penang 
palm  (perh.  f.  native  tree  name),    [-yer] 

lax,  a.  Loose,  relaxed,  not  compact,  porous, 
(rare);  negligent,  careless,  not  strict,  vague. 
Hence  or  cogn.  la'xiTY  n.,  la'XLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
laxus  cogn.  w.  languere  languish] 

la'xative,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine)  tending  to 
loosen  the  bowels.  [F  (-if,  -ivt)  f.  L  laxativus 
(laxare,  see  prec,  -ative)] 

lay J,  n.  Short  lyric  or  narrative  poem  meant 
to  be  sung ;  (loosely)  song,  poem,  song  of  birds, 
[f.  OF  lai  perh.  f.  Teut.  (OHG  leich  melody) ; 
not  cogn.  w.  G  lied] 

lay  2,  a.  Non-clerical,  not  in  orders  ;  of,  done 
by,  layman  or  laity ;  non-professional,  not  ex- 
pert, (esp.  w.  ref.  to  law  or  medicine) ;  (Cards) 
other  than  trump  (I.  suit,  card) ;  I.  brother,  sis- 
ter, person  who  has  taken  habit  &  vows  of  reli- 
gious order  but  is  employed  in  manual  labour 
&  excused  other  duties  ;  I.  clerk,  singing  man  in 
cathedral  or  collegiate  church,  parish  clerk ;  I. 
communion,  membership  of  church  as  layman, 
also  communicating  of  laity  in  eucharist;  I. 
deacon,  man  in  deacon's  orders  but  also  follow- 
ing secular  employment ;  I.  lord,  peer  who  is 
not  law  1-lord  ;  layman,  one  of  the  laity,  non- 
expert in  regard  to  some  profession,  art,  or 
science  (esp.  law  or  medicine) ;  I.  reader,  lay- 
man licensed  to  conduct  religious  services.  If. 
F  lai  f.  eccl.  L  f.  Gk  laikos  laic] 

lay3,  v.t.  &  i.  (laid),  &  n.  Prostrate  (I.  low, 
bring  down,  humble; ;  (of  wind  or  rain)  beat 
down  (crops) ;  cause  (sea,  wind,  dust,  misgiv- 
ings, ghost)  to  subside.  Deposit ;  place  in  re- 
cumbent posture  (I.  to  sleep  or  rest,  lit.,  &  fig. 
=  bury ;  I.  one's  bones,  be  buried  in  specified 
place) ;  (of  hen)  produce  (egg,  or  abs.) ;  put 
down  (amount,  one's  head  or  life,  &c.)  as  wager, 
stake,  (abs.)  announce  readiness  to  bet  (that  —). 
Place,  set,  apply,  (I.  to  heart  ;  I.  heads  together, 
confer ;  laid  a  spark  to  the  train ;  I.  hounds  on 
scent ;  I.  hold  on  or  of,  seize,  grasp,  Scfig.  make 
capital  of  opponent's  weak  point  &c;  I.  one's 
hopes  on ;  I.  great  store  upon,  value  highly  ;  I. 
snare,  trap,  ambush  ;  I.  wait2;  I.  siege  to,  be- 
siege, importune) ;  locate  (scene  ;  scene  of  tale 
is  laid  in  London)',  put  (limb  &c.)  in  certain 
position  (horse  laid  his  ears  back  ;  I.  hands  on, 
seize,  appropriate,  also  do  violence  to,  esp.  one- 
self  =  commit  suicide,  also  find,  as  cannot  I.  my 
hands  upon  it,  also  confirm  or  ordain  by  imposi- 
tion of  hands) ;  aim  (cannon) ;  (with  compl.)  put 
into  specified  state  (I.  land  fallow,  under  water ; 
I.  person  under  obligation,  oblige  him,  under 
necessity,  compel  him,  under  contribution, 
make  him  contribute  ;  I.  bare,  denude,  reveal ; 
I.  waste,  ravage  ;  I.  open,  reveal,  explain,  also 
break  skin  of;  I.  fast,  by  the  heels,  confine  or 
imprison  ;  I.  aboard).  Present,  put  forward, 
(esp.  claim  to  something ;  I.  an  information, 
bring  indictment  in  legal  form),  place  (facts, 
question)  for  consideration  before  person  ;  (of 
suitor)  fix  (damages)  at  certain  sum  ;  (archaic) 
impute  (fault)  to  person  or  (mod.)  to  his  charge, 
at  or  to  his  door;  represent  (evil)  as  consequent 
on  some  cause.  Impose  (penalty,  command, 
obligation,  burden,  tax),  cast  (blame),  (up)on  (I. 
stress,  xoeight,  emphasis,  on,  emphasize,  treat 
as  important);  bring  (stick  &c.)  down  on  (also 
I.  blows  or  it  on  adv.;  &  abs.  I.  into  slang,  be- 
labour, I.  about  one,  hit  out  on  all  sides).  Dis- 
pose, arrange,  esp.  horizontally  (foundation, 
floor,  bricks,  submarine  cable  ;  I.  table,  cloth, 
or  breakfast  Sec,  prepare  table  for  meal ;  /.  the 
fire,  put  fuel  ready  for  lighting) ;  make  (strand, 
rope)  by  twisting  yarn  or  strands ;  fix  outlines 
of,  devise,  (plan,  plot;  I.  one's  account2)  ;  put 


LAY 


461 


LEAD 


(colour  &c.)  on  a  surface  in  layers  ;  cover,  coat, 
strew,  (surface)  with  carpet,  metal,  straw,  &c. 
(Vulg.,  also  Naut.)=  lie3.  L.  aside  or  by,  put 
away,  cease  to  use  or  practise  or  think  of, 
abandon,  save  (money  &c.)  for  future  needs ; 
I.  down,  put  on  the  ground  &c.  (I.  d.  one's  arms, 
surrender),  relinquish  (office,  hopes),  pay  or 
wager  (money),  sacrifice  (one's  life),  (begin  to) 
construct  (ship,  railway),  formulate  (rule,  prin- 
ciple, course  ;  I.  d.  the  law1),  set  down  (chart 
&c.)  on  paper,  convert  (land)  into  pasture  (in, 
to,  under,  with,  grass,  clover,  &c),  store  (wine) 
in  cellar ;  I.  in,  provide  oneself  with  stock  of ; 
I.  on,  impose  (tax,  command,  penalty),  deal 
blows,  inflict  (blows),  ply  (lash  &c),  apply  coat 
of  (paint  &c. ;  I.  it  on  thick  or  with  a  trowel,  use 
obvious  flattery),  put  (hounds)  on  scent,  pro- 
vide pipes  &c.  supplying  (gas,  water,  elec- 
tricity) ;  I.  out,  spread,  expose  to  view  &c., 
prepare  (body)  for  burial,  (slang)  kill,  ex- 
pend (money),  (refl.)  take  pains  to  do,  dispose 
(grounds,  garden)  according  to  a  plan ;  I.  up, 
store,  put  by,  save  (money,  or  abs.),  (pass.)  be 
confined  to  bed  or  house.  (N.)  line  of  business, 
job,  pursuit,  (slang) ;  direction  or  amount  of 
twist  in  rope-strands ;  way,  position,  or  direc- 
tion, in  which  something  (esp.  country)  lies, 
lie.  [OE  lecgan,  cf.  Du.  leggen,  G  legen,  &  see 
lie  3] 

lay 4.    See  lie  3. 

layer,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  In  vbl  senses;  also: 
stratum,  thickness  of  matter  (esp.  one  of  seve- 
ral) spread  over  surface ;  (Gardening)  shoot 
fastened  into  earth  to  strike  root  while  at- 
tached to  parent  plant  (v.t.,  propagate  thus) ; 
(pi.)  patches  of  laid  corn  (v.i.,  of  corn,  be  laid 
flat  by  weakness  of  growth);  oyster-bed;  L- 
stool,  root  from  which  11.  are  produced.  Hence 
lay*ePED2a.    [lay3, -er1) 

taye'tte,  n.  Clothes,  toilet  articles,  &  bed- 
ding, needed  for  newborn  child.    [F] 

lay  figure,  n.  Jointed  wooden  figure  of 
human  body  used  by  artists  for  arranging 
drapery  on  &c.;  unimportant  person,  nonen- 
tity ;  unreal  character  in  novel  &c.  [lay  f.  obs. 
layman  lay  figure  f.  Du.  leeman  (Zed  joint)] 

layloek,  n.   (Dial,  for)  lilac. 

laystall,  n.    Refuse  heap,    [lay  3,  stall] 

la'zar,  n.  (archaic).  Poor  &  diseased  person, 
esp.  leper;  l.-house,  =  foil.  [f.  med.L  lazarus 
f.  proper  name  (Luke  xvi.  20)] 

lazare*t(to),  n.  Hospital  (chiefly  in  foreign 
countries)  for  diseased  poor,  esp.  lepers ;  build- 
ing or  ship  for  performing  quarantine  in.  [F 
(-et),  f.  It.  lazzaretto  (lazzaro  lazar)] 

La*zarus,  n.  Beggar,  poor  man,  (esp.  in  con- 
trasts, L.  &  Dives  &c).    (see  lazar] 

laze,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.,  (colloq.).  Be  lazy  ;  pass 
(time)  away  in  laziness ;  (n.)  lazy  time,  [back- 
formation  f.  lazy] 

la'zuli,  n.    =lapis  lazuli. 

la*zy,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Averse  to  labour,  indo- 
lent, slothful ;  appropriate  to  or  inducing  indo- 
lence ;  l.-bed,  bed  for  potato-growing  about  6  ft 
wide  with  trench  on  each  side ;  l.-bones,  1.  per- 
son ;  l.-pinion,  serving  as  transmitter  of  motion 
between  other  pinions  or  wheels  ;  l.-tongs,  ar- 
rangement of  zigzag  levers  for  picking  up  dis- 
tant objects;  hence  la'ziLY2  adv.,  la'ziNESS 
n*  (Vb)  =  laze,  [earlier  laysy,  perh.  f.  lay2  + 
-sy  as  in  tipsy  tricksy] 

lazzaro'n&  (lats-),  n.  (pi.  -ni,  pr.  -ne).  Neapo- 
litan street-lounger  living  by  odd  jobs  &  beg- 
ging.    [It.  (LAZAR,  -OON)] 

-le,  -el,  suf.  (1)  f.  ME  -el,  -le,  f.  OE  -el,  -ela, 
-(e)le  in  nn,,  -ol,  -ul,  -el,  in  adjj.;  after  ch,  soft/7, 
n,  r,  sh,  th,  v,  -el  is  retained,  &  after  m  the  suf. 
becomes  -ble.     Nn.  formed  on  n.  stems  have 


dim.  sense  (bramble),  or  that  of  tool,  appliance, 
(thimble,  handle) ;  nn.  formed  on  vb  stems  ex- 
press agent  (beadle),  instrument  (bridle,  girdle), 
or  less  definite  relations  (bundle) ;  adjj.  formed 
on  vb  stems  have  the  sense  apt  or  liable  to  the 
vbl  action  (brittle,  nimble).  (2)  f.  ME  -el,  -elle, 
in  nn.  f.  F  -el  f.  L  -ellum  (castle,  mantle)  or  L 
-ale  (cattle)',  1.  F  -aille  f.  L  -alia  see  -al  (battle), 
or  F  -eille  f.  L  -icula  (bottle) ;  f.  L  -ulus,  -ula, 
■ulum,  (angle,  calycle);  -el  in  some  mod.  sci. 
wds  on  L  anal,  (carpel).  (3)  verbal,  f.  ME  -(e)len 
f.  OE  -lian  f.  OTeut.  -ilojan,  w.  freq.  or  dim. 
sense  (nestle,  twinkle,  wrestle,  crumple,  dazzle). 

lea1,  n.  (poet.).  Tract  of  open  ground,  esp. 
grass  land.    [OE  Uah,  cf.  OHG  loh  grove] 

lea2,  n.  Measure  of  yarn  (300,  200, 120,  &  80yds 
in  different  districts  &c).  [perh.  f.  F  Her  f.  L 
ligare  to  bind] 

leach,  v.t.  Make  (liquid)  percolate  through 
some  material ;  subject  (bark,  ore)  to  action  of 
percolating  fluid ;  purge  (soluble  matter)  away 
by  such  means,    [prob.  f.  OE  leccan  to  water] 

lead » (led),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Heavy  easily  fusible 
soft  malleable  base  metal  of  dull  pale  bluish- 
grey  colour  (red  I.,  red  oxide  of  1.  used  as  pig- 
ment, minium ;  white  I.,  mixture  of  1.  carbonate 
&  hydrated  1.  oxide  used  as  pigment,  ceruse ; 
black  l-l.,  whence  I.  is  used,  w.  pi,  for  the  small 
stick  of  graphite  in  pencil  or  pencil-case ;  ounce 
of  I.,  bullet) ;  lump  of  1.  used  in  sounding  water 
(cast,  heave,  the  I. ;  arm  the  I.,  fill  hollow  in  it 
with  tallow,  to  learn  nature  of  bottom);  (pi.) 
strips  of  1.  used  to  cover  roof,  piece  of  (esp.  hori- 
zontal) l.-covered  roof,  1.  frames  or  cames  hold- 
ing glass  of  lattice  or  painted  window ;  (Print.) 
metal  strip  for  widening  space  between  lines  ; 
l.-comb,  made  of  1.  &  used  to  darken  hair;  l.- 
pencil,  of  graphite  usu.  enclosed  in  cedar;  l.- 
poisoning,  acute  or  chronic  poisoning  by  taking 
of  1.  into  system ;  leadsman,  sailor  who  heaves 
the  1. ;  l.-work,  plumber's  or  glazier's  work ; 
l.-works,  place  where  l.-ore  is  smelted ;  henco 
lea'dLESSa.  (Vb)  cover,  weight,  frame  (panes), 
with  1. ;  (Print.)  separate  lines  of  (printed  mat- 
ter) with  11. ;  (of  gun-barrel)  become  foul  with 
coating  of  1.    [OE  Uad,  cf.  Du.  lood,  G  lot] 

leads  (led),  v.t.  &  i.  (led).  Force  to  go  with 
one  (I.  captive,  take  away  as  prisoner) ;  conduct, 
guide,  esp.  by  going  in  front  (of  person,  also  of 
motive,  circumstance,  &c. ;  curiosity,  chance, 
led  him  to  Borne  ;  I.  one  a  dance,  give  him  much 
trouble  to  secure  his  end ;  I.  one  a  life,  worry 
him  constantly ;  I.  the  way,  go  first,  take  the  1. 
in  course  lit.  or  fig.);  (of  commander)  direct 
movements  of;  conduct  (person)  by  the  hand 
or  contact,  (animal)  by  halter  &c,  (led  horse, 
spare  horse  led  by  groom  &c;  led  captain. 
hanger-on,  toady,  parasite  ;  I.  woman  to  altar, 
marry),  guide  by  persuasion  (opp.  drive ;  I.  by 
the  nose,  induce  to  do  unconsciously  all  one 
wishes) ;  guide  actions  or  opinions  of,  bring  by 
argument  &c.  to  conclusion,  induce  to  do ;  (of 
road  &c.)  conduct  (person,  or  usu.  abs.)  to  place 
(also  fig.  =  have  as  result,  this  led  to  confusion); 
make  (rope,  water,  &c. )  go  through  pulley,  chan- 
nel, &c;  pass,  go  through,  spend,  (life  &c,  esp. 
w.  epithet  as  I.  a  miserable  existence) ;  have 
first  place  in  (I.  the  dance,  van),  (abs.)  go  first 
(/.  off,  begin  intr.),  be  first  at  some  point  in  race ; 
direct  by  example  (I.  orchestra,  band,  chorus. 
Sec),  set  (fashion),  be  official  director  or  spokes- 
man of  (party,  esp.  in  Houses  of  Parliament), 
act  as  leading  counsel  in  (case,  or  usu.  abs.) ; 
(Cards)  play  as  first  card,  be  first  player,  in  trick 
(lead  up  to,  play  so  as  to  elicit  specified  card), 
play  one  of  (suit)  when  leading.  L.  away,  (usu. 
in  pass.)  induce  to  follow  unthinkingly;  I.  off, 
begin  (dance,  conversation,  or  abs.) ;  I.  on,  en- 


LEAD 


462  LEASE 


tice  into  going  further  than  was  intended  ;  I. 
up  to,  form  preparation  for,  serve  to  introduce, 
direct  conversation  towards,  (subject).  Hence 
lea'dABLE  a.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  Ixdan,  cf.  Du. 
leiden,  G  leiten,  cogn.  w.  load,  lode] 

lead  3,  n.  Direction  given  by  going  in  front, 
example,  (follow  the  I.  of;  give  one  a  I.,  encour- 
age him  by  doing  thing,  esp.  leaping  fence  in 
hunting,  first);  leading  place,  leadership,  {take 
the  I.)',  artificial  water-course,  esp.  leading  to 
mill ;  channel  in  ice-field  ;  string  &c.  for  lead- 
ing dog ;  (Cards)  act  or  right  of  playing  first 
{return  I.,  L  from  suit  already  led  by  partner) ; 
(Theatr.)  (player  of)  chief  part;  l.-off,  commence- 
ment,   [f.  prec] 

leaden  (le-dn),  a.  (As)  of  lead  (sleep's  I.  scep- 
tre,  stupefying  power;  I.  sword,  useless);  heavy, 
slow,  burdensome,  (I.  limbs) ;  inert,  deadening, 
(I.  rule) ;  lead-coloured,    [-en  5] 

lea'dep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  lead  2  (follow 
my  I.) ;  also  or  esp.:  I.  of  House  of  Commons, 
member  of  Government  with  official  initiative 
in  business;  counsel  who  leads  in  case,  also 
K.C.,  also  senior  counsel  of  circuit ;  front  horse 
in  team  or  tandem  (opp.  wheeler);  shoot  grow- 
ing at  apex  of  stem  or  principal  branch ;  tendon ; 
=LEADiNG2ar£icte;(Print.)lineofdotsordashes 
to  guide  eye.  Hence  lea'der less  a. ,  lea'der- 
ship(1,  3)  n.    [-ER1] 

leaderette,  n.  Short  editorial  paragraph 
in  same  type  as  leading  article,    [prec,  -ette] 

lea'ding*  l,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  men  of 
light  &  I.,  of  deserved  influence;   l.-business, 

Earts  usu.  taken  by  1.  actor;  l.-rein,  to  lead 
orse  with ;  l.-stajf,  attached  to  ring  in  bull's 
nose ;  l.-strings,  with  which  children  were  for- 
merly taught  to  walk  (in  l.-s.,  in  state  of  pupil- 
age). J-ING1] 

lea'ding2,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  I.  article,  large- 
type  editorial  expression  of  opinion  at  full 
lengthinnewspaper,(Commerc.)articleof  trade 
sold  at  low  price  to  attract  custom  for  other 
things ;  I.  case  (Law),  serving  as  precedent  for 
deciding  others ;  I.  lady,  man,  taking  chief  part 
in  play  ;  I.  motive,  transl.  of  leitmotiv  ;  I.  ques- 
tion, prompting  desired  answer.    F-ing2] 

leaf,  n.  (pi.  -ves),  &  v.i.  Expanded  organ  (usu. 
green)  of  plant  springing  from  side  of  stem  or 
branch  or  direct  from  root;  (pop.)  petal  (esp. 
rose-L);  foliage  (fall  of  the  I.,  autumn;  in  I., 
with  11.  out),  leaves  of  tobacco  or  tea ;  single 
thickness  of  folded  paper,  esp.  (=2  pages)  in 
book  (take  I.  out  of  person's  book  l ;  turn  over 
new  I.,  mend  ones  ways);  very  thin  sheet  of 
metal,  esp.  gold  or  silver,  or  horn,  marble,  talc, 
&c;  hingedT  part  or  flap  of  door,  shutter,  table 
(also  used  of  slab  inserted  in  expansible  table), 
bridge  ( =  basculehor  rifle-sight ;  tooth  of  pinion 


l.-brass,  brass  foil ;  l.-mould,  with  large  propor- 
tion of  decaying  11.  in  it ;  hence  lea*fAGE(l)  n., 
lea'fLESs  a.,  lea'flessxEss  n.,  lea*fv2  a., 


lea-fiNESS  n.  (Vb)  put  forth  11.  [OE  leaf,  cf.' 
Du.  loof,  G  laub] 

lea'flet,  n.  (Bot.)  one  division  of  compound 
leaf ;  young  leaf ;  small  leaf  of  paper,  or  sheet 
folded  but  not  stitched,  with  printed  matter, 
esp.  for  gratuitous  distribution,    [-let] 

league  *  (leg),  n.  Varying  measure  of  road- 
distance,  usu.  about  three  miles,  [f.  LL  leuga 
perh.  f.  Gaulish] 

league2  (leg),  n„  &  v.t.  &  i.  Compact  for 
mutual  protection  &  assistance  or  prosecution 
of  common  interests,  parties  (whether  States  or 
individuals)  to  such  compact,  (Solemn  L.  & 
covenant  ;  primrose  I.-,  in  I.  with,  allied  with); 
(vb)  join  (t  &  i.)  in  1.  (esp.  in  p.p.  leagued  to- 
gether or  wUh).  If.  F  ligue  f.  It.  liga,  lega,  (L 
Ixgare  bind)] 


leaguer  *  (le'ger),  n.  (archaic).  (Camp,  esp. 
for  purpose  of)  siege,    [f.  Du.  leger,  see  lair] 

lea'guep2,  n.    Member  of  league  K    [-er  l] 

leak,  n.,  &  v.i.  Hole  caused  by  injury,  wear, 
&c,  through  which  liquid  makes  way  into  or 
out  of  vessel  that  is  immersed  in  or  contains  it 
(spring  a  I.,  be  found  to  have  one).  (Vb)  let 
liquid,  (of  liquid)  pass,  out  or  in  through  1. ;  (of 
secrets  &c.)  transpire,  come  out  gradually; 
hence  lea*kAGE(3)  n.  [vbprob.  f.  ON  leka  dvij) ; 
relation  of  n.  &  vb  doubtful] 

lea'ky,  a.  Having  leak(s) ;  incontinent  of 
urine;  given  to  letting  out  secrets.  Hence 
lea'kiNESsn.    [-Y2] 

leal  (lei),  a.  (Sc.  &  literary).  Loyal,  honest, 
(land!  of  the  I.),  [f.  OF  leel  (cf.  loyal)  f.  L 
legalis  lawful  (lex  legis  law,  -al)J 

lean  \  a.  &  n.  (Of  persons)  thin,  not  plump ; 
meagre,  of  poor  quality,  innutritious,  (I.  crops, 
diet ;  I.  years,  of  scarcity) ;  unremunerative  ; 
(of  meat)  consisting  chiefly  of  muscular  tissue, 
not  of  fat  (n.,  muscular  part  of  meat).  Hence 
lea'nNESS  n.    [OE  hlxne  etym.  dub.] 

lean2,  v.i.  &  t.  (past  &  p.p.  leaned,  or  leant 
pr.  lent),  &  n.  Incline  one  s  body  against  some- 
thing for  support,  support  oneself  (of  thing,  be 
supported  in  sloping  position)  against  or  on 
(Mil.,  I.  upon,  have  as  protection  on  flank) ; 
rely  or  depend  (up)on ;  incline  body  back,  for- 
ward, over,  towards,  &c. ;  stand  obliquely,  out 
of  the  perpendicular ;  have  tendency  to  mercy 
&c,  be  partial  to  cause,  opinion,  or  person, 
whence  lea'niNG  HI)  n.;  place  (thing)  in  lean- 
ing position  ;  l.-to,  building  with  rafters  resting 
against  side  of  another,  pent-house ;  (n.)  incli- 
nation, slope,  (has  a  decided  I.  to  the  right). 
[OE  hleonian,  hlinian,  cf.  Du.  leunen,  G  lehnen, 
cogn.  w.  ladder,  &  w.  climax  &  Gk klinO  bend, 
&  L  inclinare] 

leap',  v.i.  &  t.  (past  &  p.p.  leapt  pr.  lept,  or 
leaped).  =  jump  (still  in  poet.,  literary,  &  dig- 
nified use;  look*  before  you  l);  l.-frog,  (n.) 
game  in  which  players  vault  with  parted  legs 
over  others  bending  down,  (vb)  perform  such 
vault  (over).  Hence lea'pER 1  n.  [com.-Teut.; 
OE  hteapan,  cf.  Du.  loopen,  G  laufenvun] 

leap2,  n.  Jump  (by  which  wd  "it  is  now  re- 
placed in  ordinary  use ;  I.  in  the  dark,  hazard- 
ous attempt  of  doubtful  issue ;  by  11.  &  bounds, 
with  startlingly  rapid  progress) ;  thing  to  be 
jumped;  I.  day,  29th  Feb.;  I.  year,  year  with 
intercalary  day  (perh.  because  fixed  festivals 
after  Feb.  fall  in  the  year  after  1.  y.  two  week- 
days, instead  of  as  usual  one,  later  than  in  the 
preceding  year).    [OE  hlyp  f.  root  of  prec.] 

learn  (lern),  v.t.  &  i.  (past  &  p.p.  learnt, 
learned  pr.  -nd).  Get  knowledge  of  (subject)  or 
skill  in  (art  &c.)  by  study,  experience,  or  being 
taught  (from,  of);  commit  to  memory  (esp.  I. 
by  heart  or  rote) ;  become  aware  that,  how,  &c. 
(lam  or  have  yet  to  I.,  do  not  know,  usu.  with 
implication  of  disbelief),  be  informed  of,  ascer- 
tain ;  receive  instruction.  Hence  leairnABLE 
a.,  leap'nER  *  n.    [OE  leornian,  cf.  G  lernen] 

lear'ned,  a.  Deeply  read,  erudite  ;  showing 
profound  knowledge  ;  (in  conventionally  cour- 
teous mention  of  lawyer  in  House  of  Commons, 
law  courts,  &c.)  1.  in  the  law ;  (of  language,  pro- 
fession, &c.)  pursued  or  studied  by,  (of  words 
in  a  language)  introduced  by,  1.  men.  Hence 
lear'nedLY  2  adv.  [f.  prec.  in  obs.  sense  (still 
in  vulg.  use)  teach,+  -ed  *] 

lear'nlng,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  (possession 
of)  knowledge  got  by  study,  esp.  of  language  or 
literary  or  historical  science  (the  new  I.,  studies, 
esp.  of  Greek,  introduced  into  England  in  16th 
c,  renaissance),    [-ing1) 

J,  n.,  &  v.t.    Contract  by  which  lessor, 


LEASE 


463 


LEE 


usu.  in  consideration  of  rent,  conveys  land  or 
tenement  to  lessee  for  specified  time  (put  out 
to  I.;  by  or  on  I.;  a  new  I.  of  life,  prospect  of 
living  due  to  recovered  health  or  removal  of 
anxiety  &c.);  leaseholder),  (person  having)  ten- 
ure, real  property  held,  by  1.;  (vb)  grant  or  take 
I.  of.  [f.  AF  les(ser),  cf.  F  laisser,  f.  L  laxare 
(lax)  to  loose] 

lease  2,  n.  Crossing  of  warp-threads  in  loom; 
=  foil,  (weaving),    [prob.  var.  of  foil.] 

leash,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thong  in  which  hounds  or 
coursing-dogs  are  held  (hold  in  I.,  control) ;  set 
of  three  hounds,  hares,  &c;  (Weaving)  cord 
with  eye  to  receive  warp-thread  extending  be- 
tween parallel  laths  of  loom-heddle ;  (vb)  con- 
nect, hold  in,  with  1.     [f.  OF  lesse  perh.  f.  fern. 

of  L  LAXU.5] 

lea'sing;  (-z),  n.  (bibl.).  Lying,  lie.  [OE  lea- 
sung  (Uasian  f.  Uas  false,  destitute  of,  =-less)] 

least,  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Smallest,  slightest,  (the 
I.,  esp.  after  neg.,  any  however  small ;  I.  com- 


mon multiple  ;  line  of  I.  resistance).    (N.)  1 

say  the  I. 
moderately)  ;atl.,  at  all  events,  even  if  a  wider 


amount  (to  say  the  I.  of  it,  to  put  the  case 


statement  is  disputable,  (also  at  the  I.)  at  the 
lowest  computation  ;  (in)  the  I.,  in  the  smallest 
degree,  at  all.  (Adv.)  in  the  1.  degree.  [OE 
laest  superl.  of  less] 

lea*stways(vulg.),lea,stv^ise(rare),advv. 
Or  at  least,  or  rather,  [-ways,  -wise] 
leat,  n.  Open  water-course  conducting  water 
to  mill  &c.  [OE  -gelxt  (Y-  +  root  of  let2)] 
leather  (ledh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Skin  prepared  for 
use  by  tanning  or  similar  process  (patent  L, 
with  fine  black  varnished  surface ;  I.  &  pru- 
nella, by  misinterpretation  .of  Pope,  Essay  on 
Man  iv.  304,  worthless  stuff;  nothing  like  I., 
one's  own. goods  will  serve  all  purposes;  vb, 
cover  or  arm  with  1.);  article,  or  part  of  one, 
made  of  1.,  thong  (esp.  stirrup-l.;  vb,  beat  with 
strap,  whence  lea'theriNGMl)  n.),  (slang) 
cricket  ball  (l.-hunting,  fielding)  or  football,  (pi.) 
leggings  or  breeches ;  (slang)  one's  skin  (lose  I., 
suffer  abrasion) ;  l.-back.  kind  of  turtle ;  l.-head, 
blockhead;  l.-jacket,  kinds  of  tough-skinned 
fish ;  l.-neck,  (sailor's  name,  w.  ref.  to  1.  stock 
formerly  worn,  for)  soldier;  l.-wood,  kinds  of 
tough-barked  tree.  Hence  leatherETTE(2)  n., 
leathern  (en  5),  leatherY2,  aa.  [OE  lether, 
cf.  Du.  &  G  leder] 

lea'therold,  n.  Cotton  paper  chemically 
treated  &  resembling  raw  hide,  [oid] 
leave1,  n.  Permission  (to  do;  by  your  l, 
apology,  often  iron.,  for  taking  liberty,  making 
unwelcome  statement,  &c,  esp.  as  porter's 
formula  for  asking  person  to  make  way  for  him 
&  his  load) ;  (in  army,  navy,  offices,  schools)  I. 
(of  absence),  permission  to  be  absent  from  duty, 
period  for  which  this  lasts,  (on  I.,  absent  thus  ; 
l.-breaker,  sailor  remaining  away  beyond  the 
period  ;  ticket  of  I.);  take  (one's)  I.  (of),  bid 
farewell  (to),  whence  lea've-takiNG'U)  n. ; 
krench  I.  [OE  Uaf  prob.=orig.  pleasure  or 
approval,  cogn.  w.  love,  lief] 
leave2,  v.t.  (left).  Cause  to  or  let  remain, 
depart  without  taking,  (leaves  a  wife  &  three 
sons  ;  six  from  seven  leaves  one  ;  leaves  much 
&c.  to  be  desired,  is  unsatisfactory  ;  has  left  a 
soreness  behind),  bequeath  ;  abstain  from  con- 
suming or  dealing  with,  (pass.)  remain  over; 
let  remain  in  specified  state  (this  leaves  me  cool, 
does  not  excite  me ;  be  well  &c.  left,  provided 
for  by  legacy  &c. ;  I.  undone,  unsaid,  Sec.) ; 
commit,  refer,  to  another  agent  &c.  than  one- 
self (I.  it  to  you,  sir,  fix  my  pay  yourself ;  no- 
thing was  left  to  accident ;  I.  him  to  himself,  do 
not  try  to  control) ;  allow  (person,  thing)  to  do 
something  without  interference ;  deposit,  en- 


trust, (thing,  instructions,  message),  station 
(person),  to  be  seen  to,  delivered,  &c,  or  to  dis- 
charge function,  in  one's  absence  (I.  card  on 
person,  as  equivalent  of  formal  call) ;  quit,  go 
away  from,  (w.  compl.  as  left  him  quite  well  an 
hour  ago,  or  alone  as  I.  the  track,  room),  (abs.) 
depart  (we  I.  tomorrow) ;  pass  (object)  so  as  to 
put  it  in  specified  relative  direction  (I.  the 
church  on  the  left) ;  cease  to  reside  at  (place), 
belong  to  (school,  society),  or  serve  (employer), 
(also  abs.,  as  I  am  leaving  at  Christmas) ; 
abandon,  forsake  (esp.  /.  in  the  lurch  ;  get  left 
colloq.,  be  deserted  or  worsted).  L.  alone,  not 
interfere  with ;  I.  behind,  go  away  without,  1. 
as  consequence  or  trace,  pass ;  I.  hold  of,  cease 
holding;  I.  off,  cease  to  wear,  discontinue 
(habit,  domgr,  work),  come  to  or  make  an  end  ; 
I.  out,  omit ;  I.  over,  let  stand  over  for  the  time. 
Hence  (usu.  pi.)  lea*viNGM2)  n.  [OE  Ixfan,  cf. 
MHG  leiben ;  cogn.  w.  obs.  lave  remainder,  &  w. 
G  bleiben  (MHG  beliben)  remain] 
(-)leaved,  a.  Having  leaves  (rare) ;  having 
—  leaves  (one-l.  table  ;  red-L).  [f.  leaf  +  -ed  2] 
leaven  (le'vn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Substance  added  to 
dough  to  produce  fermentation,  esp.  ferment- 
ing dough  reserved  for  purpose  ;  (fig. )  spreading 
&  transforming  influence  (Matt.  xiii.  33),  tinge 
or  admixture  o/some  quality ;  the  old  L,  traces 
of  unregenerate  state  (1  Cor.  v.  6,  7).  (Vb)  fer- 
ment (dough)  with  1.;  permeate  &  transform, 
modify  with  tempering  element,  [f.  F  levain 
f.  L  levamen  (levare  lift,  -men)] 
leaves.    See  leaf. 

le'eher  (-tsh-),  n.  (archaic).    Fornicator,  de- 
bauchee.   So  lecherous  a.,  le'cherousLv  2 
adv.,  le*ehERY(l)  n.  [f.  OF  lecheor  (lechier  live 
in  debauchery  or  gluttony  f.  OHG  leccon  lick)] 
le'ctern,   n.    Reading  or  singing  desk  in 
church,  esp.  that  for  the  lessons.    [ME  &  OF 
lettrun  f.  LL  lectrum  (legere  lect-  read)] 
le'etlonary,  n.     Book  containing,  list  of,, 
portions  of  Scripture  appointed  to  be  read  at 
divine  service,    [f.  eccl.  L  lectionarium  (lectin 
reading,  see  prec,  -ary  *)] 
lecture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Discourse  be- 
fore audience  or  class  on  given  subject,  usu.  by 
way  of  instruction ;  admonition,  reproof,  (read 
one  a  I.,  reprove  him).    (Vb)  deliver  1.  or  11.  (on 
subject) ;  instruct  or  entertain  (class  &c.)  by  1. ; 
admonish,  reprimand ;  hence  le'eturER J  n. 
[vb  f.  n.,  f.  L  lectura  (legere  lect-  read,  -ure)] 
lectureship,  n.    Office  of  lecturer,    [prec. 
+  -ship  (unusual  formation)] 
led.    See  lead  2. 

ledg-e,  n.  Narrow  horizontal  surface  project- 
ing from  wall  &c.  ;  shelf -like  projection  on  side 
of  rock  or  mountain ;  ridge  of  rocks,  esp.  below 
water ;  (Mining)  stratum  of  metal-bearing  rock. 
Hence  le'dgr2,  ledgED2,  aa.  [perh.  f.  ME 
legge  lay  3] 

ledger  (-j-),  n.  &  a.  Principal  book  of  the 
set  used  for  recording  trade  transactions,  con- 
taining debtor-&-credi  tor  accounts  ;  horizontal 
timber  in  scaffolding,  parallel  to  face  of  build- 
ing ;  flat  grave-stone  ;  (also  l.-bait)  bait  fixed  in 
one  place  (so  l.-hook,  -line) ;  l.-blade,  stationary 
blade  in  cloth-shearing  machine  acting  with 
revolving  spiral  blade;  (adj.;  Mus.)  7.  line, 
short  line  added  above  or  below  stave  for  out- 
side notes  (perh.  attrib.  use  of  n.  in  scaffolding 
sense  above),  [perh.  f.  lie3,  lay3, +  -ER1  in 
imit.  of  Du.  ligger,  legger] 
lee,  n.  Shelter  given  by  neighbouring  object 
(under  the  I.  of);  (also  I.  side)  sheltered  side, 
side  away  from  wind,  (opp.  windioard,  weather 
side;  often  attrib.,  lee  or  lee-, = belonging  to 
ship's  1.  side,  or  to  leeward  of  other  object, 
whence  lee'MOST  a.) ;  l.-board,  plank  frame 


LEECH 


464 


LEGEND 


fixed  to  side  of  flat-bottomed  vessel  &  let  down 
into  water  to  diminish  l.-way ;  l.-shore,  shore 
to  leeward,  i.  e.  on  to  which  wind  blows  ;  lee- 
way, lateral  drift  of  ship  to  leeward  of  course 
(make  upl.-w.  fig.,  struggle  out  of  bad  position, 
often  much  l.-tv.  to  make  up).  [OE  hleo,  cogn. 
w.  OFris.  hli,  ON  hly  shelter,  warmth] 

leech J,  n.  (archaic,  poet.,  or  joe).  Physician, 
healer ;  leechcraft,  art  of  healing.  [OE  Ixce,  cf. 
OHG  lahhi] 

leech2,  n.  Kinds  of  aquatic  bloodsucking 
worm,  esp.  that  used  medicinally  for  bleeding 
{stick  like  a  I.,  persistently);  person  who  sucks 
profit  out  of  others.    [OE  Ixce,  cf.  MDu.  lake] 

leech3,  n.  Perpendicular  or  sloping  side  of 
sail.    [cf.  Du.  lijk,  G  liek] 

leek,  n.  Culinary  herb  like  onion,  but  with 
cylindrical  bulb,  this  as  Welsh  national  emblem 
(cf.  rose;  eat  the  I., pocket  affront,  see  Shak. 
Hen.  V,  v.  i).    [OE  Mac,  cf.  Du.  look,  G  lauch] 

leer1,  v.i.,  &  n.  Glance  (esp.  sideways)  with 
sly,  lascivious,  or  malign  expression.  Hence 
leep'ingLY  2  adv.  [n.  f.  vb,  perh.  f.  obs.  leer 
cheek  (  =  look  over  one's  cheek),  cf.  MDu.  Here] 

leer2,  n.    Annealing-furnace  for  glass.    [?] 

leer'y,  a.  (slang).    Knowing,  sly.    [perh.  f. 

LEER1  n.  +  -Y2] 

lees,  n.  pi.  Sediment  of  wine  &c.  {drink, 
drain,  to  the  I.,  lit.  &  fig.) ;  basest  part,  refuse, 
[earlier  lee  sing,  also,  f.  F  lie  f.  Gaulish  L  lia] 

leeward  (1Q-),  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  On,  towards, 
the  side  turned  from  the  wind  (opp.  unndward); 
(n.)  this  direction  {to  I.,  on  the  I.  of).  Hence 
leewardMOST  a.    [lee  +  -ward] 

leewardly,  a.  (Of  ship)  apt  to  fall  to  lee- 
ward (opp.  weatherly).    [-r,Y l] 

left1,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  Belonging  to  the  side  of 
a  person's  body  that  is  westward  when  he  faces 
N.  or  that  has  normally  the  less  used  hand, 
having  corresponding  relation  to  front  of  any 
object  {I.  ivina  or  flank  of  army ;  I.  bank  of 
river,  assuming  it  to  face  the  way  it  flows) ; 
situated  nearer  to  or  more  directly  in  front  of 
observer's  or  speaker's  1.  hand  than  his  right ; 
I.  hand,  lit.,  &  =  region  or  direction  nearer  the 
1.  hand,  {on  the  I.  h.  of,  in  that  direction  rela- 
tively to ;  marry  with  the  I.  h.,  morganatically ; 
l.-h.  blow,  delivered  with  it;  l.-h.  man,  standing 
next  one  on  1.;  l.-h.  rope,  twisted  counter-clock- 
wise) ;  over  the  I.  {shoulder  now  rare),  slang 
phr.  denoting  that  what  is  said  is  to  be  inter- 
preted by  contraries ;  I.  turn,  that  brings  one's 
front  to  face  as  one's  1.  side  did  before ;  hence 
le'ftMOSTa.,  le'ftWARDa.  &adv.,  le'ftWARDS 
adv.  (Adv.)  on  or  to  the  1.  side.  (N.)  1.  hand 
(lit.  in  pugilism,  as  got  in  one  xoith  his  I.;  cannon 
to  I.  of  them);  1.  wing  of  army;  (Pol.,  orig.  of 
continental  legislatures)  more  democratic  sec- 
tion of  legislative  chamber  seated  on  president's 
L,  advanced  or  innovating  section  of  philo- 
sophical school,  religious  sect,  &c.  [OE,  orig. 
sense  weak,  worthless,  cf.  EFris.  luf] 

left2.    See  leave2 

left-handed,  a.  Having  left  hand  more 
serviceable  than  right,  using  it  by  preference ; 
awkward,  clumsy ;  ambiguous,  double-edged,  of 
doubtful  sincerity  or  validity,  (esp.  I.  compli- 
ment ;  also  sometimes  of  marriage  =  fictitious, 
cf.  correct  sense  below);  (archaic)  ill-omened, 
sinister;(ofmarriage)morganatic  (from  German 
custom  by  which  bridegroom  gave  left  hand  in 
such  marriages);  adapted  for  use  of,  (of  blow) 
delivered  with,  left  hand.  Hence  left-ha'nd- 
®aLY2adv.,left-ha*ndedNESsn.    [ed-2] 

left-ha*ndei»,  n.  Left-handed  person  or 
blow,    [-er  i] 

leg,  n. ,  &  v. i.  Organ  of  support  &  locomotion 
in  animal,  esp.  human,  body,  part  of  this  from 


hip  to  ankle,  {all  ll„  overgrown  ;  boot2  is  on 
other  I.;  pull  one's  I.  colloq.,  befool  him;  give 
one  a  I.  up,  help  him  to  mount  or  get  over 
obstacle  material  or  other;  bone  in  one's  I.; 
have  the  11.  of,  be  able  to  go  faster  than ;  put 
best1  I.  foremost;  shake  a  I.,  dance;  stretch 
one's  11. ,  take  walking  exercise ;  take  to  one's  11. , 
run  away ;  on  one's  11.,  also  joe.  hind  11. ,  stand- 
ing esp.  to  make  speech,  also  well  enough  to  go 
about,  also  in  prosperous  or  established  state, 
esp.  set  one  on  his  II.;  stand  on  one's  own  U.,  be 
self-reliant  or  independent ;  fall1  on  one's  K.; 
has  not  a  I.  to  stand  on,  cannot  support  thesis 
by  any  facts  or  sound  reasons ;  on  one's  last  11. , 
near  death  or  end ;  walk  &c.  one  off  his  U.,  tire 
him  out  in  walking  &c;  feel,  find,  one's  11.,  get 
power  of  standing  or  walking;  keep  one's  IL, 
not  fall ;  I.  before  wicket,  abbr.  l.b.w.,  illegal 
stopping  of  cricket  ball  by  batsman's  1.;  sea-M.); 
1.  of  animal  as  food  {1.  of  mutton;  l.-of-m.  sail, 
sleeve,  so  shaped);  obeisance  made  by  drawing 
back  one  1.  (usu.  make  a  I.;  archaic) ;  swindler 
(for  black  i-l.) ;  (Cricket)  part  of  field  to  right 
rear  of  batsman  in  position  (l.-stump,  stump 
nearest  this ;  long,  short,  square,  I.,  fielders 
variously  posted  in  it;  hit  to  I.);  artificial  1. 
(cork,  wooden,  &c,  I.) ;  part  of  garment  covering 
1. ;  support,  pole,  prop,  of  machine  &c. ;  support 
of  chair,  table,  bed,  &c;  one  branch  of  forked 
object ;  side  of  triangle  other  than  base ;  (Naut.) 
run  made  on  single  tack  (usu.  long,  short,  I.); 
give  l.-bail,  decamp ;  l.-guard,  pad  for  ankle, 
shin,  &  knee,  in  cricket;  l.-rest,  support  for 
seated  invalid's  1.  Hence  (-JlegrgTED 2,  le'g'-v 
less,  aa.  (Vb)  I.  it,  walk  or  run  hard  ;  propel 
(boat)  through  canal-tunnel  by  pushing  with  11. 
against  tunnel  sides,  whence  le'ggKn1  n.  [f. 
ON  leggr  limb,  perh.  cogn.  w.  Gk  laktizo  kick, 
L  lacertus  arm] 

le'gacy,  n.  Sum  of  money  or  article  given 
by  will ;  material  or  immaterial  thing  handed 
down  by  predecessor ;  l.-hunter,  person  who 
pays  court  to  another  to  secure  1.  [f.  OF  lega- 
cie  legateship  (legate,  -acy)] 

le'g-al,  a.  Of,  based  on,  falling  within  pro- 
vince of,  occupied  with,  law  ;  required  or  ap- 
pointed by  law  {I.  tender,  money  that  creditor 
is  bound  to  accept  in  payment) ;  recognized  by 
law  as  distinguished  from  equity ;  lawful, 
whence  le*g,alizE(3)  v.t.,  leg-alizATiox  n. ; 
(Theol.)  of  the  Mosaic  law,  of  salvation  by 
works  not  faith.  Hence  le'g-alL v  2  adv.  [f.  L 
legalis  {lex  legis  law,  -al)  cf.  leal,  loyal] 

legalism,  n.  (Theol.)  preference  of  the  Law 
to  the  Gospel,  doctrine  of  justification  by 
works ;  exaltation  of  law  or  formula,  red  tape. 
So  le'g-aliST^  n.    [ism] 

legality,  n.  Legalism ;  lawfulness,  [f.  F 
UgaliU  (legal,  -ityH 

le'g-ate 1  (-at),  n.  Ecclesiastic  deputed  to  re- 
present Pope  (I.  a  l&'tlrl,  one  of  highest  class 
8c  full  powers),  whence  le'gatixn  J  (In)  a. ; 
(archaic)  ambassador,  delegate.  Hence  le*- 
g-atesHiP  n.  [f.  OF  legat  f.  L  legatus  p.p.  of 
legare  commission] 

legra'te2,  v.t.  Bequeath  (often  give  &  I.). 
So  lega'tOR  2  n.    [f.  L  legare  (prec),  -ate 3] 

legatee*,  n.  Recipient  of  legacy,  [prec,  -ee] 

leg-action,  n.  Sending  of  legate  or  deputy  ; 
body  of  deputies,  diplomatic  minister  &  his 
suite  (esp.  when  he  does  not  rank  as  ambassa- 
dor), his  official  residence ;  legateship.  [f.  L 
legatio  (legate2,  -ion)] 

legcrto  (ah),  mus.  direction.  Smoothly, 
without  breaks.    [It.,  =  bound  (L  ligare  bind)] 

le'gend,  n.  Collection  of  lives  of  saints  or 
similar  stories,  esp.  the  (Golden)  L.,  particular 
13th-c.  collection  (hist.) ;  traditional  story  popu- 


LEGERDEMAIN 


465 


LENIENT 


larly  regarded  as  historical,  myth,  such  litera- 
ture or  tradition,  whence  le'gendAKY1  a.;  in- 
scription  or  motto,  esp.  on   coin  or   medal. 
Hence  le*gendRY(5)  n.    [f.  F  Ugende  f.  med.L 
legenda  what  is  read  (L  legere  read)] 
le*gerdemai*n,  n.   Sleight  of  hand,  conjur- 
ing tricks,  juggling ;  trickery,  sophistry,    [f.  F 
liger  de  main  Tight  of  hand] 
legging",  n.  (usu.  pi.).    Outer  covering  of 
leather  &c.  for  leg  usu.  up  to  knee,    [-ing  H 
le'ggy,  a.    Lanky-legged  (esp.  of  boy,  colt, 
puppy).    Hence  le'ggiNESs  n.    [-Y2] 
leghorn  (ligor'n),  n.  Kind  of  straw  plaiting 
for  hats  &c. ;  kind  of  domestic  fowl,  [imported 
f.  L.  (now  Livorno)  in  Italy] 
le'gible,  a.    (Of  handwriting  or  print)  clear, 
easily  read.    Hence  legiBixiTV  n.,  le'gibLY2 
adv.    [f.  LL  legibilis  (legere  read,  -ible)J 
le'gion  (-jn),  n.    Division  of  3,000-6,000  men, 
including  complement  of  cavalry,  in  ancient 
Roman  army ;  foreign  I.,  body  of  foreign  volun- 
teers in  modern,  esp.  French,  army ;  vast  host, 
multitude,  or  number  {their  name  is  L.,  they 
are  numberless,  see  Mark  v.  9) ;  L.  of  Honour, 
French  order  of  distinction.  [OF,  f.  L  legionem 
nom.  -o  {legere  choose)] 

le'gionary,  a.  &  n.   (Soldier)  of  (a)  legion(s). 
[f.  L  legionarius  (prec,  -ary  ])] 
le'gioned,  a.  (poet).    In  legions,    [-ed1] 
legislation,  n.    (Enacting  of)  laws.    Hence 
ie'gislATiVE  a.,  le'gislativeL  y  2  adv.  [f.  LL 
legislatio  {lex  legis  law,  latio  proposing  f.  lat- 
part.  st.  of  fcrre  bring,  -ION)] 
legislator,  n.    Lawgiver,  member  of  legis- 
lative  body.     Hence   le'gislate    (by   back- 
formation)  v.i.,  legislators  l  a.  (rare),  le*- 
gislatPESS l  n.    [L  (as  prec,  -or  2)] 
legislature  (-tsher),  n.   Legislative  body  of 
a  State,    [afterprec,  -ure] 
le'gist,  n.     Person   versed   in    law.    [f.   F 
Ugiste  f.  med.L  legista  (L  lex  legis  law,  -ist)] 
legitimate l  (-at),  a.    Born  in  lawful  wed- 
lock (also  said  of  parent,  birth,  descent,  &c.) ; 
lawful,  proper,  regular,  conforming  to  standard 
type  {the  I.  drama,  body  of  plays,  Shaksperian 
or  other,  of  recognized  merit,  also  ellipt.,  slang, 
the  I.) ;  (of  sovereign's  title)  based  on  strict 
hereditary  right ;  logically  admissible.    Hence 
legi'tiniACY  n.,  legi'timateLY 2  adv.,  le- 
gi'timatizE(3)  v.t.    [as  foil.,  -ate2] 
legitimate  2,  v.t.  Make  1.  by  decree,  enact- 
ment, or  proof ;  justify,  serve  as  justification 
for.   Hence  legitimA'TioN  n.  [f.  med.L  legiti- 
mare  (L  legitimus  lawful  f.  lex  legis  law),  -ate3] 
legitimism,  n.    Adherence  to  sovereign  or 
pretender  whose  claim  is  based  on  direct  de- 
scent (esp.  in  Spanish  &  French  politics).    So 
legi*timiST(2)  n.  &  a.    [f.  F  Ugitimisme  {le- 
gitime f.  L  see  prec,  -ism>] 
legitimize,  v.t.    Legitimatize  (see  legiti- 
xMate  !).  Hence  legitimizATioN  n.   [as  legi- 
timate2, -ize] 

le'gum,  n.  genit.  pi.  {abbr.  LL).    Of  laws  (in 
degrees,  see  l).    [L  {lex  law)] 
le'gume,  legu'men,  n.    Fruit,  edible  part, 
pod,  of  leguminous  plant ;  vegetable  used  for 
food.    [F  (Ugume),  f.  L  {-en)  f.  legere  pick] 
legu'minous,  a.    Of,  like,  of  the  same  bo- 
tanical order  as,  pulse,    [legumen  -inis,  -ous] 
Leibni-tzian,  a.  &  n.    (Follower)  of  G.  W. 
Leibnitz  (d.  1716)  or  his  philosophy.   [ian] 
lei*ster  (les-),  n.,  &  v.t.     Pronged  salmon - 
spear ;  (vb)  spear  with  this.  [f.  ON  liostr  (liosta 
to  strike)] 

leisure  (le'zher),  n.  (Opportunity  to  do,  for, 
afforded  by)  free  time,  time  at  one's  own  dis- 
posal {wait  &c.  one's  L,  wait  till  he  has  1. ;  at  L, 
not  occupied,  also  deliberately,  without  hurry ; 


at  one's  I.,  when  one  has  time).  Hence  lei*- 
suped  2,  lei'sureLESS,  aa.  [f.  OF  leisir  n.  use 
of  infin.  f.  L  licere  be  allowed  ;  see  -ure] 
lei'surely,  a.  &  adv.  Having,  acting  or  done 
at,  leisure,  deliberate  ;  hence  lel'sureliNESS 
n. ;  (adv.)  deliberately,  without  haste.-  1-ly1'2] 
leit-motif  (lltmote'f),  n.  (mus.).  Theme  as- 
sociated throughout  piece  with  some  person, 
situation,  or  sentiment.  [G  (lead2,  motive)] 
le'man,  n.  (archaic).  Lover,  sweetheart ;  un- 
lawful lover  or  (usu.,  in  mod.  archaistic  use) 
mistress.  [ME  leofmon  (lief,  man)] 
le'mma,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Assumed  or  demonstrat- 
ed proposition  used  in  argument  or  proof ;  argu- 
ment or  subject  of  literary  composition,  diction- 
ary article,  annotation,  &c,  prefixed  as  head- 
ing ;  motto  appended  to  picture  &c.  [Gk  (-e-)  f. 
lambano  take] 

lemming,  n.  Small  arctic  rodent  resembling 
field-mouse.    [Norw.] 

le-mon1,  n.  Pale-yellow  oval  acid-juiced 
fruit  used  for  flavouring  &  for  making  the 
beverage  lemonA'DE(l)  n. ;  salt  of  L;  tree 
bearing  it ;  pale-yellow  colour ;  l.-drop,  sugar- 
plum flavoured  with  1. ;  l.-kali,  effervescing 
drink  of  tartaric  acid,  soda  bicarbonate,  & 
water;  l.-plant,  1. -scented  verbena  ;  l.-squash, 
drink  of  l.-juice  &  soda-water ;  l.-squeezer,  in- 
strument for. pressing  juice  out.  Hence  le*- 
mon y  2  a.  [f.  F  limon  f.  Oriental  source  (Arab. 
laimxm,  Pers.  limun),  cf.  lime2] 

le'mon  2,  n.  (Usu.  l.-dab,  L-sole)  kind  of  plaice 
resembling  sole.    [f.  F  limande] 

le*mur,n.  Kinds  of  nocturnal  mammal  esp.  of 
Madagascar,  allied  to  monkeys  but  with  pointed 
muzzle.  Hence  le'muriNEi  a.,  le'muroiD  a. 
&  n.  [f.  L  lemuresjal.  spirits  of  the  dead] 

lend,  v.t.  (lent).  Grant  (person)  use  of  (thing) 
on  understanding  that  it  or  its  equivalent  shall 
be  returned ;  let  out  (money)  at  interest,  (books 
&c. ;  so  lending-library)  for  hire ;  bestow,  con- 
tribute, (something  of  temporary  service  or 
effect,  as  enchantment,  aid,  dignity ;  I.  ear,  an 
ear,  one's  ears,  listen;  I.  a  hand  or  helping 
hand,  help ;  archaic,  I.  person  a  box  on  the  ear) ; 
accommodate  oneself  to  some  policy  or  purpose 
(thing  lends  itself  to,  is  serviceable  for).  Hence 
le'ndABLE  a.,  le'ndER1,  le'ndiNG^l,  4),  nn. 
[earlier  len,  OE  Ixnan  (cf.  Du.  leenen,  G  lehnen) 
f.  Ixn  LOAN] 

length,  n.  Thing's  measurement  from  end 
to  end,  greatest  of  body's  three  dimensions 
(know  I.  of  person's  foot)  ;  extent  in,  of,  or  with 
regard  to,  time  (a  stay  of  some  I. ;  the  I.  of  a 
book,  speech,  &c.) ;  distance  thing  extends  {at 
arm's  I.,  as  far  away  as  an  arm  can  reach ;  keep 
one  at  arm's  I.,  avoid  intimacy  with  him;  ships 
a  cable's  I.  apart;  horse,  boat,  wins  by  three  &c. 
II.,  i.e.  of  itself) ;  (with  go)  degree  of  thorough- 
ness in  action  (prepared  to  go  all  11..  went  to 
great  II.,  toill  not  go  the  I.  of  asserting) ;  (Pros.) 
vowel's  or  syllable s  quantity;  (Cricket)  distance 
from  wicket  at  which  ball  pitches  (bowler  keeps 
a  good  I. ;  I.  or  good-l.  ball,  that  pitches  at  right 
1.) ;  long  stretch  or  extent ;  piece  of  cloth  &c. 
of  certain  1. ;  at  l„  in  detail  or  without  curtail- 
ment (also  at  full,  great,  some,  I.),  at  last  or 
after  a  long  time  ;  at  full  I.  (see  above ;  also)  ly- 
ing with  body  fully  extended.  Hence  le'ngth- 
WAYsadv.,le#ngthwiSEadv.&a.[OEZe?ifitf/m, 
cf.  Du.  lengte,  (long)] 

le'ngthen,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  longer; 
(Pros.)  make  (vowel)  long,    [-en6] 

le'ngthy,  a.  (Of  speech,  writing,  style, 
speaker,  &c.)  of  unusual  length,  prolix,  tedious. 
Hence  le#ngthlLY2  adv.,  le'ngthiNESS  n. 
[-Y2;  orig.  an  Americanism] 

le'nient,  a.     Emollient  (archaic) ;  tolerant, 


LENITIVE 


466 


LET 


gentle,  indisposed  to  severity.  Hence  le'ni- 
ence,  le'niENCY,  nn.,  le'nientLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
lenire  soothe  (tenia  gentle),  -ent] 

le'nitive,  a.  &  n.  Soothing  (drug,  appliance), 
palliative,    [f.  med.L  leniXivus  prec,  -ive)] 

le'nity,  n.  Mercifulness  ;  mercy  shown,  [f. 
L  lenitas  {lenis  gentle,  -ty)] 

le'no,  n.  Kind  of  cotton  gauze  for  caps,  veils, 
curtains,  &c.    [perh.  f.  F  hnon] 

lens  (-z),  n.  Lentil-shaped  glass  with  both 
sides  curved  or  one  curved  &  one  flat  for  con- 
centrating or  dispersing  light-rays  ;  combina- 
tion of  lenses  in  photography ;  (Anat.)  =  crys- 
talline l,  also  facet  of  compound  eye.  Hence 
lensED  2,  le'nsLESS,  aa.    [L  tens  lentis  lentil] 

lent1,  n.  Period  from  Ash- Wednesday  to 
Easter-Eve  of  which  the  40  week-days  are  de- 
voted to  fasting  &  penitence  in  commemoration 
of  Christ  in  the  wilderness  ;  (pi.,  at  Cambridge) 
l.-term  boat-races ;  l.-lily,  daffodil ;  l.-term, 
university  term  in  which  I.  falls,  [f.  lenten] 

lent2.    See  lend. 

-lent,  suf.  in  adjj.  f.  L,  =  -ful  ;  the  L  suf.  is 
normally  preceded  by  -u-  (turbulentus) ;  but 
pestilentus,  viotentus. 

le'nten.  a.  Of,  in,  or  appropriate  to,  lent  (I. 
fare,  without  meat ;  I.  face,  dismal  look), 
[prop,  n.,  of  which  the  attrib.  use  is  now  re- 
garded as  adj.  =  lent1  + -en5  ;  orig.  sense 
spring,  now  obs.  in  E,  "but  the  only  sense  in 
cogn.  Teut.  wds ;  OE  lencten,  cf.  G  lenz,  prob. 
f.  same  root  as  long  perh.  w.  ref.  to  lengthen- 
ing of  day  in  spring] 

lenti'eular,  a.  Shaped  like  lentil  or  lens, 
double-convex ;  of  the  lens  of  the  eye.  [f.  LL 
lenticularis  (foil.,  -ar1)] 

le'ntil,  n.  (Seed  of)  leguminous  plant  grown 
for  food.    [F  (-lie)  f.  L  lenticula  (lens,  -cule)] 

le'ntisk,  n.  The  mastic  tree.  ff.  L  lentiscus] 

le'ntitude,  n.  Sluggishness,  [f.  L  lentitudo 
(lentus  slow,  -tude)] 

le'ntoid,  a.    Lens-shaped,    [lens,  -oid] 

Leo,  n.  zodiacal  constellation  the  Lion;  fifth 
sign  of  the  zodiac.    [L,  =  lion] 

Le'onid,  n.  One  of  the  meteors  that  seem  to 
radiate  from  Leo.    [f.  L  leo  -onis,  -id2] 

le'onine1,  a.  Lionlike,  of  lions,  [f.  Itleoninus 
(prec,  -ine  !)] 

Le'onine2,  a.  &  n.  Of,  made  or  invented  by, 
person  (esp.  one  of  the  Popes)  called  Leo ;  L. 
City,  part  of  Rome  round  Vatican  fortified  by 
Leo  IV ;  L.  verse,  line  (also  L.  as  n.)  or  lines  of 
medieval  Latin  verse  in  hexameter  or  elegiac 
metre  with  internal  rhyme,  [as  prec. ;  inventor 
of  L.  verse  unknown] 

leo- par d  (lep-),  n.  Large  African  &  S. -Asiatic 
carnivorous  quadruped  with  dark-spotted  yel- 
lowish-fawn coat,  panther,  (black  I.,  black- 
coated  kind ;  American  I.,  jaguar ;  hunting  l„ 
cheetah  ;  snow  I.,  ounce ;  can  the  I.  change  his 
spots  ?,  character  persists) ;  (Her.)  lion  passant 
guardant  as  in  arms  of  England  ;  (in  names  of 
animals  &c.)  I.-,  spotted  like  1.  Hence  leo*- 
pardESS1  n.    [OF,  f.  LL  f.  late  Gk  leopardos 

(LION,  PARD)] 

le'per,  n.  Person  with  leprosy,  [perh.  attrib. 
use  of  obs.  leper  leprosy  f.  OF  tepre  f.  L  f.  Gk 
lepra  fem.  oflepros  scaly  (lepos  scale)] 

lepido'pterous,  a.  Of  the  Lepidoptera, 
order  of  insects  with  four  membranous  scale- 
covered  wings  including  butterflies  &  moths. 
So  lepido*ptepiST(3)  n.  [f.  Gk  lepis  -idos 
scale,  pteron  wing,  -ous] 

leprechairn  (ch),  n.  (Irish).  Sprite,  [perh. 
f.  Olr.  luchorpdn  (In  small,  corp  body)] 

leprosy,  n.  Loathsome  disease  eating  body 
slowly  away  &  forming  silvery  scales  on  skin, 
<ng.)  moral  corruption  or  contagion,  [foil.,  -Y  ]] 


le'prous,  a.  Having,  like,  (as)  of,  leprosy. 
[OF,  f.  LL  leprosus  (lepra  see  leper,  -ose  j)] 

lepto-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  leptos  fine,  small, 
thin,  delicate,  in  zool.  &  bot.  terms,  as  -cephalic 
narrow-skulled,  -dactyl  n.  &  a.  (bird)  with  long 
slender  toes. 

Le'sbian  (-z-),  a.  Of  Lesbos  (L.  vice,  sap- 
phism).   [L  f.  Gk  Lesbios  (Lesbos),  -an] 

ibse-majest6  (F),  n.  =foll.  (in  frequent  use 
about  foreign  States,  &  joe.  of  presumptuous 
conduct  on  the  part  of  inferiors  &c.) 

lese-ma-jesty  (lez),  n.  (civil  law).  Treason, 
[f.  F  lese-majesti  f.  L  laesa  majestas  injured 
majesty  (of  the  sovereign  people)] 

le'sion (-zhn),  n.  Damage,  injury,  esp.  (Path.) 


morbid  change  in  functioning  or  texture  of 

organs,    [f.  F  f 

(laedere  laes-  injure,  -ion)] 


Usion  f.  L  laesionem  nom.  -o 


less,  a., prep.,  n.,  &adv.  (Of  abstracts  express- 
ing measurement,  as  size,  degree,  duration, 
number)  smaller  (opp.  greater ;  in  a  I.  degree, 
of  I.  magnitude  or  importance);  of  smaller 
quantity,  not  so  much,  not  so  much  of,  (opp. 
more ;  find  I.  difficulty ;  eat  I.  meat ;  of  two 
evils  choose  the  I. ;  may  your  shadow  never  be 
I.,  may  you  not  grow  thin) ;  of  lower  rank  &c. 
(rare;  no  I.  a  person  than;  James  the  L.). 
(Prep.)  minus,  deducting,  (a  year  I.  three  days). 
(N.)  smaller  amount,  quantity,  or  number  (can- 
not take  I. ;  in  I.  than  no  time  joe,  very  quickly 
or  soon  ;  often  far,  little,  much,  nothing,  some- 
thing, I. ;  expected  nothing  I.  than  an  attack, 
expected  an  attack  &  no  milder  procedure,  but 
see  under  the  adv.).  (Adv.)  to  smaller  extent, 
in  lower  degree,  (often  none  the,  no,  not  the,  I. ; 
I.  known  &c.  or  l.-known  &c. ;  do  not  suspect 
him  of  equivocation,  still  I.  or  much  I.  of  lying ; 
nothing  L,  anything  rather  ;  expected  nothing 
I.  than  an  attack,  did  not  expect  attack  at  all, 
but  see  the  now  usu.  sense  under  n.).  [OE  Ixs 
adv.,  Ixssa  adj.,  cf.  OFris.  lis  &  lessa] 

-less,  suf.  f.  OE  teas  (used  both  as  separate  adj. 
in  sense  free  from,  devoid  of,  &  as  suf.)  forming 
adjj.  (guileless,  homeless)  &  advv.  (doubtless)  f. 
nn.  On  anal,  of  compds  in  which  the  compo- 
nent n.  was  of  same  form  as  the  corr.  vb  (count- 
less, dauntless,  numberless)  &  the  sense  was 
unable,  -less  has  been  appended  to  vbs  (resist- 
less, describeless,  tireless). 

lessee*,  n.  Holder  of,  tenant  (of  house, 
theatre,  &c.)  under,  lease.  Hence  lessee'smp 
n.    [f.  OF  lessi  (lease  *,  -ee)] 

le'ssen,  v.i.  &  t.  Decrease,  diminish,  [-en6] 

le'sser,  a.  (attrib.  only).  Less,  [double  com- 
parat. ;  less  +  -er  3] 

le'sson,  n.,  &  v.t  One  of  two  readings  from 
O.T.  (first  I.)  &  N.T.  (second  I.)  at  morning  & 
evening  prayer  (proper  I.) ;  thing  to  be  learnt 
by  pupil ;  amount  of  teaching  given  at  one 
time,  time  assigned  to  it,  (pi.)  systematic  in- 
struction in  subject  (give,  take,  11.  in) ;  occur- 
rence, example,  rebuke,  or  punishment,  that 
serves  as  encouragement  or  warning  ;  (vb)  ad- 
monish, rebuke,  discipline,  [f.  OF  lecon  (now 
lecon)  f.  L  lectionem  (legere  tect-  read,  -ion)] 

le'ssor  (-or),  n.  Person  who  lets  on  lease. 
[AF  (lease  i,  -or  2)1 

lest,  conj.  In  order  that  —  not,  for  fear  that ; 
(after  fear  vb  or  n. ,  &  similar  words)  that.  [OE 
thylxs  the  whereby  less ;  thy  was  dropped  in 
ME,  &  les  the  became  les  te  by  normal  change] 

let1,  v.t.  (archaic  ;  letted  or  let),  &  n.  Hinder, 
obstruct.  (N.)  stoppage,  hindrance,  (archaic) ; 
(Rackets  &c.)  obstruction  of  ball  in  certain 
ways,  requiring  it  to  be  served  again.  [OE 
lettan,  cf.  OHG  lezzan] 

let2,  v.t.  &  aux.  (let),  &  n.  1.  v.t.:  Allow 
(liquid,  air)  to  escape  (I.  blood)  ;  grant  use  of 


LET 


467 


LEVEL. 


for  rent  or  hire  (also  intr.  in  pass,  sense,  as  the 
rooms  I.  well ;  to  I.,  offered  for  rent ;  noun,  let- 
ting, as  cannot  get  a  I.  for  the  rooms) ;  allow  to, 
suffer  to,  (we  let  them  go ;  I  was  let  see  him ; 
pass,  now  rare,  &  sometimes  followed  by  to) ; 
cause  to  (only  in  I.  one  know,  inform  him).  L. 
alone,  not  interfere  with,  attend  to,  or  do  (I. 
well3  a. ;  I.  one  a.  to  do,  he  may  be  trusted 
to ;  I.  a.  imperat.,  not  to  mention,  far  less  or 
more) ;  I.  be,  not  interfere  with,  attend  to,  or 
do  ;  I.  down,  lower,  disappoint  (I.  him  d.  gently, 
avoid  humiliating  abruptly),  (n.)  disappoint- 
ment ;  I.  drive1;  I.  fall,  drop  (lit.,  &  fig.  hint, 
significant  word)  intentionally  or  by  accident, 
(Geom.)  draw  (perpendicular)  from  outside 
point  (up)on  line ;  I.  fly  2 ;  I.  go,  release,  set  at 
liberty,  lose  hold  of,  lose  or  relinquish  hold  of, 
dismiss  from  thought,  cease  to  restrain  (I.  one- 
self go,  give  way  to  enthusiasm,  impulse,  &c.) ; 
I.  in,  admit  or  open  door  to  (I.  in  a  flood  of 
light ;  this  would  I.  in  all  sorts  of  evils ;  I.  one- 
self in,  with  latchkey  &c),  insert  into  surface 
of  something,  involve  in  loss  or  difficulty  (often 
for) ;  I.  (trans.)  into,  admit  to,  insert  into  sur- 
face of,  make  acquainted  with  (secret  &c.) ;  I. 
(intr.  or  abs.)  into,  assail  with  blows  or  words  ; 
I.  loose,  release  or  unchain  (dog,  fury,  maniac, 
&c.) ;  I.  off  adv.,  discharge  (gun,  &  fig.  joke  &c), 
not  punish  or  compel,  punish  with  light  penalty, 
allow  or  cause  (fluid,  fumes,  &c.)  to  pass  away, 
(n.)  being  allowed  to  escape  something  undesir- 
able (esp.  in  cricket,  not  being  caught  &c.  when 
there  is  a  chance);  I.  offyren.,  excuse  (person 
penalty) ;  let  on  slang,  peach,  reveal  secret ;  I. 
(trans.)  out,  open  door  for  exit  to,  allow  (person 
&c,  secret)  to  escape  (I.  cat  out  o/bag1),  make 
(garment)  looser,  put  out  to  hire  esp.  to  several 
tenants,  divulge  (often  that);  I.  (intr.  or  abs.) 
out,  strike  out  with  fist,  lash  out  with  heels, 
use  strong  language  ;  I.  slip,  loose  from  leash, 
miss  (opportunity).  2.  V.  aux.  supplying  1st  & 
3rd  persons  of  imperat.  in  exhortations  (I.  us 
pray  ;  I.  you  &  me  try  now),  commands  (I.  it  be 
done,  I.  him  do  it,  at  once),  assumptions  (I.  AB 
be  equal  to  CD),  &  permissions  (I.  him  do  his 
worst).  [com.-Teut ;  OE  Ixtan,  cf.  G  lassen, 
cogn.  w.  late  &  L  lassus  tired] 

-let,suf.  forming  nn.usu.  dim.  {ringlet,  stream- 
let), but  somet.  denoting  articles  of  attire  or  or- 
nament (armlet,  frontlet);  -let  appears  to  come 
f.  wrong  division  of  wds  taken  f.  OF  diminu- 
tives in  which  -et(e)  is  added  to  nn.  in  -el  (f.  L 
-ellus,  -ella,  -ellum,  dim.  suff.,  or  L  -ale  neut. 
adj.  used  as  n.),  as  chaplet,  hamlet,  f.  OF  chape- 
let,  hamelet,  dimm.  of  chapel,  hamel,  mod.  F 
chapeau,  hameau. 

lethal,  a.  Causing,  sufficient  or  designed  to 
cause,  death  (I.  chamber,  for  killing  animals 
painlessly),    [f.  L  let(h)alis  (letum  death,  -AD] 

lethargy  (-er-),  n.  Morbid  drowsiness,  pro- 
longed &  unnatural  sleep ;  torpid,  inert,  or 
apathetic  state,  want  of  interest  &  energy.  So 
lethar'gic  a.,  lethar'giCALLY  adv.,  le*- 
tharfriZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  lethargia  (lethargos 
forgetful  f.  leth-t  lanthano  forget),  -Y J] 

Lethe,  n.  (River  in  Hades  producing)  forget- 
fulness  of  the  past.  So  Lethe'AN  a.  [L,  use 
of  Gk  lithe  forge tfulness,  see  prec] 

letheon,  n.  Sulphuric  ether  as  anaesthetic, 
[irreg.  f.  prec] 

letter,  n.,  &  v.t  Character  representing  one 
or  more  of  the  simple  or  compound  sounds  used 
in  speech,  one  of  the  alphabetic  symbols  (capi- 
tal2, Roman,  italic,  I.);  (Print.)  type,  fount  of 
type ;  (pi.)  lettering,  inscription,  (now  only  in 
proof1  before  II.) ;  missive,  epistle,  (I.  of  advice, 
notifying  dispatch  of  goods,  drawing  of  bill, 
&c.;  I.  of  attorneys  power  of  attorney) ;  (pi.) 


epistle  of  legal  or  formal  kind  for  various  pur- 
poses  (11.   PATENT,  Of  ADMINISTRATION,    &C.j  ; 

Erecise  terms  of  statement  (to  the  I.,  with  ad- 
erence  to  every  detail),  strict  verbal  inter- 
pretation (opp.  spiriT);  (pi.) literature,  acquain- 
tance with  books,  erudition,  (man  of  11.,  scholar, 
author;  commonwealth  or  republic  of  11., 
authors  as  a  body ;  the  prof  ession  ofll.,  author- 
ship), whence  lettePED2  a. ;  l.-balance,  for  as- 
certaining postage  of  11.;  l.-book,in  which  copies 
of  correspondence  are  kept;  l.-bound,  too  sub- 
servient to  the  1. ;  l.-box,  in  which  11.  are  posted ; 
l.-card,  folded  card  with  gummed  edge  for  use 
as  postal  missive ;  l.-case,  pocket-book  for  hold- 
ing 11.;  l.-lock,  kind  of  padlock  opened  by  mak- 
ing out  of  certain  11.  on  it  a  word  known  to 
owner ;  l.-paper,  quarto-sized  paper  for  11. ;  l.- 
perfect  (Theatr.),  knowing  one's  part  perfectly; 
letterpress,  contents  of  illustrated  book  other 
than  the  illustrations,  printed  matter  relating 
to  illustration ;  l.-weight,  =l.-balance,  also  thing 
used  to  keep  papers  still  on  table ;  l.-worship, 
undue  devotion  to  the  1.;  l.-writer,  lit.,  also  as 
title  for  manuals  of  l.-writing ;  hence  letter- 
(Vb)  impress  title  &c.  on  (book-cover) ; 


classify  with  11. ;  hence  letteriNG  Ml,  6)  n.  [f. 
OF  lettre  f.  L  litter  a  1.  of  alphabet,  (pi.)  epistle] 

Lettic,  a.  &  n.  =  foil.;  (of)  the  group  of  lan- 
guages comprising  Lettish,  Lithuanian,  &  Old 
Prussian ;  of  these  peoples,    [as  foil.,  -ic] 

Lettish,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  the  Letts. 
[f.  Lett  f.  G  Lette  f.  native  Latvi  +  -ish  l] 

lettuce  (-tls),  n.  Garden  herb  with  crisp 
leaves  much  used  as  salad  (cabbage,  cos,  I., 
kinds  of  it),  [f.  L  lactuca  (lac  lactis  milk,  w. 
ref.  to  milky  juice  ©f  root)] 

leuco-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  leukos  white,  as 
-cyte  colourless  corpuscle  of  blood  or  found  in 
lymph  &c,  -pathy  albinism,  -rrhoea  mucous 
discharge  from  female  genitals,  the  whites. 

Leva'nt1,  n.  Eastern  part  of  Mediterranean 
with  its  islands  &  neighbouring  countries ;  L. 
morocco.  [F,  part,  or  lever  rise,  used  as  n.  - 
sunrise,  east,  f.  L  levare  lift  (levis  light)] 

leva'nt2,  v.i.  Abscond,  bolt,  esp.  with  bet- 
ting or  gaming  losses  unpaid.  Hence  le- 
va'nter1  (er1)  n.  [perh.  f.  Sp.  levant ar  el 
campo  break  up  camp  (levar  f.  L  levare  lift)] 

leva'nter  2,  n.  Inhabitant  of  Levant ;  strong 
Mediterranean  easterly  wind,  [levant1,  -er1] 

Leva'ntine,  a.  &  n.  Of,  trading  to,  inhabit- 
ant of,  the  Levant,    [-ine1] 

levator,  n.  (Also  l.-muscle)  muscle  that 
raises  organ.    [LL  (L  levare  lift,  -or2)] 

le*vee  (-1),  n.  (Formerly)  reception  of  visitors 
on  rising  from  bed ;  assembly  held  by  sovereign 
or  his  representative  at  which  men  only  are  re- 
ceived ;  assembly  of  visitors,  [f.  F  leve  var.  of 
lever  see  levant1] 

le'vel  (-vl),  n..  a.,  &  v.t  (-11-).  Instrument  giv- 
ing line  parallel  to  plane  of  horizon  for  testing 
whether  things  are  horizontal ;  horizontal  line 
or  plane  (on  a  I.  with,  in  same  horizontal  plane 
as ;  find  one's  I.,  reach  right  place  with  regard 
to  others  ;  water  finds  its  I.,  its  surface  in  com- 
municating receptacles  will  be  at  same  1.  unless 
they  have  no  common  1.) ;  plane  or  standard  in 
social,  moral,  or  intellectual  matters  ;  more  or 
less  1.  surface ;  flat  country.  (Adj.)  horizontal, 
perpendicular  to  the  plumb-line;  on  a  1.  or 
equality  (with  or  abs. ;  t.  race,  in  which  leading 
competitors  are  close  together ;  I.  crossing)  ; 
even,  equable,  uniform,  well-balanced,  in  quali- 
ty, style,  temper,  judgment,  &c.  (do  one's  I.  best, 
not  be  remiss,  take  all  possible  pains) ;  hence 
le'velLY2  adv.  (rare),  le*velNE£S  n.  (Vb) 
make  1.,  even,  or  uniform;  place  on  same  1., 
bring  up  or  down  to  a  standard ;  raze,  lay  low, 


LEVELLER 


468 


LIBERAL 


(to  or  with  the  ground,  in  the  dust,  or  abs.), 
(rarely)  knock  (person)  down  ;  abolish  (distinc- 
tions) ;  aim  (missile,  or  abs.),  lay  (gun),  direct 
(satire,  accusation,  or  abs.),  {at  or  against); 
levelling-screw,  for  adjusting  parts  of  machine 
&c.  to  exact  1.  [f.  OF  livel  (now  niveau)  f.  L 
libella  dim.  of  libra  balance] 

le'vellep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  person  who 
would  abolish  social  distinctions,  advocate  of 
equality,    [-er1] 

le'vep,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Bar  used  to  prize  up 
heavy  or  fixed  object ;  (Mech.)  straight  bar  or 
other  rigid  structure  of  which  one  point  {ful- 
crum) is  fixed,  another  is  connected  with  the 
force  {weight)  to  be  resisted  or  acted  upon,  &  a 
third  is  connected  with  the  force  {power)  ap- 
plied {I.  of  first  order  with  fulcrxim,  of  second 
order  with  weight,  of  third  order  with  power, 
between  the  other  two) ;  piece  by  which  barrel 
of  breechloader  is  opened  ;  =l.-watch  ;  I.-,  act- 
ing as  or  worked  by  1.;  I. -escapement,  with  con- 
nexion between  pallet  &  balance  made  by  two 
11. ;  l.-watch,  with  1. -escapement.  (Vb)  use  1. ; 
lift,  move,  act  on,  with  1.  (often  along,  away, 
out,  over,  up,  Sec),    [f.  OF  leveour  {lever  see 

LEVANT1),  -OR2] 

le'verage  (-ij),  n.  Action  of,  way  of  apply- 
ing, lever ;  set  or  system  of  levers ;  power,  me- 
chanical advantage  gained  by  use,  of  lever; 
means  of  accomplishing  a  purpose,  power,  in- 
fluence,   [-age] 

lever  de  rideau  (F),  n.  curtain  i-raiser. 
le*vepet,n.  Young(esp.flrst-year)hare.  [f.OF 
levrete  {levre  f.  L  leporem  nom.  -us  hare,  -et1)] 
levi'athan,  n.  Sea  monster  (bibl.);-huge 
ship  ;  anything  very  large  of  its  kind ;  person  of 
formidable  ability,  power,  or  wealth.  [L,  f.  Heb. 
livyathan  etym.  dub.] 

le-vig-ate,  v.t.    Reduce  to  fine  smooth  pow- 
der ;  make  smooth  paste  of.    Hence  levig"A'- 
tion  n.    [f.  L  levigare  (levis  smooth),  -ate3| 
le*vin,  n.  (poet.).    (Flash  of)  lightning.    [ME 
leven,  etym.  dub.] 

le'vipate  (-at),  n.  Jewish  &c.  custom  by 
which  dead  man's  brother  or  next  of  kin  had 
to  marry  his  widow.  Hence  levipa'tic(AL)  aa. 
[f.  L  levir  brother-in-law  +  -ate1] 
le'vitate,  v.i.  &  t.  (Make)  rise  &  float  in  air 
(w.  ref.  to  spiritualism).  Hence  levltATiON  n. 
[f.  L  levis  light,  after  gravitation] 
Le*vite,  n.  One  of  tribe  of  Levi,  esp.  of  that 
part  of  it  which  provided  assistants  to  priests 
in  worship  of  Jewish  temple,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  leuites 
{Leui  f.  Heb.  Levi)] 

Levi'tieal,  a.    Of  Levites  or  tribe  of  Levi ; 
of  Levites'  ritual ;  of  Leviticus.     So  levi'ti- 
cism(3)  n.   [f.  LL f.  Gk leuitikos (prec,  -ic)  +  -al] 
Levi'tieus,  n.  (abbr.  Lev.).    Third  book  of 
Pentateuch  with  Levitical  law  &  ritual,  [prec] 
le'vity,  n.    Lightness  of  weight  (rare) ;  want 
of  thought,  frivolity,  unseasonable  jocularity, 
inconstancy ;  light  behaviour,    [f.  OF  leviU  f. 
L  levitatem  (ISvis  light,  -tv)] 
levulose.    See  laevulose. 
le'vy,  n.,  &  v.t.     Collecting  of  assessment, 
tax,  &c. ;  enrolling  of  men  for  war  &c.  {I.  in 
mass,  of  all  able-bodied  men) ;  amount  or  num- 
ber levied,  body  of  men  enrolled  (also  pi. ).  ( Vb) 
raise  (contribution,  taxes),  impose  (rate,  toll), 
whence  le*vlABLE  a. ;  raise  (sum)  by  legal  exe- 
cution or  process  on  person's  goods  ;  enlist,  en- 
rol, (soldiers,  army) ;  collect  men  &  munitions 
for,  proceed  to  make,  (war  upon,  against,  or 
abs.).    [f.  F  levie  {lever  see  levant1,  -y4)] 
lewd,  a.    Base,  worthless,  (bibl.) ;  lascivious, 
unchaste,  indecent,  whence  lew'dLV2  adv., 
lew'dNESS  n.  [OE  Ixioede  ;  earlier  senses  lay, 
unlearned ;  perh.  as  lay2  -f  -ed2] 


lewis  (loo-),  n.  Iron  contrivance  for  raising 
heavy  blocks  of  stone.    [?] 

lexical,  a.  Of  the  words  of  a  language  (opp. 
grammatical) ;  (as)  of  a  lexicon.  Hence  le'xi- 
ealLY2  adv.  [f.  Gk  lexikos,  &  lexicon,  +  -al] 

lexieo'g-paphy,  n.  Dictionary-making.  So 
lexieo'GRAPHER  n.,  lexieoGRA'PHiCAL  a. 
[foil.,  -graphy] 

le'xicon  (-kn),  n.  Dictionary,  esp.  of  Greek, 
Hebrew,  Syriac,  or  Arabic.  [Gk  {-kon),  neut. 
of  lexikos  {lexis  word  f.  lego  speak,  -ic)] 

lexi'g-Paphy,  n.  System  of  writing  in  which 
each  character  represents  a  word,  [lexis,  see 
prec,  -graphy] 

lex  talid'nis,  n.  The  law  of  retaliation,  an 
eye  for  an  eye.    [L] 

Leyden  (li-),  n.  Dutch  city  {L.jar,  kind  of 
electrical  condenser  invented  1745  at  L. ;  L. 
battery,  of  several  L.  jars). 

liability,  n.  Being  liable  (limited  I.,  being 
responsible  only  to  limited  amount  for  debts  of 
trading  company;  so  l.-l.  company,  or  ellipt. 
limited  company) ;  what  one  is  liable  for,  (pi.) 
debts  or  pecuniary  obligations,    [foil.,  -bility] 

li'able,  a.  Legally  bound,  answerable  for, 
subject  or  amenable  to  tax  or  penalty,  under 
obligation  to  do ;  exposed  or  open  to,  apt  to  do 
or  suffer,  something  undesirable  (difficulties 
are  I.  to  occur),  [perh.  f.  L  Higabilis  (ligare 
bind,  -able)] 

liai'son  (-zn,  or  as  F),  n.  Illicit  intimacy  be- 
tween a  man  &  a  woman  ;  sounding  of  ordi- 
narily silent  final  consonant  before  vowel  or 
mute  h  in  French.  [F,  f.  L  ligationem  (ligare 
bind,  -ation)] 

lia'na  (-ah-),  lia'ne  (-ahn),  n.  Kinds  of 
climbing  &  twining  tropical-forest  plant.  [F 
(-e),  perh.  f.  Her  bind  f.  L  as  prec. ;  -a  form  a 
Latinization  of  -c] 

li'ap,  n.  Teller  (esp.  habitual)  of  lie(s).  [OE 
Uogere  (lie2,  -ar3)] 

li*as,  n.  Blue  limestone  rock  of  some  S.-W. 
counties ;  (Geol. )  lower  strata  of  Jurassic  series, 
blue  argillaceous  limestone  rich  in  fossils. 
Hence  lia'ssic  a.    [f.  OF  Hois  etym.  dub.] 

liba*tion,"n.  (Pouring  of)  drink-offering  to 
god  ;  (joe)  potation,  [f.  L  libatio  (libare  pour 
a  little  of,  -ation)] 

lrbel,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  (Civil  &  Eccl.  Law) 
plaintiff's  written  declaration ;  (Law)  published 
statement  damaging  to  person's  reputation,  act 
of  publishing  it;  (pop.)  false  &  defamatory 
statement,  (transf.)  thing  that  brings  discredit 
on  by  unsuccessful  portrayal  &c.  (the  portrait 
is  a  I.  on  him ;  the  book,  play,  is  a  I.  on  human 
nature) ;  hence  ll'belliST(l)  n.,  li'bellous  a., 
li'bellousLY  2  adv.  (Vb)  defame  by  libellous 
statements,  accuse  falsely  &  maliciously,  (Law) 
publish  1.  against,  whence  li'bellER1  n. ;  (Eccl. 
&  Admiralty  Law)  bring  suit  against,  whence 
H'bellANT(l),  HbellEE',  nn.  [vb  f.  n.,  OF,  f.  L 
libellus  dim.  of  liber  book] 

li'bepal,  a.  &  n.  Fit  for  a  gentleman  (now 
rare  exc.  in  I.  education,  i.  e.  directed  to  general 
enlargement  of  mind,  not  professional  or  tech- 
nical) ;  generous,  open-handed ;  ample,  abun- 
dant; not  rigorous  or  literal,  open-minded, 
candid,  unprejudiced,  (Pol.)  favourable  to  de- 
mocratic reforms  &  abolition  of  privilege  (esp. 
I.  party ;  opp.  conservative  ;  I.  conservative, 
member  of  conservative  party  not  ill-disposed 
to  reforms  ;  I.  unionist,  member  of  section  that 
seceded  from  1.  party  in  1886  on  Home  Rule), 
whence  li'bepal  ism  (3)  n.,  li'bepal  ist(2)  n.  & 
a.,  libepali'stn  a.,  H*bepalizE(3)  v.t.  & 
(rarely)  i.,  H'bepallzATiON  n. ;  hence  li'bep- 
alLY2adv.  (N.)  member  of  (esp.  the  British)  1. 
party.  [OF,  f.  L  liberalis  (liber  free  (man),  -al)] 


LIBERALITY * 

libera'lity,  n.     Free  giving,  munificence  ; 
freedom  from  prejudice,  Dreadth  of  mind.    [f. 
OF  liberality  f.  L  liber alitatem  (prec,  -ty)] 
li'bepate,  v.t.    Set  at  liberty,  release  from 
(in  Chenx,  from  combination).  Hence  li'bera- 
tOR2  n.    [f.  L  liberare  (liber  free),  -ate3] 
libera'tion,  n.  Releasing,  release ;  L.  Socie- 
ty, ad  vocatingchurchdisestablishment,  whence 
libepa*tioniSM(3)  n.,  libera* tioniST(2)  n.  & 
a.    [f.  hliberatio  (prec,  -ation)] 
libeptap'ian,  n.  &  a.    Believer,  believing,  in 
free  will  (opp.  necessitarian) ;  advocate  of  liber- 
ty.   Hence  libeptap*ianiSM(3)  n.    [-arian] 
libep*ticide,  n.  &  a.    Destroyer,  destructive, 
of  liberty.    [F  (liberty,  -cide)] 
li'beptine,  n.  &  a.    Free-thinker  on  religion  ; 
licentious  (man) ;  free-thinking,  antinomian ; 
chartered  I.,  person  allowed  to  do  as  he  pleases 
(Shak.  Hen.  V,  i.  i.  48).    Hence  li'beptiniSM(2) 
&  (in  same  sense)  li'bertinAGE,  nn.  [f.  L  liber- 
tinus  freedman  (libertus  made  free  cogn.  w. 
liber  free)] 

li'bepty,  n.  Being  free  from  captivity,  im- 
prisonment, slavery,  or  despotic  control  (cap1 
of  I. ;  natural  I.,  state  in  which  there  are  no 
laws;  civil  I.,  natural  1.  limited  only  by  laws 
established  on  behalf  of  community  ;  I.  of  con- 
science, system  allowing  all  members  of  State 
to  follow  what  form  of  religion  seems  good  to 
them  ;  I.  of  the  press,  system  by  which  any  one 
may  print  &  publish  what  he  pleases  without 
previous  permission,  but  not  without  liability 
to  penalties  for  publishing  libellous  or  criminal 
matter) ;  right  or  power  to  do  as  one  pleases  or 
to  do  something,  (Philos.)  freedom  from  control 
of  fate  or  necessity ;  a  setting  aside  of  rules,  li- 
cence, (take  the  I.  to  do,  of  doing,  presume  or 
venture  to ;  take  11. ,  be  unduly  familiar  with 
person  or  abs.,  deal  freely  icith  rules  or  facts) ; 
freedom  from  despotic  rule  personified;  (pi.) 
privileges,  immunities,  or  rights,  enjoyed  by 
prescription  or  grant ;  at  I.,  free  (set  at  I.,  liber- 
ate), having  the  right  to  do,  disengaged ;  /. 
hall  ;  I.  man,  sailor  with  leave  to  go  ashore, 
[f.  F  liberte  f.  L  libertatem  (liber  free,  -ty)] 
libi'dinous,  a.  Lustful.  Hence  libi'din- 
ously2  adv.  [f.  L  libidinosus  (libido  -inis 
lust,  -ous)] 
li'bra,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Pound  weight  (used  only 
in  abbr.  lb.,  as  lib.,  101b.);  pound  sterling  (used 
only  in  abbrr.  £  s.  d.,  see  l,  &  I.  placed  after 
figure  as  50J.) ;  (Astron. ;  L-)  zodiacal  constella- 
tion the  Scales,  seventh  sign  of  zodiac.  [L] 
librarian,  n.  Custodian  of  library.  Hence 
libpap'iansHip(l)  n.  [f.  L  as  foil.  +  -an] 
li'bpapy,  n.  Room  or  building  containing 
books  for  reading  or  reference  ;  writing  &  read- 
ing room  in  house ;  collection  of  books  for  use 
by  the  public,  some  part  of  it,  or  members  of 
some  society,  public  institution  charged  with 
care  of  such  collection,  (lending  I.,  from  which 
books  may  be  taken  away  with  or  without  pay- 
ment ;  reference  I.,  in  which  books  may  be  con- 
sulted ;  free  I.,  used  by  public  without  payment 
&  usu.  supported  by  rates ;  circulating^  I. ,  let- 
ting out  use  of  books  for  profit) ;  person's  book- 
collection  ;  series  of  books  issued  by  publisher 
in  similar  bindings  as  connected  in  some  way ; 
books  used  by  or  familiar  to  an  author ;  walk- 
ing I.,  person  of  erudition  ;  I.  edition,  of  good 
size  &  print  fit  for  11.  [f.  F  librairie  bookshop 
(L  librariux  of  books  f.  liber  -bri  book,  orig. 
bark,  -ary  *,  +  -y  j)] 

libpa'te,  v.i.    Oscillate,  be  poised,  balance, 
sway,  quiver.    Hence  H'bPatORY  a.    [f.  L  li- 
brare  (libra  balance),  -ate  3] 
libpa'tion,  n.    Librating  (I.  of  moon,  appa- 
rent oscillation  by  which  parts  near  edge  of 


] LICK 

disk  are  alternately  visible  &  invisible,  [f.  L 
libratio  (prec,  -ation)] 

libretto,  n.  (pi.  -ti,  pr.  -te).  Book  or  words 
of  an  opera  or  long  musical  work.  Hence 
libpe*ttiST(l)  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  libro  book  f.  L 
liber  -bri] 

Li'byan,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  ancient 
Libya;  (poet.)  African;  (of)  the  Berber  language 
or  the  group  of  mod.  Hamitic  languages  to 
which  it  belongs,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  Libue  +  -an] 

lice.    Sec  louse. 

li'cence1,  n.  Leave,  permission,  (Have  I 
your  I.  to  remove  the  fence  ?) ;  permit  from 
government  &c  to  marry,  print  something, 
preach,  carry  on  some  trade  (esp.  that  in  alco- 
holic liquor),  &c;  university  certificate  of  com- 
petence in  some  faculty ;  liberty  of  action  esp. 
when  excessive,  abuse  of  freedom,  disregard 
of  law  or  propriety ;  licentiousness ;  writer's  or 
artist's  irregularity  in  grammar,  metre,  per- 
spective, &c  (usu.  poetic  I.).  [F,  f.  L  licentia 
(licere  be  lawful,  -ence)] 

ll'cense,  -ce2,  v.t.  Allow  (person  to  do, 
thing  to  be  done ;  rare) ;  (in  p.p.)  allow  complete 
freedom  to  (a  licensed  satirist);  grant  permit 
(see  prec.)  to  (person;  licensed  victualler); 
authorize  use  of  (premises)  for  certain  purpose ; 
authorize  publication  of  (book  &c.)  or  perform- 
ance of  (play).  Hence  licensEE*  n.  If.  prec  ; 
-se  on  anal,  of  practise,  prophesy,  vv.,  cf.  prac- 
tice, prophecy,  nn. ;  the  distinction  perh.  comes 
by  iniit.  of  spelling  in  pairs  like  advise,  advice, 
where  the  sound  differs] 

lreensep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.  I.  of  the 
press,  I.  of  plays,  officials  licensing  publication 
or  performance  when  satisfied  that  law,  morals, 
&  decency,  are  not  outraged,    [-er  j] 

licentiate  (-shiat),  n.  Holder  of  university 
licence  or  attestation  of  competence  from  col- 
legiate or  examining  body  (chiefly  in  abbr.  L. 
as  part  of  title,  see  l);  licensed  preacher  not 
yet  having  appointment  esp.  in  Presbyterian 
Church,  [f.  med.L  licentiare  (licence  1),  -ate s) 

licentious  (-shws),  a.  Disregarding  accepted 
rules  esp.  of  grammar  or  style;  lascivious, 
libertine,  lewd.  Hence  lice'ntiousLY  2  adv., 
lice'ntiousNESS  n.  [f.  med.L  licentiosus 
(licence1,  -ose1)] 

lich,  lych,  (-tsh),  lyke,  n.  (obs.).  Corpse; 
-ch-gate,  roofed  gateway  of  churchyard  where 
coffin  awaits  clergyman's  arrival;  -ch-house, 
mortuary;  -ch-owl,  screech-owl  (boding death) ; 
-ch-stone,  to  place  coffin  on  at  l.-gate ;  lyke-wake, 
watch  kept  at  night  over  corpse.  [OE  lie,  cf.  G 
leiche ;  orig.  sense  prob.  form,  cf.  like] 

li'chen  (-k-),  n.  Kinds  of  cellularcryptogamic 
plant  (prob.  fungus  parasitic  on  alga)  usu.  of 
green,  grey,  or  yellow  tint  growing  on  &  col- 
ouring rocks,  tree-trunks,  &c,  whence  li'chen- 
ed  2  a.,  licheno'LOGY  n. ;  skin-disease  with 
reddish  eruption.  Henceli'chenousa.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  leikhen] 

li'eit,  a.  Not  illicit.  Hence  li'citLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  licitus  (licere  be  lawful)] 

lick,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Pass  tongue  over  to  taste, 
moisten,  clean,  &c  (I.  one's  chops  or  lips,  in  re- 
lish or  anticipation  of  food;  7.  into  shape,  mould, 
make  presentable  or  efficient;  I.  one's  shoes, 
show  servility  to  him ;  I.  the  dust,  fall,  be  van- 
quished); take  up  or  off,  make  clean,  by  lick- 
ing; (of  waves,  flame,  &c)play  lightly  over,  (of 
flame)  swallowttp  in  passing;  (slang)  thrash  (per- 
son, fault  out  of  person),  beat  in  fight  or  com- 
petition, excel,  (licks  creation,  is  beyond  every- 
thing), whence  li'ekiNG^l)  n. ;  (slang)  surpass 
comprehension  of  (this  licks  me) ;  (slang)  go, 
hasten,  (as  hard  as  he  could  I.);  li'ckspittle, 
toady.    (N.)  act  of  licking  with  tongue ;  (also 


LICKERISH 


470 


LIFE 


salt-l.)  spot  to  which  animals  resort  for  salt; 
smart  blow  with  stick  &c;  (slang)  pace  (at  a 
great  I.,  full  or  at  full  I.).    [OE  liccian,  cf.  G 
lecken ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  leikho,  L  lingere] 
lickerish,  ll'quorish  (-ker-),  a.    Fond  of 
dainty  fare  ;  greedy,  longing ;  lecherous,  [ear- 
lier lickerous  var.  through  ONF  of  lecherous 
see  lecher  &  retaining  its  obs.  orig.  sense] 
lieoriee.    See  liquorice. 
lieorous.    Var.  of  lickerous,  lickerish. 
li'ctop,  n.    Officer  attending  ancient-Roman 
consul  (12  11.)  &  dictator  (21 11.),  bearing  fasces, 
&  executing  sentence  on  offenders.    [L,  perh. 
f.  st.  of  ligare  bind] 

lid,  n.  Hinged  or  detached  cover  for  aperture, 
esp.  for  opening  at  top  of  vessel;  EYE^td;  (Bot., 
Conch.)  operculum.    Hence  (-)liddED2,  li'd- 
less,  aa.  JOE  hlid,  cf.  Du.  lid,  G  {augen)lid\ 
lie  S  n.    Intentional  false  statement  (tell  a  L, 
make  this ;  white  I.,  excused  or  justified  by  its 
motive;  give  one  the  I.,  accuse  him  of  lying; 
give  the  I.  to  supposition  &c,  serve  to  show  its 
falsity,  belie  it) ;  imposture,  false  belief,  mis- 
taken convention,  (worship,  maintain,  a  I.). 
[OE  lyge,  cf.  G  lug  &  see  foil.] 
lie2,  v.i.  &  t.  (lying).   Speak  falsely,  tell  lie(s), 
(you  I.  in  your  teeth,  throat,  archaic  or  facet, 
forms  of  accusation ;  lies  like  a  gas-meter,  free- 
ly); take  away  (reputation  &c),  get  (oneself, 
person)  into,  out  of,  by  lying ;  (of  things)  de- 
ceive (part.,  deceptive).     [com.-Teut.;  OE  leo- 
gan,  cf.  Du.  liegen,  G  lilgen,  as  prec] 
lie3,  v.i.  (lying;  past  lay,  p.p.  lain  &  bibl. 
7i"en)%  1.  Of  persons  or  animals:  Have  one's 
body  in  more  or  less  horizontal  position  along 
ground  or  surface  (often  asleep,  sick,  &c;  let 
sleeping  dogs  I.,  avoid  mooting  debatable  ques- 
tions ;  I.  on  the  bed  one  has  made,  endure  con- 
sequences of  past  acts),  have  sexual  intercourse 
with ;  (of  the  dead)  be  in  the  grave  at  or  in,  I.  in 
state  ;  assume  lying  position  (usu.  down,  back, 
&c.) ;  be  kept  or  remain  in  specified  state  (I.  in 
prison,  at  the  mercy  of,  helpless,  idle,  close1, 
low1,  perdu,  in  ambush,  %n  wait2)  ;  I.  out  of 
one's  money,  remain  unpaid) ;  (of  game-birds) 
not  rise ;  (of  troops)  be  encamped  at  specified 
place.    2.  Of  things :  Be  at  rest,  usu.  more  or 
less  horizontally,  on  surface  (I.  in  ruins  or  the 
dust,  be  fallen ;  I.  heavy,  be  a  weight  on  one's 
stomach  or  conscience);  be  stored  up  in  specified 
place  (money  lying  at  the  bank),  remain  in 
specified  state  esp.  waste,  hid,  barren,  be  situ- 
ated (land  lying  high,  to  the  east,  round ;  find 
out  how  the  land  lies  fig.,  how  affairs  stand), 
be  spread  out  to  view  (lies  on  the  surface,  be- 
fore us,  open),  (of  road)  lead  through,  by,  along, 
among,  &c;  (of  ship)  float  in  berth  or  at  anchor; 
(of  abstracts)  exist,  be  to  be  found,  reside,  be 
arranged  or  related,  in  some  position  or  manner 
(the  choice  lies  between  — ;  his  acquaintance 
lay  among  —  ;  knows  where  his  interest  lies; 
how  do  they  lie  to  each  other  ? ;  as  far  as  in  me 
lies,  to  best  of  my  power ;  lies  with  you  to  do, 
is  your  business  or  right ;  the  remedy  lies  in 
education ;  her  strength  lay  in  her  weakness ; 
lies  in  a  Nvrshell) ;  (Law)  be  admissible  or  sus- 
tainable (action,  appeal,  objection,  will  not  I.). 
3.  With  advv. :  I.  by,  be  unused,  keep  quiet  or 
retired;  I.  down  in  part,  behaving  in  abject 
manner,  not  standing  up  to  opponent  &c,  (take 
defeat,  chastisement,  &  esp.  it,  lying  down) ; 
I.  in,  be  brought  to  bed  in  childbirth  (lying-in 
hospital) ;  I.  off  (naut.),  stand  some  distance 
from  shore  or  other  ship ;  I.  over,  be  deferred  ; 
I.  to  (naut.),  come  almost  to  a  stop  with  head 
near  wind  by  backing  or  shortening  sail;  I.  up, 
go  into  or  be  in  retirement,  take  to  one's  bed  or 
room,  (of  ship)  go  into  dock.    Lie'-abed,  late 


riser.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  licgan,  cf.  Du.  liqgen, 
G  liegen,  cogn.  w.  Gk  lekhos,  L  lectus,  bed] 

lie4,  n.  Way,  direction,  or  position,  in  which 
thing  lies ;  place  where  beast,  bird,  or  fish,  is 
accustomed  to  1.    [f.  prec] 

Lie"bigr('s  extract  of  beef)  (le),  n.  Con- 
centrated preparation  of  beef  without  albumen, 
gelatin,  or  fat.  [Baron  von  Liebig,  1873,  inventor] 

tied  (led),  n.  (pi.  -der).  German  song  or  poem 
of  ballad  kind.    [G] 

lief,  adv.  (comp.  -er,  rare).  Gladly,  willingly, 
(usu.  I  would  as  I.  do  something  out  of  the 
question  as),  [prop.  adj.  (earlier  construction 
being  I  had  as  I.,  i.  e.  should  find  it  as  pleasant, 
now  corrupted  to  would) ;  OE  Jeo/dear,  cf.  G 
lieb,  cogn.  w.  love] 

liege,  a.  &  n.  (Of  superior)  entitled  to  receive, 
(of  vassal)  bound  to  give,  feudal  service  or 
allegiance  (I.  lord,  feudal  superior,  sovereign  ; 
liegeman,  sworn  vassal,  faithful  follower).  (N.j 
1.  lord  (esp.  my  I.  voc.) ;  vassal,  subject,  (usu.  the 
II. ).    [f .  OF  lige,  perh.  f .  OHG  ledig  free] 

li'en  \  n.    Right  to  retain  possession  of  pro- 

f>erty  till  debt  due  in  respect  of  it  is  discharged. 
F,  f.  L  ligamen  (ligare  bind,  -men)] 
lien2.    See  lie 3. 

lier'ne,  n.   Short  rib  connecting  bosses  &  in- 
tersections of  vaulting-ribs.    [F,  etym..dub.] 
lieu  (lu),  n.  In  I.,  in  the  place,  instead,  of.  [F, 
f.  L  locus  place] 

lieute'nant  (left-,  left-,  in  navy  let-),  n.  (abbr. 
Lieut.  &  in  comb.  Lt-).  Deputy,  substitute, 
vicegerent,  acting  for  a  superior  (still  as  formal 
title  in  L.  of  the  Tower,  acting  commandant 
of  Tower  of  London;  &  see  lord-Z.);  officer 
next  below  captain  in  army  or  commander  in 
navy;  l.-colonel(cy),  (position  of)  officer  ranking 
next  to  colonel  &  with  actual  command  of 
regiment;  l.-general,  officer  ranking  below 
general  &  above  major-general ;  l.-govemor- 
(ship),  (position  of)  actual  governor  of  district 
&c.  in  subordination  to  go vernor  -  general. 
Hence  lieute'nANCV  n.  [F  (prec,  tenant)] 
life,  n.  (pi.  -ves).  State  of  ceaseless  change  & 
functional  activity  peculiar  to  organized  mat- 
ter, &  esp.  to  the  portion  of  it  constituting  an 
animal  or  plant  before  death,  animate  exis- 
tence, being  alive,  (a  matter  of  I.  &  death, 
something  on  which  it  depends  whether  one 
shall  live  or  die ;  necessary,  staff,  of  I. ; 
come,  bring,  to  I.,  recover  (i.  &  t.)  from  swoon  ; 
lose,  save,  lay  down,  one's  I. ;  safe  in,  escape 
with,  I.  &  limb ;  sell  one's  /.  dearly ;  great 
sacrifice  of  I.,  many  killed;  have  no  regard  for 
human  I.,  kill  men  or  let  them  die  recklessly ; 
for  one's,  for  dear,  I.,  to  escape  death  ;  cannot 
for  the  I.  of  me  &c  by  exag.,  could  not  if  my 
1.  depended  on  it;  'pon  my  I.,  asseveration); 
energy,  liveliness,  vivacity,  animation ;  vivi- 
fying influence  (was  the  I.,  or  I.  &  sotd,  of  the 
party;  my  I.,  voc.  of  affection);  living  things  & 
their  motions  (very  little  I.  to  be  seen);  the  liv- 
ing form  or  model,  1. -size  figure  &c,  (taken  from 
the  I.  ;  as  large  as  I.,  l.-size,  also  facet,  as  here 
he  is  as  I.  as  I.,  i.  e.  in  person  ;  portray  &c.  to 
the  I.,  with  fidelity  to  the  original),  whence 
H'feLiKE  a. ;  period  from  birth  to  death,  birth 
to  present  time,  or  present  time  to  death  (have 
done  it  all  my  I. ;  I.  sentence,  rent,  annuity,  to 
continue  for  rest  of  person's  1.;  lease  for  three 
&c  11.,  to  terminate  with  last  of  three  &c 
named  persons' 11.;  I.  assurance;  insure  one's 
I. ;  expectation  of  I.,  average  period  that  per- 
son at  specified  age  may  expect  to  live ;  a  good, 
bad,  I.,  person  likely  to  pass,  fall  short  of,  this 
average ;  new  lease1  of  I.),  fresh  start  after 
narrowly  escaped  lit.  or  metaph.  death  (cat  has 
nine  11.,  is  hard  to  kill ;  batsman  was  given  a 


LIFER 


471 


LIGHT 


I.,  not  put  out  on  giving  a  chance  ;  pool-player 
has  three  11. ,  successive  chances) ;  individual's 
actions  &  fortunes,  manner  of  existence,  {with 
all  the  pleasure  in  I.,  greatest  possible  ;  nothing 
in  I.,  at  all ;  this  I.,  that  on  earth ;  the  other, 
future,  eternal,  everlasting,  I.,  state  of  existence 
after  death  ;  the  simple  I. ;  has  led  a  good  &c. 
I.),  written  story  of  these,  biography ;  active 
part  of  existence,  business  &  pleasures  of  the 
world,  {see  life,  mix  freely  with  others) ;  (Theol.) 
salvation,  regenerate  condition,  (also  eternal, 
everlasting,  I.,  see  above  also).  L.-belt,  of 
buoyant  material  to  support  body  in  water;  l.- 
blood,  blood  necessary  to  1.,  vitalizing  influence, 
involuntary  twitching  of  lip  or  eyelid  ;  l.-boat, 
of  special  construction  for  saving  1.  in  storms ; 
l.-breath,  inspiring  influence,  sustaining  prin- 
ciple; Z.-buoy1;  l.-estate,  property  that  one 
holds  for  1.  but  cannot  dispose  of  further ;  L- 
giving,  that  gives,  sustains,  or  restores,  physi- 
cal or  spiritual  1. ;  l.-guard,  body-guard  of 
soldiers  ;  L.  Guards,  two  regiments  of  house- 
hold cavalry ;  L.  Guardsman,  soldier  of  L. 
Guards  ;  l.-interest,  right  to  l.-estate ;  l.-jacket, 
as  l.-belt;  l.-line,  rope  used  for  l.-saving,  e.g. 
that  attached  to  l.-buoy;  lifelong,  continued 
for  a  lifetime ;  l.-office,  for  1. -assurance  ;  l.-peer- 
{age),  with  title  lapsing  at  death ;  l.-preserver, 
short  stick  with  heavily  loaded  end ;  L-spring, 
source  of  1.;  l.-strings,  hold  on  1.  {l.-s.  are  cut  or 
broken,  person  dies) ;  l.-table,  statistics  of  ex- 
pectation of  1. ;  lifetime,  duration  of  person's  1. ; 
l.-work,  task  pursued  through  1.  Hence  li*fe- 
less  a.,  li'felessLY2  adv.,  li'felessNESS  n., 
(-)liVED2  a.  (esp.  long-,  short-).  [OE  lif,  cf. 
OFris.  lif  life,  body,  Du.  lijf  &  G  leib  body, 
cogn.  w.  live  &  leave2,  f.  Aryan  leip-,  loip-, 
lip-,  endure,  cf.  Gk  lipares  persistent] 

li'fer,  n.  (slang).  One  sentenced  to,  sentence 
of,  penal  servitude  for  life,    [-er  j] 

lift,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Raise  to  higher  position, 
take  up,  hoist,  (often  up,  off,  out),  elevate  to 
higher  plane  of  thought  or  feeling,  give  upward 
direction  to  (eyes,  face),  {I.  up  or  I.  one's  hands 
or  heart,  in  prayer  &c;  I.  one's  hand,  to  take 
oath ;  never  lifted  a  hand  against  one,  struck 
him  ;  I.  up  one's  head,  recover  vigour  after 
prostration,  I.  up  another's  head  bibl.,  restore 
to  liberty  or  dignity;  I.  up  one's  heel,  kick; 
I.  up  one's  nom/be  ambitious  or  proud  ;l.up  a 
cry,  one's  voice,  cry  out) ;  hold  or  have  on  high 
{church  lifts  its  spire) ;  steal  (esp.  cattle),  take 
(passage,  information)  in  the  way  of  plagiarism ; 
remove  (tents  &c.) ;  dig  up  (potatoes) ;  hit 
(cricket-ball)  into  air ;  (of  ship  afloat)  rise  on 
wave ;  yield  to  a  1.  {window  will  not  I.) ;  (of 
cloud,  fog,  darkness)  rise,  disperse ;  (of  floor) 
swell  upwards,  bulge.  (N.)  lifting  (dead  I. ; 
give  one  a  I.,  take  him  up  into  vehicle  for  part 
of  way,  also  fig.  give  him  helping  hand) ;  one 
layer  of  leather  in  boot-heel;  apparatus  for 
raising  &  lowering  people  or  things  to  other 
floor  of  house,  elevator,  hoist:  rise  in  the 
ground,  [f.  ON  lypta  {lopt  air,  sky,  cf.  G  luft, 
obs.  E  lift,  &  loft)1 

li'gament,  n.  Tie,  bond  of  union,  (archaic) ; 
(Anat.)  short  band  of  tough  flexible  fibrous 
tissue  binding  bones  together,  (loosely)  any 
membranous  fold  keeping  organ  in  position, 
similar  part  in  lower  organisms.  Hence  liga- 
me'ntAL,  ligame'ntARY »,  ligamentous, 
aa.    [f.  L  ligamentum  (ligare  bind,  -ment)] 

liga'te,  v.t.  (surg.).  Tie  up  (bleeding  artery 
&c).    Hence  ligATiON  n.    [f.  L  ligare,  -ate  3J 

li'gature  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Thing  used  in 
tying,  esp.  band  or  cord  used  to  tie  up  bleeding 
artery,  strangulate  tumour,  &c.  (vb,  bind  with 
1.) ;  thing  that  unites,  bond ;  tying,  ligation ; 


(Mus.)  slur,  tie  ;  (Print.)  two  or  more  letters 
joined  (fi  &c.)  [f.  L  ligatura  (prec,  -ure)] 
light  i  (lit),  n.  The  natural  agent  that  stimu- 
lates the  sense  of  sight ;  medium  or  condition  of 
space  in  which  sight  is  possible  (opp.  dark- 
ness) ;  appearance  of  brightness  (northern  11. ; 
zodiacal  I.;  saw  a  distant  I.) ;  sensation  pecu- 
liar to  optic  nerve ;  amount  of  illumination  in 
place  (in  a  good  I.,  easily  visible),  one's  fair  or 
ordinary  share  of  this  {stand  in  one's  I.,  deprive 
him  of  this,  fig.  prejudice  his  chances);  vivacity 
in  person's  eyes ;  favouring  aspect  {I.  of  ones 
countenance,  his  favour,  approving  presence, 
or  sanction,  often  iron.);  sun's  direct  or  diffused 
or  reflected  rays,  daylight,  {see  the  I.,  be  born) ; 
being  visible  or  exposed  {come,  bring,  to  I.,  be 
revealed,  reveal);  (Poet.)  eyesight,  (slang,  pi.) 
eyes ;  object  from  which  brightness  emanates 
{I.  of  one's  eyes,  beloved  person),  sun  or  other 
heavenly  body,  ignited  candle  or  lamp  or  the 
like,  (collect.)  lamps  &c.  illuminating  place, 
beacon  lamp  esp.  of  ship  or  lighthouse,  light- 
house, (fig.)  eminent  person  or  luminary  (often 
shining  I.);  mental  illumination,  elucidation 
{throw,  shed,  I.  upon,  help  to  explain),  enlight- 
enment {by  the  I.  of  nature,  without  aid  of 
revelation  or  teaching;  men  of  I.  &  leading1), 
(pi.)  facts  or  discoveries  serving  to  explain 
subject  {we  have  many  new  11.  upon  it  since 
then),  (pi.)  one's  natural  or  acquired  mental 
powers  (usu.  do  one's  best  &c.  according  to  one's 
11.),  (sing.)  aspect  in  which  thing  is  viewed  (in. 
the  I.  of  these  facts,  with  the  help  given  by 
them ;  appeared  in  the  I.  of  a  scoundrel,  seemed 


to  be  one ;  place  thing  in  a  good  I.,  represent 
it  favourably),  (in  acrostic  puzzles)  one  of  the 
words  whose  initial  &  final  letters  make  up  the 
answer ;  (Theol.)  brightness  of  heaven,  illumi- 
nation of  soul  by  divine  truth  ;  window  or  open- 
ing in  wall  for  admission  of  1.,  perpendicular 
division  of  mullioned  window,  glazed  compart- 
ment of  side  or  roof  in  greenhouse;  (Paint.) 
illuminated  surface,  part  of  picture  represented 
as  lighted  up ;  (Law)  light  falling  on  windows, 
the  obstruction  of  which  by  neighbour  is  illegal 
(Ancient  LI.,  inscription  giving  notice  of  this) ; 
flame  or  spark  serving  to  ignite  (strike  a  I., 
produce  this  with  match  &c),  thing  used  for 
igniting,  spill,  taper,  match ;  I.  due,  duty,  toll 
on  ships  for  maintenance  of  lighthouses  (tower 
or  other  structure)  &  lightships  (moored  or 
anchored)  containing  beacon  11.  for  warning  or 
guiding  ships  at  sea.  Hence  ligh*tLESS  a.  [OE 
Uoht,  cf.  Du.  &  G  licht,  f.  Aryan  leuk-  whence 
Gk  leukos  white,  L  lux  light] 

light2,  a.  Well  provided  with  1.,  not  dark  : 
pale-coloured  (often  prefixed  to  adjj.  &  nn.  of 
colour,  as  a  l.-blue  ribbon,  I  prefer  I.  blue),  [as 
prec] 

light3,  v.t.  &  i.  (lit  or  lighted ;  as  attrib.  adj.. 
lighted  is  usu.).  Set  (lamp  &c,  fire,  combus- 
tible) burning  (often  up;  I.  up  abs.,  begin  to 
smoke  pipe  &c,  also  kindle  the  11.  in  street  or 
room  at  dusk),  (of  fuel,  lamp,  &c.)  take  fire, 
begin  to  burn ;  give  1.  to  (room,  street,  &c. ; 
I.  up,  1.  brightly  or  make  conspicuous  by  1.); 
brighten  (t.  &  i.,  with  eyes,  face.  Sec,  as  obj.  or 
subj.)  with  animation ;  show  (person  his)  way 
or  surroundings  with  a  1.  Hence  (-)ligh'tep  s 
see  -er i(l,2),  n.    [OE  lihtan  (light  *>  2)] 

light  4  (lit),  a.  &  adv.  Of  little  weight,  not 
heavy,  (7. -arro^d,  with  1.  equipment  &  weapons) : 
deficient  in  weight  (I.  coin,  gold,  &c.) ;  of  small 
specific  gravity ;  having  or  intended  for  a  small 
load  (I.  ship,  unladen ;  7.  waterline  &c,  that  of 
ship  when  1.;  1.  engine,  with  no  train  attached ; 
1.  railway,  for  1.  traffic ;  I.  porter ;  I.  horse,  L- 
armed  cavalry,  &  so  I.  horseman,  I.  infantry ; 


LIGHT 


472 


LIKE 


I.  marching  order,  in  which  only  arms  &  am- 
munition are  taken),  (of  ship,  cart,  &c.)  made 
lightly  for  small  loads  &  quick  movement ;  (of 
building)  not  looking  heavy,  graceful,  elegant; 
acting  gently,  applied  delicately,  not  violent, 
(I.  hand,  lit.,  &  fig.  =  tactful  management, 
whence  light-handED2  a..  light-ha*nd- 
edLY2adv.,light-ha*ndedNESS  n.;  I.  touch, 
blow,  wind,  step,  Sac);  not  dense  or  tenacious, 
porous,  friable,  (I.  soil,  bread) ;  easy  of  digestion ; 
(of  wine  or  beer)  not  strong;  (of  syllable)  un- 
emphatic ;  not  important  (make  I.  of,  treat  as 
of  no  consequence,  slight,  trivial,  venial,  not 
grave,  jesting,  thoughtless,  frivolous  (whence 
Iight-mindED2 a., light-mi'ndedNESS  n.); 
wanton,  unchaste,  (esp.  of  women  or  their  con- 
duct) ;  nimble,  quick-moving,  (I.  of  foot',  I.  heels, 
whence  light-heelED  2  a. ;  I.  movements ;  I. 
rhythm;  I.  fingers,  good  at  stealing,  whence 
light-fingePED2a.) ;  fickle,  inconstant ;  easily 
borne  (I.  punishment,  taxation,  rule,  expense) 
or  done  (I.  work,  task);  aimed  or  aiming  at 
entertainment  merely  (I.  literature,  writer, 
comedy,  comedian) ;  (of  sleep)  easily  disturbed, 
not  profound,  (so  /.  sleeper) ;  free  from  sorrow, 
cheerful,  sanguine,  (I.  heart  only ;  did  it  xoith  a 
I.  heart,  sanguinely,  often  rashly ;  so  light- 
heartED2  a.,  light-heairtedL y 2  adv., 
light-hear'tedNESS  n.) ;  delirious  (now  only 
in  light-headED2a.,  light-hea'dedNESS 
n.);  I.-bob5;  lightfoot,  springy,  nimble;  h-o^ 
love,  fickle  woman,  harlot ;  l.-skirts,  woman  of 
1.  character;  l.-weight  a.,  1.  weight  n.,  (man  or 
animal)  below  average  weight,  esp.  in  boxing 
not  over  10  st.;  hence  ligh'tLY  2  adv.,  ligh't- 
ness  n.  (Adv.)  in  1.  manner  (esp.  tread,  sleep, 
I.;  I.  come  I.  go,  what  is  easily  gained  is  soon  lost). 
[OE  leoht,  cf.  Du.  licht,  G  leicht,  also  Skr.  laghu, 
Gk  elaphros  light  &  elakhus  small] 
light 5,  v.t.  &  i.  (lit  or  lighted).  (Naut.)  lift 
(rope  &e.)  along,  lend  a  hand  in  hauling  ropes 
&c. ;  (archaic)  alight,  descend,  come  down ; 
chance,  come  by  chance,  (up)on.  [orig.  sense 
make  I.,  intr.  meanings  coming  from  idea  of 
relieving  horse  &c.  of  weight ;  OE  UhtaMprec. )] 
liglrten  *,  v.t.  &  i.  Reduce  load  of  (ship  &c. ), 
(of  ship)  have  her  load  reduced ;  relieve  (heart 
&c),  (of  heart  &c.)  feel  relief ;  reduce  weight  of, 
(fig.)  mitigate ;  grow  lighter,  [light4  +  -en 6] 
ligh'ten2,  v.t.  &  i.  Shed  light  upon,  make 
bright;  (of  face,  eyes,  sky,  &c.)  grow  bright, 
shine,  flash  ;  (of  sky,  clouds,  or  it)  emit  light- 
ning (also  fig.  of  scorn  &c).  [light  2  +  -en  6] 
ligh'teP2  (for  I.1  see  light s),  n.,  &  v.t.  Boat, 
usu.  flat-bottomed,  for  unloading  &  loading 
ships  not  brought  to  wharf  &  for  transporting 
goods  in  harbour;  (vb)  remove  (goods)  in  1. 
Hence  lighter age(4)  n.  [light5  +  -er  l] 
ligh'tish !» 2,  aa.  Somewhat  light2  ;  some- 
what LIGHT  4.     [-ISH  *(2)] 

ligh'tning,  n.  Visible  electric  discharge  be- 
tween clouds  or  cloud  &  ground  (forked,  chain, 
ovchained  Z.,l.-flashin  form  of  zigzag  or  divided 
line;  sheet  I.,  1.  flash  of  diffused  brightness; 
summer,  heat,  I.,  sheet-1.  without  audible 
thunder,  result  of  distant  storm;  like  I.,  with 
greatest  conceivable  speed ;  with  I.  speed) ;  I.- 
rod  or  -conductor,  metal  rod  or  wire  fixed  to 
exposed  part  of  building  or  to  mast  to  divert  1. 
into  earth  or  sea.  [differentiated  form  of  light- 
ening Vbl  n.  Of  LIGHTEN2] 

lights,  n.  pi.  Lungs  of  sheep,  pigs,  bullocks, 
&c,  used  as  food  esp.  for  cats  &  dogs.    [n.  use 

Of  LIGHT4,  Cf.  LUNG] 

ligh'tsome  \  a.  Light,  graceful,  elegant,  in 
appearance  ;  light-hearted,  merry  ;  nimble. 
Hence   ligh'tsomeLY2  adv.,  ligh'tsome- 

NESS  n.    [light4,  -some] 


ligh'tsome2, a.  (rare).  Light-giving,  lumin- 
ous ;  well  lighted,  bright,    [light  1,  -some] 
ligh'twood,  nn.    Kinds  of  tree  with  light 
wood  ;  kinds  of  tree  with  wood  that  burns  with 
bright  flame,    [light  4>  i] 
lign-aloes  (lina'loz),  n.     The  drug  aloes ; 
aloes- wood  ;   aromatic  Mexican  wood.    [f.  LL 
lignum  aloes  wood  of  the  aloe] 
li'gneous,  a.    (Of  plants)  woody  (opp.  her- 
baceous),   [f.  L  ligneus  (foil.)  +  -ous] 
ligni-,comb.  form  of  L  lignum  wood.   Hence 
ligni'FEROUS,  li'gniFORM,  aa.,  li'gniFr  v.t. 
&  i.,  ligniFiCA'TioN  n. 

li'gnite,  n.     Brown  coal  showing  traces  of 
ligneous  structure.    [F,  see  prec,  -ite  *(2)] 
lrgnum  vrtae,  n.    Guaiacum.    [L,  -  wood 
of  life] 

li*gulate,a.  (bot.).  With  strap-shaped  fillet(s). 
[L  ligula  strap  (lingua  tongue,  -ule),  -ate  2] 
like1,  a.  (often  governing  noun  like  trans. 
part.;  more,  most,  rarely  or  poet,  -er,  -est),  prep., 
adv.  (archaic),  conj.  (vulg.),  &  n.  Similar,  re- 
sembling something  or  each  other  or  the  ori- 
ginal, (in  I.  manner  or  wise ;  on  this  &  the  I. 
subjects ;  the  two  letters  are  very  I. ;  I.  master 
I.  man,  as  the  one  is  so  will  the  other  be  ;  the 
picture  is  not  I.;  in  Alg.,  I.  signs,  both  positive 
or  both  negative,  I.  quantities,  expressed  by 
same  letters ;  sometimes  with  xoith,  as  beings 
of  I.  passions  with  us ;  now  rarely,  &  chiefly  in 
com  p.  -er,  with  to,  as  liker  to  God  than  man); 
resembling,  such  as,  (nothing  I.  leather,  as 
good  as ;  what  is  he,  it,  I.  ?,  what  sort  of  person 
or  thing  is  he  or  it?;  look  I.,  have  appearance 
of  ;  I.  that,  of  the  kind  just  seen  or  referred  to ; 
a  critic  I.  you,  of  the  class  that  you  exemplify  ; 
something  I.  £1,000,  nearly,  about ;  something 
like  a  day,  with  stress  on  like,  remarkably  fine 
or  otherwise  satisfactory  ;  soabs.,<7»is  is  some- 
thing like ;  nothing  I.  as  good,  not  nearly) ; 
characteristic  of  (that  is  I.  your  impudence ;  it 
xoas  I.  him  to  think  of  himself  last) ;  in  promis- 
ing state  or  right  mood  for  doixig  (looks  I.  last- 
ing ;  feel  I'  working  or  stopping  work ;  also 
look  I.  with  n.  =  promise  the  finding  or  suggest 
the  agency  of,  as  looks  I.  rabbits) ;  (archaic) 
likely,  (archaic  &  colloq.)  likely  to  (had,  -  was, 
I.  to  have  done,  narrowly  escaped  doing);  l.- 
minded,  having  same  tastes,  views,  &c.  (Prep. ) 
in  the  manner  of,  to  the  same  degree  as,  (cannot 
do  it  I.  you ;  do  not  talk  I.  that ;  /.  a  shot,  with- 
out demur,  willingly,  regardless  of  conse- 
quences ;  I.  fun,  blazes,  one  o'clock,  anything, 
mad,  &c,  vigorously.  (Adv.)  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  (archaic) ;  probably  (now  only  in  very  I., 
1.  enough,  usu.  parenthetic) ;  (vulg.)  so  to  speak 
(by  way  of  argument  L).  (Conj.;  for  archaic 
I.  as ;  vulg.  &  colloq.)  as  (cannot  do  it  I.  you  do ; 
snoxo  is  falling  I.  in  January).  (N.)  counter- 
part, equal,  1.  thing  or  person,  (mix  xoith  your 
II. ;  shall  not  see  his  1.  again ;  I.  cxires  I. ;  the  11. 
of  me  colloq.,  persons  so  humble  as  I ;  the  11.  of 
you  colloq.,  persons  so  distinguished  as  you); 
(Golf)  stroke  that  equalizes  number  of  strokes 
played  by  each  side ;  (ellipt.  use  of  adj.  with  pi. 
I.)  thing(s)  of  the  same  kind  {will  never  do  the  I. 
again ;  &  the  I.  often  as  pi.  =  etcetera,  as  music, 
painting,  &  the  I.).  [ME  lich  f.  OE  gelic,  cf.  G 
gleich  &  see  alike,  f.  OTeut.  galiko-  (ga-  with, 
liko-  body  cf.  lich)] 

like2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Be  pleasing  to  (archaic 
or  facet.;  chiefly  impers.,  it  likes  me  not,  well, 
&c);  thrive  (obs.  exc.  in  well-liking) ;  find  agree- 
able, congenial,  or  satisfactory,  feel  attracted 
by,  wish  for,  (/  I.  you,  the  offer,  his  visits,  iron. 
his  impudence,  her  to  be  within  reach,  to  see 
them  now  &  then ;  do  not  I.  such  subjects  dis- 
cussed ;  should  much  I.  to  come  ;  should  I.  to 


-LIKE 


473 


LIMITARIAN 


know  or  see  iron..,  think  you  will  find  it  hard  to 
tell  me,  am  not  likely  to  see ;  should  I.  time  to 
consider  it ;  how  do  you  I.  it  ?,  do  you  1.  it  much 
or  little  or  dislike  it  ?),  whence  li'kABLE  a. ,  li'k- 
ableNESS  n. ;  suit  (only  in  J  I.  it,  i.  e.  kind  of 
food,  but  it  does  not  I.  me);  (n.,usu.  pl.)liking(s), 
predilection(s),  (esp.  II.  &  dislikes).  [OE  lician 
cf.  Du.  lijken  (prec.)] 

-like,  suf.  (i.  e.  like  a.  &  adv.  in  com  p.).  (1) 
Appended  to  nn.  -like  forms  adjj.  (godlike,  wo- 
manlike, plumbago-like);  advv.  of  similar  form 
are  perh.  archaic,  &  in  mod.  use  possible  advv. 
can  usu.  be  explained  as  adjj.  (he,  cowardlike, 
refused).  (2)  Appended  to  adjj.  it  forms  adjj. 
chiefly  Sc.  (humanlike,  auldlike)  Sc  Sc.  advv. 

li'kelihdbd,  n.  Being  likely,  probability, 
(esp.  in  all  1.,  probably),    [-hood] 

li'kely,  a.  &  adv.  (more,  most,  -ier,  -iest).  Pro- 
bable, such  as  might  well  happen,  or  be  or 
prove  true,  or  turn  out  to  be  the  thing  specified, 
(a  I.  story,  often  iron.;  it  is  not  I.  he  will  come; 
his  most  I.  halting-place  is  —),  to  be  expected 
to  (he,  this,  is  or  was  not  I.  to  come,  happen); 
promising,  apparently  suitable  for  purpose  or 
to  do  or  be,  capable-looking,  (called  at  every  I. 
house  ;  six  I.  young  fellows  ;  the  likeliest  place 
for  smugglers  or  to  find  him  in ;  (adv.)  most  or 
very  probably,    [f.  ON  likligr  (like  l,  -ly  j)] 

li'ken,  v.t.  Find  or  point  out  resemblance  in 
(thing)  to,  (rarely)  make  like  to  (its  arbitrary 
character  likens  it  to  a  despotism),    [-en  6] 

li'keness,  n.  Being  like,  resemblance  (be- 
tween, to) ;  semblance  (enemy  in  I.  of  friend) ; 
representation,  copy,  portrait  (take  one's  I.,  por- 
tray him),  person  or  thing  having  the  exact 
appearance  of  another,    [-ness] 

likewise,  adv.  &  conj.  Similarly  (bibl.) ; 
also,  moreover,  too.    [for  in  like  wise] 

likin  (le-ke"n),  n.  Provincial  transit  duty  in 
China.    [Chin.] 

linking-,  n.  What  one  likes,  one's  taste  (is  it 
to  your  I.?) ;  regard,  fondness,  taste,  fancy,  for 
(have  a  I.  for  him,  for  precise  statement,  no  I. 
for  flattery).    [OE  licung  (like  2,  -ing  !)] 

li'lac  (-ak),  n.  &  a.  Shrub  with  fragrant  pale 
pinkish  violet,  or  white,  blossoms;  (of)  pale 
pinkish  violet  colour.  [F  f.  Sp.,  f.  Pers.  lilak 
var.  of  nilak  (nil  blue)] 

lilia'ceous,  a.    Of  the  lily  kind.    [f.  L  lilia- 

CeuS  (LILY,  -ACEOUS)] 

Lilliputian  (-shn),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  of  size 
of  inhabitants  of  Lilliput,  pigmy,  diminutive. 
[Lilliput  in  Gulliver's  Travels,  -ian] 

lilt,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Sing  melodiously  or  rhyth- 
mically ;  (song  with)  marked  rhythmical  ca- 
dence or  swing,    [n.  f.  vb,  ME  lulte  etym.  dub.] 

li'ly,  n.  (Flower  of)  kinds  of  bulbous  plant 
bearing  large  showy  white  or  reddish  or  pur- 
plish flowers  on  tall  slender  stem,  esp.  the 
White  or  Madonna  L.  (orange,tiger,turkrscap. 
Sec,  I.) ;  kindsof  plant  allied  to  these  (belladon- 
na, calla,  Guernsey,  lent,  water,  Sec,  I.);  I.  of 
the  valley,  spring  flower  with  two  large  leaves 
&  racemes  of  white  bell-shaped  fragrant 
flowers ;  person  or  thing  of  special  whiteness 
or  purity  (11.  &  roses,  fair  complexion);  heraldic 
fleur-de-lis  (the  11.,  arms  of  old  French  mon- 
archy, Bourbon  dynasty) ;  (attrib.)  delicately 
white  (I.  maid,  hand,  Sec),  pallid ;  l.-iron,  har- 
poon with  detachable  head  for  killing  sword- 
fish  ;  l.-livered, cowardly; l.-white, asal.  Hence 
li'liED  2  a.    TOE  lilie  f.  L  lilium  t.  Gk  leirion] 

limb1  (-m),  n.,  &  v.t.  Leg,  arm,  or  wing 
(escape  with  life  &  I.,  without  grave  injury) ; 
(orig.  I.  of  the  devil  or  Satan)  mischievous  child, 
I.  of  the  law,  lawyer,  policeman,  Sec;  main 
branch  of  tree,  one  of  four  branches  of  cross, 
clause  of  sentence,  spur  of  mountain  ;  hence 


(-)limbED2  (-md),  li'mbLESs  (-ml-),  aa.;  (vb) 
disable  1.  of  (person  or  animal),  dismember 
(body).    [OE  Urn  cf.  ON  limr] 

limb2  (-m),  n.  (scient.).  Edge  of  surface ;  gra- 
duated edge  of  quadrant  &c;  edge  (eastern, 
lower,  Sec,  I.)  of  sun,  moon,  &c;  expanded  part 
of  petal,  sepal,  or  leaf.    [f.  L  limbus  hem] 

li'mbate  (at),  a.  (biol.,  bot.).  Having  dis- 
tinct or  different-coloured  border,  [f.  LL  lim- 
batus  (prec,  -ate2)] 

lrmbee,  n.  (archaic).     =  alembic. 

li'mbep  1,n.,Sc  v.t.  Detachable  front  of  gun- 
carriage  (two  wheels,  axle,  pole,  &  ammuni- 
tion-box); (vb)  attach  1.  to  (gun),  fasten  together 
two  parts  of  (gun-carriage ;  also  abs.),  (usu.  up). 
[earlier  lymor,  perh.  f.  F  limoniere  shafts  & 
framework  (limon  shaft)] 

li'mbep2,  n.  (naut).  One  of  the  holes  cut 
in  floor-timbers  for  drainage  to  pump-well, 
[perh.  f.  F  lumiere  light,  used  in  same  sense] 

li'mbep  *,  a.    Flexible  ;  lithe,  nimble.    [?] 

li'mbo,  n.  Region  on  border  of  hell  where 
pre-Christian  just  men  &  unbaptized  infants 
are  confined ;  prison,  durance ;  condition  of 
neglect  or  oblivion,    [f.  L  phr.  in  limbo  (limb  2)] 

lime  11  n.,  &  v.t.  Sticky  substance  made  from 
holly  bark  for  catching  small  birds  (usu.  bird- 
lime) ;  white  caustic  alkaline  earth  (calcium 
oxide)  got  by  burning  limestone,  kinds  of  rock 
chiefly  carbonate  of  I.,  &  used  for  making  mor* 
tar,  as  manure,  &c.  (also  quick-?.;  slaked  I., 
this  after  combination  with  water,  hydrate  of 
1.),  whence  li'meLESS,  li'm  y  2,  aa.;  l.-bumer, 
maker  of  1. ;  l.-cast,  outer  layer  of  L  on  building ; 
l.-kiln,  for  burning  limestone ;  limelight,  intense 
white  light  got  by  heating  cylinder  of  L  in  oxy- 
hydrogen  flame  ;  l.-pit,  for  steeping  hides  to  re- 
move hair;  l.-twig,  smeared  with  birdlime. 
(Vb)  smear  (twigs),  catch  (bird),  with  birdlime 
(also  flg. );  treat,  dress  (land),  with  1. ;  steep  (skins) 
in  1.  &  water.  [OE  Urn,  cf.  Du.  lijm,  G  leim, 
cogn. w.  L  limus  mud,  linere  smear,  &  w.  loam] 

lime2,  n.  Round  fruit  smaller  &  more  acid 
than  lemon  ;  l.-juice,  used  as  drink  &  esp.  as 
antiscorbutic.    [F,  f.  Arab,  as  lemon] 

lime  3,  n.  Ornamental  tree  with  heart-shaped 
leaves  &  small  fragrant  yellowish  blossom 
(often  l.-tree).    [prob.  var.  of  lind  linden] 

li'men,  n.  (psychol.).  Limit  below  which 
given  stimulus  ceases  to  be  perceptible,  mini- 
mum of  nerve-excitation  required  to  produce 
sensation.  Hence  IrminAL  a.  [L  (genit.  -inis), 
= threshold,  representing  G  schwelle] 

Li'meriek,  n.  Kind  of  nonsense  verse  (now 
usu.  applied  to  the  five-line  form  seen  in  Lear's 
nursery  rhymes),  [said  to  be  f.  chorus  '  Will 
you  come  up  to  L? '  sung  after  extempore  verses 
contributed  each  by  member  of  party] 

li'me-wopt,  li*mp-,  n.  = brook  Mime.  [OE 
hleomece] 

li'mit  lf  n.  Bounding  line,  terminal  point  (su- 
perior, inferior,  I.,  earliest  &  latest  possible 
date,  largest  &  smallest  possible  or  permissible 
amount),  bound  that  may  not  or  cannot  be 
passed,  (icithout  l„  unlimited;  I.  man,  receiving 
longest  start  allowed  in  handicap,  opp.  scratch). 
Hence  11'mitLESS  a.  [f.  F  limite  t.  L  limitem 
nom.  -mes] 

li'mit2,  v.t.  Confine  within  11.,  set  (usu.  im- 
material) bounds  to,  restrict  to ;  serve  as  1.  to ; 
(p.p.)  scanty;  limited  company,  see  liability  ; 
limited  mail,  taking  only  limited  number  of 
passengers  ;  limited  monarchy  Sec,  subject  to 
constitutional  restrictions  (opp.  absolute).  So 
li'mitATTVE  a.  [f.  F  limiter  t. L  limitare  (prec. )] 

limitap'ian,  n.  &  a.  (Holder)  of  doctrine 
that  only  a  limited  part  of  mankind  is  to  be 
saved,    [limit1,  -arian] 


LIMITARY 


474 


LINEAMENT 


li'mitary,  a.  Subject  to  restriction  ;  of,  on, 
serving  as,  limit,  [f.  L  limitaris  (limit  l,  -ary2)] 
limitation,  n.  Limiting ;  limited  condition, 
disability  or  inability,  (has  fits  11. ,  is  not  talented 
inall  directions);  limiting  rule  or  circumstance; 
legally  specified  period  beyond  which  action 
cannot  be  brought,  estate  or  law  is  not  to  con- 
tinue, &c.  (statute  of  11. ,  any  that  fixes  such 
period),  [f.  L  limitatio  (limit2,  -ation)] 
lrmitrophe  (-of),  a.  (Of  district  &c.)  on 
frontier,  adjacent  to.  [F  (L  limes  limit1,  Gk 
-trophos  -feeding)  orig.  of  lands  set  apart  for 
support  of  frontier  troops] 
limn  (m),  v.t.  (archaic).  Paint  (picture) ; 
depict,  portray.  Hence  li'mnER1  (-mn-)  n. 
[f.  obs.  lumine  illuminate  (MSS.)  f.  OF  Luminer 
(L  lumen  -inis  light)] 

limno'logy,  n.  Study  of  physical  pheno- 
mena of  lakes  ;  study  of  pond-life.  [Gk  limne 
lake,  -o-,  -logy] 

limp ],  v.t,  &  n.  Walk  lamely,  (of  verse)  halt ; 
(n.)  lame  walk.  Hence  li'mpingXY2  adv.  [cf. 
MHG  limphin] 

limp2,  a.  Not  stiff,  flexible,  (of  book-bindings) 
not  stiffened  with  mill-board ;  (fig.)  wanting  in 
energy.  Henceli*mpLY2adv.,li*mpNESSn.  [?J 
li'mpet,  n.  Gasteropod  mollusc  with  tent- 
shaped  shell  sticking  tightly  to  rocks.  fOE 
lempedu  f.  LL  lampreda  limpet,  lamprey] 
li'mpid,  a.  Pellucid,  clear,  not  turbid,  (of 
liquids,  atmosphere,  eyes,  literary  style).  Hence 
or  cogn.  11'mpidLY2  adv.,  limpi'diTY,  li*m- 
pidNESS,  nn.  if.  L  limpidus  prob.  cogn.  w. 
lympha  lymph] 

li'mpkin,  n.     Kinds  of  bird  between  cranes 
&  rails,    [limp1,  -kin,  from  their  movements] 
limp-wort.    See  lime- wort. 
Image  (-ij),  n.    Number  of  lines  in  printed 
matter ;  payment  according  to  this,    [-age] 
li'nchpin,  n.    Pin  passed  through  axle-end 
to  keep  wheel  on.     [OE  lynis,  cf.  G  liinse,  pin] 
Li'ncoln  green  (-kn),  n.   Bright  green  stuff 
made  at  Lincoln. 

li'nden,  n.    Lime-tree.    [orig.  adj.  (obs.  lind 
lime  cf.  G  linde  cogn.  w.  Gk  elate  fir  +  -en  5)] 
line 1,  n.    Fine  long  flax  separated  from  the 
tow.    [OE  lin  flax,  cf.  G  lein-  perh.  cogn.  w.  L 
linum  Se  Gk  linori] 

line2,  n.  (Order  of  main  senses)  1.  Cord ;  2. 
Long  narrow  mark ;  3.  Row ;  4.  Series ;  5.  Di- 
rection. 1.  Piece  of  rope  (esp.  naut.,  e.g.  for 
sounding;  so  prob.  hard  11.,  bad  luck,  hardship ; 
also  =  clothes-J.)  ;  wire  or  cable  for  telegraph 
or  telephone  (lineman,  charged  with  keeping 
wire  &c.  in  repair),  route  traversed  by  this ; 
cord  bearing  flsh-hook(s)  (l.-fishing,  opp.  net- 
fishing  ;  give  one  1.  enough,  let  him  go  his  own 
way  for  a  time  in  order  to  secure  or  detect  him 
later);  cord  for  measuring,  levelling,&c.(PLUMB- 
l.;  by  rule  &  L,  with  precision),  (pi.)  one's  lot  in 
life  (Ps.  xvi.  6,  w.  ref.  to  marking  out  land) ; 
ruleorcanon  (obs.  exc.  in  I.  upon  I.,  seels,  xxviii. 
10,  with  slow  &  regular  progress).  2.  Longnarrow 
mark  traced  on  surface ;  use  of  these  in  draughts- 
manship (boldness,  purity,  of  I.;  translate  life 
&c.  intol.  &  colour ;  l.-drawing,  done  with  pen 
or  pencil ;  l.-engraving,  done  with  incised  lines, 
as  opp.  etching  Se  mezzotint ;  l.-work,  with  pen 
or  pencil  not  wash  &c.;  1.  of  beauty,  1.  with  two 
opposite  curves  like  elongated  S);  (Games)  mark 
limiting  court  or  ground  or  special  parts  of 
them ;  thing  resembling  traced  mark,  band  of 
colour,  seam,  furrow,  wrinkle  (I.  of  life,  fortune, 
Sec,  folds  in  palm  of  hand  significant  in  palm- 
istry); (Math.)  straight  or  curved  continuous 
extent  of  length  without  breadth,  track  of  mov- 
ing point,  (with  defining  word,  as  isothermal  I.) 
curve  connecting  all  points  having  specified 


common  property ;  the  equator ;  straight  1.  (I. 
of  fire i,  force,  Sec.;  picture  hung  on  the  I.,  ex- 
hibited with  its  centre  about  level  of  spectator's 
oye  ;  go  as  straight  as  a  I.);  contour,  outline, 
lineament  (the  savage  11.  of  his  mouth),  (pi.) 
plan  or  draught  (esp.  of  ship  in  horizontal,  ver- 
tical, &  oblique  sections)  or  manner  of  procedure 
(on  conservative,  political,  the  same,  Sec,  11.) ; 
(as  measure)  1/12  inch;  limit,  boundary,  (draw  » 
the  I.).  3.  Row  of  persons  or  things  (come,  bring, 
into  I.,  agree  or  co-operate,  induce  to  do  so) ; 
(Mil.,  pi.)  connected  series  of  field-works,  also 
row  of  tents  or  huts  in  camp ;  (Naut.)  I.  abreast, 
number  of  parallel  ships  ranged  on  line  crossing 
keels  at  right  angles,  I.  of  battle  »,  ship  of  the  I. 
or  J.-0/-BATTLE1  ship ;  (Mil.)  double  row  (front  & 
rear  rank)  of  men  ranged  side  by  side,  also  ar- 
rangement of  companies  side  by  side  (opp. 
column;  drawn  up  in,  form,  wheel  into,  1.;  ail 
along  the  I.,  at  every  point,  often  fig.  of  success 
&c;  l.-Jiring,  by  body  of  men  in  1.) ;  (Army)  the 
l„  regular  Se  numbered  regiments  (not  Guards, 
Engineers,  or  Artillery,  &  sometimes  under- 
stood to  exclude  Cavalry) ;  row  of  words  in  page 
or  newspaper  column  (read  between  the  11.,  de- 
tect hidden  meaning  in  document,  speech,  &c. ; 
L-JUling,  flourish  or  ornament  in  blank  space 
at  end  of  1.  in  MS.),  (by  exag.)  short  letter  (just 
a  I.  to  tell  you  that  — ),  single  verse  of  poetry, 
(pi.)  piece  of  poetry  (often  upon  subject  or  to 

Krson),  (pi.)  specified  amount  (100  Sec.  II.)  of  usu. 
,tin  verse  to  be  written  out  as  school  punish- 
ment, (pi.,  also  marriage  11.)  certificate  of  mar- 
riage, (pi.)  words  of  actor's  part.  4.  Series  or 
regular  succession  of  steamers,  omnibuses,  &c, 
plying  between  certain  places;  connected  series 
of  persons  or  things  following  one  another  in 
time  (can  show  a  long  I.  of  heroes),  esp.  several 

fenerations  of  family  (male,  female,  direct,  Sec, 
),  family,  lineage,  stock  (comes  of  a  good  I.). 
5.  Direction,  course,  track,  (I.  of  march,  com- 
munication, Sec);  (Railways)  single  track  of 
rails  (up,  down,  I.,  to,  from,  chief  terminus  esp. 
London),  one  branch  of  system  (main,  branch, 
loop,  I.),  or  whole  system  under  one  manage- 
ment (Midland  Sec.  I.) ;  course  followed  in  rid- 
ing to  hounds  (take,  keep  to,  one's  oum  I.,  often 
also  fig.);  courseof  procedure,  conduct,  thought, 
&c. ;  department  of  activity,  province,  branch 
of  business,  (something  in,  out  of,  one's  I.,  that 
interests  or  concerns  one,  or  not ;  in  the  banking, 
oil-&-colour,  Sec,  I.);  (Commerc.)  class  of  goods, 
order  for  or  stock  of  this,  [partly  thr.  OE  line, 
cf.  G  leine  cord,  partly  thr.  F  ligne,  f.  L  linea 
line  orig.  fern,  of  lineus  of  linen  (linum  flax)] 

line3,  v.t.  &  i.  Mark  in,  off,  out,  with  11.  on 
paper  &c. ;  cover  with  11.  (a face  lined  unthpain); 
I.  throitgh,  cross  out ;  draw  (men  or  objects)  up 
in  1. ;  come  up  or  spread  (t.  &  i.)  out  in  1.;  post 
troops  &c.  along  (road,  hedge,  Sec),  (of  troops) 
form  open  or  close  1.  along  (pass  &c),  (of  things) 
stand  at  intervals  along  (wall  &c).    [f.  prec] 

line4,  v.t.  Apply  layer  of  (usu.  different)  ma- 
terial to  inside  of  (garment,  box,  vessel,  bag, 
&c);  fill  (purse,  pocket,  stomach,  &c);  serve 
as  lining  for.  Hence  li'niNG  *(4)  n.  (every  cloud 
has  a  silver  lining,  there  is  good  in  every  evil), 
[f.  line1,  w.  ref.  to  use  of  linen  for  linings] 

line5,  v.t.  Copulate  with,  cover,  (bitch),  [f. 
F  ligner] 

li'neag-e  (-lej),  n.  Lineal  descent,  ancestry, 
pedigree,    [f.  OF  lignage  (L  linea  line2,  -age)] 

li'neal,  a.  In  the  direct  line  of  descent  or 
ancestry  (opp.  collateral) ;  (rare)  of,  in,  line(s), 
linear.  Hence  li'nealL y  2  adv.  [f .  F  lintal  t. 
LL  linealis  (line2,  -al)] 

li'neament,  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  distinctive  fea- 
ture^) or  characteristic(s),  esp.  feature(s)  of 


LINEAR 


475 


LION 


face,  (sing,  chiefly  in  every  I.),  [f.  F  lineament 
f.  L  lineamentum  (lineare  in  unrecorded  sense 
draw  lines  f .  linea  line  2)] 

li'near,  a.  Of,  in,  ]ine(s)  (I.  perspective)  ; 
(Math.,  Physics)  involving  measurement  in 
one  dimension  only  (I.  equation,  of  flrstdegree); 
long,  narrow,  &  of  uniform  breadth.  Hence 
li'neapLY  2  adv.    [f .  L  linearis  (line  2,  -ar  j)  | 

linea'tion,  n.  Drawing  of,  marking  with, 
arrangement  of,  lines,  [f.  L  lineatio  (linea- 
ment, -ation)] 

li'nen,  a.  &  n.  Made  of  flax  (I.  cloth).  (N.) 
cloth  woven  from  flax,(  with  pi.)  particular  kind 
of  this ;  (collect.)  shirts,  sheets,  cloths,  &c,  of  L, 
calico,  &c.  (wash  one's  dirty  I.  at  home,  in  pub- 
lic, keep,  not  keep,  quiet  about  domestic  quar- 
rels &c.) ;  l.-draper,  dealer  in  1.,  calico,  &c. ; 
hence  linenETTE(2)  n.  [OE  linen  (line1,  -en  5)j 

li'nep,  n.  Ship,  usu.  steamer,  belonging  to 
line  of  passenger  ships,    [-er  ]] 

li'nesman,  n.  Soldier  of  line  regiment; 
(Lawn  tennis,  Football)  official  assisting  umpire 
or  referee  by  deciding  whether  or  where  ball 
touches  or  crosses  line,    [line's  (line2)] 

ling-  \  n.  Long  slender  N.-Europ.  sea-fish  used 
(usu.  cured)  for  food.  [cf.  Du.  &  G  leng  prob. 
cogn.  w.  long  l] 

ling2,  n.  Kinds  of  heather.  Hence  li'ngv  2 
(-ngi)  a.    [f.  ON  lyng] 

-ling1,  suf.  forming  nn.;  com.-Teut.,  arising 
f.  addition  of  -ingoz  -ing3  to  n.  stems  w.  suf. 
-ilo-  -le.  (1)  in  OE,  ME,  &  mod.  E,  -ling  is  added 
to  nn.  to  form  nn.  denoting  person  or  thing 
connected  w.  primary  n.  (hireling,  nursling, 
sapling),  &  to  adjj.  to  form  nn.  (grayling,  dar- 
ling, youngling) ;  so  also,  f.  adv.,  tenderling. 
On  anal,  of  nursling  &c,  where  first  component 
is  ambiguous,  shaveling,  starveling,  are  formed 
on  vv.  (2)  in  ON  -ling  had  dim.  force ;  instances 
of  this  appear  in  E  in  14th  &  loth  cc.  (codling, 
gosling,  dvickling) ;  in  this  use  alone  (esp.  in 
formation  of  contemptuous  dimm.,  as  lordling, 
princeling)  the  suf.  is  a  living  one. 

-ling-2,  -ling's,  suf.  forming  adw.;  Teut. 
•ling,  -lang,  -lung,  (+  -es)  used  in  OE  added  to 
nn.  to  form  adw.  of  direction,  as  bxcling  back, 
andlang  along,  grundlunga  to  ground;  in 
other  wds  the  suf.  forms  adw.  of  condition  or 
situation  (darkling),  usu.  now  dial.  only. 

lPngep  (-ngg-),  v.i.  &  t.  Put  off  departure 
esp.  from  reluctance  to  go  ;  stay  about,  not  de- 
part or  arrive  at  expected  or  right  time ;  dally 
round  place  or  over  or  (up)on  subject ;  drag  on 
a  feeble  existence  (of  invalids  &  moribund  cus- 
toms); be  protracted  (lingering  disease,  ago- 
nies) ;  be  tardy,  delay ;  throw  (time)  away  in 
delays.  Hence  li'ngePER1  n.,  li'ngepingLY2 
adv.  [f.  obs.  leng  OE  lengan  lengthen,  linger, 
cf.  G  langen,  (long1)  +  -er5] 

lingerie  (F),  n.    (Stock  of)  linen  articles. 

li'ngo,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  (Contempt,  for)  foreign 
language,  vocabulary  of  special  subject  or  class 
of  people,  [prob.  corrupt,  of  lingua  (franca)] 

-lings.    See  -ling2. 

li'ngua  fpa'nca  (-nggwet),  n.  Mixture  of 
Italian,  French,  Greek,  &  Spanish,  used  in  Le- 
vant ;  any  mixed  jargon  serving  as  medium 
between  different  peoples  (also  fig.  of  common 
ideas  &c. ).    [It. ,  =  Frankish  tongue] 

li'ngual  (-gw-),  a.  &  n.  (Anat.)  of  the  tongue ; 
(Phonet.)  formed  by  the  tongue  (n.,  1.  sound ; 
both  a.  &  n.  now  rare),  whence  li*ngualizE<3) 
v.  t. ;  of  speech  or  languages  (I.  studies),  [f .  med.  L 
lingualts  (L  lingua  tongue,  -al)] 

li'nguifopm  (-gw-),  a.  (bot.,  anat.,  zool.). 
Tongue-shaped.    Iprec,  -I-,  -form] 

li'nguist  (-gw-),  n.  Person  skilled  in  foreign 
languages  (good,  bad,  no,  I.),    [as  prec,  -ist] 


linguistic,  a.  Of  the  study  of  languages  ; 
of  language,  lingual.  Hence  lingui'stiCALLV 
adv.    [prec,  -icj 

li'ngulate  (-at),  a.  Tongue-shaped,  [f.  L 
lingula  dim.  of  lingua  tongue,  -ate  2] 

li'nguo-,  comb,  form  of  L  lingua  tongue  (-o-), 
as  -dental  made  with  tongue  &  teeth  (of  sounds). 

li'niment,  n.  Liquid  usu.  made  with  oil  used 
in  rubbing  body  for  rheumatism  &c,  embroca- 
tion,   [f.  L  linimentum  (linire  smear,  -ment)] 

link1,  n.,&  v.t.  &i.  One  ring  or  loop  of  chain 
(as  measure,  1/100  of  surveying  chain  or  7.92in.); 
=  sleeve-J.  ;  loop  in  knitting  &c. ;  connecting 
part,  thing  or  person  that  unites  others,  filler  of 
gap,  member  of  series  (missing  I.).  (Vb)  Con- 
nect, join  (things,  persons)  together  or  (thing, 
person)  to ;  clasp  (hands) ;  hook  (arm  in  or 
through  another  s,  or  arms) ;  attach  oneself  on 
or  in  to  system,  company,  &c. ;  linked  battalions, 
two,  of  which  one  at  home  supplies  drafts  for 
other  on  foreign  service.  Hence  li*nk.AGE(l,  3) 
n.  [f.  ON  (Icel.  hlekkr,  Sw.  lank)  cogn.  w.  G 
gelenk  joint,  &  w.  flank] 

link  2,  n.  Torch  of  pitch  &  tow  formerly  used 
for  lighting  people  along  streets ;  l.-boy,  link- 
man,  employed  to  carry  11.  [perh.  f.  prec.  in 
sense  segment  of  the  material] 

links,  n.  pi.  Level  or  undulating  sandy 
ground  near  sea-shore,  with  turf  &  coarse  grass 
(So.) ;  ground  on  which  golf  is  played,  often  re- 
sembling that  of  prec.  sense  (also  a  links  as 
sing.).    [OE  hlinc  perh.  cogn.  w.  lean2] 

linn,  n.  (chiefly  Sc).  Waterfall ;  pool  below 
this  ;  precipice,  ravine,  [perh.  mixture  of  OE 
hlynn  torrent  &  Gael,  linne] 

Linn(a)e*an,  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of  Linnaeus 
or  his  system  of  classifying  plants  &  animals. 
[Linnaeus  latinized  name  of  C.  Lmr\6  Swedish 
naturalist  +  -an] 

li'nnet,  n.  Common  brown  or  warm-grey 
song-bird.    [f.  OF  linette  (lin  flax,  f.  its  food)] 

lino'l&um,  n.  Floor-cloth  of  canvas  with 
thick  coat  of  oxidized  linseed  oil.  Hence  lino*- 
leumED  2  a.    [L  linum  flax,  oleum  oil] 

li'notype,  n.  Machine  for  producing  stereo- 
typed lines  of  words  as  substitute  for  type- 
setting, much  used  in  printing  newspapers. 
[  =  line  o'type] 

li-nsang,  n.  Civet  cat  of  Borneo  &  Java. 
[JavaneseJ 

li'nseed,  n.  Seed  of  flax ;  I.  cake,  1.  (with  the 
l.-oil  pressed  out)  as  cattle-food ;  l.-meal,  ground 
1. ;  I.  poultice,  of  1.  or  l.-meal.    [line  l] 

li'nsey-wdb'lsey  (zl-,  -zl),  n.  Dress  ma- 
terial of  coarse  inferior  wool  woven  on  cotton 
warp  (orig.  of  wool  &  flax),  [from  1483 ;  linsey, 
perh.  a  coarse  linen  (line  l  perh.  +  obs.  say 
silk) ;  woolsey=wool  w.  jingling  term.] 

lint,  n.  Soft  material  for  dressing  wounds 
made  by  scraping  linen  cloth  on  one  side.  [cogn. 
w.  line  J ;  perh.  f.  F  linette  linseed  (lin  linen)] 

li'ntel  (-tl),  n.  Horizontal  timber  or  stone 
over  door  or  window.  Hence  li'ntellED2  a. 
[OF, = threshold,  f.  pop.  L  Himitale  or  Himitel- 
lum  see  limit  \  -le(2)J 

H'ny,  a.  Marked  with  lines ;  wrinkled  ;  (Art) 
using  line  too  much.   Hence  li*ni.\ESS  n.   1-y  2] 

li'on,  n.  Large  powerful  tawny  African  & 
S. -Asiatic  carnivorous  quadruped  with  tufted 
tail  &  (in  the  male)  flowing  shaggy  mane  (I.  in 
the  way  or  path,  obstacle,  esp.  imaginary;  l/s 
mouth,  perilous  position  ;  l.'s  share,  largest  or 
best  part;  l.'s  skin,  false  assumption  of  cour- 
age ;  twist  l.'s  tail,  of  foreign,  esp.  U.-S.,  jour- 
nalists or  orators  defying  or  insulting  England) ; 
courageous  person,  so  lion-heaptED2 a. ;  (pi.) 
sights  worth  seeing  in  town  &c.  (from  custom 
of  showing  country  visitors  the  11.  in  Tower  of 


LIONIZE 


476 


LISTEN 


London  ;  see,  show,  the  11.) ;  person  of  literary 
or  other  celebrity  sought  after  to  be  shown  off 
at  social  gatherings  (l.-hunter,  host  or  hostess 
depending  much  on  11.),  whence  li'onHOOD, 
li'onsHiP,  nn.  ;  national  emblem  of  Great 
Britain  (the  British  L.,  the  nation  personified); 
constellation  &  zodiacal  sign  leo.  Hence 
lionE'SQUE,  H'onLiKE,  aa.,  li'onEss1,  li'on- 
et  i,  nn.  ff.  AF  leun  f.  L  leonem  nom.  leo  f.  Gk 
leon  leontos] 

li'onize,  v.t.  &  i.  See  or  show  the  sights  (see 
prec)  of  (place) ;  show  these  to  (visitor) ;  see  the 
sights  ;  treat  (person)  as  celebrity,  make  a  lion 
(see  prec.)  of,  whence  li'oniSM(l)  n.    [-ize] 

lip,  n.,  &  v.t.  One  of  the  fleshy  edges  of  the 
opening  of  the  mouth  (upper,  lower  or  under, 
I. ;  bite  one's  I.,  in  vexation  or  to  repress  emo- 
tion, stifle  laugh,  &c. ;  stiff  upper  I.,  fortitude 
or  obstinacy;  curl  one's  I.,  in  scorn  ;  hang  one's 
I.,  in  humiliation  ;  lick,  smack,  one's  11. ,  in  en- 
joyment or  anticipation  of  food  or  fig.;  hang 
on  one's  II.,  listen  to  his  every  word  in  rever- 
ence; word  &c.  escapes  ones  11.,  is  uttered 
thoughtlessly);  saucy  talk,  impudence,  (slang; 
esp.  none  of  your  I. !) ;  edge  of  cup,  vessel, 
cavity,  wound,  &c. ;  lip-,  from  the  11.  only,  pro- 
fessed, not  heartfelt  or  sincere,  (l.-homage,  -re- 
ligion, -Christian,  -service,  -worship) ;  l.-deep, 
superficial,  insincere ;  l.-language,  -reading, 
-speaking,  use  &  interpretation  of  silent  motions 
of  11.  by  &  with  the  deaf  or  dumb ;  lipsalve, 
ointment  for  sore  lips,  fig.  flattery ;  hence 
(-)lippED2,  li'pLESS,  aa.  (vb)  touch  with  11., 
apply  11.  to ;  (of  water)  just  touch,  lap ;  murmur, 
utter  softly.  [OE  lippa,  cf.  Du.  lip,  G  lippe, 
cogn.  w.  L  labium,  labrum] 

lipo'gpaphy,  n.  =haplography.  [f.  Gk 
lip-  st.  of  leipo  omit,  -graphy] 

lrppep,n.  (naut.).  Rippling  or  ruffled  motion, 
surface  roughness,  of  sea.  [prob.  cogn.  w. 
i,ap5  +  -er5J 

liqua'te,  v.t.  Separate  or  purify  (metals)  by 
liquefying.  Hence  liquA'TiON  n.  [f.  L  liquare 
melt,  cogn.  w.  liquor,  -ate3] 

li'queiy,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  (solid  or  gas)  or 
come  into  liquid  condition.  Hence  or  cogn. 
HqueFA'ciENT  a.  &  n.,  UquePA'CTioN  n., 
H'quefactivE,  li'queflABLE,  aa.,  li'que- 
Aer1(1,  2)  n.  [f.  F  liqiiefier  f.  L  liquefacere 
(liguere  be  liquid,  -fy)) 

lique'scent  (-snt),  a.  Becoming,  apt  to  be- 
come, liquid.    \t.  L  liquescere  (prec,  -escent)] 

liqueur*  (-kur,  or  as  F),  n.  Strong  alcoholic 
liquor  sweetened  &  flavoured  with  aromatic 
substances  &  usu.  drunk  in  small  quantities ; 
mixture  of  sugar  &  alcohol  or  wines  used  to 
flavour  champagne,  whence  liqueur*  v.t. ;  I. 
brandy,  of  special  quality  for  drinking  as  1. ;  l.- 
glass,  very  small  for  11.;  l.-frame,  -stand,  for 
holding  l.-bottles.    [F,  =  liquor] 

lrquid,  a.  &  n.  (Substance  that  is)  incom- 
pressible but  offering  no  resistance  to  change  of 
shape,  neither  solid  nor  gaseous,  resembling 
water  or  oil  in  normal  state,  in  fluid  but  not 
gaseous  condition  (I.  air,  reduced  to  1.  state  by 
intense  cold);  watery ;  having  the  transparence, 
translucence,  or  brightness,  of  water  or  wine 
(I.  lustre,  eyes,  sky,  air,  blue);  (of  sounds) flow- 
ing, clear,  fluent,  pure,  not  grating  or  discor- 
dant, not  guttural,  vowel-like,  (blackbird's  I. 
notes  ;  in  his  I.  Italian  ;  n.,  one  of  the  letters  1, 
r,  &  sometimes  m,  n) ;  not  fixed,  unstable,  (has 
very  I.  convictions  or  principles) ;  (of  assets, 
securities,  &c.)  easily  convertible  into  cash. 
Hence  or  cogn.  liqui'diTY,  li'quidsESS,  nn.. 
li-quid4ZE(3)  v.t.,  11-quidLY2  adv.  [f.  OF 
liquvde  f.  L  liquidus  (liquere  be  liquid  cf.  li- 
quate, liquor)J 


liquidate,  v.t.  &  i.  Pay,  clear  off,  (debt); 
wind  up,  ascertain  liabilities  &  apportion  assets 
of,  (company,  firm),  whence  li'quidatOR  2  n.  ; 
(intr.,  of  company)  have  this  done.  Hence 
liquidA'TiON  n.  (go  into  I.,  of  company,  have 
its  affairs  wound  up,  become  bankrupt),  [f.  LL 
liquidare  make  liquid,  -ate  3] 
lrquop  (-ker),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Liquid  part  of 
secretion  or  product  of  operation  ;  liquid  used 
as  wash  &c. ;  water  used  in  brewing ;  liquid 
(usu.  fermented  or  distilled)  for  drinking  (malt 
I.,  ale,  beer,  porter,  &c;  spirituous  I.,  spirits  ; 
disguisec?  with  1.;  in  I.,  the  worse  for  I.,  more 
or  less  drunk  ;  a  I.  or  l.-up  slang,  taking  of  1.  as 
refreshment) ;  water  in  which  food  has  been 
boiled ;  (Pharmacy,  pr.  li'kwor)  solution  of 
specified  drug  in  water  (I.  ammoniae  &c.)  ( Vb) 
dress  (leather,  shoes)  with  grease  or  oil ;  steep 
(malt  &c.)  in  water ;  (slang)  I.  up  or  I.,  have  a 
drink  of  alcoholic  1.  [earlier  &  OF  licur  (now 
liqueur)  t.  L  liquor  (liquere  see  liquid,  -or  j)  to 
which  spelling  has  been  assimilated] 
li -quo rice  (-ker-),  li'copice,  n.  (Black  sub- 
stance used  in  medicine  &  as  sweetmeat  made 
from)  root  of  Olycyrrhiza  glabra ;  the  plant, 
[f.  AF  lycor&sf.  LL  liquiritial.  Gk glukurrhizeu 
(glukus  sweet,  rhiza  root)] 
li'quopish,  a.  Fond  of,  indicating  fondness 
for,  liquor.  Hence  li'quopishLY2  adv.,  li*- 
quopishNESS  n.  [misuse  of  lickerish] 
lira  (ler'a),  n.  (pi.  lirepr.  -a,  liras  ;  abbr.  L.). 
Italian  silver  coin  serving  as  monetary  unit, 
about  \M.  [It.,  f.  L  libra] 
Lisle  thread  (HI),  n.  Fine  hard-twisted 
thread  made  orig.  at  Lisle  (now  Lille)  in  France. 
lisp,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Substitute  one  of  the 
sounds  of  th  for  sibilants  in  speaking ;  (of  child) 
speak  with  imperfect  pronunciation  ;  say  with 
a  1.  (often  out) ;  hence  li'spingLY  2  adv.  (N.) 
lisping  pronunciation ;  rippling  of  waters,  rust- 
ling of  leaves,  [f.  OB  wlisp  a.  lisping,  cf.  Du. 
lispen,  G  lispeln,  to  lisp] 
li'ssom(e),  a.  Lithe,  supple,  agile.  Hence 
li*ssom(e)NESS  n.  [contr.  of  LiTHEsome] 
list1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  1.  Selvage  or  edge  of 
cloth,  usu.  of  different  material,  whence  li'st- 
ing  i(3)  n. ;  such  edges  torn  off  &  used  as  a  ma- 
terial (I.  slippers ;  line  edges  of  door  with  I.,  to 
keep  out  draughts ;  vb,  fasten  1.  round  edges  of, 
as  have  listed  my  doors) ;  (pi.)  palisades  en- 
closing tilting-ground,  (flg.)  scene  of  contest 
(enter  the  11.  against,  challenge  or  accept  chal- 
lenge of,  usu.  to  controversy).  2.  Roll  or  cata- 
logue of  names,  of  persons  or  things  belonging 
to  a  class,  of  articles  with  prices,  of  things  to 
be  done,  &c.  (active  I.,  of  officers  in  army  or 
navy  liable  to  be  called  on  for  service ;  free  I., 
of  persons  to  be  admitted  free  to  theatre  &c, 
also  of  duty-free  articles;  army,  civil,  sick, 
-I.) ;  (vb)  enter  in  a  1.,  (now  rare  or  vulg.)  go  as 
soldier,  enlist,  [sense  1  f.  OF  liste,  cf.  Du.lijst, 
G  leiste  ;  sense  2  f .  F  liste  f.  Teut.  as  in  1] 
list2,  v.t.  (archaic ;  3  sing.  pres.  list  or  listeth, 
past  list  or  listed).  Be  pleasing  to  (shall  do 
what  him  listeth ;  did  as  him  list) ;  desire, 
choose,  (to  do  or  abs. ;  ye  who  I.  to  hear ;  wind 
bloweth  where  it  listeth).  [OE  lystan,  cf.  Du. 
lusten,  G  liisten,  cogn.  w.  lust] 
list3,  n.,  &  v.i.  Lean(ing)  over  to  one  side 
(usu.  of  ship  ;  also  of  building,  fence,  &c).  [vb 
f.  n.,  perh.  transf.  use  of  obs.  list  pleasure,  in- 
clination, f.  prec] 

list4,  v.i.  &t.  (archaic).  Listen,  listen  to.  [OE 
hlystan  (hlyst  sense  of  hearing)  cf.  G  lilstern  & 
lauschen  f.  Aryan  klus-  iklu-  see  loud)] 
li'sten  (-sn),  v.i.  &  t.  Make  effort  to  hear  some- 
thing, hear  person  speaking  with  attention, 
give  ear  to  (8c  archaic  to)  person  or  sound  or 


LISTERINE 


477 


LITTER 


story,  yield  to  temptation  or  request.  Hence 
li'stenKH 1  (-sn-)  n.  [ONorthuinb.  lysna,  cf.  OE 
hlosnian,  cogn.  w.  prec.] 

li'sfcerine,  n.  A  particular  antiseptic  solu- 
tion.   [Lord  Lister,  -ink  4J 

li'sterize,  v.t.  Treat  (wound)  on  the  anti- 
septic methods  introduced  by  Lord  Lister.  So 
lister'iAN  a.    1-ize] 

li'stless,  a.  Languid,  indifferent,  uninter- 
ested, disinclined  for  exertion.  Hence  li'st- 
lessLY2  adv.,  li'stlessNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  list  in- 
clination (LIST2)  +-LESS] 

lit.     See  LIGHT  3,  LIGHT  5. 

li'tany,  n.  Series  of  petitions  for  use  in 
church  services  or  processions  recited  by  clergy 
&  responded  to  usu.  in  repeated  formula(s)  by 

ggople  (the  L.,  that  contained  in  the  Common 
rayer  Book) :  L-desk,  -stool,  at  which  reciter 
of  1.  kneels,  [f.  med.L  f.  Gk  litaneia  prayer 
(litaneuo  pray  f.  litanos  suppliant  f.  lite  prayer)] 

lite  hi  (letshe-),  n.  Fruit(-tree)  orig.  from 
China  grown  in  Bengal.    [f.  Chin,  li-chi] 

-lite,  suf.  forming  names  of  minerals,  F,  f.  Gk 
lithos  stone  ;  usu.  preceded  by  -o-. 

li'teraey,  n.  Ability  to  read  &  write,  [lite- 
rate, -cyJ 

li'terae  human/ores,  n.  (abbr.  Lit.  Hum.). 
Polite  letters,  esp.  as  name  of  classical  school 
or  examination  for  B.  A.  degree  at  Oxford.    [L] 

li'teral,  a.  &  n.  Of,  in,  expressed  by,  letter(s) 
of  alphabet  (I.  error,  also  I.  as  n.,  misprint); 
following  the  letter,  text,  or  exact  or  original 
words  {I.  translation,  transcript,  &c),  whence 
li'teral  ism  (4)  n. ;  taking  words  in  their  usual 
or  primary  sense  &  applying  the  ordinary  rules 
of  grammar,  without  mysticism  or  allegory  or 
metaphor,  {I.  interpretation ;  I  hear  nothing 
in  the  I.  sense  of  the  word,  with  the  ears  as  opp. 
other  means  of  getting  news),  whence  literal- 
ism(3),  li*teraliST(2),  nn. ;  (of  persons)  prosaic, 
matter-of-fact ;  so  called  without  exaggeration 
(I.  decimation ;  often  incorrectly  used,  as  a  I. 
flood  of  pamphlets).  Hence  litera'liTY,  lite- 
palNESS,  nn.,  li'teralLY  2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  late- 
ralis (LETTER,  -AL)] 

liberalize,  v.t  Take  (metaphor  &c.)  in 
literal  sense,    [-ize] 

literal* um  do'ctor,  n.  Doctor  of  literature 
(as  University  degree).    [L] 

li'terary,  a.  Of,  constituting,  occupied  with, 
literature,  polite  learning,  orlaooks  &  written 
composition  esp.  of  the  kind  valued  for  form  (I. 
history  of  a  thing,  of  its  treatment  in  litera- 
ture; I.  property,  exclusive  right  of  publica- 
tion, books  &c.  subject  to  this ;  I.  man,  man  of 
letters).  Hence  literariLY2  adv.,  litera- 
riNESS  n.    [f.  L  litterarius  (letter,  -ary1)] 

li'terate  (-at),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  having  some 
acquaintance  with  literature  or  (now  usu. )  able 
to  read  &  write  ;  man  admitted  to  Anglican  or- 
ders without  university  degree,  [f.  L  litter atus 

(LETTER,  -ATE2)] 

litera'ti,  n.  pi.  Men  of  letters,  the  learned 
class.   [L,  as  prec] 

Htera'tim,  adv.  Letter  for  letter,  textually, 
literally.    [L] 

llterator,  n.  Literary  man.  [L  (literate, 
-or2)  elementary  teacher,  grammarian,  sciolist] 

literature  (-tsher,  -tur),  n.  Literary  cul- 
ture (archaic) ;  literary  production  (engaged  in 
/.),  the  literary  profession  (I.  was  represented 
by  — ) ;  realm  of  letters,  writings  of  country  or 
period ;  writings  whose  value  lies  in  beauty  of 
form  or  emotional  effect  (light  4  I.) ;  the  books 
treating  0/ a  subject ;  (colloq.)  printed  matter, 
[f.  L  litteratura  (literate,  -ure)1 

-lith,  suf.  repr.  Gk  lithos  stone  (aerolith,  mo- 
nolith) ;  cf.  -LITE, 


litharge  (-j).n.  Protoxide  of  lead.  [LOFli- 
targe  f.  Gk  litharguros  (lithos  stone,  arguros 
silver)  so  called  as  by-product  in  separation  of 
silver  from  lead] 


lithe  (-dh), a.  Flexible, supple.  Hence  lithe- 
ness  n.,  lithesoME  a.  [OE  lithe  soft,  cf.  G 
lind,  cogn.  w.  L  lentns] 


lithia,  n.  Oxide  of  lithium  ;  l.-water,  used 
for  gout,  [changed  f.  earlier  lithion  f.  Gk  neut. 
of  litheios  (lithos  stone)  after  soda,  potassa,8cc] 

lithic  \  a.  Of  the  stone  or  calculus ;  of  stone. 
[f.  Gk  lithikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

lithic2,  a.  (chem.).    Of  lithium,    [foil.,  -ic] 

lithium,  n.  Metallic  element  of  alkaline 
group,    [lithia,  -ium] 

lith(o)-,  comb,  form  ©f  Gk  lithos  stone,  esp. 
in  wds  having  ref.  either  to  the  treatment  of 
stone  in  the  bladder  or  kidneys,  or  to  the  use  of 
stone  in  printing. 

lithograph,  n.,  &  v.t.  Lithographic  print ; 
(vb)  print  by  lithography,    [prec,  -graph] 

litho'graphy,  n.  Drawing  or  writing  on 
kind  of  yellow  slaty  limestone  (lithographic 
stone)  so  that  impressions  in  ink  can  be  taken. 

So  lithO'GRAPHER  11.,  HthOGRA'PHIC  a.  [LI- 
THO-,  -GRAPHY] 

litho'logy,  n.  Science  of  the  nature  &  com- 
position of  stones  &  rocks,  whence  litholo'- 
giCAL  a. ;  department  of  medical  science  deal- 
ing with  calculus,    [litho-,  -logy] 

lithontri'ptie,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine)  that 
breaks  up  stone  in  bladder,  [f.  F  lithontri- 
ptique  f.  Gk  lithon  thruptika  (drugs)  comminu- 
tive  of  stones] 

lithophyte,  n.  (Zool.)  polyp  whose  sub- 
stance is  calcareous,  as  some  corals;  (Bot.) 
plant  that  grows  on  stone,  [litho-,  Gk  phuton 
plant  (phuo  grow)] 

litho'tomy,  n.  Operation  of  cutting  for  stone 
in  bladder.  Hence  or  cogn.  lithoto*mic(AL) 
aa.,  lithotomisT(l)  n.,  IlthotomiZE(l)  v.t. 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  lithotomia  (litho-,  -tomy)] 

lithotrity,  n.  Operation  of  crushing  stone 
in  bladder  into  small  particles  that  can  be 
passed  through  urethra.  Hence  lithotrit- 
ist(1)  n.,  HthotritizE(l)  v.t.  [f.  lithontrip- 
tic,  by  change  of  lithon  to  litho-  &  con  fusion  of 
-tript-  (already  transferred  f.  Gk  thrupto  commi- 
nute to  Gk  tribo  wear)  with  L  terere  trit-  wear] 

Lithuanian,  a.  &  n.  (Language  or  native) 
of  Lithuania,    [-an] 

litigate,  v.i.  &  t.  Go  to  law,  be  party  to  law- 
suit ;  contest  (point)  at  law,  whence  litigABLE 
a.  Hence  litigANT(l)  n.  &  a.,  litigATiON  n. 
[f.  L  litigare  (lis  litis  lawsuit),  -ate5] 

litrgious  (-jws),  a.  Given  to  litigation,  fond 
of  going  to  law;  disputable  at  law,  offering  mat- 
ter for  lawsuit ;  of  lawsuits.  Hence  liti'gi- 
ously 2  adv.,  liti'giousNESS  n.  [f.  F litigieux 
f.  L  litigiostis  (litigium  litigation  cf.  prec)] 

litmus,  n.  Blue  colouring-matter  got  from 
lichens  that  is  turned  red  by  acid  &  restored  to 
blue  by  alkali ;  l.-paper,  unsized  &  stained 
with  1.  as  test  for  acids,  [f.  MDu.  leecmos 
(lac  !,  moes  pulp)] 

litotes,  n.  Ironically  moderate  form  of  speech 
(as  '  scoundrel '  is  rather  a  rude  word),  esp.  the 
expressing  of  an  affirmative  by  the  negative  of 
its  contrary,  as  no  small  for  great.  [Gk  (-is)  L 
litos  plain,  meagre] 

litre  (le'te?'),  n.  Unit  of  capacity  in  metric 
system,=  cube  of  1/10  metre,  about  1J  pints. 
[F,  from  1793,  prob.  f.  LL  f.  Gk  litra  pound] 

litter,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Vehicle  containing 
couch  shut  in  by  curtains  &  carried  on  men's 
shoulders  or  by  beasts  ;  framework  with  couch 
fortransportingsick  &  wounded;  straw,  rushes, 
&c,  as  bedding  esp.  for  animals  ;  straw  &  dung 


LITTERAE 


478 


LIVERY 


of  farmyard ;  odds  &  ends,  leavings,  state  of 
untidiness,  disorderly  accumulation  of  papers 
&c,  whence  li'ttePY  2  a. ;  the  young  brought 
forth  at  a  birth.  (Vb)  provide  (horse  &c.)  with 
1.  as  bed  (usu.  down) ;  spread  1.  or  straw  on 
(floor,  stable  ;  usu.  doivn) ;  make  (place)  untidy 
(of  objects  lying  about,  or  of  person  with  these 
or  simply) ;  scatter  &  leave  lying  ;  bring  forth 
(whelps  &c,  or  abs.).  [f.  OF  lUiere  f.  inecLL 
lectaria  (L  lectus  bed,  -ary  l)] 

litterae,  -parum.    See  lite-. 

litterateur  (F),  n.    Literary  man. 

li'ttle,  a.  (less,  lesser,  least  ;  also  smaller, 
smallest),  n.,  &  adv.  (less,  least).  Small  (often 
with  emotional  implications  notgiven  by  small, 
cf.  great),  not  great  or  big  (the  idiomatic  anti- 
theses are  great  &  L,  big  &  I.,  great  &  small, 
large  &  small,  not  large  &  I.  nor  big  &  small); 
(as  distinctive  epithet)  of  smaller  or  smallest 
size  &c.  (the  L.  Auk,  L.  Malvern,  the  L. 
bear  1,  the  I.  finger  or  toe);  young  (the  I.  Joneses, 
Jones'  children ;  I.  man  or  woman,  boy  or  girl, 
esp.  as  voc;  his,  her,  its,  our,  I.  ones,  children 
or  cubs  &c.) ;  as  of  a  child,  evoking  tenderness, 
patronage,  amusement,  Sec.  (her  poor  I.  efforts 
to  please ;  toe  know  his  I.  ways  ;  so  that  is  your 
I.  game,  what  you  are  hoping  to  do  undetected); 
short  in  stature,  distance,  or  time  (a  I.  man ; 
the  I.  people,  fairies  ;  will  go  a  I.  way  with  you ; 
wait  a  I.  while) ;  trivial,  unimportant,  (every  I. 
difficulty);  mean,  paltry,  contemptible,  (with 
the  I.  cunning  of  I.  minds) ;  not  much  (gained 
I.  advantage  from  it ;  often  but  or  very  I.);  a 
I.,  some  though  not  much,  even  a  small  amount 
of,  (prob.  f.  the  n.  use  with  ellipse  of  of;  give  me 
a  I.  butter;  a  I.  care  would  have  prevented  it) ; 
(abs.)  the  I.,  persons  of  1.  power  or  importance, 
what  is  1.,  in  L,  on  a  small  scale  ;  l.-Englander, 
-dism,  (holder  of)  principle  that  Great  Britain 
should  contract  her  responsibilities  for  colonies 
&  dependencies  (opp.  imperialist,  -ism)  ;  l.- 
go  colloq.,  first  examination  for  B.  A.  degree  at 
Cambridge ;  L.  Masters,  group  of  16th-c.  Ger- 
man engravers,  followers  of  Diirer,  named  from 
small  size  of  their  prints ;  hence  li'ttlexESS  n. 
(N.J  not  much,  only  a  small  amount,  a  mere 
trifle,  (I.  or  nothing,  hardly  anything ;  did  not 
a  I.  for  the  cause,  much ;  got  but,  very,  rather, 
I.  oid  of it;  a  I.  makes  us  laugh ;  gives  me  I.  of 
his  company ;  did  what  I.  he  could ;  the  I.  of 
his  work  that  remains) ;  a  certain  but  no  great 
amount  (knows  a  I.  of  everything ;  a  I.,  rather, 
somewhat;  not  a  I.,  extremely);  (for  a)  short 
time  or  distance  (after,  for,  a  I.;  leave  me  here 
a  I.;  I.  by  I.,  by  I.  Si.,  by  degrees).    (Adv.)  to  a 


small  extent  only  (I  like  him  I.;  I.  known  au- 
thors ;  is  I.  more  than  a  cento) ;  not  at  all  (he  I. 
knows,  dreams,  &c).  [OE  lytel,  lytel,  prob. 
cogn.  w.  lutan  bow  down] 

li'ttoral,  a.  &  n.  Of,  on,  the  shore ;  region 
lying  along  the  shore,  [f.  L  lit(t)oralis  (litus 
-oris  shore,  -al)] 

H'tupgry,  n.  Communion  office  of  Eastern 
Church ;  form  of  public  worship,  set  of  formu- 
laries for  this ;  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer ; 
<Gk  Ant)  public  office  or  duty  performed  gra- 
tuitously by  rich  Athenian.  Hence  litup*- 
«ical  a.,  litupgi'ealLY2  adv.  [f.  med.L  f. 
Gk  leitourgia  (leitourgos  public  servant  prob. 
f.  leos  people,  -ergos  -working)] 

li'vable,  a,  (Of  house,  room,  climate,  &c.) 
fit  to  live  in  ;  (of  life)  worth  living  ;  companion- 
able, easy  to  live  with.  Hence  li'vableNESS 
n.    [live 2,  -able  ;  cf.  reliable] 

live*,  a.  (attrib.).  That  is  alive,  living,  (joe.) 
actual  not  pretended  or  pictured  or  toy  (a  real 
I.  burglar,  steam-engine,  mountain);  full  of 
power,  energy,  or  importance,  not  obsolete  or 


exhausted,  (make  the  question  a  I.  issue) ;  glow- 
ing (I.  embers) ;  (of  shell,  match,  wire)  unex- 
ploded,  unkindled,  charged  with  electricity ; 
(of  rock)  not  detached,  seeming  to  form  part  of 
the  earth's  frame  ;  (of  wheels  &c.  in  machinery) 
moving  or  imparting  motion;  l.-bait,  living 
fish  or  worm  as  fishing-bait;  l.-oak,  Amer. 
evergreen  tree  ;  L-stock,  animals  kept  or  dealt 
in  for  use  or  profit.    [=  alive  used  attrib.] 

live  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  alive,  have  animal  or  vege- 
table life  ;  subsist  (up)on  (I.  on  fruit),  depend 
(up)on  for  subsistence  (lives  upon  his  wife, 
wife's  earnings,  &c;  living  wage1),  (fig.)  sus- 
tain one's  position  or  repute  (up)on  (lives  on  his 
name),  get  livelihood  by  one's  wits  &c.  or  by  do- 
ing, (I.  &  let  I.,  wink  at  others'  incompetence 
or  deficiencies  to  secure  the  same  treatment 
for  oneself ;  I.  from  hand  *  to  mouth) ;  conduct 
oneself  (honestly,  viciously,  like  a  saint,  &c;  I. 
up  to  one's  principles,  faith,  &c.,  put  them  in 
practice);  arrange  one's  habits,  expenditure, 
feeding,  &c.  (1.  fast  4,  in  clover  ;  I.  well,  on 
dainty  food ;  I.  in  a  small  way,  cheaply  & 
quietly ;  I.  close,  stingily ;  I.  to  oneself,  in  iso- 
lation); (with  cogn.  obj.)  spend,  pass,  experi- 
ence, (I.  a  virtuous  life ;  he  lived  what  he  nar- 
rated) ;  wear  down  (scandal,  prejudice,  effect 
of  past  guilt)  by  blameless  course  of  life ;  ex- 
press in  one's  life  (I.  a  lie) ;  enjoy  life  intensely; 
continue  alive,  have  one's  life  prolonged,  (pa- 
tient cannot  I.;  lived  to  see  his  children's  chil- 
dren ;  I.  out  the  night,  remain  alive  through 
it),  (of  things)  survive  (his  memory  lives),  (of 
ship)  escape  destruction  (nothing  could  I.  afloat) ; 
dwell  (I.  in,  oid,  of  shop-assistants  residing  on 
premises  or  not),  spend  daytime  in  room  (room 
does  not  seem  to  be  lived  in).  [com.-Teut;  OE 
libban  cf.  Du.  leven,  G  leben,  cogn.  w.  life] 

livelihood,  n.  Means  of  living,  sustenance. 
[OE  liflad  (life,  lad  course,  see  load  1)  gradu- 
ally assimilated  to  obs.  livelihood  liveliness] 

lrvelongr,  a.  (poet.,  rhet.).  Whole  length  of 
(the  I.  day,  night,  summer,  with  implication  of 
weariness  or  delight),    [earlier  lefe  long  (lief)] 

li*vely,  a.  Lifelike,  realistic,  (a  I.  descrip- 
tion ;  give  a  I.  idea  of) ;  full  of  life,  vigorous, 
energetic,  brisk,  vivid,  interesting;  (joe.)  ex- 
citing, dangerous,  difficult,  (police  had  a  I. 
time ;  press  is  making  it  or  things  I.  for  —) ;  (of 
colour)  bright;  gay,  vivacious;  (of  boat  &c.) 
rising  lightly  to  waves.  Hence  li^eliLY2  adv., 
li'veliNESS  n.    [OE  lijflic  (life,  -ly  *)] 

li'ven,  v.t.  &  i.  Brighten,  cheer,  (usu.  up). 
[life,  -en  6] 

li'ver1,  n.  Large  glandular  organ  in  verte- 
brates secreting  bile  &  purifying  venous  blood ; 
(also  l.-complaint)  diseased  state  of  1.,  whence 
li'vepiSH1  a.;  (also  l.-colour)  dark  reddish 
brown ;  flesh  of  some  animals'  1.  used  as  food  ; 
(archaic)  1.  as  seat  of  emotion  (hot  I.,  passionate 
or  amorous  temperament;  white  or  lily  I., 
cowardice,  whence  -livePED2  a.) ;  1,-line,  one 
of  lines  of  palm  significant  in  palmistry ;  l.- 
wing,  right  wing  of  cooked  fowl,  under  which 
1.  is  tucked,  (joe.)  right  arm  ;  liverwort,  kinds 
of  plant  with  1. -shaped  parts  or  used  in  1.  dis- 
ease. Hence  li'vePLESs  a.  [OE  lifer  cf.  Du. 
lever,  G  leber] 

li'ver2,  n.  One  who  lives  in  specified  way 
(clean,  loose,  I. ;  good  I.,  virtuous  person,  also 
one  given  to  good  living  *).    [-er  *] 

Liverpudlian,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant,  native) 
of  Liverpool.  [Liverpool,  w.  joe.  change  of  pool 
to  puddle  (avoiding  non-Latin  -oo-)  +  -ian] 

li'vepy,  n.  Provision  of  food  or  clothing 
served  out  to  retainers  &c.  (hist.) ;  allowance  of 
provender  for  horses  (at  I.,  of  horse,  kept  for 
owner  &  fed  &  groomed  for  fixed  charge) ;  dis- 


LIVID 


479 


LOATHSOME] 


tinctive  clothes  worn  by  member  of  city  com- 
pany or  person's  servant  (in,  out  of,  I.  of  ser- 
vant, so  attired  or  in  plain  clothes;  also  fig., 
birds  in  their  winter  L,  the  I.  of  grief  ,  of  other 
men's  opinions,  &c),  whence  li'veriED 2  a. ; 
membership  of  city  company  {take  up  one's  I., 
become  liveryman) ;  (Law)  legal  delivery  of 
property  (sue  one's  L,  bring  suit  as  heir  in  court 
of  wards  to  get  possession),  writ  allowing  this ; 
/.  company,  one  of  London  City  companies 
that  had  formerly  distinctive  costume;  I.  fine, 
payment  for  becoming  member  of  1.  company  ; 
liveryman,  member  of  1.  company,  keeper  of  or 
attendant  in  1.  stable ;  I.  servant,  wearing  1.;  I. 
stable,  where  horses  are  kept  at  1.  or  let  out  for 
hire.    [f.  F  livree  (livrer  see  deliver,  -y4)] 

li*vid,  a.  Of  bluish  leaden  colour ;  discoloured 
as  by  bruise.  Hence  or  cogn.  livi'diTY  n., 
li*vidLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  lividus] 

li'ving"  *,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  live- 
lihood, maintenance,  (make  one's  I.) ;  (Eccl.) 
benefice ;  good  L,  luxurious  feeding  ;  plain  I. 
&  high  thinking,  frugal  &  philosopnic  life ;  L- 
room,  sitting-room;  I.  wage,  on  which  it  is 
possible  for  worker  to  live,    [-ing  l] 

li'ving- 2,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  contempo- 
rary, now  existent,  (no  man  I.  could  do  better ; 
the  greatest  I.  master  of  irony ;  the  first  of  I. 
artists ;  the  I.,  those  now  alive;  in  the  land  of  the 
I.,  alive) ;  (of  likeness)  exact,  whence  li*ving-- 
LY2adv. ;  I.  water,  perennially  flowing ;  I.  rock, 
coal,  -  live  * ;  I.  language,  still  in  vernacular 
use ;  I.  death,  state  of  hopeless  misery ;  within 
I.  memory,  that  of  persons  still  1.    [-ing  2] 

livre  (le'vr),  n.  Old  French  money  of  account 
(20  sous,  about = franc).    [F,  f.  L  libra] 

lixi'viate,  v.t.  Separate  (substance)  into 
soluble  &  insoluble  constituents  by  percolation 
of  water.  Hence  lixiviATiON  n.  [f.  L  lixivius 
made  into  lye  (lix),  -ate3] 

li'zard,  n.  Kinds  of  reptile  having  usu.  long 
body  &  tail,  four  legs,  &  scaly  or  granulated 
hide ;  fancy  variety  of  canary,  [f.  OF  lesard  f. 
L  lacertus  w.  assim.  to  -ard] 

'11,  contr.  of  will  in  I'll,  he'll,  that'll,  &c. 

lla'ma  (lah-,  lyah-),  n.  S.-Amer.  ruminant 
allied  to  camel  but  smaller,  bumpless,  &  woolly- 
haired,  used  as  beast  of  burden  ;  (material 
made  of)  its  wool.    [Sp.,  prob.  f.  Peruvian] 

Lloyd's  (loidz),  n.  Incorporated  society  of 
marine  underwriters  in  London ;  L.  list,  news- 
paper devoted  to  maritime  intelligence ;  L. 
register,  annual  alphabetic  list  of  ships  assigned 
to  various  classes,  [orig.  17th-c  coffee-house 
established  by  Edward  Lloyd] 

lo,  int.  (archaic).  Look !,  see !,  behold  !.  [mix- 
ture of  OE  la  int.  &  ME  lo  =  loke,  look  *] 

loach  (lotsh),  n.  Small  edible  freshwater  fish, 
[f.  F  loche) 

load  l,  n.  What  is  (to  be)  carried,  burden  ; 
amount  usu.  carried  (cart-l.  &c),  recognized 
unit  in  measure  or  weight  of  certain  sub- 
stances ;  material  object  or  force  acting  as 
weight  or  clog,  resistance  of  machinery  worked 
to  motive  power,  pressure  of  superstructure  on 
arch  &c. ;  burden  of  responsibility,  care,  grief, 
&c. ;  (pi.,  colloq.)  plenty,  superabundance, 
heaps,  lots,  of',  l.-displacement,  -draught,  of 
ship  when  laden ;  loadstone,  lodestone,  mag- 
netic oxide  of  iron,  piece  of  it  used  as  magnet, 
thing  that  attracts,.  (=way  stone,  see  etym.) ; 
l.-(water)line,  ship's  flotation  line  when  laden, 
Plimsoll's  mark.  [OE  lad  way,  journey,  con- 
veyance, cf.  G  leite,  cogn.  w.  lead  2] 

load2,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  1.  on  or  aboard  (person, 
vehicle,  ship,  &c),  (of  ship,  vehicle,  person  re- 
sponsible for  these,  or  person)  take  load  aboard 
&c.  (often  up) ;  place  (1.,  cargo)  aboard  ship,  on 


vehicle,  &c. ;  add  weight  to,  be  burden  upon, 
oppress  with  (stomach  loaded  with  food), 
weight  with  lead  (a  loaded  cane  ;  loaded  dice, 
so  weighted  as  to  fall  with  a  certain  face  up), 
strain  bearing-capacity  of  (table  loaded  with 
food) ;  adulterate  with  something  to  increase 
weight  or  (of  wines)  strength ;  supply  or  assail 
overwhelmingly  with  (loaded  her  with  gifts, 
praise,  abuse ;  air  loaded  with  carbon) ;  charge 
(fire-arms ;  am  loaded,  have  my  gun  &c. 
charged) ;  (Stock-Exch.)  buy  heavily  of  stock 
(loaded  up  with,  having  large  amounts  of  in 
hand  as  security) ;  (Life-insurance)  add  extra 
charge  or  loa'diNG l  n.  to  (premium)  for  special 
reasons,    [f.  prec] 

loa'der,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  attendant 
loading  sportsman's  guns;  loading-machine; 
•I.,  gun  loaded  in  specified  way  (breech,  muzzle, 
single,  -I),  so  -loadiNG2  a.    [-er  l] 

loaf1,  n.  (pi.  -ves).  Piece  of  bread  baked  alone 
or  as  separate  or  separable  part  of  batch,  usu. 
of  some  standard  weight  as  lib.,  21b.,  or  41b. 
(cottage,  household,  tinned,  I.,  various  shapes ; 
quartern  I.;  brown  I.,  of  brown  bread ;  white 
I.,  of  firsts;  11.  &  fishes,  personal  profit  as 
inducement  to  religious  profession  or  public 
service,  see  John  vi.  26 ;  half  a  I.  is  better  than 
no  bread,  motto  of  compromise,  opp.  all  or 
nothing) ;  (also  sugar-l.)  conical  moulded  mass 
of  sugar  (I.  sugar,  this  as  whole  or  cut  into 
lumps) ;  solid  roundish  head  of  cabbage  or 
lettuce,  whence  loavED2  a.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE 
hldf,  cf.  G  laib,  etym.  dub.] 

loaf2,  loave,  v.i.  (Of  cabbage  &c.)  form  a  1. 
or  head.    [f.  prec] 

loaf3,v.i.  &t.,&n.  Spend  time  idly ;  saunter; 
I.  (time)  away,  spend  in  loafing ;  hence  loa'f- 
er1  n.;  (n.)  loafing  (going  to  have  a,  on  the,  I.). 
[etym.  dub.;  /.  may  be  back-form.  f.  loafer] 

loam,  n.  Paste  of  clay  &  water,  composition 
of  moistened  clay  &  sand  with  chopped  straw 
&c.  used  in  making  bricks,  plastering,  &c; 
fertile  soil  chiefly  of  clay  &  sand  with  admixture 
of  decayed  vegetable  matter,  whence  loa*m  y  2 
a.  [OE  lam,  cfT  Du.  leem,  G  lehm,  cogn  w.  lime  j] 

loan,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Thing,  esp.  sum  ormoney ,  len  t 
to  be  returned  with  or  without  interest ;  word, 
custom,  &c. ,  adopted  by  one  people  from  another 
(so  l.-god,  -myth,  -word) ;  lending  or  being  lent 
(on  I.;  may  I  have  the  I.  of  —?,  may  I  borrow 
it?);  money  contribution  from  individuals  or 
public  bodies  to  State  expenses  acknowledged 
as  debt;  arrangement  or  contract  by  which  a 
governmentreceivesadvancesof  money  usu.for 
stipulated  interest;  I. -collection,  of  pictures  &c. 
lent  by  owners  for  exhibition  ;  l.-holder,  person 
holding  debentures  or  other  acknowledgments 
of  1.,  mortgagee ;  l.-office,  for  lending  money  to 
private  borrowers,  also  for  receiving  subscrip- 
tions to  government  l.;l.-society,  of  periodical 
subscribers  to  fund  from  which  members  may 
have  11.;  (vb,  now  chiefly  U.S.)  grant  1.  of, 
whence  loa'nABLE  a.,  loanEE',  loanER  K  nn. 
[OE  Ian,  cf.  Du.  leen,  G  lehn,  cogn.  w.  Gk  leipo 
leave,  &  OE  leon  lend] 

lo(a)th,  a.  Disinclined,  reluctant,  unwilling, 
(usu.  to  do  or  abs. ;  also/or  person  to  do,  or  that ; 
nothing  L,  quite  willing  or  willingly);  l.-to- 
depart,  tune  played  as  farewell.  [OE  lath,  cf. 
Du.  leed,  also  G  leid  sorrow,  f.  OTeut.  laitho- 
whence  F  laid  ugly] 

loathe  (-dh),  v.t.  Regard  with  disgust,  abo- 
minate, detest.  Hence  loath  ing]0)  n., 
loa*thing-LY  2  adv.    [OE  lathian  (prec.)] 

loathly  (-dh-).  a.  (Archaic  &  literary  for) 
loathsome.    Hence  loathliNESS  n.    IOE  Idth- 

liC  (LOATH,  -LY  J)] 

loathsome  (-th-,  -dh-),  a.    Exciting  nausea 


LOB 


480 


LOCK 


or  disgust,  offensive  to  the  senses,  sickening, 
repulsive,  odious.  Hence  loa'thsomeLY 2 
adv.,  loa'thsomeNESS  n.    [loath,  -some] 

lob,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Walk,  run,  or  move, 
heavily  or  clumsily  or  slowly  (often  along) ; 
toss,  bowl,  or  send,  (ball)  with  slow  or  high- 
pitched  motion ;  (n.)  ball  bowled  underhand  at 
cricket  or  sent  high  in  air  at  lawn-tennis.  If. 
obs.  lob  n.  fowl's  wattle  &c] 

lo*bate,a.  (nat.  hist).  Having lobe(s).  Hence 

lODATION  n.      [LOBE,  -ATE2] 

lo'bby,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Porch,  anteroom, 
entrance-hall,  corridor  ;•  (in  House  of  Commons 
&c.)  large  hall  open  to  public  used  esp.  for 
interviews  between  members  &  outsiders,  (also 
division  I.)  one  of  two  corridors  to  which 
members  retire  to  vote.  (Vb,  chiefly  U.S.)an- 
fluence  (members  of  legislature),  get  (bill  &c.) 
through,  by  1.  interviews  &c. ;  frequent  1.  of 
legislature,  solicit  members'  votes,  whence 
lo*bbyiST(l)  n.    [f.  med.L  lobia  lodge  *] 

lobe,  n.  Roundish  &  flattish  projecting  or 
pendulous  part,  often  one  of  two  or  more  such 
parts  divided  by  fissure  (so  I.  of  liver  or  lungs ; 
II.  of  brain ;  I.  of  ear,  lower  soft  pendulous 
external  part).  Hence  io'bED  2,  lo'be  less,  aa. 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  lobos  lobe,  pod,  cogn.  w.  legume] 

lobe'lia,  n.  Kinds  of  herbaceous  plant  with 
blue,  scarlet,  or  purple  flowers  having  deeply 
cleft  corolla  without  spur.    [M.  de  Lobcl,  -ia  J  ] 

loblo'lly  man,  boy,  nn.  (naut.).  Surgeon's 
mate,  attendant  [f.  obs.  loblolly  gruel,  prob. 
hnit  of  bubbling] 

lo'bscouse  (-ows),  n.  Sailors' dish  of  meat 
stewed  with  vegetables  &  ship's  biscuit.    [?] 

lo'bster,  n.  Large  marine  stalk-eyed  ten- 
footed  long-tailed  edible  crustacean  with  large 
claws  formed  by  first  pair  of  feet,  bluish  black 
before  &  scarlet  after  boiling;  its  flesh  as  food ; 
(contempt)  British  soldier;  l.-pot,  basket  in 
which  11.  are  trapped.  [OE  lopustre  corrupt,  of 
L  locusta  locust,  (orig. )  lobster,  cf.  F  langouste ; 
ending  assim.  to  -ster] 

16'bule,  n.  Small  lobe.  Hence  lo'bulAR  i  a. 
[lobe,  -ule] 

lo'bworm,  n.  Large  earthworm  used  as 
fishing-bait ;  marine  worm  (also  lug)  similarly 
used.    [f.  obs.  lob  n.,  see  lob] 

local J,  loea-le,  (-ahl),  n.  Scene  or  locality  of 
operations  or  events.  [F  (-Z),  abs.  use  of  adj.  = 
foil.;  -e  is  erroneous  but  usual,  cf.  morale] 

ld'eal2,  a.  &  n.  In  regard  to  place  (I.  habita- 
tion, situation ;  London  is  a  I.  name ;  I.  adverb) ; 
belonging  to,  existing  in,  or  peculiar  to  certain 
place(s)  (7.  time,  reckoned  from  sun's  transit 
over  place's  meridian;  the  I.  lawyer ;  globe- 
flower  is  very  L,  not  generally  distributed; 
I.  government,  administration  of  town  &c.  by 
inhabitants,  decentralization,  L.  Government 
Board,  State  department  exercising  general 
control  over  this ;  I.  examination,  held  in  various 
places  under  university  board  &  giving  certifi- 
cates to  boys  &  girls;  I.  preacher,  Methodist 
layman  authorized  to  preach  in  his  own  dis- 
trict"; I.  option,  veto,  system  by  which  inhabit- 
ants of  district  may  prohibit  sale  of  liquor  in  it ; 
I.  colour,  details  characteristic  of  the  scene  or 
time  represented  in  novel  or  other  literary 
work  inserted  to  give  actuality,  &  see  below) ; 
affecting,  of,  a  part  &  not  the  whole  (I.  disease, 
pain,  remedy;  I.  colour  in  picture,  that  of 
separate  objects  apart  from  general  colour- 
scheme,  &  see  above);  (Math.)  of a  locus;  (Post; 
written  on  cover  of  letter  as  warning  to  P.O. 
officials)  for  delivery  in  this  town  or  district ; 
hence  lo'ealLY  2  adv.  <N.)  inhabitant  of,  pro- 
fessional man  practising  in,  particular  district; 
1.  preacher;  (item  of)  1.  news  in  newspapqr; 


postage-stamp  current  in  limited  district ;  train 
serving  stations  of  district;  (pi.)  1.  examina- 
tion^).   [F,  f.  L  localis  (locus  place,  -al)] 

lo'calism,  n.  Attachment  to  a  place  ;  limita- 
tion of  ideas  &c.  resulting ;  favouring  of  what 
is  local ;  a  local  idiom,  custom,  &c.    [-ism] 

loca'lity,  n.  Thing's  position,  place  where 
it  is;  site  or  scene  of  something;  faculty  of 
remembering  &  recognizing  places,  finding 
one's  way,  &c.  [f.  F  localite  f.  LL  localitatem 
(local2,  -ty)] 

lo'calize,  v.t.  Invest  with  the  characteristics 
of  a  particular  place;  restrict  to  particular 
place;  attach  to  districts,  decentralize;  con- 
centrate (attention)  upon ;  (rare)=foll.  Hence 
lo'calizABLE  a.,  loealizATioN  n.    [-ize] 

loca'te,  v.t  Establish  in  a  place,  (pass.)  be 
situated,  (U.S.);  state  locality  of;  discover 
exact  place  of  (I.  the  enemy's  camp).  Hence 
Iogation  n.    [f.  L  locare  (locus  place),  -ate3] 

16'cative,  a.  &  n.  (gram.).  (Case)  denoting 
place  where,    [prec,  -ive] 

loch  (-ch),  n.  Scotch  lake  or  narrow  or  land- 
locked-arm of  the  sea.   IGael.] 

lock  *,  n.  Portion  of  hair  that  hangs  together, 
tress,  (pi.)  hair  of  head ;  tuft  of  wool  or  cotton. 
Hence  -loekED  2a.  [OE  loc,  cf.  Du.  lok,  G  locke, 
prob.  cogn.  w.  Gk  lugos  withy] 

lock.2,  n.  Appliance  for  fastening  door,  lid, 
&c,  with  bolt  that  requires- key  of  particular 
shape  to  work  it  (under  I.  &  key,  locked  up) ; 
appliance  to  keep  wheel  from  revolving  or 
slewing ;  mechanism  for  exploding  charge  of 
gun  (I.,  stock,  &  barrel,  whole  of  thing,  com- 
pletely) ;  confined  section  of  canal  at  point 
where  level  changes  for  raising  &  lowering 
boats  by  use  of  sluiced  gates ;  ante-chamber  to 
chamber  in  which  engineering  work  is  done  in 
compressed  air ;  interlocking,  e.g.  block  or  jam 
of  carriages  in  street;  extent  to  which  fore- 
wheel's  can  be  made  to  cross  hind-wheel's 
plane ;  (also  L.-Hospital)  hospital  for  venereal 
disease ;  lockfast,  secured  with  1. ;  lockman, 
coroner's  6ummoner  in  I.  of  Man ;  locksman, 
keeperof  canal  1.;  locksmith,  maker  &  mender 
of  11.  Hence  lo'ckLESS  a.  [OE  loc,  cf.  G  loch 
hole.  Da.  laag  lid] 

lock3,  v.t.  &  L  Fasten  (door,  box,  &c.)  with 
L,  shut  up  (house  &c.)  by  fastening  doors  thus, 
(of  door  &c.)  admit  of  being  so  fastened,  have 
a  1.;  shut  (person,  thing)  up,  in,  or  into;  (of  land, 
hills,  &c.)  hem  in  (usu.  in  pass.) ;  (fig.)  store  (up 
or  away)  inaccessibly  (facts  locked  up  in  hiero- 
glyphics ;  capital  locked  up  in  land),  imprison 
(senses  locked  in  sleep) ;  keep  (person)  out  by 
locking  door  (esp.  of  employer  coercing  work- 
men by  refusing  them  work ;  l.-out  n.,  this  pro- 
cedure, cf.  strike)  ;  bring  or  come  into  rigidly 
fixed  position,  engage,  (make)  catch,  fasten  by 
interlacing  or  fitting  of  corresponding  parts, 
entangle,  (p.p.)  joined  in  hostile  embrace ;  (Mil., 
of  rear  rank)  march  so  close  to  front  rank  that 
feet  overlap ;  (of  vehicle  or  wheels)  (have  fore- 
wheels  that)  admit  of  being  slewed  into  differ- 
ent planes  from  those  of  hind- wheels ;  provide 
(river,  canal)  with  11.,  convey  (boat)  up  ordoicn 
through  1.,  go  through  L;  l.-chain,  for  locking 
wheels  of  vehicle;  l.-jaw,  locked-jaw,  (pop. 
name  for)  trismus,  variety  of  tetanus,  tonic 
spasm  of  muscles.of  mastication  causing  jaws 
to  remain  rigidly  closed;  l.-nut,  extra  nut 
screwed  over  another  to  prevent  its  starting  ; 
l.-spring,  closing  watch-case ;  l.-stitch,  sewing- 
machine  stitch  by  which  two  threads  are  firmly 
locked  together;  l.-up,  (time  of)  locking  up 
school  &c.  for  night,  unrealizable  state  of  in- 
vested capital  or  amount  of  capital  locked  up, 
house  or  room  for  temporary  detention  of  pri- 


LOCKAGE 


481 


LOG 


soners,  (attrib.)  that  can  be  locked  up  (l.-up 
coach-house),    [f.  prec.l 

lo'ckag-e,  n.  Amount  of  rise  or  fall  effected 
by  canal  locks ;  toll  for  use  of  lock ;  use  or  num- 
ber of  locks.    [-AGEl 

lo'cker,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  small  cup- 
board, esp.  one  of  many  reserved  each  for  in- 
dividual's use  in  public  room,  e.g.  cricket 
pavilion  or  schoolroom ;  (Naut.)  chest  or  com- 
partment for  clothes,  stores,  ammunition,  &c. 
(not  a  shot  in  the  I.,  no  money  in  one's  pocket ; 

DAVY  JONES'S  LOCKER).     [-ER  J] 

lo'cket,  n.  Metal  plate  or  band  on  scabbard ; 
small  gold  or  silver  case  holding  portrait,  lock 
of  hair,  &c,  &  usu.  hung  from  neck.  [f.  OF 
locquet  (Joe latch f.  Teut.  cogn.  w.  lock2,  -et1)] 

Lo'ckian,  a.  Of  John  Locke  or  his  philosophy 
or  followers.    So  Lo*ckiST(2)  n.    [-ian] 

to' co  cita'to,  adv.  (abbr.  I.e.).  In  the  pass- 
age already  quoted.    [L] 

io'eomote,  v.i.  (biol.).  Move  from  place  to 
place,    [back-formation  f.  folL] 

loeomo'tion,  n.  (Power  of)  motion  from 
place  to  place ;  travel,  way  (esp.  artificial)  of 
travelling,    [f.  L  loco  see  foil.,  motio  motion] 

lo'comdtive,  a.  &  n.  Of  locomotion  (I.  facul- 
ty, power),  (joe.)  of  travel  (in  these  I.  days); 
having  power  of  or  given  to  locomotion,  not 
stationary,  (the  I.  bivalves;  a  I.  person  joe., 
constantly  travelling ;  I.  engine,  thatgoesfrom 
place  to  place  by  its  own  power,  esp.  steam- 
engine  for  drawing  train  along  rails) ;  effecting 
locomotion  (the  I.  organs).  (N.)  1.  engine ; 
(slang,  pi.)  legs  (use  your  11.) ;  1.  animal,  [f.  L 
loco  abl.  of  locus,  motive  a.;  suggested  by 
scholastic  phr.  in  loco  moveri  move  in  space] 

lo'comotor,  n.  &  a.  Locomotive  person  or 
thing ;  (adj.)  of  locomotion  (I.  ataxy),  [as  prec, 
motor] 

lo'comotopy,  a.  Of,  having,  locomotion, 
[as  prec,  motor y] 

ld'culus,  n.  (zool.,  anat.,  bot. ;  pi.  -li).  One 
of  a  number  of  small  separate  cavities.  Hence 
Io'cuIar1  a.    [L,  dim.  of  locus] 

lo'cum  te'nens,  n.  Deputy  acting  esp.  for 
clergyman  or  doctor.  Hence  locum- te'nencY 
n.  [med.L,  (one)  holding  place  (tenant,  foil.)] 

ld'cus,  n.  (pi.  -ci  pr.  -si).  Locality  or  exact 
place  of  something ;  (Math.)  curve  &c.  made  by 
all  points  satisfying  particular  equation  of  re- 
lation between  coordinates,  or  by  point,  line,  or 
surface,  moving  according  to  mathematically 
defined  conditions ;  I.  classicus,  best  known  or 
most  authoritative  passage  on  a  subject ;  I.  in 
quo,  scene  of  event;  t.poenitentiae,  opportunity 
allowed  for  receding  until  decisive  step  has  been 
taken ;  I.  standi,  recognized  position,  right  to 
intervene,  appear  in  court,  &c.    [L,  =  place] 

ld'cust,  n.  Kinds  of  African  &  Asiatic  winged 
edible  insect  migratingin  swarms  &  consuming 
vegetation  of  districts;  person  of  devouring 
or  destructive  propensities ;  fruit  of  carob-tree ; 
cassia  pod ;  (also  l.-tree)  kinds  of  tree,  esp.  carob 
&  pseudo-acacia ;  l.-bird,  -eater,  kinds  of  bird 
feeding  on  11.   [f.  L  locusta  lobster,  locust] 

locu*tion,n.  Style  of  speech ;  word  or  phrase 
considered  in  regard  to  style,  idiom,  (a  barbar- 
ous I.;  to  use  the  Greek  I.),  [f.  L  locutio  (loqui 
locut-  speak,  -ion)] 

16'cutopy,  n.  Parlour  or  conversation-room 
in  monastery ;  grille  for  interviews  between  in- 
mates of  monastery  &  outsiders,  [f.  med.L 
locutorium  (prec,  -ory)] 

lode,  n.  Watercourse,  open  drain  in  fens; 
vein  of  metal  ore ;  lodestar,  loadstar,  star  that 
is  steered  by,  esp.  the  pole  star,  (fig.)  guiding 
principle,  object  of  pursuit;  lodestone,  see 
load  *stone.    [var.  of  load  '] 


lodge  i,  n.  Small  house  ;  cottage  at  gates  of 
park  or  grounds  of  large  house,  occupied  by 
gardener  or  other  servant ;  porter's  room  at 
gate  of  college,  factory,  or  house  of  chambers 
or  flats;  (Freemasonry  &c)  (place  of  meeting 
for)  members  of  branch,  grand  I.,  governing 
body  of  freemasons  &  societies  imitating  them ; 
residence  of  head  of  college  at  Cambridge; 
beaver's  or  otter's  lair ;  N.-Amer.  Indian's  tent 
or  wigwam,  [f.  OF  loge  f.  med.L  lobia  (lobby) 
f.  Teut.  (G  laube  arbour,  prob.  cogn.  w.  leaf)] 

lodge2,  v.t.  &  L  Provide  with  sleeping  quar- 
ters; receive  as  guest  or  inmate;  establish  as 
resident  in  house  or  room(s),  (pass.)  be  well,  ill, 
&c,  accommodated  in  regard  to  house-room ; 
serve  as  habitation  for,  contain,  (pass.)  be  con- 
tained in ;  leave  in  place  or  with  person  for 
security;  deposit  in  court  or  with  official  a 
formal  statement  of  (complaint,  information), 
(pop.)  allege  (objection  &c);  place  (power  &c) 
in,  with,  in  the  hands  of,  (person) ;  (of  wind)  lay 
(crops)  flat ;  (make,  let)  stick  or  remain  in  place 
without  falling  or  going  further  (lodged  bullet, 
bullet  lodged,  xn  his  brain ;  tide  lodges  mud  in 
the  cavities) ;  reside,  be  situated ;  be  inmate 
paying  for  accommodation  in  another's  house, 
whence  lo'dgER1  n.    [f.  OF  logier  (prec)] 

lo'diglng,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  accommoda- 
tion in  hired  rooms ;  dwelling-place,  abode,  (pi.) 
room(s)  hired  elsewhere  than  in  hotel  for  resid- 


ing in ;  l.-house,  in  which  11.  are  let  (common 
l.-h.,  usu.  one  with  dormitory  in  which  bed  can 
be  had  for  the  night),    [-ing*] 

lo'dg-ment,  -ement,  n.  (Mil.)  temporary 
defensive  work  on  captured  part  of  enemy's 
works ;  stable  position  gained,  foothold,  (make, 
effect,  a  I.);  (Law)  deposit(ing)  of  money;  ac- 
cumulation of  matter  intercepted  in  fall  or 
transit,    [f.  F  logement  (prec,  -ment)] 

16'ess  (or  as  G),  n.  Deposit  of  fine  yellowish- 
grey  loam  in  Rhine  &  other  river  valleys.  [G  loss] 

loft  (law-,  16-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Attic ;  room  over 
stable ;  pigeon-house ;  flock  of  pigeons ;  gallery 
in  church  or  hall;  (Golf)  backward  slope  in 
club-head,  lofting  stroke.  (Vb)  hit  (golf-ball) 
high  up,  clear  (obstacle)  thus ;  keep  (pigeons)  in 


sky,  air,  loft,  cf.  G  luft] 


ETo?£-_ 

lo#ftep,  n.  Golf-club  for  lofting,  [-er1] 
lo'fty,  a.  Of  imposing  height,  towering,  soar- 
ing, (I.  mountain,  flight,  stature ;  not  of  per- 
sons) ;  haughty,  consciously  superior  or  digni- 
fied, (I.  contempt,  good  humour) ;  exalted,  dis- 
tinguished, high-flying,  high-flown,  elevated, 
sublime,   grandiose.     Hence  lo*ftiLY2  adv., 

lO'ftlNESSn.     [-Y2] 

log  i,  n.,  &  v.t.  Unhewn  piece  of  felled  trecor 
similar  rough  mass  of  wood  (in  the  I.,  unhewn ; 
float,  lie,  fall,  like  a  I.,  in  helpless  or  stunned 
state ;  roll  my  I.  &  I'll  roll  yours,  applied  to 
mutual  help,  esp.  to  unprincipled  political  com- 
binations &  puffing  of  each  other's  works  by 
author-re  viewers,  whence  lo*g"-PoU  v.i.,  lo*g"- 
poIIing  J» 2  n.  &  a.;  King  L.,  faineant  ruler,  w. 
ref.  to  fable  of  Jupiter  &  the  frogs,  cf.  stork)  ; 
float  attached  to  line  wound  on  reel  for  gaug- 
ing speed  of  ship,  other  apparatus  for  same 
purpose,  (heave,  throw,  the  I.,  use  this ;  sail  by 
the  I.,  calculate  ship's  position  by  it);  =  l.-book ; 
table  by  which  journeyman-tailor's  work-time 
is  assessed ;  l.-board,  on  which  entries  are  made 
for  transcription  into  l.-book,  book  with  per- 
manent record  daily  made  of  all  events  occur- 
ring in  ship's  voyage  including  rate  of  progress 
shown  by  1.,  also  traveller's  diary  &c;  l.-cabin, 
hut  built  of  11. ;  l.-line,  to  which  float  of  ship's  1. 
is  attached ;  logwood,  (wood  of)  Amer.  tree  used 
in  dyeing.  (Vb)  cut  into  11. ;  enter  (distance 
made  &c)  in  ship's  l.-book,  (of  ship)  make  (dis- 

16* 


LOG 


LONDON 


tance):  enter  (seaman's  name  with  offence  com- 
mitted) in  l.-book,  fine  (offender).  [ME  logge, 
etym.  dub.;  cf.  clog] 

log-2,  =  logarithm  of  (prefixed  to  number  or 
algebraic  symbol). 

lo'ganbeppy,  n.  Fruit  got  by  cross  between 
raspberry  &  blackberry.    [Logan  surname] 

ld*gan(-stone),  n.  Poised  heavy  stone  rock- 
ing at  a  touch.    [=  logging  (dial,  log  to  rock)] 

logaoe'dlc  (-ae-),  a.  &  n.  (Line)  in  metre 
composed  of  dactyls  &  trochees,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk 
logaoidikos  combining  prose  &  poetry  {logos 
speech,  aoide  song,  -ic)] 

logarithm,  n.  One  of  a  class  of  arithmeti- 
cal functions  tabulated  for  use  in  abridging 
calculation  &  enabling  computer  to  substi- 
tute addition  &  subtraction  for  multiplication 
&  division,  &  the  latter  two  for  involution  & 
evolution ;  index  of  power  to  which  fixed  num- 
ber (the  base)  must  be  raised  to  produce  given 
number  (the  I.  of  1,000  is  3 ;  common  11.,  whose 
base  is  10).  Hence  logappthmic  a.,  loga- 
ri'thmiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk  logos  reckoning, 
ratio,  arithmos  number] 

-logep,  suf.  repr.  L  -logus  or  Gk  -logos.  As- 
trologer, the  oldest  wd  of  the  type,  may  be 
either  f.  hastrologus  +  -er1  (afterwards  a  com- 
mon type  of  formation)  or  f.  astrology  +  -er  x 
(cf.  -grapher).  As  living  suf.,  -loger  was  used 
to  form  personal  nn.  corresp.  to  wds  in  -logy, 
but  is  now  superseded  by  -logist. 

lo'ggephead,  n.  Blockhead,  fool,  (archaic ; 
We  three  11.  be,  inscription  under  two  wooden 
heads  on  inn-sign) ;  iron  instrument  with  ball 
at  end  heated  for  melting  pitch  &c. ;  post  built 
into  boat  aft  for  catching  turn  of  rope  to ; 
kinds  of  large -headed  turtle  &  bird;  at  11. 
(with),  disagreeing  or  disputing  (with)  (prob.  f. 
notion  of  trying  whose  head  is  harder),  ff.  dial. 
logger  block  of  wood  for  hobbling  horse] 

loggia  (16'jya,  or  as  It.),  n.  (pi.  -s  or  loggie  pr. 
-a).    Open-sided  gallery  or  arcade.    [It.] 

16'g-ic,  n.  Science  of  reasoning,  proof,  think- 
ing, or  inference ;  particular  scheme  of  or 
treatise  on  this ;  chain  of  reasoning,  correct  or 
incorreotuse  of  argument,  ability  in  argument, 
arguments  (chop4  I. ),  (argues  with  great  learn- 
ing &l.;is  not  governed  by  I.);  (with  purposely 
perverted  sense)  converting  power,  compul- 


sion, (the  I.  of  events,  facts,  necessity,  grape- 
shot,  war,  &c).  So  logrciAN  n.  [f.  F  logique 
f.  med.L  f.  Gk  logike  of  reason  f.  LOGOS,  -ic(2)] 


logic,  -logical.    See  -logy. 

16'gical,  a.  Of  logic  or  formal  argument ;  not 
contravening  the  laws  of  thought,  correctly 
reasoned ;  deducible,  defensible  on  ground  of 
consistency,  reasonably  to  be  believed  or  done ; 
capable  or  correct  reasoning.  Hence  logi- 
ea'liTY  n. ,  lo'gicalLY 2  adv.    [-al] 

16'gie  (gi),  n.  Zinc  ornament  looking  like 
jewel  used  in  theatres,  [perh.  inventor's  name] 

ld'gidn  (-g-),  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Saying  of  Christ  not 
recorded  in  Gospels  but  preserved  elsewhere. 
[Gk,  =  oracle  (logos)] 

-logist,  suf.  forming  nn.  meaning  one  versed 
in  -logy,  f.  -logy,  -ist. 

logi'stics  (-J-),  n.  pi.  Art  of  moving  &  quar- 
tering troops  (cf.  strategy-,  tactics).  If.  F  lo- 
gistique  (loger  lodge  2,  -ic)] 

16*gogram,  n.  Sign  or  character  represent- 
ing a  word  in  shorthand,    [logos,  -gram] 

lo'gogpaph,  n.  =  prec.  ;=  logotype,  [lo- 
gos, -graph] 

logo'gpaphep,  n.  (Gk  ant).  One  of  the 
Greek  prose  historians  before  Herodotus  ;  an- 
cient-Greek professional  speech-writer,  [f.  Gk 
logographos  (logos,  -grapher)] 

lo'gogplph,  n.  Kind  of  anagrammatic  word- 


puzzle,  [f.  F  logogriphe  (logos,  Gk  griphos 
riddle)] 

logo'machy  (-ki),  n.  Dispute  about  words, 
controversy  turning  on  merely  verbal  points, 
[f.  Gk  logomakhia  (logos,  -makhia  -fighting)] 

16'gos,  n.  (no  pi.).  The  Word  or  Second  Per- 
son of  the  Trinity.  [Gk,=word,  reason,  f.  lego 
speak,  used  in  mystic  sense  by  Hellenistic  & 
Neo-Platonist  philosophers  &  in  St  John]« 

lo'gotype,  n.  Word,  or  more  letters  than 
one,  cast  in  one  piece  but  not  as  ligature,  for 
use  in  printing,    [prec,  type] 

-logue(log),  suf.  repr.  Gk  -logos,  -logon,  chiefly 
in  wds  f.  F  (catalogue,  dialogue).  Personal  nn. 
= one  skilled  in  -logy  (ideologue)  are  now  rare, 
-loger  or  -logist  being  usu.  preferred. 

-logy,  suf.  f.  Gk  -logia  (in  early  instances, 
thr.  F  -logic  f.  med.L  -logia).  (1)  In  most  wds 
-log-  is  the  o  form  of  Gk  leg-  speak,  -logia  indi- 
cating the  character,  action,  or  branch  of  know- 
ledge, of  a  person  (Gk  -logos  n.  or  a.)  who  speaks 
in  a  certain  way  (brachylogy,  tautology,  eulogy) 
or  treats  of  a  certain  subject  (theology,  astro- 
logy). E  compounds  of  the  latter  kind,  in  which 
first  component  is  alw.  n.,  take  -o-  with  some 
exceptions  (petralogy,  mineralogy).  Sociology, 
terminology,  are  hybrids.  (2)  In  a  few  wds 
-log-  is  the  Gk  logos  discourse  (trilogy,  tetra- 
logy).—Mod.  formations  in  -logy  may  alw.  have 
correl.  adjj.  in  -logical  (rarely  -logic),  &  nn.  in 
-logist  (somet.  -loger). 

loin,  n.  (PI.)  part  of  body  on  both  sides  of 
spine  between  false  ribs  &  hip-bones  (gird  up 
one's  11.,  prepare  for  journey  or  effort ;  fruit, 
child,  &c,  of,  sprung  from,  &c,  one's  11.  >  one's 
begotten  offspring) ;  joint  of  meat  that  includes 
the  1.  vertebrae ;  l.-cloth,  worn  for  decency  & 
fastened  round  11.  Hence  -loinED2  a.  [f.  OF 
loigne  (L  lumbu^)  cogn.  w.  Du.  lende] 

loip,  n.  The  Fat  Dormouse.  [F,  f.  L  glirem 
nom.  glis] 

loi'tep,  v.i.  &  t.  Linger  on  the  way,  hang 
about;    travel    indolently  &   with   frequent 

Eauses ;  pass  (time  &c.)  away  in  loitering, 
fence  lol'tePER l  n.,  loi'tepingLY  a  adv.  [f. 
MDu.  loteren  wag  about] 

1611,  v.t.  &  i.  Hang  (one's  tongue)  out,  (of 
tongue)  hang  (usu.  out) ;  stand,  sit,  or  recline, 
in  lazy  attitude ;  let  (one's  head  or  limbs)  rest 
lazily  on  something.  Hence  lo'UingLY  2  adv. 
[prob.  imit. ;  cf.  lull] 

Ld'llapd,  n.  One  of  the  14th-c.  heretics  who 
followed  Wycliforheld opinions  like  his.  Hence 
Lo*llapdiSM(3)  n.  [f.  MDu.  lollaerd  (lollen 
mumble,  -ard)] 

lo'llipop.n.  (usu.  pi.).  Sweetmeat(s),  sugar- 
plum^).   [?] 

lo'llop,  v.i.  (colloq.).  Flop  about;  move  or 
proceed  in  a  lounging  or  ungainly  way.  [ex- 
tension of  loll] 

Lo'mbard  (lu-,  16-,  -erd),  n.  &  a.  One  of  the 
Germanic  6th-c.  conquerors  of  Italy ;  native  of 
Lombardy ;  (adj.)  of  the  LI.  or  Lombardy,  Lom- 
bardic ;  L.  street,  a  London  street  formerly  oc- 
cupied by  L.  bankers,  &  still  containing  many 
of  chief  London  banks,  (transf.)  the  money 
market,  financiers  as  a  body.  [F,  f.  It.  Lom- 
bardo  f.  LL  Longobardus  (long1,  L  Bardi 
name  of  the  people)] 

Lombardic,  a.  Of  the  Lombards  or  Lom- 
bardy (esp.  of  N.-Ital.  7th-13th-c.  architecture 
&  15th-16th-c.  painting),  [f.  med.L  Lombar- 
dicus  (prec,  -ic)] 

16'ment,  n.  (hot).  Kind  of  pod  that  breaks 
up  when  mature  into  one-seeded  joints.  Hence 
lomentA'CEOUS  a.  [f.  L  lomcntum  bean-meal 
(orig.  cosmetichf.  lo-,  lavare,  wash,  -ment] 

Lcndon  (lu-7,  attrib.  a.    L.  clay,  geological 


LONE 


483 


LOO 


formation  in  lower  division  of  eocene  tertiary 
in  S.-E.  England ;  L.  ivy,  fog  or  smoke  of  L.; 
L.  particular  colloq.,  kind  of  fog  peculiar  to 
L. ;  L.  pride,  kind  of  saxifrage  ;  L.  smoke,  dull 
grey  colour.  So  Lo*ndonER](4),  Lo'ndon- 
ism(4),  nn„  Lo*ndomzE(3)  v.t. 
lone,  attrib.  a.  Solitary,  companionless,  un- 
frequented, uninhabited,  lonely,  (poet,  or  rhet., 
exc.  in  I.  hand,  hand  played  or  player  playing 
against  the  rest  at  quadrille  &  euchre,  also  fig. ) ; 
feeling  or  making  feel  lonely,  whence  lo*ne- 
some  a.,  lo'nesomei.v-  adv.,  lo'nesome- 
ness  n. ;  (of  woman)  single  or  widowed,  [attrib. 

form  Of  ALONE,  Cf.  LIVE  j] 

lo'nely,  a.  Solitary,  companionless,  isolated ; 
unfrequented.    Hence  lo'neliNESS  n.    [-ly  *] 

long1  ],  a.  &  n.  Measuring  much  from  end  to 
end  in  space  or  time  (l.Jine,  distance, journey; 
I.  life,  whence  long-li  ved  2  a ;  make  a  I.  arm, 
reach  out  for  something  esp.  at  table ;  has  a  I. 
arm,  can  make  his  power  felt  far ;  I.  face,  dis- 
mal ;  1.  head,  of  more  than  average  length,  fig. 
shrewdness  or  foresight,  whence  longnead- 
ed2  a.,  long- hea'dedx  ess  n.,  lit  &  fig. ; 
make  a  I.  nose,  cock  snook  ;  I.  tongue,  loqua- 
city ;  two  &c.  1.  miles  Sec,  more  than  that ;  by 
a  I.  chalk  l ;  grievance  &c.  of  I.  standing,  not 
recent) ;  (prefixed  to  name ;  colloq.)  tall  (L.  Tom, 
gun  of  great  length  or  range);  far-reaching, 
acting  at  a  distance,  involving  great  interval 
or  difference,  {I.  sight,  that  sees  distant  objects, 
fig.  penetration,  whence  long-sightED2  a., 
long-sigh'tedNESS  n.,  lit.  &  fig. ;  little 
pitchers  have  I.  ears ;  take  I.  views,  consider 
remote  effects ;  I.  odds  in  betting,  very  uneven ; 
I.  bowls,  fighting  at  1.  range,  opp.  close  quarters ; 
I.  date,  distant  date  for  maturing  of  bill  &c, 
whence  long-datED 2  a. ;  I.  waist  in  dress, 
made  far  down) ;  (usu.  appended  to  measure- 
ment) having  specified  length  or  duration  (tail 
6  in.  1. ;  vacation  is  two  months  I. ;  as  broad  as 
it  is  I.);  of  elongated  shape  ;  remarkable  for  or 
distinguished  by  or  concerned  with  length  or 
duration  (I.  clay,  churchwarden  pipe ;  I.  divi- 
sion ;  I.  ears,  stupidity  as  of  ass,  whence  long- 
eaPED 2  a. ;  I.  finger,  the  second ;  I.  jump, 
measured  along  ground,  opp.  high  jump;  I. 
measure,  miles,  yards,  inches,  &c. ;  I.  metre, 
hymn-stanza  of  four  eight-syllable  lines;  L. 
Parliament,  that  elected:  1640  &  dissolved  1660; 
I.  primer  ;  I.  robe,  legal  attire,  esp.  gentlemen 
of  the  I.  r.,  lawyers ;  in  the  I.  run,  in  the  end 
after  vicissitudes ;  I.  service,  system  of  military 
enlistment  for  many  e.g.  12  years;  I.  vacation, 
summer  vacation  of  law-courts  &  universities; 
I.  whist3;  I.  wind,  capacity  for  running  far 
without  rest,  or  fig.  for  talking  or  writing  at> 
tedious  length,  whence  long- windED2  a., 
long-wrnded.vEss  n.) ;  expressed  by  many 
ciphers  or  consisting  of  many  individuals  (I. 
figure  or  price,  heavy  cost ;  I.  family,  of  many 
children  ;  I.  bill,  of  many  items  ;  I.  suit,  many 
cards  of  one  suit  in  a  hand) ;  lengthy,  prolix, 
tedious ;  of  more  than  the  usual  numerical 
amount  (I.  dozen,  hundred)  ;  lasting,  going 
far  back  or  forward,  (a  I.  custom,  memory,  fare- 
well) ;  (Phonet.,  Pros. ;  of  vowel  or  syllable^ 
(prop. )  having  the  greater  of  the  two  recognized 
durations,  (pop.)  stressed,  (also,  of  vowel)  hav- 
ing the  pronunciation  shown  in  its  name  (e.g., 
pate  &  lucre  have  long,  pat  &  put  or  but  short 
a  &  u) ;  l.-bill,  kinds  of  bird,  esp.  snipe ;  l.- 
boat,  sailing-ship's  largest  boat  (cf.  launch2)  ; 
l.-bow,  drawn  by  hand  &  discharging  long 
feathered  arrow  (cf.  cross-bow),  draw  the  l.-b., 
tell  exaggerated  or  invented  stories;  l.-butt, 
cue  for  reaching  billiard-ball  beyond  range  of 
half -butt;  l.-cloth,  kind  of  calico  made  in  1. 


pieces;  l.-clothes,  &  archaic  -coats,  clothes  of 
baby  in  arms ;  I.  field,  1.  off  or  on  (see  below), 
also  part  of  ground  behind  bowler ;  I.  firm  l ; 
longhand,  ordinary  writing  (opp.  snotiThand) ; 
I.  hop,  short-pitched  ball  in  cricket ;  I.  off,  on, 
man  fielding  at  bowler's  left,  right,  rear ;  l.-pig, 
sailors'  transl.  of  cannibals'  name  for  human 
flesh ;  longshanks,  stilt  or  long-legged  plover  ; 
longstop,  man  fielding  straight  behind  wicket- 
keeper,  (vb)  field  here  ;  hence  lo'ngisn  *(2)  a., 
lo'ngWAYS,  lo'ngwiSE,  advv.  (X.  orabs.  adj.) 
1.  interval  or  period  (shall  see  you  before  L;  shall 
not  be  away  for  1. ;  will  not  take  I. ;  it  is  I.  since  I 
saw  him ;  so  at  longest,  to  mention  the  most  dis- 
tant date  possible) ;  recital  at  length  (the  I.  dt 
the  short  of  it,  all  that  can  or  need  be  said,  the 
total  upshot) ;  1.  syllable  (11.  &  shorts,  verse 
esp.  Latin) ;  (Arch.)  II.  &  shorts,  1.  &  short 
blocks  placed  alternately ;  =1.  vacation,  [com.- 
Teut, ;  OE  &  Du.  &  G  lang,  cogn.  w.  L  long  us 
&  perh.  Gk  dolikhos] 

long2,  adv.  (-er,  -est).  For  a  1.  time  (have  I. 
thought  so ;  nor  wants  that  little  I. ;  so  or  as  I.  as 
transf.,  provided  that,  if  only  ;  be  I.  doing,  &, 
prob.  by  confusion  of  the  adv.  w.  the  adj.,  in 
doing,  take  a  1.  time,  be  slow,  to  do,  as  he  teas 
I.  finding  it  out,  the  chance  was  I.  in  coming ; 
not  be  I.  for  this  world,  have  short  time  to  live ; 
l.-liver,  one  who  lives  1.) ;  by  a  1.  time  (I.  before, 
after,  since,  ago);  (appended  to  nn.  of  duration) 
throughout  specified  time  (all  day  I.,  his  life 
1.) ;  (comp.,  with  no,  any,  much,  &c.)  after  im- 
plied point  of  time  (shall  not  wait  any  longer ; 
no  longer,  not  henceforth  as  formerly) ;  l.-ago 
a.  &  n.,  (belonging  to)  the  distant  past;  L- 
drawn(-out),  unduly  prolonged;  l.-standing, 
that  has  1.  existed ;  l.-suffering  n.  &  a.,  bearing 
provocation  patiently.    [OE  lange  (prec.)] 

long3,  v.i.  Yearn,  wish  vehemently,  for 
thing  or  to  do.  Hence  lo'ngiNG  l(\)  n.,  lo'ng- 
IngLY  2  adv.    [OE  langian  seem  long1  to] 

-long,  suf.,  f.  long1,  has  ousted  -ling2  in 
sidelong,  headlong.  Endlong  f.  ON  endlangr 
adj.  orig.  meaning  extending  from  end  to  end 
was  used  in  E  as  adv.  meaning  endwise,  &  -long 
thus  came  to  be  regarded  as  var.  of  -ling. 

longani'mity  (-ngg-).n.  (rare).  Long-suffer- 
ing, forbearance,  [f.  LL  longanimitas  (long- 
animus  f.  longus  long,  animus  spirit,  -ty)] 

longe*val,  -gae-  (-j-),  a.  Long-lived,  [f.  L 
longaevus  (longus  long,  aevuni  age,  -al)] 

longevity  (j),  n.  Long  life.  [f.  L  longae- 
vitas  (prec,  -ty)] 

longi-  (-jl-),  comb,  form  of  L  longus  long  in 
scientific  terms,  as  -cau'date  long-tailed,  -corn 
kinds  of  beetle  with  long  threadlike  antennae. 

lo'ngitude  (-j-),  n.  Length  (now  facet.); 
(GeogT)  angular  distance  east  or  west  from  a 
standard  meridian,  as  that  of  Greenwich,  to 
the  meridian  of  any  place,  reckoned  to  180°  E. 
or  W.  (abbr.  long.) ;  (Astron.)  angular  distance 
eastward  on  ecliptic  from  vernal  equinoctial 
point  to  foot  of  body's  or  point's  circle  of  lati- 
tude,   [f.  L  longitudo  -inis  (prec,  -tude)] 

longitu'dinal,  a.  Of  or  in  length;  run- 
ning lengthwise  ;  of  longitude.  Hence  longi- 
tu'dinal ly  2  adv.    [-al] 

Lo'ngobard,  n.    =  Lombard  (1st  sense). 

lo'ng-shope,  a.      Existing,  found,  or  em- 

f)loyed,  on,  frequenting,  the  shore ;  l.-man, 
andsman  employed  in  loading  ships,  shore- 
fishing,  &c  [for  along  shore] 
loo,  n.,  &  v.t.  Round  card-game  with  penal- 
ties paid  to  the  pool;  (having  to  pay)  this 
penalty ;  unlimited  I.,  in  which  penalty  is  = 
amount  already  in  pool;  (vb)  subject  to  the 
penalty,  [abbr.  of  obs.  lanterloo  f.  F  lanturelu 
refrain  of  a  song] 


LOOBY 


484 


loose: 


loo'by,  n.  Silly  fellow,  [cf.  lubber] 
loo'fah,  n.  Pod  of  luff  a  Aegyptiaca  used  as 
flesh-brush,  [f.  Arab,  lufah  the  plant] 
look,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Use  ones  sight,  turn 
eyes  in  some  direction,  direct  eyes  at,  (fair  &c. 
to  I.  at,  in  outward  appearance ;  I.  before  you 
leap,  avoid  precipitate  action ;  to  I.  at  him  Sec, 
judging  by  his  &c.  11. ;  will  not  I.  at,  refuses  to 
take,  rejects,  scorns) ;  stare,  show  surprise ; 
contemplate,  examine,  (looked  me  through  & 
through;  I.  gift  horse  l  in  mouth;  I.  one,  death, 
Sec,  in  the  face,  face  him  &c.  boldly  or  at  close 
quarters) ;  express,  threaten,  show,  by  one's  1L 
(Z.  compassion,  death,  daggers,  &c.) ;  ascertain 
or  observe  by  sight  who,  how,  whether,  Sec ; 
(fig.)  make  mental  search  (let  him  I.  at  home), 
inquire  (when  one  looks  deeper),  aim  one's  at- 
tention at  Se  consider  (way  of  looking  at  things ; 
what  I  I.  at  is  the  comfort  of  it),  take  care 
or  make  sure  that,  expect  to  do,  (I.  you  im- 
perat.,  observe,  mind ;  I.  here  imperat.,  for- 
mula for  demanding  attention  or  expostulat- 
ing; I.  sharp,  orig.,  keep  strict  watch,  now, 
lose  no  time,  bestir  oneself) ;  (of  things)  face,  be 
turned,  have  or  afford  outlook,  in  some  direc- 
tion (towards,  onto,  into,  down,  Sec),  (of  facts) 
tend,  point;  have  certain  appearance,  seem, 
(I.  grave  Sec,  whence  -lookiNG2  a. ;  I.  a  fool, 
every  inch  a  king,  black  1f  blue,  small  ;  I. 
alive  imperat.,  make  haste;  I.  well  or  ill,  in  good 
or  bad  health,  also  of  things,  seem  to  be  going 
so ;  looks  to  be,  seems ;  I.  as  if,  suggest  by  ap- 
pearance the  belief  that ;  I.  like,  seem  to  be, 
also  threaten  or  promise,  as  it  looks  I.  rain,  he 
looks  like  biting  or  winning),  seem  to  be  (looks 
his  age,  seems  as  old  as  he  really  is ;  I.  oneself 
again,  seem  recovered);  I.  in,  short  call  or  visit, 
(Sport)  will  have  a  l.-in,  come  near  winning  & 
perhaps  win ;  loo'king-glass,  mirror,  quick- 
silvered glass  for  mirrors ;  l.-out,  watch,  look- 
ing out,  (keep  a  good  l.-o.;  on  the  l.-o.  for  or  to 
do),  post  of  observation,  man  or  party  or  boat 
stationed  to  1.  out,  view  over  landscape,  pros- 
pect of  luck  (it's  a  bad  l.-o.  for  him),  person's 
own  concern  (that  is  his  l.-o.,  he  must  see  to 
that  himself).  (With  prepp.)  I.  about  one,  ex- 
amine one's  surroundings,  take  time  to  form 
plans ;  I.  after,  follow  with  the  eye,  seek  for, 
attend  to,  take  care  of;  I.  for,  expect,  hope  or 
be  on  the  watch  for,  search  for ;  I.  into,  examine 
the  inside  of  (box  &c),  dip  into  (book),  investi- 
gate ;  I.  on,  regard  as,  regard  with  distrust  &c. ; 
I.  over,  inspect,  overlook  or  pardon ;  I.  through, 
direct  eyes  through  (window  &c),  penetrate 
(veil  &c.)  with  sight  or  (pretence  or  pretender) 
with  insight,  be  visible  through  (his  greed  looks 
through  his  eyes),  glance  through  (book  &c.) ; 
I.  to,  consider,  take  care  of,  be  careful  about  (I. 
to  your  manners;  I.  to  it  that),  keep  watch  over, 
rely  on  (person  or  thing)  for,  expect,  count  up- 
on, aim  at ;  I.  towards  colloq.,  drink  health  of ; 
I.  upon,  regard  with  specified  feeling  (also  with 
adv.,  as  favourably),  regard  as.  (With  advv.) 
I.  about,  be  on  the  watch,  be  in  search  for,  let 
one's  eyes  rove  ;  I.  ahead,  (of  rower)  turn  round 
to  see  where  he  is  going  (esp.  imperat.) ;  I.  back, 
be  half-hearted  about  enterprise  one  has  begun, 
turn  one's  thoughts  upon  or  to  something  past, 
cease  to  progress  (usu.  w.  neg.) ;  I.  down,  sub- 
due with  a  I,  (commerc.)  sink  in  price,  I.  d. 
(up)on,  consider  oneself  superior  to ;  I.  forward 
to,  anticipate  (usu  with  pleasure) ;  I.  in,  make 
short  visit  or  call;  I.  on,  be  mere  spectator, 
whence  lookERi-o*n,  n.;  I.  on  with,  read  from 
book  &c.  at  same  time  as  (another  person) ;  I. 
out,  direct  eyes  or  put  head  out  of  window  &c, 
be  vigilant,  keep  one's  eyes  open  for  expected 
person,  be  prepared  for  squalls  &c,  have  or 


afford  outlook  on,  over,  Sec,  select  by  inspec- 
tion ;  I.  over,  inspect  one  by  one  or  part  by  part ; 
I.  through,  survey  with  searching  glance  (looked 
him  through),  inspect  exhaustively  or  succes- 
sively ;  I.  up,  (esp.  commerc.)  improve  in  price 
or  prosperity,  search  for  (esp.  word  in  dictionary 
or  facts  in  book  of  reference),  call  on  (person), 
raise  eyes  (I.  up  to,  respect,  venerate),  I.  one  up 
&  down,  scrutinize  him  keenly  or  contemptu- 
ously. (N.)  act  of  looking,  direction  of  eyes, 
glance  (a  kind,  scornful,  I.) ;  (sing,  or  pi.)  ap- 
pearance of  face,  expression,  personal  aspect, 
(good  11.,  beauty) ;  (of  things)  appearance  (the 
place  has  a  European  I.).    (OE  locian] 

loom !,  n.  Machine  for  weaving  yarn  or  thread 
into  fabric;  (inboard  part  of)  shaft  of  oar. 
[earlier  sense  tool,  OE  geloma  (y-  +  loma  as  in 
andloman  pi.  apparatus)] 

loom2,  v.i.,  &  n.  Appear  indistinctly,  be 
seen  in  vague  &  often  magnified  or  threaten- 
ing shape,  (lit.  &  fig. ;  often  I.  large  Sec) ;  (n.) 
vague  first  appearance  of  land  at  sea  &c.  [cf. 
EFris.  lomen  move  slowly,  MHG  luomen  be 
weary] 

loom3,  n.  Kinds  of  guillemot  &  diver. 
Hence  loo'mERY^)  n.    [f.  OF  lomr] 

loon  \  n.  (Sc.  &  archaic).  Scamp,  idler,  boor ; 
lad.    [earlier  lowne ;  etym.  dub.] 

loon  2,  n.  Kinds  of  water-bird,  esp.  of  diver 
&  grebe,   [perh.  =  loom  3  w.  assim.  to  prec] 

loo'ny,  lu-,  n.  &  a.  (vulg.).   Lunatic.   [-Y  3] 

loop1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Figure  produced  by  a 
curve,  or  bent  string  or  withe,  that  crosses  it- 
self ;  attachment  or  ornament  formed  of  cord, 
thread,  &c,  so  crossed  &  fastened  at  crossing ; 
ring  or  curved  piece  of  metal  as  handle  &c. ; 
(also  l.-line)  railway  or  telegraph  line  that  di- 
verges from  main  line  &  joins  it  again  ;  circuit 
in  centrifugal  railway  along  top  of  which  pas- 
senger travels  head  downwards  (looping  the  I., 
bicyclist's  similar  feat) ;  (Skating)  curve  cross- 
ing itself  made  on  single  edge.  (Vb)  form 
(string  &c.)  into  loop(s) :  form  L  (esp.  of  looper 
larvae) ;  enclose  (as)  with  L ;  fasten  (up,  back)  or 
join  (together)  with  loop(s).   [cf.  Ir.  &  Gael,  lub] 

loop  2,  n.  (rare).  =  loop-hole.  [prob.  cogn.  w. 
MDu.  lupen  to  veer] 

loo'per,  n.  Caterpillar  of  geometer  moths, 
progressing  by  arching  itself  into  loops ;  con- 
trivance in  6ewing-machine  &c.  for  making 
loops.    [-ER l] 

loo'p-nole,  n.,  &  v.t.  Narrow  vertical  slit  in 
wall  for  shooting  or  looking  through  or  to  ad- 
mit light  or  air;  outlet,  means  of  evading  rule 
&c;  (vb)  make  11.  in  (wall  &c).    [loop2] 

loose  *,  a.  Released  from  bonds  or  restraint ; 
detached  or  detachable  from  its  place  (come, 
get,  I. ;  play  fast3  &  I.;  (Chem.)  free,  uncom- 
bined ;  hanging  partly  free  (esp.  I.  end  ;atal. 
end,  without  definite  occupation) ;  not  rigidly 
fixed,  apt  to  shift,  (have  a  screw  I.) ;  slack,  re- 
laxed, not  tense  or  tight,  (with  a  I.  rein,  lit.  of 
riding,  &  fig.  indulgently ;  I.  tongue,  given  to  ' 
blabbing ;  I.  bowels,  tending  to  diarrhoea ;  I. 
clothes ;  I.  build  or  make,  ungainly  figure) ;  not 
compact,  dense,  or  serried  (I.  soil,  fabric ;  I.  or- 
der, military  arrangement  with  wide  intervals ; 
I.  handwriting,  straggling ;  I.  play  or  game  in 
football,  in  which  players  do  not  lock  together); 
(of  statements,  ideas,  &c.)  inexact,  indefinite, 
vague,  incorrect,  (of  translation)  not  close  or 
faithful,  (of  style)  ungrammatical,  (of  agent) 
doing  the  act  loosely  (I.  thinker) ;  (cricket)  I. 
bowling,  inaccurately  pitched,  I.  fielding,  care- 
less or  bungling ;  morally  lax,  dissolute,  wanton 
in  speech  or  act,  (I.  fish,  dissolute  person ;  on 
the  I.,  having  a  spree);  I.  box  2;  loose-,  loosely, 
as  l.-flowing,  -fitting.    Hence  loo*seLY2adv., 


LOOSE 


485 


LOSE 


Ioo'soness  n.,  1oo*sishM2)  a.  [f.  ON  lauss  = 
OE  Uas,  cf.  G  los,  cogn.  w.  Gk  luo  undo] 
loose2,  v.t,  &  n.  Release,  set  free,  free  from 
constraint  {wine  loosed  his  tongue) ;  untie,  un- 
do, (knot,  fetters,  seal,  hair  of  head) ;  detach 
from  moorings;  discharge  (arrow),  (abs.)  dis- 
charge gun  (at) ;  relax  (now  only  in  I.  hold) ;  (n.) 
vent,  free  expression,  {give  I.  or  a  I.  to  one's 
feelings  &c).    [f.  prec] 
loo'sen,  v.t.  &  i.     Loose  (person's  tongue); 
make  or  become  less  tight  or  compact  or  firm ; 
relieve  (bowels)  from  costiveness  or  (cough) 
from  dryness ;  relax  (discipline  &c).    [-en  6T 
loo'sestPife  (-s-s-),  n.    Two  kinds  of  herba- 
ceous plant  {Golden  or  Yellow,  &  Red  or  Purple 
or  Spiked,  L.).     [mistransl.  of  LL  f.  Gk  lusi- 
makhion  (Gk  pers.  name  Lusimakhos)  as  if  di- 
rectly f.  luo  undo,  makhe  battle] 
loot,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  L  Goods  taken  from  enemy, 
spoil,  booty ;  illicit  gains  made  by  official.  ( Vb) 
plunder,  sack,  (city  &c,  or  abs.) ;  carry  off  as 
booty.  Hence  loot'ER1  n.   [f.  Hind,  lut] 
lop !,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Smaller  branches  &  twigs 
of  trees  (I.  &  top,  I.  <£:  crop,  trimmings  of  tree). 
(Vb)  cut  off  branches  &  twigs  &  rarely  top  of 
(tree) ;  strip  tree  of  (branches  &c. ;  often  off, 
away),  whence  lo'ppings  [-ing1(2)]  n.  pi.; 
cut  off  (person's  limb  or  head) ;  make  lopping 
strokes  at.    [vb  prob.  f.  n.;  etym.  dub.] 
lop2,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.    Hang  limply;  let  (ears) 
hang ;  slouch,  dawdle,  hang  about ;  =  lope  ; 
l.-ears,  drooping  ears,  whence  lo'p-eaPED2  a.; 
l.-ear,  kind  of  rabbit;  hence  lo'ppr2a.;  (n.) 
lop-eared  rabbit,    [prob.  imit.] 
lop3,  v.i.,  &n.  (Of  water)  break  in  short  lumpy 
waves ;  (n.)  such  motion  of  water,    [imit.] 
lope,v.i.,&n.  (Runwith)longboundingstride 
(esp.  of  animals).   If.  ON  hloupa  cogn.  w.  leap] 
lopho-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  lophos  crest,  in 
scientific  wds  as  -dont (animal)  with  transverse 
ridges  on  crowns  of  molars,  -branchiate  having 
gills  disposed  in  tufts. 

lop-si°ded,  a.  With  one  side  lower  or  smaller 
than  the  other,  unevenly  balanced.  Hence  lop- 
si'dedLY ■  adv.,  lopsi'dedNESs  n.  [f.  lop 2] 
loqua'cious,  a.  Talkative ;  (of  birds,  water) 
chattering,  babbling.  Hence  or  cogn.  loqua*- 
ciousLY2  adv.,  loqua'ciousNESS,  Ioqua*- 
citv,  nn.  [L  loquax  (loqui  talk),  -acious] 
16*quat,  n.  Chinese  &  Japanese  f  ruit(-tree) 
naturalized  in  S.  Europe,  Australia,  &c.  [f.  Chin. 
luh  kwat  rush  orange] 

lo'quitur,  v.i.  3 sing.  pres.  (abbr.  loq.).  Speaks 
(with  speaker's  name  added,  as  stage-direction 
or  notice  to  reader).  [L] 
Iop,  Iop*,  form  of  lord  used  (vulg.)  as  int. 
lop'al,  a.  Of  the  lore2,  [-al] 
lop*cha  (-tsha),  n.  -Ship  with  hull  of  European 
shape  but  Chinese  rig.  [Port.,  etym.  dub.] 
lord,  n.  &_int.,  &  v.l  &  t.  Master,  ruler,  chief, 
prince,  sovereign,  (our  sovereign  I.  the  King ; 
11.  of  creation,  mankind,  also  joe.  men  as  opp. 
women),  (poet. )  owner  (I.  of  few  acres ;  cf.  land- 
lord); magnate  in  some  trade  (the  cotton  11. ;  cf. 
king);  feudal  superior(MESNEZ. ;  I.  of  the  manor; 
I.  paramount)  ;  (poet.  &  joe.)  husband  (also 
I.  &  master);  (Astrol.)  dominant  planet;  (usu. 
the  L.  exc.  in  voc. ;  also  with  God)  God  (L.  knows 
who,  how,  &c,  I  cannot  guess  who  &c,  some 
one  &c.  or  other ;  L.  have  mercy,  L.  bless  me  or 
us  or  my  soul  or  you,  excll.  of  surprise  &c. ;  also 
Lord!  alone  as  excl.),  Christ  (the  or  more  usu. 
our  L. ;  in  the  year  of  ourL.,  anno  doraini ;  L.'s 
prayer,  the  Our  Father;  L.'ssupptr,  Eucharist; 
L.'s  table,  Christian  altar,  Eucharist;  L.'s  day, 
Sunday);  nobleman,  peer  of  the  realm  or  person 
entitled  by  courtesy  to  the  prefix  L.  (see  below) 
as  part  of  his  ordinary  style  (live,  treat,  like  a  L, 


fare,  entertain,  sumptuously ;  drunk  as,  swear 
like,  a  I.,  excessively ;  L.  in  waiting,  of  the  Bed- 
chamber, nobleman  attending  sovereign,  called 
by  former  title  if  queen  is  reigning,  by  latter  if 
king);  (pi.,  the  LI.)  temporal  &  spiritual  peers  of 
Parliament  (House  of  LL,  upper  legislative 
chamber  of  United  Kingdom,  also  committee 
of  specially  qualified  members  of  this  appointed 
as  ultimate  judicial  appeal  court);  (pi.;  also  in 
full  LL  Commissioners)  members  of  board  per- 
forming duties  of  high  State  office  put  in  com- 
mission (LL  of  the  Admiralty,  Treasury,  &c; 
First  L.,  president  of  such  board;  Civil  L., 
civilian  member  of  Admiralty  board,  opp.  Na- 
val LL);  first  word  of  many  official  titles  (L. 
chamberlain,  chancellor,  Chief  Justice, 
High  Commissioner ;  L.-lieutenant,  viceroy  of 
Ireland,  chief  executive  authority  &  head  of 
magistracy  in  each  county,  whence  lopd- 
lieute'nancY  n. ;  L.  Rector,  annually  elected 
honorary  head  of  some  Scotch  universities; 
L.  Mayor,  mayor  of  London,  York,  Dublin,  & 
some  great  towns ;  L.  Bishop,  any  bishop  in 
ceremonious  mention) ;  (prefixed  as  part  of  per- 
sonal designation)  marquis,  earl,  viscount,  or 
baron  (whether  peer,  or  peer's  eldest  son  hold- 
ing his  second  title  by  courtesy ;  with  suppres- 
sion of  of,  e.  g.  Earl  of,  or  Lord,  Derby ;  l.  is 
invariable  instead  of  baron,  which  is  used  as 
prefix  only  in  foreign  titles),  (followed  by  Chris- 
tian &  family  name)  younger  son  of  duke  or 
marquis ;  mp  L  (voc),  formal  or  polite  formula 
for  addressing  nobleman  below  duke,  bishop, 
1.  mayor,  or  judge  of  supreme  court ;  11.  & ladies, 
wild  arum ;  hence  lop'dLESS  a.,  lop'dLiNG  l(2), 
lordo'LATRY,  nn.  (Vb)  play  the  1.  over  (usu. 
in  pass.,  will  not  be  lorded  over;  or  with  it,  as 
lording  it  over  his  household ;  ennoble,  confer 
title  of  I.  upon.  [OE  hldford  orig.  =  bread- 
keeper  (loaf  \  WARD)] 

lop'dly,  a.  Haughty,  imperious,  lofty,  dis- 
dainful ;  grand,  magnificent,  fit  for  or  belonging 
to  a  lord.  Hence  Iop'cUIness  n.  [OE  hldford- 
lic  (prec,  -ly1)] 

lop'dship,  n.  Dominion,  rule,  ownership  of 
or  over ;  domain,  estate,  manor ;  lord's  person- 
ality (your  L,  his  L,  you,  he,  in  speaking  defer- 
entially to  or  of  a  lord,  also  facet,  to  or  of  other 
persons  or  animals),    [-ship] 

lope l,  n.  Doctrine  (archaic) ;  erudition,  scho- 
larship, (archaic) ;  body  of  traditions  &  facts  on 


a  subject  (ghost,  bird,  animal,  fairy,  &c,  L). 
TOE  lar  cf.  Du.  leer,  G  lehre,  cogn.  w.  learn] 
lope2,  n.  (nat.  hist).    Strap-like  surface,  in 


birds  between  eye  &  upper  mandible,  in  snakes 
between  eye  &  nostril,    [f.  L  lorum  strap] 

lorgnette  (lornye't),  n.  Pair  of  eye-glasses 
usu.  held  by  long  handle ;  opera-glass.    [F] 

16'picate  (-at),  a.  (zool.).  Having  defensive 
armour  of  bone,  plates,  scales,  &c  [f.  L  lorica- 
tus  (lorica  cuirass  f.  lorum  strap,  -ate2)] 

lop'is,  n.  Small  slender  tailless  nocturnal 
climbing  quadrumanous  Cingalese  mammal; 
kinds  of  lemur.    [F] 

lorn,  a.  (poet.  &joc).  Desolate,  forlorn,  (often 
lone  L).  [p.p.  of  obs.  leese  lose,  OE  -Uosan  cf. 
G  verlieren] 

lo'ppy,  n.  Long  low  flat  sideless  wagon; 
truck  used  on  railways  &  tramways.    [?] 

lop*y,  n.  Kinds  of  bright-plumaged  parrot- 
like  bird.    [f.  Malay  lurt] 

lose  (looz),  v.t.  &  L  (lost  pr.  law-  or  16).  Be 
deprived  of,  cease  by  negligence,  misadventure, 
separation,  death,  &c,  to  possess  or  have,  (pro- 
perty, life,  quality,  limb,  father,  friend,  &c; 
doctor  loses  patient,  fails  to  keep  him  alive, 
also  is  left  by  him  for  another  doctor ;  l.  pa- 
tience, one's  temper,  become  impatient,  angry ; 


LOSEL 


486 


LOVE 


I.  one's  head  l ;  1.  one's  heart  ;  I.  heart  ;  I. 
ground,  fail  to  keep  position,  recede,  decline  ; 
nave  lost  my  cold,  got  rid  of  it ;  I.  interest,  of 

Serson,  cease  to  be  interested,  of  thing,  cease 
)  interest),  (pass.)  disappear,  perish,  die  or  be 
dead,  (letter-writing  is  a  lost  art ;  the  ship  &  all 
hands  were  lost ;  lost  to  sense  of  duty,  shame, 
Sec,  no  longer  affected  by  them:  lost  soul, 
damned) ;  suffer  loss  or  detriment,  incur  dis- 
advantage, be  the  worse  off  in  money  or  other- 
wise by  transaction  &c,  (the  publisher  last  by 
it ;  tjie  army  lost  heavily) ;  become  unable  to 
find,  fail  to  keep  in  sight  or  follow  or  mentally 
grasp,  (I.  a  document,  one's  way,  the  thread  of 
a  discourse,  a  person  &c.  under  observation) ; 
spend  (time,  opportunities,  pains)  to  no  pur- 
pose, waste,  (pass.,  be  lost  upon,  fail  to  influ- 
ence or  draw  the  attention  of) ;  fail  to  obtain, 
catch,  see,  or  hear  {I.  one's  train,  a  legacy,  a 
word  or  remark,  a  fox) ;  forfeit  (stake),  be  de- 
feated in  (game,  battle,  lawsuit,  or  abs. ;  losing 
game,  in  which  defeat  seems  inevitable ;  can- 
not play  a  losing  game,  loses  heart  or  temper 
in  it) ;  fail  to  carry  (motion) ;  cause  person  the 
loss  of,  cost,  (will  I.  you  your  place) ;  (refl.  & 
pass.)  go  astray,  become  merged  or  engrossed 

Iin),  be  obscured  (in) ;  losing  hazard.  Hence 
O'sable  a.  [OE  losian  (los  loss)  intr.,  the 
trans,  senses  being  f.  the  cogn.  obs.  leese] 

16'sel  (-zl),  n.  (archaic).  Profligate,  rake,  ne'er- 
do-well,    [prob.  f.  losen  p.p.  of  obs.  leese  lose] 

lo'sep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  be  a  I.  by, 
suffer  loss  by;  person,  horse,  &c,  that  loses 
race  &c. ;  (Billiards)  losing  hazard,    [-er  *] 

loss  (laws,  16s),  n.  Losing  or  being  lost  (see 
lose)  ;  person,  thing,  or  amount  lost ;  detri- 
ment, disadvantage,  resulting  from  loss  (per- 
son &c.  is  a  great,no,  little,  Sec,  I.,  the  1.  of  him 
is  a  serious  &c.  blow) ;  at  a  I.  (for,  to  discover, 
Sec),  puzzled,  at  fault,  [prob.  partly  f.  OE  los 
(cf.  ON  los)  dispersion,  rout,  &  partly  back- 
formation  f.  lost  p.p.  of  lose] 

loss  (G),  n.    =  loess. 

lost.    See  lose. 

lot,  n.,  &  v.t.  One  of  a  set  of  objects  used  to 
secure  a  chance  decision  in  dividing  goods,  se- 
lecting officials,  &c.  (now  only  in  draw,  cast,  11., 
usu.  between,  for,  who,  Sec,  &  in  throw  or  cast 
in  one's  I.  with,  share  fortunes  of),  this  method 
of  deciding  (the  I. ;  by  I.),  choice  resulting  from 
it  (the  I.  fell  upon  me) ;  what  falls  to  person  by 
1.,  share  (have  no  part  nor  I.  in),  person's  desti- 
ny, fortune,  condition,  (the  I.  falls  to  me,  it  falls 
to  my  I.,  it  falls  to  me  as  my  I.,  to  do) ;  tax,  due, 
(scot  &l.);  plot  or  allotment  of  land  ;  article  or 
set  of  articles  offered  separately  at  sale,  item  at 
auction,  (bad  I.,  disreputable  or  vicious  per- 
son) ;  number  or  quantity  of  persons  or  things 
of  same  kind  or  somehow  associated  (the  I.,  the 
whole  number  or  quantity) ;  (colloq.)  consider- 
able number  or  amount,  a  good  or  great  deal. 
(Vb)  divide  (land,  usu.  out,  or  goods  for  sale) 
into  11.    [OE  hlot,  cf.  Du.  lot,  cogn.  w.  G  loos] 

loth.  _See  loath. 

Lothap'io,  n.  Libertine,  rake,  [character 
inRowe's  Fair  Penitent] 

16'tion  (-shn),  n.  Liquid  preparation  used  ex- 
ternally to  heal  wound,  cure  skin-disease,  clear 
complexion,  &c. ;  (slang)  alcoholic  drink,  [f.  L 
lotio  (lavare  lot-  wash,  -ion)] 

lo'ttopy,  n.  Arrangement  for  distributing 
prizes  by  chance  among  purchasers  of  tickets ; 
l.-wheel,  wheel  with  box  used  for  shuffling 
numbers  corresponding  to  those  on  tickets,    [f . 

It.  lotterxa  (lot,  lotto)] 

lo'tto,  n.    Game  of  chance  with  drawing  of 

numbers  as  in  lottery.    [It.,  f.  Teut.  (lot)] 

lo-tus,   n.     Plant    represented    in   ancient 


Greek  legend  as  inducing  luxurious  dreami- 
ness &  distaste  for  active  life  (l.-eater,  person 
given  to  indolent  enjoyment ;  so  l.-eating  a.  & 
n.);  Egyptian  &  Asiatic  water-lily;  kinds  of 
plant,  esp.  Bird's-foot  Trefoil ;  l.-land,  place  of 
indolent  enjoyment.    [L,  f.  Gk  lotos] 

loud,  (lowd),  a.  &  adv.  Strongly  audible,  so- 
norous ;  clamorous,  noisy ;  (of  colour,  dress, 
pattern,  manners)  obtrusive,  conspicuous, 
flashy;  hence  lovrdEN6  v.i.,  lou,diSH1(2)  a., 
lou'dLY2  adv.,  lou'dxEss  n. ;  (adv.)  loudly 
(don't  talk  so  1. ;  laughed  I.  &  long) ;  I.  -spoken. 
[com.-WG  ;  OE  hind,  cf.  Du.  luid,  G  laut ;  cogn. 
w.  Gk  kluo  hear,  L  cluere  be  famed] 

loug-h  (loch),  n.  (Anglo-Ir.).  Lake,  arm  of  sea. 
[perh.  f.  ONortb.umb.7wft  f.  Gael.  &Ir.  loch] 

Louis  (looi,  or  as  F),  n.  (pi.  Louis  pr.  -z  or  as 
F).  Name  of  many  French  kings  (I.  or  l.-d'or, 
French  gold  coin  of  about  20  fr.  from  L.  XIII  to 
L.  XVI  j  L.  Treize,  Quatorze,  Quinze,  Seize, 
used  adj.  of  furniture  &c.  in  styles  prevalent 
in  those  reigns). 

lounge  (Townj),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Go  lazily, 
saunter ;  loll,  recline ;  idle  (intr.,  &  I.  away 
time  &c.) ;  hence  lou'ngTER1  n.,  louTiging-- 
ly  2  adv.  (N. )  spell  of  lounging,  saunter,  stroll ; 
place  where  one  can  L ;  sofa  or  deep  chair.    [?] 

Ioup,  lowep,  (lowr),  v.i.,  &  n.  Frown,  scowl, 
look  sullen,  (on,  upon,  at);  (of  clouds,  sky, 
storm)  look  dark  &  threatening;  hence  Ioup*- 
ingL y  2,  lowep-,  adv.  (N. )  scowl ;  gloominess 
of  sky  &c,  whence  1oup*y  2  a.  [ME  louren,  cf. 
Du.  loeren  frown,  G  lauern  watch ;  spelling 
lower  prob.  due  to  confusion  w.  lower  *] 

louse  (lows),  n.  (pi.  lice).  Parasitic  insect  in- 
festing human  hair  &  skin ;  kinds  of  parasite 
of  mammals,  birds,  fish,  &  plants.  Hence 
Iou'sy2  (-z-)  a.,  Iou'sIness  n.  [com. -Teut. ; 
OE  lus,  cf.  Du.  luis,  G  laus] 

lout1  (lowt),  n.  Awkward  fellow,  bumpkin, 
clown.  Hencelou'tiSHia.,  lou*tishLY2adv., 
lou'tishNESS  n.    [?] 

lout2  (lowt),  v.i.  (archaic).  Bow,  make  obei- 
sance.   [OE  lutan,  cf.  ON  luta] 

lou'vep  (loo-),  n.  Domed  turret-like  erection 
on  medieval  hall-roof  &c.  with  side  openings  to 
let  smoke  out  or  air  in ;  (pi.,  also  l.-boards) 
arrangement  of  overlapping  boards  or  slips  of 

f;lass  to  admit  air  but  exclude  rain.  Hence 
ou'vePED2  a.  [f.  OF  lover,  cf.  med.L  lodium] 

lo'vable  (lu-),  a.  Deserving  love,  amiable. 
Hence  lo'vabLY2  adv.,  lo'vableNESS  n. 
[love  2,  -able] 

lovaere  (hVvij),  n.  Kinds  of  herb.  JTVIE 
loveache  f.  OF  levesche  f .  LL  levisticum  perh.  f . 
L  ligusticum  Ligurian ;  assim.  to  love,  ache] 

love !  (luv),  n.  Warm  affection,  attachment, 
liking,  or  fondness,  paternal  benevolence,  af- 
fectionate devotion,  (of,  for,  to,  or  towards 
person,  for  or  to  thing ;  give  I.  to,  convey  af- 
fectionate message  to,  send  one's  I.  to,  get  this 
done  j  for  the  I.  of,  for  sake  or  in  name  of,  esp. 
in  adjurations  ;  for  I.  or  money,  by  any  means, 
esp.  cannot  get  it  Sec  f.  I.  o.  m. ;  labour  of  I., 
that  one  delights  in,  or  that  one  does  for  1.  of 
some  one ;  there 's  no  I.  lost  between  them,  they 
dislike  each  other ;  play  for  I.,  for  the  pleasure 
of  it,  not  for  stakes) ;  sexual  affection  or  passion 
or  desire,  relation  between  sweethearts,  this 
feeling  as  a  literary  subject,  a  personified  in- 
fluence, or  a  god  (also  representation  of  Cupid, 
or  of  naked  winged  child,  or  in  pi.  children, 
symbolizing  1.),  (in  I.,  possessed  by  this;  in  I. 
with,  enamoured  of,  also  transf.  fond  of  a  pur- 
suit, thing.  &c;  fall  in  I.,  become  enamoured; 
all's  v  air2  in  I.  &  roar;  I.  in  a  cottage,  mar- 
riage on  insufficient  means;  make  L,  pay 
amorous  attentions  to  or  abs.,  whence  lo've- 


LOVE 487 

makiNG1  n.) ;  beloved  one,  sweetheart,  (esp. 
of  woman,  cf.  lover;  hence  lo*veY3  n. ;  my  I., 
common  form  of  address  between  husband  & 
wife),  (collog.)  delightful  person  or  pretty  thing 
(he  is  an  old  I. ;  v.uiat  11.  of  teacups  !) ;  (Games) 
no  score,  nothing,  nil,  (I.  all,  neither  side  has 
yet  scored ;  I.  game,  in  which  loser  has  not 
scored);  l.-affair,  amour;  l.-begotten,  illegiti- 
mate ;  l.-bird,  small  bird  of  parrot  kind  said  to 
pine  away  at  death  of  its  mate;  l.-child,  il- 
legitimate ;  l.-feast,  meal  in  token  of  brotherly 
L  among  early  Christians,  religious  service 
among  Methodists  &c.  imitating  this ;  l.-in-a- 
mist,  Fennel-flower;  l.-in-idleness,  Heart's- 
ease ;  l.-knot,  peculiarly  interlaced  bow  of 
ribbon ;  l.-letter,  between  sweethearts  &  con- 
cerned with  1. ;  I. -lies-bleeding,  garden  plant 
with  long  drooping  spike  of  purple-red  bloom ; 
lovelock,  tress  or  curl  worn  on  temple  or  fore- 
head ;  l.-lorn,  pining  with  L,  deserted  by  one's 
love(r) ;  l.-match,  marriage  made  for  1.  8  sake 
only;  l.-philtre,  philtre;  lovesick,  languishing 
with  1. ;  l.-song,  about  or  expressing  L ;  L-story, 
novel  &c.  of  which  main  theme  is  L,  facts  of  a 
wooing  &c. ;  L-token,  thing  given  in  sign  of  1. 
Hence  lo'vewoRTHY  a.,  lo'veworthiNESS  n. 
[OE  lufu,  cogn.  w.  G  lieben,  Du.  lieven,  to  love ; 

also  W.  LIEF,  LEAVE  *,  BELIEVE] 

love2,  v.t.  &  i.  Hold  dear,  bear  1.  to,  be  in  1. 
with,  be  fond  of,  (1.  me,  I.  my  dog  1 ;  Lord  I. 
you .',  excl.  of  surprise  at  person's  mistake  &c. ; 
1.  one's  I.  with  an  A,  a  B,  Sec,  formula  in  game 
of  forfeits) ;  be  in  1. ;  cling  to,  delight  in,  enjoy 
having,  be  addicted  to,  admire  or  be  glad  of 
the  existence  of,  (life,  honour,  comfort,  golf, 
doing,  virtue,  man  who  knows  his  own  mind, 
&c).  [OE  lufian  (prec.)] 
Lo*velace(luvl-),n.  Libertine,  accomplished 
rake,  [character  in  Clarissa  Harlowe] 
lo'veiess,  a.  Unloving;  unloved.  Hence 
lo'velessLY2  adv.,  lo'velessNESs  n.  [-less] 
lo'vely  (lu-),  a.  Attractively  or  admirably 
beautiful;  (colloq.)  delightful,  very  pleasing, 
intensely  amusing.  Hence  lo*veliLY2  adv. 
(rare),  lo*veliNESS  n.  [OE  luflic  (love1,  -ly1)] 
lo'vep,  n.  Woman's  sweetheart  or  suitor, 
(pi.)  pair  in  love ;  paramour,  gallant ;  admirer, 
devotee,  of  thing,  action,  or  idea ;  lover's  knot, 
LOVE^knot.  Hence  lo*vePLE8S  a.,  lo'vep- 
like,  Io'vbply  !» 2,  aa.  &  advv.  [-er  j] 
lo'ving,  a.  That  loves,  affectionate,  (our  I. 
subjects,  formula  in  royal  proclamation  ;  your 
I.  friend  &c,  formula  in  concluding  letter); 
manifesting  or  proceeding  from  love  (l.-cup, 
large  drinking  vessel  passed  round  at  banquet ; 
l.-kindness,  tenderconsideration).  Hence  lo*v- 
ingTLY2  adv.,  lo'ving-NESS  n.  [ing2] 
low1  (16),  a.  &  adv.  (-er,  -est,  or,  aa.  &  advv.). 
Not  reaching  far  up,  not  high  or  tall,  (I.  house, 
forehead,  stature ;  not  used  of  persons ;  I.  dress, 
leaving  neck  &  part  of  shoulders  &  breast  ex- 
posed, so  I.  neck ;  I.  relief,  bas-relief) ;  not  ele- 
vated in  geographical  &c.  position  (L.  Countries, 
Netherlands;  L.  German2,  dutch;  Lower 
Egypt  &c. ;  1.  moon  &c.,  near  horizon ;  I.  tide 
or  water,  level  of  ebbed  sea,  time  of  extreme 
ebb;  l.-xoater  mark,  lowest  point  reached  by 
ebb-tide,  &  fig. ;  in  I.  water,  out  of  funds  &c.) ; 
of  or  in  humble  rank  or  position  (the  lower  orders 
or  classes;  I.  birth;  high  <£•  I.,  every  one);  not 
exalted  or  sublime,  commonplace,  undignified, 
little  civilized,  not  highly  organized ;  abject, 
mean,  degraded,  coarse,  vulgar;  ill-nourished, 
not  nourishing,  indicative  of  ill  nutrition, 
wanting  in  vigour,  depressed,  not  intense,  (I. 
condition,  diet,  fever ;  I.  spirits,  whence  low- 
spi'ritED2  a.) ;  of  small  amount  as  measured 
by  a  scale  or  degrees  (I.  price,  wages,  rates, 


LOYAL 


temperature,  power ;  have  I.  opinion  of,  do  not 
estimate  highly;  at  lowest,  to  mention  the 
least  possible  amount  &c. ;  I.  latitudes,  near 
equator) ;  (of  sounds)  not  shrill  or  high,  pro- 
duced by  slow  vibrations,  (also)  not  loud ;  (of 
liquid,  receptacle,  supply  of  anything,  esp.  fig. 
of  purse  or  money)  nearly  exhausted  or  empty 
(often  run  I.) ;  recent  (belongs  to  a  lower  date) ; 
(also  l.-church)  giving  1.  place  to  authority  of 
bishops  &priests,  inherent  grace  of  sacraments, 
ecclesiastical  organization,  &  ritual,  not  sacer- 
dotal, approximating  to  protestant  non-con- 
formity, (L.  Church,  party  in  Church  of  Eng- 
land thus  minded  ;  L.  Churchman,  member  of 
it) ;  bring  I.,  depress,  reduce,  in  health,  wealth, 
or  position ;  lay  L,  overthrow ;  lie  I.,  crouch, 
be  prostrate  or  dead  or  abased,  (slang)  keep 
quiet  or  out  of  the  way,  say  nothing,  bide  one's 
time  ;  burn2  I. ;  l.-browed,  lit.,  also  (of  rocks) 
beetling,  (of  building  &c.)  with  low  entrance, 
gloomy ;  I.  celebration  of  Eucharist,  without 
choir  or  assistant  ministers ;  I.  comedian,  actor 
in  I.  comedy,  in  which  subject  &  treatment 
border  on  farce;  l.-down,  abject,  mean,  dis- 
honourable ;  lower  boy,  in  lower  school  at  pub- 
lic schools ;  lower  case  2 ;  lower  chamber,  = 
lower  House ;  lower  criticism),  of  the  verbal  or 
textual  kind  ;  lower  deck,  immediately  over 
hold ;  lower  Empire,  later  Roman  Empire,  usu. 
from  Constantine ;  lower  House,  lower  branch 
of  legislative  assembly,  e.  g.  House  of  Commons; 
lower  school  in  public  schools,  usu.  forms  below 
fifth ;  lower  world,  the  earth ;  lowland,  (usu. 
pi.)  lowlying  country,  (adj.)  of  or  in  this ;  Low- 
lands, less  mountainous  part  of  Scotland, 
whence  LowlandER  l(i)  n.f  Lowland  (adj.)  of 
or  in  this ;  I.  latin  ;  I  life,  that  of  the  lower 
classes,  whence  IowITved2  a.;  I.  mass1;  I. 
pitch,  1.  key  or  tone,  also  slight  angular  eleva- 
tion of  roof,  whence  low-pitenED2  a. ;  I. 
pressure  ;  L.  Sunday,  Week,  after  Easter  Day 
&  Week ;  hence  Iowopmost,  Iowish  ](2)  aa., 
Iowness  n.  (Adv.)  in  or  to  1.  or  mean  position 
(hangs  1. ;  aim  or  shoot  I.  or  lower ;  collar  I.  in 
football,  catch  at  or  below  waist ;  bowed  I. ; 
never  fell  so  I.  as  that) ;  on  poor  diet  (live  I.  for 
a  time) ;  for  small  stakes  (play  I.);  in  1.  tone,  on 
or  to  1.  note,  (talk  I. ;  cannot  get  so  I.);  (of  date) 
late  (find  it  as  low  as  the  18th  century) ;  l.-born, 
of  humble  birth ;  l.-bred,  of  vulgar  manners ; 
I.  down,  far  down,  also  in  mean  or  ungenerous 
way  (esp.  play  it  1.  d.,  or  I.,  upon,  treat  scurvily). 
[ME  lah  f.  ON  lagr  cogn.  w.  lie3] 
low2  (16),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Utter  cry  (as)  of  cow, 
moo  ;  say,  utter  forth,  with  lowing  sound  ;  (n.) 
cow's  cry.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  hlowan,  cf.  OHG 
hluojen,  Du.  loeien,  cogn.  w.  L  clamare] 
lower1  (16-),  v.t.  &  i.  Let  or  haul  down; 
(Naut.,  abs.)  letdown  boat,  haul  down  sail,  &c.', 
diminish  height  of;  sink,  descend,  slope  down 
wards ;  diminish  (price  &c),  (of  price  &c.)  come 
down;  diminish  (t.  &  i.)  in  intensity  or  pitch: 
degrade,  disgrace ;  reduce  bodily  condition  or 
(a  lowering  diet),  [f.  lower  comp.  of  low  l] 
lower2.    See  lour. 

lowly  (16-),  a.  &  adv.  Humble  in  feeling,  be- 
haviour, or  condition,  modest,  unpretending  ; 
(adv.)  in  1.  manner.  Hence  Iow'Hly2  adv., 
IowIIness  n.  [low  *,  -l y  j  » ^ 
loxodpd'mic,  a.  &  n.  Of  oblique  sailing  or 
sailing  by  the  rhumb;  (n.)  1.  line  or  table. 
Hence  loxodpo'mics  n.  [f.  Gk  loxos  oblique, 
dromos  course,  -icl 

loyal,  a.  &  n.  True,  faithful,  to  duty,  love, 
or  obligation  (to) ;  faithful  in  allegiance  to 
sovereign,  government,  or  mother-country; 
enthusiastically  devoted  to  sovereign's  person 
&  family ;  exhibiting  loyalty ;  hence  loyal- 


LOYALTY 


483 


LUGE 


ism(3),  loyaliST(2),  nn.,  loyaliZE(3)  v.t,  loy- 
alLY2adv.;  (n.)  person  who  remains  1.  in  time 
of  disaffection.    IF,  f.  L  legalis  legal] 
loyalty,  n.    Loyal  temper  or  conduct,    [f. 
OF  loialM  (prec,  -ty)] 

16'zeng-e  (-j),  n.  rhomb,  diamond  figure,  esp. 
as  bearing  in  heraldry ;  1. -shaped  shield  for 
spinster's  or  widow's  arms ;  1. -shaped  facet  of 
cut  gem ;  small  tablet  (orig.  L  -shaped)  of  flavour- 
ed sugar,  medicine,  meat  essence,  &c,  to  be 
dissolved  in  mouth;  1. -shaped  pane  in  case- 
ment, [f.  OF  losenge,  cf.  Pr.  lausa  tombstone 
perh.  ult.  f.  L  lapis  stone] 
lo'zenged,  a.  With  lozenges  of  alternate 
colours ;  with  lozenge  panes,  [-ed  2] 
£.s.d.(eiesde-),  n.  Pounds,  shillings,  &  pence; 
money,  riches ;  L.  S.  De'ism,  money-worship, 
[see  l,  libra] 

lirbber,  n.  Big  clumsy  stupid  fellow,  lout ; 
clumsy  seaman.  Hence  lu'bbePLiKE  a.,  lirb- 
b8PL  y  it  2  a.  &  ad  v. ,  lu'bberliNESS  n.  [prob. 
f.  or  cogn.  w.  lob] 

lu'bpicate  (loo-,  lu-),  v.t  Make  slippery  or 
smooth  by  applying  fluid  or  unguent;  mini- 
mize friction  of  (machinery)  with  grease  &c. 
(also  fig.).  Hence  lirbPieANT(2)  a.  &  n.,  lir- 
bpieatOR2(l,2),  lubPieATioN,  nn.  [f.  L  lu- 
bricare  (lubricus  slippery  cogn.  w.  slip),  -ate3] 
lubpl'city,  n.  Slipperiness,  smoothness,  oili- 
ness,  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  lewdness,  wantonness.  So 
lubpl'elous,  lu'bpieous,  aa.  [f.  L  lubricitas 
(prec,  -ty)]_ 

Lu'can  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  Of  St  Luke.  [f.  L  Lucas 
Luke,  -an] 

luce  (loos,  lus),  n.    Pike  fish,  esp.  when  full- 
grown,    [f.  OF  lus  f.  LL  lucius] 
lu'cent (loo-,  lu-),  a.  Shining,  luminous ;  trans- 
lucent.   Hence  Iu'cency  n.    [f.  L  lucere  shine 
(lux  lucis  light),  -ent] 

lueep'n(e)  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  Cloverlike  plant  used 
for  fodder,  [f.  F  luzerne  etym.  dub.] 
Lueia'nic  (loosi-).  a.  After  the  manner  of 
Lucian,  witty  &  scoffing,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Loukianos, 
writer  of  Greek  dialogues  c.  160  a.d.,  -ic] 
lu'dd  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  Bright  (poet) ;  (Entom., 
Bot)  with  smooth  shining  surface;  clear,  pel- 
lucid, (usu.  fig.  of  reasoning,  literary  style,  &c); 
I.  interval,  period  of  sanity  between  attacks  of 
madness,  or  of  quiet  between  disturbances. 
Hence  or  cogn.  luel'diTY  n.,  lu'cidLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  lucidus  (lucent)] 

Lu'cifep  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  (Planet  Venus  as) 
morning  star;  (supposed  name,  see  A.V.  & 
R.V.  of  Isa.  xiv.  12,  of)  the  chief  rebel  angel, 
Satan,  the  devil,  (as  proud  as  L.)\  I.  match  or 
I.,  friction  match  (now  rare  in  educated  use). 
(L,  light-bringing,  morning  star,  (lux  lucis 
light,  -fer  f.  ferre  bring)] 
luci'fugous,  a.  (nat  hist).  Shunning  day- 
light [f.  L  lucifugus  (prec,  fugere  flee),  -ous] 
luck,  n.  (Chance  as  bestower  of)  good  or  ill 
fortune,  fortuitous  events  affecting  one's  inter- 
ests, person's  apparent  tendency  to  be  (unfor- 
tunate, supposed  tendency  of  chance  to  bring 
a  succession  of  (un)favourable  events,  (bad  I.  to 
him  Sec.!,  form  of  imprecation ;  down  on  one's 
I.,  dispirited  by  misfortune,  temporarily  unfor- 
tunate ;  try  one's  I.,  make  a  venture  at  gaming- 
table or  in  anything ;  just  my  L,  usu.  =  I  am  un- 
lucky as  usual ;  worse  I.  parenth.,  more's  the 
pity,  unfortunately  for  me  or  us);  good  fortune, 
success  due  to  chance,  (have  the  I.,  be  fortunate 
enough  to ;  for  I.,  to  bring  good  1. ;  in,  out  of,  I. ; 
have  no  I.),  whence  Iu'ckless  a.,  lu'ckless- 
ness  n.;  l.-money,  -penny,  piece  of  money  kept 
fori.,  also  sum  returned  by  seller  to  buyer  esp. 
in  live-stock  sale.  [f.  LG  luk,  short  for  geluk 
cf.  G  gliick  etjm.  dub.] 


lu'ckily,  adv.  (As  ordinary  adv.)  by  luck 
(rare) ;  (as  qualification  of  sentence  or  clause) 
which  is  &c  a  fortunate  thing,  thank  good- 
ness, (I,  for  me  I  was  wrong  ;  on  a  snow-slope 
which  was  I,  in  good  order),    [foil.,  -ly 2] 

lu'cky1,  a.  Constantly  attended  by  good 
luck,  enjoying  it  on  a  particular  occasion,  hav- 
ing as  much  success  or  happiness  as  one  de- 
serves &  more,  (you're  a  I.  dog,  form  of  con- 
gratulation esp.  to  accepted  lover) ;  right  by 
luck,  of  the  nature  of  a  fluke,  (I.  guess,  hit, 
shot),  coming  in  the  nick  of  time ;  presaging, 
bringing,  worn  &c  for,  good  luck,  well-omen- 
ed, (I.  penny,  stone,  day) ;  l.-bag at  bazaars  &c 
containing  articles  of  more  or  less  value  for  one 
of  which  payer  of  small  sum  may  dip.  Hence 
lu'ekiNESs  n.    [y2] 

lu'cky2,  n.  (slang).  Cut  one's  I.,  decamp, 
make  off*.    [?] 

lu'cpatlve  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  Yielding  gain,  pro- 
fitable. Hence  lu'CPativeLY2  adv.,  lu'cpa- 
tlveNESS  n.  [f.  L  lucrativus  (lucrari  to  gain, 
see  foil.,  -ATiVE)] 

lucpe  (loo'ker,  lu-),  n.  Pecuniary  profit  as 
motive;  filth^  I.  [f.  L  lucrum,  cogn.  w.  Gk 
apolauo  enjoy,  G  lohn  reward] 

Luepe*tia(-sha),  n.  Model  of  chastity,  woman 
preferring  honour  to  life,    [see  Li vy  i.  57-8] 

lu'cubpate  (loo-,  lu-),  v.i.  Express  one's 
meditations  in  writing ;  produce  lucubrations. 
Hence  lu'cubpatoR2  n.  [f.  L  lucubrare  work 
by  lamplight  (lux  lucis  light),  -ate  3] 

lucubpa'tion,  n.  Nocturnal  study  or  medi- 
tation ;  literary  work  esp.  of  pedantic  or  elabo- 
rate character,    [f.  L  lucubratio  (prec,  -ation)] 

lu'culent  (lob-,  lu-),  a.  (rare).  Clear,  convinc- 
ing, lucid,  (I.  proof,  instance,  explanation). 
Hence  lu'culentLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  luculentus  (lux 
lucis  light,  -LENT)] 

tweus  a  non  luce'ndo  (loo-,  lu),  n.  Para- 
doxical derivation  ;  (transf.)  reference  of  effect 
to  paradoxical  cause,  explanation  by  con  traries. 
[L,  =  lucus  (grove)  is  derived  from  lucere  (shine) 
because  it  does  not  shine  there] 

Lud.  My  L.,  =  my  Lord  in  representations  of 
counsel's  pronunciation  in  addressing  judge. 

Lu'ddlte,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  band  of  me- 
chanics (1811-16)  who  raised  riots  for  destruction 
of  machinery,  [origin  doubtful ;  leaders  were 
called  Captain  JLuad] 

lu'diepous  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  Absurd,  ridiculous, 
exciting  or  deserving  derision.  Hence  lu'di- 
cpousl  y  2  adv. ,  lu'dlcpousNESS  n. ,  ludicpo- 
comb.  form.  [f.  L  ludicrus  prob.  f.  ludicrum 
stage-play  (ludere  play)] 

lues  (loo'ez),  n.  Plague,  contagious  disease, 
contagion,  (I.  Boswelliana,  biographer's  ten- 
dency to  magnify  his  subject,  see  boswell)  ; 
(also  I.  venerea)  syphilis,  whence  (irreg.)  Iue*- 
tic  a.    [L,  genit  luis] 

luff,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t  (naut).  Side  of  fore-&-aft 
sail  next  mast  or  stay ;  broadest  part  of  ship's 
bow  where  sides  begin  to  curve  in.  ( Vb)  bring 
ship's  head,  bring  head  of  (ship),  nearer  wind, 
turn  (helm)  so  as  to  secure  this ;  (Yacht-racing) 
get  windward  side  of  (opponent;  lujffing-match, 
struggle  for  this),  [prob.  f.  F  lof  some  contriv- 
ance for  altering  ship's  course,  cf.  Du.  loef] 

lug "-,  n.  Large  marine  worm  used  as  bait 
[perh.  cogn.  w.  log  *] 

lug:2,  n.  =  LUG-SAIL. 

lug3,  v.t  &  L,  &  n.  Drag  or  tug  (heavy  object) 
with  effort  or  violence;  (intr.)  pull  hard  at; 
bring  (subject  &c )  irrelevantly  in  or  into ;  force 
(person ) along;  (n. ) hard  or  rough  pull.  [cf.  S w. 
lugga  pull  person's  hair  (lugg  forelock)] 

luge  (as  F),  n.,  &  v.i.  Short  raised  toboggan 
used  in  Switzerland ;  (vb)  toboggan  in  this. 


LUGGAGE i 

lwggtLgei- Ij),  n.  Traveller's  baggage,  port- 
manteaus, boxes,  &c.    [lug  3,  -age] 

lirg-g-er,  n.  Small  ship  with  four-cornered 
sails  set  fore  &  aft.    [prob.  f.  foil.] 

lu'g-sail  (-si),  n.  Four-cornered  sail  bent  on 
yard  slung  at  a  third  or  quarter  of  its  length 
from  one  end.    [?] 

lug-u'brious  (lob-,  lu-),  a.  Doleful,  dismal, 
mournful.  Hence  lugu'bpiousLV2  adv., 
lugirbriousNESS  n.  [f.  L  lugubris  (lugere 
mourn),  -ous] 

lukewarm  (loo'kwawm,  lu-),  a.  &  n.  Mode- 
rately warm,  tepid ;  not  zealous,  indifferent, 
(n.,  1.  person).  Hence  lu'kewarmLY2  adv., 
lirkewarmxEss  n.  [f.  obs.  luke  tepid,  cf.  obs. 
lew,  &  ON  hlpr  warm] 

luU,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Soothe  or  send  to  sleep  by 
sounds  or  caresses,  quiet  (suspicion  &c.)  usu.  by 
deception  ;  (usu.  pass.)  quiet  (sea,  storm);  hence 
lu*llingLV2adv.;  (n.)  intermission  in  storm  lit. 
or  fig.    limit,  of  sounds  used  in  lullaby] 

lu'llaby,  n.,  &  v.t.  Soothing  refrain  or  song 
to  put  child  to  sleep ;  (vb)  sing  to  sleep,  [prec., 
-by  as  in  bye-bye] 

lumba'go,  n.  Rheumatic  affection  in  loins. 
Hence  lumba'ginous  (-j-), a.  [lt(lumbus  loin)] 

lu'mbar,  a.  &  n.  (Artery,  vein,  nerve,  or  ver- 
tebra) of  or  in  loin,    [prec,  -ar  j] 

lu'mber1,  v.i.  Move  in  clumsy  blundering 
noisy  way  (along,  vast,  by,  &c).  Hence  lu*m- 
bepiNG2a.,lu*mbeping,LY2  adv.,  lu'mbep- 
some  a.    [ME  lomere  perh.  f.  lame] 

lu'mbep2,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Disused  articles  of 
furniture  &c.  taking  up  room  (l.-room,  in  which 
such  things  are  kept),  useless  or  cumbrous  ma- 
terial ;  superfluous  fat ;  roughly  prepared  tim- 
ber (l.-carrier,  boat  in  1. -trade ;  I. -mill,  for  saw- 
ing 1.;  lumber-man,  feller,  dresser,  or  conveyer 
of  1.;  l.-scaler,  one  who  measures  1.).  (Vb)  fill 
up  inconveniently,  obstruct,  (room,  place ;  often 
up,  over) ;  heap  together,  treat,  as  1. ;  cut  &  pre- 
pare forest  timber,  whence  lu'mbePER1  n. 
[prob.  f.  prec;  or  f.  obs.  lumber  pawnbroker's 

Shop  (LOMBARD)] 

lumbo-,  comb,  form  of  L  lumbus  loin,  as  -ab- 
do'minal  of  loins  &  abdomen. 

lu-mbpical,  a.  &  n.  L.  muscle  or  I.,  one  of 
the  muscles  flexing  fingers  or  toes.  [f.  L  lum- 
bricus  earthworm,  w.  ref.  to  the  shape] 

lu'minapy  (loo-,  lu),  n.  Natural  light-giving 
body,  esp.  sun  or  moon ;  person  of  intellectual, 
moral,  or  spiritual  eminence,  person  of  light  & 
leading,  [f.  F  luminaire  f.  med.L  luminarium 
(L  lumen  -inis  light,  -ary  !)] 

lumini'ferous,  a.  Producing  or  transmit- 
ting light,    [prec.,  -ferous] 

lu'minous  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  Emitting  or  full  of 
light,  bright,  shining,  (I.  paint,  phosphorescent 
kind  making  thing  conspicuous  at  night), 
whence  lumino  "sit  Y  n. ;  (of  writers  &c. )  throw- 
ing light  upon  subject.  Hence  lu'minous n ess 
n.,  lu,minousLY2adv.  [f.  L  luminosus  (lumen 
-inis  light,  -ous)] 

lump  *.  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Compact  shapeless  or 
unshapely  mass  (I.  in  throat,  feeling  of  pressure 
caused  by  emotion"  ;isal.  of  selfishness,  is  selfish 
through  &  through);  great  quantity,  lot,  heap; 
mass  of  clay  or  dough  ready  for  moulding  or 
baking;  protuberance,  excrescence,  swelling, 
bruise;  heavy  dull  person;  in  the  I.,  taking 
things  as  a  whole,  in  gross,  wholesale ;  I.  sugar, 
loaf  sugar  broken  or  cut  into  11.  or  cubes ;  I.  sum, 
covering  number  of  items,  also  paid  down  at 
once  (opp.  instalments).  (Vb)  put  together  in 
one  1.,  mass  together,  treat  as  all  alike,  disre- 
gard differences  between  or  among,  (together, 
icith,  in  with,  under  title  &c);  lay  whole  of 
<sum)  on  horse,  event,  &c. ;  rise  or  collect  (intr.) 


i LUNG 

into  11. ;  go  heavily  along,  sit  heavily  down. 
[cf.  Du.  lomp  rag] 

lump2,  n.  Uncouth  spiny-finned  leaden-blue 
fish  clinging  tightly  to  objects  by  sucking-disk 
on  belly,  [cf.  MLG  lumpen,  MDu.  lompe ;  perh. 
f.  prec,  but  the  G  &  Du.  forms  are  found  earlier] 

lump3,  v.t.  Be  displeased  at,  put  up  with 
ungraciously,  (now  only  in  if  you  don't  like  it 
■you  may  I.  it),  [earlier  =  sulk ;  prob.  imit.] 

lu'mpep,  n.  Labourer  employed  in  (unload- 
ing cargoes ;  small  contractor  taking  work  in 
the  lump  &  giving  it  out  in  the  piece ;  classifier 
who  avoids  minute  subdivision,  [lump  *,  -er  j] 

lu-mping-,  a.  (colloq.).  Big,  plentiful,  (I. 
weight,  good  weight),    [lump  *,  -ing  2] 

lu'mpish,  a.  Heavy  &  clumsy ;  stupid,  le- 
thargic. Hence  lu'mpishLY2  adv.,  lu'mp- 
ishNESS  n.    [lump  >,  -ish  l] 

lu'mpy,  a.  Full  of  or  covered  with  lumps ; 
(of  water)  cut  up  by  wind  into  small  waves. 
Hence  lu'mpiLY  2  adv.,  lu'mpiNESs  n.    [y  2] 

lu'naey  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  Being  a  lunatic,  insanity 
(formerly  of  the  intermittent  kind  attributed  to 
changes  of  moon),  (Law)  such  mental  unsound- 
ness as  interferes  with  civil  rights  or  trans- 
actions (Commission  of  I.,  authorization  of  in- 
quiry into  person's  sanity ;  Commissioner  in  L, 
member  of  board  of  ten  for  inspecting  asylums 
&c;  Master  in  I.,  officer  investigating  case  of 
alleged  lunacy) ;  great  folly,    [lunatic,  -acy] 

lu*nap  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  &  n.  Of,  in,  as  of,  the 
moon  (I.  cycle  ;  I.  distance,  of  moon  from  sun, 
planet,  or  star,  used  in  finding  longitude  at  sea ; 
l.  month,  interval  between  new  moons  about 
29£  days,  pop.  period  of  four  weeks ;  I.  nodes,  at 
which  moon's  orbit  cuts  ecliptic ;  I.  observation, 
finding  of  longitude  by  1.  distance ;  I.  politics, 
unpractical  questions;  I.  rainbow,  made  by 
moon's  rays) ;  (of  light,  glory,  &c.)  pale,  feeble; 
crescent-shaped,  lunate,  (esp.  I.  bone  in  wrist) ; 
of  or  containing  silver  (from  alchemists'  use  of 
lunamoon  for  silver ;  I.  caustic,  nitrate  of  silver 
fused).  (N.)  1.  distance  or  observation  ;  1.  bone, 
[f.  L  lunaris  (luna  moon,  -ar  *)] 

lunar'ian,  n.  Inhabitant  of  moon ;  astro- 
nomer or  navigator  with  special  knowledge  of 
the  moon,    [prec,  -ian] 

lu'nate  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  (nat.  hist).  Crescent- 
shaped,    [f.  hlunatus  (luna  moon,  -ate2)] 

lu'natic  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  &  n.  Insane  (person ; 
see  lunacy),  mad(man) ;  (of  actions  &c.)  out- 
rageously foolish,  frantic,  mad  ;  eccentric,  fool- 
ish, (person) ;  I.  asylum,  hospital  for  reception 
&  treatment  of  11.  jr.  LL  lunaticus  (luna  moon, 

-ATIC)] 

luna'tion,  n.  Time  from  one  new  moon  to 
next.    [f.  med.L  lunatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

lunch  (-tsh),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t„  lu'ncheon 
(-tshn),  n.,  (-ch  now  usu.  exc  in  formal  or  cere- 
monious use).  (With  late  diners)  midday  meal ; 
(with  midday  diners)  light  refreshment  taken 
between  breakfast  &  dinner.  (Vb ;  -ch)  take  1.; 
provide  1.  for.  [etym.,  &  relation  between 
forms,  doubtful ;  both  had  earlier  sense  lump 
(of  bread,  meat,  &c),  &  lunch  may  be  related 
to  it  as  hunch,  bunch,  to  hump,  bump] 

lune  (loon,  lun),  n.  (geom.).  Figure  formed  on 
sphere  or  plane  by  two  arcs  enclosing  space. 
[F,  f.  L  luna  moon] 

lune'tte  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  Arched  aperture  in 
concave  ceiling  to  admit  light ;  crescent-shaped 
or  semicircular  space  in  dome  or  ceiling  deco- 
rated with  painting  &c;  (Fortif.)  work  larger 
than  redan,  with  two  faces  &  two  flanks ;  watch- 
glass  of  flattened  shape ;  hole  for  neck  in  guil- 
lotine.   [F  (prec,  -ette)] 

lung:,  n.  Either  of  the  pair  of  breathing- 
organs  in  man  &  most  vertebrates  (good  11. , 

16* 


LUNGE 


490 


LUXURIOUS 


strong  voice ;  11.  of  London  &c,  open  spaces  in 
or  close  to  great  city ;  11.  of  oak,  lungwort ; 
l.-fish,  having  11.  as  well  as  gills;  l.-power, 
power  of  voice ;  lungwort,  plant  of  borage  kind 
with  white-spotted  leaves  likened  to  diseased 
L,  (also  11.  of  oak)  kind  of  lichen  supposed  to  be 
good  for  1. -disease.  Hence  -lungED  2,  lu'ngr- 
less,  aa.  [OE  lungen,  cf.  Du.  long,  G  lunge, 
cogn.  w.  Gk  elaphros  light4  (named  from 
lightness  of  substance),  &  see  lights] 
lunge1,  longe,  (-j),  n.,  &  v.t.  Long  rope 
with  which  horse-breaker  holds  horse  while  he 
makes  it  canter  in  circle;  circular  exercise- 
ground  for  training  horses ;  (vb)  exercise  (horse) 
with  or  in  1.  [F  longe  halter  (L  longus  long  !)] 
lunge2  (-j),  n.,  &  v.L  Thrust  with  sword  &c. 
esp.  in  fencing;  sudden  forward  movement, 
plunge,  rush.  (Vb)  make  1.  in  fencing,  deliver 
blow  from  shoulder  in  boxing,  (at ;  out) ;  (of 
horse)  kick  out;  drive  (weapon,  sting,  &c.) 
violently  in  some  direction ;  rush,  make  sudden 
start  in  some  direction,  [f.  earlier  allonge,  F,  f. 
allonger  lengthen  (a  to,  long1)] 
lumso'lap  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  Of  sun  &  moon  (I. 
period,  of  532  years  between  agreements  of 
solar  &  lunar  cycles;  I.  year,  with  divisions 
regulated  by  changes  of  moon,  &  average  length 
made  to  agree  with  sun's  revolution),  [f.  L 
luna  moon,  -I-,  L  sol  sun,  -ar1] 
lu'nkah  (ngka),  n.  Kind  of  strong  Indian 
cheroot,  [f.  Hind,  tonka  islands  ^f  delta  where 
the  tobacco  is  grown)] 
luny.    See  loon  v. 

lu'pinCe1)  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  Kinds  of  garden  & 
fodder  plant  with  long  tapering  spikes  of  blue, 
purple,  white,  or  yellow  flowers ;  (usu.  pi.)  seed 
of  these,    [f.  L  lupinus] 

Ill-pine5*  (loo-,  lu),  a.  Of  wolf  or  wolves, 
wolflike.  [f.  L  hipinus  (lupus  wolf,  -INE l)] 
lu'pus  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  Ulcerous  disease  of  skin. 
Hence  lu'poiD,  lirpous,  aa.  [L,  =  wolf] 
lurch  J  (-tsh),  n.  Leave  inthe  I.,  desert  (friend, 
ally)  in  difficulties,  [formerly = state  of  score  in 
some  games  in  which  winner  was  far  ahead  of 
loser,  f.  F  lourche  game  like  backgammon,  also 
bad  defeat  in  this] 

lurch2  (-tsh),  n.,  &  v.i.  Sudden  lean  to  one 
side,  stagger ;  (vb)  make  lurch(es),  stagger.  [?] 
lur'cher  (-tsh-),  n.  Petty  thief,  swindler; 
spy ;  cross-bred  dog  between  collie  or  sheep-dog 
&  greyhound,  used  esp.  by  poachers,  [f.  obs. 
lurch  vb  var.  of  lurkT 

lure  (lur),  n.,  &  v.t.  Falconer's  apparatus  for 
recalling  hawk  (bunch  of  feathers,  within  which 
it  finds  its  food  while  being  trained,  attached 
to  thong);  something  used  to  entice.  (Vb) 
recall  (hawk)  with  L;  entice  (person,  animal; 
usu.  away  or  into),  [f.  OF  leurre,  cf.  It.  logoro 
bait,  prob.  f.  Teut.  (G  luder  bait)] 
lup'id,  a.  Ghastly,  wan,  glaring,  unnatural, 
stormy,  terrible,  in  colour  or  combination  of 
colours  or  lights  (of  complexion,  landscape,  sky, 
lightning,  thunder-clouds,  smoky  flame,  glance, 
&c;  casts  a  I.  light  on  facts  or  character,  ex- 
plains or  reveals  them  in  a  tragic  or  terrible 
way);  (Bot  &c.)  of  dingy  yellowish  brown. 
Hence  lup'ldLY2  adv.,  luridNESS  n.  [f.  L 
luridus  pale-yellow] 

lupk,  v.L,  &  n.  Be  hidden  in,  under,  about, 
&c;  escape  notice,  exist  unobserved,  be  latent ; 
lurking-place,  hiding-place,  [perh.  cogn.  w. 
lour;  cf.  LG  lurken  shuffle  along,  Norw.  lurka 
loiter  in  work] 

lu'scious  (-shws),  a.  Richly  sweet  in  taste  or 
smell ;  sickly  sweet,  cloying ;  (of  language  or 
literary  style)  over-rich  in  sound,  imagery,  or 
voluptuous  suggestion.  Hence  Iu'scIously  - 
adv.,  lirsciousNESs  n.    [?] 


lush  \  a.  Luxuriant  &  succulent  (of  plants* 
esp.  grass).    [?] 

lush  3,  n.,  &  v.  t.  &  i.,  (slang).  Liquor,  drink. 
(Vb)  ply  with  liquor ;  drink.    [?] 

lu'shy,  a.  (slang).    Drunk.    [-Y  2] 

lust,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Bibl.,  Theol. )  sensuous  appetite 
regarded  as  sinful ;  animal  desire  for  sexual  in- 
dulgence, lascivious  passion,  whence  lu'stFUL 
a.,  Iu*stfulNESS  n. ;  passionate  enjoyment  or 
desire  of  (I.  of  battle,  conquest,  accumulation, 
applause) ;  (vb)  have  strong  or  excessive  desire 
(usu.  after  or  for).    [com.-Teut. ;  so  Du.  &  G] 

lu'stpal,  a.  Of,  used  in,  ceremonial  purifica- 
tion.   If.  L  lustralis  (lustrum,  -al)] 

lust  pa1  te,  v.  t.  Purify  by  expiatory  sacrifice, 
ceremonial  washing,  or  other  such  rite.  So 
lustPATiONn.  [f. lilustrare (lustrum), -ate3J 

lu'stpe1  (-ter),  n.,  &  v.t.  Gloss,  refulgence, 
shining  surface,  brilliance,  bright  light,  radiant 
beauty,  whence  lu'streLESs,  lu'strous  aa., 
lu'stPOUSLY  2  adv. ;  splendour,  glory,  distinc- 
tion, (add  I.  to,  throw  or  shed  I.  on) ;  (prismatic 
glass  pendant  of)  chandelier ;  thin  dress-mate- 
rial with  cotton  warp,  woollen  woof,  &  lustrous 
surface ;  kind  of  wool  with  lustrous  surface  ; 
(vb)  put  1.  on  (cloth,  pottery,  &c).  [F  (J  lustrare 
illumine,  prob.  f.  lux  lucis  light)] 

lu'stpe  2  (-ter),  n.    =  lustrum. 

lu'strine,  n.    Glossy  silk  fabric,    [lustre  *] 

lu'strum,  n.  (pi.  -a,  -urns).  Period  of  five 
years.  [L,  orig.  purificatory  sacrifice  after  quin- 
quennial census,  prob.  f.  lucre  wash] 

lu'sty,  a.  Healthy  &  strong ;  vigorous,  lively. 
Hence  lu'stlHOOD,  Iu'sUness,  nn.,  hrstlLY2 
adv.    [-Y2] 

tu'sus  naturae  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  Freak  of  na- 
ture, strikingly  abnormal  natural  production, 
snort.    [L] 

lu'tanist  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  Lute-player,  [f.  med.L 
lutanista  (lutana  lute1,  -ist)] 

lute1  (loot,  lut),  n.  Guitar-like  instrument 
used  in  Hth-17th  centuries  (rift  within  the  I., 
first  sign  of  coming  discord  or  madness),  [f.  F 
lut  f.  Arab,  al'ud  (al  the,  'ud  lute,  orig.  wood)] 

lute2  (loot,  lut),  n.,  &  v.t,  Clay  or  cement 
used  to  stop  hole,  make  joint  airtight,  coat  cru- 
cible, protect  graft,  &c. ;  (vb)  apply  1.  to.  Hence 
lu'tiNG1^)  n.    [f.  OF  lut  f.  L  lutum  mud] 

luteo-  (loo-,  lu-),  comb,  form  of  L  Ixdeus 
orange -coloured  (lutum  weld),  as  -fwlvous 
orange- tawny. 

lu'teous,  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Of  deep  orange  yel-* 
low.    [prec,  -ousj 

lu'testpingr  (loo-,  lu-),  n.  Glossy  silk  fabric, 
[perh.  assim.  of  obs.  lustring  var.  of  lustrine 
to  lute,  string] 

Lute'tlan (lob-, lu), a.  Parisian.  [f,L Lutetia 
ancient  name  of  Paris,  -an] 

Lutheran  (loo-,  lu-),  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of 
Martin  Luther,  (member)  of  Church  accepting 
the  Augsburg  confession.  Hence  Lu'theran- 
ism(3)  n.,  Lu-theranizi:('J)  v.i,  (3)  v.t.    [-an] 

luxa'te,  v.t  Dislocate  (joint  &c).  Hence 
Iuxa'tion  n.  [f.  L  luxare  (luxus  dislocated  f. 
Gk  loxos),  -ate  3] 

luxe  (F),  n.  De  I.,  of  unusual  sumptuousness 
(Edition  de  I.)  or  comfort  (train  de  I.). 

luxuriant,  a.  Prolific  (lit.,  &  of  imagina- 
tion &c.) ;  profuse  of  growth,  exuberant,  rank ; 
(of  literary  or  artistic  style)  florid,  richly  orna- 
mented. Hence  1uxup*1ance  n.,  IuxupI*- 
antLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  luxuriare  grow  rank  (luxu- 
ria  luxury),  -ant] 

luxuriate,  v.i.  Revel,  enjoy  oneself,  in  or 
on;  tajce  one's  ease,  be  luxurious,  [prec,  -ate3] 

luxurious,  a.  Given,  contributing,  to  luxu- 
ry, self-indulgent,  voluptuous,  very  comfort- 
able.   Hence IuxupI'ously  2  adv.,  luxur'i- 


LUXURY 


491 


M 


ousness  n.  [f.  OF  luxurius  f.  L  luxuriosus 
(foil.,  -OUS)] 

lu'xupy  (-ksherl),  n.  (Habitual  use  of)  choice 
or  costly  food,  dress,  furniture,  &c. ;  thing  that 
one  enjoys ;  thing  desirable  but  not  indispens- 
able ;  luxuriousness.  [f.  OF  luxurie  f.  L  luxuria 
(luxus  abundance)] 

-lyi,  suf.  f.  OE  -lie,  cf.  OHG  -lik,  G  -lich,  f. 
OTeut.  -liko-  (likom  form).  The  suf.  forms  adjj. 
f.  nn.  w.  sense  having  the  qualities  of  {kingly, 
scholarly,  soldierly),  or  w.  sense  of  recurrence 
(daily,  hourly). 

-ly  2,  suf.  forming  advv.,  f.  OE  -lice  (cf.  OHG 
-licho,  G  -lich)  f.  OTeut.  -liko-  (prec.)  +  adv.  suf. 
-6.  In  OTeut.  an  adv.  in  -ly  implies  the  exis- 
tence of  an  adj.  in  -ly l ;  but  even  in  OE  the  suf. 
(in  the  form  -lice)  was  added  to  other  adjj.,  & 
later  became  the  usu.  ending  for  advv.  Down 
to  17th  c.  adv.  -ly  was  added  even  to  adjj.  in  -ly, 
the  orig.  -liko  being  thus  doubly  represented ; 
these  advv.  in  -lily  are  now  avoided  as  awk- 
ward, &  as  the  adv.  use  of  the  adj.  (to  live  god- 
ly) is  also  avoided,  adjj.  in  -ly  have  in  ordinary 
use  no  corr.  adv.  Partly  is  a  solitary  formation 
on  n.  Wds  in  -le  have  -ly  for  -lely  (feebly,  sup- 
ply, not  feeblely,  supplely). 

lyea'nthpopy,  n.  Transformation  of  witch 
into  a  wolf ;  form  of  madness  in  which  patient 
imagines  himself  some  beast  &  exhibits  de- 
praved appetites,  change  of  voice,  &c.  [f.  Gk 
lukanthropia  (lukos  wolf,  anthropos  man,  -Y1)] 

/ycee  (le'sa),  n.  State  secondary  school  in 
France.    [F] 

Lyee'iim,  n.  Garden  at  Athens  in  which 
Aristotle  taught,  Aristotle's  philosophy  &  fol- 
lowers (cf.  academy,  porch)  ;  literary  institu- 
tion, lecture-hall,  teaching-place.  [L,  f.  Gk  Lu- 
keion  neut.  of  Lukeios  epithet  of  Apollo  (from 
whose  neighbouring  temple  the  L.  was  named)] 

lych.    See  lich. 

lychnis  (Ilk-),  n.  Genus  of  plants  including 
Campion  &  Ragged  Robin.  [L,  f.  Gk  lukhnis 
red  flower  (lukhnos  lamp)] 

lycopod,  -po'dium,  n.  Clubmoss  ;  (-ium 
only)  fine  powder  from  kind  of  1.  used  as  ab- 
sorbent in  surgery,  &  in  making  stage-light- 
ning, [-d  anglicized  f.  -ium  mod.L  (Gk  lukos 
wolf,  pons  podos  foot)] 

lyddite,  n.  High  explosive  chiefly  of  picric 
acid  used  in  shells.    [Lydd  in  Kent,  -ite  *] 

Lydian,  a.  &  n.  (Language,  inhabitant)  of 
Lydia,  ancient  division  of  Asia  Minor ;  L.  mode, 
of  effeminate  plaintive  character,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
Ludios,  -an] 

lye  (li),  n.  Water  alkalized  by  lixiviation  of 
vegetable  ashes,  any  strong  alkaline  solution 
esp.  for  washing,  any  detergent.  [OE  Ibog  cf. 
Du.  loog,  G  lauge,  prob.  cogn.  w.  lather] 

lying"1,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  lie2«3;  also: 
place  to  lie  (soft,  dry,  I.) ;  l.-in,  being  in  child- 
birth (also  attrib.,  as  L-in  hospital),    [-ing  2] 

lying2,  a.  In  vbl  senses  of  lie2'  3 ;  esp.:  de- 
ceitful, false,  whence  lyingLY2  adv.;  -I., 
placed,  as  low-l.  land,    [-ing2] 

lyke-wake,  n.  Watch  kept  at  night  over 
dead  body,    [lich,  wake  2] 

ly  'me-gpass,  n.  Kind  of  grass  planted  on 
sand  to  keep  it  from  shifting,  [perh.  f.  lime1 
w.  ref.  to  its  binding  effect] 

lymph,  n.  Pure  water  (poet.) ;  (Physiol.) 
colourless  alkaline  fluid  from  tissues  or  organs 
of  body,  like  blood  but  without  red  corpuscles; 
exudation  from  sore  &c,  (also  vaccine  I.)  matter 
taken  from  cowpox  vesicles  &  used  in  vaccina- 
tion, other  morbid  matter  used  for  similar  pur- 
pose. Hence  lymphous  a.  [f.  L  lympha 
water  prob.  cogn.  w.  limpidms] 

lympha'tie,  a.  &  n.    Of,  secreting,  convey- 


ing, lymph  (I.  gland,  vessel ;  I.  system,  these 
glands  &  vessels) ;  (of  persons  or  temperament) 
flabby-muscled,  pale-skinned,  sluggish,  (quali- 
ties formerly  attributed  to  excess  of  lymph) ; 
(n.)  vein-like  vessel  conveying  lymph,  [f.  L 
lymphaticus  mad  (lympha  see  prec. ;  the  L  sense 
perh.  due  to  supposed  connexion  w.  Gknumphe 
nymph,  which  affected  spelling  of  lympha)  as 
though  =  of  water] 

lynce'an,  a.  Lynx-eyed,  keensighted.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  lugkeios  (lugx  lynx),  -an  ;  often  also  w. 
ref.  to  Lynceus  the  keen-sighted  Argonaut] 

lynch,  n.,  &  v.t.  L.  law  (L-  or  1-),  procedure 
of  self -constituted  illegal  court  that  summarily 
executes  person  charged  with  flagrant  offence; 
Judge  L„  imaginary  authority  to  whom  sen- 
tences are  attributed  ;  (vb)  execute  (person) 
thus.  [orig.  U.S.,  earlier  Lynch 's  law,  doubt- 
fully referred  to  Charles  L.,  J. P.  in  Virginia, 
indemnified  1782  for  illegally  punishing  persons] 

lynx,  n.  Kinds  of  animal  of  the  cat  tribe 
with  tufted  ear-tips,  short  tail,  spotted  fur,  & 
proverbially  keen  sight ;  1.  fur ;  l.-eyed,  sharp- 
sighted.  [L,  f .  Gk  lugx,  cf.  G  luchs,  prob.  cogn. 
w.  Gk  leusso  see] 

Lyon,  n.  (Also  L.  King  of  Arms)  chief  her- 
ald of  Scotland,  [archaic  for  lion ;  named  f. 
lion  on  royal  shield] 

Lyp'a,  n.  Northern  constellation.  [L,  f.  Gk 
lura  lyre] 

Lyp'aid,  Lyp'id,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Meteor(s) 
radiating  from  Lyra  about  20  Apr.    [-id  2J 

lyp'ate,  a.  (nat.  hist).    Lyre-shaped,    [-ate2] 

lype,  n.  Obsolete  instrument  of  harp  kind 
but  of  size  fit  f  orholding  up  in  left  hand,  &  with 
strings  supported  by  two  symmetrically  curved 
horns,  chiefly  used  for  accompanying  voice  ;  l.- 
bird,  Australian  bird  with  1. -shaped  tail.  So 
lyp*iST(3)  n.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  lura] 

ly'pie,  a.  &  n.  Of  or  for  the  lyre,  meant  to  be 
sung ;  of  the  nature  of,  expressed  or  fit  to  be 
expressed  in,  song (I.  drama,the  I.  stage,  opera); 
(of  poem)  expressing  writer's  own  thoughts  & 
sentiments  usu.  at  no  great  length  &  in  stanzas 
or  strophes,  (of  poet)  writing  in  this  manner ; 
(n.)l.  poem,  (pi.)  1.  verses.  Hence  ly  Pico- comb, 
form.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  lurikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

lyrical,  a.    =  prec.  (now  rare) ;  resembling, 


couched  in  or  using  language  appropriate  to, 
"yric  poetry.    Hence  lypiealLY2  adv.    [-al] 
lyricism,  n.    Lyric  character  or  (w.  pi.)  ex- 


lyric  poetry.    Hence  lypiea 
lyricism,  n.    Lyric  chara 
prcssion ;  high-flown  sentiments.    [-ismJ 


M 


M,  m,  (em),  letter  (pi.  Ms,  M's).  (As  nu- 
meral) 1,000,  as  MMCI  2,101,  MCMLI  1,951. 

Abbreviations  (1):  (M.):  mark  (coin) ;  Master, 
as  M.A.  (of  Arts),  M.C.  (of  Ceremonies), 
M.F.H.  (of  Foxhounds) ;  Medicinae,  of  medi- 
cine, as  M.B.  (Baccalaureus  Bachelor),  M.D. 
(Doctor);  Member,  as  M.P.  (of  Parliament), 
M.R.C.S.  (of  Royal  College  of  Surgeons), 
M.V.O.  (of  Victorian  Order) ;  Monsieur,  pi. 
MM.,  Messieurs,  (m.)  masculine ;  metre(s) ; 
mile(s) ;  minute(s). 

Abbreviations  (2):  Maec(abees);  Mal.(achi); 
Massachusetts) ;  Matt.(hew) ;  Md.,  Mary- 
land ;  Me.,  Maine ;  Me,  Maitre  (F  advocate's 
title);  mem.(orandum) ;  Messrs,  see  mr; 
mg.,  milligram(s);  mm.,  millimetres );  Mgp, 
Monsignor,  pi.  MgPs;Mle.(ah);  Mien.(igan); 
Miss.(issippi) ;  Mk,  mark  (coin) ;  Mile,  Made- 
moiselle, j)l.  Miles;  Mme,  Madame,  pi. 
Mmes;  Mo.,  Missouri;  Mon.(mouthshire) ; 
Mont.(ana) ;  MS(S).,  manuscript(s) ;  Mt, 
Mount;  Mus.(icae)  BSio.(calaureus),  Doc, 
Bachelor,  Doctor,  of  Music. 


492 


MADEMOISELLE 


-m,  -ma,  -me,  suf.  in  nn.  taken  f.  Gk  (-ma 
-matos),  usu.  expr.  result  of  verbal  action ;  as 
phlegm,  poem,  comma,  coma,  scheme,  theme. 
Adjj.  formed  on  these  show  the  -at-  of  the  Gk 
stem  (phlegmatic,  comatose). 
ma  (mah),  n.  (vulg.).    =  mamma1. 
ma'am  (mahm,  mam,  mm),  n.    Madam  (esp. 
used  at  Court  in  addressing  Queen  or  royal 
princess,  pr.  mahm,  or  by  servants,  pr.  mm). 
maca'bre  (-ahbr),  a.     Danse  m.,  dance  of 
death  ;  grim,  gruesome.    [F,  perh.  corrupt,  of 
OF  MacaM  Maccabee] 

maca'co1,  n.    Monkey  of  genus  Macacus. 
{Port, = monkey] 
maca'co2,  n.    Kinds  of  lemur.    [?] 
maea-dam,  a.  &  n.    (Of  roads)  made  in  the 
manner  &  with  the  materials  advocated  by  J. 
L.  McAdam  (d.  1836),  i.e.  with  successive  layers 
of  broken  stone  of  nearly  uniform  size,  each 
subjected  to  pressure  of  traffic  before  next  is 
laid ;  such  material.    Hence  maca'damiZE 
v.t.,  macadamizATioN  n. 
macapo'ni,  n.    Wheaten  paste  formed  into 
long  tubes,  used  as  food;  (Hist.)  18th-c.  exquisite 
affecting  continental  tastes,  whence  maca- 
po'niSM  n.    [f.  It.  maccaroni,  etym.  dub.] 
maeard'nic,  a.  &  n.  pi.  (Verses)  of  burlesque 
form  containing  Latin  (or  other  foreign)  words 
&  vernacular  words  with  Latin  &c.  termina- 
tions ;  medley,    [f.  prec.  +  -ic] 
macarooTi,  n.     Small  cake  or  biscuit  of 
ground  almonds,  white  of  egg,  sugar,  &c.  [f.  F 
macaron  (as  macaroni)] 
maeap'tney,  n.  Kind  of  pheasant.  [George, 
Earl  M.,  d.  1806] 

maca'ssap,  a.  &  n.    M.  (oil),  kind  of  hair 
oil.    [f.  Mangkasara,  in  island  of  Celebes] 
macaw*1,  n.     Kinds  of  parrot,     [f.  Port. 
macao,  etym.  dub.] 

macaw'2,  n.    Kinds  of  palm.    [prob.  Carib] 

Maeeabe'an,  a.    Of  the  Maccabees,  Jewish 

princes  who  freed  Judaea  from  tyranny  of 

Antiochus  Bpiphanes,  c.  166  B.c.    [f.  L  f.  Gk 

Makkabaios] 

ma'ccaboy,  -baw,  n.  Kind  of  snuff,  usu. 
scented  with  attar  of  roses,  [f.  Macouba,  dis- 
trict in  Martinique] 

mace1,  n.  (Hist.)  heavy  usu.  metal-headed 
&  spiked  club ;  staff  of  office  resembling  this  ; 
m.-bearer,  official  carrying  this  staff ;  stick  used 
in  bagatelle.  [OF,  f .  L  *mattea  whence  matteola 
(prob.  )= mallet] 

mace2,  n.  Dried  outer  covering  of  nutmeg, 
used  as  spice,  [f.  F  mads,  etym.  dub.] 
ma'cerate,  v.t.  &  i.  Soften  by  soaking; 
waste  away  by  fasting.  So  macePATiON  n. 
[f.  Ltmacerare,  perh.  cogn.  w.  Gkmasso  knead, 
see  -ate  3] 

M a'chiavel  (-k-),  n.  Unscrupulous  schemer ; 
one  who  practises  duplicity  in  statecraft, 
whence  Maehiave'lli  an  a.,  Machiave'll- 
ism  n.  [f.  Niccol6  Machiavelli,  Florentine 
statesman,  author  of  work  del  Principe,  in 
which  unscrupulous  statecraft  is  advocated] 
machi'colate  (-tsh-),  v.t.  Furnish  (parapet 
&c.)  with  openings  between  supporting  corbels 
for  dropping  stones  &c.  on  assailants.  Hence 
machleolA'TiON  n.  [f.  med.L  machicolare  = 
OF  machecoller,  conn.  w.  foil.] 
machicoulis  (mahshikobli),  n.  Machicola- 
tion,   (f.  F  machicoulis) 

ma'chinate  (-k),  v.i.  Lay  plots,  intrigue. 
So  machinATioN,  ma'ehinatOR2,  nn.  [f. 
L  machinari  contrive  (as  foil.),  see  -ate3] 
machi'ne  (-shen),  n.  Apparatus  for  apply- 
ing mechanical  power,  having  several  parts 
each  with  definite  function  (the  kind  often 
being  specified,  as  sewing,  printing,  -m.) ;  bi- 


cycle, tricycle;  bathing-m.  (see  bathe1);  per- 
son who  acts  mechanically  &  without  intelli- 
gence, or  with  unfailing  regularity ;  (Mech.) 
instrument  that  transmits  force  or  directs  its 
application,  as  simple  m.,  one  without  parts, 
e.g.  lever;  controlling  political  organization 
(esp.  in  U.S.) ;  m.-gun,  mounted  gun  mechani- 
cally loaded  &  fired,  delivering  continuous  fire ; 
m.-made,  made  by  m.  [F,  f.  L  machina  f.  Gk 
mekhane  f.  mekhos  contrivance,  cogn.  w.  may] 

machinery  (-she-),  n.  Machines  ;  works  of 
a  machine,  mechanism ;  contrivances,  esp. 
supernatural  persons  &  incidents,  used  in  liter- 
ary work.    [f.  prec.  +  -ery] 

machinist  (-she-),  n.  One  who  makes  or 
controls  machinery  ;  one  who  works  (esp.  sew- 
ing-) machine,    [f.  prec.  +  -ist] 

ma'ckepel,  n.  Sea-fish  used  as  food  &  ap- 
proaching shore  in  shoals  in  summer  to  spawn  ; 
m.-breeze,  -gale,  (strong,  &  so  favourable  to  m.- 
catching) ;  m.-sky  (dappled  with  small  white 
fleecy  clouds),    [f.  OF  makerel,  etym.  dub.] 

mackintosh,  n.  Waterproof  material  of 
rubber  &  cloth  for  garments,  esp.  that  patented 
by  C.  Macintosh  (d.  1843) ;  cloak,  coat,  of  this. 

ma'cle,  n.  Twin  crystal ;  dark  spot  in  min- 
eral.   [F,  f.  maculaI 

macra'me'  (-rahml),  n.  Fringe,  trimming, 
of  knotted  thread  or  cord.  [prob.  f.  Turk. 
maqrama  towel] 

macro-  in  comb.  =  Gk  makros  long,  large, 
as :  -cepha'lic,  long,  large,  -headed  ;  -cosm,  the 
great  world,  the  universe,  (cf.  microcosm),  any 
great  whole  ;  -meter,  instrument  for  measuring 
distant  objects  ;  -sco'pic,  visible  to  naked  eye. 

ma'cpon,  n.  Mark  placed  over  vowel  (a)  to 
show  that  it  is  long.    [Gk,  neut.  adj.  as  prec] 

ma'cula,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Dark  spot  in  sun ;  spot 
in  mineral ;  spot,  esp.  permanent  one,  in  skin, 
whence  ma'eulAR  f  a.,  maculATiON  n.    [L] 

mad \  a.  Out  of  one's  mind,  insane ;  (of  per- 
son or  conduct)  wildly  foolish ;  like  m.,  furious- 
ly, violently,  as  Iran  like  m.  ;  wildly  excited, 
infatuated,  (after,  about,  for,  on,  thing,  sub- 
ject, &c.) ;  (colloq.)  annoyed,  as  I  was  rather  m. 
at  missing  my  train',  (of  animals)  rabid;  (Prov.) 
m.  as  a  March  hare,  as  a  hatter ;  extravagant, 
wild,  in  gaiety :  madcap,  wildly  impulsive  per- 
son; m.-doctor  (treating  the  m.) ;  madhouse, 
lunatic  asylum  ;  madman,  -woman,  m.  person. 
Hence  ma'dLY2  adv.,  ma'dNESs  n.  [OE 
gemxd(e)d,  p.p.  of  gemxdan  make  mad  (gemdd 
mad,  cf.  OS  gimed  foolish,  OHG  gameit,  &  L 

mutare  change)] 

mad2,  v.t.  &  i.  (rare).  Make  mad  ;  be  mad, 
act  madly,  as  the  madding  crowd  (as  quot. 
from  Gray's  Elegy,  now  often  taken  as  =  dis- 
tracting),   [f.  prec] 

ma'dam,  n.  Polite  formal  address  to  woman. 

[f.  OF  ma  dame  my  lady] 

madame  (madah'm,  ma'dam),  F  form  of 
prec  as  title  or  form  of  address,    [as  prec] 

ma'dden,  v.t.  &  i.    Make,  become,  mad ; 

irritate.     Hence  ma'ddenlngLY 2  adv.    [f. 

MAD1  +-EN6J 

ma'dder,  n.  Herbaceous  climbing  plant 
with  yellowish  flowers ;  dye  got  from  this. 
[OE  mxdere,  cf.  Swed.  madra,  Norw.  modra] 

made,  a.  P.p.  of  make.  Special  uses :  m. 
dish  (of  several  ingredients) ;  m.  gravy  (artifici- 
ally compounded) ;  a  m.  man,  one  whose  suc- 
cess in  life  is  assured;  (of  person  &c.)  well, 
stoutly,  looselyupowerfully,  -m.  (built,  formed). 

Madeir'a  (era),  n.  Island  in  Atlantic  Ocean; 
white  wine  there  produced ;  M.  cake,  kind  of 
sponge-cake.  [Port.,  f.  L  materia  matter, 
timber,  from  its  thick  woods] 

mademoiselle  (madamaze'l,  or  as  F),  n.(pl. 


MADIA 


493 


MAGNIFICENT 


mesdemoiselles,  pron.  ma-).  Title  applied  to 
unmarried  Frenchwoman.    [FJ 

ma'dia,  n.  Plant  allied  to  Sunflower;  m. 
oil  (got  from  its  seed,  &  made  into  cake  for 
cattle),    [f.  Chil.  madi] 

mado'nna,  n.  (Picture,  statue,  of)  Virgin 
Mary ;  M.  lily  (white,  as  in  pictures  of  M.).  [It. 
(ma  =  mia  my  +  donna  lady  f.  L  domina)] 

madra'sah  (a),  medre'sseh  (a),  n.  Mo- 
hammedan college.  [Arab,  (-sah)  f.  darasa  v. 
study] 

ma'drepore,  n.  Genus  of  perforate  corals ; 
animal  producing  these.  Hence  madrepd'p- 
ic,  madrepor'iFORM,  aa.  [f.  It.  madrepora 
(madre  mother  +  poro,  coral-like  but  porous 
substance)] 

ma'drigal  (-gl),  n.  Short  amatory  poem ; 
part-song  for  several  voices.prop.  with  elaborate 
contrapuntal  imitation  &  withoutinstrumental 
accompaniment.  Hence  madriga'liAN  a. 
[f.  It.  madrigale,  etym.  dub.] 

Maecenas,  n.  Generous  patron  of  literature 
or  art.    [M.,  patron  of  Horace  &  Virgil] 

mae-lstpom  (mal-),  n.  Whirlpool  on  W. 
coast  of  Norway ;  great  whirlpool  (lit.  &  fig.). 
[Du.  (malen  grind  +  stroom  stream)] 

maenad,  n.  Bacchante,  [f.  L  f.  Gk mainas 
■ados  f.  mainomai  rave] 

maesto'so  (mah-),  adv.  (mus.).  Majestic- 
ally.   [It.] 

mae's  tro,  n.  Great  musical  composer,  teach- 
er, or  conductor.    [It.] 

ma'ffick,  v.i.  Exult  riotously,  [back-forma- 
tion f.  Maj eking  (relief  of  which  in  1900  was  cele- 
brated extravagantly  in  London  &c),  treated 
as  gerund] 

mafi'a  (-ea),  n.  Hostility  to  law  &  its  minis- 
ters among  Sicilian  population,  often  shown 
in  crimes ;  those  who  share  in  this.  [Sicil.] 

mag,  n.  (slang).    Halfpenny.    [?] 

magazi'ne  (-zen),  n.  Store  for  arms,  ammuni- 
tion, &  provisions,  in  time  of  war;  store  for 
gunpowder  or  other  explosives ;  ra.  gun  (with 
chamber  containing  supply  of  cartridges  fed 
automatically  to  the  breech);  periodical  publi- 
cation containing  articles  by  various  writers, 
[f.  F  magasin  f.  Arab,  makhasia  pi.  of  makh- 
zan  storehouse  (khazana  store  up)] 

Ma'gdalen,  -lene  (-en),  n.  Reformed  prosti- 
tute. [Mary  Magdalene  of  Magdala  (Luke 
viii.  2)  identified  with  the  sinner  of  Luke  vii.  37] 

mage,  n.  (archaic).  Magician ;  learned  per- 
son,    [f.  MAGUS] 

mage'nta,  n.  Brilliant  crimson  aniline  dye, 
discovered*60on  after  battle  at  M.  in  N.  Italy 
(1859). 

ma'ggot,  n.  Larva,  esp.  of  cheese-fly  &  blue- 
bottle ;  red  m.,  (larva  of  wheat-midge) ;  whim- 
sical fancy,  esp.  m.  in  one's  head.  Hence 
ma'ggotY  2  a.  [prob.  conn.  w.  ME  madhek 
in  same  sense] 

Magi*    See  magus. 

Ma-gian,  a.  &  n.  (One)  of  the  Magi ;  magi- 
cian.   Hence  Ma*gianiSM(3)  n.    [ian] 

ma'gic,  a.  &  n.  (Of)  the  pretended  art  of  in- 
fluencing course  of  events  by  occult  control  of 
nature  or  of  spirits,  witchcraft ;  black,  white, 
vu  (involving,  not  involving,  invocatioq  of  de- 
vils) ;  inexplicable  or  remarkable  influence  pro- 
ducing surprising  results ;  m.  square,  one  di- 
vided into  smaller  squares  containing  each  a 
number,  so  arranged  that  sum  of  a  row,  verti- 
cal, horizontal,  or  diagonal,  is  always  same ; 
m.  lantern,  optical  instrument  throwing  mag- 
nified image  of  glass  picture  on  white  screen  in 
dark  room.  Hence  ma'gic  a  l  a.,  ma'gical- 
ly  2  adv.  [f.  F  magique  a.  &  n.  f.  L  f.  Gk  magi- 
kos  (as  magus,  see  -ic)J 


magi'cian  (-shn),  n.  One  skilled  in  magic, 
wizard,    [f.  F  magicien  (as  prec,  see  -ician)] 

magi'lp^  See  megjlp. 

magisterial,  a.  Of,  conducted  by,  a  magis- 
trate ;  invested  with  authority ;  dictatorial  ;• 
(of  opinions)  authoritative.  Hence  magis- 
ter'ialLV2 adv.  [f.  med.L  magisterialis  f.  LL 
magisterius  (as  master)] 

magistral,  a.  Of  a  master  or  masters,  as 
the  m.  staff  (of  a  school) ;  (Pharm.,  of  remedy 
&c.)  devised  by  physician  for  particular  case, 
not  included  in  the  pharmacopoeia  (cf.  offici- 
nal),   [f.  L  magistralis  (as  master,  see  -al)] 

magistrate  (-at),  n.  Civil  officer  adminis- 
tering law ;  justice  of  the  peace.  Hence  or 
cogn.ma'gistrACY.ma'gistratesHip.ma*- 
gistratURE,  nn.  [f.  L  magistratus  -us  (orig. 
office  of)  magistrate  (as  prec,  see  -ate1)] 

ma-gma,  n.  (pi.  -ta,  -s).  Crude  pasty  mixture 
of  mineral  or  organic  matters ;  one  of  supposed 
fluid  strata  under  solid  crust  of  earth.  [L  f. 
Gk  (masso  knead,  root  mag-,  see  -m)] 

Ma-gna  C(h)arta  (k-),  n.  Great  charter  of 
English  personal  &  political  liberty  obtained 
from  John  in  1215.    [med.L] 

magnanimous,  a.  High-souled,  above 
petty  feelings.  Hence  or  cogn.  magnani'm- 
iivn.,  magna'nimousL v 2 adv.  [f. L magna- 
nimus  (magnus  great  +  animus  soul)  +  -ous] 

ma'gnate,  n.  Great  man ;  wealthy  or  emi- 
nent man.    [f.  LL  magnas  -atis  (magnus  great)] 

magne'sia  (-sha),  n.  Oxide  of  magnesium; 
(pop.)  hydrated  magnesium  carbonate,  white 
powder  used  as  antacid  &  cathartic.  Hence 
magne'siAxa.  [med.L,  f.  Gk  magnesia  (lithos 
stone)  of  Magnesia,  (1)  loadstone,  (2)  perh.  talc] 

magne'sium  (or  -shywm),  n.  Chemical  ele- 
ment, base  of  magnesia,    [f.  prec,  see  -ium] 

ma'gnet,  n.  Piece  of  iron  or  steel  to  which 
properties  of  loadstone  have  been  imparted  by 
contact  with  another  m.,  by  induction,  or  by 
electric  current;  =  LOAD^one ;  (fig.)  thing 
that  attracts,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Magnes  -etos  (lithos 
stone)  of  Magnesia] 

magne'tic,  a.  &  n.  Having  properties  of 
magnet ;  producing,  produced  by,  acting  by, 
magnetism ;  m.  equator,  aclinic  line ;  m. 
needle,  north  ;  capable  of  receiving  proper- 
ties of,  or  being  attracted  by,  loadstone ;  (fig.) 
very  attractive;  mesmeric;  (n.  pi.)  science  of 
magnetism.  Hence  magnetiCALLY  adv.  [-ic] 

ma'gnetism,  n.  Magnetic  phenomena  ;  na- 
tural agency  producing  these  ;  terrestrial  tn., 
magnetic  properties  of  the  earth  as  a  whole  ; 
animal  in.,  -  mesmerism;  (fig.)  attraction, 
personal  charm.    So  ma*gnetiST(3)  n.    [-ism] 

ma'gnetite,  n.    Magnetic  iron  oxide,  [-ite] 

ma'gnetize.  v.t.  Give  magnetic  properties 
to;  attract  (lit.  &  fig.)  as  magnet  does;  mes- 
merize. Hence  magnetizA'TiONn.    [-ize] 

magne'to-  in  comb.  =  magnetic,  as :  -electri- 
city (generated  by  relative  movement  of  electric 
conductors  &  magnets) ;  -graph,  instrument 
recording  movements  of  -meter  (instrument 
measuring  magnetic  forces,  esp.  terrestrial 
magnetism). 

magni'fic,  a.  (archaic).  Magnificent,  sub- 
lime, [f.  F  magnifique  I.  L  magmjicus  (magnus 
great,  see  -fic)] 

magni'fleat,  n.  Hymn  of  Virgin  Mary  in 
Luke  i.  46-55,  used  as  canticle,  &  beginning 
thus.    [L,  3rd  sing,  of  magnificare  magnify] 

magni'fleent,  a.  Splendid,  stately;  sump- 
tuously constructed  or  adorned  ;  splendidly  la- 
vish ;  (colloq.)  fine,  excellent.  Hence  or  cogn. 
magni'ficENCE  n.,  magni'fleentLY 2  adv. 
[OF,  f.  L  magnificent-  stem  seen  in  comp.  & 
sup.  of  magnificus  magnific] 


MAGNIFICO 


494 


MAJESTY 


magni'fico,  n.  Venetian  magnate ;  grandee. 

[It.,  as  MAGNIFICj 

ma'gnify,  v.t.  Increase  apparent  size  of 
(thing),  as  with  lens  or  microscope  ;  exaggerate; 
(rare)  increase ;  (archaic)  extol.  Hence  or  cogn. 
magniFiCATioN,  ma'gniflER^),  nn.  If.  L 
magnificare  (magnus  great,  see  -fy)J 
magniloquent,  a.  Lofty  in  expression; 
boastful.  Hence  magni'loquENCE  n.,  mag- 
ni'loquentLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  magniloquus  (mag- 
nus great  +  -loquus  speaking)  +  -ent] 
magnitude,  n.  Largeness;  size;  impor- 
tance ;  first,  seventh,  &c,  m.,  classes  of  fixed 
stars  arranged  according  to  degree  of  brilliancy, 
(flg.)  of  the  first  m.  (importance),  [f.  L  magni- 
tudo  (magnus  great,  see  -tude)] 
magrio-lia,  n.  Genus  of  large  trees  culti- 
vated for  foliage  &  flower,  [f.  P.  Magnol,  bo- 
tanist (d.  1715)] 

ma'gnum,  n.  (Bottle  containing)  two  quarts 
(of  wine  or  spirits).    IL,  neut.  of  magnus  great  J 
ma'gnum  bo'num,  n.    Large  yellow  cook- 
ing plum ;  kind  of  potato.   [L  wds  =  large  good] 
ma'gpie,  n.   European  bird  with  long  point- 
ed tail  &  black-&-white  plumage;  idle  chat- 
terer ;  variety  of  pigeon ;  (rifle  shot  that  strikes) 
outermost  division  but  one  of  target,    [f.  mag 
abbr.  of  Margaret  +  pie  l] 
ma'gus,  n.  (pi.  -gi,  pron.  -jl).    Member  of  an- 
cient Persian   priestly  caste;    sorcerer;    the 
(three)  Magi,  the  'wise  men '  from  the  East  who 
brought  offerings  to  infant  Christ.    [L,  f.  Gk 
magos  f.  OPers.  magus] 

Magyar  (m6dy-),  n.  &  a.  (Member,  lan- 
guage) of  the  Mongoloid  race  now  predominant 
in  Hungary,    [native] 

Mahabharata  (mahhahbah'rata),  n.      An 
ancient  Hindu  epic.    [Skr.] 
Mahara*ja(h)  (mah-h-),  n.     Title  of  some 
Indian  princes.    [Hind,  (maha great  +  rajah)] 
Maha'tma (-h-), n.  (esoteric Buddhism).  One 
of  a  class  of  persons  with  preternatural  powers, 
supposed  to  exist  in  India  &  Tibet,    [f.  Skr. 
mahatman  (maha  great  +  atman  soul)] 
Mah'di,  n.     Spiritual  &  temporal  leader  ex- 
pected by  Mohammedans  (often  applied  to  lead- 
ers of  insurrection  in  Soudan,  whence  Mah*- 
d(i)iSM(3)  n.     [f.  Arab,  mah  diy  he  who  is 
guided  right,  p.p.  of  hada  guide] 
mahlstick.    See  maulstick. 
mahd'gany  (-h-),  n.     Wood  of  a  tropical 
American  tree,  much  used  for  furniture,  &  tak- 
ing high  polish;  the  tree;  dining-table ;   the 
colour  of  m.,  reddish-brown,  (often attrib.).    [?] 
Maho'metan.    See  mohammedan. 
Mahou'nd  (-hob-),  n.  (archaic,  facet.).    Mo- 
hammed,   [f.  OF  Mahun  short  for  Mahomet) 
mahou't  (owt),  n.     Elephant-driver,      (f. 
Hind,  mahaut] 

maid,  n.  Girl;  young  unmarried  woman; 
spinster ;  old  m„  elderly  spinster,  (also)  round 
game  at  cards ;  (also  maidservant)  female  ser- 
vant, as  house-,  nurse-,  lady's,  m.,  m.-of-all- 
xoork',  m.  of  honour,  unmarried  lady  attending 
on  queen  or  princess,  (also)  kind  of  cheesecake. 
Hence  mai'disH l  a.,  mai'dv3  n.  [Shortened 
f.  foil. ;  not  same  as  OE  mxgedh,  G  magd] 
mai'den,  n.  &  a.  Girl;  spinster;  (Hist.)  in- 
strument like  guillotine  used  at  Edinburgh. 
(Adj.)  unmarried ;  nu-name  (before  marriage) ; 
(of  female  animals)  uncoupled ;  (of  horse)  that 
has  never  won  prize,  (of  race)  open  to  such 
horses ;  (of  plant)  grown  from  seed  ;  (of  soldier, 
sword,  &c)  untried;  m.  assize,  one  at  which 
there  are  no  cases  for  trial ;  (Crick.,  of  over)  in 
which  no  runs  are  scored;  m.  speech,  M.P.'s 
first  speech  in  the  House;  maidenhair,  kinds 
of  fern  with  fine  hair-like  stalks  &  delicate 


fronds ;  maidenhead,  virginity.  Hence mai'd- 
enHOOD  n.,  mai'denisH1,  mai'deni.iKE. 
mai'denLY l,  aa.  [OE  mxgden  dim.  corresp. 
to  OE  mxgedh,  Du.  maagd,  G  magd,  see  -en  2j 

maieirtic  (mau-),  a.  (Of  Socratic  mode  of 
inquiry)  obstetric,  serving  to  bring  out  a  per- 
son's latent  ideas  into  clear  consciousness.  If. 
Gk  maieutikos  f.  maieuomai  act  as  midwife 
\maia),  see  -ic  ;  so  used  fig.  by  Socrates] 

mail  \  n.  Armour  composed  of  rings  or  chain- 
work,  or  of  plates  fastened  on  a  groundwork, 
as  chain,  plate,  ring,  -m.  [f.  F  maille  f.  L  ma- 
cula spot,  mesh] 

mail2,  v.t.  Clothe  (as)  with  mail ;  the  mailed 
fist,  (fig.)  physical  force,    [f.  prec] 

mail3,  n.,  &  v.t.  Bag  of  letters  for  conveyance 
by  post ;  this  system  of  conveyance,  the  post, 
(esp.  for  foreign  letters) ;  the  m.,  all  that  is  so 
conveyed  on  one  occasion ;  m.  (train),  train 
carrying  this ;  m.-cart,  cart  for  carrying  m.  by 
road,  (also)  light  vehicle  for  carrying  children  ; 
m.-coach,  (now)  =  m.-cart,  (formerly)  stage- 
coach for  entire  conveyance  of  m.;  (v.t.)  send 
(letters  &c.)  by  post.  l(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  male  bag, 
of  Teut.  orig.J 

maim,  v.t.  Mutilate,  cripple,  (lit.  &  fig.). 
[ME  maynhe  f.  OF  mahaignier,  etym.  dub.] 

main l,  n.  (In  game  of  hazard)  number  (5,  6, 
7, 8,  or  9)  called  by  caster  before  dice  are  thrown; 
match  between  cocks.    [?] 

main  2,  n.  Physical  force  (only  in  with  might 
&m.) ;  Spanish  in.',  (poet.)  high  sea  ;  in  the  m., 
for  the  most  part ;  principal  channel,  duct,  &c, 
for  water,  sewage,  &c  [OE  mxgen,  see  may  v.] 

main  3,  a.  Exerted  to  the  full,  as  by  m.  force  ; 
chief  in  size  or  extent,  as  the  m.  body  (of  army 
&c.) ;  principal,  most  important,  as  the  m.  point 
(in  argument),  m.  line  (of  railway),  whence 
mai'nLY2  adv. ;  have  an  eye  to  the  m.  chance 
(one's  own  interests) ;  (Naut.)  m.-brace  (attach- 
ed to  m.-yard,  esp.  in  slang  phr.  splice  the  m.- 
brace,  drink  freely),  m.-deck,  (in  man  of  war) 
deck  next  below  spar-deck,  (in  merchantman) 
upper  deck  between  poop  &  forecastle,  main- 
mast, principal  mast,  mai'nsail  (-sal,  -si),  (in 
square-rigged  vessel)  sail  that  is  bent  to  the  m.- 
yard,  (in  fore-&-aft  rigged  vessel)  sail  set  on 
after  part  of  mainmast,  mai'nstay,  stay  from 
maintop  to  foot  of  foremast,  (fig.)  chief  support, 
m.-top,  platform  above  head  of  lower  main- 
mast, m.-yard,  yard  on  which  mainsail  is  ex- 
tended ;  mai'nland,  extent  of  land  including 
greater  part  of  a  country;  mainspring,  princi- 
pal spring  of  watch,  clock,  &c.  [prob.  partly 
as  prec,  partly  f.  cogn.  ON  mcgenn  strong] 

maintain,  v.t.  Carry  on,  keep  up,  (war,  con- 
test, action  at  law,  condition,  position,  attitude, 
relations,  correspondence);  cause  (person  &c.) 
to  continue  in  (condition,  possession  of  thing, 
&c);  support  (life,  one's  state  in  life)  by  nourish- 
ment, expenditure,  &c. ;  furnish  (one.sc//,  chil- 
dren) with  meansof  subsistence ;  keep  (road  &c.  > 
in  repair;  back  up  (cause,  party);  assert  as 
true  (opinion,  statement,  that).  Hence  main- 
taPnABLE  a.  [f.  F  maintenir  f.  L  phr.  manu 
tenere  hold  in  the  hand] 

maintenance, n.  Maintaining;  enough  to 
support  life ;  cap  of  m.,  cap,  hat,  worn  as  sym- 
bol of  official  dignity  or  carried  before  sove- 
reign &c.    [F  (as  prec,  see  -ance)] 

maize,  n.  Indian  corn,  its  grain,  [f.  Sp. 
maiz,  of  Cuban  orig.] 

maize'na,  n.  Maize  starch  prepared  for  use 
as  food.    [f.  prec] 

maje'stic,  a.  Possessing  grandeur,  impos- 
ing. Hence  maje'stiOALLY  adv.  [f.  foil.  +  -ic] 

ma'jesty,  n.  Impressive  stateliness  of  as- 
pect, bearing,  language,  &c;  sovereign  power; 


MAJOLICA 


495 


MALACO- 


(in  speaking  to  or  of  sovereign)  Your,  His,  Her, 
M.,  you,  he,  she,  as  Your  M.  forgets  that  with 
the  best  of  intentions  it  is  scarcely  in  your  M.'s 
(or  your,  not  its)  power  to  miss  your  train : 
representation  of  God  (the  Father  or  Son)  en- 
throned within  aureole,  [f.  F  majeste"  f.  L  ma- 
jestatem  (as  major,  see  -ty)] 
majo'lica,  maio-  (-yo),  n.  Kinds  of  orna- 
mented Italian  ware;  modern  imitation  of 
these.  [It.  (mai-),  perh.  f.  Majorca,  -olica] 
ma'jop1,  n.  Officer  next  below  lieutenant- 
colonel  &  above  captain.  Hence  ma*joi»SHiP 
n.  [F,  short  for  sergeant-major] 
ma'jop  J,  a.  &  n.  Greater  (not  foil,  by  than)  of 
two  things,  classes,  &c;  nu  prophets;  m.  epi- 
lepsy, epilepsy  proper ;  (Log.)  m.  term  (that  en- 
ters into  predicate  of  conclusion  of  syllogism), 
m.  premiss  (containing  m.  term) ;  m.  axis  of 
conic  section  (passing  through  the  foci) ;  (Mus., 
of  intervals)  greater  by  chromatic  semitone 
than  minor  intervals,  as  nu  third,  (of  keys)  in 
which  scale  has  a  m.  third ;  nu  part,  majority 
(o/);  drum  l,  sergeant, -m.;  (in  schools)  Brown, 
Smith,  m.  (the  elder  or  first  to  enter  school) ;  of 
full  age ;  (n.)  person  of  full  age  ;  m.-domo,  chief 
official  of  Italian  or  Spanish  princely  household, 
(loosely)  house- steward ;  nu-general,  officer 
ranking  below  lieutenant-general.  [L,  used  as 
compar.  of  magnus  great] 
majd'rity,  n.  Greater  number  or  part  (of) ; 
the  vi.,  the  dead,  esp.  join  the  m.,  die  ;  absolute 
m.  of  votes,  more  than  half  number  of  electors 
or  actual  voters ;  number  by  which  votes  cast 
on  one  side  exceed  those  on  other;  full  age,  as 
attained  his  m. ;  office  of  major,  [f.  F  majo- 
rity f.  med.L  majoritatem  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 
maju'scule,  a.  &  n.  (palaeogr.).  Large  (let- 
ter), whether  capital  or  uncial.  Hence  maju's- 
cuIar1  a.  [F,  f.  L  majuscula  (littera  letter, 
dim.  of  major)] 

make1,  v.t.  &  i.  (made).  Construct,  frame, 
as  God  made  man  (a  rational  creature),  bees 
m.  cells  of  wax,  you  were  made  for  this  work ; 
pipes  are  made  (consist)  of  clay,  m.  good, 
sure  ;  compose,  draw  up,  (book,  will,  docu- 
ment) ;  prepare  (tea,  coffee,  beds) ;  m.  hay  ;  m. 
(arrange  &  light  materials  for)  a  fire ;  cause  to 
exist,  bring  about,  (disturbance,  sport,  noise, 
one's  mark  in  the  world,  a  corner  in  wheat) ;  m. 
no  bones  ;  m.  fun,  game,  of,  trifle  with,  treat 
with  ridicule ;  m.  (conclude  treaty  of)  peace ;  m. 
(give)  place,  room,  way,  {for  others);  nu  way, 
progress ;  result  in,  as  it  makes  a  difference ; 
find '  makes  (becomes)  in  the  past  tense  'found '; 
establish,  enact,  (distinctions,  rules,  laws) ;  nu 
friends  ;  get  together  (a  house  l,  quorum) ; 
m.  a  bag,  kill  number  of  game ;  m.  a  book,  ar- 
range series  of  bets  on  same  event;  m.  water1; 
m.  a  habit  of  it.  cause  it  to  become  one,  so  m.  an 
example1,  exhibition,  fool,  beast,  (of  oneself , 
person) ;  nu  a  night  of  it,  carry  it  (festivity  &c.) 
on  through  the  night ;  m.  much,  little,  the  best, 
Sec,  of,  derive  much  &c.  advantage  from,  (also) 
attach  much  &c.  importance  to,:so  m.  light4  of; 
m.  a  hash2  of;  entertain,  feel,  (doubt,  scruple, 
of,  about);  m.  head1  or  tail  of;  (Naut.)  dis- 
cern, come  in  sight  of,  (also)  arrive  at ;  amount 
to,  as  2  &  2  m.  U ;  constitute,  as  one  sicallow  does 
not  m.  a  summer ;  form,  be  counted  as,  as  this 
makes  the  tenth  time,  will  you  m.  one  of  the 
party  ? ;  serve  for,  as  this  makes  pleasant  read- 
ing ;  become,  turn  out  to  be,  as  she  will  m.  a 
good  wife ;  gain,  acquire,  (money,  a  living,  one's 
fortune) ;  (Cards)  win  (trick),  play  (card)  to  ad- 
vantage, (also)  shuffle  (cards  or  abs.) ;  proceed 
(toicards  Sec.) ;  nu  sail,  set  sail,  (also)  spread 
additional  sail ;  secure  the  advancement  of,  cf. 
made  ;  m.  or  mar,  cause  success  or  ruin  of ; 


cause  to  be,  as  nu  it  hot,  m.  oneself  a  martyr, 
m.  oneself  scarce,  m.  him  a  duke  ;  convert  in- 
to ;  consider  to  be,  as  what  do  you  nu  the  time  ?, 
I  nu  it  5  miles ;  cause,  compel,  (without  to  in 
act.),  as  nu  him  repeat  it,  but  he  was  made  to 
repeat  it;  nu  believe,  pretend  (to  do,  that) ;  what 
bird  do  you  nu  (consider)  that  to  be  ?,  he  makes 
Richard  die  (represents  him  as  having  died)  in 
1026 ;  wage  (war) ;  execute  (bodily  movement, 
bow,  face1,  leg)  ;  perform  (journey  &c,  &  with 
many  nn.  expr.  vbl  action,  as  acquisition,  at- 
tempt, blunder,  start,  venture) ;  m.  (eat)  a  good 
breakfast;  m.  head1,  love;  accomplish  (dis- 
tance, knots  per  hour,  &c.) ;  m.  as  if  one  had, 
pretend  one  has ;  m.  bold,  free  \  merry  ;  (of 
flood  or  ebb  tide)  begin  to  flow  or  ebb ;  nu  after 
(archaic),  pursue  ;  m.  against,  be  unfavourable 
to ;  m.  (hasten)  away ;  m.  away  with,  get  rid  of, 
kill,  squander;  ra.  for,  conduce  to  (happiness 
&c),  confirm  (view),  proceed  towards,  assail ; 
m.  off,  run  away,  decamp,  (often  with  stolen 
goods  &e.);  nu  out,  draw  up,  write  out,  (list, 
document,  cheque), get  together  with  difficult y, 
as  articles  put  in  to  m.  out  a  volume,  (try  to) 
prove,  as  how  do  you  nu  that  out  ?,  you  m.  me 
out  (to  be)  a  hypocrite,  understand,  as  I  can't 
nu  him  out,  can't  m.  out  what  he  wants,  deci- 
pher (handwriting  &c),  distinguish  by  sight, 
as  I  made  out  a  figure  in  the  distance  ;  m.  over, 
transfer  possession  of  (thing  to  person),  esp.  by 
formal  agreement ;  m.  up,  supply  (deficiency), 
complete  (amount,  party),  compensate,  as  nu 
up  lost  ground,  m.  up  for  lost  time,  we  must  nu 
it  up  to  (compensate)  him  somehow,  compound, 
put  together,  (medicine,  hay  into  bundles,  but- 
ter, &c),  sew  together  (coat  &c),  get  together 
(company,  sum  of  money),  arrange  (type)  in 
columns  or  pages,  compile  (list,  account,  docu- 
ment),concoct  (story ),(of  parts)  compose  (whole), 
prepare  (actor)  for  his  part  by  dressing,  false 
hair,  &c,  arrange  (marriage  &c),  settle  (dis- 
pute), nu  it  up,  be  reconciled,  m.  up  one's  mind 
to,  decide  to  (do),  resolve  upon  (course) ;  make- 
bate  (archaic),  breeder  of  strife ;  m.-believe,  pre- 
tence ;  ?naA;epeace,peacemaker ;  makeshift,  tem- 
porary substitute  or  device ;  m.-up,  disguise  of 
actor,  cosmetics  &c.  used  for  this,  made-up 
story;  makeweight,  small  quantity  added  to  m. 
up  weight,  esp.  small  candle,  (also  fig.  of  per- 
sons), (fig.)  unimportant  point  added  to  make 
case  seem  stronger.  [com.-WG:  OE  macian, 
Du.  maken,  G  machen] 

make'-,  n.  (Of  natural  or  manufactured 
thing)  style  of  structure  or  composition  ;  men- 
tal or  moral  disposition  ;  American  m.,  made  in 
America,  is  this  your  own  m.  (made  by  you)  ? ; 
(Electr.)  making  of  contact,  position  in  which 
this  is  made,  esp.  at  nu    [f.  prec] 

ma'ker,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  the,  our,  Sec, 
M.,  the  Creator,    [-er1] 

ma'king-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  be  the  nu  of, 
ensure  success  or  favourable  development  of ; 
(pi.)  earnings,  profits;  (pi.)  essential  qualities, 
as  he  has  the  mm.  of  a  general.    [-Ing  f] 

mal-,  pref.  =F  mal  f.  L  male  badly,  in  sense 
(1)  bad(ly),  as  maltreat,  (2)  un-,  as  maladroit. 

Mala'eea,  n.  Town  &  district  on  Malay 
peninsula ;  M.  cane,  rich-brown  walking-cane, 
from  stem  of  a  palm. 

ma'lachite  (k),  n.  Hydrous  carbonate  of 
copper,  green  mineral  taking  high  polish,  [f. 
OF  melochite  (Gk  malakhe  mallow,  see  -ite  ])] 

malaco-  in  comb.  =  Gk  malakos  soft,  as : 
-derm,  soft-skinned  animal  (esp.  of  sea-ane- 
mones &  of  one  division  of  reptiles) ;  -logist, 
■logy,  student,  science, of  molluscs;  -ptery'gian 
a.  &n.,  soft-finned  (fish) ;  malaco'stracan,  mem- 
ber of  one  order  of  crustaceans. 


MALADJUSTMENT 


49fi 


MALT 


maladjustment,  n.    Faulty  adjustment. 
Faulty  adminis- 


[mal-J 


maladministration,  n 
tration.    Imal-] 

ma'ladrol't,  a.  Clumsy,  bungling.  Hence 
ma'ladroi'tLY 2  adv.,  ma'ladroi'tNESS  n. 

IF  (MAL-  + ADROIT)] 

malady,  n.  Ailment,  disease,  (lit.  &  fig.), 
[f.  F  maladie  f.  malade  sick  f.  LL  male  habitus 
(male  ill  +  habitus  p.p.  of  habere  have)] 

mala  f  l'de,  adv.  &  a.  (Acting,  done)  in  bad 
faith.    [L]  „  n     .         ._       . 

Maiaga,  n.  Seaport  in  S.  Spain  ;  white  wine 
from  this.  .  ,.-.*.« 

Malag-a'sy,  a.  &  n.  (Language,  inhabitant) 
of  Madagascar,  [used  in  native  lang.,  but  prob. 
of  foreign  orig.J 

ma'laise,  n.  Bodily  discomfort,  esp.  without 
development  of  specific  disease.  [F  (OF  mal 
bad  +  aise  ease)] 

ma/landers,  ma'llen-,  n.  pi.  Scabby  erup- 
tion behind  knee  in  horses,  [f.  F  malandre  f. 
L  malandria] 

ma'lapert,  a.  &  n.  (archaic).  Impudent, 
saucy,  (person).     [OF  (mal-  +  appert  =  espert 

EXPERT)] 

ma'lappdp(ism),  n.  Ludicrous  misuse  of 
word,  esp.  in  mistake  for  one  resembling  it. 
Hence  malaprd'piAN  a.  [f.  Mrs  Malaprop 
in  Sheridan's  liivals] 

malapropos*,  adv.,  a.,  n.  (Thing)  inoppor- 
tunely (said,  done,  or  happening),  [f.  F  mal  d 
propos  (mal  ill,  see  apropos)] 

ma'lar,  a.  &  n.  (Bone)  of  the  cheek,  [f.  L 
mala  jaw,  see  -ar1] 

malaria,  n.  Kinds  of  intermittent  &  re- 
mittent fever  caused  by  bite  of  mosquito,  which 
conveys  the  germs ;  unwholesome  atmosphere 
caused  by  exhalations  of  marshes,  to  which 
these  fevers  were  formerly  referred.  Hence 
malar'iAL,  malar'iAX,  malar'ious,  aa.  [f. 
It.  maV  aria  bad  air] 

Malay*,  a.  &  n.  (Language,  member)  of  race 
predominating  in  Malacca  &  Eastern  Archi- 

Selago ;  M.fowl,  large  domestic  variety.  Hence 
lalay'AN  a.  &  n. 


[f.  native  malayu] 
in-),  n.    Language  of  Mala- 


Malaya'lam  (-ya 
bar.    [native] 

malcontent,  a.  &  n.  Discontented  (person), 
(one)  inclined  to  rebellion.    [OF  (mal-)] 

male,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  sex  that  begets  off- 
spring or  performs  the  fecundating  Function 
(used  of  person  or  animals,  &  of  plants  whose 
flowers  contain  only  fecundating  organs,  also 
of  plants  to  which  sex  was  once  attributed  on 
account  of  colour  &c,  as  m.  fern) ;  of  men  or 
male  animals;  (of  parts  of  machinery  &c.)  de- 
signed to  enter  or  fill  the  corresponding  female 
part,  as  m.  screw;  m.  (masculine)  rhyme;  (n.) 
m.  person  or  animal.  [OF,  f.  L  masculus  (mas 
male,  see  -cule)] 

male-  in  comb.  =  L  male  ill. 

malediction,  n.  Curse.  So  maledi'ctORY 
a.  [f.  L  maledictio  f.  MALE(dicere  diet-  speak), 
see  -ion] 

ma'lefactor,  n.  Criminal ;  evil-doer,  esp. 
opp.  to  benefactor.  So  malefa'ctiON  n.  [L,  f. 
MALE(/acere/ac£-  do),  see  -or2] 

male-fle,  a.  (Of  magical  arts  &c.)  harmful, 
baleful,    [f.  L  maleUicus  -fic)] 

male'ficent,  a.  Hurtful  (to) ;  criminal.  So 
male-ncKNCi;  n.  [t  Laltered  stem  of  maleficus 

MALEFIC] 

male'volent,  a.  Desirous  of  evil  to  others. 
Hence  or  cogn.  male'volENCE  n.,  male*- 
volentLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  malivolent  i.  L  male- 
(volens  part,  of  velle  wish)l 

malfeasance  (  ez  ),  n.  (law).  Evil-doing,  esp. 


official  misconduct.  So  malfea'SANT  a.  &  n. 
[f.  OF  m  A\.(faisant  part,  of  f  aire  do  f.  Lfacere), 
see  -ance] 

malformation,  n.    Faulty  formation.    So 
malfop'mED'a.    [mal-] 
ma'lic,  a.  (chem.).    Mi  acid  (derived  from 
apple  &  other  fruits),  [f.  F  mulique  f.  L  malum 
apple,  see  -ic] 

ma'lice,  n.  Active  ill-will;  desire  to  tease; 
bear  m.  (to),  cherish  vindictive  feelings  (a- 
gainst) ;  (Law)  wrongful  intention,  esp.  as  in- 
creasing guilt  of  certain  offences,  esp.  murder; 
m.  prepense.  So  mail 'clous  a. ,  malreious- 
ly2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  malitia  (mahis  bad,  see  -ice)] 
malig'n  *,  a.  (Of  things)  injurious ;  (of  dis- 
eases) =  malignant  ;  (rare)  malevolent.  Hence 
malig*nLY2adv.  [f.  OFmalignet  ~Lmalignus 
(malus  bad,  cf.  benign)] 
malig"n2,  v.t.  Speak  ill  of,  slander,  [f.  OF 
malignier  t  L  malignare  contrive  maliciously, 
asprec] 

mali,gnant,a.&ii.  (Of  disease)  very  virulent 
or  infectious  (now  usu.  denoting  definite  variety 
of  disease,  as  m.  cholera) ;  harmful ;  feeling  or 
showing^  intense  ill-will;  (Hist.)  supporter  of, 
supporting,  Charles  I  against  Parliament. 
Hence  mall'grnANCY  n.,  mall'g'nantLT 2 
adv.  [f.  LL  part,  as  prec] 
malrgrnity,  n.  Deep-rooted  ill-will ;  (of  dis- 
eases) malignant  character,  [f.  OF  malignite 
f.  L  malignitatem  (as  malign,  see  -ty)] 
mali'ng-er  (-ngg-),  v.i.  Pretend,  produce,  or 
protract,  illness  in  order  to  escape  duty  (esp.  of 
soldiers  &  sailors).  Hence  mall'ngerER1  n. 
[f.  F  malingre  sickly,  etym.  dub.] 
ma'lism,  n.  Doctrine  that  it  is  a  bad  world, 
[f.  L  malus  bad  +  -ism] 

ma'lison  (sn,  -zn),  n.  (archaic).    Curse,    [f. 
OF  maleison  malediction] 
mall  (mawl),  n.    Sheltered  walk  as  promen- 
ade, esp.  the  M.  in  St  James's  Park,  London, 
orig.  alley  for  game  of  pall-mall;  (Hist.)  this 
game,  alley  for  it,  mallet  for  it.    [  =  maul  x] 
ma*llard,  n.    Wild  drake  or  duck ;  its  flesh, 
[f.  OF  mal(l)art,  etym.  dub.] 
ma'lleable,  a.    (Of  metals  &c.)  that  can  be 
hammered  or   pressed  out  of  form  without 
tendency  to  return  to  it  or  to  fracture;  (fig.) 
adaptable,  pliable.    Hence  malleaei'LiTY  n. 
[OF,  f.  L  malleare  hammer  (malleus),  see  -ble] 
ma'llet,  n.    Hammer,  usu.  of  wood ;  hammer 
used  for  striking  croquet  or  polo  ball.    [f.  F 
maillet,  dim.  as  maul1] 

ma' Ileus,  n.  Bone  of  ear  transmitting  vibra- 
tions of  tympanum  to  incus.    [L,  =  hammer] 
ma'llow,  n.     (Often  pi.,  treated  as  sing.) 
kinds  of  wild  &  garden  plant  with  hairy  stems 
&  leaves  &  purple  flowers.     [OE  mealuwe  f.  L 
malva,  prob.  conn.  w.  Gk  malakhe] 
mal'm  (mahm),  n.    Soft  chalky  rock ;  loamy 
soil  from  disintegration  of  this.    [OE  mealm, 
cf.  Icel.  mdlmr,  Da.  malm,  f.  mal-  grind] 
malmai'son  (-zn),  n.     Kind  of  carnation. 
[M.,  palace  of  empress  Josephine] 
malmsey  (mah'mzT),  n.    Strong  sweet  wine 
from  Greece,  Spain,  &c.    [f.  nied.L  malmasia 
corrupt,  of  Gk  Monembasia,  Napoli  di  Monem- 
vasia,  in  the  Morea] 

malnutrition,  n.     Insufficient  nutrition. 
[mal-] 

malo'dorous,  a.  Evil-smelling,  [mal-] 
malpra'ctice,  n.  Wrong-doing ;  (Law)  phy- 
sician s  improper  or  negligent  treatment  of 
patient;  (Law)  illegal  action  for  one's  own 
benefit  while  in  position  of  trust,  [mal-] 
malt1  (ma wit),  n.  Barley  or  other  grain  pre- 
pared for  brewing  or  distilling  ;  extract  ofm. 
(as  food  for  invalids);  m.  liquor  (made  from 


MALT 


497 


MANCHINEEL 


m.  by  fermentation,  not  distillation,  e.  g.  beer, 
stout) ;  m.-house  (for  preparing  &  storing  m.) ; 
m.-worm,  (fig.)  toper.  [com.-Teut. :  OE  mealt, 
Du.  mout,  G  malz,  cogn.  w.  OHG  malt  soft] 

malt2,  v.t.  &  i.  Convert  (grain)  into  malt; 
(of  seeds)  come  to  condition  of  malt  from  ger- 
mination's being  checked  by  drought,  [f.  prec] 

Ma'lta  (maw-),  n.  Island  in  Mediterranean  ; 
M.  fever,  complicated  fever  common  in  M. 

Malte'se,  a.  &  n.  (Language,  native)  of 
Malta;  M.  cat,  dog,  fancy  kinds ;  M.  cross,  [-ese] 

ma'ltha,  n.  Cement  of  pitch  &  wax  or  other 
ingredients.    [L  f.  Gk] 

Malthu'sian,  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of  T.  R. 
Malthus  (d.  1835),  who  advocated  moral  restraint 
(pop.  understood  as  abstention  from  marriage) 
as  means  of  checking  increase  of  population. 
Hence  Malthu'sian  ism  n.    (-ianJ 

ma'lting-  (maw-),  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also, 
malt-house,    [-ing1] 

ma'ltose,  n.  (chem.).  Sugar  produced  from 
starch-paste  by  action  of  malt.  [F(malt+  -ose2)] 

malt  pea*  t  (-et),  v.t.  Ill-treat.  So  mal- 
trea'tMENT  n.    [f.  F  MAUtraiter  treat)] 

ma'ltster,  n.  One  who  makes  malt,  [-ster] 

malva'ceous,  a.  Of  the  genus  Mallow, 
[f.  LL  malvaceits  (as  mallow,  -aceous)J 

malversation,  n.  Corrupt  behaviour  in 
position  of  trust;  corrupt  administration  (of 
public  money  &c).  [F,  r.  malverser  f.  L  male 
badly  +  versari  behave  frequent,  of  vertere 
vers-  turn,  see  -ation] 

ma'raelon,  n.  Rounded  eminence.  [F,  = 
nipple  f.  mamelle  breast  f.  mamilla] 

Ma'meluke,  n.  (hist.).  Member  of  military 
body  (orig.  Caucasian  slaves)  that  seized  throne 
of  Egypt  in  1254 ;  (in  Mohammedan  countries) 
slave,  [ult.  f.  Arab,  mamluk  slave  (malaka 
possess)! 

mamilla,  n.  Nipple  of  female  breast ;  nipple- 
shaped  organ  &c.  So  ma'millARV »,  ma-mil- 
1ate2(2),  ma'millatED1,  mami'lliFORM,  aa. 
[L,  dim.  of  MAMMA2] 

mam(m)a'1  (-ah),  n.  Mother  (used  esp.  by 
children),    [instinctive] 

ma*mma2,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Milk-secreting  organ 
of  female  in  mammals ;  corresponding  structure 
in  males.  Hence  ma'mmARY1,  mammi'- 
ferous,  ma*mmiFORM,  aa.    [L] 

ma'mmal,  n.    One  of  foil,  class,    [f.  foil.] 

Mammalia,  n.  pi.  Class  of  animals  having 
mammae  for  nourishment  of  young.  Hence 
mamma'liA.v  a.  &  n.,  mamma* log ist, 
mamma'LOG  y,  nn.  [neut.  pi.  of  LL  mammalis 
(as  mamma2,  see  -al)] 

mammali'ferous,  a.  (geol.).  Containing 
mammalian  remains,    [f.  prec.  4-  -ferous] 

mammee*,  n.  Tropical  American  tree  with 
large  yellow-pulped  fruit,  [f.  Sp.  mamey  f. 
Haytian] 

ma'mmon,  n.  Wealth  regarded  as  idol  or  evil 
influence.  Hence  ma'mmoniSH  *  a.,  ma*m- 
monisM,  ma'mmonisi,  ma'mmoniTE,  nn. 
[f.  LL  mamona  f.  Gbmamonas  t  Aram,  mamon 
riches ;  see  Matt.  vL  24,  Luke  xvi.  9-13] 

ma'mmoth,  n.  &  a.  Large  extinct  elephant ; 
(adj.)  huge.    [f.  Russ.  mammot,  etym.  dub.l 

ma'mmy ,  n.  Child's  word  for  mother ;  (U.  S. ) 
coloured  woman  in  charge  of  white  children,  [f. 
mam  (instinctive)  4-  -¥  3] 

man1,  n.  (pi.  men).  Human  being;  (in  indefi- 
nite or  general  application)  person,  as  any,  no, 
m.,  some,  few,  men ;  the  human  race,  asm.  wants 
but  little  here  below;  inner,  outer,  m.,  spiritual, 
material,  parts  of  m.,  (facet.)  interior,  esp. 
stomach,  exterior,  of  m.;  new,  old,  m.;  adult 
male,  opp.  to  woman,  boy,  or  both ;  m.  <&  boy 
(adv.),  from  boyhood  upwards ;  (as  impatient  or 


lively  vocative)  nonsense,  m.!,  hurry  up,  m. 
(alive)! ;  (jocular  or  endearing)  little  m.,  young 
boy ;  one,  as  what  can  a  m.  do  in  such  a  case  ? ; 
individual  (male)  person,  as  m.for  m.,  between 
m.  <&m.,  5/-  'per  m.;  as  am.,  viewed  simply  in 
regard  to  his  personal  character ;  if  you  want 
noise,  he  is  yojir  m.  (can  supply  you) ;  be  one's 
oivn  m.,  be  free  to  act,  (also)  be  in  full  possession 
of  one's  faculties,  senses,  &c;  every  m.  jack1  ; 
(in  comb.,  denoting  one  who  follows  profession, 
uses  implement,  trades  in  article,  &c.)  clergym., 
postm.,  brake-m.,  penm.,  rag-&-bone-m.;  best1, 
handy,  m.\  m.  eminently  endowed  with  manly 
qualities,  as  be  a,  play  the,  m.;  husband,  in  m. 
&wife ;  (Hist.)  vassal ;  manservant,  valet ;  work- 
man, as  the  masters  locked  out  the  men;  (usu. 
pi.)  soldiers,  esp.  common  soldiers;  piece  in 
game  of  chess,  draughts,  &c;  m.  of  straw;  (in 
comb.)  ship,  as  m.-of-war,  armed  ship  belonging 
to  a  country's  navy,  indiawi.,  merchant™.  ; 
m.  of  the  world  ;  m.  Friday,  servile  follower, 
factotum,  (name  given  by  Robinson  Crusoe  to 
his  servant);  m.-at-arms,  soldier,  esp.  heavy- 
armed  &  mounted;  m.-  (male)  child;  m.-eater, 
cannibal,  biting  horse,  m. -eating  shark  or  tiger; 
m.-handle,  move  by  force  of  man  alone,  (slang) 
handle  roughly ;  m.-hole,  opening  in  floor.se  wer, 
&c,  for  m.  to  pass  through;  m.  in  the  moon, 
semblance  of  m.  in  moon,  esp.  a  type  of  ima- 
ginary person;  m. -milliner;  manslaughter, 
slaughter  of  human  beings,(Law)  criminal  homi- 
cide without  malice  aforethought ;  m.-trap  (for 
catching  men,  esp.  trespassers).  Hence  ma*n- 
less  a.    [com.-Teut.:  OE  &  Du.  man,  G  mann) 

man2,  v.t.  Furnish  (fort,  ship,  &c.)  with 
men  for  service  or  defence  ;  (Naut.)  place  men 
at  (part  of  ship) ;  fill  (post) ;  fortify  spirits  or 
courage  of  (esp.  oneself).  [OEmawman.asprec] 

ma'nacle,  n.  (usu.  pi.),  &  v.t.  Fetter  (prop, 
for  the  hand ;  also  fig.) ;  (v.t.)  fetter  with  mm. 
[f.  OF  manicle  handcuff  f .  L  manicula  dim.  of 
manus  hand] 

ma'nage  *,  n.  (archaic).  Training  of  horse ; 
trained  movements  of  horse,  esp.  short  gallop ; 
riding-school,    (f.  It.  maneggio,  as  foil.] 

ma'nage2  (-ij),  v.t.  &  i.  Handle,  wield,  (tool 
&c. );  conduct  (undertaking  &c. ) ;  control  (house- 
hold, institution,  State) ;  take  charge  of  (cattle 
&c);  subject  (person,  animal)  to  one's  control; 
gain  one's  ends  with  (person  &c.)  by  flattery  &c, 
whence  ma'nagiNG2  a.;  contrive  (to  do,  often 
iron.,  as  he  managed  to  muddle  it) ;  succeed  in 
one's  aim  (often  with  inadequate  material  &c); 
(with  can  or  be  able  to)  cope  with,  make  proper 
use  of,  as  can  you  m.  another  slice  ?.  Hence 
managreaBi'LiTY,  ma'nag-eablexESS,  nn., 
ma'nageABLE  a.,  ma'nageabLv  -  adv.  [f. 
It.  maneggiare  f.  vulg.  L  *manidiare  (manus 
hand)] 

management,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or 
esp. :  trickery,  deceitful  contrivance ;  the  m., 
governing  body,  board  of  directors,  &c.  [-ment] 

ma'nager.  n.  Person  conducting  a  business, 
institution,  &c. ;  member  of  either  House  of 
Parliament  appointed  with  others  for  some 
duty  in  which  both Housesare  concerned;  good, 
bad,  &c,  m.  (of  money,  household  affairs,  &c.) ; 
(Law)  person  appointed,  usu.  by  Court  of  Chan- 
cery, to  manage  a  business  for  benefit  of  credit- 
ors &c.  Hence  ma'nagerESS 1,  ma'nager- 
ship,  nn.,  managerivi.  a.    [-er  j] 

manatee*,  n.  Large  aquatic  herbivorous 
mammal,  sea-cow.  [f.  Sp.  manati  f.  Carib 
manattoxd] 

mana*v(i)lins,  n.  pi.  (slang).  Odds  &  ends, 
esp.  of  food.    [?1 

manchinee'I,  n.  W.-Ind.  tree  with  poison- 
ous milky  sap  &  acrid  fruit,    [f.  F  mancenille 


MANCIPLE 


498 


MANIFEST 


f.    Sp.    manzanilla   dim.    of   manzana    f.  L 
matiana  kind  of  apple  f.  Roman  gens  Matia] 

ma'nciple,  n.  Officer  who  buys  provisions 
for  college,  inn  of  court,  &c.  [OF,  f.  L  manci- 
pium  =  (in  med.L)  office  of  manceps  buyer 
{manus  hand  +  capere  take)] 

-mancy,  suf.  f.  OF  -mancie  f.  LL  f.  Gk 
manteia  divination,  in  sense  Tlivination  by 
means  of — '.  «.-..— 

manda'mus,  n.  Judicial  writ  issued  from 
King's  Bench  Division  of  High  Court  of  Justice 
&  conveying  command  to  inferior  court.  IL,= 
we  command]  m  .  ,  . 

ma'ndarin1,  n.  Chinese  official  in  any  of 
9  grades ;  nodding  toy  figure  in  Chinese  cos- 
tume, [f.  Port,  mandarim  f.  Malay  f.  Hind. 
mantri  f.  Skr.  mantrin  counsellor  {man  think)] 

ma'ndarin2,  _ine  (-en),  n.  Small  flat  deep- 
coloured  orange ;  colour  of  this  (got  from  coal- 
tar)  ;  a  liqueur.  [F  (-ine) ;  perh.  f.  prec.  allud- 
ing to  mandarin's  yellow  silk  robes] 

ma'ndatapy,  n.  (law).  One  to  whom  a  man- 
date is  given,   ff.  L mandatarius  (foil.,  -ary  *)] 

ma'ndate  (-at),  n.  Judicial  or  legal  command 
from  superior;  (poet.)  command;  papal  rescript; 
(Law)  contract  by  which  mandatary  undertakes 
to  perform  gratuitously  some  service  in  respect 
of  thing  committed  to  him ;  (after  F  mandat) 
political  instructions  supposed  to  be  given  by 
electors  to  (member  of)  parliament,  [f.  L  man- 
datum,  neut  p.p.  of  mandare  command  {manus 
hand  +  dare  give)] 

ma'ndatopy,  a.  &  n.  Of,  conveying,  a  com- 
mand ;  (n.)  =  mandatary,  [f.  LL  mandatorius 
(as  prec,  see  -ory)] 

ma'ndible,  n.    Jaw,  esp.  lower  jaw  in  mam- 

,  mals  &  fishes  ;   upper  or  lower  part  of  bird's 

beak ;  (in  insects)  either  half  of  upper  pair  of 

jaws.  So mandi'bulAR *,  mandibul ate -(2), 

aa.    [f.  LL  mandibula  {mandere  masticate)] 

mando'la,  -dor'a,  n.  Large  kind  of  man- 
dolin.   [It,  var.  of  PANDORA2] 

ma'ndolin(e),  n.  Musical  instrument  with 
4  to  6  metal  strings  stretched  on  deeply-rounded 
body.    [F  {-ine),  f.  It.  mandolino  dim.  of  prec] 

mandra-g'ora,  n.  =  foil.,  esp.  as  type  of 
narcotic  (Shak.  Othello  iil  iii.  330).  [LL,  f.  Gk 
man  *lragoras] 

ma'ndpake,  n.  Poisonous  plant  with  emetic 
&  narcotic  properties,  with  root  thought  to 
resemble  human  form  &  to  shriek  when 
plucked.  [ME  mandrag(g)e,  shortened  f.  prec] 

ma'ndrel,  -il,  n.  (In  lathe)  axis  to  which 
work  is  fixed  while  turned ;  cylindrical  rod 
round  which  metal  is  forged,  cast,  &c  ;  (dial.) 
miner's  pick.    [?] 

ma'ndpill,  n.  Large,  hideous,  &  ferocious 
baboon,    [prob.  man  i  +  drills] 

ma*nducate,  v.t.  Chew,  eat  So  man- 
ducA'TiON  n.,  ma'ndueatORY  a.  [f.  L  man- 
ducare  {mandere  chew),  see  -ate  3] 

mane,  n.  Long  hair  on  neck  of  horse,  lion, 
&c  (also  fig.  of  person).  Hence  (-)manED^ 
ma'neLESS,  aa.    [OF  manu,  cf.  Du.  mane,  G 

mdkne,  f.  OTeut.  mand  neck] 

manage,  -eg-e,  (azh),  n.  Riding-school; 
movements  of  trained  horse;  horsemanship. 
[F  {-ege),  as  manage1] 

ma-nes  (-ez),  n.  pi.    Deified  souls  of  departed 

ancestors  ;  shade  of  departed  person,  as  object 

of  reverence.    [L] 

ma'nful,  a.  Brave,  resolute.  Hence  ma'n- 
ful i.y  <*  adv.,  ma'nfulNESs  n.    [man i  +  -ful] 

ma-ngabey  (-a),  n.    African  genus  of  mon- 
key.   [M.,  region  of  Madagascar] 
ma-nganese,  n.      Black  mineral  used  in 

glass-making  &c. ;  metallic  element  of  which 

this  is  the  oxide.     Hence  mangane'siAN, 


manga'nic,  aa.  [f.  F  manganese,  corrupt, 
of  magnesia] 

ma'nge,  n.  Skin  disease  in  hairy  &  woolly 
animals,  caused  by  an  arachnidan  parasite ; 
(loosely)  dirty  condition  of  skin.  [ME  manjewe 
f.  OF  manjue  itch  f.  manjuer  (mod.  manger) 
eat  (as  manducate)] 

ma'ngel  (-wur'zel)  (nggl-),  ma'ngold- 
(-nggold-),  n.  Large  kind  of  beet,  used  as  cattle 
food.  [G  {-gold,  corrupt,  -gel),  f.  mangold  beet 
+  wurzel  root] 

ma'nger  (-j-),  n.  Box,  trough,  in  stable  &c 
for  horses  or  cattle  to  eat  from ;  dog  in  the  m. 
[f.  F  mangeoire  f.  vulg.  L  *manducatoria  (as 

MANDUCATE,  See  -ORY)J 

ma'ngle J,  n. ,  &  v. t.  Machine  of  two  or  more 
cylinders  for  rolling  &  pressing  washed  clothes; 
press  (clothes)  in  m.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Du.  mangel  f. 
Gk  as  mangonel] 

ma-ngle2,  v.t.  Hack,  lacerate,  by  blows; 
cut  roughly  so  as  to  disfigure ;  spoil  (quotation, 
text,  &c)  by  gross  blunders,  disguise  (words) 
by  mispronouncing,  [f.  AF  mahangler,  prob. 
frequent,  of  mahaignier  maim] 

ma'ngo  (-nggo),  n.  (Indian  tree  bearing) 
fleshy  fruit  with  turpentine  flavour,  eaten  ripe 
or  used  green  for  pickles  &c  ;  m.-fish,  golden- 
coloured  Indian  fish ;  m.  trick  (in  which  m.  -tree 
appears  to  spring  up  &  bear  fruit  in  few  hours), 
[f.  Port,  manga  i.  Tamil  mankay  {man  m.-tree 
+  kay  fruit)] 

ma'ng-onel,  n.  (hist.).  Military  engine  for 
casting  stones  &c  [OF,  dim.  f.  LL  mango 
-onis  f.  Gk  magganon) 

ma'ngosteen,  n.  (E. -Indian  tree  bearing) 
fruit  with  thick  red  rind  &  white  juicy  pulp, 
[f.  Malay  mangustan] 

ma'ngrove,  n.  Tropical  tree  or  shrub,  bark 
of  which  is  used  in  medicine  &  tanning.    [?J 

ma'ngy  (-ji),  a.  Having  the  mange ;  squalid, 
shabby.    Hence  ma'ngfiLY2  adv.,  ma'ngi- 

NESS  n.     [f.  MANGE  +  -Y  2] 

ma'nhood,  n.  State  of  being  a  man  (in  any 
sense) ;  m.-suffrage  (granted  to  all  male  citizens 
of  lawful  age  not  disqualified  by  crime,  in- 
sanity,&c); manliness, courage,  [man1  +  -hood] 

ma'nia,  n.  Mental  derangement  marked  by 
excitement,  hallucination,  &  violence;  great 
enthusiasm  {for  thing,  doing).  [L  f.  Gk,= 
madness  {mainomai  be  mad,  st.  man-)] 

-mania,  suf.  denoting  scientifically  a  special 
type  of  madness  {kleptomania,  megalomania) ; 
also  (pop.)  eager  pursuit  {bibliomania)  or  ad- 
miration {Anglomania).  Hence  personal  suf. 
-maniac  (cf.  -phobe,  -phobia),    [as  prec] 

ma*niac,a.  &  n.  (Person)  affected  with  ma- 
nia, raving  mad(man).  Hence  mani'acAL  a., 
mani'aealL y 2  adv.  [f.  LL  maniacus  (as  ma- 
nia, see  -AC)] 

-maniac,  suf.    See  -mania. 

Manichee*  (-k-),  n.  Adherent  of  religious 
system  (3rd  to  5th  c.)  that  represented  Satan  as 
coeternal  with  God.  Hence  Manieh(a)e*AN 
a.  &  n.,  Ma*nlch(a)eiSM  n.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk 
Manikhaios,  founder  of  sect,  living  in  Persia] 

ma'nicupe,  n.,  &  v.t.  (One  who  undertakes) 
treatment  of  hands  &  finger-nails  as  profes- 
sion ;  (v.t.)  apply  m.  treatment  to  (hands,  per- 
son),   [(vb f.  n.)  F  (L  manus  hand  +  cura  care)] 

ma'nifest  *,  n.  List  of  cargo  for  use  of  Cus- 
toms officers,    [f.  F  manifeste  (as  manifest3)] 

ma'nifest2,  a.  Clear,  obvious,  to  eye  or 
mind.  Hence  ma'nifestLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  mani- 
festus,  perh.  f.  manus  hand  +  */estus  struck  f. 
root  of  defend] 

ma'nifest  K  v.t.  &  i.  Show  plainly  to  eye  or 
mind  ;  be  evidence  of,  prove  ;  display,  evince, 
(quality,  feeling)  by  one  s  acts  &c;  (of  thing)  re- 


MANIFESTO 


499 


MANTLE 


veal  itself;  record  in  ship's  manifest;  (of  go- 
vernment or  political  party)  take  measures, 
hold  public  meeting,  &c,  as  public  expression 
of  opinion ;  (of  ghost)  appear.  So  manifest  ac- 
tion n.?  maniie'stati ve  a.  [f.  F  manifester  f. 
L  manifestare  (as  prec)] 

manife'sto,  n.    Public  declaration  by  sove- 
reign, state,  or  body  of  individuals,  making 
known  past  actions  &  motives  of  actions  an- 
nounced as  forthcoming,    lit.,  as  manifest2] 
ma'nifold  *,  a.  Having  various  forms,  appli- 
cations, &c. ;  performing  several  functions  at 
once;  many  &  various,  as  m.  vexations;  m. 
ivriter,   carbon     copying-apparatus.       Hence 
ma'nifoldLY2  adv.,  ma'nifoldxEss n.  [com.- 
Teut:  OE  manigfeald,  MDu.  menichvout,  G 
mannigfalt ;  (many  +  -fold)] 
ma'nifold-,  v.t.    Multiply  copies  of  (letters 
&c.)  as  by  manifold1  writer.     [OE  manig- 
fealdian  multiply,  as  prec] 
ma'nikin,  n.     Little  man,  dwarf;  artist's 
lay  figure ;  model  of  human  body  for  anatomi- 
cal demonstration ;  small  gay-coloured  tropical 
American  bird,  ff .  Du.  manneken,  dim.  of  m  an  *] 
mani'lla  *,  n.  Metal  bracelet  used  by  African 
tribes  as  medium  of  exchange.    [Sp. ;  dim.  of  L 
manus  hand  or  f.  Ltmonilia  pi.  of  monile  collar] 
Mani'lla  2,  -Ha,  n.  Capital  of  Philippine  is- 
lands ;  (also  M.  hemp)  fibrous  material  for  ropes, 
matting,  &c. ;  cheroot  made  in  M.  [native  {-tla)\ 
mani'lle  (-11),  n.  Second  best  trump  or  honour 
in  quadrille  &  ombre,    [corrupt,  of  Sp.  malilla 
dim.  of  mala  bad  f.  L  malus] 
ma'nioe,  n.  Plant  cassava ;  meal  made  from 
it.    [f.  Tupi  mandioca] 

ma'niple,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)  subdivision  of 
legion,  containing  120  or  60  men ;  Eucharistic 
vestment,  strip  about  3  feet  long  hanging  from 
left  arm.  [OF,  f.  L  manipulus  {manus  hand  + 
pi-  weak  form  of  root  pie-  fill)] 
manipulate,  v.t.  Handle,  treat,  esp.  with 
skill  (material  thing,  question) ;  manage  (per- 
son) by  dexterous  (esp.  unfair)  use  of  influence 
&c.  Hence  or  cogn.  manipuLvriox,  mani'- 
pulatOR2(l,  2)  nn.,  mani'pulativE,  mani- 
pulator, v,  aa.  [prob.  back-formation  f .  mani- 
pulation (F,  f.  manipuler  f.  L  as  prec.)] 
ma'nitou  (-oo),  n.  (Amer.  Ind.).  Good  or  evil 
spirit ;  thing  having  supernatural  power,  [f. 
Algonquin  manito,  -tu] 

mankind,  n.  (-ki'nd)  human  species ;  (ma'n-) 
male  sex.  [man!  +  kind  n.] 
ma'n  like,  a.  Having  good  or  bad  qualities  of 
a  man ;  (of  woman)  mannish,  [-like] 
ma'nly,  a.  Having  a  man's  virtues,  courage, 
frankness,  &c. ;  (of  woman)  having  a  man's  qua- 
lities ;  (of  things,  qualities,  &c.)  befitting  a  man. 
Hence  ma'nliNESs  n.  [ly  l] 
ma'nna,  n.  Substance  supplied  as  food  to 
Israelites  {Exod.  xvi);  spiritual  nourishment, 
esp.  eucharist ;  sweet  juice  from  nu-ash  &  other 
plants,  used  as  gentle  laxative,  m.  in  tears,  in 
sorts,  superior,  inferior,  kinds  of  this ;  m.-croup, 
coarse  granular  wheat  meal  [Russ.  krupa 
groats].  [LL  f.  Gk,  f.  Heb.  man,  explained  as  = 
man  hu  ?  what  is  it,  but  perh.  =  Arab,  mann 
exudation  of  Tamaria  gallica] 
ma'nnep,  n.  Way  a  thing  is  done  or  happens, 
as  in,  after,  this  m. ;  (archaic)  in  a  m.  of  speak- 
ing, so  to  speak ;  (Gram.)  adverb  ofm.,  one  that 
asks  or  tells  how ;  to  the  m.  born,  (Shak.  Ham.  i. 
i  v.  15)  destined  by  birth  to  be  subject  to  the  cus- 
tom, (pop.)  naturally  fitted  for  the  position  &c. ; 
(pi.)  modes  of  life,  conditions  of  society;  out- 
ward bearing ;  (pi.)  good,  bad,  &c.  behaviour  in 
social  intercourse,  habits  indicating  good  breed- 
ing, as  he  has  no  mm.,  whence  ma'nnePLESS 
a. ;  style  in  literature  or  art ;  mannerism  ;  (ar- 


chaic) kind,  sort,  ag  what  m.  of  man  is  he?;  all 
m.  of,  every  kind  of  ;  no  m.  of  right,  no  right  at 
all ;  in  a  m.,  in  some  sense,  to  some  extent.  [L 
OF  maniere  f.  pop.  L  *man(u)aria  fern.  adj.  as 
n.  =  mode  of  handling  {manus  hand,  -arv')] 

ma'nnered,  a.  Ill,  well,  rough,  -m.,  having 
bad  &c.  manners ;  (of  style,  artist,  writer)  show- 
ing mannerism,    [-ed2] 

ma-nnerism,  n.  Excessive  addiction  to  a 
distinctive  manner  in  art  or  literature ;  trick  of 
style.  Hence  ma'nnerisx  n.,  manneri'st- 
ic(al)  aa.    [-ism] 

ma*nnerly,a.  Well-mannered,  polite.  Hence 
ma'nnerliNESs  n.    [-ly  j] 

ma'n n is h ,  a.  (Of  woman )  masculine ;  charac- 
teristic of  man  as  opp.  to  woman,  as  what  a  m. 
xcay  to  thread  a  needle  !.  Hence  ma'nnish- 
ness  n.    [-ish  J] 

ma'nnite,  n.  (Also  m.-sugar)  substance  ob- 
tained from  manna.    Hence  ma'nnitosE  2  n. 

[f.  MANNA  +-ITE1] 

manoeuvre1  (-ndbver,  -nu-),  n.  Planned 
movement  of  troops  or  ships  of  war ;  deceptive 
or  elusive  movement ;  skilful  plan.  [F,  f.  LL 
manopera,  as  foil.] 

manoeuvre  2  (as  prec),  v.i.  &  t.  Perform, 
cause  (troops)  to  perform,  manceu vres ;  employ 
artifice ;  force,  drive,  (person,  thing,  into,  out, 
away,  &c.)  by  contrivance ;  manipulate  adroit- 
ly. Hence  manoeu*vpERi  n.  [f.  F  manceu- 
vrer  f.  LL  manoperare  =  ~Lmanu  operari  work 
by  hand  {opus  -eris  work)] 

mano'meter,  n.  Instrument  showing  elas- 
tic force  of  gases.  Hence  manome'tr ic  a.  [f. 
F  manometre  (Gk  manos  thin,  see  -meter)] 

ma'nor,  n.  English  territorial  unit,  orig.  of 
nature  of  feudal  lordship,  now  consisting  of 
lord's  demesne  &  of  lands  from  whose  holders 
he  can  exact  certain  fees  &c;  lord  of  the  m., 
person,  corporation,  having  rights  of  this  ;  m.- 
house,  his  mansion.  Hence  manon at.  a.  [f. 
OF  manoir  (vb  as  n.)  f.  L  manere  remain] 

ma'nsard,  n.  (Usu.  m.  roof)  curb-roof  in 
which  each  face  has  two  slopes,  lower  one 
steeper  than  upper,  [f.  F  mansarde  (F.  M.,  ar- 
chitect, d.  1666)] 

manse,  n.  Ecclesiastical  residence,  esp. 
Scotch  parish  minister's  house,  [f.  med.Lman- 
sus,  -sa,  -sum,  house  {manere  mans-  remain)] 

ma'nsion,  n.  Large  residence  (in  pi.  often 
of  large  buildings  divided  into  flats) ;  m.-house, 
house  of  lord  of  manor  or  landed  proprietor, 
official  residence,  esp.  {the  M.-house)  of  Lord 
Mayor  of  London.  [OF,  f.  L  mansionem  (as 
prec,  see  -ion)] 

ma'ntel,  n.  (Nowusu.  mantelpiece)  structure 
of  wood,  marble,  &c,  above  &  around  fireplace ; 
(usu.  mantelshelf)  shelf  projecting  from  wall 
above  fireplace ;  m.-board,  wooden  shelf  (usu. 
draped)  fixed  upon  this ;  m.-tree,  beam  across 
opening  of  fireplace,    [var.  of  mantle] 

ma*nt(e)let,  n.  Kinds  of  short  mantle  ; 
bullet-proof  shelter.  [OF  {-el-),  dim.  as  mantle1] 

ma'ntie,  a.  Of  divination,  [f.  Gk  mantikos 
{mantis  prophet,  see  -ic)] 

manti'lla,  n.  Large  veil  covering  woman's 
head  &  shoulders ;  small  cape.  [Sp.,  dim.  of 
mania  mantle] 

ma'ntis,  n.  Orthopterous  insect ;  praying 
m.,  kind  that  holds  forelegs  in  position  suggest- 
ing hands  folded  in  prayer.    [Gk,  =  prophet] 

manti'ssa,  n.  Decimal  part  of  logarithm.  [L] 

ma'ntie1,  n.  Woman's  loose  sleeveless  cloak ; 
(fig. )  covering ;  fragile  lace-like  tube  fixed  round 
gas-jet  to  give  incandescent  light ;  outer  fold  of 
skin  enclosing  mollusc's  viscera.  [(1)  OE  mentel, 
(2)  f.  OF  mantel,  both  f.  L  mantellum  cloak] 

ma-nile2,  v.t.  &  i.    Clothe  (as)  in  mantle; 


MANTUA 


500 


MARGARINE 


cover,  conceal,  envelop;  (of  liquids)  become 
covered  with  coating  or  scum ;  (of  blood)  suf- 
fuse cheeks,  (of  face)  glow,  with  blush,  [f.  prec] 

ma'ntua,  n.  Woman's  loose  gown  in  17th- 
18th  cc;  m.-maker,  dressmaker,  [corrupt,  of 
manteau  (F,  as  mantle1)] 

ma'nual,  a.  &  n.  Of,  done  with,  the  hands,  as 
in.  labour;  (Mil.)  m.  (exercise),  drill  in  handling 
rifle ;  m.  fire-engine  (worked  by  hand,  not 
steam) ;  m.  (finger)  alphabet ;  sign  m. ;  (n.) 
small  book  for  handy  use,  handbook,  organ  key- 
board played  with  hands.  Hence  ma'nualLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  manualis  (manus  hand,  see  -al)] 

manufactory,  n.  Factory,  workshop,  [f. 
Las  foil.,  see  -orvI 

manufacture  '  (-tsher),  n.  Making  of  arti- 
cles by  physical  labour  or  machinery,  esp.  on 
large  scale ;  branch  of  such  industry,  as  wool- 
len m. ;  of  home,  English,  Sec,  m.,  made  at  home 
&c;  (contempt.)  mechanical  production  (of  li- 
terature &c).  [F,  f.  L  wan w  by  hand  +facere 
fact-  make,  see  -urej 

manufacture  2  (-tsher),  v.t.  Work  up  (ma- 
terial) for  use ;  produce  (articles)  by  labour,  esp. 
on  large  scale  (contempt,  of  literary  work  Sec); 
invent,  fabricate,  (story).  Hence  manufac- 
turER1  n.    [f.  prec] 

manumi't,  v.t.  (hist.).  Set  free.  Somanu- 
mi'ssiON  n.  [f.  L  manumittere  (manus  hand 
+  mittere  viiss-  send)] 

manure*  l«  n.  Dung,  compost,  spread  over 
or  mixed  with  soil  to  fertilize  it.  Hence  ma- 
nur'iAL  a.    [f.  foil.] 

manure*2,  v.  t.  Apply  manure  to  (land  or  abs. , 
also  fig.),    [f.  AF  maynoverer,  as  manoeuvre2] 

manuscript,  a.  &  n.  (abbr.  MS.,  pi.  MSS.). 
(Book,  document)  written  by  hand,  not  printed, 
[f.  med.L  manuscriptus  (manuby  hand+  scrip- 
tus  p.p.  of  scribere  write)] 

ma-nward,  a.  Tending,  directed,  towards 
man.    [-ward] 

Manx,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  Isle  of  Man,  as  M.  cat, 
tailless  variety ;  Ma'nxman,  inhabitant  of  I.  of 
Man  ;  (n.)  M.  cat,  language,  (as  pi.,  Manx)  M. 
people,    [f.  ON  *manskr  of  Man] 

ma'ny  (me),  a.  &  n.  Numerous,  as  m.  times, 
(poet.,  rhet.)  m.  a  time,  m.  &  m.  a  time,  m.  peo- 
ple urish,  m.  wish,  m.  of  us  wish,  how  m.  (of  them) 
can  I  have  ?,  as  m.  as  you  like,  (pred.,  rare)  his 
reasons  were  m.  and  good,  six  mistakes  in  as 
m.  (six)  lines  ;  the  m.,  the  multitude  ;  one  too 
m.,  not  wanted,  in  the  way ;  he  was  (one)  too  m. 
for  us  (outwitted,  baffled,  us);  a  good,  great,  m., 
"fair,  large,  number ;  rn.-he.aded  beast,  monster, 
the  populace;  m.-sided,  having  m.  sides,  as- 

?ects,  capabilities,  &c,  so  m.-sidedness.  [com.- 
'eut :  OE  manig,  Du.  menig,  G  manch] 

Maori  (mowr'I),  n.  Member,  language,  of 
brown  race  in  N.  Zealand,    [native] 

map1,  n.  Representation  on  paper  &c.  of 
(part  of)  earth's  surface,  showing  physical  & 
political  features  &c,  or  of  the  heavens.  Hence 
ma'pLESS  a.  [f.  L  mappa  napkin ;  med.L  has 
mappa  mundi  map  of  world] 

map  2,  v.t.  Represent  on  map ;  m.  out,  plan 
out,  arrange  in  detail  (course  of  conduct,  one's 
time,  &c).    [f.  prec] 

ma'ple,  n.  Genus  of  trees  &  shrubs  grown 
for  shade,  ornament,  wood,  or  sugar ;  wood  of 
these.  [OE  has  mapeltreow  m.-tree,  cf.  OSax. 
mapulder,  MLG  mapeldora] 

mar,  v.t,  Impair  fatally,  ruin,  esp.  make  (or 
mend)  or  m.;  mar-plot,  one  who  hinders  under- 
taking by  officiousness.  [com.-Teut.:  OE  mer- 
ran,  OFris.  meria  hinder,  MDu.  merren  hinder] 

ma'rabou  (-oo),  n.  Large  W.- Af r.  stork ;  tuft 
of  down  from  its  wings  or  tail  as  trimming  for 
hat  &c    [F,  prob.  f.  vulg.  Arab,  use  of  foil.] 


ma'rabout  (-dot),  n.  Mohammedan  hermit 
or  monk,  esp.  in  N.  Africa ;  shrine  marking  nx's 
burial-place,    [f.  Arab,  murabit] 

maraschi'no  (ke-),  n.  Liqueur  from  a  small 
black  cherry.  [It.  (marasca  small  black  cherry, 
for  amarasca  f.  amaro  bitter  f.  L  amarus)] 

mara'smus,  n.  Wasting  away  of  body. 
Hence  mara'smic  a.  [f.  Gk  marasmos  (ma 
raino  wither)] 

marau'd,  v. i.  &  t.  Make  plundering  raid  (on) ; 
go  about  pilfering ;  (trans.)  plunder.  Hence 
marau'dER1  n.  [f.  F  marauder  (maraud 
rogue)] 

marave'di  (-va-),  n.  (hist.).    Spanish  coins, 

fold  worth  14s.,  copper  id.  [Sp.  f.  Arab.  Mura- 
itin  marabouts,  Moorish  dynasty  at  Cordova] 

mar'ble,  n.  Limestone  in  crystalline  (also, 
in  granular)  state  &  capable  of  taking  polish, 
much  used  in  sculpture  &  architecture ;  this  as 
type  of  hardness  or  smoothness  (often  attrib.); 
(pi.)  collection  of  sculptures,  as  Elgin  mm.; 
small  ball  of  m.,  clay,  glass,  &c,  as  toy ;  (v.t.) 
stain,  colour,  (paper,  edges  of  book,  soap)  to 
look  like  variegated  m.  (esp.  in  p.p.).  Hence 
mar'bl Y2  a.  l( vb  f.  n. )  f .  F  marbre  f.  L  marmor, 
cogn.  w.  Gk  marmaros  (marmairo  sparkle)] 

marc,  n.  Refuse  from  pressed  fruit.  [F,  perh. 
f.  marcher  march  5  in  sense  *  crush  '] 

mar'casite,  n.  (Usu.  white  iron)  pyrites, 
[f.  med.L  marcasita,  etym.  dub.] 

marce'scent,  a.  (Of  parts  of  plant)  wither- 
ing but  not  falling.  Hence  maree'scENCE  n. 
[f.  L  marcescere  frequent,  of  marcere,  see  -ent] 

March l  (-tsh),  n.  (abbr.  Mar.).  Third  month 
of  year ;  M.  hare.  [OF,  f.  L  Martius  (mensis 
month)  of  Mars] 

march  2  (-tsh),  n.  (hist. ).  Boundary,  frontiers, 
(often  pi.,  esp.  of  borderland  between  England 
&  Scotland  or  Wales);  tractof  (often  debatable) 
land  between  two  countries,  [f.  F  marche  f. 
Teut.  markd  mark  x] 

march3,  v.i.  (Of  countries,  estates,  &c.)  bor- 
der upon,  have  common  frontier  with.  [f.  OF 
marchir  (as  prec)] 

march4,  n.  (Mil.)  marching  of  troops ;  line 
(route)  ofm.;  long  toilsome  walk ;  progress  (of 
events,  time,  intellect,  mind);  distance  covered 
by  troops  in  a  day ;  forceo"  m. ;  uniform  step  of 
troops  &c,  as  quick,  slow,  m.;  (Mus.)  com- 
position meant  to  accompany  m.,  as  dead  m. 
[f.  F  marche  (as  foil.)] 

march5  (-tsh),  v.i.  &  t.  Walk  away,  forth, 
past  (reviewing  officer  or  sovereign),  out,  Sec, 
in  military  manner  with  regular  and  measured 
tread;  walk,  proceed,  steadily;  (trans.)  cause 
to  go  on,  off,  Sec    [f.  F  marcher,  etym.  dub.] 

marchioness  (-shonls),  n.  Wife,  widow,  of 
marquis ;  lady  holding  in  her  own  right  position 
equal  to  that  of  marquis,  [f.  med.L  marchion- 
issa  f.  marchio  -onis  march  ^captain  (marca)] 

marchpane  (-tsh-),  marzipan,  n.  Paste 
of  pounded  almonds,  sugar,  &c  made  up  into 
small  cakes  &c;  such  cake.  [cf.  F  massepain, 
G  marzipan,  Sec,  etym.  dub.] 

mareo'nigram,  n.  Message  sent  by  Mar- 
coni's system  of  wireless  telegraphy,    [-gram] 

marc1,  n.  M.  clausum,  sea  under  jurisdic- 
tion of  particular  country;  m.  li'berum,  sea 
open  to  all  nations.    [L] 

mare2,  n.  Female  of  equine  animal,  esp. 
horse  ;  grey1  m. ;  shanks 's  m.;  m.'s-nest,  illu- 
sory discovery ;  m.'stail,  kinds  of  aquatic  plant, 
long  straight  streaks  of  cirrus.  [OE  mere,  cf. 
Du.  merrie,  G  mdhre  jade] 

mare*mma,n.  Low  marshy  unhealthy  coun- 
try by  sea  shore.    [It.] 

mar'gapine  (or  -en),  n.  Legal  name  for  all 
substances  made  in  imitation  of  butter.     [F. 


MARGAY 


501 


MARL 


misapplication  of  a  chem.  term,  f .  Gk  margaron 
pearl,  see  -inJ 

map'gay.n.  S.-Amer.  tiger-cat.  [F,f.  native 
mbaracaia] 

marge,  n.  (poet.).     =  foil.    [F,  as  foil.] 

map'gin,  n.  Edge,  border,  of  surface,  whence 
mar*|?inATE2(2),  -ated,  aa. ;  condition  near 
the  limit  below  or  beyond  which  a  thing  ceases 
to  be  possible  &c. ;  extra  amount  (of  time,  money, 
&c.)over&  above  the  necessary;  (Commerc.) 
sum  deposited  with  stockbroker  to  cover  risk 
of  loss  on  transaction  of  account;  space  round 
main  body  of  printed  matter  on  page ;  (v.t.)  fur- 
nish with  m.  or  marginal  notes,  deposit  m.  on 
(stock),   [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  margo  -ginis) 

marginal,  a.  Of,  written  in,  the  margin  ; 
having  marginal  notes ;  of,  at,  the  edge ;  close 
to  the  limit.  Hence  marginalLY2  adv.  [-al] 

marg-ina'lia,  n.  pi.  Marginal  notes.  [mod.L 
neut.  pi.,  as  margin1,  see  -al] 

mar'grave,  n.  (hist.).  German  title  of  some 
princes  of  Holy  Roman  Empire,  orig.  of  military 
governor  of  border  province.  [f.MDu.  mark- 
grave  border  count  (mark  *  +  grave  count)] 

mar'gravine,  n.  Margrave's  wife,  [f .  Du. 
markgravin  (as  prec,  see  -ine  3)] 

marguerite  (-geret),  n.  Ox-eye  daisy.  [F, 
f.  LL  (-ta)  f.  Gk  margarites  {margaron  pearl, 
see  -ite1)] 

mariage  de  convenance  (F),  n.  Marriage 
contracted  from  prudential  motives. 

Marian,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  Virgin  Mary,  Mary 
Queen  of  England,  or  Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  (n. ) 
adherent  of  the  last.    [f.  L  Maria  Mary  +  -an] 

ma'rid,  n.  Jinn  of  most  powerful  class. 
[Arab.,  part,  of  marada  rebel] 

ma/rig-old,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  with  golden 
or  yellow  flowers ;  marsh  m.  [f.  Mary  (prob. 
the  Virgin)  +  gold] 

marina'de,  n.,  &  (also  -te)  v.t.  Pickle  of  wine, 
vinegar,  &  spices ;  fish,  meat,  thus  pickled ; 
pickle  with  m.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  Sp.  marinada 
(marinar  pickle  in  brine,  as  foil.,  -ade)] 

mari'ne  (-en),  a.  &  n.  Of,  found  in,  produced 
by,  the  sea ;  of  shipping  or  naval  matters,  as  m. 
insurance ;  m.  stores,  old  ships'  materials  as 
merchandise  ;  for  use  at  sea ;  (of  soldiers)  serv- 
ing on  board  ship.  (N. )  country's  shipping,  fleet, 
or  navy,  esp.  mercantile  m. ;  soldier  on  man-of- 
war  ;  tell  that  to  the  (horse  *)  mm.  [f.  F  marin 
(fem.  -ine)  f.  L  marinus  {mare  sea,  -ine  *)] 

ma'rinep,  n.  Sailor,  seaman;  master  m., 
captain  of  merchant  ship.  [AF,  f.  med.L  mari- 
narius  (as  prec,  see  -ary1)] 

Mani'nism  (-en-),  n.  Affected  style  of  It. 
poetMarini  (d.  1625).    So  Mari'niST n.    [-ism] 

Mario'latry,  n.  Idolatrous  worship  of  Vir- 
gin Mary.    [f.  Gk  Maria  Mary  +  -la try] 

marionette,  n.  Puppet  worked  by  strings, 
representing  person  &c.  [f.  F  marionnette 
(Marion  dim.  of  Marie  Mary,  -ette)] 

ma'rish,  n.  &  a.  (poet.).  Marsh(y).  [ME  & 
OF  mareis  f.  med.L  mariscus  marsh] 

Mar'ist,  n.  Member  of  Rom.  Cath.  Society 
of  Mary.    [f.  F  Mariste  (Marie  Mary,  see  -ist)] 

ma'rital  (or  mari't-),  a.  Of  a  husband ;  of 
marriage.  Hence  ma'ritalLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
maritalis  (maritus  husband,  see  -al)] 

ma'ritime,  a.  Living,  found,  near  the  sea : 
connected  with  the  sea,  as  m.  insurance,  [f.  L 
maritimus  (mare  sea ;  for  suf.  cf.  ultimus)] 

marjoram,  n.  Genus  including  Sweet  M., 
aromatic  herb  used  in  cookery,  [f.  OF  majo- 
rane  f.  med.L  majorana,  etym.  dub.] 

mark  *,  n.  Target  or  other  object  to  be  aim- 
ed at ;  beside,  wide  of,  the  m.,  not  hitting  it, 
(fig.)  not  to  the  point;  (Boxing)  pit  of  stomach; 
desired  object,  as  hit,  miss,  the  m.;  sign,  indi- 


cation, (of  quality,  character,  &c),  esp.  m.  of 
mouth,  depression  in  horse's  tooth  indicating 
age ;  affixed  or  impressed  sign,  seal,  &c;  ear1, 
hall,  trade,  -m.;  cross  &c.  made  in  place  of 
signature  by  illiterate  person ;  written  symbol ; 
this  as  sign  of  good  or  bad  conduct ;  unit  of 
numerical  award  of  merit  in  examination,  as 
he  gained  IS  mm.;  line  &c.  serving  to  indicate 
position  ;  PlimsolVs  m.,  line  showing  how  far 
ship  may  legally  be  submerged  when  loaded;  be- 
low, up  to,  &c,  them,  (standard) ;  (Footb.)  heel- 
in.  on  ground  made  by  player  who  has  obtained 
fair  catch  ;  stain,  scar,  &c;  make  one's  m.,  at- 
tain distinction  ;  (as  apology  for  mentioning 
anything  horrible  &c.)  (Ood)  save  the  m.;  of  m„ 
noteworthy  ;  (Hist.)  tract  of  land  held  by  Teu- 
tonic village  community.  [OE  meark,  cf.  Du. 
&  G  mark,  f.  OTeut.  markd] 
mark2,  v.t.  Make  a  mark  on  (thing)  by 
stamping,  cutting,  writing,  &c;  put  identify- 
ing mark  or  name  on  (linen) ;  attach  figures  in- 
dicating prices  to  (goods) ;  (pass.)  have  natural 
marks,  as  marked  with  silver  spots ;  m.  out, 
trace  out  boundaries  for  (ground),  plan  (course), 
destine,  as  marked  out  J  or  slaughter  ;  m.  off, 
separate  (thing  from,  another,  lit.  &  fig.)  by 
boundary;  indicate  (place  on  map,  length  of 
syllable)  by  signs  or  marks ;  record  (points 
gained  in  games) ;  manifest  (one's  displeasure 
&c.  by) ;  (pass.)  this  tendency  is  strongly  mark- 
ed (noticeable),  a  marked  difference,  whence 
mar'kedLY  2 adv.,  mar'kedxEss  n. ;  accom- 
pany, be  a  feature  of,  as  no  triumph  marks  her 
manner ;  m.  time,  move  feet  as  in  marching, 
but  without  advancing  (often  fig.);  see,  notice; 
observe  mentally,  as  m.  my  words ;  a  marked 
man,  one  whose  conduct  is  watched  with  sus- 
picion or  hostility ;  (also  m.  down)  note  &  re- 
member spot  to  which  (grouse  &c.)  has  retired; 
(Footb.)  keep  close  to  (opponent)  so  as  to  ham- 

Eer  him  if  he  receives  ball.  [OE  mearcian,  cf. 
»u.  &  G  merken,  (as  prec.)] 

mark  3,  b.  Denomination  of  weigh  t  for  gold 
&  silver,  usu.  8  oz.  (now  only  of  continental 
weights) ;  German  coin  worth  slightly  less  than 
shilling,    [com.  Teut.  &  Rom.,  etym.  dub.] 

marker,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  one  who 
marks  down  game ;  one  who  records  score  esp. 
in  billiards ;  =  book  l-m.    [mark  2  +  -er  *] 

market1,  n.  Gathering  of  people  for  pur- 
chase &  sale  of  provisions  or  livestock ;  time 
of  this  ;  bring  one's  eggs  or  hogs  to  a  bad  m., 
fail  in  one's  schemes ;  open  space  or  covered 
building  in  which  cattle  &c.  are  exposed 
for  sale  ;  make  a  m.  of,  (fig.)  barter  away ;  de- 
mand (for  commodity) ;  the  corn  m.,  the  trade 
in  corn ;  come  into  the  m.,  be  offered  for  sale  ; 
put  on  the  m.,  offer  for  sale ;  money-w.;  rate 
of  purchase  &  sale,  m.  value,  as  the  m.  fell ; 
seat  of  trade ;  m.  cross  (erected  in  m. -place) ; 
m.  day  (on  which  m.  is  held) ;  m.-garden  (in 
which  vegetables  are  grown  for  m.) ;  m.  place, 
square,  open  space,  where  m.  is  held ;  m.  town 
(where  m.  is  held).  [ONF,  f.  L  mercatus  (mer- 
cari  trade,  see  mercantile)] 

market2,  v.i.  &  t.  Buy  or  sell  in  market ; 
sell  (goods)  in  market,  whence  mar'ketABLE 
a. ,  mar'ketabL  y  2  ad  v.    [f .  prec.  ] 

marking,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  colouring 
of  feathers,  skin,  &c;  m.-ink  (indelible,  for  m. 
linen),    [mark  2  +  -ing  J] 

marksman,  n.  One  skilled  or  practised 
in  aiming  at  mark,  esp.  one  who  attains  cer- 
tain standard  of  proficiency  in  rifle  practice. 
Hence  marksmansHip(l,  3)  n.  [mark*  + 
-es  +  man] 

marl,  n.,  &  v.t.  Soil  consisting  of  clay  and 
carbonate  of  lime,  a  valuable  fertilizer ;  (v.t) 


MARLINE 


502 


MARTIN 


apply  m.  to  (ground).  Hence  map*lY  2  a.  [( vb 
f.  n.)  f.  OF  marie  f.  LL  margila  dim.  of  marga] 

map'line,  n.  (naut).  Small  line  of  two 
strands ;  m.-spike,  marlinspike,  pointed  iron 
tool  for  separating  strands  of  rope  in  splicing, 
[f.  Du.  marlijn  (marren  bind  +  lijn  line)] 

mar'lite,  n.  Kind  of  marl  that  resists  action 
of  air.    I-ite1] 

marmalade,  n.  Preserve  of  oranges  or 
specified  fruit,  [f.  F  marmelade  f.  Port,  mar- 
melada  f.  marmelo  quince  f.  Lf.  Gk  melimelon 
(meli  honey  +  melon  apple),  see  -ade] 

map'molite,  n.  Laminated  serpentine  of 
pale  green  colour,  [irreg.  f.  Gk  marmairo 
shine,  see  -lite] 

marmor'eal,  a.  (poet).  Of,  like,  marble, 
[f.  L  mannoreus  (as  marble)  +  -al] 

map'moset  (-z-),  n.  Small  tropical  Ameri- 
can monkey  with  bushy  tail.  [f.  OF  marmouset 
grotesque  image,  etym.  dub.] 

mar'mot,  n.  Rodent  of  squirrel  family ; 
kind  of  bathing-cap.  [f.  F  marmotte  prob.  f. 
Roumansch  murmont  f.  L  murem  (nom.  mus) 
montis  mouse  of  the  mountain] 

MaTonite,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  Syrian  Chris- 
tians dwelling  in  Lebanon,  [f.  LL  MaronUa 
(Maron  founder,  see  -ite  j)] 

mapoo'n1,  n.  &  a.  (Of)  brownish-crimson 
colour;  firework  exploding  with  loud  report. 
[f.  F  marron  chestnut  f.  It.  marrone] 

mapoo'n  2,  n.  One  of  class  of  negroes,  orig. 
fugitive  slaves,  in  mountains  &  forests  of  Dutch 
Guiana  &  W.  Indies  ;  marooned  person,  [f.  F 
marron  perh.  corrupt,  of  Sp.  cimarron  wild 
(cima  mountain-top  perh.  ult.  f.  Gkkuma  wave)] 

mapoo'n3,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  (person)  ashore  & 
leave  him  on  desolate  island  or  coast  as  pun- 
ishment ;  idle,  hang  about,    [f.  prec] 

marque  (-k),  n.  Letter(s)  of  m.  {&  reprisal), 
licence  to  fit  out  armed  vessel  &  employ  it  in 
capture  of  enemy's  merchant  shipping,  (sing.) 
ship  carrying  such  licence.  [F,  f.  Prov.  marca 
f.  marcar  seize  as  pledge,  perh.  conn.  w.  mark1] 

marquee'  (-ke),  n.  Large  tent.  [f.  marquise 
taken  as  pi.  n.] 

map'quetepy,  -tepie,  (-k-),  n.  Inlaid  work. 
[F  (-ie),  f.  marqueter  variegate  (mark1)] 

mar'quis,  -quess,  n.  Noble  ranking  be- 
tween duke  &  earl  or  (in  foreign  countries) 
count.  Hence  map'quisATE  *(1)  n.  [f.  OF 
marchis  =  It.  marchese  ruler  of  march2,  -ese] 

marqui'se  (-kez),  n.  (Of  foreign  nobility) 
marchioness  ;  finger-ring  set  with  oval  pointed 
cluster  of  gems.    [F,  fern,  of  marquis] 

map'quois  (-kwoiz),  n.  M.  scale,  apparatus 
for  drawing  equidistant  parallel  lines,  [prob. 
blunder  for  F  marquoir  marker  (mark  l)] 

ma-ppiage  (-rij),  n.  Relation  between  mar- 
ried persons,  wedlock;  give, take, in m.  (as hus- 
band or  wife) ;  communal  m.,  system  by  which 
all  the  men  in  small  community  are  married  to 
all  the  women  -,  act,  ceremony,  of  marrying  ; 
civil  m.  (performed  by  officer  of  state,  without 
religious  ceremony);  (fig.)  intimate  union; 
(Cards)  declaration  of  king  &  queen  of  same 
suit ;  m.  articles,  antenuptial  agreement  re- 
specting rights  of  property  &  succession  ;  m.- 
bed,  (fig.)  marital  intercourse;  m.  licence1  ; 
m.  lines,  certificate  of  marriage ;  m.  settlement, 
arrangement  securing  property  to  wife  &  some- 
times to  children,  [f.  F  mariage  f.  pop.  L 
*maritaticum  (maritus  husband,  see  -age)] 

ma'ppiagreable  (-ija-),  a.  Of  an  age  to 
marry  ;  (of  age)  suitable  for  marriage.    [-able| 

ma'ppied,a.  United  in  wedlock  ;  of  person(s) 

so  united,  as  m.  life.    [p.p.  of  marry] 

ma-ppow,  n.  Soft  fatty  substance  in  cavi- 
ties of  bones,  often  a  type  of  rich  food  or  of 


vitality ;  spinal  m.,  substance  forming  spinal 
cord ;  essential  part, a,s pith &m.;  vegetable  m., 
kind  of  gourd ;  marrowbone,  bone  containing 
edible  m.,  (pi.,  facet.)  knees ;  marrowi/at),  kind 
of  large  pea ;  m.~spoon  (for  getting  m.  from 
bones).  Hence  ma'ppowLESS,  ma'ppowr  2, 
aa.   [com.-Teut.:  OE  mearg,  Du.  merg,  G  mark] 

ma'ppy1,  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  priest  &c.)  join 
(persons,  one  to  another)  in  wedlock ;  (of 
parent  or  guardian)  give  (son,  daughter,  &c.) 
in  marriage ;  (of  either  contracting  party)  take 
in  marriage  ;  (fig.)  unite  intimately ;  (intr.)  take 
husband  or  wife.  [f.  F  marier  f.  L  maritare  f. 
maritus  husband  (mas  maris  male)] 

ma'ppy 2,  int.  (archaic)  expr.  surprise,  asse- 
veration, indignation,  &c;  m.  come  up  (expr. 
indignant  or  contemptuous  surprise).  [=  (the 
Virgin)  Mary] 

Maps  (-z),  n.  Roman  god  of  war;  warfare; 
planet  fourth  in  order  of  distance  from  sun.  [L] 

Mapsa'la  (-sah-),  n.  White  wine  like  light 
sherry,  from  M.  in  Sicily. 

Mapseillai'se  (-selaz,  or  as  F),  n.  National 
song  of  French  Republic,  first  sung  by  Mar- 
seilles patriots.  [F,  fern.  adj.  f.  Marseille,  -ese] 

Marseilles  (sals),  n.  Seaport  in  S.  France ; 
stiff  cotton  fabric  like  pique. 

marsh,  n.  Low  land  flooded  in  winter  & 
usu.  watery  at  all  times ;  m.  gas,  light  car- 
buretted  hydrogen ;  m.-mallow,  (confection 
made  from  root  of)  shrubby  herb  growing  near 
salt  marshes;  m.  marigold,  golden-flowered 
ranunculaceous  plant  growing  in  moist  mea- 
dows. Hence  map'shiNESS  n.,  map'shY2  a. 
[OE  mersc  f.  WG  *marisk-  (whence  med.L 
mariscus)  f.  OTeut.  mari-  sea,  see  -I8H1] 

marshal 1,  n.  earl-w,  ;  general  officer  of 
highest  rank  in  some  foreign  armies ;  provost- 
m.;  pield-w.;  (Hist.) knight  m.,  officer  of  royal 
household  with  judicial  functions  ;  judge's  m., 
official  accompanying  judge  on  circuit,  with 
secretarial  duties;  officer  arranging  ceremonies 
&c.  Hence  map'shalSHip  n.  ff.  OF  mare- 
schal  f.  Frank.  L  mariscalcus  f.  OHG  marah- 
scalh  (OTeut.  marhoz  horse+skalkoz  servant)] 

map'shal-,  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Arrange  in  due 
order  (persons  at  feast  &c.,  soldiers,  facts  &c.) ; 
(Her.)  combine  (coat  of  arms) ;  conduct  (person) 
ceremoniously  (into  Sec.) ;  (intr.)  take  up  one's 
position,    [f.  prec] 

mar-shalsea,  n.  (hist).  Court  held,  prison 
in  Southwark  controlled  by,  knight  marshal, 
[f.  obs.  marshalcy  (marshal1  +  -cy)] 

mapsu'pial,  a.  &  n.  (anat,  zool.).  Of,  like, 
a  pouch,  as  m.  muscle ;  (animal)  of  the  class  of 
mammals  characterized  by  having  a  pouch  in 
which  to  carry  their  young,  born  imperfect, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  marsupion  pouch  dim.  of  marsipos 
purse  +  -al] 

mapt,  n.  (Poet.)  market-place ;  auction 
room ;  trade  centre,  [f.  Du.  markt,  f.  L  as 
market] 

mapte'llo,  n.  M.  toiver,  small  circular  fort, 
usu.  on  coast  to  prevent  hostile  landing,  [cor- 
rupt, of  Cape  Mortella  in  Corsica] 

map'ten,  n.  Animal  like  weasel,  with  valu- 
able fur.  [f.  OF  martrine  (peau  skin)  of  the 
marten  (martre  f.  OTeut.  marthuz)] 

map'tial  (-shl),  a.  Of,  suitable  for,  appro- 
priate to,  warfare,  whence  map'tializE  v.t. ; 
m.  law,  military  government,  by  which  ordi- 
nary law  is  suspended;  brave;  fond  of  fighting ; 
(M-)  of  the  planet  Mars.  Hence  map'tialLY  ■ 
adv.    [F,  f.  L  martialis  of  mars,  see  -al] 

Map'tian  (-shn),  n.  Inhabitant  of  Mars.  [f. 
L  Martius  of  mars  +  -an] 

map'tin,  n.  St  M.,  bishop  of  Tours  in  4th  c. ; 
Martinmas,  St  M.'s  day,  Nov.  11;  StM.'s  sum- 


MARTINET 


503 


MASSEUR 


mer,  fine  season  about  this  time ;  (also  house- 
in.)  bird  of  swallow  family  building  mud  nest 
on  house  walls  &c.    [F,  f.  L  Martinus] 

martine*t,  n.  Strict  (esp.  military  or  naval) 
disciplinarian.  Hence  maptine'tis m  n. ,  map- 
tine'tCt^iSH1  n.  [M.,  French  drill-master  in 
reign  of  Louis  XIV] 

mar'tingale  (-ngg-),  n.  Strap,  set  of  straps, 
fastened  at  one  end  to  nose-band,  at  other  end 
to  girth,  of  horse  to  prevent  rearing  &c. ; 
(Naut.)  rope  for  guying  down  jib-boom ;  gam- 
bling system  of  doubling  stakes  in  hope  of  even- 
tual turn  of  luck.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

map'tlet,  n.  Swift;  (Herald.)  footless  bird, 
[f.  F  martelet  prob.  f.  martinet  dim.  f.  martin] 

map'tyr,  n.,  &  v.t.  One  who  undergoes 
penalty  of  death  for  persistence  in  Christian 
faith  or  obedience  to  law  of  Church,  or  under- 
goes death  or  suffering  for  any  great  cause ; 
m.  to  (constant  sufferer  from)  gout  &c. ;  make 
a  m.  of  oneself,  (pretend  to)  sacrifice  one's  in- 
clinations, for  sake  of  credit  thus  gained ;  (v.t.) 
Eut  to  death  as  m.,  torment,  [(vb  f.  n.)  eccl.L 
late  Gk  martur  =  Gk  martus  -tiros  witness] 

mar'typdom,  n.  Sufferings  &  death  of 
martyr;  torment.    |-dom] 

mar'typize,  v.t.  Make  a  martyr  of  (oneself, 
person),  [f.  med.L  martyrizare  (martyr,  -ize)] 

maptypo-  in  comb.  =of  martyrs,  as :  -latry, 
worship  of  martyrs;  -logy,  list,  register,  history, 
of  martyrs,  whence  -lo'gical. 

maptypy,  n.  Shrine,  church,  erected  in 
honour  of  martyr,  [f.  med.L  f.  Gk  marturion 
(as  martyr1)] 

map'vel 1  (-vl),  n.  Wonderful  thing ;  wonder- 
ful example  of  (quality) ;  (archaic)  astonish- 
ment, [f.  OF  merveille  f.  L  mirabilia  neut.  pi. 
of  mirabilis  (mirari  wonder  at,  see  -ble)] 

map'vel2,  v.i.  (literary  ; -11-).  Be  surprised 
(at,  that) ;  wonder  (how,  why,  &c).  [f.  OFmer- 
veillier  (as  prec)] 

map'vellous,  a.  Astonishing;  extrava- 
gantly improbable,  esp.  the  m.  Hence  map'- 
vellousLY2adv.,  map'vellous.NESS  n.  |f.  OF 
merveillos  (as  prec.)] 

mapzipan.    See  marchpane. 

ma'scot,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  brings  luck, 
[f.  provincial  F  mascotte,  pern.  cogn.  w.  Pr. 
masco  witch] 

ma'sculine,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  gender  to  which 
names  of  males  normally  belong;  m.  rhyme  (in 
French  verse,  between  words  ending  in  stress- 
ed syllables,  not  e  mute),  m.  ending,  ending  of 
line  with  stressed  syllable ;  of  the  male  sex ; 
manly,  vigorous ;  (of  woman)  having  qualities 

a)propriate  to  man ;  (n.)  m.  gender,  word, 
ence  ma'seulineNESS,  maseuli'niTY,  nn. 
[f.  F  masculin  (fern,  -ine)  f.  L  masculinus  (as 
male,  see  -INE1)] 

mash  1,  n.  Malt  mixed  with  hot  water  to 
form  wort ;  mixture  of  boiled  grain,  bran,  &c. 
given  warm  to  horses  &c;  soft  pulp  made  by 
crushing,  mixing  with  water,  &c. ;  confused 
mixture ;  m.-tub  (in  which  malt  is  mashed). 
[OE  mdsc-,  cf.  G  meisch  crushed  grapes,  malt, 
Da.  mask  grains  for  pigs,  perh.  cogn.  w.  mix] 

mash-,  v.t.  Mix  (malt)  with  hot  water; 
crush,  pound,  to  pulp ;  reduce  (potatoes  &c.) 
to  uniform  mass  by  crushing,    [f.  prec] 

mash3,  v.t.,  &n.  (slang).  Excite  sentimental 
admiration  in  (one  of  opposite  sex);  be  mashed 
on,  have  such  admiration  for ;  person  on  whom 
one  of  opposite  sex  is  mashed.  [?] 
lad: 

>»-y» 

sole  &  face.    [perh.  corrupt,  of  F  massue  club] 


ma'shep,  n.    Fop  posing  as  lady-killer.    [?] 
ma'shie,  -y,  n.  Iron  golf  club  with  straight 


ma'sjid  (mu-),  n.    Mosque.    [Arab.] 
mask1,  n.    Covering,  usu.  of  velvet  or  silk, 


for  concealing  face  at  balls  &c,  or  of  wire, 
gauze,  &c,  for  protection;  hollow  figure  of 
human  head  worn  by  Greek  &  Roman  actors ; 
clay  or  wax  likeness  of  person's  face,  esp.  (also 
death-m.)  one   made  by  taking  mould  from 


face;  (fig. )  disguise,  as  throw  off  the  m. ;  masked 
person  ;  face,  head,  of  fox.   [f.  F  masque  f. 
mascara,  or  f.  med.L  mascus,  etym.  club.] 


mask2,  v.t  Cover  (face)  with  mask:  (pass.) 
be  disguised  with  mask;  (Mil.)  conceal  (force 
&c.)  from  enemy's  view,  hinder  (army  &c.) 
from  action  by  watching  with  adequate  force, 
hinder  (friendly  force)  by  standing  in  line  of  its 
fire;  disguise  (feelings  &c.) ;  masked  ball  (at 
which  masks  are  worn),   [f.  prec] 

ma-skep,  -quep,  n.  One  who  takes  part  in 
masquerade  or  masque,    [prec.  +  -er  l] 

maskino'nge  <-j,  -ji),  n.  Large  pike  in 
great  lakes  of  N.  America.    [Odjibwa] 

ma-son,  n.,  &  v.t.  Worker  in  stone  ;  free- 
mason, whence  maso'mc  a. ;  (v.t.)  build, 
strengthen,  with  masonry,  [(vb  f.  F  macon- 
ner)  f.  OF  macon ;  med.L  machio  etym.  dub.] 

ma'sonpy,  n.  Mason's  work,  stonework, 
[f.  F  maconnerie  (as  mason,  see  -ery)] 

Mas(s)OP'a(h),  n.  Body  of  traditional  in- 
formation on  text  of  Hebrew  Bible,  [f.  Heb. 
masoreth  perh.  =  bond] 

Ma*s(s)opete,  -ite,  n.  Jewish  scholar  con- 
tributing to  the  Masora.  Hence  mas(s)o- 
pe'tic  a.  [(-ete)  corrupt,  of  Heb.  as  prec. ;  (-ite) 
prec.  +  -ite  1] 

masque  (-k),  n.  Amateur  histrionic  enter- 
tainment, orig.  in  dumb  show,  later  including 
dialogue  &c;  dramatic  composition  for  this, 
[as  MASK1] 

masquepa'de 1  (-k-),  n.  Masked  ball ;  false 
show,  pretence,  [f.  Sp.  mascarada  (mascara 
mask,  see  -ade)] 

masquepa'de2  (-k-),  v.i.  Appear  in  dis- 
guise ;  assume  false  appearance,    [f.  prec] 

mass1,  n.  (A)  celebration  (now  usu.  Rom. 
Cath.)  of  the  Eucharist,  as  m.  was  said,  we 
attend,  go  to,  hear,  m.,  mm.  were  said  for  his 
soul ;  liturgy  used  in  this ;  musical  setting  of 
parts  of  this  ;  high  m.  (with  incense,  music,  & 
assistance  of  deacon  &  subdeacon) ;  low  m. 
(with  no  music  &  minimum  of  ceremony).  [OE 
mxsse  f .  vulg.  L  messa  f.  eccl.  L  missa  (mittere 
miss-  send) ;  sense  history  doubtful] 

mass  2,  n.,  &  v.  t  &  L  Coherent  body  of  matter 
of  indefinite  shape ;  dense  aggregation  of  ob- 
jects, as  a  m.  of  fibres ;  large  number  (of) ;  he  is  a 
m.  of  (covered  with)  bruises ;  unbroken  expanse 
(o/light  &c) ;  the  (great)  m.,  the  majority  (of) ; 
the  mm.,  the  lower  orders,  cf.  classes  ;  in  the 
m.,  in  the  aggregate;  (Physics)  quantity  of 
matter  a  body  contains ;  in.  meeting,  large  (usu. 
political)  assembly  of  people  ;  (vb)  gather  (t.  & 
i.)  into  m.,  (Mil.)  concentrate  (troops),  [(vb  f. 
F  masser)  f.  F  masse  f.  L  massa  prob.  f.  Gk 
maza  barley-cake  (masso  knead)] 

ma-ssacpe  <-ker),  n.,  &  v.t  General  slaugh- 
ter, carnage,  (of  persons,  occas.  of  animals) ; 
(v.t.)  make  a  m.  or,  murder  cruelly  or  violently, 
[(vb  f.  F  massacrer)  F ;  OF  macacre,  etym.  dub.] 

massa'ge  (-ahzh),  n. ,  &  v. t  'Rubbing,  knead- 
ing, &c. ,  of  muscles  &  joints  of  the  body  with  the 
hands,  to  stimulate  their  action  &c ;  (v.  t. )  treat 
(part,  person)  thus,  [(vb  f.  n.)  F  (masser  treat 
with  massage,  perh.  r.  Port,  amassar  knead,  f. 
massa  dough,  see  -age)] 

mass6  (-a),  n.  (billiards).  Stroke  made  with 
cue  held  perpendicular.  [F,p.p.  of  masser  make 
such  stroke  (as  mace)] 

masseup*  (-er),  n.  (fern,  -euse,  pron.  -erz).  One 
whopractises  massage.  So  ma'ssER1,  ma'ss- 
or2,  nn.    IF  (as  massage,  see -or2)] 


MASSIVE 


504 


MATE 


ma'ssive,  a.  Large  &  heavy  or  solid ;  (of 
features,  head,  &c.)  largely  moulded ;  (fig.) 
solid,  substantial;  (Psych.,  of  sensation  &c) 
having  large  volume  or  magnitude.  Hence 
ma'ssiveLY2  adv.,  ma'ssiveNESS  n.  [F  {-if, 
-ive),  as  mass2,  see  -ive] 

ma*ssy,a.  Solid;  weighty.  Hence  ma'ssl- 

NESSn.     lMASS2  +  -Y2]        .  . 

mast  \  n.  Long  pole  of  timber,  iron,  &c,  set 
up  on  ship's  keel  to  support  sails ;  before  the 
m.;  HALF-m.  high;  m.-head,  highest  part  of  m., 
esp  of  lower  mast  as  place  ot  observation  or 
punishment,  (v.t.)  send  (sailor)  to  this,  raise 
(sail)  to  its  position.  [com.-Teut.:  OEmaes£,Du. 
&  G.  mast]  :     <■-_•■• ',.  ■'■    M 

mast 2,  n.  Fruit  of  beech,  oak,  &  other  forest- 
trees,  esp.  as  food  for  swine.  [com,-WG :  OE 
mxst,  G  mast] 

ma-ster  \  n.  Person  having  control ;  (Naut.) 
captain  of  merchant  vessel ;  employer ;  owner 
of  dog,  horse,  &c;  male  head  of  household,  as 
m.  of  the  house ;  be  m.  of}  have  at  one's  disposal ; 
make  oneself  m.  of  acquire  thorough  knowledge 
of  or  facility  in  using ;  one  who  has  or  gets  the 
upper  hand,  as  we  will  see  which  of  us  is  m.; 
teacher,  tutor,  esp.  (also  schoolm.)  in  school; 
house1-^.;  teacher  in  philosophy  &c;  The  M., 
Christ;  M.  of  Arts  (abbr.  M.A.),  holder  of  uni- 
versity degree  orig.  giving  authority  to  teach  in 
university;  skilled  workman,  or  one  in  business 
on  his  own  account,  as  m.  carpenter;  great 
artist,  esp.  old  m.  (esp.  of  painters  of  13th-17th 
cc),  picture  &c.  by  a  m.;  head  of  some  colleges  ; 
(as  title  of  legal  functionaries)  M.  in  Chancery 
&c;  M.  of  Ceremonies  (see  ceremony),  mis- 
rule, rolls;  M.  (organizer,  leader,  esp.  in 
Royal  Household  &  Inns  of  Court)  of  the  revels ; 
M.  of  the  Horse,  official  in  English  royal  house- 
hold ;  M.  (one  who  has  control)  of  foxhounds 
(abbr.  M.F.H.),  beagles,  &c. ;  (prefixed,  esp.  by 
servants,  to  name  of  young  gentleman)  M.  Tom, 
M.  Jones ;  (attrib.)  a  m.  (commanding,  superior) 
mind ;  m.-at-arms,  police  officer  on  man-of-war ; 
m.  -key  (opening  many  locks,  each  also  opened  by 
separate  key) ;  m.-mason,  (as  above,  also)  free- 
mason who  has  passed  third  degree;  master- 
piece, consummate  piece  of  workmanship ;  m.- 
stroke,  surpassingly  skilful  act  (of  policy  &c). 
Hence  ma'stePDOM,  ma'stePHOOD,  nn., 
ma'stePLESS  a.  [OE  mxgester  (partly  also  f. 
OF  maistre)  f .  L  magister  cogn.  w.  magis  more] 

ma'ster2,  v.t.  Overcome,  defeat ;  reduce  to 
subjection ;  acquire  complete  knowledge  of 
(subject)  or  facility  in  using  (instrument  &c) ; 
rule  as  a  master,    [f.  prec] 

ma*stepful,a.  Self-willed,  imperious.  Hence 
ma-stepfulLY2  adv.,  ma'stepf ul.\  ess    n. 

[-FUL] 

ma'steply,  a.  Worthy  of  a  master,  very  skil- 
ful.  Hence  ma'stepliNESS  n.  [-ly  l\ 

ma'stepship,  n.  Dominion,  control ;  office, 
function,  of  master,  esp.  in  school,    [-ship] 

ma'stepy,  n.  Sway,  dominion ;  the  upper 
hand  ;  masterly  skill ;  masterly  use  or  know- 
ledge (of  instrument,  subject),  [f.  OF  maistrie 
(as  master  ',  see  -y1)] 

ma'stic,  n.  Gum  or  resin  exuding  from  bark 
of  certain  trees,  used  in  making  varnish ;  trees 
y  ielding  this ;  kinds  of  cement ;  liquor  flavoured 
with  m.,  used  in  Turkey  &  Greece ;  m.  colour, 
pale  yellow.  Hence  masti'cic  a.  (chem.).  [F, 
f.  LL mastichum  f.  L  f.  Gk mastikhe,  etym.  dub.] 

ma-sticate,  v.t.  Grind  (food)  with  teeth, 
chew.  Hence  orcogn.  masticaBi'LiTY,  mas- 
tlcATiox,  ma*stlcatOR2(l,2),  nn.,  ma'stica- 
tORY  a.  [f.  LL  masticare  (perh.  as  prec),  -ate3] 

ma'stiff,  n.  Large  strong  dog  .with  drooping 
ears  &  pendulous  lips,    [f.  OF  mastin  f.  pop.  L 


*mansuetinus  (mansuetus  tame  f.  manus  hand 
+  suescere  suet- grow  accustomed,  see  -ine  l)] 
mastrtis,  n.  Inflammation  of  female  breast, 
[f.  Gk  mastos  breast,  see  -itis] 
ma'stodon,  n.    Large  extinct  mammal  like 
elephant,   with   nipple -shaped    tubercles    on 
crowns  of  molar  teeth.  Hence  mastodo'ntic 
a.   [f.  Gk  mastos  breast  +  odous  odontos  tooth] 
ma'stoid,  a.  (anat.).     Shaped   like  female 
breast,    [f.  Gk  mastos  breast,  see  -oid] 
ma*stupbate,v.i.  Practise  self -abuse.  Hence 
mastupbATiON  n.    If.  L  masturbari,  etym. 
dub., see -ate3] 

mat1,  n.  Coarse  fabric  of  plaited  rushes, 
straw,  &c,  for  lying  upon,  packing  furniture, 
&c;  piece  of  this  for  wiping  shoes  upon,  esp. 
door-m.  [OE  matt  f .  LL  matta] 
mat-,  v.t.  &  i.  Cover,  furnish,  with  mats  ;  en- 
tangle (often  together)  in  thick  mass  (esp.  in 
p.p.,  as  matted  hair) ;  become  matted,  [f.  prec] 
mat3,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Of  colours,  surfaces, 
&c)  dull,  without  lustre.  (N.)  border  of  dead 
gold  round  framed  picture ;  appearance  of  un- 
burnished  gold  ;  roughened  or  frosted  ground- 
work. (V.t.)  make  (gilding  &c)  dull;  frost 
(glass),  [(vb  f.  F  mater)  F,  f.  med.L  mattus  f. 
Arab,  mat  helpless] 

ma-tadop,  n.  Man  appointed  to  kill  bull  in 
bull-fight ;  principal  card  in  some  games.  [Sp., 
f.  L  mactatorem  (mactare  kill,  -or2)  J 
match1,  n.  Person  able  to  contend  with 
another  as  an  equal,  as  find,  meet,  one's  m.,  be 
(more  than)  a  m.  for ;  person  equal  to  another 
in  some  quality,  as  we  shall  never  see  his  m.; 
person,  thing,  exactly  like  or  corresponding  to 
another ;  contest  of  skill  &c  in  which  persons 
are  matched  against  each  other,  as  cricket  m.; 
matrimonial  alliance ;  make  a  m.,  bring  this 
about ;  person  viewed  in  regard  to  his  or  her 
eligibility  for  marriage,  esp.  as  to  rank  or  for- 
tune, as  he  is  an  excellent  m. ;  m.-board,  one 
with  tongue  cut  along  one  edge  &  groove  along 
other,  so  as  to  fit  into  similar  boards ;  match- 
maker, one  fond  of  scheming  to  bring  about 
marriages.  [OE  gemxeca,  cogn.  w.  make  n.] 
match2,  v.t.  &  i.  Join  (person  with  another) 
in  marriage  ;  prove  a  match  for ;  place  (person 
&c)  in  conflict  against  another ;  well  matched, 
fit  to  contend  with  each  other,  live  together, 
&c,  on  equal  terms;  place  (person,  thing)  in 
competition  with ;  be  equal,  correspond  in  quan- 
tity, quality,  colour,  &c,  to  (thing  &c ;  also  intr. 
with),  as  the  carpets  m.  the  wall-paper,  these 
ribbons  do  not  m.,  do  not  m.  with  your  hat, 
trimmed  with  velvet  to  m. ;  find  material  &c 
that  matches  with  (another),  as  can  you  m.  me 
this  silk  ?    [f.  prec] 

match  3,  n.  Short  piece  of  wood,  wax  taper, 
&c,  tipped  with  composition  that  bursts  into 
flame  when  rubbed  on  rough  or  (safety  m.) 
specially  prepared  surface ;  piece  of  wick,  cord, 
&c,  designed  to  burn  at  uniform  rate,  for  firing 
cannon  &c;  m.-box (for  holding  mm.);  match- 
lock, (gun  with)  lock  in  which  m.  is  placed  for 
igniting  powder;  matchwood,  wood  suitable 
for  mm.,  minute  splinters,  [f.  OF  mesche  (F 
meche  wick),  etym.  dub.] 
ma'tchet,  n.  Broad  heavy  knife  used  in 
America  &c  as  tool  &  weapon,  [f.  Sp.  machete] 
ma'tchless,  a.  Without  an  equal,  peerless. 
Hence  ma'tehlessLY2  adv.  [match1  +  -less] 
mate »,  n.  &  v.t  (chess).  =checkmate  ;  fooVs 
m.  (in  which  first  player  is  mated  at  opponent's 
second  move) ;  stale  l  m.  [see  checkmate] 
mate2,  n.  (In  working-classes)  companion, 
fellow- worker,  (also  as  general  form  of  address); 
one  of  a  pair,  esp.  of  birds ;  fitting  partner  in 
marriage ;  (Naut.)  officer  on  merchant  ship  who 


MATE 


505 


MATURATION 


sees  to  execution  of  master's  commands  &  takes 
command  in  his  absence,  (also)assistant  to  some 
functionary,  as  cook's,  gunner's,  surgeon's,  m. 
Hence  ma'teLESS  a.  [prob.  f.  MLG  mate  for 
gemote  f.  OTeut.  gamaton  messmate  (ga-  Y-  + 
mat-  meat)] 

mate3,  v.t.  &  i.  Join  (two  persons,  one  with 
another)  in  marriage;  marry  (with  or  abs.) ; 
pair  (birds),  (of  birds)  pair ;  keep  company  {with). 
If.  prec.] 

ma'te  (-a),  n.  (Vessel  for)  infusion  of  leaves 
of  a  shrub,  Paraguay  tea ;  the  shrub,  [f.  Sp. 
mate  f.  native  mati] 

ma'telote  (-ot),  n.  Dish  of  fish  &c.  with  sauce 
of  wine,  onions,  &c.    [F,  f.  matelot  sailor] 

ma'tep,  n.  (School  slang)  mother ;  duka  ma- 
ter, pia  mater;  ma'terfami'li&s,  mother  of 
household.    [L] 

material,  a.  &  n.  Concerned  with  the  mat- 
ter, not  the  form,  of  reasoning ;  of  matter,  cor- 
poreal ;  m.  theory  of  heat  (that  it  is  a  m.  sub- 
stance); (of  conduct,  point  of  view,  &c.)  un- 
spiritual;  concerned  with  bodily  comfort  &c, 
as  m.  well-being-,  important,  essential,  {to  or 
abs.).  (N.)  matter  from  which  thing  is  made,  as 
raw  (unmanufactured)  m. ;  elements,  constitu- 
ent parts  {of  substance,  for  historical  composi- 
tion &c);  stuff,  fabric;  writing  mm.  (imple- 
ments). Hence  materia'liTY  n.,  mater'ial- 
LY2adv.   [f.  LLmaterialis  (as  matter,  see  -At)] 

matep'ialism,  n.  Opinion  that  nothing  ex- 
ists but  matter  &  its  movements  &  modifica- 
tions, also,  that  consciousness  &  will  are  wholly 
due  to  material  agency ;  (Art)  tendency  to  lay 
stress  on  material  aspect  of  objects.  So  ma- 
ter*iali8T  n.,  materiali'stic  a.,  material - 
i'stiCALLY  adv.    [-ISM] 

materialize,  v.t.  Make,  represent  as,  ma- 
terial ;  cause  (spirit)  to  appear,  (of  spirit)  appear, 
in  bodily  form ;  (chiefly  U.S.)  become  actual 
fact ;  make  materialistic.    Hence  material- 

iZATION  n.     [-IZE] 

materia  me'dfca,  n.  Remedial  substances 
used  in  practice  of  medicine.    [med.L] 

mat6rie'l  (F),  n.  Stock-in-trade,  available 
means.    [F,  as  material] 

matep'nal,  a.  Of  mothers ;  motherly ;  re- 
lated on  the  mother's  side,  as  m.  uncle,  mother's 
brother ;  (facet.)  one's  mother's.  Hence  ma- 
tep'nalLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  matemel  f.  L  matemus 
{mater  mother),  see  -al] 

matep'nity,  n.  Motherhood;  motherli- 
ness;  m.  hospital  (for  women  during  con- 
finement), [f.  F  materniti  f.  L  matemitatem 
(prec,  -ty)] 

mathematical,  a.  Of  mathematics;  (of 
proofs  &c.)  rigorously  precise.  Hence  mathe- 
ma*tiealLY2  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  mathematikos 
mathema  science  f.  manthano,  root  math-, 
learn,  see  -ic)] 

mathematics,  n.  pi.  (usu.  treated  as  sing.). 
(Also  pure  m.)  abstract  science  of  space  &  num- 
ber ;  (also  mixed,  applied,  m.)  this  applied  to 
branches  of  physical  research,  e.  g.  astronomy. 
So  mathematrciAX  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ics] 

matt co  (-te-),  n.  Peruvian  shrub ;  its  leaves 
used  as  styptic.    [Sp.,  dim.  of  Mateo  Matthew] 

matin,  n.  (PI.)  one  of  canonical  hours  or 
breviary,  prop,  a  midnight  office,  but  also  re- 
cited at  daybreak ;  (pi.)  morning  prayer  in 
Church  of  England ;  (poet.,  sing,  or  pi.)  morning 
song  of  birds,  [f.  F  matines  F.  eccl.  L  matuti- 
nas,  ace.  fern.  pL  adj.  as  n.  (Matuta  goddess  of 
morning,  see  -ine  j)] 

matinee  (-na),  n.  Afternoon  theatrical  or 
musical  performance.  [F,=what  occupies  a 
morning  {matin  morning,  see  -ade)] 

matrass,  n.   Long-necked  glass  vessel  with 


round  or  oval  body,  used  for  distilling  &c.  [f. 
F  matras,  etym.  dub.l 

ma'tpiapch,  n.  Woman  corresponding  in 
status  to  patriarch  (usu.  facet.),  [f.  L  mater 
mother  on  false  anal,  of  patriarch] 

matriarchy,  n.  Social  organization  in 
which  mother  is  head  of  family.  So  matri- 
ap'chALa.    [prec. +-Y1] 

matricide,  n.  One  who  kills  his,  killing  of 
one's,  own  mother.  So  ma'tpicidAL  a.  [f.  L 
matricida  (mater,  see  -cide)] 

matpi'culate,  v.t.  &  i.  Admit  (student)  to 
privileges  of  university ;  (intr.)  be  thus  admit- 
ted. Hence  matPieuLVTiON  n„  matPi'cu- 
latORY  a,    [f.  LL  matricula  register,  dim.  of 

MATRIX,  +  -ATE  3] 

matrimony,  n.  Rite  of  marriage ;  state  of 
being  married  ;  a  card  game ;  combination  of 
king  &  queen  of  trumps  in  some  card  games. 
So  matpimo'niAL  a.,  matPimo'nialLY 2 
adv.  [f.  OF  matremoine  f.  L  matrimonium 
(mater  -tris  mother,  see  -mony)] 

matrix,  n.  Womb  ;  place  in  which  thing  is 
produced  or  developed ;  formative  part  of 
animal  organ ;  mass  of  rock  &c.  enclosing  gems 
&c.;  (Biol.)  substance  between  cells ;  mould  in 
which  type  &c.  is  cast  or  shaped.  [L,  prob.  f. 
mater  mother] 

matron,  n.  Married  woman  ;  woman  ma- 
naging domestic  affairs  of  hospital,  school, 
&c.  Hence  ma*tPonAGE(l,  2),  matronHOOD, 
ma'tPonsHip,  nn.,  matronAL,  matron- 
ly1,  aa.  [f.  F  matrone  f.  L  matrona  (mater 
mother)] 

mattamore,  n.  Subterranean  dwelling  or 
storehouse,  [f.  F  matamoret.  Arab,  matmurah 
(tamara  store  up)] 

matter  >,  n.  Substance(s)  of  which  a  physi- 
cal thing  is  made  ;  purulent  discharge  ;  physi- 
cal substance  in  general,  as  opp.  to  spirit,  mind, 
&c;  (Logic)  particular  content  of  proposition, 
distinguished  from  its  form ;  material  for 
thought  or  expression ;  substance  of  book, 
speech,  &c.  (often  opp.  to  manner) ;  occasion 
(of,  for,  complaint,  regret,  &c.) ;  thing(s),  as 
printed  m.,  postal  m.,  all  that  may  be  sent  by 
post;  nom,.,  it  is  of  no  importance  (when,  how 
&c.,  or  abs.) ;  affair ;  thing  (of  a  kind  specified 
esp.  by  vbl  n.),  as  a  hanging  m.,  no  laughing  m., 
money  mm. ;  that  is  a  m.  (case,  question)  of  habit 
&c. ;  for  that  m„  so  far  as  that  is  concerned ;  a  m. 
o/(about)  40  years  ;  whatisthem.?, wh&tis  amiss 
(with)  ? ;  in  the  m.  of,  as  regards  ;  to.  of  course 
(also  as  adj.,  w.  hyphens),  thing  to  be  expected 
in  natural  course ;  to.  of  fact,  what  pertains  to 
the  sphere  of  fact  (opp.  to  opinion  &c),  esp.  as 
a  m.  of  fact,  (Law)  part  of  judicial  inquiry 
concerned  with  truth  of  alleged  facts  (opp. 
to  m.  of  laic),  (adj.,  with  hyphens)  unimagina- 
tive, prosaic,  [f.  OF  matere  f.  L  materia  tim- 
ber, stuff] 

matter2,  V.t  Be  of  importance,  signify,  (to 
person  &c.  how,  when,  &c. ;  esp.  w.  neg. ).  [f .  prec.  ] 

matting-,  n.  In  vbl  senses  (mat2),  esp. : 
fabric  of  hemp,  bast,  grass,  &c.  as  covering  &c, 
as  coco-nut  m.    [-ing  *] 

mattock,  n.  Tool  with  steel  head,  having 
adze-shaped  blade  on  one  side,  &  usu.  pick  on 
the  other,  for  loosening  hard  ground  &c.  [OE 
mattuc,  etym.  dub.] 

mattress,  n.  Canvas  case  stuffed  with 
hair,  straw,  &c,  as  bed  or  support  for  bed ; 
(usu.  spring  m.)  similar  appliance  of  springs 
stretched  in  frame,  [f.  OF  materas  t.  It.  mate- 
rasso  prob.  f.  Arab,  almatrah  place  where  thing 
is  thrown,  cushion  (taraha  throw)] 

maturation,  n.  Ripening  of  morbific  mat- 
ter ;  causing  of  this,  whence  matur'atiVE  a,; 


mature: 


506 


MEADOW 


ripening  of  fruit ;  maturing,  development.  IF, 
f.  L  maturationem  (as  mature  v.,  see  -ation)] 

mature*  x,  a.  Complete  in  natural  develop- 
ment ;  with  fully  developed  powers  of  body  & 
mind;  m.  (careful)  deliberation,m. plans  (formed 
after  this) ;  (of  bill)  due.  Hence  or  cogmma- 
ture'LY'2  adv.,  matupe'NESS,  matur'ny, 
nn.    [f.  L  maturus  ripe] 

mature  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  to  perfect  develop- 
ment; ripen;  perfect  (plan  &c);  come  to 
maturity;  (of  bill)  become  due.  [f.  obs.  F 
maturer  f.  L  maturare  (as  prec.) ;  &  f.  prec] 

matuti'nal,  a.  Of,  occurring  in,  the  morn- 
ing; early.  So  ma'tutine  a.  ff.  L  matuti- 
nalis  (matutinus  f.  Matuta  goddess  of  dawn, 
see  -ine  !  &  -AL)] 

maud,  n.  Scotch  shepherd's  grey  striped 
plaid  ;  travelling-rug  like  this.    [?] 

mau'dlin,  a.  &  n.  Mawkishly  sentimental, 
esp.  of  tearful  stage  of  drunkenness ;  (n. )  mawk- 
ish sentiment.     T(adj.  f.  n.)  f.  OF  Madelaine 

MAGDALEN] 

mau'gre  (-ger),  prep,  (archaic).  In  spite  of. 
[f.  OF  maugrb  (mal  bad  f.  L  malus  +  grb  f.  L 
gratus  pleasing)] 

maul1,  mall,  n.  Heavy  hammer  for  pile- 
driving  &c.   If.  F  mail  f.  L  malleus  hammer] 

maul 2,  v.t.  Beat  &  bruise  ;  handle  (material 
thing,  subject,  quotation)  roughly  or  carelessly; 
damage  by  criticism,   [f.  prec] 

mau'lstick,  n.  Light  stick  held  by  painter 
in  left  hand  as  support  for  right,  with  padded 
leather  ball  at  one  end.  [f.  Du.  maalstok 
(malen  paint  +  stok  stick)] 

mau'nder,  v.i.  Move,  act,  listlessly ;  talk  in 
dreamy  or  rambling  manner.    [?] 

mau'ndy,  n.  (Ceremony  of  washing  the  feet 
of  poor  people,  followed  by,  and  now  only  sur- 
viving in,)  distribution  of  m.  money  by  royal 
almoner  to  the  poor  on  M.  Thursday  (next  be- 
fore Easter),  [f.  OF  mandi  f.  L  mandatum 
mandate  ( John  xiii.  14)] 

Mau'ser  (mowz-),  n.  Kind  of  military  rifle, 
[inventor's  name] 

mausoleum,  n.  Magnificent  tomb,  orig. 
that  of  Mausolus  king  of  Caria  erected  by  his 
queen  Artemisia  in  4th  c.  B.  c.  [L,  f.  GkMauso- 
leion  (Mausolos)] 

mauvais  (mova*),  a.  M.  sujet,  black  sheep, 
rogue ;  m.  quart  d'heure,  short  but  unpleasant 
experience,  interview,  &c.    [F] 

mauvaise  honte  (F),  n.  False  shame  ;  pain- 
ful diffidence.    [F,  =  ill  shame] 

mauve  (mov),  n.  &  a.  Bright  but  delicate 
purple  dye  from  coal-tar  aniline  ;  of  the  colour 
of  this.    [F,  f.  L  malva  mallow] 

ma-vis,  n.  (poet.).  Song-thrush,  [f.  F  mauvis 
=  Sp.  malviz,  etym.  dub.j 

maw,  n.  Stomach  (only  facet,  of  men),  esp. 
last  of  ruminant's  four  stomachs ;  mawworm, 
intestinal  worm,  also  [f.  M„  character  in  Bick- 
ers taffe's  play  The  Hypocrite]  hypocrite.  [com.- 
Teut. :  OE  maga,  Du.  maag,  G  magen] 

mawkish,  a.  Of  faint  sickly  flavour :  feebly 
sentimental.  Hence  mawkishLV^  adv., 
mawkishNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  mawk  maggot  f. 
ON  madkr  +  -ish  ]] 

mawseed,  n.  Seed  of  opium  poppy,  [f.  G 
mohsamen  (moh  poppy  +  samen  seed)] 

maxl'lla,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Jaw(bone),  esp.  \ipper 
jaw  in  animals  &  most  vertebrates.  Hence 
maxi'llARY  »,  maxi'lliFOKM,  aa.    [L] 

ma*xim ',  n.  A  general  truth  drawn  from 
science  or  experience ;  principle,  rule  of  con- 
duct, [f.  F  maxime  f.  L  maxima,  fern,  adj., 
greatest] 

Ma'xim2,  n.  Single-barrelled  quick-firing 
machine  gun,  with  water-casing  to  keep  parts 


cool ;  M.-Nordenfelt  gun,  modification  of  this. 
Sir  Hiram  S.  M„  inventor] 

ma'ximize,  v.t.  Increase,  magnify,  to  the 
utmost ;  interpret  (doctrine  &c.)  vigorously. 
Hence  maximizA'TiON  n.  [f.  L  maximus 
greatest  +  -ize] 

ma'ximum,  n.  (pi.  usu.  -ma).  Highest  pos- 
sible magnitude  or  quantity  (often  attrib.);  m. 
thermometer  (recording  highest  temperature 
within  given  period).    [L,  neut.  as  prec] 

may  \  v.  auxil.  (3rd  sing,  may ;  past  might), 
expr.  possibility,  a,sitmaybetrue(neg.itcannot 
be),  it  may  not  be  (perhaps  is  not)  true,  you  may 
walk  miles  without  seeing  one,  he  may  or  might 
(perhaps  will)  lose  his  way,  I  was  afravd  he  might 
(perhaps  would)  lose  his  way,  afraid  he  might 
have,  (perhaps  had)  lost  it ;  expr.  permission,  as 
you  may  (neg.  must4  not  or  cannot)  go,  IwishI 
might ;  you  might  (I  request  you  to)  call  at  the 
baker's ;  you  might  (ought  to,  yet  do  not)  offer  to 
help,  you  might  (ought  to)  have  offered ;  (in  final 
clauses,&  after  wish,  fear,  Sec.)  take,  took,  such  a 
course  as  may, might, avert  the  danger,  I  hope  he 
may,  hoped  he  might,  succeed ;  (expr.  wish)  may 
you  live  to  repent  it!',  (in  questions,  emphasiz- 
ing uncertainty)  who  may  you  be  ?,  I  asked  him 
who  he  might  be ;  maybe  (aiso  archaic  mayhap), 
perhaps.  [com. -Teut. :  OE  mxg,  past  meahte, 
Du.  mag,  mocht,  G  mag,  mochte) 

may  \  n.  (poet.).  Maiden.  [OE  has  maeg  kins- 
woman] 

May3,  n.  Fifth  month  of  year;  (fig.)  bloom, 
prime ;  Queen  of  (the)  M.,  girl  chosen  to  be  queen 
of  games  on  May-day ;  hawthorn  (blossom) ; 
(Camb.  Univ.,  pi.)  M.  examination,  M.  boat- 
races  held  during  M.-week  (late  in  M.  or  early  in 
June) ;  M.-day,  May  1  (mayiNG1,  keeping  this, 
picking  m.) ;  m.-fiy,  an  ephemeral  insect;  M.- 
games,  on  M.-day ;  may-pole,  pole  painted  & 
decked  with  flowers,  for  dancing  round  on  M.- 
day.  [f.  F  mai  f.  L  Mains] 

mayonnai'se  (-z),  n.  (Salmon,  chicken.  Sec, 
w.,dishwith)creamydressingofegg-yolk&c.  [F] 

mayor  (mar),  n.  Head  of  municipal  cor- 
poration of  city  or  borough ;  lord  m.  Hence 
may 'opal  a.    [f.JF  maire,  as  major2] 

mayoralty  (mar'alti),  n.  Mayor's  (period  of) 
office,    [f.  OF  mairalU  (as  prec,  see  -al  &  -ty)1 

mayoress  (maris),  n.  Mayor's  wife,  [-ess  l] 

ma-zard,  n.  (archaic).  Head,  face ;  (perh. 
different  wd)  small  black  cherry,  [prob.  f.  obs. 
mazer  f.  OF  masere  of  Teut.  orig.] 

mazari'ne  (-en),  n.  &  a.    Deep  rich  blue.    [?] 

Ma'zdaism,  n.  Zoroastrianism.  [f.  Avestic 
mazda,  good  principle  in  Persian  theology] 

maze,  n.,  &  v.t.  Complex  network  of  paths, 
labyrinth;  confused  mass  &c. ;  (v.t.)  bewilder, 
confuse,  (esp.  in  p.p.).  Hence  ma'zii.v  2  adv., 
ma'ziNESS  n.,  ma*zv  2  a.    [?] 

mazup'ka,  n.  Lively  Polish  dancelike  polka, 
music  for  this  in  triple  time.  [Polish,  =  woman 
of  province  Mazovia] 

me  (me,  ml),  pron.,  objective  case  of  I  (&  col- 
loq.  subjective,  as  it's  only  me);  (archaic  &  poet., 
reflexive)  myself,  I  laid  me  down ;  (in  intt.)  ah 
me !,  dear  me!.  [OE  had  (1)  me,  cf.  Du.  mij,  L 
me,  Gk  (e)me ;  (2)  mec  (lost  in  ME),  cf.  G  mich, 
Gk  emege  me  at  least] 

mead 1  (med),  n.  Alcoholic  liquor  of  ferment- 
ed honev  &  water,  [com. -Teut.  &  Aryan  :  OE 
meodu,  Du.  mede,  G  met ;  cf.  Skr.  madhu  honey, 
sweet  drink,  Gk  methu  wine] 

mead2  (med),  n.  (poet.).  =  foil,    [see  foil.] 

meadow  (me "do),  n.  Piece  of  grass  land,  esp. 
one  used  for  hay ;  low  well-watered  ground, 
esp.  near  river ;  m.-swett,  rosaceous  plant  com- 
mon in  moist  ram.,  with  creamy- white  heads  & 
fragrant  flowers.   Hence  mea'dowv  2  a.  [OE 


MEAGRE 

maedwe  oblique  case  of  vixd  (whence  prec.)  f. 
Teut.  root  vie-,  whence  mow] 
meagre  (me'ger),  a.     (Of  persons  &c.)  lean, 
thin ;  poor,  scanty ;  (of  literary  composition, 
ideas,  &c.)  wanting  in  fullness.    Hence  mea'- 

freLY2  adv.,  mea'gre.\Kss  n.  [f.  OF  maigre 
L  macer  -cri,  cogn.  w.  Gk  makros  long] 

meal1,  n.  Edible  part  of  any  grain  or  pulse 
(usu.  exc.  flour)  ground  to  powder ;  whole 
vi.  [com. -Teut.:  OE  melo,  Du.  meet,  G  mehl,  f. 
Teut.  root  mel-,  cogn.  w.  L  molere  grind] 

meal2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Customary  (also,  any)  occa- 
sion of  taking  food ;  food  so  taken  ;  quantity  of 
milk  given  by  cow  at  a  milking ;  m.-time,  usual 
time  of  eating ;  (v.i.)  eat  a  m.  [(vb  f.  n.)  coni.- 
Teut.:  OEmaeJmark,  fixed  time,  meal,  Du.  maal, 
G  vial  time,  viahl  meal] 

mealie,  n.  (S.-Afr.).  Maize  (usu.  pi.),  [f.  Cape 
Du.  miUe  f.  Port,  viilho  millet] 

mea'ly,  a.  Of,  like,  containing,  meal;  (of 
boiled  potatoes)  dry  &  powdery ;  m.  bug,  insect 
infesting  vines  &c;  (of  horses)  spotty ;  (of  com- 
plexion) pale ;  (usu.  vi.-mouthed)  apt  to  mince 
matters,  soft-spoken.     Hence  mea'lixEss  n. 


507 MECHANICAL 

mea'ning  \  n.  What  is  meant ;  with  m.,  sig- 
nificantly.   Hence  mea'ningLESs  a.    (-ing  *) 

mea'ning:2,  a.  Expressive,  significant, 
whence  mea'ningrLY2  adv.;  welUvut  having 
good  intention,    [-ing2] 

mea'sles  (-z-),n.  pi.  Infectious  disease  of  man, 
marked  by  red  pustules ;  such  pustules ;  dis- 


[MEAL1  +  -Y2] 

mean  \  n.  Condition,  quality,  course,  equally 
removed  from  two  opposite  (usu.  blamable)  ex- 


tremes, esp.  the  golden, happy, vi.;  (Math.)  term 
between  first  &  last  terms  of  arithmetical,  geo- 
metrical, &c,  progression  ;  (pi.,  often  treated  as 
sing. ,  as  a  vim.)  that  by  which  a  result  is  brought 
about,  as  it  has  been  the  mvi.  of  extending  our 
trade,  by  fair  mm.,  ways  &  mm.,  vxvi.  of  grace 
(sacraments  &c);  pecuniary  resources,  as  he 
lives  beyond  his  mm. ;  wealth,  as  a  man  of  mm. ; 
by  all  {manner  of)  mm.,  in  every  possible  way, 
at  any  cost,  certainly;  by  no  (manner  of)  mm., 
not  at  all,  certainly  not ;  by  mm.  (the  instru- 
mentality) o/ (person,  thing,  doing),    [f.  foil.] 

mean2,  a.  (Math.)  equally  removed  from 
two  extremes,  as  5  is  the  m.  quantity  between 
2  &  8 ;  m.  sun,  fictitious  sun  supposed  to  move 
in  celestial  equator  at  m.  rate  of  real  sun  ;  m. 
proportional,  middle  one  of  three  quantities  of 
which  first  is  to  second  as  second  to  third  j  in 
the  vi.  (intervening)  time,  while',  meantime, 
meanwhile,  nn.  &  advv.,  (in)  the  intervening 
time.  [f.  OF  men.  moien,  f.  LL  medianus  (me- 
dius  mid,  see  -as)] 

mean  3,  a.  (Of  capacity,  understanding,  &c.) 
inferior,  poor ;  (Hist.)  m.  white,  landless  white 
man  in  S.  United  States ;  not  imposing  in  ap- 
pearance, shabby ;  he  is  no  m.  (a  good)  scholar ; 
ignoble,  small-minded ;  stingy.  Hence  mea'n- 
ly2  adv.,  mea'nNESS  n.  [OE  gemxne  common, 
cf.  Du.  gemeen,  G  gemein,  cogn.  w.  L  communis 
common] 

mean4,  v.t.  (meant,  pron.  ment).  Purpose, 
have  in  mind,  (mischief,  business,  to  do) ;  de- 
sign, destine,  for  an  object  &c,  as  m.  it  to  be 
used,  m.  it  for  a  stopgap,  he  was  meant  (by 
parents  &c,  also,  by  Providence) /or  a  soldier; 
I  m,.  you  to  (am  determined  that  you  shall)  go ; 
vi.  well  to,  by,  be  kindly  disposed  towards  ;  in- 
tend to  convey  (specified  sense)  or  indicate  (ob- 
ject), as  Im.  that  he  is  stingy,  I  m.  his  father ; 
(of  words)  signify,  import,  (thing,  that) ;  what 
do  you  vi.  by  (how  do  you  justify)  it  ?.  [com.- 
WG :  OE  mxnan,  Du.  meenen,  G  meinen] 

mea'nder,  n.,  &  v.i.  (PI.)  sinuous  windings 
of  river;  (pl.)  winding  paths  ;  (usu.  pi.)  circuit- 
ous journey  ;  ornamental  pattern  of  lines  wind- 
ing in  &  out ;  (v.  i. )  wander  at  random,  (of  stream) 
wind  about,  [(vb  f.  n.)  L,  f.  Gk  Maiandros, river 
in  Phrygia) 

mea'ndnine,  a.  Full  of  windings  (esp.  of 
genus  of  corals  with  surface  like  human  brain). 
[meander  1  +  -INE1! 


ease  in  swine;  German2  m.    [ME  maseles,  cf. 

Du.  mazelen,  cogn.  w.  OHG 

blister] 


Du.  mazelen,  cogn.  w.  OHG  masala  blood- 


mea'sly,  a.  Of,  affected  with,  measles ;  (slang) 
contemptible,  worthless,    [f.  prec.  +  -y2] 

measure1  (me-zher),  n.  Size,  quantity,  found 
by  measuring ;  short,  full,  m.,  less,  not  less,  than 
professed  amount ;  clothes  made  to  m.  (in  ac- 
cordance with  measurements  taken) ;  take  (per- 
son 's)  m.  .measure  him  for  clothes  &c. ,  (flg. )  gauge 
his  character  &c. ;  vessel  of  standard  capacity 
for  dealing  out  liquids  &c,  as  pintm.;  rod,  tape, 
&c,  for  measuring,  as  tape-m.,yard-m.;  unit  of 
capacity,  e.g.  bushel,  as  20  mm.  of  wheat ;  sys- 
tem of  measuring,  as  liquid,  linear,  m.;  that  by 
which  a  thing  is  computed,  as  a  chain's  weakest 
link  is  the  m.  of  its  strength ;  quantity  contained 
in  another  an  exact  number  of  times ;  greatest 
common  vi.  (greatest  that  divides  each  of  given 
quantities) ;  prescribed  extent  or  quantity,  as 
set  mm.  to,  limit,  beyond  m„  excessively, 
whence  mea'sureLESS  a.;  poetical  rhythm, 
metre ;  time  of  piece  of  music ;  (archaic)  dance, 
as  tread  a  m. ;  plan,  course  of  action,  as  take 
vim.;  legislative  enactment,  [f.  F  mesure  f.  L 
mensura  (metiri  mens-  measure,  -ure)] 

measure2  (me'zher),  v.t.  Ascertain  extent 
or  quantity  of  (thing)  by  comparison  with  fixed 
unit  or  with  object  of  known  size ;  ascertain 
size  &  proportions  of  (person)  for  clothes  ;  look 
(person)  up  &  down  with  one's  eye ;  mark  off 
(line  &c.  of  given  length) ;  m.  one's  length,  fall 
prostrate;  m.  swords,  (of  duellists)  see  that 
swords  are  of  equal  length,  (flg.)  try  one's 
strength  with  (person) ;  it  measures  7  inches  (is 
7  inches  long);  estimate  (immaterial  thing,  per- 
son's character,  &c.)  by  some  standard  or  rule  ; 
deal  out  (thing  to  person);  bring  (one's  strength 
&c.)  into  competition  with  (another's);  (poet.) 
traverse  (distance).  Hence  mea'SUPABLE  a., 
mea'surabLY  2  adv.,  mea'supe.M em  n.  [f. 
F  mesurer  (as  prec.)] 

mea'sured,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  also :  rhythmi- 
cal, regular  in  movement,  as  m.  tread  ;  (of  lan- 
guage) carefully  weighed,    [p.p.  of  prec] 

meat,  n.  Animal  flesh  as  food,  usu.  (also 
butcher's  m.)  excluding  fish  &  poultry;  green 
m.,  grass,  green  vegetables,  as  rood ;  (archaic) 
food  of  any  kind ;  this  was  m.  &  drink  (a  great 
pleasure)  to  him ;  (archaic)  meal,  as  before, 
after,  m.;  m.-safe,  cupboard  for  storing  m.,  usu. 
of  wire  gauze  &c. ;  (bibl.)  m.-offering  (R.V. 
meal-),  sacrifice  of  flour  &  oil.  Hence  mea*t- 
less  a.    [OE  meta,  cf.  Sw.  mat,  Da.  mad] 

mea'tus,  n.  (anat. ;  pl.  -us,  -uses).  Channel, 
passage,  in  the  body,  as  auditory  m.,  channel 
of  the  ear.    [L,  f.  meare  flow,  run] 

mea'ty,  a.  Full  of  meat,  fleshy ;  (flg.)  full  of 
substance  ;  of  meat,    [-v2] 

Me'cca,  n.  Mohammed's  birthplace ;  (fig.) 
place  one  aspires  to  visit,  (also)  birthplace  of  a 
faith,  policy,  pursuit,  &c.    [f.  Arab,  makkah] 

mecha'nic  (-k-),  n.  Handicraftsman  ;  skilled 
workman,  esp.  one  who  makes  or  uses  ma- 
chinery; (pl.)  branch  of  applied  mathematics 
treating  of  motion  &  tendencies  to  motion, 
(also)  science  of  machinery,  ff.  L  f.  Gk  mekha- 
nikos&d.].  (as  machine,  see  -ic)] 

mecha'nical  (-k-),  a.  Of  machines  or  me- 
chanism ;  the  m.  poicers,  lever,  wheel  &  axle, 
pulley,  inclined  plane,  wedge,  screw ;  of  the 


MECHANICIAN 


508 


MEDULLA 


nature  of  handicraft ;  working,  produced,  by 
machinery ;  m.  drawing  (done  with  compasses 
&c. ) ;  (of  persons  or  actions)  like  machines,  auto- 
matic, lacking  originality;  (of  agencies,  princi- 
ples, &c)  belonging  to  mechanics,  often  opp.  to 
chemical,  as  air  is  am.  mixture,  not  a  chemical 
compound ;  (of  theories  &c.)  explaining  pheno- 
mena by  assumption  of  mechanical  action, 
whence  meeha'niealiSM  n. ;  of  mechanics  as 
a  science.  Hence  meehaiiiealLY  2  ad  v. ,  me- 
cha'nicalNESS  a.    [as  prec,  see  -al] 

mechanician  (-ishn),  n.  One  skilled  in  con- 
structing machinery,    [mechanic  +  -ian] 

me'chanism,  n.  Structure,  adaptation  of 
parts,  of  machine  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  system  of  mutu- 
ally adapted  parts  working  together  (as)  in  ma- 
chine ;  (Art)  mechanical  execution,  technique. 

[f.  MECHANIC  +  -ISM] 

mechanize,  v.t.  Give  mechanical  character 
to.    [-izeJ 

Mechlin  (-k-),  n.  (Also  M.  lace)  lace  made  at 
M.  in  Belgium. 

meeo'nle,  a.  M.  acid,  white  crystalline  acid 
obtained  from  opium,  [f.  Gk  mekon  poppy  +  -ic] 
medal,  n.  Piece  of  metal,  usu.  in  form  of 
coin,  struck  or  cast  with  inscription  &  device  to 
commemorate  event  &c,  also  awarded  as  dis- 
tinction to  soldier,  student,  &c,  for  services 
rendered,  proficiency,  &c. ;  the  reverse  of  the 
m. ,  other  side  of  question.  Hence  me'dall  ed  2, 
meda'llic,  aa.  [f.  F  m&daille  f.  pop.L  *metal- 
lea  (as  metal)] 

meda'llion,  n.  Large  medal ;  thing  so  shaped, 
e.  g.  decorative  panel  or  tablet,  portrait,  &c.  [f. 
F  medaillon  (as  prec,  see  -oon)J 
medallist,  n.  Engraver,  designer,  of  medals ; 
recipient  of  medal,  as  gold  m.    [-ist] 
meddle,  v.i.    Busy  oneself  unduly  with,  in- 
terfere in.     Hence  me'ddlER1,  me'ddle- 
someNESS,  nn.,  meddlesome  a.  [f.  OF  med- 
ler=mesler  f.  pop.L  *misculare  (miscere  mix)] 
me'dia,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Voiced  or  soft  mute  (b,  d, 
g),  cf.  tenuis  ;  middle  membrane  of  artery  or 
vessel.    [L,  fem.  of  medius  middle] 
mediae'val,  -dieval,  a.  Of,  imitating,  the 
middle  ages.  Hence  medi(a)e*valiSM(2),  me- 
di(a)e*valisT(3),  nn.,  medi(a)evalizE(2,  3) 
v.t.  &  i.,  medi(a)e*vali.Y  2  adv.    [f.  L  medius 
middle  +  aevum  age  +  -al] 
medial,  a.  Situated  in  the  middle  ;  of  aver- 
age dimensions.    Hence  me'dialLY  2  adv.    [f. 
LL  medialis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 
median,  a.  &  n.    Situated  in  the  middle ; 
(n.,  Anat.)  m.  artery,  vein,  nerve,  &c.    [f.  L 
medianus  (as  prec,  see  -an)] 
mediant,  n.  (mus.).    Third  of  any  scale,   [f. 
It.  mediante  (as  mediate2,  see  -ant)] 
mediastrnum,   n.    (anat.).     Membranous 
middle  septum,  esp.  between  lungs.     Hence 
mediasti'nAL  a.    [med.L,  neut.  adj.,  =  mid- 
dle, f.  medius] 

mediate l  (-at),  a.  Connected  not  directly 
but  through  some  other  person  or  thing  ;  in- 
volving intermediate  agency.  Hence  medi- 
ate ly  2  ad  v.  [as  foil. ,  see  -ate  2] 
mediate2,  v.i.  &  t.  Form  connecting  link 
between ;  intervene  (between  two  persons)  for 
purpose  of  reconciling  them;  be  the  medium 
for  bringing  about  (result)  or  conveying  (gift 
&c).  So  mediA-TiON  n.  [f.  LL  mediare  (medius 
middle),  see  -ate3] 
mediatize,  v.t.  Annex  (principality)  to 
another  State,  leaving  former  sovereign  his 
title  &  some  rights  of  government.  Hence 
mediatizATiON  n.  [f.  F  mediatiser  (mediat, 
as  mediate  1,  see  -ize)] 

mediator,   n.     One    who    mediates,    esp. 
Lurist.    Hence  or  cogn.  mediator*! al,  me'- 


diatoRY,  aa.,  mediaTRix  n.  [f.  F  mldiateur 
f.  LL  mediatorem  (as  mediate2,  see  -or2)] 

medicable,  a.  Admitting  of  remedial  treat- 
ment, [f.  L  medicabilis  (as  medicate,  see  -ble)] 

medical,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  healing  art ;  m.  man, 
physician  or  surgeon  ;  of  medicine  as  opp.  to 
surgery,  obstetrics,  &c;  requiring  m.,  not  sur- 
gical, treatment ;  m.  jurisprudence,  the  legal 
knowledge  required  of  a  doctor ;  (n.,  colloq.)  m. 
student.  Hence  me'dicalLY  2  ad  v.  [LF  medi- 
cal f.  hhmedicalis  {medicus physician,  see  -al)1 

medi'cament  {or  me'd-),  n.  Substance  used 
in  curative  treatment,  [f.  F  medicament  f.  L 
medicamentum  (as  medicate,  see  -ment)] 

medicaster,  n.  Quack,  [f.  L  medicus  phy- 
sician, see  -aster] 

medicate,  v.t.  Treat  medically;  impreg- 
nate with  medicinal  substance.  Hence  or  cogn. 
mediCATiON  n.,  me'dicatiVE  a.  [f.  L  medi- 
cari  (as  prec),  see  -ates] 

Medicean,  a.  Of  the  Medici  family,  rulers 
of  Florence  in  15th  c  [f.  med.L  Mediceus  +  -an] 

medi'cinal,  a.  Of  medicine  ;  having  healing 
properties.  Hence  medi'cinal l v  2  adv.  [f.  L 
medicinalis  (as  foil.,  see  -al)] 

medicine  (me'dsn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Art  of  restoring 
&  preserving  health,  esp.  by  means  of  remedial 
substances  &  regulation  of  diet  &c,  as  opp.  to 
surgery  &  obstetrics ;  substance,  esp.  one  taken 
internally,  used  in  this ;  (among  savages)  spell, 
charm,  fetish,  as  m.-man,  magician  ;  (v.t.)  give 
m.  to,  cure  with  m.  [(vb  f.  OF  medeciner)  f.  OF 
medecine  f.  L  medicina  (medicus  physician)] 

medico,  n.  (facet. ;  pi.  -os).    Doctor.    [It.] 

medico-  in  comb.  =  L  medicus  physician, 
medical-,  as  -botanical,  -galvanic,  -judicial. 

medieval.    See  mediaeval. 

mediocre  (-ker),  a.  Of  middling  quality,  in- 
different, neither  good  nor  bad.  So  medi- 
6'CPiTY  n.  [f.  F  mediocre  f.  L  mediocris  of 
middle  degree  (medius  middle)] 

meditate,  v.t.  &  i.  Plan  mentally,  design  ; 
(intr.)  exercise  the  mind  in  (esp.  religious)  con- 
templation. Hence  or  cogn.  meditA'TiON, 
me'ditatOR2,  me'ditativeNESS,  nn.,  me- 
ditative: a. ,  me'ditati ver. y 2  adv.  [f.  L  medi- 
tari,  f.  root  med-,  cf.  Gk  medomai  think  about] 

mediterranean,  a.  &  n.  (Of  land)  remote 
from  coast ;  (of  water  surfaces)  land-locked  ; 
M.  (Sea),  that  which  separates  Europe  from 
Africa,  [f.  L  mediterraneus  (medius  middle  + 
terra  land)  +  -an] 

medium,  n.  &  a.  (pi.  -a,  -tims).  Middle 
quality,  degree,  &c  (between  extremes,  or  abs.); 
intervening  substance  through  which  impres- 
sions are  conveyed  to  senses  &c, e. g.  air;  (fig.) 
conditions  of  life ;  agency,  means,as  by, through, 
the  m.  of',  m.  of  circulation,  what  serves  as  in- 
strument of  commercial  transactions,  e.  g.  coin ; 
liquid  vehicle  with  which  pigments  are  mixed, 
e.  g.  oil,  water ;  (Spiritualism)  person  as  organ 
of  communications  from  departed,  spirits, 
whence  me'diumiSM  n.,  mediumi'stic  a., 
me*diumiZE(3)  v.t.;  (adj.)  intermediate  be- 
tween two  degrees  or  amounts,  average,  mode- 
rate. JL,  neut.  of  medius  middle] 

medlar,  n.  (Tree  with)  fruit  like  small 
brown  apple,  eaten  when  decayed,  [f.  OF  med- 
ler  f.  L  f.  Gk  mespile] 

me'dley,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Heterogeneous  mix- 
ture; mixed  company;  literary  miscellany; 
(adj.)  mixed,  motley;  (v.t.)  make  a  m.  of,  inter- 
mix,   [(vb  &  a.  f.  n.)  f.  OF  medlee  (as  meddle)] 

M edo'c  (m6-),  n.  Red  wine  from  M. ,  district 
in  S.-W.  France. 

med  w  I  la,  n.  Marrow  of  bones ;  spinal  marrow ; 
m.  (oblongata  prolonged)  hindmost  segment  of 
brain ;  central  parts  of  some  organs,  esp.  kid- 


MEDUSA 


509 


MELON 


ney ;  pith  of  mammalian  hair ;  soft  internal 
tissue  of  plants.  Some'dullARY2a.  |L,  =  pith, 
marrow,  prob.  cogn.  w.  medius  middle] 

Medu'sa,  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  one  of  the  three 
Gorgons,  with  snakes  for  hair;  (Zool.)  jelly- 
fish, whence  medu'SAL,  medu'SAN,  aa., 
medu'soiD  a.  &  n.    [L,  f.  Gk  Medousa] 

meed,  n.  (poet.).  Reward ;  merited  portion 
(of  praise  &c.).  [OE  mid,  cf.  MDu.  miede,  G 
miete,  cogn.  w.  Gk  misthos  reward,  Skr.  midha 
prize] 

meek,  a.  Piously  humble  &  submissive ; 
submitting  tamely  to  injury  &c;  (prow.)  as 
in.  as  a  lavib,  as  Moses.  Hence  mee'kLY2 
adv.,  mee'k.vESs  n.  [ME  meoc  f.  ON  mivJcr 
soft,  gentle] 

meer'schaum  (-shawm,  -shm),  n.  Hydrous 
silicate  of  magnesium,  found  in  soft  white 
masses ;  tobacco-pipe  with  m.  bowl.  [G,  =  sea- 
foam  (meer  sea  +  schaum  foam)] 

meet  *,  n.  Meeting  of  hounds  &  men  for  hunt 
or  of  cyclists  &c.    [f.  foil.] 

meet2,  v.t.  &  i.  (met).  Come  face  to  face  with 
(person  coming  from  opposite  direction) ;  go  to 
place  to  receive  (person,  train,  &c.)  on  arrival ; 
m.  (person)  half-way,  respond  to  friendly  ad- 
vances of,  come  to  compromise  with ;  (of  line, 
road,  &c.)  reach  point  of  contact  with  (another 
line  &c.) ;  m.  the  eye,  ear,  be  visible,  audible ; 
m.  person's  eye,  see  he  is  looking  at  one,  (also) 
return  his  gaze ;  oppose  in  battle  or  duel ; 
grapple  with  (evils  &c.),  come  by  accident  or 
design  into  the  company  of;  come  into  con- 
formity with  (person,  his  wishes) ;  satisfy  (de- 
mand); pay  (bill)  at  maturity;  (intr.,  of  two 
persons)  come  face  to  face ;  come  together,  as 
they  had  or  were  met  together ;  come  into  con- 
tact ;  (of  qualities)  unite  in  same  person ;  m. 
with,  come  across  (person,  obstacle,  &c),  ex- 
perience (treatment  &c).  [OE  me"  tan,  cf.  Du. 
moeten,  Da.  mode,  cogn.  w.  moot  n.] 

meet 3,  a.  (archaic).  Suitable,  fit,  proper,  (for 
thing,  to  do,  to  be  done) ;  it  is  in.  (proper)  that. 
Hence  mee'tLY2  adv.,  mee'tNESs  n.  [ME 
mite  prob.  repr.  OE  *gemxte  f.  OTeut.  gamxtje 
{ga-  Y-  +  mxta  measure)] 

mee'ting-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  duel ;  race- 
in.  ;  assembly  of  people  for  entertainment  &c; 
assembly  for  worship;  persons  assembled,  as 
address  the  m. ;  m.-house,  place  of  worship  (usu. 
disparaging  exc.  of  Quakers);  m.-place  (in  which 
m.  is  held),    [meet2  -f  -ing *] 

mega-  in  comb.  =  Gk  megas  great,  as : 
-ceph&'lic,  large-headed ;  -lith,  large  stone,  esp. 
as  monument ;  -li'thic,  made  of,  marked  by  use 
of, largestones; -p/i one, instrumentfor  carrying 
sound  a  long  distance,  large  speaking-trumpet ; 
-pode,  -pod,  genus  of  mound-building  birds  (lit. 
large-footed) ;  -scope,  kind  of  magic  lantern ; 
-sco'pic,  visible  to  naked  eye ;  -ther'ium,  extinct 
genus  of  huge  herbivorous  sloth-like  animals. 

me'galo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  megas  (fern,  megale) 
great,  as:  -ma'nia,  insanity  of  self-exaltation, 
passion  for  big  things ;  -saur'us,  extinct  genus 
of  huge  carnivorous  lizards. 

mega'ss,  n.  Fibrous  residue  after  expression 
of  sugar  from  cane.    [?] 

megi'lp  (-g-),  n.  Mixture  (usu.  of  linseed  oil 
&  turpentine)  used  as  vehicle  for  oil  colours.   [?] 

me'gpim,  n.  Severe  headache  usu.  on  one 
side  only ;  whim,  fancy ;  (pi. )  low  spirits,  vapours ; 
(pi.)  staggers,  vertigo,  in  horses  &c.  [f.  F  mi- 
graine f.  L  f.  Gk  HEMi{krania  f.  kranion  skull)] 

meid'sis  (mi-),  n.  =  litotes.  [Gk  meiosis 
lessening  (meioo  lessen,  f.  meion  less,  see  -osis)] 

melancholia,  n.  Emotional  mental  disease 
marked  by  depression  &  ill-grounded  fears. 
[LL,  see  melancholy] 


melaneho'lie,  a.  Melancholy;  liable  to 
melancholy,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  melagkholikos  (as 
foil.,  see  -ic)] 

me'lancholy,  n.  &  a.  (Habitual  or  consti- 
tutional tendency  to)  sadness  &  depression; 
pensive  sadness;  (adj.,  of  persons)  sad,  gloomy; 
(of  things)  saddening,  depressing,  [(adj.  f.  n.) 
f.  OF  melancholie  f.  L  f.  Gk  melagkholia  (melas 
black  khole  bile)] 

melange  (F),  n.  Mixture,  medley.  [F  (meter 
mix,  as  meddle)] 

melanism,  n.  Darkness  of  colour  resulting 
from  abnormal  development  of  black  pigment 
in  epidermis,  hair,  &c.  [f.  Gk  melas  -anos 
black  +  -ism] 

melano'ehrol,  n.  pi.  (anthropol.).  .  Smooth- 
haired  class  of  men  with  dark  hair  &  pale 
complexion,  [f.  Gk  melanokhroos  (melas  black 
+  khroa  skin)] 

melano'sis,  n.  Morbid  deposit,  abnormal 
development,  of  black  pigment  in  tissue;  black 
cancer.  Hence  melanoTica.  [Gk  melanosis 
f.  melanoo  blacken  (melas  black),  see  -osis] 

mel6e  (me'la),  n.  Mixed  fight,  skirmish; 
lively  debate.    [F,  as  medley] 

me'lie,  a.  (Of  poem,  esp.  Gk  lyric)  meant  to 
be  sung.    [f.  Gk  melikos  (melos  song,  -ic)] 

me'linite,  n.  An  explosive  of  French  in- 
vention, [f.  F  mUinite  t  Gk  melinos  (melon 
apple),  see  -ite1] 

meliorate,  v.t.  &  i.  Improve.  Hence  me- 
Hopa'tion  n.  [f.  LL  meliorare  (as  foil.),  -ate  3] 

me'liorism,  n.  Doctri  ne  that  the  world  may 
be  made  better  by  human  effort.  Some'lionsr 
n.    [L  melior  better  +  -ism] 

me'llay,  n.  (arch.).    =  melee. 

melli'fei*ous,a.  Yielding,  producing,  honey, 
[f.  L  mellifer  (mel  honey,  see  -ferous)] 

mellrfluous,  a.  (Of  voice,  words)  sweet  as 
honey.  So  melli'fluEXCE  n.,  melli'fluEM  a. 
[f.  L  mellifiuus  (mel  honey,  fluere  flow)  +  -ous] 

me'llow,  a.  (er,  -est),  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  fruit) 
soft,  sweet,  &  juicy ;  (of  wine)  well-matured ; 


(of  earth)  rich,  loamy ;  (of  character)  softened  by- 
age  or  experience ;  (of  sound,  colour,  light)  full 
&pure  without  harshness ;  genial,  jovial;  partly 
intoxicated ;  (v.t.  &  i.)make,  become,  m.  Hence 
me'llowLY2  adv.,  me'llowNESS  n.  [(vb  f. 
adj.)  perh.  f.  OE  melo  meal1] 

melo'deon,  -dlon,  -dium,  n.  Early  form 
of  American  organ ;  kind  of  accordion,  [f. 
melody] 

melo'dious,  a.  Of,  producing,  melody; 
sweet-sounding.  Hence melo'diousLY2 adv., 
melo'diousxESS  n.  [f.  OF  melodieus  (as 
melody,  see  -ous)] 

me'lodist,  n.  Singer ;  composer  of  melodies, 
[f.  melody  +  -1ST] 

me'lodize,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  melody;  make 
melodious,    [f.  melody  +  -ize] 

melodra'ma  (-rah-),  n.  Sensational  drama- 
tic piece  with  violent  appeals  to  emotions  & 
happy  ending;  language,  behaviour,  suggestive 
of  this ;  (formerly)  play  with  songs  interspersed. 
Hence  melodrama'tic  a.,  melodrama*- 
tiCALLY  adv.,  melodra'matisT  n.,  melo- 
dpa'matiZE  v.t.  [earlier  -drame  f.  F  milo- 
drame  (Gk  melos  music  +  F  drame  drama)] 

me'lody,  n.  Sweet  music  ;  musical  arrange- 
ment of  words ;  arrangement  of  single  notes  in 
musically  expressive  succession ;  principal  part 
in  harmonized  music,  air.  [f.  OF  melodie  f.  LL 
f.  Gk  meloidia  f.  meloidos  musical  (melos  song 
+  -aoidos  singing  f.  aeido  sing)] 

me'lon,  n.  Kinds  of  gourd,  esp.  water  m. 
IF,  f.  LL  melonem  (nom.  -16),  prob.  shortened  f. 
L  (-po)  t.  Gk  melopepon  (melon  apple  +  pepan 
gourd  f.  pepon  ripe)] 


MELT 


510 


MENSURABLE 


melt1,  n.  Melted  metal ;  amount  melted  at 
a  time.    [f.  foil.] 

melt'2,  v.i.  &  t.  (p.p.  melted,  molten).  Become 
liquefied  by  heat;  m.  away,  disappear  thus: 
(colloq.,  of  person)  suffer  extreme  heat;  (of 
tender  food)  it  melts  (is  easily  dissolved)  in  the 
mouth ;  (of  clouds)  break  into  rain ;  (of  person, 
heart,  feelings)  be  softened  by  pity  or  love, 
dissolve  into  tears,  esp.  the  melting  mood, 
whence  me*ltingrLY2adv.;  dwindle  away;  (of 
sound)  be  soft  &  liquid ;  pass  imperceptibly  into 
(another  form);  reduce  (metal  &c.)  to  liquid 
condition  by  heat;  m.  down  (plate  &c,  to  use 
the  metal  as  raw  material);  soften  (person, 
feelings).  TOE  (1)  meltan  intr.  (2)  mieltan  trans. ; 
cf.  ON  melta  digest] 

member,  n.  Part,  organ,  of  body,  esp.  limb ; 
unruly  m.,  tongue ;  (fig.)  to.  of  Christ,  Christian ; 
constituent  portion  or  complex  structure ;  per- 
son belonging  to  a  society  &c;  M.  (one  formally 
elected  to  take  part  in  proceedings)  of  Par- 
liament (abbr.  M.P.) ;  part,  branch,  of  political 
body ;  division,  clause,  of  sentence ;  group  of 
figures,  part  of  numerical  expression.  Hence 
(-)membePED2,  me'mberLEss,  aa.,  mem- 
bepsmp  n.  [f.  F  membre  f.  L  membrum  limb] 

membrane,  n.  Pliable  sheet-like  connec- 
tive tissue  or  lining  in  animal  or  vegetable  body; 
morbid  formation  in  some  diseases;   skin  of 

Sarchment,  forming  part  of  a  roll.  So  mem- 
inanA'CEOus,  membpa'nEOUs,  me*m- 
branous,  aa.  [f.  L  membrana  membrane, 
parchment,  as  prec] 

memento,  n.  (pi.  -oes,  -os).  Object  serving 
as  reminder  or  warning,  or  kept  as  memorial  of 
person  or  event ;  m.  mori  ( =  remember  you 
must  die),  warning  or  reminder  of  death  (e.  g. 
skull).  [L,  imperat.  otmeminisse  remember] 
memoir  (me'mwar),  n.  Record  of  events, 
history  written  from  personal  knowledge  or 
special  sources  of  information;  (autobiogra- 
phy ;  essay  on  learned  subject  specially  studied 
by  the  writer,  [f.  F  mimoire  masc,  spec,  use 
of  mtmoire  fem.  memory] 
memorabi'lia,  n.  pi.  Memorable  things. 
[L,  neut.  pi.  as  foil.] 

memorable,  a.  Worth  remembering,  not 
to  be  forgotten.  Hence  memoraBiUTY  n., 
me'morabLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  memorabilis  (me- 
morare  bring  to  mind  f.  memor  mindful,  -ble)] 
memorandum,  n.  (pi.  -da,  -dums).  Note 
to  help  the  memory ;  record  of  events  &c.  for 
future  use;  (Law) document  recording  terms 
of  contract  &c;  informal  letter  without  signa- 
ture &c,  usu.  on  paper  headed  M.  [L,  neut. 
sing,  gerundive  as  prec] 
memorial,  a.  &  n.  (Of  statue,  festival,  &c.) 
serving  to  commemorate ;  of  memory  ;  m.  ob- 
ject, custom,  &c. ;  record,  chronicle,  (usu.  pi.) ; 
informal  State  paper  of  various  kinds ;  state- 
ment of  facts  as  basis  of  petition  &c.  Hence 
memop*laIiST  n.  [OF,  f.  L  memorialis  (as 
memory,  see  -al)] 

memorialize,  v.t.  Commemorate ;  address 
memorial  to  (person),    [prec.  +  -ize] 
memor" la  te'ehnica,  n.    System,  contriv- 
ance, used  to  assist  memory.     [L,  =  artificial 
memory] 

me-morize,  v.  t.  Put  on  record ;  (U.S.)  com- 
mit to  memory,  [f .  foil.  +  -ize] 
mfrmory,  n.  Faculty  of  remembering ;  this 
in  an  individual,  as  a  good,  bad,  to.;  recollec- 
tion ;  in  m.  of,  as  a  record  of,  to  keep  alive  the 
m.  of ;  posthumous  repute,  as  his  to.  has  been 
censured,  of  blessed,  happy,  &c.,  m.  (used  esp. 
of  deceased  princes  &c);  length  of  time  over 
which  ra.  extends,  as  beyond,  within,  the  m. 
of  men,  within  living  m.    [f.  OF  memoire  f. 


L  memoria  (memor  mindful  £.  root  mer-  re- 
member)] 

mem-sahib  (-sah-ib),  n.    (In  India)  Euro- 
pean married  lady.    [f.  ma'am  +  sahib] 
-men,  suf.  in  L  wds,  often  side  by  side  with 
L  -mentum  -ment  &  w.  same  meaning,  as/un- 
damen-tum.    Many  wds  of  slightly  technical 
or  learned  use,  as  acumen,  stamen,  gravamen, 
albumen,  cognomen,  regimen,  specimen;    cf. 
crime,  shortened  in  F  f.  L  crimen. 
menace !,n.  (literary).  Threat.  [OF,f.  Lmi- 
nacia  (minax  -ads  f.  minari  threaten)] 
menace-,  v.t.  Threaten.    Hence  me'nac- 
ingLY2adv.  [f.  Fmenacert  pop.  L  *minaciare 
(as  prec.)] 

menage  (menah'zh),  n.  Household  manage- 
ment ;  domestic  establishment,  [f.  OF  manaige 
f.  pop.  h*mansionaticum(a,s  mansion, see-AGE)] 
mena'gerie  (-jeri),  n.  Collection  of  wild 
animals  in  cages  &c.  [f.  F  menagerie  (as  prec, 
see  -ery)] 

mend1,  n.  Repaired  hole  in  material  &c; 
on  the  m.,  improving  in  health  or  (of  affairs  &c.) 
condition,    [f.  foil.] 

mend2,  v.t.  &  i.  Restore  to  sound  condition, 
repair,  (broken  articles,  clothes,  roads,  &c);  m. 
(correct)  one's  ways ;  least  said  soonest  mended 
(rectified);  m.  (add  fuel  to).#?'e ;  cut  to  required 
shape  (quill  pen) ;  (intr.)  regain  health  ;  to.  (im- 
prove state  of)  matters;  m.  (quicken)  one's  pace; 
to.  or  end,  improve  or  abolish.  Hence  me'nd- 
able  a.  [f.  amend  v.,  but  found  earlierf 
menda-cious,  a.  Lying,  untruthful.  Hence 
orcogn.menda,eiousLY2adv.,mendA,ciTY 
n.  [f.  L  mendax  f.  root  of  mentiri  lie,  see-ACious] 
mendicant,  a.  &  n.  Begging ;  to.  friars 
(living  solely  on  alms);  (n.)  beggar.  Hence  or 
cogn.  me'ndleANCY,  mendreiTY,  nn.  [f.  L 
mendicare  (mendicus  beggar),  see  -ant] 
menha'den,  n.  Fish  of  herring  family,  used 
for  manure,  &  yielding  valuable  oil.  [Amer. 
Ind.  munnawhatteaug] 

menhir  (-er),  n.  Tall  upright  monumental 
stone  found  in  Europe,  Africa,  &  Asia.  [f.  Bre- 
ton men  hir  long  stone] 

menial,  a.  &  n.  (Of  service)  servile ;  (of  ser- 
vant, usu.  contempt.) domestic ;  (n.)  m.  servant. 
Hence  menialLY2  adv.  [AF,  f.  OF  mesnie 
household  (obs.  E  meinie)  f.  pop.  Li*7nansionata 
(as  mansion,  see  -ade)] 

meninx,  n.  (usu.  in  pi.  meninges).    Any  of 
three  membranes  enveloping  brain  &  spinal 
cord    (dura   mater,  arachnoid,  pia   mater). 
Hence  meni'nge.w,  a.,  meningi'Tis,  me- 
ni'ngrocELE,  nn.    [Gk  meninx] 
meni'scus,  n.  Lens  convex  on  one  side,  con- 
cave on  the  other ;  (Math.)  figure  of  crescent 
form.    [f.  Gk  meniskos  crescent  (mene  moon)] 
meno-  in  comb.    Of  the  menses,  as :  -pause, 
final  cessation,  -rrhagia,  excessive  f[oxv, -rrhoea. 
ordinary  flow,  of  the  menses,  [f.  Gk  men  month] 
meno'logy,  n.    Calendar,  esp.  that  of  Greek 
Church,  with  biographies  of  saints,   [f.  late  Gk 
menologion  (men  month  +  logos  account)] 
me'nses,  n.  pi.    Flow  of  blood  from  mucous 
coat  of  uterus  of  female,  occurring  normally  at 
intervals  of  lunar  month.    [L,  pi.  of  mensis 
month] 

menstrual,  a.  Of  the  menses,  so  me*n- 
stpuousa.;  (Astr.)  monthly.  If.  F  menstruel 
f.  L  menstrualis  (as  menstruum,  see  -al)] 
menstruate,  v.i.  Discharge  the  menses. 
Hence  menstPUATiON  n,  [f.  L  menstruare 
(as  foil.),  see -ate3] 

menstruum,  n.  (pi.  -a).  Solvent  (lit.  &  fig.), 
[neut.  of  L  menstruus  monthly  (mensis  month), 
named  as  analogue  of  menses] 
mensurable  (-sher-),  a.     Measurable,  hav- 


MENSURAL 


511 


MERIT 


ing  fixed  limits;  (Mus.)  having  fixed  rhythm. 
[F,  f.  LL  mensurabilis  (mensurare  t.  mensura 
measure,  see  -bleH 

me-nsural,  a.  Of  measure  ;  (Mus.)  =  prec. 
[f.  med.L  mensuralis  (as  measure,  see  -al)J 

mensura'tion,  n.  Measuring;  (Math.) rules 
for  finding  lengths,  areas,  &  volumes,  [f.  LL 
mensuratio  (as  mensurable,  see  -ation)] 

-ment,  suf.  forming  nn.  expr.  result  or  means 
of  vbl  action  {atonement)',  some  formed  in  L 
(fragment),  some  in  F  (abridgment),  some  in  E 
on  L,  F,  or  E  vbs ;  a  few  are  on  adjj.  (oddment ; 
funniment,  perh.  on  anal,  of  merriment,  which 
is  really  f.  obs.  vb  merry);  -y  of  first  element  is 
changed  to  -i-.    [OF,  f.  L  -mentum] 

me'ntal  I,  a.  Of  the  mind ;  done  by  the  mind, 
as  m.  arithmetic  (performed  without  us*e  of  writ- 
ten figures) ;  m.  reservation.  Hence  men- 
ta'liT Y  n.,  me'ntalL v  2 adv.  [F, f.  LL  mentalis 
(mens  -ntis  mind,  see  -al)] 

me'ntal 2,  a.  Of  the  chin.  [F,  f.  L  mentum 
chin,  see  -al] 

menta'tion,  n.  Mental  action:  state  of  mind, 
[f.  L  mens  -ntis  mind,  see  -ation] 

me'nthol,  n.  Camphor-like  substance  got 
from  oil  of  peppermint  &c;  m.pencil  &c,  piece 
of  m.  &  spermaceti  for  relief  of  facial  neuralgia. 
IG,  f.  L  mentha  mint,  see  -ol(2)] 

mention »,  n.  Mentioning,  naming,  (of  thing); 
honourable  m.,  award  of  merit  to  candidate  in 
examination,  work  of  art,  &c,  not  entitled  to 
prize.  [F,  f.  L  mentionem  (men-  root  of  mens 
mind,  see  -ion)] 

rae'n  tion  2,  v.  t.  Refer  to,  remark  upon ,  specify 
by  name,  (esp.  thing  not  obviously  essential 
to  context,  as  this  was  expressly  mentioned  ; 
that);  (in  deprecation  of  apology  or  thanks) 
don't  m.  it ;  (introducing  fact  or  thing  of  secon- 
dary or,  as  rhet.  artifice,  of  primary  impor- 
tance) not  to  m.    [f.  F  mentionner  (as  prec.)] 

me'ntop,  n.  Experienced  &  trusted  adviser. 
IF,  f.  Gk  Mentor  adviser  of  Telemachus  (root 
men-  think)] 

me*nu  (-00,  or  as  F),  n.  Bill  of  fare.  [F  adj. 
=  small,  n.  =  detailed  list] 

Mephistd'pheles,  n.  Evil  spirit  to  whom 
Faust,  in  German  legend,  sold  his  soul ;  fiendish 
person.  Hence  MephistophelE'AN,  Me- 
phistophe'liAN,  aa.    [G,  etym.  dub.] 

mephrtis,  n.  Noxious  emanation,  esp.  from 
the  earth  ;  noisome  or  poisonous  stench.  So 
mephrtic  a.    [L] 

mercantile,  a.  Of  trade,  commercial ;  m. 
theory  (that  money  is  the  only  wealth) ;  m. 
marine,  shipping  employed  in  commerce  ;  mer- 
cenary, fond  of  bargaining.  Hence  mercan- 
tiliSM,  mer'eantiliST,  nn.  IF,  f.  It.  mercantil 

(as  MERCHANT)] 

Mepca'tor.    See  projection. 

mep'cenapy,  a.  &  n.  Working  merely  for 
money  or  other  reward  ;  hired  (soldier).  Hence 
mep'eenariNESs  n.  [f.  Itmercenarius  (merces 
-edis  reward,  see  -arv1)] 

mercep,  n.  Dealer  in  textile  fabrics,  esp. 
silks  &  other  costly  materials.  Hence  mep*- 
cery(I)  n.  [f.  F  mercier  f.  pop.L  *merciarius 
(merx  mercis  merchandise,  see  -ary  j)] 

mercerize,  v.t.  Prepare  (cotton  goods)  for 
dyeing  by  use  of  chemicals.  [J.  Mercer,  paten- 
tee, +  -ize] 

merchandise  (-z),  n.  Commodities  of  com- 
merce, goods  for  sale.  [f.  F  marchandise  (as 
foil.,  see-iSEl] 

mer'ehant,  n.  &  a.  Wholesale  trader,  esp. 
with  foreign  countries ;  m.  prince,  wealthy 
m. ;  law  1m.;m.  ship, merchantman,  (ship con- 
veying merchandise) ;  m.  (mercantile  marine) 
service,    [t  OF  marchand  t.  pop.L  mercatare 


frequent,  of  mercari  trade  (merx  mercis  mer- 
chandise), whence  It.  mercante  ;  see  -ant] 

mep-chantable,  a.  Salable,  marketable, 
[f.  merchant  v.  (now  rare)  f.  OF  marcheander 
(as  prec.)  +  -able] 

mep'ciful,  a.  Having,  showing,  or  feeling 
mercy.    Hence  mer'eifulLY2  adv.,  mep*ci- 

fulNESS  n.     [-FUL] 

mep'ciless,  a.  Pitiless,  showing  no  mercy. 
Hence  mep'cilessLY  2adv.,  mep'eilessN  ess 

n.     [-LESS] 

mepeup'ial,  a.  &  n.  Sprightly,  ready-witted, 
&  volatile,  whence  mepcupla'liTY  n.;  of,  con- 
taining, mercury  ;  (M-)  of  the  planet  Mercury  ; 
(n.)  preparation  of  mercury  as  drug,  whence 
mePCUP#Iali8M(5)  n.,  mePCUP*ialiZE(5)  v.t. 
Hence  mePCUP'lalLY2  adv.  [f.  F  mercuriel 
(as  mercury,  see  -al)1 

mep'cupy,  n.  (M-)  Roman  god  of  eloquence, 
skill,  thieving,  ace,  &  messenger  of  gods ; 
(facet.)  messenger ;  (M-)  planet  nearest  to  sun  ; 
quicksilver,  whence  mepcup'ic,  mep'eup- 
ous,  aa.  (chem.).  [f.  LMercurius,  prob.  f.  merx 
-rcis  merchandise] 

mercy,  n.  Compassion  shown  by  one  to 
another  who  is  in  his  power  &  has  no  claim  to 
kindness ;  compassionateness ;  at  the  m.  of, 
wholly  in  the  power  of,  liable  to  danger  or  harm 
from  ;  that  is  am.  (blessing,  thing  to  be  thank- 
ful for) ;  (facet.)  left  to  the  tender  vim.  of,  ex- 
posed to  probable  rough  handling  by  ;  m.-seat, 
golden  covering  of  Ark  of  Covenant,  throne  of 
God.  [f.  F  merci  f.  LL  mercedem  (nom.  -ces) 
reward,  (LL)_pity] 

mere1  (mer),  n.  Lake,  pond.  [OE,  cf.  Du. 
&  G  meer  sea,  cogn.  w.  L  mare  sea] 

mere  2  (mer),  a.  That  is  solely  what  the  nou n 
implies,  as  a  m.  swindler,  the  merest  buffoon- 
ery ;  (Law)m.  right  (without possession).  Hence 
mepe'LY  2  adv.    [f.  L  merus  unmixed] 

mepetpi'cious  (-shws),  a.  Of,  befitting,  a 
harlot;  (of  ornament,  literary  style,  &c.)  showily 
attractive.  Hence  meretpreiousi.v  -  adv., 
mepetpi'ciousNESS  n.  [f.  L  meretricius  f. 
meretrix  harlot  (mereri  earn,  see  -trix)  +  -ous] 

mepga'nsep,  n.  Diving  fish-eating  duck. 
[f.  L  mergus  diver  +  anser  goose] 

merge,  v.t.  &  i.  Lose,  cause  (thing)  to  lose, 
characteror  identity  tn(another),esp.  sink  (title, 
estate,  in  greater  one).  Hence  merg-ENCE  n. 
[f.  law  F  merger  f.  L  mergere  mers-  dip] 

merger,  n.    Merging;  combine,    [er4] 

mepi'dian,  n.  &  a.  Circle  passing  through 
celestial  poles  &  zenith  of  any  place  on  earth's 
surface  ;  circle  lying  in  the  plane  of  this  &  pass- 
ing through  the  place  &  the  poles,  as  m.  of 
Greenwich  (of  longitude  0°  in  British  maps) ; 
point  at  which  sun  or  star  attains  highest  alti- 
tude ;  prime,  full  splendour ;  calctdated  for  the 
m.  (to  suit  the  tastes  &c.)  0/ (place,  people); 
(adj.)  of  noon,  (fig.)  of  the  period  of  greatest 
splendour, vigour,  &c.  [(n. f.  adj.)f. OF meridien 
f.  L  meridianus  (meridies  midday  f.  medius 
middle  4-  dies  day,  see  -an)] 

mepi'dional,  a.  &  n.  Of  (the  inhabitants  of) 
the  south  of  Europe ;  of  a  meridian ;  (n.)  inha- 
bitant of  the  south  (esp.  of  France),  [f.  F  meri- 
dional f.  LL  meridionalis  (irreg.  as  prec,  -al)1 

mepi'ngue  (ang),  n.  Confection  of  sugar, 
white  of  eggs,  &c,  small  cake  of  this.    [F] 

mepi'no  (-re-),  n.  (Also  m.  sheep)  kind  of 
sheep  with  fine  wool;  soft  woollen  material 
like  French  cashmere,  orig.  of  m.  wool;  fine 
woollen  yarn.  |Sp.,  prob.  f.  L  majorinus  of  a 
larger  kind  (major  greater,  see  -ine1)] 

me'Pit,  n.,  &  v.t.  Quality  of  deserving  well; 
excellence,  worth ;  (usu.  pi.)  thing  that  entitles 
to  reward  or  gratitude  ;  make  a  in.  of,  view,  re- 


MERITORIOUS 


512 


METAL 


present,  (one's  own  conduct)  as  meritorious ; 
the  mm.,  intrinsic  rights  &  wrongs  (of  case  &c, 
esp.  Law) ;  judge  (proposal  Sec.)  on  its  mm.  (with 
only  its  intrinsic  excellences  &c.  in  view); 
(v.t.)  deserve  (reward,  punishment),  [(vb  f.  F 
m&riter)  f.  OF  merite  f.  L  meritum  neut.  p. p.  of 
mereri  earn,  deserve] 

meri  tortious,  a.  (Of  person  or  act)  deserv- 
ing reward,  praise,  or  gratitude  (often  as  term 
of  limited  praise,  =  well-meant,  well-meaning). 
Hence  meritor'iousLY  2  adv.,  meritor'i- 
o;asNESS  n.  [f.  L  meritorius  (mereri  merit- 
earn,  see  -ory)  +  -ous] 

merle,  n.  (archaic,  Sc).  Blackbird.  [F,  f. 
L  merulus,  -la] 

mer'lin,  n.  Kind  of  falcon,  [f.  AF  merilun 
f.  OF  esmerillont  com.-Rom.  *smerillo  (med.L 
smerillus),  perh.  of  Teut.  orig.] 
mer'lon,  n.  Part  of  embattled  parapet  be- 
tween two  embrasures.  [F,  f.  It.  merlone  (merlo 
battlement,  perh.  f.  mergola  dim.  f.  L  mergae 
pitchfork ;  see  -oon)] 

mer'maid,  n.  Half -human  being,  with  head 
&  trunk  of  woman  &  tail  of  fish.  So  mep'MAN 
n.    [f.  mere1  +  maid] 

mei»o-  in  comb.  =  Gk  meros  part,  in  senses 
'  partly ',  '  partial ',  as :  -blast,  ovum  that  is  only 
partly  germinal ;  -he'dral,  (of  crystal)  having 
less  than  full  number  of  faces  admissible, 
-mepous,  suf.  (bot.)= having  so  many  parts, 
as  dimerous,  5-merous.    [f.  Gk  as  prec  +  -ous] 
Merovi'nglan  (-j-),  a.  &  n.    (King)  of  the 
Frankish  line  founded  by  Clovis  &  reigning  in 
Gaul  &  Germany  c.  500-750.    [f.  F  Merovingien 
f.  med.L  Merovingi  of  Germanic  orig.] 
me'ppiment,  n.  Hilarious  enjoyment,  mirth, 
fun.    [f.  obs.  vb  merry  be  merry  +  -ment] 
me'ppy1,  n.     Kind  of  black  cherry,     [f.  F 
merise  etym.  dub.,  prob.  taken  as  pi.] 
me'ppy2,  a.  Joyous,  mirthful ;  m.  (pleasant) 
England ;  the  m.  monarch,  Charles  II ;  slight- 
ly tipsy ;  make  m.,  be  festive ;  make  m.  over, 
make  run  of ;  m.-andrew,  mountebank's  assis- 
tant, clown,  buffoon,  (also  fig.);  m. -dancers; 
m.-go-round,  revolving  machine  with  wooden 
horses  or  cars ;  m.-making,  festivity  ;  me'rry- 
thought,  forked  bone  between  neck  &  breast  of 
bird.   Henceme'PPiLY^adv.,  me'rriNESsn. 
(rare).    [OE  myr(i)ge,  whence  myrgdh  mirth, 
cf.  MDu.  merchte  mirth ;  perh.  f.  OTeut.  murg- 
jo-  short,  prob.  cogn.  w.  Gk  brakhus] 
mesai/iance  (F),  n.    Marriage  with  person 
of  inferior  social  position. 
mesee'ms,  v.i.  (archaic).    It  seems  to  me. 
[me  dat.+SEEMs] 

mesembrya'nthemum,  n.  Fig-marigold, 
[f.  Gk  mesembria  noon  +  anthemon  flower] 
me'sentery,  n.     Fold  of  peritoneum  at- 
taching some  part  of  intestinal  canal  to  pos- 
terior wall  of  abdomen.    Hence  mesenter- 
ic a.,   mesen terms   n.      [f.  med.L  f.  Gk 
mesenterion  (meso-  +  enteron  intestine)] 
mesh  \  n.     Open  space,  interstice,  of  net ; 
(pi.)  network,  (fig.)  snare;  (pi.)  interlaced  struc- 
ture in  bodies ;  (of  teeth  of  wheels)  in  m.,  en- 
gaged.  Jcogn.  w.  OE  max  net] 
mesh 2,  v.t.  &  i.    Catch  in  net  (lit.  &  fig.); 
(of  teeth  of  wheel)  be  engaged  {with  others), 
[f.  prec] 
me-sial  (mez-,  mes-),  a.    Of,  in,  directed  to- 
wards, middle  line  of  a  body.    Hence  me'si- 
alLY  2  adv.    [irreg.  f.  Gk  mesos  middle  +  -ial] 
mesmerism   (mez-),  n.      Hypnotic  state, 
usu.  involving  insensibility  to  pain  &  muscular 
rigidity,  produced  on  patient  by  operator's  in- 
fluence over  will  &  nervous  system  ;  doctrine 
concerning,  influence  producing,  this.    Hence 
mesme'ric  a.,  me'smensx,  mesmeriz- 


a-tion,  nn.,  me*smenzE(4)  v.t.  [F.  A.  Mes- 
mer,  Austrian  physician,  d.  1815,  + -ism] 

mesne  (men),  a.  Intermediate,  as  m.  profits 
(received  from  estate  by  wrongful  tenant  be- 
tween two  dates) ;  m.  process,  proceedings  in 
suit  intervening  between  primary  &  final  pro- 
cess ;  (Feud.)  m.  lord  (holding  of  superior  lord). 
[lawF,=  MEAN2] 

meso-  in  comb.  =  Gk  mesos  middle,  inter- 
mediate, as:  -ga'ster,  membrane  attaching 
stomach  to  dorsal  wall  of  abdomen ;  -li'thic, 
of  stone  age  between  palaeolithic  &  neolithic  ; 
-phyll,  inner  tissue  of  leaf ;  -zo'ic,  of  second  geo- 
logical period  (cf.  cainozoic,  palaeozoic). 

me'squit(e)  (-ket),  n.  N.-Amer.  leguminous 
tree ;  (also  m.-grass)  kinds  of  grass  growing 
near  this,    [f.  Mex.  Sp.  mezquite] 

mess  \  n.  Portion  of  liquid  or  pulpy  food  ; 
m.  of  pottage,  material  comfort  &c.  for  which 
something  higher  is  sacrificed  (Gen.  xxv.  29-34); 
liquid  or  mixed  food  for  hounds  &c;  concoc- 
tion, medley ;  dirty  or  untidy  state  of  things  ; 
make  a  m.  of,  bungle  (undertaking) ;  company 
of  persons  who  take  meals  together,  esp.  (Army, 
Navy)  each  of  several  parties  into  which  regi- 
ment or  ship's  company  is  divided ;  meal  so 
taken,  as  at  m.,  go  to  m.  (often  attrib.,  as  m.- 
jacket,  coat  worn  at  m.) ;  messmate,  one  of  the 
same  (usu.  ship's)  m.  [f.  OF  mes  f.  LL  missum, 
p.p.  of  mittere  send] 

mess  2,  v.t.  &  L  Make  a  mess  of,  dirty, (thing); 
muddle  (business);  potter  about;  take  one's 
meals  (with  or  abs.).    [f.  prec] 

message l  (-Ij),  n.  Oral  or  written  communi- 
cation from  one  person  to  another ;  prophet's 
inspired  communication.  [F,  f.  pop.  L  *missa- 
ticum  (mittere  miss-  send,  see  -age)] 

me'ssage  2,  v.t.  Send  as  a  message  ;  trans- 
mit (plan  &c.)  by  signalling  &c.     [f.  prec] 

me'ssenger,  n.  One  who  carries  a  message ; 
endless  rope  passing  from  capstan  to  cable  to 
haul  it  in.  [f.  F  messager  (as  prec,  see  -er  l) ; 
for  -n-  cf.  passenger] 

Messrah,  n.  Promised  deliverer  of  Jews ; 
Christ  as  this ;  liberator  of  oppressed  people 
or  country.  Hence  Messi'ahsHip  n.,  Messi- 
a*mc  a.  [f.  F  Messie  f.  L  f.  Gk  Messias  f.  Heb. 
mashiah  anointed  (mashah  anoint)] 

Me'ssidor,  n.  Tenth  month  of  French  re- 
volutionary calendar.  [F  (L  messis  harvest  + 
Gk  doron  gift)] 

messieurs*  (-yer),  n.  pi.  PI.  of  monsieur 
or  (in  abbr.  form  Messrs,  pron.  me'ssers)  Mr. 

messuage  (-swij),  n.  (law).  Dwelling-house 
with  outbuildings  &  land  assigned  to  its  use. 
[AF,  prob.  corrupt,  of  mesnage  menage] 

mesti'zo  (-te-),  n.  (pi.  -os).    Spanish  or  Portu- 

fuese  half-caste,  esp.  child  of  Spaniard  &  Amer.- 
ndian.    [Sp.,  f.  pop.  L  mixticius  (miscere  mix)] 

meta-  in  comb,  (before  vowel  met-,  before 
aspirate  meth-)  =  Gk  meta  with,  after ;  some- 
times w.  sense  '  change '. 

meta'bolism,  n.  Process,  in  organism  or 
single  cell,  by  which  nutritive  material  is  built 
up  into  living  matter  (constructive  m. )  or  proto- 
plasm is  broken  down  into  simpler  substances 
(deslrvctive  m.).  So  metabo'lic  a.,  meta*- 
boliZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  Gk  metabole  change  f.  meta- 
(ballo  throw)  change  +  -ism] 

metaear'pus,  n.  Part  of  hand  between 
wrist  &  fingers,    [f.  meta-  +  Gk  karpos  wrist] 

me'tage  (-Ij),  n.  Official  measuring  of  load 
of  coal  &c. ;  duty  paid  for  this.    [f.  mete  +  -age] 

metag-e'nesis,  n.  Alternation  between 
sexual  &  asexual  reproduction.  So  metage- 
nE'Tic  a.    [meta-  +  genesis] 

me*tal,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Any  of  a  class  of 
substances  represented  by  gold,  silver,  copper, 


METALLIC 


513 


METHODIST 


iron,  lead,  &  tin,  but  containing  many  sub- 
stances that  have  few  of  the  characteristics  of 
these;  bell1,  Britannia,  oun,  white,  yel- 
low, m.;  heavy  m.;  material  used  for  making 
glass,  in  molten  state ;  (also  road  m.)  broken 
'stone  for  macadam  roads  or  railway  ballast; 
(v.t.)  furnish,  fit,  with  m.,  mend  (road)  with  m. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  metallon  mine,  perh. 
cdgn.  w.  metallao  seek  after] 

metallic,  a.  Of  metal(s) ;  m.  currency,  gold, 
silver,  &  copper,  cf.  paper  ;  characteristic  of 
metals,  as  m.  lustre  (peculiar  sheen  of  metals), 
m.  sound.  So  me'talliNE1  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
metallikos  (as  metal,  see  -ic)J 

metallize,  v.t.  Render  metallic;  vulcan- 
ize (rubber).  Hence  metallizA'TiON  n.  [f. 
metal  +  -ize] 

metallography,  n.  Descriptive  science 
of  internal  structure  of  metals,  [f.  Gk  metallo- 
graphies (as  metal,  see  -graphy)] 

metalloid,  a.  &  n.  Having  form  or  appear- 
ance of  metal ;  non-metallic  element,    [-oid] 

metallurgy,  n.  Art  of  working  metals, 
esp.  of  extracting  metals  from  their  ores. 
Hencemetallup*firic(AL)  aa.,  meta'llurg-iST 
n.  [f.  Gk  metallourgos  metal-worker  (metallon 
metal  +  -ergos  -worker),  see  -Y  M 

me'tamere  (-er),  n.  (zool.).  One  of  several 
similar  segments  of  a  body.  [f.  meta-  +  Gk 
meros  part] 

metame'ric,  a.  (Chem.)  having  same  com- 
position &  molecular  weight,  but  different 
chemical  properties ;  (Zool.)  of  metameres.  So 
meta'meriSM  n.  (chem.,  zool.).   [as prec.  +  -ic] 

metamop'phic,  a.  Of,  marked  by,  meta- 
morphosis ;  (Geol.,  of  rock)  that  has  undergone 
transformation  by  natural  agencies,  whence 
metamop'phiSM  n.  [irreg.  f.  META-  +  Gk 
morphe  form  +  -ic| 

metamorphose  (oz),  v.t.  Change  in  form, 
turn  {to,  into,  new  form) ;  change  nature  of.  [f. 
F  mUamorphoser  (nUtamorphose,  as  foil.)] 

metamop'phosis,  n.  Change  of  form  (by 
magic  or  by  natural  development&c);  changed 
form ;  change  of  character,  conditions,  &c.  [L, 
f.  Gk  metamorphosis  f.  MKTA{morphoo  f.  mor- 
phe form)] 

metaphor,  n.  Application  of  name  or  de- 
scriptive term  to  an  object  to  which  it  is  not 
literally  applicable  (e.g.  a  glaring  error);  in- 
stance of  this ;  mixed  m.,  combination  of  incon- 
sistent mm.  Hence  metaphd'riCALa.,  me- 
tapho'riealLY2  adv.  [f.  F  mitaphore  f.  L  f. 
Gk  metaphora  t.  META(pnerd  bear)  transfer] 

metaphrase  (-z),  n.,  &.  v.t.  Translation, 
esp.  word-for-word  ;  (v.t.)  put  into  other  words. 
So  metaphra'stio  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Gk  metd- 
ph7°asis  f.  META(phrazo  show)  translate] 

metaphysical,  a.  Of  metaphysics ;  based 
on  abstract  general  reasoning;  oversubtle; 
incorporeal ;  supernatural ;  visionary.  Hence 
metaphys*iealLY2adv.    [-al] 

metaphysics,  n.  pi.  (often  treated  as  sing.). 
Theoretical  philosophy  of  being  &  knowing ; 
philosophy  of  mind.  So  metaphysro  an  n., 
metaphysieizE(2)  v.i.  [earlier  -ic;  med.L 
has  metaphysica  fem.  sing.  &  neut.  pi.,  f.  med. 
Gk  metaphusika  f.  Gfk  ta  meta  ta  phusika  the 
works  (or  Aristotle)  placed  after  the  physics] 

me'taplasm,  n.  (biol.).  Part  of  protoplasm 
that  contains  formative  material.  [meta-  + 
-plasm  as  in  protoplasm] 

metapo'litics,  n.  pi.  Abstract  political 
science  (often  contempt.).  Hence  metapo- 
litieAL  a.,  metapolitrciAN  n.  [meta-,  after 
metaphysics] 

metastasis,  n.  Transference  of  bodily 
function,  disease,  &c,  from  one  part  or  organ 

F.D. 


to  another;  transformation  of  chemical  com- 
pounds into  others  in  process  of  assimilation 
by  an  organism.  So  metastatic  a.  [LL  f. 
Gk,=  change,  f.  methistemi  remove  (meta-  + 
histemi  place)] 

metatar'sus,  n.  (anat.).  Group  of  five  long 
bones  of  foot  between  tarsus  &  toes.  Hence 
metatar'SAL  a.    [meta-] 

metathesis,  n.  (Gram.)  transposition  of 
sounds  or  letters  in  word  ;  (Chem.)  interchange 
of  atoms  between  two  molecules.  [LL  f.  Gk,  f. 
MKTAUithemi  place)  transpose] 

m6tayage  (mS'tayahzh),  n.  Land  tenure  in 
which  farmer  pays  part  (usu.  half)  of  produce  as 
rent  to  owner,  who  furnishes  stock  &  seed.  [F, 
irreg.  as  foil.,  see  -age] 

metayer  (metaya),  n.  Holder  of  land  on 
prec.  system.  [F,  f.  med.L  medietarius  (medie- 
tas MOIETY,  See  -ARY  *)] 

mete1,  n.  Boundary,  boundary  stone,  esp. 
(Law)  mm.  &  bounds.    [OF,  f.  L  meta  goal] 

mete2,  v.t.  (literary).  (Poet.)  measure  ;  por- 
tion out,  allot,  (punishment,  reward) ;  mete- 
wand, -yard,  (fig.)  standard  of  estimation. 
[com.-Teut.:  OE  metan,  Du.  meten,  G  messen] 

metemprrie,  n.  (Also  -ics)  philosophy  of 
things  outside  the  sphere  of  experience ;  be- 
liever in  this.  Hence  metempi'ricAL  a., 
metempPrieiSTn.  [f.  meta-  +  empiric,  after 
metaphysics] 

metempsycho'sis,  n.  Transmigration  of 
soul  of  human  being  or  animal  at  death  into 
new  body  of  same  or  different  species.  Hence 
metempsycho*siST(2)  n.  [LL  f.  Gk  (meta- 
+  en  in  +  psukhe  soul  +  -osis] 

meteor,  n.  (Any  atmospheric  phenomenon, 
esp.)  shooting  star,  small  mass  of  matter  from 
celestial  space  rendered  luminous  by  collision 
with  earth's  atmosphere,  [f.  Gk  meteoros  lofty, 
(neut.  pi.)  atmospheric  phenomena  (meta- + 
aeiro  raise)] 

meted'ric,  a.  Of  the  atmosphere ;  dependent 
on  atmospheric  conditions  ;  of  meteors  ;  (fig.) 
dazzling,  rapid,    [prec.  +  -ic] 

meteorite,  n.  Fallen  meteor,  meteoric 
stone.    So  meteoroLiTE  n.  [meteor  +  -ite1] 

meteorograph,  n.  Apparatus  recording 
meteorological  phenomena,  (meteor,  -graph] 

meteoroid,  n.  Body  moving  through  space, 
of  same  nature  as  those  which  by  passing 
through  atmosphere  become  visible  as  meteors. 
Hence  meteoroi'dAL  a.    [-oid] 

meteoro'logy,  n.  Study  of  motions  &  phe- 
nomena of  atmosphere,  esp.  for  weather  fore- 
cast ;  atmospheric  character  (of  region).  Hence 
or  cogn.  meteorolo'gic(AL)  aa.,  meteoro- 
lo'g-icalLY  2  adv.,  meteoro'logiST  n.  [f.  Gk 
meteorologia  (as  meteor,  -logy)] 

meter,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  measures,  esp. 
gas,  water,  &c,  -m.,  instruments  for  recording 
volume  of  gas  &c.  supplied,  [f.  mete  +  -er  1, 
prob.  after  wds  w.  foil,  suf.,  as  gasometer] 

-meter,  suf.  in  names  of  measuring  instru- 
ments on  Gk  nn.  (but  not  on  Gk  anal.),  as  baro- 
meter, L  nn.,  as  calorimeter,  mod.  wds  as  if  Gk 
or  L,  as  gasometer,  or  without  assim.  to  Gk  or 
L,  as  ammeter,    [f.  Gk  metron  measure] 

methi'nks,  v.i.  (archaic;  past  methought 
pron.  -awt).  It  seems  to  me.  [me  dat.  +  thinks] 

method,  n.  Special  form  of  procedure,  esp. 
in  any  branch  of  mental  activity,  whence  me- 
thodo'LOGY  n.;  orderly  arrangement  of  ideas; 
orderliness,  regular  habits  ;  (Nat.  Hist.)  scheme 
of  classification.  Hence  or  cogn.  metho'd- 
ic(al)  a.,  metho'dicalLv2  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
methodos  (meta-  +  hodos  way)] 

me thodist,  n.  (M-)  member  of  any  of  several 
religious  bodies  originating  in  the  evangelistic 

17 


METHODIZE 


movement  of  Charles  &  John  Wesley  &  George 
Whitefield,  whence  methodi'sticjAL)  aa., 
methodi'stiealLY 2 adv.;  (contempt.)  person 
of  strict  religious  views;  one  who  follows  a 
method,  esp.  in  Nat,  Hist,  Hence  me'thod- 
ism  n.    [-1ST] 

me'thodize,  v.t.  Reduce  to  order,  arrange 
in  orderly  manner,    [-ize] 

methoug-ht.    See  methinks. 

me'thyl,  n.  The  base  of  wood  spirit,  formic 
acid,  &  many  organic  compounds.  Hence  me- 
thy/lic  a.  [f.  F  methyle  (Gk  methu  wine  + 
hule  wood)] 

me'thylate,  v.t.  Mix,  impregnate,  (esp. 
spirit  of  wine,  to  make  it  unfit  for  drinking,  so 
as  to  exempt  it  from  duties)  with  methyl,  as 
methylated  spirit.    I-ate  3] 

meti'culous,  a.  Over-scrupulous  about  mi- 
nute details.  Hence  metreulousLY2  adv.  If. 
L  meticulosu8  (metus  fear,  see  -cule,  -ous)] 

metier  (me'tya),  n.  One's  trade,  profession, 
or  line.    [F] 

me'tis,  n.  Offspring  of  white  &  American  In- 
dian, esp.  in  Canada,    [f.  F  me'tis  (as  mestizo)] 

meto'nymy,  n.  Substitution  of  the  name  or 
an  attribute  for  that  of  the  thing  meant  (e.g. 
crown  for  king).  Hence  metony-miCAL  a., 
metonymiealLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  metonu- 
mia  (meta-  +  onoma  name)] 

me'tope  (-op),  n.  (Arch.).  Square  space  be- 
tween triglyphs  in  Doric  frieze,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
metope  (meta-  +  ope  hole  for  beam)] 

me'tre ]  (-er),  n.  Any  form  of  poetic  rhythm, 
determined  by  character  &  number  of  feet ; 
metrical  group,  esp.  pair  of  feet  in  iambic  & 
other  rhythms.  Hence  metri  *cian,  metrics, 
me'tPiST,  nn.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  metron  measure] 

me'tre2  (-er),  n.  Unit  of  length  in  metric 
system  (39  37  in.).  So  me'tPic  a.  [f.  F  metre 
(as  prec.)] 

me'trical,  a.  Of,  composed  in,  metre ;  of,  in- 
volving, measurement,  as  m.  geometry.  Hence 
me'trlcalL y  2  adv.  [f.  LL  f .  Gk  metrikos  (as 
metre,  see  -IC)  +  -al] 

metrd'logy,  n.  Science,  system,  of  weights 
&  measures.    Hence  metrolo'giCAL  &•    [as 

METRE  +  -LOGY] 

me'tronome,  n.  (mus.).  Instrument  mark- 
ing time  by  means  of  pendulum.  Hence  me- 
trond'mic  a.  las  metre  +  Gk  nomos  law] 
metropolis,  n.  Chief  city  of  a  country, 
capital;  them.,  London;  metropolitan  bishop's 
see ;  centre  of  activity.  [L,  f.  Gk  metropolis 
parent-state  (meter  -tros  mother  +  polis  city)] 
metropd'litan,  a.  &  n.  Of  a  or  the  metro- 
polis; 01  an  ecclesiastical  metropolis;  m. 
{bishop),  bishop  having  authority  over  bishops 
of  a  province,  in  the  West  equivalent  to  arch- 
bishop, in  Greek  church  ranking  above  arch- 
bishop &  below  patriarch,  whence  metropo*- 
li  tan  ate1  (-at)  n.;  inhabitant  of  a  metropolis. 
If.  LL  metropolitanus  t  Gk  metropolites  (as 
prec,  -ite1),  see  -an] 

-metry,  suf.  in  names  of  systems  corresp.  to 
instruments  in  -meter  on  anal,  of  Gk  geometria 
geometry,  butalso  in  hybrids,  as  alkalimetry. 
[f.  Gk  -metria  (metres  measurer,  as  metre)] 
me'ttle,  n.    Quality  of  disposition  ;  natural 
ardour ;  spirit,  courage ;  be  on  one's  m.  (incited 
to  do  one  s  best).    Hence  (-)mettlED  2,  me*t- 
tlesoME,  aa.    [var.  of  metal  n.l 
me'umf  n.  M.  <&  tuum,  mine  &  thine  (used  to 
express  rights  of  property).  [L,  neut,  of  meus] 
mew1,  n.    (Also  sea-m.)  gull,  esp.  common 
gull.    [OE  mxw,  cf.  Du.  meeuw,  G  mowe] 
mew2,  n.,  &  v.t.    Cage  for  hawks,  esp.  while 
moulting :  (v.t,)  put  (hawk)  in  m.,  (fig.)  shut  up, 
confine.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  mue  (as  foil.)] 


514 MICROSCOPIC 

mew3,  v.t.  (archaic).  (Of  hawk)  moult,  shed, 
(feathers),    [f.  F  muer  f.  L  mutare  change] 

mew4,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  cat,  sea-birds)  utter 
sound  mew  ;  this  sound,  esp.  of  cat.    [iinit.] 

mewl,  mule,  v.i.  Cry  feebly,  whimper ;  mew 
like  cat.    limit.,  cf.  miaul] 

mews,  n.  Set  of  stabling  round  open  yard. 
[pi.  (now  used  as  sing.)  of  mew2;  orig.  of  royal 
stables  on  site  of  hawks'  mews] 

mezzanine  (-en),  n.  Low  story  between  two 
higher  ones  (usu.  between  ground  &  first  floors) ; 
(Theatr.)  floor  beneath  stage.  [F,  f.  It.  mezza- 
nino  dim.  of  mezzano  f.  L  medianus  (medius 
middle,  see  -an)] 

mezzo  (-dz),  adv.  (Mus.)  half,  moderately, 
as  m.  forte2,  piano1;  m.-rilievo  (lyavo),  half- 
relief,  in  which  figures  project  half  their  true 
proportions ;  m.-soprano,  (person  with,  part 
for)  voice  between  soprano  &  contralto.  [It.,  f. 
L  medius  middle] 

mezzotint  (-dz-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Method  of  en- 
graving in  which  plate  is  roughened  uniformly, 
lights  8c  half-lights  being  given  by  scraping 
away  the  nap  thus  produced,  deep  shadows  by 
leaving  it;  print  produced  by  this;  (v.t.)  en- 
grave in  m.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  It.  mezzotinto  (also  used 
in  E)  f.  mezzo  half  -1-  Unto  tint] 

mi  (me),  n.  (mus.).  Third  note  of  octave,  [first 
syllable  of  L  mira,  see  gamut] 

miaow  (miow),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  cry  of  cat. 
[Unit.] 

mia*sma,n.  (pi.  -ta,  -s).  Infectious  or  noxious 
emanation,  esp.  malaria.  Hence  mia'smAL, 
miasma'tic,  aa.  [Gk (miaino  pollute,  see  -m)1 

miau'Lv.i.  Crylikecat.  [f.  Fmiauler,  imit.j 

mi'ea,  n.  Any  of  several  minerals  composed 
of  silicate  of  aluminium  with  other  silicates, 
found  in  small  glittering  scales  in  granite  &c, 
or  in  crystals;  m.-schist,  -slate,  slaty  rock  of 
quartz &m.  HencemieA'CEOusa.  [L,=crumb] 

Mrchael  (-kel),  n.  An  archangel ;  Order  of 
St  M.  &  St  George,  English  civil  order  of  knight- 
hood; Michaelmas  (mi-),  feast  of  StM.,  Sep.  29,  a 
quarter-day.  [f.  Heb.  mikhael  who  is  like  God  ?] 

mi'ckle,  mil'-,  a.  &  n.  (archaic,  Sc).  Much, 
great ;  a  large  amount  (in  prov.  many  a  little, 
or  pickle,  makes  a  m.).  [com.-Teut.:  OE  micel, 
Sw.  mycken,  Da.  meget,  cogn.  w.  Gk  megas 
great] 

micro-  in  comb.  =  Gk  mikros  small,  as :  -ce- 

Sh&'lic  a.  &  ii.,  (person)  with  abnormally  small 
ead,  so  -ctphalous  a,;  -li'thic,  constructed  of 
small  stones,  marked  by  monuments  so  con- 
structed ;  -logy,  hair-splitting ;  -meter,  instru- 
ments for  measuring  small  objects  or  (Astr.) 
distances,  so  -me'trical,  -metry ;  -phone,  instru- 
ment for  intensifying  small  sounds ;  -pho'to- 
graph  (of  microscopic  object  on  magnified 
scale) ;  -phyte,  microscopic  plant,  esp.  bacte- 
rium ;  -seism  (-sizm),  faint  earthquake  tremor, 
whence  -sei'smic,  -sei'smograph,  -seismo'logy ; 
-spore,  parasitic  fungus  with  small  spores,  small 
spore;  -tome,  instrument  for  cutting  thin  sec- 
tions for  microscope ;  -zyme,  zymotic  microbe. 

mi'crobe,  n.  Minute  living  being,  plant  or 
animal  (esp.  of  bacteria  causing  diseases  &  fer- 
mentation). Hence  micro* dial  a.,  miero- 
bio'LOGY  n.    [F  (micro-  f-  Gk  bios  life)] 

mi'cpocosm,  n.  Man  viewed  as  epitome  of 
the  universe ;  any  community  or  complex  unity 
so  viewed ;  miniature  representation  (of). 
Hence  mlcroco'smic  a.  [f.  F  microcosme  t 
med.L  micro(coswus  f.  Gk  kosmos  world)] 

mi'eposcope,  n.  Instrument  magnifying  ob- 
jects by  means  of  lens(es)  so  as  to  reveal  de- 
tails invisible  to  naked  eye.    /.micro-  +  -scope] 

micposcd'pic,  a.  Of  the  microscope,  whence 
micposco'picALa.;  too  small  to  be  visible  (in 


MICROSCOPY     515 

sufficient  detail)  without  microscope.  Hence 
microsco,picalLY2adv.    [ic] 

miepo'seopy,  n.  Use  of  the  microscope.  So 
miero'seopisT  n.    F-y  *J 

mictupi'tion,  n.  Morbidly  frequent  desire 
to  make  water ;  (improp.)  making  water,  [f.  L 
micturire  -it-,  desiderativef.  mingere  mict-  make 
water,  see  -ion] 

mid J,  a.  (sup.  mi'dmost).  (Expr.  adjectivally 
the  sense)  the  middle  of,  as  in  m.  career,  m.- 
career,  or  midcareer,  a  m.-moming  bathe, 
from  m.-June  to  m.- August ;  m.-rib,  principal 
rib  through  central  part  of  leaf ;  m.-air,  middle 
region  of  air;  (Crick.)  m.-off,  -on,  fieldsman  on 
off,  on,  side  in  front  of  batsman  &  near  bowler, 
this  position  ;  (Golf.)  m.-iron  (with  medium  de- 
gree of  loft),  m.-spoon  (of  medium  size) ;  mi'd- 
way,  in  the  middle,  half-way,  (between  &c). 
[com.-Teut. :  OE  midd,  OFris.  midde,.  OHG 
mitti,  cogn.  w.  Gk  mesos,  L  medius] 

mid2,  prep.  (poet.).    =amid. 

mi-dday  (<t-d-),  n.  Noon  (often  attrib.). 
[OE  middxg,  see  mid1  &  day] 

mi'dden,  n.  (dial.).     Dunghill ;  kitchen  m., 

f)rehistoric  refuse  heap,  chiefly  of  shells  &  bones, 
of  Scand.  orig.] 

mi'ddle  \  a.  (not  pred. ;  rare  sup.  middle- 
most) &  n.  (Of  member  of  group)  so  placed 
as  to  have  same  number  of  members  on  each 
side ;  equidistant  from  extremities ;  intermedi- 
ate in  rank,  quality,  &c. ;  m.  course,  way,  com- 
promise between  two  extremes ;  (Gram.)  inter- 
mediate voice  of  Gk  vbs,  between  active  & 
passive,  expressing  reflexive  action  or  intransi- 
tive conditions ;  M.  English  ;  m.  age,  between 
youth  &  old  age ;  m.-aged,  of  such  age ;  the  M. 
Ages  (about  1000-1400) ;  m.  class,  class  of  society 
between  upper  &  lower  (often  attrib.,  m.class); 
m.  (second)  finger ;  in  the  m.  of,  while  (doing'), 
during  (process);  (Log.)  m.  {term),  term  common 
to  both  premisses,.principZe  ofexcludedm.  (that 
anything  must  be  included  either  under  agiven 
term  or  under  its  negative) ;  middleman,  any 
of  the  traders  through  whose  hands  commodity 
passes  from  producer  to  consumer ;  (n.)  m.  point 
or  part  (of),  waist.  [OE  middel,  cf.  Du.  middle, 
G  mittel,  f.  OTeut.  midjo-  mid] 

mi'ddle2,  v.t.  (Footb.)  return  (ball  orabs.) 
from  wing  to  mid-field  in  front  of  goal ;  (techn.) 

f)lace  in  the  middle  ;  (Naut )  fold  in  the  middle, 
f.  prec] 

Idling-,  a. 
of  the  second  of  three  grades,  so  mi'ddlings 
n.  pi.  ;  moderately  good;  second-rate;  (adv.) 
moderately,  as  m.  good;  (colloq.)  fairly  well  (in 
health),  as  /  am  only  m.  Hence  mi'ddling- 
ly  2  adv.  [prob.  of  Sc.  orig.,  f.  mid  *  +  -ling  l  &  2 
(confused)J 

mi'dge,  n.  Kinds  of  gnat-like  insect ;  small 
person.    [OE  mycg,  cf.  Du.  mug,  G  miicke] 

ml'dget,  n.  Extremely  small  person,  esp. 
when  exhibited  as  curiosity,   [f.  prec.  -f  -et1] 

mi'dland,  n.  &  a.  Middle  part  of  country  ; 
(pi.)  the  middle  counties  of  England ;  (adj.)  of, 
in,  the  m.  or  mm.    [mid  +  land] 

mi'dnight,  n.  The  middle  of  the  night,  12 
o'clock ;  intense  darkness  (often  attrib.).  [OE 
midniht  (mid  +  night)] 

mi'drash,  n.  (pi.  -shim).  Ancient  Jewish 
commentary  on  part  of  Hebrew  Scriptures. 
[Heb.l 

ml'OPltf.  n.  Diaphragm.  [OE  midhrif  (midd 
mid  +  hrif  belly)] 

mi'dship,  n.  Middle  part  of  ship  or  boat ; 
mi'dshipman  (abbr.  middy),  rank  between 
naval  cadet  &  sub-lieutenant ;  midships,  = 
amidships,    [mid  +  ship] 

midst,  n.,  adv.,  prep.    In  the  m.  of,  among ; 


mi'ddllng,  a.  &  adv.    (Commerc,  of  goods) 


MILE 

in  our,  your,  m.,  among  us,  you  ;  (adv.,  only  in 
\ihv.)  first,  m.,  &  last ;  (prep.,  poet.)  in  the  in.  of. 
[(1)  mid  +  -st,  see  -es,  (2)  sup.  of  mid] 

mi'dsummep,  n.  Period  of  summer  sol- 
stice, about  June  21;  M.  day,  June  24,  a  quarter- 
day  ;  m.  (the  height  of)  madness,    [mid] 

mi'dwife,  n.  (pi.  -wives).  Woman  who  assists 
other  women  in  childbirth.  Hence  mi'd- 
wifERY(2)  (mi'dlfri,  mi'dwifri)  n.  Imid  (or  obs. 
prep,  mid  with,  cf.  G  mit)  +  wife] 

midwi'ntep,  n.  Middle  of  winter,  esp.  win- 
ter solstice,  Dec.  21.    [mid] 

mien  (men),  n.  (literary).  Air,  bearing,  of 
person,  as  showing  character  or  mood.  [prob. 
shortened  f.  demean  n.,  assim.  to  F  mine  ex- 
pression, etym.  dub.] 

miff,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (colloq.).  Petty  quarrel ; 
huff;  (v.i.)  take  offence  with  or  at;  (v.t.)  put 
out  of  humour,  [perh.  imit. ;  cf.G  muff,  exclama- 
tion of  disgust] 

might1  (mit),  n.  Great  (bodily  or  mental) 
strength ;  power  to  enforce  one's  will  (often 
opp.  to  right) ;  ivith  m.  &  main,  with  all  one's 
power.    [OE  miht,  cf.  Du.  &  G  macht,  f.  OTeut. 


root  mag-  may] 

might2.    See  may. 

migh'ty.  a.  &  adv.  Powerful,  strong,  in  body 
or  mind  ;  (bibl.)  m.  works,  miracles  ;  massive, 
bulky;  (colloq.)  great,  considerable;  high  <£• m.; 
(adv.,  colloq.)  very,  as  that  is  m.  easy.  Hence 
migh'tiLY^adv.,  migh'tiNESS  n.  IOE  mihtig 
(as  might1,  see  -Y2)] 

mignon  (F),  a.    Small  &  delicately  formed. 

mignone*tte(nrinyo-),n.  Plant  withf  ragrant 
flowers;  colour  of  these,  greyish  green  ;  kinds 
of  lace  &  fine  net.    [f.  F  (-onn-),  dim.  of  prec] 

migrai'ne,  n.    =  megrim  (first  sense),    [as 

MEGRIM] 

migpa'te  (or  mi*-),  v.i.  Move  from  one  place 
(country,  town,  college,  house)  to  another  ;  (of 
birds  &  fishes)  come  &  go  with  the  seasons. 
Hence  or  cogn.  mi'gPANT  a.  &  n.,  migPA*- 
tion,  migpatOR2,  nn.,  mi'gpatORY  a.  It  L 
migrare,  see  -ate3] 

mika'do  (kah-),  n.  Emperor  of  Japan.  [Jap. 
mi  august+Arado  door,  cf.  Sublime  Porte] 

mi'lage  (-lij),  n.  Miles  travelled,  used,  &c. ; 
expenses  at  fixed  rate  per  mile,    [-age] 

Milan'ese  (ez),  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Milan, 
chief  city  of  Lombardy  ;  the  M.,  territory  of 
old  duchy  of  Milan,    lit  (Milano  Milan),  -ese] 

milch,  a.  (Of  domestic  mammals)  giving, 
kept  for,  milk ;  m.  cow,  (fig.)  source  of  profit,  esp. 
person  from  whom  money  is  easily  drawn.  [ME 
mielch  f.  OTeut  melukjo-  (meluk-  milk)] 

mild,  a.  Gentle  &  conciliatory ;  (of  rule, 
punishment,  &c.)  not  severe ;  (of  weather) 
calm  &  warm  ;  (of  medicine)  operating  gently  ; 
(of  food,  tobacco,  &c.)  not  sharp  or  strong  in 
taste  &c;  (of  beer)  not  strongly  flavoured  with 
hops,  opp.  to  bitter;  tame,  feeble,  lacking  in 
energy  or  vivacity  ;  m.  steel,  containing  small 
percentage  of  carbon,  strong  &  tough,  but  not 
readily  tempered.  Hence  mrldEN6  v.t  &i., 
mi'ldLY2  adv.,  mi'ldNESS  n.  [com.-Teut: 
OE  milde,  Du.  &  G  mild] 

mi'ldew,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Destructive  growth 
of  minute  fungi  on  plants  ;  similar  growth  on 
paper,  leather,  &c.,  exposed  to  damp ;  (vb) 
taint,  be  tainted,  with  m.  Hence  mi'ldew v  2 
a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  melediaw,  f.  OTeut.  *melith 
honey  +  dawwo-  dew] 

mile,  n.  Unit  of  lineal  measure,  in  England 
now  1,760  yards  (orig.  Roman  measure  or  1,000 
paces,  about  1,618  yards) ;  geographical,  nauti- 
cal, m.,  one  minute  of  great  circle  of  earth, 
fixed  by  British  Admiralty  at  6,080  feet ;  race 
extending  over  a  m.  •  milestone,  pillar  set  up 


MILER 


516 


MILREIS 


on  road  to  mark  mm.  [OE  mil,  ult.  f.  L  mil(l)ia 
pi.  of  mille  thousand] 

mrlep,  n.  (colloq.).  Man,  horse,  qualified  or 
trained  specially  to  run  a  mile  ;  also  in  comb., 
as  two-m.    [-er  JJ 

Mile'sian,  a.  &  n.  Irish(man).  [f.  Milesius, 
fabulous  Spanish  king  whose  sons  are  said  to 
have  conquered  Ireland  c.  1300  b.  c,  +  -an] 

mi'lfoil,  n.  Common  yarrow  &  other  plants. 
[ME  &  OF,  f.  L  millefolium  (mille  thousand + 
folium  leaf)] 

miliary,  a.  (path.).  Like  millet-seed  in  size 
or  form,  as  m.  gland,  tubercle;  m.  fever  (marked 
by  rash  like  measles,  with  vesicles  of  form  of 
millet-seed),  [f.  L  miliarius  (as  millet,  -ary  i)] 

mrlitant,  a.  Engaged  in  (esp.  spiritual) 
warfare,  as  the  Church  m. ;  combative.  Hence 
mi'litANCY  n.,  mi'litantLY2  adv.  [F,  as 
militate,  see  -ant] 

militarism,  n.  Spirit,  tendencies,  of  the 
professional  soldier ;  undue  prevalence  of  mili- 
tary spirit  or  ideals.  So  militarizA'TiON  n., 
mi*litapizE(3)  v.t.  [f.  F  militarisme  (as  mili- 
tary, see  -ism)] 

militarist,  n.  Student  of  military  science ; 
one  dominated  by  military  ideas,    [-ist] 

ml'litary,  a.  &  n.  Of,  done  by,  befitting, 
soldiers ;  m.  fever,  enteric  ;  m.  chest,  treasury 
of  army ;  m.  testament,  soldier's  nuncupative 
will;  (n.)  the  soldiery.  Hence  mi'litapiLY2 
adv.  [f.  Fmilitaire  f.  L  militaris  (miles  -itis 
soldier,  see  -ary2)] 

mi'litate,  v.i.  Take  part  in  warfare  (usu. 
fig.);(of  facts,evidence)haveforce,tell,(acfai'n.<>£ 
rarely  in  favour  of,  conclusion  &c).  [f.  umili- 
tare  (miles  -itis  soldier),  see  -ate  3] 

mili'tia  (sha),  n.  Military  force,  esp.  citizen 
army ;  branch  of  British  military  service  for- 
merly raised  by  the  several  counties,  usu.  by 
voluntary  enlistment ;  militiaman,  member 
of  them.    [L  (asprec.)] 

milk1,  n.  Opaque  white  fluid  secreted  by 
female  mammals  for  nourishment  of  their 
young;  (8g.)  m.  for  babes,  simple  forms  of  litera- 
ture, doctrine,  &c,  opp.  to  strong  meat ;  con- 
densecZ  m. ;  m.  &  honey,  abundant  means  of 
enjoyment ;  m.  of  human  kindness,  kindness 
natural  to  humanity ;  no  use  crying  over  spilt 
m.  (irremediable  loss  or  error) ;  m. -like  juice  of 
plants;  m.-like  preparation  of  herbs,  drugs,  &c, 
as  m.  of  almonds;  m.-&-water,  feeble  or  mawk- 
ish discourse  or  sentiment  (often  attrib.) ;  m. 
fever  (occurring  to  women  shortly  after  child- 
birth) ;m.-leg,  swelling,  esp.  of  legs,  after  child- 
birth ;  milkmaid,  woman  who  milks  or  works 
in  dairy  ;  milkman,  man  who  sells  m.;  m.  pud- 
ding (of  rice,  sago,  tapioca,  &c,  baked  with  m. 
in  dish) ;  m.-punch,  drink  made  of  spirits  & 
m. ;  mi'lksop,  spiritless  man  or  youth ;  m.- 
tooth,  temporary  tooth  in  young  mammals ; 
mi'lkweed,  kinds  of  wild  plant  with  milky 
juice ;  m.-white  (as  m.) ;  mi'lkwort,  kinds  of 
plant.  [com.-Teut:  OMercian  mile,  Du.  melk, 
G  milch,  f.  OTeut.  meluks  (melk  vb,  cogn.  w. 
Gk  amelgo,  L  mulgere] 

milk  2,  v.t.  Draw  milk  from  (cow,  ewe,  goat) ; 
m.  the  ram  or  bull,  engage  in  hopeless  enter- 
prise ;  get  money  out  of,  exploit,  (person);  (slang) 
steal  message  f  rom(telegraph  or  telephone  wire); 
extract  j uice,  virus,  &c. ,  from  (snake  &c. ).  [OE 
milcian  (as  prec.)] 

ml'lky,  n.    Of,  like,  mixed  with,  milk ;  (of 

liquid)  cloudy,  not  clear ;  effeminate,  weakly 

amiable  ;  M.  Way,  luminous  band  of  countless 

stars  encircling  the  heavens.    Hence  mi'lki- 

ness  n.    [-Y  2] 
mill J,  n.    Building  fitted  with  machinery  for 

grinding  corn  (often  watermill,  windmill);  any 


mechanical  apparatus  for  grinding  corn ;  ap- 
paratus for  grinding  any  solid  substance  to 
powder  or  pulp,  as  coffee,  pepper,  paper,  -m.; 
any  machine,  or  building  fitted  with  machinery, 
for  manufacturing  processes  &c,  as  saw,  cotton, 
silk,  -m. ;  pugilistic  encounter ;  millboard,  stout 
pasteboard  for  bookbinding  &c;  m.-dam,  dam 
put  across  stream  to  make  it  available  for  m.; 
m.-pond,  water  retained  by  this ;  m.-race,  cur- 
rent of  water  that  drives  m.-wheel ;  millstone, 
one  of  pair  of  circular  stones  for  grinding  corn, 
as  nether  millstone,  see  far  into  a  millstone, 
(usu.  iron.)  be  extraordinarily  acute ;  millstone 
grit,  a  hard  siliceous  rock;  m.-wheel,  one  (esp. 
water-wheel)  used  to  drive  m.;  millwright,  one 
who  designs  or  erects  mm.  [OE  mylen  f.  LL 
molinum,  -na  (mola  mill  f .  root  of  molere  grind)] 

mill2,  v.t.  &i.  Thicken  (cloth  &c.) by  fulling ; 
grind  (corn),  produce  (flour),  in  mill ;  produce 
regular  markings  on  edge  of  (coin,  esp.  in  p.p.) ; 
beat  (chocolate)  to  froth ;  beat,  strike,  fight, 
(person) ;  (of  cattle)  move  round  &  round  in  a 
mass.    [f.  prec] 

mill3,  n.  (U.S.).  One-thousandth  of  a  dollar, 
money  of  account,  [f.  Lmillesimum  thousandth 
part,  on  anal,  of  cent] 

millenap'ian,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  millennium; 
(person)  believing  in  this.  Hence  millenap*- 
ianisM  n.    [as.  foil.  +  -an] 

mMlenapy,  a.  &  n.  (Period)  of  1,000  years ; 
of,  (person)  believing  in,  the  millennium,  [f.  L 
millenarius  consisting  of  a  thousand  (milleni 
a  thousand  each  f.  mille  thousand,  -ary  x)] 

millennium,  n.  Period  of  a  thousand  years, 
esp.  that  of  Christ's  reign  in  person  on  earth 
(Rev.  xx.  1-5).  Hence  mille'nniAL  a.  [f.  L 
mille  thousand  4-  annus  year,  on  anal,  of  bien- 
nium  two  years'  space] 

mi'llepede  (-Iped),  n.  Genera  of  myriapods, 
with  numerous  legs  usu.  placed  on  each  seg- 
ment in  double  pairs ;  kinds  of  terrestrial  crus- 
tacean, esp.  common  woodlouse  &  armadillo, 
rf.  L  millepeda  woodlouse  (mille  thousand  +  pes 
pedis  foot)] 

mi'llep,  n.  Proprietor,  tenant,  of  corn-mill ; 
one  who  works  any  mill ;  kinds  of  white  or 
white-powdered  insect;  cockchafer;  m.'s  thumb, 
bull-head  &  other  fishes,    [mill1  +  -er1] 

mille'simal,  a.  &  n.  Thousandth  (part) ;  con- 
sisting of  thousandths,  [f.  L  millesimus  (mille 
thousand  +  -al)] 

mi'llet,  n.  Graminaceous  plant,  native  of  In- 
dia, bearing  large  crop  of  small  nutritious  seeds; 
its  seed ;  m.-grass,  a  tall  handsome  grass.  [F, 
dim.  of  mil  f.  L  milium] 

mi'lli- in  comb.  =  one-thousandth  of  a— (in 
metric  system),  as :  -gramme  (0154  of  English 
grain),  -litre (061  cub.  in.),  -metre  (0393  in.).  IL 
mille  thousand,  -I-] 

mi'lliapd,  n.  A  thousand  millions.  [F  (mille 
thousand)] 

mi'llinep,  n.  Person  (usu.  woman)  who  makes 
up  bonnets  &  other  female  apparel;  man-m., 


(fig.)  man  busied  in  trifling  occupations.  Hence 
mrllinERY(l)  n.  [f.  " 
dor  of  Milan  goods] 


mi'llinERYd)  n.  [f.  Milan  +  -ER1;  orig.  =  ven- 


mi'llion,  n.  &a.  A  thousand  thousand  (things, 
of  things,  or  abs.);  a  m.  pounds  or  (U.S.)  dollars; 
them.,bu\k  of  the  population.  Hence  mi'llion- 
fold  a.  &  adv.,  mi'lliotiTH2  a.  &  n.  [F,  f.  It. 
millione  (mille  thousand  +  -one  -oon)] 

millionaire'  (ar),  n.  Person  possessing  a 
million  pounds,  dollars,  francs,  &c. ;  person  of 
great  wealth,  [f.  F  millionnaire  (prec,  -ary  ])] 

mi/orfd)  (melor-),  n.  French  word  for  English 
lord  or  wealthy  Englishman,    [f.  E  my  lord] 

mi'lpeis  (-ais),  n.  Portuguese  gold  coin  worth 
4s.  5kd.    [Port,  (mil  thousand  +  reis)] 


MILT 


517 


MINIATURE 


milt,  n.,  &  v.t.  Spleen  in  mammals;  analogous 
organ  in  other  vertebrates  ;  roe  of  male  fish  ; 
(v.t.)  impregnate  (roe  of  female),  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE 
milte,  cf.  Du.  milt,  G  milz,  perh.  cogn.  w.  melt] 

mi'ltep.n.  Male  fish  in  spawning  time,  [er1] 

Miltd'nic,  a.  Of,  in  the  style  or,  Milton.  So 
Milto'niA.v  a.    [ic] 

mime,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Gk  or  Rom.  Ant.)  simple 
farcical  drama  marked  by  mimicry  ;  performer 
in  this;  pantomimist,  buffoon;  (v.i.)  act  with 
mimic  gesture,  usu.  without  words,  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f .  L  f .  Gk  mimosl 

mi'meograpn,  n.  Apparatus  for  making 
stencils  of  written  pages,  from  which  many 
copies  may  be  taken,  [irreg.  £  q^  mimeomai 
imitate,  see  -graph] 

mime'sis,  n.  (biol.).  Close  external  resem- 
blance between  animal  &  another  animal  or  in- 
animate object.    [Gk,  =  imitation  (as  prec.)] 

mime'tic,  a.  Of,  addicted  to,  imitation,  mi- 
micry, or  mimesis.  Hence  mime'tiCALLY  adv. 
[f.  Gk  mimetikos  (as  prec,  see  -etic)] 

mi'mic *,  a.  &  n.  Apt  to  imitate ;  imitative 
as  opp.  to  real ;  person  skilled  in  ludicrous  imi- 
tation,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  mimikos  (as  mime  *.  see  -ic)] 

mi'mic2,  v.t.  (-eking,  -eked).  Ridicule  by  imi- 
tating (person,  manner,  &c);  copy  minutely  or 
servilely  ;  (of  things)  resemble  closely,  ff.  prec] 

mi'micpy,  n.  Mimicking ;  thing  that  mimics 
another;  (Zool.)  =  mimesis,    [mimic1 +-ry] 

mi'miny-pi'miny,  a.  Over-refined,  finick- 
ing,   [imit. 

mimo'sa  (-za,  -sa),  n.  Genus  of  leguminous 
shrubs,  including  common  Sensitive  Plant,  [f. 
L  as  mime  +  -osa  fern,  suf.,  see  -ose  ]] 

mrmulus,  n.  Genus  of  flowering  plants,  esp. 
monkey-flower,    [prob.  dim.  as  prec] 

mi'na  *,  n.  Greek  denomination  of  money, 
about  £4 ;  ancient  unit  of  weight  in  Greece, 
Egypt,  &c,  about  lib.    [L,  f.  Gk  mna] 

mi'na  2,  n.  Kinds  of  eastern  passerine  bird, 
[f.  Hind,  maina] 

mina'clous,  a.  Threatening.  Hence mina*- 
ciousLY2  adv.,  minA/ciTY  n.  [f.  L  minax 
(minari  threaten),  see  -acious] 

minar",  n.  Lighthouse;  turret,  [f.  Arab. 
manar  f.  root  of  nar  fire] 

mi'naret,  n.  Slender  turret  connected  with 
mosque,  from  which  muezzin  calls  people  to 
prayer,    [f.  Arab,  manar  at  (as  prec)] 

mi'natopy,  a.  Threatening,  [f.  OF  mina- 
toire  f.  LL  minatorius  (minari  threaten,  -ory)] 

mince  *,  a.  Minced  meat ;  mincemeat,  mix- 
ture of  currants,  raisins,  sugar,  apples,  candied- 
peel,  &c,  for  m.-pie  (small  round  pie  containing 
this),  make  m.-m.  of,  destroy  (person),    [f.  foil.] 

mince2,  v.t.  &  i.  Cut  (meat  &c)  small ;  (usu. 
w.  negative)  m.  matters,  express  oneself  politely 
in  condemnation ;  restrain  (one's  words)  within 
bounds,of  politeness ;  utter  (words),  walk,  with 
affected  delicacy,  whence  mi'neingLY2  adv. 
[f.  OF  minder  f.  pop.  L  *minutiare  (as  minutia)] 

mind  lt  n.  Remembrance,  as  have  or  keep  in 
m.,  bring  or  call  to  m.,  remember,  go  or  pass 
out  ofm.,  be  forgotten ;  time1  out  ofm.;  candid 
opinion,  as  speak  one'sm.,  tell  (person)  one's  ra., 
give  him  apiece  of  one's  ra.;  be  of  (person's)  m., 
agree  in  opinion  with  him ;  to  my  m.,  as  I  think ; 
be  of  a  or  one  m.,  agree;  know  one's  own  m., 
form  &  adhere  to  decision ;  make  up  one's  m., 
resolve  (to  do,  to  a  course  &c,  or  abs.) ;  change 
one's  ra.,  alter  one's  purpose;  have  a  good  or 
great  m.,  half  am.,  be  strongly,  somewhat,  dis- 
posed (to  do) ;  month's  m. ;  direction  of  thoughts 
or  desires,  as  set  one's  m.  on,  desire  to  attain. 
give  one's  ra.  (attention)  to ;  to  one's  m.,  as  one 
would  have  it;  way  of  thinking  &  feeling,  as 
frame,  state,  of  m. ;    seat  of  consciousness, 


thought,  volition,  &  feeling;  soul,  opp.  to  body; 
ra.'s  eye,  mental  view;  person,  as  embodying 
mental  qualities;  intellectual  powers,  opp.  to 
will  &  emotions,  whence  mi'ndLESs  a. ;  ab- 
sence, presence,  of  m.  IME  mynd,  cf.  OHG 
gemund  f.  OTeut.  gamundiz  iga-  y-  +  mun- 
think,  intend,  cogn.  w.  L  mens  mind,  Gk  menos 
rage)] 

mind  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Bear  in  mind  (chiefly  in  im- 
perat.);  give  heed  to,  as  never  m.  the  expense; 
apply  oneself  to  (business  &c);  m.  your  own 
business,  leave  other  people's  alone ;  (chiefly  in 
neg.  or  quasi-neg.  sentences)  object  to,  as  would 
you  m.  ringing ?, 1  should  not  m.  (should  like) 
a  cup  of  tea,  if  you  don't  m.  (have  no  objection); 
remember  &  take  care  (that  thing  is  done,  or 
omit  that) ;  (slang)  m.  your  eye,  be  on  the  look- 
out ;  ra.  one's  P's  &  Qs,  be  careful  as  to  one's 
words  or  behaviour ;  be  on  one's  guard  against 
or  about,  as  m.  the  step  (remember  there  is  one); 
have  charge  of.    [f.  prec] 

mi'ndea,  a.  Disposed  (to  do) ;  having  (speci- 
fied) mind,  as  high,  small,  -m.    [-ed2] 

mi'ndful,  a.  Taking  thought  or  care  (of,  or 
abs.).  Hence  mi'ndfulLY2adv.,  mi'ndful- 
ness  n.    [m  ind  i  +  -FUL] 

mine1,  n.  Excavation  in  earth  for  metal, 
coal,  salt,  &c;  (fig.)  abundant  source  (of  infor- 
mation &c);  iron  ore ;  (Mil.)  subterranean  gal- 
lery in  which  gunpowder  is  placed  to  blow  up 
fortifications,  (formerly)  subterranean  passage 
under  wall  of  besieged  fortress;  (Nav.)  re- 
ceptacle filled  with  dynamite  &  sunk  esp.  at 
entrance  to  harbour.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

mine2,  v.t.  &  i.  Burrow  in  (earth) ;  make 
(hole)  underground  ;  make  subterranean  pass- 
ages under;  (fig.)  undermine;  (Mil.,  Nav.)  lay 
mines  under;  obtain  (metal  &c)  from  mine;  dig 
in  (earth  &c)  for  ore  &c    [f.  F  miner  (prec.)] 

mine3,  poss.  pron.  &  a.  corresponding  in 
pred.  &  elliptical  uses  to  my,  as  it  is  m.,  I  have 
lost  ra.j  also  used  (archaic,  poet.)  before  noun 
beginning  with  vowel  or  h,  as  m.  eyes,  [com.- 
Teut.:  OE  rain,  Du.  mijn,  G  mein] 

ml'ner,  n.  One  who  works  in  a  mine  ;  sol- 
dier whose  duty  it  is  to  lay  mines  ;  sappers  & 
mm.    [f.  OF  minour  (as  m  ine  2,  see  -or  2)] 

mi'neral,  a.  &  n.  (Substance)  obtained  by 
mining;  (belonging  to)  any  of  the  species  into 
which  inorganic  substances  are  classified  ;  m. 
kingdom  ;  m.  water,  water  found  in  nature 
impregnated  with  mineral  substance,  artificial 
imitation  of  this,  esp.  soda-water,  also,  other 
effervescent  drink,  e.g.  ginger-beer.  Hence 
minepalizATioNn.,  mi*nepalizE(3)  v.t.  &  i. 
[f.  F  mineral  f.  med.L  mineralis  (minera  mine 
f.  com.-Rom.  *mina,  see  -al)] 

minepa'logry,  n.  Science  of  minerals.  Hence 
mineralo'gK.Ai,  a.,  mineralo'g-iealLY  - 
adv. ,  minepa'logiST  n.    [f.  prec.  +  -logy] 

Minep'va,  n.  Roman  goddess  of  wisdom ; 
M.  press,  printing-press  in  London,  ultra-senti- 
mental novels  issued  from  it  c  1800.    [L] 

mi'nevep,  n.  Kind  of  fur  used  in  cere- 
monial costume,  [f.  F  menu  vair  (menu  small, 
as  minute  ;  vair  kind  of  fur,  as  various)] 

mi'ng-le,  v.t.  &  i.  Mix,  blend.  [ME  mengel 
f.  obs.  meng  f.  OE  mengan,  cf.  Du.  &  G  mengen, 
see  -le(3)] 

mi'niate,  v.t  Paint  with  vermilion  ;  illu- 
minate (manuscript).  If.  L  miniare  (minium 
native  cinnabar,  red  lead),  see  -ate3] 

mi'niatupe,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t  Picture  in  illu- 
minated manuscript ;  small-scale  minutely  fin- 
ished portrait,  usu.  on  ivory  or  vellum  ;  this 
branch  of  painting,  as  portrait  in  m.;  reduced 
image;  in  m.,  on  a  email  scale;  (adj.)  repre- 
sented on  small  scale,  small-scale ;  (v.t)  repre- 


MINIFY 


sent  in  m.  Hence  mi'niatupiST  n.  l(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  It.  f.  L  miniatura  (as  prec.,  see  -ure)] 
mi'nify,  v.t.  Represent  as  smaller  or  less 
important  than  it  is;  lessen  in  size  or  impor- 
tance, [irreg.  f.  L  minor  less,  see  -fvJ 
mi'nikin,  n.  &  a.  Diminutive  (creature); 
affected,  mincing,  [f.  Du.  minneken  (minne 
love  +  kijn  -kin)| 

mrnim,  n.    (Mus.)  note  half  the  value  of 
SEMibreve;  single  down-stroke  of  pen;  creature 
of  the  smallest  size  or  importance ;   sixtieth 
part  of  fluid  drachm,    [f.  L  minimus  smallest  J 
mi'nimal,  a.    Very  minute ;  the  least  pos- 
sible, minimum,    [as  prec,  see  -al] 
minimize,   v.t.     Reduce  to,  estimate  at, 
smallest  possible  amount  or  degree.     Hence 
minimizATiON  n.    [as  prec,  see  -ize] 
mi*nimum,n.  (pi.  -ma).  Least  amountattain- 
able,  usual,  &c;  m.  thermometer  (automatically 
recording  lowest  temperature  within  period). 
[L,  neut.  as  foil.] 
mi'nimus,  a.    (In  schools)  youngest  of  the 
name,  as  Jones  m.    [L,  =  least] 
mi'nion,  n.    Favourite  child,  servant,  ani- 
mal, &c   (contempt.);  slave;  (Print.)  size  of 
type.    [f.  F  mignon,  etym.  dub.] 
mi'nish,  v.t.  &  i.  (archaic).   Diminish  (t.  &  U; 
reduce  in  power  &c.    [f.  OF  menusier  f.  vulg. 
L  *minutiare  (as  minute)] 
mrnister1,  n.    Person  employed  in  execu- 
tion of  (purpose,  will,  &c);  person  administer- 
ing department  of  State;  prime  to.;  political 
agent  accredited  by  one  State  to  another  ;  cler- 
gyman (now  rare  of  Anglican);  (also  to.  general) 
superior  of  some  religious  orders,    [f.  OF  me- 
nestre  f.  L  minister  servant  (minus  less)] 
mi'nistep2,  v.i.  &  t.    Render  aid  or  service 
(to  person,  cause,  &c) ;  be  helpful,  contribute, 
(to  result) ;  (archaic)  furnish,  supply,  (help  &c). 
[f.  OF  mimstrer  f.  L  ministrare  (prec)] 
ministerial,  a.    Concerned  with  the  execu- 
tion of  law ;  subsidiary,  iustrumental ;  of  a 
minister  of  religion  or  his  office  ;  of  minister  of 
State  ;  siding  with  the  Ministry  against  Oppo- 
sition, whence  ministerialist)  n.    Hence 
minister'ialLY2  adv.    [f.  F  minisUriel  f.  L 
ministerialis  (as  ministry,  see  -al)] 
ministra'tion,  n.    Ministering,  esp.  in  re- 
ligious matters  ;  supplying  (of).    So  mi'nis- 
tPANT  a.  &  n.,  mi'nistpativE  a.    [f.  L  minis- 
tratio  (as  minister2,  see  -ation)] 
mi'nistpy,  n.    Ministering ;  the  body  of  mi- 
nisters of  State  or  in  religion,     [f.  L  viinistc- 
rium  (as  minister1)] 

mink,  n.  Small  semi-aquatic  stoat-like  ani- 
mal ;  its  fur.  [Sw.  has  mcnk] 
minnesinger,  n.  German  lyrical  poet  & 
singer  in  12-14th  cc  [G  (minne  love  +  singer)] 
mrnnow,  n.  Small  freshwater  fish  (loosely 
used  of  several  kinds,  esp.  stickleback);  Triton 
among  the  mm.,  one  who  seems  great  from  the 
insignificance  of  those  around  him.  [prob.  = 
OHG  mnnewa ;  OE  has  myne] 
ml'nop,  a.  &  n.  Lesser  (not  followed  by  than), 
as  m.  prophets  ;  m.  canon,  clergyman  assist- 
ing in  daily  cathedral  service,  not  member  of 
chapter;  comparatively  unimportant,  as  m. 
poet;  (Log.)  to.  term,  subject  of  conclusion  of 
categorical  syllogism,  m.  premiss  (containing 
this) ;  (Mus.)  m.  interval,  see  major,  m.  key  (in 
which  scale  has  m.  third),  (fig.)  conversation 
in  a  to.  key  (doleful) ;  (in  schools)  Jones  minor 
(the  younger) ;  (n.)  Franciscan  friar ;  m.  term 
orpremiss  ;  person  under  age.  [L,  =  less] 
Minop'ea,  n.  One  of  the  Balearic  Isles ;  M. 
(fowl),  black  variety  brought  from  Spain,  [f. 
Sp.  Menorca] 
mind'pity,  n.     State  of  being  under  age, 


518 


MIRACULOUS 


period  of  this ;  smaller  number  or  part,  esp. 
smaller  party  voting  together  against  majority; 
number  of  votes  cast  for  this.  [f.  med.L  mino- 
ritas  (as  minor,  see  -ty)] 

Mrnotaup.n.  TheM.,  fabulous  monster,  half 
bull  half  man,  fed  with  human  flesh,  [f.  Gk 
Minotauros  (Minos,  king  of  Crete,  husband  of 
the  M.'s  mother  Pasiphae,+  tauros  bull)] 

mi'nstep,  n.  Church  of  a  monastery  ;  large 
or  important  church,  cathedral.    [OE  mynster 

(as  MONASTERY)] 

mrnstrel,  n.  Mediaeval  singer  or  musician, 
who  sung  or  recited  (often  his  own)  poetry; 
(Hist.)  person  who  entertained  his  patrons  with 
singing,  buffoonery,  &c;  (pi.)  band  of  public 
entertainers,  with  blacked  faces  &c,  perform- 
ing songs  &  music  ostensibly  of  negro  origin, 
[f.  OF  menestral  (as  ministerial)] 

mi-nstrelsy,  n.  Minstrel's  art ;  minstrels  ; 
minstrel  poetry,    [f.  OF  menestralsie,  as  prec.  ] 

mint l,  n.  Place  where  money  is  coined,  usu. 
under  State  authority;  (fig.)  source  of  invention 
&c;  vast  sumo/  money;  to.  -mark,  mark  placed 
on  coin  to  show  at  what  m.  it  was  struck  (also 
fig.) ;  m.-master,  superintendent  of  coinage  at 
m.    [OE  mynet  f.  L  moneta  money] 

mint2,  v.t.  Make  (coin)  by  stamping  metal; 
invent,  coin,  (word,  phrase, &c).  Hencemi'nt- 
age(3,  i)  n.    [f.  prec] 

mint3,  n.  Aromatic  plant,  much  used  in 
cookery ;  m.-sauce  (of  finely  chopped  mint  with 
vinegar  &  sugar,  eaten  with  roast  lamb).  [OE 
minte  =  OHG  minza  f.  L  menta  f.  Gk  minthe] 

minue't,  n.  Slow  stately  dance  for  two,  in 
triple  measure ;  music  for  this,  music  in  same 
rhythm  &  style,  [f.  F  menuet,  dim.  of  menu 
(as  minute  a.)] 

mrnus,  quasi-prep.  &a.  With  the  deduction 
of  (symbol  -),  as  7  to.  U  is  equal  to  3;  (colloq.) 
deprived  of,  as  he  came  back  to.  an  arm ;  a  m. 
(negative)  quantity.    [L,  neut.  of  minor] 

minu'scule,  a.  &  n.  (Of  kind  of  cursive 
script  developed  in  7th  c.)  small ;  (n.)  small 
letter.    [F,  f.  L  minusculus  dim.  of  minor] 

mi'nute1  (-it),  n.  Sixtieth  part  of  hour; 
short  time,  instant ;  exact  point  of  time,  as  the 
to.  (that),  as  soon  as ;  sixtieth  part  of  degree 
(in  angles);  rough  draft,  memorandum;  (pi.) 
brief  summary  of  proceedings  of  assembly, 
committee,  &c;  official  memorandum  author- 
izing or  recommending  a  course,  as  a  Treasury 
to.;  m.-book  (for  writing  mm.  in.);  to.  gun 
(fired  at  intervals  of  a  m.) ;  m.-hand  (indicating 
mm.  on  watch  or  clock).    [F,  f.  L  minuta  fern. 

as  MINUTE3] 

mi'nute2  (-it),  v.t.  Find  the  exact  time  of; 
draft  (document,  scheme) ;  record  in  minutes  ; 
to.  down,  make  a  note  of.    [f.  prec] 

minu'te3,  a.  Very  small;  trifling,  petty; 
(of  inquiry,  inquirer,  &c)  accurate,  precise. 
Hence  minirteLY2  adv.,  minu'teNESS  n. 
[f.  L  minutus,  p.p.  of  minucre  lessen] 

mi'nutely  (-nit-),  a.  Occurringevery minute. 
So  mi'nuteL y  2  adv.    [minute  l  +  -ly  j ] 

minu'tia  (-shla),  n.  (usu.  in  pi.  -ae).  Precise 
or  trivial  detail.    [L  (as  minute  3)] 

minx,  n.    Pert  girl,  hussy.    [?] 

mroeene  (sen),  a.  (geol.).  Of  the  middle 
division  of  tertiary  strata,  [irreg.  f.  Gk  meion 
less  +  kainos  new] 

mi'pacle,  n.  Marvellous  event  due  to  some 
supernatural  agency ;  remarkable  occurrence  ; 
remarkable  specimen  (o/ingenuity,  impudence, 
&c);  to  a  to.,  surprisingly  well ;  (also  m.  play) 
dramatic  representation  in  Middle  Ages,  based 
on  life  of  Christ  or  saints.  [OF,  f.  Lmiracidum 
(mirari  wonder  f.  mirus  wonderful)] 

mira-culous,  a.    Supernatural ;  surprising. 


MIRAGE 


519 


Hence  mira'culousr.v 2  adv.,  mira'eu- 
Iousxess  n.  [f.  F  miraculeux  f.  nied.L  mira- 
culosiis  (as  prec.,  see  -ous)J 

mira'g-e  (-ahzh),  n.  Optical  illusion,  esp. 
illusive  appearance  of  sheet  of  water  in  desert 
&c.  (also  fig.).  IF,  f.  (se)  mirer  look  at  oneself 
in  mirror,  be  reflected,  f.  L  mirari  wonder  atj 

mire l,  n.  Swampy  ground,  bog ;  stick,  find 
oneself,  in  the  m.  (in  difficulties) ;  mud,  dirt. 
[ME,  f.  ON  m&rr,  cogn.  with  moss] 

mire2,  v.t.  Plunge  in  mire ;  (Hg.)  involve  in 
difficulties;  defile,  bespatter.    |f.  prec] 

rai'prop,  n.,  &  v.t.  Polished  usu.  glass  sur- 
face reflecting  image,  looking-glass ;  (fig.) 
what  gives  faithful  reflection  or  true  descrip- 
tion of  thing  ;  (v.t.)  reflect  as  in  m.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  OF  mirour  f.  pop.L  *miratorium  (mirare 
look  at,  f.  L  mirari  wonder  at,  see  -ory)J 

mirth,  n.  Merriment.  Hence  miP'tliFUL, 
miP"thLESS,aa.,mip#thfulLY2adv.,mip*th- 
fulNESS  n.    [OE  myrigth,  cogn.  w.  merry] 

mip*y,  a.    Muddy  ;  vile.    [f.  mire1  +  -y2J 

mii-za,  n.   (In  Persia)  title  added  to  name  of 

f>rince  or  prefixed  to  that  of  official  or  man  of 
earning.    [Pers.] 

mis- !,  pref.  added  freely  to  vbs  &  vbl  nn.  w. 
sense  'amiss',  'badly',  'wrongly',  'unfavour- 
ably', or  intensifying  unfavourable  meaning 
contained  in  vb  (misdoubt).  [OE,  cf.  Du.  mis-,  6 
miss-  f.  OTeut.  misso-  (1)  divergent  (2)  mutual] 

mis-2,  pref.  to  vbs,  adjj.,  &  nn.,  derived f.  F, 
in  same  sense  as  prec.  [f.  OF  mes-  f.  minus, 
used  in  com.-Rom.  as  pref.] 

misadve'ntupe,  n.  (Piece  of)  bad  luck ; 
(Law)  homicide  by  m.  (accident),  [f.  OF  mesa- 
venture  (see  mis-2  &  adventure)] 

misalli'ance,  n.  Improper  alliance,  esp. 
marriage.    Imis-1,  after  mesalliance] 

mrsanthrope,  n.  Hater  of  mankind  ;  one 
who  avoids  human  society.  Hence  or  cogn. 
misanthPO'pic(AL)  aa.,  misa'nthpopisr, 
misa'nthpopY 1,  nn.,  misa*nthPopizE(2) 
v.i.  [f.  Gk  misanthropos  (misco  hate  +  an- 
thropos  man)] 

misapplication,  n.  Wrong  application, 
wrong  use  (esp.  of  funds),    [mis- i] 

misapply,  v.t.    Apply  wrongly,    [mis-1] 

misapppehe'nd,  v.t.  Misunderstand 
(words,  person).  So  misapprehension  n., 
misapppehe'nsive  a.    [mis-1] 

misapppo*ppiate,v.t.  Apply  (usu.  another's 
money)  to  wrong  (esp.  one's  own)  use.  Somis- 
apppoppia'tion  n.    [mis-1] 

misbeco'me  (-urn),  v.t.  Suit  ill,  be  unbe- 
coming to.    [mis-1] 

misbego'tten,  a.  Illegitimate,  bastard, 
(often  as  general  term  of  opprobrium),  [mis-  1  + 
begotten  p.p.  of  begetI 

misbeha-ve,  v.t.  Behave  (oneself  or  abs.) 
improperly.    So  misbeha'vioup  n.    [mis-1] 

misbelie'f  (ef),  n.  Wrong  religious  belief  ; 
false  opinion.  So  misbelie'vep  n.,  misbe- 
lieving a.    [mis-1] 

misbesee'm,  v.t.    Misbecome,    [mis-1] 

miscalculate,  v.t.  Calculate  (amount  &c.) 
wrongly.    So  miscalculation  n.    [mis-1] 

misea'll  (-awl),  v.t.  Call  by  a  wrong  name ; 
(dial.)  call  (person)  names,    [mis-1] 

misca'ppiag-e,  n.  Failure  (of  letter)  to 
reach  destination  ;  m.  (failure  of  court  to  at- 
tain the  ends)  of  justice  ;  untimely  delivery  (of 
woman),  abortion;  failure  (of  scheme  &c).  [mis-1] 

misea'ppy,  v.i.  (Of  person  or  business)  fail, 
be  unsuccessful ;  (of  woman)  be  delivered  pre- 
maturely (of  child) ;  (of  letter)  fail  to  reach 
destination,    [mis-1] 


MISE 

Wrong   addition  (of  ac- 


miscasting-,  n. 
counts),    [mis-  j] 

mlsceg-ena'tion  (mlsij-),  n.  Mixture  of 
races,  esp.  sexual  union  of  whites  with  negroes, 
[irreg.  f.  L  miscere  mix  +  genus  race  +  -ation] 

miscella'nea  (-sel-),  n.  Literary  miscellany. 
[L,  neut.  pi.  as  foil.] 

miscellaneous  (-sel),  a.  Of  mixed  com- 
position or  character ;  (w.  pi.  noun)  of  various 
kinds  ;  (of  persons)  many-sided.  Hence  mis- 
cella'neousLY 2  adv.,  miscella'neous- 
ness  n.  [f.  L  miscellaneus  (miscellus  mixed  f. 
miscere  mix,  see  -aneous)] 

miscellany  (or  nil's-),  n.  Mixture,  medley; 
collection  of  treatises  &c.  in  one  volume ;  such 
volume.  Hence  misee#llaniST(3)  n.  [prob. 
f.  F  miscellanies  fern.  pi.  (as  miscellanea)] 

mischa-nce,  n.  (Piece  of)  bad  luck,  esp. 
by  m.   [f.  OF  mesch(e)ance  (mis-2,  chance  n.)j 

mi'schief  (If),  n.  Harm,  injury,  wrought 
by  person  or  other  agent ;  make  m.,  create  dis- 
cord, so  m.-maker,  -making;  the  m.  (annoying 
part)  of  it  is,  that  &c. ;  worker,  source,  of  harm 
or  annoyance  ;  vexatious  conduct,  esp.  of  chil- 
dren ;  where  the  m.  (devil)  have  you  been  ?. 
[f.  OF  me  schief  (mis-2,  chief  end,  chief)] 

mi'schievous  (-!▼-),  a.  (Of  things)  having 
harmful  effects:  (of  persons,  conduct,  &e.)  dis- 

Sosed  to  acts  of  playful  malice  or  annoyance, 
fence  mi*sehievousLY2adv.,  mi'sehiev- 
ousness  n.    [f.  AF  meschevous  (prec,  -ous)] 

mi'scible  (si),  a.  That  can  be  mixed  (with). 
Hence  miseiBrLiTY  n.  [f.  L  miscere  mix,  -ble] 

misconceive,  v.i.  &  t.  Have  a  wrong  con- 
ception (of  or  abs.);  misunderstand  (word,  per- 
son).   So  misconception  n.    [mis-1] 

misco'nduct,  n.  Improper  conduct,  esp. 
adultery;  bad  management.  So  miscon- 
du'et,  v.t.  &  refl.    [mis-  l] 

misco'nstpue,  v.t.  Put  wrong  construction 
on  (word,  action);  mistake  meaning  of  (person). 
So  misconstriretion  n.    [mis-  '] 

miscou'nt,  n.  Wrong  count,  esp.  of  votes. 
[mis-1] 

mi'scpeant,  a.  &  n.  (Archaic)  heretical ; 
depraved  ;  (n.,  archaic)  heretic ;  vile  wretch, 
[f.  OF  mescreant  (ms-2+crcant  f.  L  credere  be- 
lieve, see  -a nt)1 

miscrea-ted,  a.  Ill-formed  (often  as  abusive 
epithet).    So  miscpea'tion  n.    [mis-  l] 

mis-cue*  <-u),  n.  (billiards).  Failure  to  strike 
ball  properly  with  cue.    [mis-1  or  miss  v.)] 

misda'te,  v.t.    Date  wrong,    [mis-1] 

misdea'l,  v.t.      Make  mistake  in  dealin 
(cards,  but  usu.  abs.).   So  misdea'l  n.  [mis- 

misdee'd,  n.  Evil  deed ;  crime.  [OE  misdxt 
(see  mis-1  &  deed)] 

misdeem,  v.t.  8c  i.  (archaic,  poet).  Have 
wrong  opinion  of;  mistake  (person,  thing  for 
another) ;  form  wrong  judgment  (of),    [mis-1] 

misdemea'nant,  n.  Person  convicted  of 
misdemeanour  or  guilty  of  misconduct ;  first, 
second,  -class  m.  (to  be  treated  with  more,  less, 
indulgence),     [f.  archaic  misdemean  (mis-1-*- 

DEMEAN)  + -ANT] 

misdemea'noup,  n.  (Law)  indictable 
offence  less  heinous  than  felony  ;  offence,  mis- 
deed.   [mis-1] 

misdipe'et,  v.t.  Direct  (person,  blow,  &c.) 
wrongly.    So  misdire'etion  n.    [mis-1] 

misdo'ing  (dob),  n.    Misdeed,    [mis-1] 

misdoub't,  v.t.  (archaic).  Have  doubts  as 
to  the  truth  or  existence  of  ;  have  misgivings, 
be  suspicious,  about ;  suspect  (that),    [mis-  *] 

mise(mez,  miz),  n.  (Hist.)settlement  by  agree- 
ment, as  M.  of  Lewes  (between  Henry  III  & 


For  words  in  mis-  not  given  see  mis-  '. 


MISER 


520 


MISSING 


barons,  1264);  m.-en-scene  (F),  scenery  &  pro- 
perties of  acted  play,  (fig.)  surroundings  of  an 
event,  f  OF  fern.  p.p.  of  mettre  put  f.  L  mittere 
miss-  send,  used  as  n.l 

mi'sep1  (-z-),  n.  One  who  hoards  wealth  & 
lives  miserably ;  avaricious  person.  [L,  = 
wretched] 

mi'seP2  (-z),  n.  Boring  instrument  for  well- 
sinking.    [?] 

miserable  (-z-),  a.  Wretchedly  unhappy ; 
(of  events  &c.)  causing  wretchedness;  con- 
temptible, mean,  as  a  m.  hovel.  Hence 
mi'serat>LY2adv.  [f.  F miserable f.  Lmisera- 
bilis  (miserari  pity  f.  miser  wretched,  -ble)1 

miserel»*6  (-z-),  n.  Fifty-first  psalm  (M.  mei 
Deus);  cry  for  mercy;  (improp.)  =  foil,  (last 
sense).    [L,  =  have  mercy  (misereri  f.  miser)] 

mise'pieopd,  n.  Apartment  in  monastery 
in  which  some  indulgences  were  permitted  ; 
dagger  for  giving  the  coup  de  grdce  ;  shelving 
projection  on  under  side  of  hinged  seat  in 
choir  stall,  serving  when  seat  was  turned  up 
to  support  person  standing,  [f.  OF  misericorde 
f.  L  misericordia  f.  misericors  compassionate 
(stem  of  misereri  pity +eors  -rdis  heart)] 

mi'serly,  a.  Like  a  miser,  stingy.  Hence 
mi'serliNESS a.    [lv *] 

mi'sery,  n.  Wretched  state  of  mind  or  of 
outward  circumstances ;  (Cards,  colloq.  fdr  F 
misere)  declaration  by  which  caller  undertakes 
not  to  take  trick,  [f.  OF  miserie  f.  L  miseria 
(as  MISER)] 

misfea'sance  (-z-),  n.  (Law)  transgression, 
esp.  wrongful  exercise  of  lawful  authority  (also 
gen.,  esp.  facet.),  [f.  OF  mesfaisance  f.  mesfaire 
misdo  (mis-2,  faire  do  f.  Lfacere),  -ance] 

misfl't,  n.  "Garment  &c.  that  does  not  fit  the 
person  it  is  meant  for.    [mis-  l) 

misfor'tune,  n.    Bad  luck,    [mis-1] 

misgi've,  v.t.  (Person's)  mind  misgives  him, 
fills  him  with  suspicion  or  foreboding  (about 
thing,  that),    [mis-1] 

misgi-ving,  n.  Feeling  of  mistrust  or  appre- 
hension,   [f.  prec.  +  -ing  i] 

misgo-vern,  v.t.  Govern  (state  &c.)  badly. 
So  misgovernment  n.    [mis-  j] 

misgui'de,  v.t.  (chiefly  in  p.p.).  Mislead, 
cause  to  err  in  thought  or  action.  Hence  mis- 
g-ui'dedi,v2adv.    [mis-1] 

misha'ndle,  v.t.  Handle  (person,  thing) 
roughly  or  rudely,  ill-treat,    [mis-  t] 

misha'p,  n.    Unlucky  accident,    [mis-1] 

mishear",  v.t.  Hear  amiss  or  imperfectly. 
[mis-1] 

mi'shmash,  n.  Confused  mixture,  [redupl. 
f.  mash  n.] 

mi'shna(h),  n.  Collection  of  precepts  form- 
ing basis  of  Talmud.  Hence  mi'shnic  a.  [post- 
bibl.  Heb.,  =  repetition,  instruction,  (shanah 
repeat)] 

misinfop'm,  v.t.  Give  wrong  information  to, 
mislead.    So  misinfopma'tion  n.    [mis-1] 

misintep'pret,  v.t.  Give  wrong  interpre- 
tation to,  make  wrong  inference  from.  So 
misinterppeta'tion  n.    [mis-1] 

misjirdge,  v.t.  Judge  wrongly  (person  &c. 
or  abs.) ;  have  wrong  opinion  of.    [mis-  j] 

rnislay,  v.t.  Put  (thing)  by  accident  where 
it  cannot  readily  be  found,    [mis-  !] 

mislea'd,  v.t.  Lead  astray,  cause  to  go 
wrong,  in^  conduct ;  give  wrong  impression  to. 
lOE  misl&dan,  see  mis-1  &  lead  v.] 

mislrke,  v.t.  (archaic).  Dislike.  [OE  mis- 
lician,  see  mis-1  &  like  v.] 

mlsma,nage,v.t.  Manage  badly  or  wrongly. 
So  mismanagement  n.    [mis-  i] 


misna'me,  v.  t.  Call  by  wrong  name,  [m  is-1] 

misno'inep,  n.  Use  of  wrong  name,  wrong 
use  of  term.  [f.  OF  mesnommer  (mes-  mis-2  + 
nommer  vb  name  f.  L  nominare)] 

miso-  in  comb.  =  Gk  miso-  comb,  form  of 
miseo  hate,  =  4  hater,  hatred,  of '.  as :  -logist, 
-logy,  hater,  hatred,  of  reason  or  of  learning ; 
-ne'ism,  -ne'ist,  hatred,  hater,  of  novelty. 

misd'g-amy,  n.  Hatred  of  marriage.  So  mi- 
so'gramiSTn.  If.  GkMiso^amos marriage), -y  *] 

miso'gynist  (-J-,  g-),  n.  Hater  of  women. 
So  misogy'nic  a.  [f.  Gk  Misoigunes  f.  gune 
woman )+ -ist] 

mispla'ce,  v.t.  Put  in  wrong  place  or  hands ; 
set  (affections)  on  wrong  object;  place  (confi- 
dence) amiss ;  time  (words,  action)  badly.  So 
mispla*eeMENT  n.    [mis-1] 

misppi*nt,n.  Mistake  in  printing.  Somis- 
ppi'ntv.t.    [mis-1] 

misppi'sion J  (-zhn),  n.  (law).  Wrong  action 
or  omission,  esp.  m.  of  treason  or  felony,  (now 
restricted  to)  concealment  of  one's  knowledge 
of  treasonable  designs  &c.  [f.  OF  mesprison 
mistake  (see  mis-2  &  prison)] 

misppi'sion 2  (-zhn),  n.  (archaic).  Contempt ; 
failure  to  appreciate  the  value  (of),  [f.  foil., 
after  prec] 

misppi'ze,  v.t.  Despise;  fail  to  appreciate, 
[f.  OF  mespriser  (see  mis-2  &  prize)] 

mispponou'nce,  v.t.  Pronounce  wrongly. 
So  mispponuncia'tion  n.    [mis-  j] 

misquo'te,  v.t.  Quote  wrongly.  So  mis- 
quota'tion  n.    Imis-1] 

mispea'd,  v.t.  (-read  pron.  -red).  Read  or 
interpret  wrongly,    [mis-1] 

misreprese'nt,  v.t.  Represent  wrongly, 
give  false  account  of.  So  mispeppesenta*- 
tion  n.    [mis-  j] 

mispu'le,  n.  Bad  government ;  (Hist)  Lord, 
Abbot,  Master,  of  M.,  person  presiding  over 
Christmas  revels,    [mis-1] 

miss  i,  n.  Failure  to  hit  or  attain  ;  am.  is  as 
good  as  a  mile,  failure,  however  near  to  suc- 
cess, is  still  failure ;  (Billiards)  give  a  m.,  avoid 
hitting  object  ball  so  as  to  leave  one's  own  in 
safe  position,    [f.  foil.] 

miss2,  v.t.  (Of  person  or  missile)  fail  to  hit 
(thing  aimed  at  or  abs.);  failtofind.get.ormeet; 
let  slip  (opportunity) ;  fail  to  catch  (train);  fail 
to  hear  or  understand  (remark  &c. );  (also  m.  out) 
leave  out  (words  &c.  in  reading,  writing,  &c); 
fail  to  keep  (appointment)  or  perform  ;  notice 
esp.  with  regret  the  absence  of,  feel  the  want 
of;  m.Jire  (of  gun)  fail  to  go  off;  (fig.)  fail  in 
one's  object ;  (Naut.)  m.  stays,  fail  in  attempt  to 
go  about  from  one  tack  to  another.  [OE  mis- 
san.  cf.  Du.  &  G  missen] 

miss3,  n.  (As  title  of  unmarried  woman  or 
girl)  M.  Smith,  (pi.)  the  M.  Smiths,  the  Misses 
Smith;  (usu.  contempt,  or  playful)  girl,  esp. 
schoolgirl,  as  a  pert  m.,  whence  mi'ssiSH l  a., 
mi'ssishNESS  n.    [abbr.  of  mistress] 

mi'ssal,  n.  Book  containing  service  of  Mass 
for  whole  year ;  (loosely)  Rom.  Cath.  book  of 
prayers, esp.  illuminated  one.  [f.  eccl.  Lmissale, 
neut.  adj.  as  n.  (as  mass1,  see  -al)] 

mi'ssel,  n.  (Usu.  m.-thrush)  kind  of  thrush 
that  feeds  on  mistletoe  berries.  [OE  mistel 
basil,  mistletoe,  cf.  Du.  or  G  mistel] 

mis-sha*pen,a.  Ill-shaped, deformed,  [mis-1 
+  shapen  p.p.  of  shape] 

ml'sslle,  a.  &  n.  (Object,  weapon)  suitable 
for  throwing  or  for  discharge  from  machine  or 
engine  (or,  rarely,  gun),  [f.  L  missilis  (mittere 
miss-  send,  see  -il)j 

mi'ssing",  a.    In  vbl  senses ;  also :  wanting, 


For  words  in  mis-  not  given  eee  mis-1. 


MISSION 


521 


MIX 


not  in  its  place,  as  there  is  a  page  m.,  a  page  is 
m.;  m.  link,  thing  lacking  to  complete  series, 
(Zool.)  hypothetical  intermediate  type,  esp.  be- 
tween man  &  anthropoid  apes,  [miss2  +  -ing2] 
mi'ssion,  n.  Body  of  persons  sent  to  foreign 
country  to  conduct  negotiations  &c;  body  sent 
by  religious  community  to  convert  heathen ; 
field  of  missionary  activity ;  missionary  post ; 
organization  in  a  district  for  conversion  of  the 
people ;  course  of  religious  services  &c.  for  this 
purpose ;  errand  of  political  or  other  mission ; 

f)erson's  vocation  or  divinely  appointed  work  in 
ife.  [f.  L  missio  (mittere  miss-  send,  -ion)] 

missionary,  a.  &  n.  Of,  concerned  with, 
religious  missions ;  m.  60a;  (for  contributions  to 
m.  Avork);  person  who  goes  on  m.  work,  [-ary  ]] 

mi'ssioner,  n.  Missionary ;  person  in  charge 
of  parochial  mission,    [-er1] 

mi'ssis,  -us,  n.  (As  used  by  servants)  the 
mistress ;  (vulg.,  facet.)  the  m.,  one's  own  or  an- 
other's wife,    [corrupt,  of  mistress] 

mi'ssive,  a.  &  n.  Letter{s)  m.,  letter  from 
sovereign  to  dean  &  chapter  nominating  per- 
son to  be  elected  bishop ;  letter,  esp.  official 
one.    [F,  f.  med.L  missivus  (as  mission,  -ive)1 

mis-spe'll,v.t.  (-spelt).  Spell  wrongly,  [mis-1] 

mis-spe'nd,  v.t.  (-spent).  Spend  amiss  or 
wastefully  (esp.  in  p.p.).    [mis-  j] 

mis-state,  v.t.  State  wrongly.  Hence  mis- 
state me  nt  n.    [mis-1] 

mi'ssy,  n.  (Affectionate,  playful,  or  con- 
tempt. )=  miss3  (not  followed  by  name).  [-Y  3] 

mist,  n.,  &  v.L  &  t.  Water  vapour  descend- 
ing in  fine  drops  smaller  than  rain-drops ;  Scotch 
m.,  thick  m.  frequent  on  Scottish  hills;  filmy 
appearance  before  eyes  caused  by  disorders  of 
body  or  by  tears;  (vb)  cover,  be  covered,  as 
with  m.  Hence  ml'stFUL  a.,  mi'stLiKE  a.  & 
adv.  [(vb  f.  OE  mistian)  OE  &  Du.,  cogn.  w. 
Gk  omikhle] 

mista'ke  \  n.  Misunderstanding  of  a  thing's 
meaning;  error,  fault,  in  thought  or  action; 
(emphasizing  preceding  statement)  and  no  m., 
undoubtedly,    [f.  foil.] 

mista'ke2,  v.t.  Misunderstand  meaning  or 
intention  of  (person,  statement,  purpose) ;  err 
in  opinion ;  (p.p.)  wrong  in  opinion,  (of  action 
&o.)  ill-judged,  as  you  are  mistaken,  mistaken 
kindness,  whence  mlsta'kenLY2  adv.,  mis- 
taken n  ess  n.;  m.  A  for  (think  he  is)  B;  there 
is  no  mistaking,  no  one  can  help  recognizing 
(person,  fact).  Hence  mista'kABLE  a.  [f.  ON 
mistaka  (mis-1  +  taka  take)] 

mi'ster,  n.,  &  v.t.  Title  prefixed  to  man's 
name  or  to  designation  of  office  &c.  (written 
Mr),  as  Mr  Jones,  Mr  Secretary,  Mr  Speaker ; 
the  word  m.  as  title,  as  please  don't  call  me  m. ; 
untitled  person,  as  behe  prince  or  merem.;  (v.t.) 
address  as  Mr,  as  don't  m.  me.  [(vb  f.  n.)  weak- 
ened form  of  master] 

mi'stigris,  n.  (cards).  (Blank  card  in)  a  va- 
riety of  poker,    [f.  F  mistigri  knave  of  spades] 

misti'me,  v.t.  Say,  do,  (thing)  out  of  season 
(esp.  in  p.p.).    [mis-1] 

mi'stletoe  (zlto,  -slto),  n.  Parasitic  plant 
growing  on  apple  &  other  trees,  &  bearing  glu- 
tinous fruit  used  in  making  birdlime.  [OE 
mistiltdn  (as  missel  +  tan  twig)] 

mi'stral  (or  -trah-1),  n.  Cold  N.W.  wind  in 
Mediterranean  provinces  of  France  &c.  [F  & 
Pr..  f.  L  as  magistral] 

mistranslate,  v.t.  Translate  incorrectly. 
So  mistranslation  n.    [mis-1] 

mi'stress,  n.  Woman  in  authority  over 
servants ;  female  head  of  household ;  woman 
who  has  power  to  control  or  dispose  of,  as  you 
are  m.  of  the  situation,  you  are  your  own  m., 
(fig.  of  countries)  m.  of  the  world  See;  woman 


who  has  thorough  knowledge  of  (subject): 
woman  loved  &  courted  by  a  man ;  woman 
illicitly  occupying  place  of  wife ;  female  teacher 
in  school  or  of  special  subject,  as  music-m.; 
M.  of  the  Robes,  lady  charged  with  care  of 
Queen's  wardrobe ;  (as  title)  see  mrs.  Hence 
mi'stress-SHiP  n.  [f.  OF  maistresse  (maistre 
master1,  see  -ess  x)] 

mistri'al,  n.    Trial  vitiated  by  error,  [mis-1] 

mistru'stjV.t.  Feel  no  confidence  in  (person, 
onese^,  one's  powers,  &c).  So  mistru'st  n., 
whence  mistru'stFUL  a.,  mistrirstfulLY  2 
adv. ,  mistru'stfulNESS  n.    [mis-  j] 

mi*sty,a.  Of,  covered  with,  mist;  indistinct 
in  form;  (fig.)  obscure,  vague,  as  a  m.  idea. 
Hence  mi'stiLY2  adv.,  mi'stiNESS  n.  [OE 
mistig  (as  mist,  see  -Y  2)J 

misundersta'nd,  v.t.  (-stood).  Take  (words 
&c.  or  abs.)  in  wrong  sense  j  misinterpret  words 
or  actions  of  (person,  esp.  in  p.p.).  So  misun- 
derstanding n.    [mis-1] 

misu'se  (-z),  v.t.  Use  wrongly,  apply  to 
wrong  purpose ;  ill-treat.  So  misu'se  (-s)  n. 
[mis-  »] 

mite,  n.  (Orig.)  Flemish  copper  coin  of  small 
value ;  (pop.)  half-farthing  (as  in  Mark  xii.  43); 
modest  contribution,  the  best  one  can  do,  as 
let  me  offer  my  m.  of  comfort ;  (colloq. )  not  a  m., 
not  at  all ;  small  object,  esp.  child ;  [OE  mite, 
perh.  different  wd]  kinds  of  arachnid,  esp. 
cheese-m.  (found  in  cheese),  whence  mitY  2  a. 
[f.  MDu.  mite,  cf.  G  meite  small  thing] 

Mithras,  -ra,  n.  Persian  god  identified  with 
sun.  Hence  Mithra'ie  a.,  Mi'thraisM,  Mi'- 
thraiST(2),  nn.    [L  f.  Gk  (-as)  f.  OPers.  (a)] 

mithri'datize,  v.t.  Render  proof  against 
poison  by  gradually  increasing  doses  of  it.  So 
mithridatic  a.,  mi'thridatiSM  n.  [f. 
Mithridates  VI,  king  of  Pontus,  +  -ize] 

mi  tig-ate,  v.  t.  Appease  (anger  &c. ) ;  alleviate 
(pain,  grief) ;  reduce  severity  of  (punishment) ; 
moderate  (heat,  cold,  severity,  &c).  So  miti- 
g'ATiON  n.,  mitigatORY  a.  [f.  L  mitigare 
(mitis  mild),  see  -ate  3] 

mi trailleu'se (-trail yerz),  n.  Many-barrelled 
breach-loading  machine  gun  discharging  small 
missiles  simultaneously  or  in  rapid  succession. 
[F,  fern,  agent-n.  f.  mitrailler  (mitraille  small 
missiles,  OF  small  money,  f.  mite  mite)] 

mitral,  a.  &  n.  Of,  like,  a  mitre ;  m.  (valve), 
a  valve  of  the  heart.    [F  (as  foil.,  see  -al)] 

mitre1  (-er),  n.  Bishop's  tall  cap,  deeply 
cleft  at  top,  esp.  as  symbol  of  episcopal  office, 
whence  mitrED2a.;  [perh.  different  wd]  joint 
of  two  pieces  of  wood  &c.  at  angle  of  90°,  such 
that  line  of  junction  bisects  this  angle ;  angle 
of  45° ;  m.  block,  board,  box,  guide  For  saw  in 
cutting  m. -joints ;  m.-wheels,  pair  of  bevelled 
cog-wheels  with  teeth  set  at  45°  &  axes  at  right 
angles.    [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  mitra  girdle,  turban] 

mi'tre2,  v.t.  Bestow  mitre  on ;  join  with 
mitre ;  shape  off  (end  of  wood  &c.)  to  a  mitre; 
mitring-machine  (for  doing  this),    [f.  prec] 

mi'tten,  mitt,  n.  (Mitten)  kind  of  glove  with 
thumb  but  no  fingers,  for  warmth  or  protection 
in  hedgers'  work  &c;  (now  usu.  mitt)  woman's 
lace  or  knitted  glove  covering  forearm  &  part 
of  hand,  but  not  fingers ;  give,  get.  the  mitten, 
dismiss  (lover),  be  dismissed,  (gen.)  be  dismissed 
from  office  &c.  Hence  mittenED2  a.  [f.  F 
mitaine,  etym.  dub.l 

mittimus,  n.  Warrant  committing  person 
to  prison  ;  (colloq.)  dismissal  from  office,  as  get 
one's  m.    [L, = we  send) 

mix,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  together  (two  or  more 
substances  or  groups,  one  with  another)  so  that 
the  particles  or  members  of  each  are  diffused 
among  those  of  the  others  (also  of  immaterial 

17* 


MIXED 


522 


MODERN 


things) ;  prepare  (compound)  by  mixing  ingre- 
dients ;  (intr.)  join,  be  mixed,  as  oil  will  not  m. 
with  water,  they  (persons)  do  not  m.  well  (get  on 
together) ;  have  intercourse  with ;  m.  up,  mix 
thoroughly,  also,  confuse  esp.  in  thought ;  be 
mixed  up,  be  involved  (in,  with,  shady  dealings 
&c).  Iback-formation  f.  foil.,  taken  as  E  p.p.] 

mixed,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  of  diverse 
qualities  or  elements;  (of  company)  not  select, 
containing  persons  of  doubtful  status ;  (colloq.) 
mentally  confused,  muddled ;  for  persons  of 
both  sexes,  as  m.  school,  bathing ;  m.  mathe- 
matics. Hence  mi'xedNESS  n.  [earlier  mixt 
f.  F  mtxte  f.  L  mixtus  p. p.  of  miscere  mix] 

mi*xen,n.(dial.).  Dung-hill.  [OE  (meoxdung, 
cf.  Fris.  miux,  +  -en3)] 

mixture  (-tsher),  n.  Mixing ;  what  is  mixed, 
esp.  medicinal  preparation ;  heather  m.;  me- 
chanical mixing  of  two  substances,  involving 
no  change  in  their  character,  opp.  to  chemical 
combination.  [»f.  L  mixtura  (as  prec,  see  -ure)] 

mi*z(z)en,  n.  (naut.).  (Also  m.-sail)  fore-&- 
aft  sail  set  on  after  side  of  m.-mast  (aftermost 
mast  of  three-masted  ship) ;  m.-yard  (on  which 
m.  is  extended),  [f.  F  misaine  perh.  f.  It 
mezzana  m.-sail,  fern,  adj.,  see  mezzanine] 

mi'zzle1,  v.  impers.  Drizzle.  Hence  mi'zzle 
n.,  mi'zzlY2  a.  [cogn.  w.  Du.  dial,  miezelen 
&  LG  misiq  drizzly] 

mi'zzle2,  v.i.  (slang).  Run  away,  decamp.  [?] 

mnemo'nie  (n-),  a.  &  n.  Of,  designed  to  aid, 
the  memoay ;  (n.  pi.)  art  o^ system  for,  improv- 
ing memory.  Hence  mne'moniST  n.  [f.  Gk 
mnemonikos  (mnemon  mindful  f.  mna-  remem- 
ber, see  -ic)] 

mnemote'chny  (n-),  n.  =  prec.  (n.  pi.). 
Hence  mnemote'chnic  a.  [f.  Gk  mneme 
memory  +  tekhne  art] 

moan !,  n.  Long  low  murmur  of  physical  or 
mental  suffering;  (archaic)  make  one's  m.,  com- 
plain. Hence  moa'nFUL  a.  [cogn.  w.  OE 
mdenan,  obs.  mean,  vb,  replaced  by  foil.] 

moan  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  moan(s) ;  utter  (speci- 
fied words)  with  moans ;  lament  (misfortune 
&c.) ;  lament  for  (dead  person  &c).    [f.  prec] 

moat,  n.,  &  v.t.  Deep  wide  ditch  surrounding 
town,  castle,  &c,  usu.  filled  with  water;  (v.t.) 
surround  (as)  with  m.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME  &  OF  mote 
mound  prob.  of  Teut.  orig.l 

mob  \  n.  The  lower  orders ;  rabble,  tumul- 
tuous crowd ;  promiscuous  assemblage  of  per- 
sons ;  m.  law  (imposed,  enforced,  by  m.) ;  sxcell 
m.,  class  of  stylishly  dressed  pickpockets.  Hence 
mo'bbiSHi  a.,  mobd'CRACY  n.  [earlier  mo- 
bile vulgus,  L,=  excitable  crowd  (mobile)] 

mob2,  v.t,  &  i.  (Of  mob)  attack,  molest ;  as- 
semble in  a  mob.    [f.  prec] 

mob-cap,  n.  Woman's  indoor  cap  covering 
whole  head,  worn  in  18th  &  early  19th  cc  [f. 
obs.  mob  in  same  sense,  cf.  Du.  mop  woman's 
coif,  mqpmuts  woman's  nightcap] 

mo-bile,  a.  Movable,  not  fixed,  free  to  move ; 
(of  person  or  mind)  easily,  too  easily,  changing ; 
(of  troops)  that  may  be  easily  moved  from  place 
to  place.  So  mobMiTY  n.  [F,  f.  L  mobilis 
(movere  move,  see  -ble)] 

mo'bilize,  v.t.  Render  movable,  bring  into 
circulation ;  prepare  (army,  navy)  for  active 
service  (also  quasi-pass,  of  army).  So  mo*bi- 
Hzable  a.,  mobiltZATiON  n.  [f.  F  mobiliser, 
as  prec] 

mo-ceasin,  n.  Foot-gear  of  deerskin  &c 
worn  by  N.-Amer.  Indians,  trappers,  &c.    [f. 

native  mockasin] 

mo'eha1  (k),  n.    Kind  of  chalcedony.    [?] 

mo-cha2  (-k-),  n.  (Also  M.  coffee)  fine  quality 

tran^f  agSea?m  *'  Arabian  P°rt  at  en" 


mock  \  n.  (archaic).  Derision  ;  thing  deserv- 
ing scorn  ;  imitation,  counterfeit,    [f.  mock  3] 

mock2,  a.  (notpred.).  Sham;  m.-sun,  -moon, 
=  parhelion,  paraselene  ;  m.-duck,  -goose, 
pork  with  duck  stuffing;  m.-turtle  soup  (usu. 
of  calf's  head,  to  imitate  turtle) ;  m.-heroic  a.  & 
n.,  burlesquely  imitating,  burlesque  imitation 
of,  heroic  style,    [prec.  &  foil.] 

mock3,  v.t.  &  i.  Hold  up  to  ridicule ;  defy 
contemptuously ;  impose  upon ;  ridicule  by 
imitation  ;  scoff  at ;  mocking-bird,  American 
song-bird  that  mimics  notes  of  other  birds, 
other  birds  that  do  this.  Hence  mo'ekinsTLY  2 
adv.    [f.  OF  mocquer,  etym.  dub.] 

mo'ckery,  n.  Derision  ;  subject,  occasion, 
of  this ;  counterfeit  representation  (of) ;  ludi- 
crously or  insultingly  futile  action  &c  [f.  F 
moguerie  (as  prec,  see  -ery)] 

mo'dal,  a.  Of  mode  or  form  as  opp.  to  sub- 
stance ;  m.  legacy  (with  directions  as  to  mode 
in  which  it  is  to  be  applied) ;  (Gram.)  of  the 
mood  of  a  verb,  (of  particle)  denoting  manner; 
(Logic)  m.  proposition,  one  in  which  predicate 
is  affirmed  of  subject  under  some  qualification, 
(also)  one  that  involves  affirmation  of  possi- 
bility, impossibility,  necessity,  or  contingency. 
Hence  or  cogn.  moda'liTY  n.,  mo'dalLY2 
adv.    [f.  med.L  modalis  (as  foil.,  see  -al)] 

mode,  n.  Way,  manner,  in  which  thing  is 
done ;  prevailing  fashion  or  custom  ;  (archaic) 
the  m.,  the  fashion  in  dress  &c;  (Mus.)  each  of 
the  two  (major2,  minor)  classes  of  keys,  (in 
ancient  &  mediaeval  music)  form  of  scale,  as 

DORIAN,  LYDIAN,  IONIAN,  AUTHENTIC,  PLAGAL, 


m.;   (Logic)  character  of  modal  proposition. 

tly  F)  f.  " 
md'del J  (-dl),  n.    Representation  in  three  di- 


[(partly  F)  f.  L  modus  measure,  manner] 


mensions  of  proposed  structure  &c ;  working 
m.  (imitating  movements  of  machine  it  repre- 
sents); figure  in  clay,  wax,  &c,  to  be  repro- 
duced in  other  material;  design,  style  of  struc- 
ture ;  person,  thing,  proposed  for  imitation ; 
person  who  poses  for  artists ;  woman  in  dra- 
per's shop  wearing  clothes  &c  to  show  their 
effect  to  customers ;  The  New  M.,  plan  for  re- 
organization of  Parliamentary  army  1644-5; 
(attrib.)  exemplary,  ideally  perfect,  [f.  OF 
modelle  f.  It.  modello  dim.  of  modo  (as  mode)] 

md'del2  (-dl),  v.t  (-11-).  Fashion,  shape,  (fig- 
ure) in  clay,  wax,  &c;  give  shape  to  (document, 
argument,  &c) ;  form  (thing)  after,  on,  upon,  a 
model,    [f.  prec] 

md'dena,  n.   Deep  purple.  [M.,  Italian  city] 

md'derate1  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Avoiding  ex- 
tremes, temperate  in  conduct  or  expression; 
fairly  large  or  good ;  (n.)  one  who  holds  m. 
opinions  in  politics  &c,  whence  mo'derat- 
ism  n.  Hence  mo'derateLY  2  adv.,  mo'de- 
rateNESS  n.  [f.  L  moderari  f.  st.  modes-  (cf. 
modest)  cogn.  w.  modus  mode,  -ate  2] 

md'derate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Render  less  violent, 
intense,  vigorous,  &c;  act  as  moderator,  [as 
prec,  see  -ate3] 

modera'tion,  n.  Moderating ;  moderate- 
ness ;  in  m.,  in  a  moderate  manner  or  degree ; 
(Oxf.  Univ.,  pi.)  first  public  examination  for 
degree  of  B.  A.  (abbr.  mods),  [f.  F  moderation 
f.  Lmoderationem  (as  moderate1,  see-ATiON)] 

mo'derator,  n.  Arbitrator ;  mediator ;  pre- 
siding officer;  one  of  two  officers  presiding 
over  mathematical  tripos  at  Cambridge  ;  exa- 
miner for  moderations ;  Presbyterian  minister 
J  residing  over  any  ecclesiastical  body ;  m. 
amp  (with  contrivance  for  regulating_now  of 
oil).  Hence  mo'deratorsHip  n.  ff.  F  modi- 
rateur  f.  L  moderator  <as  prec,  see  -OR2)] 

md'dern,  a.  &  n.    Of  the  present  &  recent 

times ;  m.  school,  side,  in  schools,  division  in 


MODERNISM 


523 


MOLLUSC 


which  subjects  other  than  ancient  languages 
are  taught ;  new-fashioned,  not  antiquated ; 
(n.)  person  living  in  m.  times.  Hence  or  cogn. 
modei»*niTY,  mo'dernNESS,  moderniz- 
ATiONnn.,mo,dernizE(3)v.t.&i.,mo*dern- 
ly  2  adv.    [f.  LL  modernus  (modo  just  now)] 

mo'depnism,  n.  Modern  view(s)  or  me- 
thod(s),  esp.  (R.-C.  Ch.)  rationalist  tendency  in 
religion ;  so  mo*derniST(2)  n. ;  modern  term 
or  expression,    [-ism] 

mo'dest,  a.  Having  a  humble  estimate  of 
one's  own  merits ;  retiring,  bashful ;  (of  women) 
decorous  in  manner  &  conduct,  scrupulously 
chaste;  (of  demands,  statements,  &c.)  not  ex- 
cessive ;  (of  things)  unpretentious  in  appear- 
ance, amount,  &c.  Hence  or  cogn.  mo'dest- 
ly2  adv.,  mo'dest  \i  n.  [f.  F  modeste  f.  L 
modestus  (see  moderate  a)] 

mo'dicum,  n.  Small  quantity  (of  food  &c). 
[L,  neut.  of  modicus  moderate  {mod  us  measure)] 

mo'dify,  v.t.  Make  less  severe  or  decided, 
tone  down  ;  make  partial  changes  in  ;  (Gram.) 
qualify  sense  of  (word  &c.) ;  change  (vowel)  by 
umlaut.  Hence  or  cogn.  modiflaBrLiTY, 
modiFiCATiON,  nn.,  mo'diflABLE,  mo'difl- 
catORY,  aa.  [f.  F  modifier  f.  L  modificare  (as 
mode,  see  -FY)] 

modi'llion,  n.  (archit.).  Projecting  bracket 
under  corona  of  cornice  in  Corinthian  &  other 
orders,    [f.  It.  modiglione,  etym.  dub.] 

md'dish,  a.  Fashionable.  Hence  mo'dish- 
ly  2  adv.,  mo'dishNESS  n.    [f.  mode  +  -ish j] 

modPste  (est),  n.  Milliner,  dressmaker.  [F 
(as  mode,  see  -ist)] 

mo-dulate,  v.t.  &  i.  Regulate,  adjust ;  vary 
(thing)  conformably  to ;  attune  (voice)  to  cer- 
tain pitch  ;  (Mus.)  pass,  make  transition,  {from 
key  to  key).  So  modulA'TioN,  mo'dula- 
tOR2,  nn.  [f.  L  modulari  measure,  adjust,  (as 
foil.),  see -ate 3] 

md'dule,  n.  Standard,  unit,  for  measuring ; 
(Arch.)  unit  of  length  for  expressing  propor- 
tions, usu.  semidiameter  of  column  at  base.  [F, 
as  foll.l 

md'dulus,  n.  (pi.  -li).  Constant  multiplier 
esp.  for  converting  Napierian  into  common 
logarithms ;  constant  indicating  relation  be- 
tween amount  of  physical  effect  &  that  of  force 
producing  it,    [L,  =  measure,  dim.  of  foil.] 

mo'dus,  n.  M.  operandi,  way  a  person  goes 
to  work,  way  a  thing  operates;  m.  vivendi,  mode 
of  living,  i.e.  arrangement  between  disputants 
pending  settlement  of  debated  matters ;  money 
payment  in  lieu  of  tithe.    [L,  =  mode] 

mofe'tte,  n.  (Fissure  in  earth  from  which 
issues)  exhalation  of  mephitic  gas.    [F] 

mofirssil,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Rural  localities 
as  opp.  to  chief  station,  ff.  Hind,  mufaccil  t. 
Arab,  mufaccal  p.p.  oifaccala  divide] 

Mogu'I,  n.  &  a.  Mongolian  ;  the  (Great  or 
Grand)  M.,  emperor  of  Delhi;  (pi.)  playing 
cards  of  best  quality,  [f.  Pers.  mugul  f.  mongolj 

mo'hair,  n.  (Fine  camlet,  yarn,  from)  hair 
of  Angora  goat.  [ult.  f.  Arab,  mukhayyar,  lit. 
=  choice,  select,  (khayyara  choose)] 

Moha'mmedan,  n.  &  a.  (Follower)  of  Mo- 
hammed, founder  of  the  Moslem  religion. 
Hence  Moha*mmedaniSM(3)  n.,  Moha'm- 
medaniZE(3)  v.t.  [Mohammed  f.  Arab.  Mu- 
hammad +  -an] 

Mo'hawk,  n.  One  of  a  tribe  of  N.-Amer.  In- 
dians ;  their  language ;  (Skating)  step  from 
either  edge  in  one  direction  to  same  edge  on 
other  foot  in  opposite  direction  (cf.  choctaw). 
[native] 

Mo'hock,  n.  (hist.).  One  of  a  class  of  aristo- 
cratic ruffians  infesting  London  streets  at  night 
in  18th  c.    [f.  prec] 


mo'hur,  n.  (Also  gold  m. )  gold  coin  of  British 
India,  worth  15  rupees,    [f.  Pers.  muhr  seal] 

moi'dore,  n.  Portuguese  gold  coin  worth, 
sum  of,  27s.  [f.  Port,  moeda  d'ouro  (moeda 
money  +  ouro  f.  L  aurum  gold)] 

moPety,  n.    Half,  esp.  in  legal  use ;  (loosely) 


one  of  two  parts  into  which  thing  is  divided! 
it(i)i  f.  L  medietatem  middle  point  (as 
medium,  see  -TY)] 


[f.  OF  moit(i)e~ 


moil,  v.i.  Drudge,  esp.  toil  &  m.  [f.  OF  moil- 
lier  moisten,  paddle  in  mud,  f.  L  mollis  soft] 

moire  (mwahr),  n.  (Also  m.  antique)  watered 
fabric,  usu.  silk,  orig.  mohair.  [F,  perh.  f.  mo- 
hair] 

moire"  (mwahTa),  a.  &  n.  (Of  silk)  watered ; 
(of  metals)  having  clouded  appearance  like 
watered  silk  ;  (n.)  this  appearance.  [F,  p.p.  of 
moirer  give  moire  appearance  to] 

moist,  a.  Slightly  wet,  damp;  (of  season  &c.) 
rainy ;  (of  disease)  marked  by  discharge  of  mat- 
ter &c.  Hence  mo'istNESS  n.  [f.  OF  moiste, 
etym.  dub.] 

moi'sten  (-sn),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  moist ;  become 
moist.    [-en«] 

moPsture  (-tsher),  n.  Water  or  other  liquid 
diffused  in  small  quantity  as  vapour,  condensed 
on  surface,  &c.    Hence  moPstureLESS  n.    [f. 


OF  moistour  (as  moist,  see  -or1)] 
moke,  n.  (slang).  Donkey.  [?] 
mo*ko,n.  Maori  system  of  tattooing.  [Maori] 


mo'lar1,  a.  &  n.  (Usu.  of  mammal's  back- 
teeth)  serving  to  grind  ;  (n.)  m.  tooth,  [f.  Lrao- 
laris  (mola  millstone,  see  -ar1)] 

mo'lar2,  a.  Of  mass ;  acting  on  or  by  means 
of  large  masses,    [f.  L  moles  mass,  see  -ar1)] 

mola'sses,  n.  pi.  (treated  as  sing.).  Uncrys- 
tallized  syrup  drained  from  raw  sugar ;  syrup 
got  from  sugar  in  process  of  refining,  treacle, 
if.  Port,  melaco  f.  LL  mellaceum  must  (mel  mel- 
lis  honey,  see  -aceous)] 

mole1,  n.  Spot,  blemish,  on  human  skin. 
[OE  mdl,  cf.  OHG  meil] 

mole2,  n.  Small  burrowing  animal  with 
(usu.  blackish)  velvety  fur  &  very  small  eyes, 
other  mammals  of  same  family ;  blind  as  a  m. 
(quite) ;  m.-hill,  small  mound  thrown  up  by  m. 
in  burrowing ;  moleskin,  skin  of  mole  as  fur, 
kind  of  cotton  fustian  with  surface  shaved  be- 
fore dyeing,  (pi.)  clothes,  esp.  trousers,  of  this. 
[ME  mulle,  molle,  cf.  MDu.  mol] 

mole3,  n.  Massive  structure,  usu.  of  stone, 
as   pier,   breakwater,    or   junction    between 

f)laces  separated  by  water ;  artificial  harbour, 
f.  F  mole  f.  L  moles  mass] 

mole'cular,  a.  Of  molecules ;  acting,  in- 
herent, in  the  molecules  of  a  substance  ;  m. 
weight  of  substance  (of  one  of  its  molecules  re- 
latively to  one  of  hydrogen).  Hence  mole- 
euUt'nTY  n.,  mole'cularLY2 adv.    [-ar1] 

mo'lecule,  n.  (Physics,  Chem.)  one  of  the 
minute  groups  of  atoms  of  which  material  sub- 
stances are  conceived  to  consist,  smallest  por- 
tions into  which  substance  can  be  divided  with- 
out losing  chemical  identity ;  (loosely)  small 
particle,    [f.  F  moUcule  dim.  of  L  moles  mass] 

mole'st,  v.t.  (Usu.  after  neg.)  meddle  hos- 
tilely  or  injuriously  with  (person).  So  moles- 
tATiON  n.  [f.  OF  molester  f.  L  molestare  (mo- 
lestus  troublesome,  perh.  cogn.  w.  moles  mass)] 

Md'linism,  n.  Doctrine  of  Luis  Molina  (d. 
1600),  that  efficacy  of  grace  depends  on  the  will 
that  freely  accepts  it ;  doctrine  of  Miguel  de 
Molinos  (d.  1696),  quietism.  Hence  Mo'llnisr 
n.    [f.  Molina,  Molinos,  +  -ism] 

mo'llify,  v.t.  Appease,  soften.  So  molli- 
fica-tion  n.  [f.  F  mollrter  t  L  mollificare 
(mollis  soft,  see  -FY)] 

mo'llusc,  n.    Animal  belonging  to  the  Mol- 


MOLLY 


524 


MONITOR 


lusca,  sub-kingdom  of  soft-bodied  &  usu.  hard- 
shelled  animals,  including  limpets,  snails,  cut- 
tle-fish, oyster,  mussel,  &c.     Hence  mollirs- 
can,  mollu'seous,  aa.,  molltrseoiD  a.  &  n. 
[f.  L  molluscus  (mollis  soft)] 
mo'lly,  n.    Effeminate  man  or  boy,  milksop ; 
m.-coddle,  (n.)  milksop,  (v.t.)  coddle,  cocker  up. 
[pet  form  of  Mary] 
Mo'loeh  (-k),  n.    Canaanite  idol  to  whom 
children  were  sacrificed  (often  fig.) ;    thorn- 
lizard,  a  hideous  Australian  reptile.    [L  f.  Gk, 
f.  Heb.  molek] 
mo'lten.    See  melt. 

moiy,  n.  Fabulous  herb  with  white  flower 
&  black  root,  endowed  with  magic  properties  ; 
Avild  garlic  &  other  plants.  [L,  f.  Gk  molu] 
mo'ment,  n.  Minute  point  of  time,  instant ; 
one  m.,  half  a  m.,  (ellipt.)  wait  a  m. ;  come  here 
this  m.  (at  once);  came  the  very  m.  (as  soon  as) 
/  heard  of  it ;  timed  to  the  m.  (with  absolute 
accuracy) ;  the  m.  (time  that  affords  an  oppor- 
tunity); am,  was,  busy  at  the  m.  (just  now,  then), 
so  men  of  (important  at)  the  m. ;  (Mech.)  m.  of 
a  force  about  a  point,  measure  of  its  power  in 
causing  rotation ;  importance,  as  of  great,  little, 
no,  m.,  whence  mome'ntous  a.,  mome*n- 
tousLY2  adv.,  mome'ntousxESS  n.  If.  mo- 
mentum] 

md'mentapy,  a.    Lasting  only  a  moment ; 
short-lived,  transitory.  Hencemo'mentarl- 
ly  2  adv.,  mo'mentarlNESS  n.    [f.  L  momen- 
tarius  (as  prec,  see  -ary  *)] 
md'mently,  adv.  From  moment  to  moment ; 
every  moment ;  for  a  moment    [-ly  2] 
momentum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).    (Mech.)  quantity 
of  motion  of  moving  body,  product  of  its  mass 
by  its  velocity ;  (pop.)  impetus  gained  by  move- 
ment (lit  &  fig.).    [L  (as  move,  see  -ment)] 
Mo'mus,  n.    Greek  god  of  ridicule  ;  fault- 
finder.   [L,  f.  Gk  Momos] 
md*nae(h)al,  a.     Monastic.     So   mo'na- 
chiSM (k-) n.  [f . eccl. L monachalis ( monk, -al)] 
md'nad,  n.  The  number  one,  unit;  ultimate 
unit  of  being,  esp.  in  philosophy  of  Leibniz, 
whence mo#nadiSM(3)  n. ;  (Biol.)  simple  organ- 
ism assumed  as  first  term  in  genealogy  of  living 
beings ;  (Chem.)  element,  radical,  with  com- 
bining power  of  one  atom  of  hydrogen.  Hence 
mona'dic  a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  monas  -ados  unit 
(monos  alone)] 

monade'lphous,  a.  (bot).  (Of  stamens) 
having  filaments  united  into  one  bundle ;  (of 
plants)  with  m.  stamens,  [f.  Gk  monos  one  + 
adelphos,  brother  +  -ous] 
mona-ndpous,  a.  (bot).  Having  a  single 
stamen,  [f.  Gk  monandros  (monos  one  +  aner 
andros  male)  +  -ous] 

mona'ndry,  n.    Custom  of  having  only  one 
husband  at  a  time,    [as  prec.  +  -y  x] 
md'narch  (erk),  n.    Sovereign  with  title  of 
king,  queen,  emperor,  empress,  or  equivalent; 
supreme  ruler  (often  fig.);  large  red  &  black 
butterfly.  Hence  monap*eh.\L,  monap'ch- 
ic(al),  aa.,  monarchalLY  2,  monap'ehic- 
ally,  advv.      [f.  L  (-cha)  f.  Gk  monarkhes 
(monos  alone  +  arkho  rule)] 
•  mo'narchism,  n.  Principles  of ,  attachment 
to,  monarchy.    So  mo'narchisr  n.    [-ism | 
mo'narchy,  n.    (State  under)  monarchical 
government;  constitutional,  limited,  m.  (sub- 
ject to  constitutional  restrictions),    ff.  F  mon- 
archic f.  L  f.  Gk  monarkhia  (monarch,  -y  j)] 
monastery,  n.    Residence  of  community 
(usu.  of  monks)  living  secluded  under  religious 
vows.    [f.  eccl.  L  f.  late  Gk  monasterion  (mon- 
azo  live  alone  f.  monos)] 
mona'stic,  a.    Of  monks  or  monasteries ; 
(Bookbind.)  mode  of  finishing  by  tooling  with- 


out gold.  Hence  mona'stic  ally  adv.,  mon- 
a*sticiSM(3)  n.,  mona*sticiZE(3)  v.t  [f.  med. 
L  f.  late  Gk  monastikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 
Mo'nday  (mu-),  n.  Second  day  of  week; 
Black  M.  (school  slang),  first  day  of  term.  [OE 
Monan  daeg  (mona  moon  +  dxg  day)] 
mo-ndayish,  a.  (Of  clergy)  indisposed  as 
result  of  Sunday  work.  J-ish] 
moncfe(F),  n.  The  fashionable  world,  society; 
the  set  in  which  one  moves, 
monetary  (mu-,  mo-),  a.  Of  the  coinage  ;  of 
money,  [f.  L  monetarius  (as  money,  see  -ary1)] 
mo'netize  (mu-,  mo-),  v.t  Put  (metal)  into 
circulation  as  money.  Hence  monetizA'TiON 
n.  [f.  L  moneta  money  +  -ize] 
mo'ney  (mii-),  n.  Current  coin  ;  coin  &  pro- 
missory documents  representing  it  (paper  m.), 
esp.  government  &  bank  notes;  (w.  pi.)  parti- 
cular coin  ;  (pi.,  archaic,  legal)  sums  of  money ; 
m.  of  account2;  conscience  m. ;  property 
viewed  as  convertible  into  m. ;  coin  in  reference 
to  its  purchasing  power,  as  (Prov.)  m.  makes 
the  mare  to  go,  time  is  m.,  for  love1  or  m. ; 
make  nu,  acquire  wealth,  coin  m.,  do  this  rapid- 
ly;  not  every  man's  m.,  not  worth  its  price  to 
every  one;  m.-bag,  bag  for  m.,  (pi.)  wealth; 
m.-bags,  wealthy  or  avaricious  person  ;  m.-box, 
closed  box  into  which  savings  or  contributions 
are  dropped  through  slit;  m.-changer,  one 
whose  business  it  is  to  change  m.  at  fixed  rate ; 
m.-grubber,  person  sordidly  intent  on  amassing 
m.,  -grubbing  a.  &  n.,  (given  to)  this  practice  ; 
m.-lender,  one  whose  business  it  is  to  lend  m. 
at  interest ;  m.-market,  sphere  of  operation  of 
dealers  in  stocks  &c. ;  m. -order  ;  m.-spinner, 
small  spider  thought  to  bring  good  luck;  money- 
wort, plant  with  round  glossy  leaves;  ra.V 
worth,  anything  recognized  as  equivalent  to 
m.  Hence  mo'neyLESS  a.  [f.  OF  moneie  f.  L 
moneta  mint,  money,  orig.  goddess  in  whose 
temple  at  Rome  m.  was  coined] 

mo'neyed,  a.  Rich ;  consisting  of  money,  as 
m.  resources,  assistance;  m.  interest,  the  class 
concerned  in  money  as  a  possession,    [-ed2] 

mo*ng,ep(mungg-),  n.  Dealer,  trader,  (chiefly 
in  comb.,  as  cheesem.,  fishm.,  ironm.,  costerm., 
&  fig.  scandal-m.  &c).  [QEma7igere  (mangian 
traffic  f.  L  mango  dealer)] 

Md'ngrol,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  Asiatic  race 
now  inhabiting  Mongolia,  between  China  & 
Siberia,    [native,  perh.  f.  mong  brave] 

Mongolian,  a.  &  n.  =prec;  (Anthrop.)  of 
the  yellow-skinned  straight-haired  type  of 
mankind ;  of  a  class  of  idiots  like  Mm.    [-ian] 

m6-ngoose,  mu'ngoose,  (ngg-),  n.  An 
ichneumon,  common  in  India,  &  able  to  kill 
venomous  snakes  unharmed ;  kind  of  lemur, 
[f.  native  mangus] 

mo'ngrpel  (mungg-),  n.  &  a.  Dog  of  no  defin- 
able breed ;  animal,  plant,  resulting  from  cross- 
ing of  different  breeds  or  kinds  ;  person  not  of 
pure  race;  (adj.)  of  mixed  origin,  nature,  or 
character.  Hence  mo*ngT»eliSM(2)  n.,  mo*n- 
gpelizE(3)  v.t,  mo'ngrpelLY1  a.  [prob.  f. 
root  mang-,  mong-,  mix,+  -rel] 

mo'nial,  n.    Mullion.    [OF,  etym.  dub.] 

moni'lifopm,  a.  Suggesting  necklace  or 
string  of  beads.    If.  L  monile  necklace,  -form] 

mo'nism,  n.  Doctrine  that  only  one  being 
exists ;  any  of  the  theories  that  deny  the  duality 
of  matter  &  mind.  Hence  mo'niST  n. ,  monas- 
tic a.    [f.  Gk  monos  one.  -ism] 

moni'tion,  n.  Warning  (of  danger) ;  formal 
notice  from  bishop  or  ecclesiastical  court  ad- 
monishing person  to  refrain  from  some  offence ; 
(in  courts  that  use  civil  law  process)  summons, 
[f.  L  monitio  (monere  monit-  warn,  -ion)] 

md'nltop,  n.  (Archaic)  one  who  admonishes ; 


MONITORY 


525 


MONOTONE 


senior  pupil  in  school  with  duties  of  keeping 
order  &c„  whence  monitoi»*iALa.,mo,nitor- 

ship  n.;  lizard  supposed  to  give  warning  of 
approach  of  crocodiles;  a  type  of  ironclad. 
Hence  mo'nitPESS l  n.    fL  (as  prec,  -or2) J 

md'nitony,  a.  &  n.  Warning,  admonitory; 
(n. )  bishop's  or  pope's  letter  of  admonition,  [f. 
L  monitorius  (as  prec,  see  -ory)J 

monk  (niu-),  n.  Member  of  community  liv- 
ing apart  under  vows  of  poverty,  chastity,  & 
obedience;  m.'s-hood,  kinds  of  plant.  Hence 
mo'nkHOOD,  mo'nksHip,  nn.  [OE  munuc  f. 
pop.  L  monicus  =  L  f.  Gk  monakhos  solitary 
{monos  alone)] 

mo'nkery  (mu-),  n.  Monastic  life ;  monas- 
tery ;  monks  (in  general,  or  of  particular  place) ; 
monkish  practices.    So  mo'nkDOM  n.    [-ery] 

mo'nkey  (mu-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Mammal  of  a 
group  closely  allied  to  &  resembling  man,  rang- 
ing from  anthropoid  apes  to  marmosets ;  (as 
term  of  playful  contempt,  to  or  of  person)  young 
m.  &c;  machine  hammer  for  pile-driving  &c; 
globular  earthenware  water -vessel  with 
straight  upright  neck ;  ptit  his  m,  up,  enrage 
him,  get  one^  m.  up,  become  angry;  (slang) 
£500;  nu-bread,  fruit  of  baobab  tree;  m.-jacket, 
short  close-fitting  one  worn  by  sailors  &c;  m.- 
puzzle,  puzzle-m..  Chili  pine,  prickly  tree  of 
genus  A raucaria  ;  vi.-icrench,  one  with  mov- 
able jaw;  (v.t)  mimic,  mock;  (v.i.)  play  mis- 
chievous tricks.  Hence  mo'nkeyiSH1  a., 
mo'nkeyishxESs  n.    [?] 

mo'nkish,  a.  Of  monks,  monastic;  charac- 
teristic of  monks  (usu.  in  bad  sense).    f-iSH  i] 

md'no-  in  comb,  (before  vowels  mon-) =Gk 
monos  alone,  sole,  single,  as :  (1)  -bd'sic  (Chem.), 
having  one  base  or  atom  of  a  base ;  -car'pic, 
-car'pous,  bearing  fruit  only  once  ;  -ce'phalous 
(Bot),  having  only  one  head ;  -cli'nal,  (of  strata) 
dipping  in  one  &  the  same  direction ;  -cotyle'- 
don(ous),  (plant  with)  single  cotyledon  ;  -cracy, 
government  by  single  person ;  mond'cidar, 
with,  adapted  to,  one  eye ;  -cycle,  velocipede 
with  one  wheel ;  -da'ctylous,  having  one  finger, 
toe,  or  claw ;  -dra'ma,  piece  for  one  performer ; 
monoe'eious  (-ne-),  (Bot.)  with  male  &  female 
organs  on  same  plant,  (Zool.)  hermaphrodite; 
•ge'nesis,  development  of  all  beings  from  single 
cell,  so  -genl'tic  a.;  -geny,  derivation  of  mankind 
from  one  pair  of  ancestors ;  -glot  a.  &  n.,  (one) 
who  uses  only  one  language ;  -gpnous,  having 
only  one  pistil  or  stigma;  -gyny,  practice  of 
mating  with  only  one  female ;  monoide'ism, 
concentration  of  mind  on  one  idea,  esp.  as 
form  of  monomania;  -latry,  worship  of  one 
god  without  denying  that  others  may  exist; 
•md'nia,  insanity  on  one  subject  only,  so  -ma'- 
nidc  n.,  mani'acal  a.;  -me'tallism,  standard  of 
currency  based  on  one  metal,  so  -metallic  a.; 
-movphic,  -mor'phous,  not  changing  form  dur- 
ing development ;  -p&'talous,  having  corolla  in 
one  piece,  or  petals  united  into  tube ;  -phthong, 
single  vowel  sound ;  -plane,  aeroplane  with 
one  plane ;  -rail,  railway  of  one  rail ;  -rhyvie, 
poem  in  which  all  lines  have  same  rhyme; 
-sper'mous  (Bot.),  having  only  one  seed ;  -stich- 
oiis  (-k-)  (Bot,  Zool.),  arranged  in,  consisting 
of,  one  layer  or  row ;  -stro'phic,  consisting  of 
repetitions  of  one  strophic  arrangement ;  -tint, 
representation,  picture,  in  only  one  colour; 
-type,  composing-machine  that  casts  &  sets  up 
type  ;  -ttf'pic,  represented  by  only  one  type.  (2) 
chem.  was  denoting  presence  of  a  single  atom 
or  combining  equivalent,  as  bro  'mide,  -car'bon, 
•chlor'idc,  mono'xide. 

mo'nochopd  (k-),  n.  Instrument  for  deter- 
mination of  musical  intervals,  [f.  F  mono- 
corde  f.  L  f.  Gk  Moso(khordon  f.  khorde chord)] 


monochroma'tic,  a.  (Of  light)  presenting 
one  colour  only ;  executed  in  monochrome. 
[mono-  +  chromatic] 

mo'nochrome,  n.  &  a.  Painting  executed 
in  different  tints  of  one  colour  ;  representation 
in  one  colour ;  (adj.)  having  only  one  colour, 
[ult.  f.  Gk  \loso(khromatos  f.  khrdma  colour)] 

mo-nocle,  n.  Single  eye-glass.  [F,  f.  LL 
monoculus  one-eyed  being  (mono-  +  ocidus 
eye)] 

menody,  n.  Ode  sung  by  single  actor  in 
Greek  tragedy ;  poem  in  which  mourner  be- 
wails some  one's  death.  Hence  or  cogn.  mo- 
nd'dic  a.,  mo'nodiST  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  mondidia 
f.  mondidos  singing  alone  (mono-  +  did-,  aoid-, 
f.  aeidd  sing)] 

mond'gamy,  n.  Practice,  circumstance, 
of  being  married  to  one  at  a  time ;  (rare)  prac- 
tice of  marrying  only  once ;  (Zool.)  habit  of 
having  only  one  mate.  Hence  or  cogn.  mono'- 
g-amisr  n.,  monogamous  a.  If.  F  mono- 
gamiei.  Lf.  Gk  MONO(flra»u'af.  gamos  marriage)] 

mo'nogpam,  n.  Two  or  more  letters,  esp. 
person's  initials,  interwoven.  So  mono- 
gpamma'tic  a.  [f.  LL  monogramma  f.  late 
Gk  MONO(firrammow,  neut  adj.  as  -gram)] 

mo'nograph,  n.,  &  v.t  Separate  treatise 
on  single  object  or  class  of  objects ;  (v.t.)  write 
a  m.  on.  Hence  mono'graphu;1,  mono'- 
graphiST,  nn.,  monogrra'phi*  a.,  mono- 
gra'phiCALLV  adv.    [mono-  +  -graph] 

mo'nolith,  n.  Single  block  of  stone,  esp. 
shaped  into  pillar  or  monument  Hence 
monoli'thic  a.   [f.  L  f.  Gk  Moso(lithos  stone)] 

mo'nologue  (-6g),  n.  Scene  in  drama  in 
which  one  person  speaks  by  himself;  dramatic 
composition  for  single  performer ;  long  speech 
by  one  person  in  a  company;  soliloquy.  Hence 
monolo'g-iCAL  a.,  mono'logisr,  mo'no- 
logruisr,  nn.,  mono*loeriZE(2)  v.i.  [F,  =  one 
who  loves  to  hear  himself  talk,  f.  Gk  mono- 

{logOS  -LOGUE)] 

mono'mial,  n.  &  a.  (alg.).  (Expression)  con- 
sisting of  one  term,    [mono-,  on  binomial] 

Mond'physite,  n.  One  who  holds  there  is 
onlv  one  nature  in  the  person  of  Christ,  [f. 
eccl.  L  (-ta)  t.  eccl.  Gk  MOSO(phusites  f.  phusis 
nature,  see  -ite  j)J 

monopolist,  n.  One  who  favours  mono- 
poly ;  one  who  assumes  monopoly  {of),    [-ist] 

mono'polize,  v.t  Obtain  exclusive  posses- 
sion or  control  of  (trade,  commodity,  the  con- 
versation, person's  attention,  &c).  Hence 
monopoliz  \  tion  n.    [f.  foil.  +  -ize] 

mond'poly,  n.  Exclusive  possession  of  the 
trade  in  some  commodity ;  this  conferred  as 
privilege  by  State;  exclusive  possession,  con- 
trol, or  exercise  (of);  thing  that  is  monopolized, 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  Moao(polion  f.  poled  sell)] 

monopo'lylog-ue  (-6g),  n.  Entertainment 
in  which  sole  performer  plays  many   parts. 

[MONO-  +  POLY-  +  -LOGUE] 

monosyllable,  n.  Word  of  one  syllable  ; 
speak  in  mm.,  answer  little  but  Yes  or  No, 
with  intentional  curtness.  Hence  or  cogn. 
monosylla'bic  a.,  monosylla'biCALLY 
adv.,  monosyllable m (2)  n.,  monosyllab- 
ize(3)  v.t.    [f.  LL  MOSOisyllabus  syllable)! 

mo'notheism,  n.  Doctrine  that  there  is 
only  one  God.  Hence  mo'notheisr  n.. 
monotheistic  a.    [f.  mono-  +  Gk  theos  god 

+  -ISM] 

mo-notone,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.t  (Utterance  of 
successive  syllables)  without  change  of  pitch, 
whence  monoto'nic  a.  (mus.) ;  sameness  of 
style  in  writing;  (v.t)  recite,  speak,  sing,  in 
unvaried  tone,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  late  Gk  mono- 
(tonos  TONE)] 


MONOTONOUS 


526 


MOORING 


mono'tonous,  a.  (Of  sound  or  utterance) 
without  variation  in  tone  or  cadence;  lack- 
ing in  variety,  wearisome  through  sameness. 
Hence  or  cogn.  mono*tomzE<3)  v.t.,  mono*- 
tonousLY2  adv.,  mono'tonousNEss,  mo- 
no'tonY  »,  nn.    [as  monotone  +  -ousj 

Monroeism  (mu-),  n.  Monroe  doctrine. 
So  Monroe'isT  n.    [ism] 

monseigneur  (F),  n.  (pi.  messeigneurs). 
French  title  given  to  eminent  persons,  esp. 
princes,  cardinals,  archbishops,  &  bishops. 

monsieur '(mesyer*  or as  F),  n.  (pi.  messieurs). 
French  equivalent  of  mr,  but  also  used  by  it- 
self as  substitute  for  name,  as  did  M.  ring  ? ; 
Frenchman ;  (Hist.)  title  of  second  son  or  next 
younger  brother  of  French  king. 

tnbnsig  noi-(e)  (seny),  n.  Title  of  prelates, 
officers  of  Papal  court,  &  others.  [It.,  after 
monseigneur] 

monsoo'n,  n.  Wind  in  S.  Asia,  esp.  in  Indian 
Ocean,  blowing  from  S.  W.  in  summer  (wet  m.) 
&  N.E.  in  winter  (dry  m.) ;  rainy  season ;  other 
winds  with  periodic  alternations,  [f.  Du. 
monssoen  f.  Port,  moncao  perh.  f.  Arab,  mau- 
sim,  lit.  season,  (wasama  mark)] 

mo'nster,  n.  &  a.  Misshapen  animal  or 
plant,  abortion;  imaginary  animal  compounded 
of  incongruous  elements,  e.g.  centaur,  sphinx, 
griffin ;  inhumanly  wicked  person,  inhuman 
example  of  (cruelty  &c);  animal,  thing,  of 
huge  size ;  (adj.)  huge.  [f.  OF  monstre  f.  L 
monstrum  portent,  monster  (monere  warn)] 

mo'nstrance,  n.  (R.-C.  Ch.).  Open  or  trans- 
parent vessel  of  gold  or  silver  in  which  the 
host  is  exposed.  [OF,  f.  med.L  monstrantia 
(monstrare  show,  see  -ance)] 

monstpo'sity,  n.  Monstrousness;  abortion, 
imaginary  monster ;  outrageous  thing,  [f.  LL 
monstrositas  (as  foil.,  see  ty)] 

xno'nstpous,  a.  &adv.  Abnormally  formed  ; 
of  the  nature  of  a  monster,  huge ;  outrageously 
wrong  or  absurd ;  atrocious ;  (adv.,  archaic)  ex- 
tremely, as  m.  good  friends.  Hence  mo*n- 
strousLY  2 adv.,  mo'nstrousNESS  n.  [f.  OF 
monstreux  f.  LL  monstrosus  (monster,  -ous)] 

mcntane,  a.  Of,  inhabiting,  mountainous 
country,    [f.  L  montanus  (as  mount,  see  -ane)] 

mo'nte,  n.  Spanish  game  of  chance,  played 
with  45  cards ;  three-card  m.,  game  of  Mexican 
origin.    [Sp.,  =  mountain,  heap  of  cards] 

mo'nth  (mu-),  n.  Any  of  the  twelve  portions 
into  which  the  year  is  divided  (also  calendar 
m.) ;  lunar  m.,  period  in  which  moon  makes 
complete  revolution  ;  space  of  time  from  a  day 
in  one  month  to  corresponding  day  in  next ; 
space  of  28  days ;  m.  of  Sundays,  indefinite 
period ;  this  day  m.,  a  month  from  to-day ;  m.'s 
mind,  mass  &c.  in  commemoration  of  deceased 

f>erson  a  month  after  death,  (also)  inclination, 
iking.  [com.-Teut.:  OE  monadh,  Du.  maand, 
G  monat,  cogn.  w.  moon] 
mo'nthly  (mu-),  a.  &  n.  Done,  recurring, 
payable,  &c,  once  a  month ;  m.  nurse  (attend- 
ing woman  during  first  month  after  accouche- 
ment); m.  rose,  China  rose,  supposed  to  flower 
monthly.  (N.)  magazine  &c.  published  each 
month;  (pi.) menses.  Somo'nthLY^adv.  [-ly1] 
mo'ntieule,  n.  Small  hill;  small  mound 
caused  by  volcanic  eruption;  minute  eminence 
on  surface  of  animal  &c.  [F,  f.  LL  monticulus 
(vion?  mount,  see  -cule)] 
md'nument,  n.  Written  record ;  anything 
that  serves  to  commemorate,  esp.  structure, 
building;  The  M..  column  in  London  com- 
memorating fire  of  London  in  1666;  stone  or 
other  structure  placed  over  grave  or  in  church 
&c  in  memory  of  the  dead.  [f.  L  monumentum 
(monere  remind,  see  -ment)] 


monumental,  a.  Of,  serving  as,  a  monu- 
ment; (of  literary  works)  massive  &  permanent; 
stupendous,  as  m.  ignorance.  Hence  raonu- 
me'ntalLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  monumentalis  (as 
prec,  see  -al)] 

monume-ntalize,  v.t.  Record,  commemo- 
rate, as  by  monument,    [prec.  +  -ize] 

-mony,  suf.  =  L  -monia,  -monium,  which 
formed  nn.  f.  aa.  (acrimonia),  nn.  (patrimon- 
ium),  &  vbs  (alimonium),  f.  F  or  direct ;  in  E 
the  -a  &  -wm  forms  are  alike  ;  in  F  -um  -moine, 
■a  -monie,  (patrimoine,  parcimonie). 

moo,  v.i.  (Of  cow  or  ox)  low,  make  the 
sound  moo.    Hence  moo  n.    [imit.] 

mooch,  mouch,  (moo-),  v.i.  &  t.  (slang). 
Loiter  about,  slouch  along;  (trans.)  steal, 
[perh.  f.  OF  muchier  hide,  skulk] 

mood1,  n.  State  of  mind  or  feeling ;  in  the 
m.,  in  no  m.,  inclined,  disinclined,  (for  thing, 
to  do).  Jeom.-Teut. :  OE  mod,  Du.  moed,  Gmut] 

mood2,  n.  (Gram.)  any  of  the  groups  or 
forms  in  conjugation  of  verb  that  serve  to  in- 
dicate its  function,  as  indicative,  imperative, 
subjunctive,  m. ;  (Mus.)  =  mode;  (Log.)  any  of 
the  classes  into  which  each  of  the  figures  of 
valid  categorical  syllogism  is  subdivided.  [ var. 
of  mode,  by  assoc.  w.  prec] 

moo*dy,a.  Gloomy, sullen.  Hence moo'dl- 
ly2  adv.,  moo'diNESS  n.     [OE  modig  (see 

MOOD1  &-Y2)] 

moon1,  n.  Satellite  of  the  earth,  revolving 
round  it  monthly,  &  deriving  light  from  sun 
&  reflecting  it  to  earth ;  this  in  particular 
month,  regarded  as  a  distinct  object  from  that 
visible  in  other  months,  as  age  of  the  m.,  new 
m.  (at  beginning  of  revolution),  full  m.  (with 
disk  entirely  illuminated) ;  once  in  a  blue  m. ; 
oldm.  in  new  m.' s  arms,  m.  during  first  quarter, 
when  dark  part  of  orb  is  made  faintly  luminous 
by  earth-light ;  moonbeam,  ray  of  moonlight ; 
mooncalf,  born  fool ;  m.-Jlower,  ox-eye  daisy ; 
moonlight,  light  of  m.  (often  attrib.);  vioonlight 
flitting,  removal  of  household  goods  by  night 
to  avoid  paying  rent ;  moonlighter,  one  who  in 
Ireland  perpetrated  outrages  by  night  on  ten- 
ants who  incurred  hostility  of  Land  League  ; 
moonlit,  lit  up  by  m.;  moonshine,  visionary 
talk  or  ideas,  (also)  smuggled  spirits;  moon- 
shiny,  lighted  by  m.,  (also)  visionary ;  moon- 
stone, feldspar  of  pearly  appearance;  moon- 
struck,  deranged  in  mind.  Hence  moo'nLESS 
a.  [com.-Teut.:  OE  mona,  Du.  maan,  G  mond, 
cogn.  w.  L  mensis,  Gk  men,  month] 

moon  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Move,  look,  listlessly  (about, 
around,  &c);  pass  away  (time)  in  listless  man- 
ner,   [f.  prec] 

moo'nshee,  n.  Native  secretary  or  lan- 
guage-teacher in  India,  [f.  Hind,  munshi  f. 
Arab.  munshV  (ansha'a  compose)] 

moo'ny,  a.  Of,  like,  the  moon ;  listless,  stu- 
pidly dreamy.     [MOON1»2  +  -Y2] 

moop l,  n.  Tract  of  open  waste  ground,  esp. 
if  covered  with  heather;  (in  Cornwall)  waste 
land  where  tin  is  found ;  m.  game,  red  (rarely, 
black)  grouse ;  m.-cock,  male  of  this ;  m.-hen, 
female  of  this,  (also)  water-hen ;  moorland, 
country  abounding  in  heather;  moorstone,  kind 
of  granite.  Hence  moop'iSH1,  moop'Y2,  aa. 
[OE  mor,  cf.  Du.  moer,  G  moor] 

Moop2,  n.  One  of  a  Mohammedan  race,  mixed 
Berber  &  Arab,  inhabiting  N.  W.  Africa.  Hence 
Moopmsh  i  a.  [f.  F  More  f.  L  f.  Gk  Mauros  in- 
habitant of  Mauretania,  region  of  N.  Africa] 

moop3,  v.t.  Secure  (boat  or  other  floating 
thing)  with  chains  or  ropes  fastened  to  shore  or 
to  anchors.  Hence  moop*AGE(3, 4)  n.  [OE  has 
mxrels  mooring-rope,  cf.  MDu.  mdren  moor] 

mooring,  n.    (Usu.  pi.)  rope  &c.  with  which 


MOOSE 


527 


MORGUE 


vessel  is  moored ;  (pi.)  place  where  vessel  is 
moored,    [-ing  j] 

moose,  n.  N.-Amer.  animal  closely  allied  to 
or  same  as  European  elk.    [f.  native  moos] 

moot,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  (Hist.)  assembly ;  (Law) 
students'  discussion  of  hypothetical  case  for 
practice  ;  (adj.)  debatable;  (v.t.)  raise  (question) 
for  discussion,  [(vb  f.  OE  motian,  adj.  f.  n.) 
OE  (ge)mot,  cf.  Du.  gemoet,  cogn.  w.  meet  v.i 

mop1,  n.  Bundle  of  coarse  yarn  or  cloth 
fastened  at  end  of  stick,  for  cleaning  floors  &c. ; 
similar  instruments  for  various  purposes ;  m.- 
head,  (fig.)  thick  head  of  hair  like  m.,  person 
with  this.  Hence  mo'ppy  2  a.  [loth  c.  mappe 
ult.  f.  L  mappa  napkin] 

mop2,  v.t.  Wipe,  clean,  (as)  with  mop ;  wipe 
tears,  sweat,  &c,  from  (brow  &c.) ;  (slang)  m. 
the  floor  with,  have  &  use  overwhelming  ad- 
vantage of  (combatant) ;  m.  up,  wipe  up  (as) 
with  mop,  (slang)  absorb  (profits  &c),  dispatch, 
make  an  end  of.    [f.  prec] 

mop  3,  v.i.,  &  n.  M.  &  mow,  make  grimaces ; 
inn,  &  mows,  grimaces,  [perh.  imit.;  cf.  Du. 
moppen  poutl 

mope,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Abandon  onself  to  list- 
less condition  ;  (refl.  or  pass.)  make  oneself,  be, 
the  victim  of  ennui;  (n.)  one  who  mopes,  the 
vim.,  depression  of  spirits.  Hence  mo'piSH1 
a.,  mo'pishLY  2  adv.,  mo'pishxESS  n.    I?] 

md'poke,  moi»e*popk,  n.  In  N.  Zealand, 
an  owl ;  in  Tasmania,  night-jar  ;  in  Australia, 
various  birds,    [imit.  of  bird  s  note] 

moquette  (-k-),  n.  Material  of  wool  &  hemp 
or  linen,  used  for  carpets.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

mo'r(r)a,  n.  Italian  game  in  which  player 
guesses  numberof  fingers  held  up  simultaneous- 
ly by  another,    tit.  mora,  etym.  dub.] 

morai'ne,  n.  Debris,  cf.  Bavar.  mur  sandy 
deposit  carried  down  by  glacier.    [F] 

md'ral,  a.  &  n.  Concerned  with  character 
or  disposition,  or  with  the  distinction  between 
right  &  wrong  ;  m.  sense,  power  of  distinguish- 
ing right  &  wrong ;  (of  literary  work  &c.)  deal- 
ing with  regulation  of  conduct,  as  m.  science ; 
m.  philosophy,  ethics;  m.  law,  the  requirements 
to  which  right  action  must  conform  ;  (of  rights 
&c.)  founded  on  m.  law ;  capable  of  m.  action  ; 
m.  victory,  defeat,  indecisive  result,  that  even- 
tually produces  the  m.  effects  of  victory  ;  m. 
courage,  courage  to  encounter  odium,  con- 
tempt, &c,  rather  than  abandon  right  course ; 
morally  good,  conforming  to  rules  of  morality ; 
virtuous  as  regards  general  conduct ;  m.  cer- 
tainty, probability  so  great  as  to  admit  of  no 
reasonable  doubt.  (N.)  the  m.  teaching  of  a 
fable,  story,  event,  &c. ;  (vulg.)  the  very  m. 
(exact  likeness)  of;  (pi.)  m.  habits,  esp.  sexual 
conduct;  =foll.  Hence  mo'pali.v 2 adv.  ]f.  L 
moralis  (mos  custom,  pi.  mores  morals,  -al)] 

mora'le  (-ahl),  n.  Moral  condition,  esp.  (of 
troops)  as  regards  discipline  &  confidence.  [F, 
fem.  adj.  as  prec. ;  F  uses  moral  masc] 

mo'ralism,  n.  Natural  system  of  morality, 
religion  reduced  to  moral  practice,    [-ism] 

mo'palist,  n.  One  who  practises  or  teaches 
morality ;  man  who  is  merely  moral.  Hence 
mopali'stic  a.    [moral  +  -ist] 

mora'lity,  n.  Moral  science;  (pi.)  moral 
principles,  points  of  ethics  ;  particular  system 
of  morals,  as  commercial  m. ;  moral  conduct 
(esp.  good) ;  moralizing;  (Hist.)  kind  of  drama 
inculcating  moral  lesson,  popular  in  16th  c. 
[f.  F  moraliU  f.  L  moralitatem  (moral,  -ty)] 

md'ralize,  v.i.  &  t.  Indulge  in  moral  re- 
flection or  talk  (on  subject) ;  interpret  morally, 
point  the  moral  of  ;  improve  the  morals  of.  So 
moraliZATiON  n.  [f.  F  moraliser  t,  LL 
moralizare  (as  moral,  see  -ize)] 


mora'ss,  n.  Bog,  marsh,  [f.  Du.  moeras  f. 
MDu.  marasch  f.  OF  as  marish] 

mop'at,  n.  (hist.).  Drink  made  of  honey 
flavoured  with  mulberries,  [f.  med.L  moratum 
(morus  mulberry,  see  -ate  !)] 

Mora'vian,  a.  &n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Moravia; 
(one)  of  Protestant  sect  holding  Hussite  doc- 
trines, founded  in  Saxony  by  M.  emigrants,  [f. 
Moravia,  part  of  Austro-Hungarian  empire, 
-an] 

mop'bid,  a.  (Of  mind,  ideas,  &c.)  unwhole- 
some, sickly ;  given  to  m.  feelings ;  m.  anatomy 
(of  diseased  organs  &c).  Hence  mop'bidr.v  » 
adv.,mop*bidNESS  n.  [f.  hmorbidus  (morbus 
disease  f.  root  of  mori  die)] 

mopbide'zza  (-etsa),  n.  (painting).  Life- 
like delicacy  in  flesh-tints.  [It.  morbido  mor- 
bid)] 

mopbi'dity,  n.  Morbidness ;  prevalence  of 
disease  (in  a  district),   [-ity] 

mopbi'flc,  a.  Causing  disease,  [f.  F  mor- 
bifique  (L  morbus  disease,  see  -fic)] 

mopceau*  (-so),  n.  Short  literary  or  musical 
composition.    [F  (as  morsel)] 

mop'dant,  a.  &  n.  (Of  sarcasm  &c.)  caustic, 
biting,  so  mordA'Cious  a.,  mopdA'ciTY, 
mop'dANCY,  nn. ;  pungent,  smarting ;  (sub- 
stance) serving  to  fix  colouring  matter  or  gold- 
leaf.    IF,  part,  of  mordre  bite  f.  L  mordere] 

mop'dent,  n.  (mus.).  Grace  consisting  in 
rapid  alternation  of  written  note  with  one  im- 
mediately below  it.  [G,  f.  It.  moi'dente  part,  of 
mordere  bite,  as  prec] 

mope,  a.  &  adv.  Existing  in  greater  quanti- 
ty, amount,  or  degree,  as  there  is  m.  truth  in  it 
than  you  think,  10  is  2  m.  than  8,  bring  some  m. 
water;  (ab's.)  greater  quantity,  as  m.  is  meant 
than  meets  the  ear,  hope  to  see  m.  of  you  ;  what 
is  m.  (m.  important) ;  m.  than  one  person  has 
(not  have)  found  it  so ;  (adv. )  in  greater  degree, 
as  you  must  attend  m.  to  details,  m.  in  sorroiu 
than  in  anger,  m.  frightened  than  hurt ;  (form- 
ing compar.  of  most  adjj.  of  more  than  ono 
syllable  &  most  advv.)  m.  absurd(ly),  m.  cari- 
ous, m.  easily,  m.  truly ;  m.  &  m.,  in  an  increas- 
ing degree;  m.  or  less,  in  greater  or  less  degree; 
the  m.;  be  no  m.,  be  dead;  again,  as  once, 
twice,  never,  m. ;  neither  m.  nor  less  than 
(simply,  literally)  absurd  &c.  [com.-Teut.  adj. : 
OE  mdra,  MDu.  mere,  f.  OTeut.  maizon-  f. 
maiz  adv.  whence  obs.  mo  more  (OE  via)  adv.] 

moree'n,  n.  Stout  woollen  or  woollen  & 
cotton  material  for  curtains  &c.    [?] 

mope'l1,  n.  Kinds  of  nightshade,  [f.  OF 
morele  prob.  fem.  f.  It.  morello  dark-coloured 
perh.  f.  L  morum  mulberry] 

more'l 2,  n.  An  edible  fungus,  [f.  F  morille, 
etym.  dub.] 

mope'llo,  n.    Bitter  kind  of  cherry.    [?] 

mopeo*vep,  adv.  Further,  besides,  (intro- 
ducing new  statement),    [more  +  over] 

morepork.    See  mopoke. 

More'sque  (-k),  a.  Moorish  in  style  or  de- 
sign. [F,  f.  It.  moresco  (Moro  Moor,  see  -esque)] 

mopgana'tie,  a.  M.  marriage,  one  between 
man  of  exalted  rank  &  woman  of  lower  rank, 
who  remains  in  her  former  station,  the  issue 
having  no  claim  to  succeed  to  possessions  or 
title  of  father ;  m.  wife  (so  married).  Hence 
mopgana'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  med.L  phr.  matri- 
monium  ad  morganaticam,  prob.  f.  morganati~ 
cum  f.  OHG  *morgangeba  morning-gift  from 
husband  to  wife  the  morning  after  consumma- 
tion of  marriage  (the  m.  wife's  only  claim  on 
husband's  possessions)] 

morguo  >■  (-g),  n.  Building  (esp.  one  formerly 
in  Paris)  in  which  bodies  of  persons  found  dead 
are  exposed  for  identification.    [F] 


MORGUE I 

morgue2  (-g),  n.  Haughty  demeanour,  esp. 
(m.  anglaise)  as  English  characteristic.    [F] 

mo'ribund,  a.  At  the  point  of  death  (lit.  & 
fig.),    [f.  L  moribundus  (mori  die)] 

m6*rion,  n.  (hist.).  Helmet  without  beaver 
or  visor.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

Mopi'sco,  a.  &  n.  Moorish  ;  Moor,  esp.  in 
Spain  ;  morris  dance.    ISp.  (Moro  moor)] 

Mormon,  n.  Member  of  religious  body 
founded  in  1830  by  Joseph  Smith  in  New  York 
on  basis  of  supposed  Divine  revelations  in  Book 
ofM.  (imaginary  author);  person  who  practises 
polygamy  (regarded  as  chief  feature  of  the 
sect).    Hence  Mop'mon ism  n. 

morn,  n.  (poet).  Morning.  [OE  morgen, 
myrgen,  margen,  cf.  Du.  &  G  morgen,  perh.  f. 
root  *mergh-  twinkle] 

mor'ning,  n.  Early  part  of  day-time,  end- 
ing at  noon,  or  at  hour  of  midday  meal ;  good 
m.,  form  of  salutation  ;  (poet.)  dawn ;  (attrib. 
of  clothes)  meant  to  be  worn  in  the  m.,  as  in. 
coat,  tail-coat  with  front  sloped  away  ;  m.  call, 
visit  paid  during  afternoon ;  m.  draught, 
liquor  taken  before  breakfast;  m.-gift  (see 
morganatic,  etym.) ;  m.  prayer,  Anglican  ser- 
vice of  matins;  m.-room,  sitting-room  for  the 
m. ;  m.  star,  Venus  when  visible  in  E.  before 
sunrise ;  m.-watch  (naut),  4-8  a.  m.  [ME  mor- 
wening  (morwen  morn,  +  -ing1)] 

mopo'cco,  n .  Leather  made  (or i  g.  i  n  Morocco, 
now  also  in  Europe)  from  goatskins  tanned 
with  sumac  ;  French  m.,  inferior  small-grained 
kind;  Levant  m.,  high-grade  large-grained 
kind.    [f.  native  Marrakesh] 

mopo'se,  a.  Sullen,  gloomy,  &  unsocial. 
Hence  moPO'seLv2  adv.,  mopo'sexESS  n. 
[f.  L  morosus  (mos  moris  manner,  see  -ose1)] 

Mor'pheus  (us),  n.  God  of  dreams  or  (pop.) 
sleep.    [L] 

mor'phia,  -phine,  nn.  Alkaloid  narcotic 
principle  of  opium,  largely  used  to  alleviate 
pain.  Hence  mor*phlniSM(5)  n.  [(-ine  f.  G 
morphin,see  -ine5)  f.  prec] 

morphology,  n.  (Biol.)  study  of  the  form 
of  animals  &  plants ;  (Philol.)study  of  the  form 
of  words.  Hence  morpholo'gic.u,  a.,  mor- 
pholo'gleali-Y 2  adv.,  morpho'logiST  n. 
(biol.).   Tf.  Gk  morphe  form  +  -logy] 

moT pis,  a.  &  n.  M.  (-dance),  grotesque  dance 
by  persons  in  fancy  costume,  usu.  as  characters 
in  Robin  Hood  legend  ;  m.-pike  (hist.),  form  of 
pike  supposed  to  be  of  Moorish  origin,  [f. 
morys,  var.  of  moorish] 

mo'PPis  tube,  n.  Small-bore  rifle  barrel 
insertable  in  large-bore  rifle  for  practice  on 
miniature  range.    [R.  Morris,  inventor] 

mo'ppow,  n.  (literary).  The  m.,  the  follow- 
ing day;  (fig.)  on  the  m.  o/(time  following  on) 
a  long  war  &c.  [ME  morwe,  shortened  f. 
morwen  morn] 

morse  >,  n.    Walrus,    [f.  Lapp.  morsd\ 

Morse2,  n.  Of  the  recording  telegraph  in- 
vented by  S.  F.  B.  Morse  (d.  1872),  as  M.  alpha- 
bet, code. 

mop'sel,  n.  Mouthful,  small  piece,  (o/food 
&c.) ;  fragment.  [OF,  dim.  of  mors  a  bite  f.  L 
mordere  mors-  bite] 

mopt 1.  n.  Note  sounded  on  horn  at  death  of 
deer.    [F,  f.  L  mortem  (nom.  mors)  death] 

mopt2,  n.    Salmon  in  third  year.    [?] 

mor'tal,  a.  &  n.  Subject  to  death ;  causing 
death,  fatal,  {to,  often  fig.) ;  (of  battle)  fought  to 
the  death  ;  (of  enemy)  implacable;  (of  pain, fear, 
&c)  deadly ;  (of  sin)  entailing  spiritual  death, 
deadly;  accompanying  death,  as  m.  agony; 
tslang)  very  great,  as  in  a  m.  hurry ;  (slang) 
long  &  tedious,  as  for  tivo  m.  hours ;  (n.)  m., 
esp.  human,  being  ;  (facet.)  person,  as  a  thirsty 


8 MOSQUITO 

m.  Hence  mop*talLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  mortel  f. 
L  mortalis  (mors  -rtis  death,  see  -al)] 

mortality,  n.  Mortal  nature ;  loss  of  life 
on  large  scale;  number  of  deaths  in  given 
period  &c;  death-rate.  [f.  F  mortality  f.  L 
mortalitatem  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

mo p* tar,  n.,  &  v.t  Vessel  of  hard  material, 
e.g.  marble,  in  which  ingredients  are  pounded 
with  pestle ;  short  piece  of  ordnance  for  throw- 
ing shells  at  high  angles ;  contrivance  for  firing 
shells  in  pyrotechnic  displays  ;  mixture  of  lime, 
sand,  &  water,  for  joining  stones  or  bricks, 
whence  mop*taPLESS,  mop'taPY2,  aa.;  m.- 
board,  board  for  holding  m.,  (pop.)  square 
college  cap ;  (v.t)  plaster,  join,  with  m.  [(vb  f. 
n.)  f.  F  mortier  f.  L  mortarium,  etym.  dub.] 

mortgage l  (mor'gij),  n.  Conveyance  of  pro- 
perty by  debtor  (mortgagor)  to  creditor  (mort- 
gagee) as  security  for  debt,  with  proviso  that  it 
shall  be  reconveyed  on  payment  of  debt  within 
certain  period ;  deed  effecting  this.  [OF,  =  dead 
pledge  (mort  f.  L  mortuus  dead  +  gage  j)] 

mortgage2,  v.t  Make  over  (property)  by 
mortgage;  pledge  (oneself,  one's  powers  &c,  to 
object  &c).  Hence  moptgagEE*,  mopt- 
gagOR*2  (-jor),  nn.  (see  prec).    If.  prec] 

mop'tif  y,  v.  t  &  i.  Bring  (body,  passions,  &c ) 
into  subjection  by  self-denial  or  discipline  ; 
cause  (person)  to  feel  humiliated,  wound  (feel- 
ings), whence  mop'tifyiNG2 a.;  (intr.,  of  flesh) 
be  affected  by  gangrene  or  necrosis.  So  mor- 
tiflCATiON  n.  [f.  F  mortijier  f.  L  mortificare 
(mors  -rtis  death,  see  -fy)J 

mop'tise,  -ice,  n.,  &  v.t  Hole  in  a  frame- 
work designed  to  receive  the  end  of  some  other 
part  esp.  a  tenon  ;  m.  chisel  (with  stout  blade, 
for  cutting  mm.);  (v.t.)  join  (things  together, 
one  to  or  into  another)  securely,  esp.  by  tenon 
&  m.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  mortaise,  etym.  dub.] 

mor'tmain,  n.  (law).  Condition  of  lands  or 
tenements  held  inalienably  by  ecclesiastical  or 
othercorporation;(flg.)z'nm.,underposthumous 
control,  [f.  OF  mortemain  f.  med.L  mortua 
manus  dead  hand,  prob.  in  allusion  to  imper- 
sonal ownership] 

mop'tuapy,  a.  &  n.  Of  death  or  burial ;  build- 
ing in  which  dead  bodies  are  kept  for  a  time, 
[f.  L  mortuarius  (mortuus  dead,  see  -ary  *)] 

mosa-ic1  (-z-),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t  (-eking,  -eked). 
(Form  or  work  of  art)  in  which  pictures  &c  are 
produced  by  joining  together  minute  pieces  of 
glass,  stone,  &c,  of  different  colours  (also  fig. 
of  any  diversified  whole) ;  m.  woolwork  (pro- 
ducing effect  like  that  of  m.) ;  m.  gold,  a  di- 
sulphide  of  tin,  also  alloy  of  copper  &  zinc  used 
in  cheap  jewellery  &c;  (v.t.)  adorn  with  mm.; 
combine  (as)  into  m.  Hence  mosa#ieiST(3)  n. 
[(vb  f.n.)  f.  Ymosaiquef.  med.Lmosaicus,  mu-, 
as  if  f.  a  Gk  mousaikos  of  the  Muses  (mousa 
muse,  see-ic)J 

Mosaic-  (-z),  a.  Of  Moses,  esp.  M.  law  (con- 
tained in  Pentateuch),    [f.  L  Moses  +  -ic] 

mosasaur'us,  n.  Large  extinct  marine 
reptile,  first  found  near  Maestricht  on  the 
Meuse.    [f.  L  Mosa  Meuse  +  Gk  sauros  lizard] 

moschate'l  (-k-),  n.  Small  plant  with  pale- 
green  flowers  &  musky  smell,  [f.  F  moscatelle 
f.  It  moscatella  (moscato  musk)] 

mose'lle  (-z-),  n.  Dry  white  wine  produced 
near  the  river  M.- 

Md'slem,  Mu'slim,  (z-,  -s-h  a.  &  n.  (pi.  ~ms, 
■min).  Mohammedan.  Hence  Mo'slemis.M 
n.    [Arab,  (-im),  part  of  aslama  whence  islam] 

mos'que  (-k),  n.  Mohammedan  place  of 
worship.  [I6th-c  mosquee  f.  F  mosque' e  f.  It. 
moschea  f.  Arab,  masqid  (sagada  vb  worship)  1 

mosqui'to  (-ke-),  n.  Kinds  of  gnat,  female 
of  which  punctures  skins  of  animals  with  long 


MOSS 


529 


MOULD 


f)robosci8  &  sucks  their  blood  ;  m.-net,  -curtain, 
to  keep  off  mm.) ;  m.-craft,  small  light  vessels 
for  rapid  manoeuvring.  [Sp.,  dim.  of  mosca  f.  L 
musca  fly] 

moss,  n.,  &  v.t  Wet  spongy  soil ;  peat-bog ; 
kinds  of  small  herbaceous  cryptogamous  plant, 
some  growing  in  bogs,  others  on  surface  of 
ground,  trees,  stones,  &c,  in  crowded  masses, 
whence  mo'ssiNESs  n.,  mo'ssv  2  a.;  rolling 
stone  gathers  no  m. ,  one  who  constantly  changes 
his  place  or  employment  will  not  grow  rich ; 
mo'ssbunker,  =  menhaden  ;  m.-groum,  over- 
grown with  m.;  m.-hag,  broken  ground1  from 
which  peat  has  been  taken  ;  m.  rose,  garden 
variety  of  cabbage  rose,  with  m.-like  growth  on 
calyx  &  stalk ;  mArooper,  border  freebooter  of 
17th  c;  (v.t)  cover  with  m.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  mos, 
cf.  Du  mos,  G  moos] 

most,  a.  &  adv.  Existing  in  greatest  quantity 
or  degree,  as  you  have  made  m.  mistakes,  see 
who  can  make  m.  noise,  (abs.,  quasi-noun)  this 
is  the  m.  lean  do,  make  the  m.  of  it,  employ  it 
to  the  best  advantage,  (also)  represent  it  at  the 
best  or  worst ;  the  majority,  as  m.  people  think 
so,  (quasi-n.)  m.  of  them  are  broken ;  for  the  m. 
part,  in  the  main,  usually,  whence  mo'st- 
ly  2  adv.;  (adv.)  in  the  highest  degree,  as  what 
m.  annoys  me,  (forming  superl.  of  most  adjj.  of 
more  than  one  syllable  &  most  advv.)  m.  ludi- 
crously), m.  certain(ly),  m.  callous{ly) ;  ten  at 
m.,  not  more  than  ten,  This  is  at  m.  (is  no  more 
than)  a  makeshift.  [com.-Teut:  OE  wisest,  Du. 
meest,  G  meist,  f.  OTeut  maisto-  {maiz  more 
see  -est)] 

-most,  suf.  forming  superl.  adjj.  formed 
not  on  adjj.  but  on  prep,  or  demonstr.  stems 
(afterm.,  forem.,  inm.,  utm.)  &  later  on  wds  in- 
dicating position  in  place,  time,  or  order,  {back- 
m„  topm.,  centrem.,  &  the  compar.  uppernu, 
utterm.,  furtherm.,  &c.) ;  also  in  bettermost ; 
altered  form  of  OE  -mest,  combining  two  superl. 
suff.,  -wo-  &  -islo-  -est;  in  late  OE  -mest  was 
confused  with  most  (see  prec),  whence  usu. 
mod.  pronunc.  (most)  for  the  unstressed  (most). 
mot  (mo),  n.  (pi.  mots  pron.  moz).  Witty  say- 
ing. (F,  =  word,  f.  pop.  L  *mottum  =  L  muttum 
{muttire  murmur)] 

mote,  n.  Particle  of  dust ;  m.  in  (another's) 
eye,  trifling  fault  if  compared  to  one's  own  (see 
Matt.  vii.  3).  [OE  mot,  perh.  cogn.  w.  Du.  mot 
dust,  sawdust] 
mote't,  n.  (mus.).  Vocal  composition  in  har- 
mony, usu.  to  words  from  Scripture,  for  church 
use.    [F,  dim.  of  mot] 

mo'th,  n.  (Also  clothes-m.)  small  nocturnal 
lepidopterous  insect  breeding  in  cloth  &c,  on 
which  its  larva  feeds,  whence  mo'thv2  a.;  one 
of  two  great  divisions  of  LepidoDtera  including 
this,  distinguished  from  butterflies  by  not  hav- 
ing clubbed  antennae ;  m.eaten,  destroyed  by 
mm.  [OE  moththe,  cf.  MDu.  &  G  motte] 
mo'tnerMniudh-hn.  Female  parent;  quality, 
condition,  &c,  that  gives  rise  to  another,  as 
necessity  is  the  m.  of  invention ;  head  of  female 
religious  community ;  (term  of  address  for) 
elderly  woman  of  lower  class ;  (also  artificial 
m.)  apparatus  for  rearing  chickens ;  (archaic, 
f.  obs.  sense  womb)  hysteria;  M.  Carey's 
chicken  ;  M.  Church  (as  of  maternal  author- 
ity) ;  M.-Church  (whence  others  have  sprung) ; 
m.  country,  country  in  relation  to  its  colonies ; 
m.  earth,  earth  as  m.  of  its  inhabitants  &c, 
(facet.)  the  ground ;  M.  Hubbard,  person  in 
nursery  rhyme,  kind  of  cloak ;  m.-in-law,  one's 
wife's  or  husbands  m.;  m.  of  pearl,  smooth 
shining  iridescent  substance  forming  inner 
layer  of  some  shells  (often  attrib.,  w.  hyphens) ; 
m.'s  son,  man,  esp.  every  »t.'s  son  of  {you  &c.) ; 


m.  tongue,  one's  native  tongue,  (also)  tongue 
from  which  others  spring ;  m.  wit,  native  wit, 
common  sense.  Hence  mo'thePHOOD  n., 
mo*  t  hep  less,  mo'thePLiKE,  aa.  [com.- 
Teut.:  OE  modor,  Du.  moeder,  G  mutter,  cogn. 
w.  Gk  meter,  L  mater] 

mother2,  v.t  Give  birth  to  (usu.  fig.) ;  pro- 
tect as  a  mother ;  acknowledge  or  profess  one- 
self the  mother  of  (child,  lit.  &  fig.),   [f.  prec] 

mo'ther3  (mudh-),  n.  (Also  m.  of  vinegar) 
mucilaginous  substance  produced  in  vinegar 
during  fermentation  by  mould-fungus.  Hence 
mo'thePY2  a.  [prob.  =  mother  i  ;  cf.  MDu. 
moeder,  G  mutter] 

mo'therly,  a.  Having,  showing,  the  good 
qualities  of  a  mother.  Hence  mo'theplixEss 
n.    [OE  modorlic  (see  mother1  &  -ly2)] 

moti'f  (ef),n.  Constituent  feature,  dominant 
idea,  in  artistic  composition ;  ornament  of  lace 
&c.  sewn  separately  on  dress.   [F,  as  motive  a.] 

mo* tile,  a.  (zool.,  bot).  Capable  of  motion. 
Hence  moti'liTY  n.    [as  move,  see  -il] 

mo'tion  l  (-shn),  n.  Moving,  change  of  place ; 
manner  of  moving  the  body  in  walking  &c. ; 
change  of  posture;  gesture;  in  m.,  moving, 
not  at  rest;  put  in  m.,  set  going  or  working; 
formal  proposal  in  deliberative  assembly ; 
(Law)  application  by  party  &c.  for  rule  or  order 
of  court;  evacuation  of  bowels;  piece  of  moving 
mechanism.  Hence  mo'tion  a  l,  mo'tion- 
less,  aa.    [F,  f.  L  motionem  (as  move,  -ion)] 

mo'tion2  (-shn),  v.t  &  i.  Direct  (person  to, 
towards,  away,  &c,  to  do)  by  sign  or  gesture  ; 
make  gesture  {to  person)  directing  him  {to  do), 
[f.  prec] 

mo'tive,  a.  &  n.  Tending  to  initiate  move- 
ment, whence  moti'viTY  n.;  m. power, moving 
or  impelling  power,  esp.  form  of  mechanical 
energy  used  to  drive  machinery,  e.g.  steam, 
electricity;  concerned  with  movement;  (n.) 
what  induces  a  person  to  act,  e.  g.  desire,  fear, 
circumstance,  whence  mo'tiveLESS  a.;  =  mo- 
tif,  [f.  F  motif  f.  med.L  motivus  (move,  -ive)] 

mo'tley,  a.  &  n.  Diversified  in  colour;  of 
varied  character,  as  m.  assembly;  (n.)  incon- 
gruous mixture ;  (Hist)  fool's  parti-coloured 
dress,  esp.  wear  m.,  play  the  fool.    [?] 

mo'top,  n.  &  a.  What  imparts  motion  ;  ma- 
chine supplying  motive  power  for  carriage  or 
vessel,  (often  in  narrow  sense  excluding  steam- 
engines),  as  (attrib.)  m.  bicycle,  cab;  m.  car, 
carriage  propelled  by  m.  for  use  on  ordinary 
roads,  whence  mo'toPiST(3)  n.;  (Anat)  muscle 
designed  to  move  a  part  of  the  body;  (nerve) 
designed  to  excite  muscular  activity,  whence 
motop'iAL,  mo'tORY,  aa.    [L  (move,  -or2)] 

mo'ttle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Arrangement  of  spots  or 
confluent  blotches  of  colour ;  such  spot ;  varie- 
gated woollen  yarn;  (v.t.)  mark  (esp.  soap) 
with  mm.  (esp.  in  p.p.).    [prob.  f.  motley] 

mo'tto,  n.  Sentence  inscribed  on  some  object 
&  expressing  appropriate  sentiment ;  maxim 
adopted  as  rule  of  conduct ;  verses  &c.  in  paper 
cracker;  quotation  prefixed  to  book  or  chapter; 
(Mus.)  recurrent  phrase.    [It,  as  mot] 

mou'fflon  (mob),  n.  Wild  mountain  sheep 
of  S.  Europe,    [f.  F  mouflon  f.  LL  mufron] 

moujik,  muzhik,  (moo'zhlk),  n.  Russian 
peasant ;  lady's  loose  fur  cape.  [f.  Russ.  mu- 
zhiku  peasant] 

mould !  (mold),  n.  Loose  earth ;  upper  soil  of 
cultivated  land  ;  man  of  m„  mortal  man  ;  m.- 
board,  board  in  plough  that  turns  over  the 
furrow-slice.  [OE  molde,  cf.  Du.  moude,  G. 
dial.  molt.  f.  OTeut  mid-  grind,  cf.  meal1] 

mould  2  (mold),  n.  Pattern,  templet,  used  by 
masons,  bricklayers,  &c,  as  guide  in  shaping 
mouldings;  hollow  form  into  which  molten 


MOULD 


530 


MOUTHY 


metal  &c.  is  cast  to  cool  into  required  shape ; 
metal  or  earthenware  vessel  used  to  give 
shape  to  puddings  &c,  pudding  &c.  so  shaped ; 
(fig.)  cast  in  heroic  &c.  «k,  of  such  character; 
form,  shape,  esp.  of  animal  body ;  (Arch.)  group 
of  mouldings ;  m.  candle  (made  in  a  m.) ;  m.- 
loft,  room  on  floor  of  which  plans  of  ship  are 
drawn  full  size.  [ME  mold(e)  prob.  f.  OF  modle 
f.  modulus] 

mould',  v.t.  Produce  (object)  in  certain 
shape,  out  of  (elements),  or  upon  (pattern), 
lit.  &  fig. ;  bring  (object)  into  certain  shape ; 
shape  (bread)  into  loaves,    [f.  prec] 

mould4  (mo),  n.  Woolly  or  furry  growth  of 
minute  fungi  on  things  that  lie  for  some  time 
in  moist  warm  air.  [prob.  f.  obs.  mould  a.,  pp. 
of  moid  grow  mouldy,  cf.  Swed.  mogla] 

mou'lder  (mo-),  v.i.  Decay  to  dust,  crumble 
away,  (often  fig.),    [perh.  mould  l  +  -er8] 

mou'lding*  (mo-),  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. 
moulded  object,  esp.  ornamental  variety  of  out- 
line in  cornices  &c  of  building,  woodwork, 
&c. ;  m.-board  (on  which  dough  is  kneaded). 

[MOULD  3+-ING1] 

mou'ldy  (mo-),  a.  Overgrown  with  mould ; 
(fig.)  stale,  out-of-date.  Hence  mou'ldiNESS 
n.    [mould^  +  .v2] 

moulin  ( F),  n.  Nearly  vertical  shaft  in  glacier, 
formed  by  surface  water  falling  through  crack 
in  ice.    IF,  lit.  =  mill] 

moult  (mo),  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  (Of  birds)  shed 
(feathers),  shed  feathers,  in  changing  plumage 
(also  fig.) ;  (n.)  moulting,  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME  mouten 
f.  OE  *mutian  f.  L  mutare  change ;  -I-  on  false 
anal,  of  fault  8cc] 

mound *  (mow-),  n.  Ball  of  gold  &c.  repre- 
senting earth,  surmounting  crown  &c,  &  used 
in  heraldry,    [f.  F  monde  f.  L  mundus  world] 

mound2  (mow-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Elevation  of 
earth  or  stones,  esp.  of  earth  heaped  on  grave ; 
hillock;  m.-builder,  one  of  prehistoric  Indian 
race  in  N.  America  who  erected  mm.,  (also) 
kinds  of  bird  depositing  eggs  in  a  heap ;  (v.t.) 
enclose  with,  heap  up  in,  mm.    [?] 

mount J  (mow-),  n.  Mountain,  hill,  (abbr.  M t , 
preceding  name,  as  Mt  Ephraim) ;  (Palmistry) 
fleshy  prominence  on  palm  of  hand.  [OE  munt 
f.  L  mons  -ntis] 

mount2  (mow-),  v.i.  &  t.  Ascend  (hill  &c.  or 
abs.) ;  proceed  upwards;  (of  blood)  rise  into 
cheeks ;  rise  to  higher  level  of  rank,  power,  in- 
tensity, &c ;  (also  m,  up)  rise  in  amount ;  get 
orthorse&c.  for  purpose  of  riding;  geton  (horse 
&c.  or  abs.) ;  put  (person)  on  horse  &c;  furnish 
(person)  with  horse;  raise  (guns)  into  position  ; 
put  (loom  &c.)  in  working  order;  put  (picture 
&c.)  in  a  mount3;  fit  (gems  &c.)  in  gold  &c; 
fix  (object)  on  microscope  slide  ;  put  (play)  on 
stage ;  display  (article  of  costume) ;  m.  (go  on 
duty  as)  guard  (over  thing  or  abs.).  [f.  OF 
inunter  f.  pop.  L  *montare  (as  prec.)] 

mount3  (mow-),  n.  Margin  surrounding  pic- 
ture, card  on  which  drawing  is  mounted ;  orna- 
mental metal  parts  of  various  objects ;  horse 
provided  for  person's  riding ;  ride,  esp.  in  race, 
[f.  prec] 

mou-ntain  (tin),  n.  Natural  elevation  of 
earth  s  surface,  large  or  high  hill ;  waves  ran 


mm.  (very)  high,  m.-high ;  large  heap  or  pile ; 

&    ,^1,  wine)  Malaga  wine  from  m.  grapes 

the  M.,  extreme  party  in  first  French  Revolu 


tion,  occupying  elevated  position  in  chamber 
of  assembly ;  m.  ash,  tree  with  delicate  pinnate 
leaves  &  scarlet  berries;  m.  chain,  series  of 
mm.;  m.  dew,  Scotch  whisky;  m.  sickness, 
malady  caused  by  rarefied  m.  air.  [f.  OF  mon- 
taigne  f.  pop.  L  montanea  f.  *montaneiis  =  L 
montanus  (?nons  -ntis  mountain,  -an)J 


mountaineer',  n.  Dweller  amongst  moun- 
tains ;  one  skilled  in  mountain  climbing,  whence 
mountaineer'iNG 1  n.  [-eer] 
mou*ntainous,a.  Aboundingin mountains; 
huge.  If.  OF  montagneux  (mountain,  -ous)] 
mou'ntebank  (mow-),  n.  Itinerant  quack 
who  held  forth  to  audience  from  platform; 
charlatan.  Hence  mou'ntebankERY(I)  n.  [f. 
It.  montambanco  =  monta  in  banco  mount  on 
bench] 

mourn  (morn),  v.i.  &  t.  Feel  sorrow  or  regret 
(for,  over,  dead  person,  lost  thing,  loss,  misfor- 
tune, &c.) ;  show  conventional  signs  of  grief  for 
period  after  person's  death ;  sorrow  for  (dead 
person,  thing).  [com.-Teut.:  OE  murnan,  OHG 
mornen  be  anxious,  ON  morna  pine] 
mour'ner,  n.  One  who  mourns,  esp.  who 
attends  funeral  of  friend  or  relation ;  person 
hired  to  attend  funeral,  [-er  l] 
moup'nful,  a.  Doleful,  sad,  sorrowful. 
Hence  moui^nfulLi^adv.,  mour'nfulNESs 
n.    [mourn  +  -ful] 

mour-ning,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  also  or  esp. : 
(wearing  of)  black  clothes  as  sign  of  m. ;  deep  *, 
half,  m.;  in  m.,  wearing  such  garments  ;  m.- 
coach  (attending  funeral);  m.-paper,  note- 
paper  with  black  edge ;  m.ring  (worn  as  me- 
morial of  deceased  person),    [-ing  l] 

mouse l  (mows),  n.  (pi.  mice).  Animal  of  any 
of  the  smaller  species,  of  a  genus  of  rodents, 
esp.  house,  field,  harvest,  m.;  (slang)  black  eye ; 
m.-colour,  dark  grey  with  yellow  tinge ;  m.-ear, 
hawk  weed  &  other  plants;  ?nowse£rap  (for  catch- 
ing mice).  Hence  mou'SY2  a.  [com.-Teut.: 
OE  mus,  Du.  muis,  G  maus,  cf.  L  &  Gk  mus] 

mouse  2  (-z),  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  cat  or  owl)  hunt  for 
or  catch  mice,  whence  mou'SER  *  n. ;  search 
industriously,  prowl  about  in  search  of  some- 
thing,   [f.  prec] 

mousseline  (moosle'n),  n.  French  muslin ; 
m.-delaine,  dress  material  of  wool  &  cotton  ; 
m.-de-soie  (swah),  thin  silk  fabric  of  muslin-like 
texture.    [F,  see  muslin] 

moustache  (mwstah'sh),  n.  Hair  on  either 
side  or  both  sides  of  a  man's  upper  lip ;  similar 
hair  round  mouths  of  some  animals ;  m.-cup 
(with  partial  cover  to  protect  m.  when  drink- 
ing).   [F,  f.  It.  mostaccio  f.  Gk  mustax  -akos] 

mouth !  (mowth),  n.  External  orifice  in  body, 
with  cavity  behind  it  containing  apparatus  of 
mastication  &  organs  of  vocal  utterance  ;  (of 
horse,  with  reference  to  his  readiness  to  feel  & 
obey  pressure  of  bit)  good,  bad,  hard,  m. ;  m. 
ivaters  at  (food ;  referring  to  flow  of  saliva 
caused  by  anticipation) ;  useless  m.,  one  who 
does  no  work  but  must  be  fed;  this  sounds 
strange  in  your  m.  (when  said  by  you) ;  put 
words  into  his  m.,  tell  him  what  to  say ;  put 
(speech)  into  person's  m.,  represent  him  as  hav- 
ing made  it ;  take  the  words  out  of  person's  m., 
say  what  he  was  about  to  say ;  (of  dog)  give  m., 
bark,  bay ;  down  in  the  m.,  dejected  ;  laugh  on 
wrong  side  of  one's  m.,  lament ;  make  a  wry  m., 
grimace  in  sign  of  disapproval  &c  ;  opening  of 
bag,  cave,  furnace,  &c;  outfall  of  river;  m.- 
Jilling,  bombastic,  inflated ;  m.-organ,  pan- 
pipe &  other  musical  instruments;  mouthpiece, 
Eart  of  pipe,  musical  instrument,  Sec,  placed 
etween  lips,  (also)  one  who  speaks  for  others. 
Hence  (-)mouthED2(-dhd),mou*thLESS,  ml, 
mou'thFUL  n.  [com.-Teut. :  OE  muth,  Du. 
mond,  G  mund,  cogn.  w.  L  mentum  chin] 

mouth  2  (-dh),  v.t.  &  i.  Utter  (words  or  abs.) 
pompously  or  very  distinctly ;  take  (food)  in, 
touch  with,  the  mouth ;  train  mouth  of  (horse) ; 
grimace,    [f.  prec] 

mou'thy  (dhi),  a.  Railing,  ranting ;  bom- 
bastic    [MOUTH1  +  -V  2] 


MOVABLE 


531 


MUFF 


mo*vable  (moo-),  a.  &  n.  That  can  be  moved ; 
(of  property)  that  can  be  removed,  personal  as 
opp.  to  real ;  to.  feast,  one  that  varies  its  date, 
(facet.)  meal  taken  at  no  regular  time  ;  (n.) 
article  of  furniture  that  may  be  removed  from 
the  house,  opp.  to  fixture ;  (pi.)  personal  pro- 
perty. Hence  movaBULiTY,  mo'vablexESS, 
nn.    [OF  (as  move 2,  see  -able)] 

move l  (moov),  n.  Moving  of  a  piece  in  chess 
&  other  games ;  player's  turn  to  do  this ;  device, 
step  taken  to  secure  object ;  on  the  m.,  moving 
about;  make  a  to.,  go,  esp.  rise  &  go  from 
dinner- table  &c.    [f.  foll.J 

move2  (moov),  v.t.  &  i.  Change  position  of ; 
change  position  of  (piece)  in  chess  &c. ;  put, 
keep,  in  motion,  shake,  stir ;  w.  heaven  &  earth, 
make  every  effort  (to  do) ;  change  posture  of 
(one's  body,  limbs,  &c.) ;  cause  (bowels)  to  act ; 
provoke  (laughter,  anger,  &c,  in  person,  person 
to  these) ;  affect  (person)  with  (usu.  tender) 
emotion,  whence  mo'viNG2  a.,  mo'vingfLY2 
adv. ;  prompt,  incline,  (person  faction,  to  do); 
the  spirit  (orig.  in  Quaker  use, = Holy  Spirit) 
moves  me,  I  feel  inclined  (to  do) ;  make  formal 
application  to  (court  &c.  for) ;  propose  (ques- 
tion, resolution,  that  thing  be  done)  in  deliber- 
ative assembly ;  go,  pass,  (about,  away,  &c.) 
from  place  to  place ;  make  progress,  as  the  work 
moves  slowly ;  make  a  move  at  chess  &c. ; 
change  one's  abode ;  m.  about,  do  this  often ; 
to.  in,  take  possession  of  new  abode ;  m.  on 
(policeman's  order  to  person  who  stands  too 
long  in  one  place),  (trans.)  cause  person  to  m. 
on  by  giving  this  order ;  (of  person  or  part  of 
body)  change  posture ;  (of  inanimate  things) 
suffer  change  of  position;  (of  bowels)  be  moved; 
make  request  or  application  (for)',  take  action, 
proceed,  (in  matter).  Hence  mo*veLESS  a. 
(rare),    [f.  OF  movoir  f.  L  movere  mot-] 

mo'vement,  n.  Moving;  military  evolu- 
tion ;  moving  parts  of  machine,  particular 
group  of  these ;  mental  impulse ;  development 
of  poem,  story,  &c. ;  (Mus. )  mode  of  progression 
as  regards  speed  or  rhythm,  (also)  principal 
division  of  a  musical  work  ;  series  of  actions  & 
endeavours  of  a  body  of  persons  for  special 
object,  as  the  oxford  to.  ;  activity  in  market 
for  some  commodity.  [OF,  f.  med.L  movimen- 
tum  (as  prec,  see  -ment)] 

mo'ver,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  one  who 
moves  proposal ;  prime  to.,  initial  source  (na- 
tural or  mechanical)  of  motive  power,  (also) 
person  who  originates  an  action  &c.    [-er  J] 

mow l  (mo),  n.  Stack  of  hay,  corn,  peas,  &c; 
place  in  barn  where  hay  &c.  is  heaped ;  mow- 
burnt,  spoilt  by  becoming  overheated  in  the 
m.  [OE  muga,  cf.  ON  muge,  Sw.  &  Norw.  muga] 

mow2  (mo,  mow),  n.,  &  v.i.  See  mop3,  [(vb 
f.  n.)  f.  OF  »iowe  mouth,  lip,  pout,  etym.  dub.] 

mow3  (mo),  v.t.  (mowed,  mown).  Cut  down 
(grass  &c.  or  abs.)  with  scythe  or  machine ;  cut 
down  produce  of  (field)  thus;  destroy  sweeping- 
ly,  cut  off  or  down  in  great  numbers.  Hence 
mow'ER1  (1,  2)  n.  [com.-WG:  OE  mdwan,  Du. 
maaien,  G  mdhen] 

mo'xa,  n.  Down  from  dried  leaves  of  a  plant, 
used  for  burning  on  skin  as  counter-irritant  for 

fout;  anything  so  used.  [f.  Jap.  mokusa  (moe 
usa  burning  herb)] 

moya,  n.    Volcanic  mud.    [1] 

Moza'rab,  n.  (hist.).  Christian  owning  alle- 
giance to  Moorish  king  but  allowed  his  own 
religion.  Hence  Moza'rabic  a.  [f.  Sp.  Moz- 
arabe  f.  Arab,  musta'rib  would-be  Arab  ('arab)} 

Mr  (mi'ster),  n.    See  mister. 

Mrs  (mi*siz),  n.  Title  prefixed  to  surname  of 
married  woman  who  has  no  superior  title  ;  Mrs 
Grundy  (see  Grundyism),  [abbr.  of  mistress] 


much,  a.  &  adv.  Existing  in  great  quantity, 
as  to.  trouble,  too  w.  noise,  not  to.  rain,  (abs., 
quasi-n.)  I  have  stood  to.,  to.  of  what  you  say 
is  true ;  too  to.  (more  than  a  match)  for ;  think, 
make,  to.  o/;  he  is  not  to.  of  a  (not  a  good) 
scholar ;  (adv.)  in  a  great  degree  (qualifying  vb 
or  p.p.),  as  /  to.  regret  the  mistake,  was  to.  an- 
noyed ;  (qualifying  compar.  or  superl.  adj.)  to. 
better,  to.  the  most  likely  ;  pretty  nearly,  as  to. 
of  a  size,  about  the  same  size.  Hence  mu'ch- 
ly  2  adv.  (facet.),    ff.  OE  micel  mickle] 

mu'chness,  n.  Greatness  in  quantity  or  de- 
gree ;  much  of  a  to.,  very  nearly  the  same  or 
alike,    [prec.  +  -ness] 

mu'cilagre  (-Ij),  n.  Viscous  substance  from 
various  plants ;  gum  ;  viscous  fluid  in  animal 
bodies,  e.g.  mucus.  Somueila'ginousa.  [F, 
f.  LL  mucilago  -ginis  (mucus)] 

muck ',  n.  Farm-yard  manure ;  dirt ;  (colloq.) 
anything  disgusting;  (colloq.) untidy  state;  to.- 
rake  (for  collecting  m.,  usu.  fig.);  muckworm, 
worm  that  lives  in  m.,  (fig.)  money-grubber, 
street  arab.  Hence  mu'ckY2  a.  [ME  muk, 
prob.  of  Scand.  orig.] 

muck  2,  v.  t.  &  i.  Make  dirty  ;  (slang)  bungle 
(job) ;  (slang)  go  aimlessly  about,    [f.  prec] 

mu-cker,  n.  (slang).  Heavy  fall  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
cowe  a  to.,  experience  this ;  go  a  to.,  plunge 
into  extravagance  (on,  over,  purchase).    [-ER x] 

mu'cous,  a.  Of,  covered  with,  mucus,  as  to. 
membrane,  internal  prolongation  of  the  skin  so 
covered.  So  mued'siTY  n.  [f.  L  mucosus  (as 
mucus,  see  -ous)] 

mu*epo,n.  (bot.,zool.).  Pointed  part  or  organ. 
Hence  mu'cron ate  2(2)  a.    [L,  =  point] 

mu'cus,  n.  Slimy  substance  secreted  by 
mucous  membrane;  gummy  substance  found 
in  all  plants;  slimy  substance  exuded  by  some 
animals,  esp.  fishes.  [L,  cogn.  w.  emungere 
blow  the  nose,  &  Gk  mussomai] 

mud,  n.  Wet  soft  earthy  matter,  mire  (fig.  as 
type  of  what  is  worthless) ;  fling,  throw,  to., 
make  disgraceful  imputations ;  stick  in  the  to.  ; 
mudguard,  piece  of  metal  attached  to  wheel  of 
cycle  &c.  to  protect  rider  from  mud  ;  mud- 
lark, one  who  dabbles,  works,  or  lives,  in  m., 
esp.  street  arab ;  to.  pie,  m.  shaped  like  pie  by 
child;  w.  volcano  (discharging  m.).  [ME  mode, 
cf.  Du.  modden,  dabble  in  m.,  G  dial,  mott  bog] 

mudair,  ma-  (ma-),  n.  E.-Ind.  shrub,  of 
which  root-bark  is  used  in  medicine  &  inner 
bark  yields  silky  fibre  (yercum).     [Hind,  (ma-)] 

mu'ddle1,  n.  Disorder )  make  a  m.  of,  bun- 
gle ;muddle-headed(ness),  stupid(ity).    [f.  foil.] 

mu'ddle2,  v.t.  &  i.  Bewilder,  esp.  with  drink ; 
mix  (things  up,  together)  blunderingly ;  bungle 
(affair) ;  busy  oneself  in  confused  &  ineffective 
way;  to.  on,  get  on  in  haphazard  way;  m. 
through,  attain  one's  end  by  no  skill  or  one's 
own.    [f.  mud  +  -LE(3)] 

mu'ddy,  a.,  &  v.t.  Like,  abounding  in, 
covered  with,  mud ;  (of  light)  dull ;  (of  voice) 
thick;  mentally  confused;  obscure;  (v.t.) 
make  m.  Hence  mu'ddlLY2  adv.,  mu'ddi- 
ness  n.    [(vb  f.  adj.)  f.  mud  +  -T 2] 

mudir  (mdbder-),  n.  Governor  of  Turkish 
village  or  of  Egyptian  province.  [Turk.f.  Arab., 
part,  of  adara  govern] 

mue'zzin  (mob-),  n.  Mohammedan  crier  who 
proclaims  hours  of  prayer  from  minaret.  If. 
Arab,  mu'adhdhin  (adhana  proclaim)] 

muff1,  n.  Woman's  fur  or  other  covering 
(usu.  cylindrical)  into  which  both  hands  are 
thrust  from  opposite  ends  to  keep  them  warm ; 
foot-m.,  contrivance  serving  same  end  for  feet, 
[prob.  f.  Du.  TOo/f.  Fas  muffle2] 

muff2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Person  who  is  awkward  or 
stupid,  orig.  in  some  athletic  sport ;   failure, 


MUFFETEE 


532 


MULTIPLIER 


csp.  to  catch  ball  at  cricket  &c. ;  (v.t.)  bungle, 
miss  (catch,  ball,  &c).    Hence  mu'ffiSH »  a.    l?J 

muffetee*,  n.  Worsted  cuff  worn  on  wrist, 
[prob.  irreg.  f.  muff1] 

mu'ffin,  n.  Light  flat  round  spongy  cake, 
eaten  toasted  &  buttered ;  nu-bell  (rung  by  m.- 
man,  seller  of  mm.).    [?J 

mufflneep*,  n.  Small  castor  for  sprinkling 
salt  or  sugar  on  muffins.    [-eek| 

mu'ffle »,  n.  Thick  part  of  upper  lip  &  nose 
of  ruminants  &  rodents,  [f.  F  mujle,  etym. 
dub.] 

mu'ffle  2,  n.  Leather  glove  for  lunatics  who 
tear  clothes  &c;  mitten;  receptacle  placed 
within  furnace,  in  which  substances  may  be 
heated  without  contact  with  products  of  com- 
bustion ;  chamber  in  kiln  for  baking  pottery, 
[f.  F  moufie  mitten  f.  med.  L  muffula] 

mu'ffle  3,  v.  t.  Wrap,  cover  up,  {oneself,  one's 
throat  &c,  or  abs.)  for  warmth  ;  wrap  up  head 
of  (person)  to  prevent  his  speaking ;  wrap  up 
(oars,  bell, drum,  horse's  hoofs)  to  deaden  sound; 
repress,  deaden,  sound  of  (curse  &c,  usu.  in 


p.p.).  Jprob.  asprec] 
mu'ffle 


ier,  n.    Wrap,  scarf,  worn  for  warmth ; 
boxing-glove;  thick  glove;  thing  used  to  dead- 
en sound,  esp.  felt  pad  between  hammer  & 
string  of  piano,    [f.  prec.-f-ER1] 
mu'fti,  n.  Mohammedan  priest  or  expounder 
of  law,  esp.  official  head  of  religion  in  Tur- 
key ;  plain  clothes  worn  by  one  who  has  right 
to  wear  uniform,  esp.  in  m.    [Arab.,  part,  of 
afta  decide  point  of  law] 
mug1,  n.    Drinking- vessel,  usu.  cylindrical, 
with  or  without  handle;  its  contents;  a  cooling 
drink  ;  [perh.  diff.  wd]  (slang)  face,  mouth.    l?J 
mug:2,  n.  (slang).    Simpleton,  muff.    [?J 
mug: 3,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.,  (slang).    Study  hard  {at 
subject  or  abs.);  (also  m.  wpjget  up  (subject); 
(n.)  one  who  studies  hard,  examination.    [?] 
mu'g-g-er,  n.    Broad-nosed  Indian  crocodile, 
[f.  Hind,  magar] 

mu'gglns,  n.    Simpleton  ;  children's  game 
of  cards ;  game  of  dominoes,    [perh.  the  sur- 
name M.,  w.  allusion  to  mug2] 
Mug-gleto'nian,  a.  &  n.    (Member)  of  sect 
founded  by,  &  believing  in  personal  inspiration 
of,  L.  Muggleton  &  John  Reeve,  c.  1650.    [ian] 
mu'ggy,  a.    (Of  weather,  day,  &c.)  damp  & 
warm ;  stifling,  close.    Hence  mu'g-giNESS  n. 
[f.  dial,  mug  drizzle,  cf.  ON  mugga,+  -v  2] 
mu'gwump,  n.  (U.S.).     Great  man,  boss  ; 
one  who  holds  aloof  from  party  politics.     If. 
native  mugquomp  great  chief] 
Muhammadan.    See  mohammedan. 
mula'tto,  n.  &  a.    Offspring  of  European  & 
Negro;  (adj.)  of  m.  colour,  tawny,    [f.  Sp.  mu- 
lato  young  mule,  mulatto,  irreg.  f.  mulo  M  ule] 
mu'lberry,  n.  Genus  of  tree,  leaves  of  which 
are  much  used  for  feeding  silkworms :  its  fruit; 
m.  bush,  children's  game  with  ditty  Here  we  go 
round  the  m.  bush.    lult.  f.  OHG  mulberi  {mur 
f.  L  morum  mulberry  +  beri  berry)] 
mulch  (-tsh),  n.  Mixture  of  wet  straw,  leaves, 
&c,  spread  to  protect  roots  of  newly  planted 
trees,    [prob.  f.  obs.  adj.  mulch  soft,  cf.  dial. 
melch  (OE  melsc)  &  G  dial,  molsch  soft] 
mulct,  n.,  &  v.t.    Fine  imposed  for  offence  ; 
(v.t.)  punish  (person)  by  fine  {in  amount,  or 
with  amount  as  second  object),  deprive  (person 
&c.  of).    l(vb  f.  L  mulctare)  f.  L  mul{c)ta\ 
mule,  n.    Offspring  of  he-ass  &  mare,  or  (pop. ) 
of  she-ass  &  stallion  (prop,  hinny) ;  stupid  or 
obstinate  person  ;  hybrid  plant  or  animal ;  m. 
canary,  cross  between  canary  &  other  finch  ; 
kind  of  spinning-machine.     Hence  mu'liSH  i 
a.,  mu'lishi.v  2  adv.,  mu'lishNESS  n.    [f.  OE 
mill,  &  f.  OF  mul{e),  t.  Lmulus,  -la] 


muleteer*,  n.  Mule-driver,  [f.  F  muletier 
(mulet  dim.  of  OF  mul  mule,  see  -eer)] 

mull1,  n.  Thin  variety  of  plain  muslin, 
[shortened  f.  mulmull  f.  Hind,  malmal] 

mull2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Muddle,  mess,  esp.  make  a 
m.  of;  (v.t.)  make  a  m.  of  (catch  &c).    l?J 

mull3,  v.t.  Make  (wine,  beer)  into  a  hot 
drink  with  sugar,  spices,  yolk  of  egg,  &c.    [?] 

mu'llah,  mdb'llah,  n.  Mohammedan  learn- 
ed in  theology  &  sacred  law.  [f.  Pers.,  Turk., 
Hind.,  mulla  f.  Arab,  maula] 

mu'llein  (lin),  n.  Kinds  of  herbaceous  plant 
with  woolly  leaves  &  yellow  flowers,  [f.  AF 
moleine,  perh.  f.  F  mol  soft  f.  L  mollis] 

mu'ller,  n.  Stone  used  for  grinding  powders 
&c.  on  slab.  [perh.  f.  OF moldre  grind  f.  L  molere] 

mu'llet,  n.  Two  genera  of  fishes  of  which 
Red  &  GreyM.  are  the  types,  [f.  OF  mulet  dim. 
f.  L  mullus  red  m.] 

mulligatawny,  n.  (Also  m.  soup)  E.-Ind. 
highly  seasoned  soup;  m.  paste,  curry  paste  used 
for  this.  [f.  Tamil  milagutannir  pepper-water] 

mu'lligrrubs,  n.  pi.  Depression  of  spirits ; 
stomach-ache,    [arbitrary] 

mu'llion,  n.  Vertical  bar  dividing  lights  in 
window.  Hence  mu'llion ed2  a.  [prob.  var. 
of  MONFALl 

mu'llock,  n.  (Austral.)  rock  containing  no 
gold,  also,  refuse  from  which  gold  has  been  ex- 
tracted; (dial.)  rubbish.  If.  dial,  mull  dust, 
rubbish,  f.  Teut.  root  mul  grind.  +  -ock] 

multa*ng*ulap,  a.  Many-angled,  [f.  multi- 
+  angular] 

multe'ity,  n.  Manifoldness.  [f.  L  multus 
many] 

mu'lti-  in  comb,  (before  vowel  sometimes 
mult-)  =  L  multus  many,  as:  -colour{ed),  of 
many  colours;  -fid  (bot,  zool.)  cleft  into  many 
parts;  -flor'ous,  (of  stalk)  bearing  more  than 
three  flowers ;  -foil  (arch.),  ornament  consisting 
of  more  than  5  foils ;  -form,  having  many  forms, 
of  many  kinds,  so  -for'mity  n.;-la'teral,  having 
many  sides ;  -nd'mial  a.  &  n.  (alg.),  (expression) 
of  more  than  two  terms ;  {multl')parous,  bring- 
ing forth  many  young  at  a  birth,  (of  woman) 
who  has  borne  more  than  one  child  ;  -par'tite, 
divided  into  many  parts ;  -valve  a.  &  n.,  (shell, 
animal  with  shell)  of  many  valves ;  {multifo- 
cal a.  &  n.,  (word)  susceptible  of  many  mean- 
ings ;  multd'cular,  having  many  eyes ;  multu'n- 
gulate  a.  &  n.,  (animal)  with  more  than  two 
functional_hoofs. 

multifap'ious,  a.  Having  great  variety ; 
(w.  pi.  n.)  many  &  various.  Hence  multi- 
fap'iousr.Y2  adv.,  multifar'ious.vEss  n. 
If.  LL  mv un{ farius  f.  L  -fariam  adv.)+  -ous] 

mu'ltiple,  a.  &  n.  Of  many  parts,  elements, 
or  individual  components;  (w.  pi.  n.)  many  & 
various  ;  quantity  that  contains  another  some 
number  of  times  without  remainder,  as  Ik  is  a 
m.  of  7;  least  common  m.  (abbr.  LC.M.)  least 
quantity  that  contains  two  or  more  given  quan- 
tities exactly.    [F,  f.  LL  multiplus  =  foil.] 

multiplex,  a.  Manifold,  of  many  elements. 
[L  (multi-  +  -plex  -fold] 

mu*ltiplicable,a.  Multipliable.  [fLmul- 
tiplicabilis  (as  multiply,  see  -able)] 

multiplicand,  n.  Quantity  to  be  multiplied, 

Cf.  MULTIPLIER,      [f.  L  as  MULTIPLY,  See  -ND1] 

multiplication,  n.  Multiplying,  esp.  the 
arithmetical  process;  m.  table,  table  of  pro- 
ducts of  factors  taken  in  pairs.  So  mu'ltl- 
plicatiVE  a.      [F,  f.  L  multiplicationem  (as 

MULTIPLY,  See  -ATION)] 

multiplicity,  n.  Manifold  variety  ;  a,  the, 
m.  (great  number)  of.     [f.  L  multiplicitas  (as 

MULTIPLEX,  see  -TY>] 

I    multiplier,  n.    In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  quantity 


MULTIPLY 


533 


MURMUR 


by  which  multiplicand  is  multiplied  ;  (Electr.. 
Magn.)  instrument  for  multiplying  intensity  of 
force,  current,  &c,  so  as  to  make  it  appreciable, 
[f.  foll.+  -ERi] 

multiply,  v.t.  &  i.  Produce  large  number 
of  (instances  &c.) ;  breed  (animals),  propagate 
(plants) ;  (intr.)  increase  in  number  by  procrea- 
tion ;  (Math.)  substitute  for  (given  number,  the 
multiplicand)  a  number  (the  product)  equal 
to  a  given  number  (the  multiplier)  of  times  its 
value,  as  m.  6  by  U  &  the,  product  is  2U,  or  6 
multiplied  by  U  is  %k.  [f.  OF  multiplier  f.  L 
multiplicare  (multiplex)] 

multitude,  n.  Numerousness ;  great  num- 
ber {of);  large  gathering  of  people,  crowd ;  the 
m.,  the  common  people.  Hence  multitu'din- 
ous  a.,  multitu'dinousLV 2  adv.,  multi- 
tu'dinousNESS  n.  [f.  L  multitudo  -dinis 
(multus  manv,  see  -tude)] 

multitu'dinism,  n.  Principle  that  prefers 
interests  of  multitudes  to  those  of  individuals. 
So  multitu'diniST  n.    [as  prec.  +  -ism] 

mwltum  In  pafvo,  n.  Much  in  small 
compass  ;  (attrib.,  w.  hyphens)  small  but  com- 
prehensive.   [L] 

multure  (-tsher),  n.  Toll  of  grain  or  flour 
paid  to  miller,  [f.  OF  molture  f.  med.L  molitura 
(molere  -it-  grind,  see  -ure)] 

mum  1,  int.  &  a.  Silence  !,  esp.  m.'s  the  word ; 
(adj.)  silent,    [imit,  cf.  G  mumm] 

mum  2,  v.i.  Act  in  dumb  show  ;  mumchance 
(archaic),  silent,  tongue-tied.    [f.  precj 

mum  3,  n.  (hist.).  Kind  of  beer  orig.  brewed 
in  Brunswick,    [f.  G  mtnnme] 

mu'mble,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Speak  indistinctly  ; 
utter  indistinctly ;  bite,  chew,  (as)  with  tooth- 
less gums ;  (n.)  indistinct  utterance,  [(n.  f.  vb) 
ME  momele  (mum  *,  see  -le(3))] 

Mu'mbo  Ju'mbo,  n.  Grotesque  idol  said  to 
have  been  worshipped  by  some  tribes ;  (fig.) 
object  of  senseless  veneration.    [?] 

mu'mmep,  n.  (Contempt.) play-actor;  (Hist.) 
actor  in  dumb  show.    [f.  OF  momeur  (momer 

MUM2)] 

mu'mmepy,  n.  Performance  of  mummers; 
ridiculous  (esp.  religious)  ceremonial,  [f.  OF 
mommerie  (as  prec,  see  -ery)] 

mu'mmify,  v.t.  Preserve  (body)  by  em- 
balming &  drying;  shrivel,  dry  up,  (tissues  &c, 
esp.  in  p.p.).  Hence  mummiFiCATiON  n.  [f. 
F  momifier  (as  foil.,  see  -fv)] 

mu'mmy,  n.  Body  of  human  being  or  ani- 
mal embalmed  for  burial ;  dried-up  body ; 
pulpy  substance  or  mass,  esp.  beat  (thing)  to  a 
m.;  rich  brown  pigment,  [f.  Fmomie  f.  med.L 
mumia  f.  Arab,  mumiya  (mum  wax)] 

mump1,  v.i.  Be  silent  &  sullen;  assume 
demure  expression,  whence  mu'mpi.\G-  a. 
[conn.  w.  mumps] 

mump2,  v.i.  Beg.  go  about  begging,  [prob. 
f.  Du.  mompen  cheat] 

mumps,  n.  pi.  (treated  as  sing.).  Contagi- 
ous disease  with  swelling  of  parotid  &  salivary 
glands  ;  sulks,  whence  mu'mpiSH J  a.    [imit.  J 

munch,  v.t.  Eat  (food  or  abs.)  with  much  ac- 
tion of  jaws,  as  cattle  chew  fodder,  [prob.  imit.] 

Munchausen  (mwntshowzn),  n.  Baron  M., 
hero  of  extravagant  book  of  adventures  written 
in  English  by  R.  E.  Raspe,  a  German  (1785) ; 
extravagantly  mendacious  story. 

mu'ndane,  a.  Of  this  world;  of  the  universe. 
Hence  mu'ndaneLV2  adv.,  mu'ndane- 
ness  n.  [f.  F  mondain  f.  L  mundanus  (mun- 
dus  world,  see  -an)] 

mundu'ngus  (-ngg-),  n.  (archaic).  Bad- 
smelling  tobacco,    [f.  Sp.  mondongo  tripe] 

mu'ngo  (-nggo),  n.  Cloth  like  shoddy,  but 
of  better  quality.    [?] 


municipal,  a.  Of,  under,  local  self-govern- 
ment or  corporate  government  of  city  or  town, 
whence  muni*cipaliSM(2),  muni'cipalisr 
(2,  3),  nn.,  muni*cipaliZE(3)  v.t.;  m.  law,  that 
of  particular  State,  opp.  to  law  of  nations. 
Hence  muni'cipalLY2 adv.  [f.  hmunicipalis 
f.  municeps  -cipis  citizen  of  city  that  had 
privileges  of  Roman  citizens  (munia  civic 
offices  +  root  of  caper e  take),  see  -al] 

municipality,  n.  Town,  district,  having 
local  self-government;  governing  body  of  this. 
[f.  F  municipality  (as  prec,  see  -tv)] 

muni'ficent,  a.  Splendidly  generous,  bounti- 
ful. Hence  or  cogn.  muni'ffcENCE  n.,  muni'- 
ncentLY  2adv.  [f.  L  munificent-,  var.  stem  of 
munificus  (munus  gift,  see  -Fie)] 

mu-niment,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Document  kept 
as  evidence  of  rights  or  privileges.  [OF,  f.  L 
munimentum  defence  (munire  fortify,  -ment)] 

munition,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (archaic).  M.  or  mm. 
of  war,  military  stores ;  (v.t.)  supply  with  mm. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  munitionem  fortification  (as 
prec,  see  -ion)] 

munnion.    =mullion. 

mun'tjak,  n.  Small  Asfatic  deer.  [f.  native 
minchak] 

mup'age,  n.  (hist.).  Tax  levied  for  building 
or  repairing  walls  of  town.  [OF,  f.  med.L 
murajoium  (murus  wall,  see  -age)] 

mur'al,  a.  Of,  like,  on,  a  wall,  as  m.  paint- 
ings ;  (Rom.  Ant.)  m.  crown,  garland  given  to 
soldiers  who  first  scaled  wall  of  besieged  town). 
[F,  fJL  muralis  (mums  wall,  see  -al)] 

Murator'ian,  a.  Of  Muratori,  Italian 
scholar,  d.  1750 ;  M.  fragment  or  canon,  earliest 
Western  canon  of  N.T.    [-an] 

mur'der1,  n.  Unlawful  killing  of  human 
being  with  malice  aforethought ;  judicial  m. ; 
(prov.)  m.  will  out  (cannot  be  hidden) ;  the  m.  is 
out,  the  secret  is  revealed  or  mystery  explain- 
ed ;  (as  int.  of  real  or  pretended  alarm)  m.  / ; 
cry  blue  m.,  make  extravagant  outcry.  [OE 
mordhor,  cf.  Goth,  maurthr,  cogn.  w.  L  mori 
die,  Gk  brotos  mortal] 

mur'der2,  v.t.  Kill  (human  being)  unlaw- 
fully with  malice  aforethought ;  kill  wickedly 
or  inhumanly  ;  spoil  by  bad  execution,  mispro- 
nunciation, &c  Hence  mur'derER l,  mur'- 
dePESS1,  nn.  [OE  myrdhrian,  cf.  OHG  mur- 
dran,  Goth,  maurthrjan,  &  see  prec] 

mup'derous,  a.  (Of  person,  weapon,  action, 
&c)  capable  of,  bent  on,  involving,  murder. 
Hence  muirderousLY  2  adv.    [-ous] 

mure,  v.t.  Confine  as  in  prison  ;  shut  up. 
[f.  Fjnurer  f.  L  murare  wall  in  (murus  wall)] 

mur'ex,  n.  (pi.  -ices,  -exes).  Shell-fish  yield- 
ing purple  dye.  [L,  prob.  cogn.  w.  Gk  muax 
sea-mussel] 

mur'iate  (-at),  n.  (nowcommerc).  Chloride. 
[F,  f.  muriatique,  as  foil.] 

muria'tic,  a.  (now  commerc).  M.  (hydro- 
chloric) acid.  [f.  L  muriaticus  (muria  brine, 
see  -atic)] 

murk,  mirk,  a.  (archaic,  poet.).  (Of  night, 
day,  place,  &c)  dark ;  misty,  dense.  [OE  mirce 
cf.  Sw.  mork] 

mur'ky,  a.  Dark,  gloomy ;  (of  darkness) 
thick.  Hence  mur*kiLY2  adv.,  mur'kiNESS 
n.    [f.  murk  n.  darkness,  cogn.  w.  prec,  +  -y2] 

mur'mur  *.  n.  Subdued  continuous  sound, 
as  of  waves,  brook,  &c  ;  subdued  expression 
of  discontent ;  softly  spoken  word  or  speech. 
Hence  mur'murous  a.,  mur'murousLY  2 
adv.    [f.  F  murmure  (as  foil.)] 

mur'mur2,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  low  continuous 
sound ;  complain  in  low  tones,  grumble,  (at, 
against);  utter  (words)  in  low  voice,  [f.  F 
murmurer  f.  L  murmurare  (murmur)] 


MURPHY 


534 


MUST 


murphy,  n.  (slang).  Potato.  [Irish  sur- 
name] 

mu'ppain  (-in),  n.  Infectious  disease  in 
cattle ;  (archaic)  a  m.  (plague)  on  you !.  [f.  F 
morine,  cf.  Sp.  morrina,  perh.  f.  L  mori  die] 

mu'ppey,  a.  &  n.  (archaic).  (Of)  the  colour 
of  a  mulberry,  purple-red.  [f.  OF  mori.  f.  med.L 
moratus  (morum  mulberry)] 

mu'PPhine,  a.  M.  glass,  modern  delicate 
ware  from  the  East,  made  of  fluor-spar.  [f.  L 
murr{h)inus  (murra,  substance  of  which  pre- 
cious vases  &c.  were  made,  see  -ine  j)J 

mu'scadine,  n.  Musk-flavoured  kinds  of 
grape,    [prob.  f.  Pr.  as  muscat] 

mu'seardine,  n.  Disease  of  silkworms 
caused  by  vegetable  parasite.  [F,  f.  It.  mos- 
ca(r)dino  musk-lozenge  (ult.  as  musk)] 

mu-scat,  muscatel,  -de'l,  nn.  Musca- 
dine ;  strong  sweet  wine  from  muscadines ;  (-tel) 
raisin  from  muscadine,  [(-at)  F  f.  Pr.,  f.  It. 
moscato  musk-flavoured  f.  L  muscus  musk; 
(-tel,  -del)  OF,  dim.] 

mu'scle  (-si),  n.  Any  of  the  contractile  fi- 
brous bands  or  bundles  that  produce  movement 
in  animal  body ;  not  move  a  m.,  be  perfectly 
motionless ;  that  part  of  the  animal  body  which 
is  composed  of  mm.,  the  chief  constituent  of 
flesh.  Hence  mirscleLESS  a.  [f.  L  musculus 
dim.  of  mus  mouse] 

musco'logy.n.  Study  of  mosses.  Somus- 
co'logist  n.    [f.  L  muscus  moss,  -logy] 

muscova'to  (-vah-),  n.  Unrefined  sugar  got 
from  juice  of  sugar-cane  by  evaporation  & 
draining  off  molasses,  [f.  Sp.  mascabado  of 
lowest  quality] 

mu'seovite1,  n.  Common  mica  (earlier 
Muscovy  glass),    [as  foil.] 

Mu'scovite  2,  n.  &  a.  (archaic).  Russian,  [f. 
foil.  +  -ite  J] 

Mirscovy,  n.  (Archaic)  Russia;  M.  duck, 
MUSK-duck.  [f.  F  Muscovie  f.  Russ.  Moskova 
Moscow] 

mu'sculap,  a.  Of,  affecting,  the  muscles ; 
having  well-developed  muscles ;  m.  Christian- 
ity, ideal  of  religious  character  exhibited  in 
writings  of  C.  Kingsley.  Hence  museula'riTv 
n.    [as  muscle,  see  -ar  j] 

mu'seulature  (-tsher),  n.  Muscular  system 
of  body  or  organ.    [F,  as  muscle,  see  -ure] 

muse1  (-z),  n.iThe  Mm. ,  nine  goddesses,  daugh- 
ters of  Zeus  &  Mnemosyne,  inspirers  of  poetry, 
music,  &c;  the  m.,  poet's  inspiring  goddess, 

Eoet's  genius ;  (poet.)  poet.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  Mousa 
root  men-,  mon-,  think,  remember] 

muse2  (-z),  v.i.,  &  n.  Ponder,  reflect,  (on, 
upon);  gaze  meditatively  (on  scene  &c);  (n., 
archaic)  fit  of  abstraction,  [f.  F  muser,  prob. 
f.  OF  muse  muzzle,  orig.  w.  sense  'sniff  the 
air  when  in  doubt  about  scent'] 

muse'tte  (-z),  n.  Kind  of  bagpipe ;  soft  pas- 
toral air  imitating  bagpipe's  sound ;  dance  for 
which  this  served  ;  reed  stop  on  organ.  [F, 
dim.  of  OF  muse  bagpipe] 

muse'um,  n.  Building  used  for  storing  & 
exhibition  of  objects  illustrating  antiquities, 
natural  history,  art,  &c.  [L,  f.  Gk  mouseion 
seat  of  the  Muses  (Mousa)] 

mush1,  n.  Soft  pulp;  (N.-Amer.)  kind  of 
porridge.  Hence  mu'shiNESS  n. ,  mu'shv  2 a. 
[prob.  var.  of  mash] 

mush2,  n.  (slang).  Umbrella;  small  cab- 
proprietor,    [shortened  f.  foil.] 

mu-shpoom,  n. ,  &  v.i.  Edible  kind  of  fungus, 

?)roverbial  for  rapid  growth;  (fig.)  upstart; 
colloq.)  lady's  straw  hat  with  down-curved 
brim ;  (v.i.)  gather  mm.,  (of  bullet)  expand  & 
flatten,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  mousseron,  perh.  f. 
mousse  moss] 


mu'sie,  n.  Art  of  combining  sounds  with  a 
view  to  beauty  of  form  &  expression  of  emotion; 
sounds  so  produced  ;  pleasant  sound,  e.g.  song 
of  bird,  murmur  of  brook,  cry  of  hounds  ;  set 
(poem  &c.)  to  m.,  provide  it  with  m.  to  which  it 
may  be  sung ;  written  or  printed  score  of  musi- 
cal composition;  face  the  m.,  face  the  con- 
sequences of  one's  actions ;  rough  m.,  noisy  up- 
roar, esp.  with  vexatious  intention ;  m.-hall 
(used  for  singing,  dancing,  &  other  entertain- 
ments) ;  m.-stool  (with  adjustable  seat,  for 
piano-player),  [f.  Fmusique  f.  L  f.  Gk  mousike 
(tekhne  art)  of  the  Muses  (Mousa  Muse,  see  -ic)] 

mu'sical,  a.  Of  music ;  (of  sounds,  voice, 
&c.)  melodious,  harmonious;  fond  of,  skilled 
in,  music ;  set  to,  accompanied  by,  music ;  m.- 
box,  mechanical  musical  instrument  played  by 
causing  toothed  cylinder  to  work  in  comb-like 
metal  plate ;  m.  glasses,  kinds  of  musical  in- 
strument in  which  tones  are  produced  by  glass 
bowls  or  tubes.  Hence  musiea'liTY,  mu'si- 
calxESS,  nn.,  mu'sicalLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  med.L 
musicalis  (musica  music,  see  -al)] 

musi'cian  (-shn),  n.  Person  skilled  in  science 
or  practice  of  music,  [f.  F  musicien  (as  music, 
see  -ician)] 

musk,  n.  Odoriferous  reddish-brown  sub- 
stance secreted  in  gland  by  male  m.-deer,  used 
for  perfumes  &  as  stimulant  &c;  kinds  of  plant 
with  musky  smell ;  m.-deer,  small  hornless  rumi- 
nant of  Central  Asia;  m.-duck,  (also  Muscovy 
duck),  tropical  American  variety,  (also)  Austra- 
lian variety  male  of  which  has  musky  smell ;  m. 
melon,  common  melon  ;  m.-ox,  ruminant  found 
in  Arctic  America,  with  strong  musky  smell ; 
m.-rat  (also  musquash),  large  N.-Amer.  aquatic 
rodent,  its  fur ;  m.-rose,  rambling  rose  with 
large  fragrant  white  flowers ;  m.-tree,  -wood, 
trees  with  musky  smell.  Hence  mu'sk y  2  a. 
[f.  F  muse  f.  LL  muscus  f.  late  Gk  mosk(h)os 
perh.  ult.  f.  Skr.  muska  scrotum] 

mu*sket,n.  Infantry  soldier's  hand-gun  (now 
usu.  of  obsolete  kinds,  cf.  rifle)  ;  m.-shot,  shot 
fired  from  m.,  range  of  m.  [f.  F  mousquet  f.  It. 
moschetto  sparrowhawk] 

musketeer*,  n.  Soldier  armed  with  mus- 
ket.    [-EER] 

mu'sketpy,  n.  Muskets ;  art  of  using,  troops 
armed  with,  muskets,  [f.  F  mousqueterie  (as 
musket,  see  -ery)] 

Muslim.    See  Moslem. 

mu'slin  (-z-),  n.  Kinds  of  delicately  woven 
cotton  fabric  for  ladies' dresses,  curtains,  &c; 
(colloq.)  bit  ofm.,  woman,  girl ;  m.-de-laine,  see 
mousseline.  Hence  mu'slinED2  a.  [f.  F 
mousseline  f.  It.  mussolina  (Mussolo,  town  in 
Mesopotamia  whence  m.  came,  see  -ine  *)] 

musline't,  n.    Thick  kind  of  muslin,    [-et1] 

mu'smon,  n.  =  moufflon,  [f.  L  musimo(n) 
f.  late  Gk  mousmon] 

mu'squash (osh), n.  (Furof)MUSK-rat.  [f. 
Algonkin  muskivessu] 

mussa'l  (-ahl),  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Torch  ;  (also 
mussa'lchu)  torch-bearer,    [f.  Arab,  mas'al] 

mu'ssel,  n.  Kinds  (Sea,  Fresh-water,  M.)  of 
bivalve  mollusc ;  m.  plum,  dark  purple  kind. 
[OE  muscle  f.  LL  muscula,  fern,  as  muscle] 

Mu'ssulman,  n.  &  a.  (pi.  -mans).  Moham- 
medan,   [f.  Pers.  musulman  (as  moslem)1 

must1,  n.  New  wine;  grape-juice  before 
fermentation  is  complete,  [f.  L  mustum  neut. 
of  mustus  new] 

must2,  n.  Mustiness,  mould,  [prob.  back- 
formation  f.  mustyI 

must 3,  a.  &  n.  (Of  male  elephants  &  camels) 
in  state  of  frenzy;  (n.)  this  state,  [f.  Hind.  f. 
Pers.  must  intoxicated] 

must 4,  v.  auxil.    (3rd  sing,  must ;  past  must. 


MUSTACHIO 


535 


MYCETOMA 


only  as  below).  Be  obliged  to  (do),  as  you  m. 
(neg.  need  not,  see  below  &  cf.  may  *)  find  it, 
it  m.  be  found,  (w.  necessity  less  emphasized) 
ice  m.  see  what  can  be  done,  I  m.  ask  you  to 
retract  that;  be  certain  to  (do),  as  you  m.  lose, 
whichever  happens;  you  m.  be  (surely  are) 
aware  of  this  ;  he  must  be  (clearly  is)  mad ;  (as 
past  tense,  reporting  reflection  made  at  the 
time)  it  was  too  late  now  to  retreat,  he  m.  make 
good  his  word  or  incur  lasting  disgrace  ;  (past 
or  historic  present,  w.  reference  to  perverse 
destiny)  just  as  I  was  getting  better,  what  m.  I 
do  but  break  my  leg  ?,just  as  I  was  busiest,  he 
m.  come  worrying;  m.  have  done,  (1)  surely  did, 
as  you  m.  have  known  quite  well  what  I  meant, 
(2)  necessarily  would  have  done,  as  you  m.  have 
caught  it  if  you  had  run  ;  (w.  negative  belong- 
ing in  sense  to  dependent  vb,  cf.  may  j)  you  m. 
not  infer  (m.  avoid  the  inference),  you  m.  never 
contradict.  [OE  moste,  past  of  mot  (later  mote) 
may,  be  permitted  to,  cf.  Du.  moet,  G  muss] 

musta'chio  (-sho),  n.  (archaic).  Moustache, 
[(partly  f.  Sp.  mostacho)  f.  It.  as  moustache] 

mu'stang,  n.   Wild  horse  of  Mexico  &  Cali- 
fornia; m.  (small  red  Texas)  grape,    [f.  S, 
mzstengo,  perh.  f.  mesta  company  of  graziers 

mu'stard,  n.  Kinds  of  plant,  esp.  black 
white  m.,  seeds  of  which  are  ground,  made  into 
paste,  &  used  as  condiment  or  for  poultice  or 
m.-plaster ;  m.  &  cress  (used  in  seed-leaf  for 
salad)  French  m.  (mixed  with  vinegar);  m.- 
pot  (for  table  m. ).  [orig.  of  the  condiment ;  f.  OF 
moustarde  f.  com.-Rom.  mosto  must1] 

mu'steP1,  n.  Assembling  of  men  for  inspec- 
tion &c;  pass  m.,  be  accepted  as  adequate; 
assembly,  collection  ;  m.-book  (for  registering 
military  forces) ;  m.-roll,  official  list  of  officers 
&  men  in  army  or  ship's  company  (also  fig.),  [f. 
OF  mostre  f.  L  monstrare  show] 

mu'ster  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Collect  (orig.  soldiers)  for 
inspection,  to  check  numbers,  &c;  collect,  get 
together,  (t  &  i.) ;  summon  (courage,  strength, 
&c ;  often  up),  [f.  OF  mostrer  f.  L  as  prec.  J 

mu'sty,  a.  Mouldy ;  of  mouldy  or  stale  smell 
or  taste;  (fig.)  stale,  antiquated.  Hence  mu*s- 
tiNESS  n.    I?] 

mu'table,  a.  Liable  to  change ;  fickle.  Hence 
mutaBi'LiTY  n.  [f.  L  mutabilis  (mutare 
change,  see  -ble)] 

muta'tion,  n.  Change,  alteration ;  (Biol.) 
change  resulting  in  production  of  new  species. 
[F,  f.  hmutationem  (as prec,  see  -ation)] 

muta'tis  muta'ndis,  adv.  With  due  alter- 
ation of  details  (in  comparing  cases).    [L] 

mute1,  a.  &  n.  Silent ;  not  emitting  articu- 
late sound  ;  (Law)  stand  m.  of  malice,  refuse 
deliberately  to  plead ;  (of  person  or  animal) 
dumb ;  (of  hounds)  not  giving  tongue ;  not  ex- 
pressed in  speech,  as  m.  appeal,  adoration; 
temporarily  bereft  of  speech ;  (of  consonant) 
produced  by  entire  interruption  of  passage  of 
breath  or  complete  closure  of  organs  of  mouth, 
stopped,  (usu.  applied  to  b  pph  dtthkg);  (of 
letter)  not  pronounced,  as  the  e  in  late  is  m.; 
(n.)  m.  consonant ;  dumb  person  ;  actor  whose 
part  is  in  dumb  show ;  dumb  servantin  Oriental 
countries;  hired  mourner ;  clip  for  deadening 
resonance  of  strings  of  violin  &c,  pad  for 
deadening  sound  of  wind  instrument.  Hence 
muteLY2  adv.,  mu'teNESS  n.  [f.  F  muet  f. 
pop.  L  *mutettus  dim.  of  L  mutus] 

mute2,  v.t.  Deaden,  muffle,  the  sound  of 
(esp.  musical  instrument),    [f.  prec] 

mu'tilate,  v.t.  Deprive  (person  &c.)  of  limb 
or  organ  ;  cut  off,  destroy  the  use  of  (limb  &c. ) ; 
render  (book  &c)  imperfect  by  excision  &c  So 
mutl'lATiON,  mutilatoR2,  nn.  [f.  L  muti- 
lare  (mutilus  maimed),  see  -ate  3] 


mutineer",  n.  One  who  mutinies,  [f.  F 
mutinier  (mutin  rebellious  ult  f.  L  as  move)] 

mu'tinous,  a.  Rebellious.  Hence  mu'tin- 
ously2  adv.  [f.  obs.  mutine  f.  F  mutin  (see 
prec.)  +  -ous] 

mu'tiny,  n.,  &  v.i.  Open  revolt  against 
constituted  authority,  esp.  of  soldiers  or  sailors 
against  officers ;  Indian  M.,  revolt  of  Bengal 
native  troops,  1857-8;  M.  Act  (dealing  with  of- 
fences against  military  &  naval  discipline, 
now  embodied  in  Army  Act,  1881) ;  (v.i.)  revolt 
(against  or  abs.).    [(vb  f.  n.)  as  prec  +  -Y1] 

mu'tism,  n.  Muteness ;  silence ;  dumbness, 
[f.  F  mutisme  f.  L  as  mute *,  see  -ism] 

muto-,  comb,  form  (irreg.)  of  L  mutare 
change,  as :  -graph,  apparatus  for  taking  series 
of  photographs  of  moving  objects,  (v.t.)  por- 
tray with  this ;  -scope,  apparatus  for  exhibiting 
scene  recorded  by  mutograph,  so  -sco'pic  a. 

mu'tter,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Speak  low  in  barely 
audible  manner;  murmur,  grumble,  (against, 
at) ;  utter  (words  &c)  in  low  tone  ;  (fig.)  say  in 
secret ;  (n.)  muttering,  muttered  words,  [prob. 
imit.,  w.  suf.  -er5] 

mu'tton,  n.  Flesh  of  sheep  as  food  ;  (facet.) 
sheep;  dead  as  m.,  quite  dead;  eat  one's  m., 
dine  with ;  m.-chop,  piece  of  m.  (usu.  rib  &  half 
vertebra  to  which  it  is  attached)  for  frying  &c, 
side  whisker  shaped  like  this.  Hence  mu't- 
ton Y  2  a.  [f .  OF  moton  f .  med.  L  multonem  nom. 
-to,  cf.  Olr.  molt  ram] 

mutual,  a.  (Of  feelings,  actions,  &c. )  felt, 
done,  by  each  to(wards)  the  other,  as  m.  affec- 
tion, benefit,  suspicion ;  standing  in  (specified) 
m.  relation,  as  m.  well-wishers ;  m.  admiration 
society,  set  of  persons  who  overestimate  each 
other's  merits ;  (Commerc)  m.  terms  (by  which 
exchange  of  services  takes  the  place  of  money 
payments) ;  (improp.)  common  to  two  or  more 
persons,  as  our  m.  friend.  Hence  mutua'l- 
ity  n.,  mu'tualr.Y 2  adv.  [f.  F  mutuel  f.  L  mu- 
tu\is  borrowed  (cf.  mutare  change),  see  -al] 

mu'tualism,  n.  Doctrine  that  mutual  de- 
pendence is  necessary  to  well-being.  So  mu*- 
tualisT  n.    [-ism] 

mu'tule,  n.  (archit.).  Modillion  proper  to 
cornice  in  Doric  order.    [F,  f.  L  mtitulus) 

muzhik.    See  moujik. 

muzz,  v.t.  (slang).    Make  muzzy.    [?] 

mu'zzle1,  n.  Projecting  part  of  animal's 
head  including  nose  &  mouth  ;  open  end  of 
fire-arm  ;  contrivance  of  strap  or  wire  put  over 
animal's  head  to  prevent  its  biting,  eating,  &c; 
m.-loader,  gun  that  is  loaded  at  the  m.  [f.  OF 
musel  f.  med.L  musellum  dim.  of  musus] 

mu'zzle2,  v.t  Put  muzzle  on  (animal,  its 
mouth,  &  fig.  of  persons) ;  impose  silence  upon  ; 
take  in  (sail),    [r.  prec] 

mu'zzy,  a.  Dull,  spiritless;  stupid  from 
drinking.  Hence  mu'zziLY2  adv.,  mu'zzi- 
ness  n.    [?] 

my  (mi,  unstressed  often  mi),  poss.  adj.  of 
1st  pers.  sing,  (with  abs.  form  mine)  ;  (prefixed 
to  some  terms  of  address)  my  boy,  friend,  man, 
son,  daughter,  (not  colloq.  w.  other  terms  of  re- 
lationship), dear,  darling,  love ;  my  (vulg.  mine) 
&  her  (common)  father,  my  (vulg.  mine)  &  her 
(respective)/a£/ier(s);  (in  ejaculations) my!  my 
eye !,  &c 

my'alism,  n.  Kind  of  sorcery  practised  esp. 
in  W.  Indies,    [prob.  of  W.-Afr.  orig.] 

my'all,  n.  Austral,  acacia,  esp.  kind  with 
scented  wood  used  for  pipes,   [f.  native  maial] 

myee'lium,  n.  (hot.).  Mushroom  spawn. 
Hence  myee'llAL  a.  [f.  Gk  mukes  mushroom 
+  -I-  +  -ium] 

myceto'ma,  n.  Fungoid  disease  of  foot  or 
hand,    [as  prec,  see  -m] 


MYCOLOGY 


536 


NADIR 


mycd'logy,  n.    Study  of  fungi.  Somyco*- 
logriST  n.    [irreg.  f.  Gk  as  prec,  see  -logy] 
myeo'sis,  n.  Presence  of,  disease  caused  by, 
oarasitic  fungi  in  the  body,  [as  prec,  see  -osis] 
myeli'tis,  n.    Inflammation  of  spinal  cord, 
[f.  Gk  muelon  var.  of  muelos  marrow,  see  -itis] 
my'lodon,  n.     Extinct  genus  of  gigantic 
sloths  with  cylindrical  teeth,    [f.  Gk  mule  mill 
-f  odous  -ontos  tooth]  •  • 

mynheer*,  n.    Dutchman,    [f.  Du.  mijnheer 
Mr,  sir,  (mijn  my  +  heer  master)] 
myo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  mus  muos  muscle,  as : 
-car'dium,  muscular  substance  of  heart,  whence 
-cardiTis;  -logy,  science  of  muscles. 
myope,  n.    Short-sighted  person.    Hence  or 
cogn.  myo'piA1,  myopv1,  nn.,  myd'pic  a. 
[F,  f.  LL  f.  Gk  mudps  (mud  shut  +  dps  eye)] 
myo'sis,  n.    Contraction  of  pupil  of  eye.   So 
myo  tic  a.    [f.  Gk  mud  shut,  see  -osis] 
myosote,  n.    Forget-me-not.    [f.  foil.] 
myosd'tis,  n.    Genus  of  small  plants  with 
blue,  pink,  or  white  flowers.    [L,  f.  Gk  muosd- 
tis  (mus  muos  mouse  +  ous  dtos  ear)] 
myriad, a.  &  n.  (poet.,  rhet).  Ten  thousand  ; 
(of)  indefinitely  great  number,     [f.  LL  f.  Gk 
murias  -ados  (murioi  10,000)] 
my-riapod,  a.  &  n.  (Animal)  with  many  legs, 
of  the  class  comprising  centipedes  &  millepedes, 
[as  prec.  +  Gk  po us  podos  foot] 
myriopa'ma  (-rah-,  -ra),  n.  Entertainment 
consisting  of  series  of  views,    [f.  Gk  murios 
countless  +  horama  view  (horad  see)] 
myp*midon  (mer-),  n.  (M-)  any  of  a  warlike 
Thessalian  race  who  followed  Achilles ;  hired 
ruffian  ;  base  servant,  as  m.  of  the  law,  police- 
man.  bailiff,  &c.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  Murmidones  pi.] 
myrd'balan,  n.   Astringent  plum-like  fruit 
used  in  dyeing,  tanning,  &c.    [f.  L  myrobala- 
num  f.  Gk  myrobalanos  (muron  unguent  -f 
balanos  acorn)] 

mypph1  (mer),  n.  Gum-resin  used  in  per- 
fumery &  medicine,  &  in  incense.  Hence 
myp'phic,  myp'rhv2,  aa.  [OE  myrra,  f.  L 
f.  Gk  murra] 

mypph  2  (mer),  n.  Sweet  Cicely,  an  aromatic 
plant,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  murrhis] 
myp*tle,  n.  Genus  of  plants,  esp.  Common 
M.,  shrub  with  shiny  evergreen  leaves  &  white 
sweet-scented  flowers,  held  sacred  to  Venus, 
[f.  OF  myrtille,  dim.  f.  L  f.  Gk  murtos] 
myself,  pron.  Emphatic  &  reflexive  form 
corresp.  to  I,  as  I  saw  it  m.,  I  m.  (for  my  part) 
am  doubtful,  I  have  hurt  m. ;  J  am  not  m.  (in 
my  normal  state  of  body  or  mind),  [f.  me  + 
self  ;  my-  perh.  on  anal,  of  herself) 
mystagogue  (og),  n.  Teacher  of  mystical 
doctrines,  esp.  (Gk  Ant.)  to  candidates  for 
initiation  in  Eleusinian  &  other  mysteries.  So 
mystagd'gic(AL)  aa.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  mustagogos 
(mustes  one  initiated  into  mysteries,  f.  mud 
close  eyes  or  lips,  +  -agdgos  -leading  f.  ago  lead)] 
mysterious,  a.  Full  of,  wrapt  in,  mystery ; 
(of  persons)  delighting  in  mystery.  Hence 
mystep*iousLY2  adv.,  mystep'iousNESs 
n.    [f.  foil.  +  -ous] 

mystepy ],  n.  Hidden  or  inexplicable  mat- 
ter ;  make  a  m.  of,  treat  as  a  secret ;  secrecy, 
obscurity,  as  is  wrapt  in  m.;  (practice  of) 
making  a  secret  of  (unimportant)  things ; 
religious  truth  divinely  revealed,  esp.  one 
beyond  human  reason  ;  religious  rite,  esp.  (pi.) 
Eucharist ;  (pi.)  secret  religious  rites  of  Greeks, 
Romans,  &c;  miracle-play.  [f.  OF  mistere  f.  L 
f.  Gk  mtisterion  (mud  close  lips  or  eyes)] 
mystepy2,  n.  (archaic).  Handicraft,  trade, 
esp.  (in  indentures)  art  &  m.  [f.  med.L  mi- 
(m)sterium  (minister),  confused  w.  prec] 
mystic,  a.  &  n.    Spiritually  allegorical ;  oc- 


cult, esoteric  ;  of  hidden  meaning,  mysterious; 
mysterious  &  awe-inspiring  ;  one  who  seeks  by 
contemplation  &  self-surrender  to  obtain  union 
with  or  absorption  into  the  Deity,  or  who  be- 
lieves in  spiritual  apprehension  of  truths  be- 
yond the  understanding,  whence  mysticiSM 
n.  (often  contempt.).  Hence  mystic  a  l  a., 
mystiealLY2  adv.,  mystieiZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  OF 
mystique  f.  Lf.  Gk  mustikos  (as  mystery1,  -ic)] 
mystify,  v.t.  Hoax,  play  on  credulity  of; 
bewilder;  wrap  up  in  mystery.  So  mys- 
tiFiCA'TiON  n.    [f.  F  mystifier  (irreg.  as  prec, 

-FY)] 

myth,  n.  Purely  fictitious  narrative  usu.  in- 
volving supernatural  persons  &c  &  embodying 
popular  ideas  on  natural  phenomena  &c. ;  fic- 
titious person  or  thing.  Hence  mythic(AL) 
aa.,  mythicalLY2  adv.    [f.  Gk  muthos] 

mythicize,  v.t.  Treat  (story  &c)  as  a  myth, 
interpret  mythically.  So  mythiciSM,  my- 
thicisT,  nn.    [mythic  +  -ize] 

mytho-  in  comb.  =  Gk  muthos  myth,  as : 
-grapher,  writer  of  myths ;  -graphy,  represen- 
tation of  myths  in  plastic  art ;  -pceic  (-peik), 
-poi'tic,  making,  productive  of,  myths;  -po'et, 
-po'etry,  poetical  writer,  writing,  of  myths. 

mythology,  n.  Body  of  myths,  esp.  relat- 
ing to  particular  person  or  subject;  study  of 
myths.  Hence  or  cogn.  my  tho'logTER  >,  my- 
tho'logriST,  nn.,  mytholo*g,ic(AL)  aa.,  my- 
tholo'firiealLY2  adv.,  mytho*lofirizE(2,  3) 
v.t  &  i.  [f.  Gk  muthologia  (see  prec.  &  -logy)] 

mythus,  n.    Myth.    [mod.L,  as  myth] 


N 


N  (en),  letter  (pi.  JVs,  N's).  (Print.)  n  (also 
en)  unit  of  measurement;  (Math.)  indefinite 
number  (to  the  nth,  to  any  required  power, 
also  fig.  to  any  extent,  to  the  utmost) ;  N-rays, 
N^-rays,  forms  of  radiation. 

Abbreviations  (1):  N.:  National,  as  N.L.C. 
(Liberal  Club),  N.L.F.  (Liberal  Federation), 
N.S.P.C.C.  (Society  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty 
to  Children) ;  Natural,  N.O.(rder);  New,  as 
N.F.(oundland),  N.H.(ampshire),  N«I.(ersey), 
N.Mex.(ico),N.S.(tyle),N.S.W.(South  Wales), 
N.T.(estament),  N.Y.(ork),  N.Z.(ealand);  non, 
N.C.O.(-commissioned  officer) ;  North,  as 
N.B.(ritain>,  N.C.(arolina),  N.Dak.(ota),  N. 
&  N.E.(ast)  &  N.W.(est)  as  points  of  compass 
&  as  London  postal  districts,  N.W.Ppov.- 
(inces) ;  not,  N.S.(ufficient) ;  Nota,  N.B.(ene) ; 
Nova,  N.S.(cotia).  n.:  neuter;  no,  n.d.(ate); 
noon;  noun. 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Nah.(um) ;  Nebp.(aska) ; 
Neh.(emiah);  nem.(in€)i  con.(tradicente) ; 
nem.( ine)  dls.(sentiente) ;  Nev.(ada) ;  N<>, 
Nos,  number(s) ;  Northants.,  Northampton- 
shire ;  Nopthumb.(erland) ;  Nopvic,  bishop 
of  Norwich ;  Notts.,  Nottinghamshire ; 
Num.(bers,  O.-T.  book). 

nab,  v.t.  (slang).  Apprehend,  arrest ;  catch 
in  wrong-doing.    [?] 

na'bob,  n.  (Hist.)  Mohammedan  official 
or  governor  under  Mogul  empire ;  wealthy 
luxurious  person,  esp.  one  returned  from  India 
with  fortune.    [  =  nawab] 

na'capat,  n.  Bright  orange-red  colour.  [F, 
perh.  f.  Sp.  &  Port,  nacarado  (nacre)] 

na'CPe  (-ker),  n.  Pinna  or  sea-pen  ;  (shellfish 
yielding)  mother-o'-pearl.  Hence  na'epeous 
(-ri-),  na'cpous,  aa.  [F,  =  Sp.  &  Port,  nacar 
etym.  dub.] 

na'dip,  n.  Point  of  heavens  directly  under 
observer  (opp.  zenith)  ;  (transf.)  lowest  point, 
place  or  time  of  greatest  depression  &c  [f. 
Arab,  nadir  (es-semt)  opposite  to  (zenith)] 


NAQ 


537 


NAPKIN 


nag1,  n.  Small  riding  horse  or  pony ;  horse 
(colloq.).    [?] 

nag*'2,  v.i.  &  t.  Find  fault  or  scold  (intr.) 
persistently  (at  person) ;  annoy  thus.  Hence 
na'ggiNG l  n.    [cf.  Norw.  &  Sw.  nagga  gnaw] 

na'grop,  n.  Senegal  antelope,  [wd  made  by 
Buffon] 

nai'ad  (ni-),  n.  Water-nymph,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
naias  -ados  (nao  flow)] 

naif  (nah-e'f),  a.  (rare).    =  naive.    [F] 

nail1,  n.  Horny  covering  of  outer  tip  of 
finger  &  upper  tip  of  toe  (ru-brush,  -scissors, 
for  cleaning  &  paring  nn. ;  tooth  &  n. ),  whence 
-nailED2  a.;  claw,  talon  ;  hard  excrescence  on 
some  soft-billed  birds'  upper  mandible ;  small 
metal  spike  usu.  with  point  &  broadened  head 
driven  in  with  hammer  to  hold  things  together 
or  as  peg  or  ornament  (hit  n.,  or  right  n.,  on 
head,  give  true  explanation,  propose  or  do 
right  thing,  hit  the  mark ;  n.  in  one's  coffin  ; 
on  the  n.,  without  delay,  esp.  of  payment ;  hard 
as  nn.,  in  fine  training;  right  as  nn.,  quite 
right) ;  n.-head,  architectural  ornament.  Hence 
nai'lLESS  a.  [OE  nxgel  cf.  Du.  &  G  nagel, 
cogn.  w.  L  unguis,  Gk  onux] 

nail 2.  v.t.  Fasten  with  nn.  (on,  to,  together, 
down,  xn,  &c. ;  n.  colours  to  mast,  persist ;  n.  to 
counter,  barndoor,  expose  as  spurious,  vile ; 
n.  up,  close,  affix  at  height,  with  nn. ;  nailed-up 
drama,  ill-constructed,  loosely  put  together) ; 
fix  or  keep  fixed  (person,  attention,  &c.) ;  secure, 
catch,  engage,  succeed  in  getting  hold  of, 
(person  or  thing).    [OE  nxglan  cf.  prec] 

nai'lep,  n.  Nail-maker,  whence  nai*lERY(3) 
n.;  (slang)  excellent  specimen,  person  very 
skilful  at.    [-EB1] 

nai'ling-,  a.  In  vbl  senses;  also  (slang) 
splendid,  excellent,    [-ing2] 

nainsdb'k,  n.  Fine  cotton  fabric,  orig. 
Indian,  [f.  Hind,  nainsukh  (nain  eye,  sukh 
pleasure)] 

naive  (nah-e'v),  naive  (nav),  a.  Artless, 
unaffected ;  amusingly  simple.  Hence  nai've- 
ly2,  nai*vely,  adv.,  naivete  (nah-e*vta), 
naiveTY  (nae-vtl),  nai*vety  (nav-),  n.  [F, 
fern,  of  naif  f .  L  nativus  native] 

na'ked,  a.  Unclothed,  nude;  defenceless; 
unsheathed  ;  plain,  undisguised,  (the  n.  truth ; 
7i.  facts  ;  in  its  n.  absurdity),  exposed  for  ex- 
amination (his  7i.  heart) ;  devoid  of;  treeless, 
leafless,  barren ;  (of  rock)  exposed ;  (of  rooms) 
unfurnished ;  without  ornament ;  (of  candles 
&c.)  exposed  to  air ;  without  pericarp,  leaves, 
hairs,  scales,  shell,  &c;  without  addition,  com- 
ment, support,  evidence,  &c.  (n.  faith,  quota- 
tions, word,  assertion) ;  unassisted  (ti.  eye,  with- 
out telescope  &c.) ;  N.  Lady,  N.  Boys,  meadow 
saffron.  Hence  na'kedLY2  adv.,  na'ked- 
ness  n.  [OE  nacod,  nxcad,  cf.  Du.  naakt,  G 
nackt,  cogn.  w.  L  nudus] 

na'mby-pa'mby,  a.  &  n.  Insipidly  pretty, 
affectedly  simple,  mildly  sentimental ;  (n.)  talk 
or  composition  of  this  kind.  Hence  na'mby- 
pa*mDyiSM(3,  4)  b.  [formed  on  name  of 
Ambrose  Philips  pastoral  writer  d.  1749] 

name1,  n.  Word  by  which  individual  person, 
animal,  place,  or  thing,  is  spoken  of  or  to 
(mention  person  by  n.;  Tom  by  n.,by  n.  Tom, 
called ;  know  byn.,  individually,  also  by  hearsay 
only ;  of  or  by  the  n.  of,  called ;  put  one  s  n.  down 
for,  apply  as  candidate  &c;  Keep  one's  n.  on, 
take  one's  n.  off,  the  books,  remain,  cease  to  be, 
member  of  college,  club,  &c.) ;  word  denoting 
any  object  of  thought,  esp.  one  applicable  to 
many  individuals  (call  person  nn.,  describe  him 
by  uncomplimentary  nn.;  give  it  a  n.  colloq., 
mention  the  drink,  present,  &c.  that  you  wish) ; 
person  as  known,  famed,  or  spoken  of  (adore 


the  n.  of  God ;  Nelson  himself  &  many  great 
nn.  were  there) ;  all  who  go  under  one  n.,  family, 
clan,  people ;  reputation  (has  an  ill,  a  good,  n. ; 
has  a  ti.  for  honesty,  the  n.  of  being  honest ; 
win  oneself  a  n. ;  bequeath  a  great  n. ;  persons 
of  n. ;  one's  good  n.) ;  merely  nominal  existence, 
practically  non-existent  thing,  (opp.  fact, 
reality,  deed;  virtuous  in  n.;  honour  had  be- 
come a  n.);  in  person's  n.,  in  the  n.  of,  invoking, 
relying  upon,  calling  to  witness,  (in  God's n.;  in 
the  n.  of  goodness,  fortune,  common  sense), 
acting  as  deputy  for  or  in  the  interest  of  (in 
one's  own  name,  independently,  without  autho- 
rity) ;  n.-child,  one  named  after  another  (my 
&c.  7i. -c.) ;  n.-day,  day  of  saint  after  whom 
person  is  named  (esp.  of  continental  sovereigns) ; 
n.-part,  that  after  which  play  is  named,  title- 
r61e ;  namesake,  person  or  thing  with  same  n. 
as  another  (his  &c.  namesake)  [prob.  f.  phr.  for 
the  ti. 's  sake].  [Aryan ;  OE  nama,  cf.  Du.  naam, 
G  name,  Skr.  naman,  L  nomen,  Gk  onoma] 

name2,  v.t.  Give  n.  to  (after,  from),  call  so- 
&-so ;  call  (person,  thing)  by  right  n.;  nominate, 
appoint  (to  office  &c.) ;  mention,  specify,  (not  to 
be  named  on  or  in  same  day  with,  quite  inferior 
to) ;  (of  Speaker)  mention  (M.P.)as  disobedient 
to  Chair  (name  !,  vb  or  n.,  appeal  to  do  this,  or 
to  give  n.  of  some  person  alluded  to  in  speech); 
cite  as  instance ;  specify  as  something  desired 
(ti.  the  day,  of  woman  fixing  date  for  wedding). 
Hence  na'mABLE  a.    [OE  (ge)namian as  prec] 

na'meless,  a.  Obscure,  inglorious ;  not  men- 
tioned by  name,  left  unnamed  on  purpose  (esp. 
who  shall  be  n.);  anonymous,  unknown ;  hav- 
ing no  name,  bearing  no  name-inscription ;  in- 
expressible, indefinable ;  too  bad  to  be  named, 
abominable,  loathsome,  (esp.  n.  vices),    [-less] 

na'mely,  adv.  That  is  to  say,  videlicet. 
[name1,  -ly2] 

nankee'n,  n.  Kind  of  cotton  cloth  orig. 
made  of  naturally  yellow  cotton ;  (pi.)  trousers 
of  this  ;  yellow  or  pale  buff  colour,  [f.  Nan- 
king) in  China] 

na'nny(-goat),  n.  She-goat.  [f.  the  female 
name  (cf.  billy)] 

Nan tz,  n.  (archaic).  Brandy  (often  right  N. ). 
[f.  Nantes  in  France] 

nap !,  v.i.,  &  n.  Sleep  lightly  or  briefly  (catch 
napping,  find  asleep,  take  unawares,  detect  in 
negligence  or  error;  (n.)  short  sleep,  doze,  esp. 
by  day  (often  take  a  n.).  [n.  f.  vb,  OE  knappian, 
cf.  OHG  (h)naffez-] 

nap2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Surface  given  to  cloth  by 
raising  &  then  cutting  &  smoothing  the  short 
fibres,  pile,  whence  na'pLESS  a. ;  soft  or  downy 
surface ;  (vb)  raise  n.  on  (cloth),  [f.  MDu.  or 
MLG  noppe(n)\ 

nap  3,  n.  A  card -game  (go  n. ,  risk  attempting 
highest  form  of  win  in  this,  often  fig.),  [abbr. 
of  Napoleon] 

nape,  n.    Back  of  or  usu.  of  neck.    [?] 

na'pery,  n.  (Sc.  &  archaic).  Household,  esp. 
table,  linen,    [f.  obs.  F  naperie  (napkin,  -erv>] 

na'phtha  (-fth-),  n.  Kinds  of  inflammable 
oil  got  by  dry  distillation  of  organic  substances, 
as  coal,  shale,  or  petroleum.  [L,  f.  Gk,  =  in- 
flammable volatile  liquid  issuing  from  earth] 

na'phthaline,  n.  White  crystalline  sub- 
stance got  in  distilling  coal-tar  &  used  as  disin- 
fectant.    Hence  na*phthalizE(5)  v.t.    [prec. 

+  -J-+-INE5] 

na'pkin,  n.  (Also  table-n.)  square  piece  of 
linen  for  wiping  lips  or  fingers  with  at  meals, 
or  serving  fish  &c.  on ;  small  towel  esp.  for 
nursery  purposes ;  lay  up  &c.  in  an.,  make  no 
use  of  (Luke  xix.  20):  n.-ring,  to  distinguish 
person '8  table-n.  [prob.  f.  F  nappe  t.  L  mappa 
table-cloth  +  -kin] 


NAPOLEON 


533 


NATIVE 


napo'leon,  n.  French  gold  twenty-franc 
piece  of  Napoleon  I  (double  n. ,  forty-franc  piece): 
kind  of  top-boot.    If.  name  of  French  emperor] 

Napoleo'nie,  a.  Of,  like,  &c,  Napoleon  I. 
Hence  or  cogn.  Napoleo'niCALLY  2  ad  v.,  Na- 
po*leoniSM(3),  Napo*leoniST(2),  nn.,Napo*- 
leoniZE(4)  v.t.  &  i.    [as  prec,  -ic] 

na'ppy,  a.  (archaic).  (Of  ale  &c.)  foaming, 
heady,  strong,    [perh.  f.  nap2,  -y2] 

napu  (nah'poo),  n.  Musk-deer  of  Java  & 
Sumatra.,   [Malay] 

nap'ceine,  n.  Alkaloid  got  from  opium  some- 
times used  instead  of  morphia,  [f.  Gk  narke 
numbness  +  -ine  5J 

narci'ssus,  n.  (pi.  -ssuses,  -ssl).  Kinds  of 
bulbous  plant,  esp.  one  bearing  heavily  scent- 
ed single  white  flower  with  undivided  corona 
edged  with  crimson  &  yellow.  [L,  f.  Gk  narkis- 
sos  perh.  as  prec.  w.  ref.  to  narcotic  effect] 

nar'eolepsy,  n.  Disease  with  fits  of  som- 
nolence,   [f.  Gk  narke  numbness  +  (epi)lepsy] 

nareo'sis,  n.  Operation  or  effects  of  narco- 
tics ;  state  of  insensibility,  [f.  Gk  narkosis 
(narkoo  benumb)] 

naped'tie,  a.  &  n.  (Substance)  inducing 
drowsiness,  sleep,  stupor,  or  insensibility  ;  (fig.) 
soporific  (a.  &  n.) ;  of  narcosis.  Hence  nap'- 
co'tiCALLY  adv.,  nap*cotiZE(3,  5)  v.t.,  nar- 
cotizATioN,  nap*eotiSM(5),  nap#eotiST(2), 
nn.    [f.  Gk  narkotikos  (prec.,  -ic)] 

nard,  n.  (Plant  yielding)  aromatic  balsam 
of  ancients,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  nardos  f.  Oriental  wdj 

nap'ghile  (-gile),  n.  Oriental  tobacco-pipe 
with  smoke  passed  through  water,  hookah,  [f. 
Pers.  nargileh  (nargil  coco-nut)] 

nappa'te  (na-),  v.t.  Relate,  recount,  give 
continuous  account  of,  (abs.)  utter  or  write  nar- 
rative. Hence  or  cogn.  nappATiON,  nappa*- 
tOR2,  nappa'tPESS  *,  nn.  [f.  L  narrare  perh. 
f.  gnarus  aware  cogn.  w.  know,  -ate3] 

na'ppative,  n.  &  a.  Tale,  story,  recital  of 
facts ;  kind  of  composition  or  talk  that  confines 
itself  to  these ;  (adj.)  in  the  form  of,  concerned 
with,  narration,  whence  na'ppativeLY  2  adv. 
[f.  L  narrativus  a.  (prec,  -ive)] 

na'ppow,  a.  (-er,  -est)  &  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Of 
small  width  in  proportion  to  length,  wanting  in 
breadth,  constricted,  (the  n.  way,  righteous- 
ness see  Matt.  vii.  14 ;  n.  vowels,  made  with 
tongue  &  uvula  tense) ;  of  small  size,  confined 
or  confining,  (the  n.  bed,  cell,  house,  grave ; 
within  n.  bounds  &c.) ;  of  limited  scope,  re- 
stricted, (in  the  narrowest  sense ;  n.  circum- 
stances, poverty) ;  with  little  margin  (a  n.  ma- 
jority, escape) ;  lacking  in  breadth  of  view  or 
sympathy,  illiberal,  prejudiced,  exclusive,  self- 
centred,  whence  nappow-mindED2  a.,  nap- 
pow-mi*ndedLY2  adv.,  nappow-mi'nd- 
edNESsn.;  searching,  precise,  exact,  (after  a 
n.  examination);  n.  cloth,  under  52  in.,  of  single 
width  usu.  about  a  yard ;  n.  goods,  ribbons, 
braid,  &c;  n.  gauge  en  railway,  any  of  less 
than  4ft  8£in.  (formerly,  the  gauge  of  4ft  8|in.) ; 
n.  seas,  English  &  Irish  channels ;  hence  na*p- 
powish  i  a. ,  na'ppowL  y  2ad  v. ,  na'ppowNESs 
n.  (N.,  usu.  pi.)  n.  part  of  a  sound,  strait,  river, 
pass,  or  street.  ( Vb)  make  or  become  narrower, 
diminish,  lessen,  contract.  [OE  nearu,  cf.  Du. 
naar  dismal] 

nar'thex,  n.  Railed-off  western  portico  or 
ante-nave    in   early    Christian   churches   for 

women,  penitents,  &  catechumens.    [Gk  (-ex), 

orig.  name  of  a  plant] 

narwhal  (-wal),  n.  Arctic  delphinoid  ceta- 
cean with  straight  horn(s)  developed  from  one 

or  both  of  its  two  teeth,    [f.  Da.  narhval  cf.  ON 

nahvalr  (perh.  nd-r  corpse  w.  allusion  to  its 

colour,  WHALE)] 


na'sal  (-zl),  a.  &  n.  Of  the  nose  (n.  organ 
facet.,  nose) ;  (of  letters  or  sounds)  requiring 
the  nose  passage  to  be  open  (n.,  such  a  letter 
&c,  e.g.  m,  n,  ng),  (of  voice  or  speech)  having 
the  twang  described  as  speaking  through  the 
nose,  whence  na*saliZE(2, 3)  v.i.  &  t.,  nasal- 
izA'TiON  n.  Hence  nasa'liTY  n.,  na'salLY  2 
adv.    [f.  med.L  nasalis  (L  nasus  nose,  -al)] 

na'scent  (-snt),  a.  In  the  act  of  being  born, 
just  beginning  to  be,  not  yet  mature.  So 
na'scENCY  n.    [f.  L  nasci  be  born,  -ent] 

na'sebeppy  (-z-),  n.  W.-Ind.  tree  yielding 
Sapodilla  plum.    [f.  Sp. ,  Port.,  nispera  medlar] 

naso-,  comb,  form  of  L  nasiis  nose,  as  -fronta  I 
of  nose  &  forehead. 

nastup'tium  (-shm),  n.  (Bot.)  genus  of 
pungent-tasted  cruciferous  plants  including 
watercress  ;  trailing  garden  plant  with  bright 
orange  flowers,  Indian  cress.  [L,  derived  by 
Pliny  f.  nasus  nose,  torquere  tort-  pain] 

na'sty,  a.  Disgustingly  dirty,  filthy;  obscene, 
delighting  in  obscenity  ;  disagreeable  to  smell 
or  taste,  unpalatable  lit.  or  fig.,  annoying,  ob- 
jectionable ;  (of  weather  &c.)  foul,  wet,  stormy ; 
hard  to  deal  with  or  get  rid  of,  serious,  (a  n. 
sea,  fence,  blow,  illness  ;  a  n.  one,  rebuff,  snub, 
disabling  blow,  &c.) ;  ill-natured,  spiteful  to. 
Hence  na'stiLY2  adv.,  na'stiNESS  n.  [from 
1400;  etym.  dub. ;  cf.  Du.  nestig  dirty] 

na'tal,  a.  Of,  from,  one's  birth.  If.  Lnatalis 

(NATION,  -AL)] 

nata'lity,  n.  Birth-rate.  [F  (-U),  as  prec,  -ty] 

nata'tion,  n.  Swimming,  [f.  L  natatio 
(natare  swim,  -ation)] 

natatorial,  na'tatopy,  aa.  Swimming, 
of  swimming.  [LL natatorius  (prec),  -ory,  -al] 

na'tes,  n.  pi.  (anat.).  Buttocks;  anterior  pair 
of  optic  lobes  in  brain.    [L] 

na*th(e)less,  adv.  (archaic).  Nevertheless, 
[f.  OE  nd  (ne  not,  d  ever)  +  the  +  less] 

na'tion,  n.  Distinct  race  or  people  having 
common  descent,  language,  history,  or  political 
institutions  (most  favoured  n.  diplom.,  to 
which  State  accords  lowest  scale  of  import 
duties) ;  (in  mediaeval  &  some  Scotch  univv.) 
body  of  students  from  particular  country  or 
district;  law  of  mi.  Hence  na'tionHOOD  n.  [F, 
f.  L  nationem  nom.  -o  (nascinat-  be  born,  -ion)] 

na'tion  al,  a.  &  n.  Of  a  or  the  nation,  com- 
mon to  the  whole  nation  ;  peculiar  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  a  particular  nation  ;  n.  anthem, '  God 
save  the  King'  &  corresponding  hymns  of  other 
peoples ;  n.  debt  ;  N.  Society,  founded  1811  to 
promote  education  of  the  poor;  (n.  pi.,  diplo- 
matic) one's  fellow-countrymen  (consid's  pow- 
ers over  his  own  nn.).  Hence  na'tionalLY2 
adv.    [F  (prec,  -al)] 

nationalism,  n.  Patriotic  feeling,  prin- 
ciples, or  efforts ;  policy  of  national  indepen- 
dence, esp.  in  Ireland ;  policy  of  nationalizing 
industry.    So  na*tionaliST(2)  n.    [-ism] 

nationality,  n.  Being  national,  national 
quality ;  patriotic  sentiment;  one's  nation  (what 
is  his  7i.?) ;  a  nation  (men  of  all  nn.) ;  existence 
as  a  nation  ;  race  forming  part  of  one  or  more 
political  nations,    [-ity] 

nationalize,  v.t.  Make  national ;  make 
into  a  nation  ;  naturalize  (foreigner) ;  convert 
(land, railways,  manufactures,  &c.)  into  nation- 
al property  or  undertakings.  Hence  nation- 
allZATION  n.    {-izeI 

na'tive  *,  n.  One  born,  or  whose  parents  are 
domiciled,  in  a  place  (of) ;  (Austral.)  white 
born  in  Australia ;  member  of  non-European 
or  uncivilized  race ;  indigenous  animal  or 
plant ;  oyster  reared  wholly  or  partly  in  British 
waters,  esp.  in  artificial  beds.  [f.  ined.L  nativus 
n.  (L  nativus  a.,  see  foil.)] 


NATIVE 


539 


NAVE 


na'tive2,  a.  Belonging  to  a  person  or  thing 
by  nature,  innate,  inherent,  natural  to,  whence 
na'tiveLY  2  adv. ;  unadorned,  simple,  artless ; 
of  one's  birth,  where  one  was  born  ;  belonging 
to  one  by  right  of  birth  ;  (of  metals  &c.)  found 
in  pure  or  uncombined  state  (n.  rock,  in  its 
original  place) ;  born  in  a  place  (esp.  of  non- 
Europeans),  indigenous,  not  exotic ;  of  the  nn. 
of  a  place,  [f.  L  nativus  (nation,  -ive)] 
na'tivism,  n.  (philos.).  Doctrine  of  innate 
ideas.  So  na*tiviST(2)  n.  [ism] 
nati'vity,  n.  Birth  of  Christ,  the  Virgin,  or 
St  John  Baptist ;  picture  of  the  N.  of  Christ ; 
festival  of  Christ's  N.,  Christmas,  or  of  birth  of 
Virgin  (8  Sep.)  or  St  John  (21  June);  birth; 
(Astrol.)  horoscope,  [f.  F  nativiti  f.  L  nativi- 
totem  (native,  -TY)] 

na'tron,  n.  Native  sesquicarbonate  of  soda. 
[F  f.  Sp.,  f.  Arab,  natriin  f.  Gk  nitron  nitre] 
na'tterjaek,  n.  British  species  of  toad  with 
yellow  stripe  down  back.  [?J 
"na'tty,  a.  Spruce,  trim,  daintily  tidy  ;  deft- 
handed  ;  showing  deftness.  Hence  na'ttiLY  2 
adv.,  na'ttiNESS  n.    [?] 

na'tural  (tshdb-,  -tshr-),  a.  &  n.  Based  on  the 
innate  moral  sense,  instinctive,  (n.  law,  justice); 
constituted  by  nature  (n.  day,  year;  in  Mus., 
n.  note  or  key,  not  sharp  or  flat,  so  Bn.,  Fn., 
&c,  n.  scale,  without  accidentals ;  in  Sci.,  n. 
classification,  orders  with  abbr.  N.O.,  &c,  esp. 
in  Bot.  of  Jussieii's  arrangement  of  species  ac- 
cording to  likeness  as  opp.  Linnaeus's  sexual 
system) ;  normal,  conformable  to  the  ordinary 
course  of  nature,  not  exceptional  or  miracu- 
lous or  irregular,  (n.  magic  ;  n.  death,  by  age  or 
disease,  not  accident,  poison,  or  violence) ;  not 
enlightened  or  communicated  by  revelation 
(the  n.  man  ;  n.  religion,  theology) ;  physically 
existing,  not  spiritual  or  intellectual  or  ficti- 
tious, concerned  with  physical  things,  (the  n. 
world ;  one's  n.  life,  duration  of  one's  life  on 
earth  ;  n.  law) ;  existing  in  or  by  nature,  not 
artificial,  innate,  inherent,  self-sown,  unculti- 
vated; life-like;  unaffected,  easy-mannered, 
not  disfigured  or  disguised  ;  not  surprising,  to 
be  expected  ;  consonant  or  easy  to  (comes  n.  to 
him);  destined  to  be  such  by  nature  (n.  enemies, 
antithesis) ;  so  related  by  nature  only,  illegiti- 
mate, (n.  son,  child,  brother,  &c.) ;  dealing  with 
nature  as  a  study  (n.  history,  study  of  animal 
life,  esp.  as  set  forth  for  popular  use,  also  aggre- 
gate of  facts  about  the  natural  objects  or  the 
characteristics  o/a  place  or  class ;  n.  historian, 
writer  on  n.  history ;  n.  philosophy,  physics ; 
n.  philosopher,  yjhysicist;  n.  science);  n.-bom, 
having  the  character  or  position  by  birth  ; 
hence  na'turalNESS  n.  (N.)  person  half-witted 
from  birth  ;  (Mus.)  n.  note,  white  key  in  piano ; 
hand  making  21  as  first  dealt  in  vingt-et-un. 
[f.  L  natvralis  (nature,  -al)] 
na'turalism,  n.  Action  based  on  natural 
instincts  ;  moral  or  religious  system  on  purely 
natural  basis  ;  (Philos.)  view  of  the  world  that 
excludes  the  supernatural  or  spiritual ;  realistic 
method,  adherence  to  nature,  in  literature  & 
art ;  indifference  to  conventions,  [prec,  -ism] 
na'turalist,  n.  &  a.  One  who  believes  in  or 
practises  naturalism ;  student  of  animals  or 
plants  ;  (adj.)  =  foil.  J-ist] 
naturalistic,  a.  Of,  according  to,  natural- 
ism ;  of  natural  history.  Hence  natupali'st- 
ically  adv.    [-ic] 

na'turalize,  v.t.  &  i.  Admit  (alien)  to  citi- 
zenship ;  adopt  (foreign  word,  custom,  &c.) ; 
introduce  (animal,  plant)  into  another  country ; 
become  naturalized;  free  from  conventions, 
make  natural ;  free  from  the  miraculous,  place 
on  naturalistic  basis ;  pursue  natural  history. 


Hence  naturaliZA'TiON  n.    [f.  F  naturaliser 

(NATURAL,  -IZE)] 

na'turally,  adv.  In  adj.  senses;  esp.,  as 
might  be  expected,  of_course.  [-ly  2] 
na'ture  (-tsher,  -tuT),  n.  Thing's  essential 
qualities,  (in  or  by  or  from  the  n.  of  the  case  or 
of  things,  inevitably  considering  these  quali- 
ties), person's  or  animal's  innate  character 
(whence  -natUFED2  a,;  by  n.,  innately  ;  good, 
ill,  second,  «.),  general  characteristics  &  feel- 
ings of  mankind  (often  human  n.),  specified 
element  of  human  character  (the  rational,  ani- 
mal, moral,  n.),  person  of  specified  character 
(sanguine  nn.  do  not  feel  this ;  there  are  nn. 
who  can  never—) ;  kind,  sort,  class,  (things  of 
this  n. ;  is  in  or  of  the  n.  of  a  command),  (of 
guns  or  shot)  size  (100  of  each  n.  of  case-shot) ; 
inherent  impulses  determining  character  or 
action  (against  n.,  unnatural,  immoral) ;  vital 
force  or  functions  or  needs  (n.  is  exhausted; 
such  a  diet  trill  not  support  n.;  ease  n.,  evacu- 
ate bowels  or  bladder) ;  physical  power  causing 
phenomena  of  material  world,  these  pheno- 
mena as  a  whole,  (N-,  these  personified  ;  N.'s 
engineering ;  all  n.  looks  gay ;  N.  is  the  best 
physician ;  law1  of  n. ;  in  the  course  of  n.,  in 
the  ordinary  course;  debt  of  n.,  death  ;  in  v., 
actually  existing,  also  anywhere,  at  all ;  against 
or  contrary  to  n.,  miraculous,  miraculously) ; 
naturalness  or  fidelity  in  art ;  state  of  n.,  un- 
regenerate  condition  (opp.  state  of  grace1), 
condition  of  man  before  society  is  organized, 
uncultivated  or  undomesticated  state  of  plants 
or  animals,  bodily  nakedness;  n. -printing, 
method  of  producing  print  of  leaves  &c.  by 
pressing  them  on  prepared  plate.  [F,  f.  L  na- 
tura  (nasci  nat-  be  born,  -ure)] 

naught  (nawt),  n.  &  pred.  a.  (archaic).  No- 
thing, nought,  (set  at  n.,  or  nought)  ;  (Arith.) 
cipher,  nought;  (adj.)  worthless,  useless.  [OE 
nawuht  (nd  see  nathless,  wight)] 

naugh'ty,  a.  (used  of,  to,  or  by  children,  or 
in  imit.  of  childish  speech).  Wayward,  dis- 
obedient, badly  behaved ;  wicked,  blame- 
worthy, indecent.  Hence  naugh'tiLY 2  adv., 
naugirtiNESs  n.    (prec.,  -Ya] 

nau'sea,  n.  Feeling  of  sickness  ;  sea-sick- 
ness ;  loathing.  [L,  f.  Gk  natisia  (naus  ship)] 

nau'seate,  v.t.  &  i.  Reject  (food,  or  fig.) 
with  loathing*  affect  with  nausea,  whence 
nau'seatiNG2  a.;  feel  sick  (at),  loathe  food, 
occupation,  &c.    [f.  L  naxiseare  (prec),  -ate  3] 

nau'seous,  a.  Causing  nausea  ;  offensive 
to  taste  or  smell,  nasty;  disgusting,  loathsome. 
Hence  nau'seousLY2adv.,  nau'seousNESS 
n.    [nausea,  -ous] 

nautch,  n.  E.-Indian  exhibition  of  profes- 
sional dancing  girls  (n.-girl,  one  of  these),  [f. 
Hind,  nach] 

nau'tical,  a.  Of  sailors  or  navigation,  naval, 
maritime.  Hence  nau'ticalLY2  adv.  [L  f.  Gk 
nautikos  (nautes  sailor  f.  naus  ship),  -al] 

nau'tilus,  n.  (pi.  -li).  Paper  n.,  small  cepha- 
lopod  of  which  the  female  has  very  thin  shell 
&  webbed  sail-like  arms ;  pearly  n.,  cephalopod 
with  chambered  shell  having  nacreous  septa, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  nautUos  sailor  (prec.)] 

na'val,  a.  Of,  in,  for,  &c,  ships  or  (usu.)  the 
or  a  navy  (n.  stores,  all  materials  used  in  ship- 
ping ;  n.  officer,  in  navy) ;  fought,  won,  &c,  by 
or  consisting  of  or  based  on  ships  of  war.  Hence 
na'valLY 2  adv.   [f.  L  naralis  (navis  ship,  -a l)] 

nave1,  n.  Central  block  of  wheel  holding 
axle  &  spokes,  hub.  [OE  nafu,  cf.  Du.  naaf,  G 
nabe,  &  see  navel] 

nave  2,  n.  Body  of  church  from  inner  door  to 
chancel  or  choir,  usu.  separated  by  pillars  from 
aisles,    [f.  L  navis  ship} 


NAVEL     * 


540 


NEBULOUS 


na'vel,  n.  Depression  in  front  of  belly  left 
by  severance  of  umbilical  cord ;  central  point 
or  anything ;  n.  orange,  large  orange  with  n.- 
like  formation  at  top ;  n.-string,  structure  con- 
necting foetus  &  placenta,  umbilical  cord  ;  n.- 
wort,  kinds  of  plant.  [OE  nafela,  cf.  Du.  navel, 
G  nabel,  derivatives  of  st.  of  nave  *,  cogn.  w. 
Skr.  nabhila,  Gk  omphalos] 

navreular,  a.  &  n.  Boat-shaped  (of  shrines, 
&  of  parts  of  plants  or  body ;  esp.  n.  bone  in 
hand  or  usu.  foot;  n.  disease,  or  n.  as  noun, 
disease  in  horse's  n.  bone),  [f.  LL  navicularis 
(L  navicula  dim.  of  navis  ship,  -ar1)] 

na'vigable,  a.  (Of  river,  sea,  &c.)  affording 
passage  for  ships ;  seaworthy  (in  n.  condition) ; 
(of  balloon)  steerable,  dirigible.  Hence  navi- 
gaBi'LiTY  n.    [f.  L  navigabilis  (foil.,  -able)] 

na'vigate,  v.i.  &  t.  voyage,  sail  ship  ;  sail 
over  or  up  or  down  (sea,  river) ;  manage,  direct 
course  of,  (ship,  flying-machine),  [f.  L  navigare 
(navis  ship,  agere  drive),  -ate  3] 

navigation,  n.  Navigating  (inland  n. ,  com- 
munication by  canals  &  rivers ;  aerial  n.,  of 
airships  or  balloons) ;  methods  of  determining 
ship's  position  &  course  by  geometry  &  nautical 
astronomy,  seamanship ;  voyage ;  «..-coaZ,steam- 
coal.    [f.  hnavigatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

na'vigator,  n.  One  charged  with  or  skilled 
in  navigation ;  sea  explorer ;  navvy.  [L  (navi- 
gate, -or2)] 

na*wy,  n.  Labourer  employed  in  excavat- 
ing &c.  for  canals,  railways,  roads,  &c. ;  (also 
steam-n.)  mechanical  excavator,  [abbr.  of  prec] 

na'vy,  n.  Fleet  (poet.);  whole  of  State's 
ships  of  war  with  their  crews  &  all  the  organi- 
zation for  their  maintenance  ;  Officers  &  men 
of  n. ;  n.  bill,  issued  by  Admiralty  in  lieu  of 
cash  payment;  n.  blue  n.,  n.-blue  a.,  (of)  the 
dark  blue  used  in  naval  uniform ;  n.  league, 
association  founded  to  rouse  national  interest 
in  n. ;  n.  list,  official  book  with  all  naval  officers' 
names  &  other  information,  [f.  OF  navie  fleet 
(L  navis  ship,  -y1)] 

nawab  (na-wawb),  n.  Native  governor  or 
nobleman  in  India;  (rare)  rich  retired  Anglo- 
Indian,  nabob,    [f.  Hind,  nawwab] 

nay,  particle  equivalent  to  negative  sentence, 
&  n.  =no  4  (archaic) ;  why,  well,  (vaguely  in- 
troducing comment  on  another's  statement  &c. ; 
archaic) ;  or  rather,  &  even,  &  more  than  that, 
(weighty,  nay,  unanswerable).  (N.)  the  word 
n.  (will  not  take  n.,  disregards  refusals  ;  yea  & 
n„  shilly-shally;  say  n.,  make  denial  or  usu. 
refusal, = refuse  or  contradict,  as  cannot  say 
him  n. ).    [f.  ON  nei  (ne  not,  ei  ever)] 

Nazare'ne,  n.  &  a.  Native  of  Nazareth  ;  (in 
Jewish,  Moham.,  use)  Christian;  member  of 
early  Jewish-Christian  sect  (adj.,  of  this  sect), 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Nazarenos  (Nazaret  Nazareth)] 

Na'zarite  \  n.  Native  of  Nazareth,  [f.  L 
Nazaraeus  f.  Gk  Nazoraios  +  -ite  2(1)] 

Na'zarite  2,  n.  Hebrew  who  had  taken  cer- 
tain vows  of  abstinence  (Numb.  vi).  [f.  L 
Nazaraeus  t.  Heb.  nazir  (nazar  separate  one- 
self) +  -ite  H2)] 

naze,  n.  Promontory,  headland,  ness.  [ = ness] 

-nd  \  eut  of  nn.  &  adjj.  formed  f.  L  gerun- 
dive (-andus,  -endus,  -undus)  =  (thing)  to  be 
treated  in  such  a  way,  as  deodand,  reverend, 
dividend ;  also  in  the  full  L  form,  as  memoran- 
dum, agenda;  &  an  element  in  -bund  (mori- 
bund), -cund  (fecund,  rubicund). 

-nd2,  suf.  forming  nn.  as  fiend  (hating),  friend 

(loving) = the  old  part,  termination  -and. 

neap.  a.  &  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.    N.-tide  or  n.,  tide 

soon  after  moon's  first  &  third  quarters  in 

which  high-water  level  is  at  lowest.    ( Vb) :  (of 

tides)  tend  towards  n.;  (of  tide)  reach  highest 


point  of  n.-tide ;  (pass.,  of  ship)  be  prevented 
from  getting  off  by  neaping  of  tides.  [OE  nip- 
fiod  etym.  dub.] 

Neapolitan,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Naples 
(N.  ice,  ice-cream  made  in  strata  of  different 
colours  &  flavours,  sweetmeat  of  similar  ap- 
pearance ;  N.  violet,  double  sweet-scented  kind 
of  viola),  [f.  L  Neapolitanus  (Neapolites  i.  L 
f.  Gk  Neapolis  f.  neos  new,  polis  city,  -an)] 

near1,  adv.  &  prep,  (-er,  -est,  also  as  advv.  & 
prepp.).  To,  at,  a  short  distance,  in(to)  proxim- 
ity in  space  or  time,  far  &  n.,  everywhere; 
n.  at  hand,  within  easy  reach,  not  far  in  the 
future ;  n.  upon,  not  far  in  time  from) ;  almost, 
nearly,  not  nearly  or  anything  like,  (now  usu. 
nearly ;  was  n.  dead  with  fright ;  lasted  n.  a 
century ;  so  n.  upon ;  not  n.  so  numerous) ; 
closely  (as  n.  as  one  can  guess ;  the  nearer  it 
resembles  him  the  less  I  like  it) ;  parsimoniously 
(lives  very  n.);  go  n.  to  do,  come  or  go  n.  doing, 
nearly  do  &c.  (Prep.)  n.  in  space,  time,  condi- 
tion, or  resemblance,  to  (comes  no  nearer  the 
end ;  lies  n.  his  heart,  affects  him  deeply  ;  the 
time  draws  n.  Christmas ;  sun  is  n.  setting ; 
hope  came  n.  fulfilment ;  who  comes  nearest 
him  in  wit  ?).  [f.  ON  riser  orig.  comp.  of  nd-  = 
OE  ntah  nigh] 

near2,  a.  (often  governing  n.  in  pred.  use ;  so 
also  in  comp.  &  superl.).  Closely  related  in.  re- 
lation ;  is  n.  akin  to;  is  n.  me  in  blood ;  n.  & 
dear),  intimate  (a  n.  friend);  (of  parts  of 
animals  or  vehicles,  or  horses  &c.  in  team)  left 
(opp.  off ;  the  n.  fore  leg,  wheel ;  the  n.  wheeler) ; 
close  at  hand,  close  to,  in  place  or  time  (the 
nearest  man ;  on  an.  day  ;  the  man  n.  or  near- 
est you ;  is  nearer  to,  or  nearer,  us ;  n.  work, 
that  must  be  done  with  the  eye  close  to  it ;  the 
n.  prospect  of  reward) ;  (of  road  or  way)  direct ; 
close,  narrow,  (a  n.  guess,  resemblance,  trans- 
lation, race,  escape) ;  niggardly ;  n.-sighted, 
short-sighted.  Hence  neai**iSH  i(2)  a.,  near*- 
ness  n.    ff.  prec] 

near3,  v.i.  &  t.  Draw  n.  (to),  approach,  [f. 
near  h  2] 

Near 'otic,  a.  (zool.).  Of  arctic  &  temperate 
parts  of  N.  America,    [f.  Gk  neos  new,  arctic] 

near'ly,  adv.  Closely  (examine  it  n.;  n.  re- 
lated; concerns  me  n.;  approached  the  place 
n.;  correspond,  resemble,  n.) ;  almost ;  not  n„ 
nothing  like,    [near  2,  -ly  2] 

neat  i,  n.  (sing.  &  collect,  as  pi.).  Any  animal 
of  ox  kind ;  (collect.)  cattle  ;  n.-herd,  cowherd ; 
n.-house,  cattle-shed ;  n.  's-foot,  n.  's-tongue,  used 
as  food ;  n.'s-leather,  ox-hide.  [OE  niat,  cf.  ON 
naut,  cogn.  w.  OE  niotan  possess] 

neat2,  a.  (Of  liquor,  esp.  alcoholic)  undiluted ; 
of  elegant  simplicity  in  form  or  arrangement, 
nicely  made  or  proportioned ;  (of  language, 
style,  sayings)  brief,  clear,  &  pointed,  cleverly 
phrased,  epigrammatic ;  deft,  dextrous,  cleverly 
done ;  tidy,  methodical ;  n.-handed,  dextrous. 
Hence  nea'tLY  2  adv.,  nea'tNESS  n.  [AF  ne.it 
=  F  net  f.  L  nitidus  shining  (nitere  shine)] 

neath,  prep.  (poet).   Beneath,   [f.  beneath] 

neb,  n.  (Sc).  Beak  or  bill ;  nose ;  snout ;  tip, 
spout,  point.    [OE  nebb  cf.  Du.  nebbe] 

ne'bula,  n.  (pi.  -lae).  Clouded  speck  on  cor- 
nea causing  defective  sight ;  ( Astron. )  luminous 
patch  made  by  cluster  of  distant  stars  or  by 
gaseous  or  stellar  matter  outside  solar  system. 
[L,=mist,  cf.  Gk  nephele,  G  nebel] 

nebular,  a.  Of  nebula(e) ;  n.  theory  or  hypo- 
thesis, that  solar  &  stellar  systems  were  de- 
veloped from  nebulae,    [-ar  *] 

nebu'lium.  n.  Element  known  only  as  pro- 
ducing green  line  in  spectrum  of  gaseous  nebu- 
lae.    [-IUM] 

ne'bulous,  a.    (Astron.)  of,  like,  nebula(e), 


NECESSARIAN 


ill 


NEEDLE 


n.  star,  small  cluster  of  indistinct  stars,  or  star 
in  luminous  haze  ;  cloud-like ;  hazy,  vague,  in- 
distinct, formless ;  clouded,  turbid.  So  nebu- 
Iosity  n._[f.  L  nebulosus  (nebula,  -ous)] 
necessarian,  n.  &  a.  =  necessitarian. 
Hence   neeessar*ianiSM(3)   n.      [L  necesse 

NECESSARY,  -ARIAN] 

necessarily,  adv.  As  a  necessary  result, 
inevitably,    [-ly  2] 

necessary,  a.  &  n.  Indispensable,  requisite, 
(to  or  for  person  &c. ;  it  is  n.  that,  to  do),  re- 
quiring to,  that  must,  be  done ;  determined  by 
Eredestination  or  natural  laws,  not  by  free  will, 
appening  or  existing  by  necessity,  (of  concept 
or  mental  process)  inevitably  resulting  from 
nature  of  things  or  the  mind,  inevitably  pro- 
duced by  previous  state  of  things,  (of  agent) 
having  no  independent  volition.  (N.)  thing 
without  which  life  cannot  be  maintained  (often 
the  nn.  of  life) ;  (loosely)  desirable  thing  not 
generally  regarded  as  a  luxury ;  (abs.  use  of 
adj.)  the  n.  (slang),  money  or  action  needed  for 
a  purpose  (provide,  find,  do,  the  «..).  [f.  L  neces- 
sarius  (necesse  needful,  -ary  *)] 

necessitarian,  n.  &  a.  (Person)  denying 
free  will  &  maintaining  that  all  action  is  deter- 
mined by  antecedent  causes.  Hence  neces- 
sitarian ism  (:>)  n.     [NECESSITY,  -ARIAN] 

necessitate,  v.t.  Force,  compel,  (person)  to 
do  (now  rare);  render  necessary,  involve  as  con- 
dition or  accompaniment  or  result,  [f.  med.L 
necessitare  (necessity),  -ate3] 

necessitous,  a.    Poor,  needy,    [foil.,  -ous] 

neee'ssity,  n.  Constraint  or  compulsion  re- 
garded as  a  law  prevailing  through  the  material 
universe  &  governing  all  human  action  (often 
physical  n.;  logical  n.,  compulsion  to  believe 
that  of  which  the  opposite  is  inconceivable; 
absolute,  moral,  natural,  &c,  n.);  constraining 
power  of  circumstances,  state  of  things  com- 
pelling to  certain  course,  (ofn.,  unavoidably; 
make  a  virtue  ofn.,  claim  credit  fordoing  what 
one  cannot  help  doing,  do  thing  with  a  good 
grace ;  am  under  the  n.  of  doing ;  n.  knows  no 
law,  absolves  from  any  offence);  imperative 
need  (for ;  n.  is  the  mother  of  invention);  indis- 
pensability  (the  n.  of  protecting  life  &  property); 
indispensable  thing,  necessary ;  (usu.  pi.)  want, 
poverty,  hardship,  pressing  need.  [f.  F  neces- 
sity f.  L  necessitatem  (necesse  needful,  -ty)] 

neck  >,  n.  Part  of  body  that  connects  head 
with  shoulders  (break  one's  n.,  dislocate  verte- 
brae of  this,  be  killed  so ;  break  n.  of  task  &c, 
get  hardest  part  of  it  over ;  save  one's  n.,  escape 
hanging ;  n.  &  crop,  headlong,  bodily ;  n.  or 
nothing,  desperately,  staking  all  on  success,  it 
is  a  case  for  desperate  attempts ;  n.  &  n.,  run- 
ning even  in  race);  flesh  of  animal's  n.  as  food 
(esp.  n.  of  mutton) ;  part  of  shirt  &c.  that  touches 
n.;  narrow  part  of  vessel,  esp.  of  bottle  near 
mouth,  or  of  passage,  pass,  or  channel ;  pass, 
narrow  channel,  isthmus ;  narrow  connecting 
part  between  two  parts  of  thing ;  (Arch.)  lower 
part  of  capital ;  n.-band,  part  of  garment  round 
n. ;  neckcloth,  cravat ;  ne'ekerchief,  kerchief 
worn  round  n.;  necklace,  ornament  of  precious 
stones  or  metal,  or  beads  &c,  worn  round  n.; 
n. -tie,  band  of  silk  &c.  securing  or  seeming  to 
secure  shirt-collar;  n. -verse,  Latin  verse  (usu. 
beginning  of  Ps.  4i)  printed  in  black  letter  by 
reading  which  person  claiming  benefit  of  clergy 
might  save  his  n.  Hence  (-)neekED  2  a.  [OE 
hnecca,  cf.  Du.  nek,  G  nacken] 

neck2,  n.    Last  sheaf  of  corn  cut.    [?] 

ne'eking-,  n.  (archit.).  Part  of  column  be- 
tween shaft  &  capital,    [neck  *,  -ing1] 

necklet,  n.  Ornament  or  fur  protector  for 
neck,    [-let] 


neer(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  nekros  corpse, 
dead  body,  as  -ge'nic  produced  by  contact  with 
dead  bodies,  -phore  burying  beetle,  -bio'sis  de- 
cay in  tissues  of  body,  -latry,  -logy  death-roll 
or  obituary  notice,  -phagous  feeding  on  carrion, 
-polls  cemetery,  -psy  or  -scopy,  post-mortem 
examination. 

necromancy,  n.  Art  of  predicting  by 
means  of  communication  with  the  dead ;  magic, 
enchantment.  So  ne'eromancER1  n.,  ne- 
croma'ntic  a.  [f.  OF  nygromancie  f.  med.L 
nigromantia  changed  by  assoc.  w.  hniger  black 
f.  L  f.  Gk  nekromanteia  (prec,  -mancy)] 

n ecro'sis,  n.  (path. ).  Death  of  circumscribed 
pieceoftissue.esp.  mortification  of  bones.  Hence 
necro'Tic  a.,  ne*erotizE(3)  v.i.  [f.  Gk  nek?'osis 
(nekroo  kill,  see  necro-)] 

ne'etar,  n.  (Gk  myth.)  drink  of  the  gods  (cf. 
ambrosia);  any  delicious  drink ;  sweet  fluid  or 
honey  produced  by  plants  ;_kind  of  aerated 
water.  Hence  orcogn.  neetar'EAN,  neetar*- 
eous,  ne'etarED2,  neetari'FERous,  ne*c- 
tarous,  aa.    [f.  Gk  nektar  etym.  dub.] 

nectarine,  n.  Kind  of  peach  with  thin  down- 
less  skin  &  firm  flesh,  [n.  use  of  obs.  or  rare  adj. 

(NECTAR,  -INE  J)] 

ne'etary,  n.  Flower's  or  plant's  honey-secret- 
ing organ,  [f.  nectar,  prob.  on  false  anal,  of 
ovary  (-ary  *)  for  nectarary] 

Ne'ddy,  n.    Donkey,   [dim.  of  Edward ; -y  3] 

n6e  (na),  a.  Born  (used  in  adding  woman's 
maiden  name,  as  Mrs  Smith,  n.  Jones).    [FJ 

need1,  n.  Circumstances  requiring  some 
course  (ifn.  be  or  were,  there  is  no  &c.  n.,  to  do 
or  abs.;  have  n.,  require  to;  had  n.,  ought  to, 
as  had  n.  remember);  imperative  demand  for 
presence  or  possession  of  (the  n.  of  further  se- 
curities ;  have  n.  of,  require,  want);  emergency, 
crisis,  time  of  difficulty,  (a  friend  in  n.  is  a 
friend  indeed ;  good  atn.;  failed  him  in  his  n.); 
destitution,  lack  ofn ecessaries,  poverty,  whence 
nee'dY2  a.,  nee'diNESS  n.;  thing  wanted,  re- 
spect in  which  want  is  felt,  requirement,  (my 
nn.  are  few);  (pi.)  offices  of  nature  (do  one's  nn.); 
nee'dfire,  fire  got  from  dry  wood  by  friction. 
[com.-Teut.;  0\£,nied,  niod,  cf.  Du.  nood,  Gnot] 

need2,  v.i.  &  t.  (3  sing.  pres.  needs,  &  need  as 
specified  below).  Be  necessary  (archaic ;  it  needs 
not,  it  is  needless ;  there  needs,  so-&-so  is  re- 
quired ;  more  than  needs,  than  is  necessary ; 
what  need  or  needs  ?,  why  should  one  ?);  stand 
in  n.  of,  require,  (intr.)  be  needy ;  be  under  ne- 
cessity or  obligation  to  (do  &c.)  or  to  do  (3  sing. 
need,  &  to  omitted,  in  neg.  &  interrog.  forms ; 
he  n.  not  trouble  himself;  it  needs  to  be  done 
with  care;  why  n.  he  have  come  tonight?;  n.not 
have  done  &c,  usu.  form  =  did  not  n.  to  do  &c; 
often  ellipt.,  as  don't  be  longer  away  than  you 
n.).    [OE  neodian  (prec.)] 

nee'dful,  a.  Requisite,  necessary,  indispens- 
able, (to,  for,  or  abs.;  it  is  n.  to  do,  or  that ;  the 
n„  what  is  necessary,  esp.  slang,  the  money  re- 
quired, also  do  the  n.  in  football,  convert  try 
into  goal).    Hence  nee'dfulNESS  n.    [-ful] 

nee'dle,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Thin  round  long  piece 
of  steel  pointed  at  one  end  &  with  eye  for  thread 
at  other  used  in  sewing  (knitting,  darning, 
packing,  crochet,  &c,  -n.,  shapes  or  modifica- 
tions or  it  for  different  purposes ;  sharp  as  an., 
lit.,  &  fig.  acute,  observant;  look  for  n.  in  bot- 
tle 3  &c.  of  hay ;  pins  &  nn. ;  n.  's  eye,  least  pos- 
sible aperture,  esp.  w.  ref.  to  Matt.  xix.  24);  piece 
of  magnetized  steel  used  as  indicator  on  dial  of 
compass  &  magnetic  &  electric  apparatus,  esp. 
in  telegraphy ;  strip  of  standard  gold  or  silver 
used  for  comparison  in  assaying  with  touch- 
stone; pointed  etching  instrument;  pointed 
surgical  instrument  used  in  soft  cataract ;  end 


NEEDLESS 


512 


NEIGHBOURED 


of  hypodermic  syringe;  steel  pin  exploding 
cartridge  of  breechloader ;  obelisk ;  sharp  rock, 
peak ;  beam  used  as  temporary  support  during 
under-pinning ;  n. -shaped  crystal ;  leaf  of  fir  or 
pine ;  (slang)  the  n.,  fit  of  nervousness ;  n.-bath, 
shower-bath  with  fine  spray ;  n.-book,  book- 
shaped  n.-case ;  n.-fish,  kinds  of  fish,  esp.  gar- 
fish ;  nee'dleful,  length  of  cotton  &c.  put  into  n. 
at  once ;  n.-gun,  in  which  cartridge  is  exploded 
by  impact  of  n. ;  n.-laee,  inaie  with  nn.  not  bob- 
bins ;  n.-point,  fine  sharp  point,  also  point-lace 
made  with  nn.;  needlewoman,  sempstress,  also 
good  or  bad  user  of  n.;  needlework,  sewing  or 
embroidery.  (Vb)  sew,  pierce,  or  operate  on, 
with  n.;  thread  (one's  way)  between  or  through 
things;  under-pin  with  n. -beams;  form  n.- 
shaped  crystals ;  thread  one's  way.  [OE \nxdl, 
cf.  G  nadel,  Da.  naal,  prob.  cogn.  w.  L  nere 
spin,  Gk  nesis  spinning  &  nema  thread] 

nee'dless,  a.  Unnecessary,  uncalled  for, 
(n.  to  say  used  parenth.,  as  I  need  not  tell  you). 
Hence  nee'dlessLY 2  adv.,  nee'dlessNESS 
n.    [less] 

nee'dments,  n.  pi.  Things  needed,  esp. 
personal  necessaries  carried  on  journey,  [need 
n.  or  v.,  -ment] 

needs,  adv.  Of  necessity  (now  only  after  or 
before  must ;  n.  must  do,  cannot  help  or  avoid 
or  get  out  of  doing ;  must  n.  do,  sometimes  = 
n.  must  do,  usu.  foolishly  insists  or  insisted  on 
doing).    [OE  nydes  (need  *,  -es)] 

ne'er  (nar),  adv.  (Poet.)  never  (not  used 
cllipt.  for  sentence  like  never) ;  n.  a,  not  a 
single  ;  n,-do-well,  -iceel,  good-for-nothing  (per- 
son),   fcontr.  of  never] 

nefar'ious,  a.  Wicked,  iniquitous.  Hence 
nefar'iousLY 2  adv.,  nefar'iousNESS  n.  [f. 
L  nef arias  (nefas  wrong),  -ous] 

nega'te,  v.t.  Nullify,  deny  existence  of,  im- 
ply or  involve  non-existence  of,  be  the  nega- 
tion of.  [from  1835  only,  f.  L  negare  deny,  -ate  3] 

nega'tion,  n.  Denying ;  negative  statement 
or  doctrine;  refusal,  contradiction,  denial  of; 
(Log.)  affirmation  of  difference  or  exclusion ; 
absence  or  opposite  of  something  actual  or 

gositive ;  negative  or  unreal  thing,  nonentity, 
o  ne'gatORY  a.    [f.  L  negatio  (prec,  -ation)] 
nega'tionist,  n.    One  who  denies  accepted 
beliefs  without  proposing  substitutes.    {-istI 
ne'gative1,  a.    Expressing  or  implying  de- 
nial, prohibition,  or  refusal  (n.  proposition  in 
logic,  asserting  difference  or  discrepancy ;  n. 
statute,  vote,  answer;  n.  voice,  right  of  veto); 
wanting,  consisting  in  the  want  of,  positive 
attributes  (n.  virtue,  abstention  from  wrong- 
doing ;  n.  instance,  evidence,  of  non-occurrence 
of  something;  n.  causes  of  dissatisfaction,  sins 
of  omission);  (Alg.)  denoting  quantities  to  be 
subtracted  from  others  or  from  zero  in.  sign, 
— ),(colloq.,facet.)n.  quantity, nothing;  (Electr.) 
of  the  kind  produced  by  friction  on  resin  &c. 
(opp.  positive,  on  glass),  containing  or  produc- 
ing such  electricity ;  of  opposite  nature  to  thing 
regarded  as  positive  (debt  is  n.  capital,  &  capi- 
tal n.  debt) ;  (Photog.)  having  lights  &  shadows 
of  the  actual  object  or  scene  reversed.    Hence 
ne'gativeLY 2  adv.,  ne'gativexESS,  nega- 
tl*viTY,  nn     [i  ll  negativus  (negate,  -ive)] 
negative  2,  n.   N.  statement,  reply,  or  word 
(it  is  hard  to  prove  an.;  he  returned  a  n., 
answered  '  no '  &c. ;  two  nn.  make  an  affirma- 
tive) ;  right  of  veto ;  in  the  n.,  negative(ly)  (esp. 
in   ministerial   answers   in    Parliament,    the 
answer  is  in  the  n.,  no;  it  was  decided  in  the  n. , 
proposal  was  rejected) ;  n.  quality,  want  of 
something,  (his  character  is  made  up  of  nn.) ; 
(Alg.)  n.  or  minus  quantity ;  (Photog.)  print  on 
glass  &c.  with  reversed  lights  &  shadows  from 


which  positive  pictures  are  taken ;  n.  plate  or 
metal  in  voltaic  battery,    [f.  prec] 

negative3,  v.t.  Veto,  reject,  refuse  to  ac- 
cept or  countenance  ;  disprove  (inference,  hy- 
pothesis) ;  contradict  (statement) ;  neutralize 
(effect),    [as  prec] 

ne'gativism,  n.  Attitude  of  negationist. 
So  ne*gativisT(2)  n.    [-ism] 

negle'et,  v.t.,  &  n.  Slight,  not  pay  atten- 
tions to  ;  leave  uncared-for ;  leave  undone,  be 
remiss  about;  omit  to  do  or  doing;  hence 
negle'etABLE  a.  (rare).  (N.)  neglecting  or  be- 
ing neglected ;  disregard  of;  negligence ;  hence 
negle'etFUL  a.,  negle'etfulLY^adv.,  neg- 
le'ctfulNESS  n.  [(n.  f.  L  neglectus  -us)  f.  L 
neglegere  -led-  (neg-  not,  legere  pick  up)] 

ne^glige^  (-zha),  n.  Free  &  easy  or  uncere- 
monious attire.    [F,  p.p.  of  ntgliger  (prec)] 

ne'gligeable,  a.  (rare).  Negligible,  [f.  F 
nigligcable  (prec,  -able)] 

negligence,  n.  Want  of  proper  care  or 
attention,  (piece  of)  carelessness ;  freedom 
from  restraint  or  artificiality  in  literature,  art. 
So  ne'gligENT  a.,  ne'gligentLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
neglegentia  (neglect,  -ence)] 

negligible,  a.  That  need  not  be  regarded 
(esp.  n.  quantity),    las  prec,  -ible] 

negotiate  (-shi-),  v.i.  &  t.  Confer  (with 
another)  with  view  to  compromise  or  agree- 
ment; arrange  (affair),  bring  about  (desired 
object),  by  negotiating;  transfer  (bill)  to  another 
for  consideration,  convert  into  cash  or  notes, 
get  or  give  value  for  (bill,  cheque)  in  money ; 
clear,  get  over,  dispose  of,  (fence,  obstacle, 
difficulty).  Hence  or  cogn.  nego'tiABLE  (-sha-) 
a.,  neg<rtiANT(l)  (shi-)  n.,  negotiATiON  (-si-, 
-shi),  nego'tiatOR2  (-shi-),  negctiatPESS  1 
(-sha-),  nego'tiaTRix  (-sha-),  nn.  [f.  L  negoti- 
are  (negotium  business  f.  neg-  not,  otium  lei- 
sure), -ATE3] 

negpi'llo,  n.  Small  negro ;  one  of  dwarf 
negro  race  in  Central  &  S.  Africa.    [Sp.,  dim. 

Of  NEGRO] 

negpi'to  (-re-),  n.  One  of  small  negroid  race 
in  Polynesia,    [as  prec] 

ne'gpo,  n.  (fern,  negress)  &  a.  Member,  esp. 
male,  of  black-skinned  woolly-haired  flat-nosed 
thick-lipped  African  race.  (Adj.)  of  this  race, 
black-skinned,  (n.  minstrels,  troupe  of  real  or 
sham  nn.  performing  n.  songs  &  dances) ;  occu- 
pied by,  connected  with,  nn. ;  black  or  dark  (n. 
ant,  bat,  monkey,  dark  species).  N.-hcad,  strong 
black  plug  tobacco,  also  inferior  india-rubber; 
Negroland,  part  of  Africa  inhabited  by  nn. 
Hence  ne'gPOiD  a.  &  n.,  neg/poi*dALa.,  ne*- 
gPOPHiL  a.  &  n.,  negPO'philiSM  n.,  negpo- 
pho'bia  n.    [Sp.,  f.  L  nigrum  nom.  niger  black] 

Ne'gus  \  n.    Ruler  of  Abyssinia,    [native] 

ne'gus2,  n.  Hot  sweetened  wine  &  water. 
[Col.  F.  N.,  d.  1732] 

neigh  (na),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Utter)  cry  (as)  of 
horse.    [OE  hnxgan,  cf.  MHG  negen,  imit.] 

neighbour  (na'ber),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Dweller 
next  door,  near,  in  same  street  or  village  or 
district,  or  in  adjacent  country  (my  n.  Jones  ; 
are  next-door  nn.;  his  nearest  n.  is  12  miles  off; 
our  nn.  across  the  Channel),  esp.  regarded  as 
one  who  should  be  friendly  (good,  bad,  nn. ; 
neigh'bouPLY !  a.,  neigh'boupliNESS  n.) 
or  as  having  claim  on  others' friendliness  (duty 
to  one's  n.,  to  any  fellow  man) ;  person  or  thing 
near  or  next  another  (my  n.  at  dinner ;  falling 
tree  brought  down  its  n.) ;  (attrib.)  neighbour- 
ing ;  hence  neigh'bouPLESS  a.,  nelgh#- 
boupsHiP  n.  (Vb)  adjoin,  border  upon,  border 
upon,  (chiefly  now  in  neigh'boupiNG2  a.). 
[OE  nlahgebur  (nigh,  boor),  cf.  G  nachbar] 

nelgh'bouped,  a.      Having  neighbours  or 


NEIGHBOURHOOD 


543 


NERVOUS 


surroundings  of  specified  kind  (ill  n.;  a  beauti- 
fully n.  town).    [ed2»  l] 

neigivbouphdod,  n.  Neighbourly  feeling 
or  conduct  (usu.  good  n.) ;  nearness,  vicinity  of 
(in  the  n.  of  £100,  about) ;  neighbours,  people  of 
a  district,  district,    [-hood] 

nei'thep  (nidh-,  nedh),  adv.,  conj.,  a.,  &  pron. 
Adv.:  (introducing  word,  clause,  &c,  that  is  to 
be  negatived  equally  with  a  following  one  at- 
tached to  it  by  nor)  not  either,  not  on  the  one 
hand,  (n.  knowing  nor  caring ;  n.  you  nor  I 
knoxc,  n.  he  nor  I  know,  n.  I  nor  he  knows  ;  also 
often  irreg.,  n.  he  nor  she  know ;  n.  does  coward- 
ice ensure  nor  courage  preclude  defeat ;  ft,  here 
nor  there) ;  (placed  at  end  to  emphasize  preced- 
ing negative)  either,  any  more  than  something 
else,  (I  don't  knoio  that  n.) ;  (in  apodosis  after 
negative  protasis)  not  either  (if  you  do  not  go, 
n.  shall  I) ;  (bibl.)  not  even  (but  n.  so  did  their 
witness  agree).  Conj.  (archaic):  nor,  nor  yet,  (/ 
know  not,  n.  can  I  guess).  Adj.  &  pron.:  not 
either,  not  the  one  nor  the  other,  (n.  accusation, 
n.  of  the  accusations,  is  true  ;  n.  of  them  knows, 
often  also  irreg.  know) ;  (loosely)  none  of  any 
number  of  specified  things.  [ME  naither,  ney- 
ther,  assim.  of  OE  nawther  contr.  of  ndhwxther 
(net  not,  whether)  to  either] 

nek,  n.  (S.-Afr.).    =col.   [Du.,  =  neck1 

ne'lly,  n.  Largest  kind  of  petrel,  [perh.  the 
feminine  name] 

nemato-,comb.  form  of  Gk  nema  -atos  thread 
in  scientific  terms  ( =  filamentous,  having  fila- 
ment, thread-like),  as  -cyst  cell  in  jelly-fish  &c. 
containing  coiled  thread  that  can  be  projected 
as  sting,  nematode  &  ne'matoid  aa.  &  nn. 
(worm)  of  slender  cylindrical  shape. 

Ne'mesis,  n.  Goddess  of  retribution  ;  retri- 
butive justice,  downfall  that  satisfies  this.  [Gk 
(nemo  give  what  is  due)] 

ne'mine,  abl.  of  L  nsmo  no  one  ;  n.  contradi- 
centc  or  dissentiente  (abbr.  ncm.  con.  or  diss.) 
unanimously. 

ne'nuphar,  n.  Water-lily.  [med.L,  ult.  f. 
Skr.  nilotpala  (nil  blue,  utpala  lotus)] 

ne'O-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  ncos  new,  used  as 
living  pref.  to  adjj.  &  nn.,  &  adding  the  notions 
new,  modern,  later,  recast,  lately  found  or  in- 
vented (n.-Catholic,  n.-paganism;  n.-Platon- 
ism,  3rd-cent  mixture  of  Platonic  ideas  with 
Oriental  mysticism  ;  n.-Malthusianism,  use  of 
preventives  against  conception  ;  n.-Hellenism, 
revival  of  Greek  ideals ;  n.-Cambrian  geol.,  of 
the  later  Cambrian  period ;  ne'odoxy,  new  doc- 
trine or  view ;  neonto'logy,  study  of  extant 
animals ;  neozo'ic  geol.,  of  later  period  of  geo- 
logical history,  post-palaeozoic). 

neoli'thie,  a.  Of  the  later  stone  age,  when 
ground  or  polished  stone  weapons  &  implements 
prevailed,    [prec,  Gk  lithos  stone,  -ic] 

neolo'gian,  a.  &  n.  Of,  inclined  to,  marked 
by,  neologism  in  theology ;  (n.)  neologist  in 
theology,    [neologv,  -an] 

neo,logIsm,neo*logry,nn.  Coiningorusing 
of  new  words,  new-coined  word ;  tendency  to 
or  adoption  of  novel  or  rationalistic  religious 
views.  So  neo'logriSTd)  n.,  neo*logrzE(2)  v.i. 
[f.  F  nlologie,  n&ologisme  (neo-,  -logy)] 

ne'on,  n.  (chem.).  Lately  discovered  atmo- 
spheric gas.    [neut.  of  Gk  neos  new] 

ne'ophpon,  n.  White  Egyptian  vulture  & 
allied  birds,  [name  of  man  turned  to  vulture  in 
Metamorphoses  of  Antoninus  Liberalis] 

ne'ophyte,  n.  New  convert  esp.  among  pri- 
mitive Christians  or  Roman  Catholics ;  newly 
ordained  R.-C.  priest;  novice  of  religious  order; 
beginner,  novice,  tiro.  [f.  eccl.  L  f.  Gk  neophu- 
tos  newly  planted  (neo-,  phud  plant)] 

neote'Pie,  a.   Recent,  new-fangled,  modern. 


[f.  LL  f.  Gk  neoterikos  (neoteros  comp.  of  neos 
new,  -ic)J 

neotpd'pical,  a.  Of,  found  in,  tropical  &  S. 
America,    [neo-,  tropical] 

nepe*nthe(s)  (z),  n.  Drug  producing  forget- 
fulnessof  grief  (poet.) ;  (-s)  genus  of  plants  with 
pitcher-shaped  leaves,  Pitcher-plant,  [(-s)  L  f. 
Gk,  neut.  of  nepenthes  griefless  (ne-  not,  pen- 
thos  grief)] 

ne'phew  (-v-),  n.  Brother's  or  sister's  son. 
[f.  OF  neveu  f.  L  nepotem  nom.  -pos  grandson, 
nephew,  cogn.  w.  OE  nefa,  G  neffe] 

nepho'loery,  n.  Study  of  the  clouds,  [f.  Gk 
nephos  cloud,  -logy] 

nephpi'tic,  a.  Of  or  in  the  kidneys,  renal, 
[f.  LL  f.  Gknephritikos  (foil.,  -ic)] 

nephpi'tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  the  kidneys. 
[LL  f.  Gk  (nephros  kidney,  -itis)] 

nephp(o)-,  comb,  form  (prec.) = kidney-,  as 
•ectomy  excision  of  kidney,  -logy,  -tomy. 

ne  plus  u'ltpa,  n.  Prohibition  of  advance, 
impassable  obstacle  ;  furthest  point  attained 
or  attainable  ;  highest  pitch  or  form  of,  acme, 
culmination.  [L,  =  not  more  beyond,  supposed 
inscription  on  Pillars  of  Hercules] 

ne'potism,  n.  Undue  favour  from  holder  of 
patronage  to  relatives  (orig.  from  Pope  to  il- 
legitimate sons  called  nephews).  So  ne'pot- 
ist(1)  n.  [f.  It.  nepotismo  (nepote  nephew, -ism)] 

Neptune,  n.  (God  of)  the  sea  (N.  's  cup,  kinds 
of  coral  &  sponge);  farthest  planet  of  solar 
system,    [f.  L  Neptunus] 

Neptirnian,  a.  &  n.  (Geol.)  produced  by 
water  action  ;  (person)  maintaining  aqueous 
origin  of  certain  rocks,  so  Ne'ptuniST(2)  n. 
(opp.  Vnlcanist).  Of  planet  Neptune,  [f.  L 
Neptunitts  (prec),  -an] 

Nep*eid,  n.  Sea-nymph;  (Zool.)  long  sea- 
worm  or  centipede,  (f.  L  f.  Gk  Nereis  -idos 
daughter  of  sca-god_Nereus] 

ner*o  anti'co  (nar-,  -te-),  n.  Kind  of  black 
marble  found  in  Roman  ruins.    [It.] 

nep'oli,  n.  Essential  oil  from  orange-flowers 
used  in  perfumery.    [It.,  inventor's  name] 

Nep6*nian,  a.  Of,  as  of,  the  emperor  Nero 
or  his  times,  cruel,  licentious,  tyrannical,  [f.  L 
Neronianua  (Nero  -onis,  -ian)] 

nep*vate,  a.  (bot.).  (Of  leaves)  having  ribs. 
So  nervA *tion  n.    [foil. ,  -ate  21 

nerve,  n.,  &  v.t.  Sinew,  tendon,  (now  poet., 
exc.  in  strain  every  n.,  make  all  possible  efforts ; 
also  in  pi.  fig.,  as  good  laws  arc  the  nn.  of  a 
State) ;  vigour,  energy,  well-strung  state ;  (Bot.) 
rib,  esp.  midrib,  of  leaf ;  (Anat.)  fibre  or  bundle 
of  fibres  connecting  &  conveying  impulses  of 
sensation  &  motion  between  brain  or  spinal 
cord  or  ganglionic  organ  &  some  part  of  body ; 
(pi.)  bodily  state  in  regard  to  physical  sensitive- 
ness &  interaction  between  brain  &  other  parts, 
disordered  state  in  these  respects,  exaggerated 
sensitiveness,  nervousness,  (does  not  know  what 
nn.  are,  is  normal  in  sensation  \afitofnn.,  nerv- 
ous state ;  has  iron  nn.,  nn.  of  steel,  &c.,  is  not 
easily  upset  or  frightened) ;  nervous  fibre  ;  cool- 
ness in  danger,  boldness,  assurance  ;  n.-centre, 
group  of  closely  connected  ganglion-cells;  «.- 
knot,  ganglion;  hence  (-)nepvED2  a.,  nep*- 
vo-  comb.  form.  (Vb)  give  strength,  vigour,  or 
courage,  to ;  collect  oneself  to  face  danger  or 
suffering,    [f.  L  nervus,  cf.  Gk  neuron] 

nep'veless,  a.  Inert,  wanting  in  vigour  or 
spirit,  listless ;  (of  style)  flabby,  diffuse;  (Bot, 
Entoni.)  without nervures ;  (Anat.,  Zool.)  with- 
out nerves.  Hence  nep*velessLY  2  adv., 
nep'velessxEss  n.    [-less] 

nervine,  a.  &  n.  (med.).  (Medicine)  reliev- 
ing nerve-disorders,    [nerve  »,  -ine  j] 

nervous,  a.  Sinewy,  muscular ;  (of  literary 


NERVURE 


544 


NEUTRAL. 


style)  vigorous,  terse ;  full  of  nerves ;  of  the 
nerves  (n.-system,  nerves  &  nerve-centres  as  a 
whole) ;  acting  on  the  nerves ;  having  dis- 
ordered or  delicate  nerves,  excitable,  highly- 
strung,  easily  agitated,  timid.  Hence  nep*- 
vously  2  adv.,  ner'vousNESS  n.  [f.  L  nervo- 

SUS  (NERVE1,  -OSE1)] 

nep'vupe,  n.  One  of  tubes  framing  insect's 
wing;  principal  vein  of  leaf.  [F  (nerve  *, -ure)] 

ner'vy,  a.  Sinewy,  strong,  (poet.) ;  (slang) 
cool,  confident,  impudent ;  jerky,  nervous.  [-Y 2] 

ne*science  (-shi-,  -si-),  n.  Not  knowing,  ab- 
sence of  knowledge  of.  [f.  LL  nescientia  f.  L 
nescire  not  know  (ne-  not,  scire  know),  -ence] 

ne-scient,  a.  &  n.  Ignorant  (of) ;  agnostic  (a. 
&  n.).    [prec,  -ent] 

ness,  n.  Promontory,  headland,  cape.  [OE 
nxs  cf.  nasu  nose] 

-ness,  suf.  appended  freely  to  adjj.  (bitter- 
ness), participles  (lovingness,  tiredness),  compd 
adjj.  (tongue-tiedness),  &  adj.  phrr.  (up-to-date- 
ness) to  form  nn.  expressing  state  or  condition. 
[OE  -nes(s),  -nis(s),  -nys(s),  cf.  Du.  -nis,  G  -niss  ; 
the  n  is  not  orig.  part  of  suf.  (-assus,  -assi,  f. 
vbs  in  -atjan)  but  an  accretion  f.  stem] 

nest,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Structure  or  place  made 
or  chosen  by  bird  for  laying  eggs  &  sheltering 
young  (it's  an  ill  bird  that  fouls  its  own  n.,  one 
should  not  speak  ill  of  home  &c. ;  feather2 
one's  n.),  animal's  or  insect's  abode  or  spawning 
or  breeding  place ;  snug  or  secluded  retreat, 
lodging,  shelter,  bed,  receptacle ;  haunt  of  rob- 
bers &c. ;  fostering-place  of  vice  &c. ;  brood, 
swarm  ;  collection,  series,  of  similar  objects ; 
small  chest  of  drawers  ;  n.-egg,  real  or  imita- 
tion egg  left  in  n.  to  induce  hen  to  go  on  laying 
there,  sum  of  money  kept  as  reserve  or  nucleus ; 
hence  ne*stPUL(2)  n.,  ne'stLiKE  a.  ( Vb)  make 
or  have  n.  in  specified  place  ;  take  to  n. -build- 
ing; (p.p.)  established  (as)  in  n.,  (of  boxes  &c.) 
packed  one  inside  another ;  take  birds'  nn.  [OE, 
Du.,  &  O,  cogn.  w.  L  nidus  (ni-  down,  cf.  neth- 
er, sed-  sit)] 

ne'stle  (-si),  v.i.  &  t.  =  prec.  (sense  1 ;  now 
rare);  settle  oneself,  be  settled,  comfortably 
doivn,  or  in,  into,  among,  &c,  leaves,  wraps, 
chair,  &c;  press  oneself  affectionately  close  to, 
to,  person ;  lie  half-hidden  or  embedded  ;  push 
(head,  face,  shoulder,  &c.)  affectionately  or 
snugly  in;  hold  embraced  (usu.  in  p.p.).  [OE 
nestlian,  cf.  Du.  nestelen,  see  nest,  -le(3)] 

ne'stlingr  (-si-,  -stl-),  n.  Bird  too  young  to 
leave  nest,    [nest  n.  +  -ling1,  or  prec.  +  -ing3] 

Ne'stop,  n.  Wise  old  man,  senior  of  company 
&c.    [name  of  character  in  Homer] 

Nestop'ian,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent)  of  doctrine 
of  Nestorius  patriarch  of  Constantinople  A.  D. 
428  asserting  that  Christ  had  distinct  divine  & 
human  persons.  Hence  Nestop*ianiSM(3)  n. 
[f.  L  Nestorianus  (-an)] 

net1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Meshed  fabric  of  twine, 
cord,  hair,  &c. ;  piece  of  this  used  for  catching 
fish  &c.  (beach,  casting,  trawl,  herring,  lark, 
clap.  &c,  -n.),  or  for  covering,  confining,  pro- 
tecting, carrying,  &c.  (fruit,  hair,  tennis, 
cricket,  &c,  -n.);  moral  or  mental  snare; 
spider's  web ;  reticulation,  network ;  network, 
arrangement  with  intersecting  lines  &  inter- 
stices recalling  those  of  n.,  complex  system 
of  railways,  rivers,  canals,  &c,  ramification  ; 
hence  ne#tFUL(2)  n.  (Vb)  cover,  confine,  catch, 
with  net(s) ;  fish  (river  &c.)  with  nn.,  set  nn.  in 
(river) ;  make  netting ;  make  (purse,  hammock, 
&c.)  by  netting ;  (usu.  in  p.p.)  mark  with  netlike 
pattern,  reticulate.  [com.-Teut.;  OE,  Du..  Da.. 
net,  cf.  G  netz] 

net 2,  a.,  &  v.t.  Free  from  deduction,  remain- 
ing after  necessary  deductions,  (n.  profit,  true 


profit,  actual  gain  after  working  expenses  have 
been  paid,  opp.  gross  ;  n.  price,  real  price  off 
which  discount  is  not  allowed,  opp.  nominal, 
publisher's,  price) ;  (vb)  gain  or  yield  (sum)  as 
n.  profit.    [F,  see  neat2] 

ne'thep  (-dh-),  a.  (archaic  or  facet.).  Lower 
(n.  lip  or  jaw;  n.  garments  &c,  trousers;  n. 
man  or  person,  legs  &c. ;  n.  millstone,  simile 
for  hard  heart  &c;  n.  world,  rarely  the  earth, 
usu.  hell,  also  n.  regions).  Hence  ne'ther- 
most  a.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  neothera,  cf.  Du. 
neder-,  G  nieder] 

Netherlander,  n.,  Netherlandish,  a. 
(Native)  of  the  Netherlands,  [f.  Du.  Neder- 
lander,  -landsch,  (Nederland,  -er  »,  -ish  l)] 

netting-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  netted  string 
&c.  as  a  material ;  piece  of  this  used  for  various 
purposes  esp.  on  ships,    [-ing1] 

ne'ttle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Genus  of  plants  including 
Great  or  Common  N.  &  Small  N.,  two  species 
growing  profusely  on  waste  land  &  having  leaf- 
hairs  that  sting ;  other  plants  resembling  these, 
esp.  DEAD-n. ;  n.-rash,  eruption  on  skin  in 
patches  like  those  made  by  n.  stings.  ( Vb)  beat 
with  nn.;  get  oneself  stung  with  nn.;  irritate, 
provoke,  annoy.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  nettle,  cf.  Du. 
netel,  G  nessel] 

neum(e)(num),  n.  (mus.).  Group  of  notes  sung 
to  single  syllable  in  plainsong.  [F  (e),  f.  med.L 
neuma  f.  Gk  pneuma  breath  (pneo  breathe,  -m)] 

neup'al  (nur-),  a.  Of  the  nerves,  of  the  cen- 
tral nervous  system,  [f.  Gk  neuron  nerve,  -al] 

neura'tion,  n.  Distribution  of  nervures. 
[irreg.  f.  foil.,  -ation] 

neup(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  neuron  nerve  ; 
neura'lgia,  affection  of  nerve(s)  usu.  of  head  or 
face  causing  intense  intermittent  pain,  so  -a'lgic 
a.;  neurasthe'nia,  nervous  debility,  so  -the'nic 
a.;  neurectomy,  excision  of  nerve;  neur'ine, 
nerve-tissue  ;  neuriTis  n.;  neuro'LOQY,  -logiST, 
-lo'giCAh ;  neuro-mu'scular,  of  nerves  &  mus- 
cles; neur'opdth,  person  of  abnormal  nervous 
sensibility  or  affected  by  nervous  disease,  so 
-pa'thioa,.,  -patho'LOQY,  -pathy  i;  neuro'path- 
ist,  specialist  in  neuropathy ;  neurophysiology, 
physiology  of  nervous  system  ;  neuro-psychic, 
of  nervous  &  psychic  functions ;  neuropterous, 
of  the  Neuroptera,  order  of  insects  having  four 
naked  membranous  transparent  wings  with  re- 
ticulate neuration;  neurotomy,  cutting  of  nerve 
to  produce  sensory  paralysis  ;  neurypno'logy, 
science  of  hypnotism. 

neupo'ma,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Tumour  on  nerve  or 
in  nerve-tissue,    ff.  Gk  neuron  nerve,  -m] 

neupo'sis,  n.  Functional  derangement  due 
to  disorders  of  nervous  system;  change  in 
nerve-cells  of  brain  prior  to  psychic  activity, 
[as  prec,  -osis] 

neurd'tie,  a.  &  n.  (Drug)  affecting  nervous 
system ;  (person)  affected  with  nervous  disorder, 
of  abnormal  sensibility,    [as  prec,  -otic] 

neirter,  a.  &  n.  (Gram.)  neither  masculine 
nor  feminine  (cf.  common  1,  epicene),  (of  verb) 
intransitive ;  neutral,  not  taking  or  assisting 
either  side,  in  war,  argument,  opinion,  &c.  (esp. 
stand  n.,  remain  neutral,  declare  neutrality) ; 
(Bot.)  without  pistils  &  stamens,  asexual ; 
(Entom.)  sexually  undeveloped,  sterile.  (N.) 
n.  noun,  adjective,  verb,  or  gender;  person 
standing  n.;  sexually  undeveloped  female  in- 
sect, esp.  bee  or  ant ;  castrated  animal.  [L,  = 
neither  (ne-  not,  uter  either)] 

neu'tpal,  a.  &  n.  Not  assisting  either  of  two 
belligerent  States,  belonging  to  a  State  that 
thus  stands  aloof,  exempted  or  excluded  from 
active  or  passive  hostilities ;  taking  neither  side 
in  dispute  or  difference  of  opinion,  indifferent, 
impartial ;  not  distinctly  marked  or  coloured, 


NEUTRALIZE 


545 


NEXT 


indefinite,  vague,  indeterminate,  (n.  tint,  grey 
or  slate-colour,  whence  neutral-tintED  2  a 
lit.  &  fig.);  (Chem.)  neither  acid  nor  alkaline; 
(Electr.)neitherpositive  nornegative ;  (En  torn., 
Bot.)  sexually  undeveloped,  asexual ;  hence  or 
cogn.  neutra'liTY  n.,  neirtralLY2  adv.  (N.) 
n.  State  or  person;  subject  of  n.  State,  [f .  L 
neutralis  of  neuter  gender  (prec,  -al)] 

neu'tralize,  v.t.  Counterbalance,  render  in- 
effective by  opposite  force  or  effect ;  exempt  or 
exclude  (place) from  sphere  of  hostilities.  Hence 
neutpalizATiON  n.  [f.  med.L  nevtralisare 
(prec,  -ize)] 

nev£  (ne'va,  or  as  F),  n.  Expanse  of  granular 
snow  not  yet  compressed  into  ice  at  head  of 
glacier.    [F  (L  nix  nivis  snow,  -ate2)] 

nd'vep,  adv.  At  no  time,  on  no  occasion,  not 
ever,  (often  n.  before,  since,  after,  yet ;  also  re- 
peated for  emphasis;  now  or  n.;  n.  is  a  long 
word  or  day,  comment  on  rash  renunciation  or 
despair  or  negative  prophecy ;  itisn.  too  late 
to  mend,  reformation  is  alway  possible) ;  (colloq. 
expressing  surprise  or  incredulity  in  sentence 
or  ellipt)  surely  not,  you  do  not  mean  it,  (you 
n.  left  the  key  in  the  lock!;  'He  ate  the  whole 
turkey  '.—'Never!';  Well,  I  never!  i.  e.  heard  of 
such  a  thing  &c);  not  at  all  in.  fear ;  n.  mind, 
do  not  be  troubled) ;  n.  a,  not  a,  no  —  at  all ; 
n.  a  one,  none;  (in  condit.  clauses)  n.  so,  to  un- 
limited extent,  ever  so ;  (with  compar.)  n.  the, 
none  the ;  (with  participles  &c)  n.-enough-to-be- 
regretted,  n.-to-be-forgotten,  n.-ceasing,  -dying, 
-ending,  -failing,  -fading;  nevermore,  at  no 
future  time;  Never  Never\Land),  north  Queens- 
land ;  nevertheless  adv.  &  conj.,  for  all  that,  but 
for  all  that,  notwithstanding,  all  the  same.  [OE 
nifre  ine  not,  ever)] 

new »,  a.  Not  existing  before,  now  first  made, 
brought  into  existence,  invented,  introduced, 
known  or  heard  of,  experienced,  or  discovered, 
\N.  testament);  unfamiliar  to ;  renewed,  fresh, 
further,  additional ;  different,  changed,  ia  n. 
morality ;  n.  man  theol.,  one  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity, put  on  the  n.  m.,  show  conversion  by 
amendment ;  a  n.  fashion,  whence  new-fa- 
shionED2a.;  myn.  tailor;  lead  a  n.  life;  n. 
style;  turn  over  n.  leaf);  (with  the,  as  dis- 
tinctive epithet  implying  difference  of  charac- 
ter) later,  modern,  newfangled,  ithe  n.  learn- 
ing, model,  comedy;  the  n.  diplomacy ,  jour- 
nalism, theology,  &c,  advanced  in  method  or 
doctrine,  usu.  contempt. ;  the  n.  woman,  women 
who  aspire  to  freedom  &  independence  &  reject 
convention  ;  the  N.  World,  America);  of  recent 
origin,  growth,  arrival,  or  manufacture,  now 
first  used,  not  worn  or  exhausted,  in.  red  sand- 
stone ;  n.  potatoes,  wine,  cheese ;  n.  furniture, 
clothes ;  n.  countries,  soil ;  a  heart,  pleasures, 
evern. ;  n.  chum  ;  n.  members  of  Parliament&c); 
not  yet  accustomed  to,  fresh  from ;  (of  family 
or  person)  lately  risen  in  position ;  n.  comer,  per- 
son lately  arrived  ;  N.  Englander,  inhabitant  of 
N.  England,  six  N.-E.  States  of  U.S. A.;  new- 
fangled [f.  obs.  newf angle  a.  in  same  sense  i-f  an- 
gel inclined  to  take  f.  OE  st.  fang-,  infin.  fon 
take)],  fond  of  novelty  (now  rare),  different  from 
the  good  old  fashion,  objectionably  novel ;  n. 
moon,  moon  when  first  seen  as  crescent  after 
conjunction  with  sun,  time  of  such  appearance, 
(bibl.)  Hebrew  festival;  n.-year,  coming  or 
lately  begun  year,  first  few  days  of  year  (n.- 
years  gift,  wishes,  &c;  n.-year's  day,  1st  Jan.; 
n.-year's eve, 31  Dec);  N.  Zealander,  Maori, also 

European  settler  in  N.  Zealand.  Hence  ner- 
ish  i  a.,  new'NESS  n.  [Aryan  ;  OE  niwe,  cf.  G 
neu,  Gk  neos,  L  norms] 

new2,  adv.  (preceding,  &  now  usu.  hyphened 
with,  qualified  word).    Newly,  recently,  just, 

F.D. 


in.-blown,  having  just  come  into  bloom,  lit.  & 
fig. ;  n.-born,  &  see  below ;  n.-built,  &  see  below ; 
n.-coined,  esp.  of  words ;  n.-come,  lately  arrived ; 
n.-fallen  snow  ;  n.-fledged  ;  n.-foxind  ;  n.-laid 
eggs  ;  n.-made  ;  n.-mown  hay  or  lawn) ;  anew, 
afresh,  re-,  in.-bom,  regenerated,  &  see  above ; 
n.-build,  rebuild,  &  see  above;  n.-create;  n.- 
front,  put  n.  front  to  ;  n.-fumish  ;  n.-model,  re- 
cast),   [f.  prec] 

newel,  n.  Centre  pillar  of  winding  stair 
iopen  or  hollow  n.,  central  well  of  winding 
stair) ;  post  supporting  stair-handrail  at  top  or 
bottom,    [f.  OF  nouel  (L  nux  nucis  nut,  -al)] 

Newfoundland,  n.  Island  at  mouth  of  St 
Lawrence  {N.  dog  or  N.,  also  Newfoundlander, 
large  breed  of  spaniel  kind  noted  for  swimming 
powers).    Hence  Newfou'ndlandER  Hi)  n. 

Newgate  (-it),  n.  Celebrated  London  prison 
iN.  Calendar,  publication  with  accounts  of  N. 
prisoners ;  N.  fringe,  frill,  beard  grown  below 
chin  while  face  is  shaven  ;  N.  knocker,  curl 
worn  by  costerinongers  &c). 

new*ly,ad v.  Recently  (usu.  with  p.p.  =  new  2 
in  sense  1  &  often  now  preferred ;  hyphened 
w.  attrib.  part.;  the  n.-discovered  country;  a 
guest  n.  arrived) ;  in  new  manner.    [-LY  2] 

Newmarket,  n.  Town  noted  for  horse-races 
iN.  coat  or  N,  close-fitting  overcoat  for  men  or 
women) ;  a  card-game. 

news,  n.  pi.  (usu.  followed  by  sing.  vb).  Tid- 
ings, new  information,  fresh  events  reported, 
ihave  you  heard  the,  this,  or  rarely  these,  n.? ; 
ill  n.  Jties  apace ;  non.is  good  n. ;  that  isnon., 
already  well  known  ;  is  there  any,  what  is  the, 
n.?);  iN-)  part  of  newspaper  title,  as  Evening 
N;  n.-agent,  dealer  in  newspapers  &c;  n.-boy, 
-man,  selling  newspapers  in  streets ;  n.-letter 
(hist.),  letter  sent  out  periodically  with  the  n. 
to  country  towns  &c;  newspaper,  printed  pub- 
lication usu.  daily  or  weekly  containing  the  n., 
advertisements,  &  literary  matter;  n.-room, 
reserved  for  newspaper-reading ;  n.-shect,  sim- 
ple form  of  newspaper  ;  n.-stand,  stall  for  sale 
of  newspapers ;  n.-vendor,  newspaper-seller. 
Hence  newsLESS,  newsy2,  aa.,  newsi- 
ness  n.  [pi.  of  new1  after  med.L  nova  neut, 
pi.  of  L  novus  new] 

newt,  n.  Small  tailed  amphibian  allied  to 
salamander,  eft.  [for  ewt  ia  newt = an  ewt,  cf. 
nickname)  var.  of  evet  eft] 

Newtd'nlan,  a.  &  n.  Of  Newton  or  his 
theory  of  the  universe ;  devised  &c  by  Newton. 
(N.)  follower  of  Newton  ;  N.  telescope  or  reflec- 
tor.   [Sir  Isaac  Newton  (1642-1727),  -ian] 

next,  a.  (sometimes  governing  noun),  adv., 
prep.,  &  n.  (Adj.)  lying,  living,  Deing,  nearest 
or  nearest  to  or  nearest  to  iin  the  n.  house  ;  my 
n.  neighbour;  lives  n.  door,  in  the  n.  house;  w.- 
door  neighbours  ;  n.-door  to  felony ,  to  blasphe- 
mous, almost ;  n.  to  nothing,  none,  impossible, 
almost ;  the  chair  n.  the  fire ;  the  skin  with  the 
flesh  n.  it ;  the  shop  n.  to  the  corner) ;  soonest 
come  to,  first  ensuing,  immediately  following, 
coming  nearest  in  order  &c  to,  immediately 
before,  iwill  ask  the  n.  man  I  see,  the  n.  police- 
man ;  shall  return  n.  year,  n.  Friday,  on  Fri- 
day ».;  what  is  the  n.  article?,  shopman's 
formula ;  the  Sunday  n.  before  Easter ;  what 
is  true  one  day  may  be  false  the  n. ;  not  till  n. 
time,  facet,  addition  to  promise  of  abstention  ; 
the  n.  town  to  London  in  size ;  n.-best,  second- 
best  ;  the  person  n.  him,  or  n.  to  him,  in  rank). 
(Adv.,  often  indistinguishable  f.  pred.  use  of 
adj.)  in  the  n.  place  or  degree,  on  the  n.  occa- 
sion, (in  the  week  n.  ensuing ;  n.  came  a  strange 
figure;  whatn.?,  can  anything  follow  to  beat 
this  for  absurdity  &c?;  placed  his  chair  n.  to 
hers ;  New  York  is  the  largest  city  n.  to  London ; 

18 


NEXUS 


646 


NIGGER 


when  In.  saw  him  he  was  lame).  (Prep.,  often 
indistinguishable  f.  pred.  adj.  governing  noun) 
in  or  into  the  n.  place,  on  the  n.  occasion,  in 
the  n.  degree,  to  {I  was  standing  n.  him ;  placed 
his  chair  n.  hers  ;  loves  him  n.  her  own  child  ; 
wear  flannel  n.  your  skin).  (N.,  or  ellipt.  use  of 
adj.)  n.  person  or  thing  (n.  of  kin,  person  near- 
est of  kin  to  some  one  ;  will  tell  you  in  my  n., 
i.e.  letter ;  to  be  continued  in  our  n.,  i.e.  issue 
Of  magazine  &c;  her  n.,  i.e.  husband,  was  a 
greengrocer,  i.e.  child,  was  a  girl ;  n.,  please, 
ask  your  n.  question,  let  the  n.  man  come,  &c). 
[OE  neahst  (nigh,  -est)] 

nexus,  n.  Bond,  link,  connexion,  (fig.).  [L 
inectere  nex-  bind)] 

NIa*g"apa,  n.  Cataract,  torrent,  din,  {shoot 
tfV.,  run  fearful  risks).    [N.-Amer.  waterfall] 

nib,  n.,  &  v.t.  Point  of  quill-pen ;  metal  or 
q  uill  pen-point  for  insertion  in  penholder ;  point 
of  tool  &c;  (pi.)  fragments  of  crushed  cocoa- 
beans  ;  (vb)  make,  mend,  insert  n.  of,  (pen). 
[=Sc.  neb  nose,  OE  nebb,  cf.  ON  nef,  Du.  neb] 

ni'bble,  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  Take  small  bites  at ; 
bite  (t.  &  i.)  gently  or  cautiously  or  playfully 
(esp.  of  fish  with  bait,  or  rabbits  ;  often  n.  at, 
lit.,  &  fig.  of  dallying  with  temptation,  bargain, 
&c.) ;  carp  at,  make  trifling  criticisms.  (N.)  act 
of  nibbling,  esp.  of  fish  at  bait ;  enough  (grass 
&c.)  to  n.  at.    fcf.  LG  nibbelen] 

ni-blic  k,  n.  Golf-club  with  small  round  heavy 
head.    [?] 

nice,  a.  Fastidious,  dainty,  hard  to  please,  of 
refined  or  critical  tastes  ;  precise,  punctilious, 
scrupulous,  particular,  (must not  be  toon,  about 
the  means) ;  requiring  precision,  care,  tact,  or 
discrimination  (a  n.  experiment,  question, 
point,  negotiation) ;  minute,  subtle,  (a  n.  dis- 
tinction, shade  of  meaning) ;  attentive,  close, 
(a  n.  inquiry,  observer) ;  delicately  sensitive, 
discriminative,  or  deft  (a  n.  ear,  judgment, 
hand  ;  weighed  in  the  nicest  scales,  lit.  or  fig.) ; 
(colloq.)  agreeable,  attractive,  delightful,  well- 
flavoured,  satisfactory,  kind,  friendly,  con- 
siderate, generally  commendable  (often  iron., 
as  here  is  an.  mess) ;  n.  and,  satisfactorily,  as 
the  house  stands  n.  &  high,  car  is  going  n.  & 
fast ;  nAooking,  pretty  or  of  engaging  appear- 
ance. Hence  ni'eeLY2  adv.,  ni'eeNESS  n., 
ni'eiSH  x(2)  a.  [earlier  senses,  stupid,  wanton ; 
OF,  f.  L  nescius  ignorant  (nescience)] 

Nice'ne  (or  ni'-),  a.  Of  Nicaea  (first  k  second 
N.  councils,  held  a.d.  325,  787,  to  settle  the 
Arian  controversy  &  the  question  of  images ; 
N.  Creed,  formal  statement  of  Christian  belief 
based  on  that  adopted  at  first  N.  council),  [f. 
LL  Nicenus  (L  f.  Gk  Nikaia)) 

ni'cety,  n.  Punctiliousness;  precision,  ac- 
curacy, (to  an.,  exactly);  intricate  or  subtle 
quality  (a  point  of  great  n.);  minute  distinction, 
subtle  or  unimportant  detail,  (pi.)  minutiae. 
[f.  OF  niceU  (nice,  -ty)] 

niche  (-tsh),  n.,  &  v.t.  Shallow  recess  in 
wall  to  contain  statue,  vase,  &c. ;  (fig.)  place 
destined  for  person's  occupation,  esp.  n.  %n  the 
temple  of  fame,  right  to  be  remembered  for 
oneTs  achievements.  (Vb)  place  (statue  &c.)  in 
n.  (usu.  in  p.p.) ;  ensconce,  settle,  (esp.  oneseZ', 
or  in  p.p.)  m  some  hollow  or  corner.  [F,  f.  It. 
nicchia  etym.  dub.] 

nick1,  n.  Notch  serving  as  catch,  guide, 
mark,  &c;  certain  throws  in  hazard  ;  in  then, 
(of  time),  just  at  the  right  moment.    [?] 

nick2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  nick(s)  in,  indent; 
make  incision  at  root  of  (horse's  tail ;  also  with 

horse  Sec.  as  obj.)  to  make  him  carry  it  higher; 

hit  upon,  guess  rightly,  n.  it,  the  truth,  Sec.)', 

just  catch  (the  time,  a  train,  &c.) ;  catch,  nab, 

(criminal  &c.) ;  make  (certain  winning  throws) 


at  hazard  ;  cut  in  by  short  cut,  at  corner,  &c, 
in  hunting  or  racing ;  (of  breeding  stocks)  min- 
gle well  &c.  with  others.    [?] 

ni'ckei  (-kl),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Hard  silvery- 
white  lustrous  malleable  ductile  metal  much 
used  esp.  in  alloys ;  U.S.  five-cent  piece  or  kinds 
of  Continental  coin  corresponding  to  English 
&  French  coppers  ;  n.  silver,  alloy  like  German 
silver ;  n.  steel,  alloy  of  iron  with  n. ;  ( vb)  coat 
with  n.  [abbr.  of  G  kupfernickel  copper-col- 
oured ore  f.  which  n.  was  first  got  (kupfer 
copper,  nickel  demon,  w.  ref.  to  disappointing 
nature  of  ore,  which  yielded  no  copper)] 

ni*ck-nack.    See  knick-knack. 

ni'ckname,  n.,  &  v.t.  Name  added  to  or 
substituted  for  person's,  place's,  or  thing's 
proper  name  ;  abbreviation  or  familiar  form  of 
Christian  name.  (Vb)  call  (person  or  thing  a  n.), 
give  n.  to,  (some  people  are  never  nicknamed ; 
they  n.  patience  cowardice ;  Cumberland,  nick- 
named Butcher),  [earlier  neke-,  orig.cm  eke  \- 
name,  cf.  newt] 

nico'tian  (-shi-),  a.    Of  tobacco,    [foil.,  -ian] 

ni'cotine  (en),  n.  Poisonous  alkaloid  ex- 
tracted as  oily  liquid  from  tobacco.  Hence 
ni*cotiniSM(5)n.,ni*cotinizE(5)  v.t.  [F(Nicot, 
introducer  of  tobacco  into  France,  -ine  5)] 

ni'ctate,  ni'ctitate,  vv.t  Close  &  open 
the  eyes,  wink,  chiefly  in  nict(it)ating  mem- 
brane, third  or  inner  eyelid  of  many  animals. 
Hence  nietA'TiON.nictitA'TioN,  nn.  [f.  (med.L 
nictitare  frequent,  of)  L  nictare,  -ate3] 

nidame'ntal,  a.  Serving  as  receptacle  for 
ova  in  molluscs  &c.  (n.  gland,  capsule,  ribbon). 
[f.  L  nidamentum  (nidus,  -ment)] 

ni*d(d)eping-,  n.  &  a.  (pseudo-archaic).  Base 
or  cowardly  (person),  [misreading  (in  early 
printed  text  of  William  of  Malmesbury)  of  obs. 
nithing  f.  ON  nithingr  (nith  satire,  cf.  G  neid 
envy) ;  given  currency  by  Scott] 

ni'ddle-no'ddle,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Nodding, 
quivering,  unsteady ;  keep  nodding  (head,  or 
intr.),  totter,  sway,    [redupl.  f.  nod,  -le(3)] 

nide,  n.    Brood  of  pheasants,    [f.  L  nidus] 

ni'diflcate,  ni'diiy,  vv.i.  Build  nest(s). 
Hence  nidificA'TiON  n.  [f.  Lnidificare  (nidus, 

-FY),  -ATE3] 

nid-nod,  v.i.  &  t.  Keep  nodding,  [redupli- 
cated f.  nod] 

ni'dus,  n.  (pi.  -di,  -duses).  Place  in  which 
insects  &c.  deposit  eggs ;  place  in  which  spores 
or  seeds  develop ;  placeof  originordevelopment 
for  disease,  or  for  some  quality,  doctrine,  &c; 
natural  receptacle ;  collection  of  eggs,  tubercles, 
&c.    [L,  see  nest  i] 

niece  (nes),  n.  One's  brother's  or  sister's 
daughter,  [f.  F  niece  (L  neptis  cogn.  w.  obs.  E 
nift,  G  nichte)] 

nie'llo,  n.  (pi.  -li  pr.  -le,  -16s).  Black  com- 
position for  filling  engraved  lines  in  silver  or 
other  metal;  (specimen  of)  such  ornamental 
work.  Hence  nie*lloED2a.  [It.,  f.  neut.  of  L 
nigellus  dim.  of  niger  black] 

Niep'steinei*  (nersti-),  n.  A  white  hock.  [G] 

ni'g-g-apd,  n.  &  a.  Stingy  person,  grudging 
giver  of;  (adj.,  rhet.  &  poet.)  =  foil.  (etym.  dub.; 
cf.  obs.  nig,  nigon ;  prob.  of  F  orig.  j 

ni*g,g,apdly,a.  &  adv.  Parsimonious,  stingy, 
sparing,  scanty,  giving  or  given  grudgingly  or 
in  small  amounts ;  hence  ni'ggapdlixESS  n.; 
(adv.)  in  n.  manner.    [-LY  U 2] 

ni'ggep,  n.  Negro  (usu.  contempt);  (loosely) 
member  of  any  dark-skinned  race,  e.g.  E.- 
Indian, native  Australian  ;  black  turnip  cater- 
pillar ;  n.  minstrel,  see  negro  ;  n.  melody,  son(L 
Sec,  such  as  prevail  among  American  negroes ; 
niggerhead  =  NKQRO-head.  Hence  ni'^grep- 
dom  n.    [earlier  neger  f.  F  negre  t.  Sp.  negro] 


NIGGLE 


547 


NINETY 


ni'ggle.  v.L  Spend  time,  be  over-elaborate, 
on  petty  details,    [of.  Norw.  nigla] 

ni'ggling,  a.  Trifling,  petty,  lacking  in 
breadth,  largeness,  or  boldness  of  effect;  (of 
handwriting)  cramped,    [ing2] 

nigh  (ni),  adv.,  prep.,  &  a.,  (comp.  &  sup. 
formerly  near,  next,  now  nigher,  nighest,  also 
asadvv.,prepp.,  &aa.,cf.  near1'2).  =  near1>2 
(archaic,  poet,  or  dial.).  [com.-Teut.;  OE  niah, 
cf.  Du.  na,  G  nah;  the  adv.  use  is  the  orig.; 
nigher,  -est,  have  been  formed  since  the  relation 
of  near,  next,  to  nigh  was  obscured] 

night  (nit),  n.  Dark  period  between  day  & 
day,  time  from  6  p.m.  to  6  a.m.  or  from  sunset 
to  sunrise,  darkness  then  prevailing,  the  dark, 
(also  nightfall)  end  of  daylight,  weather  or 
experiences  or  occupation  of  a  n.,  (black,  dark, 
as  n. ;  went  forth  into  the  n. ;  the  n.  of  ignorance 
or  barbarism ;  stayed  three  nn.  with  them ;  a 
dirty  n.,  stormy  or  rainy ;  have  a  good,  bad,  n., 
sleep  well  or  ill,  be  comfortable  or  in  pain,  cf. 
GOOD-n.;  make  a  n.  of  it,  spend  n.  in  festivity ; 
n.  out,  festive  evening,  also  evening  on  which 
servant  is  allowed  out;  n.  &  day,  always, 
without  cessation ;  all  n.,  all  n.  long,  for  the 
whole  n.;  by  n.,  during,  under  cover  of,  the  n.; 
at  n.,  at  nightfall,  in  the  evening,  also  added  to 
the  hours  from  6  p.m.  to  midnight,  cf.  in  the 
morning  of  hours  1-6  a.m.;  cannot  sleep  o'nn. 
for  thinking  of) ;  night-,  by,  like,  during,  appro- 
priate to,  employed  for,  active  in,  the  n.  (-veiled, 
-black,  -walking,  -haunted,  -brawl,  -attire, 
-lamp,  -porter,  -moth) ;  n.-bird,  esp.  owl  or  night- 
ingale, also  person  esp.  of  disreputable  character 
who  goes  about  by  n. ;  n.-blindness,  nyctalopia ; 
n.-boat,  passenger-boat  crossing  by  n.;  n.-cap, 
worn  in  bed,  also  alcoholic  drink  taken  before 
going  to  bed. ;  n.-cellar,  underground  drinkshop 
of  low  class;  n.  -chair,  =  n.  -stool ;  n.-clothes, 
worn  in  bed ;  n.-dress,  n.-gown  (also  nigh'tY3 
n.),  woman's  or  child's  n.  attire  ;  n.-flower,  that 
opens  at  n.  &  closes  in  the  day  ;  n.-glass,  short 
telescope  for  n.  use  at  sea  ;  n.-hag,  female  de- 
mon riding  the  air  at  n.,  nightmare ;  nightjar, 
the  GOATsucker;  nAight,  short  thick  candle 
giving  dim  light  through  n.  for  invalids  &c; 
n.-line,  left  with  baited  hooks  to  catch  fish  by 
n.;  n.-long,  lasting  through  the  n.;  nightman, 
employed  to  remove  n.-soil ;  nigh'tmare,  female 
monster  sitting  upon  &  seeming  to  suffocate 
sleeper,  incubus,  oppressive  or  paralysing  or 
terrifying  or  fantastically  horrible  dream 
(whence  nigh'tmariSH  *  a.),  also  haunting 
fear  or  thing  vaguely  dreaded  ;  n.-piece,  (paint- 
ing of)  n.  scene  or  landscape ;  n.-school,  provid- 
ing instruction  for  workmen  after  day's  work; 
n.  -  season,  =  n.  -  time  (poet.,  rhet);  n.-shirt, 
boy's  or  man's  long  shirt  for  sleeping  in ;  n.-soil, 
contents  of  cesspools  &c.  removed  at  n.;  n.- 
stool,  close-stool  or  commode  for  use  at  n.;  n.- 
suit,  set  of  pyjamas ;  n.-time,  n.  as  a  state  of 
things  or  opportunity  (in  the  n.-t„  by  n.) ;  n.- 
watch,  (person  or  party  keeping)  watch  by  n., 
Hebrew  &  Roman  division  (one  of  three  or 
four)  of  the  n.  (in  the  n.-ww.,  during  the  anxious, 
wearisome,  wakeful,  &c,  n.) ;  n.-work,  done, 
that  must  be  done,  by  n.  Hence  nigh'ti.K.ss  a. 
[Aryan  ;  OE  niht,  cf.  G  nacht,  L  nox  -ctis,  Gk 
nux  -ktos,  Skr.  ndkta] 

nightingale  (ngg-),n.  Small  reddish-brown 
migratory  bird  singing  melodiously  &  power- 
fully both  by  night  &  in  the  day.  [OE  nihtegale 
(night,  galan  sing),  cf.  G  nachtigall] 

nightly  *,a.  Happening,  done,  existing,  &c, 
in  the  night;  happening  every  night;  (poet.) 
of  or  suiting  night.  [OE  nihtlic  (night,  -ly  *)] 

nightly  2,  adv.    Every  night,    [-uy  2] 

nightshade,  n.  Kinds  of  plant,  esp.  Black 


N.  with  white  flowers  &  black  poisonous  ber- 
ries, Woody  N.  with  purple  flowers  &  bright 
red  berries,  &  Deadly  N.  or  belladonna.  [OE 
nihtscada, cf.  Du.  nachtschade,Gnachtschatte, 
prob.  f.  night,  shade,  w.  ref.  to  its  poison] 

nlgre'seent,  a.  Blackish.  So  nlgre's- 
cence  n.    [f.  L  nigrescere  (niger  black),  -ent] 

ni'gpitude,  n.  Blackness  (lit.  &  fig.),  [f.  L 
nigrxtudo  (prec,  -tude)] 

m'hil  ad  rem,  pred.  a.    Irrelevant.    [L] 

nih'ilism  (or  ni'h-),  n.  Negative  doctrines, 
total  rejection  of  current  beliefs,  in  religion  or 
morals  ;  (Philos.)  scepticism  that  denies  all  ex- 
istence ;  doctrines  of  extreme  revolutionary 
party  in  Russia  finding  nothing  to  approve 
of  in  the  constituted  order  of  things.  Hence 
nih*iliST(2)  n.,  nihil i-stic  a.  [f.  L  nihil  noth- 
ing, -ism] 

nihi'lity  (-h-),  n.  Non-existence,  nothing- 
ness ;  mere  nothing,  trifle,  nullity,  [f.  med.L 
nihilitas  (prec,  -ty)] 

nil,  n.  Nothing,  no  number  or  amount,  (esp. 
in  scoring  at  games  &c,  as  three  goals  to  n.); 
n.  admirari  [L],  attitude  of  being  surprised  at, 
or  admiring,  nothing,  nonchalance.    FL] 

nill.  v.L,  3rd  sing.  pres.  condit.  Will  he  n.  he, 
whether  he  likes  it  or  not  (now  usu.  willy-nilly). 
[obs.  ne  not,  will*] 

Nilo'meter,  n.  Graduated  pillar  &c.  show- 
ing height  to  which  Nile  rises,  [f.  Gk  Neilo- 
metrion  (-meter)] 

Nilotic,  a.  Of  the  Nile  or  Nile  region  or 
its  inhabitants,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Neilotikos  (Neilos 
Nile,  -OT2,  -ic)] 

nrmble,  a.  Quick  in  movement,  agile,  swift, 
(the  n.  shilling,  or  ninepence  archaic,  circu- 
lating quickly);  (of  the  mind  &c.)  versatile, 
clever,  quick  to  apprehend,  dextrous.  Hence 
ni,mbleNESsn.,nrmbLY2adv.  [f.  OE numol 
(niman  take,  -le(1)1 

ni'mbus,  n.  (pi.  -bi).  Bright  cloud  or  halo  in- 
vesting deity  or  person  or  thing ;  bright  disk  or 
aureole  round  or  over  head  of  saint  &c.  in  pic- 
ture; (Meteorol.)  rain-cloud.  Hence  ni'mbus- 
ED2a.    [L,= cloud] 

nimi'ety,  n.  (rare).  Excess,  too  much.  [f. 
LL  nimietas  (L  nimius  excessive  f.  nimis  too 
much,  -ty)] 

ni-miny-prminy,  a.  Affected,  mincing, 
prim,    [imit.] 

Ni'mrod,  n.  Great  hunter  or  sportsman, 
[see  Gen.  x.  8,_9] 

ni'ncompoop  (-kom-),  n.  Simpleton,  person 
without  sense  or  character,  ninny.    [?] 

nine,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  eight,  9,  IX, 
(often  agreeing  with  understood  noun,  as  n.  of 
the  men,  n.  of  them,  n.  o'clock  or  n.,  cost  n.  & 
six,  will  be  n.  next  birthday  ;  n.-o'clock  wind, 
blowing  from  rifleman's  left  hand ;  twenty-n. 
&c.  or,  not  beyond  n.  &  ninety,  n.  &  twenty  &c. ; 
the  N.,  the  Muses;  n.  days  wonder,  novelty 
that  attracts  much  attention  but  is  soon  for- 
gotten ;  n.  times  out  often,  generally;  posses- 
sion is  n.  points  of  the  law ;  cat  l  has  n.  lives) ; 
ninepins,  kind  of  skittles;  n.-tenths,  nearly  the 
whole;  hence  ni'neFOLD  a.  &  adv.  (N.)  the 
number  n.;  card  of  n.  pips  ;  to  the  nn.,  to  per- 
fection (esp.  dressed  up  to  the  nn.,  elaborately). 
[Aryan ;  OE  nigon,  cf.  G  neun,  Skr.  ndvan,  Gk 
ennea,  L  novem] 

ni'netee'n,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  eighteen, 
19,  XIX,  (is  nearly  n.,  years  old  ;  twice  n.  is  88  ; 
a  n.-dt-8ixpenny  pair  of  shoes  ;  n.  to  the  dozen). 
Hence  ninetee'nTH  2  a.  &  n.    [-teen] 

ni'nety,  a.  &  n.  Nine  times  ten,  90,  XC,  (n.- 
one  &c,  or  one  &c.  &  n.;  n.-first  &c;  n.-nine 
out  of  a  hundred,  nearly  all) ;  hence  nl'ne- 
tieTH  2  a.  &  n.  (N.)  the  number  n. ;  (pi.)  the  nn., 


NINEVITE 


548 


NO 


degrees  on  thermometer  &c.,  years  of  century 
or  life,  between  89  &  100.    [-ty2] 

Ni'nevite,  n.  Inhabitant  of  Nineveh,  [f.  L 
Ninivita  {Ninive,  -ite1)] 

ni'nny,  n.  Simpleton,  fool,  person  of  weak 
character  or  mind.    Iperh.  for  innocent] 

ninth,  a.  &  n.  Next  after  eighth  (on  the  n., 
day  of  month  ;  n.  part,  one  of  nine  equal  parts 
into  which  thing  may  be  divided ;  n.  part  of  a 
man,  tailor).  (N.)  n.  part;  (Mus.)  interval  of 
octave  &  second,    [nine,  -th  2] 

ni'nthly,  adv.  In  the  ninth  place  (in  enu- 
merations).    [-LY  2] 

Ni'obe,  n.  Inconsolable  bereaved  woman. 
Hence  Niobe'AN  a.  [Gk  (-e),  woman  turned 
to  stone  while  weeping  for  slain  children] 

nio'bium,  n.  (chem.).  A  metallic  element 
Hence  nid'bic  (chem.),  nid'bous  (chem.),  aa. 
[prec,  -ium  ;  named  1845] 

nip »,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Pinch,  squeeze  sharply, 
bite ;  pinch  off  (bud  &c.) ;  check  growth  of  (esp. 
n.  in  the  bud;  lit.  &  fig.),  (of  cold)  affect  in- 
juriously, pain,  whence  ni'ppiNG2  a.,  nl'p- 
ping-LY^adv.;  take  up,  out,  &c,  hurriedly  or 
unobserved ;  (slang)  step  &c.  nimbly  in,  out, 
tip,  whence  ni'ppY2  a.  (N.)  pinch,  sharp 
squeeze,  bite ;  sharp  saying,  sarcasm ;  (check 
to  vegetation  caused  by)  coldness  of  air.  [cf. 
Du.  nijpen  nip,  Du.  &  G  nippen  sip,  Du.  nippen 
wrangle] 

nip2,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Small  quantity  of  spirits 
&c.  as  pick-me-up  ;  (vb)  take  nn.,  take  nn.  of. 
[prob.  for  obs.  nipperkin  small  measure  of  ale 
&c,  etym.  dub.,  prob.  of  Du.  orig.] 

ni'pa  (ne-,  ni-),  n.  Kind  of  E.-Indian  palm.  [f. 
Malay  nipah] 

ni'ppep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  nip  ]»  2 ;  also  or 
esp.:  kinds  of  fish  ;  boy,  lad,  esp.  costermonger's 
assistant  or  street  arab;  (pi.)  implement  with 
jaws  for  gripping  or  cutting,  forceps,  pinchers, 

Eliers,  (often  pair  of  nn.);  (pi.)  pince-nez; 
orse's  incisor  tooth  ;  crustacean's  claw,  [-er  !] 

ni'pple,  n.  Small  projection  in  which  mam- 
mary ducts  terminate  in  mammal  of  either 
sex,  teat,  esp.  on  woman's  breast;  cover  for 
protecting  woman's  teat  while  child  sucks ; 
teat  of  nursing-bottle ;  n.-like  protuberance  on 
skin,  glass,  metal,  &c;  small  rounded  elevation 
on  mountain  ;  perforated  projection  of  musket- 
lock  on  which  percussion-cap  is  placed ;  nipple- 
wort, yellow-flowered  weed.    [?] 

nipva'na  (-vah-),  n.  Buddhist  beatitude,  i.  e. 
extinction  of  individuality  &  absorption  into 
the  supreme  spirit.    [Skr.  (nirva  to  blow)] 

ni'si,  conj.  (legal).  Unless  (decree,  order,  rule, 
&c,  n.,  decree  &c.  valid  unless  cause  is  shown 
for  rescinding  it  before  appointed  time  at  which 
it  is  'made  absolute ';  n.  prius,  hearing  of  civil 
causes  by  judges  of  assize,  court-business  of 
this  kind).  [L ;  n.  prius,  unless  before  that, 
words  from  writ  directing  sheriff  to  provide 
jury  on  certain  day  unless  judges  come  sooner] 

nit,  n.  Egg  of  louse  or  other  parasitic  insect. 
[OE  hnitu,  cf.  Du.  neet,  G  niss\ 

nrtrate1  (at),  n.  Salt  given  by  combination 
of  nitric  acid  with  base,  or  compound  made  by 
interaction  of  nitric  acid  &  alcohol ;  (short  for) 
potassium  or  sodium  n.    [nitre,  -ate  l(S)] 

nitra'te2,  v.t.  Treat,  combine,  or  impreg- 
nate, with  nitric  acid.  Hence  nitPATiON  n. 
[foil., -ate 3] 

ni*tpe  (-er),  n.  Saltpetre,  potassium  nitrate ; 
cubic  n.,  sodium  nitrate.  [P,  f.  L  f.  Gk  nitron 
perh.  of  Oriental  orig.] 

nrti»lc,  a.  Of  nitre ;  n.  acid,  clear  colourless 
pungent   highly  corrosive   &   caustic  liquid, 

aquafortis,    [f.  F  nitrique  (prec,  -ic)] 

nitrify,  v.t  &  i.    Turn  into  nitre,  make  or 


become  nitrous.    So  nitPiFiCA"TiON  n.    [f.  F 
nitrifier  (nitre,  -fy)] 

nl'trite,  n.  Compound  of  base  or  alcohol 
with  nitrous  acid,  [nitre,  -ite  M2)] 
nitr(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  nitron  nitre,  = 
of,  containing,  made  with  or  by  use  of,  nitric 
acid  or  nitroxyl  or  nitre  or  nitrogen  ;  nitro- 
acid,  compound  of  nitric  with  organic  acid ; 
nitro-compound,  made  by  action  of  nitric  acid ; 
nitro-explosive,  prepared  by  means  of  nitric 
acid ;  nitroglycerin^),  yellowish  oily  violently 
explosive  liquid  made  by  adding  glycerine  to 
mixture  of  nitric  &  sulphuric  acids ;  nitro- 
powder,  gunpowder  made  with  nitric  acid ; 
nitro-sulphur'ic,  formed  by  mixture  of  nitric  & 
sulphuric  acids;  nitro'xyl,  chemical  grouping 
of  nitrogen  &  oxygen. 

nrtrogen,  n.  Colourless  tasteless  scentless 
permanent  gas  forming  four-fifths  of  atmo- 
sphere. Hence  nitpo*genous  a.  [f.  F  nitro- 
gene,  see  nitre,  -gen(1)J 

ni'tpous,  a.  Of,  like,  impregnated  with, 
nitre  (n.  acid,  containing  less  oxygen  than 
nitric  acid  ;  n.  oxide,  gas  used  as  anaesthetic, 
laughing-gas.  [f.  L  nitrosus  (nitre,  -ous)] 
nix  *,  int.  (slang)  giving  warning  to  confeder- 
ates &c.  that  master  &c.  is  approaching.  [?] 
nix2,  n.  (fern,  nixie).  Water-elf.  [G  (fern. 
nixe),  cf.  OE  nicor,  Du.  nikker,  perh.  cogn.  w. 
Gk  nizo  wash] 

Niza'm  (-ahm),  n.  Ruler  of  Hyderabad; 
(man,  men,  of)  Turkish  regular  army.  [Hind. 
&  Turk.,  f.  Arab,  nidam  order,  arrangement] 
no1,  a.  Not  any'(«,o  circumstances  could 
justify  it;  no  date,  abbr.  n.d.,=  undated,  in 
library  lists  &c;  no  song  no  supper,  you  must 
sing  first ;  no  end  »;  by  no  mean's);  not  a,  quite 
other  than  a,  (service  of  no  honourable  kind ; 
is  no  part  of  my  plan ;  is  no  genius),  hardly 
any  (is  no  distance ;  did  it  in  no  time),  there 
is  &c.  no  —ing,  none  is  &c.  possible  (there 's  no 
accounting  for  tastes  ;  there  was  no  mistaking 
what  he  meant) ;  imperfect  substitute  for,  ab- 
sence of,  (often  no- ;  these  opinions  or  rather  no 
opinions ;  his  faith  or  no-faith) ;  (in  ellipt. 
sentences)  we  will  not  have  any,  let  there  not 
be  any,  there  is  not  any,  (no  Popery,  surrender, 
&c,  whence  no-Popery  riots,  a  no-confidence 
vote,  &c. ;  now  no  mistake,  understand  me 
clearly  ;  &  no  mistake  l ;  no  doubt  ;  no  won- 
der) ;  no  ball,  unlawfully  delivered  ball  in 
cricket,  umpire's  announcement  of  this,  (vb, 
no-b.)  pronounce  (bowler)  to  have  bowled  n.  b.; 
no-being,  non-existence ;  no'body,  no  person 
(everybody's  business  is  nobody's  business ; 
nobody  ever  did  his,  or  irreg.  their,  work 
better),  (w.  pi.)  person  of  no  importance,  author- 
ity, or  position  ;  no  go2  ;  no'how,  in  no  way,  by 
no  means,  (usu.  w.  can,  -able,  &c),  be,  feel, 
look,  &c,  nohow,  out  of  order,  out  of  sorts  ;  no 
man,  no  person  (no  man's  land,  piece  of  waste, 
unowned,  or  debatable  ground) ;  no-meaning, 
nonsense  ;  no  one,  no  person  ;  no  thoroughfare, 
notice  that  path,  street,  &c,  is  closed  at  other 
end,  or  that  entrance  is  not  permitted  (no-t., 
such  path);  no'way(s),  no'wise,  in  no  manner, 
not  at  all ;  no'whence,  no'whither,  from,  to,  n<r 

f)lace;  no  whit,  not  at  all  (usu.  w.  compar.). 
for  none,  orig.  only  before  consonants] 

no2,  adv.  (Alw.  as  alternative  after  or)  not 
(usu.  whether  or  no,  in  either  case,  also  tell  me 
whether  or  no ;  pleasant  or  no,  it  is  true). 
[prob.  f.  prec.  by  extension  of  adj.  use  as  in 
whether  there  be  any  church  or  no  (church)] 

no3,  adv.  (Alw.  with  compar.)  by  no 
amount,  not  at  all,  (no  better  than  before  ;  no 
sooner  had  he  said  it  than,  as  soon  as  he  had 
said  it ;  no  long  >er) ;  no  less  (than),  as  much 


NO 


549 


NOISY 


(n.,  a.,  adv.)  or  many  (as)  (gave  me  £50,  no  less, 
no  less  than  £50 ;  no  less  than  ten  people  have 
told  me  ;  did  it  no  less  for  my  warning  ;  is  no 
less  than  a  scandal ;  a  no  less  fatal  victory) ;  no 
more,  (n.)  nothing  further  (have  no  more  to  say ; 
want  no  more  of  it ;  often  ellipt.  for  say  no  more 
or  let  us  have  no  more  of  it),  (adj.)  not  any  more 
(no  more  wine  ?),  (adv.)  no  longer  (is  no  more, 
is  dead  or  passed  away),  never  again,  to  no 
greater  extent  (is  no  more  a  lord  than  I  am, 
could  no  more  help  laughing  than  I  could  fly), 
just  as  little,  neither,  (you  did  not  come,  no 
more  did  he).    10E  nd  see  nathless] 

no4,  particle  equivalent  to  negative  sen- 
tence, &  n.  (pi.  noes).  The  answer  to  your 
question  is  negative,  your  request  or  command 
will  not  be  complied  with,  the  statement  made 
or  course  intended  or  conclusion  arrived  at  is 
not  correct  or  satisfactory,  (wo,  nor,  form  for 
substituting  stronger  phrase,  as  A  man  could 
not  lift  it,  no,  nor  half  a  dozen).  (N. )  the  word 
no,  a  denial  or  refusal,  (two  noes  make  a  yes ; 
will  not  take  no  for  an  answer,  persists  in  spite 
of  refusals) ;  (pi.)  voters  against  a  motion  (the 
nn.  have  it,  are  in  a  majority),    [as  prec] 

Noa-ehian,  Noa'chic,  (-k-),  aa.  Of  Noah 
or  his  time.    [A~oac/i  =  Noah,  -ian] 

No*ah,  n.  Hebrew  patriarch;  N.'s  ark,  in 
which  Noah,  his  family,  &  animals,  were  saved 
(Gen.  vi),  imitation  of  it  as  child's  plaything, 
large  or  cumbrous  or  old-fashioned  trunk  or 
vehicle,  small  bivalve,  detached  fragment  of 
flying  cloud;  N.'s  nightcap,  the  plant  esch- 
scholtzia  (w.  ref.  to  conical  Duds). 

nob1,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (slang).  Head;  (Cribbage) 
knave  of  same  suit  as  turn-up  (one  for  his  n., 
point  scored  by  holder  of  this);  (vb,  boxing)  hit 
on  the  head.    [perh.  var.  of  knob] 

nob2,  n.  (slang).  Member  of  upper  classes, 
[perh.  for  nobleman,  but  Sc.  form  is  knabb] 

no'bble,  v.  t.  (slang).  Tamper  with  (racehorse) 
to  prevent  its  winning;  secure  partiality  of  by 
underhand  means ;  get  hold  of  (money  &c. )  dis- 
honestly ;  catch  (criminal).    [?] 

no'bby,  a.  (slang).  Suitable  for  a  nob  2,  smart, 
elegant,    [-v2] 

nobi'liapy,  a.  Of  (the)  nobility  (n.  particle, 
preposition,  as  French  de,  German  von,  pre- 
fixed to  title ;  n.  pride,  rank,  &c).  [f.  F  nobi- 
liaire  (noble,  -arv)] 

nobi'lity,  n.  Noble  character,  mind,  birth,  or 
rank ;  the  or  a  class  of  nobles,  [f.  L  nobilitas 
(foil.,  -ty)] 

no'ble.  a.  &  n.  Illustrious  by  rank,  title,  or 
birth,  belonging  to  the  nobility ;  of  lofty  charac- 
ter or  ideals  (so  noble-mind i; u  2  a.,  noble- 
ml'ndedNESS  n.) ;  showing  greatness  of  char- 
acter, magnanimous,  morally  elevated ;  splen- 
did, magnificent,  stately,  imposing,  impressive, 
in  appearance ;  excellent,  admirable,  (an.  horse, 
cellar,  &c);  nobleman,  peer;  no'blewoman, 
woman  of  n.  birth  or  rank  ;  hence  no'bleNESS 
n.,  no'bLY  2  adv.  (N.)  nobleman  ;  obsolete  coin, 
usu.  6/8.    [F,  f.  L  nobilis  (noscere  know,  -ble)] 

noble'sse  (-es),  n.  The  class  of  nobles  (esp.  of 
a  foreign  country).    [F] 

nock J,  n.,  &  v.t.  Notch  at  ends  of  bow  for 
holding  string ;  notch(ed  horn  tip)  of  arrow  for 
receiving  bowstring;  (vb)  set  (arrow)  on  string, 
[perh.  =  foil. ;  prob.  not  conn.  w.  notch] 

nock2,  n.     Forward  upper  corner  of  some 

sails,    [f.  Du.  nok] 

noct(I)-,  comb,  form  of  L  nox  noctis  night  = 

by  night,  as  nocta'mbulant  night- walking,noc#- 
flor'ous  night-flowering,  -lu'ca  phosphorescent 

animalcule,  -vagant,  -vagous,  night-wandering. 

no'ctule,  n.    Largest  British  species  of  bat. 

[F,  f.  It.  nottola  bat] 


noctup'nal,  a.  Of,  in,  done  by,  active  in,  the 
night,  [f.JAj(-alis)f.  hnocturnus  (noct-),  -al] 

no'cturne,  n.  Dreamy  musical  piece;  (Paint.) 
night-scene.    [F,  cf.  prec] 

nod,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Incline  head  slightly  & 
quickly  in  salutation  (nodding  acquaintance, 
very  slight  one  with  person  or  subject),  assent, 
or  command  ;  let  head  fall  forward  in  drowsi- 
ness, be  drowsy,  make  sleepy  mistake  (Homer 
sometimes  nods,  the  best  of  us  may  be  dull  or 
make  a  slip);  (of  buildings  &c,  also  fig.)  incline 
from  perpendicular  (esp.  nods  to  its  fall) ;  (of 
plumes)  dance  up  &  down  ;  incline  (head);  sig- 
nify (assent  &c.)  by  n.  (N.)  nodding  of  the  head ; 
this  as  sign  of  absolute  power  (the  empire  teas 
at  or  dependent  on  his  n.);  land  oj  J\od,  sleep 
(with  ref.  to  phr.  in  Gen.  iv.  16).  [excl.  E  ;  from 
14th  c;  etyni.  dub.l 

no'ddle1,  n.  (colloq.).   Head,  pate.    [?] 

no*ddle2,v.t.  Nod  or  wag  (head).  [nod,-le(3)] 

no'ddy,  n.  Simpleton,  noodle  ;  tropical  sea- 
bird,  [perh.  f.obs.  noddy  foolish  (perh.  nod,-y2)] 

node,  n.  Knob  on  root  or  branch  ;  point  at 
which  leaves  spring ;  hard  tumour  esp.  on  gouty 
orrheumatic  joint;  intersecting  point  of  planet's 
orbit  &  ecliptic  or  of  twogreat  circles  of  celestial 
sphere,  whence  no'diCAL  a. ;  point  or  line  of 
rest  in  vibrating  body ;  central  point  in  system ; 
point  at  which  curve  crosses  itself.  Hence 
no'd.u.  a.    [f.  L  nodus] 

nodo'se,  a.  Knotty,  knobbed,  [f.  L  nodosus 

(NODUS,  -OSE  !)] 

nodd'sity,  n.  Knottiness  ;  knot,  protuber- 
ance,   [f.  L  nodositas  (prec,  -ty)] 

no'dule,  n.  Small  rounded  lump  of  any- 
thing ;  small  node  in  plant ;  small  knotty  tu- 
mour, ganglion.  Hence  no'dulAR »,  no'du- 
lated  [-ate2],  no'dulosE1,  no'dulous,  aa., 
nodulA'TiON  n.    [f.  L  nodulus  (foil.,  -ui.e)] 

no'dus,  n.  (pi.  -di).  Knotty  point,  difficulty, 
complication  in  plot  of  story  &c  [L,  =  knot,  w. 
spec  ref.  to  dignus  vindice  nodus  complication 
requiring  divine  intervention] 

noe'tie,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  intellect ;  purely  in- 
tellectual or  abstract;  given  to  intellectual 
speculation  ;  (n.,  sing,  or  pi.)  science  of  the  in- 
tellect, [f.  Gk  noetikos  (noetos  f.  noed  appre- 
hend, -ic)] 

nog:1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Pin,  peg,  small  block,  of 
wood  ;  snag  or  stump  on  tree.  (Vb)  secure  with 
nn. ;  build  in  form  of  (brick-)no'ggisG  1  n.,  i.  e. 
brickwork  in  timber  frame.    [?] 

nog:2,  n.  Kind  of  strong  beer  brewed  in  E. 
AngTia.    [?] 

no'grgrin,  n.  Small  mug ;  small  measure,  usu. 
i  pint,  of  liquor.    [?] 

noil,  n.   (Sing,  or  pi.)  short  wool-combings.  [?] 

noise  (z),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Loud  outcry,  clam- 
our, shouting,  din  of  voices  &  movements ; 
any  sound,  esp.  loud  or  harsh  one,  whence 
noi'seLESS  a.,  noi'selessLY2  adv.,  noi'se- 
lessNESS  n.;  make  a  n.,  lit.,  also  talk  or  com- 
plain much  about,  also  be  much  talked  of,  at- 
tain notoriety  in  the  world.  ( Vb)  make  public, 
spread  abroad,  (person's  fame,  fact;  it  teas 
noised  abroad  that  — ) ;  (rare)  make  n.  [F,  cf. 
Pr.  noysa,  nosa,  nausa,  etym.  dub.] 

noisette l  (nwahze't),  n.  Kind  of  rose,  cross 
between  China  &  musk.    [N,  grower,  1817] 

noisette2  (as  prec),  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  small 
piece(s)  of  meat  cooked  in  certain  way.    [F] 

noi'some  (-swm),  a.  Harmful,  noxious ;  ill- 
smelling;  objectionable,offensive.  Hence  noi*- 
somes'ESS  n.    fobs,  noy  for  annoy  n.,  -some] 

noi'sy,  a.  Clamorous,  turbulent;  full  of, 
making  much,  noise  ;  (of  colour,  costume,  lite- 
rary style)  loud,  conspicuous,  violent,  glaring. 
Hence  noi'slLY 2  adv.,  noi'siNESS  n.    [-y 2] 


NOLENS  VOLENS 


550 


NON- 


nd'lens  vo'lens  (-enz),  adv.     Willy-nilly, 
perforce.  JL  partt.  =  unwilling,  willing] 
nd'li  me  ta'ngrere,  n.    Erosive  ulceration, 
lupus ;  warning  against  meddling  or  approach 
( carries  a  to.  m.  t.  in  his  face ;  a  n.  -in.  -t.  manner) ; 
picture  of  Christ  as  he  appeared  to  Magdalen 
at  sepulchre  {John  xx.  17).    [L,  =  touch  me  not] 
no'lle  pro'sequi,  n.  (legal).     Relinquish- 
ment by  plaintiff  or  prosecutor  of  (part  of)  his 
suit,  stay  of  proceedings,  entry  of  this  on  court 
record.    [L,  =  to  refuse  to  pursue] 
no'/o  episcopar-i,  n.  (Formula  expressing) 
avoidance  of  or  objection  to  responsible  office. 
[L,  =  I  do  not  wish  to  be  a  bishop] 
no-mad,  -ade   (now  rare),  (-ad),  n.  &  a. 
(Member  of  tribe)  roaming  from  place  to  place 
for  pasture  ;  wanderer,  wandering.    Hence  or 
cogn.   noma'dic  a.,   noma'diCALLY    adv., 
no*madiSM(2)  nM  no*madizE<2)  v.i.    [f.  L  f. 
Gk  nomas  -ados  (nemo  to  pasture)] 
nom  de  guerre  (F),  n.    Pseudonym,  sobri- 
quet, assumed  name  under  which  person  fights, 
plays,  writes,  &c    [F,  =  war-name] 
nom  de  plume  (as  F),  n.    Writer's  pseudo- 
nym, title  or  initials  or  borrowed  name  under 
which  he  writes,    [formed  in  E  of  F  words  = 
pen-name  on  anal,  of  prec] 
no'menclatop,  n.  Slave  or  client  in  ancient 
Rome  charged  with  naming  persons  met,  usher 
assigning  places  at  banquet,  (also  in  mod.  use 
with  ref.  to  these  senses) ;  giver  or  inventor  of 
names,  esp.  in  nat.-hist.  classification.    [L  (no- 
men  name,  calare  call,  -or2)] 
nomenclature  (-tsher),  n.    Catalogue,  re- 
gister, (now  rare);   person's  or  community's 
system  of  names  for  things ;  terminology  of  a 
science  &c;  systematic  naming.    Sono'men- 
elATiVEa.    [f.  L  nomenclatura  (prec,  -ure)] 
no'minal,  a.  Of,  as,  like,  a  noun  (n.  &  verbal 
roots) ;  of,  in,  names  (n.  &essential  distinctions : 
n.  definition,  statement  of  all  marks  connoted 
in  name  of  concept);  existing  in  name  only, 
not  real  or  actual,(n.  &  real  price,  ruler;  n.  sum, 
rent,  &c,  virtually  nothing),  whence  no'min- 
alLY 2  adv. ;  consisting  of,  giving,  the  names 
(n.  list  of  officers  &c).    [f.   L  nominalis  (no- 
men  -inis  name  f.  noscere  know,  -men)] 
no'minalism,  n.  (philos.).     Doctrine  that 
universals  or  abstract  concepts  are  mere  names 
(opp.  realism).    So  no'minal ist(2)  n.,  nomi- 
nali'stic  a.    [f.  F  nominalisme  (prec,  -ism)] 
no'minate,  v.t    Call  by  the  name  of,  men- 
tion by  name,  name  or  appoint  (date,  place), 
(now  rare);  appoint,  propose  for  election,  to 
office  (a  board  of  six  nominated  &  six  elected 
members ;  the  candidates  were  nominated  to- 
day), whence  or  cogn.  no'minatOR2,  nomi- 
nEE\  nn.    [f.  L  nominare  (nominal),  -ate3] 
nomination,  n.    In  vbl  senses  ;  also,  right 
of  nominating  for  appointment  (have  a  n.  at 
your  service).    [{.  L  nominatio  (prec,  -ation)] 
no'minative,  a.  &  n.    (Case)  used  as  or  in 
agreement  with  subject  of  verb  (n.  absolute, 
construction  like  Latin  ablative  absolute,  as 
this  being  so,  I  did  nothing) ;  of  this  case  (n. 
ending,  form) ;  word  in  this  case,  (loosely)  sub- 
ject (of  verb) ;  hence  nominati'VAL  a.    Of, 
appointed  by,  nomination  (the  n.  &  the,  elective 
principles,  members),    [f.  L  nominativus  (no- 
minate, -ive)] 

non,  Latin  adv.  =  not,  forming  part  of  phrases : 
to.  assumpsit  (he  did  not  undertake),  plea  that 
defendant  made  no  promise  ;  to.  compos  (men- 
tis), (not  master  of  his  mind),  lunatic,  mad, 
(legal,  &  in  gen.  use) ;  n.  esse  (not  to  be),  non- 
existence; to.  est  inventus  (he  has  not  been 
round),  n.  est,  or  to.  inventus,  sheriff's  state- 
ment, in  returning  writ,  that  defendant  is  not 


to  be  found  in  his  bailiwick  (legal,  &  transf.  in 
gen.  use) ;  to.  liquet  (it  is  not  clear),  jury's  ver- 
dict in  doubtful  case  deferring  matter  to 
another  day;  to.  nobis  (not  unto  us;  Ps.  cxv), 
formula  attributing  victory  &c  not  to  oneself 
but  to  God,  song  of  rejoicing  ;  n.  placet  (it  does 
not  please),  negative  vote  in  ecclesiastical  or 
university  assemblies  (also  as  v.t.,  throw  out); 
to.  plus  ultra,  =  ne  plus  ultra  ;  to.  possumus 
(we  cannot),  statement  of  inability,  refusal  to 
act  or  move  ;  to.  sequitur  (it  does  not  follow), 
illogical  inference,  paradoxical  result. 
non-,  pref.  ( AF  noun-  f.  OF  non-,  nom-,  num.-, 
nun-,  f.  prec)  now  freely  prefixed  (1)  usu.  to 
vbl  n.,  giving  neg.  vbl  n.  corresp.  to  not  w. 
parent  vb,  =  failure  to  do,  abstention  from  do- 
ing, or  rarely  to  other  n.  giving  neg.  abstract  n. 
corresp.  to  not  w.  connected  adj.;  n.-acceptance; 
n.-a'ccess,  impossibility  of  access  for  sexual  in- 
tercourse (in  questions  of  paternity) ;  n.-ac- 
quai'ntance ;  n.-appear'ance  (esp.  in  court  as 
party  or  witness) ;  n.-atte'ndance  ;  no'n-claim, 
failure  to  make  claim  within  legal  time ;  n.- 
commi'ttal,  avoidance  of  committing  oneself  to 
definite  course  or  either  side  (usu.  attrib.,  as 
to.-c.  answer) ;  n.-compli'ance  ;  n.-fea'sance  (le- 
gal), omission  of  act  that  ought  to  have  been 
done ;  n.-interfer'ence,  -intervention,  principle 
or  practice,  esp.  in  politics  &  international 
affairs,  of  keeping  aloof  from  others'  disputes  ; 
n.-intru'sion  (Church  of  Scotland),  principle 
that  patron  shall  not  thrust  unacceptable 
minister  on  congregation  ;  n.-joi'nder  (legal), 
omission  of  partner  &c  to  join  another  as 
party  to  suit;  n.-pay'ment ;  n.-perce'ption  ;  n.- 
perfor'mance ;  w. -resistance  (hist.),  I7th-c  prin- 
ciple that  authority  must  not  be  resisted  even 
if  unjustly  exercised;  n.-sucee'ss;  n.-u'sage ;  «.- 
u'se  ;  n.-u'ser  (legal),  neglect  to  use  a  right,  by 
which  it  may  become  void.  (2)  to  n.  of  desig- 
nation, giving  n.  (somet.  w.  derivatives)  =  per- 
son, thing,  or  all,  that  is  not  the  thing  specified : 
n.-abstai'ner,  one  who  does  not  abstain  (esp. 
from  liquor);  n.-e'go  (metaphys.),  all  that  is  not 
the  conscious  self,  the  object  as  opposed  to  the 
subject;  n.-me'mber  (so  n.-me'mbership) ;  n.- 
me  'tal  (esp.  chem.  =  element  that  is  not  a  metal ; 
son.-meta'llic).  (3)  to  attrib.  n.,  giving  n.  (somet. 
w.  derivatives)  that  can  only  be  used  attri- 
butively, =  unconnected  with,  not  involving: 
n.-jur'y,  tried  without  jury ;  n.-par'ty,  that 
may  be  dealt  with  irrespective  of  political  par- 
tisanship ;  n.-soci'ety,  -u'nion (also  n.-unionist), 
not  belonging  to  a  workman's  society  or  trade 
union.  (4)  to  adj.  (usu.  participial  in  -ant,  -ent, 
-ing,  -ate,  -ed),  giving  adj.  (&  somet.  n.  or  deri- 
vatives) =  not- :  n.-colle'giate,  (student)  not  be- 
longing to  a  college,  (of  universities)  without 
colleges ;  n.-co'mbatant,  (person,  esp.  in  the 
fighting  services,  e.g.  surgeon,  chaplain,  ambu- 
lance man)  who  has  not  to  fight,  civilian ;  w.- 
commi'ssioned,  not  holding  commission  (esp. 
of  army  officers  such  as  sergeant,  corporal, 
abbr.  N.C.O.);  n.-commu'nicant,  (person)  who 
does  not  attend  the  communion  service ;  n.- 
conde'nsing(ot  steam-engine),  discharging  used 
steam  into  atmosphere  instead  of  using  con- 
denser ;  n.-condu'cting,  that  will  not  conduct 
heat  or  electricity  (so  n.-condwctor,  n. -conduct- 
ing medium  or  substance  ;  n.-conductibility) ; 
no'n-content,  voter  against  motion  in  House  of 
Lords;  n.-esse'ntial  a.  &  n.;  n.-Euclide'an, 
denying  or  dispensing  with  any  of  the  assump- 
tions of  Euclid's  geometry  ;  n.-exi'stent,  -ence ; 
n.-jur'ing, -jur'or,  (hist.),  (beneficed clergyman) 
who  refused  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  & 
Mary  ;  n.-0'ffice  holding  &c  (5)  to  adj.  requir- 
ing a  neutral  negative  form  free  from  some 


NONAGE 


551 


NORMAN 


special  sense,  usu.  of  condemnation,  attached 
to  the  compd  in  in-,  tin-,  =  not  coming  under  the 
description  of,  not:  n.-effe'ctive,  (soldier,  sailor) 
not  qualified  for  active  service  (cf.  ineffec- 
tive) ;  n.-hu'man,  not  belonging  to  human  race 
(cf.  inhuman);  n.-lo'gical,  proceeding  by  other 
means  than  logic  (cf.  illogical)  ;  n.-mo'ral, 
unconcerned  with  morality  (cf.  immoral);  n.- 
na'tural,  deviating  from  the  natural  order  (cf. 
unnatural).    (6)  to  adv.,  as  n.-conte'ntiously. 

nd'nage  (-Ij),  n.  Being  under  age,  minority ; 
immaturity, _early  stage.  [OF  (prec,  age)] 

nonagenarian,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  between 
89  &  100  years  old.  [f.  L  nonagenarius  (nona- 
geni  90  each,  -ary  ]),  -ian] 

nd'nary,  a.  &  n.  (Arith.,  of  scale  of  nota- 
tion) having  nine  as  basis;  (n.)  group  of  nine, 
[f.  L  nonarius  (nomis  ninth,  -ary  *)] 

non  avenu  (F),  a.  (Regarded  as)  not  having 
happened. 

nonce,  n.  Time  being,  present  occasion,  (only 
in  for  the  n.) ;  n.-tvord,  coined  for  one  occasion. 
[the  wowce  =  (the)n  once,  cf.  newt] 

no'nchalant  (-shalant),  a.  Unexcited,  un- 
moved, cool,  indifferent.  Hence  no'nenal- 
ance  n.,  no'nchalant r.v  2  adv.  [F,  part,  of 
nonchaloir  (non-,  L  calere  be  warm)] 

nonconformist,  n.  One  who  does  not  con- 
form to  doctrine  or  discipline  of  an  established 
Church,  esp.  member  of  sect  dissenting  from 
Anglican  Church  (usu.  not  including  Roman 
Catholics),  protestant  dissenter  (the  n.  con- 
science, opinions  as  to  right  &  wrong  prevalent 
among  nn.  esp.  as  affecting  their  political 
attitude).  Jnon-(2)] 

nonconfor'mity,  n.  Principles,  practice, 
the  body,  of  nonconformists,  protestantdissent; 
failure  to  conform  {to  rule  &c.) ;  want  of  corre- 
spondence between  things.  Jnon-(2)] 

no'ndescpipt,  a.  &  n.  (Person,  thing)  not 
easily  classified,  neither  one  thing  nor  another, 
hybrid.    [non-(4),  L  descriptus  (describe)] 

none  (nun),  pron.,  a.,  &  adv.  Not  any  of  (n. 
of  them  came  ;  n.  of  this  concerns  me ;  n.  of 
your  impudence) ;  no  person,  no  one,  (now 
rare  ;  n.  can  tell) ;  no  persons  (ft.  but  fools  have 
ever  believed  it).  (Adj. ;  rarely  with  noun  ; 
usu.  ellipt.  =no  with  reference  defined  by  noun 
previously  used  or  shortly  to  follow)  no,  not 
any,  not  to  be  counted  in  specified  class,  (make 
ofn.  effect  archaic ;  you  have  money  &  I  have 
n. ;  he  is  n.  of  my  friends,  n.  of  your  canting 
hypocrites ;  his  understanding  is  n.  of  the 
clearest ;  this  is  n.  other  but  the  house  of  God ; 
seeking  rest  &  finding  n.;  if  a  linguist  is  want- 
ed, lam  n. ;  would  rather  have  a  bad  reputa- 
tion than  n.  at  all ;  poetry  we  have  almost  n.). 
(Adv.)  by  no  amount,  not  at  all.  (w.  the  &  com- 
parat.,  so,  or  too ;  am  n.  the  better  for  it ;  n.  the 
less,  =  XEVEidheless  ;  are  n.  so  fond  of  him;  the 
pay  is  n.  too  high).    [OE  nan  (ne  not,  one)] 

none'ntlty,  n.  Non-existence,  non-existent 
thing,  figment,  (non-);  person  or  thing  of  no 
importance,  cipher,  (non).    [non-(2)] 

nones,  n.  pi.  (Rom.  Ant.)  ninth  day  by  in- 
clusive reckoning  before  ides,  i.e.  7th  of  Mar., 
May,  July,  Oct.,  &  5th  of  other  months ;  (Eccl.) 
daily  office  orig.  said  at  ninth  hour  or  3  p.m. 
[Rom. -Ant.  sense  f.  L  nonae,  eccl.  sense  pi.  of 
rare  none  f.  L  nona.  (nonus  ninth) ;  cf.  noon] 

nonesuch.    See  nonsuch. 

none't,  n.  (mus.).  Composition  for  nine  in- 
struments or  voices,  [f.  It.  nonetto  (nono  ninth 
f.  L  nonus)] 

noni'llion  (no),  n.  Ninth  power  of  million, 
1  with  54  ciphers,  [see  nonary,  billion] 

nd'nius,  n.  Contrivance  for  graduating 
mathematical  instruments,  of  which  the  ver- 


nier is  an  improved  form.  [Latinized  from 
Nunez,  Portuguese  inventor] 

nonparei-1  <-rel),  a.  &  n.  Unrivalled  or 
unique  (person,  thing);  (Print.)  size  of  type; 
kinds  of  comfit,  apple,  bird,  wheat,  moth,  &c. 
[F  (NON-,  hpar  equal,  -cul-  dim.)] 

nonplu's,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-ss).  State  of  per- 
plexity, standstill,  (usu.  at  a  n.,  perplexed, 
reduce  &c.  to  a  ft.);  (vb)  reduce  to  hopeless 
perplexity,    [f.  L  nonplus  not  more] 

non-re'sident,  a.  &  n.  (Clergyman)  not 
residing  where  his  duties  require  him,  absentee 
(incumbent) ;  (person)  sojourning  in  place  only 
for  short  time  or  residing  elsewhere.  So  non- 
re'sidENCE n.    [non] 

no'nsense,  n.  &  int.  Absurd  or  meaningless 
words  or  ideas,  foolish  or  extravagant  conduct, 
arrangement  &c.  that  one  disapproves  of,  (int., 
=  you  are  talking  or  proposing  n.,  it  surely  can- 
not be  true,  &c.) ;  n.-book,  meant  to  amuse  by 
absurdity;  n.-verses,  having  no  sense  or  an 
absurd  one.  Hence  nonse'nsiCAL  a.,  non- 
se'nsicalLY  2  adv.    [non-(2)] 

no'nsueh,  none-,  n.  Person  or  thing  that 
is  unrivalled,  paragon  ;  kind  of  lucerne.  Inone, 
such,  usu.  now  assim.  to  non-] 

no'nsui  t  (-ut),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Stoppage  of  suit  by 
judge  when  plaintiff  fails  to  make  out  legal 
case  or  bring  sufficient  evidence ;  (vb)  subject 
to  n.    [non-(2)] 

noo'dle,  n.  Simpleton.  Hence  noo'dle- 
dom  n.    [?] 

nook,  n.  Out-of-the-way  corner,  recess,  se- 
cluded place.    [?] 

noon,  n.  Twelve  o'clock  in  the  day,  mid- 
day; noonday,  noontide,  mid-day.  [OE  non 
f.  hnona  (hora)  ninth  hour;  orig.  =3 p.m.] 

noose,  n.,  &  v.t.  Loop  with  running  knot, 
tightening  as  string  is  pulled,  esp.  in  snare, 
lasso,  or  hangman's  halter;  the  marriage  tie  ; 
snare  or  bond.  ( Vb)  capture  with  n.,  ensnare  ; 
make  n.  on  (cord) ;  arrange  (cord)  in  n.  round 
neck  &c.    [cf.  OF  nous  f.  L  nodus  knot] 

no'pal,  n.  American  cactus  grown  in  planta- 
tions for  breeding  cochineal.  Hence  no*- 
palRY(3)  n.    [Sp.,  r.  Mex.  nopalli  cactus] 

nop,  adv.  &  conj.  (Archaic)  neither  (as  the 
first  nor  in  n.  goldn.  silver) ;  (conj.)  &  not,  &  no 
more,  neither,  &  not  either,  (had  neither  arms 
n.  provisions  ;  not  a  man  n.  a  child  was  to  be 
seen;  I  said  I  had  not  seen  it,  n.  had  I;  all 
that  is  true,  n.  must  we  forget ;  also  poet.  & 
archaic  w.  omission  of  preceding  neither  or  ft., 
as  thou  nor  I  have  made  the  world),  [prob.  f. 
obs.  nother  (OE  nd  see  nathless,  whether)] 

Nop'denfelt,  n.  Kind  of  machine-gun. 
[Swedish  inventor] 

nop'-.    See  north. 

Nop'folk  (-ok),  n.  English  county  (N.  capon, 
red  herring ;  N.  dumpling,  turkey,  inhabitant 
or  native  of  N. ;  N.  Howard  slang,  bed-bug ; 
N.  .jacket,  man's  loose  jacket  with  waistband  ; 
N.  plover,  stone-curlew). 

nop'land,  n.    Northern  region,    [for  north] 

norm,  n.  Standard,  pattern,  type.  [f.  L 
norma  carpenter's  square] 

nor'mal,  a.  &  n.  (Geom.)  standing  at  right 
angles,  perpendicular;  conforming  to  standard, 
regular,  usual,  typical ;  n.  school,  for  training 
teachers;  hence  norma'liTY  n.,  nop'mal- 
ize(3)  v.t.,  nopmaliZATioN  n.,  nop*malLY* 
adv.  (N.) :  (Geom.)  n.  line  ;  (Physics)  average- 
or  mean  of  observed  quantities ;  usual  state, 
level,  &c;  n.  temperature  (98M°)  of  human  body, 
[f.  L  normalis  (prec,  -al)1 

Nop'man,  n.  &  a.  Inhabitant  or  native  of 
Normandy,  descendant  of  mixed  Scandinavian 
&  Frankish  race  there  established;  =N.-FYench 


NORN 


552 


NOSTRIL, 


below ;  =N.  style  below.  (Adj.)  of  the  Nn.  (N 
Conquest,  of  England  by  Nn.  1066 ;  N-English, 
English  as  spoken  or  influenced  by  Nn.  ;  N.- 
French, French  as  spoken  by  Nn.  or  later  in 
English  law-courts  ;  N.  style  in  architecture, 
whence  NopmanESQUE  a.) ;  hence  Nor*- 
maniSM(2,  i)  n.,  Nor'manizE(3,  4)  v.t.  &  L, 
NormanizATiON  n.  [f.  OF  Normans  pi.  f. 
Teut.  NORTHma/i] 

Norn,  n.  One  of  the  female  fates  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology.  [ON,  etym.  dub.] 
NoTPoy,  n.  Third  king  of  Arms,  with 
jurisdiction  north  of  the  Trent,  [f.  AF  nor- 
north,  roy  king] 
Norse,  n.  &  a.  The  Norwegian  language 
(Old  N,  language  of  Norway  &  its  colonies 
down  to  14th  a);  (adj.)  Norwegian,  of  Norway, 
so  Norseland,  Nor'seman.  [prob.  f.  Du.  noorsch 
(noord  north,  -ish  »)] 
Norsk,  n.  &  a.  =prec.  [Scand.] 
north,  adv.,  n.,  &  a.,  (abbr.  N. ;  in  compp.  & 
derivv.  often  shortened  to  nor'-).  Towards  or 
in  the  region  lying  to  right  of  observer  on 
equator  at  equinox  who  faces  setting  sun  (n. 
by  east  &c. ;  n.  of,  further  n.  than  ;  due1  n. ; 
lies  Sec.  n.  &  south,  lengthwise  along  line 
running  between  n.  &  south) ;  n.-ea'st,  n.- 
we'st,  advv.,  nn.,  &  aa.,  (regions)  midway  be- 
tween n.  &  east,  west,  n.-n.-east,  n.-n.-west, 
advv.,  nn.,  &  aa.,  (regions)  midway  between 
n.  &  n.-east,  n.-west,  (with  uses  &  derivatives 
corresponding  to  those  of  north ;  so  esp.  n.- 
ea'sterly,  -westerly,  -ea'stern,  -we'stern,  -east- 
ward, -toe'stward,  -ea'stwardly,  -we'stwardly, 
see  northerly  &c. ;  n.-east,  n.-west,  passage, 
passages  for  ships  along  northern  coasts  of 
Europe  &  Asia,  northern  coast  of  America, 
formerly  thought  of  as  possible  routes  to  E.,  & 
from  Atlantic  to  Pacific;  the  N.-west,  =  N.-W. 
territories  of  Canada) ;  hence  nor'thwARD 
adv.,  n.,  &  a.,  northWARDS  adv.  &  n.  (Noun) 
cardinal  point  lying  n.  (magnetic  n.,  point  indi- 
cated by  n.  end  of  compass-needle) ;  northern 
part  of  England  (beyond  Humber),  Great 
Britain,  Scotland,  Ireland,  or  Europe;  (U.S.) 
northern  States  in  which  slavery  did  not  exist; 
northern  part  o/any  country ;  n.  wind.  (Adj.) 
situated,  dwelling,  in  or  more  towards  the  n. 
(N.  Germany,  Wales,  Amzrica;  the  N.  Ger- 
mans ;  n.  latitude ;  n.  pole,  whence  north- 
po'lAR  a. ;  n.  transept) ;  facing  n.  (n.  window, 
aspect) ;  coming  from  the  n.  (n.  wind  ;  n.  light, 
esp.  as  desired  by  painters) ;  iV.  Britain  (postal 
abbr.  N.B.),  Briton,  Scot(land) ;  iV.  Country, 
n.  part  of  England  or  Great  Britain  (N.-cou'n- 
tryman,  native  of  northern  England;  n. -cou'n- 
try,  from  or  characteristic  of  N.  c.) ;  North- 
land (poet.),  northern  lands,  northern  part  of  a 
country ;  nor'th-light,  Aurora  Borealis  ;  North- 
man, native  of  Norway  or  Scandinavia;  N.  Sea, 
German  Ocean;  N.  star,  voLE-star.  [com.- 
Teut. ;  OE  north,  cf.  Du.  noord,  G  nord] 
north-ea-ster,  n.  N.-E.  wind.  [-er1] 
norther  (-th-),  n.  (U.S.).  Strong  cold  north 
wind  blowing  in  autumn  &  winter  over  Texas, 
Florida,  &  Gulf  of  Mexico,  [-er1] 
northerly  (-dh-),  a.  &  adv.  =foll.  (rare) ;  (of 
direction)  towards  the  north  ;  (of  wind)  blow- 
ing as  from  the  north  or  thereabouts,  [f.  north 
as  Easterly] 

northern  (-dh),  a.  &  n.  Living  or  situated 
in,  coming  from,  the  north  esp.  of  England  or 
Europe,  (U.S.)  of  the  north  ;  (of  wind)  northerly 
(rare) ;  characteristic  of  the  north  (a  pallid  n. 
day) ;  n.  lights,  Aurora  Borealis ;  hence  nor*- 
thernERi(4)  n.,  northernMOST  a.  (N.)  nor- 
therner. [-ERN] 
northing  (th),  n.    Northward  progress  or 


deviation  in  sailing  or  travelling  (two  miles  n.; 
have  made  very  little  n.).    [-ing  l] 

Northumbrian,  a.  &  n.  (Native,  dialect) 
of  ancient  Northumbria  (England  N.  of  Hum- 
ber) or  modern  Northumberland.  [Northumber, 
person  living  beyond  Humber, -f  -ian] 

northwardly,  adv.  &  a.  Northwards  ;  (of 
wind)  northerly.    1-ly  2] 

north- we'ster,  n.     N.-W.  wind.    [-ER1] 

nor*ward(s).    =  KORTmoard(s). 

Norwegian,  a.  &  n.  (Native,  language)  of 
Norway,  [f.  med.L  Norvegia  +  -an,  w.  assim. 
to  Norway] 

nor'-we*ster,  n.  North-wester;  glass  of 
strong  liquor ;  oilskin  hat,  sou'-wester.   [nor'-] 

nose  (noz),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Member  of  face  or 
head  placed  above  mouth  containing  nostrils 
&  serving  as  organ  of  smell  (parson's  n.,  rump 
of  cooked  fowl ;  n.  of  rvax,  person  or  thing 
easily  influenced  or  moulded  ;  make  long  x  n. ; 
keep  n.  to  grind  i-stone  ;  as  plain  as  the  n.  in 
your  face,  easily  seen  ;  count  or  tell  nn.,  count 
supporters  &c,  decide  question  by  mere  num- 
bers ;  follow  one's  n.,  go  straight  forward,  be 
guided  by  instinct;  poke,  thrust,  &c,  one's  n., 
pry  or  intrude  into  something;  turn  up  one's  n. 
at,  show  disdain  for ;  cut  off  one's  n.  to  spite 
one's  face,  indulge  pique  at  one's  own  expense  ; 
put  one's  n.  out  of  joint,  supplant  or  disconcert 
or  frustrate  him ;  bite  or  snap  one's  n.  off, 
answer  him  snappishly  ;  pay  through  the  n.,  be 
overcharged,  have  to  pay  exorbitant  prices ; 
speak  through  one's  n.,  pronounce  with  nasal 
twang;  lead1  by  then.;  under  one's  n.,  straight 
before  him,  regardless  of  his  displeasure) ;  sense 
of  smell  (has  a  good  n.,  esp.  of  dogs,  &  flg.  of 
detectives  &c);  odour,  perfume,  of  hay,  tea, 
&c;  open  end  or  nozzle  of  pipe,  tube,  bellows, 
retort,  &c;  prow  ;  projecting  part ;  n.-ape,  pro- 
boscis-monkey ;  n.-bag,  containing  fodder  for 
hanging  to  horse's  head  ;  n.-band,  lower  band 
of  bridle  passing  over  n.  &  attached  to  cheek- 
straps;  n.-flute,  musical  instrument  blown  with 
n.  among  Siamese,  Fijians,  &c. ;  nosegraylGAY 
in  obs.  n.  use = toy],  bunch  of  (esp.  sweet-scent- 
ed) flowers  ;  n.-monkey,  proboscis-monkey  ;  «.- 
piece,  =  n.-band,  also  part  of  microscope  to  which 


object-glass  is  attached  ;  n.-pipe,  piece  of  piping 

pocket-handk 
chief ;  n.-ring,  fixed  in  n.  of  bull  &c.  for  leading. 


used  as  nozzle ;  n.-rag  (slang),  pocket-handker- 


also  ornament  worn  by  savages ;  hence  (-)nos- 
ed2,  no'seLESS,  aa.  (Vb)  perceive  smell  of, 
discover  by  smell,  (flg.)  detect  (noses  a  job  in 
everything),  smell  out ;  rub  with  the  n.,  thrust 
n.  against  or  into ;  sniff(at,  about  adv.  &  prep.), 
pry  or  search  (after,  for) ;  push  one's  way,  push 
(one's  way),  with  the  n.  (esp.  of  ship) ;  (of  strata 
&c.)  dip  in,  basset  out.  [OE  nosu,  cf.  MLG 
nose,  Du.  neus,  also  nessI 

no*ser,  n.  Strong  head  wind  (esp.  dead  n.). 
[prec,  -er1] 

no'sing",  n.  Rounded  edge  of  step,  mould- 
ing, &c,  or  metal  shield  for  it    [nose,  -ing  j] 

ndso-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  nosos  disease,  as 
-graphy,  systematic  description  of  diseases; 
-logy,  (branch  of  medical  science  dealing  with) 
classification  of  diseases  (so  -lo'gical,  -logist). 

nosta'lgia,  n.  Home-sickness  as  a  disease. 
Hence  nostalgic  a.  [f.  Gk  nostos  return 
home,  Gk  algos  pain,  -IA  *] 

no's  toe,  n.  Kinds  of  gelatinous  unicellular 
algae,    [name  invented  by  Paracelsus] 

Nostrada*mus,n.  Prediction-monger,  pro- 
fessed seer.  [Latinized  f.  M.  de  Nostredame, 
French  physician  who  made  prophecies  1555] 

no'strll,  n.  Either  opening  in  nose  admitting 
air  to  lungs  &  smells  to  olfactory  nerves 
(stink  in  one's  nn.,  be  offensive  to  him).  Hence 


NOSTRUM 


553 


NOTHINa 


HnostrillED 2  a.  [OE  nosthyrl  (nose,  obs. 
thirl  f.  OE  thyrel  hole  cf.  thrill)] 

no'stpum,  n.  Medicine  prepared  by  person 
recommending  it,  quack  remedy,  patent  medi- 
cine ;  pet  scheme  for  political  or  social  reform, 
special  device.    [L,  neut.  of  noster  our,  myj 

no*sy  (-zi),  a.  Large-nosed  ;  ill-smelling  (esp. 
of  heated  corn,  mouldy  hay,  &c.) ;  fragrant  (of 
tea) ;  sensitive  to  bad  smells,    [-y  2] 

not,  n't  (see  below),  adv.  negativing  &  follow- 
ing ordinary  verbs  (archaic  for  usu.  neg.  form 
with  do ;  /  know  n. ;  /  doubt  n. ;  say  n.  so  ;  fear 
n. ;  saidst  thou  n.  ?) ;  (often  n't  attached  to  word) 
negativing  auxiliaries  &  vb  be,  &  following 
them  or  (in  questions  having  not  in  full)  their 
subjects  (/  cannot  or  can't  say ;  he  unit  n.  or 
wont,  or  archaic  he'll n.,  come ;  she  is  n.,  isn't, 
or  vulg.  aint,  here;  do  n.,  or  usu.  don't,  stir; 
didn't  you,  or  formally  did  you  n.,  tell  me  ? ;  am 
In.,  or  aint  I,  aren't  we,  smart  ?) ;  negativing 
&  preceding  participles  &  infinitives  (n.  know- 
ing, I  cannot  say ;  begged  him  n.  to  move) ;  used 
elliptically  for  negative  sentence  or  verb  or 
phrase  {Are  you  ill?  N.  at  all.  N.  so.  If  it 
clears  we  will  goout;ifn.,n.  Popular  or  n. ,  it 
is  right.  I  would  as  soon  do  it  asn.);  preceding 
that  with  sense  it  is  not  to  be  infeiTed,  however, 
that,  or  but  what  or  (formal)  but  that  or  (archaic) 
but  with  sense  all  the  same  or  nevertheless  (If 
he  said  so—n.  that  he  ever  did— he  lied.  I  can- 
not doit;n.  but  what  Sac.  a  stronger  man  might); 
preceding  word  &c.  that  is  to  be  rejected  for 
one  that  follows  with  but  or  to  emphasize  by 
contrast  one  already  used  (He  is  n.  my  son,  but 
yours,  or  but  my  nephew.  He  is  your  son,  n.  or 
&  n.  mine) ;  preceding  emphatic  appended  pro- 
noun (the  Chinese  will  not  fight,  n.  they) ;  pre- 
ceding a  with  sense  n.  one  (not  a  hair  of  your 
head  shall  be  touched) ;  preceding  in  litotes  or 
periphrasis  a  word  of  opposite  sense  to  that 
required  (n.  a  few,  n.  seldom ;  n.  once  or  or 
nor  twice,  many  times ;  n.  unconnected  with  ; 
n.  reluctant,  only  too  glad);  n.  at  home;  «.- 
being,  non-existence;  n.  out;  n.-self,  =  non- 
ego;  n.  sufficient,  or  usu.  N.S.,  banker's  mark 
on  dishonoured  cheque,   [contr.  of  nought] 

nota  be'ne  (-ta),  vb  imperat.  (abbr.  N.B.). 
Observe  what  follows,  take  notice,  (usu.  draw- 
ing attention  to  a  qualification  of  what  has 
preceded).    [L,=note  well] 

notabi'lity,  n.  Prominent  person,  (rare) 
notable  object  or  thing  worth  seeing ;  worthi- 
ness of  notice  (names  of  no  historical  n.) ;  (ar- 
chaic) housewifely  skill,    [foil.,  -bility] 

no'table,  a.  &  n.  Worthy  of  note,  remark- 
able, striking,  eminent;  (Chem.)  perceptible  (a 
n.  quantity  of) ;  (of  women)  capable,  bustling, 
good  at  household  management ;  hence  no't- 
abLY2adv.;  (n.)  eminent  person  (esp.  Assembly 
of  Nn.,  irregular  council  serving  as  temporary 
parliament  in  emergencies).    [F,  f.  L  notabilis 

(NOTE2,  -ABLE)] 

nd'tary,  n.  Person  publicly  authorized  to 
draw  up  or  attest  contracts  &c,  protest  bills 
of  exchange  &c,  &  perform  other  formalities 
(chiefly  used  about  foreign  countries ;  also  n. 
public).  Hence  notar'iAL  a.,  notar'ialLY2 
adv.  [f.  L  notarius  secretary  (note  '» 2,  -ary  •)] 

nota'tion,  n.  Representing  of  numbers, 
quantities,  &c,  by  symbols,  any  set  of  symbols 
used  for  this,  esp.  in  Arith.,  Alg.,  &  Mus.; 
scale3  o/n.  [f.  L  notatio  (note2,  -ation)] 

notch,  n.,  &  v.t.  V-shaped  indentation  in 
edge  or  on  convex  surface ;  nick  made  on  stick 
&c.  by  way  of  keeping  count,  (now  rare)  run 
scored  at  cricket;  (U.S.)  defile,  pass;  n.-wing, 
kinds  of  moth;  hence  no'tehY2,  notchED2 
(bot.,  zool.),  aa.    (Vb)  make  nn.  in  ;  make  into 


saw  &c.  by  notching ;  score  (items  &c. ;  often 
up,  down)  by  nn.;  make  (number  of  runs)  at 
cricket ;  secure  or  insert  (steps  in  staircase  &c.) 
by  nn.   [f.  F  hoche  with  (a)n  prefixed,  cf.  newt] 

note »,  n.  Written  sign  representing  pitch  & 
duration  of  a  musical  sound  ;  key  of  pianoforte 
&c. ;  single  tone  of  definite  pitch  made  by 
musical  instrument,  voice,  &c. ;  (single  tone 
in)  bird's  song  or  call ;  significant  sound  or  way 
of  expressing  oneself  (there  is  a  n.  of  self-com- 
placency in  his  voice;  sound  the  n.  of  xvar; 
change  one's  n.,  become  suddenly  more,  or  less,* 
aggressive,  humble,  &c).  Sign,  token,  charac- 
teristic, distinguishing  feature,  proof  of  genu- 
ineness, guarantee  consisting  of,  (these  are  the 
nn.  of  Neo-paganism ;  catholicity  is  one  n.  of 
the  true  Church ;  has  the  n.  of  catholicity) ; 
stigma,  mark  of  censure,  (on  which  the  law  has 
set  a  n.  of  infancy) ;  mark  of  exclamation  or 
admiration,  interrogation.  Brief  record  of 
facts,  impressions,  or  topics  for  speech  or  arti- 
cle (usu.  pi. ;  make  or  take  a  n.  of,  nn. ;  com- 
pare *  nn. ;  preaches  from  nn. ;  spoke  for  an 
hour  without  a  n.) ;  annotation  appended  to 
passage  in  book  &c;  short  or  informal  letter; 
formal  diplomatic  communication  ;  (usu.  n.  of 
hand)  written  promise  to  pay  sum  by  certain 
time;  bank 3-n.;  circulars.  Eminence  (critic, 
philosopher,  person,  of  n.,  distinguished); 
notice,  attention,  (worthy  of  n.;  take  n.  of), 
whence  no'tewoRTHV  a.  N.-book,  for  entering 
memoranda  in  ;  n.-vaper,  kinds  used  for  (esp. 
private)  correspondence.  Hence  no'teLESS 
a.,  no'teLET  n.    [OF,  f.  L  nota  mark] 

note  2,  v.t.  Observe,  notice,  give  attention 
to  ;  set  down,  set  down,  as  thing  to  be  remem- 
bered or  observed  ;  annotate  (book  &c.) ;  (p.p.) 
celebrated,  well  known  for.  [f.  OF  noter  f.  h 
notare  (prec.)] 

no-thing  (nu),  n.  &  adv.  No  thing  (with 
adj.  following,  as  n.  great  is  easy) ;  not  any- 
thing, nought,  (has  n.  in  him,  is  insignificant 
or  without  individuality ;  there  is  n.  in  it,  it  is 
untrue  or  unimportant ;  n.  venture  n.  have,  ex- 
cuse for  or  encouragement  to  bold  action  ;  n. 
like  leather;  neck  or  n. ;  dance  on  n.,be 
hanged  ;  fade  away  &c.  to  n.,  disappear  gradu- 
ally; no  n.  colloq.,  conclusion  of  negative  list, 
as  no  bread,  no  butter,  no  cheese,  no  n.;  n.  else 
than  or  but,  n.  but,  force  &c,  merely  force  &c, 
force  &c.  alone,  unmistakable  force  &c. ;  there 
is  n.  for  it  but  to,  no  alternative ;  n.  if  not 
critical  &c,  critical  &c.  leading  characteristic ; 
get  thing  for  n.,  gratis;  have  endured  it  for  n., 
to  no  purpose  ;  so  it  was  not  for  n.  that  he  read 
Plato ;  that  is  n.  to  you,  not  your  concern  ; 
make  n.  of,  treat  as  trifle  ;  make  n.  of  doing,  do 
without  hesitation  or  as  ordinary  matter ;  can 
make  n.  of,  cannot  understand,  find  solution 
of,  use,  develop,  or  deal  with  ;  come  to  n.,  turn 
out  useless,  fail,  not  amount  to  anything ;  have 
n.  to  do  with,  not  be  concerned  with,  avoid  deal- 
ing with  or  society  of ;  all  to  n.,  longest  odds) ; 
trifle,  very  inferior  thing,  (that  is  n.,  i.e.  In 
comparison  with  what  I  am  going  to  tell  you  ; 
he  is  n.  without  his  money ;  learning  is  n.  to, 
i.e.  compared  with,  genius) ;  (Arith.)  no  amount, 
nought,  (multiply  6  by  n.,  &  the  result  is  n.)  ;■ 
non-existence,  what  does  not  exist ;  (with  a  & 
pi.)  trifling  thing,  event,  remark,  or  person  (the 
little  nn.  of  life  ;  whisper  soft  nn. ;  the  new  com- 
mander-in-chief was  a  n.) ;  (of  religious  belief) 
be  n.,  belong  to  no  denomination,  be  an  atheist 
or  agnostic,  whence  nothingAR'iAN,  n.  (Adv.) 
not  at  all,  in  no  way,  (differs  n.  from ;  is  n.  less 
than  monstrous,  positively;  helps  ttsn.;  avails 
n. ;  is  n.  like  as  or  so  good  &c;  is  n.  near  so 
extensive),    [no  l,  thing] 

18* 


NOTHINGNESS 


554 


NOW 


no'thingness,  n.  Non-existence,  the  non- 
existent; worthlessness,  triviality,  unimpor- 
tance, insignificance,  trifles,  [-ness] 
no'tice,  n.,  &  v.t.  Intimation,  intelligence, 
warning,  (give,  have,  n.;  at  short,  ten  minutes', 
&c,  n. ,  with  such  time  for  preparation) ;  placard 
&c.  conveying  information  or  directions ;  for- 
mal intimation  of  something  or  instructions  to 
do  something  (n.  to  quit;  till  further1  n.), 
announcement  by  party  to  agreement  that  it 
is  to  terminate  at  specified  time  (esp.  between 
landlord  &  tenant  or  employer  &  employed  ; 
give  a  week's  &c.  n.);  heed,  attention,  cogniz- 
ance, observation,  {come  into  n.,  attract  atten- 
tion ;  takes  no  n.  of  it,  does  not  observe  it,  or 
takes  no  action  in  consequence  of  it ;  brought 
it  to  his  n. ;  take  n.  that,  1  warn  you  that ;  baby 
takes  n.,  shows  signs  of  intelligence) ;  para- 
graph or  article  upon  something  in  newspaper, 
esp.  review  of  book,  play,  &c. ;  n.-board,  bearing 
n.  or  provided  for  nn.  to  be  posted  on.  (Vb)  re- 
mark upon,  speak  of;  perceive,  take  n.  of; 
treat  with  politeness  or  condescension ;  serve 
with  n.,  give  n.  to,  (was  noticed  to  quit) ;  hence 
no'tice  a  ble  a.,  no'tieeabLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  L 
notitia  (notus  p.p.  of  noscere  know,  -ice)] 
notifiable,  a.  (Of  diseases)  that  must  be 
notified  to  public-health  authorities,  [-able] 
nd'tlfy,  v.t.  Make  known,  announce,  re- 
port ;  inform,  give  notice  to,  (person  of,  that, 
orabs.).  Hence  notiFiCATiON  n.  [f.  Fnotifier 
t.  L  notificare  (notice1,  -fv)] 
no'tion  (-shn),  n.  General  concept  under 
which  particular  thing  may  be  classed  (in 
Philos.,  first,  second,  n.,- first,  second,  inten- 
tion); idea,  conception,  (the  n.  of  my  doing  it  is 
absurd ;  what  he  means  I  have  not  the  haziest 
n.) ;  view,  opinion,  theory,  (has  a  n.  that ;  such 
is  the  common  n.) ;  faculty,  capability,  or  in- 
tention of  (has  no  n.  of  obeying,  obedience, 
discipline,  letting  himself  be  made  a  fool  of) ; 
(U.S.)  something  in  the  way  of  miscellaneous 
wares,  esp.  cheap  useful  ingenious  article,  [f.  L 
notio  (NOTICE,  -ION)] 

no'tional,  a.  (Of  knowledge  &c.)  specula- 
tive, not  based  on  experiment  or  demonstration , 
whence  no'tional  ist<2)  n.,  no'tional  ly  2 
adv.;  (of  things,  relations,  &c.)  existing  only  in 
thought,  imaginary  ;  (of  persons)  fanciful,  [f. 
med.L  notionalis  (prec,  -al)] 
noto-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  noton  back,  in 
scientific  terms,  as  -bra'nchiate  having  dorsal 
gills,  -chord  cartilaginous  band  forming  basis 
of  spinal  column,  -ne'cta  [Gk  nektes  swimmer] 
water-beetle  swimming  on  back,  the  boat-fly. 
N6togae*a  (-jea),  n.  Zoological  region  com- 
prising Australian,  New-Zealand,  &  neotropi- 
cal regions,  [f.  Gk  notos  south,  gaia  land] 
notorious  (no-),  a.  (Of  facts)  well  or  com- 
monly known  (esp.  itisn.  that) ;  (with  designa- 
tions of  persons,  conduct,  &c,  that  imply  con- 
demnation) undisguised,  talked  of,  generally 
known  to  deserve  the  name,  (n.  smuggler, 
offender,  vice);  unfavourably  known  (for  some 
quality  or  conduct,  or  abs. ;  a  ship  n.  for  ill- 
luck;  the  n.  Titus  Oates).  Hence  or  cogn. 
notorreTV  n.,  notop'iousLY 2 adv.  [f.  med.L 
notorius  (notice,  -orv),  -ous] 
notwithstanding",  prep.,  adv.,  &  conj. 
In  spite  of,  not  the  less  for,  (n.  his  resistance  ; 
thisn.  The  second  order  is  the  orig.,  the  prep, 
having  been  developed  f.  a  part,  abs.);  (adv.) 
nevertheless,  all  the  same;  (conj.,  developed 
from  prep,  or  part.  abs.  with  that,  still  some- 
times retained)  although,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
it  hat),  (archaic),  [not,  withstand,  -ing2] 
nougat  (noo-gah),  n.  Sweetmeat  of  sugar, 
nuts.  &c.    [F  (L  nux  nucis  nut,  -ate2)] 


nought  (nawt),  n.  Nothing  (poet.,  archaic, 
&  arith. ;  come,  bring,  to  n.,  be  ruined  or  fail, 
ruin  or  baffle  ;  set  at  n.,  disregard,  ridicule) ; 
figure  0,  cipher,  (nn.  &  crosses,  child's  game). 
IOE  nowiht  (ne  not,  see  aught,  naught)] 

nou'menon  (now-),  n.  (pi.  -ena).  Object  of 
intellectual  intuition  devoid  of  all  phenomenal 
attributes.  Hence  nou'menAL  a.,  nou*- 
menalLY  2  adv.  [f.  Gk  nooumenon  neut.  pres. 
part.  pass,  of  noed  apprehend,  taken  by  Kant  as 
antithesis  to  phenomenon] 

noun  (nown),  n.  (gram.).  Word  used  as  name 
of  person  or  thing,  substantive ;  (formerly)  sub- 
stantive or  adjective  (n.  substantive,  n. ;  n. 
adjective,  adjective).  Hence  nou'nAL  a.  (rare). 
[AF,  f.  OF  nun,  nom,  f.  L  nomen  name  (noscere 

KNOW,  -MEN)] 

nou-pish  (nu-),  v.t.  Sustain  with  food  (lit. 
&  fig.),  whence  nou'pishiNG2  a. ;  foster, 
cherish,  nurse,  (feeling,  hope,  &c.)  in  one's 
heart,    [f.  OF  norir  (-ish2)  f.  L  nutrire) 

nourishment,  n.  Sustenance,  food  ;  nour- 
ishing,   [f.  OF  nourissement  (prec,  -ment)] 

nous  (nows),  n.  (Gk  philos.)  mind,  intellect ; 
(colloq.)  common  sense,  gumption.     [Gk] 

nd'vel  \  n.  One  of  the  tales  in  such  a  collec- 
tion as  Boccaccio's  Decameron  ;  fictitious  prose 
narrative  of  sufficient  length  to  fill  one  or  more 
volumes  portraying  characters  &  actions  re- 
presentative of  real  life  in  continuous  plot, 
the  n.,  this  type  of  literature  ;  (Rom.  law)  new 
decree  supplementary  to  the  Codex,  [f.  It. 
novella  f.  L  neut.  pi.  as  foil.] 

nd'vel 2,  a.  Of  new  kind  or  nature,  strange, 
hitherto  unknown.  [OF,  f.  L  novellus  dim.  of 
novus  new] 

novele'tte,  n.  Short  novel,  story  of  moder- 
ate length ;  (Mus.)  piano  piece  of  free  form  with 
several  themes,    [-ette] 

no'velist,  n.  Novel-writer.  Hence  novel- 
i'stic  a.    [-ist] 

no'velize,  v.t.  Convert  (drama,  facts)  into 
a  novel.    Hence  novelizA'TiON  n.    [-ize] 

no'velty,  n.  New  or  unusual  thing  or  occur- 
rence ;  novel  character  of  something,  ff.  OF 
novelU  (novel2,  -ty)] 

Nove'mbep,  n.  Eleventh  month.  [L  (novem 
nine)  cf.  December] 

nover»'eal,  a.  Stepmotherly,  [f.  L  novercalis 
(noverca  stepmother,  -al)] 

nd'viee,  n.  Person  received  in  religious 
house  on  probation  before  taking  the  vows ; 
new  convert;  inexperienced  person,  beginner, 
tiro.   JOF,  f.  L  novicius  (novus  new,  -itious  x)] 

novi'ciate,  -iti-,  (-shiat),  n.  Novice's  pro- 
bationary period  or  initiation  or  apprenticesh  in; 
novice ;  quarters  assigned  to  novices.  If.  F 
noviciat  f.  med.  L  novitiatus  (prec,  -ate1)] 

now,  adv.,  conj.,  &n.  At  the  present  time;  by 
this  time  ;  under  the  present  circumstances  (/ 
cannot  n.  ever  believe  you  again ;  n.  that  I  know 
you,  it  is  different);  immediately  (mustgon.);  in 
the  immediate  past(/«s£  n„  &  archaic  even,  but, 
n.) ;  (in narrative)  then,  next,  by  that  time,  (Cae- 
sar now  marched  east;  it  was  n.  clear);  (every)  n. 
&  then  or  again,  from  time  to  time,  intermit- 
tently ;  n.  —  n.,  n.  —  then,  n.—<£r  again,  at  one 
moment  —  at  another  ;  n.  or  never  !,  this  is  the 
nick  of  time  ;  (without  temporal  force,  giving 
varioustones,  soothing,  reproving,explanatory, 
threatening,  &c,  to  sentence)  pray,  I  beg,  I  in- 
sist, I  warn  you,  &  yet,  you  must  know,  it  must 
be  admitted,  surely,  (N.  what  do  you  mean  by 
it  ?.  Oh,  come  n. !.  No  nonsense  n. !.  You  have 
revealed  the  secret;  n.  you  were  paid  to  keep  it. 
Now  Barabbas  was  a  robber.  N.  this  was  bad 
enough,  but  — .  N.  then,  what  mischief  are 
you  at  ?.    You  don't  mean  it,  n.),    (Conj. ;  orig.. 


NOWADAY 


555 


NUMERATOR 


as  often  still,  now  adv.  followed  by  that)  conse- 
quently upon  or  simultaneously  with  the  fact 
that  (N.  J  am  a  man  I  think  otherwise.  N.  you 
mentionit,  I  do  remember).  (N.)  this  time,  the 
present,  (chiefly  after  prepp. ;  is  there  by,  ere, 
till,  n.,from  n.  till,  &c. ;  read  the  future  in  the 
n.).  [Aryan ;  OE  nu,  also  in  all  older  Teut. 
langg.,  cf.  Skr.  nu,  Gk  nun,  L  nunc] 

nowaday,  a.    Of,  nowadays,    [t.  foil.] 

nowadays,  adv.  &  n.  (At)  the  present  day, 
(in)  these  advanced  or  newfangled  times,  [now 
adv.,  a'2,  dav,  -es] 

Nowel  (noe'l),  int.  expr.  joy  in  Christmas 
carols,    [f.  OF  noelt.  L  natalis] 

no'where  (-hwar,  -war),  adv.  In,  at,  to,  no 
place  (w.  near,  not  nearly ;  be,  come  in,  n.,  not 
be  placed  in  race  or  competition),  [no,  where] 

no'xious  (-ksbus),  a.  Harmful,  unwhole- 
some. Hence  no'xiousLY 2  adv.,  no'xious- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  noxius  (noxa  harm),  -ous] 

noyade  (n  wahyahd),  n.  Execution  by  drown- 
ing, esp.  wholesale  as  in  France  in  1794.    [F] 

noyau  (nwahyo*),  n.  Liqueur  of  brandy 
flavoured  with  fruit-kernels.  [F  (L  nux  nucis 
nut,  -AL)] 

no'zzle,  n.  Spout,  mouth-piece,  end  fitted  to 
hose  &c.    [nose,  -le(1)] 

nuance  (F),  n.  Delicate  difference  in  or 
shade  of  meaning,  feeling,  opinion,  colour,  &c. 

nub,  nu*bble,  nn.  Small  knob  or  lump,  esp. 
of  coal.    Hence  nu'bblY  2  a.    [var.  of  knob] 

nu'bile,  a.  Marriageable  (esp.  of  women). 
Hence  nubi'liTY  n.  [f.  L  nubilis  (nubere  be- 
come wife)] 

nu'chal  (-kl),  a.  Of  nape  of  neck.  [f.  med.L 
nucha  spinal  cord,  of  Arab,  orig.] 

nuci-,  comb,  form  of  L  nux  nucis  nut,  as 

-FEROUS,  -FORM,  -VOROUS. 

nu'cleole,  n.  (biol.).  Nucleus  of  or  within  a 
nucleus.  Hence  nu'eleolAR1,  nu*cleola*ted 
[-ate2],  aa.,  nueleolo-  comb.  form.  [f.  L  nu- 
cleolus dim.  of  foil.] 

nu'cleus,  n.  (pi.  -ei).  (Astron.)  condensed 
part  of  comet's  head  ;  central  part  or  thing 
round  which  others  are  collected,  kernel  of 
aggregate  or  mass,  beginning  meant  to  receive 
additions,  central  part  of  ovule,  seed,  plant- 
cell,  animal  cell,  &c,  portion  of  medullary 
matter  from  which  nerves  spring,  {the  n.  of  a 
sun-spot,  community,  library,  story,  empire, 
&c).  Hence  nu'cleAL,  nu'eleAR1,  nu'cle- 
ary,  aa.,  nu'eleo-  comb.  form.  [L,  f.  nucula 
dim.  of  nux  nucis  nut] 

nude,  a.  &  n.  Naked,  bare,  unclothed,  un- 
draped,  (n.  contract  in  law,  lacking  considera- 
tion &  therefore  void  unless  under  seal) ;  so 
nudi-  comb,  form  (zool.),  nu'diTY  n.  (X.)  n. 
figure  in  painting  or  sculpture  ;  the  n.,  the  un- 
draped  figure,  undraped  state,    [f.  L  nudus] 

nudge,  v.t.,  &  n.  Push  slightly  with  elbow 
to  draw  attention  privately,  (fig.)  draw  atten- 
tion of  ;  (n.)  such  push.    [?] 

nu'gae  (ge,  -je),  n.  pi.  Trifles,  learned 
triflings,  profitless  minutiae.    f  L] 

nu'gatopy,  a.  Trifling,  worthless,  futile ; 
inoperative,  not  valid,  [f.  Lnugatorius(nugari 
trifle  f.  prec,  -ory)] 

nu'ggar,  n.  Large  broad-beamed  boat  used 
on  upper  Nile,    [native] 

nu'gg-et,  n.    Rough  lump  of  native  gold.  [?] 

nui'sance  (nus-),  n.  Anything  injurious  or 
obnoxious  to  the  community  or  member  of  it 
for  which  legal  remedy  may  be  had  {commit  no 
n.,  notice  to  passengers  not  to  defile  place); 
obnoxious  person,  offensive  object,  annoying 
action,  anything  disagreeable.  [OF  {nuire  nuis- 
t.  L  nocere  hurt,  -ance)] 

null,  a.    Void,  not  binding,  invalid,  (often  n. 


&void) ;  without  character  or  expression  ;  non- 
existent, amounting  to  nothing,  (rare),  [f.  L 
nullus  {ne  not,  ullus  any)] 

nu'llah,  n.  (Anglo-lnd.).  Stream,  water- 
course, ravine,    [f.  Hind,  nala] 

nu'llify,  v.t.  Cancel,  annul,  neutralize, 
efface.  So  nulliFiCA'TiON  n.  [f.  LL  nullijicare 

(NULL,  -FY)] 

nu'llipore,  n.  Kind  of  marine  vegetation, 
[f.  L  nullus  no  +  PORE  *] 

nu'llity,  n.  Being  null,  invalidity,  (esp.  n.  of 
marriage ;  v.  suit,  for  this) ;  act,  document, 
&c,  that  is  null;  nothingness;  a  mere  nothing; 
a  nonentity,   [f.  med.L  nullitas  (null,  -ity)] 

numb  (-m),  a.,  &  v.t.  Deprived  of  feeling  or 
power  of  motion  (n.  hand  slang,  clumsy  per- 
son) ;  n.-fish,  the  Electric  Ray  or  Torpedo ;  n.- 
skull,  numskull;  hence  nu'mbLY2  (-mil) 
adv.,  nu'mbNESS  n. ;  (vb)  make  n.,  (fig.)  stu- 
pefy, paralyse,  [earlier  num  p.p.  of  obs.  nim 
take,  com. -Teut.,  cf.  G  nehmen,  prob.  cogn.  w. 
Gk  nemo  occupy] 

nu-mber  K  n.  (written  N°,  for  numero  =  in 
number,  with  pi.  N08,  before  distinguishing 
figure,  as  bedroom  N°  15,  N<*  1-10).  Tale,  count, 
sum,  company,  or  aggregate,  of  persons  (also 
of)  or  things  (also  of)  or  abstract  units,  symbol 
or  figure  representing  such  aggregate,  ticket 
&c.  bearing  such  figure,  person  or  thing  (esp. 
single  issue  of  magazine,  or  part  of  opera  &c.) 
whose  place  in  series  is  indicated  by  such 
figure,  (the  n.  of  fools  is  infinite ;  Numbers, 
abbr.  Num.,  O.T.  book  containing  census ;  the 
greatest  n.  on  record  is  59  persons ;  to  the  n.  of 
80,  as  many  as:  golden  n. ;  science  of  nn., 
arithmetic ;  took  the  cabman's  n. ;  sleeps  in 
N°  5 ;  lose  the  n.  of  one's  mess,  die ;  n.  one,  one- 
self, esp.  in  take  care  ofn.  one  ;  story  issued  in 
nn.,  in  parts  successively  published  bearing 
nn.;  back  n.,  earlier  issue  of  magazine,  fig.  any- 
thing out  of  date ;  is  not  of  our  n.,  included 
among  us  ;  is  now  added  to  the  n.  of  my  ene- 
mies); (sing,  or  pi.)  large,  small,  &c,  or  large, 
collection  or  company  of  or  abs.  (were  present 
in  great,  only  in  small,  nn.;  saw  a  great,  or  a, 
n.  of  birds ;  a  small  n.  came  ;  there  are  nn. 
who  live  by  begging) ;  (pi.)  numerical  preponder- 
ance (won  by  nn.  or  force  ofnn.);  numerical 
reckoning  (the  laws  of  n.  &  proportion  pervade 
Nature  ;  without  n.,  innumerable,  also  nu'm- 
bePLESS  a.;  in  n.,  when  counted  or  estimated, 
numerically,  as  one  people  exceeds  another  in 
n.) ;  (Gram.)  class  of  word-forms  including  all 
singular,  all  plural,  or  all  dual  &c.  words  (Greek 
has  three  nn. ;  '  things '  is  of  the  plural  n. ) ; 
rhythm  ;  (pi.)  groups  of  musical  notes,  metrical 
feet,  verses,    [f.  OF  nombre  f.  L  numerus] 

nu'mbep2,  v.t.  Count,  ascertain  n.  of ; 
(pass.)  be  restricted  in  n.  (his  days  or  years  are 
numbered,  he  has  not  long  to  live) ;  include, 
regard  as,  among,  in,  or  with  some  class ;  assign 
a  n.  to,  distinguish  with  a  n. ;  have  lived,  live, 
(so  many  years) ;  be  able  to  show  (so  many 
inhabitants  &c.) ;  amount  to  (specified  n.).  [L 
OF  nombrer  f.  L  numerare  (prec.)] 

nu'merable,  a.  That  can  be  numbered,  [f. 
L  numerabilis  (prec,  -able)] 

nu'meral,  a.  &  n.  (Word,  figure,  group  of 
figures)  denoting  a  number ;  of  number,  [f.  LL 
numeralis  (number1,  -al)] 

numera'tion,  n.  Method  or  process  of  num- 
bering or  computing ;  calculation  ;  assigning  of 
numbers  ;  (Arith.)  expression  in  words  of  num- 
ber written  in  figures,  n.  table,  showing  value 
of  figures  according  to  their  place  in  system  of 
notation,    [f.  L  numeratio  (number2,  -ation)] 

nu'mepatop,  n.  Number  above  line  in  vul- 
gar fraction  showing  how  many  of  the  parts 


NUMERIC 


556 


NUTMEG 


indicated  by  the  denominator  are  taken  ;  per- 
son who  numbers.    [LL  (number2,  -or2)] 
nume'Pic,  n.    What  is  either  a  number,  a 
proper  or  improper  fraction,  or  an  incommen- 
surable ratio,    [f.  L  numerus  number,  -ic] 
nume'Pical,  a.    Of,  in,  denoting,  &c,  num- 
ber.   Hence  nume'Pical ly  2  adv.    [-al] 
nu'merous,  a.  Comprising  many  units  (a  n. 
acquaintance,  library,  family,  army,  class) ; 
coming  from  many  individuals  (the  n.  voice  oj 
the  people ;  a  n.  hmn) ;  (archaic)  thronged  (a  n. 
country,  university,  dinner) ;  (of  verse  or  prose) 
rhythmic,    harmonious.        Hence    nu'mer- 
ously2 adv.  [f. hnumerosus (number1, -ous)J 
numisma'tic  (-z-),  a.    Of  coins  or  coinage. 
So  numisma-tiCALLY  adv.,  numisma'tics, 
numi*smatiST(3),  numismato'LOGY  nn.  [b 
(-ique),  f.  L  (num-)  f.  Gk  nomisma  -atos  coin 
(nomizo  use  currently  f.  nomos  custom),  -ic] 
nu'mmary,   nu'ramulary,   aa.     Of,  in, 
coin.    [f.  L  nummarius  (nummus  coin,  -ary  1), 
&  numvudus  dim.  +  -ary  *] 
nu'mmulite,  n.    Disk-like   fossil   shell    of 
Tertiary  strata,    [nummidus  (prec),  -ite  l(2)] 
nu'mnah,  n.  Saddle-cloth,  pad  placed  under 
saddle,     [var.  of  Anglo-Ind.  numdah  felt  f. 
Hind,  namda  f.  Pers.  namad  carpet] 
nu'mskull,  n.  Dolt  or  his  head,    [numb] 
nun,  n.   Woman  living  in  convent  usu.  under 
vow  of  poverty,  chastity,  &  obedience  ;  kinds 
of  bird  &  moth;  w.'s  cloth,  thin  woollen  stuff; 
n.'s  thread,  fine  white  sewing  cotton  ;  n.'s  veil- 
ing, thin  dress-stuff.  Hence  nu'nHOOD,  nu'n- 
nERY(3),  nu'nsHiP,  nn.,    nu'nLiKE,    nu*n- 
niSH  *,  aa.   [OE  nunne  f.  eccl.  L  norma  fern,  of 
nonnus  monk,  orig.  =old  man,  gaffer] 
nu'n-buoy,  n.    Buoy  circular  in  middle  & 
tapering  to  each  end.  [f.  obs.  nun  spinning-top, 
perh.  f.  prec] 

nunc  itfmi'ttiSf  n.    The  canticle  Lord,  now 
lettest  thou  (sing  n.  d.,  be  willing  to  depart  from 
life  &c).    [L,  =  now  lettest  thou  go] 
nu'nciature  (-shatur),  n.    (Tenure  of)  office 
of  papal  nuncio,    [f.  It.  nunziatura  (foil.)] 
nu*ncio    (-shio),  n.     Pope's  ambassador   at 
foreign  court.  [It.  f.  L  nuncius  messenger] 
nuncupate,  v.t.    Declare  (will,  testament) 
orally,  not  in  writing.    So  nuneupATiON  n., 
nu'ncupATiVE  a.    [f.  L  nuncupare  name  (no- 
men  name,  capere  take),  -ate  3] 
nunna-tion,  n.    Addition  of  final  n  in  de- 
clension of  (orig.  Arabic)  nouns,    [f.  Arab,  nun 
the  letter  n  +  -ation] 

nu'phar,  n.  Yellow  water-lily,  [for  nenu- 
phar] 

nu'ptial  (-shl),  a.  &  n.  Of  marriage  or  wed- 
ding ;  (n.,  usu.  pi.)  wedding,  [f.  L  nuptialis 
(nuptiae  wedding  f .  nubere  nupt-  become  wife>] 
nurse1,  n.  Woman  employed  to  suckle  & 
take  charge  of  infant  (usu.  ioet-n.),  or  having 
charge  of  young  children  (also  dry-n.) ;  country 
&c.  that  fosters  some  quality  &c.  (the  n.  of 
liberty) ;  nursing  or  being  nursed  (at  n.,  put 
out  ovput  to  n.,  of  child,  &  fig.  of  estate) ;  per- 
son, usu.  woman,  charged  with  or  trained  for 
care  of  the  sick  or  decrepit ;  (Forestry)  tree 
planted  as  shelter  to  others ;  (Entom.)  sexually 
imperfect  bee,  ant,  &c,  caring  for  the  young 
brood,  worker;  (Zool.)  individual  in  a  sexual 
stage  of  metagenesis ;  n.-child,  foster-child ; 
n.-frog,  kind  of  which  male  carries  eggs  till 
hatched  ;  n.-maid,  girl  having  charge  of  child- 
ren). Hence  nup'se Y  3  n.  [earlier  &  OF  noricc 
1.  LL  nutricia  fern,  of  nutricius  f.  Lnutrix  -icis 
(nutrire  nourish)] 

nurse2,  v.t.  &  i  Suckle  (child),  give  suck, 
act  as  wet-n. ;  act  as  n.-maid  to,  have  charge 
of;  (pass.)  be  brought  up  (in  luxury,  certain 


place,  &c.) ;  foster,  tend,  promote  development 
of,  (the  arts,  hatred,  &c);  manage  (plants, 
estate)  with  solicitude ;  cherish  (grievance  &c); 
wait  upon  (sick  person),  try  to  cure  (sickness), 
be  sick-n. ;  hold  or  clasp  (baby,  one's  knees  or 
foot)  caressingly;  sit  close  over  (fire);  keep 
(constituency)  in  good  humour  by  attentions  ; 
(Billiards)  keep  (balls)  together  for  series  of 
cannons  ;  keep  close  to  (rival  omnibus  to  inter- 
fere with  its  custom,  or  horse  in  race  to  impede 
it) ;  nursing-home,  house  for  surgical  opera- 
tions, reception  of  invalids,  &c. ;  nursing  father, 
mother,  foster-,    [earlier  nursh  f.  nourish] 

nurse  3,  n.  Kinds  of  dog-fish  or  shark,  [prob. 
f.  obs.  huss  dog-fish  etym.  dub.,  w.  adherent 
(a)n,  cf.  newt,  &  assim.  to  prec] 

nur'sery,  n.  Room  assigned  to  children  & 
their  nurses  (n.-governess,  one  combining  duties 
of  nurse  &  governess) ;  practice,  institution, 
sphere,  place,  in  or  by  which  qualities  or  classes 
of  people  are  fostered  or  bred  ;  plot  of  ground 
in  which  young  plants  arc  reared  for  trans- 
plantation (nurseryman,  owner  of  this) ;  fish- 
rearing  pond ;  place  where  animal  life  is  devel- 
oped ;  (Billiards)  grouped  balls  (see  nurse2: 
esp.  in  n.-cannon).    [ery(3)] 

nur's(e)ling,  n.  Infant,  esp.  in  relation  to 
its  nurse  ;  n.  of,  person  or  thing  bred  in  or  fos- 
tered by.     [NURSE  \  -LING  1] 

nur'ture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Bringing  up, 
training,  fostering  care ;  nourishment ;  (vb) 
nourish,  rear,  foster,  train,  educate,  [f.  OF 
nourture  f.  L  nutrire  nourish,~-URE] 
nut,  n.,  &  v.i.  Fruit  consisting  of  hard  or 
leathery  shell  enclosing  edible  kernel  (see  also 
EARTH-n.,  PEA-n. ;  deaf  n. ;  can't  shoot  &c  for 
nn.  slang,  do  thing  even  tolerably  well ;  hard 
n.  to  crack,  difficult  problem,  person  or  thing 
hard  to  deal  with  or  get  the  better  of ;  be  nn. 
to  slang,  please  greatly,  delight ;  be  nn,  or  dead 
nn.  on  slang,  delight  in,  be  skilful  at) ;  (slang) 
head  (ozone's  n.,  drunk  or  mad) ;  small  toothed 
projection  on  spindle  engaging  with  cog-wheel, 
small  spur-wheel ;  small  block  usu.  of  metal 
pierced  with  female  screw  for  securing  or  ad- 
justing bolt;  holder  that  tightens  or  relaxes 
horse-hair  of  fiddle-bow  &c;  (pi.)  small  lumps 
of  coal ;  n.-broum,  coloured  like  ripe  hazel-n. 
(esp.  of  girl's  complexion,  &  of  ale) ;  n.-butter, 
food  like  butter  made  from  nn.;  n.-cracker, 
(usu.  pi.)  instrument  for  cracking  nuts,  promi- 
nent chin  &  nose  with  points  naturally,  or  by 
loss  of  teeth,  near  each  other  (also  used  attrib. 
in  sing.,  as  a  n.-c.  face),  (sing.)  common  Euro- 
pean but  rare  British  bird  ;  n.-gall,  gall  found 
on  dyer's-oak  used  as  dye-stuff;  nu'thatch, 
small  creeping  bird  feeding  on  nn.  [hatch4]; 
n.-oil,  got  esp.  from  hazel-nn.  &  walnuts,  &  used 
in  paints  &  varnishes ;  n.-palm,  Australian 
bearing  nn.;  nu'tshell,  hard  exterior  covering 
of  n.,  tiny  receptacle  or  dwelling,  briefest  pos- 
sible way  of  expressing,  epitome,  (can  give  it 
you  in  a  nutshell) ;  n.-tree,  bearing  nn.,  esp. 
hazel ;  n.-weevil,  beetle  laying  eggs  in  green 
hazel  &  filbert  nn.  ( Vb)  seek  or  gather  nn.  (usu. 
in  gerund,  went  nutting  &c).  [com.-Teut.;  OE 
hnutu,  cf.  Du.  noot,  G  nuss] 

nu'tate,  v.i.  (bot.).  Nod,  droop.  So  nu'tANT 
a     [f.  L  nutare  frequent,  of  nuere  nod,  -ate  3] 

nuta'tion,  n.  Nodding;  (Astr.)  oscillation  of 
earth's  axis  making  motion  of  pole  of  equator 
round  pole  of  elliptic  wavy ;  oscillation  of  spin- 
ning top ;  curvature  in  stem  of  growing  plant, 
[f.  hnutatio  (prec,  -ion)] 

nu'tmeg,  n.  Hard  aromatic  spheroidal  seed 
got  from  fruit  of  evergreen  E. -Indian  tree  (n.- 
tree),  used  as  spice  &  in  medicine ;  n. -apple, 
fruit  of  n.-tree  yielding  mace  &  nn.;  n. -liver, 


NUTRIA 


557 


OAT 


diseased  state  of  liver,  red  atrophy,  [partial 
transl.  of  OF  nois  7nugede,=med..Lnuxmuscata 
musky  nut] 

nu'tria,  n.  Skin  or  fur  of  the  S.-Amer.  coypu, 
an  aquatic  rodent.    [Sp., = otter  f.  L  lutra] 

nu'trient,  a.  Serving  as  or  providing  nou- 
rishment,   [f.  L  nutrire  nourish,  -ent] 

nu'triment,  n.  Nourishing  food  (lit.  &  fig.). 
Hence  nutrime'ntAL  a.  (rare),  [f.  L  nutri- 
mentum  (prec,  -MENT)] 

nutpi'tion,  n.  (Supplying  or  receiving  of) 
nourishment,  food,    [as  nutrient,  -ion] 

nutri'tious,  a.  Nourishing,  efficient  as  food. 
Hence  nutri'tiousLY  2  adv.,  nutpi'tious- 
ness  n.    If.  L  nutritius  (nurse  1,  -itious'2)] 

nirtpitlve,  a.  &  n.  Serving  as  food ;  con- 
cerned in  nutrition ;  (n.)  article  of  food.  [F  (-if, 
■ive)  f.  med. L  nutritivus  (nutrient,  -ive)] 

nu'tty,  a.  Abounding  in  nuts  ;  tasting  like 
nuts,  of  rich  mellow  flavour ;  (slang)  amorous 
or  enthusiastic  (upon),    [-Y  2J 

nux  vd'mica,  n.  Seed  of  E.-Ind.  tree  yield- 
ing the  poison  strychnia.  [med.L  (L  mix  nut, 
vomere  vomit,  -ic)J 

nu'zzle,  v.i.  &  t,  Nose,  burrow  or  press  or 
rub  or  sniff  with  the  nose,  press  nose  or  press 
(nose)  into  or  against ;  nestle,  lie  snug,  (also 
refl.).    [nose  i, -le(3)J 

nyctalo'pia,  n.  Night-blindness  or  recur- 
rent loss  of  vision  after  sunset;  inability  to  see 
clearly  except  at  night.  [LL  (Gk  miktalops  f. 
nukt-  night,  alaos  blind,  ops  eye,  -ia  J) ;  incor- 
rect second  sense  due  to  overlooking  of  -al-] 

nyetitPO'pie,  a.  (bot.).  Turning  in  certain 
direction  at  night,  [f.  Gk  mix  nuktos  night,  -I-, 
Gk  tropos  turn,  -ic] 

ny'lgrhau  (-gaw),  n.  Short-horned  Indian 
antelope,    [f.  Pers.  nilgaxo  (nil  blue,  gaw  ox)] 

nymph,  n.  One  of  class  of  mythological  semi- 
divine  maidens  inhabiting  sea,  rivers,  foun- 
tains, hills,  woods,  or  trees,  or  attending  su- 
perior deities,  whence  or  cogn.  nympheww 
nymphiSH1,  nymphuKE,  aa.;  (Poet.) 
young  &  beautiful  woman ;  pupa.  [f.  F  nymphe 
f.  L  f.  Gk  numphe] 

nympholepsy,  n.  Ecstasy  or  frenzy  caused 
by  desire  of  the  unattainable,    [foil.,  epilepsy] 

nympholept,  n.  Person  inspired  by  violent 
enthusiasm  esp.  for  an  ideal.  Hence  nym- 
phole'ptic  a.  [f.  Gk  numpholeptos  nymph- 
caught  (nymph,  lambano  take)] 

nymphomania,  n.  (path.).  Morbid  &  un- 
controllable sexual  desire  in  women,  [f.  Gk 
numphe  bride,  -o-,  -mania] 

0 

O J  (6),  letter  (pi.  Os,  O's,  Oes).  O-shaped  mark, 
circle,  (esp.  round  O). 

Abbreviations  (1) :  old,  as  O.S.(tyle),  O.T.fes- 
tament),  OE(nglish),  OHO  (high German);  on, 
O.H.M.S.  (his  or  her  majesty's  service) ;  oppo- 
site. o.p.(rompter) ;  order,  as  O.M.  (of  merit), 
O.S.B.  (of  St  Benedict);  ordinary,  O.S.(eaman); 
over,  o.p.(roof) ;  (facet.)  all,  O.K.  (correct). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  oh.(iit) ;  Obad.(iah,  O.T. 
book) ;  oct.(avo) ;  Ol.(ympiad) ;  Ont.(ario) ; 
op.( us) ;  Ope.(gon);  Oxon.,  Oxfordshire, 
bishop  of  Oxford ;  oz.,  ounce(s). 

O2,  on,  int.  prefixed  to  vocative  name  (O),  or 
expressing  various  emotions  (usu.  oh  if  separat- 
ed by  punctuation,  otherwise  O.  O  dear  me  ! ; 
Ofor a  breathing-space ! ;  Oh,  what  a  lie!;  Oh, 
is  that  so  ?).    [ME,  prob.  f.  L] 

O'  K  pref.  of  Irish  names,  as  O'Connor.  [Ir.  6, 
ua,  descendant] 

o' 2,  prep,  short  for  of,  on,  still  in  some  phrases, 


as  (=of)  o'clock,  Jack-o'-lantern,  Will-o'-the- 
wisp,  man-o '-war,  (  =  on)  cannot  sleep  o'  nights. 

-o-,  letter  used  to  adapt  first  part  of  double- 
barrelled  word  for  connexion  with  second  ; 
prop,  used  in  Gk  compounds,  -i-  being  usu. 
in  L,  but  now  extended  to  many  scientific  & 
other  terms  made  of  non-Gk  wds  (occipito- 
frontal, joco-serious) ;  &,  in  meaning,  express- 
ing not  merely  modification  of  second  element 
by  first  (Franco-German essentially  German 
with  some  French  charactemtics),  but  equal  or 
any  other  relations  (Franco-German  tear) ;  used 
also  in  forming  true  derivatives  w.  Gk  endings 
as  -cracy,  -logy,  &  perh.  taken  for  part  of  the 
suf.,  whence  'ologies'  &c. 

oaf,  n.  (pi.  -s,  oaves).  Elf's  child,  changeling, 
(archaic) ;  misbegotten,  deformed,  or  idiot 
child ;  awkward  lout.  Hence  oa'fiSH  *  a.  [var. 
of  obs.  auft.  ON  dlfr  elf] 

oak,  n.  Kinds  of  tree  &  shrub,  of  which  the 
best  known  is  a  forest  tree  yielding  hard  tim- 
ber &  acorns  &  having  jagged  leaves  (Dyer's, 
Holm,  Scarlet,  &c,  o.,  other  species ;  Dxcarf, 
Ground,  &c,  o.,  plants  named  from  some  re- 
semblance to  o.) ;  wood  of  the  o.  (heart  ofo.), 
(poet.)  wooden  ships;  (Univv.)  outer  door  of 
set  of  rooms  (sport  one's  o.,  shut  this  to  exclude 
visitors) ;  leaves  of  o.  (o.  is  still  worn  on  29th 
May) ;  colour  of  young  o.  leaves ;  the  Oaks, 
race  at  Epsom  for  three-year-old  fillies  [f.  name 
of  estate] ;  (attrib.,=,but  now  more  usual  than) 
oaken;  o.-apple,  -Jig,  -gall,  -plum,  -potato, 
-spangle,  -xcart,  kinds  of  excrescence  produced 
on  oo.  by  gall-flies ;  o.-apple  day,  29th  May  on 
which  o.-aa.  are  worn  as  anniversary  of  royal- 
o.  incident;  o.-beauty, -egger, -hooktip, -lappet, 
-moth,  kinds  of  moth  bred  on  or  resembling 
leaf  &c.  of  o.;  o.-fern,  smooth  three-branched 
Polypody;  o.-tree,  o.;  o.-wood,  forest,  copse, 
&c,  of  oo.,  also  o.  timber.  Hence  oa'kEN  °  a., 
oa'kLET,  oa,kuNG1(2),  nn.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE 
dc,  cf.  Du.  eik,  G  eiche] 

oa'kum  (ok-),  n.  Loose  fibre  got  by  picking 
old  rope  to  pieces  &  used  esp.  in  caulking  (pick 
o.,  make  this,  esp.  as  formerly  common  task  of 
convicts  &  paupers).  [OE  dcumbe  lit.  off-comb- 
ings (x-  off,  cemban  cf.  G  kdmmen  comb2)] 

oar,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Pole  with  blade  used  (usu. 
in  even  numbers)  to  propel  boat  by  leverage, 
esp.  one  worked  by  single  rower  (cf.  sweep) 
with  both  hands  (cf.  scull),  or  to  steer  (chained 
to  the  o.,  constrained  to  work  hard  &  long, 
with  allusion  to  galley-slaves  ;  pair-o.,four-o., 
&c,  boat  with  two,  four,  &c,  oo.;  pulls  a  good 
o.,  is  good  oarsman  ;  put  in  one's  o.,  interfere ; 
have  an  o.  in  every  man's  boat,  be  a  meddler ; 
rest  on  one's  oo.,  cease  work  for  a  time) ;  good, 
bad, young,  practised,  &c,  oarsman ;  (fig.)  wing, 
fin,  arm  used  in  swimming,  &c;  oarsman,  -too- 
man,  rower,  whence  oap'smansHii  (3)  n.; 
hence  oap'AGE(l)  n.  (poet.),  (-)oaPED2,  oap*- 
less,  oap'Y2  (poet.),  aa.  (Vb)  row  (t.  &  i.; 
poet. ;  o.  boat,  water,  air,  one's  way ;  o.  one's 
arms  or  hands,  move  them  as  in  swimming). 
[OE  (&  ON)  dr,  perh.  cogn.  w.  Gk  eretes  rower] 

6a*sis,  n.  (pi.  oases).  Fertile  spot  in  desert 
(lit.  &  fig.).    [L  f.  Gk,  prob.  of  Egypt,  orig.] 

oast,  n.  Hop-drying  kiln  ;  o.-house,  building 
containing  this.  [OE  dst,  cf.  Du.  eest,  cogn.  w. 
L  aedes  house,  aestus  heat,  aestas  summer,  Gk 
aithos  heat] 

oat,  n.  (PI.)  (grain  yielded  by)  hardy  cereal 
grown  in  cool  climates  as  food  for  men  &  horses; 
(sing.,  rare  exc.  in  comb.)  o. -plant,  variety  of 
oo.;  Wild  O.,  tall  grass  resembling  oo.  (soio 
one's  to.  oo.,  indulge  in  youthful  follies  before 
becoming  steady) ;  (poet.)  o.-stem  used  as  musi- 
cal pipe  by  shepherds  &c,  pastoral  or  bucolic 


OATH 

poetry  ;  oatcake,  thin  unleavened  cake  made 
esp.  in  Scotland  &  N.  of  oatmeal,  meal  from 
oo.  used  esp  in  oatcake  &  porridge.  Hence 
oa'tEN  5  a.    [OE  ate  excl.  E,  etym.  dub.] 

oath,  n.  (pi.  pr.  odhz).  Solemn  appeal  to  God 
or  revered  or  dreaded  person  or  object  in  wit- 
ness that  statement  is  true  or  promise  shall  be 
kept  (take  an,  make,  swear  an,  o„  bind  oneself 
thus  ;ono.,  having  thus  sworn,  made  or  stated 
or  given  by  sworn^rson ;  bible,  corporal  *, 
o.),  (form  of  worjr  containing)  statement  or 
promise  so  corroborated  (o.  of  allegiance,  office, 
supremacy,  &c.) ;  name  of  God  &c.  used  as  ex- 
pletive to  give  emphasis  or  express  anger  &c, 
piece  of  profanity  in  speech,  curse,  [com.- 
Teut.;  OE  6th,  cf.  Du.  eed,  G  eid\ 

ob-,  (before  c-)  oe-,  (before/-)  of-,  (before  p-) 
op-,  pref.  f.  L  ob  in  the  way  of,  occurring 
chiefly  in  wds  already  compounded  in  L,  w. 
senses  (1)  exposure,  openness,  {object,  obnoxious, 
obtrude,  obverse) ;  (2)  meeting  (occasion,  occur, 
offend),  facing  (observe,  obstetric,  obviate,  ob- 
vious, opportune),  direction  (oblation,  oblique, 
oblong,  obsecrate,  obtest,  offer),  spontaneity  or 
friendliness  (obey,  obsequious,  office) ;  (3)  oppo- 
sition or  hostility  (objurgate,  obloquy,  obstre- 
perous, oppose,  oppress,  opprobrium,  oppugn) 
or  resistance  (obdurate,  obmutescent,  obstinate, 
obtuse) ;  (i)  hindrance,  blocking,  veiling,  (obbli- 
gato,  obese,  obfuscate,  oblige,  obliterate,  obnu- 
bilate, obscure,  obsess,  obstacle,  obstruct,  obtu- 
rate, occlude,  occult,  oppilate) ;  (5)  finality  or 
completeness  (obiit,  oblivion,  obsolete,  obtain, 
obtruncate,  Occident,  occupy) ;  (6,  in  mod.  scL 
wds)  inversely,  in  direction  or  manner  contrary 
to  the  usual  (obconical,  obcordate,  oblanceolate, 
obovate,  shaped  like  cone,  heart,  spike,  egg, 
with  thick  end  presented). 

obblig-a-to  (-ah-),  a.  &  n.  (mus.).  (Of  ac- 
companiment or  part)  inseparable,  forming  in- 
tegral part  of  the  composition,  (opp.  ad  libitum); 
(n.)  such  part  or  accompaniment.  [It.,  f.  L 
obligatus  (oblige)]_ 

o'bdurate  (or  -ur'-),  a.  Hardened,  impeni- 
tent, stubborn.  Hence  o'bduPACY  n.,  o'bdu- 
pateLY2adv.,  (or  -ur*-).  [f.  L  OB(durare  harden 
f.  durus  hard),  -ate  21 

6'beah,  d'bi,  n.  Kind  of  sorcery  practised 
by  negroes.    [ W.  Afr.] 

obe'dience,  n.  Obeying  as  act  or  practice 
or  quality,  submission  to  another's  rule,  com- 

Eliance  with  law  or  command  (in  o.  to,  actuated 
y  or  in  accordance  with  ;  passive  o.,  surrender 
of  one's  will  to  another's  without  cooperation, 
also  compliance  with  commands  irrespective 
of  their  nature) ;  (Eccl.,  esp.  R.  C.)  being 
obeyed,  (sphere  of)  authority,  district  or  body 
of  persons  bound  to  o.,  (return  to  the  o.  of  the 
Pope ;  not  belonging  to  either  the  Roman  or 
the  Byzantine  o.).  [f.  F  obidience  f.  L  obedieniia 

(OBEY,  -ENCE)] 

obe'dient,  a.  Submissive  to  or  complying 
with  superior's  will,  dutiful,  (your  o.  servant, 
phrase  spoken  formerly  in  courtesy,  now  only 
ironically,  in  taking  leave,  &  written  as  con- 
cluding formula  in  letters  of  official  or  public 
character).  Hence  obe'dient  lv  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
obedient  (obey,  -ent)| 

obedie-ntiary  (-sha-),  n.  Holder  of  any 
office  under  superior  in  monastery  or  convent, 
[f.  med.L  obedientiarius  (obedience,  -ary1)] 

obei'sance  (oba-),  n.  Gesture,  esp.  bow  or 
curtsy,  expressing  submission,  respect,  or  salu- 
tation (archaic  ;  make  an,  do,  pay,  o.) ;  defer- 
ence, homage,  submission,  (do,  make,  pay,  o.). 
If.  F  obiissance  (obey,  -ance)] 


ity  n.     [f. 
lere  eat)] 
ing  of,  be 


558 OBJECTIONABLE 

6'belisk,  n.  Tapering  usu.  monolithic  shaft 
of  stone  square  or  rectangular  in  section  with 
pyramidal  apex ;  o. -shaped  mountain,  tree,  &c. ; 
(also  obelus)  mark  used  in  ancient  MSS.  to  in- 
dicate that  word  or  passage  is  spurious  &c.  (— , 
-f-) ;  (also  obelus)  mark  of  reference  to  note  in 
margin  &c.  (t ;  double  o.,  J),  [f.  Lf.  Gk  obeliskos 
dim.  of  obelos  spit] 

o'belize,  v.t.  Mark  with  the  obelisk  as  spu- 
rious &c.    [f.  Gk  obelizo  (obelos  see  prec,  -ize)] 

obelus.    See  obelisk. 

obe'se,  a.    Corpulent.    So  obe'siTY  n. 
L  OB(esus  p.p.,  =  having  eaten,  of  edere  i 

obey*  (-a),  v.t.  &  i.  Perform  bidding  of,  be 
obedient  to ;  execute  (command) ;  be  actuated 
by  (force,  impulse) ;  do  what  one  is  bidden,  [f. 
F  obttr  f.  L  OB(edire  =  audire  hear)] 

o'bfuscate,  v.t.  Darken,  obscure,  (mind 
&c);  stupefy,  bewilder.  So  obf usca  "tion  n. 
[f.  L  ob(  fuscare  f.  fuscus  dark),  -ate3] 

6'biit,  v.i.  3rd  sing,  past  (abbr.  ob.).  Died 
(with  date  of  death).    [L,  f.  OB(ire  it-  go)  die] 

6'biter,  adv.  By  the  way,  in  passing,  (usu. 
o.  dictum,  pi.  -ta,  judge's  expression  of  opinion 
uttered  in  arguing  point  or  giving  judgment 
but  not  essential  to  his  decision  &  therefore 
without  binding  authority ;  also  gen.,  inciden- 
tal remark).    [L,  =  ob  iter  by  the  way] 

obi'tuapy,  n.  &  a.  Notice  of  death(s)  esp.  in 
newspaper,  brief  biography  of  deceased  per- 
son; hence  obi* tuapiST(l)  n. ;  (adj.)  recording 
a  death,  concerning  deceased  person,  [f.  med.L 
obituarius  (L  obitus  death,  see  obiit,  -ary  ])] 

o'bjeet  *,  n.  Thing  placed  before  eyes  or  pre- 
sented to  sense,  material  thing,  thing  observed 
with  optical  instrument  or  represented  in  pic- 
ture ;  person  or  thing  of  pitiable  or  ridiculous 
aspect ;  person  or  thing  to  which  action  or 
feeling  is  directed,  subject  of  or  for,  (the  Bible 
had  been  the  o.  of  his  study;  he  is  a  proper  o. 
of  or  for  charity) ;  thing  aimed  at,  end,  pur- 
pose; (Metaphys.)  thing  thought  of  or  appre- 
hended as  correlative  to  the  thinking  mind  or 
subject,  external  thing,  the  non-ego;  (Gram.) 
noun  or  noun-equivalent  governed  by  active 
transitive  verb  or  by  preposition  (direct,  in- 
direct, o.,  that  primarily,  secondarily,  affected 
by  action,  as  shilling,  him,  in  i"  gave  him  a 
shilling) ;  o.-ball,  at  which  player  aims  his  in 
billiards  &c. ;  o.-finder,  contrivance  for  regis- 
tering position  of  o.  on  mounted  microscopic 
slide  so  as  to  find  it  again ;  o.-glass  or  -lens, 
lens  in  telescope  &c.  nearest  the  o. ;  o.-lesson, 
instruction  about  a  material  o.  that  is  present 
for  inspection,  (fig.)  striking  practical  illustra- 
tion of  some  principle ;  o.-plate,  on  which  o.  is 
placed  for  microscopic  examination  ;  o.-staff, 
surveyor's  levelling-staff.  Hence  o'bjeetLESS 
a.  [f.  me&.L  objectum  thing  presented  to  the 
mind,  neut.  p.p.  of  L  OB(jicere  ject-  throw)] 

obje'et2,  v.t.  &  i.  Adduce  (quality,  fact)  as 
objection  (to  theory  &c);  state  (usu.  that-c\a,use) 
as  damaging  fact  to  or  against  person  &c. ;  state 
objection,  feel  or  express  disapproval,  have  ob- 
jection or  dislike  to  (Io.  to  being,  &  incorrectly 
to  be,  treated  like  this).  Hence  obje'etOR2  n. 
[f.  L  object-  (prec.)] 

obje'ctify,  v.t.  Present  as  object  of  sense, 
make  objective,  express  in  concrete  form,  em- 
body.   Hence  objeetiFiCA-TioN  n.    [object1, 

-I-,  -FY] 

objection,  n.  Objecting,  thing  objected,  ad- 
verse reason  or  statement ;  expression  or  feel- 
ing of  approval  or  dislike.  [F,  f.  L  objectionem 
(object  i.  -ION)l 

objectionable,  a.    Open  to  objection  ;  un- 


For  words  in  ob-  not  given  see  ob- 


OBJECTIVE 


559 


OBSEQUIOUS 


desirable,  unpleasant^  offensive,  disapproved  of. 
Hence  obje'ctionabLY  2  adv.  [prec.,  -able] 
objective,  a.  &  n.  (Philos.)  belonging  not 
to  the  consciousness  or  the  perceiving  or  think- 
ing subject  but  to  what  is  presented  to  this  or 
the  non-ego,  external  to  the  mind,  real;  (of 
person,  writing,  picture,  &c)  dealing  with  out- 
ward things  &  not  with  thoughts  or  feelings, 
exhibiting  actual  facts  uncoloured  by  exhibit- 
or's feelings  or  opinions,  (Med.,  of  symptoms) 
observed  by  another  &  not  only  felt  by  patient, 
whence  obje'etivexESS,  objeeti*viTY,  nn. ; 
(Gram.)  constructed  as,  appropriate  to,  the  ob- 
ject (o.  case  in  English,  that  governed  by  tran- 
sitive verb  or  preposition,  distinguished  in 
form  from  the  subjective  only  in  some  personal 
pronouns,  as  him  cf.  he ;  o.  genitive,  as  in  '  the 
fear  of  God  ',  cf.  subjective  genitive) ;  (Mil.) 
o.  point,  towards  which  advance  of  troops  is 
directed,  (transf.)  point  aimed  at;  hence  ob- 
je'etiveLY2adv.  (N.)=OBJECT1-^as«,  (Gram.) 
o.  case  ;  (Mil.  &  transf.)  o.  point.    [f.  med.L  ob- 

jectivus  (OBJECT1,  -IVE)] 

objectivism,  n.  Tendency  to  lay  stress  on 
the  objective ;  doctrine  that  knowledge  of  non- 
ego  is  prior  &  superior  to  that  of  ego.    [-ism] 

o'bjurgate,  v.t.  Chide,  scold.  Hence  ob- 
jupg-A'TiON  n.,  o'bjurgatORY  (or  -erga-)  a. 
[f.  L  OBijurgare  quarrel),  -ate3] 

6'blate1,  n.  Person  dedicated  to  monastic 
or  religious  life  or  work.  [f.  (med.L  sense  of) 
L  OB(latus  p.p.  of  ferre  bring)l 

obla'te2  (or  6*-),  a.  (geom.).  (Of  spheroid) 
flattened  at  poles  (cf.  prolate),  [as  prec. ; 
sense  of  ob-  doubtful] 

obla'tion,  n.  (Presenting  of  bread  &  wine  to 
God  in)  Eucharist ;  thing  offered  to  God,  sacri- 
fice, victim ;  donation  for  pious  uses.  Hence 
obla'tion  a  l,  6*blatORY,  aa.  [OF,  f.  LL  obla- 
tionem  (oblate1,  -ion)] 

o'blig-ate,  v.t.  Bind  (person,  esp.  legally)  to 
do  (chiefly  in  p.p.).    [f.  L  (oblige,  -ate3)] 

obligation,  n.  Binding  agreement  esp. 
one  enforceable  under  legal  penalty,  written 
contract  or  bond  ;  constraining  power  of  a  law, 
precept,  duty,  contract,  &c.  (0/0.,  obligatory); 
one's  bounden  duty,  a  duty,  burdensome  task ; 
(indebtedness  for)  service  or  benefit  (be,  put, 
tinder  an  o.;  repay  an  o.).  [OF,  f.  L  obligatio- 
nem  (oblige,  -ation)] 

obligatory  (or  6'bliga-),  a.  Legally  or  mor- 
ally binding,  imperative  &  not  merely  permis- 
sive ;  constituting  an  obligation,  [f.  LL  obliga- 
torius  (foil.,  -TORY)] 

obll'ge,  v.t.  Bind  (person,  oneself)  by  oath, 
promise,  contract,  &c,  to  person  or  to  do  (ar- 
chaic, legal;  also  with  oath  &c,  as  subj.);  be 
binding  on  ;  make  indebted  by  conferring  fav- 
our, gratify  by  doing  or  vrith;  (colloq.)  make 
contribution  to  entertainment  (with  song  &c, 
or  abs.);  (pass.)  be  bound  (to  person)  by  grati- 
tude (for  small  service) ;  constrain,  compel,  to 
do.    [f.  OF  obliger  f.  L  OB(ligare  bind)] 

obligee*,  n.  (Law)  person  to  whom  another 
is  bound  by  contract  or  to  whom  bond  is  given 
(cf.  obligor)  ;  (rare)  person  who  has  received 
a  favour,    [prec,  -ee] 

obli'ging,  a.  Courteous,  accommodating, 
ready  to  do  kindness,  complaisant.  Hence 
obli'gingLY2adv.,  obli'gingxEss  n.  [-ing2] 

o'bligor,  n.  (legal).  One  who  binds  himself 
to  another  or  gives  bond,    [oblige,  -or2] 

obli'que  (ek),  a.,  &  v.i.  Slanting,  declining 
from  the  vertical  or  horizontal,  diverging  from 
straight  line  or  course  ;  (Geom.)  (of  line,  plane 
figure,  surface)  inclined  at  other  than  right 
angle,  (of  angle)  acute  or  obtuse,  (of  cone,  cy- 
linder, &c.)  with  axis  not  perpendicular  to 


plane  of  base ;  (Anat.)  neither  parallel  nor  per- 
pendicular to  body's  or  limb's  long  axis  ;  (Bot., 
of  leaf)  with  unequal  sides ;  not  going  straight 
to  the  point,  roundabout,  indirect ;  (Gram.)  o. 
case,  other  than  nominative  or  vocative,  o.  ora- 
tion or  narration  or  speech,  speaker's  words 
with  the  changes  of  person,  tense,  &c,  usual 
in  reports,  indirect  speech;  hence  or  cogn. 
obli*queLY2adv.,  obli'quiTY  (-kw)  n. ;  (vb, 
esp.  mil.)  advance  obliquely,  [f.  L  OB(liquus 
cf.  licinus  bent  upward)] 


%l\ 


obliterate,  v.t.  Blot  Mt,  efface,  erase, 
destroy,  leave  no  clear  traces  of.  So  obliter- 
a'tion  n.    [f.  L  QB(literare  f.  litera  letter)] 

obli'vion,  n.  Having  or  being  forgotten, 
disregard,  unregarded  state,  (Act,  Bill,  of  O., 
amnesty ;  fall  into  o.,  be  forgotten  or  disused). 

tOF,  f.  L  oblivionem  f.  OB(hvisci  cf.  livere  be 
)lack  &  blue)  forget,  -ion] 

obli'vious,  a.  Forgetful,  regardless,  (of); 
(poet.)  of,  inducing,  oblivion.  Hence  obli'vi- 
ously2  adv.,  obli'viousNESs  n.  [f.  L  obli- 
viosus  (oblivium  forgetfulness  as  prec,  -ose1)] 

o'blong,  a.  &  n.  Deviating  from  square  or 
circular  form  by  having  one  long  axis,  (of 
spheroid)  prolate,  (Geom.)  rectangular  with  ad- 
jacent sides  unequal ;  (of  paper,  book,  rect- 
angular postage  stamp  or  panel,  &c)  greater  in 
breadth  than  height ;  hence  oblongo-  (-nggo) 
comb,  form  (bot.).  (N.)  o.  figure  or  object,  [f. 
L  OB(longus  long) ;  sense  of  ob-  doubtful] 

o'bloquy,  n.  Abuse,  detraction ;  being 
generally  ill  spoken  of.  [f.  LL  cbloquium  f.  L 
OB(loqui  speak)  gainsay] 

obmute'scence,  n.  Obstinate  silence.  So 
obmute'scENT  a.  [f.  L  OB(mutescere  f.  mutus 

dumb,  -ESCENT,  -ENCE)] 

obno'xious  (-kshus),  a.  Liable  to  harm  or 
evil  or  attack  (now  rare) ;  offensive,  objection- 
able, disliked,  whence  obno'xious i.v-  adv. 
Hence  obno'xiousxESS  n.  [f.  L  obnoxius  (ob 
in  the  way  of,  noxa  harm),  -ous] 

6'boe  (-oi),  n.  Wooden  double-reed  wind-in- 
strument giving  treble  to  bassoon  ;  organ  reed- 
stop  ofpenetrating  tone.  Hence  o*boiST(3)  n. 
[It.,  f.  Fas  hautboy] 

obol  (6'bl),  n.  Ancient-Greek  silver  coin  = 
about  Ud.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  obolos] 

obsce'ne  (-sen),  a.  Repulsive,  filthy,  loath- 
some, (archaic) ;  indecent,  lewd.  Hence  or 
cogn.  obsce'neLY2  adv.,  obsee'niTY  n.  [f. 
L  obsc(a)enus  etym.  dub.] 

obscur'ant,  n.  Opponent  of  inquiry,  en- 
lightenment, &  reform.  Hence  obscur'ant- 
ism(3)  n.,  obscur*antiST(2)  n.  &  a.    [G,  f.  L 

(OBSCURE2,  -ANT)] 

obscure*,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.t.  Dark,  dim,  (o.  rays, 
invisible  heat-rays  of  solar  spectrum) ;  (of  col- 
our) dingy,  dull,  indefinite ;  indistinct,  not 
clear;  hidden,  remote  from  observation;  un- 
noticed ;  unknown  to  fame,  humble ;  unex- 
plained, doubtful ;  not  perspicuous  or  clearly 
expressed ;  hence  or  cogn.  obseure'i.v  2  adv., 
obscur'iTY  n.  (N.)  obscurity,  indistinctness. 
( Vb)  make  o.,  dark,  indistinct,  or  unintelligible; 
dim  glory  of,  outshine ;  conceal  from  sight ;  so 
obscurA'TiON  n.  [a.  f.  OF  obscur  f.  L  ob- 
(scurus  f.  scu-  cover,  cf.  scutum  shield,  Gk 
skeue  attire) ;  vb  f.  adj.  or  f.  L  obscurare] 

obsecra'tion,  n.  Earnest  entreaty  ;  Litany 
petition  beginning  with  By.  [f.  L  obsecratio  f. 
OB(secrare=sacrare  f.  sacer  sacred)  entreat] 

o'bsequies,  n.  pi.  Funeral  rites,  a  funeral. 
Hence  obse'quiAL  a.  [pi.  of  obs.  obsequy  f. 
OF  obseque  f.  med.L  obsequiae  mixture  of  L 
exsequiae  funeral  with  obsequium  see  foil.] 

obse*quious,a.  Obedient,  dutiful,  (archaic): 
servile,  fawning.     Hence   obse'quiousLY 2 


OBSERVANCE 

adv.,  obse'quiousNESS  n.  [f.  L  obsequiosus 
f.  OB(sequium  f.  seqiti  follow)  compliancej 
observance,  n.  Keeping  or  performance 
of  (also  of)  law,  duty,  custom,  ritual,  &c. ;  act 
of  religious  or  ceremonial  character,  customary 
rite ;  the  rule  of  a  religious  order ;  paying  of 
deference  or  respect  (archaic),  also  obser'v- 
ancy  n.  [F,  f.  L  observantia  (observe,  -ance)] 
obser'vant,  a.  &  n.  Attentive  in  observ- 
ance ;  acute  or  diligent  in  taking  notice  ;  hence 
obser'vant ly  2jpv.  (N.)  member  of  branch 
of  Franciscan  ortrer  that  observes  the  strict 
rule.  [F  (observe,  -ant)] 
observation,  n.  Noticing  or  being  noticed, 
perception,  faculty  of  taking  notice,  {post,  atti- 
tude, ofo.,  favourable  for  watching  from  or  in) ; 
(Mil.)  watching  of  fortress  or  hostile  position 
or  movements  (army  &c.  of  o.,  so  engaged) ; 
accurate  watching  &  noting  of  phenomena  as 
they  occur  in  nature  (cf.  experiment)  with  re- 
gard to  cause  &  effect  or  mutual  relations ; 
taking  of  sun's  or  other  heavenly  body's  alti- 
tude to  find  latitude  or  longitude ;  remark  or 
statement,  esp.  one  of  the  nature  of  comment. 
Hence  observation  a  l  a.,  observa'tion- 
alLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  observatio  (observe,  -ation)] 
obser'vatory,  n.  Building  &c.  whence 
natural,  esp.  astronomical,  phenomena  may  be 
observed,  [f.  L  observare  see  foil.,  -tory] 
observe  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.  Keep,  follow,  adhere 
to,  perform  duly,  (law,  command,  appointed 
time,  method,  principle,  silence,  rite,  anniver- 
sary, &c.) ;  perceive,  mark,  watch,  take  notice 
of,  become  conscious  of ;  examine  &  note  (phe- 
nomena) without  aid  of  experiment ;  say,  esp.* 
by  way  of  comment ;  make  remark(s)  on.  Hence 
obser'VABLE  a.,  obser'VER1  n.,  obser'v- 
Ing-L y  2  adv.  [f.  F  observer  f .  L  OB{servare  keep)l 
obse'ss,  v.t.  (Of  evil  spirit,  delusion,  or  fixed 
idea)  haunt,  harass,  preoccupy,  fill  mind  of.  So 
obse'ssiON  n.  [f.  L  OB(sidere  sess-  =  sedere 
sit)  besiege] 

obsi'dian,  n.  Dark  vitreous  lava  or  volcanic 
xock  like  bottle-glass,  [f.  L  obsidianus,  erron. 
for  Obsianus  (Obsius  personal  name,  -an)] 
obsolescent,  a.  Becoming  obsolete,  going 
out  of  use  or  date  ;  (Biol.,  of  organ  once  more 
fully  developed)  gradually  disappearing.  So 
obsole'seENCE  n.  [f.  L  OB{solescere  f.  solere 
be  accustomed,  see  -escent),  -ent] 
o'bsolete,  a.  &  n.  Disused,  discarded,  anti- 
quated ;  (Biol.)  less  developed  than  formerly  or 
in  cognate  species,  rudimentary ;  hence  o'b- 
soleteNESS,  o*bsoletiSM(3, 4)  nn.  (N.)  o.  per- 
son or  thing,  [f.  L  obsoletus  p.p.  as  prec.] 
o'bstacle,  n.  Hindrance,  impediment,  (o.- 
race,  in  which  artificial  or  natural  oo.  have  to 
be  passed).  [OF,  f.  L  obstaculum  f.  OB(stare 
stand)  impede] 

obste'trie(al),  aa.  Of  midwifery,  of  child- 
birth &  its  antecedents  &  sequels,  as  branch  of 
medicine  &  surgery.  Hence  obste'tncs,  ob- 
stetrrciAN,  nn.  [irreg.  by  confusion  with  -ic 
f.  L  obstetricius  t  obstetrix  midwife  f.  OB(stare 
or  sistere  stand),  -trix] 

o'bstinate  (at),  a.  Stubborn,  inflexible, 
self-willed,  refractory.  Hence  or  cogn.  o'b- 
stinACY  n.,  o'bstinateLY  2  adv.  If.  L  obsti- 
natus  p.p.  of  OB(stinare  deriv.  form  of  stare 
stand)  persist] 

obstre'perous,  a.  Noisy,  vociferous ;  tur- 
bulent, unruly,  noisily  resisting  control.  Hence 
obstre*perousLY 2  adv.,  obstre'perous- 
ness  n.  (f.  L  obstreperus  f.  OBistrevere  make 
noise),  -ous] 
obstruct,  v.t.  &  i.    Block  up,  fill  with  im- 


560 OCCASION 

pediments,  make  impassable  or  difficult  of 
passage ;  prevent  or  retard  progress  of,  im- 
pede ;  practise  (esp.  Parliamentary)  obstruc- 
tion, [f.  L  OB(struere  struct-  build)] 
obstruction,  n.  Blocking  or  being  blocked, 
making  or  becoming  more  or  less  impassable  ; 
hindering,  esp.  of  Parliamentary  business  by 
talking  against  time,  whence  obstruction- 
ism(3),  obstructionist),  nn.;  obstacle  (o.- 
guard,  bar  fixed  before  locomotive  to  remove 
oo.  from  rails).  If.  L  obstructio  (prec,  -ion)] 
obstructive,  a.  &  n.  Causing,  intended  to 
produce,  obstruction  ;  hence  obstructive- 
LY2adv.,  obstruct!  von  ess  n.  (NT.)o.  person, 
esp.  in  House  of  Commons,  [obstruct,  -ive] 
obtai'n,  v.t.  &  i.  Acquire,  secure,  have 
granted  one,  get,  whence  obtaPnMENT  n. 
(rare),  obtaPnABLE  a.;  be  prevalent  or  estab- 
lished or  in  vogue,  [f.  F  obtenir  f.  L  OB(tinere 
=tenere  hold)  keep] 

obte'cted,  a.  (entom.).  (Of  pupa)  having 
limbs  &c.  indistinctly  discernible  through  outer 
covering,  [f.  L  OB(tegere  tect-  cover)  +  -ed  l] 
obte'st, v.t.  &  i.  (archaic).  Adjure,  supplicate, 
call  to  witness;  protest.  So  obtestATiON  n. 
f.  L  OB(testari  t  testis  witness)] 
obtrude,  v.t.  Thrust  forward  (upon  or  on 
person  or  his  attention)  importunately.  So  ob- 
tru'siON  (-zhn)  n.,  obtru'siVE  (-s-)  a.,  obtru*- 
siveLY2  adv.,  obtru'siveNESS  n.  [f.  L  ob- 
(trudere  trus-  push)] 

obtru'neate,  v.t.  Cut  off  head  of,  top.  [f. 
L  OB(truncare  f.  truncus  maimed),  -ate3] 
obtu'nd,  v.t.  (med.).  Blunt,  deaden,  (sense 
or  faculty),  [f.  L  OB(tundere  tus-  beat)] 
o'bturate,  v.t.  Stop  up,  close,  seal,  (orifice 
in  body,  breech  of  gun,  &c).  Hence  or  cogn. 
obtur ation,  o*bturatOR2(2),  nn.  [f.  L  obtu- 
rare,  -ate3] 

obtu'se  (s),  a.  Of  blunt  form,  not  sharp- 
pointed  or  sharp-edged;  (Geom.,  of  angle) 
greater  than  one  &  less  than  two  right  angles  ; 
(of  pain,  the  senses)  dull,  not  acute ;  stupid, 
slow  of  perception.  Hence  obtu*seLY2adv., 
obtu'sexESS  n.,  obtu'si-  comb.  form.  [f.  L 
p.p.  of  OBTUNDere] 

o'bverse,  a.  &  n.  Narrower  at  base  or  point 
of  attachment  than  at  apex  (esp.  in  Nat.  Hist., 
including  as  general  term  osovate,  OBlanceo- 
late,  &c.) ;  answering  as  counterpart  to  some- 
thing else ;  hence  obver'seLY  2  adv.  (N.)  side 
of  coin  or  medal  bearing  the  head  or  principal 
design  (cf.  reverse)  ;  face  of  anything  meant 
to  be  presented,  front ;  counterpart  of  a  fact  or 
truth,  [f.  L  obversus  p.p.  (foil.)] 
obvert,  v.t.  (log.).  Infer  another  proposi- 
tion with  contradictory  predicate  by  changing 
quality  of  (proposition).  So  obver'siON  n.  [f. 
L  OB(vertere  vers-  turn)] 
o'bviate,  v.t.  Clear  away,  get  rid  of,  get 
round,  neutralize,  (danger,  inconvenience, 
&c).  [f.  L  OB(viare  t  via  way)  withstand] 
o'bvious,  a.  Open  to  eye  or  mind,  clearly 
perceptible,  palpable,  indubitable.  Hence  o*b- 
viousLY2adv.,  o'bviousNESS  n.  [f.  hobvius 
(ob  viam  in  the  way),  -ous] 
oe-,  pref.    See  ob-. 

dcarPna  (-re-),  n.  Egg-shaped  terra-cotta 
musical  instrument.  [It.  (oca  goose,  -ina  l)] 
occa'sion  (-azhn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Juncture  suit- 
able fordoing  something,  opportunity,  (take  o., 
avail  oneself  of  opportunity  to  do ;  take  o.  by 
the  forelock  !) ;  reason,  ground,  justification, 
incitement,  need,  (there  ts  no  o.  to  be  angry ; 
avoid  all  oo.  of  quarrel;  give  o.  to  a  burst  of 
laughter);  subsidiary,  incidental,  or  immediate 


For  words  in  ob-  not  given  see  ob-. 


OCCASIONAL 


561 


OCTAHEDRON 


cause  (the  cause  of  a  revolution  may  be  obscure 
while  its  o.  is  obvious);  (pi.)  affairs,  business, 
(esp.  go  about  one's  lawful  oo.);  (particular 
time  marked  by)  special  occurrence  (on  this 
festive  o. ;  on  the  o.  of  his  marriage  ;  celebrate 
the  o. ;  rise  to  the  o.,  show  requisite  energy  &c; 
this  is  a  great  o.);  (up)on  o.,  whenever  need 
arises,  now  &  then  ;  (vb)  be  the  o.  or  cause  of, 
bring  about  esp.  incidentally,  cause  (action  &c, 
or  person  or  thing  to  do),  [f.  L  occasio  f.  oc- 
(cidere  cas-  =  cadere  fall),  -ion] 

occa'sional,  a.  Arising  out  of,  made  or 
meant  for,  acting  on,  special  occasion(s) ;  hap- 
pening irregularly  as  occasion  presents  itself, 
coming  now  &  then,  not  regular  or  frequent ; 
o.  cause,  secondary  cause,  occasion,  also  appar- 
ent cause  (see  foil.).  Hence  oqcasiona'liTY 
n.,  occa*sionalLY2  adv.    [-al] 

occa'sionalism,  n.  Doctrine  of  some  Car- 
tesians that  volition  &  sensation  are  connected 
with  the  following  &  preceding  material  pheno- 
mena not  causally  but  as  separate  productions 
of  God  on  the  same  occasion.  So  oeea'sion- 
aliST(2)  n.    [-ism] 

O'ccident  (oks-),  n.  (poet,  rhet.).  The  west; 
western  Europe  ;  Europe  ;  Europe  &  America ; 
America;  European  as  opposed  to  Oriental 
civilization,  whence  occide*ntaliSM(3)  n., 
occide*ntaliZE(3)  v.t.,  oeeide*ntaliST(2,  3) 
n.  Hence  o'eeide'ntAL  a.,  occidental i.v  - 
adv.  FF,  f.  L  Occident-  setting  (occasion,  -ent)] 

o'eciput  (oks-),  n.  Back  of  head.  Hence 
occi'pitAL  a.,  oeci'pito-  comb.  form.  [L  oc- 
(ciput  -itis  =  caput  head)] 

occlu'de,  v.t.  (sci.).  Stop  up,  close,  obstruct, 
(pores,  orifice) ;  (Chem.)  absorb  &  retain  (gases). 
So  oeelirsiON,  oeelu*soR2<2),  nn.  [f.  L  oc- 
(cludere  -clus-  =  claudere  shut)] 

occu'lt l,  a.  Kept  secret,  esoteric ;  recondite, 
mysterious,  beyond  the  range  of  ordinary  know- 
ledge ;  involving  the  supernatural,  mystical, 
magical,whenceoecu*ltiSM(3),occu*ltiST(2,3), 
nn.  Hence  oeeu'ltLY2  adv.,  occu'ltNESS  n. 
[f.  L  oc(cidere  -cult-  cf.  celare  hide)] 

occu'lt2,  v.t.  &  i.  Conceal,  cut  off  from  view 
by  passing  in  front,  (usu.  astron.,  &  applied 
only  when  concealing  body  is  of  much  greater 
apparent  size  than  concealed) ;  occulting  light 
in  lighthouses,  one  that  is  cut  off  at  regular  in- 
tervals. Hence  oeeultATiON  n.  [f.  L  occultare 
frequent,  as  prec.l 

o'ecupant,  n.  Person  holding  property,  esp. 
land,  in  actual  possession ;  one  who  occupies,  or 
resides  or  is  in,  a  place ;  one  who  establishes 
title  to  unowned  thing  by  taking  possession. 
Hence  o'ccupancy  n.   [f.  L  as  occupy,  -ant] 

occupation,  n.  Occupying  or  being  occu- 
pied ;  taking  or  holding  possession,  esp.  of 
country  or  district  by  military  force  (army  ofo., 
left  to  hold  occupied  region  till  regular  govern- 
ment is  set  up),  tenure,  occupancy ;  what  occu- 
pies one,  means  of  filling  one's  time,  temporary 
or  regular  employment,  business,  calling,  pur- 
suit ;  o.  franchise,  right  to  vote  as  tenant ;  o. 
bridge,  road,  &c,  private  for  use  of  occu- 
piers of  land.    [F,  f.  L  occupationem  (occupy, 

-ation)] 

o'eeupiep,  n.  Person  in  (esp.  temporary  or 
subordinate)  possession  esp.  of  land  or  house, 
holder,  occupant,    [foil.,  -er1] 

o'ecupy,  v.t.  Take  possession  of  (country, 
region,  town,  strategic  position)  by  military 
force  or  settlement;  hold  (office),  reside  in, 
tenant;  take  up  or  fill  (space,  time),  reside  or 
be  in  (place,  position);  busy,  keep  engaged, 
(esp.  in  pass.),  [irreg.  f.  Foccuperl.  Loc(cupare 
cf.  capere  take)  seize ;  o.  &  obtain,  as  compared 
w.  L  origg.,  have  exchanged  senses ;  in  17th 


&  18th  cc,  o.  almost  disappeared,  being  avoided 
owing  to  now  obs.  sense  cohabit] 

occur',  v.i.  (-rr-).  Be  met  with,  be  found, 
exist,  in  some  place  or  conditions  ;  come  into 
one's  mind  (esp.  it  occurs  or  occurred  to  me 
that  — ) ;  take  place,  befall,  happen,  [f.  L  oc- 
(currere  run)  go  to  meet] 

occurrence,  n.  Happening  (is  of  frequent 
o.,  often  occurs) ;  incident,  event,  [f.  obs.  or 
rare  occurrent  (prec,  -ent),  -ence] 

ocean  (6'shn),  n.  Great %ody  of  water  sur- 
rounding the  land  of  the  globe ;  one  of  the 
main  areas  into  which  geographers  divide  this 
(usu.  reckoned  as  five,  the  Atlantic,  Pacific, 
Indian,  Arctic,  &  Antarctic,  Oo. ;  German  O., 
North  Sea) ;  the  sea ;  immense  expanse  or  quan- 
tity of  anything  (often  oo.  of) ;  o.  greyhound, 
swift  ship,  esp.  passenger  liner ;  o.  lane,  track 
prescribed  for  steamers;  o.  tramp,  cargo- 
carrying  steamer  not  engaged  in  single  trade. 
Hence  oeeano'GRAPHY  (osha-)  n.,  oceano- 
gra'phic(al)  (osea-,  6sha-)aa.,  o*ceanwARD(s) 
adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  okeanos  stream  encircling 
earth's  disk,  Atlantic] 

Ocea-nia  (osh-,  6s-),  n.  Islands  of  Pacific  & 
adjacent  seas.    [f.  F  Oceanic  (prec,  -ia  J)] 

Ocea-nian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Oceania,  [-an] 

ocea'nic,  O-,  (osh-,  6s-),  a.  Of,  like,  &c,  the 
ocean  ;  of  Oceania,    f-ic] 

Oce'anid  (os-),  n.  (pi.  -s  or  -d'nides).  Ocean 
nymph  of  Greek  mythology,  [f.  Gk  Okeanis 
-idos  daughter  of  Ocean] 

oce7/us,  n.  (pi.  -i).  One  of  simple  as  opposed 
to  compound  eyes  of  insects ;  facet  of  com- 
pound eye  ;  spot  of  colour  surrounded  by  ring 
of  other  colour,  whence  6'eellATE2,  -ated,  aa. 
[L,  dim.  of  oculus  eye] 

6'celot,  n.  Feline  quadruped  of  S.  &  Central 
America,  tiger-cat,  leopard-cat.  [F,  abridged 
by  Buffon  r.  Mex.  tlal(ocelotl  jaguar)  of  the 
field,  &  applied  to  different  animal] 

och  (6ch),  int.     =  oh,  ah,  used  in  Ireland. 

oehlo'epaey  (ok-),  n.  Mob -rule.  Hence 
o'chlocRAT  n.,  ochlocRATic  a.  [f.  F  ochlo- 
cratie  f.  Gk  okhlokratia  (okhlos  mob,  -cracv)] 

ochre  (6'ker),  n.  Kinds  of  native  earth  con- 
sisting of  clay  &  hydrated  oxide  of  iron  used  as 
pigments  varying  from  light  yellow  to  brown ; 
pale  brownish  yellow.  Hence  o'chreiSH  (-er-) 
ochrA'CEOUS,  o'ehreous  (ri-),  o'ehpous, 
o'ehPY2,  aa.,  o'ehreo-  (-ri)  comb.  form.  [f. 
F  ocre  f.  L  f.  Gk  okhra  yellow  ochre  fern,  of 
okhros  yellow] 

-ock,  suf.  forming  nn.  orig.  w.  dim.  sense 
(hillock,  bittock,  bullock,  perh.  paddock),  which 
many  of  them  have  lost  (paddock,  bullock,  pol- 
lock) ;  hassock,  bannock,  mattock,  are  prob.  of 
different  orig. 

o'clock.    See  clock  *. 

oct-.    =  octa-,  octo-,  before  vowel. 

oeta-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  okto  eight.  Hence 
octa'MERous  a. 

o'ctachopd  (-ak-),  a.  &  n.  Eight-stringed 
(musical  instrument) ;  series  of  eight  notes,  e.  g. 
the  diatonic  scale,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  oktakhordos 
(prec,  chord)] 

O'ctad,  n.  Group  of  eight;  (Geom.)  eight 
points  of  intersection  of  three  quadric  sur- 
faces ;  (Chem.)  element  or  radical  with  com- 
bining-power  of  eight  units,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  oktas 
f.  okto  eight,  -ad(1)] 

O'ctagon,  n.  &  a.  Plane  figure  with  eight 
angles  &  sides,  object  or  building  of  such  sec- 
tion ;  hence  octa'g-onAL  a..  oeta'gronalLY2 
adv.;  (adj.)  octagonal,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  oktag&nos 
(octa-,  gonia  angle)] 

octahe'dpon,  n.  Solid  figure  contained  by 
eight  plane  faces,  &  usu.  by  eight  triangles 


OCTANT 


562 


ODDS 


(regular  o.,  by  equal  &  equilateral  triangles) ; 
body,  esp.  crystal,  of  regular  octahedral  form. 
So  octahe'dPAL  a.  [f.  Gk  oktaedron  (octa-, 
hedra  seat)] 

o'ctant,  n.  Arc  of  circle  =  1/8  of  circumfer- 
ence ;  1/8  of  circular  area  contained  within  two 
radii  &  arc ;  one, of  eight  parts  into  which  three 
planes  intersecting  (esp.  at  right  angles)  at 
point  divide  space  round  it ;  (Astron.)  point  in 
planet's  apparent  course  45°  distant  from  given 
point,  esp.  point  at  Mtfiich  moon  is  45°  from  con- 
junction or  opposition  with  sun ;  graduated 
eighth  of  circle  used  in  astronomy  &  naviga- 
tion, [f.  LL  octans  (L  octo  eight,  cf.  quadrant)] 

o'etarehy  (-kl),  n.  Aggregate  of  eight  petty 
kingdoms  (substituted  by  some  historians  for 

HEPTARCHY).      [OCTO-,  Cf.  HEPTARCHYj 

oetaroon.    See  octoroon. 

o'ctastyle,  a.  &  n.  (Portico  or  building)  with 
eight  columns  at  end  or  in  front,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk 
oktastulos  octa-,  stulos  pillar] 

o'ctateuch  (k),  n.  First  8  O.-T.  books,  [f.  LL 
f.  Gk  oct xteukhos,  cf.  Pentateuch] 

o'ctave  (-Iv),  n.  The  day  week  of  a  festival, 
eight  days  including  festival  &  its  day  week  ; 
group  or  stanza  of  eight  lines,  octet;  (Mus.) 
note  produced  by  twice  or  half  the  vibration- 
rate  of  given  note  &  eight  diatonic  degrees 
above  or  below  it  (second  o.,  o.  of  the  o.  in  same 
direction;  so  third  &c.  o.),  interval  between 
note  &  its  o.,  series  of  notes  filling  this,  note 
&  its  o.  sounding  together ;  group  of  eight ; 
a  fencing  position  ;  wine-cask  holding  13i  gal.; 
o.-coupler,  device  connecting  organ-keys  an  o. 
apart ;  o.-jlute,  piccolo,  also  organ  flute-stop  an 
o.  higher  than  the  ordinary.  [F,  f.  L  octava 
dies  eighth  day  by  inclusive  reckoning  (octavus 
f.  octo  eight)] 

octa'vo,  n.  (abbr.  8vo,  oct).  (Size  of)  book 
or  page  given  by  folding  sheets  three  times  or 
into  eight  leaves,    (f.  L  in5  octavo  (prec)] 

octennial,  a.  Lasting,  recurring  every, 
eight  years,  [f.  L  ocT(ennium  f.  annus  year) 
period  of  eight  years,  -al] 

octe*t(te),  n.  (Composition  for)  eight  singers 
or  players ;  group  of  eight  lines,  esp.  the  first 
eight  of  sonnet,    [f.  L  octo  eight  after  duet] 

octi'llion,  n.  Eighth  power  of  million  (1  fol- 
lowed by  48  ciphers).  Hence  oetillionrn 2  a. 
&  n.  [F  (now  =  ninth  power  of  thousand)  as 
prec.  after  million] 

oetlng-entenary,  n.  800th  anniversary,  [f. 
L  octingenti  800,  after  centenary] 

octo-,  oct-,  comb,  form  of  L  octo,  &  some- 
times (=octa-)  of  Gk  okto,  eight. 

Oeto'bep,  n.  Tenth  month ;  beer  brewed  in 
O.  (archaic).    [L  (prec),  cf.  December] 

oetoeente'napy  (or  -ent),  octocente'n- 
nial,  nn.    (Irreg.  for)  octingentenary. 

octode-eimo,  n.  (abbr.  18mo).  (Size  of)  book 
or  page  given  by  folding  sheets  into  eighteen 
leaves,  [for  in  5  0.  f.  L  ocTO(deci?nus  tenth) 
cighteenth,_cf.  octavo] 

octogenarian,  a.  &  n.  Eighty-year-old 
(person);  of  such  person,  [f.  L  octogenarius 
(octogeni  eighty  each,  -ary  j),  -an] 

o*c  tonal,  a.  Proceeding  by  eights  (of  coin- 
age, numeral  system,  &c).  [f.  L  octoni,  see 
foil.,  -AL]_ 

octonarian,  a.   &  n.   (pros.).     Eight-foot 

(line).    If.  L  octonarius  versus  eight-foot  line 

(octoni  eight  each  f.  octo  eight,  -ary),  -an] 
o'ctonapy,  a.  &  n.     =  octonal  ;  (n.)  group 

°r5  ei^tj  eight-line  stanza  (esp   of  divisions  of 

Ps.  119).    [see  prec] 
°.?t6*pus,  n.    (Genus  of)  cephalopod  mollusc 

with  eight  suckered  arms  round  mouth;  or- 
ganized &  usu.  harmful  ramified  power  or 


influence,  [f.  Gk  oktopous  eight-footed  (octo-, 
pous  foot)] 

oetopoo'n,  -ta-,  n.  Offspring  of  quadroon 
&  white,  person  of  one-eighth  negro  blood, 
[irreg.  f.  octo-  after  quadroon] 

octosylla*bic,a.  &  n.  Eight-syllable  (verse), 
[f.  LL  ocTO(syllabus  f.  syllaba  syllable),  -ic] 

octosyllable,  n.  &  a.  =  prec. ;  word  of  eight 
syllables,    [see  prec] 

o'etpoi  (-rwah),  n.  Duty  levied  in  some  con- 
tinental countries  on  goods  entering  town  ; 
place  where,  officials  by  whom,  it  is  levied.  IF 
(octroyer  grant,  as  authorize)] 

O'ctuple,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Eightfold ;  (n.)  pro- 
duct after  multiplication  by  eight  of;  (vb)  mul- 
tiply by  eight,    if.  L  octuplus  a.  (octo  eight,  cf. 

DOUBLE)] 

6'cular,  a.  &  n.    Of,  for,  by,  with,  &c,  the 
eye(s)  or  sight,  visual,  (o.  demonstration,  proof 
appealing  to  the  eyes) ;  (n.)  eye-piece  of  optical 
instrument.     Hence  o'culaPLY2  adv.     [f.  L 
ocularis  (oculus  eye,  -ar1)] 
o'culapist,  n.    Maker  of  artificial  eyes.    [f. 
F  oculariste  (prec,  -1ST)] 
6'culist,  n.    Eye-doctor.    Hence  oculi'stic 
a.    [f.  F  oculiste  (L  oculus  eye,  -ist)] 
d'eulo-,  comb,  form  of  L  oculus eye.as  -na'sal 
of  eye  &  nose. 

od,  n.  Power  assumed  to  pervade  nature  & 
account  for  magnetism,  crystallization,  chemi- 
cal action,  mesmerism,  &c  [arbitrary  forma- 
tion of  Baron  v.  Reichenbach  1788-1869] 
d'dalisque  (-k),  n.  Eastern  female  slave  or 
concubine,  esp.  in  Turkish  Sultan's  seraglio, 
[f.  Turk,  odaliq  (odah  chamber,  -liq  function)] 
odd,  a.  &  n.  Left  over  when  the  rest  have 
been  divided  into  two  numerically  equal  sets 
(the  o.  man,  to  whom  casting-vote  falls  in  un- 
even-numbered committee  &c;  the  o.  trick  in 
whist,  thirteenth  when  each  side  has  won  six  ; 
o.  man  out,  way  of  selecting  one  of  three  per- 
sons by  tossing  coins  till  only  two  agree) ;  (of 
number)  not  divisible  by  two  (o.  &  even,  a 
game  of  chance),  (of  things  or  persons  num- 
bered consecutively)  bearing  such  number ; 
(appended  to  number,  sum,  weight,  &c)  with 
something  over  of  lower  denomination  &c  (for- 
ty o.,  between  40  &  50 ;  sixty  thousand  o„  with 
some  extra  hundreds,  tens,  or  units ;  sixty  o. 
thousand,  between  60  &  70  thousand ;  twelve 
pounds  o.,  with  some  shillings  or  pence);  by 
which  round  number,  given  sum,  &c,  is  ex- 
ceeded (Here  is  a  sovereign;  pay  the  bill  & 
keep  the  o.  money.  There  are  1006;  what  shall 
we  do  with  the  o.  six  ?) ;  additional,  casual,  be- 
side the  reckoning,  unconnected,  unoccupied, 
incalculable,  (picks  up  o.jobs  ;  do  it  at  o.  mo- 
ments ;  in  some  o.  corner;  o.  numbers,  volumes, 
belonging  to  incomplete  sets  of  magazines  &c); 
extraordinary,  strange,  queer,  remarkable, 
eccentric,  whence  o*ddiSH1(2)  a.,  o'ddi.Y  2 
adv. ;  o'dd-come-short,  remnant,  odd  remainder, 
(pi.)  odds  &  ends;  o.-come-shor'tly,  some  near 
day  (esp.  one  of  these  o.-c.-shortlies,  before  long); 
o'ddfellow,  member  of  friendly  society  of  Odd- 
fellows with  rites  imitative  of  freemasonry ; 
hence  o'ddNESS  n.  (N.,  golf)  handicap  given 
to  weaker  player  by  deduction  of  one,  two  (trvo 
oo.),  &c,  from  his  strokes  for  each  hole.  [f.  ON 
odda  in  odda-(mathr  man)  with  casting-vote 
(oddi  angle,  triangle,  cogn.  w.  OE  ord  tip)] 
o*ddity,n.  Strangeness;  peculiar  trait;  queer 
person  ;  fantastic  object,  strange  event,  [-ity] 
o'ddments,  n.  pi.  Odds  &  ends,  [-ment] 
odds,  n.  pi.  (formerlyalways.&stillinphrases 
as  below,  treated  as  sing.).  Inequalities  (make 
o.  even,  do  away  with  these) ;  difference  (what's 
the  o.?,  what  does  it  matter?);  variance,  strife, 


ODE 


563 


OP 


(are  at  o.;  is  at  o.  with  fate) ;  balance  of  ad- 
vantage (the  o.  are  in  our  favour;  have  fought 
against  longer  o.) ;  equalizing  allowance  to 
weaker  competitor  (give,  receive,  o.) ;  ratio  be- 
tween amounts  staked  by  parties  to  bet  (lay, 
give,  o.  of  three  to  one,  said  of  party  offering 
the  advantage ;  take  o.,  accept  the  advantage) ; 
chances  or  balance  of  probability  in  favour  of 
some  result  (it  is  o.  that  or  but,  the  o.  are  that, 
he  will  do  it) ;  o.  &  ends,  remnants,  stray 
articles,  (perh.  alteration  of  earlier  odd  ends). 
[prob.  pi.  of  odd  used  as  n.] 
ode,  n.  (Orig.)  poem  meant  to  be  sung  (choral 
o.,  song  of  chorus  in  Greek  play  &c);  (mod.) 
rhymed  or  rarely  unrhymed  lyric  often  in  form 
of  address,  usu.  of  exalted  style  and  enthusias- 
tic tone,  often  in  varied  or  irregular  metre,  & 
usu.  between  50  &  200  lines  in  length.  [F,  f.  LL 
oda  f.  Gk  aide  contr.  of  aoide  (aexdo  sing)J 
-ode,  suf.  forming  nn.  w.  sense  thing  of  the 
nature  of  (geode,  phyllode) ;  anode,  cathode, 
electrode,  are  not  examples,  [f.  Gk  -odes  adj. 
ending  (-o-,  -eides  -like)] 
ode'um,  n.  (pi.  -s,  -ea).  Building  for  musical 
performances,  esp.  among  ancient  Greeks  & 
Romans,  [f.  Gk  oideion  (ode)] 
o'dious.a.  Hateful,  repulsive.  Hence  o'di- 
ouslv  2  ad  v.,  o'diousNESS  n.  [f.  OF  odieus  f. 
L  odiosus  (ODIUM,  -OSE  !)] 
o'dium,  n.  General  or  wide-spread  dislike 
or  reprobation  incurred  by  person  or  attaching 
to  action  (exposed  me  to  o.;  the  o.  of  the  trans- 
action) ;  o.  theologicum,  bitterness  notoriously 
characterizing  theologians  who  disagree.  IL,  = 
hatred] 

odometer.  See  hod-. 
odo*nt(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  odous  odontos 
tooth,  as  odontorhy'ncous  having  toothlike 
serrations  in  the  bill,  -glo'ssum  genus  of  orchids 
with  large  beautifully  coloured  flowers,  odo'nt- 
oid,  odonto'LOGY. 

odoriferous,  a.    Diffusing  (usu.  agreeable) 
scent,  fragrant.  Hence  odoriferous ly  2adv. 
[f.  L  odorifer  (odour,  -ferous)] 
6'dorous,  a.  (chiefly  poet.).    =  prec.    Hence 
o'dorousLY  2  adv.    [foil.,  -ous] 
6'doup  (-er),  n.  Pleasant  or  unpleasant  smell, 
whence  o'doupLESS  a. ;  fragrance ;  (archaic, 
usu.  pi.)  substance(s)  emitting  sweet  scent,  per- 
fume(s);  (fig.)  savour,  trace,  (no  o.  of  intoler- 
ance attaches  to  it) ;  good  or  bad  or  til  repute 
or  favour  (is  in  bad  o.  with  the  nonconformists) ; 
o.  of  sanctity,  reputation  for  holiness  (orig.  lit., 
sweet  o.  exhaled  by  dying  or  exhumed  saint), 
[f.  OF  odor  f.  L  odorem  (or1)] 
6*dyl,  n.    =  od. 

O'dyssey(d-),  n.  (pi.  -eys).  One  of  two  great 
ancient-Greek  national  epics  (cf.  iliad)  describ- 
ing adventures  of  Odysseus  or  Ulysses  return- 
ing from  siege  of  Troy ;  any  of  the  24  books  of 
this  (in  the  fourth  &c.  O.) ;  series  of  wanderings, 
long  adventurous  journey.  If.  L  f.  Gk  Odusseia 
(Odusseus,  -ia1)] 

oe'cist  (es-),  n.  Founder  of  (esp.  ancient- 
Greek)  colony,  [f.  Gk  oikistes  (oikizo  settle  f. 
oikos  house,  -ist)] 

oeeo'logy  (e),  n.  Branch  of  biology  dealing 
with  living  organisms'  habits,  modes  of  life,  & 
relations  to  their  surroundings,  [f.  Gk  oikos 
house,  -logy] 

oecume'nieal  (§-),  a.  Of  or  representing 
the  whole  Christian  world  or  universal  church, 
general,  universal,  catholic,  (of  general  coun- 
cils of  early,  &  of  mod.  R.-C,  Church) ;  world- 
wide. So  oeeumeni'ciTY  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  oikoxi- 
menikos  f.  he  oikoumene  the  inhabited  (earth) 
f.  oikeo  inhabit,  -al] 
oede'ma  (e-),  n.  (path. ;   no  pi.).     Swollen 


state  of  tissue  &c.  with  serous  fluid,  local 
dropsy.  Hence  oedematic,  oede'matosE  >, 
oede'matous,  aa.,  oede'matousi.v-  adv. 
[f.  Gk  oidema  -atos  (oideo  swell,  -m)] 

Oe'dipus  (e-),  n.  Solver  of  riddles,  [f.  Gk 
Oidipoiis,  who  guessed  the  Sphinx's  riddle] 

o'er  (or),  adv.  &  prep.    =  over  (poet.). 

oeso-phagus  (e-),  n.  (pi.  -i  pr.  -ji,  -guses). 
Canal  from  mouth  to  stomach,  gullet.  Hence 
oesopha'g-eAL  (.j.)t  oeso'phag-o-  comb, 
form.    [f.  Gk  oisophagos  etym.  dub.] 

oestrum,  oe'strus,  (e),  n.  Gadfly ;  stimu- 
lus, vehement  impulse,  frenzy,   \t.  Gk  oistros] 

of  (6v,  ov),  prep,  connecting  its  noun  with 
preceding  n.,  adj.,  adv.,  or  vb,  &  indicating  the 
relations  roughly  classified  as  follows:  Re- 
moval, separation,  point  of  departure,  priva- 
tion, (north,  within  a  mile,  upwards,  have  the 
advantage,  of',  back  of  U.S.,  behind  ;  wide  of 
the  mark ;  heal,  rid,  ease,  brought  to  bed  *,  of; 
destitute,  empty,  free,  bare,  of;  take  leave* 
of;  balk,  cheat,  defraud,  deprive,  disappoint, 
of;  independently,  guiltless,  irrespective,  of) ; 
origin,  derivation,  cause,  agency,  authorship, 
(be,  come,  descend,  spring,  of;  borrow,  buy, 
win,  receive,  hire,  of;  take  it  ill  of;  have  com- 
fort, wish  one  joy,  of;  ask,  demand,  learn,  ex- 
pect, of;  of  one's  own  accord2;  of  course1, 
of  right,  of  necessity  ;  of  oneself,  spontane- 
ously; die  of;  smell,  savour,  smack,  of;  tired, 
ashamed,  afraid,  glad,  proud,  of;  sick  of 
measles,  laid  up  with  ;  sick  of  delays,  disgusted 
by ;  warned  of  God,  forsaken  of  God  &  man, 
by ;  it  was  kind,  foolish,  naughty,  clever,  cruel, 
well  done,  of  you  to  say  so ;  has  the  approval 
of  his  master ;  the  works  of  Shakspere,  Iliad 
of  Homer) ;  material,  substance,  closer  defini- 
tion, identity  (house  of  cards  ;  built  of  brick ; 
make  a  fool1,  the  best1,  of;  make1  much  of; 
a  family  of  eight;  the  name  of  Jones  ;  the  class 
of  idiots ;  city  of  Rome,  vice  of  drunkenness  ; 
a  fool  of  a  man,  her  scamp  of  a  husband,  the 
worst  liar  of  any  man  I  know ;  had  a  bad 
time,  troublesome  journey,  of  it) ;  concern,  re- 
ference, direction,  respect,  (think  well  of  him ; 
never  heard  of  it ;  was  informed  of  the  fact ; 
is  true  of  every  case  ;  repent,  bewa  re,  of ;  can- 
not conceive,  accept,  approve,  think,  of;  does 
not  admit  or  allow  of;  accuse,  convict,  suspect, 
of;  avail,  bethink,  oneself  of ;  short,  guilty, 
certain,  sure,  confident,  fond,  of;  swift  of  foot, 
blind  of  an  eye,  hard  of  heart,  hard  of  hear- 
ing ;  at  SO  years  of  age) ;  objective  relation  (the 
levying  of  taxes  ;  love  of  virtue ;  in  search  of 
knowledge ;  great  eaters  of  pork ;  redolent, 
productive,  fruitful,  lavish,  prodigal,  sparing, 
capable,  sensible,  careful,  observant,  desirous, 
impatient,  characteristic,  destructive,  indica- 
tive, of) ;  description,  quality,  condition,  (man 
of  tact,  person  of  consequence,  farm  of  100 
acres,  the  hour  of  prayer,  potatoes  of  our  own 
growing ;  girl  of  ten  years,  or,  with  mixed  con- 
struction, of  ten  years  old) ;  partition,  classi- 
fication, inclusion,  selection,  (no  more  of  that ; 
some,  five,  of  us, =a.  a  portion,  or  five,  of  us  who 
are  more  numerous,  or  by  extension  b.  we, 
being  several  or  five  persons ;  so  any  part,  or 
the  whole,  of  it;  the  most  dangerous  of  ene- 
mies ;  he  of  all  men,  he  most  or  least  of  all ;  is 
the  one  thing  of  all  others  that,  illog.  for  of  all 
that ;  song  of  songs,  holy  of  holies,  those  best 
deserving  the  name ;  is  one  of  a,  ten,  thousand, 
such  as  occurs  only  in  one  among  1,000,  10,000, 
cases ;  a  friend  of  mine,  of  the  vicars,  i.  e.  orig. 
in  the  number  of  my,  the  vicar's,  friends,  but 
extended  to  illog.  contexts,  as  that  long  nose 
of  his,  this  only  son  of  the  vicar's  ;  drink  deep 
ofjtattery,  partake  of  food  ;  was  sworn  of  the 


OF- 


56i 


OFFICE 


Council,  admitted  as  member  ;  his  temper  is  of 
the  quickest,  belongs  to  the  quickest  class ;  a 
sort  of  thxul ;  comes  in  of  an  evening,  at  some 
time  in  the  evenings  ;  of  old,  yore,  late  years, 
late,  somewhere  in  the  specified  periods) ;  be- 
longing, connexion,  possession,  (we  of  the  mid- 
dle class  ;  companions  of  his  exile ;  articles  of 
clothing ;  the  manners  of  today ;  a  thing  of  the 
past ;  the  master  of  the  house ;  the  widow  of 
the  man  who  was  killed ;  a  topic  of  conversa- 
tion; esp.  with  words  that  naturally  require 
supplementing,  as  the  cause,  result,  counter- 
part, opposite,  image,  of};  because,  by  mean's, 
for  fear1,  for  the  sake,  in  behalf,  in  case1, 
in  face  l,  in  respect,  in  spite,  instead,  on 
account2,  on  behalf,  on  the  point,  of.  [OE, 
unaccented  form  of  sef,  cf.  Du.  af  &  G  ab  off 
adv.,  Gk  apo  &  L  ab  from ;  of  &  off  are  one 
word,  differentiated  in  14th-16th  cc] 

of-,  pref.    See  ob-. 

off(awf,  of),  adv.,  prep.,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Away, 
at  or  to  a  distance,  {rode  o.;  beat  o.  the  attack ; 
keep  assailant  o.;  ward  o.  disaster;  take  one- 
self, be,  make,  o„  depart;  o.  with  you!,  go;  o. 
with  his  head!,  behead  him;  fall,  go,  o.,  de- 
teriorate ;  of  ship,/aM  o.,  become  less  close  to 
wind  ;  the  bidlet  glanced  o.;  go  o.,  fall  asleep  ; 
is  far,  three  miles,  two  years,  o.) ;  (so  as  to  be) 
out  of  position,  not  on  or  touching  or  dependent 
or  attached,  loose,  separate,  gone,  (my  hat  is  o.; 
take  his  clothes  o.;  cut,  break,  shake,  &c,  o.; 
throw  o.  reserve,  become  open  or  candid  ;  be  o. 
with  the  old  love,  have  severed  connexion  ;  get 
one's  daughters,  stock,  o.,  disposed  of  by  mar- 
riage, sale  ;  the  gilt  is  o.,  disillusionment  has 
come ;  we  are  o.  now,  just  started,  starting,  or 
about  to  start) ;  so  as  to  break  continuity  or 
continuance,  discontinued,  stopped,  notobtain- 
able,  (broke  o.,  ceased  to  speak ;  leave  o.  work ; 
the  engagement,  bargain,  negotiation,  is  o.;  de- 
clare o.,  refuse  or  rescind  engagement;  cut  o. 
supplies  ;  the  gas,  asparagus,  is  o.,  no  longer 
to  be  got) ;  to  the  end,  entirely,  so  as  to  be  clear, 
(clear,  drink,  pay,  polish,  work,    o.) ;    buy, 

COME,  DASH1,  GET,  MARK2,  PALM,  PASS,  RATTLE, 
SHOW,    TAKE,    O.;    RIGHT,    STRAIGHT,   O.J    Well, 

badly,  comfortably,  Sec,  o.,  so  circumstanced 
or  supplied  with  money  ;  o.  &  on,  intermittent- 
ly, waveringly.no w& again;  o.-load,  o.-saddle, 
S.-Afr.j  for  un-.  (Prep.)  from,  away  or  down 
or  up  from,  disengaged  or  distant  from,  (so  as 
to  be)  no  longer  on,  (drove  them  o.  the  seas  ;  is 
o.  tlie  beaten  track  ;  fell  o.  a  ladder ;  take  cover 
o.  dish  ;  eats  o.  silver  plate ;  take  thing,  matter, 
o.  one's  hands, relieve  him  of  it;  hadborrowed 
£20  o.  plaintiff  vulg.;  o.  one's  head1  ;  o.  colour, 
out  of  condition,  indisposed  ;  took  something  o. 
the  price;  is  o.  duty  or  work;  cut  a  slice  o., 
dine  o.,  the  joint ;  was  only  a  yard  o.  me  ;  keep 
ship  two  points  o.  the  wind  ;  in  a  street  o.  the 
Strand,  turning  out  of  it ;  from  o.  archaic, 
poet.,  or  vulg.,  =  o.;  o.-hand,  extempore,  with- 
out premeditation,  unceremoniously,  whence 
oflfha'nd,  offha'ndED2,  aa.,  offha'nded- 
LY2adv.,ofTha*ndedNESS  n.;  o. shore, a  short 
way  out  to  sea  ;  so  o. -shore  fisheries;  o.-shore 
wind,  blowing  seawards ;  anchored  o.  the 
point,  cape,  Sec,  opposite  &  a  short  way  from 
it ;  o.  side  in  football,  between  ball  &  opponents 
goal ;  so  o.  -side  play,  rule).  (Adj. )  farther,  far, 
(on  the  o.  side  of  the  wall) ;  (of  horses  &c.  or 
vehicles)  right  (opp.  near  2,  w.  ref.  to  side  at 
which  rider  usu.  mounts  ;  the  o.  leader,  front 
wheel,  hind  leg,  side) ;  (Cricket)  towards,  in,  or 
coming  from,  that  half  of  the  field  as  divided 
by  line  through  two  middle  stumps  in  which 
playing  batsman  does  not  stand  (opp.  on  2,  leg  ; 
an  o.  drive,  whence  offdri've  v.t.;  o.  stump; 


long1  o.;  ano.  break) ;  subordinate,  divergent, 
{in  an  o.  street ;  fig.  of  argument  &c,  that  is  an 
o.  issue) ;  contingent,  improbable,  (there  is  an 
o.  chance  that) ;  disengaged  (will  do  it  on  my 
next  o.  day) ;  o.-licence,  to  sell  beer&c.  for  con- 
sumption o.  the  premises;  o.-print,  separatum, 
printed  copy  of  article  &c.  that  was  orig.  part 
of  larger  publication.  (N. ;  cricket)  the  o.  side. 
(Vb  ;  colloq.)  announce  intention  of  abandoning 
or  annulling  (negotiation,  agreement,  under- 
taking), withdraw  from  negotiation  or  engage- 
ment with  (person),    [seeprec] 

6*ffal,  n.  Refuse,  waste  stuff,  scraps,  garbage; 
parts  cut  off  as  waste  from  carcase  meant  for 
food,  esp.  entrails,  also  head,  tail,  &c. ;  carrion, 
putrid  flesh ;  low-priced  fish  (e.g.  plaice  as  opp. 
sole  or  other  prime  fish) ;  offscourings,  dregs ; 
o.  milk,  wheat,  wood,  Sec,  inferior.  [=  off-fall 
or  what  falls  off] 

offe'nee,  n.  Stumbling-block,  occasion  of 
unbelief  &c,  (now  rare) ;  attacking,  aggressive 
action,  taking  the  offensive,  (the  most  effective 
defence  is  o.);  wounding  of  the  feelings,  wound- 
ed feeling,  annoyance,  umbrage,  (no  o.  was 
meant ;  too  quick  to  take  o. ;  give  o.  to ;  cannot 
be  done  without  o.);  transgression,  misdemean- 
our, illegal  act,  (esp.  commit  an  o.  against). 
Hence  offe'nceLESS  a.  [ME  &  OF  off  ens  f.  L 
offensus,  -us  annoyance,  8e  ME  &  ¥  offense  f.  L 
offensa  a  striking  against,  both  t  OF(fendere 
fens-  strike)] 

offe'nd,  v.i.  &  t.  Stumble  morally,  do  amiss, 
transgress,  (against law,  decency,  person,  &c.) ; 
whence  offe'ndER1  n.,  offe'ndiNG2  a.; 
wound  feelings  of,  anger,  cause  resentment  or 
disgust  in,  outrage,  (am  sorry  you  are  offended; 
o.  her  delicacy,  my  sense  of  justice),  whence 
ofTe'ndedLY 2  adv.  [f.  OF  offendre  f.  L  as  prec. ] 

offe'nsive,  a.  &  n.  Aggressive,  intended  for 
or  used  in  attack,  (o.  arms,  movement ;  opp.  de- 
fensive) ;  meant  to  give  offence,  insulting, 
(o.  language);  disgusting,  ill-smelling,  nause- 
ous, repulsive  ;  hence  offe'nsiveLY  2  adv., 
offe'nsiveNESS  n.  (N.)  attitude  of  assailant, 
aggressive  action,  (take,  act  on,  abandon,  the  o). 
[f.  med.L  offensivus  (offence,  -ive)] 

6*fTep  1,  v.t.  &  i.  Present  (victim,  firstfruits, 
prayer)  to  deity,  revered  person,  &c,  by  way 
of  sacrifice,  give  in  worship  or  devotion,  whence 
o'fferiNGMl)  n.;  hold  out  in  hand,  or  tender  in 
words  or  otherwise,  for  acceptance  or  refusal 
(offered  me  his  hymn-book  to  look  over ;  takeji 
&  offered  ;  was  offered  a  free  pardon ;  o.  an 
opinion,  a  few  remarks,  Sec;  o.  no  apology); 
make  proposal  of  marriage ;  show  for  sale ; 
give  opportunity  to  enemy  for  battle  ;  express 
readiness  to  do  if  desired ;  essay,  try  to  show, 
(violence,  resistance,  &c,  often  to) ;  show  an  in- 
tention to  do  (offered  to  strike  me) ;  (of  things) 
present  to  sight  or  notice  (each  age  offers  its 
characteristic  riddles);  present  itself,  occur, 
(as  opportunity  offers ;  the  first  path  that  offer- 
ed). [OE  offrian  in  religious  sense  f.  L  OF(ferre 
bring) ;  other  senses  f.  F  offrir  of  same  orig.] 

o'ffeP2,  n.  Expression  of  readiness  to  give 
or  do  if  desired,  or  to  sell  on  terms  (on  o.,  for 
sale  at  certain  price),  proposal  esp.  of  marriage ; 
bid.    [f.  Fo#re(prec.)] 

o'ffeptopy,  n.  Part  of  mass  or  communion 
service  at  which  offerings  are  made,  the  offer- 
ing of  these,  the  gifts  offered  ;  collection  of 
money  at  religious  service,  [f.  eccl.  L  offer- 
torium  (LL  offert-  for  L  oblat-  p.  p.  st.  of  offerre 
offer1,  -ory)  offering] 

6'ffice,  n.  Piece  of  Mndness,  attention,  ser- 
vice, (ill  o.)  disservice,  (owing  to,  by,  the  good 
or  ill  oo.  of) ;  duty  attaching  to  one's  position, 
task,  function,  (it  is  my  o.,  the  o.  of  the  ar- 


OFFICER 


565 


OIL 


teries,  to) ;  position  with  duties  attached  to  it, 
place  of  authority  or  trust  or  service  esp.  of 
public  kind,  {iods  given  an  o.  under  Govern- 
ment), tenure  of  official  position  esp.  that  of 
minister  of  State  (take,  enter  upon,  hold,  leave, 
resign,  o. ;  jack  in  o.);  ceremonial  duty  (esp. 
perform  the  last  oo.  to,  rites  due  to  the  dead) ; 
(Eccl.)  authorized  form  of  worship,  daily  ser- 
vice of  R.-C.  breviary  (also  divine  o.;  say  o., 
recite  this),  Anglican  morning  &  evening 
prayer,  (introit  at  beginning  of)  mass  or  com- 
munion service,  any  occasional  service  such 
as  the  O.for  the  Dead  ;  place  for  transacting 
business  (goes  down  to  the  o.  at  9  a.m.),  room 
&c.  in  which  the  clerks  of  an  establishment 
work,  counting  -  house,  (with  qualification) 
room  &c.  set  apart  for  business  of  particular 
department  of  large  concern  (booking,  inquiry, 
goods,  lost-property,  o.  in  railway  station)  or 
local  branch  of  dispersed  organization  (our 
Manchester  o. ;  a  post,  telegraph,  -o.)  or  com- 
pany for  specified  purpose  (insurance,  fire  or 
fire-insurance,  -o.) ;  (O-)  quarters  or  staff  or  col- 
lective authority  of  a  Government  depart- 
ment (the  foreign,  war1,  post,  o.) ;  Holy  O., 
the  inquisition  ;  (pi.)  parts  of  house  devoted  to 
household  work,  storage,  &c. ;  (slang)  give, 
take,  the  o.,  hint,  private  intimation,  signal ; 
o. -bearer,  official  or  officer.  [OF,  f.  L  OFl^ctum 
f.  facere  do)  service] 

6'fflcen,  n.,  &  v.t.  Holder  of  public,  civil,  or 
ecclesiastical  office,  king's  servant  or  minister, 
appointed  or  elected  functionary,  (usu.  with 
qualification,  as  o.  of  health,  of  the  House- 
hold, or  public,  medical,  or,  relieving  o.,  see 
relieve)  ;  president,  treasurer,  secretary,  &c, 
of  society ;  bailiff,  catchpole,  (rare)  constable  ; 
person  holding  authority  in  army,  navy,  or 
mercantile  marine,  esp.  with  commission  in 
army  or  navy  (general,  staff,  commission  ]- 

ed,    FIELD1,   COMPANY1,    BREVET,   WARRANT1, 

aoN-co7nmissioned,  o.  in  army;  flag4,  com- 
mission Jerf,  warrant1,  petty,  o.  in  navy) ; 


(vb,  usu.  in  p.p.lrprovide  with  oo.,  actjis  com 
(prec,  ^ry1)] 


mander  of.    [f.  OF  officier  f.  med.  L  officiarius 


offi-cial  (shl),  a.  &  n.  Of  an  office,  the  dis- 
charge of  duties,  or  the  tenure  of  an  office ; 
holding  office,  employed  in  public  capacity; 
derived  from  or  vouched  for  by  person(s)  in 
office,  properly  authorized,  (Med.)  according  to 
the  pharmacopoeia,  officinal ;  usual  with  per- 
sons in  office  (o.  solemnity,  red  tape,  &c); 
hence  offi'cialLY2  adv.,  offi*cializE(3)  v.t. 
(N.)  presiding  officer  or  judge  of  archbishop's, 
bishop's,  or  esp.  archdeacon's  court  (usu.  o. 
principal) ;  person  holding  public  office  or  en- 
gaged in  o.  duties,  whence  om'cialDOM,  offi*- 
cialiSM(2),  nn.    [f.  L  officialis  (office,  -al)] 

officiate  (shl),  v.i.  Discharge  priestly  of- 
fice, perform  divine  service,  so  oRi*ciANT(l)  n.; 
act  in  some  official  capacity,  esp.  on  particular 
occasion  (usu.  as  host,  best  man,  &c).  [f.  med.L 
officiare  perform  divine  service  (office),  -ate3] 

off  i'cinal,  a.  (Of  herb  or  drug)  used  in  medi- 
cine or  the  arts ;  (of  medical  preparation)  kept 
ready  at  druggists',  made  from  pharmacopoeia 
recipe  (now  usu.  official),  (of  name)  adopted 
in  pharmacopoeia.  Hence  offl'cinalLY2  adv. 
[f.  med.L  officinalis  f.  L  officina  contr.  of  opifi- 
cina  workshop  (opifex  workman),  -al] 

offl'cious  (-shws),  a.  (Given  to)  offering  ser- 
vice that  is  not  wanted,  doing  or  undertaking 
more  than  is  required,  intrusive,  meddlesome, 
whence  offi'ciousNESS  n.;  (Diplom.,  opp.  offi- 
cial) informal,  unofficially,  friendly  or  candid, 
not  binding.  Hence  offi'ciousLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
officiosus  obliging  (office,  -ous)] 


o'ffing  (6-,  aw-),  n.  Part  of  visible  sea  distant 
from  shore  or  beyond  anchoring  ground  (teas 
seen  in  the  o.) ;  position  at  distance  from  shore 
(gain,  keep,  &c,  an  o.).    [off,  -ing1] 

o'fflsh  (aw-,  6-),  a.  (colloq.).  Inclined  to  aloof- 
ness, distant  or  stiff  in  manner.  Hence  o'ff- 
ishNESS  n.    [off,  -ish1;  cat  uppish] 

o'ffscourings  (aw-,  6-),  n.  pi.  Refuse,  filth, 
dregs,  (usu.  of;  lit.,  &  fig.  of  persons,  as  the 
o.  of  humanity),    [off,  scour,  -ingM2)] 

o'ffset  (aw-,  6-),  n.  Start,  set-off,  outset,  (rare); 
short  side  shoot  from  stem  or  root  serving  for 
propagation,  (transf.  &  fig.)  offshoot,  scion, 
mountain -spur ;  compensation,  set-off,  con- 
sideration or  amount  diminishing  or  neutraliz- 
ing effect  of  contrary  one;  (Surv.)  short  dis- 
tance measured  perpendicularly  from  main 
line  of  measurement;  (Archit.)  sloping  ledge 
in  wall  &c.  where  thickness  of  part  above  is 
diminished ;  bend  made  in  pipe  to  carry  it  past 
obstacle,    [off,  set1] 

o'ffshoot  (aw-,  6-),  n.  Side  shoot  or  branch 
(lit.  &  fig.),  derivative,    [off,  shoot] 

68ffspring  (or  aw-),  n.  Progeny,  issue,  (fig.) 
result.    [OE  ofspring  (of,  off,  spring)] 

oft  (aw-,  6-),  adv.  Often  (archaic  except  in 
comb,  with  p.p.  or  part.,  as  o.-told,  -recurring  ; 
many  a  time  &  o.,  often);  o.-times,  often 
(archaic).    [com.-Teut. ;  OE  &  ON,  cf.  G,  ojt] 

often  (aw'fn,  6*fn  ;  vulg.  -ten),  adv.  &  a.  (-er, 
-est).  Frequently,  many  times,  at  short  inter- 
vals, (with  singular  generalized  subject)  in  a 
considerable  proportion  of  the  instances  (the 
victim  o.  dies  of  it) ;  oftentimes,  o.  (archaic)  ; 
(adj.;  archaic)  frequent  (by  o.  study  of  it),  [ex- 
tended f.  prec] 

o'gdoad,  n.  The  number,  a  set  of,  eight,  [f. 
LL  f.  Gk  ogdoas  (okto  eight,  -ad>] 

ogee  (oje'),  n.  &  a.  (Moulding)  showing  in 
section  a  double  continuous  curve,  concave 
passing  into  convex ;  S-shaped  (line) ;  o.  arch, 
doorway,  window,  with  two  o.  curves  meeting 
at  apex.  Hence  ogee*'d  (ed  2)  a.  [prob.  f.  F 
ogive,  being  the  usu.  moulding  in  groin-ribs] 

6#g(h)am,  n.  Ancient  British  and  Irish  al- 
phabet of  twenty  characters;  inscription  in 
this;  one  of  the  characters.  [Olr.  ogam,  re- 
ferred to  Ogma  supposed  inventor] 

ogive  (6'jiv,  ojrv),  n.  Diagonal  groin  or  rib 
of  vault ;  pointed  or  Gothic  arch,  whence 
ogi'VAL  a.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

o'gle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Cast  amorous  glances ; 
eye  amorously ;  hence  6*glER 1  n.  (N.)amorous 
glance,  [prob.  f.  LG  oegeln  or  G  dugeln  dim. 
of  augen  look  about  (auge  an  eye)] 

ogre  (oger),  n.  Man-eating  giant.  Hence 
or  cogn.  o'greiSH1,  o'gpiSH1,  aa.,  o'gPESS1 
n.    [F,  first  used  by  Perrault  1697,  etym.  dub.] 

Ogygian  (ogij),  a.  Of  obscure  antiquity, 
prehistoric,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Ogugios  of  Oguges 
mythical  king  of  Attica  or  Boeotia] 

oh  (6),  int.    Seeo2. 

ohm  (6m),  n.  Unit  of  electrical  resistance  ; 
o.-ammeter,  instrument  measuring  electrical 
current  &  resistance.  Hence  oh'mMETER 
n.    [G.  S.  Ohm,  German  physicist  1787-1854] 

oho\  int.  expressing  surprise  or  exultation. 
[o2,  ho] 

oh  yes.    See  oyez. 

-old,  suf.  forming  adjj.  &  nn.  w.  sense  (some- 
thing) having  the  form  of,  resembling ;  chiefly 
on  Gk  (rhomboid),  rarely  L  (fucoid)  or  other 
(alkaloid)  stems  ;  adjj.  as  thyroid,  simioid,  nn. 
as  asteroid,  amygdaloid ;  for  the  nn.  an  adj. 
in  -oidal  is  formed  as  cycloidal.  [f.  mod.L 
-oides  f.  Gk  -oeides  (-o-  +  -eides  like)  f.  which 
also  -ode] 

oil  *t  n.    (Kinds  of)  liquid  viscid  unctuous  in- 


OIL 

flammable  chemically  neutralsubstancelighter 
than  &  insoluble  in  water  &  soluble  in  alcohol 
&  ether  (there  are  three  classes :  fatty  or  fixed 
oo.  of  animal  or  vegetable  origin,  greasy  &  non- 
distillable,  subdivided  into  drying  oo.,  which 
by  exposure  harden  into  varnish,  &  non-dryinq 
oo.,  which  by  exposure  ferment,  the  latter  used 
as  lubricants,  illuminants,  soap  constituents, 
&c. ;  essential  or  volatile  oo.  chiefly  of  vege- 
table origin,  acrid,  limpid,  &  distillable,  giving 
plants  &c.  their  scent,  used  in  medicine  &  per- 
fumery ;  mineral  oo.  used  as  illuminants.  Par- 
ticular kinds  are  named  from  source  with  of, 
as  o.  of  almonds,  or  with  source  or  use  preced- 
ing, as  cod-liver,  olive,  salad,  hair,  o.  Pour  o. 
on  the  flame  Sec,  aggravate  passion  &c;  pour 
o.  on  the  waters,  smooth  matters  over ;  smell 
of  o.,  bear  marks  of  study ;  burn  the  midnight 
o„  read  or  work  far  into  the  night;  strike  o. 
lit.,  find  petroleum  by  sinking  shaft,  fig.,  attain 
prosperity  or  success ;  strap  &c.  -o.,  flogging 
with  strap  &c.) ;  =  o.-cc4our  (often  pi.) ;  =  oil- 
skin (usu.  pi.);  o.-bird,  -nut,  -palm,  -plant, 
-seed,  -tree,  kinds  of  bird  &c.  from  which  o.  is 
got ;  o.-bush,  o. -filled  socket  for  upright  spindle 
[bush3];  oilcake,  mass  of  compressed  linseed 
&c.  left  when  o.  has  been  expressed,  used  as 
cattle  food  or  manure;  o.-can,  containing  o., 
esp.  long-nozzled  for  oiling  machinery;  oil- 
cloth, fabric  waterproofed  with  o.,  oilskin,  can- 
vas coated  with  drying  o.  &used  to  cover  table 
or  floor ;  o.-coat,  of  oilskin ;  o.-colour,  paint 
made  by  grinding  pigment  in  o.  (usu.  pi.);  o.- 
field,  district  yielding  mineral  o.;  o.-gauge,  hy- 
drometer measuring  specific  gravity  of  oo.;  o.- 
gilding,  -gold,  goldleaf  laid  on  linseed -o.  mixed 
with  yellow  pigment;  o.-gland,  secreting  o.; 
o.-hole,  in  machinery  to  receive  lubricating  o.; 
oilman,  maker  or  seller  of  oo.;  o.-meal,  ground 
linseed  cake ;  o.-paint,  =o. -colour ;  o.-painting, 
art  of  painting,  picture  painted,  in  o. -colours ; 
o.-paper,  made  transparent  or  waterproof  by 
soaking  in  o.;  o.-press,  apparatus  for  pressing 
o.  from  seeds  &c. ;  oilskin,  cloth  waterproofed 
with  o.,  garment  or  (pi.)  suit  of  this  ;  o.-spring, 
yielding  mineral  o. ;  oilstone,  (fine-grained 
stone  used  with  o.  as)  whetstone.  Hence  oi'l- 
less  a.  [f.  ONF  olie  f.  L  oleum  (olea  olive)] 
oil2,  v.t.  &  i.  Apply  o.  to,  lubricate,  (o.  the 
wheels,  lit,  &  fig.  make  things  go  smoothly  by 
courtesy,  bribery,  &c. ;  o.  ones  hand  or  o.  one, 
bribe  him  ;  o.  one's  tongue,  say  smooth  things, 
flatter) ;  (with  butter,  grease,  Sec,  as  subj.  or 
obj.)  turn  (t.  &  i.)  into  oily  liquid;  impregnate 
or  treat  with  o.  (oiled  sardines ;  oiled  silk, 
waterproofed  with  o.).  [f.  prec] 
oi'lep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  oilcan  for  oil- 
ing machinery.    [-ER1] 

ol'ly,  a.    Of,  like,  covered  or  soaked  with,  oil ; 
(of  manner  &c.)  fawning,  insinuating,  unctu- 
ous.   Hence  oI'Hly2  adv.,  oMIness  n.    [-Y2] 
oi'ntment,  n.  Unctuous  preparation  applied 
to  skin  to  heal  or  beautify,  unguent,    [f.  OF 
oignement  (L  unguextuwi,  -ment)] 
oka'pi  (-ah-),  n.     Bright-coloured  partially 
striped  Central-Afr.  ruminant  discovered  1900 
with  likeness  to  giraffe,  deer,  &  zebra,    [native] 
-ol,  chem.  suf.     (I)  Termination  of  alcohol 
used  in  names  of  alcohols  in  the  wider  sense  or 
analogous  compounds  (methol,  phenol).    (2)  =  L 
oleum  oil  (furfurol). 

old,  a.  (elder  i,  -est,  in  particular  uses ;  ordi- 
narily older,  -est),  &  n.  Advanced  in  age,  far 
on  in  natural  period  of  existence,  not  young  or 
near  its  beginning,  (the  o.,  aged  people ;  young 
r  °y  e vfry  one ;  o.  age,  later  part  of  life  ;  O. 
Lady  of  Threadneedle  Street,  Bank  of  Eng- 
land ;  o.  man  of  the  sea,  person  who  cannot  be 


566 OLDEN 

shaken  off,  w.  ref.  to  tale  of  Sindbad  ;  o.  man 
Sec;  my  &c.  o.  man  colloq.,  husband  ;  o.  man's 
beard,  kind  of  moss,  also  traveller's  Joy ; 
my  &c.  o.  woman  colloq.,  wife ;  o.  woman, 
fussy  or  timid  man,  whence  old-wo'man- 
ish1,  old-wo'manLY ',  aa.,  old-wcman- 
ishNESS,  old-wo-manliNESS,  nn.;  my  Sec.  o. 
bones,  I  or  me  &c.  who  am  o. ;  the  century 
grows  o.) ;  having  characteristics,  experience, 
feebleness,  &c,  of  age  (o.  head  on  young  shoul- 
ders, wisdom  beyond  one's  years ;  child  has  an 
o.face ;  o.  buffer,  fogy,  &c. ;  a  man  is  as  o.  as 
he  feels),  worn,  dilapidated,  shabby,  (o.  clothes 
&c.) ;  (appended  to  period  of  time)  of  age  (is 
ten  years  o.,  a  ten-year-o.  boy,  a  boy  of  ten 
years  o.,  could  read  Greek  at  ten  years  o.;  also 
ellipt.  four  &c.  -year-o.,  person  or  animal,  esp. 
racehorse,  of  that  age,  w.  pi.  -olds) ;  practised 
or  inveterate  in  action  or  quality  or  as  agent 
&c.  (o.  in  crime,  folly,  cunning,  diplomacy ; 
an  o.  campaigner,  offender ;  o.  bird,  person  on 
his  guard  against  snares ;  o.  hand,  practised 
workman,  person  of  experience  in  something, 
at  doing;  o.  stager;  o.  bachelor,  man  con- 
firmed in  bachelorhood  ;  o.  maid,  elderly  spin- 
ster, whence  old-mai'drsH l  a.,  also  precise  & 
tidy  &  fidgety  man,  also  a  round  card  game) ; 
dating  from  far  back,  made  long  ago,  long  es- 
tablished or  known  or  familiar  or  dear,  an- 
cient, not  new  or  recent,  primeval,  (o.  Ocean, 
Night,  &c. ;  o.  red  SANDsfone  ;  of  o.  standing, 
long  established ;  so  o. -established ;  o.  as  the 
hills ;  o.  countries,  long  inhabited  or  civilized  ; 
o.  friends ;  an  o.  debt,  grudge,  o.  scores  ;  an 
o.  name,  family ;  o.  wine,  matured  with  keep- 
ing ;  so  O.  Tom,  kind  of  gin  ;  o.  gold,  colour  of 
tarnished  gold;  o.  catholic;  the  o.,  what  is 
not  new ;  o.  testament  ;  o.  boy,  chap,  fellow, 
man,  esp.  in  voc.,  intimate  or  person  treated 
as  such  ;  O.  England  ;  the  o.  one  or  gentleman, 
O.  Harry,  Nick,  Scratch,  Sec,  the  devil ;  good 
o.  with  name,  slang  exclamation  in  real  or 
ironical  commendation  of  person's  or  thing's 
performance;  have  a  fine,  good,  high,  Sec,  o. 
time  &c.  slang,  be  well  amused  or  entertained); 
belonging  only  or  chiefly  to  the  past,  obsolete 
or  obsolescent,  out  of  date,  antiquated,  antique, 
concerned  with  antiquity,  not  modern,  bygone, 
only  lingering  on,  former,  quondam,  (the  good 
o.  times,  customs  &c.  of  earlier  generations ; 
o.  annals;  o.  fashions,  that  have  gone  or 
are  going  out,  whence  old-fashion 'kd-  a., 
old-fa'shionedNESS  n.,  opp.  new-fangled 
Sec;  am  old-fashioned  enough  to  think,  used 
in  ironical  self-depreciation  ;  of  the  o.  school, 
o.-fashioned  ;  the  o.  country,  home,  Sec,  used 
by  colonists  or  colonials  of  mother-country; 
call  up  o.  memories;  the  o.  order  changeth; 
have  lost  my  o.  beliefs ;  o.  boy,  former  member 
of  school ;  so  o.  Etonian  Sec;  the  O.  comedy  ; 
o.  London,  Paris,  England,  Sec,  London  &c. 
as  it  once  was,  or  the  extant  relics  of  its  for- 
mer state;  the  o.  man,  one's  unregenerate 
self ;  the  O.  World,  Eastern  hemisphere ; 
o.-world,  not  American,  also  belonging  to  o. 
times,  &  so  o.-time  attrib.;  O.  style,  abbr.  o.s. ; 
the  o.  year,  just  ended  or  about  to  end ;  o. 
clothes,  discarded ;  o.-clothes-man,  dealer  in 
these) ;  hence  o*ldiSH1(2)  a.,  o'ldNESS  n.  (rare). 
(N.)  o.  time  (only  in  of  o.  adj.  &  adv.,  as  the 
men  of  o.,  of  o.  there  were  giants ;  have  heard 
it  of  o.,  from  long  ago).  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  aid, 
cf.  Du.  oud,  G  alt,  f.  OTeut.  al-  grow,  nourish, 
cf.  L  alere  feed] 

o'lden  i,  a.  (archaic  and  literary).  Old-time, 
of  a  former  age,  (esp.  the  o.  time),    [-en  5J 

o'lden  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Mako  or  grow  feeble  &c.  aa 
with  age.    [-en  fi] 


OLDSTER 


567 


OMNIBUS 


o'ldster,  n.    One  who  is  no  longer  a  young- 
ster (usu.  antithetically  to  youngster).    [-ster] 
oleaginous,  a.     Having  properties  of  or 
producing  oil,  oily,  fatty,  greasy.    If.  F  oleagi- 
neux  f.  L  oleaginus  (olea  olive)] 
olea'ndep,  n.    Evergreen  poisonous  Levan- 
tine shrub  with  leathery  lanceolate  leaves  & 
fine  red  &  white  flowers.    [raed.L,  etym.  dub.] 
olea'ster,  n.    The  wild  olive  ;  small  yellow- 
flowered  tree  like  it.    [L  (olea  olive,  -aster)] 
oleo-,  comb,  form  of  L  oleum  oil,  as  -graph, 
picture  printed  in  oils,  so  -graphy  ;  -mar'gar- 
ine,  fatty  substance  extracted  from  beef  fat  & 
serving  as  constituent  of  margarine;  -meter,  in- 
strument determining  density  &  purity  of  oils; 
-re'sin,  natural  mixture  of  volatile  oil  &  resin, 
balsam,  also  artificial  mixture  of  fixed  or  vola- 
tile oil  &  resin  &c. 

olfaction,  n.  Smelling,  sense  of  smell.  So 
olfa'cti  ve  a.  [f.  L  olfacere  v.t.  smell  for  olefa- 
cere  (olere  v.i.  smell,  facere fact-  make)] 
olfa'etopy,  a.  &  n.  Concerned  with  smelling 
(o.  organ,  nose ;  o.  nerves) ;  (n.,  usu.  pi.)  o. organ, 
[prec,  -ory] 

oli'banum,  n.    Aromatic  gum-resin  used  as 

incense,    [med.  L,  f.  Gk  libanos  frankincense  (o- 

perh.  f.  L  oleum  oil,  Gk  ho  the,  or  Arab,  al  the)] 

d'lid,  a.    Rank-smelling,  fetid,     [f.  L  olidus 

(olere  smell,  -id  ])] 

o'ligapeh  (-k),  n.    Member  of  oligarchy,    [f. 
Gk  oligarkhes  (oligoi  few,  arkho  rule)] 
oligarchy, n.  Government,  State  governed, 
by  the  few ;  members  of  such  government.    So 
oligap'chic(AL)  aa.,  oligap'chicalLY  ~  adv. 
[f.  Gk  oligarkhia  (prec,  -Y *)] 
61ig(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  oligos  small,  oligoi 
few,  as  -car'pous,  having  few  fruits. 
6'lio,  n.      Alixed  dish,  hotchpotch,  stew  of 
various  meats  &  vegetables ;  medley,  farrago, 
miscellany,    [f.  Sp.  olla  stew  f.  L  olla  jar] 
oliva'ceous,  a.  (nat.  hist.).    Olive-green,  of 
dusky  yellowish  green.  [L  oliva  olive,  -aceous] 
6'livapy,  a.  (anat.).    Olive-shaped,  oval.    [f. 
L  olivarius  (foil.,  -ary1)] 
6'live,  n.  &  a.    (Also  o.-tree,  evergreen  tree 
with  narrow  leaves  hoary  below  &  axillary 
clusters  of  small  white  flowers,  bearing)  small 
oval  drupe  with  hard  stone  &  bitter  pulp,  of 
dusky  yellowish  green  when  unripe  &  bluish 
black  when  ripe,  yielding  oil,  &  pickled  unripe 
for  eating  as  relish  ;  leaf,  branch,  or  wreath  of 
o.  as  emblem  of  peace  (also  o. -branch, often  fig.; 
hold  out  the  o.-b.,  make  overtures,  show  dis- 
position, for  reconciliation)  ;  wood  of  the  o.  (also 
o.-wood) ;  o. -shaped  kinds  of  gasteropod  mol- 
lusc ;  (pi.)  slices  of  beef  or  veal  rolled  up  with 
herbs  &  stewed  (usu.  beef,  veal,  oo.) ;  o. -shaped 
bar  or  button  forfasteninggarment  by  insertion 
in  corresponding  loop,  whence  o'Hvet1   or 
olivE'TTE  n.;  o.  colour ;  o.-croum,  garland  of  o. 
as  sign  of  victory;  o.-branch,  see  above,  also 
(usu.  pi.,  w.  ref.  to  Ps.  cxxviii.  3)  child(ren) ;  o.- 
oil,  extracted  from  oo.    (Adj.)  coloured  like  the 
unripe  o.  (also  o.-green) ;  (of  complexion) yellow- 
ish-brown.   [F,  f.  L  oliva] 
6'livep ',  n.    Tilt-hammer  attached  to  axle  & 
worked  by  treadle  for  shaping  nails  &c.    [?] 
Oliver  2.    See  roland. 

o'livin(e),  n.  Kind  of  chrysoprase,  chiefly 
olive-green.  [L  oliva  olive,  -ine  4] 
o*lla  podpi'da(-re-),  rarely  o'lla,  n.  =  olio. 
[Sp.,=  lit.  rotten  pot  (olio,  L  putridwj)] 
(-Oology,  suf.  =  -o-  +  -logy,  &  n.  used  faceti- 
ously =  any  science,  w.  pi.  =  the  sciences,  mere 
theory. 

olympiad,  n.  Period  of  four  years  between 
celebrations  of  Olympic  games,  used  by  ancient 
Greeks  in  dating  events  (abbr.  01.),  776  B.c.  be- 


ing first  year  of  first  O.  [f.  F  olympiade  f.  L  f. 
Gk  olumpias  -ad-  (Olumpios  see  foil.,  -ad)] 

Olympian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Olympus,  celestial ; 
(of  manners  &c.)  magnificent,  condescending, 
superior ;  =  foil.;  (n.)  dweller  in  Olympus,  one 
of  the  greater  ancient-Greek  gods.  [f.  LL  Olym- 
pianus  (L  f.  Gk  Olumpios  f.  Olumpos,  -an)] 

Olympic,  a.  Of  or  at  Olympia  (O.  games, 
held  there  every  four  years  by  ancient  Greeks 
with  athletic,  literary,  &  musical  competitions), 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Olumpikos  of  Olympus  (Olympia  be- 
ing named  from  the  games  in  honour  of  Zeus 
of  Olympus)] 

Olympus,  n.  Thessalian  mountain  on  which 
dwelt  the  greater  ancient-Greek  gods,  divine 
abode,  heaven.    [L,  f.  Gk  Olumpos] 

o'mbpe  (-her,  or  as  F),  n.  Card-game  popu- 
lar in  17th-18th  cc.  [f.  Sp.  hombre  f.  L  hominem 
nom.  homo  man,  perh.  thr.  F  (h)ombre] 

ombpo-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  ombros  rain,  as 

-LOGY,  -METER. 

6'mega,  n.  Last  letter  of  Greek  alphabet, 
long  o ;  last  of  series ;  final  development  &c. 
(alpha  &  o.).    [Gk.= great  0] 

omelet(te)  (6'mlet),  n.  Whipped  eggs  fried 
&  folded  &  often  flavoured  with  or  containing 
herbs,  cheese,  chopped  ham,  jam,  &c.  (savoury 
0.,  with  herbs  &c;  sweet  o.,  with  sugar  or  jam ; 
cannot  make  an  o.  without  breaking  eggs,  end 
necessitates  means).  [F  (-te),  earlier  amelette 
by  metath.  f.  alemette  var.  of  alemelle  thin 
plate  prob.  f.  L  lamella] 

o'men,  n.,  &  v.t.  Occurrence  or  object  por- 
tending good  or  evil,  prognostic,  presage  ;  pro- 
phetic signification  (is  of  good  &c.  o.) ;  (vb) 
foreshow,  give  presage  of.  [L,  earlier  osmen 
perh.  f.  audire  hear,  -men] 

omentum,  n.  (anat. ;  pi.  -a).  Fold  of  peri- 
toneum connecting  stomach  with  other  vis- 
cera, caul.    Henceome'ntALa.    [L] 

6'minous,  n.  Giving  or  being  an  omen  (of 
good  or  evil,  or  abs.),  portentous,  (rare) ;  of 
evil  omen,  inauspicious,  foreshowing  disaster, 
threatening.  Hence  o'minousLY  2  ad  v.  [f .  L 
ominosus  (omen  -inis,  -ous)J 

omi'ssion  (-shn),  n.  Omitting,  non-inclu- 
sion ;  non-performance,  neglect,  duty  not  done, 
(sins  of  o.  &  commission,  negative  &  positive). 
So  omi'ssiVE  a.  [f.  L  omissio  (foil.,  -ion)] 

omi*t,  v.t.  (-tt-).  Leave  out,  not  insert  or  in- 
clude ;  leave  undone,  neglect  domgr,  fail  to  do. 
So  omi'ssiBLE  a.  [f.  L  omittere  -iss-  (o-  for 
ob-,  mittere  send] 

omni-,  comb,  form  of  L  omnis  all,  in  com- 
pounds taken  f.  L  or  formed  chiefly  w.  L  ele- 
ments, w.  sense  all-,  of  all  things,  in  all  ways 
or  places,  as  omnicompetent,  having  jurisdic- 
tion in  all  cases  ;  omnifar'ious,  of  all  sorts  ; 
omnl'fic  all-creating ;  omni'genous,  of  all  kinds ; 
omnipotence,  infinite  power,  also  God,  also 
great  influence ;  so  omnipotent  a.  (the  O., 
God),  omni'potenthY2 adv.;  omnipresence, ubi- 
quity, also  being  widespread  or  constantly  met 
with  ;  so  omnipresent  a. ;  omniscience  (-shi-) 
infinite  knowledge,  also  God,  also  wide  infor- 
mation or  the  affectation  of  it ;  so  omniscient 
a.  (the  O.,  God),  omni' scientist 2  adv.;  omni'- 
vorous,  feeding  on  anything  that  offers  (esp. 
fig.  of  reading) ;  so  omni'vorousLY  2  adv.,  om- 
ni'vorousKESS  n. 

o'mnibus,  n.  (pi.  -1/se.s)  &  a.  (Also  &  usu. 
bus)  four-wheeled  public  vehicle  usu.  covered 
&  with  seats  on  roof  as  well  as  inside  plying  on 
fixed  route  &  taking  up  &  setting  down  pas- 
sengers at  fixed,  or  at  any,  points  in  this ;  (also 
hotel  o.)  vehicle  conveying  guests  between 
hotel  &  railway  station ;  (also  private  or  family 
o.)  vehicle  provided  by  railway  company  for 


OMNIUM  GATHERUM 


568 


ONCE 


conveying  party  &  luggage  to  or  from  station. 
(Adj.)  serving  several  objects  at  once,  compris- 
ing several  items,  (an  o.  bill,  resolution,  clause, 
&c. ;  o.  box  in  theatre,  box  on  pit  tier  appro- 
priated to  number  of  subscribers ;  o.  train, 
stopping  at  all  stations;  o.  bar,  wire,  &c.  in 
electricity,  through  which  whole  current 
passes),    [f.  L  dat.  pi.  of  omnia  =  for  all] 

o'mnium  gd'therum,  n.  Miscellaneous 
assemblage  of  persons  or  things,  queer  mix- 
ture, party  to  which  every  one  is  invited, 
[mock  L  (L  omnium  of  all,  gather)] 

o'moplate,  n.  Shoulder-blade,  scapula,  [f. 
Gk  omoplate  (omos  shoulder,  plate  blade)] 

omphalo-  (-a-),  comb,  form  of  Gk  omphalos 
navel,  chiefly  in  surg.  &  med.  wds  as  -cele  ; 
-tom  v,  dividing  of  umbilical  cord. 

o'mphalos,  n.  (Gk  Ant.)  boss  on  shield, 
conical  stone  at  Delphi  supposed  to  be  central 
point  of  earth  ;  centre,  hub,  (the  centre  &  o.  of 
a  world-wide  empire),    [see  prec.  ] 

on !  (on,  on),  prep.  (So  as  to  be)  supported  by 
or  attached  to  or  covering  or  enclosing  (sat 
on  the  tabic,  floats  on  the  water',  is  on  the 
horns  of  a  dilemma ;  lives  on  the  continent,  on 
annuity ;  have  you  a  match  on  you  ?,  about 
your  person  ;  is,  gets,  falls,  on  his  legs,  knees, 
&c;  travels  on  foot,  wheels,  the  wing,  the  wings 
of  the  wind  ;  tread  on  air,  one's  foes  ;  dropped 
it,  threw  him,  on  the  floor ;  had,  put,  a  ring, 
gloves,  on  his  finger,  hands  ;  put  a  notice  on 
the  board ;  hangs  on  the  wall ;  walks  on  the 
cfiiling ;  has  a  blister  on  the  sole  of  his  foot ;  a 
scholar  on  the  foundation  ;  a  colonel  on  half- 
pay  ;  went  on  board ;  is  on  the  jury,  committee, 
general  staff;  a  writer  on  the  press  ;  dog  is  on 
the  chain;  on  the  bench,  boards,  card2s, 

FENCE1,MARKET1,NAIL1,PARISH,RACK3,  SHELF, 
SPOT^STREETS.STUMP.TURF.WAYJOttCHANGE1, 

hand1,  one's  handJs,  one's  own  hook1,  one's 

KNEE1*,     TENTERHOOKS ;     Oil    a     LEVEL1,     an 

equalitv,  a  par)  ;  with  axis,  pivot,  basis,  mo- 
tive, standard,  confirmation,  or  guarantee, 
consisting  in  (turn  on  one's  heel ;  works  on  a 
peg-,  based  on  fact;  imprisonment  on  sus- 
picion ;  on  my  conscience  ;  swear  on  the  bible  ; 
had  it  on  good  authority ;  decided  on  no  evi- 
dence ;  did  it  on  purpose,  deliberation ;  got  it 
on  good  terms  ;  on  account  of;  on  the  average, 
whole  ;  on  penalty  of  death  ;  charged  him  on 
his  life  to  do  it ;  a  tax  on  paper ;  borrowed 
money  on  hisjexoels  ;  interest  on  one's  capital; 
profit  on  sales);  (so  as  to  be)  close  to,  in  the 
direction  of,  touching,  arrived  at,  against,  just 
at,  (house  is  on  the  shore,  road  ;  on  the  right, 
North,  far  side,  both  sides,  of;  Burton  on 
Trent ;  marched  on  London ;  hit  him  on  the 
head  ;  a  box  on  the  ear ;  left  a  card  on  him ; 
serve  a  notice,  writ,  on ;  lay  hold,  seize,  on ; 
bowling  is  on  the  wicket,  straight ;  drew  his 
knife  on  me ;  smile,  froion,  turn  one's  back, 
on  ;  make  an  attack  on;  put  one  on  inquiring 
or  inquiry,  induce  him  to  inquire;  curse, 
plague,  &c,  on  him,  it!;  rose  on  their  op- 
pressors; on  high;  on  side  in  football,  not 
off  side ;  ship  is  driving  on  shore ;  an  on- 
shore wind) ;  (of  time)  during,  exactly  at,  con- 
temporaneously with,  immediately  after,  as  a 
result  of,  (happened  on  the  morning  &c.  of 
29th  Feb.,  on  Christmas  eve,  on  the  next  day; 
on  the  instant,  immediately;  on  time,  the 
minute,  &c,  punctually;  on  arriving,  my  re- 
turn, analysis,  examination,  I  found) ;  in  man- 
ner specified  by  adj.  (on  the  cheap,  sly,  square) 
or  state  or  action  specified  by  noun  (on  fire, 
tap,  loan,  lease,  sale,  strike,  guard;  on  the 
1  *  ?"£'  ™ove'  run«  wane,  watch;  on  one's 
best  oehamour) ;  concerning,  about,  while  en- 


gaged with,  so  as  to  affect,  (keen,  mad,  bent, 
determined,  set,  on  ;  gone  on  slang,  enamoured 
of ;  court  martial  was  held  on  him ;  my  opinion 
on  free  trade ;  writes,  speaks,  lectures,  on 
finance ;  a  book,  an  essay,  on  grammar ;  medi- 
tating on  vanity ;  take  vengeance  on  person  ; 
did  it  on  my  way ;  was,  went,  on  an  errand ; 
is  not  binding  on  us ;  work  tells  severely  on 
him;  title  was  conferred  on  him ;  draw  cheque 
on  bank;  condoled  with  him  on  his  loss);  added 
to  (ruin  on  ruin,  heaps  onheaps).  [OE  an,  on, 
cf.  Du.  aan,  G  an,  Gk  ana ;  hence  also  A2] 
dn2,  adv.,  a.,  &  n.  (So  as  to  be)  supported  by, 
attached  to,  covering,  enclosing,  or  touching, 
something  (has,  drew,  his  boots  on ;  put  the 
tableclothon;  keep  your  hair  on ;  on  with  your 
coat,  put  it  on) ;  in  some  direction,  towards 
something,  further  forward,  towards  point  of 
contact,  in  advanced  position  or  state,  with 
continued  movement  or  action,  in  operation  or 
activity,  (look  l,  look  ]er,  on  ;  getting  on  for 
two  o'clock ;  broadside,  stem,  end,  on,  with  that 
part  forward  ;  ellipt.  for  imperat.  of  go  or  come 
on,  as  on,  Stanley,  on!  ;  send  on,  in  front  of  one- 
self;  move2 on  ;  happened  later  on  ;  from  that 
day  on  ;  was  well  on  in  the  day ;  is  rather  on 
slang,  half-drunk;  speak,  work,  wait,  &c,  on, 
continue  to  do  so  ;  so  struggle  on  to  the  end,  cf. 
on  to  below ;  slow  bowler  is,  went,  on,  is,  began, 
bowling ;  Macbeth  is  on,  being  performed ;  gas, 
water,  is  on,  lit,  running,  or  procurable  by  turn- 
ing tap;  get,  be,  on,  make,  have  made,  bet; 
drove  Jones  on  for  4  in  cricket,  to  the  on) ;  car- 
ry, CATCH  I,  COME  \  GET  \  GO  >,  HOLD  \  KEEP  l, 
PUT,   TAKE,  TRY,  OW,   On  &  off,=  OFF  &  Oil  ;  on 

to,  compound  prep,  (corresponding  to  on  as  into 
to  in,  but  usu.  written  as  two  words,  &  avoided 
in  writing  though  common  in  speech ;  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  use  in  which  each  word 
has  independent  force  as  in  went  on  to  the  next), 
to  a  position  on  (jumped  on  to  the  landing- 
stage).  (Adj.)  towards  or  in  part  of  field  to  left 
front  of  playing  batsman's  wicket  (cf.  off,  leg  ; 
MiD-on.;  an  on  drive,  whence  on-dri've  v.t.) ; 
on  licence,  for  selling  beer  &c.  to  be  drunk  on 
premises.  (N.)  the  on  side  in  cricket  (a  fine 
drive  to  the  on),    [f.  prec] 

on-,  pref.  used  with  attrib.  participles,  ger- 
unds, verbal  nouns,  agent-nouns  in  -er  s  & 
other  derivative  nn.,  f.  vv.  followed  idiomatic- 
ally by  on2  (sometimes  alternatively  with  the 
reverse  order):  o'neoming  n.  &  a.,  approach- 
ing) ;  o'nfall  n.,  assault ;  o'nflow,  onward  flow; 
o'ngoings  or  goings-o'n,  (usu.  strange  or  im- 
proper) proceedings;  o'nhanger,  hanger2-o?i; 
o'n-looker  or  look  lero'n ;  o'nrush  n.,  o'nrush- 
ing a.;  onset. 

6'nager,  n.  (pi.  -s,  -gri).  Kinds  of  wild  ass. 
[L,  f.  Gk  onagros  (onos  ass,  agrios  wild)] 

6*nanism,n.  Self-abuse,masturbation.  [Onan 
(Gen.  xxxviii.  9),  -ism] 

once  (wuns),  adv.,  conj.,  &  n.  For  one  time 
or  on  one  occasion  only,  multiplied  by  one,  by 
one  degree,  (have  read  it  more  than  o.;  shall 
die  o.;  o.  or  twice,  o.  <£•  again,  a  few  times  ;  o. . 
more,  again,  another  time ;  o.  for  all,  in  final 
manner,  definitively ;  o.  in  a  while  or  way,  very 
rarely ;  o.  &  away,  =  o.  for  all,  o.  in  a  way ;  o. 
bit  twice  shy,  pain,  loss,  &c,  teaches  caution  ; 
o.  nought  is  nought;  second  cousino.  removeo"); 
(in  negative  or  conditional  or  indefinite  clause 
&c.)  ever,  #t  all,  even  for  one  or  the  first  time, 
[if  we  o.  lose  sight  of  hivi ;  when  o.  he  under- 
stands ;  have  not  seen  him  o. ;  o.  within  call,  we 
are  safe) ;  on  a  certain  but  unspecified  past 
occasion  (also  o.  upon  a  time),  at  some  period 
in  the  past,  former(ly),  (o.  there  was  a  giant ;  a 
o.-famous  doctrine,  o.-loved  friend ;  my  o.  mas- 


ON  PIT B 

ter,  ally) ;  at  o.,  immediately,  without  delay,  at 
the  same  time,(doit  at  o.,  please;  don't  all  speak 
at  o.,  lit.,  &  as  iron,  deprecation  inviting  offers 
&c.  from  reluctant  party ;  ato.  stem  &  tender); 
for,  this  or  that,  o.,  on  one  occasion  by  way  of 
exception.  (Conj.)  as  soon  as,  if  o.,  when  o.,  (o. 
he  hesitates,  we  have  him).  (N.)  one  time,  per- 
formance, &c.  (o.  is  enough  for  me).  [ME  dnes, 
ones,  (one,  -es)] 

on  dit  (F),  n.    Piece  of  hearsay. 

one  (wun),  a.,  n.,  &  pron.  (Num.  adj.)  single 
&  integral,  neither  none  nor  fractional  nor 
plural,  numbered  by  the  first  or  lowest  integer, 
half  of  two,  a,  (o.  man  o.  vote,  principle  of  equal- 
ity in  voting;  o.-dt-twenty  Sec,  or  usu.  twenty 
&c.  -o.;  o.S-twentieth  Sec,  twenty  &c.  -first; 
o.  dozen,  hundred,  Sec,  precise  or  formal  for  a ; 
o.  man  in  ten,  a  thousand,  Sec,  relatively  few  ; 
some  o.  man  must  direct;  for  o.  thing,  he 
drinks  ;  o.  or  two  people,  a  few  ;  God  is  o.) ; 
(adj.  with  secondary  senses  developed  from  the 
numeral)  the  only,  single,  forming  a  unity, 
united,  identical,  the  same,  unchanging,  a  par- 
ticular but  undefined,  to  be  contrasted  with 
another,  (the  o.  way  to  do  it;  no  o.  man  is 
equal  to  it;  is  o.  &  undivided ;  cried  out  with 
o.  voice;  were  made  o.,  married;  become  o., 
coalesce  ;  remains  for  ever  o.,  always  the  same ; 
all  in  o.  direction  ;  met  him  o.  night ;  will  take 
youthere  o.  day ;  o.  man's  meat  is  another  man's 
poison) ;  (numeral  noun,  with  a  &  pi. ;  often 
used  as  substitute  for  repetition  of  previously 
expressed  or  implied  noun)  thenumber  o.,  thing 
numbered  with  it,  written  symbol  for  it,  a  unit, 
unity,  a  single  thing  or  person  or  example,  (o.  is 
half  of  two  ;  in  the  year  o.,  long  ago ;  Aeneid, 
book  o.,  first  book  of  ;  number  o.,  oneself,  esp. 
as  centre  of  selfish  care;  write  down  a  o., 
three  oo. ;  came  by  oo.  &  twos ;  sell  scores  where 
they  sold  oo. ;  never  a  o.,  none  ;  will  you  make 
o.  ?  archaic,  join  the  party  ;  ten  &c.  to  o.,  long 
odds,  high  probability  ;  all  in  o.,  combined  ; 
the  all  &  the  o.,  totality  &  unity ;  at  o.,  recon- 
ciled, in  agreement ;  1  lose  a  neighbour  &  you 
gain  o.;  pick  me  out  a  good  o.,  some  good  oo.; 
which,  what  kind  of,  o.  or  oo.  do  you  like  ? ;  that 
o.,  the  o.  in  the  window,  will  do);  (adj.  used 
ellipt.  for  itself  or  a  with  noun  elsewhere  ex- 
pressed or  customarily  omitted  &  to  be  supplied 
with  more  or  less  of  certainty)  single  person  or 
thing  of  the  kind  implied  (o.  of  them  lost  his  or 
her  hat ;  o.  of  the  richest  men  in  England ; 
shall  see  you  again  o.  of  these  fine  days  ;  at  o. 
o'clock  or  o.,  i.e.  hour ;  o.  &  sixpence,  i.e.  shil- 
ling ;  gave  him  o.  in  the  eye,  owe  him  o.,  that 
was  a  nasty  o.,  blow  lit.  or  fig.;  ato.-&-twenty, 
years  of  age  ;  I  for  o.  do  not  believe  it;  go  o. 
better,  bid,  offer,  risk, more  by  o.  point ;  is  o.  too 
many  for  him,  too  hard  &c.  for  him  to  deal 
with  by  o.  degree  ;  it  is  all  o.  to  me,  the  same 
thing,  indifferent ;  o.  &  all,  all  jointly  &  sever- 
ally ;  o.  by  o.,  o.  after  another,  singly,  succes- 
sively ;  o.  with  another,  on  the  average ;  o.  or 
theo.,  —  the  other,  formula distinguishingmem- 
bers  of  pair,  as  o.  is  immoral,  the  other  non- 
moral,  also  with  pi.  constr.,  as  sheep  &  goats, 
of  which  the  o.  are  the  good  Sec;  o.  another, 
formula  of  reciprocity  with  o.  orig.  subjective 
&  another  objective  or  possessive,  as  struck  o. 
another,  write  to  o.  another,  buy  o.  another's 
goods) ;  (pronoun)  a  particular  but  unspecified 
person  (archaic  ;  o.  came  running ;  'o.  said  it 

ftleased  him  not),  a  person  of  specified  kind 
anv,  every,  some,  no *,  such  a, o.;many  a  o. 
rhet.,  many  people;  little,  dear,  loved,  oo.; 
the  Holy  O.,  O.  above,  God  ;  the  Evil  O.,  the 
devil ;  behaves  like  o.  frenzied  ;  what  a  o.  he  is 
to  make  excuses!  colloq.;  bought  it  from  o. 


I ONLY 

Stephens),  any  person,  esp.  the  speaker,  spoken 
of  as  representing  people  in  general  (possessive 
one's,  objective  o.,  reference-form  o.,  refl.  one- 
self, formerly  his,  him,  he  Se  him,  himself,  or 
ungrammatically  their,  them,they  Se  them,  them- 
selves; if  o.  cuts  offo.'s  nose,  o.  hurts  only  one- 
self; it  offends  o.  to  be  told  o.  is  not  wanted  ; 
also  incorrectly  for  /,  as  o.  let  it  pass,  for  o.  did 
not  want  to  seem  mean) ;  o.-eyed,  having  only, 
blind  of,  o.  eye  ;  o.-handed,  having,  done  &c. 
with,  o.  hand  only  ;  o.-horse,  drawn  or  worked 
by  single  horse,  (fig.)  petty,  poorly  equipped  ; 
o.-idea'd,  -ideaed,  possessed  by  single  idea, 
narrow-minded ;  o.-legged,  having  only  o.  leg, 
(fig.)  o. -sided,  unequal ;  o.-man,  requiring,  con- 
sisting of,  done  or  managed  by,  o.  man  ;  o.-pair, 
room  or  set  of  rooms  on  first  floor  (above  one 
pair  or  flight  of  stairs;  o.-p.-back,  front,  such 
room  in  front  or  back  of  house) ;  oneself,  reflex- 
ive, &  emphatic  appositional,  form  of  o.  as 
generalizing  pronoun  (to  starve  oneself  is  sui- 
cide ;  to  do  right  oneself  is  the  great  thing) ;  o.- 
sided,  having,  occurring  on,  o.  side  only  (ao.-s. 
street,  with  houses  on  o.  side  only ;  a  o.-s.  plant, 
with  leaves  or  flowers  all  on  o.  side  of  stem), 
larger  &c.  on  o.  side,  partial,  unfair, prejudiced; 
so  o.-sidedhY2  adv.,  o.-si'dedxESS  n.  Hence 
o'neFOLD  a.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  an,  cf.  Du.  ccn, 
G  ein,  cogn.  w.  Gk  oinos,  oine,  ace,  Lunus  one; 
an,  a,  are  weakened  forms] 

-one  (on),  chem.  suf.  (1)  usedunsystematically 
as  in  ozone  ;  (2)  in  names  of  hydrocarbons  (see 
-ane).    [f.  Gk  -one  fem.  patronymic] 

oneiro-  (oniro),  comb,  form  of  Gk  oneiros 
dream  :-M ancy  ;  -cri'tic,  interpreter  of  dreams ; 
so  -cri'ticAi,  a.,  -cri'ticiSM  n. 

oneness  (wu-),  n.  Being  one,  singleness; 
singularity,  uniqueness;  wholeness,  unity, 
union,  agreement,  concord ;  identity,  sameness, 
changelessness.    [-ness] 

o'nep  (wu),  n.  Remarkable  or  pre-eminent 
person  or  thing  (slang  ;  a  o.  at,  expert  in  ;  gave 
him  a  o.,  severe  blow) ;  (colloq.)  stroke  &c. 
counting  one,  esp.  one-run  hit  at  cricket,  [-er  x] 

6'nerous,  a.  Burdensome,  causing  or  re- 
quiring trouble,  (o.  property  in  law,  accom- 
panied with  obligations).  Hence  o*nerousLY2 
adv.,  o'nerousNESs  n.  [f.  OF  onereus  f.  L 
onerosus  (onus  oneris  burden,  -ous)] 

onion  (u'nvwn),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Plant  with)  edible 
rounded  bulb  of  many  concentric  coats  &  pun- 
gent smell  &  flavour  much  used  in  cooking  or 
eaten  pickled ;  o.-couch  or  -grass  or  -twitch, 
kind  of  wild  oat ;  o.-shell,  kinds  of  mollusc ; 
hence  o'nionY  2  a.  (Vb)  rub  (eyes)  with  o.  to 
make  them  water,  [f.  F  oignoh  f.  L  unionem 
nom.  -o  large  pearl,  onion] 

6*nly  \  a.  That  is  (or  are)  the  one  (or  all  the) 
specimen  (s)  of  the  class,  sole,  (the  o.  way  is  to 
die ;  the  o.  child  of  his  parents  ;  the  o.  instances 
known ;  was  an  o.  son ;  one  o.  object  was  visible ; 
my  one&o.  hope;  motley's  the  o.  wear,  best  or 
o.  one  worth  considering).  [OE  anlic  (one,  -ly  *)] 

o*nly2,  adv.  &  conj.  Solely,  merely,  exclu- 
sively, &  no  one  or  nothing  more  or  besides  or 
else,  &  that  is  all,  (is  right  because  it  is  cus- 
tomary o.,  is  right  o.  because  it  is  customary, 
is  o.  right  because  it  is  customary;  o.  you  or 
you  o.  can  guess,  no  one  else  can  ;  you  can  o. 
guess  or  guess  o.,  can  do  no  more ;  Jo.  thought 
I  would  doit,  formed  the  design  &  did  not  exe- 
cute it,  or  did  it  without  external  instigation  ; 
J  not  o.  heard  it,  but  saw  it;  if  o.,  assuming 
merely  that,  also  as  wishing  formula,  as  if  o. 
some  one  would  leave  me  a  legacy  ! ;  o.  not,  all 
but ;  has  o.  just  come,  came  o.  yesterday,  no 
longer  ago  ;  o.  too  glad,  true,  Sec,  glad  &c.  & 
not,  as  might  be  expected,  the  opposite).  (Conj./ 


ONOMATOPE 


570 


OPEN 


it  must  however  be  added  that,  but  then,  (he 
makes  good  resolutions,  o.  he  never  keeps  them); 
with  the  exception,  were  it  not,  that  (he  does 
well,  o.  that  he  is  nervous  at  the  start ;  o.  that 
you  would  be  bored,  I  should  — ).  [ose,  -ly  2] 
6"nomat6p(e),  n.  Onomatopoeic  word, 
[shortened  f.  foil.  I  ■  _ 

ono-matopoe'ia  (pea,  -peya),  n.  Forma- 
tion of  names  or  words  from  sounds  that  re- 
semble those  associated  with  the  object  or 
action  to  be  named,  or  that  seem  naturally  sug- 
gestive of  its  qualities  ;  word  so  formed  (e.g. 
cuckoo).  So  onomatopoeic,  onomato- 
poe'tic,  aa.,  onomatopoe'iCALL  v,  onoma- 
topoe'tiCALLY,  advv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  onomatopona 
word-making  (onoma  -atos  name,  poieo  make)] 
o'nset,  n.  Attack,  assault,  impetuous  be- 
ginning, (esp.  at  the  first  o.).    [f.  to  set  on] 

o-nslaug-ht  (-awt),  n.    Onset,  fierce  attack, 
[perh.  f.  Du.  aanslag  or  G  anschlag  (an  on, 
schlagen  strike)  w.  assim.  to  draught  &c] 
o'nto,  prep.    See  on  2  to. 
onto-,  comb,  form  of  part  of  Gk  eimi  be : 
ontogenesis,  origin  &  development  of  the  indi- 
vidual being  (cf.  phylogenesis),  whence  onto- 
genetic a.,  ontogene tlOALLV  adv.;  ontoMgeny,= 
ontogenesis,  also  embryology;   onto'logy,  de- 
partment of  metaphysics  concerned  with  the 
essence  of  things  or  being  in  the  abstract,  so 
ontolo  'gical  a..,ontolo  'gically  ad  v. ,  onto  'log  ist  n. 
6'nus,  n.  (no  pi.).     Burden,  duty,  responsi- 
bility ;  o.  probandi,  obligation  to  prove  resting 
on  maker  of  assertion  or  claim.    [L] 
o'nward,  adv.  &  a.,  o'nwards,  adv.    Fur- 
ther on,  towards  the  front,  with  advancing 
motion  ;  (adj.)  directed  o.     [on2,  -ward(s)J 
6'nymous,  a.    Not  anonymous,    [f.  Gk  onu- 
ma  name  +  -ous  after  anonymous] 
d'nyx,  n.  Kind  of  quartz  allied  to  agate  with 
different  colours  in  layers;  (Path.)  opacity  of 
lower  part  of  cornea;   o.-marble,  of  banded 
onyx-like  structure.     [L,  f.  Gk  onux  nail,  onyx] 
oo-  (60),  o-,comb.  form  of  Gk  dion  egg,  ovum, 
in  scientific  usu.  biol.  wds,  as  ooge'nesis,  pro- 
duction or  development  of  ovum ;  ooe  'cium  (6e-), 
budlike  sac  for  receiving  &  fertilizing  ova  in 
polyzoa ;  66'gamous,  reproducing  by  union  of 
male  &  female  cells ;  66'logy,  study,  collecting, 
of  birds'  eggs,  so  -logical,  -logist;  o'osperm, 
fertilized  ovum  or  female  cell. 
oof,  n.  (slang).    Money,  pelf,  cash ;   o.-bird, 
source  of  money,  rich  person.     Hence  oo'fY  2 
a.    [for  oof-tish  Yiddish  =  G  auf  dem  tische  on 
the  tablej 

o'olite,  n.  Granular  limestone,  each  grain 
being  a  particle  of  sand  in  carbonate  of  lime, 
roe-stone;   (Geol.)  series  of  fossiliferous  rocks 


of   this   formation   lying  between   Chalk,  or 
Wealden,  &  Lias.     H< 
oblithe  (00-,  -lite)] 


Wealden,  &  Lias.     Hence  ooli'tic  a.     [f.  F 


-oon,  suf.  formerly  used  in  borrowing  F  wds 
in  -on  (dragoon)  except  when  the  final  syl.  was 
not  accented  (baron);  esp.  for  F  -on  f.  It.  -one 
f.  L  -onem  nom.  -o  (balloon,  buffoon,  cartoon) ; 
rarely  in  native  wds  (spittoon);  F  wds  now 
taken  have  -on  in  E  (chignon);  the  L  expresses 
humorous  or  contemptuous  description  (Naso 
Nosey),  the  It.  bigness  or  coarseness,  the  F  (exc. 
in  It.  borrowings)  small  size ;  in  E  the  suf.  has 
no  definite  meaning. 

ooze1,  n.  1.  Wet  mud,  slime,  esp.  in  river- 
bed or  estuary  or  on  ocean  bottom.  2.  Tanning- 
liquor,  infusion  of  oak-bark  &c. ;  o.-calf,  calf- 
skin through  which  dye  has  been  forced.  3.  Exu- 
dation, sluggish  flow,  something  that  oozes. 
Hence  oo*zy2  a.,  oo'zIly2  adv.,  oo'zIness  n. 
U  f.  OE  wdse  cogn.  w.  ON  veisa  puddle ;  2  f.  OE 
wds  juice,  sap ;  3  f.  foil.] 


ooze2,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  moisture)  pass  slowly 
through  pores  of  body,  exude,  percolate  ;  (of 
substance)  exude  moisture;  (tig.)  leak  out  or 
away  (the  secret  oozed  out ;  my  courage  is  ooz- 
ing away) ;  emit  (moisture,  information,  en- 
couragement), [f.  prec.  2] 
op-.    See  OB-. 

opa'city,  n.    Being  opaq  e,  quality  of  not 
allowing  passage  to  or  (rarely)  of  not  reflecting 
light,  non-transparency,  obscurity;  obscurity 
of  meaning,  obtuseness  of  understanding.    It 
F  opaciU  f.  L  opacitatem  (opaque,  -ty)] 
o'pah,  n.    Rare  brilliant-coloured  large  N.- 
Atlantic fish  of  mackerel  family,  king-fish, 
moon-fish.    [W.-Afr.  name] 
6*pal,  n.      Amorphous  quartz-like  form  of 
hydrous   silica   some    kinds   of   which  show 
changing  colours  (e.g.  common  o„  milk-white 
or  bluish  with  green,  yellow,  &  red  reflexions), 
whence  opalE*scENT,  opaLvsQUE,  aa.,  opai- 
e'SGENCE   n. ;     (Commerc.)   semi-translucent 
white  glass,    [f.  L  opalus  f.  Skr.  upala  gem] 
O'paline,  a.  &  n.    Opal-like,  opalescent,  iri- 
descent ;  (n.)  semi-translucent  white  glass.    So 
o*palizE(3)  v.t.    [prec, -INE1] 
opa'que  (-ak),  a.  (-er,  -est),  &  n.    Not  reflect- 
ing (rare)  or  transmitting  light,  not  shining 
(rare),  impenetrable  to  sight;  not  lucid,  obscure; 
obtuse,  dull-witted ;  (n.)the  o.,  darkness.  Hence 
opa'queLY2  adv.,    opa'quexEss  n.     [f.  L 
opacus  shaded ;  earlier  opake,  now  assim.  to  F] 
ope,  v.t,  &  i.    (Poet,  for)  open2,    [after  obs. 
adj.  ope  reduced  f.  open  on  anaL  of  p.  p.  (cf. 
awake,  wove,  f.  awaken,  woven)] 
open !  (o'pn),  a.  (-er,  -est),  &  n.    Not  closed  or 
blocked  up,  allowing  of  entrance  or  passage  or 
access,  having  gate  or  door  or  lid  or  part  of 
boundary  withdrawn,  unenclosed,  unconfined, 
uncovered,  bare,  exposed,  undisguised,  public, 
manifest,  not  exclusive  or  limited,  (o.  gate, 
passage,  church,  drawer,  box,  field,  grave,  car- 
riage, hostilities,  scandal,  contempt ;  o.  air, 
outdoors;  door  flew  o.;  o.  boat,  undecked  ;  lay 
o.,  expose  esp.  by  cutting  skin  &c.  of  ;  o.  ears, 
eagerly  attentive,  whence  open-earED2  a. ; 
o.  mouth,  in  voracity,  frankness,  &c,  &  esp.  in 
gaping  stupidity  or  surprise,  whence  open- 
mouthED2,  pr.  -dhd,  a.;  o.  mind,  accessibility 
to  new  ideas,  unprejudiced  or  undecided  state, 
whence  open-mi  rid  1;  1  >2  a. ,  open-mi'nded- 
ly2  adv.,    open-mi'ndedNESS  n. ;  is  o.  to 
conviction,  offers,  &c. ;  keep  o.  doors  or  house, 
entertain  all  comers,  be  hospitable  ;theo.  door, 
free  admission  of  foreign  nations  to  country  for 
trade ;  the  exhibition  is  now  o.,  admitting  visi- 
tors ;  shop,  show,  court,  is  o.  at  such  hours ;  o. 
heart,  frankness,  unsuspiciousness,  kindliness, 
cordiality,  whence  open-heartED2  a.,open- 
heap'tedLY  2  adv.,  open-hear'tedNESS  n. ; 
o.  champion,  scholarship,  successful, won,  after 
unrestricted  competition  ;  race  is  o.  to  all ;  posi- 
tion is  o.  to  attack ;  o.  time,  what  is  not  close  l 
time  ;  river,  harboxir,  is  o.,  free  of  ice ;  o.  ireath- 
er,  winter,  not  frosty ;  bowels  are  o.,  not  con- 
stipated ;  o.  country,  free  of  fences  ;  there  are 
three  courses  o.  to  us;  o.  question,  matter  on 
which  differences  of  opinion  are  legitimate; 
o.  verdict);  expanded,  unfolded,  outspread, 
spread  out,  not  close,  with  intervals,  porous, 
communicative,  frank,  (o.  book,  letter,  flower ; 
o.  country,  affording  wide  views ;  o.  order  mil. 
&  nav.,  formation  with  wide  spaces  between 
men  or  ships;  o.  harmony,  of  chord  with  wide 
intervals ;  o.  ice,  through  which  navigation  is 
possible ;  receive  witho.  arms,  heartily,  whence 
open-ttPmKDs^;  with  o.  eyes,  notunconscious- 
ly  or  under  misapprehension,  also  in  eager 
attention  or  surprise,  whence  open-ey ed  2a. ; 


OPEN 


571 


OPINION 


has  an  o.  hand,  gives  freely,  whence  open- 
handKi>2a.,open-ha,ndediJY-a(lv.,open- 
ha'nded.NESS  n.;  o.  face,  ingenuous-looking, 
whence  open-facKD-  a.;  o.  work  or  o.-work, 
pattern  with  interstices  in  metal,  lace,  &c; 
will  be  o.  with  you,  speak  frankly) ;  (Mus.,  of 
note)  produced,  from  unstopped  pipe  or  string 
or  without  slide,  key,  or  piston ;  (Phonet.,  of 
vowel)  produced  with  relatively  wide  opening 
of  mouth,  cf.  close  1),  (of  syllable)  ending  in 
vowel ;  hence  o'penNESs  n.  (N.)  the  o.,  o. 
space  or  country  or  air,  public  view,  [com.- 
Teut.,  cf.  Du.  open,  G  offen  ;  f.  root  of  up] 

o'pen2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  open1  or 
more  o.  (o.  sesame;  shops  o.  at  9.0  a.m.;  o.  a 
business,  shop,  account,  campaign,  &c,  start 
or  establish  it  or  set  it  going ;  o.  fire,  begin 
shooting  ;  abs.  for  o.  book,  as  opened  at  p.  12 ; 
o.  ground,  break  up  with  plough  &c;  o.  bowels, 
cause  evacuation  ;  opens  api'ospect  lit.  or  fig., 
brings  it  to  view ;  o.  the  door  to,  give  oppor- 
tunity for ;  o.  one's  designs,  reveal  or  commu- 
nicate them ;  o.  one's  eyes,  show  surprise ;  o. 
another's  eyes,  undeceive  or  enlighten  him ; 
o.  the  mind,  heart,  &c,  expand  or  enlarge  it ; 
not  o.  lips,  remain  silent;  o.  the  ball2;  o. 
parliament  ;  o.  thecoseof  counsel  in  law  court, 
make  preliminary  statement  before  calling  wit- 
nesses ;  o.  the  debate,  begin  it,  be  first  speaker ; 
door,  room,  opens  into  passage,  on  to  lawn, 
&c. ;  the  wonders  of  astronomy  were  opening 
to  him,  becoming  known ;  o.  one's  shoulders  in 
cricket,  of  batsman's  attitude  in  driving) ;  com- 
mence s^eaking(opened  upon  the  fiscal  question, 
with  a  compliment,  &c);  make  a  start  {lard 
opened  active,  was  in  demand  at  once ;  session 
opened  yesterday) ;  (of  hounds,  &  contempt,  of 
men)  begin  to  give  tongue ;  (Naut.)  get  view 
of  by  change  of  position,  come  into  full  view, 
{take  care  not  to  o.  the  obelisk ;  the  harbour 
light  opened) ;  o.  out,  unfold,  develop,  expand, 
(t.  &  i.),  become  communicative;  o.  up,  make 
accessible,  bring  to  notice,  reveal.  Hence 
o'penABLE  a.,  (-)o*penER1(l,  2)  n.    [f.  prec] 

o'pening'1  (opn-),  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or 
esp.:  gap,  passage,  aperture  ;  commencement, 
initial  part;  counsel's  preliminary  statement 
of  case ;  (Chess)  recognized  sequence  of  moves 
for  beginning  game  ;  opportunity,  favourable 
conjuncture  for.    [-ino^j 

o'pening-2  (opn-),  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp., 
initial,  first,  {his  o.  remarks),    [-ing2] 

o'penly,  adv.  Without  concealment,  pub- 
licly, frankly.    T-ly2] 

6'pepa,  n.    Dramatic  performance  or  com- 

Eosition  of  which  music  is  an  essential  part, 
ranch  of  art  concerned  with  these,  {grand  o., 
without  spoken  dialogue-;  comic  o.,  or  opira 
comique  F,  of  light  character  &  usu.  with 
spoken  dialogue  ;  o.  bovffe  pr.  boof,  of  farcical 
character) ;  o.-cloak,  -hood,  lady's  for  wearing 
at  o.  or  going  to  evening  parties  ;  o.-glass(es), 
small  binocular  for  use  at  o.  or  theatre ;  o.-hat, 
man's  tall  collapsible  hat;  o.-house,  theatre 
for  performance  of  oo.  (It.  f.  L,  =  labour,  work! 
6*  per  ate,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  in  action,  produce  an 
effect,  exercise  influence,  {the  tax  operates  to 
our  disadvantage) ;  play  (up)on  person's  fears 
&c,  try  to  act  (up)on ;  (of  medicines  &c.)  have 
desired  effect,  act ;  perform  surgical  or  other 
operation,  (try  to)  execute  purpose,  (Mil.)  carry 
on  strategic  movements,  (of  stockbroker  &c.) 
buy'&  sell  esp.  with  view  of  influencing  prices ; 
bring  about,  accomplish,  {energy  operates 
changes) ;  manage,  work,  conduct,  (chiefly 
U.S.);  operating-room, -table,  for  use  in  sur- 
gery; operating-theatre,  room  for  surgical 
operations  done  before  students.    So  o'pep- 


atOR  2  n.  [f.  L  operari  work  {opus  -eris  work), 
-ate  3] 

opera'tie,  a.  Of,  like,  opera.  Hence  oper- 
a'tiCALLY  adv.    [as  operatize,  dramatic] 

operation,  n.  Working,  action,  way  thing 
works,  efficacy,  validity,  scope,  {is  in,  comes 
into,  o. ;  its  o.  is  easily  explained ;  must  ex- 
tend its  o.,  make  it  valid  for  longer  time  or  in 
wider  sphere) ;  active  process,  activity,  per- 
formance, discharge  of  function,  {the  o.  of 
breathing,  thinking,  pruning,  &c);  financial 
transaction  ;  (Surg.)  thing  done  with  hand  or 
instrument  to  some  part  of  body  to  remedy 
deformity,  injury,  disease,  pain,  &c. ;  strategic 
movement  of  troops,  ships,  &c. ;  (Math.)  sub- 
jection of  number  or  quantity  to  process  af- 
fecting its  value  or  form,  e.g.  multiplication. 
[OF,  f.  L  operationem  (operate,  -ion)] 

operative  (-at-),  a.  &  n.  Having  effect,  in 
operation,  efficacious ;  practical,  not  theoreti- 
cal or  contemplative,  {the  o.  part  of  the  work) ; 
of  surgical  operations  ;  hence  trperativeLY2 
adv.  (N.)  worker,  artisan,  mechanic,  workman, 
mill-hand.    [f.  LL  operativus  (operate,  -ive)] 

o*peratize,v.t.  Put  into  operatic  form,  [ir- 
reg.  after  dramatize,  cf.  operatic] 

oper'culum,  n.  (pi.  -la).  Fish's  gill-cover ; 
lid  or  valve  closing  aperture  of  shell  when 
tenant  is  retracted ;  similar  lidlike  structure 
in  plants  &c.  Hence  oper'culAR1,  oper'cu- 
Iate2,  oper'culated,  aa.,  oper'culi-  comb, 
form.    [L  {operire  cover,  -cule)] 

operetta,  n.  One-act  or  short  light  opera. 
[It  (opera,  -ette)] 

6'perose,  a.  Requiring  or  showing  or  taking 
great  pains,  laborious.  Hence  opei»o*seLY  - 
adv.,  opero'se.vKSS  n.  [f.  L  operosus  {opus 
-eris  work,  -ose1)] 

6'phicleide  (id),  n.  Keyed  wind-instru- 
ment consisting  of  conical  brass  tube  bent 
double  serving  as  bass  or  alto  to  key-bugle ; 
(also  tuba)  powerful  organ  reed-pipe.  [f.  F 
ophicltide  (Gk  ophis  serpent,  kleis  -dos  key)] 

ophi'dian,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  the  Ophidia 
or  order  of  reptiles  including  snakes.  [mod.L 
ophidia  pi.,  prob.  irreg.  f.  Gk  ophis  snake,  -an] 

o'phio-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  ophis  snake,  as 
-later,  -latry,  serpen t-worship(per),  -logy. 

d'phite,  n.  Serpentine,  serpentine  marble. 
Hence  ophi'tic  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  ophites  f.  ophis 
snake,  -ite1(2)1 

ophthalmia,  n.  Inflammation  of  the  eye. 
[LL  f.  Gk  (ophthalmos  eye)] 

ophtha'lmic,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  eye  ;  affected 
with  ophthalmia ;  (remedy)  good  for  eye-dis- 
ease,   ff.  L  f.  Gk  ophthalmikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

ophthalm(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  ophthal- 
mos eye,  as  ophthalmiTis,  ophthalmo'hOGY, 
-logist,  -tomy  ;  ophtha'lmoscoPE,  instrument 
for  inspecting  retina. 

6'piate1  (-at),  a.  (archaic),  &  n.  Containing 
opium,  narcotic,  soporific  ;  (n.)  drug  containing 
opium  &  easing  pain  or  inducing  sleep,  [f. 
med.L  opiatus  (opium,  -ate2)] 

6'piate2,  v.t.  Mix  with  opium,  [prob.  f. 
med.L  *opiare  (opium),  -ate3] 

opi'ne,  v.t.  Express  or  hold  the  opinion 
{that,  or  abs.  in  parenthesis),  [f.  L  opinari] 
opi'nion  (-yon),  n.  Judgment  or  belief  based 
on  grounds  short  of  proof,  provisional  convic- 
tion, view  held  as  probable,  {in  my  o.,  as  it 
seems  to  me  ;  am  of  o.  that,  believe  ;  a  matter 
of  o.,  disputable  point) ;  (also  public  o.)  views 
or  sentiment,  esp.  on  moral  questions,  preva- 
lent among  people  in  general ;  what  one  thinks 
on  a  particular  question,  a  belief,  a  conviction, 
(the  courage  of,  act  up  to,  one's  oo.) ;  formal 
statement  by  expert  when  consulted  of  what 


OPINIONATED 


572 


OPTATIVE 


he  holds  to  be  the  fact  or  the  right  course,  pro- 
fessional advice,  (you  had  better  have  another 
o.) ;  estimate  (have,  formed,  a  very  high,  low, 
favourable,  o.  of  him),  (with  neg.)  favourable 
estimate  (have  no  o.  of  Frenchmen).  [F,  f.  L 
opinionem  (opine,  -ion)] 

opi'nionated,  a.  Obstinate  in  opinion,  dog- 
matic ;  self-willed.  Hence  opi'nionated- 
ness  n.  [f.  obs.  opinionate  in  same  sense,  perh. 
latinized  form  of  obs.  opinionED2} 

opi'nionative,    a.      =  prec.      [opinion  + 

-ATIVE,  Cf.   TALKATIVE] 

opisd'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  measuring 
curved  lines  as  on  map,  made  of  wheel  run- 
ning on  screw,  [f.  Gk  opiso  backwards,  -meter] 

6'pium,  n.,  &  v.t.  Reddish-brown  heavy- 
scented  bitter  drug  prepared  from  juice  of 
kind  of  poppy,  smoked  or  eaten  as  stimulant, 
intoxicant,  or  narcotic,  &  used  as  sedative  in 
medicine ;  o.  den,  haunt  of  o. -smokers ;  o.  habit, 
of  taking  o.;  hence  o*piumiSM(5)  n.,  o*pium- 
ize(5)  v.t.  (Vb)  drug  or  treat  with  o.  [L,  f.  Gk 
opion  poppy-juice,  dim.  of  opos  juice] 

opode'ldoc,  n.  Kinds  of  soap  liniment,  [wd 
used  &  prob.  made,  by  Paracelsus  for  kinds  of 
medical  plaster] 

opd'panax,  n.  A  fetid  gum-resin  formerly 
used  in  medicine  ;  a  gum-resin  used  in  perfum- 
ery. [L  f.  Gk,  f.  opos  juice,  panax  (pas  pantos 
all,  akos  cure)  name  of  plant] 

opo'ssum,  n.  Kinds  of  American  small 
arboreal  or  aquatic  nocturnal  marsupial  mam- 
mal with  thumbed  hind-foot  (see  also  possum); 
(Austral.  )  =  phalanger.    [Amer.-Ind.] 

O'ppidan,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  a  town 
(now  rare);  (at  Eton)  non-colleger,  boy  in  board- 
ing-house in  town.  [f.  L  oppidanus  (oppidum 
town,  -AN)] 

o'ppilate,  v.t  (med.).  Block  up,  obstruct. 
Hence  oppiIa'tion  n.    [f.  L  op(pilare  ram)] 

oppo'nency,  n.  (rare).  Antagonism,  opposi- 
tion,   [foil.,  -ency] 

opponent,  a.  &  n.  Opposing,  contrary, 
opposed,  (now  rare ;  o.  muscle,  opposing  thumb 
or  lateral  digit  to  other  digit) ;  (n.)  adversary, 
antagonist    [f.  L  OP(ponere  place),  -ent] 

o-pportune  (-or- ;  also  -u'n),  a.  (Of  time) 
suitable,  well-selected  or  as  favourable  as  if 
chosen ;  (of  action  or  event)  well-timed,  done 
or  occurring  by  design  or  chance  at  favourable 
conjuncture.  Hence  o'pportuneLY2  adv., 
o'pportuneNESS  n.,  (also  -u'n-).  [f.  F  oppor- 
tun  f.  L  op(  portunus  f.  portus  -us  harbour)] 

opportu'nism,  n.  Allowing  of  due  or  un- 
due weight  to  circumstances  of  the  moment  in 
determining  policy ;  preference  of  what  can  to 
what  should  be  done,  compromise,  practical 
politics,  adaptation  to  circumstances ;  putting 
of  expediency  before  principle  or  place  before 
power,  political  time-serving.  So  oppoptu'n- 
ist(2)  n.    [f.  prec.  after  It  -ismo  &  F  -isme] 

oppoptu'nity,  n.  Opportuneness  (rare); 
favourable  juncture,  good  chance,  opening, 
(of  doing,  to  do,  for  action,  or  abs.;  find,  make, 
get,  seize,  give,  afford,  an  o.).  [f.  F  opportunity 
f.  L  opportunitatem  (opportune,  -ty)] 

oppose  (opo'z),  v.  t  Place  or  produce  or  cite 
(thing,  person)  as  obstacle,  antagonist,  counter- 
*  poise,  or  contrast,  to,  represent  (things)  as  anti- 
thetical, (to  fury  let  us  o.  patience ;  you  are 
opposing  things  that  are  practically  identical ; 
to  Plato  I  o.  Aristotle ;  opposed  himself  to  it 
with  all  his  power ;  the  thumb  can  be  opposed 

to  any  of  the  fingers,  placed  against  it  front  to 
front,  whence  oppo'sable  a.,  opposam  lity 

n.);  set  oneself  against  (person,  thing),  with- 
stand, resist,  obstruct,  propose  the  rejection  of 

(resolution,  motion,  &c),  (abs.)  act  as  opponent 


or  check  (it  is  the  duty  of  an  opposition  to  o.) ; 
(p.p.  )contrary,opposite,  contrasted,  (characters 
strongly  opposed ;  black  is  opposed  to  white), 
(of  persons)  hostile,  adverse,  (is firmly  opposed 
to  protection),  [f.  F  op(  poser  pose)] 
oppo'seless,  a.  (poet).  Irresistible,  [-less] 
o'pposite  (-ozit),  a.  (often  governing  n.  by 
ellipse  of  to),  n.,  adv.,  &  prep.     Contrary  in 

gosition  (to),  facing,  front  .to  front  or  back  to 
ack  (with),  (on  o.  sides  of  the  square ;  came 
from,  went  in,  o.  directions  ;  the  tree  o.  to  or  o. 
the  house;  o.  leaves  &c.  in  bot,  placed  at  same 
height  on  o.  sides  of  stem,  or  placed  straight  in 
front  of  other  organ,  opp.  alternate) ;  of  con- 
trary kind,  diametrically  different  to  or  from, 
thz  other  of  a  contrasted  pair,  (of  an  o.  kind  to, 
from,  what  I  expected;  much  liked  by  the  o.  sex); 
hence  o'ppositeLY2  adv.  (chiefly  bot),  o*p- 
positeNESS  n.  (N.)  o.  thing  or  term  (you  are 
cold-blooded,  she  is  the  o. ;  the  most  extreme  oo. 
have  some  qualities  incommon).  (Adv.  &  prep.) 
in  o.  place,  position,  or  direction,  (to),  (there 
was  an  explosion  o.,  in  the  house  across  the 
street ;  o.  prompter  in  theatre,  abbr.  o.p.,  to 
actor's  left ;  happened  o.  the  Mansion  House). 
[F,  f.  L  op(positus  p.p.  of  ponere  place)] 

oppd'siti-  (-z-),  comb,  form  f.  L  as  prec.  in 
bot.  wds  as  -fo'lious  opposite-leaved,  -se'palous 
(of  stamen)  placed  straight  in  front  of  sepal. 

opposi'tion  (-zlshn),  n.  Placing  opposite 
(o.  of  the  thumb,  cf.  oppose)  ;  diametrically 
opposite  position  (esp.  astron.  of  two  heavenly 
bodies  when  their  longitude  differs  by  180°,  opp. 
conjunction;  planet  is  in  o.,  opposite  sun) ; 
contrast,  antithesis;  (Log.)  relation  between 
two  propositions  with  same  subject  &  predicate 
but  differing  in  quantity  or  quality  or  both  ; 
antagonism,  resistance,  being  hostile,  (offer  a 
determined  o.;  did  it  in  o.  to  public  opinion  ; 
ivas  in  o.  at  the  time,  belonging  to  the  o.  in 
next  sense) ;  the  o.,  His  Majesty's  o.,  chief 
parliamentary  party  opposed  to  that  in  office 
(the  leader  of  the  o.;  the  o.  whips,  benches,  &c); 
any  party  opposed  to  some  proposal.  Hence 
opposi'tionAL  a.  (rare),  opposi'tion ist(2) 
n.  &  a.  (rare),    [f.  L  OP(positio  position)] 

oppd'sitive,  a.  (rare).  Adversative,  anti- 
thetic ;  fond  of  opposing,    [prec,  -ive] 

oppress,  v.t.  Overwhelm  with  superior 
weight  or  numbers  or  irresistible  power ;  lie 
heavy  on,  weigh  down,  (spirits,  imagination, 
&c.) ;  govern  tyrannically,  keep  under  by  coer- 
cion, subject  to  continual  cruelty  or  injustice. 
So  opppe'ssiON  (-shn),  opppe'ssoR2,  nn., 
opppe*ssivE  a.,  oppre'ssiveLY 2  adv.,  op- 
ppe'ssive.NESS  n.  ff.  OF  oppresser  f.  med.L 
op(  pressare  frequent  of  L  premere  press)] 

opppd'brious,  a.  Conveying  reproach, 
abusive,  vituperative.  Hence  opppo'bPlous- 
ly2  adv.    [f.  OF  opprobrieux  (foil.,  -ous)] 

opppd'bpium,  n.  Disgrace  attaching  to 
some  act  or  conduct,  infamy,  crying  of  shame. 
[L,  f.  op(  probrare  f.  probrum  disgraceful  act)] 

oppugr'n,  v.t  Controvert,  call  in  question, 
whence  oppug;nKR 1  n. ;  (rare)  attack,  resist 
be  in  conflict  with,  (so  oppu'griANT  a.  &  n., 
oppu'grnANCE,  oppu'grnANCY,  oppug-nv 
tion,  nn.,  all  rare),  [f.  L  OP(pugnare  fight) 
attack,  besiege] 

o'psimath,  n.  (rare).  One  who  learns  late 
in  life.  So  opsi'math  v  *  n.  [f.  Gk  opsimathes 
(opse  late,  manthano  learn)] 

opt,  v.i.  (rare).  Exercise  an  option,  make 
choice,(6e£u?ee?i  alternatives  or/or  alternative), 
[f.  F  ojpter  t.  h  optare  choose,  wish] 

opta'tive,  a.  &  n.  (gram.).  Expressing  wish 
(o.  mood,  set  of  verbal  forms  of  this  kind,  dis- 
tinct chiefly  in  Greek  and  Sanskrit ;  o.  use  of 


OPTIC 


573 


ORANGE 


subjunctive);  hence  opta'tiveLY 2  adv.  (N.) 
o.  mood,  verbal  form  belonging  to  it.  [F  (-if, 
-ire),  f.  LL  optativus  (prec,  -ative)1 

o'ptic,  a.  &c  n.  (Anat.)  of  the  eye  or  sense  of 
sight  (o.  nerve,  neuritis,  &c;  o.  angle,  between 
lines  from  extremities  of  object  to  eye,  or  from 
two  eyes  to  one  point).  (N.)  eye  (now  usu. 
facet) ;  (pi.,  with  sing,  constr.)  science  of  sight 
&  esp.  of  the  laws  of  its  medium,  light,  [f.  F 
optique  f.  med.L  f.  Gk  optikos  (optos  seen  f. 
op-,  cf.  opsomai  fut.  of  horao  see,  -ic)] 

o'ptical,  a.  Visual,  ocular,  (o.  illusion,  pro- 
duced by  too  implicit  confidence  in  the  evidence 
of  sight) ;  of  sight  or  light  in  relation  to  each 
other,  belonging  to  optics,  constructed  to  assist 
sight  or  on  the  principles  of  optics.  Hence 
o'ptical ly  2  adv.    [prec,  -al] 

opti'cian  (shn),  n.  Maker  or  seller  of  opti- 
cal instruments,    [f.  F  opticien  (optic,  -ician)] 

optime.    See  wrangler. 

o'ptimism,  n.  Doctrine,  esp.  as  set  forth  by 
Leibnitz,  that  the  actual  world  is  the  best  of  all 
possible  worlds;  view  that  good  must  ultimate- 
ly prevail  over  evil  in  the  universe  ;  sanguine 
disposition,  inclination  to  take  bright  views. 
So  o*ptimiST(2)  n.  &  a.,  optimistic  a.,  op- 
timi'stiCALLY  adv.,  o*ptimizE(2)  v.i.  [f.  F 
optimisme  (L  optimus  best,  -ism)] 

o'ption,  n.  Choice,  choosing,  thing  that  is 
or  may  be  chosen,  {make  one's  o.  ;  none  of  the 
oo.  is  satisfactory);  liberty  of  choosing,  freedom 
of  choice,  (local2  o.  ;  imprisonment  without 
the  o.  of  a  fine ;  have  no  o.  but  to,  must) ;  (Stock 
Exch.  &c.)  purchased  right  to  call  for  or  make 
delivery  within  specified  time  of  specified 
stocks  &c.  at  specified  rate.  [F,  f.  L  optionem 
(st.  of  optare  choose,  -tion)] 

o'ptional,  a.    Not  obligatory,    [prec, -a l] 

6'pulent,  a.  Rich,  wealthy ;  abounding, 
abundant,  well  stored.  Hence  or  cogn.  o*pu- 
Ience  n.,  o'pulentLY2  adv.  [f.  L  opulens  or 
-lentu8  (opem  accus.  quantity,  -ulent)J 

6'pus,  n.  (no  pi.).  Musician's  separate  com- 
position of  any  kind  (used  esp.  in  citing  it  from 
among  his  works  by  number ;  abbr.  op. ;  Beeth- 
oven op.  15);  magnum o.,  o.  magnum,  or  o.,  great 
literary  undertaking,  writer's  or  other  artist's 
chief  production.    [L,  =  work] 

opu'scule,  opirsculum  (pi.  -la),  n.  Minor 
musical  or  literary  composition,  [(-ule  F)  f.  L 
(-urn)  dim.  of  prec.  (-cule)] 

op1,  n.  (herald.).  Gold  or  yellow  in  armorial 
bearings.    [F,  f.  L  aurum  gold] 

op2,  prep.  &  conj.  (archaic).  Before,  ere, 
(chiefly  now  in  or  ever,  or  e'er,  poet.).  [OE  dr 
adv.  early,  w.  sense  of  its  compar.  xr  ere] 

op3,  conj.  introducing  second  of  two  alterna- 
tives (white  or  black),  all  but  the  first  (ichite  or 
grey  or  black)  or  only  the  last  (white,  grey,  or 
black)  of  any  number,  the  second  of  each  of 
several  pairs  (white  or  black,  red  or  yellow, 
blue  or  green),  or  (poet.)  each  of  two  (or  in  the 
heart  or  in  the  head).  An  alternative  intro- 
duced by  or  may  be  (1)  on  equal  footing  with 
preceding  (shall  you  be  there  or  not  ? ;  any  Tom, 
Dick,  or  Harry),  (2)  true  of  other  instances  (ripe 
tomatoes  are  red  or  yellow),  (3)  mere  synonym 
(common  or  garden),  (4)  indication  that  preced- 
ing is  doubtfully  accurate  (one  or  tivo,five  or  six, 
&c,  a  few),  (5)  explanation  of  preceding  (saw  a 
dug-out  or  hollowed-tree  boat),  (6)  statement  of 
onlyremainingpossibility  or  choice  given  (often 
after  either ;  a  thing  must  surely  be  or  not  be  ; 
for  goodness'  sake  either  take  it  or  leave  it), 

(7)  statement  of  result  of  rejection  &c  of  pre- 
ceding (often  with  else ;  she  must  weep  or  she 
must  die ;  make  haste,  or  else  you  will  be  late), 

(8)  second  &c  member  of  indirect  question  or 


conditional  protasis  after  whether  (ask  him 
whether  he  was  there  or  not ;  must  do  it  whether 
I  like  or  dislike  it).  In  syntax,  a  set  of  alterna- 
tives with  or  is  sing,  if  each  member  is  sing. 
(man  or  woman,  boy  or  girl,  goes  unmolestea  ; 
not  go) ;  if  the  members  differ  in  number  &c, 
the  nearest  prevails  (were  you  or  he,  was  he  or 
you,  there  ?;  either  he  or  you  were,  either  you 
or  he  was),  but  some  forms  (eg.,  was  I  or  you 
on  duty?)  are  avoided;  forms  in  which  difference 
of  gender  in  the  members  causes  difficulty  with 
pronouns  (a  landlord  or  landlady  expects  their, 
his  or  her,  his,  rent)  are  usually  avoided,  their 
rent  or  the  rent  due  to  them  being  ungramma- 
tical,  his  or  her  rent  or  the  rent  due  to  him  or 
her  clumsy,  &  his  rent  or  the  rent  due  to  him 
slovenly,  [f.  obs.  other  conj.,  prob.  modif.  of 
OE  oththe  or  (cf.  G  oder,  earlier  eddo,  ode,  &c) 
on  anal,  of  alternative  &c  wds  in  -ther] 

-OP1,  suf.  varying  with  -our  (ME),  f.  AF  -our 
f.  OF  -or,  -ur,  F  -eur,  in  wds  f.  L  nn.  of  condi- 
tion in  -or  -oris  mostly  f.  vbs  in  -ere,  as  liquor 
(ME  licour),  ardour;  all  corrected  in  U.S.  to 
-or ;  in  England  many  retain  -our. 

-op2,  suf.  (varying  with  -er,  see  below)  in  nn. 
expressing(l)personalagent(^»ossessor),(2)  thing 
that  acts,  instrument,  machine,  &c,  (extensor), 
f.  L  -or  -oris  appended  to  p.p.  stems.  L  -or  was 
always  preceded  by  -t-  or  -.?-,  which  remains  in 
all  E  recent  adoptions  (misspelt  in  author  f. 
auctor)  taken  direct  or  thr.  F  -teur,  -seur ;  but 
L  wds  in  -ator,  -etor,  -itor,  taken  f.  OF  have 
lost  -t-  &  usu.  the  preceding  vowel ;  thus  L 
donator(em),  OF  doneor,  doneur,  AF  donour, 
E  donor;  saviour  retains  trace  of  -at-  (see  -iour) 
in  -i-;  some  E  agent  nn.  were  formed  orig.  in  F 
on  this  anal.,  as  surveyor,  warrior.  In  E,  -or, 
pronounced  like  -er1*2,  has  been  displaced  by 
it  in  some  wds,  as  barber  (ME  &  AF  barbour  f. 
L  barbatorem),  &  has  displaced  it  in  others,  as 
sailor  (perh.  on  anal,  of  tailor),  chancellor. 
When  -er  &  -or  coexist,  -or  has  sometimes  more 
legal  or  professional  sense. 

6*pach  ( itsh),  n.  Kitchen-garden  plant, 
Mountain  Spinach,  [earlier  a rache  f.  F  arroche 
f.  L  atriplicem  nom.  -ex  f.  Gk  atraphaxns] 

6'pacle,  n.  Place  at  which  ancient  Greeks 
&c  were  accustomed  to  consult  their  deities 
for  advice  or  prophecy  (work  the  o.,  secure  de- 
sired answer  Dy  tampering  with  priests  &c, 
also  fig.  bring  secret  influence  to  bear  in  one's 
favour) ;  response,  often  ambiguous  or  obscure, 
given  at  such  place;  holy  of  holies  or  mercy- 
seat  in  Jewish  temple;  (vehicle,  personal  or 
other,  of)  divine  inspiration  or  revelation  ;  per- 
son or  thing  serving  as  infallible  guide,  test,  or 
indicator;  authoritative,  profoundly  wise,  or 
mysterious  adviser  or  advice,  judge  or  judg- 
ment, prophet  or  prophecy.  Hence  (esp.  w.  ref. 
to  obscurity)  opA'cuIar1  a.,  OPa'eulaPLY2 
adv.,  opacula'PiTY  n.  [f.  L  oraculum  (orare 
speak,  -culo-  instr.  suf.)] 

OP*al,  a.  Spoken,  verbal,  by  word  of  mouth  ; 
(Anat.)  of  the  mouth.  Hence  OP*alLY2adv. 
[f.  L  os  oris  mouth,  -al] 

6'range !  (-inj),  n.  &  a.  (Evergreen  tree  bear- 
ing) large  roundish  many-celled  juicy  acid  or 
sweet  fruit  enclosed  in  bright  reddish-yellow 
tough  rind  (squeeze  the  o.,  take  all  the  good 
from  anything;  squeezed  o„  thing  from  which 
no  more  good  can  be  got;  mock  o.,  the  shrub 
Syringa ;  oo.  &  lemons,  nursery  game ;  Blen- 
heim o„  kind  of  apple) ;  (also  o.-colour)  reddish- 
yellow  (o.  adj.,  of  this  colour) ;  o.-blossom, 
flowers  of  o.,  worn  by  brides  at  wedding  ;  o.-Jin, 
kind  of  trout;  o. -marmalade;  o.-tip,  kind,  of 
butterfly.  Hence  o*pangrERY(3)  n.  [OF,  ult. 
f.  Arab,  naranj] 


ORANGE 


574 


ORDER 


Orange2  (oTinj),  n.  Town  on  Rhone  from 
■which  Princes  of  O.  took  title  ( William  of  O.  in 
Eng.  hist.,  King  William  III) ;  (attrib.  &  in 
comb.)  connected  with  Irish  ultra-protestant 
party  (prob.  f.  the  Orangemen,  political  society 
formed  1795  for  protestant  ascendancy  in  Ire- 
land, prob.  named  after  O.  lodge  of  freemasons 
in  Belfast,  prob.  named  after  William),  whence 
o*pang'iSM(3)  n.    [F,  f.  L  Arausionem  nom.  -o] 

orangea'de  (-jad),  n.  Effervescent  or  still 
drink  of  orange  juice  &c.    [-ade] 

ora'ng-outa'ng  (-00-),  op'ang-u'tan 
(-00-),  n.  Large  long-armed  arboreal  anthro- 
poid ape  of  Borneo  &  Sumatra.  [Malay  (-utan) 
=  man  of  the  woods] 

oi*a*te,  v.i.  (joe).  Make  speech,  hold  forth, 
play  the  orator,    [back-form.  f.  foil.] 

opa'tion  (-shn),  n.  Formal  address  or  har- 
angue or  discourse  esp.  of  ceremonial  kind ; 
(Gram.)  language,  way  of  speaking  (direct,  in- 
direct or  oblique,  o.,  person  s  words  as  actually 
spoken,  or  with  the  changes  of  person,  tense, 
&c,  usual  in  reporting),  [f.  L  oratio  (orare 
speak,  -ATiON)] 

o'patop  i-ater),  n.    Maker  of  a  speech  ;  elo- 

Suent  public  speaker;  Public  O.,  official  at 
>xford  &  Cambridge  speaking  for  university 
on  state  occasions.  Hence  o'patPESS J  n.  [f. 
OF  orateur  f.  L  oratorem  (prec,  -or2)] 

opatop'io,  n.  Semi-dramatic  musical  com- 
position on  sacred  theme  performed  by  soloists, 
chorus,  &  orchestra,  without  action,  scenery, 
or  costume.  [It.,  orig.  of  musical  services  at 
oratory  of  St  Philip  Neri] 

6'ratorize,  v.i.     =orate.    [-ize] 

6'patopy J,  n.  Small  chapel,  place  for  private 
worship;  R.-C.  religious  society  of  simple 
priests  without  vows  founded  in  Rome  1564  to 
give  plain  preaching  &  popular  services,  also 
any  branch  of  this  in  England  &c,  whence 
OPatop'iAN  a.  &  n.  [f.  L  oratorium  neut.  of 
orator ius  (orare  pray,  speak,  -tory)] 

O'Patopy2,  n.  (Art  of  making)  speeches, 
rhetoric ;  highly  coloured  presentment  of  facts, 
eloquent  or  exaggerating  language.  Hence 
opatd'PiCAL  a.,  opato'picalLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
oratoria  (ars  art)  of  speaking,  fern,  as  prec] 

orb,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Circle,  circular  disk,  ring, 
(now  rare) ;  sphere,  globe ;  heavenly  body ; 
eyeball,  eye,  (poet.);  globe  surmounted  by 
cross  as  part  of  regalia;  organized  or  collec- 
tive whole;  hence  OP'bLESS  a.  (Vb)  enclose 
in,  gather  (t.  &  i.)  into,  o.    [f.  L  orbis  ring] 

OPbi'eulap,  a.  Circular,  discoid,  ring-shaped, 
(o.  muscle,  sphincter) ;  spherical,  globular, 
rounded,  (fig. )  forming  complete  whole.  Hence 
or  cogn.  opblculaTiTY  n.,  opbi'eulaPLY2 
adv.,  orbi'culATE2  a.  (nat.  hist.),  [f.  L  orbicu- 
laris (orbiculus  dim.  as  prec,  -ar1)] 

OP'bit,  n.  Eye-socket,  whence  OP'bito-  comb, 
form;  border  round  eye  of  bird  or  insect; 
curved  course  of  planet,  comet,  satellite,  or 
binary  star.  Hence  OP'bitAL  a.  [f.  L  orbita 
track  of  wheel  or  moon  (orbis  ring)] 

ope,  n.  Kinds  of  cetacean  ;  sea  or  other  mon- 
ster,   [f.  F  orque  f.  L  orca  kind  of  whale] 

Orea-dian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Orkney,  [f. 
L  Orcades  Orkney  Islands,  -ian] 

OP'chapd  (-tsh-),  n.  Enclosure  with  fruit- 
trees;  orchardman,  fruit-grower,  also  op*- 
chapdiST(3)  n.  [OE  ortgeard  prob.  f.  Lfiortus 
gardeiij  yard] 

opche'stlc  (-k),  a.  Of  dancing.  Hence  op- 
che'stics   n.     [f.  Gk  orkhestikos   (orkhestes 

dancer,  see  foil.)] 

OP'chestpa  (-k-),  n.    Semicircular  space  in 

front   of   ancient-Greek   theatre-stage  where 

ckorus  danced  &  sang ;  part  of  modern  theatre 


or  concert-room  assigned  to  band  or  chorus; 
instrumental  performers,  or  concerted  music 
performed  by  them,  in  theatre  or  concert-room, 
whence  OPehe'stPAL  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  orkhistra 
(orkheomai  dance)] 

OP'chestpate,  v.t  &  i.  Compose  (t.  &  i.),  ar- 
range, or  score,  for  orchestral  performance. 
Hence  opchestPATiON  n.    I- ate3] 

opchestpi'na  (-ena),  n.  Elaborate  kind  of 
barrel-organ  meant  to  give  orchestra -like 
effect,    [in a*] 

op'chid,  op'chis,  (-k-),  n.  Member  of  large 
order  of  monocotyledonous  herbs  (-is  is  usu.  of 
wild  English  kinds,  -id  of  exotics  or  in  bot. 
use),  of  which  English  kinds  are  terrestrial 
with  tuberous  root  &  erect  fleshy  stem  with 
spike  of  usu.  red  or  purple  flowers,  &  many 
exotic  kinds  have  flowers  of  fantastic  shapes 
&  brilliant  colours.  Hence  OPchidA'CEOUS  a., 
OP*chidiST(3)  n.  [(-id  made  1845  by  Lindley, 
see  -id2)  f.  L  f.  Gk  orkhis  -ios  testicle,  orchis, 
(w.  ref.  to  shape  of  tuber)] 

op'chido-,  comb,  form  of  prec,  as  -mania, 
-logy,    firreg.  for  orchio-  f.  Gk  as  prec] 

OP'chil  (-tsh-),  n.  Red  or  violet  dye  from 
lichen.    If.  OF  orchel  etym.  dub.] 

OP'cin,  n.  (chem.).  Colourless  crystalline 
substance  extracted  from  lichens  &  yielding 
various  dyes  when  compounded,  [f.  mod.L 
orcina  (prec,  -in)] 

ordai'n,  v.t.  (Eccl.)  appoint  ceremonially 
to  Christian  ministry,  confer  holy  orders  (esp. 
those  of  deacon  or  priest)  on  (was  ordained 
priest,  elder,  &c,  or  abs.) ;  (of  God,  fate,  &c) 
destine,  appoint,  (has  ordained  the  time,  death 
as  our  lot,  us  mortal,  us  to  die,  that  we  should 
live);  appoint  authoritatively,  decree,  enact, 
(what  the  laws  o. ;  o.  that  — ).  If.  OF  ordener 
f.  L  ordinare  (ordo  -inis  order)] 

ordai'nment, n. (rare).  Decree(ing).  [-ment] 

opde'al  (or  -del),  n.  Ancient  Teutonic  mode 
of  deciding  suspected  person's  guilt  or  inno- 
cence by  subjecting  him  to  physical  test  such 
as  plunging  of  hand  in  boiling  water,  safe  en- 
durance of  which  was  taken  as  divine  acquit- 
tal ;  experience  that  tests  character  or  endur- 
ance, severe  trial.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  orddl,  -e~l, 
cf.  Du.  oordeel,  G  urteil,  judgment ;  n.  f.  compd 
vb  (OHG  artailan,  OE  adselan,  deal  out)] 

OP'deP1,  n.  (Main  senses)  1.  Rank,  row,  class. 
2.  Sequence,  arrangement.  3.  Mandate.  1.  Tier 
(now  rare ;  o.  on  o.  of  sculptured  figures) ; 
social  class  or  rank,  separate  &  homogeneous 
set  of  persons,  (esp.  the  higher,  loiver,  00. ;  all 
00.  <£•  degrees  of  men ;  the  o.  of  baronets  ;  the 
clerical,  military,  o.) ;  kind,  sort,  (talents  of  a 
high,  considerations  of  quite  another,  o. ) ;  any 
of  the  nine  grades  of  angels  (seraphim,  cheru- 
bim, thrones,  dominations,  principalities,  pow- 
ers, virtues,  archangels,  angels) ;  grade .  of 
Christian  ministry  (holy  00.  in  Anglican  church, 
those  of  bishop,  priest,  &  deacon,  in  R.-C,  these 
&  subdeacon ;  minor  00.  in  R.-C.  Church,  those 
of  acolyte,  exorcist,  reader,  &  doorkeeper),  (pi.) 
status  of  clergyman  (take  00.,  be  ordained  ;  in 
00.,  ordained;  often  in  these  phrr.,  &  always 
elsewhere,  holy  00.);  fraternity  of  monks  or 
friars,  or  formerly  of  knights,  bound  by  com- 
mon rule  of  life  (the  Franciscan  o. ;  the  Teu- 
tonic o. ;  the  o.  of  Templars) ;  company  usu.  in- 
stituted by  sovereign  to  which  distinguished 
persons  are  admitted  by  way  of  honour  or  re- 
ward (o.  of  the  Garter,  the  Bath,  Merit,  &c), 
insignia  worn  by  members  of  this  (sent  him. 
wears,  the  o.  of  the  Golden  Fleece) ;  (Archit.) 
mode  of  treatment  with  established  propor- 
tions between  parts  (esp.  one  of  the  Ave  classi- 
cal 00.,  Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  & 


ORDER 


575 


ORE 


Composite,  each  of  which  is  superior  to  the 
preceding  in  height,  lightness,  &  decoration, 
of  pillar  &  capital ;  Tuscan  &  Composite  were 
Roman  developments  of  the  others,  which  were 
Greek);  (Math.)  degree  of  complexity  (line, 
equation,  fluxion,  of  the  first  &c.  o.) ;  (Nat. 
Hist.)  classification,  group  below  class1  &  sub- 
divided into  genera  or  families  (natural  o.  in 
bot.,  abbr.  N.O.,  of  plants  allied  in  general 
structure,  not  merely  agreeing  in  single  charac- 
teristic as  in  Linnaean  system).  2.  Sequence, 
succession,  manner  of  following,  (in  alphabeti- 
cal, chronological,  &c,  o. ;  out  of  o.,  not  sys- 
tematically arranged  ;  follow  the  o.  of  events 
inverts  the  natural  o. ;  take  them  in  o.,  one 
after  another  according  to  some  principle); 
regular  array,  condition  in  which  every  part 
or  unit  is  in  its  right  place,  tidiness,  normal  or 
healthy  or  efficient  state,  (drew  them  up  in  o.; 
are  scattered  without  any  o. ;  love  of  o. ;  is  in 
bad,  out  of,  o.,  not  working  rightly;  is  in  o.  or 
good  o.,  fit  for  use) ;  (archaic)  suitable  action, 
measures,  (take  o.  to  do  ;  take  o.  with,  arrange, 
dispose  of)  ;•  constitution  of  the  world,  way 
things  normally  happen,  collective  manifesta- 
tions of  natural  forces  or  laws,  natural  or  moral 
or  spiritual  system  with  definite  tendencies, 
(esp.  the  o.  of  nature  or  things  or  the  world ; 
the  old  o.  changeth ;  whether  there  is  a  moral 
o.  or  not) ;  stated  form  of  divine  service  (the 
o.  of  confirmation) ;  principles  of  decorum  & 
rules  of  procedure  accepted  by  legislative  as- 
sembly or  public  meeting,  or  enforced  by  its 
president  (Speaker  called  him  to  o.;  O.!  O.!, 
protest  against  infringement  of  it ;  rise  to  o.  or 
a  point  of  o.,  interrupt  debate  &c.  with  inquiry 
whether  something  being  said  or  done  is  xn  or 
out  of  o. ;  o.  of  the  day,  programme,  business 
set  down  for  treatment,  whence,  in  gen.  use, 
prevailing  state  of  things,  as  industry,  thun- 
der, cricket,  is  the  o.  of  the  day;  o. -paper, 
written  or  printed  o.  of  the  day ;  o.-book,  in 
which  motions  to  be  submitted  to  House  of 
Commons  must  be  entered) ;  prevalence  of  con- 
stituted authority,  law-abiding  state,  absence 
of  riot,  turbulence,  &  violent  crime,  (often  law 
&  o. ;  o.  was  restored;  keep  o.,  enforce  it); 
(Mil.)  the  o.,  position  of  company  &c.  with  arms 
ordered  (see  foil.) ;  in  o.  to  do,  with  a  view  to, 
for  the  purpose  of,  doing ;  in  o.  that,  with  the 
intention  or  to  the  end  that.  3.  Mandate,  in- 
junction, authoritative  direction  or  instruc- 
tion, (often  pi.;  gave  oo.,  an  o.,  the  o.,for  some- 
thing to  be  done,  that  it  should  be  done,  &c. ; 
is  obedient  to  oo.;  by  o.,  according  to  direction 
of  the  proper  authority ;  judge  gave,  made,  re- 
fused, an  or  the  o.) ;  (Banking  &c.)  instruction 
to  pay  money  or  deliver  property  signed  by 
owner  or  responsible  agent  (o.  cheque,  cheque 
to  person's  o..  one  requiring  payees  endorse- 
ment before  being  cashed ;  postal,  money  or 
pop.  post-office,  o.,  kinds  of  Post-Office  cheque 
for  remitting  money,  the  latter  non-transfer- 
able); (Commerc.)  direction  to  manufacturer, 
tradesman,  &c,  to  supply  something  (made  to 
o.,  according  to  special  directions,  to  suit  in- 
dividual measurements,  &c,  opp.  ready-made ; 
grocer  has  sent,  for  oo.;  is  on  o.,  has  been  or- 
dered but  not  yet  supplied  ;  a  large  o.  colloq., 
difficult  job ;  o.-book,  in  which  tradesman  en- 
ters oo. ;  o.-clerk,  with  duty  of  entering  oo.;  o.- 
form,  skeleton  o.  to  be  filled  in  by  customer) ; 

5>ass  admitting  bearer  gratis,  cheap,  or  as  privi- 
ege.  to  theatre,  museum,  private  house,  &c. 
[f.  OF  ordre  f.  L  ordinem  nom.  -o] 
op'deP2,  v.t.  Put  in  o.,  array,  regulate, 
(archaic  ;  ordered  his  troops ;  o.  one's  affairs  ; 
has  ordered  his  life  well) ;  (Mil.)  o.  arms,  stand 


rifles  butt  on  ground  &  hold  them  close  to  right 
side ;  (of  God,  fate,  &c.)  ordain  (so  we  hoped, 
but  it  was  otherwise  ordered) ;  command,  bid, 
prescribe,  (o.  a  retreat,  thing  to  be  done,  person 
to  do,  that  person  or  thing  should;  ordered 
him  a  mustard  plaster) ;  command  or  direct 
(person  &c.)  to  go  to,  away,  home,  &c.  (was 
ordered  to  Egypt;  o.  about,  send  hither  & 
thither,  domineer  over) ;  direct  tradesman,  ser- 
vant, &c,  to  supply  (o.  dinner,  settle  what  it 
shall  consist  of),    [f.  prec.] 

op'derly,  a.  &  n.  Methodically  arranged  or 
inclined,  regular,  obedient  to  discipline,  not  un- 
ruly, well-behaved,  whence  OP'derliNESS  n. ; 
(Mil.)  of,  charged  with  conveyance  or  execution 
of,  orders  (o.book,  regimental  or  company  book 
for  entry  of  orders ;  o.  officer,  officer  of  the  day; 
o.-room,  in  barracks  for  company's  business) ; 
o.  bin,  street  box  for  refuse.  (N.)  soldier  in 
attendance  on  officer  to  carry  orders  &c. ; 
attendant  in  (esp.  military)  hospital,    [-lv  *] 

op'dinal,  a.  &  n.  (Number)  defining  thing's 
position  in  series  (first,  twentieth,  &c,  are  oo. 
or  o.  numbers;  cf.  cardinal)  ;  of  a  nat.-hist. 
order,    [f.  LL  ordinalis  (order  1,  -al)] 

or-dinance,  n.  Authoritative  direction,  de- 
cree (SELF-denying  o.);  religious  ;rite  ;  (rare) 
collocation  of  parts  in  literary'work  or  archi- 
tecture,   [f.  OF  ordenance  (ordain,  -ance)] 

OP'dinapy,  a.  &  n.  Regular,  normal,  custom- 
ary, usual,  not  exceptional,  not  above  the  usual, 
commonplace,  (in  o.  appended  to  physician 
&c.,by  permanent  appointment,  not  temporary 
or  extraordinary  ;  inan  o.  way  I  should  refuse, 
if  the  circumstances  were  not  exceptional; 
something  out  of  the  o.;  o.  seaman,  abbr.  O.S., 
lower  rating  than  able  ;  in  o.  of  ships,  laid  up, 
not  in  commission),  whence  OP*dinapiLY2 
adv.,  op'dinapiNESS  n.;  (authority)  having 
immediate  or  ex  officio  &  not  deputed  juris- 
diction (the  O.,  archbishop  in  province,  bishop 
in  diocese  ;  O.  or  Lord  O.  in  Scotland,  one  of 
five  judges  of  Court  of  Session  constituting 
Outer  House) ;  rule  or  book  laying  down  order 
of  divine  service ;  public  meal  provided  at  fixed 
time  &  price  in  tavern  &c;  (Herald.)  charge  of 
earliest,  simplest,  &  commonest  kind  (esp.  chief, 
pole,  bend,  fess,  bar,  chevron,  cross,  saltire) ; 
ungeared  bicycle  (opp.  sajety).  [f.  L  ordinarixis 

(ORDER1, -ARY  *)] 

OP'dinate  (-at),  n.  (geom.).  Any  of  series  of 
parallel  chords  of  conic  section  in  relation  to 
bisecting  diameter  (esp.  used  of  half  the  chord, 
from  curve  to  diameter),  straight  line  from  any 
point  drawn  parallel  to  one  coordinate  axis  & 
meeting  the  other,  [f .  L  (lined)  ordinate  (appli- 
cata)  line  applied  parallel] 

opdina'tion,  n.  Arrangement  in  ranks, 
classification  ;  conferring  of  holy  orders,  ad- 
mission to  church  ministry ;  decreeing,  ordain- 
ment.    [f.  L  ordinationem  (ordain,  -ation)] 

opdinee*,  n.  Newly  ordained  deacon,  [or- 
dain, -ee] 

ordnance,  n.  Mounted  guns,  cannon  ; 
branch  of  public  service  dealing  esp.  with  mili- 
tary stores  &  materials  (Army  O.  Department, 
formerly  with  wider  powers  Board  of  O.;  o. 
survey.  Government  survey  of  Great  Britain  & 
Ireland ;  o.  datum,  sea  level  as  defined  for  o. 
survey),    [var.  of  ordinance] 

op'dupe  (-dur,  -jer),  n.  Excrement,  dung; 
obscenity,  foul  language.    [F  (ord  foul  f.  L 

HORRIDWS.  -URE)] 

ore,  n.  Native  mineral  from  which  precious 
or  useful  metal  may  be  profitably  extracted ; 
(poet.)  metal,  esp.  gold.  [prob.  f.  OE  ar  brass 
(cf.  L  aes  aeris,  Skr.  ayas  metal)  with  sense 
changed  to  that  of  OE  ora  unwrought  metal 


OREAD 


576 


ORIGINAL 


(cf.  Du.  oer),  which  would  itself  have  given  a 
mod.  oor,  not  ore] 

op'ead,  n.  (L  &  Gk  mythol.).  Mountain 
nymph,  [f.  L  oreas  -ados  f.  Gk  oreias  f.  oros 
mountain,  -ad(1)] 

ore'ctic,  a.  (philos.,  med.).  Of  desire  or  appe- 
tite, appetitive,  [f.  Gk  orektikos  (orego  stretch 
out,  -ic)l 

OP'eide,  n.  Kind  of  brass  resembling  gold 
used  in  imitation  jewellery,  [f.  F  oreide  (or  f. 
L  aurum  gold)] 

opfe,  n.  Kind  of  gold-fish.  [G  f.  F,  f.  Gk  or- 
phos  sea-perch] 

or'gan,  n.  Musical  instrument  of  pipes  sup- 
plied with  wind  by  bellows,  sounded  by  keys, 
&  distributed  into  sets  or  stops  having  special 
tone,  which  in  turn  form  groups  or  partial  oo. 
(great,  choir,  swell,  solo,  pedal,  o.)  each  with 
separate  keyboard,  whence  op*ganiST(3)  n. ;  = 
barrel  J-o.  (o.-grinder,  player  of  this) ;  key- 
board wind-instrument  with  metal  reeds,  har- 
monium, (American  o.,  with  wind  drawn  in- 
wards to  reeds);  moidh  o.,  child's  toy  reed 
instrument ;  part  of  animal  or  vegetable  body 
adapted  for  special  vital  function  (oo.  of  speech, 
perception,  digestion,  generation,  &c;  nasal 
o.) ;  person's  voice  with  reference  to  its  quality 
or  power  (has  a  magnificent  o.) ;  medium  of 
communication,  mouthpiece  of  opinion,  esp. 
newspaper  or  magazine  or  review  representing 
a  party,  cause,  sect,  pursuit,  &c;  o.-blower, 
person  or  mechanism  working  o.  bellows ;  o.- 
builder,  of  musical  oo. ;  o.-loft,  gallery  in  church 
or  concert-room  for  o.;  o.-piano,  with  mechan- 
ism giving  sustained  tones  as  in  o.;  o.-screen, 
ornamental  screen  often  between  choir  &  nave 
on  which  o.  is  placed  in  cathedral  &c;  o.-stop, 
set  of  pipes  of  similar  tone  in  o.,  handle  of 
mechanism  that  brings  it  into  action.  Hence 
OP'g-anLESS  a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  organon  tool  (erg- 

WORK)] 

op'gandie,  n.  Kind  of  very  fine  translucent 
muslin.    If.  F  organdi  etym.  dub.] 

opg-a'nic,  a.  (Physiol.)  of  the  bodily  organs, 
vital,  (Path.,  of  disease)  affecting  structure  of 
an  organ  (opp.  functional) ;  having  organs  or 
organized  physical  structure,  of  animals  or 
plants,  (opp.  inorganic) ;  (Chem.,  of  compound 
substances  &c.)  existing  as  constituent  of  or- 
ganized bodies  or  formed  from  bodies  so  exist- 
ing, of  hydrocarbons  or  their  derivatives  (o. 
chemistry,  dealing  with  these) ;  constitutional, 
inherent,  fundamental,  structural;  organized 
or  systematic  or  coordinated  (o.  unity ;  an  o. 
whole).  Hence  opga'niCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
organikos  (organ,  -ic)] 

organism,  n.  Organized  body  with  con- 
nected interdependent  parts  sharing  common 
life,  (material  structure  of)  individual  animal 
or  plant;  whole  with  interdependent  parts 
compared  to  living  being,    [organize,  -ism] 

opgraniza'tion,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  foil.; 
also,  organized  body  or  system  or  society,  [f. 
med.L  organizatio  (foil.,  -ation)] 

organize,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  with  organs, 
make  organic,  make  into  living  being  or  tissue, 
(usu.  in  p.p.),  (intr.)  become  organic  ;  form  into 
an  organic  whole  (with  constituents  or  resulting 
whole  as  obj.);  give  orderly  structure  to,  frame 
&  put  into  working  order,  make  arrangements 
for  or  get  up  (undertaking  involving  coopera- 
tion). Hence  op'ganizABLE  a.,  op'ganizER1 
n.  [f.  med.L  organizare  (organ,  -ize)] 

pp-ganon,  OP'ganum,  n.  Instrument  of 
thought,  system  of  or  treatise  on  logic.  [Gk 
(on),  &  L  (urn),  see  organ;  on  was  title  of 
Aristotle's  logical  writings,  &  novum  (new)  or- 
ganum  that  of  Bacon's] 


op'ganzine  (-en),  n.  Silk  thread  in  which 
the  main  twist  is  in  contrary  direction  to  that 
of  the  strands,    [f.  F  organsin  f.  It.  organzino] 

op'gasm  (-zm),  n.  Violent  excitement,  rage, 
paroxysm;  venereal  excitement  in  coition.  So 
orga'stiu  a.  [f.  Gk  orgao  swell,  -sm  as  in 
spasm,  -ism] 

op'geat  (or  -zhah),  n.  Cooling  drink  made 
from  barley  or  almonds  &  orange-flower  water. 
[F  (orge  f.  L  hordeum  barley,  -ade)] 

opgia'stic,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  an  orgy.  [f. 
Gk  orgiastikos  (orgiastes  agent  n.  f.  orgiazo 
celebrate  orgy)] 

ovgy  (-ji),  n.  (Gk  &  Rom.  Ant. ;  usu.  pi.) 
secret  rites  in  worship  of  various  gods,  esp.  in 
that  of  Bacchus  celebrated  with  wild  dancing, 
drinking,  and  singing;  drunken  or  licentious 
revel,  (pi.)  revelry  or  debauchery,  [earlier  pi. 
only,  f.  F  orgies  f.  L  f.  Gk  orgia  pi.] 

OP'iel,  n.  Large  windowed  polygonal  recess 
projecting  usu.  from  upper  storey  &  supported 
from  ground  or  on  corbels ;  (also  o.  window) 
window  of  o.,  projecting  window  of  upper 
storey,    [f.  OF  oriol,  etym.  dub.] 

OP'ient1,  n.  &  a.  (Poet.)  the  eastward  part  of 
sky  or  earth ;  the  East  or  countries  E.  of  Medi- 
terranean &  S.  Europe;  o.  pearl ;  peculiar  lustre 
Of  pearl  of  best  quality.  (Adj.)  oriental  (poet.); 
(of  precious  stones,  esp.  pearls,  of  finest  kinds, 
as  coming  anciently  from  the  East)  lustrous, 
sparkling,  precious;  (of  sun,  daylight,  &c,  or 
fig.)  rising,  nascent.  [F,  f.  L  orientem  nom. 
-ens  rising  sun,  east,  (oriri  rise,  -ent)] 

6pie*nt2,  6'pientate,  (or  or-),  w.t.  &  i. 
Place  (building  &c.)  so  as  to  face  E.,  build 
(church)  with  chancel  end  due  E.,  bury  with 
feet  eastward ;  place  or  exactly  determine  posi- 
tion of  with  regard  to  points  of  compass,  settle 
or  find  bearings  of,  (fig.)  bring  into  clearly  un- 
derstood relations  (o.  oneself,  determine  how 
one  stands);  (intr.)  turn  eastward  or  in  specified 
direction.  Hence  OPientATiON  n.  [f.  F  oricn- 
ter  (prec.)] 

opie-ntal  (or  or-),  a.  &  n.  Easterly  (archaic); 
(inhabitant)  of  the  East  or  countries  E.  of  Medi- 
terranean &  S.  Europe,  esp.  Asiatic,  occurring 
in  or  coming  from  or  cbaracteristic  of  the  civi- 
lization &c.  of  the  East,  whence  opie'ntal- 
iSM(2,4),opie*ntaliST(3),nn.,opie,ntalizE(2,3) 
v.i.  &  t.;  (of  pearls  &c.)  orient;  o.  stitch,  close 
kind  of  herringbone  stitch.  Hence  opie'ntal- 
ly2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  orientalis  (orient  *,  -al)] 

6'pifice,  n.  Aperture,  mouth  of  cavity,  per- 
foration, vent.  [F,  f.  LL  orificium  (os  oris 
mouth,  -ficere  =facere  make)] 

6'piflamme  (-am),  n.  Sacred  banner  of  St 
Denis,  banderole  of  red  silk  on  lance  received 
by  early  French  kings  from  abbot  of  St  Denis 
on  starting  for  war;  (fig.)  anything  material 
or  ideal  serving  as  rallying-point  in  struggle ; 
bright  conspicuous  object,  blaze  of  colour,  &c. 
[F  (L  aurum  gold,  flamma  flame)] 

d'pigan,  opi'ganum,  n.  Wild  Marjoram,  & 
kinds  of  allied  plant.  [L  (-um),  f.  Gk  origanon] 

d'Pigrin,  n.  Derivation,  beginning  or  rising 
from  something,  person's  extraction,  source, 
starting-point,  [f.  F  origine  f.  L  originem  nom. 
-go  (oriri  rise)] 

original,  a.  &  n.  Existent  from  the  first, 
primitive,  innate,  initial, earliest,  (o.  .sin,  innate 
depravity  common  to  all  human  beings  in  con- 
sequence of  the  fall);  that  has  served  as  pattern, 
of  which  copy  or  translation  has  been  made,  not 
derivative  or  dependent,  first-hand,  not  imi- 
tative, novel  in  character  or  style,  inventive, 
creative,  thinking  or  acting  for  oneself,  (where 
is  the  o.  picture  ?;  what  does  the  o.  Greek  say  ?; 
where  hooping-cough  is  o. ;  is  it  an  o.  drawing 


ORIGINATE 


577 


or  a  woodcut  ? ;  made  a  very  o.  remark  ;  has 
an  o.  mind;  o.  people  do  o.  things);  hence  or 
cogn. origlna'lrrv n., oppginalLY 2adv.  (N.) 
derivation,  descent,  origin,  (rare) ;  pattern, 
archetype,  thing  from  which  another  is  copied 
or  translated,  (several  transcripts  from  the 
same  o. ;  reads  Don  Quixote  in  the  o.);  eccentric 
person.    [F,  f.  L  originalis  (prec,  -al)] 

originate,  v.t.  &  i.  Give  origin  to,  initiate, 
cause  to  begin,  whence  ori'ginATiVE  a. ; 
have  origin,  take  rise,  (usu.  from  or  in  thing  or 
place,  with  or  from  person.  So  OPiginA'TiON, 
opi'ginatOR2,  nn.    [origin,  -ate^J 

orina'sal  (-zl),  a.  &  n.  Of,  sounded  with, 
both  mouth  &  nose  (esp.  of  French  nasalized 
vowels);  (n.)  o.  vowel.  [L  os  oris  mouth,  -I-,  L 
nasns  nose,  -al] 

op'iole,  n.  (Also  Golden  o.)  bird  with  black 
&  yellow  plumage  visiting  British  Isles  in 
summer ;  other  old-world  birds  of  same  genus ; 
kinds  of  bird  of  similarly  coloured  American 
genus,  [f.  med.L  oriolus  f.  L  aureolus  dim.  of 
aureus  golden  (aurum  gold)] 

Ori'on,  n.  (astron.).  Brilliant  constellation 
S.  of  zodiac,  figured  as  hunter  with  belt  & 
sword  (O.'s  belt,  three  bright  stars  in  short  line 
across  O.;  O.'s  hound,  Sirius).   [L,  f.  Gk  Orion] 

Orronid,  n.  (astron.).  One  of  meteor-system 
with  radiant  point  in  Orion,  [prec,  Gk-is  -idos 
fern,  patronymic] 

6'rison  (-zn),  n.  (archaic).  A  prayer  (usu.  in 
pi.).  [F,  f.  L  orationem  speech  (orare  speak, 
pray,  -ation,  -son)] 

Orleans,  n.  Kind  of  plum  ;  fabric  of  cotton 
warp  &  worsted  weft,    [name  of  French  city] 

OP'lop,  n.  Lowest  deck  of  ship  with  three  or 
more  decks,  [f.  Du.  overloop  covering  {over- 
loopen  run  over,  see  over,  leap  *)] 

op'mep,  n.  Edible  univalve  mollusc,  the  Sea- 
ear.  IChannel-I.  F,  f.  F  ormier  contr.  of  oreille- 
de-mer  ear  ofsea] 

op'molu  (-00),  n.  Gilded  bronze  used  in  de- 
corating furniture ;  gold-coloured  alloy  of  cop- 
per, zinc,  &  tin  ;  articles  made  of  or  decorated 
with  these,  [f.  F  or  moulu  ground  gold  ;  orig. 
sense,  gold  ground  for  use  in  gilding] 

OP'nament1  (-ent),  n.  (EccL,  usu.  pi.)  ac- 
cessories of  a  church  or  the  worship  in  it  (e.  g. 
vestments,  plate,  organ,  bells ;  o.  rubric,  that 
immediately  before  Order  for  Morning  &  Even- 
ing Prayer  in  prayerbook) ;  thing  used  or  serv- 
ing to  adorn,  quality  or  person  whose  existence 
or  presence  confers  grace  or  honour,  (mantel- 
piece crowded  with  00.  ;  the  o.  of  a  quiet  spirit ; 
ivas  an  o.  to  his  country  or  age) ;  (sing,  only) 
adorning,  being  adorned,  embellishment,  fea- 
tures or  work  added  for  decorativepurposes, 
(a  tower  rich  in  o.;  by  way  of  o.).  Hence  op- 
name'ntAL  a.,  orname'ntalLY2  adv.,  op- 
name'ntaliST(3),  opname*ntaliSM(3),  nn. 
[f.  OF  ornement  f.  L  omamentum  equipment 
(ornare  equip,  -ment)] 

op'nament 2  (or  -e'nt),  v.t.  Adorn,  beautify. 
Hence  orixamentA  tion  n.    [f.  prec] 

orna'te,  a.  Elaborately  adorned ;  (of  liter- 
ary style)  embellished  with  flowers  of  rhetoric 
&c.  Hence  orna'teLV 2ad v.,  opna'teNESS  n. 
[f.  L  ornatus  p.p.  (prec.)] 

opnith(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  ornis  -ithos 
bird,  in  many  scientific  wds,  as  or'nUho\v>  ap- 
proaching birds  in  structure  (of  some  reptiles); 
ornitho'LOQY,  -logical,  -logist;  ornVtho- 
mancv  ;  ornithorhyncus  Australian  duck-bill- 
ed platypus,  an  aquatic  mammal  with  dark- 
brown  fur,  webbed  feet,  &  duck's  bill,  &  lay- 
ing eggs ;  ornttho'scopy,  augury. 

opo'gpaphy,  6p6o*-,  n.  Branch  of  physical 
geography  dealing  with  mountains;   hence 


ORTHODOX 


opogra-phic(al)  aa.  So  oKe^'LOGv  u., 
op(6)ological a.,  opCe^'LOGiST n.  [Gk  oros 
-eos  mountain,  -graphy] 

OP*oide,  n.  Gold-coloured  alloy  of  copper  & 
zinc.    [F  or  gold  f.  L  aurum,  Gk  eidos  form] 

op'otund,  a.     (Of  utterance   or   phrasing)* 
swelling,  mouth-filling,    imposing,    dignified, 
pompous,  magniloquent,  pretentious,   [f.  L  ore 
rotundo  (Hor.  A. P.  323)  with  round  mouth] 

op'phan  (-fn),  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.   (Child)  bereav- 
ed of  parent(s) ;  hence  OP'phanHOOD  n.,  op*- 
EhanizE(3)  v.t.  ;  (vb)  bereave  of  parent(s).    [f. 
L  f.  Gk  orphanos  bereaved] 

op'phanag-e  (-ij),  n.  Orphanhood  ;  institu- 
tion for  orphans'  education  &c.    [age] 

Op'phic,  a.  Of  Orpheus  or  the  mysteries  or 
doctrines  associated  with  his  name,  oracular, 
mysterious ;  like  Orpheus's  music,  melodious, 
entrancing,    [f.  Gk  Orphikos  (Orpheus,  -ic)] 

op'phpey,  op*fpay,  n.  Ornamental  often 
richly  embroidered  border  of  ecclesiastical 
vestment,  [earlier  sense  embroidery,  f.  OF 
orfreis  f.  L  auriphrygium  gold  embroidery 
(aurum  gold,  Phrygius  Phrygian) ;  -s  dropped 
as  though  pi.  sign,  cf.  pea] 

op'piment,  n.  A  mineral,  trisulphide  of 
arsenic,  used  as  yellow  dye.  [OF,  f.  L  axiripig- 
mentum  (aurum  gold,  pigment)] 

op'pin(e),  n.  Succulent  herbaceous  fleshy- 
leaved  purple-flowered  plantcommonincottage 
gardens.  [F  (-n),  prob.  corrupt,  of  prec,  orig. 
of  yellow-flowered  species  of  same  genus] 

Op*pingt-on,n.  A  breed  of  poultry,  [village 
in  Kent] 

o'ppepy,  n.  Clockwork  model  of  the  planet- 
ary system,    [named  after  Earl  of  O.  c  1700] 

O'ppis  l,  n.  Kind  of  iris,  flower-de-luce,  (now 
rare) ;  o.-root,  fragrant  root  of  three  species  of 
iris  used  in  perfumery  &  medieine  ;  o.-powder, 
powdered  o.-root.    [prob.  corrupt,  of  iris] 

o'ppis2,  n.  Kinds  of  gold  or  silver  lace  or 
embroidery,    [prob.  cogn.  w.  orphrey] 

Or'son,  n.  Rough  valiant  person,  [tale  of 
Valentine  &  0.\ 

opt,  n.  (dial.  &  archaic;  usu.  pi.).  Refuse 
scrap(s),  leavings.  [15th-c  ortys  pi.,  cf.  Du. 
oor-aete  remains  of  food  (oor-  not,  etan  eat)] 

OPth(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  orthos  straight, 
in  many  scientific  wds  w.  senses  straight,  rect- 
angular, upright,  right,  correct:  orthoceph&lic, 
with  breadth  of  skull  from  J  to  |  of  length,  be- 
tween brachy cephalic  &  dolichocephalic;  ortho- 
chroma'tic,  giving  correct  relative  intensity  to 
colours  in  photography ;  or'thoclase,  common 
feldspar  in  crystals  with  two  cleavages  at  right 
angles ;  ortho'epy,  science  of  correct  pronunci- 
ation, whence  ortho^'pic,  ortho'ep\ST{S);  ortho'- 
gnathous,  upright-jawed,  not  prognathous ; 
ortho'gonal,  of  or  involving  right  angles;  ortho'- 
pterous,  of  the  insect  order  Orthoptera  with 
straight  narrow  fore-wings  including  cock- 
roaches, crickets,  grasshoppers,  8cc.;ortho'ptic, 
of  straight  or  correct  seeing,  esp.  used  as  n.  or 
a.  of  opaque  perforated  eyeglass  assisting  aim 
in  rifle-shooting;  or'thotone,  (word)  having  in- 
dependent accent,  not  enclitic  or  proclitic. 

op'thodox,  a.  Holding  correct  or  the  cur- 
rently accepted  opinions  esp.  on  religious  doc- 
trine, not  heretical  or  independent-minded  or 
original ;  generally  accepted  as  right  or  true 
esp.  in  theology,  in  harmony  with  what  is 
authoritatively  established,  approved,  con- 
ventional ;  the  O.  Church,  the  Eastern  or  Greek 
recognizing  Patriarch  of  Constantinople  as 
head  &  the  national  Churches  of  Russia,  Rou- 
mania,  &c,  in  communion  with  it.  Hence 
op'thodoxLY2  adv.  [f,  Gk  ORTHO(do:ros  f. 
doxa  opinion)] 

19 


ORTHODOXY 


578 


OSTRICH 


op'thodoxy,  n.  Being  orthodox,  [f.  Gk 
orthodoxia  (prec,  -y1)] 

ortho'gpaphy,  n.  Correct  or  conventional 
spelling ;  spelling  with  reference  to  its  correct- 
ness (his  o.  is  shocking) ;  perspective  projection 
♦used  in  maps  &  elevations  in  which  the  point 
of  sight  is  supposed  infinitely  distant  so  that 
the  rays  are  parallel,  map  &c.  so  projected.  So 
GPth6gTa*phic(AL)  aa.,  OPthog-pa'phical- 
ly  2  adv.  [f.  OF  ortografie  f.  L  f.  Gk  ortho- 
(graphia -graphy)]  .       ■ 

op-thopaedy  (-pe-),  n.  The  curing  of  de- 
formities in  children  or  others,  surgery  directed 
to  this.  So  orthopaedic  a.  [f.  F  ortho- 
( pbdie  f.  Gk  paideia  rearing  of  children  f.  pai- 
deud  train  f.  pais  child)] 

or'tolan,  n.  The  garden  hunting,  small  bird 
esteemed  as  table  delicacy.  [F,  f.  It.  ortolano 
orig.  gardener  f.  L  hortulanus  (hortuhis  dim. 
of  hortus  garden,  -an)] 

-opy,  suf.  (1)  of  adjj.,  originating  in  ONorm. 
F  -ori  masc,  -orie  fern.,  &  repr.  (sometimes 
thr.  F  -oin  -oire)  L  in  -orius,  -oria,  -orium,= 
agent  termination  -or2  added  to  p.p.  stems  + 
-ius  adj.  suf.    As  every  L  vb  could  form  agent 
n.  in  -or,  E  has  adjj.  in  -ory  corr.  to  L  vbs  even 
when  L  has  neither  adj.  in  -orius  nor  agent  n. 
in  -or  (compulsory,  dispensatory,  illusory),  or 
when  the  L  vb  is  not  itself  represented  in  E 
(amatory,  perfunctory).     As  alternatives  to 
-ory,  E  often  has  -orial  (-ory  + -Ah),  -orious 
(ory  +  -ous).    (2)  of  nn.,  chiefly  f.  L  neut.  adjj. 
in  -orium  (dormitory,  factory,  laboratory).   In 
a  few  wds  -ory  is  -Y  S  added  to  agent  termina- 
tion -or  2  (rectory,  oratory).  In  some  technical 
wds  L  -orium  is  preserved,  as  auditorium, 
crematorium,  sensorium,  (also  -ory). 
6*pyx,  n.    (Genus  of)  large  straight-horned 
African  antelope.    [L,  f.  Gk  orux] 
O'scan,  a.  &  n.    (Of,  in)  the  language,  allied 
to  Latin,  of  the  Osci,  Opsci,  or  Opici,  a  primi- 
tive people  of  Campania.    [L  Osci,  -an] 
o'scillate  (osi-),  v.i.  &  t.     Swing  (i.,  rarely 
t.)  like  pendulum,  move  to  &  fro  between  two 
points;  vacillate,  vary  between  extremes  of 
opinion,  action,  condition,  &c.  Hence  or  cogn. 
oscIHation,  o'scillatOR2  (1, 2),  nn.,  o'scil- 
latORY  a.    [f.  L  oscillare,  -ate3] 
osclta'tion,  n.  (rare).     Yawning,  inatten- 
tion, negligence.    If.  L  oscitatio  (oscitare  gape 
f.  os  mouth,  citare  move,  -ation)] 
o'seulap,  a.     Of  the  mouth,   of  kissing; 
(Math.)  that  osculates.    If.  L  osculum  mouth, 
kiss,  (os  mouth,  -cule),  -ar'] 
O'seulate,  v.i.  &  t.    Kiss  (i.  &  t,  rare,  usu. 
facet);  (Nat.  Hist.,  of  species  &c.)  have  con- 
tact through  intermediate  species  &c,  have 
common  characters  with  another  or  with  each 
other;  (Math.,  of  curve  or  surface)  have  con- 
tact of  higher  order  with,  coincide  in  three  or 
more  points.    Hence  or  cogn.  o'sguIant  a. 
(esp.  nat.  hist.),  oseul ation  n.,  o'sculatORY 
a.  (esp.  math.),  [f.  L  osculari  kiss  (prec),  -ate3] 
-ose \  suf.  f.  L  -osus  abounding  in ;  chiefly 
in  adjj.  of  a  technical  kind,  adjj.  in  ordinary 
use  having  -ous ;  but  there  are  bellicose,  jocose, 
grandiose,  &  a  few  others.    Nn.  are  formed 
from  them  usu.  in  -osity,  also  in  -oseness. 
-ose2.  suf.  in  chem.  wds  formed  on  glucose 
(mod.  F  adoption  of  Gk  gleukos  must)  giving 
names  for  the  related  carbo-hydrates  saccha- 
rose &  cellulose  &  isomeric  substances. 
osiep  (6-zher),  n.    (Shoot  of)  species  of  willow 
used  in  basket-work ;  o.-bed1;  (attrib.)  of  oo. 
[b  ,_cf.  LL  ausaria,  os-,  willow-bed] 
-osis,  suf.  forming  nn.  of  process  or  condi- 
tion on  Gk  &  sometimes  L  stems ;  names  of 
diseases  or  pathological  states  (amaurosis,  tri- 


chinosis) ;  a  few  rhetorical  terms  (meiosis) ;  & 
some  in  gen.  use  (metamorphosis,  apotheosis). 
[f.  Gk  -osis,  n.  suf.  usu.  f.  vbs  in  -oo] 

-osity,  suf.    See  -ose  *,  -ous. 

Osma'nli,  a.  &  n.  =ottoman1.  ITurk.,  na- 
tive wd  for  which  Ottoman  is  the  usu.  E  form] 

o'smium  (6s-,  6z-),  n.  A  metal  of  the  plati- 
num group,  [f.  Gk  osme  smell,  -ium,  named 
from  pungent  smell  of  volatile  acid  formed  by 
it  with  oxygen] 

o'smose,  osmo'sis,  (6s-,  6z-),  n.  (physics). 
(Tendency  to)  percolation  &  intermixture  of 
fluids  separated  by  porous  septa.  Hence  os- 
mO'Tic  a.,  osmtrtiCALLY  adv.  [irreg.  f.  Gk 
osmos  push  (otheo  push)  +  -osis] 

o'smund  (6z-,  6s-),  n.  The  Flowering  Fern  ; 
any  fern  of  genus  Osmunda.    [?] 

o'sppey  (-a,  -i),  n.  Large  bird  preying  on 
fish,  the  sea-eagle,  fishing-eagle,  or  sea-hawk  ; 
(milliner's  name  for)  egret-plume  on  hat  or 
bonnet,  [prob.  f.  L  ossifraga  (os  ossis  bone, 
frangere  break)  perh.  the  lammergeyer] 

o'sseous,  a.  Consisting  of  bone,  ossified  ; 
having  bony  skeleton  (o.  &  cartilaginous 
fishes) ;  abounding  in  fossil  bones,  [f.  L  osseus 
(os  ossis  bone)  +  -ous] 

o'ssicle,  n.  (anat.).  Small  bone,  small  piece 
of  bony  or  chitinous  or  calcareous  substance 
in  animal  framework,    [f.  L  ossiculum  (prec, 

-CULE)] 

o-ssifrag-e  (-Ij),  n.    =osprey.    [osprey] 

o'ssify,  v.i.  &  t.  Turn  (i.  &  t.)  into  bone, 
harden,  make  or  become  rigid  or  callous  or  un- 
progressive.  Henceossi'Fica.,  ossIfica'tion 
n.    [L  os  ossis  bone,  -fy] 

o'ssuary,  n.  Receptacle  for  bones  of  dead, 
charnel-house,  bone-urn ;  cave  in  which  an- 
cient bones  are  found,  [f.  LL  ossuarium  (irreg. 
f.  os  see  prec,  -ary)] 

ostensible,  a.  Professed,  for  show,  put  for- 
ward to  conceal  the  real,  (his  o.  errand  ivas  to 
—).  Hence  oste'nsibLY2  adv.  [F  (h  ostendere 
-ens-,  -ible)] 

oste'nsopy,  n.  Receptacle  for  displaying 
Host  to  congregation,  monstrance,  [f.  med.L 
ostensorium  as  prec  +  -ory(2)] 

ostenta'tion,  n.  Pretentious  display  esp. 
of  wealth  or  luxury,  showing  off,  attempt  or 
intention  to  attract  notice.  Hence  ostenta*- 
tious  a.,  ostenta'tiousLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  os- 
tentationem  (ostentare  frequent,  of  ostendere 
-ent-  show,  -ation)] 

oste(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  osteon  bone  in 
many  med.  &  anat.  terms,  as  ostitis;  osteo- 
genesis formation  of  bone ;  osteo'graphy, 
scientific  description  of  the  bones ;  o'steoiD 
a. ;  osteo'logy,  anatomy  dealing  with  bones, 
animal's  bony  structure;  osteomala'cia,  soft- 
ening of  bone  by  loss  of  earthy  salts. 

o'stlep  (-si-),  n.  Stableman  at  inn.  [earlier 
hostler  (hostel,  -er1)] 

o'stpacize,  v.t.  (Gk  Ant. ;  at  Athens)  banish 
(dangerously  powerful  or  unpopular  citizen) 
for  ten  or  five  years  by  peculiar  voting-system, 
name  of  person  to  be  ostracized  being  written 
on  potsherd ;  (mod.)  exclude  from  society,  fav- 
our, or  common  privileges,  send  to  Coventry, 
&c  Hence  o'stpaciSM(l)  n.  [f.  Gk  ostrakizo 
(ostrakon  potsherd)] 

o'stpei-,  o'stpeo-,  comb,  forms  of  L  ostrea, 
ostreum,  &  Gk  ostreon,  oyster,  as  o'streiculture 
oyster-breeding ;  ostreo'phagous  eating  oysters. 

o'stpich  (-tsh),  n.  Large  swift-running  Afri- 
can &  Arabian  bird  with  wing  &  tail  feathers 
valued  as  ornaments,  swallowing  hard  sub- 
stances to  assist  working  of  gizzard,  &  reputed 
to  bury  its  head  in  sand  when  pursued  in  the 
belief  that  it  cannot  be  seen  (has  the  digestion 


.OT 


579 


OUR 


of  an  o. ;  o.  policy,  belief,  &c.,  depending  on 
self-delusion) ;  o.-farm,  breeding  oo.  for  fea- 
thers ;  o.-plume,  feather,  or  bunched  feathers,  of 
o.;  o.-tip,  tip  of  o. -feather,  [f.  OF  ostruce  f. 
pop.L  avis  struthio  (avis  bird,  LL  f.  Gk  strou- 
thion  ostrich  f.  strouthos  sparrow,  ostrich)] 

-ot  \  suf.  =F  -ot,  orig.  dim.,  but  often  not  so 
now  ;  ballot,  chariot,  parrot. 

-ot2,  -ote,  suf.  giving  nativity  in  ancient  Gk 
names,  as  Epirot,  &  in  mod.  names  from  places 
near  Greece,  as  Suliote ;  also  in  a  few  Gk  deri- 
vatives of  other  meanings  {idiot,  helot,  patriot, 
zealot).    [  =  F  -ote  f.  L  -ota  f.  Gk  -otes] 

o*ther  (udh-),  a.,  n.  or  pron.,  &  adv.  Not  the 
same  as  one  or  more  or  some  already  mentioned 
or  implied,  separate  in  identity,  distinct  in 
kind,  alternative  or  further  or  additional,  the 
&c.  only  remaining,  every  second,  different  than 
or  from,  (for  sing,  use  with  an,  see  another  ; 
we  have  o.  evidence ;  o.  people  think  otherwise ; 
it  must  be  decided  by  quite  o.  considerations  ; 
have  no  o.  place  to  go  to ;  a  few  o.  examples 
would  be  useful ;  give  me  some  o.  ones ;  now 
open  the,  your,  o.  eye ;  happens  every  o.  day, 
on  alternate  days,  as  often  as  not ;  any  person 
o.  than  yourself',  do  not  wish  him.  them,  o. 
than  he  is,  they  are  ;  a  world  far  o.  from  ours ; 
on  the  o.  hand,  used  to  introduce  fact  or  argu- 
ment making  against  or  contrasted  with  pre- 
vious one  ;  the  o.  day  adv.,  a  few  days  ago; 
some  time  or  o.  adv.,  one  day  &c. ;  some  one  or 
o.,  a  person  unknown  ;  some  idiots  or  o.  have 
been  shouting  all  night ;  it  was  none  o.  than 
Jones,  =  no  o.  one  or  person;  the  o.  world,  future 
life,  o.-world,  concerned  with  or  thinking  of 
this  only,  whence  other-wop'ldLY l  a., 
other- wor'ldliNESS  n.;  often  ellipt.  with 
numerals,  as  another,  the  o.  two,  i.e.  person  or 
persons,  thing  or  things,  of  kind  not  needing 
specification) ;  otherguess  a.  [corrupt,  of  other- 
gates  adv.  (gate2,  -es)  in  another  way],  of  very 
different  kind  (archaic  &  colloq.) ;  o'therwhence, 
from  elsewhere ;  o'therwhere(s),  elsewhere 
(poet.) ;  o'therwhile{s),  at  other  times.  (N.  or 
pron.;  orig.  elliptic  use  of  adj.,  &  often  in- 
distinguishable from  this  in  sing.,  but  now  dis- 
tinguished in  pi.  by  -s,  cf.  the  o.  six,  the  sixoo.) 
o.  person,  thing,  specimen,  &c.  (give  me  another, 
some  oo.;  do  good  to  oo.;  if  this  soap  is,  these 
candles  are,  too  soft,  have  you  any  o. ,00.?;  one 
or  o.  of  us  will  be  there ;  let  00.  talk,  I  act ;  I 
can  do  no  o.  archaic,  nothing  else  ;  you  are  the 
man  of  all  00.  for  the  work ;  one  neutralizes 
the  o. ;  they  neutralize  each  o.  or  one  another ; 
in  00.  of  his  sermons).  (Adv. )  otherwise  (o.  than 
cursorily).  [Aryan;  OE  other,  cf.  Du.  &  G 
ander,  Skr.  antaras,  L  alter ;  see  -ther] 

o'therness,  n.  (rare).  Being  other,  diversity, 
difference ;  thing  or  existence  that  is  not  the 
thing   mentioned    or   the    thinking   subject. 

f-\KSSl 

otherwise,  adv.  In  a  different  way  (could 
not  have  acted  o.;  Judas,  o.  called,  or  o.,  Is- 
cariot ;  sometimes  preceded  by  any,  no,  with 
reminiscence  of  its  etym.,  as  could  do  it  no  0., 
does  not  influence  him  any  o.  than  by  example) ; 
if  circumstances  are  or  were  different,  else,  or, 
(seize  the  chance,  o.  you  will  regret  it) ;  in  other 
respects  (he  is  unruly,  but  not  o.  blameworthy ; 
also  qualifying  the  adj.  sense  in  n.,  as  his  o. 
dullness) ;  in  different  state  (how  can  it  be  o. 
than  fatal  ? ;  should  not  wish  ito.);  o.-minded, 
having  different,  or  jarring,  inclinations  or 
views,  averse  to  current  opinions.  [OE  on  othre 
wisan  (other,  wise2)] 

-6tie,  suf.  forming  adjj.  corr.  to  nn.  in  -osis, 
in  sense  affected  with  or  producing  or  resemb- 
ling -osis  ;  so  neurotic,  hypnotic, narcotic;  Quix- 


otic, exotic,  erotic,  are  not  exx.    [f.  Gk  -otikos  f. 
nn.  in  -otes  formed  on  same  stems  as  -osis] 

otiose  (oshid's),  a.    At  leisure,  lazy,  unoccu- 
pied, (rare) ;  sterile,  futile,  (rare) ;  not  required, 
serving   no   practical    purpose,    functionless. 
Hence  oticseLv2  adv.,  otio'seNEss  n.    [f.  I* 
otiosus  (otium  leisure,  -ose1)] 

o'tium  cum  dignifate  (oshi),  n.  Digni- 
fied ease.    IL] 

ot(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  ous  otos  ear,  as 
oto'LOGY,  science  of  ear  diseases,  anatomy,  &c; 
o*toscoPE,  instrument  for  examining  cavity  of 
ear,  or  for  auscultation  of  sounds  in  it. 

otta'va  ri'ma  (-tah-,  re-),  n.  Stanza- of  eight 
lines,  11-syllabled  in  Italian,  10-syllabled  in 
English,  with  rhymes  as  abababec.    [It.] 

o'ttep,  n.  Furred  aquatic  fish-eating  mammal 
with  fin-like  legs,  webbed  feet,  &  long  flattened 
tail;  its  fur;  kinds  of  fishing-tackle;  o.-dog. 
-hound,  breed  used  in  o.-hunting;  o.-spcar, 
used  in  o.-hunting.  (com.-Teut.;  OE  otr,  cf. 
Du.  &  G  otter,  also  Skr.  udrds ;  cogn.  w.  Gk 
hudor  water,  &  w.  water] 

o'tto,  n.    O.  of  roses,  =  attar,    [f.  attar] 

Ottoman  \  a.  &  n.  Of  the  dynasty  of  Oth- 
man  I,  his  branch  of  the  Turks,  or  the  empire 
ruled  by  his  descendants,  Turkish  ;  (n.)  O.  per- 
son, Turk.  [F,  f.  Arab,  name  of  Othman  (pro- 
nounced in  Turk,  osman,  whence  osmanli)] 

ottoman2,  n.  Cushioned  seat  like  sofa  or 
chair  without  back  or  arms,  often  a  box  with 
cushionedtop.    [f.  prec.  (cf.  divan)] 

ou'bit  (00-),  n.    =  woobut. 

oublie'tte  (00-),  n.  Secret  dungeon  with  en- 
trance only  by  trapdoor.    [F  (oublier  forget)] 

ouch  (owtsh),  n.  (archaic).  Clasp  or  buckle 
often  jewelled ;  setting  of  precious  stone,  [f. 
OF  nouche  (cf.  adder)  f.  LL  nusca  f.  OHG 
nuscha  prob.  f.  Celt.] 

ought1  (awt),  n.  (vulg.).  Figure  denoting 
nothing,  nought,  [perh.  f.  an  ought  for  a 
nought,  cf.  adder] 

ought2  (awt),  v.aux.  (the  only  form  in  use, 
except  archaic  oughtest  or  oughtst,  is  ought 
serving  as  present  or  past  finite)  expressing 
duty,  Tightness,  shortcoming,  advisability,  or 
strong  probability ;  the  past  sense  (except  when 
merely  due  to  sequence  of  tenses  in  reporting 
&c.)is  indicated  by  a  followingperf.infin.  Exx.: 
we  o.  to  love  our  neighbours;  it  o.  not  to  be 
allowed  ;  you  o.  to  know  better ;  you  o.  to  go  to 
Pinafore ;  Eclipse  o.  to  win ;  it  o.  to  be  done  at 
once,  have  been  done  long  ago  ;  I  told  you  it  o. 
to  be,  have  been,  done  ;  I  said  it,  &  still  think 
I  o.  to  have  said  it.  [OE  dhte  past  of  agan 
owe;  the  mod.  uses  represent  the  imperf. 
subj.=  would  owe] 

ounce1  (ow-),  n.  (abbr.  oz.).  Unit  of  weight, 
1/12  lb.  in  Troy  weight,  1/16  lb.  in  avoirdupois 
(also  fig.,  as  an  o.  of  practice  Sec.  is  worth  a 
pound  of  theory  &c).  [f.  OF  unce  f.  L  uncia 
twelfth  of  pound  or  foot  (cf.  inch  *)] 

ounce2  (ow-),  n.  (Poet.  &c.)  lynx  or  other 
vaguely  identified  medium-sized  feline  beast ; 
(Zool.)  the  mountain-panther  or  snow-leopard 
smaller  than  leopard  but  marked  like  it.  [f. 
OF  once,  cf.  It.  lonza,  f.  L  lyncea  (lynx)  ;  for 
once  f.  Vonce  by  mistake  for  lonce  cf.  adder] 

oup  (owr),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  us  (see  we), 
that  we  are  concerned  with  or  speaking  or 
thinking  of,  (is  in  o.  midst ;  acting  on  o.  behalf; 
have  done  o.  share,  O.  Father,  the  creator  of 
us  men  ;  O.  Saviour,  of  us  Christians,  Christ ; 
O.  Lady,  of  us  Roman  Catholics,  the  Virgin 
Mary  ;  given  under  O.  seal,  of  Us  the  king  or 
queen,  emperor  or  empress ;  a  worthless  book 
in  o.  opinion,  of  us  the  present  spokesman  of  a 
newspaper  &c).     [com.-Teut.;   OE  ure  orig. 


■OUR 


580 


OUT- 


genit.  pi.  of  first  pers.  pron.  =  of  us,  afterwards 
inflected  as  adj.;  cf.  G  unser,  OSax.  user] 

-oup,  suf.  in  colour  &c.;  see  -or1. 

oups  (owrz),  pron.  &  pred.  a.  The  one(s)  be- 
longing to  us  (o.is  a  large  family  ;  Hike  o.  bet- 
ter ;  let  vie  give  you  one  ofo.;  look  at  this  gar- 
den of  o.,  this  our  garden);  our  regiment  or 
corps  (Jones  of  o.);  (pred.  a.)  belonging  to  us 
{became  o.  by  purchase),  [our,  -es  ;  double 
possessive  for  the  emphatic  abs.  use] 

oupse'lf,  pron.  (pi.  -ves,  which  is  the  usu. 
form,  the  sing,  being  used  similarly  when  We 
represents  a  sovereign, &  alternatively  with  the 
pi.  when  we  represents  a  newspaper  writer  or 
the  average  man).  (Emphat;  usu.  pi.)  we  or 
us  in  person,  in  particular,  in  our  normal  con- 
dition, &  not  others,  or  alone  (usu.  in  apposi- 
tion with  we,  &  either  next  after  it  or  later, 
rarely  substituted  for  it ;  usu.  substituted  for 
us,  rarely  after  it  in  apposition  :  we  oo.  will  see 
to  it ;  we  will  see  to  it  oo. ;  oo.  are  first  to  be 
thought  of;  it  was  good  for  the  others,  if  not 
for  oo.;  let  us  do  it  oo.;  we  were  not  oo.  for 
some  time ;  what  touches  us  o.  shall  be  last 
served ;  can  we  imagine  a  world  in  which  o. 
does  not  exist?);  (Refl.;  usu.  pl.,always  in  objec- 
tive case)  the  person(s)  previously  described  as 
we  (we  shall  only  harm,  do  harm  to,  oo.;  we 
cannot  persuade  o.  or  oo.  that  the  Government 
is  in  earnest ;  we  shall  give  oo.  the  pleasure  of 
calling),    [our,  self] 

-ous,  suf.  forming  adjj.;  f.  L  -osus,  cf.  -ose1, 
abounding  in,  thr.  OF  -os,  -us,  &  OE  -ms,  writ- 
ten after  1300  -ous  (oos)  &  gradually  weakened 
in  sound  to  us ;  familiarized  in  L  &  F  wds  f. 
OF,  -ous  has  now  become  the  established  angli- 
cizer  for  many  L  adjj.,  esp.  in  -eus,  -ius,^  -er,  -ax 
-acis,  -ox  -ocis,  -endus,  -ulus,  &  -vorus  (igneous, 
dubious,  adulterous,  capacious,  ferocious,  tre- 
mendous, bibulous,  herbivorous) ;  righteous, 
courteous,  gorgeous,  are  by  false  anal. ;  (Chem.; 
of  acids  &c.)  with  larger  proportion  of  the  ele- 
ment indicated  by  the  stem  than  those  in  -ic 
(chlorous  acid).  Nn.  f.  adjj.  in  -ous  have  usu. 
-ousness,  sometimes  -osity  (curiosity),  cf.  -ose  l. 

ousel.    See  ouzel. 

oust  (ow-),  v.t.  Put  out  of  possession,  eject, 
deprive  of,  expel  from,  drive  out,  force  oneself 
or  be  put  into  the  place  of.  Hence  ou'stER4 
n.  (legal),  [f.  OF  oster  (now  oter)  take  away, 
etym.  dub.] 

out  (owt),  adv.,  prep.,  n.,  &  a.,  (for  spec,  uses 
of  the  adv.  in  comb,  with  vbs  see  the  vbs). 
Away,  from  or  not  in  or  at  a  place,  the  right  or 
normal  state,  the  fashion,  &c,  (is  o.,  not  at 
home;  keep  him  o.;  go  o.  for  a  walk ;  hasher 
Sundays  o.;  arm  is  o.,  dislocated  ;  Tories  are 
o.,  not  in  office ;  her  son  is  o.  in  Canada  ;  an- 
chored some  way  o. ;  on  the  voyage  o. ;  batsman 
is  o..  no  longer  in  possession  of  wicket;  all  o., 
side  s  innings  over ;  o.,not  o.,  umpire's  decision 
against,  for,  batsman  in  answer  to  claim  of 
opponents;  miners  are  o.,  not  at  work,  on 
strike;  candle,  fire,  is  o.,  not  burning;  crino- 
lines are  o.,  not  in  fashion  ;  was  o.  in  my  calcu- 
lations, incorrect ;  also  as  interj.,  o.  with  him 
&c,  turn  him  o.) ;  in(to)  the  open,  publicity, 
existence,  notice,  hearing,  sight,  clearness,  &c. 
(book,  rose,  chicken,  secret,  girl,  is  o.,  published, 
open,  hatched,  revealed,  introduced  to  society; 
is  the  best  game  o.;  tell  him  right  o.;  the  erup- 
tion is  o.  all  over  him;  o.  at  elbow^;  o.  <& 
about,  able  to  leave  bed  or  house  &  appear; 
also  ellipt.  for  come  o.,  as  murder  will  o.);  to  or 
at  an  end,  completely,  (she  had  her  cry  o. ;  tired 

o.;  before  the  week  iso.;  o.  &  away,  by  far ;  o. 


&  o.,  thorough,  -ly,  surpassing,  -ly,  whence 
out-&-ou*tER 1  n.  slang) ;  owto/compd  prep., 
from  within,  not  within,  from  among,  beyond 
range  of,  (so  as  to  be)  without,  from,  owing  to, 
by  use  of  (material),  at  specified  distance  from 
(town  &c),  beyond,  transgressing  rules  of, 
(come  o.  o.  the  house ;  happened  o.  o.  England; 
o.  o.  doors,  in  or  into  the  open  air,  so  o.-of-door 
as  adj.;  must  choose  o.  o.  these  ;  is  o.  o.  sight ; 
was  swindled  o.  o.  his  money ;  is  o.  o.  breath, 
his  mind,  work,  brown  sugar,  &c. ;  get  money 
o.  o.  him ;  a  filly  got  by  Persimmon  o.  o.  Lutetia; 
asked  o.  o.  curiosity  ;  what  did  you  make  it  o. 
o.?;is  seven  miles  o.  o.  Liverpool ;  o.  o.  wedlock, 
without  marriage ;  times  o.  o.  number,  beyond 
counting ;  o.  o.  doubt,  undoubtedly ;  is  o.  o. 
drawing,  incorrectly  drawn ;  o.  o.  it,  not  in- 
cluded, forlorn,  at  a  loss,  wrongly  informed  or 
mistaken;  o.  o.  date2,  character1,  hand1, 
one's  own  head  l,  keeping,  temper,  the  wood, 
sorts,  the  way).  (Prep.)  =  o.  of  (only  now  in 
from  o.,  as  from  o.  the  dungeoncame  a  groan). 
(N.;  pi.)  the  party  o.  of  office ;  the  in  4s  &  outs. 
( Adj. )  o.  match,  played  away  from  home  ground ; 
o.  size,  beyond  the  ordinary.  [com.-Teut.;  OE 
id,  cf.  Du.  uit,  G  aus] 

out-,  pref.=  prec.  prefixed  adverbially  or  ad- 
jectivally or  prepositionally  to  vbs  or  nn. 

(1)  to  any  vb,  making  equivalent  of  same  vb 
followed  by  out;  chiefly  in  poet.  &  rhet.  use. 
So  outbla'ze,  outbra'nch,  outspea'k,  outsprea'd. 

(2)  Vbs  that  are  followed  in  other  parts  by  out 
often  form  partt.  &  gerunds  with  prefixed  out; 
the  meaning  is  often  a  specialized  one.  So  out- 
cast  a.  &  n.,  (person)  cast  out  from  home  & 
friends,  homeless  &  friendless  (vagabond);  ou't- 
clearing  n.,  sending  out  of  bills  &  cheques  to 
Clearing-house  for  settlement;  ou'tlying  a., 
situated  far  from  a  centre,  remote ;  owtspoken 
(or  -po'-)  a.,  frank,  given  to  plain  speaking, 
whence  outspo'kenLY 2  adv.,  otdspo •yfcen.NESS 
n.;  ou'tspread;  outstanding  a.,  prominent, 
still  unsettled  ;  ou'tstretched ;  outworn. 

(3)  Nn.  are  formed  f.  vbs  that  can  be  followed 
by  out,  either  with  the  simple  vb  form  or  with 
a  derivative  n.;  the  meaning,  which  is  often 
specialized,  may  be 

a.  the  verbal  action  or  its  occurrence.  So  out- 
break, a  breaking  out  of  emotion  esp.  anger, 
hostilities,  disease,  volcanic  energy,  &c,  out- 
crop, an  insurrection ;  outburst,  explosion  of 
feeling  esp.  expressed  by  vehement  words,  vol- 
canic eruption,  outcrop ;  outcrop,  emergence 
of  stratum,  vein,  or  rock,  at  surface  (also  b.); 
ou'tcry  (also  c);  outflow;  ou'tgoing  (also  b.); 
ou'tlook  (also  a);  outrush  (also  b.) ;  outsight, 
perception  of  external  things  (only  as  antithesis 
to  insight) ;  ou  'tthrust,  outward  pressure  of  some 
part  in  architecture. 

b.  that  which  does  the  action.  So  owtcome, 
issue,  result;  owtcrop  (also  a.);  outfit,  com- 
plete equipment  material  or  mental ;  outfitter, 
supplier  or  equipment;  outflow  (also  a.);  outgo, 
outgoings  (also  a.  in  sing.),  expenditure,  outlay ; 
outgrowth,  offshoot,  natural  product ;  outlier, 
detached  part  of  something;  outpour;  out- 
rush  (also  a.). 

c.  that  which  is  made  or  done  by  or  suffers  the 
action.  So  outcry  (also  a.),  clamour,  uproar; 
outlay,  what  one  spends,  expenses ;  outlook, 
what  one  sees  on  looking  out,  view,  prospect, 
esp.  fig.  of  what  seems  likely  to  happen  ;  out- 
pouring, effusion,  verbal  or  literary  expression 
of  emotion;  output,  out-turn,  amount  pro- 
duced by  manufacture,  mining,  labour,  &c; 
out-throw,  amount  ejected. 


For  words  in  out'  not  given  see  out-. 


OUT- 


581 


OUTLINE 


d.  the  place  or  time  of  occurrence.  So  owtfall, 
outlet  of  river  &c;  owtlet,  means  of  exit  or 
escape,  vent,  way  out;  owtset,  start,  com- 
mencement, (usu.  at  or  from  the  o.). 

(i)  out-  is  prefixed  w.  adj.  force  to  nn.,  meaning 

a.  external.    So  outline,  outside. 

b.  connected  but  separate,  subordinate  &  de- 
tached, not  at  the  centre,  some  way  off.  So 
owtbuilding,  outhouse ;  ou'tfield,  outlying  land 
of  farm,outlying  region  of  thought&c, (Cricket) 
part  remote  from  wickets ;  ou'thouse,  house  or 
building  or  shed  belonging  to  &  near  or  built 
against  main  house;  outla'ndish  a.  [f.  obs. 
owtland  foreign  countries],  foreign  looking  or 
sounding,  unfamiliar,  bizarre,  uncouth  ;  owt- 
patient,  -pensioner,  receiving  aid  from  institu- 
tion &c.  without  being  lodged  in  it ;  ou'tpost, 
detachment  on  guard  at  some  distance  from 
army  to  prevent  surprise;  o.-relief,  outdoor 
relief  (5) ;  ou'trider,  mounted  attendant  riding 
before,  behind,  or  with  carriage  ;  outrigger  ; 
owtrunner,  running  attendant  on  carriage, 
horse  in  traces  outside  shafts,  dog  acting  as 
guide  to  sledge-team ;  ou'tsentry,  man  stationed 
as  outpost ;  outskirts,  outer  border,  fringe,  of 
city,  district,  &c,  or  subject;  owtstation,  at 
distance  from  head-quarters;  owtvoter,  non- 
resident parliamentary  elector ;  owtwork,  ad- 
vanced or  detached  part  of  fortification,  also 
work  done  outside  shop  or  house ;  outwor'ker, 
one  who  does  outwork. 

(5)  out-  is  prefixed  to  &  governs  nn.  with  the 
force  of  out  of,  forming  adjj.  or  advv.  f.  which 
vbs  or  nn.  may  be  secondary  formations.  So 
ou'tboard  a.  &  adv.  (naut.),  on  or  towards  or 
nearer  than  something  else  to  ship's  outside ; 
ou'tcaste  a.  &  n.,  (person)  having  lost  or  been  ex- 
pelled from  his  or  not  belonging  to  a  caste ;  out- 
ca'ste  v.t.,  expel  from  caste ;  ou't-college  a.,  not 
residing  in  or  not  belonging  to  a  or  the  college ; 
owtdoor  a.,  done  or  existing  or  used  outdoors 
(o.  relief,  given  to  person  not  resident  in  work- 
house or  institution ;  o.  agitation  &c,  con- 
ducted outside  Parliament);  outdoor's  adv., 
in  the  open  air;  ou'tlaiv  n.  &v.t.  (OE  utlaga 
n.  f.  utlag  a.  outlawed],  person  deprived  of  the 
protection  of  the  law,  banished  or  exiled  per- 
son, (vb)  proscribe,  declare  outlaw,  whence 
owtlawRY,  condition  of  or  condemnation  as 
outlaw. 

(6)  out-  with  general  sense  of  excess  is  prefixed 

a.  to  simple  vbs  capable  of  taking  the  same 
object,  adding  the  idea  of  more  than  doing  or 
successfully  doing  the  action.  So  outbra've, 
defy ;  outfa'ce,  look  out  of  countenance  lit.  & 
fig.;  outjigh't;  out-he1 ctor ;  outla'st  (will  not  o. 
six  months;  alsob.);  outma'tch;  outmea'sure; 
outri'val;  outsco'ld;  out-trwmp,  at  cards. 

b.  to  any  vb,  or  n.  such  as  general  used  for  the 
nonce  as  vb,  enabling  it  to  take  as  obj.  a  person 
or  thing  that  the  subj.  surpasses  or  defeats  by 
doing  the  action  more,  better,  or  longer.  So 
out-a'ct,  -ar'gue,  -be'llow;  outbi'd,\)iA  higher 
than  at  auction,  promise  more  than,  surpass  in 
exaggeration  or  anecdote ;  out-bla'ze,  -bra'g, 
-da'nce,  -dare';  outdo',  surpass;  out-ea't;  out- 
figh't,  fight  better  than  (also  a.) ;  outfly ;  out- 
ge'neral,  defeat  by  superior  generalship  ;  out- 
grow, grow  faster  or  get  taller  than  (also  a); 
out-he'ctor,  be  more  formidable  at  hectoring 
than  (also  a.);  out-jo'ckey  overreach ;  out-ju'ggle; 
eut-jwmp ;  outla'bour ;  outla'st,  last  longer 
than  (another ;  also  a.);  outli've  (also  c.) ;  out- 
mancewvre,  -mar'ch,  -pai'nt,  -prea'ch,  -rea'ch, 
-rea'son,  -ri'de,  -row  (-6) ;  outru'n  (o.  the  con- 
stable ;  also  c);  outsai'l ;  outsco'ld  (also  a.) ; 
outshi'ne  lit.  &  fig.;  outshoo't;  outsi'ng;  out- 
set, stay  longer  than  (other  guests);  out-spar'' 


kle,-spe'nd,  -stare';  outstay  (also  a);  out-sti'nk, 
-swi'm,  -tal'k,  -thi'nk,  -thu'nder,  -toi'l,  -tra'de, 
-tra'vel ;  outvie',  surpass  in  competition  ;  out- 
vote, -wal'k;  outwa'tch,  keep  awake  longer 
than  (also  c.) ;  outwee'p ;  outweigh',  exceed  in 
weight,  value,  importance,  or  influence ;  out- 
wor'k,  -wra'ngle,  -ye'll. 

c.  to  vb,  enabling  it  to  take  as  obj.  something 
in  the  nature  of  a  limit  or  amount  that  is  ex- 
ceeded. So  outgrow,  get  too  big  for  (clothes), 
get  rid  of  (childish  habit  or  ailment  or  taste) 
with  advancing  age,  (also  b.) ;  outli've,  live  be- 
yond (a  century,  the  ordinary  span,  &c),  come 
safely  through  (accident  &c),  get  over  effect  of 
(disrepute  &c.),  (alsob.) ;  outri'de,  (of  ship)  keep 
afloat  through  (storm;  also  b.) ;  outru'n,  pass 
the  limit  of  (his  imagination  outruns  the  facts ; 
alsob.);  outstay '  (never  o.  your  welcome ;  also 
b.) ;  outste'p,  pass  limit  of  (outsteps  the  truth) ; 
outwa'tch,  keep  awake  beyond  the  end  of  (the 
night  &c;  also  b.);  outwear',  pass  away  (time) 
by  endurance. 

d.  to  n.,  forming  vb  expressing  that  subj.  sur- 
passes obj.  in  this  respect.  So  outcla'ss,  belong 
to  higher  class  than;  out-di' stance,  get  far  ahead 
of;  outfla'nk,  have  flank  overlapping  that  of 
(enemy);  outnu'mber ;  outpa'ce,  go  faster  than ; 
outra'nge,  (of  gun  or  its  user)  have  longer  range 
than;  outspee'd;  outva'lue;  outvoi'ce,  speak 
louder  or  more  effectively  or  persuasively  than ; 
outwi't,  prove  too  clever  for,  overreach,  take  in. 

e.  to  name  of  person  noted  for  some  quality, 
forming  vb  (w.  the  name  usu.  repeated  as  obj.) 
indicating  that  subj.  surpasses  even  him  in  it. 
So  out-he'rod  Herod,  out-zo'la  Zola,  be  more 
blustering,  realistic,  than  Herod  or  Zola. 

outbi'd,  v.t.  (-dd-),  see  out- 6  b ;  ou'tboard 
a.  &  adv.,  out-  5;  outbra've  v.t.,  out- 6a; 
ou'tbreak  n.,  out-  3  a;  outbuilding-  n., 
out-  4b ;  outburst  n.,  out-  3  a ;  outcast 
a.  &  n.,  out- 2 ;  ou'tcaste  a.  &  n.,  ou tea's te 
v.t.,  out- 5;  outcla'ss  v.t.,  out-  6d;  ou't- 
clearing* n., out- 2 ;  ou't-eollegfe  a.,  out-  5 ; 
ou'tcome  n.,  out-  3  b;  outcrop  n.,  out- 
3  a  b ;  ou'tery  n.,  out-  3  a  c ;  out-di'stance 
v.t, out- 6d;  outdo*v.t.,ouT-6b;  outdoor 
a.,  outdoor's  adv.,  out-  5. 

ou'ter,  a.  &  n.  Farther  from  centre  or  inside, 
relatively  far  out,  external,  of  the  outside ;  ob- 
jective, physical,  not  subjective  or  psychical ; 
the  o.  man,  personal  appearance,  dress ;  the  o. 
world,  people  outside  one's  own  circle ;  hence 
ou'terMOST  a.  (N.)  part  of  rifle-target  outside 
circles  surrounding  bull's-eye.  [14th-c.  forma- 
tion substituted  for  &  differentiated  f.  utter 
as  compar.  of  out] 

outfa'ce,  v.t.,  see  out-  6a ;  ou'tfall  n., out- 
3d;  ou'tfieldn.,ouT-4b;  ou'tfit, ou'tfltter, 
nn.,0UT-3b;  outfla'nk  v.  t.,ouT-6d,outflow 
n., out- 3a;  outg-e'neral  v.t., out- 6b;  out- 
go n.,  out-  3b;  outgoingCs)  n.,  out-  3ab; 
outgrow  v.t,  out- 6b  c;  outgrowth  n., 
out- 3b;  out-he'rod  v.t.,  out-  6e;  ou't- 
house n.,  out-  4  b. 

outing,  n.  Pleasure-trip,  holiday  away  from 
home.    [f.  obs.  out  vb  put  or  go  out,  -ing  *] 

out-jo'ckey,  v.t,  see  out- 6b;  outla'nd- 
ish a. ,  o  ut-  4  b ;  outla'st  v.  t. ,  o  ut-  6  a  b ;  ou  t- 
law  n.  &  v.t.,  ou'tlawry  n.,  out- 5;  ou't- 
lay  n., out-3c  ;  ou'tlet  n.,  ouT-3d  ;  outlier 
n.,  out- 3b. 

ou'tline,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Sing,  orpl.)  lines  enclos- 
ing the  apparently  plane  figure  presented  by 
any  object  to  sight,  contour,  external  boundary; 
sketch  containing  only  contour  lines  &  no  shad- 
ing (in  o.,  so  sketched) ;  rough  draught,  verbal 
description  of  essential  parts  only,  summary, 
(pi.)  main  features,  general  principles.     (Vb) 


OUTLIVE 


582 


OVER 


draw  or  describe  in  o.;  mark  o.  of  in  decorating 
&c.    [out-  4  a] 

outli've,  v.t.,  see  out-  6b  c;  outlook  n., 
out-  3  c;  outlying  a.,  out-  2;  outmanoeir- 
vre  v.t.,  out-  6  b ;  outmap'ch  v.t.,  out-  6  b ; 
outmatch  v.t.,  out-  6a. 

outmost,  a.    =ouTERmos£. 

ou'tness,  n.  Externality,  objectivity.  [-NESS] 

outnu'mbep,  v.t.,  see  oui-6d  ;  outpa'ee 
v.t.,  out-  6d;  out-patient  n.,  out-  4b; 
outpost  n.,  out-  4b  ;  outpouring  n.,  out- 
3  c ;  output  n.,  out-  3  c. 

outrage,  n.  (-Ij),  &  v.t.  (aj).  Forcible  viola- 
tion of  others'  rights,  sentiments,  &c.  (never 
safe  from  o.);  deed  of  violence,  gross  or  wanton 
offence  or  indignity.  (Vb)  do  violence  to,  sub- 
ject to  o.,  injure,  insult,  violate,  ravish;  infringe 
(law,  morality,  &c.)  flagrantly,  [f.  OF  ultrage 
(L  ultra  beyond,  -age)] 

outrageous  (-j«s),  a.  Immoderate,  extra- 
vagant, extraordinary ;  violent,  furious;  gross- 
ly cruel,  immoral,  offensive,  or  abusive.  Hence 
outra'geousLY  2  ad  v.,  outpa'geousNESS  n. 
[f.  OF  outrageus  (prec,  -ous)] 

outra'nge,  v.t.    See  out-  6 d. 

outre  (ootra),  a.  Outside  the  bounds  of  pro- 
priety, eccentric,  outraging  decorum.    [F] 

out-relief,  n.,  see  out-  4b ;  outri'de  v.t., 
out-  6  b  c ;  outrider  n.,  out-  4  b. 

outrigged,  a.  Having  outriggers,  [f.  out-, 
rig,  -ed1,  after  foil.] 

outrigger,  n.  Beam,  spar,  framework, 
rigged  out  &  projecting  from  or  over  ship's  side 
for  various  purposes ;  similar  projecting  beam 
&c.  in  building ;  extension  of  splinter-bar  en- 
abling extra  horse  to  be  harnessed  outside 
shafts,  such  horse ;  iron  bracket  bearing  row- 
lock attached  to  boat's  side  to  increase  leverage 
of  oar,  boat  with  these,    [out-,  rig,  -er  *] 

outright,  adv.  &  a.  Altogether,  entirely, 
once  for  all,  not  by  degrees  or  instalments  or 
half  &  half,  (kill,  buy,  o.) ;  without  reservation, 
openly;  (adj.)  downright,  direct,  thorough, 
whence  outpightNESS  n.    [out,  right] 

outpi'val,  v.t,  (-11),  see  out- 6  a.;  outpu'n 
v.t.,  out-  6 be;  outrunner  n.,  out-  4b; 
outset  n.,  out-  3d ;  outshrne  v.t.,  out-  6b. 

outsi'de,  n.,  adj.,  adv.,  &  prep.  External 
surface,  outerparts,  (knows  only  the  oo.  of  books; 
ride  on  the  o.  of  an  omnibus) ;  external  appear- 
ance, outward  aspect ;  all  that  is  without,  the 
world  as  distinguished  from  the  thinking  sub- 
ject, (impressions  from  the  o.);  position  with- 
out (open  the  door  from  o.) ;  highest  computa- 
tion (there  were  a  hundred,  it  is  a  mile,  at  the  o. ); 
(pi.)  outer  sheets  of  ream  of  paper;  o.  passenger 
on  coach  &c;  o.  tn,=iNSiDE  out.  (Adj.)  of,  on, 
nearer,  the  o.,  outer,  (o.  edge  in  skating,  pro- 
gression on  outer  edge  of  one  skate ;  o.  seat, 
nearer  the  end  ;  o.  work,  done  off  the  premises; 
o.  porter,  conveying  luggage  from  station);  not 
belonging  to  some  circle  or  institution  (o.  opin- 
ion, esp.  of  people  not  in  Parliament;  o.  broker, 
not  member  of  Stock  Exchange);  greatest  exist- 
ent or  possible  or  probable  (quote  the  o.  prices). 
( Ad  v.)on  or  to  the  o.,  the  open  air,  open  sea,  &c, 
not  within  or  enclosed  or  included,  (come  o.,  out 
from  room  or  house  ;  is  black  outside  &  in ;  o. 
of,=o.  prep.;  o.  of  a  horse  slang,  mounted  ;  get 
o.  o/ slang,  eat  or  drink;  o.  of  his  own  family 
no  one  will  speak  to  him).  (Prep.)  external  to, 
not  included  in,  beyond  the  limits  of,  not  in,  to 

the  o.  of,  at  or  to  the  exterior  of,  (natural  forces 

are  o.  morality;    cannot  go  o.  the  evidence). 

[out-  4  a,  side  ij 

outsl'dep,  n.    Non-member  of  some  circle, 


party,  profession,  &c,  uninitiated  person,  lay- 
man, person  without  special  knowledge,  breed- 
ing, &c.,  or  not  fit  to  mix  with  good  society ; 
horse  or  person  not  known  to  have  a  chance  in 
race  or  competition,    [-er  *] 

outsight,  n.,  see  out-  3  a ;  outsi't  v.t., 
out-  6  b ;  outskirts  n.  pi.,  out-  4  b. 

ou'tspan,  v.i.  &  t.  (-nn-),  &  n.,  (S.  Afr.).  Un- 
yoke, unharness ;  (n.)  act,  time,  or  place  of  out- 
spanning,    [f.  Du.  uitspannen  (out,  span)] 

outspoken,  a.,  see  out-  2 ;  outspread  a., 
out-  2 ;  outstanding1  a.,  out-  2  ;  outstay* 
v.t.,  out-  6  b  c ;  outstep  v.t.,  out-  6c  ;  out- 
stpetched  a.,  out-  2. 

outstpi'p,  v.t.  (-pp-).  Pass  in  running  &c. ; 
surpass  in  competition  or  relative  progress  or 
ability,    [out-  6  b,  strip  in  obs.  sense  run  fast] 

out-thpust,  n.,  see  out-  3a;  outvalue 
v.t,  out-  6d;  outvie*  v.t.,  out-  6b  ;  out- 
voice v.t.,  out-  6d  ;  outvote  v.t.,  out-  6b  ; 
outvoter  n.,  out-  4  b. 

outward,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  Outer  (archaic) ; 
directed  towards  the  outside ;  bodily,  external, 
material,  visible,  apparent,  superficial,  (the  o. 
eye,  opp.  mind's  eye  ;  o.  form,  appearance ;  o. 
man  in  Theol..  body,  opp.  soul,  also  facet.  = 
clothing  &c. ;  to  o.  seeming,  apparently ;  o. 
things,  the  world  around  us) ;  hence  out- 
wardLY2  adv.  (Adv. )= outwards  (o.-bound 
of  ship  or  passenger,  going  away  from  home). 
(N.)  o.  appearance;  (pi.)  o.  things,  externals. 
[OE  utweard  (out,  -ward)] 

outwardness,  n.  External  existence,  ob- 
jectivity ;  interest  or  belief  in  outward  things, 
objective-mindedness.    [-ness] 

outwards,  adv.  In  an  outward  direction, 
towards  what  is  outside,    [-wards] 

out  watch,  v.t.,  see  out- 6  be;  outwear* 
v.t.,  out-  6c;  outweigh*  v.t.,  out-  6b  ;  out- 
wit v.t.  (-tt-),  out-  6d;  outwork  n.,  out- 
4  b ;  outwop'k  v.t.,  out-  6  b  ;  outworker 
n.,  out- 4  b. 

ouzel,  -s-,  (oo'zl),  n.  Kinds  of  small  bird 
(Ring,  Water,  Brook,  -o.).  [OE  osle,  cf.  G  amsel] 

ova.    See  ovum. 

6*val,  a.  &  n.  Egg-shaped  or  ellipsoidal ; 
having  the  outline  of  an  egg  or  elliptical ;  hence 
o'valLY  2  adv.,  o*valNESS  n.  (N.)  closed  curve 
with  one  axis  considerably  longer  than  the 
other,  like  ellipse  or  outline  of  egg ;  thing  with 
o.  outline,    [ovum,  -al] 

6*vapy,  n.  Either  of  two  reproductive  organs 
in  which  ova_are  produced  in  female  animals, 
whence  ovapio'TOMY,  ovapiTis,  nn. ;  lower 
part  of  pistil,  consisting  of  one  or  more  carpels, 
seed-vessel,  germen.  Hence  ovap'iAN  a., 
ovario-  comb.  form,    [ovum,  -ary  *] 

6*vate,  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Egg-shaped  as  solid  or 
in  outline,  oval.  Hence  ovato-  comb.  form, 
[f.  L  ovatus  (OVUM,  -ATE2)] 

ovation,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)  lesser  triumph  ; 
enthusiastic  reception,  spontaneous  applause, 
[f.  L  ovatio  (ovare  exult,  -ation)] 

oven  (u'vn),  n.  Brick  or  stone  or  iron  recep- 
tacle for  baking  bread  or  other  food  in  (Didch 
o.,  metal  box  of  which  open  side  is  turned  to- 
wards ordinary  fire);  small  furnace  or  kiln  used 
in  chemistry,  metallurgy,  &c.  ;  o.-bird,  kinds 
making  domed  or  o. -shaped  nests,  [com.-  Teut ; 
OE  ofn,  cf.  Du.  oven,  G  of  en,  Gk  ipnos] 

6*vep,  o'er  (or;  poet),  adv.,  n.,  a.,  &  prep. 
(Adv.)  outward  &  downward  from  brink  or 
from  erect  position  (lean,  fall,  jump,  knock, 
&c,  o.) ;  so  as  to  cover  or  touch  whole  surface 
(brush,  paint,  ito.);  with  motion  above  some- 
thing, so  as  to  pass  across  something,  (climb, 


For  words  in  out-  not  given  see  out-. 


OVER- 


583 


OVER- 


look,  boil,  o.) ;  so  as  to  produce  fold  or  reverse 
position,  upside  down,  {bend  it  or,  turn  o.,  turn 
other  side  of  leaf  up ;  turn  him  o.  on  his  face  ; 
roll  o.  &  o.,  so  that  same  point  comes  upper- 
most repeatedly),  (Cricket,  as  umpire's  direc- 
tion) change  ends  for  bowling  &c.  (n.,  number 
of  balls,  i.  e.  i,  5,  or  6,  allowed  between  two  such 
calls,  &  the  play  that  results;  maiden  o.); 
across  a  street  or  other  space  or  distance  {take 
this  o.  to  the  post-office ;  asked  him  o.,  to  come 
as  visitor  from  some  place  not  far  off ;  is  o.  in, 
am  going  o.  to,  America;  o.  against,  in  oppo- 
site situation  to,  in  contrast  with) ;  with  trans- 
ference or  change  from  one  hand,  party,  &c, 
to  another  {malcontents  went  o.  to  the  enemy  ; 
handed  o.  the  seals  ;  made  o.  the  balance  to  a 
charity;  give1  o.)  ;  too,  in  excess,  in  addition, 
besides,  more,  apart,  (o.  anxious  &c, more  than 
is  right,  see  over-;  not  o.  xcell  &c,  rather 
badly  &c;  shall  have  something  o.;  20 lb.  &  o.; 
that  can  stand  o.,  not  be  dealt  with  now ;  o.  & 
above,  moreover,  into  the  bargain) ;  from  begin- 
ning to  end,  with  repetition,  with  detailed  con- 
sideration, {read,  count,  o. ;  did  it  six  times  o., 
o.&o.,  o.  again,  o.  &  o.  again ;  talk,  think,  the 
matter  o.);  at  an  end,  done  with,  settled,  {the 
struggle  is  o.).  (x\dj.)  upper,  outer,  superior, 
excessive,  (usu.  written  as  one  word  with  n., 
see  over-).  (Prep.)  above,  on,  at  all  or  various 
points  upon,  to  &  fro  upon,  all  through,  round 
about,  concerning,  engaged  with,  {an  umbrella 
o.  his  head ;  projects  o.  the  street ;  doubt  hangs 
o.  the  question ;  o.  our  heads,  beyond  our  com- 
prehension, also  without  consulting  us ;  hand1 
o.  hand ;  writing  o.  the  signature  X. ;  o.  head 
&  ears,  completely  immersed  lit.  &  fig.;  o. 
shoes  o.  boots,  no  half  measures ;  with  his  hat 
o.  his  eyes;  draw  a  veil  o.  it ;  a  change  came  o. 
him ;  blush  spread  o.  his  face  ;  rice  is  grown 
all  o.  India;  you  may  travel  o.  Europe  or 
Europe  o. ;  all  the  world  o.,  in  all  countries  &c. ; 
went  o.  his  notes ;  sitting  o.  the  fire,  a  cheerful 
glass,  &c. ;  pause  o.  the  details ;  laugh  o.  the 
absurdity  of  it;  go  to  sleep  o.  ones  work); 
with  or  so  as  to  get  or  give  superiority  to,  be- 
yond, more  than,  (is  king,  reigns,  has  jurisdic- 
tion, o.  twenty  millions ;  was  victor,  won  the 
victory,  was  victorious,  o. ;  set  him  o.  the  rest ; 
has  no  command  o.  herself;  give  me  the  prefer- 
ence o.  him ;  cost  o.  £50 ;  o.  &  above,  besides, 
not  to  mention) ;  out  &  down  from,  down  from 
edge  of,  so  as  to  clear,  across,  on  or  to  the  other 
side  of,  throughout,  through  duration  of,  till 
end  of,  (fell  o.  the  edge,  precipice ;  stumble  o., 
be  tripped  up  by ;  jumped  o.  the  brook ;  looking 
o.  the  hedge  ;  spoke  o.  her  shoulder ;  coursing 
o.  the  plain ;  a  pass  o.  the  company's  line ;  the 
house  o.  the  way,  opposite;  the  King  o.  the 
water,  Jacobite  phr.  for  exiled  king;  if  we  can 
tide  o.  the  next  month ;  payments  spread  o.  a 
series  of  years ;  will  not  live  o.  today ;  can 
you  stay  o.  Wednesday  ?).  [Aryan ;  OE  ofer, 
cf.  Du. over,  G  iiber, ober, Gk  huper,  Skr. upari; 
cogn.  w.  above,  &  having  compar.  termin.] 
o'vep-,  pref.  =prec.  1.  Used  as  adj.  in  agree- 
ment with  second  part  of  compound,  =  upper, 
outer,  of  higher  kind,  upside  down,  extra, 
(pred.)  in  higher  position.  So  o'vercoat,  worn 
outside  another;  o'verdress,  outer  part  of  gown 
made  to  resemble  one  dress  worn  over  &  show- 
ing parts  of  another  of  different  colour  &c; 
o'verfault  geol.,  reverse  fault  with  inclination 
towards  upthrow  side  ;  o'verfold  geol.,  fold  of 
strata  so  complete  that  middle  part  is  upside 
down  ;  o'verhand  a.  &  adv.,  with  hand  above 
object  held,  with  hand  above  shoulder  (o.  bowl- 
ing ;  bowls  o.),  out  of  water  (o.  stroke  in  swim- 
ming), &c. ;  o'verlord,  supreme  lord,  suzerain, 


whence  overlor'dsmv n.;  o'vermanvhilos., also 
superman,  the  ideal  man,  beyond  good  &  evil, 
or  superior  to  moral  restrictions,  of  Nietsche's 
philosophy;  o'verplus,  surplus,  superabun- 
dance; o'vershoe,  of  rubber  or  felt  worn  out- 
side another ;  o'vcrsleeve,  for  pulling  on  over 
sleeve  to  protect  it;  o'versoul,  God  as  animat- 
ing the  universe  &  including  all  human  souls ; 
o'verthrust  geol.,  thrust  of  strata  on  one  side 
over  those  of  other  side  of  fault ;  o'vertime, 
during  which  workman  works  beyond  regular 
hours;  o'vertone  n.  mus.,  harmonic;  o'ver- 
weight,  preponderance,  excessive  weight. 

2.  As  prep,  governing  second  component  & 
making  with  it  n.,  a.,  or  adv.  So  o'verall  n., 
outer  garment,  esp.  (pi.)  kinds  of  protective 
outer  trousers  or  leggings ;  o'verboard  adv., 
from  within  ship  into  water  (usu.  fall,  throw, 
o. ;  throw  o.  fig.,  abandon,  discard);  o'verdoor 
n.,  ornamental  woodwork  above  door;  o'ver- 
front  n.,  armflap  of  Inverness  cape  &c;  o'ver- 
ground  a.,  raised  above  ground,  not  under- 
ground; overhea'd  adv.,  on  high,  in  the  sky, 
in  the  storey  above  ;  o'verhead  a.,  placed  over- 
head (esp.  o.  wires) ;  o'verhouse  a.,  (of  wires) 
supported  on  housetops  instead  of  poles ;  o'ver- 
knee  a.,  reaching  above  knee ;  overla'nd  adv., 
by  land  &  not  sea ;  o'verland  a.,  entirely  or 
partly  by  land  (esp.  of  route  by  Mediterranean 
to  India,  or  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific  across  con- 
tinent) ;  overleaf  adv.,  on  other  side  of  leaf  (of 
book) ;  o'vermantel  n.,  ornamental  shelves  &c. 
over  mantelpiece  ;  overnigh't  adv.,  on  the  pre- 
ceding evening  with  a  view  to,  or  as  regarded 
from,  the  next  day;  o'vernight  a.,  done  &c. 
overnight;  o'verproof  a.,  containing  more  al- 
cohol than  proof  spirit ;  oversea'(s)  adv.,  o'ver- 
sea  a.,  across  or  beyond  sea;  oversi'de  adv., 
o'verside  a.,  (of  loading  &  unloading  ship)  over 
the  side  into  or  out  of  lighters ;  overti'me  adv., 
beyond  regular  hours  af  work  ;  o'verweight  a.r 
beyond  weight  allowed  (esp.  o.  luggage). 

a  As  prep,  prefixed  to  verbs,  but  itself 
governing  case  independently,  often  with 
specialized  sense;  also  in  abs.  uses  of,  or  in 
derivatives  from,  such  vbs.  So  overbri'm  v.t. 
&  L  (water  overbrimmed  the  cup  ;  also  said  of 
the  vessel) ;  overco'me  v.t.  &  i.,  prevail  over, 
master,  get  the  better  of,  be  victorious,  (p.p.) 
exhausted,  made  helpless,  deprived  of  self- 
possession,  (with  or  by  emotion  &c. ;  o.  with 
liquor,  drunk) ;  overcrow  v.t.,  exult  or  triumph 
over  (rival),  outswagger;  overflow'  v.t.  &  i., 
flow  over  (brim  &c),  flood  (surface),  (fig.,  of 
crowd  &c.)  extend  beyond  limits  of  (room  &c), 
(of  receptacle  &c.)  be  so  full  that  contents  o., 
(of  kindness,  harvest,  &c.)  be  very  abundant, 
whence  overflowitiG  2  a. ,  overflowingLY  2  ad  v. ; 
overgrow  v.t.  (of  creeping  plants) ;  o'vergrowth 
n.,  plants  that  have  grown  over  anything,  (fig.) 
accretion  ;  overha'ng  v.t.  &  i.  (-hung),  jut  out 
over,  jut  out,  (fig.)  impend  over,  impend  ;  so 
o'verhang  n.,  fact  or  amount  of  overhanging  ; 
overla'p  v.t.,  partly  cover,  cover  &  extend  be- 
yond, (reciprocally  of  pi.  subj.)  partly  coincide 
(the  great  difficulty  in  classification  is  the  over- 
lapping of  species) ;  overlea'p  v.t.,  leap  over, 
surmount,  omit,  ignore;  overlie' v.t., lie  on  top 
of,  smother  (child)  thus;  overloo'k  v.t.,  have 
prospect  of  or  over  from  above,  be  higher  than, 
fail  to  observe,  take  no  notice  of,  condone, 
superintend,  oversee,  bewitch  with  the  evil 
eye  ;  overpa'ss  v.t.  &  i.,  pass  over,  across,  be- 
yond, &c,  get  to  the  end  of,  surmount,  sur- 
pass ;  overrx'de  v.t.,  ride  over  (enemy's  country) 
with  armed  force,  trample  (person)  under  one's 
horse's  hoofs,  (fig.)  trample  under  foot,  set 
aside,  refuse  to  comply  with,  have  or  claim 


OVER- 584 

superior  authority  to,  (Surg.,  of  fractured  bone) 
overlap ;  overru'n  v.t.,  flood,  harry  &  spoil 
(enemy's  country),  (of  vermin,  weeds,  &c.) 
swarm  or  spread  over,  exceed  (limit) ;  oversee' 
v.t.,  look  at  from  above  (rare),  superintend  or 
look  after  (workmen^ execution  of  work,  &c), 
whence  o'verseer  (-ser)  n.  (o.  of  the  poor,  parish 
officer  charged  with  poor-relief  &  other  duties) ; 
overshoo't  v.t.,  send  missile,  go,  beyond  (mark 
&c.  lit.  &  fig. ;  o.  the  mark,  also  o.  oneself,  go 
too  far,  exaggerate,  overdo  something  ;  o'ver- 
shot  wheel,  turned  by  water  flowing  above  it); 
o'versight  n.,  supervision  (rare),  omission  to 
notice,  mistake  of  inadvertence ;  oversprea'd 
v.t.,  become  diffused  over,  cover  or  occupy 
surface  of ;  overstep  v.t.,  pass  beyond  (boun- 
dary lit.  or  fig.). 

4.  As  adverb  in  local  senses  (above,  by  way  of 
cover,  down  from  above  or  from  erectness, 
past,  beyond,  in  addition)  modifying  vb  or  de- 
rived n.  without  itself  governing  object.  So 
overar'ch  v.t.  &  i. ;  overbalance  v.i.  &  t.,  lose 
balance  &  fall,  cause  to  do  this ;  overbear'  v.t., 
bear  down  or  upset  by  weight  or  force,  put 
down  or  repress  by  power  or  authority,  sur- 
pass in  importance  &c,  outweigh ;  overbear- 
ing a.,  domineering,  masterful,  whence  over- 
bear'ingLY2  adv.,  overbear'ingNKSS  n. ;  over- 
blowmp.n.,  (of  storm  &c.)  passed ;  overca'nopy 
v.t.;  overclou'd  v.t.;  overcru'st  v.t.;  o'verfall 
n.,  turbulent  stretch  of  sea  &c.  caused  by  set 
of  tide  or  current  over  submarine  ledge  or 
meeting  of  currents,  overflow  opening  to  keep 
water  of  lock  or  canal  up  or  down  to  required 
level;  overfi'lm  v.t. ;  overgi'ld  v.t.;  overhau'l 
v.t.,  pull  to  pieces  for  purposes  of  examining, 
examine  condition  of,  (esp.  Naut.)  catch  up, 
come  up  with ;  overhear'  v.t.,  hear  as  an  eaves- 
dropper or  as  an  unperceived  or  unintended 
listener ;  overlay'  v.t.,  cover  surface  of  with 
coating &c,  (incorrectly)  overlie;  o'verlay  n., 
thing  laid  over  something,  coverlet,  small 
tablecloth,  &c. ;  overpa'ssed,  -pa'st,  a.,  gone 
by,  past;  o'versew  v.t.,  sew  (two  edges)  with 
every  stitch  passing  in  same  direction  through 
both  &  inter-stitch  parts  of  thread  lying  across 
&  outside  united  edge ;  oversha'dow  v.t.,  shel- 
ter from  sun,  protect  from  attack  (rare),  cast 
into  the  shade,  diminish  conspicuousness  of  by 
outshining ;  o'verspill  n.,  what  is  spilt,  surplus 
population  &c.;  oversprea'd  v.t.,  cover  with 
(chiefly  pass.;  heaven  was  o.  with  clouds);  o'ver- 
strung  a.,  (of  piano)  with  strings  in  sets  cross- 
ing each  other  obliquely;  overta'ke  v.t.,  come 
up  with,  catch  up,  (person  &c.  who  has  start, 
or  arrears  of  work),  (of  storm,  misfortune.  &c.) 
come  suddenly  upon  (overtaken  in  drink, 
drunk) ;  overthrow'  v.t.,  upset,  knock  down, 
cast  out  from  power,  vanquish,  subvert,  put 
an  end  to  (institution  &c.) ;  o'verthrow  n.,  de- 
feat, subversion,  (Cricket)  fielder's  return  not 
stopped  near  wicket  &  so  allowing  further 
run(s) ;  overtur'n  v.t.  &  i.,  upset,  (cause  to)  fall 
down  or  over,  overthrow,  subvert,  abolish ; 
o'verturn  n.,  upsetting,  revolution ;  overwhelm 
v.t.,  bury  beneath  superincumbent  mass,  sub- 
merge utterly,  crush,  bring  to  sudden  ruin, 
overpower  with  emotion  &c,  deluge  with  in- 
quiries &c. ;  overwhelming  a.,  irresistible  by 
numbers,  amount,  &c,  whence  overwhelming- 
ly %  adv. 

5.  As  adv.  with  trans,  vb,  adding  sense  of 
effectually,  completely,  into  submission.  So 
overawe'  v.t. ;  over  cloy'  v.t. ;  overjoyed  p.p., 
transported  with  joy;  overma'ster  v.t.;  over- 
persua'de  v.t.,  persuade  in  spite  of  reluctance. 

6.  As  adv.  or  adj.  prefixed  to  vb,  adj.,  adv.,  or 
n.,  adding  notion  of  excess  over  the  desirable, 


OVER- 


the  truth,  or  a  definite  limit.  So  over-abou'nd 
v.i.;  over-abwndant a.;  over-abu'ndantly  adv., 
over-abu'ndance  n.;  over-a'ct  v.t.  &  i.,  act  (part, 
emotion,  &c),  act  part,  with  exaggeration; 
over-a'ctive  a.;  over-acti'vity  n.;  over-a'nxious 
a.;  over-a'nxiously  adv.;  over-anxi'ety  n.;  over- 
blow v.t.  (mus.),  blow  (pipe  &c.)  with  such  force 
as  to  produce  harmonic  instead  of  fundamental 
note;  overblown  a,.,  (of  flowers)  too  fully  open, 
past  prime;  overbo'ld  a.;  overbur'den  v.t.,  6z 
n.;  overbur'densome  a.;  overbu'sy  a,.,  too  much 
occupied,  officious ;  overbuy  v.i.,  buy  more 
than  enough  to  meet  demand ;  over-capi'talize 
v.t.,  fix  or  estimate  capital  of  (company  &c.) 
too  high ;  over-care'  n. ;  over-care  ful  a. ;  over- 
cau'tionn.;  over-cawtious  a.;  over-cau'tiously 
adv.;  overcharge  v.t.,  put  too  much  explosive 
or  electricity  or  the  like  into,  put  exaggerated 
details  or  too  much  detail  into  (description, 
picture,  &c. ),  charge  too  high  a  price  for  (thing) 
or  to  (person),  charge  (specified  sum)  beyond 
right  price ;  o'verchar'ge  n.,  excessive  charge 
(of  explosive,  or  in  money,  see  prec);  over- 
co'lour  v.t.,  exaggerate  (details  of  description 
&c);  over-co'nfident  a.;  over-co'nfidently  adv.; 
over-co'nfidence  n. ;  over-cre'dulous  a.;  over- 
credu'lity  n. ;  overcro'p  v.t.,  exhaust  (land)  by 
continuous  cropping ;  overcrow'd  v.t. ;  over- 
cu'nning  n.,  cunning  that  overreaches  itself ; 
over-cur'ious  a.,  too  inquisitive,  too  careful  or 
precise  or  fastidious;  over- cur  Hously  adv.; 
over-curio ' sity  n.;  orer-de'licacy  n.;  over-deli- 
cate  a.;  over-deve'lop  v.t.  (photog.);  overdo' 
v.t.,  carry  to  excess,  go  too  far  in,  cook  too 
much  (esp.  in  p.p.),  overtax  strength  of  (esp.  in 
p.p.);  overdo 'se  v.t. ;  o'verdo'se  n. ;  o'verdraft 
n.,  overdrawing  of  bank  account,  amount  by 
which  draft  exceeds  balance;  overdraw  v.t. 
&  i.,  draw  cheque  in  excess  of  (one's  account) 
or  in  excess  of  one's  account,  exaggerate  in 
describing ;  over-dre'ss  v.t.  &  i.;  overdri've v.t., 
drive  (horse  &c),  work  (person),  to  exhaustion ; 
over-ea'ger  a. ;  over-ea'gerly  adv. ;  over-ea'ger- 
ness  n.;  over-ear'nest  a.;  over-e'stimdte  v.t., 
put  value  or  amount  of  too  high ;  over-esti- 
mate (-at)  n. ;  over-excite  v.t. ;  over-exer'tion 
n.;  over-expo' sev.t., over-expo' sur en., (photog.); 
over-fati'gue  v.t.,  &  n. ;  overfi'sh  v.t.,  fish 
(stream  &c.)  to  depletion;  overfo'nd  a.;  over- 
go'vern  v.t.,  subject  to  needless  restrictions  & 
regulations;  overgo'vernment  n. ;  overgrowth 
n.,  growth  too  great  for  health  &c;  over-ha'ste 
n.;  over-ha'sty  a.;  over-ha'stily  adv.;  over-hea't 
v.t. ;  over-housed  (-zd)  a.,  living  in  too  large  a 
house ;  over-indwlge  v.t.  &  i.;  over-indwlgence 
n. ;  over-i'ssue  v.t.,  issue  (notes,  shares,  &c.) 
beyond  authorized  amount  or  ability  to  pay ; 
over-i'ssue  n.,  things  or  amount  so  issued; 
over-la'bour  v.t.,  elaborate  to  excess ;  over- 
la'den  a.;  overlar'ge  a.;  overloa'd  v.t.;  o'ver- 
loa'd  n. ;  overlo'ng  a. ;  over-ma'ny  a. ;  over- 
ma'sted  a.,  with  too  tall  or  heavy  masts; 
o'ver-mea'sure  n.,  amount  beyond  the  due  or 
sufficient;  over-mo' 'dest a.;  overmu'cha,.,n.,&z 
adv. ;  over-ni'ce  a.,  too  fastidious ;  over-ni'ee- 
ness,  over-ni'cety,  nn. ;  overpay  v.t.,  recom- 
pense (person,  service)  too  highly ;  overpeopled 
a.,  overstocked  with  people;  overpi'tch  v.t., 
bowl  (cricket  ball)  so  that  it  pitches  too  near 
wicket;  over-po'pulated  a.,  too  thickly  popu- 
lated ;  over-popula'tion  n.,  over-populated  con- 
dition ;  overpo't  v.t.,  plant  in  too  large  a  pot; 
overprai'se  v.t.,  &  n. ;  over-pressure  n.,  press- 
ing or  being  pressed  too  hard,  esp.  overwork ; 
over-pri'nt  v.t.  (photog.);  over-produ'ee  v.i.  & 
t.,  produce  too  much  of  (commodity,  or  usu. 
abs.) for  thedemand ;  over-produ'etion n.;  over- 
pu'nish  v.t. ;  overra'te  v.t.,  have  too  high  an 


OVER- 

opinion  of,  assess  too  high  for  rating  purposes ; 
over-rea'd  v.i.,  do  too  much  reading ;  over- 
refi'ne  v.i.,  make  too  subtle  distinctions ;  over- 
ride v.t.,  exhaust  (horse)  by  riding ;  over-ri'pe 
a. ;  over-scru'pulous  a. ;  ovtrse'll  v.t.  &  i.,  sell 
more  of  (commodity,  stock,  or  abs.)  than  one 
can  deliver  ;  over-sensitive  a. ;  over-se'nsitive- 
ness  n. ;  over-soli'citous  a. ;  over-soli'cittide  n. ; 
oversta'te  v.t.,  state  too  strongly,  exaggerate  ; 
over-sta'tement  n. ;  oversto'ck  v.t. ;  o'ver stock 
n.;  overstrai'n  v.t.,  damage  by  exertion,  make 
too  much  of  (scruples  &c. ;  esp.  in  p.p.) ;  o'ver- 
strai'n  n.,  overstraining. or  being  overstrained ; 
overstru'ng  a.,  (of  person,  his  nerves,  &c.)  in- 
tensely strained  or  wound  up  ;  overstu'dy  v.i., 
&  n. ;  over-su'btle  a. ;  over-supply  n. ;  over- 
swo'llen  a.;  overta'sk  v.t., give  or  be  too  heavy 
a  task  to  or  for ;  over-ta'x  v.t.,  make  excessive 
demand  on  (person's  strength  &c.),burden  with 
excessive  taxes ;  overtire  v.t. ;  overtoi'l  n. ; 
overto'ne  v.t.  (photog.) ;  overtrai'n  v.t.  &  i., 
subject  to  or  undergo  too  much  athletic  train- 
ing, with  injury  to  condition ;  overu'se  v.t. ; 
o'ver-wse  n. ;  overvalue  v.t. ;  overwee'ning  a., 
arrogant,  presumptuous,  conceited,  self-confi- 
dent; overweigh'ted  a.,  unduly  loaded  with; 
ovcrwi'nd  v.t,,  wind  (watch  &c.)  beyond  proper 
stopping-point;  overwor'k  v.t.  &  i.,  (cause  to) 
work  too  hard,  weary  or  exhaust  with  work ; 
overwor'k  n.,  excessive  work;  over-wrough't 
a.,  over-excited,  suffering  reaction  from  excite- 
ment, too  elaborate;  over-zea'l  n.;  over-zea'l- 
ous  a.;  over-zea'lously  adv. 

7.  Prefixed  to  vb  &  enabling  it  to  take  seZ/as 
obj.,  or  be  used  in  p.p.,  with  sense  damage  one- 
self by  doing  action  to  excess ;  many  of  these 
compounds  can  also  be  used  abs.  in  same  sense. 
So  overdri'nk,  overea't,  overfeed  (also  trans.), 
overgrow'  (in  p.p.,  that  has  overgrown  himself 
&c);  overju'mp  oneself,  strain  sinew  &c.  in 
jumping  ;  overrea'ch  oneself  strain  oneself  by 
reaching  too  far,  (of  horse)  injure  fore-foot  by 
striking  it  with  hind-hoof ;  overprea'ch,  over- 
ru'n;  oversleep  oneself,  miss  intended  hour 
of  rising  by  sleeping  too  long ;  oversmo'ke ;  over- 
spend (oneself  or  abs.),  spend  money  beyond 
one's  means;  overtoiled  p.p.;  overwa'lk;  over- 
wa'tched  p.p.,  exhausted  by  keeping  awake; 
overwri'te  oneself,  damage  one's  style  by  writ- 
ing too  much. 

8.  Prefixed  to  vb  or  deriv.,  or  adj.,  with  added 
sense  of  more  than.  So  overbalance  v.t.,  out- 
weigh lit.  &  fig.;  overbalance  n.,  (amount  of) 
excess;  overdue'  a.;  overfi'll  v.t.;  overfu'll  a.; 
overma'tch  v.t.,  be  too  strong  &c.  for,  defeat ; 
overma'tch  n.;  overpoi'se  v.t.,  outweigh  ;  over- 
subscribe v.t!,  subscribe  more  than  amount  of 
(loan  &c;  usu.  in  p.p.). 

9.  As  prefix  making  trans,  vb  out  of  intr.  vb, 
or  vb  not  taking  same  obj.,  or  n.,  usu.  with 
sense  of  exceeding.  So  overbui'ld,  build  too 
closely  on  (land) ;  overca'st,  cover  (sky  &c.) 
with  clouds  or  darkness  (usu.  p.p.),  stitch  over 
(edge)  to  prevent  unravelling,  esp.  with  blanket 
or  button-hole  stitch ;  overli've,  live  beyond 
(other  person,  specified  age,  &c.) ;  overpower, 
reduce  to  submission,  subdue,  master,  make 
(thing)  ineffective  or  imperceptible  by  greater 
intensity,  (of  heat,  emotion,  &c.)  be  too  intense 
for,  overwhelm ;  overpowering  a.,  irresistible ; 
overpoweringly  adv.;  overrea'ch,  circumvent, 
outwit,  get  the  better  of  by  cunning  or  arti- 
fice ;  over-rent,  charge  too  high  a  rent  for 
(land  &c.)  or  to  (farmer  &c);  overrwle,  set 
aside  (decision ,  argument,  proposed  course)  by 
superior  authority,  annul  decision  or  reject 
proposal  of  (person) ;  overstay,  stay  beyond 
(one's  welcome  &c);   overto'p,  be  or  become 


585 OVERRULE 

higher  than  ;  overtru'mp,  play  higher  trump 
than. 

overact,  v.t.  &  i.,  see  over-  6 ;  overall  n., 
over-  2;  overarch  v.t.  &  i.,  over-  4 ;  over- 
awe v.t.,  over-  5 ;  overbalance  v.L  &  t.,  & 
n.,  over-  4, 8 ;  overbear  v.t.,  overbearing 
a.,  over-  4 ;  overblow  v.t.,  over-  6 ;  over- 
blown a.,  over-  4,  6;  overboard  adv., 
over- 2;  overbrim  v.t.  &  L,  over- 3;  over- 
build v.  t. ,  o ver-  9 ;  overburden  v.  t. ,  over- 
busy  a.,  overbuy  v.i.,  over-  6;  over- 
canopy  v.t.,  over-  4 ;  over-capitalize  v.t,, 
overcare  n.,  over-  6 ;  overcast  v.t.,  over- 
9 ;  over-caution  n.,  overcharge  v.t.  &  n., 
over-  6;  overcloud  v.t.,  over-  4;  over- 
cloy  v.t,,  over-  5;  overcoat  n.,  over-  1; 
over  colour  v.t.,  over-  6;  overcome  v.t., 
over-  3;  over-confidence  n.,  over-cre- 
dulity n.,  overcrop  v.t,,  over-  6;  over- 
crow v.t.,  over-  3;  overcrowd  v.t,  over- 
6;  overcrust  v.t.,  over-4  ;  over-cunning 
n.,  over-curious  a.,  over-delicacy  n., 
over-develop  v.t,,  overdo  v.t.,  over-  6; 
overdoor  n.,  over-  2;  overdose  v.t.  &  n., 
overdraft  n.,  overdraw  v.t.  &  L,  over-  6 ; 
overdress  n.,  over-  1,  v.L,  over- 6;  over- 
drink v.  refl.  &  L,  over-  7 ;  overdrive  v.t,, 
over-  6;  overdue  a.,  over-  8;  overeat  v. 
refl.  &  L,  over-  7 ;  over-estimate  v.t,  &  n., 
over-expose  v.t,  over-exposure  n., 
over-  6 ;  overfall  n.,  over-  4 ;  over-fatigue 
v.t.  &  n.,  over-  6;  overfault  n.,  over-  1; 
overfeed  v.t.  &  L,  over-  7;  overfill  v.t, 
over-  8;  overfilm  v.t,  over-  4;  overfish 
v.t,  over-  6 ;  overflow  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.,  over- 
flowing a.,  over-  3;  overfold  n.,  over-  1 ; 
overfront  n.,  over-  2 ;  overfull  a.,  over-  8 ; 
overgild  v.t.,  over-  4  ;  over-govern  v.t., 
over-government  n.,  over-  6;  over- 
ground a.,  over-  2;  overgrow  v.t,  over- 
3,  v.  refl.  &  L,  over-  7 ;  overgrowth  n.,  o ver- 
3,  6;  overhand  adv.  &  a.,  over-  1;  over- 
hang v.t  &  L,  &  n.,  over-  3 ;  overhaul  v.t, 
over-  4 ;  overhead  adv.  &  a.,  over-  2;  over- 
hear v.t,  over-  4  ;  over-house  a.,  over-  2 ; 
over-housed  a.,  over-indulgence  n., 
over-issue  v.t,  &  n.,  over-  6 ;  overjoyed 
a.,  over- 5;  overjump  v.  refl.,  over- 7;  over- 
knee a.,  over-  2;  overlabour  v.t.,  over- 
laden a.,  over-  6;  overland  adv.  &  a.„ 
over-  2 ;  overlap  v.t.  &  L,  over-  3 ;  overlay 
v.t,  &  n.,  over-  4;  overleaf  adv.,  over-  2i 
overleap  v.t,  overlie  v.t,  over-  3 ;  over- 
live v.t,  over-  9;  overload  v.t,  &  n.,  over- 
6 ;  overlook  v.t,  over-  3 ;  overlord,  over- 
lordship,  overman,  nn.,  over-  1 ;  over- 
mantel n.,  over-  2;  over- many,  over- 
masted, aa.,  over- 6;  overmaster  v.t, 
over-  5;  overmatch  v.t,  &  n.,  over-  8;. 
over-measure  n.,  overmuch  a.,  adv.,  & 
n. ,  overnice  a. ,  o  verniceness,  overnlce- 
ty,  nn.,  over-  6 ;  overnight  adv.  &  a.,  oveR- 
2;  overpass  v.t.,  over- 3;  overpassed, 
-past,  a.,  over-  4;  overpay  v.t,  over- 
peopled a.,  over- 6;  over-persuade  v.t, 
over-  5 ;  overpitch  v.t,  over- 6 ;  overplus 
n.,ovER-l;  overpoise  v.t,  over- 8 ;  over- 
population n.,  overpotv.t,ovER-6;  over- 
power v.t,  overpowering  a.,  over-  9; 
overpraise  v.t.  &  n.,  over- 6;  overpreach 
v.  refl.  &  L,  over-  7 ;  overpressure  n., 
overprint  v.t,  over-produce  v.t.  &  L, 
over-production  n.,  over- 6;  over-proof 
a.,  over-  2;  overrate  v.t,  over-  6;  over- 
reach v.  refl.  &  L,  over-  7,  v.t,  over-  9; 
over-read  v.i.,  over-refine  v.i.,  over-  6; 
over-rent  v.t,  over-  9;  override  v.t, 
over- 3, 6;  over-ripe  a.,  over- 6;  overrule 

19* 


OVERRUN 


OX 


v  t  over-  9 ;  overrun  v.t.,  over-  3, 7 ;  over- 
sea a.  &  adv.,  overseas  adv.,  over-  2; 
oversee  v.t.,  overseer  n.,  over-  3 ;  over- 
sell v.t  &  t.,  over-  6 ;  oversew  v.t.,  over-  4 ; 
overshadow  v.t.,  over-  4;  overshoe  n., 
over-  1 ;  overshoot  v.t.,  overshot  a., 
over-  3 ;  overside  adv.  &  a.,  over-  2 ;  over- 

lo^erslaugh  (aw),  n.  (mil.).  Passing  over  of 
one's  turn  of  duty  in  consideration  ot  another 
duty  that  takes  precedence  of  it.  [f .  Du.  over- 
slag  (overslaan  omit  f.  over,  slaan  strike)] 
oversleep,  v.  refl.  &  i.,  see  over-  7 ;  over- 
sleeve n.,  over-  1 ;  oversmpker jr.  refl.  &  i^ 
over-  7 ;  oversoul  n.,  over-  1 ;  overspend 
v.  refl.  &  i.,  over-  7;  overspill  n.,  over-  4; 
overspread  v.t.,  over-  3,  4;  overstate 
v  t.,  overstatement  n„  over- 6;  overstay 
v.t,  over-  9 ;  overstep  v.t.,  over-  3 ;  over- 
stock v.t.  &  n.,  overstrain  v.t.  &  n.,  over- 
6:  overstrung  a.,  over-  4,  6;  overetuoy 
v.i.  &  n.,  over-  6;  over-subscribe  v.t., 
over-  8 ;  over-supply  n.,  overswollen  a., 

OVER- 6.  ,    a 

over't,  a.  Openly  done,  unconcealed,  patent. 
Hence  over'tLY2  adv.  [OF,  p.p.  of  ovrir,  now 
ouvrir,  open,  f.  L  aperire] 
overtake,  v.t.,  see  over-  4 ;  overtask  v.t., 
overta*x  v.t.,  over-  6;  overthrow  v.t.  & 
n.,  over-  4 ;  overthrust  n.,  over-  1 ;  over- 
time n.,  over-  2;  overtoil  n„  over-  6; 
overtoiled  a.,  over-  7 ;  overtone  v.t.,  over- 
6;  overtone  n.,  over-  1;  overtop  v.t., 
over-  9 ;  overtrain  v.t.  &  i.,  over-  6 ;  over- 
trump v.t.,  over-  9. 

6'verture  (tsher,  -tur),  n.  Opening  of  ne- 
gotiations with  another,  formal  proposal  or 
offer,  (usu.  pi.,  esp.  malceoo.  to) ;  (Mus.)  orches- 
tral piece  opening  opera,  oratorio,  &c;  begin- 
ning of  poem  &c;  10 F  (overt,  -ure)] 
overturn,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.,  see  over-  4 ;  over- 
use v.  t.  ,&  n. ,  over-  value  v.  t. ,  over-  6;  over- 
walk  v.  refl.  &  L,  over-watched  a.,  over- 
7  ;  overweening  a.,  over- 6 ;  overweight 
n.,  over-  1,  adj.,  over-  2;  overweighted  a., 
over-6;  overwhelm  v.t., overwhelming 
ft.,  over-  4 ;  overwind  v.t.,  overwork  v.t. 
&  i.,  &  n.,  over- 6;  overwrite  v.  refl.  &  i., 
over-  7 ;  overwrought  a.,  over-  6. 
ovi- »,  ovo-,  comb,  forms  of  ovum  ;  o'viduct, 
n.,  canal  through  which  ova  pass  from  ovary 


esp.  in  oviparous  animals;  o'viform,  a.,  egg- 
shaped;  ovi'parous,  a.,  producing  young  by 
means  of  eggs  expelled  from  body  before  being 


hatched  (opp.  viviparous);  ovipo'sit,  v.i.,  lay 
egg(s),esp.  with  ovipo'sitor,  n.,  pointed  tubular 
organ  with  which  female  insect  deposits  eggs ; 
ovorhomboi'dal  Sec,  between  rhomboid  &c.  & 
oval;  ovo'logy,  n.,  science  of  the  formation  of 
animals'  ova;  ovovivi'parous,  a.,  producing 
young  by  eggs  hatched  within  body. 
ovi-2,  comb,  form  of  L  ovis  sheep;  ovibo'- 
vine,&.  &  n.,  (animal)  having  characters  inter- 
mediate between  sheep  &  ox,  musk-ox ;  o'vi- 
cide,  n.  (facet),  sheep-killing. 
Ovi'dian,  a.  (As)  of  Ovid  or  his  poetry.  [L 
Ovidius  Ovid,  -ian] 

6'vine,  a.    Of,  like,  sheep,    [f.  L  ovinus  (ovis 
sheep,  -ine  !)1 
6*void,  a.  &  n.    Solidly  or  superficially  egg- 
shaped,  oval  with  one  end  more  pointed  ;  (n.)  o. 
body  or  surface,    [ovum,  -oid] 
6'volo,  n.  Convex  moulding  of  quarter-circle 
or  quarter-ellipse  section,  receding  downwards. 
[It.  (now  uovolo),  dim.  of  novo  egg  f.  L  ovum] 
6*vule,  n.    Rudimentary  seed,  female  germ- 
cell,  unfertilized  ovum.     Hence  o*vu1ar  *  a. 
[F  (foil.,  -ule)] 


6'vum,  n.  (pi.  -a).    Female  germ  in  animals, 
capable  of  developing  into  new  individual  when 
fertilized  by  male  sperm,  egg  esp.  of  mammals, 
fish,  or  insects.     [L,  =  egg] 
owe  (6),  v.t.  &  i.    Be  under  obligation  to  (re)- 
pay  (person  money,  money  to  person,  money)  or 
render  (person  honour  &c,  gratitude  &c.  to  per- 
son), be  in  debt  (for  thing,  with  creditor  in  dat ; 
he  owes  not  any  man ;  I  o.  you  for  your  ser- 
vices, owed  for  all  my  clothes);  o.  one  a  grudge, 
cherish  resentment  against  him;  be  indebted 
for  to  person  (or  with  dat. ;  we  o.  to  Newton  the 
principle  of  gravitation;  Io.himmuch).  [com.- 
Teut ;  OE  dgan,  cf.  OHG  eigan,  Da.  eie  own  ; 
earlier  past  tense,  ought  2,  OE  ahte] 
Owenism  (6-),  n.  Communistic  cooperation 
advocated  by  Robert  Owen  (d.  1858).    1-ism] 
owing  (6-),  pred.  a.    Yet  to  be  paid,  owed, 
due,  (paid  all  that  was  o.) ;  o.  to,  attributable 
to,  caused  by,  (all  this  teas  o.  merely  to  ill  luck), 
(as  prep.)  on  account  of  (o.  to  the  drought,  crops 
are  short).    [oWEf  -ing  2] 
owl  (owl),  n.    Kinds  of  large-headed  small- 
faced  hook-beaked  large-eyed  soft-plumaged 
nocturnal  bird  of  prey  (esp.  Barn  O.,  Tawny  O., 
&  Long-eared  or  Horned  O.,  each  with  other 
names,  as  Church,  Screech,  Hooting,  Sec,  O.  ; 
fly  with  the  o.,  have  nocturnal  habits ;  oo.  to 
Athens,  =  COA^s  to  Newcastle);  solemn  person, 
wise-lookingdullard^henceow'liSH1  a.,  ow- 
lishLY2  adv.;  (also  o.-pigeon)  fancy  variety  of 
pigeon  ;  o.-light,  dusk,  twilight.    Hence  ow'l- 
erv(3)  n.     [com. -Teut. ;  OE  ule,  cf.  Geule ;  prob. 
imit,  cf.  L  ulula  owl,  ululare  howl1] 
owlet,  n.  Owl,  young  owl.  [earlier  howlet] 
own 1  (on),  a.    (Appended  to  possessive  adj. 
or  case)  in  full  ownership,  proper,  peculiar,  in- 
dividual, &  not  another's,  {saw  it  with  my  o. 
eyes ;  has  a  value  all  its  o. ;  let  them  stew  2  in 
their  o.  juice  ;   loves  truth  for  its  o.  sake  ;  be 
one's  o.  man,  independent,  free ;   God's  o.  hea- 
ven ;  may  I  have  it  for  my  o.  or  my  very  o.  ? ; 
my  o.  sweetheart  Sec,  or  abs.  my  o.,  esp.  in  voc. 
expressing  affection  ;   often  also  used  to  em- 
phasize not  the  ownership,  but  the  personality 
of  the  subject  &c,  as  cooks  her  o.  meals,  every 
man  his  o.  lawyer,  am  my  o.  master ;  also  used 
abs.  =  private  property,  kindred.  &cM  as  May  I 
not  do  what  Twill  with  my  o.?,  And  his  o.  re- 
ceived him  not,  The  devil *'s  o.;  of  one's  o.,  be- 
longing to  one,  as  I  have  nothing  of  my  o.,  will 
give  you  one  of  my  o.;  hold  one's  o.,  maintain 
position,  not  be  defeated ;  on  one's  o.  slang,  in- 
dependently, on  one's  o.  account  or  responsi- 
bility or  resources);  (without  preceding  posses- 
sive) o.  brother,  sister,  with  both  parents  the 
same,  o.  cousin,  first    [OE  &gen,  agen,  p.p.  of 
owe  (in  obs.  sense  possess);  cf.  Du.  &  G  eigen] 
own2,  v.t.  Have  as  property,  possess,  whence 
ownER1,  ownersHip(l),  nn.,  ownerLESS 
a.;  acknowledge  authorship,  paternity,  or  pos- 
session, of  (child,  pamphlet,  hat,  that  nobody 
will  o.);  admit  as  existent,  valid,  true,  &c.  (owns 
his  deficiencies,  himself  indebted,  he  or  that  he 
did  not  know);  confess  to,  (owns  to  a  sense  of 
shame,  to  having  done);  o.  up  colloq.,  make 
frank  confession ;  submit  to  (person's  sway  &c.) 
without  protest.    [OE  dgnian  (agen  own  *)] 
ox,  n.  (pi.  oxen).    Any  bovine  animal,  indi- 
vidual of  kinds  of  large  usu.  horned  cloven- 
footed  ruminant  quadruped  used  when  domes- 
ticated for  draught,  for  supplying  milk,  and  for 
eating  as  meat,  (esp.)  castrated  male  of  domes- 
tic species,  (the  black  ox  has  trod  on  one's  foot, 
misfortune  or  old  age  has  come  upon  him) ;  ox- 
bird,  kinds  of  small  bird,  esp.  the  dunlin ;  ox- 
eye,  large  human  eye,  whence  o'x-eyED2  a., 
kinds  of  plant  esp.  ( Yellow  O.-e.)  Corn  Marigold, 


OX- _587 

( White  O.-e.) Ox-eyed  Daisy;  ox-fence  oro'XER1 
n.,  strong  cattle-fence  of  railing  &  hedge  & 
sometimes  ditch ;  oxherd,  cowherd  ;  oxhide, 
skin  of  ox  ;  oxlip,  hybrid  plant  between  prim- 
rose &  cowslip  ;  oxtail,  tail  of  ox,  much  used 
for  soup-making.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  oxa,  cf.  Du. 
os,  G  ochse,  also  W  ych,  Skr.  ukshdn  pi.] 

ox-,  comb,  form  (chem.)=  oxy-,  as  oxacCtic 
or  oxyace'tic,  or  =  oxal-,  as  oxa'mic. 

oxal(o)-,  comb,  form  of  oxalic  acid,  whence 
o'xalATEMS)  n.;  oxalo-ni'trate  &c. 

oxa'lic,  a.  (chem.).  Derived  from  wood-sor- 
rel {o.  acid,  a  highly  poisonous  &  sour  acid 
found  in  wood-sorrel  8c  other  plants),  [f.  F 
oxalique  (L  f.  Gk  oxalis  kinds  of  plant  includ- 
ing wood-sorrel,  -ic)] 

O'xfoPd,  n.  University  town  in  England  ; 
O.  clay,  deposit  of  stiff  blue  clay  underlying 
coral  rag  in  midland  counties;  O.  frame,  picture- 
frame  of  which  sides  cross  each  other  at  corners 
&  project ;  O.  man,  educated  at  O.  Univ. ;  O. 
mixture,  dark-grey  cloth  ;  O.  movement,  for  re- 
vival of  Catholic  doctrine  &  observance  in 
Church  of  England  begun  c.  1833 ;  O.  shirting, 
kind  of  shirt  or  dress  material ;  O.  shoes,  low 
shoes  lacing  over  instep;  O.  Tracts,  the  tracts 
for  the  times. 

o'xide,  n.  Compound  of  oxygen  with  another 
element  or  with  organic  radical.  [F,  after  acide 
acid  (ox-=oxy-,  -ide)] 

o'xidize,  v.t.  &  i.  Cause  to  combine  with 
oxygen;  cover  (metal)  with  coating  of  oxide, 
make  rusty ;  take  up  or  enter  into  combination 
with  oxygen,  rust ;  oxidized  silver,  (incorrect 
name  tor)  silver  with  dark  coating  of  silver 
sulphide.  Hence  o'xidizABLE  a.,  oxidizv- 
tion,  oxidi*zERi(2),  nn.    [prec,  -ize] 

Oxo'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Past  or  present  member) 
of  University  of  Oxford.  [Oxonia  latinized 
name  of  Ox(en)ford,  -an] 

oxy-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  oxus  sharp:  (1)  in 
gen.  senses,  as  oxycar'pous  with  pointed  fruit; 
o^i/o'pia,  abnormalkeennessof  vision;  oxygen; 
oxymoron  ;  oxytone  ;  (2)  in  chem.  wds  as 
comb,  form  of  oxygen,  (a)  denoting  presence  or 
admixtureof  oxygen ;  o.-hou'se-g  as,  o.  -pa  'raf/in, 
&c,  xised  attrib.  of  flame  produced  by  mixing 
the  vapoUr  of  the  gas  &c.  with  oxygen  ;  o.- 
calcium  light,  limelight;  o.-hydrogenblowpipe, 
flame,  light,  &c;  oxya'cid  (&  see  b.) ;  o'xysalt, 
containing  oxygen ;  (b)  loosely  used  for  hy- 
droxy-, denoting  compound  of  organic  sub- 
stance having  atom  of  hydroxyl  substituted 
for  one  of  hydrogen,  as  oxya'cid  (&  see  a.). 

o'xygen,  n.  Colourless  tasteless  scentless 
gas,  one  of  the  non-metallic  elements,  existing 
Free  in  air  &  combined  in  water  &  most  min- 
erals &  organic  substances,  &  being  essential 
to  animal  &  vegetable  life.  Hence  oxygen- 
ous a.  [f.  F  oxygene  acidifying  principle,  see 
oxy-(1),  -gen  ;  it  was  at  first  held  to  be  the 
essential  principle  in  formation  of  acids] 

oxy  'senate,  v.t.  Supply,  treat,  or  mix,  with 
oxygen,  oxidize ;  charge  (blood)  with  oxygen 
by  respiration.  Hence  oxyg?enANT(2),  oxy- 
genA'TiON,  nn.    [f.  F  oxygener  (prec),  -ate3] 

oxygenize,  v.t.    =prec.    [-ize] 

oxymop'on,  n.  (rhet.).  Figure  of  speech  with 
pointed  conjunction  of  seeming  contradictories 
(e.g.,  faith  unfaithful  kept  him  falsely  true). 
[Gk  (mo)  f.  oxv-(l),  moros  foolish] 

O'xytone  (on),  a.  &  n.  (Gk  gram.).  (Word) 
with  acute  accent  on  last  syllable,  [f.  Gk  oxu- 
tonm  f.  oxy-(1),  tonos  tone] 

oyer,  n.  Criminal  trial  under  the  writ  of 
o.  &  terminer  or  commission  to  judges  on  cir- 
cuit to  hold  courts,  [f.  *AF  oyer  et  terminer 
(L  audire  hear,  terminare,  determine),  -er4] 


PACHISI 

6ye*z!  (s),  6ye*s!,  o  ye*s!,  int.  uttered, 
usu.  thrice,  by  public  crier  or  court  officer  to 
bespeak  silence  &  attention.  [OF  (-z),  imperat, 
of  oir  hear = L  audialis  (audire  hear)] 

oyster,  n.  Kinds  of  edible  bivalve  mollusc 
usu.  eaten  alive ;  o. -shaped  morsel  of  meat  in 
fowl's  back;  o.-bank,  -bed,  part  of  sea-bottom 
where  oo.  breed  or  are  bred  ;  o.-bar,  tavern 
where  oo.  are  served  ;  o.-catcher,  wading  sea- 
bird  ;  o.-farm,  sea-bottom  used  for  breeding 
oo.  ;  o.-knife,  of  shape  adapted  for  opening  oo. ; 
o.-pa'tty,  piece  of  pastry  containing  cooked  oo. 
[f.  OF  oistre  f.  L  ostrea  f  -  Gk  ostreon] 

ozd'cerite,  ozd'kerxt,  n.  Wax-like  fossil 
resin  used  for  candles,  insulating,  &c.  [G  (-ke- 
rit),  irreg.  f.  Gk  ozo  smell,  keros  wax,  -ite  J(2)] 

ozo'ne  (or  odz-),  n.  Condensed  form  of  oxy- 
gen with  three  atoms  to  molecule  having  pun- 
gent refreshing  odour,  (fig.)  exhilarating  influ- 
ence. Hence  ozo'nic,  ozonl'FEROus,  aa., 
o*zoniZE(3,  5)  v.t.,  czonizER  i(2),  ozono*- 
meter,  nn.    [F  (Gk  ozo  smell,  -one)] 


P,  p,  (pe),  letter  (pi.  Ps,  P's).  Mind  one's  Ps 
&  Q's,  be  careful  in  one's  speech  or  conduct. 

Abbreviations  (1):  (P.) :  Peninsular,  P.  &  O. 
(Oriental) ;  Please,  P.T.O.  (Turn  Over) ;  Police, 
P.O.  (Constable);  Post,  P.O.  (Office);  Post, 
P.S.  (Scriptum),  postscript ;  Postal,  P.O.  (Or- 
der) ;  President,  as  P.R.A.  (of  the  Royal 
Academy) ;  Privy,  P.C.  (Council,  -lor) ;  Prize, 
P.R.  (Ring),  (p.) :  page  (of  book  &c.) ;  past, 
p.p.  (participle) ;  perch  (measure) ;  post,  p.m. 
(meridiem) ;  pour,  p.p.c.  (prendre  congi,  to 
take  leave) ;  prompt,  p.s.  (side). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Pa.,  Pennsylvania ;  pep 
j?vo.(curationem),  by  proxy ;  Petribupg1., 
(signature  of)  Bishop  of  Peterborough ;  Ph.UYo- 
sophiae)iy.(octor),  Doctor  of  Philosophy ;  Phil.- 
(ippians) ;  Philem.(on) ;  pnxt,  pinxit ;  po- 
pulation) ;  pp.,  pages ;  Preb.(endary) ;  Pro- 
cessor) ;  pi»o  tem.(pore),  for  the  time ;  Pro- 
v.(erbs) ;  ppox.(iwie)  a,cc.(essit,  -esserunt) ; 
prox.(imo) ;  Ps.(alms) ;  Pte,  Private  (soldier). 

pa  (pah),  n.  (colloq.).     =papa. 

pa'bulum,  n.  Food  (often  fig.,  as  mental  p.). 
[L  (pascere  feed)] 

pa*ca,  n.  Genus  of  large  rodents  in  Central 
&  South  America,    [native] 

pace  *,  n.  Single  step  in  walking  or  running ; 
space  traversed  in  this  (about  30  in.) ;  space  be- 
tween successive  stationary  positions  of  same 
foot  in  walking  (about  60  in.) ;  mode  of  walking 
or  running,  gait ;  any  of  various  gaits  of  (esp. 
trained)  horse,  mule,  &c;  =  amble;  (fig.)  put 
person  through  his  pp.,  test  his  qualities  in 
action  &c;  speed  in  walking  or  running ;  rate 
of  progression  (often  fig.) ;  keep  p.,  advance  at 
equal  rate  with  ;  go  the  p.,  go  at  great  speed, 
(fig.)  indulge  in  dissipation;  p.-maker,  rider, 
runner,  &c,  who  sets  p.  for  another  in  race  &c. 
Hence  -paeED2  a.  [ME,  f.  OF  pas  f.  hpassus 
(pandere  pass-  stretch)] 

pace2,  v.i.  &  t.  Walk  with  slow  or  regular 
pace ;  traverse  thus ;  measure  (distance)  by 
pacing  ;  (of  horse)  amble  ;  set  pace  for  (rider, 
runner,  Sec),    [f.  prec] 

fxree3  (-si),  prep.  P.  tua,  p.  Smith,  (in  an- 
nouncing contrary  opinion)  with  all  deference 
to  you,  to  Smith.    [L,  abl.  of  pax] 

pa'cer,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  horse  that 
paces,    [-er  *] 

pacha,  &c    See  pasha  &c 

pachi'si  (-tshesi),  n.  Four-handed  Indian 
game  with  cowries  for  dice.    [Hind.,  =  of  25] 


PACHYDERM 


588 


PAGEANT 


pd'chyderm  (-k-),  n.  Thick-skinned  quad- 
ruped, esp.  one  of  Cuvier's  order  Pachydermata 
(hoofed  quadrupeds  that  do  not  chew  cud,  e.  g. 
elephant,  horse,  &c.) ;  (fig.)  thick-skinned  per- 
son. So  pachyder'matous  a.  [f.  F  pachy- 
derme  f.  Gk  pakhudermos  (pakhus  thick  + 
derma  -matos  skin)] 

paei'fie,  a.  &  n.  Tending  to  peace  ;  of  peace- 
ful disposition ;  The  P.  {Ocean),  that  between 
America  &  Asia.  Hence  paei'fiCALLY  adv. 
[f.  L  pacific  us  (pax  pacts  peace,  see  -fic)] 

pacifica'tion,  n.  Pacifying ;  treaty  of  peace. 
So  paei'fieatORY  a.  [F,  f.  L  pacijicationem 
(as  foil.,  see  -fication)] 

pa'eiry,  v.t  Appease  (person,  anger,  excite- 
ment, &c.) ;  reduce  (country  &c.)  to  state  of 
peace,  It  F  pacifier  f.  hpacificare  (as  pacific, 
see  -fy)J 

pack  *,  n.  Bundle  of  things  wrapped  up  or 
tied  together  for  carrying,  parcel,  esp.  pedlar's 
bundle;  a  measure  of  various  goods ;  (usu.  con- 
tempt.) collection,  set,  (of  rogues,  lies,  fee.); 
number  of  hounds  kept  together  for  hunting, 
or  of  beasts  (esp.  wolves)  or  birds  (esp.  grouse) 
naturally  associating;  set  of  playing-cards; 
large  area  of  large  pieces  of  floating  ice  in  polar 
sea;  quantity  of  fish,  fruit,  &c,  packed  in  a 
season  &c;  p.-horse  (for  carrying  pp.) ;  pack- 
man, pedlar;  p.-saddle  (adapted  for  support- 
ing pp.);  packthread,  stout  thread  for  sewing 
or  tying  up  pp.  [ME  packe,  cf.  Du.  pak,  G 
pack] 

pack2,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  (things)  together  into 
bundle,  box,  bag,  &c,  for  transport  or  storing 
(often  p.  up,  esp.  abs.) ;  prepare  &  put  up  (meat, 
fruit,  &c.)  in  tins  &c.  for  preservation;  put 
closely  together;  (Naut.)  p.  (put)  on  all  sail; 
form  (hounds)  into  pack ;  place  (cards)  together 
in  pack;  (intr.)  crowd  together,  (of  animals) 
form  into  pack ;  cover  (thing)  with  something 
pressed  tightly  round ;  (Med.)  wrap  (body  &c.) 
in  wet  cloth  ;  fill  (bag,  box,  &c.)  with  clothes 
fee.;  cram  (space  &c.  with);  load  (beast)  with 
pack;  (intr.)  take  oneself  off  with  one's  belong- 
ings ;  send  (person)  packing,  dismiss  him  sum- 
marily ;  p.  (person)  off,  send  him  away  ;  [prob. 
diff.  wd]  select  (jury  &c)  so  as  to  secure  partial 
decision,    [f.  prec] 

pa'ckage,  n.  Bundle  of  things  packed,  par- 
cel; box  &c.  in  which  goods  are  packed,  [-age] 

pa'ckep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  one  who 
packs  meat,  fruit,  &c,  for  market;  machine 
for  packing,    [-er1] 

pa'cket,  n.  Small  package  ;  p.(-boat),  mail- 
boat,    [pack  l  +  -et  J] 

pa'cking,  m  In  vbl  senses  ;  p.-needle,  large 
needle  for  sewing  up  packages;  p.-sheet,  (1) 
sheet  for  packing  goods  in,  (2)  wet  sheet  used 
in  hydropathic  treatment,    [-ing1] 

pact,  n.  Compact.  [OF,  f.  L  pactum,  neut. 
p.p.  of  paciscere  agree] 

pad  I,  n.  (Slang)  road,  esp.  gentleman,  knight, 
squire,  of  the  p.,  highwayman  ;  (also  p.-nag) 
easy-paced  horse.    [Du.,  cogn.  w.  path] 

pad2,  v.t.  &  i.  Tramp  along  (road  &c.)  on 
foot;  travel  on  foot;  p.  it,  p.  the  hoof,  go  on 
foot.    [cogn.  w.  prec] 

pad 3,  n.  Soft  stuffed  saddle  without  tree; 
part  of  double  harness  to  which  girths  are  at- 
tached ;  cushion,  stuffing,  used  to  diminish 
Jarring,  fill  out  hollows,  &c;  guard  for  parts  of 
body  in  cricket  &c.;  number  of  sheets  of  blot- 
ting-, writing-,  or  drawing-paper  fastened  to- 
f;ether  at  edge  ;  fleshy  cushion  forming  sole  of 
oot  in  some  quadrupeds ;  paw  of  fox,  hare,  &c. ; 

socket  of  brace,  tool-handle.    [?] 

pad  \  v.t.   Furnish  with  a  pad,  stuff;  fill  out 

(sentence  &c.)  with  superfluous  words ;  padded 


cell,  room  in  lunatic  asylum  with  padded  walls. 
Hence  pa'ddiNG  l(i)  n.    [f.  prec] 

pad5,  n.  Open  pannier  used  as  measure  of 
fruit  &c  [?] 

pa'ddle1,  n.  Small  spade-like  implement 
with  long  handle ;  short  broad-bladed  oar  used 
without  rowlock ;  double  p.  (with  blade  at  each 
end) ;  one  of  the  boards  fitted  round  circum- 
ference of  p.-wheel;  p. -shaped  instrument; 
p.-wheel,  wheel  for  propelling  ship,  with  boards 
round  circumference  so  as  to  press  backward 
against  water ;  p.-box,  casing  over  upper  part 
of  this.    [?] 

pa'ddle2, v.i. &  t.,  &  n.  Moveon water, propel 
canoe,  by  means  of  paddles ;  row  gently  (n.) 
action,  spell,  of  paddling,    [f.  prec] 

pa'ddle3,  v.i.  Dabble  with  the  feet  in  shal- 
low water ;  toy  with  the  fingers  (in,  on,  about, 
thing) ;  (of  child)  toddle.    [?] 

pa'ddock,  n.  Small  field,  esp.  as  part  of 
stud  farm ;  turf  enclosure  near  race-course, 
where  horses  are  assembled  before  race.  [prob. 
var.  of  parrock,  OE  pearroc,  cf.  G  pferch  fold, 
Du.  perk  pen,  park] 

Pa'ddy  lt  n.  (Nickname  for)  Irishman,  [pet- 
form  of  Padraig,  Patrick] 

pa'ddy  2,  n.  Rice  in  the  straw  or  in  the  husk, 
[f.  Malay  padi] 

pa'disjiah,  pa'dshah,  (pah),  n.  Title  in 
Persia  of  the  Shah,  in  Europe  usu.  of  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey,  in  India  of  British  sovereign.  [Pers. 
(pati  master  +  sah  shah)] 

pa'dlock,  n.,  &  v.t.  Detachable  lock  hang- 
ing by  pivoted  hoop  on  object  fastened  ;  (v.t.) 
secure  with  this.    [pad.  etym.  dub..  +  lock] 

padre  (pah'dra),  n.  (mil.  &  nav.  slang). 
Chaplain.    [Port.  &c.,=  father,  priest] 

padro'ne,  n.  Master  of  Mediterranean  trad- 
ing-vessel ;  Italian  employer  of  street  musicians, 
begging-children,  &c,  whence  pa*dPoniSM(3) 
n.;  proprietor  of  Italian  inn.    [It.] 

pa'duasoy,  n.  Strong  corded  silk  fabric 
much  worn  in  18th  c  (cf.  poult-de-soie).  [cor- 
rupt, f.  F  pou-de-soie,  etym.  dub.,  by  assoc. 
with  Padua] 

pae'an,  n.  Chant  of  thanksgiving  for  de- 
liverance (orig.)  addressed  to  Apollo  or  Arte- 
mis; song  of  praise  or  triumph.  [L,  f.  Gk 
paian  hymn  to  Apollo  under  name  of  Paian] 

paederasty,  pe'd-,  n.  Sodomy,  [f.  Gk 
paiderastia  (pais  paidos  boy+erastes  lover] 

paedo-,  pedo-,  in  comb.  =  Gk  pais  paidos 
child,  as  -ba'ptism,  infant  baptism,  -ba'ptist, 
adherent  of  this. 

pae'on,  n.  Metrical  foot  of  one  long  syllable 
placed  first,  second,  third,  or  fourth  (first  &c. 
p.)  &  three  short.  Hence  paed'mc  a.  [L,  f. 
Gk  paion,  Attic  form  of  paian  paean] 

pa'gan,  n.  &  a.  Heathen ;  unenlightened 
person.  Hence  pa'ganDOM,  pa*ganiSM(2), 
nn.,  pa'ganisH1  a.,  pa*ganizE(3)  v.t.  &  i. 
[f.  L  paganus  (pagus  country,  district,  -an)] 

page  %  n.  Boy,  usu.  in  livery,  employed  to 
attend  to  door,  go  on  errands,  &c  ;  p.  o?  hon- 
o  ur,  of  the  presence,  &c ,  titles  of  various  officers 
of  royal  household ;  boy  employed  as  personal 
attendant  of  person  of  rank;  (Hist.)  boy  in 
training  for  knighthood  &  attached  to  knight's 
service.  Hence  pa'geHOOD,  pa'gesiiip,  nn. 
[OF,  etym.  dub.,  cf.  It.  paggio] 

page2,  n.  One  side  of  leaf  of  book  &c  ;  (fig.) 
episode  fit  to  fill  a  p.  in  history  fee.  [F,  f.  L 
pagina  (pangere  fasten)] 

page3,  v.t.  Put  consecutive  numbers  on 
pages  of  (book  fee),    [f.  prec.  ] 

pa'geant  (-jnt ;  also  pa-),  n.  Brilliant  spec- 
tacle, esp.  procession,  arranged  for  effect ;  tab- 
leau, allegorical  device,  fee,  on  fixed  stage  or 


PAGEANTRY c 

moving  car;  (fig.)  empty  or  specious  show, 
[etym.  dub.,  pern.  f.  pagina  page2] 

pa'greantpy,  n.  Splendid  display;  empty 
show.    [prec.  4-  -RY] 

pa'ginal,  a.  Of  pages  ;  page  for  page.  So 
pa'glnARY i  a.    [f.  LL  paginalis  (page2,  -al)] 

paginate,  v.t.  Page  (book  &c).  Hence 
pag-inA'TiON  n.    [f.  L  pagina  page2  +  -ate  :{] 

pago'da,  n.  Sacred  building,  esp.  tower 
usu.  of  pyramidal  form,  in  India,  China,  &c. ; 
ornamental  imitation  of  this ;  gold  coin  once 
current  in  S.  India ;  p.-tree,  kinds  of  Indian.  & 
Chinese  tree,  (fig.)  tree  feigned  to  produce  pago- 
das (coin),  esp.  shake  the  p.-tree,  make  rapid  for- 
tune in_India.   [f.  Port,  pagode  of  Ind.  orig.] 

pagur'ian,  a.  &  n.  (Of)  the  hermit-crab, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  pagouros,  kind  of  crab,  +  -ian] 

pah l,  int.  expr.  disgust,    [natural] 

pah2,  n.  Native  fort  in  New  Zealand,  [f. 
Maori  pa  (pa  block  up)] 

paid.    See  pay. 

pail,  n.  Vessel,  usu.  round,  of  wood  or  metal 
for  carrying  liquids  &c. ;  amount  contained  in 
this,  as  half  a  p.  of  milk.  Hence  pai'lFUL  n. 
IOE  has  pxgel  gill ;  OF  has  paelle  frying-pan, 
bath,  &c,  f.  L  patella  dim.  of  patina  dish] 

paillasse,  palliasse,  (palya's  or  pa'lyas),  n. 
Straw  mattress.  [F  (pai-),  f.  paille  straw  f.  L 
palea] 

paillette  (palye't),  n.  Piece  of  bright  metal 
used  in  enamel  painting ;  spangle.  [F  (dim.  as 
prec.)] 

pain  \  n.  Suffering,  distress,  of  body  or  mind, 
whence  pai'nFUL,  pai'nLESs,  aa.,  pai'nful- 
ly2,  pai'nlessLY 2,  advv.,  pai'nfulNESS, 
pai'nlessNESS,  nn. ;  (pi.)  trouble  taken,  esp. 
take  pp.,  be  at  the  pp.  of  (doing),  get  (a  thrashing 
&c.)  for  one's  pp. ;  punishment,  now  only  in  pp. 
<£•  penalties,  on  ©r  under  p.  of  (death  or  other 
punishment  to  be  incurred)  ',p.-killer,  medicine 
for  alleviating  p. ;  painstaking,  careful,  in- 
dustrious,   [f.  OF  peine  f.  L  poena  penalty] 

pain2,  v.t.  Inflict  pain  upon.  [f.  OF  pener 
f.  med.L  poenare  (as  prec.)] 

paint1,  n.  Solid  colouring-matter,  dissolved 
in  liquid  vehicle  so  as  to  impart  colour  to  a 
surface  ;  luminous  p. ;  colouring-matter  for 
face  &c,  rouge  &c.    [r.  foil.] 

paint2,  v.t.  Portray,  represent,  (object  or 
abs.)  in  colours;  adorn  (wall  &c.)  with  painting; 
(fig.)  represent  (incident  &c.)  in  words  vividly 
as  by  painting ;  not  so  black  as  he  is  painted 
(represented);  cover  surface  of  (object)  with 
paint ;  apply  paint  of  specified  colour  to,  as  p. 
the  door  green,  (slang)  p.  the  tovm  red,  cause 
commotion  by  riotous  spree  &c. ;  apply  rouge 
to  (face,  often  abs.) ;  p.  out,  efface  with  paint ; 
painted  lady,  butterfly  of  orange-red  colour 
with  black  &  white  spots.  Hence  pai'ntixo  1 
(1,  2)  n.    [f.  OF  peindre  f .  L  pingere  pict-  paint] 

pai'nter1,  n.  One  who  paints  pictures; 
workman  who  colours  woodwork  &c  with 
paint ;  p.'s  colic,  form  of  colic  to  which  pp.  who 
work  with  lead  are  liable.  So  pai'ntrizss 1  n. 
[f.  AF  peintour  f.  com. -Rom.  pinctorem  =  L 
pictorem  (as  prec.  see  -or2)] 

pai'nter2,  n.  Rope  attached  to  bow  of  boat 
for  making  it  fast  to  ship,  stake,  &c. ;  cut  the  p., 
(fig.,  usu.  of  colony)  effect  a  separation.    [?] 

pai'nty,  a.  Of  paint;  (of  picture)  overcharged 
with  paint.    [-Y  2] 

pair1,  n.  Set  of  two,  couple,  (esp.  of  things 
that  usu.  exist  or  are  used  in  couples,  as  gloves, 
shoes,  sculls,  heels,  eyes) ;  p.-royal,  set  of  three 
cards  of  same  denomination  or  of  three  dice 

turning  up  same  number  ;  article  consisting  of 
two  corresponding  parts  not  used  separately, 
as  p.  of  scissors,  tongs,  trousers ;  engaged  or 


I PALAVER 

married  couple  ;  mated  couple  of  animals  ;  p. 
(of  horses),  two  horses  harnessed  together ; 
(Pari.)  two  voters  on  opposite  sides  absenting 
themselves  from  division  by  mutual  agreement; 
p.  (flight)  of  stairs,  of  steps ;  another  p.  of 
shoes  ;  p.-horse  a.,  for  a  p.  of  horses ;  p.-oar, 
boat  rowed  by  p.  of  oars.  [f.  F  pa  ire  f.  hparia 
neut.  pi.  of  par  equal] 

pair2,  v.t.  &  i.  Arrange  (persons,  things),  be 
arranged,  in  couples ;  unite  (t.  &  i.)  in  love  or 
marriage ;  (of  animals)  mate  ;  unite  (with  one 
of  opposite  sex) ;  p.  off,  put  two  by  two,  (intr.) 
go  off  in  pairs,  (Pari.)  make  a  pair,  (colloq.) 
marry  (with),    [f.  prec] 

pajamas,    See  pyjamas. 

pal,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (slang).  Comrade,  mate  ;  (v.L, 
usu.  p.  up)  associate  (with).    [E  Gipsy] 

pa'lace  (-as),  n.  Official  residence  of  sove- 
reign, archbishop,  or  bishop ;  stately  mansion  ; 
spacious  building  for  entertainment,  refresh- 
ment, &c  ;  GiN-p. ;  p.-car,  luxurious  railway- 
carriage,  [f.  OF  palais  f.  L  Palatium,  hill  in 
Rome,  house  of  Augustus  built  on  this] 

pa'ladin,  n.  Any  of  the  Twelve  Peers  of 
Charlemagne's  court,  of  whom  Count  Palatine 
was  the  chief  ;Jcnight  errant.  [F,  as  palatine  '] 

palaeo-,  paleo-,  in  comb,  (before  vowel 
palae)  =  Gk  palaios  ancient  (cf.  neo-),  as : 
-cry'stic,  of  ancient  ice,  frozen  from  remote 
ages  ;  -graphy,  study  of  ancient  writing  &  in- 
scriptions, so  -grapher,  -gra'phic;  -li'thic, 
marked  by  use  of  primitive  stone  implements; 
-onto'logy,  study  of  extinct  organized  beings, 
so-ontolo'gical,  -onto'logist ;  -there  (-er),  extinct 
genus  of  tapir-like  mammal ;  -zo'ic,  of,  contain- 
ing, ancient  forms  of  life,  of  the  first  geological 
period  (cf.  cainozoic,  mesozotc). 

palae'stra,  pales-,  n.  Wrestling-school, 
gymnasium.  [L,  f.  Gk  palaistra  (palaio 
wrestle)] 

pa'lantte  (It),  n.  Prehistoric  hut  on  piles 
over  lake  in  Switzerland  or  N.  Italy.  [F,  f.  It. 
palafitta  pile-fence  (palo  stake  +fitto  fixed)] 

palankeen,  -nquin  (ken),  n.  Covered 
litter  for  one,  in  India  &  the  East,  carried  usu. 
by  four  or  six  men.  [f.  Port,  palanquin,  cf. 
Malay  palangki,  Hind,  palki] 

pa'latable,  a.  Pleasant  to  the  taste ;  (fig.) 
agreeable  to  the  mind.  Hence  pa'latabLV  2 
adv.    [f.  palate  +  -able] 

pa'latal,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  palate  ;  (sound)  made 
by  placing  tongue  against  (usu.  hard)  palate, 
whence  pa*lataliZE<3)  v.t.  [F  (foil.,  -al)] 

pa'late  (-at),  n.  Roof  of  the  mouth  in  verte- 
brates ;  bony  or  hard,  soft,  p.,  its  front,  back, 
part;  cleft  p.  (see  cleave1);  sense  of  taste; 
mental  taste,  liking,    ff.  L  palatum] 

pala'tial  (-shl),  a.  Like  a  palace ;  splendid, 
[f.  L  as  palace  +  -al] 

pala'tinate  (-at),  n.  Territory  under  a  count 
palatine ;  The  (Rhine)  P.,  State  of  old  German 
Empire,  under  rule  of  Count  Palatine  of  the 
Rhine.   Jf.  foil.  +  - ate  i] 

pa'latlne1,  a.  &  n.  (Count)  P.,  count  hav- 
ing within  the  territory  jurisdiction  such  as 
elsewhere  belongs, only  to  sovereign  (in  Eng. 
Hist,  also  Earl  P.)  ;  County  P.,  his  territory  ; 
(n.)  woman's  fur  tippet.  IF  (-in,  -me),  f.  L  pala- 
tinus  of  the  palace,  see  -ine  x] 

pa'latlne2,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  palate;  (n.  pi., 
also  p.  bones)  two  bones  that  form  the  hard 
palate.    [F  (-in,  -ine),  as  palate,  see  -ine  !] 

pala'ver  (lah-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Conference, 
discussion,  esp.  between  African  or  other  un- 
civilized natives  &  traders  &c;  profuse  or  idle 
talk;  cajolery;  (v.i.)  talk  profusely;  (v.t.)  flatter, 
wheedle,  [vb  f.  n.  f.  Port,  palabra  word  f.  L 
as  parable] 


PALE 

pale1,  n.  Pointed  piece  of  wood  for  fence 
&c,  stake ;  boundary,  esp.  (fig.)  within,  beyond, 
&c.,  the  p.  ;  (Hist.)  the  (English)  P.,  part  of 
Ireland  under  English  rule  ;  (Herald.)  vertical 
stripe  in  middle  of  shield,    [f.  F  pal  f.  hpalus] 

pale2,  a.  (Of  person  or  complexion)  of  whit- 
ish or  ashen  appearance;  (of  colours)  faint; 
faintly  coloured  ;  of  faint  lustre,  dim ;  p.-face, 
supposed  N.-Amer.-Ind.  name  for  white  man. 
Hence  pa'leLY2  adv.,  pa'lexESS  n.  [f.  OF 
pal(l)e  f.  Lpallidus  (pallere  be  pale)] 

pale 3,  v.i.  &  t.  Grow  pale ;  (fig.)  become  pale 
in  comparison;  make  pale.  [f.OFjoaftr(asprea)] 

pa-letot  (-eto),  n.  Loose  cloak  for  men  or 
women.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

pa'lette  (-it),  n.  Artist's  flat  tablet  for  mixing 
colours  on ;  colours  used  by  particular  artist  or 
on  particular  occasion;  p.-knife,  thin  steel  blade 
with  handle  for  mixing  colours.  [F,  dim.  of 
pale  shovel  f.  L  paid] 

pa'lfpey  (paw-,  pa-),  n.  (archaic,  poet,).  Sad- 
dle-horse for  ordinary  riding,  esp.  for  ladies, 
[f.  OF  palefrei  f.  LL  palafredus,  paraveredus 
(Gk  para  beside,  extra, +veredus  light  horse, 
whence  G  pferd)] 

Pa'li  (pah-),  n.  Language  used  in  canonical 
books  of  Buddhists,  [for pali-bhasa  (pali  canon 
+  bhasa  language)] 

pa'likar,  n.  Member  of  band  of  Greek  or 
Albanian  military  chief,  esp.  during  War  of  In- 
dependence, [f.  mod.  Gk  palikari  lad  (Gk  pal- 
lax  -akos  youth)] 

pa'limpsest,  n.  &  a.  Writing-material, 
manuscript,  original  writingon  which  has  made 
room  for  a  second ;  (adj.)  so  treated,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
palimpsestos  (palin  again  +  psao  rub  smooth)] 

pa'lindpome,  n.  &  a.  ( Word,  verse,  &c. )  that 
reads  the  same  backwards  as  forwards.  Hence 
palindrd'mic  a.  [f.  Gk  palindromos  run- 
ning back  again  (palin  again  +  drom-  run)] 

pa/ling,  n.    (Fence  of)  pales,    [pale  \  -ing  *] 

palinge'nesis  (-j-),  n.  Regeneration  (lit.  & 
fig.);  revival;  (Biol.)  exact  reproduction  of  an- 
cestral character,  whence  palingene'tic  a. 
[f.  Gk  palin  again  +  genesis] 

pa'llnode,  n.  Poem  in  which  author  retracts 
thing  said  in  former  poem ;  recantation,  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  palinoidia  (palin  again  +  6ide  song)] 

palisa'de,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fence  of  pales  or  of  iron 
railings;  (Mil.)  strong  wooden  stake  ;  (v.t.)  fur- 
nish, enclose,  with  palisade,  [f.  F  palissade 
(palisser  enclose  with  pales,  as  pale  l,  see  -ade)] 

pa'lish,  a.    Somewhat  pale,    [-ish1] 

pall  *  (pawl),  n.  Cloth,  usu.  of  black  or  purple 
or  white  velvet,  spread  over  coffin,  hearse,  or 
tomb ;  woollen  vestment  worn  by  Pope  &  some 
metropolitans  or  archbishops;  (fig.)  mantle; 
cloak;  p.  -bearer,  person  holding  up  corner  of  p. 
at  funeral.    [OE  pxll,  f.  L  pallium  cloak] 

pall2  (pawl),  v.i.  &  t.  Become  insipid  (now 
only  fig.),  esp.  p.  on  (person,  mind,  taste);  satiate, 
cloy.   Jprob.  aphetic  f.  appal] 

palla'dium ',  n.  Image  of  Pallas  on  which 
safety  of  Troy  was  held  to  depend ;  safeguard. 
[L,  f.  Gk  palladion] 

palla'dium  2,  n.  Hard  white  metal  of  plati- 
num group,    [f.  Pallas,  an  asteroid  +  -ium] 

pa'llet1,  n.  Straw  bed  ;  mattress.  [ME  & 
dial.  F  paillet  (paille  straw  f.  hpalea)] 

pa'llet2,  n.  Flat  wooden  blade  with  handle, 
used  by  potters  &c. ;  artist's  palette  ;  projec- 
tion on  a  part  of  a  machine,  serving  to  change 
mode  of  motion  of  wheel ;  valve  in  upper  part 
of  wind-chest  of  organ,    [f.  palette] 

palliasse.    See  paillasse. 

palliate,  v.t.  Alleviate  (disease)  without 
curing ;  extenuate,  excuse.  So  palliA'TioN  n. 
[f.  L palliare  cloak  (pallium),  see  -ate3] 


590  PALPEBRAL. 


pa'lliative  (-at-),  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  that  serves 
to  palliate.    [F  (-if,  -ive),  as  prec,  see  -ive] 

pa'llid,  a.  Pale.  Hence  pa'llidLY2  adv., 
pa'llidNESS  n.    [f.  L  as  pale] 

pallium,  n.  Man's  large  rectangular  cloak, 
esp.  among  the  Greeks;  archbishop's  pall1; 
integumental  fold  of  mollusc,  whence  pa'lli- 
al  a.    [L] 

pall-mall  (peime'l),  n.  Game  in  which  ball 
was  driven  through  iron  ring  suspended  in  long 
alley  ;  P.  M.,  street  in  London  developed  from 
such  an  alley  ;  War  Office  (situated  in  P.  M.). 
[f.  obs.  F  pallemaille  f.  It.  pallamaglio  (palla 
ball  +  maglio  mallet  f.  L  malleiis)] 

pa'llop,  n.  Paleness.  [L  (pallere  be  pale, 
see  -or1)] 

palm1  (pahm),  n.  Large  family  of  trees, 
chiefly  tropical,  usu.  with  upright  unbranched 
stem  &  head  of  large  pinnate  or  fanshaped 
leaves  ;  branch  of  p. -tree  as  symbol  of  victory  ; 
supreme  excellence,  prize  for  this,  esp.  bear, 
yield,  the  p.;  branch  of  various  trees  substi- 
tuted for  p.  in  northern  countries,  esp.  in  cele- 
brating P.  Sunday ;  p.-oil  (got  from  various 
pp.);  P.  Sunday,  Sunday  before  Easter,  on 
which  Christ's  entry  into  Jerusalem  is  cele- 
brated by  processions,  in  which  branches  of  p. 
are  carried.  Hence  palmA'CEOUS  a.  [OE,  f. 
L  palma]  * 

palm  2  (pahm),  n.  Part  of  hand  between  wrist 
&  fingers,  esp.  its  inner  surface ;  part  of  glove 
that  covers  this;  breadth  (about  i  in.),  length 
(about  8  in.),  of  hand  as  measure  ;  grease  per- 
son's p.,  bribe  him.  Hence  (-)palmED2  a., 
pal'mFUL  n.    [ME  &  Fpaunie  f .  L  patina] 

palm3  (pahm),  v.t.  Impose  fraudulently, 
pass  off  (thing  on  person) ;  conceal  (cards,  dice, 
&c.)  in  hand ;  touch  with  palm ;  bribe,    [prec] 

Pa'lma  Chri'sti,  n.  Castor-oil  plant. 
[med.L,=  palm  of  Christ,  from  handlike  shape 
of  leaves] 

pa'lmar,  a.  Of,  in,  the  palm  of  the  hand, 
[f.  L  palmaris  (as  palm  2,  see  -ar1)] 

pa'lmapy,a.  Bearing  the  palm,  pre-eminent, 
[f.  Lpalmarius  (as  palm  *,  see  -ary  l)] 

palmate  (at),  -ated,  a.  palm  2-shaped.  [f. 
L  palmatus  (as  palm  *,  see  -ate2)] 

pal'mep  (pah-),  n.  Pilgrim  returning  from 
Holy  Land  with  palm-branch  or  -leaf ;  itinerant 
monk  under  vow  of  poverty ;  (also  p.-worm) 
destructive  hairy  caterpillar;  hairy  artificial 
fly.    [AF  (as  palmarv)] 

palmetto,  n.  Kinds  of  small  palm,  esp. 
dwarf  fan-palm.  [f.  Sp.  palmito  dim.  of  palma 
palm  1,  refash.  on  It.  was  in  -etto] 

pa-lmiped,  -pede,  a.  &  n.  Web-footed 
(bird),  [f.  L  palmipes  -pedis  (as  palm2  +  pes 
pedis  foot)] 

pal'mistpy  (pah-),  n.  Divination  from  palm 
of  hand.  So  pal*miST(3)  n.  [ME  (palm  2  + 
-estry,  -istry,  unexpl.)] 

pal'my  (pah),  a.     Of,  like,  abounding  in, 

f>alms  ;  triumphant,  flourishing,  esp.  p.  days. 
PALM  *  +  -Y  2] 

palmy p'a,  n.  Kind  of  palm  grown  in  India 
&  Ceylon,  with  fan-shaped  leaves  used  for 
matting  &c.    [f.  Port,  palmeira] 

palp,  pa'lpus  (pi.  -pi),  nn.  Jointed  sense- 
organ  in  insects  &c,  feeler.  Hence  pa'lpvr,  a. 
[L  (-pus)] 

pa'lpable,  a.  That  can  be  touched  or  felt ; 
readily  perceived  by  senses  or  mind.  Hence 
palpaBPLiTY  n.,  pa'lpabiA  -  adv.  [f.  LL 
palpabilis  (as  foil.,  see  -ble)J 

pa*lpate,v.t.  Handle,  esp.  in  medical  examin- 
ation.   So  palpATiON  n.    [f.  L  palpare,  -ate  3] 

pa-lpebral,  a.  Of  the  eyelids,  [f.  L  palpt- 
bralis  (palpebra  eyelid,  see  -al)] 


PALPITATE 


591 


PANGOLIN 


pa'lpitate,  v.i.  Pulsate,  throb ;  tremble,  [f. 
L palpitare  frequent,  as  palpate,  see  -ate3] 

palpita'tion,  n.  Throbbing ;  increased  ac- 
tivity of  heart  due  to  disease,  [f.  L  palpitatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

pa'lsgrave  (pawl-),  n.  Count  palatine,  [f. 
Du.  paltsgrave=G  pfalzgraf  {p/alenza  palace 
■+-  grdvo  count)] 

pa'lstave  (pawl-),  n.  Celt  of  bronze  &c. 
shaped  to  fit  into  split  handle,  [f.  Da.  paalstav 
f.  Icel.  pdlstafr  {pall  hoe  +  stafr  staff)] 

palsy  (pawlzl),  n„  &  v.t.  Paralysis;  (fig.) 
cause,  condition,  of  utter  helplessness;  (v.t.) 
paralyse  (usu.  fig.).  [ME,  f.  OF  paralisie  as 
paralysis] 

pa'ltep  (pawl-),  v.i.  Shuffle,  equivocate, 
( with person) ;  haggle  (with  person  about  thing); 
trifle  (with  subject).    [?] 

pa'ltry  (pawl),  a.  Worthless,  petty,  con- 
temptible. Hence  pa'ltriNESSn.  [perh.  attrib. 
use  of  dial,  paltry  rubbish  (Fris.,  MDu.,  &  E 
dial,  palt  rubbish  +-RY)] 

palu'dal  (or  pa'l),  a.  Of  a  marsh ;  malarial, 
[f.  L  palus  -udis  marsh  +  -al] 

pa'ly,  a.  (poet.).    Somewhat  pale.    [-Y2] 

pam,  n.  Knave  of  clubs,  esp.  in  five-card  loo. 
[Sc.  has  Pamphie,  F  Pamphile  prob.  f.  Gk 
name  Pamphilos] 

pa'mpa,  n.  (usu.  pi.,  pron.  -az,  -as).  Large 
treeless  plain  in  S.  America  south  of  the 
Amazon;  p.-grass,  gigantic  grass  introduced 
into  Europe  from  S.  America.  [Sp.,  f.  Peru  v. 
bamba  steppe,  flat] 

pa'mper,  v.t.  Over-indulge  (person,  tastes, 
&c).  [prob.  frequent,  of  obs.  pamp  cram,  cf.  G 
pampen  j_see  -er5] 

pamper'o,  n.  Cold  wind  blowing  from 
Andes  to  Atlantic.    [Sp.,  as  pampa] 

pa'mphlet,  n.  Small  unbound  treatise,  esp. 
on  subject  of  current  interest,  [prob.  f.  Pam- 
philet,  familiar  name  of  12th-c.  Latin  amatory 
poem  Pamphilus  seu  de  Amore,  see  -et1] 

pamphleteer",  n.,  &  v.i.  Writer  of  pam- 
phlets ;  (v.i.)  write  pamphlets.    1-eer] 


pan 


Metal  or  earthenware  vessel,  usu. 


shallow,  for  domestic  purposes ;  stew,  warm  2- 
ing,  -p.;  p. -like  vessel  in  which  substances  are 
heated  &c;  part  of  lock  that  held  the  priming 
in  obsolete  types  of  gun  ;  hollow  in  ground,  as 
SALT-p.;  (a.lsoha7'd-p.)  hard  substratum  of  soil ; 
BRAiN-p. ;  pancake,  thin  flat  batter-cake  fried 
in  p.,  esp.  flat  as  a  p.,  quite  flat.  Hence  pa'n- 
ful  n.    [OE  panne,  cf.  Du.  pan,  G  pfanne] 

pan  2,  v.t,  &  i.  P.  off,  o\d,  wash  (gold-bearing 
gravel)  in  pan;  (intr.)  p.  out,  yield  gold,  (fig.) 
succeed,  work,  (well  &c).    [f.  prec.l 

pan-  in  comb. = Gk  pas  pantos  all,  as :  -A  'fri- 
can,  of,  for,  all  Africans ;  -co'smism,  doctrine 
that  material  universe  is  all  that  exists ;  -ge'ne- 
sis,  theory  that  each  unit  of  an  organism  re- 
produces itself ;  -Ger'man,  of  all  the  Germans 
in  political  union  ;  -he'llenism,  political  union 
of  all  Greeks,  so  -hellt'nic  a.;  -i'slam,  union  of 
Mohammedan  world,  so  -isla'mic  a.;  -logi'stic, 
(of  Hegel's  philosophy)  treating  only  the  ra- 
tional as  real,  so  -logism;  -sla'vism  (-lah-),  move- 
ment for  political  union  of  all  Slavs ;  -sper'ma- 
tism,  -sper'my,  theory  that  the  atmosphere  is 
full  of  minute  germs  that  develop  in  favour- 
able environment. 

panace'a,  n.  Universal  remedy.  [L,  f.  Gk 
panakeia  f.  v\a(akes  f.  akos  remedy)] 

pana'che  (-ahsh,  -ash),  n.  Tuft,  plume,  of 
feathers  esp.  as  head-dress  or  on  helmet ;  (fig.) 
display,  swagger.  [F,  f.  it.  pennachio  (penna 
feather)] 


pana'da  (-nah-),  n.  Bread  boiled  to  pulp  & 
flavoured.  [Sp. ,  =  It.  panata  (pane  bread  f.  L 
panis,  see  -ade)] 


pane  ra*  tie,  a.    Of  the  pancratium  ;  (of  eye- 
piece) extensively  adjustable,    [f.  foil.  +  -ic] 
pancra'tium  (-shiwm),  n.  (Gk  ant.).    Ath- 


letic contest  combining  wrestling  &  boxing. 
So  pancpa'tiAST,  pa'ncratisr,  nn.  [L,  f. 
Gkpagkration  (pan-  +  kratos  strength)] 

pa'nereas,  n.  Gland  near  stomach  dis- 
charging a  digestive  secretion  (pancreatic 
juice)  into  duodenum,  sweetbread.  So  pan- 
creatic a.  [f.  Gkpagkreas  (pan-  +  kreas  -atos 
flesh)] 

pa'nda,  n.  Indian  racoon-like  animal,  red 
bear-cat.    [native] 

Pande'an,  -aean,  a.  Of  Pan,  Greek  rural 
deity ;  P.  pipe, = pan-pipe,   [irreg.  f.  Gk  Pan] 

pa'ndeet,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Compendium  in  50 
books  of  Roman  civil  law  made  by  order  of 
Justinian  in  6th  c;  complete  body  of  laws.  [f. 
F  pandecte  f.  L  f.  Gk  FAX(dektes  f.  dekhomai 
receive)  all-receiver] 

pande'mic,  a.  &  n.  (Disease)  prevalent  over 
the  whole  of  a  country  or  over  the  world,  [f. 
Gk  PAN(o"ewios  people)  +  -ic] 

pandemo'nium,  n.  Abode  of  all  demons  ; 
place  of  lawless  violence  or  uproar ;  utter  con- 
fusion.   [mod.L  (Milton)  f.  pan-  +  demon] 

pa'nder,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Go-between  in  clan- 
destine amours,  procurer  ;  one  who  ministers 
to  evil  designs ;  (v.i.)  minister  (to  base  passions, 
evil  designs) ;  (v.t.)  act  as  p.  to  (person's  lust). 
[vb  f.  n.  f.  Pandare,  character  in  Chaucer's 
Troilus  &  Criseyde  &  in  Boccaccio,  f.  L  f.  Gk 
Pandaros] 

pandit.    See  pundit. 

pandop'a,  -dope*,  n.  Stringed  instrument 
of  cither  type.  [It.,  f.  L  f.  Gk  pandoura,  prob. 
of  foreign  orig.] 

pa*  n  do  up  (oor),  -OOP,  n.    (PI.)  force  of  ra- 

?acious  &  brutal  soldiers  raised  by  Baron 
renck  in  1741  &  afterwards  enrolled  in  Aus- 
trian army.  [f.  Serbo-Croatian  pdndurf.  med.L 
banderius  follower  of  a  banner] 

pane  K  n.  Single  sheet  of  glass  in  compart- 
ment of  window;  rectangular  division  of 
chequered  pattern  &c.  Hence  pa'neLESS  a. 
[f.  F  pan  f .  L  pannus  piece  of  cloth] 

pane2,  v.t.  Make  up  (garment  &c.)  of  strips 
of  different  colours  (chiefly  in  p.p.).    [f.  prec] 

paneg-y'pie  (-j-),  n.  &  a.  Laudatory  discourse 
(upon) ;  (adj.)  laudatory.  Hence  panegypie- 
al  a.  [f.  F  panbgyrique  f.  L  f.  Gk  panegurikos 
f.  p  an  (eguris= agora  assembly),  see  -ic] 

pa'negrypize,  v.t.  Speak,  write,  in  praise 
of,  eulogize.  So  pa'negypiST  n.  [f.  Gk  pane- 
gurizo  (as  prec,  see  -ize)] 

pa*nel  \  n.  Stuffed  lining  of  saddle ;  kind  of 
saddle ;  slip  of  parchment ;  list  of  jury ;  jury ; 
distinct  compartment  of  surface,  esp.  of  wain- 
scot, door,  &c,  often  sunk  below  or  raised 
above  general  level ;  piece  of  stuff  of  different 
kind  or  colour  inserted  in  woman's  dress ;  large 
size  of  photograph,  with  height  much  greater 
than  width.  [ME  &  OF,  f.  med.L  pannellus 
dim.  as  pane1] 

pa'nel2,  v.t.  (-11-).  Saddle  (beast)  with  panel ; 
fit  (wall,  door,  &c)  with  panels;  ornament 
(dress  &c)  with  panel(s).  Hence  pa'nelliNG1^) 
n.    [f.  prec] 

pang-,  n.  Shooting  pain  ;  sudden  sharp  men- 
tal pain.    [?] 

pango'lin  (-ngg-),  n.  Scaly  ant-eater,  [f. 
Malay  peng-goling  roller  (from  habit  of  rolling 
itself  up)] 


For  words  in  pan-  not  given  see  pan-. 


PANIC  5 

pa'nic^n.  Genus  of  grasses  including  Italian 
millet,    [f.  L  panicum) 

pa'nie*-,  a.  &  n.  (Of  terror)  unreasoning,  ex- 
cessive ;  (n.)  excessive  fear,  esp.  general  alarm 
about  commercial  matters  leading  to  hasty 
measures ;  p.-monger,  one  who  fosters  a  p. 
Hence  pa'niekv2  a.  (colloq.).  [f.  F  panique  f. 
Gk  panikos  of  god  Pan,  reputed  to  cause  p.] 

panicle,  n.  (hot).  Loose  irregular  type  of 
compound  inflorescence,  as  in  oats.  [f.  hpani- 
cula,  dim.  of  partus  swelling,  ear  of  millet] 

panifica-tion,  n.  Bread-making.  IF,  t.  L 
panis  bread,  see  -fication] 

panja'ndpum,  n.  Mock  title  of  exalted 
personage ;  pompous  official  or  pretender,  [ar- 
bitrary] .  ^  _■•  ■ 

pa'nnage,  n.  (Right  of,  payment  for)  pas- 
turage of  swine ;  acorns,  beech-mast,  &c,  as 
food  for  swine,  [f.  OF  pasnage  f.  LL  pastio- 
naticum  {pastio  pasture  f.  pascere  past-,  -age)] 

pa'nnier  •,  n.  Basket,  esp.  one  of  those  car- 
ried, usu.  in  pairs,  by  beast  of  burden  or  on  the 
shoulders  ;  covered  basket  for  surgical  instru- 
ments &  medicines  for  ambulance ;  frame  of 
whalebone  &c.  for  distending  woman's  skirt  at 
hips.  [f.  F  panier  f.  L  panarium  bread-basket 
(panis  bread,  see  -ary  ')] 

pa'nnier2,  n.  (colloq.).  Robed  waiter  in 
Inner  Temple.    [?] 

pa'nnikin,  n.  Small  metal  drinking- vessel ; 
its  contents,    [f.  pan  l  +  -kin] 

pa'noply,  n.  Complete  suit  of  armour  (often 
fig.).  Hence  pa'nopliED2  a.  [f.  G  PAS(oplia 
f.  hopla  arms)] 

pano'pticon,  n.  Bentham's  proposed  circu- 
lar prison  with  cells  round  warders'  well  in 
centre,   [f.  pan-  +  Gk  optikos  of  sight  (op-  see)] 

panora'ma  (-rah-,  -ra-),  n.  Picture  of  land- 
scape &c.  arranged  on  inside  of  cylindrical  sur- 
face or  successively  rolled  out  before  spectator ; 
continuous  passing  scene ;  unbroken  view  of 
surrounding  region  (often  fig.).  Hence  pano- 
ramic a.,  panora'miCALLY  adv.  [f.  pan-  + 
Gk  horama  view  (horao  see)] 

pa'n-pipe,  n.  Musical  instrument  made  of 
series  of  reeds,  mouth-organ.  [Pan,  Greek 
rural  god,  +  pipe] 

pa-nsy  (-zi),  n.  Wild  &  garden  plant  with 
flowers  of  various  colours,  heartsease,  [f.  F 
pensie  thought,  pansy,  f.  penser  think  f.  hpen- 
sare  frequent,  of  pendere  pens-  weigh] 

pant,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Gasp  for  breath  ;  (fig.) 
yearn  (for,  after,  thing,  to  do) ;  throb  violently ; 
utter  gaspingly;  (n.)  gasp,  throb,  [n.  f.  vb, 
prob.  cogn.  w.  OF  pantoisier  pant  f.  pop.  L 
phantasiare  be  oppressed  with  nightmare  'as 

PHANTASY)] 

pant-  in  comb.  =  panto-  before  vowels. 

pantagruelism,  n.  Extravagant  coarse 
humour  Tike  that  of  Pantagruel,  a  character  in 
Rabelais.  So  pantagrue'liAN  a.,  panta- 
grureliST  n.    [-ism] 

pantale*t(te)s,  n.  pi.  Woman's  drawers, 
cycling  knickerbockers,  &c.  [f.  foil.,  see  -ette] 

pantaloo'n,  n.  (P-)  character  in  Italian 
comedy  wearing  pp.,  (now)  clown's  butt  &  abet- 
tor in  pantomime;  (pi.,  chiefly  U.S.)  trousers, 
[f.  F  pantalon  f.  It.  pantalone,  Venetian  charac- 
ter in  Italian  comedy,  perh.  f.  San  Pantaleone, 
favourite  Venetian  saint] 

pantechnicon,  n.  Furniture  warehouse 
(prig,  name  of  a  bazaar) ;  p.  van  (for  removing 
furniture),  [f.  pan-  +  Gk  tekhnikon  of  art 
(t.ekhne,  see  -ic)] 

pa'ntheism,  n.  Doctrine  that  God  is  every- 
thing &  everything  God  ;  heathen  worship  of 


2 PAPER 

all  gods.  So  pa'ntheiST  n.,  panthei'stic(AL) 
aa.    [f.  pan-  +  Gk  theos  god  +  -ism] 

panthe'on  (or  pa'n-),  n.  Temple  dedicated 
to  all  the  gods,  esp.  circular  one  at  Rome ; 
deities  of  a  people  collectively;  building  in 
which  illustrious  dead  are  buried  or  have 
memorials;  building  in  London  opened  for  pub- 
lic entertainment  in  1772.  [L,  f.  Gk  PAN(thcion 
f.  theos  god)] 

pa'nther,  n.  Leopard.  Hence  pa'nther- 
ess1  n.  If.  OF  pantere  f.  L  panthera  f.  Gk 
panther  etym.  dub.] 

pa'ntile,  n.  Roof  tile  transversely  curved  to 
ogee  shape,  one  curve  being  much  larger  than 
the  other,    [pan1  +  tile] 

pantiso'cracy,  n.  Community  in  which  all 
are  equal  &  all  rule,    [pant-  +  iso-  +  -cracvJ 

panto-  in  comb,  (before  vowels  pant-)  =  Gk 
pas  pantos  all,  as:  -lo'gic,  -logy,  (of)  universal 
knowledge ;  -mor'phic,  taking  all  shapes ; 
-pragma'tic  a.  &  n.,  (person)  meddling  in  every- 
thing ;  -sco'pic,  with  wide  range  of  vision. 

pa'ntograph,  n.  Instrument  for  copying 
plan  &c.  on  any  scale.  Hence  pantogra'phic 
a.    [f.  panto-  +  Gk  -graphos  writing] 

pantomime,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Hist.)  Roman 
actor  performing  in  dumb  show,  mimic  actor ; 
English  dramatic  performance  ending  with 
transformation  scene  followed  by  broad  comedy 
of  clown  &  pantaloon  &  dancing  of  harlequin 
&  columbine;  dumb  show;  (v.t.  &  i.)  express 
(thing),  express  oneself,  by  dumb  show.  Hence 
or  cogn.  pantomrmic  a.,  pa*ntomimiST(3) 
n.   [f.  L  f.  Gk  PANTO(?nimos  mimic)] 

pa'ntry,  n.  Room  in  which  bread  &  other 
provisions  or  (butler's,  housemaid's,  p.)  plate, 
table  linen,  &c,  are  kept;  pantryman,  butler 
or  his  assistant,  [f.  OF  paneterie  f.  med.L 
panetaria  bread-shop  (panis  bread,  see  -ary1)] 

pants,  n.  pi.  (vulg.).  (Chiefly  U.S.)  trousers; 
(Shop)  drawers,    [abbr.  of  pantaloon] 

pap !,  n.  (archaic).  Nipple  of  woman's  breast ; 
corresponding  part  of  man;  (pi.)  conical  hill- 
tops side  by  side.  [imit.  of  sound  made  by  in- 
fant in  feeding] 

pap2,  n.  Soft  or  semi-liquid  food  for  infants 
or  invalids;  mash,  pulp.  Hence  pa'ppv2  a. 
[imit.,  cf.  prec] 

papa*  (-ah),  n.  Father  (used  chiefly  by  child- 
ren).   [F  f.  L  ;  imit.] 

pa'pacy,  n.  Pope's  (tenure  of)  office ;  papal 
system,    [f.  med.L  papatia  (papa  pope,  -acy)] 

pa'pal,  a.  Of  the  pope  or  his  office.  Hence 
pa*paliSM(3),  pa*paliST(2),  nn.,  pa*paliZE(3) 
v.t.  &  L,  pa'palLY  2 adv.  [F,  f.  eccl. L  papalis 
(as  prec,  see  -al)] 

papa'verous,  a.  Like,  allied  to,  the  poppy. 
So  papaverA"CEOus  a.    [f.  L  papaver  poppy 

+  -ous] 

papaw,  n.  (Fruit  of)  palm-like  S.-Amer. 
tree  of  which  stem,  leaves,  &  fruit,  contain  a 

milky  juice  that  makes  meat  tender;  (U.S.) 

N.-Amer.  tree  with  purple  flowers  &  oblong 
edible  fruit,    [f.  Sp.  papaya,  of  Carib  orig.J 

pa'per1,  n.  Substance  used  for  writing, 
printing,  drawing,  wrapping  up  parcels,  &c, 

made  or  interlaced  fibres  of  rags,  straw,  wood, 

&c. ;  commit  to  p.,  write  down  ;  put  pen  to  p., 
begin  writing ;  negotiable  documents,  e.g.  bills 

of  exchange ;  (also  p.  money)  bank-notes  &c. 

used  as  currency,  opp.  to  coin,  so  p.  currency 

(cf.  metallic);  (slang)  free  passes  to  theatre 

&c. ;  (pi.)  documents  proving  person's  identity, 

standing,  &c. ;  send  in  one's  pp.,  resign  ;  set  of 
questions  in  examination;  =NEWSpaper;  essay, 
dissertation,  esp.  one  read  to  learned  society ; 


For  words  in  pan-  not  given  see  pan-. 


PAPER 


593 


PARAGRAPH 


Ka 


p.  warfare  (carried  on  in  books  or  newspp.) ; 
on  p.,  hypothetically,  to  judge  from  statistics, 
&c,  as  on  p.  he  is  the  better  man,  so  (attrib.) 
p.  profits  (hypothetical) ;  p.-hangings,  wall-p., 
p.  for  covering  walls  of  room  &c.  ;  p. -hanger, 
one  who  covers  walls  with  these ;  p.-knife  (of 
ivory,  wood,  &c,  for  cutting  open  leaves  of 
book  &c);  p.-mill  (in  which  p.  is  made);  p.- 
stainer,  one  who  stains  p.  or  makes  p.-hangings; 
p.-weight,  small  heavy  object  for  securing  loose 

f>p.  from  being  displaced.  Hence  pa'perr  2  a. 
f.  OF  papier  f.  papyrus! 

pa'pep2,  v.t.  Enclose  in  paper;  decorate 
(wall  &c.)  with  paper;  furnish  with  paper; 
(slang)  fill  (theatre  &c.)  by  means  of  free  passes, 
[f.  prec] 

papier  maehe  (pa"pyama'sha),  n.  Moulded 
paper  pulp  used  for  boxes,  trays,  &c.  [F,= 
chewed  paper] 

papi'liona'ceous,  a.  (bot.).  With  corolla 
like  a  butterfly,  [f.  L  papilio  -onis  butterfly, 
see  -aceous] 

papi'lla,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Small  nipple-like  pro- 
tuberance in  a  part  or  organ  of  the  body  ;  (Bot.) 
small  fleshy  projection  on  plant.  Hence  or 
cogn.  pa'pillARY1,  pa'pillATE  2(2),  pa'pill- 
ose  »,  aa.    IL,  =  nipple,  dim.  of  papula] 

sa'pist,  n.  Advocate  of  papal  supremacy ; 
oman  Catholic  (usu.  in  hostile  sense).  Hence 
papi'stic(AL)  aa., papi'sticalLY 2  adv.,  pa*- 
pistRV  n.  [f.  16th-c.  L  papista  (papa  pope, 
see  -1ST)] 

papoo'se,  n.  N.-Amer.-Indian  young  child, 
[native] 

papoo'sh,  -ouehe  (-oosh),  n.  =babouche. 
[f.  Pers.  paposh  {pa  foot  +  posh  covering)] 

pa'ppus,  n.  (bot.).  Downy  appendage  on 
seeds  of  thistles,  dandelions,  &c.  Hence  papp- 
o'se1  a.    [mod.L,  f.  Gk  pappos] 

pa'pula,  -ule,  nn.  (pi.  -lae,  -les).  Pimple ; 
small  fleshy  projection  on  plant.  Hence  pa*- 
pulAH J,  papulosE  K  pa'pulous,  aa.  [L  (-la)] 

papyra'ceous,  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Of  the  nature 
of,  thinas,  paper,    [f.  papyrus,  see  -aceous] 

papypo-  in  comb.  =Gk  papuros  usu.  in 
sense  4  paper ',  as  :  -graph,  apparatus  for  copy- 
ing documents  by  means  of  paper-stencil ; 
-graphy,  -type,  copying  processes  in  which  pic- 
ture &c.  is  transferred  from  paper  to  zinc 
plate  &c. 

papyr-us,  n.  Aquatic  plant  of  sedge  family, 
paper  reed ;  ancient  writing  material  prepared 
by  Egyptians  &c.  from  stem  of  this;  MS  written 
on  this.    [L,  f.  Gk  papuros] 

pap  \  n.  Equality,  equal  footing,  esp.  on  a 
p.  (with) ;  p.  of  exchange,  recognized  value  of 
one  country's  currency  in  terms  of  another's ; 
(of  stocks,  shares,  &c.)  at  p.,  at  face  value, 
above  p.,  at  a  premium,  below  p.,  at  a  discount; 
average  or  normal  amount,  degree,  or  condi- 
tion, as  on  a  p.,  on  an  average,  above,  below,  up 
to,  p.    [L,  a.  &  n.,=equal(ity)] 

pap 2,  n.  (colloq.).    Paragraph. 

papa-1  in  comb.  =  Gk  para  in  senses  'be- 
side ',  '  beyond ',  '  wrong,  irregular '. 

papa-  2  in  comb.  =  It.  para  imperat.  of  par- 
are  ward  off,  shelter,  as  parasol. 

papa-basis,  n.  (pi.  -bases).  Part  sung  by 
chorus  in  Greek  comedy,  addressed  to  audience 
in  poet's  name.  [Gk,  f.  PARA1(6aiwo  go)  go 
aside,  step  forward] 

pa'pable,  n.  Fictitious  narrative  used  to 
typify  moral  or  spiritual  relations;  allegory; 
(archaic)  enigmatical  saying,  proverb;  (archaic) 
take  up  one's  p.,  begin  to  discourse,  [f.  F par- 
abole,  as  foil.] 

pap&*bola,  n.  Plane  curve  formed  by  inter- 
section of  cone  with  plane  parallel  to  its  side. 


[f.  L  f.  Gk  PARAM&o?e  throw,  f.  ballo)  placing 
side  by  side,  comparison,  parable,  &c] 

papabd'lic(al),  aa.  Of,  expressed  in,  a  par- 
able, whence  papabo'liCALLY  adv.  ;  of,  like, 
a  parabola,  [f.  LL  f.  late  Gk  parabolikos  (as 
prec,  see  -ic)J 

para'boloid,  n.  Solid  some  of  whose  plane 
sections  are  parabolas,  esp.  (also  p.  of  revolu- 
tion) that  generated  by  revolution  of  parabola 
about  its  axis,    [-oid] 

parachronism,  n.  Error  in  chronology, 
[f.  para-  2  +  Gk  khronos  time  +  -ism] 

paT-aehute  (-sh-),  n.  Umbrella-like  appara- 
tus for  descending  safely  from  a  height,  esp. 
from  balloon,  whence  pa'pachutiSM,  pa'ra- 
ehutiST,  nn.;  natural  or  artificial  contrivance 
serving  this  purpose.    [F  (para-  2  +  chute  fall)] 

pa'paclete,  n.  Advocate  (as  title  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  see  John  xiv.  16,  26,  &c).  [f.  F  paraclet 
f.  L  f.  Gk  para  ^(kletos  f.  kaleo  call)] 

para'de  \  n.  Display,  ostentation,  esp.  make 
a  p.  of  (one's  virtues  &c.) ;  muster  of  troops  for 
inspection,  esp.  one  held  regularly  at  set  hours; 
ground  used  for  this ;  public  square  or  promen- 
ade (often  as  name  of  street).  [F,=show,  f.  It. 
parata  f.  L  parare  prepare,  furnish,  see  -ade] 

para'de2,  v.t  &  i.  Assemble  (troops)  for  re- 
view ;  display  ostentatiously  ;  march  through 
(streets  &c.)  with  display  ;  (intr.)  march  in  pro- 
cession with  display,    [f.  prec] 

pa'padigm  (-im),  n.  Example,  pattern,  esp. 
of  inflexion  of  noun,  verb,  &c  So  paradig-- 
ma'tic  (-ig-)  a.  [f.  F  paradigme  f.  L  f.  Gk 
paradeigma  f.  para  ^(deiknumi  show),  see  -m] 

pa'padise  (-s),  n.  (Also  earthly  p.)  garden 
of  Eden ;  heaven ;  region,  state,  or  supreme 
bliss ;  fool's  p. ;  park  in  which  animals  are 
kept ;  bird  of  p.  Hence  or  cogn.  paradisa'- 
ic(al)  [irreg.  on  Mosaic  Sec],  paradi'sew, 
papadi'siAC(AL),  papadi'siAL,  paradi-si- 
an,  papadrsic(AL),  aa.  [f.  F  paradis  f.  L 
f.  Gk  paradeisos  f.  OPers.  pairidaeza  park 
(pairi  around  +  diz  mould)] 

pa'pados,  n.  Elevation  of  earth  behind  forti- 
fied place  to  secure  from  sudden  attack.  [F 
(para-2  +  dos  back  f.  L  dorsum)] 

pa'padox,  n.  Statement  contrary  to  received 
opinion  ;  seemingly  absurd  though  perhaps 
really  well-founded  statement ;  self-contradic- 
tory, essentially  absurd,  statement;  person, 
thing,  conflicting  with  preconceived  notions  of 
what  is  reasonable  or  possible ;  hydrostatic  p. 
Hence  or  cogn.  pa*padoxER](3),  pa'radox- 
ist(3),  papadoxiea'liTY,  pa'padox y  J,  nn., 
papado'xiCAL a., papado'xicalLY 2adv.  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  paradoxon  neut.  adj.  (para-  l  +  doxa 
opinion)] 

parado'xure,  n.  Palm-cat,  animal  with 
remarkably  long  curving  tail.  [f.  Gk  para  doxos 
(see  prec.)  +  oura  tail] 

pa'raffin,  n.,  &  v.t.  Colourless  tasteless 
inodorous  fatty  substance  got  by  dry  distilla- 
tion from  wood,  coal,  petroleum,  &c,  &  used 
for  makii/g  candles  &c  ;  (also  p.  oil)  oil  so  ob- 
tained &  used  as  illuminantor lubricant ;  (v.t.) 
treat  with  p.  [f.  L  parum  little  +  affinis,  from 
small  affinity  it  has  for  other  bodies] 

paragd'ge  (-ji),  n.  Addition  of  letter  or 
syllable  to  a  word.  Hence  papag6*g"ic  a. 
[L,  f.  Gk  paragoge  leading  past(PARA- 1  +  agoge 
f.  ago  lead)] 

paTagon,  n.,  &  v.t.  Model  of  excellence ; 
supremely  excellent  person  or  thing,  model  (of 
virtue  &c) ;  perfect  diamond  of  more  than  100 
carats;  (v.t.,  poet.)  compare  (thing  with).  [OF, 
f.  It.  paragone,  etym.  dub.] 

paragraph  (-ahf,  -af),  n.,  &  v.t.  Distinct 
passage  or  section  in  book  &c,  marked  by  in- 


PARAGUAY 


591 


PARASYNTHESIS 


dentation  of  first  line ;  symbol  (usu.  U)  formerly 
used  to  mark  new  p.,  now  to  introduce  note 
&c.  ;  detached  item  of  news  &c.  in  newspaper, 
without  heading,  whence  pa'ragpaphER  J(3), 
pa*pagpaphiST(3),  pa'ragraphf1,  nn. ; 
(v.t.)  write  p.  about  (person,  thing),  arrange 
(article  &c.)  in  pp.  Hence  paragra'phic  a., 
paragra'phiCALLY  adv.  [f.  F  paragraphe 
f.  LL  f.  Gk  par  A1  (graphos  f.  grapho  write) 
short  stroke  marking  break  in  sense] 

pa'paguay  (-gwa),  n.  =mate.  [name  of  S.- 
Amer.  river  &  republic] 

papahelid'tpopism,  n.  Tendency  in  plants 
to  turn  leaves  parallel  to  incidence  of  light- 
rays.  So  papaheliotro'pic  a.  [para-  l  + 
heliotropism] 

pa'pakeet,  -oquet  (-ket),  n.  Small  (esp. 
long-tailed)  kinds  of  parrot,  [f.  OF  paroquet 
prob.  f.  It.  parrochetto  dim.  of  parroco  par- 
son, or  f.  It.  parruechetto  dim.  of  parrucca 
peruke] 

pa'paklte,  n.  1.  Kite  acting  like  parachute. 
2.  Tailless  kite  for  scientific  purposes.    [1.  f. 

PARACHUTE  +  KITE.     2.   PARA-  1] 

parali'psis,  -leipsis  (-1I-),  n.  Trick  of  se- 
curing emphasis  by  professing  to  omit  all  men- 
tion of  subject,  e.  g.,  I  say  nothing  of  his  ante- 
cedents, how  from  youth  upivards  &c.  [f.  Gk 
para  *  (leipsis  f.  leipo  leave)  passing  over] 

pa'pallax,  n.  (Angular  amount  of)  apparent 
displacementof  object,  caused  by  actual  change 
of  point  of  observation.  So  parallactic  a. 
[f.  F  parallaxet.  Gk parallaxis  change  Lpar- 
allasso  (para-  1  +  allasso)] 

parallel1,  a.  &  n.  (Of  lines  &c.)  continuously 
equidistant ;  p.  bars,  pair  of  p.  bars  supported 
on  posts  for  gymnastic  exercises ;  p.  ruler,  two 
rulers  connected  by  pivoted  cross-pieces,  for 
drawing  parallel  lines  ;  (fig.)  precisely  similar, 
analogous,  or  corresponding.  (N.)  p.  (of  lati- 
tude), each  of  the  p.  circles  marking  degrees  of 
latitude  on  earth's  surface  in  map,  as  the  U9th 
p.;  (Mil.)  trench  p.  to  general  face  of  works 
attacked ;  person,  thing,  precisely  analogous 
to  another ;  p.  position  ;  comparison,  as  draw  a 
p.  between  (two  things) ;  two  p.  lines  ( II )  as  re- 
ference-mark, [f.  Fparallele  f.  L  f.  Gk  paral- 
lels (para-  !  +  allelos  one  another)] 

parallel2,  v.t.  (-1-).  Represent  as  similar, 
compare,  (things,  one  with  another) ;  find,  men- 
tion, something  parallel  or  corresponding  to ; 
be  parallel,  correspond,  to.    [f.  prec] 

parallele-piped,  n.  Solid  contained  by 
parallelograms,  [f.  Gk  parallelepipedon,  as 
parallel1  +  epi(  pedon  ground)  plane  surface] 

parallelism,  n.  Being  parallel  (lit  or  fig. ) ; 
comparison  or  correspondence  of  successive  pas- 
sages, esp.  in  Hebrew  poetry,  [f.  Gk  parallel- 
ismos  f.  parallelizo  place  side   by  side  (as 

PARALLEL1,  See  -IZE)] 

paralle-log-pam,  n.  Four-sided  rectilineal 
figure  whose  opposite  sides  are  parallel ;  (p. 
of  forces,  (p.  illustrating)  theorem  that  if  two 
forces  acting  at  a  point  be.represented  in  mag- 
nitude &  direction  by  two  sides  of  a  p.,  their  re- 
sultant is  represented  by  diagonal  drawn  from 
that  point,  [f.  F parallelogramme  f.  Gk  paral- 
lelogrammon  (as  parallel  1  +  gramme  line)] 

paralogism,  n.  Illogical  reasoning  (esp.  of 
which  reasoner  is  unconscious^  cf.  sophism)  ; 
fallacy.  So  para*logizE(2)  v.i.  [f.  F  para- 
logisme  f.  LL  f.  Gk  paralogismos  r.  paralogi- 
somaif.PARAMZofirosreasonlcontrarytoreasonl 

paralyse  (-z),  v.t.  Affect  with  paralysis; 
(fig.)  render  powerless,  cripple.  Hence  para- 
lysATipN  n.    [prob.  f.  F  paralyser,  as  foil.] 

paraiysls,  n.  Nervous  affection  marked  by 
impairment  or  loss  of  motor  or  sensory  function 


of  nerves ;  (fig.)  state  of  utter  powerlessness. 
[L,  f.  Gk  paralusis  f.  para  l(luo  loose)  disable] 

paraly'tie,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  affected  with 
paralysis  (lit.  or  fig.).  Hence  papalytiCALLY 
adv.  [f.  F  paralytique  f.  L  f.  Gk  paralutikos 
(as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

paramagne'tic,  a.  Capable  of  being  at- 
tracted by  poles  of  magnet  (cf.  diamagnetic). 
So  parama'gnetiSM  n.  [para-1  +  magnetic] 

papama'tta,  n.  Light  dress  fabric  of  merino 
wool  &  silk  or  cotton,  [f.  Par(r)amatta,  town 
in  N.S.  Wales] 

para-meter,  n.  (math.).  Quantity  constant 
in  case  considered,  but  varying  in  different 
cases,    [f.  para-  1  +  Gk  metron  measure] 

paramo,  n.  (pi.  -os).  High  treeless  plateau  in 
tropical  parts  of  S.  America,  [f.  Sp.  paramo, 
prob.  of  native  orig.] 

paramount,  a.  Supreme ;  lord,  lady,  p.  (in 
supreme  authority) ;  pre-eminent,  as  of  p.  im- 
portance; superior  (to).  Hence  pa'ra- 
mountcv  n.,  pa'ramountLY2  adv.  [f.  AF 
paramont  f.  OF  par  by  +  amont  above  f.  L 
ad  montem  to  the  hill] 

paramour,  n.  Illicit  partner  of  married 
man  or  woman,    [f.  OF  par  amour  by  love] 

pap'ang,  n.  Malay  heavy  sheath-knife. 
[Malay] 

paranoica,  -noe'a  (-nea),  n.  Mental  de- 
rangement, esp.  when  marked  by  delusions  of 
grandeur  &c.  IGk  (-noia)  f.  para  l(noos  mind) 
distracted] 

parapet  (-it),  n.  Low  wall  at  edge  of  bal- 
cony, roof,  &c,  or  along  sides  of  bridge  &c; 
(Mil.)  defence  of  earth  or  stone  to  conceal  & 
protect  troops.  Hencepa*papetED2a.  [f.  It. 
par  a  2(petto  breast  f.  Lpectus)] 

paraph,  n.  Flourish  after  a  signature,  orig. 
as  precaution  against  forgery,  [f.  F  paraphe 
f.  med.L  paraphus  lov  paragraphus  para- 
graph] 

paraphernalia,  n.  pi.  Personal  belongings; 
mechanical  accessories,  appointments,  &c; 
(formerly)  articles  of  personal  property  that 
law  allowed  married  woman  to  keep  &  treat  as 
her  own.  [L,  neut.  pi.  adj.  f.  L  f.  Gk  para1- 
(pherna  f.  pherne  dower),  see  -al] 

paraphrase  (-z),  n.,  &  v.t.  Free  rendering 
or  amplification  of  a  passage,  expression  of  its 
sense  in  other  words ;  any  of  a  collection  of 
metrical  pp.  of  passages  of  Scripture  used  in 
Church  of  Scotland  &c;  (v.t.)  express  meaning 
of  (passage)  in  other  words.  So  papaphpa's- 
tic  a.,  papaphpa*stiCALLY  adv.  [(n.)  F,  f.  L 
f.  Gkparaphrasis  f.  para  ^(phrazo  tell) ;  (vb) 
f.  F  paraphraser] 

paraplegia  (j),  n.  Paralysis  of  lower 
limbs  &  part  or  whole  of  trunk.  So  para- 
plegic a.    [Gk  (-e-)  f.  para  Hplesso  strike)] 

pa'pasang,  n.  Ancient-Persian  measure  of 
length,  about  3i  miles.  If.  L  (-ga)  f.  Gk  para- 
sagges,  of  Pers.  orig.] 

parasele'ne,  n.  Bright  spot  on  lunar  halo, 
mock-moon,    [para-  l  +  Gk  selene  moon] 

parasite,  n.  Interested  hanger-on,  toady ; 
animal,  plant,  living  in  or  upon  another  & 
drawing  nutriment  directly  from  it  (cf.  com- 
mensal) ;  (loosely)  plant  that  climbs  about  an- 
other plant,  wall,  &c.  Hence  or  cogn.  para- 
si*tic(AL)aa..pa*pasitiSM(2),papasito,LOGv, 
nn.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  para  Hsitos  food)] 

papasi'ticide,  n.  Agent  that  destroys  para- 
sites,   [as  prec.  +  -cide] 

pa-rasitize,  v.  t.  Infest  as  a  parasite  (chiefly 
in  p.p.).    [as  prec.  +  -ize] 

papasd'l  (or  pa'r-),  n.  Sunshade.  [F,  f.  It. 
para  "(sole  sun  f.  L  soZ>l 

parasynthesis,  n,   (philol.).     Derivation 


PARATAXIS 


595 


PARISH 


from  a  compound.    So  papasynthe'tic  a. 

[PARA-  1  +  SYNTHESIS] 

parata*xis,  n.  (gram.).  Placing  of  clauses 
&c.  one  after  another,  without  words  to  indicate 
co-ordination  or  subordination.  So  para- 
ta'etic  a.,  parata'etiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk 
para  l  (taxis  arrangement  f.  tasso)] 

pap'boil,  v.t.  Boil  partially ;  (fig.)  overheat, 
[f.  OF  parboillir  f.  LL  FERibullire  boil)  boil 
thoroughly,  by  confus.  w.  part  J 

pap'buekle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Device  for  raising  or 
lowering  heavy  object  by  rope  of  which  both 
ends  are  passed  round  it ;  (v.t.)  raise  thus.    [?J 

pap'cel1  (-si),  n.  &  adv.  (Archaic)  part,  esp. 
part1  &p. ;  piece  of  land,  esp.  as  part  of  estate ; 
goods  &c.  wrapped  up  in  single  package ;  p.  post, 
branch  of  postal  service  concerned  with  pp.; 
(Commerc.)  quantity  dealt  with  in  one  trans- 
action ;  (adv.,  archaic)  partly,  as  p.  blind, 
drunk;  p.  gilt,  partly  gilded,  esp.  (of  cup  &c.) 
with  inner  surface  gilt.  [f.  Fparcelle  f.  L  *par- 
ticella,  dim.  as  particle] 

pap'cel2,  v.t.  (-11-).  Divide  (usu.  out)  into 
portions;  (Naut.)  cover  (caulked  seam)  with 
canvas  strips  &  pitch,  wrap  (rope)  with  canvas 
strips,    [f.  prec.J 

pap'cellingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  (Naut.) 
strip  of  canvas,  usu.  tarred,  for  binding  round 
rope,    [-ing  J] 

pap'eenapy,  n.  Joint  heirship,  [f.  AFpar- 
cenarie=OF  parconerie  (as  foil.,  see  -erv)j 

pap'cenep,  n. '  Coheir.  [ AF,  =  OF  pargonier 
f.  med.L  parti(ti)onarius  (partition,  -er2)] 

papch,  v.t.  &  i.  Roast  (pease  &c.)  slightly ; 
(of  sun,  thirst,  &c.)  make  (person  &c.)  hot  & 
dry  ;  become  hot  &  dry.    [?] 

pap'chment,  n.  Skin,  esp.  of  sheep  or  goat, 
prepared  for  writing,  painting,  &c. ;  manuscript 
on  this ;  p. -like  skin,  esp.  husk  of  coffee-bean. 
Hence  par'chmentY  ^  a.  [f.  F  parchemin  f. 
L  pergamena  {charta  paper)  of  Pergamum, 
city  in  Asia  Minor] 

pard1,  n.  (archaic).  Leopard.  [OF,  f.  L  f. 
Gk  pardos] 

papd2,  n.  (slang,  esp.  U.S.).  Partner,   [abbr.] 

pap'don1,  n.  Forgiveness;  (Eccl.)  =  indulg- 
ence, festival  at  which  this  is  granted  ;  (Law) 
remission  of  legal  consequences  of  crime ; 
generalp.  (for  offences  generally,  or  to  number 
of  persons  not  named  individually) ;  courteous 
forbearance,  esp.  I  beg  your  p.  (apology  for 
thing  done,  for  diss«nt  or  contradiction,  or  for 
not  hearing  or  understanding  what  was  said), 
[f.  OF  perdun,  as  foil.] 

pap'don  2,  v.t.  Forgive  (person,  offence,  per- 
son his  offence) ;  make  allowance  for,  excuse, 
(person,  fault,  person  for  doing).  So  pap'- 
don able  a.,  pap'donableNESS  n.,  par*- 
donabLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  pardoner  f.  LL  per- 
(donare  give)  concede,  remit] 

pap'don  er,  n.  (hist.).  Person  licensed  to 
sell  pardons  or  indulgences,  [pardon1  +  -er2] 

pare,  v.t.  Trim  (thing)  by  cutting  away  ir- 
regular parts  &c;  cut  away  skin,  rind,  &c.  of 
(fruit  &c.) ;  p.  (nails  &c.)  to  the  quick  (so  deep 
as  to  reach  sensitive  parts) ;  (fig.)  diminish  lit- 
tle by  little  (often  away,  downU  shave,  cut.j^T, 
away,  (edges  &c).  Hence  pap'ERM2),  pap'- 
ing1(1,  2),  nn.    [f.  F  parer  t.  L  parare  prepare] 

papegd'Pie,  a.  &  n.  P.  (elixir),  camphorated 
tincture  of  opium  flavoured  with  aniseed  & 
benzoic  acid.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  paregorikos  soothing 
(para-1  +  -agoros  speaking  f.  agora  public  as- 
sembly)] 

paneip'a  (-am),  n.  Drug  from  root  of  Bra- 
zilian shrub,  used  in  urinary  disorders,  [f. 
Port,  parreira  vine  trained  against  wall] 

pare'nchyma  (-k-),  n.    (Anat.)  proper  sub* 


stance  of  gland,  organ,  &c,  as  distinguished 
from  flesh  &  connective  tissue  ;  (Bot.)  tissue  of 
cells  of  about  equal  length  &  breadth  placed 
side  by  side  (cf.  prosenchyma),  usu.  soft  & 
succulent,  found  esp.  in  softer  parts  of  leaves, 
pulp  of  fruits,  &c.  Hence  pape'nehymAL, 
parenchymatous,  aa.  [f.  Gk paregkhuma 
something  poured  in  beside  (para-1  +  egkhuma 
f.  egkheo  pour  in  f.  en  in  +  khed  pour)] 

par'ent,  n.  Father  or  mother ;  forefather, 
esp.  our  first  pp.,  Adam&  Eve  ;  animal,  plant, 
from  which  others  are  derived,  (often  attrib., 
as  the  p.  bird,  tree);  (fig.)  source,  origin,  (of 
evils  &c).  So  pape'ntAL  a.,  pare'ntalLY2 
adv^  [OF,  f.  L  parens  (parere  beget,  see-ENT)] 

par'entage,  n.  Descent  from  parents, line- 
age, as  his  p.  is  unknown.  [F,  as  prec. ,  see  -age] 

parenthesis,  n.  (pi.  -theses).  Word,  clause, 
sentence,  inserted  into  a  passage  to  which  it  is 
not  grammatically  essential,  and  usu.  marked 
off  by  brackets,  dashes,  or  commas ;  (sing,  or 
pi.)  round  brackets  ( )  used  for  this ;  (fig.)  inter- 
lude, interval.  [med.L,  f.  Gk  parenthesis  i. 
parentithemi  put  in  beside  (para-1  +  en-(2)  + 
tithemi  place)] 

parenthesize,  v.t.  Insert  (words  &c.  or 
abs.)  as  parenthesis;  put  between  marks  of 
parenthesis,    [f.  prec,  see  -ize] 

parenthe'tic,  a.  Of,  inserted  as  a,  paren 
thesis ;  (fig.)  interposed.  Hence  parenthe*- 
tiCAL  a.,  parenthe'tiealLV -  adv.  [f.  med.L 
parentheticus  (as  parenthesis,  see  -etic)] 

pa'resis,  n.  (med.).  Partial  paralysis,  af- 
fecting muscular  motion  but  not  sensation. 
So  paPE'Tic  a.  [f.  Gk  paresis  f.  pariemi  let 
go  (para-1  +  hiemi letgo)] 

par  excellence  (F),  adv.  By  virtue  of 
special  excellence,  above  all  others  that  may 
be  so  called,  as  Mayfair  was  the  fashionable 
quarter  p.  e. 

pap'get  (-j-),  v.t.,  &  n.  Plaster  (wall  &c.) ; 
(n.)  plaster,  [prob.  f.  OF  pargeter,  por-,  f.  L 
VB.o(jectare  —jactare  frequent,  of  jacere  j act- 
throw)] 

parhe'lion  (par-h-),  n.  Spot  on  solar  halo  at 
which  light  is  intensified,  mock-sun.  Hence 
parheli'ACAL,  parhe'lic,  aa.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
parelion  (para-1  +  helios  sun)] 

pap'iah  (or  par-),  n.  Member  of  a  low  caste 
in  S.  India  ;  member  of  low  or  no  caste ;  (fig.) 
social  outcast ;  p.-dog,  yellow  vagabond  dog  of 
low  breed  in  India  &c.  [f.  Tamil  paraiyar  pi. 
of  paraiyan  drummer  (parai  drum)] 

Parian,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  island  of  Paros, 
famed  for  white  marble;  (n.)  fine  white  kind 
of  porcelain,    [f.  L  Partus  of  Paros  +  -an] 

pari'etal,  a.  Of  the  wall  of  the  body  or  of 
any  of  its  cavities  ;  p.  bones,  pair  forming  part 
of  sides  &  top  of  skull ;  (Bot.)  of  the  wall  of  a 
hollow  structure  &c.  [f.  F  parietal  f.  hparie- 
talis  (paries  -etis  wall,  see  -al)] 

pari  mutuel  (F),  n.  Form  of  betting  in 
which  those  who  have  staked  on  winning 
horse  divide  the  stakes  on  the  rest.  [= mutual 
stake] 

par'i  pa'ssu,  adv.  With  equal  pace  ;  simul- 
taneously &  equally.    [L] 

Pa'ris,  n.  Capital  of  France  ;  P.  blue,  bright 
Prussian  blue,  (also)  bright  blue  got  from  ani- 
line ;  P.  doll,  dressmaker's  lay  figure  ;  P.  white, 
fine  whiting  used  in  polishing;  plaster-o/-P. 

pa'rish,  n.  Subdivision  of  county,  having 
its  own  church  &  clergyman  ;  (also  civil  p.)  dis- 
trict constituted  for  administration  of  Poor- 
law  &c,  as  go  on  the  p.,  receive  parochial  re- 
lief ;  the  inhabitants  of  a  p. ;  p.  clerk,  official 
performing  various  duties  connected  with  the 
church,  esp.  (formerly)  leading  responses;  p. 


PARISHIONER 


council,  local  administrative  body  in  rural  civil 
p. ;  p.  lantern  ;  p.-register,  book  recording 
christenings,  marriages,  &  burials,  at  p.  church, 
[f.  OF  paroche  f.  LL  parochia  f.  L  f.  Gk  paroi- 
kia  district  round  (a  church)  f.  paroikos  (para-  x 
+  -oikos  -dwelling  f .  oiked  dwell)] 

pari'shioner  (-shoner),  n.  Inhabitant  of 
parish,  [f.  OF  paroissien  (paroisse  f.  pop.L 
*parocia  as  prec,  see  -an)  +  -er1] 

Papi'sian  (-Z-),  a.  &  n.  (Native,  inhabitant) 
of  Paris,  [f.  F  parisien  f.  med.L  parisianus 
{Parisii  Paris,  see  -an)] 

papisylla'bic,  a.  (Of  Gk  &  L  nouns)  having 
same  number  of  syllables  in  nominative  as  in 
oblique  cases  of  singular,  [f.  L  par  equal  + 
syllabic] 

pa'pity,  n.  Equality,  esp.  among  members 
or  ministers  of  church  ;  parallelism,  analogy, 
as  p.  of  reasoning ;  standard  of  price  in  another 
currency,    (f.  L  paritas  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

park1*,  n.  Large  enclosed  piece  of  ground, 
usu.  with  woodland  &  pasture,  attached  to 
country  house  &c. ;  enclosure  in  town  orna- 
mentally laid  out  for  public  recreation  ;  The  P., 
(now)  Hyde  P.,  (formerly)  St  James's  P. ;  large 
tract  of  land  kept  in  natural  state  for  public 
benefit ;  (space  occupied  by)  artillery,  stores, 
&c,  in  encampment ;  oyster-p.,  enclosed  area 
for  oyster-breeding,  overflowed  by  sea  at  high 
tide.  Hence  pap'kiSH1  a.  [ME,  f.  OF  pare  f. 
WG  *parruk,  whence  OE  pearroc,  dial,  par- 
rock,  paddock] 

park-,  v.t.  Enclose  (ground)  in  or  as  park ; 
(Mil.)  arrange  (artillery  &c.)  compactly  in  a 


596 PARRY 

med.L  parlatorium  (parlare  talk,  see  par- 
lance &  -ORY)] 

pap'lous,  a.  &  adv.  (archaic,  facet).  Peril- 
ous ;  hard  to  deal  with ;  surprisingly  clever 
&c;  (adv.)  extremely.    [=perilous] 

Papmesa'n  (-z-),  a.  &  n.  P.  (cheese),  kind  of 
cheese  made  at  Parma  &  elsewhere.  [F,  f.  It. 
parmegiano  of  Parma] 

Papna'ssus,  n.  Mountain  in  central  Greece, 
anciently  sacred  to  Muses.  So  Parna'ssiAX 
a.    [L,  f.  Gk  Parna(s)sos] 

PaPTiellism,  n.    Policy  of  Irish  Home-Rule 


Cake   of   oatmeal  & 


park.    [f.  prec] 

pap'kin,  n.  (north), 
treacle.    [?] 

parlance,  n.  Way  of  speaking,  as  in  com- 
mon, legal,  &c,  p.  [OF  (parler  speak  f.  LL 
paroJbolare  talk,  as  parable,  see  -ance)] 

pap'ley1,  n.  Conference  for  debating  of 
points  in  dispute,  esp.  (Mil.)  discussion  of 
terms,  as  beat,  sound,  a  p.,  call  for  it  by  drum 
or  trumpet,    [f.  F  parler,  see  prec] 

pap'ley2,  v.i.  &  t.  Discuss  terms  (with  ene- 
my &c);  speak  (esp.  foreign  language),  [f.  or 
as  prec] 

parleyvoo*,  n.,  &  v.i.  (facet).  French; 
Frenchman ;  (v.i.)  speak  French,  [f.  F  parlez- 
vous  (francais)  ?  do  you  speak  (French)?] 

parliament  (-Hm-),  n.  Council  forming 
with  the  Sovereign  the  supreme  legislature  of 
United  Kingdom,  consisting  of  House  of  Lords 
(Spiritual  &  Temporal)  &  House  of  Commons 
(representatives  of  counties,  cities,  &c);  (of 
King)  open  P.,  declare  it  open  with  ceremonial ; 
corresponding  legislative  assembly  in  other 
countries;  long1  P.  (met  Nov.  3rd,  1640,  dis- 
solved March  1660) ;  Short  P.  (sat  from  Apr.  13 
to  May  o,  1610) ;  (also  p.-cake)  thin  crisp  cake  of 
gingerbread,     [f.  OF  parlement  speaking  (as 

PARLANCE,  See  -MENT)] 

parliamentarian,  n.  &  a.  Skilled  debater 
in  parliament ;  adherent  of  Parliament  in  Civil 
War  of  17th  c;  (adj.)  =  foil,    [foil.,  -an] 

parliamentary  (-Hm-),  a.  Of  parliament ; 
p.  agent  (charged  with  interests  of  party  con- 
cerned in  private  legislation  of  Parliament); 
enacted,  established,  by  Parliament ;  p.  train 
(carrying  passengers  at  rate  not  above  Id.  per 
mile) ;  (of  language)  admissible  in  Parliament, 
(colloq.)  civil.    [-ARY1] 

pap'loup  (-er),  n.  Ordinary  sitting-room  of 
family  in  private  house ;  room  in  inn  for  pri- 
vate conversation  ;  p.-boarder,  boarding-school 
pupil  living  in  principal's  family;  p.-car  (U.S.), 
luxuriously  fitted  railway  carriage ;  p.-maid, 
maid  who  waits  at  table,    [f.  OF  parleor  f 


party  led  by  C.  S.  Parnell  from  1880  to  1891.    So 
Pap'nelliTE 1  n.    [-ism] 
papo'ehial  (-k-),  a.    Of  a  parish ;  (tig.,  of  af- 


fairs &c.)  confined  to  narrow  area.  Hence 
papo'ehialiSM,  papoehia'liTY,  nn.,  paro'- 
chializE(3)  v.t,  papo'ehialLY2  adv.  [OF,  f. 
LL  parochialis  (as  parish,  see  -al)] 

pa'pody,  n.,  &  v.t.  Composition  in  which 
an  author's  characteristics  are  ridiculed  by 
imitation  ;  feeble  imitation,  travesty  ;  (v.t.) 
make  (literary  work,  manner,  &c)  ridiculous 
by  imitation.  So  pa*PodiST(3)  n.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  Gk  paroidia  (para-  l  +  dide  song,  ode)] 

paro'le  (-61),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Also  p.  of  honour, 
F  p.  d'honneur)  word  of  honour,  esp.  (Mil.)  pri- 
soner's promise  that  he  will  not  attempt  escape, 
or  will  return  to  custody  if  liberated,  or  will 
refrain  from  taking  up  arms  against  captors 
for  stated  period;  on  p.,  (liberated)  on  this 
understanding;  (Mil.)  password  used  only  by 
officers  or  inspectors  of  guard  (cf.  counter- 
sign) ;  (v.t.)  put  (prisoner)  on  p.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F, 
=  word,  as  parable] 

paponoma*sia  (-z-,  -s-),  n.  Word-play,  pun. 
[L,  f.  Gk  paronomasia  (para-1  +onomasia  f. 
onomazo  f.  onoma  name)] 

paroquet.    See  parakeet. 

papd'tid,  a.  &  n.  Situated  near  the  ear,  esp. 
p.  gland  (in  front  of  ear,  with  p.  duct,  opening 
into  mouth) ;  (n.)  p.  gland,  [f.  F  parotide  f.  L 
f.  Gk  parotis  -idos  (para-  !  -f  o\is  otos  ear)] 

papoti'tis,  n.    Mumps,    [f.  prec  +  -itis] 

pa'poxysm,  n.  Fit  of  disease ;  fit  (o/rage, 
laughter,  &c).  Hence  papoxysmAL  a.  [f.  F 
paroxysme  f.  L  f.  Gk  paroxusmos  f.  paroxuno 
exasperate  (para-  1  +  oxuno  sharpen  f.  oxus 
sharp)] 

papo-xytone  (-tn),  a.  &  n.  (Gk  gram.). 
(Word)  with  acute  accent  on  last  syllable  but 
one.    [f.  Gk  paroxutonos  (para-  *,  oxytone)] 

par-pen,  n.  Stone  passing  through  wall 
from  side  to  side,  with  two  smooth  vertical 
faces,    [f.  OF  parpain,  etym.  dub.] 

papque't  (-k-),  n.,  &  v.t  Wooden  flooring 
of  pieces  of  wood,  often  of  different  kinds, 
arranged  in  pattern;  (v.t.)  floor  (room)  thus.  So 
pap#quetRY(l)  n.  [F,=  small  compartment, 
floor,  dim.  of  pare  park] 

pap(p),  n.    Young  salmon.    [?] 

pa'rrieide,  n.  1.  One  who  murders  his  father 
or  near  relative  or  one  whose  person  is  held 
sacred  ;  person  guilty  of  treason  against  his 
country.  2.  Any  of  these  crimes.  So  parpi- 
el'dAL  a.  [F,  f.  L  (1)  parricida  (2)  -cidium ; 
etym.  dub.,  see  -cide] 

pa'PPOt,  n.,  &  v.t  Genus  of  birds,  of  which 
many  species  have  beautiful  plumage,  &  some 
can  be  taught  to  repeat  words  ;  person  who  re- 
peats another's  words  or  imitates  his  actions 
unintelligently ;  (v.t.)  repeat  (words  or  abs.) 
mechanically,  drill  (person  &c)  to  do  this, 
whence  pa*ppotRY(4)  n. ;  p.-fish,  kinds  with 
brilliant  colouring  or  mouth  like  p.'s  bill.    [?] 

pa'ppy,  v.t,  &  n.  Ward  off,  avert,  (weapon, 
blow,  awkward  question) ;  (n.)  warding  off. 
(f.  F  parer  f.  It  &  L  parare  prepare] 


PARSE 


597 


PARTISAN 


parse  (z,  -s),  v.t.  Describe  (word)  grammati- 
cally, stating  inflexion,  relation  to  sentence, 
&c. ;  resolve  (sentence)  into  its  component 
parts  &  describe  them.    [prob.  f.  L  pars  part] 

Parsee*,  n.  Adherent  of  zoroastrianism, 
descendant  of  Persians  who  fled  to  India  from 
Mohammedan  persecution  in  7th  &  8th  cc, 
whence  Papsee*iSM(3)  n.;  language  of  Persia 
under  Sassanian  kings,  [f.  Pers.  Parsi  Persian 
{Pars  Persia)] 

parsimony,  u.  Carefulness  in  employment 
of  money  &c.  or  (fig.)  of  immaterial  things ; 
stinginess;  law  of  p.  (that  no  more  causes  or 
forces  should  be  assumed  than  are  necessary 
to  account  for  the  facts).  So  parsi  mo -ni- 
ous  a.,  parsimo'niousLY 2  adv.,  parsi- 
mo'niousxESS  n.  [f.  L  parsimonia,  parci-, 
(parcere  pars-  spare,  see  -mony)] 

pap'sley,  n.  Biennial  umbelliferous  plant 
with  white  flowers  &  aromatic  leaves,  used 
for  seasoning  &  garnishing  dishes,  [(partly  thr. 
OF  peresil)  f.  LL  petrosilium  i.  L  f.  Gk  petro- 
selinon  (petra  rock  +  selinon  parsley)] 

pap'snip,  n.  (Plant  with,  yellow  flowers  &) 
pale  yellow  root  used  as  culinary  vegetable ; 
fine  words  butter2  no  pp.  [ME  passenep, 
ult.  f.  hpastinaca  (pastinum  digging- fork)] 

par'son,  n.  Rector  ;  vicar  or  any  beneficed 
clergyman;  (colloq.)  any  clergyman  ;  p.  -bird, 
X. -Zealand  bird  with  dark  plumage  &  white 
neck  ;  p.  's  nose,  rump  of  fowl  &c.  Hence  par- 
sd'nic  a.  [ME  &  OF  persone  f.  L  persona 
person,  (med.L)  rector] 

par'sonage  ( -ij),  n.  Rector's  or  other  in- 
cumbent's house,    [var.  of  personage] 

part1,  n.  Some  but  not  all  of  a  thing  or 
number  of  things,  as  (a)  p.  of  it  was  spoilt,  (a) 
p.  of  them  have  arrived,  (a)  great  part  of  this 
is  true,  most  p.  (the  majority)  of  them  failed  ; 
division  of  book  &c,  esp.  as  much  as  is  issued 
at  one  time ;  portion  of  animal  body  ;  the  (privy) 
pp.  ;  each  of  several  equal  portions  of  a  whole, 
as  three  pp.  (quarters),  19  pp.  (twentieths),  take 
3  pp.  of  sugar,  5  of  flour,  2  of  ground  rice,  &c, 
portion  allotted,  share,  esp.  have  neither  p.  nor 
lot  (no  concern)  in ;  art2  &  p.;  person's  share 
in  action,  his  duty,  as  Ihavedone  my  p.,  it  teas 
not  my  p.  to  interfere ;  character  assigned  to 
actor  on  stage ;  words  spoken  by  actor  on  stage; 
copy  of  these  ;  (fig.)  play  a  noble,  an  unworthy, 
p..  behave  nobly  8cc.;play  a  p.,  act  deceitfully; 
(Mus.)  each  of  the  successions  of  notes  that 
make  up  a  harmony,  melody  assigned  to  parti- 
cular voice  or  instrument;  (pi.,  archaic)  abili- 
ties, as  a  man  of  (good)  pp. ;  region,  as  a 
stranger  in  these  pp. ;  side  in  dispute;  p.  & 
parcel,  essential  p. ;  p.  of  speech,  each  of  the 
grammatical  classes  of  words  (noun,  adjective, 
pronoun,  verb,  adverb,  preposition,  conjunc- 
tion, interjection)  ;/o?*£/ie»i.o.s£p.,  inmost  cases, 
mostly ;  take  p.,  assist  (in  doing,  in  discussion 
&c.) ;  take  the  p.  of,  support,  back  up ;  for  my 
p.,  as  far  as  I  am  concerned  ;  in  p.,  partly  ;  take 
(words,  action)  in  good  p.,  not  be  offended  at; 
on  the  p.  of,  proceeding  from,  done  &c.  by,  as 
there  was  no  objection  on  my  p. ;  p.-owner,  one 
who  owns  in  common  with  othcrs;p.-so?ifjr,  song 
for  three  or  more  voice-parts,  usu.  without 
accompaniment,  &  in  simple  harmony.  [OE,  f. 
lu  pars  partis] 

papt2,  v.t.  &  i.  Divide  (t.  &  i.)  into  parts,  as 
the  crowd  parted  &  let  him  through,  an  islet 
parts  the  stream,  the  cord  parted  (broke) ; 
separate  (hair  of  head)  with  comb;  separate 
(combatants,  friends,  &c);  p.  company,  dissolve 
companionship  (with) ;  quit  one  another's  com- 
pany, as  let  us  p.  friends,  the  best  of  friends 
must  p.;  p.  with,  give  up,  surrender,  (property 


&c);  (archaic)  distribute  (thing)  in  shares. 
If.  b  partxr  f.  L  partire,  -ri,  divide,  as  prec] 

papta-ke,  v.t.  &  i.  Take  a  share  in ;  take  a 
share  (in  or  of  thing,  with  person) ;  take,  esp 
eat  or  drink  some  or  (colloq.)  all  of,  as  he  par- 
took of  our  lowly  fare,  partook  of  a  bun  ;  have 
some  (o/ quality  &c),  as  his  manner  partakes 
of  insolence,  [back-formation  f.  partaker  = 
part-taker] 

papteppe*  (-ar),  n.  Level  space  in  garden 
occupied  by  flower-beds ;  part  of  ground-floor 
of  auditorium  of  theatre,  behind  orchestra.  [F 
-par  terre  on  the  ground] 

papthenog-e'nesis,  n.  (biol.).  Reproduc- 
tion without  union  of  sexual  elements.  So 
parthenogenE-Tic  a.  [f.  Gk  parthenos  vir- 
gin +  GENESIS] 

Pap'thian,  a.  Of  Parthia,  ancient  kingdom 
of  W.  Asia;  P.  shaft,  glance,  &c,  remark, 
glance,  &c,  reserved  for  the  moment  of  one's 
departure,  like  missile  discharged  backwards 
by  flying  P.  horseman,    [-an] 

pap'tial  (shl),  a.  Biased,  unfair ;  p.  to,  hav- 
ing a  liking  for  (person,  thing) ;  forming  only  a 
part,  not  complete,  as  a  p.  success  ;  p.  eclipse 
(in  which  part  only  of  the  luminary  is  covered 
or  darkened).  Hence  pap'tialLY2  adv.  [f. 
OF  parcial  f.  LL  partialis  (as  part*,  see  -al)] 

paptia'lity  (-shl-),  n.  Liking,  preference, 
fondness,  (for,  to),  [f.  OF  parcialite  f.  med.L 
partialitas  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

participate,  v.t.  &  i.  Have  share  in  (thing 
with  person) ;  have  share  (in  thing  with  person); 
have  something  of,  as  his  poems  p.  of  the  nature 
of  satire.   So  papti'cipA nt,  particip a tio x, 


papti'cipatoR ' 


[f.   L  participare  (as 


part  +  cxp-  =  cap-  st.  of  capere  take)] 

pap-ticiple,  n.  Verbal  adjective  qualifying 
noun  but  retaining  some  properties  of  verb, 
e.g.  tense  &  government  of  object.  So  par- 
tici'piAL  a.,  paptici'pialLY 2  adv.  10F,  f.  L 
participium  sharing,  participle,  (as  prec.)] 

pap'ticle,  n.  Minute  portion  of  matter; 
smallest  possible  amount,  as  has  not  a  p.  of 
sense ;  minor  part  of  speech,  esp.  short  inde- 
clinable one.    [f.  L  particula  (part  \  -cule)] 

pap'ti-colouped,  pap'ty-,  a.  Partly  of 
one  colour,  partly  of  another,    [prob.  f.  party2] 

paptPeulap,  a.  &  n.  Relating  to  one  as  dis- 
tinguished from  others,  special ;  P.  Baptists, 
body  holding  doctrines  of  p.  election  &  p.  re- 
demption (i.e.  of  only  some  of  the  human  race); 
one  considered  apart  from  others,  individual, 
as  this  p.  tax  is  no  worse  than  others  ;  worth 
notice,  special,  as  took  p.  trouble,  for  nop.  rea- 
son ;  minute, as  full  &p.  account ;  scrupulously 
exact ;  fastidious  (about,  what  or  as  to  what 
one  eats  &c);  in  p.,  especially,  as  mentioned 
one  case  in  p.;  (n.)  detail,  item,  (pi.)  detailed 
account.  Hence  or  cogn.  papticula'PiTY  n., 
papti'culapLY2  adv.  [f.  OF particidcr  f.  L 
particnlaris  (as  particle,  see  -ar  *)] 

particularism,  n.  Doctrine  of  particular 
election  or  redemption  ;  exclusive  devotion  to 
a  party,  sect,  &c;  principle  of  leaving  political 
independence  to  each  State  in  au  empire  &c.  So 
paptPeulapisT  n.    [-ism] 

papti'culapize,  v.t.  Name  specially  or  one 
by  one,  specify,  (often  abs.).  Hence  papticu- 
lariZATiON  n.  ~[f.  F  particularism'  (as  par- 
ticular, see  -ize)] 

pap'tingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  leave-taking 
(often  attrib.,  as  p.  injunctions) ;  dividing  line 
of  combed  hair  ;  p.  of  the  ways,  point  at  which 
road  divides  into  two  or  more  (often  fig.  of 
choice  between  courses),    [-ing  *] 

paptisa'n1  (-z-),  -zan,  (or  part-),  n.  Ad- 
herent of  party,  cause,  &c,  esp.  unreasoning 


PARTISAN 


598 


PASS 


one  (often  attrib.,  as  in  a  p.  spirit) ;  (hist.) mem- 
ber of  light  irregular  troops  employed  in  special 
enterprises.  Hence  partisa'nsHip  n.  [F,f.  It. 
partigiano  (parte  part,  see  -an)] 

pap'tisan2  (-z-),  -zan,  n.  (hist).  Long 
handled  spear  like  halberd,  [f.  F  partizane  f. 
It.  partesana,  etym.  dub.] 

par'tite,  a.  (bot.,  entom.).  Divided  (nearly) 
to  the  base.    [f.  L  partiri  -it-  part2)] 

papti'tion,  n.,  &  v.t.  Division  into  parts ; 
such  part;  structure  separating  two  such  parts, 
esp.  slight  wall,  whence  parti'tionED  2  a.; 
(Law)  division  of  real  property  between  joint- 
tenants  &c. ;  (v.t.)  divide  into  parts ;  p.  off, 
separate  (part  of  room  &c.)  by  a  p.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F, 
f.  Lpartitionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

par'titive,  a.  &  n.  (Word)  denoting  part  of 
a  collective  whole  (e.  g.  some,  any) ;  p.  genitive, 
that  used  to  indicate  a  whole  divided  into  parts, 
expressed  in  English  by  of.  Hence  pap'ti- 
tiveLY2  adv.    [f.  L  partitivus  (partite,  -ive)] 

Pap'tlet,  n.  used  as  proper  name  for  a  hen, 
esp.  Dame  P.,  also  applied  to  women,  [f.  OF 
Pertelote,  female  proper  name] 

pap'tly,  adv.  With  respect  to  a  part ;  in 
some  degree,    [-ly2] 

pap'tnep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Sharer  (with  person,  in 
or  of  thing) ;  person  associated  with  others  in 
business  of  which  he  shares  risks  &  profits; 
SLEEP2tn.firp. ;  predominant  p.,  England  (among 
constituents  of  United  Kingdom) ;  wife,  hus- 
band ;  companion  in  dance ;  player  associated 
with  another  in  whist,  tennis,  &c. ;  (Naut.,  pi.) 
timber  framework  round  hole  in  deck  through 
which  mast,  pump,  &c,  passes ;  (v.t.)  associate 
(persons,  one  with  another)  as  pp.,  (also)  be  p.  of. 
Hence  pap'tnePLESS  a.,  pap'tnepsmp  n. 
[prob.  var.  of  parcener,  see  co-parcener] 

pap'tpidjgre,  n.  Kinds  of  game-bird,  esp. 
Common  or  Ghrey  P. ;  p.-ivood,  hard  red  wood 
used  for  cabinet  work  &c,  (also)  speckled  effect 
produced  on  wood  by  certain  fungus.  [ME 
pertrich^nlt.  f.  L  f.  Gk  perdix  -dikos\ 

partur'ient,  a.  About  to  give  birth  (often 
fig.  of  the  mind  &c).  [f.  L  parturire  be  in 
labour  (parere  part-  bear),  see  -ent] 

parturition,  n.  Childbirth  (also  fig.),  [f.  L 
parturitio,  as  prec,  see  -ion] 

pap'ty1,  n.  Body  of  persons  united  in  a 
cause,  opinion,  &c;  system  of  taking  sides  on 
public  questions  ;  p.  spirit,  zeal  for  a  p.,  so  p.- 
spirited ;  body  of  persons  travelling  or  engaged 
together,  as  fishing,  reading,  -p. ;  social  gather- 
ing, esp.  of  invited  guests  at  private  house,  as 
dinner,  tea,  p. ;  each  of  the  two  or  more  per- 
sons making  the  two  sides  in  legal  action,  con-** 
tract,  marriage,  &c. ;  accessory  (to  action) ; 
(now  vulg.  or  facet.)  person,  as  an  old  p.  with 
spectacles;  p. -coloured,  see  parti-coloured  ; 
p.-wall,  wall  shared  by  each  of  the  occupiers  of 
the  two  buildings  &c.  that  it  separates,  [f.  F 
partie  (partir  1 L  partire  part  ^j 

pap'ty2,  a.  (herald.).  Divided  into  parts  of 
different  tinctures,     [f.  F  parti,  as  prec] 

parvenu  (or  as  F),  n.  Person  of  obscure 
origin  who  has  gained  wealth  or  position,  up- 
start, (often  attrib. ).  [F,  p.p.  of  parvenir arrive 
f.  L  PER(t?enire  come)] 

pap'vis,  n.  Enclosed  area  in  front  of  cathe- 
dral, church ,  &c  [ F,  f .  OF  pare(v) is  f .  L  paradi- 
sus  paradise,  courtin  front  of  St  Peter's,  Rome] 

pas  (pah),  n.  Precedence,  esp.  dispute,  give, 
take,  the  p. ;  step  in  dancing,  as  p.  seul  (serl),  p. 
de  deux  (der),  dance  for  one,  two.    [F,  =step] 

pa-schal  (-kl),  a.  Of  the  Jewish  Passover; 
of  Easter,  [f.  F  pascal  f.  lAjpaschalis  (pascha 
r.  I*  k  paskha  f .  Heb.  pesakh  Passover  f .  pasakh 

pass  over,  see  -al)] 


pa'sha,  -cha,  (pah'sha,  pa'sha,  pashalr),  n. 
Turkish  officer  of  high  rank,  e.  g.  military  com- 
mander, governor  of  province,  &c ;  p.  of  three, 
two,  tails,  of  one  tail,  (of  first,  second,  third, 
grade ;  from  number  of  horse-tails  displayed 
as  symbol  in  war).    [Turk,  (-sha)] 

pa-shalic,  -eh-,  (or  pashah*-),  n.  Jurisdic- 
tion of  pasha,    [f.  Turk,  pashalik] 

pa'shm,  n.  Under-fur  of  hairy  quadrupeds 
in  Tibet  &c,  esp.  that  of  goats  as  used  for  Cash- 
mere shawls.    [Pers.,  =  wool] 

pa'sque-flower  (-k-),  n.  Anemone  with 
bell-shaped  purple  flowers,  [orig.  passe-flower, 
f.  F  passejleur  (surpassing  flower)  w.  assim.  to 
obs.  Pasque  Easter  (paschal)] 

pasquinade  (-kw),  n.  Lampoon,  satire, 
orig.  one  affixed  to  public  place,  [f.  It.  pasqui- 
nata  (Pasquino,  statue  at  Rome  on  which  Latin 
verses  were  annually  posted,  see  -ade)] 

pass1,  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  passed  or  as  adj.  vast). 

1.  intr.  Move  onward,  proceed,  (along,  down, 
over,  on,  &c) ;  circulate,  be  current ;  p.  for,  be 
accepted  as  ;  p.  (be  currently  known)  by  the 
name  of ;  be  transported  from  place  to  place ; 
change  (into  something,  from  one  state  to 
another) ;  die  (no w  usu.  p.  hence,  p.  from  among 
us,  Sec.) ;  go  by,  as  saw  the  procession  p.,  time 
passes  rapidly,  remarks  p.  unnoticed  ;  come 
to  an  end,  as  kingdoms  &  nations  p. ;  get 
through,  effect  a  passage ;  go  uncensured,  be 
accepted  as  adequate;  (of  bill  in  Parliament, 
proposal,  &c.)  be  sanctioned ;  (of  candidate) 
satisfy  examiner ;  happen,  be  done  or  said,  as  I 
saw  or  heard  what  was  passing ;  adjudicate 
(upon)',  (of  judgment)  be  given  (for  plaintiff 
&c);  (Cards)  forgo  one's  opportunity,  e.g.  of 
making  trump,  (also)  throw  up  one's  hand. 

2.  trans.  Leave  (thing  Sec.)  on  one  side  or  be- 
hind as  one  goes ;  go  across  (sea,  frontier,  moun- 
tain-range) ;  (of  bill)  be  examined  &  approved 
by  (House  of  Commons  &c);_  reach  standard 
required  by  (examiner,  examination) ;  p.  mus- 
ter1 ;  outstrip ;  surpass ;  be  too  great  for,  as  it 
passes  my  comprehension;  transport  (usu.  w. 
prep,  or  adv.) ;  move,  cause  to  go,  as  passed  his 
hand  aa-oss  his  forehead,  p.  your  eye  (glance) 
over  this  letter,  p.  a  rope  round  it ;  cause  to 
go  by,  as  p.  (troops)  in  review ;  cause,  allow, 
(measure  in  Parliament,  candidate  for  exami- 
nation, Sec.)  to  proceed  after  scrutiny;  spend 
(time,  the  winter,  Sec.) ;  hand  round,  transfer,  as 
read  this  &  p.  it  on ;  give  currency  to  (coin,  esp. 
base  coin);  pledge  (one's  word,  oath,  &c);  utter 
(criticism,  judicial  sentence,  upon);  p.  the  time 
of  day.  3.  Spec,  senses  w.  advv.  Se  prepp. :  p. 
away,  die,  come  to  an  end ;  p.  6j/(adv.  or  prep.), 
omit,  disregard ;  p.  off,  (or  sensations  Sec.)  dis- 
appear gradually,  (of  proceedings)  be  carried 
through  (without  a  hitch  Sec),  (trans.)  palm  off 
(thing  upon  person  for  or  as  what  it  is  not) ;  p. 
over  (adv.  or  prep.),  omit,  make  no  remark  upon, 
as  p.  over  his  subsequent  conduct,  p.  it  over  in 
silence ;  p.  through,  experience,  [f.  F  passer  f. 
L  passus  pace] 

pass  2,  n.  Passing,  esp.  of  examination  ; 
(Univv.)  attainment  of  standard  that  satisfies 
examiners  but  does  not  entitle  to  honours ; 
bring  to  p.,  accomplish,  carry  out ;  come  to  p., 
happen  ;  critical  position,  as  things  have  come 
to  a  strange  p.;  written  permission  to  pass  into 
or  out  of  a  place  ;  (usu.  free  p. )  ticket  authoriz- 
ing holder  to  travel  free  on  railway  &c;  thrust 
in  fencing;  juggling  trick;  passing  of  hands 
over  anything,  esp.  in  mesmerism  ;  p.-book, 
book  suppliedby  bank  to  person  having  current 
or  deposit  account,  showing  all  sums  deposited 
&  drawn ;  p.-key,  private  key  to  gate  &c  for 
special  purposes,  (also)  master-key ;  pa'ssman. 


PASS 5! 

one  who  takes  p.  degree  at  university ;  pa'ss- 
word,  watchword,  [partly  f.  prec.,  partly  f.  F 
passe  as  prec.] 

pass3,  n.  Narrow  passage  through  moun- 
tains ;  (Mil.)  place  commanding  such  passage 
viewed  as  key  to  a  country ;  navigable  channel, 
esp.  at  river's  mouth ;  passage  for  fish  over  weir, 
[f.  F  pas  f .  L  passus  pace] 

pa'ssable,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  that  can 
pass  muster,  fairly  good,  whence  pa'ssabLY2 
adv.    [-able] 

pa'ssage l  (-ij),  n.  Passing,  transit ;  bird  of 
p. ;  transition  from  one  state  to  another ;  liberty, 
right,  to  pass  through ;  voyage,  crossing,  from 
port  to  port ;  right  of  conveyance  as  passenger 
by  sea ;  passing  of  a  measure  into  law ;  way  by 
which  one  passes ;  corridor  &c.  giving  com- 
munication between  different  rooms  in  house ; 
(pi.)  what  passes  between  twopersonsmutually, 
interchange  of  confidences  &c. ;  p.  (of  or  at 
arms),  fight  (often  fig.) ;  part  of  a  speech  or 
literary  work  taken  for  quotation  &c.  [F  (as 
pass1,  see -age)] 

pa'ssage2  (Ij),  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  horse  or  rider) 
move  sideways,  by  pressure  of  rein  on  horse's 
neck  &  of  rider's  leg  on  opposite  side ;  make 
(horse)  do  this.  [f.  F passager,  earlier passtger 
f.  It.  passeggiare  (passeggio  walk  f.  L  passus 
pace)J 

pa'ssant,  a.  (herald.).  Walking,  &  looking 
to  dexter  side,  with  three  paws  on  ground  & 
dexter  fore-paw  raised.    [F,  part,  as  pass  l] 

passe  (F),  a.  (fern.  -ste).  Past  the  prime, 
esp.  (of  woman)  past  the  period  of  greatest 
beauty;  behind  the  times.   (F,  p.p.  as  pass1] 

passementerie  (F),  n.  Trimming  of  gold 
or  silver  lace,  braid,  beads,  &c.  [F  (passement 
gold  lace  &c.  as  pass1,  see  -ment  &  -erv)] 

pa'ssenger  (-j),  n.  Traveller  in  public  con- 
veyance by  land  or  water  \foot-p.,  traveller  on 
foot :  p.-pigeon,  wild  pigeon  of  N.  America, 
capable  of  long  flight.  [ME  &  F  (n.  &  a.)  pass- 
agcr  (passage,  see  -ier)J 

passe-partout  (pahspartdb*),  n.  Master- 
key  ;  mount  for  photograph  &c.  [F,  =  pass 
everywhere] 

pa'sser,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  p.-by,  one  who 
passes,  esp.  casually,    [-er1] 

pa'sserine,  a.  &  n.  (Bird)  of  the  order  of 
Passeres  or  Perchers  ;  of  the  size  of  a  sparrow. 
[f.  L  passer  sparrow  +  -ine  1] 

pa'ssible,  n.  (theol.).  Capable  of  feeling  or 
suffering.  So  passiBi 'jaty  n.  [OF,  f.  LL 
passibilis  (pati  pass-  suffer,  see  -ble)] 

pa'ssim,  adv.  (Of  allusions,  phrases,  &c,  to 
be  found  in  specified  author  or  book)  in  every 
part,  as  this  occurs  in  Miltonp.  [L,  =  scatter- 
edly  (pandere  pass-  spread)] 

pa'ssiner1,  n.  In  vbl  senses ; p. -bell  (rung in 
moment  of  person's  death) ;  p.-note  (not  belong- 
ing to  the  harmony  but  interposed  to  secure 
smooth  transition).    [-ing1] 

pa'ssing1-,  a.  &  adv.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. : 
transient,  fleeting;  cursory,  incidental;  (adv., 
archaic)  very  (esp.  p.  rich),    [-ing  2] 

passion l  (pa'shn),  n.  Strong  emotion  ;  out- 
burst of  anger  ;  sexual  love  ;  strong  enthusiasm 
{for  thing,  for  doing) ;  (usu.  P-)  sufferings  of 
Christ  on  cross,  (musical  setting  of)  narrative 
of  this  from  Gospels ;  p. -play,  mystery-play  re- 
presenting Christ's  P. ;  v.-flower,  genus  of 
(chiefly  climbing)  plants,  flower  of  which  was 
supposed  to  suggest  instruments  of  Christ's  P.; 
P.  Sunday,  fifth  Sunday  in  Lent;  P.  (also  Holy) 
Week,  week  before  Easter.  Hence  pa'ssion- 
Less  a.,  pa'ssionlessr.v-  adv.,  pa'ssion- 
lessNESS  n.  [OF,  f.  L  passionem  {pati  pass- 
suffer,  see  -ion)] 


9 PASTERN 

pa'ssion2,  v.i.  (poet.).  Feel  or  express  pas- 
sion,   [f.  OF  passionner,  as  prec] 

pa'ssional1,  n.  Book  of  the  sufferings  of 
saints  &  martyrs,  [f.  med.L  passionate  neut. 
adj.  asn.  (as  foil.)] 

pa'ssional2,  a.  Of,  marked  by,  passion, 
[f.  LL  passionalis  (as  passion  1,  see  -al)] 

pa'ssionate  (at),  a.  Easily  moved  to  an- 
ger; dominated  by,  easily  moved  to,  strong 
feeling;  (of  language  &c.)  showing  passion. 
Hence  pa*ssionateLY2adv.,  pa'ssionate- 
NESSn.  [f.  med.L  passionatus  (as  passion1, 
see  -ate  2)] 

Pa'ssionist,  n.  Member  of  an  order  pledg- 
ed to  do  their  utmost  to  keep  alive  the  memory 
of  Christ's  Passion.    [-istJ 

pa'ssive,  a.  &  n.  Suffering  action,  acted 
upon  ;  (Gram.) p.  voice  (comprising  those  forms 
of  transitive  verbs  that  attribute  the  verbal 
action  to  the  person  &c.  to  whom  it  is  directed, 
cf.  active)  ;  offering  no  opposition,  submissive; 
p.  resistance  ;  not  active,  inert ;  p.  debt  (on 
which  no  interest  is  paid);  (n.)  p.  voice  or  form 
of  verb.  Hence  pa#ssiveLY2adv.,  pa'ssive- 
ness,  passrviTv,  nn.  [f.  L  passivus  (pati 
pass-  suffer,  see  -ive)] 

pa'ssover,  n.  Jewish  feast  commemorating 
passing  over  of  Israelites'  houses  when  Egyp- 
tians were  smitten  (Exod.  xii),  held  on  14th  day 
of  month  Nisan;  Paschal  lamb;  (fig.)  Christ 
(1  Cor.  v.  7). 

pa'ssport,  n.  Document  issued  by  compe- 
tent authority  permitting  person  specified  in  it 
to  travel  in  the  country  &  entitling  him  to  pro- 
tection ;  (fig.)  thing  that  ensures  admission,  as 
flattery  is  the  sole  p.  to  his  favour,  [f.  F  passe- 
port  (passer  pass  *  +  port  *)] 

past  i,  a.  &  n.  As  p.p.  or  adj.  in  vbl  senses  of 
pass  J,  esp. :  gone  by  in  time,  as  his  prime  is  p. , 
our  p.  years  ;  just  gone  by,  as  the  p.  month,  for 
some  time  p.;  (Gram.)  expressing  p.  action  or 
state,  asp.  tense, p.  participle  ;  p.-master,  one 
whohasbeen  master  in  guild,  freemasons'lodge, 
&c,  (also)  thorough  master  (in,  of,  a  subject). 
(N.)  p.  time,  esp.  the  p. ;  what  has  happened  in 
p.  time,  as  cannot  undo  the  p.;  person's  p.  life 
or  career,  esp.  one  that  will  not  bear  inquiry, 
as  a  woman  with  a  p. 

past2,  prep.  &  adv.  Beyond  in  time  or  place, 
as  stayed  till  p.  two  o'clock,  half  p.  three,  old 
man  p.  seventy,  ran  p.  the  house ;  beyond  the 
range  or  compass  of,  as  p.  endurance,  bearing, 
praying  for ;  (adv.)  so  as  to  pass  by,  as  hastens 
p.  [prob.  f.  misuse  of  ampast  with  object,  past 
being  then  mistaken  for  prep.,  e.g.  I  teas  now 
p:  the  house] 

paste1,  n.  Flour  moistened  &  kneaded 
with  butter,  suet,  &c. ;  kinds  of  sweet  confec- 
tion ;  relish  of  pounded  fish,  as  anchovy  p.  ; 
cement  made  of  flour  &  water ;  any  soft  plastic 
mixture ;  hard  vitreous  composition  used  in 
making  imitations  of  precious  stones ;  paste- 
board, stiff  substance  made  by  pasting  together 
sheets  of  paper,  (attrib.,  fig.)  unsubstantial, 
flimsy,  (slang)  visiting-card,  playing-card,  rail- 
way-ticket. [OF,  f.  com. -Rom.  pasta  perh.  f. 
Gk  paste  (pastos  sprinkled)] 

paste2,  v.t.  Fasten  with  paste;  stick  up 
(playbill  &c.)  on  wall  with  paste  ;  cover  (thing 
with  paper  &c.)  by  pasting,    [f.  prec] 

pa'stel,  n.  Woad ;  blue  dye  from  this  ;  dry 
paste  made  by  compounding  pigments  with 
gum-water,  used  for  crayons;  drawing  in  p., 
whence  pa*stel(l)iST  n.  [F,  f.  It.  pastello 
woad,  dim.  of  pasta  paste1] 

pa'stepn,  n.  Part  of  horse's  foot  between 
fetlock  &  hoof.  [f.  OF  pasturon  f.  OF  pasture 
(perh.  as  pasture)] 


PASTEURISM ( 

Pa'steurism  (-er-),  n.  Prevention  or  cure 
of  diseases  esp.  hydrophobia  by  successive  in- 
oculations, [t  L.  Pasteur,  French  scientist 
(1822-1895)  +  -ism] 

Pa'steupize,  v.t.  Sterilize  (milk  &c.)  by  ex- 
posure to  high  temperature  ;  treat  by  Pasteur- 
ism.    Hence  PasteupiZATiox  n.    [-izeJ 

pasti'eeio  (-itsho),  pasti'ehe  (-esh),  nn. 
Medley,  esp.  musical  composition,  picture, 
made  up  from  various  sources.  [F  (-iche)  f.  It 
(-iccio),  L  pasta  paste1] 

pa'stil,  pasti'lle  (-el),  n.  Small  roll  of 
aromatic  paste  burnt  as  fumigator&c;  lozenge. 
IF  (-le),  f.  Lpastillus  small  roll,  etym.  dub.] 

pa'stime,  n.  Recreation ;  game,  sport,  [f. 
pass1-}- time] 

pa'stop,  n.  Minister  in  charge  of  church  or 
congregation,  whence  pa'stopsmpn.;  person 
exercising  spiritual  guidance ;  kind  of  starling. 
[OF,  f.  L  pastorem  shepherd  {pascere  past- 
feed,  see  -or2)] 

pa'stopal,  a.  &  n.  Of  shepherds ;  (of  land) 
used  for  pasture;  (of  poems  &c.)  portraying 
country  life,  whence  pa'stopaliSM  n.;  of  a 
pastor,  as  p.  epistles  (of  Paul  to  Timothy  & 
Titus,  dealing  with  pastor's  work).  (N.)  p.  play, 
poem,  poetry,  or  picture ;  letter  from  pastor, 
esp.  bishop,  to  clergy  or  people.  Hence  pastop- 
a'liTY  n.,  pa'stopalLY 2  adv.  [f.  hpastoralis 
(as  prec,  see  -al)] 

pastopa'le  (-ahli),  n.  (pi.  -ali,  pron.  -le,  or 
-ales).  Musical  composition  dealing  with  pas- 
toral subject.    [It.,  as  prec] 

pa'stopate  (-at),  n.  Pastor's  (tenure  of)  office ; 
body  of  pastors,  [f.  med.  L  pastoratus  (as  pas- 
tor, see  -ate  l)] 

pa'stpy,  n.  Baked  flour-paste ;  articles  of 
food  made  wholly  or  partly  of  this ;  p.-cook,  one 
who  makes  p.,  esp.  for  public  sale.  [prob.  f. 
paste1  +  -ry] 

pa'sturage  (-ij),  n.  Pasturing ;  herbage  for 
cattle  &c. ;  pasture-land.  [OF,  as  foil.,  see  -age] 

pa'stupe  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Herbage  for 
cattle ;  (piece  of)  land  covered  with  this  ;  (v.t.) 
lead,  put,  (cattle)  to  p.,  (of  sheep  &c.)  eat  down 
(grass-land),  (of  person)  put  sheep  &c.  on  (land) 
to  graze,  whence  pa'stuPABLE  a.;  (v.i.)  graze. 
[F,  f.  LL  pastura  (as  pastor,  see  -ure)J 

pa'sty1  (pah-,  pa,-),  n.  Pie  of  venison  &c.  en- 
closed in  pastry  &  baked  without  dish.  [f.  OF 
pastee  f.  com. -Rom.  pasta  paste,  cf.  -ade] 

pa'sty  2,  a.  Of,  like,  paste ;  (also  p.-faced)  of 
pale  complexion.    [-Y2] 

pat J,  n.  Stroke,  tap,  esp.  with  hand  as  caress 
&c;  small  mass  (esp.  of  butter)  formed  by  pat- 
ting; sound  made  by  striking  lightly  with 
something  flat.    [prob.  imit.] 

pat2,  v.t.  &  i.  Strike  (thing)  gently  with  flat 
surface;  flatten  thus;  p.-a-cake,  first  words  of 
nursery  rhyme,  connected  child's  game ;  strike 
gently  with  inner  surface  of  fingers,  esp.  to 
mark  sympathy,  approbation,  &c;  (fig.)  p.  (per- 
son, oneself)  on  the  back,  express  approbation 
of ;  beat  lightly  upon.    [w.  prec] 

pat3,  adv.  &  n.  Apposite(ly),  opportune(ly), 
as  story  came  p.  to  his  purpose ;  ready  for  any 
occasion,  as  has  the  story  p.    [prob.  as  prec] 

Pat 4,  n.  (Nickname  for)  Irishman,  labbr.  of 
Patrick] 

patagi'um,  n.  (zool.;  pi.  -id).  Wing-mem- 
brane of  bat  or  similar  animal.  [L,  f.  Gk  pata- 
geion  gold  edging  on  gown,  etym.  dub.] 

patavi'nity,  n.  Dialectal  characteristics  of 
Patavium  (Padua)  as  seen  in  Livv's  style  ;  pro- 
vincialism, [f.  L  patavinitas  (Patavinus  of 
Padua,  see  -ine1  &  -ity>] 

patch  *,  n.  Piece  of  cloth,  metal,  &c,  put  on 
to  mend  hole  or  rent ;  piece  of  plaster  &c.  put 


10 PATHETIC 

over  wound ;  pad  worn  to  protect  injured  eye ; 
not  a  p.  on,  not  comparable  to,  nothing  to ; 
small  piece  of  black  silk  or  plaster  worn  esp.  in 
17th  &  18th  cc  to  show  off  complexion  ;  large  or 
irregular  spot  on  surface ;  piece  of  ground ; 
number  of  plants  growing  on  this,  as  a  p.  of 
beans;  scrap,  remnant;  patchwork,  work  made 
up  of  fragments  of  different  kinds  &  colours 
(often  fig.  &  attrib.).  Hence  pa'tehERY(l), 
pa'tehiNESS,  nn.,  pa'tehiLY2adv.,  pa'tehY- 
a.    [ME,  etym.  dub.] 

patch  2,  v.t.  Put  patch(es)  on ;  p.  up,  repair 
with  patches ;  (of  material)  serve  as  patch  to ; 
(fig.,  usu.  p.  up)  repair,  set  to  rights  (matter, 
trouble,  quarrel) ;  (usu.  p.  up)  put  together 
hastily;  piece  (things)  together  (lit.  or  fig.); 
appear  as  patches  on  (surface),    [f.  prec] 

pa'tchouli  (or  patshoo*-),  n.  Odoriferous 
Indian  plant ;  perfume  got  from  p.    [native] 

pate,  n.  (now  colloq.).  Head,  often  as  seat  of 
intellect.    Hence -patED 2  a.    [?] 

pate  (pa'ta),  n.  Pie,  patty ;  p.  de  foie  gras, 
pie  &c.  of  fatted  goose  liver.  [F,  f.  OF  paste, 
cf.  pasty] 

patella,  n.  Knee-cap,  whence  pate'llAR  *, 
pa*tellATE2(2),  aa.;  (Rom.  Ant.)  small  pan.  [L, 
dim.  as  foil.] 

pa'ten,  n.  Shallow  dish  used  for  bread  at 
eucharist ;  thin  circular  plate  of  metal,  [f.  OF 
patenel.  Lpatena,  -ina] 

pa'tent1,  a.  Letters  p.,  open  letter  from 
sovereign  &c  conferring  right,  title,  &c,  esp. 
sole  riglit  for  a  term  to  make,  use,  or  sell,  some 
invention;  conferred,  protected,  by  this;  p. 
leather;  (fig.)  to  which  one  has  proprietary 
claim  ;  (of  door  &c)  open,  (fig.)  plain,  obvious,  i 
whence  pa'tENCY  n.,  pa'tentLY2adv.  [(part- 
ly thr.  F)  f.  L  patere  lie  open,  see  -ENTj 

pa'tent 2,  n.  -letters  patent j  ;  government 
grant  of  exclusive  privilege  of  making  or  sell- 
ing new  invention ;  invention,  process,  so  pro- 
tected ;  (fig.)  sign  that  one  is  entitled  to  some- 
thing, possessesa  quality,  &c ,  as  ap.  of  gentility, 
p.  office  (from  which  pp.  are  issued) ;  p.-roll 
(containing  pp.  issued  in  Great  Britain  in  a 
year).    Ishort  for  letters  patent] 

pa'tent3,  v.t.  Obtain  patent  for  (invention), 
[f.  prec] 

patentee*,  n.  One  who  has  taken  out  a 
patent,    [-ee] 

pa'tep,  n.  (slang).    Father.    [L,  =  father] 

pa'tepfami'lias,  n.  (Rom.  Law  &  facet.) 
head  of  family.    [L] 

patep'nal,  a.  Of  a  father ;  fatherly ;  related 
through  the  father,  as  p.  grandmother,  father's 
mother.  Hence  patep'nalr.Y2  adv.  [f.  L 
paternus  (pater  father),  +  -al] 

patep'nity,  n.  Fatherhood  ;  one's  paternal 
origin  ;  (fig.)  authorship,  source,  [f.  F  pater- 
nitti.  L  patemitatem  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

pa'tepno'step,  n.  The  Lord's  Prayer,  esp.  in 
Latin ;  black,  white,  p.,  forms  of  words  said  as 
charms  &c;  devil's  p.,  muttered  imprecation  ; 
bead  in  rosary  indicating  that  p.  is  to  be  said  ; 
p.-line,  weighted  fishing-line  with  hooks  at  in- 
tervals,   [f.  L  pater  noster  our  father] 

path,  n.  (pi.  pron.  -dhz).  Footway,  esp.  one 
merely  beaten  by  feet,  not  specially  constructed 
(also  pathway) ;  track  laid  for  foot  or  cycle 
racing,  esp.  cinder-p.;  line  along  which  person 
or  thing  moves.  Hence  pa'thLESS  a.  [coin.- 
WG :  OE  pxth,  Du.  pad,  G  pfad] 

pathe'tic,  a.  &  n.  Exciting  pity  or  sadness; 
of  the  emotions  (p.  fallacy,  crediting  nature 
with  human  emotion) ;  (n.  pi.)  study  of,  indul- 
gence in,  demonstration  of,  these.  Hence  pa- 
the'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  pathetikos 
( path-,  root  of  paskho  suffer,  see  -etic)J 


PATHO- 


601 


PAUNCH 


patho-  in  comb.  =Gk  pathos  suffering,  dis- 
ease, passion,  as :  -genesis,  -geny,  production 
of  disease,  so  -gene'tic,  -ge'nic,  -genous,  aa.; 
-gnomo'nic,  characteristic  of  particular  disease; 
-gnomy  (-gn-),  study  of  the  emotions,  so  -gno'- 
mic  a.;  -logy,  science  of  (usu.  bodily)  diseases, 
so  -lo'gical  a.,  -lo'gically  adv.,  -logist  n. 

pathos  (or  pa-),  n.  Quality  in  speech,  writ- 
ing, events,  &c,  that  excites  pity  or  sadness, 
[f.  Gk  pathos  suffering,  see  pathetic] 

-pathy,  suf.  repr.  Gk  -patheia  suffering,  feel- 
ing, in  homoiopatheia  suffering  or  feeling  alike, 
extended  to  allopathy  &  (w.  sense  curative 
treatment)  to  other  compds,  as  hydropathy, 
kinesipathy,  electropathy. 

patience  (-shns),  n.  Calm  endurance  of  pain 
or  any  provocation ;  perseverance ;  have  no 
p.  with,  be  irritated  by,  be  unable  to  endure, 
(person,  his  conduct,  &c.) ;  out  of  p.  with,  no 
longer  able  to  endure ;  game  of  cards,  usu.  for 
one  ;  p.-dock,  kinds  of  plant.  [OF,  f.  Lpatientia 
<as  foil.,  see  -ence)] 

patient  (shnt),  a.  &  n.  Having,  showing, 
patience;  p.  of,  enduring  with  patience;  (n.) 
person  under  medical  treatment.  Hence  pa*- 
tientLv  2  adv.    [OF,  f.  L  pati  suffer,  see  -ent] 

patina,  n.  Incrustation,  usu.  green,  on  sur- 
face of  old  bronze,  esteemed  as  ornament. 
Hence  paginated  [-ate2],  patinous,  aa., 
patinATiox  n.  [f.  F  patine  etym.  dub.;  Lhas 
patina  dish] 

pct'tio  (pah),  n.  Inner  court  open  to  sky  in 
Spanish  or  Span.-Amer.  house.    [Sp.] 

pcftois  (-wan),  n.  Dialect  of  common  people 
in  a  district,  differing  materially  from  the 
literary  language.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

patriarch  (-k),  n.  Father  &  ruler  of  family 
or  tribe;  (pi.)  sons  of  Jacob,  (also)  Abraham, 
Isaac,  &  Jacob,  &  their  forefathers;  (in  early  & 
Eastern  Churches)  bishop,  esp.  of  Antioch, 
Alexandria,  Constantinople,  Jerusalem,  or 
Rome  ;  (in  R.  C.  Church)  bishop  ranking  next 
above  primates  &  metropolitans ;  founder  of 
an  order,  science,  &c;  venerable  old  man  ;  the 
oldest  living  representative  (of  a  class  &c). 
Hence  patriar'ehAL  a.  [f.  OF  patriarche  f. 
L  i-cha)  f.  Gk  patriarkhes  (patria  family  f. 
pater  father  +  -arkhes  ruler)] 

patriarchate  (-kat),  n.  Office,  see,  resi- 
dence, of  ecclesiastical  patriarch ;  rank  of  tribal 
patriarch,    [f.  rned.L  PATRiARCHa^ts  (-ate1)] 

patriarchy,  n.  Patriarchal  system  of 
society,  government,  &c.  So  patriarch  ism 
n.   [f.  Gk  patriarkhia  (as  patriarch,  see  -y  ])] 

patri'cian  (-shn),  n.  &  a.  Ancient  Roman 
noble  (cf.  plebeian)  ;  member  of  a  noble  order 
in  later  Roman  Empire ;  officer  representing 
Roman  Emperor  in  provinces  of  Italy  &  Africa ; 
nobleman  (cf.  plebeian),  esp.  (hist.)  in  some 
Italian  republics;  (adj.)  noble,  aristocratic, 
esp.  of  the  ancient  Roman  nobility.  Hence 
patri'ciansHiP  n.  [f.  L  patricius  (pater  -tris 
father,  pi.  senators,  nobles)  +  -an] 

patri'ciate  (shyat),  n.  Patrician  order, 
aristocracy;  rank  of  patrician.  [f.  med.L 
patriciatus  (as  prec,  see  -ate  *)) 

patrimony,  n.  Property  inherited  from 
one's  father  or  ancestors,  heritage  (often  fig.) ; 
endowment  of  church  &c.  So  patrimo'niAL 
a.  [f.  F  patrimoine  f.  L  patrimonium  ( pater 
-tris  father,  see  -mony)] 

patriot  (-ot),  n.  One  who  defends  or  is 
zealous  for  his  country's  freedom  or  rights. 
Hence  or  cogn.  patriotic  a.,  patrio'tiCALLY 
adv.,  pa'triotiSM  n.  [f.  F  patriote  f.  LL  (-ta) 
f.  Gk  patriotes  (patrios  of  one's  fathers  f.  pater 
-tros  father,  see  -ot2)] 

patrl'stlc,  a.    Of  (the  study  of  the  writings 


of)  the  Fathers  of  the  Church,  [f.  L  pater  -tris 
father  +  -ist  +  -ic] 

patro'l,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (-11).  Going  the  rounds 
of  garrison,  camp,  &c;  perambulation  of  town 
&c.  by  police ;  detachment  of  guard,  police 
constable(s),  told  off  for  this ;  detachment  of 
troops  sent  out  to  reconnoitre ;  (v.i.)  act  as  p.; 
(v.t.)  go  round  (camp,  town,  &c.)  as  p.  [n.  (thr. 
F  patrouille)  &  vb  f.  F  patrouiller,  orig.  = 
paddle  in  mud,  earlier  patouiller,  cf.  OF patou- 
eilpool] 

patron,  n.  One  who  countenances,  protects, 
or  gives  influential  support  to  (person,  cause, 
art,  &c);  (Shop)  regular  customer;  (also  p. 
saint)  tutelary  saint ;  (Rom.  Ant.)  former  owner 
of  manumitted  slave,  (also)  protector  of  a 
client;  one  who  has  right  of  presentation  to 
benefice.  So  patronESS1  n.  [OF,=patron, 
pattern,  f.  L  patronus  (pater  -tris  father)] 

patronage  ( -ij),  n.  Support,  encourage- 
ment, given  by  patron  ;  right  of  presentation  to 
benefice  or  office,  as  has  a  great  deal  of  p.  in 
his  hands,  (attrib.)  P.  Secretary  (of  the  Trea- 
sury) ;  patronizing  airs ;  customer's  support. 
[F  (as  prec,  see  -age)] 

patronize,  v.t.  Act  as  patron  towards, 
support,  encourage,  (person,  practice,  &c); 
treat  condescendingly,  whence  patroniz- 
ing,LY2adv.    [-ize] 

patrony'mie,  a.  &  n.  (Name)  derived  trow 
that  of  a  father  or  ancestor,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  patro 
numikos  f.  patronumos  (pater  -tros  father  + 
onoma  name),  see  -ic] 

patroo*n,n.  (U.S.,  hist).  Possessor  of  landed 
estate  with  manorial  privileges  (abolished  c. 
1850)  under  Dutch  governments  of  New  York  & 
New  Jersey,    [var.  of  patron] 

patten,  n.  Overshoe  with  wooden  sole 
on  iron  ring  Sec,  for  raising  wearer's  shoes  out 
of  mud  &c.    [ME,  f.  F patvn,  etym.  dub.] 

patter  *,  n.  Lingo  of  a  profession  or  class ; 
speechifying;  rapid  speech  introduced  into 
song ;  words  of  song,  comedy,  &c.    [f.  foil.] 

pa'tter2,  v.t.  &  i.  Repeat  (prayers  &c.)  in 
rapid  mechanical  way ;  talk  glibly,  [f.  pater- 
noster] 

pa'tter3,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Make  rapid  succes- 
sion of  taps,  as  rain  on  window-pane  ;  run  with 
short  quick  steps ;  cause  (water  &c.)  to  p.;  (n.) 
succession  of  taps.    [f.  pat2  +  -er  5] 

pattern,  n.,  &  v.t.  Excellent  example,  as 
she  is  a  p.  of  domestic  virtues ;  model  from 
which  thing  is  to  be  made ;  sample  (of  tailor's 
cloth  &c);  decorative  design  as  executed  on 
carpet,  wall-paper,  cloth,  &c. ;  marks  made  by 
shot  from  gun  on  target;  p.-room,  -shop,  part 
of  foundry  &c.  in  which  pp.  are  prepared ;  (v.t.) 
model  (thing  after,  upon,  design  &c),  decorate 
with  p.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  ME  patron] 

patty,  n.  Little  pie  or  pasty  ;  pattypan  (for 
baking  p.  in),    [f.  F  pati  pasty  *] 

patulous,  a.  Open,  expanded  ;  (of  boughs, 
&c.)  spreading.  Hence  pa'tulousi.Y2  adv., 
pa'tulousNESS  n.  [f.  L  pattdus  (patere  be 
open)  +  -ous] 

pau*eity,n.  Smallnessofnumberor quantity, 
[f.  hpaucitas  (paucus  few,  see  -ty)] 

Paul,  n.  Rob  peter  1  to  pay  P.;  P.  Pry,  in- 
quisitive person  (character  in  comedy  by  J. 
Poole  1825). 

Pau'line,  a.  &  n.  Of  St  Paul,  as  the  P.  epis- 
tles; (n.)  scholar  of  St  Paul's  School,    [ine1] 

paulo-post-future,  n.  (Gk  Gram.)  tense 
expressing  state  resulting  from  future  act, 
future-perfect;  (facet.)  immediate  future.  [L, 
= future  after  a  little] 

paunch  (paw-,  pah),  n.  Belly,  stomach  ; 
ruminant's  first  stomach  ;  (Naut.,  perh.  diff. 


PAUPER J 

wd)  thick  strong  mat,  {rubbing  p.)  wooden 
shield  on  mast,  to  prevent  chafing,  [f.  ONF 
panche  f.  L  pantex  -icis] 

pau'per,  n.  Person  without  means  of  liveli- 
hood, beggar;  recipient  of  poor-law  relief; 
person  who  may  sue  in5 forma  pauper is.  Hence 
pau'pePDOM,  pau*peprsM(2),  pauperizA*- 
tiox,  nn.,  pau*pepizK(:i)  v.t.     [L,  =  poorJ 

pause  (-z),  n.,  &  v.i.  Interval  of  inaction  or 
silence,  esp.  from  hesitation ;  give  p.  to,  cause 
(person)  to  hesitate ;  break  made  in  speaking 
or  reading ;  (Mus.)  mark  C*  or  ^}  over  or  under 
note  or  rest  that  is  to  be  lengthened  indefinite- 
ly ;  (v.i.)  make  a  p.,  wait;  linger  upon  (word 
&c).  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  h  pausa  f.  Gk  pausis 
(paud  stop)]  . 

pa'vage,  n.  Paving ;  tax,  toll,  towaras  pav- 
ing of  streets.    [F  (as  pave,  see  -age)] 

pa-van,  n.  Stately  dance  in  which  dancers 
were  elaborately  dressed,  [f.  F  pavane  f.  It.  or 
Sp.  pavana,  etym.  dub.] 

pave,  v.t.  Cover  (street,  floor,  &c.)  with  or 
as  with  pavement;  (fig.)  p.  (prepare)  the  way 
(for,  to,  reform  &c).  Hence  pa'VER  *,  pa*v- 
iour  [perh.  after  saviour],  nn.  [f.  F  paver  f. 
L  pavire  beat,  ram] 

pa'v6  (-a),  n.  Pavement;  setting  of  jewels 
placed  close  together.    [F,  p.p.  as  prec] 

pa'vement,  n.  Covering  of  street,  floor, 
&c,  made  of  stones,  tiles,  wooden  blocks, 
asphalt,  &c,  esp.  paved  footway  at  side  of 
road  ;  p.-artist,  one  who  draws  coloured  figures 
on  p.  to  get  money  from  passers-by ;  (Zool.)  p.- 
like  formation  of  close-set  teeth  &c.  [OF,  f.  L 
pavimentum  (as  pave,  see  -ment)] 

pavi'lion,  n.,  &  v.t.  Tent,  esp.  large  peaked 
one;  light  ornamental  building,  esp.  one  at- 
tached to  cricket  or  other  ground  for  spectators 
&  players ;  projecting  (usu.  highly  decorated) 
subdivision  of  building;  (v.t.)  enclose  in,  fur- 
nish with,  p.  [f.  F  pavilion  f.  L  papilionem 
(nom.  -io)  butterfly,  tent] 

pavoncrzzo  (pah-,  -atso),  a.  &  n.  (Marble) 
with  peacock-coloured  markings.    [It] 

pa'vonine,  a.  Of,  like,  a  peacock,  [f.  L 
pavoninus  (pavo  -onis  peacock,  see  -ine1)] 

paw  1,  n.  Foot  of  beast  having  claws  or  nails, 
opp.  to  hoof;  (colloq.)  hand,  person's  hand- 
writing,   [f.  OF powe,  prob.  of  Frank,  orig.] 

paw2,  v.t.  &  i.  Strike  with  paw ;  (of  horse) 
strike  (ground),  strike  ground,  with  hoofs; 
(colloq.)  handle  awkwardly  or  rudely  (also  intr. 
p.  over),    [f.  prec] 

pawky,  a.  (Sc,  dial.).  Sly,  arch.  Hence 
pawklLY2  adv.,  paw'kiNESS  n.  [pawk 
trick,  etym.  dub.,  +  -y2] 

pawl,  n.,  &  v.t.  Lever  with  catch  for  teeth  of 
wheel  or  bar ;  (Naut.)  short  bar  used  to  prevent 
capstan,  windlass,  &c,  from  recoiling;  (v.t.) 
secure  (capstan  &c.)  with  p.    [?] 

pawn  !,  n.  Piece  of  smallest  size  &  value  in 
chess  (often  fig.  of  persons),  [f.  AF  poun  f.  L 
pedonem  (nom.  -o)  foot-soldier  (pes  pedis  foot)] 

pawn  2,  n.  Thing,  person,  left  in  another's 
keeping  as  security,  pledge,  (now  chiefly  fig.) ; 
state  of  being  pledged,  esp.  in,  at,  p.;  pawn- 
broker,  one  who  lends  money  upon  interest  on 
security  of  personal  property  pawned  ;  pawn- 
Irroking,  his  occupation  ;  pawnshop,  his  place 
of  business,  [f.  OF  pan,  prob.=OFris.  &  Du. 
pand,  Gpfand) 

pawns,  v.t.  Deposit  (thing)  as  security  for 
payment  of  money  or  performance  of  action ; 
(fig.)  pledge  (one's  life,  honour,  word),  [prec] 

pawnee',  n.  Person  with  whom  pawn  is  de- 
posited.    [-EE] 

pax,  n.  Tablet  with  representation  of  Cruci- 
fixion &c.  kissed  at  Mass  by  priests  &  congre- 


>2 PEACEABLE 

gation,  osculatory ;  p.  Romana,  peace  within 
Roman  empire ;  p.  vobis,  peace  to  you ;  (School 
slang,  as  int.)  peace  !,  truce  !.    [L,  =  peace] 

pa'xwax,  n.  (dial.,  colloq.).  Stout  tendon 
extending  from  dorsal  vertebrae  to  occiput  in 
man  &  other  mammals,  [earlier  faxwax,  prob. 
f.  OE  feax  hair  +  *  weax  growth] 

pay1,  n.  Payment;  in  the  p.  (employment) 
of',  wages;  p.-day,  day  on  which  payment  is 
(to  be)  made,  (Stock  Exch.)  day  on  which 
transfer  of  stock  has  to  be  paid  for ;  paymaster, 
official  who  pays  troops,  workmen,  &c  (ofter> 
fig.),  paymaster-general,  officer  at  head  of  a  de- 
partment of  Treasury,    [f.  OF  paie,  as  foil.] 

pay2,  v.t.  &  i.  (paid).  Give  (person)  what  is 
due  in  discharge  of  debt  or  for  services  done 
or  goods  received ;  p.  off,  p.  in  full  &  discharge 
(ship's  crew  &c);  (fig.)  reward,  recompense; 
p.  (person)  out,  punish  him;  p.  him  in  his  own 
coin  ;  recompense  (work) ;  hand  over  (money 
owed  to  person,  or  w.  double  object) ;  hand 
over  the  amount  of  (debt,  wages,  ransom, 
tithes);  p.  one's  way,  not  get  into  debt;  p. 
through  the  nose,  p.  the  piper  ;  p.  up,  p.  full 
amount  of  (arrears,  or  abs.) ;  render,  bestow, 
(attention,  respect,  court,  compliment,  to ;  (of 
business  &c)  yield  adequate  return,  yield 
adequate  return  to  (person) ;  p.  for,  hand  over 
the  price  of,  bear  the  cost  of,  (fig.)  be  punished 
for  (fault  &c.) ;  (Naut.)  p.  out,  away,  let  out 
(rope)  by  slackening  it.  Hence  payEE',  pay- 
er  l,  nn.  [f.  F  payer  f.  L pacare  appease  (pax 
pads  peace)] 

pay  3,  v.t.  (naut.).  Smear  with  pitch,  tar,  &c, 
as  defence  against  wet.  [f.  ONF  peier  f.  L 
picare  (pix  picis jritch)] 

payable,  a.  That  must  be  paid,  due ;  that 
may  be  paid ;  (of  mine  &c.)  profitable,  [-able] 

payment,  n.  Paying ;  amount  paid  ;  (fig.) 
recompense,    [f.  F  paiement  (pay2,  -ment)] 

paynim,  n.  (archaic).  Pagan,  esp.  Moham- 
medan (often  attrib.).  [f.  OF  paienime  f.  LL 
paganismus  (as  pagan,  see  -ism)] 

paynize,  v.t.  Impregnate  (wood)  with  cer- 
tain solutions  to  preserve  it,  [f.  Payne,  in- 
ventor, +  -ize] 

paysa'ge  (zahzh),  n.  Rural  scene,  landscape; 
landscape  painting,  so  paysag-iST  (-ay)  n.  [F] 

pea  (pe),  n.  Leguminous  plant  whose  seeds 
are  used  for  food  ;  its  seed,  as  green  pp.  (gather- 
ed unripe  for  food);  sweet  p.;  as  like  as  two 
pp.,  undistinguishable ;  peanut,  (plant  whose 
fruit  is  a  pod  containing)  seed  used  as  food  & 
yielding  oil ;  p.-shooter,  tube  from  which  dried 
pp.  are  shot;  p.-soup  (made  from  esp.  dried 
pp.) ;  p.-souper  (colloq.),  thick  yellow  fog  ;  p.- 
soupy,  (of  fog)  thick  &  yellow,  [back-formation 
f.  pease  taken  as  pi.] 

peace,  n.  Freedom  from,  cessation  of,  war, 
as  p.  with  honour,  p.  at  any  price,  make  (bring 
about)  p. ;  a  treaty  of  p.  between  two  powers  at 
war ;  freedom  from  civil  disorder ;  the  (king's) 
p.,  general  p.  of  the  realm  as  secured  by  law, 
as  commission,  justice,  of  the  p.,  be  sworn  of 
the  p.  (made  a  magistrate);  quiet,  tranquillity  ; 
(in  &  after  bibl.  use)  p.  be  with  you,  p.  to  his 
ashes! ;  mental  calm,  as  p.  of  mind,  conscience ; 
at  p.,  in  state  of  friendliness,  not  at  strife 
(ivith) ;  hold  one's  p.,  keep  silence ;  keep  the  p., 
prevent,  refrain  from,  strife;  make  (person's, 
one's)  p.,  bring  person,  oneself,  back  into 
friendly  relations  (with) ;  peacemaker,  one  who 
brings  about  p.,  (facet.)  revolver,  warship,  &c; 
p.-offering,  propitiatory  gift,  (bibl.)  offering 
presented  as  thanksgiving  to  God ;    p.-pipe. 


tobacco-pipe  jis  token  of  p.  among  N.-Amer. 

T  pais  f.  L  pacem  (nom.  pax)} 
pea'ceable,  a.    Disposed,  tending,  to  peace ; 


ipe  a 
ff.  01 
ible, 


PEACEFUL 6 

free     from     disturbance,     peaceful.      Hence 
pea'ceableNESs  n.,  pea'eeabLY2  adv.    If. 
OF  patsible  (as  prec,  see  -ble)| 
pea'ceful,  a.    Characterized  by,  belonging 
to  a  state  of,  peace.     Hence  pea'eefulLY  - 
adv.,  pea'cefulNESs  n.    [-ful] 
peach ',  n.    Large  fruit,  usu.  round,  with 
downy  white  or  yellow  skin  flushed  with  red, 
highly  flavoured  sweet  pulp,  &  rough  stone ; 
(also  p.-tree)  tree  bearing  this ;  p.-bloio,  (glaze 
of)  delicate  purplish-pink  colour;  p.-brandy, 
spirituous  liquor  from  p.  juice  ;  p.-colour(ed), 
(of)  soft  pale  red.  (f.  OF  pesche  f.  LL  persicaf. 
hpersicum  (malum),  lit.  Persian  apple] 
peach  2,  v.i.  (now  slang).  Turn  informer ;  in- 
form {against,   upon,   accomplice).      [earlier 
appeach  f.  OF  empechier  impeach] 
pea'-ehiek,  n.    Young  pea-fowl. 
pea'chy,  a.  Like  a  peach,  esp.  (of  cheeks)  in 
colour  &  softness.  Hence  pea'ehixESsn.  f-v  2J 
pea'eoek,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Bird  with  splendid 
plumage  &  tail  that  can  be  expanded  erect  like 
fan  (often  as  type  of  ostentatious  display) ;  p.- 
blue,  lustrous  blue  of  p.'s  neck;  p.-butterfly, 
European    butterfly   with    ocellated    wings  ; 
p.-coal  (iridescent);  p.-fish,  fish  with  brilliant 
green,  blue,  red,  &  white  colouring;  (v.  refl.) 
plume  oneself,  make  display ;  (v.i.)  strut  about 
ostentatiously,  whence    pea'eockERV  (4)    n. 
Hence    pea'eockiSH ',  pea'cockLiKE,    aa. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OE pta,  pawa,  f.  Lpavo,  +  cock] 
pea'fowl,  n.  Peacock  or  peahen,  [see  prec] 
pea-hen,  n.     Female  of  the  peacock,     [see 
peacock) 

pea* -jacket,  n.  Sailor's  short  overcoat  of 
coarse  woollen  cloth,  [f.  obs.  pee  f.  MDu.  pie 
(now  pij)  pea-jacket  +  jacket] 
peak »,  n.  Projecting  part  of  brim  of  eap ; 
(Xaut.)  narrow  part  of  ship's  hold  at  bow,  (also) 
upper  outer  corner  of  sail  extended  by  gaff; 
pointed  top,  esp.  of  mountain;  point  e.g.  of 
beard.  Hence  peakED2,  pea'kv2,  aa.  [f. 
16th  c,  var.  of  pike] 

peak2,  v.i.  Waste  away,  esp.  (Shakspere)  p. 
<fr  pine ;  (p.p.)  sharp-featured,  pinched.  [?] 
peak 3,  v.t.  &i.  (naut.).  Tilt(yard)  vertically; 
place  (oars)  apeak  ;  (of  whale)  raise  (tail,  flukes), 
raise  tail  or  flukes,  straight  up  in  diving  verti- 
cally,   [f.  apeak] 

peal,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Loud  ringing  of  bell(s), 
esp.  series  of  changes  on  set  of  bells:  set  of 
bells ;  loud  volley  of  sound,  esp.  of  thunder ; 
(v.i.)  sound  forth  in  a  p.;  (v.t)  utter  sonorously. 
[<vb  f.  n.)  perh.  short  for  appeai.1 
pear  (par),  n.  A  fleshy  fruit,  tapering  to- 
wards stalk;  p.-shaped ;  p.-tree ;  prickly  p. 
[OE  pere  f.  LL  pira  f.  Lpirum] 
pearl1  (perl),  n.  Concretion,  usu.  white  or 
bluish-grey,  formed  within  shell  of  p.-oyster  & 
other  bivalve  molluscs,  having  beautiful  lustre 
&  highly  prized  as  gem ;  mother  uof-p.;  seed 
p.;  precious  thing,  finest  example  (o/its  kind); 
cast  pp.  before  swine,  offer  good  thing  to  one 
incapable  of  appreciating  it ;  p.-like  thing,  e.g. 
dewdrop,  tear,  tooth  ;  size  of  type  ;  small  frag- 
ment of  various  substances  ;  p.-ash,  potassium 
carbonate ;  p.-barley  (reduced  by  attrition  to 
small  rounded  grains); p. -diver,  one  who  dives 
for  p.-oysters ;  p.-fisher,  one  who  fishes  for  pp.; 
p.-fishery,  his  occupation,  place  of  this;  p.- 
powder,  -white,  cosmetic  used  to  whiten  skin  ; 
jo.-.s/ieZ/,mother-of-p.  as  naturally  found.  Hence 
peaplED2,  peap'lv  2,  aa.,  peaP'li.NESS  n.  [f. 
F  perle,  med.L  perla,  ctym.  dub.] 
pearl2,  v.t.  &  i.  Sprinkle  with  pearly  drops; 
make  pearly  in  colour  &c;  reduce  (barley  &c.) 
to  small  pearls  ;  form  pearl-like  drops  ;  fish  for 
pearls,    [f.  prec] 


« PECULIAR 

pearl  •",  n.  One  of  a  row  of  fine  loops  forming 
decorative  edging  on  pillow-lace  &c.  [prob. 
var.  of  purl] 

pear-main  (par),  n.  Kind  of  apple,  [f.  OF 
permain  prob.  f.  L  *parmanus  of  Parma] 

pea'sant  (pez-),  n.  Countryman,  rustic. 
[AF  paisant  f.  L  pagensis  of  a  canton  (pagus)] 

pea'santpy,  n.    (Set  of)  peasants.    [-ry| 

pease  (-z),  n.  Peas,  esp.  in  p. -pudding ;  (arch- 
aic) peasecod,  pea-pod.  [OEjptscpea,  pi.  pisan, 
f.  LL  pisa  f.  L  pisum  f.  Gk  pison  ;  cf.  pea] 

peat,  n.  (Cut  piece  of)  vegetable  matter  de- 
composed by  water  &  partly  carbonized,  used 
for  fuel ;  p.-bog,  -moss,  bog  composed  of  p.;  p.- 
reek,  smoke  of,  whisky  distilled  over,  p.-fire. 
Hence  pea'tv2  a.    [13th  c.  pete,  etym.  dub.] 

pea'tepy,  n.  Place  from  which  peats  are 
dug.     C-ERY] 

pe'bble,  n.  Small  stone  worn  &  rounded  by 
action  of  water;  colourless  transparent  rock- 
crystal  used  for  spectacles,  lens  of  this ;  kinds 
of  agate  or  other  gem.    Hence  pe*bblv2a.    [?] 

pebrine  (pebre'n),  n.  Epidemic  disease  of 
silkworms  characterized  by  black  spots.  [F,  f. 
Pr.  pebrino  ( pebre  pepper)] 

pe'ccable,  a.  Liable  to  sin.  Hence  pecca- 
bi'lity  n.  If.  med.L  peccabilis  {peccare  sin, 
see  -ble)1 

peccadi'llo,  n.  Trifling  offence,  [f.  Sp. 
pecadillo,  dim.  otpecado  sin,  as  foil.] 

pe'ecant,  a.  Sinning ;  (Med.)  morbid,  induc- 
ing disease.  So  pe'ecANCY  n.  If.  L  peccare 
sin,  see  -ant] 

pe'ecapy,  n.  American  gregarious  quad- 
ruped allied  to  swine,    [f.  native  pakira] 

pecca'v/,  sent.  &  n.  I  have  sinned,  esp.  cry 
p.;  (n.)  this  confession.    [L] 

peck  \  n.  Measure  of  capacity  for  dry  goods, 
=2  gallons  ;  vessel  used  for  this;  a  p.  (large 
number,  amount)  of  troubles,  of  dirt.  [ME  & 
OF  pek,  etym.  dub.] 

peck2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Strike  (thing)  with 
beak  ;  p.  out,  pluck  out  thus ;  make  (hole  &c.) 
thus  ;  aim  at  (thing)  with  beak,  (fig.)  carp  at ; 
(colloq.)  eat  (food  or  abs.),  esp.  in  nibbling 
fashion  ;  break  (ground,  wall,  &c,  up,  down, 
&c.)  with  pointed  tool;  (n.)  stroke  with  beak, 
mark  made  with  this.    [prob.  var.  of  pick] 

pe'eker,  n.  Bird  that  pecks  (chiefly  in  comb., 
esp.  woopp.)  ;  kind  of  hoe ;  (slang)  keep  your  p. 
(spirits,  perh.  orig.  =  beak)  up.    [-er  l] 

pe'cklsh,  a.  (colloq.).    Hungry,    [-ish1] 

Pe*cksnifT,  n.  Unctuous  hypocrite  prating 
of  benevolence  &c.    [in  Martin  Chuzzlewit] 

pe'eten,  n.  (zool.).  Comb-like  structure  of 
various  kinds  in  animal  bodies,  so  pe'etin  ate  2, 
-ated,  aa..  pectinA'Tio.N  n.;  scallop.  [L,gen. 
-tinis,  =  comb] 

pe'etin,  n.  (chem.).  White  neutral  substance 
formed  in  fruits  from  pectose  by  ripening.  So 
pe'etic  a.  [f.  Gk  pektos  congealed  (pegnumi 
make  solid) +  -ixl 

pe'etopal,  n.  &  a.  Ornamental  breast-plate, 
esp.  that  of  Jewish  high  priest;  (adj.)  of,  for, 
good  for  diseases  of,  the  breast  or  chest,  [(partly 
thr.  F)  f.  L  pectoralis  a.,  -le  n.  (pectus  -oris 
"brc&st-  sec  ~al)1 

pe'etose,  n.  (chem.).  Insoluble  substance  re- 
lated to  cellulose  &  found  with  it  in  unripe 
fruits  &c.  [as  pectin,  see  -ose2] 
pe'culate,  v.t.  Embezzle  (money  or  abs.). 
So  peculA'TiON,  pe'eulatoit2,  nn.  [f.  L 
peculari  (as  foil.),  see  -ate3] 
pecu'liap,  a.  &  n.  Belonging  exclusively  to ; 
belonging  to  the  individual,  esp.  one's  oxen  p. 
(character  &c.) ;  particular,  special,  as  a  point 
of  p.  interest ;  strange,  odd,  as  a  p.  flavour,  he. 
has  always  been  a  little  p.;  p.  people,  the  Jews, 


PECULIARITY 604 

(in  wider  sense)  God's  elect,  (P.  People)  modern 
religious  sect  having  no  church  organization  & 
relying  on  prayer  alone  for  cure  of  disease ; 
(n.)  p.  property,  privilege,  &c,  (Hist.)  parish, 
church,  exempt  from  jurisdiction  of  diocese  in 
which  it  lies,  (P-)  one  of  the  P.  People,  [f.  L 
peculiaris  of  private  property  (peculium  f.  pecu 
cattle  see  -ar  *)] 

peculiarity,  n.  Being  peculiar ;  character- 
istic ;  oddity,    [-ity] 

peculiarly,  adv.  As  regards  oneself  alone, 
individually,  as  does  not  affect  himp.;  especially, 
more  than  usually,  as  p.  annoying-,  oddly,  as 
they  dress  p.    [-ly2] 

pecu'tiiary,  a.  (Consisting)  of  money.asp.cua, 
considerations ;  (of  offence)  having  p.  penalty. 
Hence  peeu'niariLY  2adv.  [f.  L  pecuniarius 
(pecunia  money  f.  pecu  cattle,  see  -ary  *)] 

pe'dagrogue (og), n.  Schoolmaster, teacher, 
(usu.  contempt.,  implying  pedantry).  Hence  or 
cogn.  pedagcrgic(AL)  (g-,  -j-)  aa.,  pedagcr- 

fiealLv2adv.,  pe*dagog(u)iSM(l)  n.    [OF,  f. 
f.  Gk  paidagbgos  (pais paidos  boy  +  -agogos 
f.  ago  lead)] 


pe*dag,6gy(-gi,-ji)»n.  Science  of  teaching.  So 
pedag-o'gics  n.    [f.  ™ 
gogia,  as  prec.l 


F pedagogic  f.  Gk  paida- 


pe'dal J,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (-11-).  (Tn  organ)  each  of 
the  wooden  keys  played  upon  by  the  feet,  (also) 
foot-lever  for  drawing  out  several  stops  at  once 
or  other  purposes ;  (in  piano)  foot-lever  for 
making  the  tone  fuller  [loud  p.)  or  softer  (soft 
p.) ;  foot-lever  in  various  machines,  esp.  bicycle 
or  tricycle  ;  (Mus.)  note  sustained  in  one  part, 
usu.  bass,  through  successive  harmonies  some 
of  which  are  independent  of  it;  (v.i.)  play  on 
organ  pp.,  work  bicycle  pp.;  (v.t.)  work  (bicycle) 
thus,  fprob.  f.  Fpedale  f.  It.  pedale  f.  Las  foil.] 

pe'dal 2,  a.  (zool.).  Of  the  feet  or  foot  (esp.  of 
mollusc),  [f.  Lpedalis (pes  pedis  foot,  see  -al)] 

pe'dant,  n.  One  who  overrates  or  parades 
book-learning  or  technical  knowledge  or  insists 
on  strict  adherence  to  formal  rules;  one  who 
is  possessed  by  a  theory,  doctrinaire.  Hence 
or  cogn.  peda'ntic  a.,  peda'ntiCALLY  adv., 
pe*dantiZE<2,  3)  v.t.  &  i.,  pedantd'CRACY, 
pe'dantRY(l,  4, 5),  nn.  [(perh.  thr.  F pe'dant)  f. 
It.  pedante,  perh.  cogn.  w.  pedagogue] 

pe'date  (at),  a.  (Zool.)  footed  ;  (Bot.,  of  leaf) 
having  divisions  like  toes  or  bird's  claws,  [f. 
L  pedatus  (pes pedis  foot,  see  -ate2)] 

pe'ddle,  v.i.  &  t.  Follow  occupation  of  ped- 
lar; busy  oneself  with  trifles ;  deal  out  in  small 
quantities,  retail,  (usu.  fig.).    [?] 

pe'destal,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Base  supporting 
column  in  construction;  base  of  statue  &c; 
each  of  two  supports  of  knee-hole  table  ;  foun- 
dation (lit.  &  fig.) ;  (v.t.)  set,  support,  on  p.  [f. 
F  pUdestal  f.  It.  piedestallo  foot  of  stall  (pie 
foot  f.  L  pes  pedis  +  di  of  -f  stallo  stall)] 

pedestrian,  a.  &  n.  Going,  performed,  on 
foot ;  of  walking;  prosaic,  dull,  vulgar;  (n.)  one 
who  walks,  esp.  as  athletic  performance,  whence 
pede-stpianiSM(2)  n.,  pede'strianizE  (2) 
v.i.    If.  hpedester  -tris  +  -ian] 

pe'dicel,  pe'dicle,  nn.  (bot.,  zool.).  Small 
(esp.  subordinate,  cf.  peduncle)  stalk-like 
structure  in  plant  or  animal.  Hence  pe'dicel- 
Iate2,  pedreulATE2,  (at),  aa.  [f.  L  (-eel) 
pedicellus  double  dim.,  (-cle)  pediculus  dim.,  f. 
pes  pedis  foot,  see  -cule] 

pedi'culap,  -lous,  aa.  Lousy.  So  pedicu- 
losis n.  [f.  L  pedicularis,  -losxts,  (pediculus 
louse,  see  -ar1,  -ous)] 

pe-digree,  n.  Genealogical  table ;  ancestral 

line  (of  man  or  animal) ;  derivation  (of  word) ; 

ancient  descent ;  (attrib.)  having  known  line  of 

descent,  as  p.  cattle.    Hence  pe'digpeED  2  a. 


PEER 

[earlier  pedegru  prob.  f.  F  ptt,  de  grue  crane's 
foot,  mark  denoting  succession  in  pp.  (pied  foot 
f.  hpes  pedis  +  de  of  +  grue  crane  f.  L  grus)) 

pe'diment,  n.  Triangular  part  crowning 
front  of  building  in  Grecian  style,  esp.  over 
portico ;  similarly  placed  member  of  same  or 
other  form  in  Roman  &  Renaissance  styles. 
Hence  pedime'ntAL,  pe'dimentED 2,  aa. 
[earlier peremint,  perh.  corrupt^of  pyramid] 

pe'dlap,  n.  Travelling  vendor  of  small  wares 
usu.  carried  in  pack;  (fig.)  retailer  (of  gossip 
&c.) ;  p.'s  French,  thieves'  cant.  Hence  pe'd- 
laRY  n.  [prob.  f.  Sc.  pedder  prob.  f.  ped  basket, 
etym.  dub.;  found  long  before  peddle] 

pedo'metep,  n.  Instrument  for  estimating 
distance  travelled  on  foot  by  recording  number 
of  steps  taken,  [f.  F  pidometre  f.  L  pes  pedis 
foot  +  -o-  +  -meter] 

pedu'nele,  n.  (Bot.)  stalk  of  flower,  fruit,  or 
cluster,  esp.  main  stalk  bearing  solitary  flower 
or  subordinate  stalks  (pedicels);  (Zool.)  stalk- 
like process  in  animal  body.  Hence  pedu'n- 
cuIar1,  pedu'neulATE  2  (-at),  aa.  [f.  L  pes 
pedis  foot  +  -uncle] 

peek,  v.i.  Peep,  peer,  (in,  out,  &c.) ;  p.-a-boo 
(now  U.S.),  =  bo-peep.    [ME pike,  etym.  dub.] 

peel J,  n.  (hist.).  Small  square  tower  built  in 
16th  c.  in  border  counties  of  England  &  Scot- 
land,   [earlier = palisade,  ult.  f.  hpalus  stake] 

peel2,  n.  Shovel,  esp.  baker's  for  thrusting 
loaves  &c.  into  oven.    [f.  OF  pele  f.  L  pala) 

peel3,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Strip  the  peel,  rind, 
bark,  &c,  from  (orange,  potato,  tree,  &c.) ;  take 
o#(skin,  peel,  &c.) ;  (archaic,  from  Isa.  xviii.  2, 
perh.  mistransl.)  scattered  &  peeled  (pillaged) ; 
(intr.,  of  tree,  animal  body,  &c.)  become  bare  of 
bark,  skin,  &c,  (of  person,  now  slang)  strip  for 
exercise  &c;  (n.)  rind,  outer  coating,  of  fruit, 
candied  p.  (usu.  of  citron).  Hence  pee'lep1 
[-er'(L  2)]  n.    [=  pill2,  orig.  in  all  senses] 

pee'leP2,  n.  (Colloq.)  policeman;  (Hist.) 
member  of  Irish  constabulary,  founded  under 
Peel's  secretaryship.     [Robert  Peel,  cf.  bobby, 

+  -ER1] 

Pee'lite,  n.  Conservative  siding  with  Sir 
R.  Peel  when  he  introduced  measure  for  repeal 
of  Corn-laws  in  1846.    [-ite  l) 

peep1,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Make)  feeble  shrill  sound 
of  young  birds,  mice,  &c,  chirp,  squeak,  [(n.  f. 
vb)  var.  of  pipe] 

peep2,  v.i.  Look  through  narrow  aperture 
(at,  into,  &c);  look  furtively;  (of  daylight, 
flower,  distant  object)  come  cautiously  or  part- 
ly into  view,  emerge,  (often  out) ;  (fig.,  of  quali- 
ties &c.)  show  itself  unconsciously,  [f.  15th  c, 
cf.  peek] 

peep3,  n.  Furtive  or  peering  glance;  first 
appearance,  esp.  of  dawn,  of  day ;  p.-of-day 
boys,  Protestant  organization  in  Ireland  (1784- 
95)  searching  opponents'  houses  at  daybreak  for 
arms ;  p.-hole,  small  hole  to  peep  through  ;  p.- 
show,  small  exhibition  of  pictures  &c.  viewed 
through  lens  in  small  orifice  (also  fig.),  [f.  prcc] 

pee'pep,  n.  One  who  peeps;  (slang)  eye. 
[peep2  + -er1] 

peep !,  n.  An  equal  in  civil  standing  or  rank ; 
equal  in  any  respect,  as  you  will  not  easily  find 
his  p.,  whence  peep'LESS  a.,  peep'lessi.v  > 
adv.,  peep'lessNESS  n.;  member  of  one  of  the 
degrees  (duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount,  baron) 
of  nobility  in  United  Kingdom,  whence  peep*- 
ess  l  n.;  pp.  of  the  realm  or  United  Kingdom 
(all  of  whom  may  sit  in  House  of  Lords),  pp. 
of  Scotland,  of  Ireland,  (represented  in  H.  of 
Lords  by  16  elected  to  each  parliament,  by  28 
elected  for  life) ;  noble  (of  any  country).  [ME 
&  OF  per  f.  Lpar  equal] 

peer2,  v.t.  &  i.    Rank  with,  equal;  rank  as 


PEER 


605 


PEN 


equal  with ;  make  (man)  a  peer.  [f.  OF  perer  f. 
"Lpariare  {par  equal)] 

peep3,  v.i.  Look  narrowly  (into,  at,  &c); 
appear  slightly,  peep  out ;  come  in  sight.    [?] 

peerage  (-Ij),  n.  The  peers ;  nobility,  aristo- 
cracy ;  rank  of  peer ;  book  containing  list  of 
peers  with  genealogy  &c.    [-age] 

pee'vish,  a.  Querulous,  irritable.  Hence 
pee*vishLY  2  adv.,  pee'vishXESS  n.    [?] 

peewit.    See  pewit. 

peg1  K  n.  Pin,  bolt,  of  wood,  metal,  &c,  usu. 
round  &  slightly  tapering,  for  holding  together 
parts  of  framework  &c,  stopping  up  vent  of 
cask,  hanging  hats  &c.  on,  holding  ropes  of 
tent,  marking  cribbage  score,  &c;  round 
peg  in  square  hole  l ;  clothes-p.;  (fig.)  a  p.  to 
hang  (discourse  &c.)  on,  (occasion,  pretext, 
theme);  a  drink,  esp.  of  brandy  &  soda-water; 
take  (person)  down  a  p.  or  two,  humble  him  ; 
p.-top,  pear-shaped  spinning-top  with  metal  p., 
p.-top  trousers  (wide  at  hips,  narrow  at  ankles), 
fprob.  of  LG  orig.,  cf.  dial.  Du.  peg] 

peg2,  v.t.  &  i.  Fix  (thing  down,  in,  out,  &c.) 
with  peg;  p.  down,  restrict  (to  rules  &c); 
(Stock  Exch.)  prevent  price  of  (stock  &c.)  from 
falling  (rising)  by  freely  buying  (selling)  at 
given  price ;  strike,  pierce,  aim  at,  with  peg ; 
mark  (score)  with  pegs  on  cribbage-board ; 
mark  out  boundaries  of  (mining  claim  &c.) ;  p. 
(away),  work  persistently  (at) ;  p.  out,  (Croquet) 
hit  peg  with  ball  as  final  stroke  in  game,  (slang) 
die,  be  ruined,    [f.  prec] 

Pe'gasus,  n.  Winged  horse  that  with  stroke 
of  hoof  caused  fountain  Hippocrene  to  flow  on 
Mt  Helicon,  (fig.)  poetic  genius.  [L,  f.  Gk 
Pegasos  (pege  fount)] 

peignoir  (pa'nwar,  or  as  F),  n.  Woman's 
loose  dressing-gown  worn  while  hair  is  combed 
or  on  coming  out  of  bath.    [F  (peigner  comb)] 

peine  forte  et  dure  (F),  n.  Severe  &  hard 
punishment,  i.  e.  pressing  to  death,  inflicted  on 
person  charged  with  felony  who  refused  to 
plead. 

pe'jopative  (or  pijo'r-),  a.  &  n.  Depreciatory 
(word),  as  the  p.  suffix  -aster,  [f.  L  pejorare 
make  worse  (pejor),  see  -ative] 

pe'kan,  n.  N.-Amer.  carnivorous  beast  of 
weasel  family, valued  for  fur.  [f.  native peltan£\ 

pe'ki'n  (in,  -ing),  n.  Kind  of  silk  stuff;  [f.  F 

fielcin  as  used  by  Napoleon  I's  soldiers]  civilian, 
f.  F  pekin  f.  Chin.  Peking  northern  capital] 
pe'koe  (-6),  n.    Superior  kind  of  black  tea. 
[f.  Chin,  pek-ho  (pek  white  +  ho  down),  leaves 


being  picked  young  with  down  on  them] 
pe'lag-e  (ij),  n.   Fur,  hair,  woo* 
ruped.    [F  (OFpeZhair-f  -age)] 


Pela'gian1,  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of  the  monk 
Pelagius  (4th-5th  c),  who  denied  doctrine  of 
original  sin.    Hence  Pela'gianiSM  n.    [-an] 

pela'gian2,  a.  &  n.  Of,  inhabiting,  inhabit- 
ant of,  the  open  sea.  [f.  L  pelagius  (pelagus 
sea  f.  Gk  pelagos)  +  -an] 

pela'gie,  a.  Of,  performed  on,  the  open  sea, 
esp.  jo.  sealing,   [f.  upelagicus  (as  prec,  -ic)] 

pelapg-o'nium,  n.  Genus  of  plants  with 
showy  flowers  &  fragrant  leaves,  [f.  Gk pelar- 
gos  stork,  prob.  after  geranium] 

Pela'sgie  (zj-  or  -zg),  a.  Of  the  Pelasgians, 
an  ancient  race  on  coasts  &  islands  of  East- 
ern Mediterranean  &  Aegean  ;  P.  architecture, 
oldest  form  of  masonry  found  in  Greece,  [f.  L 
Pelasgicus  (Pelasgi  f.  Gk  Pelasgoi,  see  -ic)] 

pe'lepine  (or  -en),  n.  Woman's  long  narrow 
cape  or  tippet,  [f.  F  pelerine,  tern,  of  pelerin 
pilgrim] 

J  self,  n.   Money,  wealth,  (usu.  contempt.),   [f. 
F  pel/re,  etym.  dub.] 
pe'llcan,  n.    Large  water-fowl  with  pouch 


for  storing  fish,  fabled  to  feed  its  young  with  its 
own  blood,  [f.  LL  pelicanus  f.  Gk  pelekan,  cf. 
pelekas  woodpecker  perh.  f.  pelekus  axe] 

peli'sse  (-es),  n.  Woman's  mantle  with  arm- 
holes  or  sleeves,  reaching  to  ankles ;  child's  out- 
door garment  worn  over  other  clothes.  [F,  f.  L 
pellicia  (vestis  garment)  of  fur  (pellis  skin)] 

pella'g-pa,  n.  Disease  frequent  in  Lombardy, 
marked  by  cracking  of  skin  &  often  ending  in 
insanity.  So  pella-grous  a.  [perh.  f.  It.  pelle 
agra  rough  skin] 

pe'llet,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  ball  of  paper,  bread, 
&c. ;  pill;  small  shot;  circular  boss  in  coins 
Sec;  (vb)  hit  with  (esp.  paper)  pp.  [f.  F  pelote  t 
med.  L  pelota  f.  L  pila  ball] 

pe'llicle,  n.  Thin  skin ;  membrane ;  film. 
Hence  pelli'cul au  1  a.  [f.  L  pellicula,  dim.  of 
pellis  skin] 

pe'llitopy,  n.  1.  (P.  of  Spain)  plant  with 
pungent-flavoured  root,  used  as  local  irritant 
&c.  2.  (P.  of  the  wall)  low  bushy  plant  with 
greenish  flowers  growing  on  or  at  foot  of  walls. 
[1.  earlier  pelletert.  Lf.  Gknurethron  fever-few, 
cf.  puretos  fever.  2.  f.  L  parietaria  (paries 
-etis  wall)] 

pe*ll-me*ll,  adv.,  a.,  n.  In  disorder,  pro- 
miscuously;  headlong,  recklessly;  (adj.)  con- 
fused, tumultuous;  (n.)  confusion,  medley, 
melee,  [f.  F  pele-mele  (pile  etym.  dub.  +  mile 
prob.  f.  milermix  f.  LL  misculare  t.  hmiscere)] 

pellvrcid,  a.  Transparent,  clear;  clear  in 
style  or  expression  ;  mentally  clear.  Hence  or 
cogn.  pelluci'diTY  n.,  pellu'cidLv  2  adv.  [f. 
L  pellucidus  f.  PER(Zwcere  shine),  see  -id  "1 

pelo'ta,  n.  Basque  game  like  tennis,  played 
with  ball  &  wicker  racket.  [Sp.,=ball,  f.  pella 
f.  L  pila  ball] 

pelt1,  n.  Skin  of  sheep  or  goat  with  short 
wool  on;  raw  skin  of  sheep  &c.  stripped  of 
wool  or  fur,  so  pe*ltRY(l)  n.  Icogn.  w.  obs.  pell 
skin  f.  OF  pel  f.  L  pellis] 

pelt2,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Assail  with  missiles 
(also  fig.) ;  (intr.,  of  rain  &c.)  beat  with  violence ; 
strike  repeatedly  with  missiles,  go  on  firing 
at;  (n.)  pelting;  (at)  full  p.  (speed).    [?] 

pe'lta,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Small  light  shield  of 
ancient  Greeks,  Romans,  &c;  (Bot.)  shield-like 
structure,  so  pe*ltATE2(2)  a.    [L,  f.  Gk  pelte] 

pe'lvis,  n.  (anat.).  Basin-shaped  cavity  form- 
ed in  most  vertebrates  by  haunch-bones  with 
sacrum  &  other  vertebrae,  whence  pe'lvic  a.; 
basin-like  cavity  of  kidney.    [L,= basin] 

Pembroke  (-bok),  n.  Town  in  Wales;  P. 
table,  p.,  table  on  four  fixed  legs  with  hinged 
flaps  that  can  be  spread  out  &  supported  on 
other  legs. 

pe-mmican,  n.  N.-Amer.  -Ind.  cake  of  dried 
&  pounded  meat  mixed  with  melted  fat ;  beef 
so  treated  &  flavoured  with  currants  &c.  for 
travellers ;  (fig.)  condensed  literary  matter,  [f. 
native  pimecan  (pime  fat)] 

pemphigus,  n.  (path.).  Formation  of  watery 
vesicles  or  eruptions  on  skin  of  body.  Hence 
pe-mphig-oiD,  pe'mphigous,  aa.  [f.  Gk 
pemphix  -igos  bubble] 

pen1,  n.  Small  enclosure  for  cows,  sheep, 
poultry,  &c.  or  for  other  purposes;  (W.-Ind.) 
farm,  plantation.    [OE  penn,  etym.  dub.] 

pen2,  v.t.  Enclose,  shut  up,  shut  in;  shut 
up  (cattle  &c.)  in  pen.    [prob.  f.  prec] 

pen  3,  n.,  &  v.t.  Quill-feather  with  quill  point- 
ed &  split  into  two  sections,  for  writing  with 
ink;  similar  instrument  of  steel,  gold,  &c, 
fitted  into  rod  of  wood  &c  (penholder) ;  writing, 
style  of  this,  as  made  a  living  with  his  p., 
wields  a  formidable  p.;  fountain-p.;  p.  &ink, 
instruments  of  writing,  writing;  p.-&-ink  a., 
drawn,  written,  with  these ;  p.-feather,  quill- 


PENAL 


PENNIPORM 


feather  of  bird's  wing ;  penknife,  small  knife 
usu.  carried  in  pocket ;  pe'nman  (-an),  one  who 
writes  a  {good,  bad,  &c.)  hand,  author ;  penman- 
ship, skill  in  writing,  style  of  handwriting, 
action  or  style  of  literary  composition ;  p.-name, 
literary  pseudonym ;  penwiper,  appliance  usu. 
of  small  pieces  of  cloth  for  wiping  p.  after  use; 
(v.t.)  write,  compose  &  write,  (letter  &c). 
Hence  pe'nFUL  n.  l(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  pennc  f.  L 
penna  feather  J 

penal,  a.  Of  punishment ;  concerned  with 
inflicting  this,  as  p.  laws;  (of  offence)  punish- 
able, esp.  by  law  ;  inflicted  as  punishment,  as 
p.  servitude,  imprisonment  with  hard  labour; 
used  as  place  of  punishment,  as  a  p.  colony. 
Hence  pe'nalLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  penal  f.  L  penalis 
[poena  penalty  f.  Gk  poine  fine,  see  -al)] 

penalize,  v.t.  Make,  declare,  (action)  penal ; 
(Sport.)  subject  (competitor,  also  fig.)  to  penalty 
or  comparative  disadvantage,    [-ize] 

penalty,  n.  Punishment,  esp.  (payment  of) 
sum  of  money,  for  breach  of  law,  rule,  or  con- 
tract ;  the  p.  of,  disadvantage  resulting  from 
(quality  &c);  (Sport.)  disadvantage  imposed 
on  competitor  for  breaking  rule  or  winning 
previous  contest,  [ult.  f.  med.L  poenalitas  (as 
penal,  see  -TY)] 

penance,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Rom.  &  Gk  churches) 
a  sacrament  including  contrition,  confession, 
satisfaction,  &  absolution  ;  act  of  self-mortifi- 
cation as  expression  of  penitence,  esp.  one  im- 
posed by  priest ;  do  p.,  perform  such  act ;  (v.t.) 
impose  p.  on.  [f.  OF  peneance  f.  Lpaenitentia 
(as  penitent,  see  -ance)] 

Pena'tes,  n.  pi.  (Rom.  myth.).  Household 
gods.    [L,  perh.  f.  pen  us  sanctuary] 

pence.    See  penny. 

penchant  (F),  n.  Inclination,  liking,  (for). 
(F,  part,  of  pencher  slope  f.  L  *pendicare  (pen- 
dire  hang)] 

pencil1  (-si),  n.  (Archaic)  artist's  paint- 
brush ;  (fig.)  painter's  art  or  style  ;  instrument 
for  drawing  or  writing,  esp.  of  black  lead  en- 
closed in  cylinder  of  wood  or  in  metal  case  with 
tapering  end ;  (Optics)  set  of  rays  meeting  at  a 

Jtoint ;  (Geom.)  figure  formed  by  set  of  straight 
ines  meeting  at  a  point ;  p. -shaped  object ;  p.- 
case,  holder,  usu.  of  metal,  for  p.  or  p. -lead.  [f. 
OF  pincel  ult.  f.  L  penicillum  dim.  of  peniculus 
brush  dim.  of  penis] 

pe'ncil2  (-si),  v.t.  '-11-).  Tint  or  mark  (as)  with 
lead  pencil;  jot  down  with  pencil;  enter 
(horse's  name)  in  betting-book;  (esp.  in  p.p.) 
mark  delicately  with  thin  concentric  lines  of 
colour  or  shading,    [f.  prec.l 

pe'ndant ',  -ent1,  n.  Hanging  ornament, 
esp.  one  attached  to  necklace,  bracelet,  etc.; 
(Naut,  also  pennant)  short  rope  hanging  from 
head  of  mast  &c.  with  eye  at  lower  end  for  re- 
ceiving hooks  of  tackles,  (also)  tapering  flag, 
esp.  that  flown  at  mast-head  of  vessel  in  com- 
mission, broad  p.,  short  swallow-tailed  p.  dis- 
tinguishing commodore's  ship  in  squadron  ; 
shank  &  ring  of  watch  by  which  it  is  suspended ; 
(also  pron.  as  F)  match,  parallel,  companion, 
complement,  (to).  [F  (-ant),  f.  pendre  hang  f.  L 
pendere,  see  -ant] 

pendent-,  -ant2,  a.  Hanging;  overhang- 
ing ;  undecided,  pending,  whence  pe'ndENCY 
n.;  (Gram.)  of  which  the  construction  is  incom- 
plete,   [as  prec.] 

pendente  lite,  adv.  Pending  the  suit.  [LI 

pende'ntlve,  n.  (arch.).  Each  of  spherical 
triangles  formed  by  intersection  of  dome  by 
two  pairs  of  opposite  arches  springing  from 
the  four  supporting  columus.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  adj., 
as  prec.  +  -ive] 

pe-ndlng,  a.  &  prep.    Undecided,  awaiting 


decision  or  settlement,  as  a  suit,  a  treaty,  was 
then  p.;  (prep.)  during,  as  p.  these  negotiations 
(orig.  =  while  these  negotiations  are  p.),  until, 
as  p.  his  return,    [after  F  pendant2,  -ing 2] 

pendra'grm,  n.  Ancient  British  or  Welsh 
prince.  [W,= chief  leader  (pen  head  +  dragon 
standard)] 

pendulate,  v.i.  Swing  like  a  pendulum ; 
(fig.)  be  undecided,    [as  foil.  +  -ate  s] 

pe'nduline,  a.  (Of  nest)  suspended ;  (of  bird) 
building  such  nest.    [F  (as  foil.  +  -ine  l)\ 

pendulous,  a.  Suspended,  hanging  down, 
(esp.  of  bird's  nest,  flower,  &c);  oscillating. 
Hence  pe'ndulousi.v  -  adv.  [f.  L  pendulus 
(pendere_  hang)  +  -ous] 

pe'ndulum,  n.  Body  suspended  so  as  to  be 
free  to  swing,  esp.  rod  with  weighted  end  regu- 
lating movement  of  clock's  works ;  swing  of 
tlie  p.,  alternation  of  power  between  political 
parties;  compensation  p.;  person,  thing,  that 
oscillates  (lit.  &  fig.),    [f.  L  neut.  adj.  as  prec] 

Pene'lope  (-1),  n.  Chaste  wife.  [f.  Gk  Pene- 
lope, -peia,  wife  of  Odysseus] 

penetra'lia,  n.  pi.  Innermost  shrine  or  re- 
cesses.   [L,  pi.  of  penetral,  cogn.  w.  foil.] 

penetpate,  v.t.  &  i.  Find  access  into  or 
through,  pass  through ;  (of  sight)  pierce  through 
(darkness,  thicket,  &c.) ;  permeate ;  imbue 
(person,  thing,  with) ;  (fig.)  see  into,  find  out,- 
discern,  (person's  mind,  meaning,  design,  the 
truth);  (intr.)  make  a  way  {into,  through,  to). 
Hence  or  cogn.  penetraBrLiTY,  penetPA- 
tion,  pe'netratoR2,  nn.,  pe'netpaBLE, 
pe*netpativE,aa.,pe,netpating,LY2,pe*ne- 
trativeLY2,  advv.  [f.  L  penetrare,  cogn.  w. 
penitus  interior,  see  -ate3] 

pe-ng-uin  (-gw-),  n.  Sea-fowl  of  southern 
hemisphere  with  wings  represented  by  scaly 
paddles  with  which  it  swims  under  water.    [?] 

penial,  a.    Of  the  penis,    [-al] 

penicillate  (-at),  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Furnished 
with,  forming,  small  tuft(s) ;  marked  with 
streaks  as  of  pencil  or  brush,    [as  penci  l,  -  ate  2] 

peni'nsula,  n.  Piece  of  land  almost  sur- 
rounded by  water  or  projecting  far  into  the 
sea  ;  the  P.,  Spain  &  Portugal,  [f.  L  paenin- 
sula  (paene  almost  +  insula  island)] 

peni'nsular,  a.  &  n.  Of  (the  nature  of)  a 
peninsula ;  of  the  Peninsula  or  of  the  war  there 
carried  on  between  French  &  English  &c.  (1808- 
li);  (n.)  inhabitant  of  a  peninsula,  (P-)  soldier 
of  the  P.  war.    [-ar  *] 

peni'nsulate,  v.t.  Make  (land)  into  a  pen- 
insula,   [-ate  3] 

penis,  n.  (pi.  -nes).  Copulatory  organ  of  male 
animal.    [L,  =  tail,  penis] 

penitent,  a.  &  n.  That  repents,  contrite ; 
(n.)  repentant  sinner,  person  doing  penance 
under  direction  of  confessor,  (pi.)  various  R.-C. 
orders  associated  for  mutual  discipline  &c. 
Hence  or  cogn.  pe'nitENCE  n..  pe'nitentLY2 
adv.    [f.  F  penitent  f.  L  paenitere  repent,  -ent] 

penitential,  a.  Of  penitence  or  penance ; 
the  p.  psalms  (vi,  xxxii,  xxxviii,  li,  cii,  exxx, 
cxliii).  Hence penite'ntlalLY2 adv.  [f.  med.L 
paenitentialis  (paenitentia  penitence,  as  prec, 
see  -ence  &  -AL)] 

penite'ntiapy,  n.  &  a.  Office  in  papal  court 
deciding  questions  of  penance,  dispensations, 
&c;  Grand  P.,  cardinal  presiding  over  this; 
asylum  for  prostitutes  resolving  on  amend- 
ment; reformatory  prison;  (adj.)  of  penance, 
of  reformatory  treatment  of  criminals. 

pennant,  n.  =  pendant1  (naut);  =  pen- 
non, [compromise  between  pendant  &  pennon] 

pe-nniform,  a.  (nat.  hist).  Having  the  form 
qr  appearance  of  a  feather.  So  pennl*FER0U3 
a.    [f.  L  penna  feather,  see  -form] 


PENNILESS 


607 


PEON 


penniless,  a.  Having  no  money ;  poor, 
destitute,    [f.  penny  +  -less] 

pe'nnill,  n.  (pi.  -illion).  (Stanza  of)  impro- 
vised verse  sung  to  harp  at  Eisteddfod  &c. 
[Welsh,  f.  penn  head] 

pennon,  n.  Long  narrow  flag,  triangular  or 
swallow-tailed,  esp.  as  military  ensign  of  lancer 
regiments  ;  long  pointed  streamer  of  ship ;  flag. 
Hence  pe'nnoncD  a  a.  [f.  OF  pawn  prob.  f.  L 
penna  feather,  see  -oon] 

penny,  n.  (pi.  pence  exc.  as  below).  English 
bronze  coin  worth  1/12  of  shilling  (in  pi.  pence 
combined  with  numbers  from  2  to  11  &  20, 
pron.  without  stress,  as  si'xpence  but  eigh'tcen 
pence;  after  numeral  written  d\  =  DENARius, 
as  6d.;  pi.  pennies  of  individual  coins  as  such, 
as  gave  me  my  change  in  pennies,  doled  it  out 
in  single  pennies) ;  (bibl.)= denarius  ;  a  pretty 
p.,  a  good  sum  of  money;  peter's  p.,  pence; 
a  p.  for  your  thoughts  (said  to  person  absorbed 
in  thought) ;  in  for  a  p.,  in  for  a  pound,  thing 
once  begun  must  be  concluded  at  all  costs  ;  p.- 
a-line  a.,  (of  writing)  cheap,  superficial,  p.-a- 
liner,  hack  writer  ;  p.-in-the-s>\JOT ;  p.  post  (for 
con  veyance  of  letters  at  ordinary  charge  of  Id. ) ; 
pennyweight  (abbr.  dwt),  measure  or  weight, 
24  grains,  1/20  of  an  ounce  Troy  ;  pe'nny-wi'se, 
(over-)careful  in  small  expenditures,  esp.  p.- 
wise  &  pound-foolish,  careful  in  small,  waste- 
ful in  large  matters;  pennywort  (-wert),  (also 
xcall  p.-w.)  plant  with  rounded  concave  leaves 
growing  in  crevices  of  rocks  &  walls,  (marsh 
or  water  p.-w.)  small  herb  with  rounded  leaves 
growing  in  marshy  places  ;  pe'nnyworth,  pen- 
n'orth, (pe-niwerth,  pe*nerth),  as  much  as  can 
be  bought  for  a  penny,  not  ap.-w.,  not  the  least 
bit,  a  good,  bad,  p.-w.  (bargain) ;  fivep.,  tenp., 
&c,  nail,  sizes  of  nail  orig.  costing  bd.  &c. 
per  100.  [OE  pening,  cf.  Du.  penning,  G  pfennig] 

pennyroyal,  n.  Kind  of  mint  cultivated 
for  supposed  medicinal  virtues,  [prob.  = earlier 
pxdyole  ryale  f .  OF  poliol  thyme  f .  L  pulegiolum 
dim.  of  pulegium  +  royal] 

peno'logy,  n.  Study  of  punishment  &  of 
prison  management.  Hence  penolo'giCAL  a., 
peno'logisr  n.  If.  Gkpoine  fine  +  -o-  +  -logy] 

pensile,  a.  Hanging  down,  pendulous  ;  (of 
bird  &c.)  that  constructs  p.  nest.  [f.  L  pensilis 
(pendere  pens-  hang,  see  -il)] 

pe'nsion  (shn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Periodical  (usu. 
annual)  payment  made  esp.  by  government, 
company,  or  employer,  in  consideration  of  past 
services  or  of  relinquishment  of  rights  &c; 
such  payment  to  person  who  is  not  a  professed 
servant  for  good  will,  secret  service,  &c,  or  to 
artists,  scientists,  &c,  to  enable  them  to  carry 
on  work  of  public  interest ;  old-age  p.,  weekly 
or  monthly  payment  by  government  to  work- 
men, poor  persons,  or  every  one,  after  specified 
age ;  consultative  assembly  of  members  of 
Gray's  Inn ;  (pron.  as  F)  boarding-house  at  fixed 
rate,  live  en  p.  (as  boarder) ;  (v.t.)  grant  p.  to, 
buy  over  with  p. ;  p.  off,  dismiss  with  p.  Hence 
pe'nsion  less  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  pensionem 
payment  (pende're  pens-  pay,  -ion)] 

pensionable,  a.  Entitled,  (of  services  &c.) 
entitling  person,  to  pension,    [-able] 

pensionary,  a.  &  n.  (Recipient)  of  a  pen- 
sion ;  creature,  hireling;  (Hist.)  Grand  P., 
first  minister  of  Holland  &  Zealand  (1619-1794). 
If.  med.L  pensionarius  (as  pension,  see  -ary  !)] 

pensioner,  n.  Recipient  of  pension  ;  hire- 
ling, creature;  (Camb.  Univ.)  undergraduate 
who  is  not  a  scholar  on  the  foundation  or  a 
sizar  but  pays  for  his  own  commons  &c.  [f.  OF 
pensionnier  (as  prec.)] 

pe'nsive,  a.  Plunged  in  thought ;  melan- 
choly.   Hence  pe'nslveL y  *  adv. ,  penslve- 


ness  n.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  penser  think  f.  L  pen- 
sare  frequent,  of  pendere  pens-  weigh] 

pe'nstock,  n.  Sluice,  flood-gate,  [pen  *  in 
sense  '  mill-dam '  +  stock] 

pent,  a.  Closely  confined,  shut  in  or  up. 
[p.p.  of  pend  var.  of  pen2] 

penta-  in  comb,  (before  vowel  pent-)  =  Gk 
pente  five,  as:  pe'ntachord,  musical  instrument 
of  5  strings,  series  of  5  notes ;  pentada'ctyl  a. 
&  n.,  (person,  animal)  with  5  toes  or  fingers  on 
each  limb,  so  -dactylic  a.,  da'ctylism  n. ;  penta'- 
gynoas,  with  5  pistils;  pentahe'dron  solid 
figure  of  5  faces,  so  -he'dral  a.;  pentd'merous, 
(Bot.,  also  written  5-merous)  having  parts  of 
flower- whorl  5  in  number,  (Zool.)  consisting  of 
5  joints ;  penta'ndrous,  with  5  free  stamens ; 
pentape'talous,  with  5  petals;  pent&'pody, 
verse,  sequence  in  verse,  of  5  feet ;  pe'ntastich 
(-k),  group  of  5  lines  in  verse ;  pentatd'mic,  hav- 
ing 5  atoms  of  some  substance  in  the  molecule ; 
pentato'nic,  of  5  notes;  pentd'valent,  with 
combining  power  of  5  atoms  of  hydrogen  &c. 

pentaele,  n.  Figure  used  as  symbol,  esp.  in 
magic,  prob.  =  pentagram,  [f.  med.L  pentacu- 
luin,  prob.  =  penta-  +  -cule] 

pe'ntad,  n.  The  number,  group  of,  five; 
(Chem.)  element,  radical,  with  combining  po  wer 
of  five.    [f.  Gk  pentas  -ados  (pente  five,  -ad)] 

pentagon,  n.  Five-sided  (usu.  plane  recti- 
lineal) figure.  Hence  penta'gon  al  a.  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  PENTA(0dnon.  f.  gonia  angle)] 

pentagram,  n.  Five-pointed  star  formed 
by  producing  sides  of  pentagon  both  ways  till 
they  intersect,  formerly  used  as  mystic  symboL 
[f.  Gk  PENTA(j/m»imo»  f.  gramme  line)] 

pentameter,  n.  (Gk  &  Lat.  Pros.)  form  of 
dactylic  verse  composed  of  two  halves,  each 
of  two  feet  (dactyls  in  second  half,  dactyls  or 
spondees  in  first)  &  long  syllable,  chiefly  used 
alternately  with  hexameters  to  form  elegiac 
verse ;  English  iambic  verse  of  ten  syllables. 
IL,  f.  Gk  penta (mefros  f.  metron  measure)] 

pentane,  n.  Paraffin  hydrocarbon  occurring 
as  a  colourless  fluid  in  petroleum  &c.  [f.  Gk 
pente  five  +  -ane(2)] 

pentateuch  (tuk),  n.  First  five  books  of 
O.T.,  traditionally  ascribed  to  Moses.  Hence 
pentatevrchAL  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  pkxt Mteukhos 
implement,  in  late  Gk,  book)  of  five  books] 

Penteedst,  n.  Jewish  harvest  festival,  on 
fiftieth  day  of  the  Omer,  i.e.  at  conclusion  of 
seven  weeks  from  the  offering  of  the  wave- 
sheaf  on  second  day  of  Passover;  (archaic)  Whit - 
Sunday.  Hence  penteeo'stAL  a.  [f.  eccl.  L  f. 
Gk  pentecoste  (hemera)  fiftieth  (day),  f.  pente- 
konta  fifty] 

penthouse  (-t-h-),  (archaic)  pentiee,  n. 
Sloping  roof,  esp.  as  subsidiary  structure  at- 
tached to  wall  of  main  building ;  awning,  cano- 
py, or  the  like.  [M  E  pentis,  prob.  f .  OF  apentis, 
-dis,  f.  LL  appendicium  appendage  (append)] 

penu'lt(imate),  a.  &  n.  Last  Dut one;  (n.) 
last  syllable  but  one.  [(-idt  abbr.)  f.  hpaene 
almost  +  ultimate  after  L  paenultimus] 

penumbra,  n.  Partly  shaded  region  around 
shadow  of  opaque  body,  esp.  round  total  shadow 
of  moon  or  earth  in  eclipse ;  lighter  outer  part  of 
sun-spot;  partial  shadow.  Hence  penum- 
brALa.    [f.  hpaene  almost -f -umbra  shadow] 

penurious, a.  Poor,  scanty;  stingy,- grudg- 
ing, whence  penur'iousLY  2  adv.,  penur*- 
iousxESS  n.    [f.  med.L penuriosus  (foil., -ous)] 

penury,  n.  Destitution,  poverty ;  lack,  scar- 
city, (of),  [f.  L  penuria,  cogn.  w.  Gk  peina 
hunger,  penia  poverty,  spanis  want] 

pe'on  (-on),  n.  (In  India)  foot-soldier,  native 
constable,  footman ;  (Span.  Amer.)  day-labourer; 
(Mex.)  enslaved  debtor.  [OF,  Sp.,  f.  L  as  pawn  i] 


PEONAGE 6 

pe'onage  Mj),  n.  Employment,  service,  of 
peons,    [age] 

pe'ony,  n.  Plant  with  large  globular  red  or 
white  flowers,  in  cultivation  often  double.  [OE 
peonie  f.  L  f.  Gk  paionia  (Paion,  physician  of 
the  gods)] 

people  (pe'pl),  n.,  &  v.t.  Persons  composing 
community,  race,  or  nation,  as  the  English  p., 
English-speaking  pp.,  a  warlike  p.,  (treated  as 
sing. ) ;  the  persons  belonging  to  a  place  or  form- 
ing a  company  or  class  &c,  as  the  p.  of  the  west- 
ern counties  were  in  revolt,  the  p.  here  are  furi- 
ous ;  subjects  of  king&c,  congregation  of  parish 
priest  &c,  (as  pi.);  armed  followers,  retinue, 
workpeople,  &c,  (as  pi.) ;  one's  parents  or  other 
relatives,  as  his  p.  are  sure  to  hear  of  it ;  the 
commonalty  (as  pi.) ;  the  body  of  enfranchised 
or  qualified  citizens  (as  sing,  or  pi.);  persons  in 
general,  as  p.  don't  like  to  be  kept  waiting ;  (v.t.) 
fill  with  p.,  populate,  fill  (place  with  animals 
Sec),  (of  persons,  animals,  &c)  inhabit,  occupy, 
fill,  esp.  in  p.p.,  as  a  thickly  peopled  country. 
If.  OF  pople,  poeple,  &c,  f.  hpopulus] 

peperi'no  (-re-),  n.  Light  porous  (usu.  brown) 
volcanic  rock  formed  of  sand,  cinders,  &c.  [It., 
f.  pepere  pepper,  see  -ine  j] 

pe'pper ',  n.  Pungent  aromatic  condiment 
got  from  dried  berries  of  certain  plants  used 
whole  [peppercorns)  or  ground  into  powder; 
Black  P.,  plant  chiefly  used  for  this;  black, 
white,  p., (from unripe, ripe, berries);  cayenne 
p.;  (fig.)  anything  pungent ;  p.-&-salt,  cloth  of 
dark  &  light  wools  woven  together,  showing 
small  dots  of  dark  &  light  intermingled ;  p.-box, 
small  usu.  round  box  with  perforated  lid  for 
sprinkling  p.,  irregular  buttress  in  Eton  fives- 
court;  -castor,  -er,  =  p.-box  (1st  sense); pepper- 
corn, dried  berry  of  Black  P.,  esp.  as  nominal 
rent ;  peppermint,  kind  of  mint  grown  for  its 
essential  oil,  this  oil,  lozenge  flavoured  with 
peppermint;  p.-pot,=  p.-castor,  (also)  W.-Ind. 
dish  of  meat  &c.  stewed  with  red  p.  &c.  (OE 
pipor,  f.  L  piper  =  Gk  peperi  of  oriental  orig.] 

pe'ppep2,  v.t.  Sprinkle,  treat,  with  pepper ; 
besprinkle  as  with  pepper;  pelt  with  missiles 
(lit  or  fig.) ;  punish  severely,    [f.  prec] 

pe'ppepy, a.  Of,  like,  abounding  in,  pepper ; 
(fig.)  pungent,  stinging,  hot-tempered.    1-y  2] 

pe'psin,  n.  A  ferment  contained  in  gastric 
juice,  converting  proteids  into  peptones  in  pre- 
sence of  weak  acid.  [f.  Gk  pepsis  digestion 
(pep- cook)  +-IN] 

pe'ptic,  a.  &  n.  Digestive ;  p.  glands  (secret- 
ing gastric  juice);  (n.  pi.,  facet.)  digestive  or- 
gans,   [f.  Gk  peptikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

pe'ptone,  n.  Class  of  albuminoid  substances 
into  which  proteids  are  converted  by  action  of 
pepsin  &c.  Hence  pe*ptoniZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  G 
pepton  f.  Gk  pepton  cooked] 

per,  prep.  Through,  by,  by  means  of.  l.In  L 
phrr.:  p.  annum,  (so  much)  by  the  year,  yearly ; 
p.  contra  adv.  &  n.,  (on)  the  opposite  side  (of  an 
account  &c.) ;  p.  diem,  viensem,  (so  much)  by 
the  day,  month ;  p.  procurationem  (abbrr.  per 
pro(c).,  p.p.),  by  proxy,  by  the  action  of  (person 
signing  document) ;  p.  sdltum,  without  inter- 
mediate steps,  all  at  once ;  p.  se,  by  or  in  itself, 
intrinsically.  2.  As  E  prep.:  by,  by  means  or 
instrumentality  of,  as  p.  post,  rail,  steamer, 
bearer;  (facet.)  as  p.  -usual,  as  usual;  for  each, 
as  a  shilling  p.  man,  5  p.  cent.    [L] 

per-  in  comb.  =  prec.  1.  In  L senses:  through, 
all  over,  (perforate,  pervade);  completely,  very 

(perturb) ;  to  destruction,  to  the  bad,  (ververt, 

perdition).    2.  Chem.,  denoting  maximum  of 

some  element  in  combination :    in  names  of 

binary  compounds  in  -ide  (formerly  -uret),  as 

■chloride,  -iodide,  -oxide,  -sulphide ;  in  adjj.  in 


8 ^^39^^19^ 

-ic  naming  oxides,  acids,  &c.,  as  -chloric,  -iodic, 
-manganic;  in  names  of  salts  of  these  &c,  as 
■chlorate,  -iodate,  -manganate,  -sulphate. 

perad venture,  adv.  &  n.  (archaic).  Per- 
haps; if,  lest,  p.,  if,  lest,  it  chance  that;  (n.) 
uncertainty,  chance,  conjecture  ;  beyond,  with- 
out, (all)  p.  (doubt),  [f.  OF  per  or  par  aventure 
by  chance  (per  +  aventure  adventure)] 

pepai*  (-rahi,  -rl>,  -ra'ya  (-rahya),  n.  Vora- 
cious Amer.  fresh- water  fish,    [native  (-ya)) 

pera-mbulate,  v.t.  Walk  through,  over,  or 
about ;  travel  through  &  inspect  (territory) ; 
formally  establish  boundaries  of  (parish  &c.)  by 
walking  round  them.  Hence  or  cogn.  peram- 
bulA-xiON  n.,  pepa'mbulatORY  a.  [f.  L  per- 
(ambulare  walk),  see  -ate  3] 

pera-mbulator,  n.  Hand  carriage  for  one 
or  two  children,  with  three  or  four  wheels, 
pushed  from  behind  (colloq.  abbr.  pram).  [I. 
prec.  +-or2] 

pepca'le  (-al,  -ahl),  n.  A  closely  woven  cotton 
fabric.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

pereei've  (ev),  v.t.  Apprehend  with  the 
mind,  observe,  understand,  (circumstanced/la^, 
how,  &c);  apprehend  through  one  of  the  senses, 
esp.  sight.  If.  OF  percoivre,  *-ceivre,  f.  L  per- 
(cipere  cept-  =  capere  take)  seize  thoroughly) 

perce'ntag'e,  n.  Rate,  proportion,  per  cent ; 
(loosely)  proportion,  as  only  a  small  p.  of  books 
are  worth  reading,    [-age] 

pep'cept,  n.  (philos.).  Object  of  perception ; 
mental  product,  as  opp.  to  action,  of  perceiving, 
[as  perceive] 

pepce'ptible,  a.  That  can  be  perceived  by 
senses  or  intellect.  Hence  pepeeptiBi'LiTY 
n.,  peree'ptibLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  perceptibilis 
(as  prec,  see  -ble)] 

pepee'ption,  n.  Act,  faculty,  of  perceiving ; 
intuitive  recognition  (o/truth,aestheticqualityt 
&c);  (Philos.)  action  by  which  the  mind  refers 
its  sensations  to  external  object  as  cause;  (Law) 
collection  (of  rents  &c).  Hence  pepce'ption- 
al,  pepee'ptiVE,  aa.,  pepee*ptiveLY2adv., 
pepce'ptiveNESs.  pepcepti'vrrY,  nn.  [OF, 
f.  L  perceptionem  (as  perceive,  see  -ion)] 

pepeh1,  n.  European  spiny-finned  fresh- 
water fish,  used  as  food.  [f.  F  perche  f.  L  f.  Gk 
perke) 

pepch  2,  n.  Horizontal  bar  for  bird  to  rest 
upon ;  anything  serving  for  this,  as  bird  takes 
its  p.  (alights);  (fig.)  elevated  or  secure  position ; 
hop  the  p.,  die,  knock  (person)  off  his  p.,  van- 
quish, destroy,  him ;  centre  pole  of  some  four- 
wheeled  vehicles  ;  (also  pole,  rod)  measure  of 
length  esp.  for  land,  5k  yds,  square  p.,  30*  sq.  yds. 
[f.  F  perche  f.  L  pertica  pole] 

pereh3,  v.i.  &  t.  Alight,  rest,  as  bird  (upon 
bough  &c);  (of  person  &c)  settle,  alight,  (up- 
on); place  (as)  upon  perch  (esp.  in  p.p.,  as  town 
perched  on  a  hill),    [f.  F  percher,  as  prec] 

pepcha*nce,  adv.  (archaic).  Perhaps,  [f.  AF 
par  chance  (par  by  +  chance)] 

percheron  (F),  n.  Strong  &  swift  horse  of 
breed  raised  in  le  Perche,  district  of  France. 

peperpient,  a.  &  n.  Perceiving,  conscious ; 
(n.)  one  who  perceives  esp.  (Telepathy)  some- 
thing outside  range  of  senses.  Hence  pep- 
ei'piENCE  n.    [f.  L  as  perceive,  see  -ent] 

pep'colate,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  liquid)  filter,  ooze, 
through  (also  fig.) ;  (trans.)  ooze  through,  per- 
meate ;  (rare,  of  person  or  strainer)  strain 
(liquid,  powder)  through  pores  &c.  Hence  or 
cogn.  pepcolATiON,  pep'eolatOR  2(2),  nn.  [f. 
L  PER(coZare  strain  f.  colum strainer),  -ate3} 

percu'ss,  v.t.  (med.).  Tap  gently  with  finger 
or  instrument  for  purposes  of  diagnosis  &c. 
[f.  L  PER(cw£ere  cuss-  =quatere  shake)  strike] 

pepcirssion,  n.    Forcible  striking  of  one 


PERCUTANEOUS 6 

(usu.  solid)  body  against  another;  (Med.)  per- 
cussing; (Mus.)  instrument  of  (played  by)  p.;  p. 
cap,  small  copper  cap  or  cylinder  in  fire-arm, 
containing  fulminating  powder  and  exploded 
by  p.  of  a  hammer.  So  pereu'ssiVE  a.  [f.  L 
percussio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

pereuta'neous,  a.  Made,  done,  through 
the  skin,    [per-  +  cutaneous] 

perdrtion,  n.  Eternal  death,  damnation, 
[f.  OF  perdiciun  f.  L  perditionem  f.  PER(dere 
dit-  =  dare  give)  destroy,  see  -ion] 

perdu*,  -due*,  a.  (Mil.)  placed  as  an  out- 
post in  hiding,  esp.  lie  p.;  (often  as  F,  with 
fem.  -due)  hidden.  [F,  p.p.  of  perdre  lose,  as 
prec] 

perdup'able,  a.  Permanent ;  eternal ;  dur- 
able. Hence  or  cogn.  pepdupaBi'Lirv  n., 
perdup*abLY  2  adv.    [OF,  f.  L  i>ER(durabilis 

DURABLE)] 

pere  (par),  n.  Father  (appended  to  surname 
to  distinguish  father  from  son,  cf.  fils).    IF] 

pe'peg-pinate,  v.i.  (now  facet.).  Travel, 
journey.  So  peregrin  a  tion,  pe'pegrinat- 
ok2,  nn.  [f.  L  peregrinari  (as  foil.),  see  -ate3] 

pe'pegrpinCe),  a.  &  n.  (Archaic)  foreign,  im- 
ported from  abroad,  outlandish ;  p.  (falcon), 
kind  esteemed  for  hawking,  [f.  L  peregrinus 
( peregre  abroad,  f.  per  +  ager  field,  see  -ine  ])] 

peremptory,  a.  Decisive,  final,  esp.  (Law) 

J),  mandamus  (in  which  the  command  is  abso- 
ute),  p.  writ  (enforcing  defendant's  appearance 
without  option) ;  (of  statement  or  command) 
admitting  no  denial  or  refusal ;  absolutely 
fixed,  essential ;  (of  person  &c.)  dogmatic,  im- 
perious, dictatorial.  Hence  peTemptoriLY2 
adv.,  pe'pemptOPiNESS  n.  If.  L peremptorius 
destructive  f.  PER(imere  cmpt-  =  emere  take, 
buy)  destroy,  cut  off,  see  -orvj 
perennial,  a.  &  n.  Lasting  through,  (of 
stream)  flowing  through  all  seasons  of,  the 
year;  lasting  long  or  for  ever ;  (of  plant)  living 
several  years  (cf.  annual)  ;  (n.)p.  plant.  Hence 

Eepennia'lnv  n.,  pepe'nnialLV 2  adv.  [f. 
PER(ennis  f.  annus  year)  +  -al] 

pep'feet1,  a.  &  n.  Complete,  not  deficient; 
faultless;  (of  lesson)  thoroughly  learned; 
thoroughly  trained  or  skilled  (in  duties  &c.) ; 
exact,  precise,  as  a  p.  square,  circle;  entire, 
unqualified,  as  a  p.  stranger,  p.  nonsense; 
(Gram.,  of  tense)  denoting  completed  event  or 
action  viewed  in  relation  to  the  present,/u£wre 
p.,  giving  sense  will  have  done;  (Bot.)  having 
all  four  whorls  of  the  flower.  Hence  per'feet- 
ly2  adv.,  pep*feetNESS  n.  [f.  OF  parfit  t  L 
per(  ficerefect-  =facere  do)  complete] 

pepfe'et2  (or  perf-),  v.t.  Complete,  carry 
through;  make  perfect ;  improve.  Hence  pep- 
feetiBi'LiTY  n.,  pepfe'etiBLE  a.    [f.  prec] 

pepfe'ction,  n.  Completion  ;  making  per- 
fect; full  development;  f aultlessness ;  (loosely) 
comparative  excellence;  perfect  person  or 
thing ;  highest  pitch,  extreme,  (o/quality  &c); 
(w.  pi.)  accomplishment.  [OF,  f.  Uperfectionem 
(as  perfect  !,  see  -ION)] 

pepfe'etionist,  n.  One  who  holds  that  re- 
ligious or  moral  perfection  may  be  attained ; 
(P-)  member  of  communistic  community  of 
Oneida  Creek,  N.Y.     So  pepfe'etioniSM  n. 

[-1ST] 

pepfep'vid,  a.    Very  fervid,    [per-] 
pep'fidy,   n.     Breach    of   faith,    treachery. 
Hence  or  cogn.  pepfl'dious  a.,  pepfi'dious- 
ly2  adv.,  pepfi'diousNESS  n.  [f.  F  perfidie  f. 
L  perfidia  f.  PER(Jidus  f.  fides  faith)  treacher- 
ous] 
perfoliate  (-at),  a.  (bot.).    Having  the  stalk 
apparently  passing  through  the  leaf.    [f.  PER- 
+  L  folium  leaf  +  -ate2] 
f.d. 


3 PERI- 

pep'fopate,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  hole(s)  through, 
pierce,  esp.  make  rows  of  holes  in  (sheet)  to 
separate  stamps,  coupons,  &c,  make  an  opening 
into;  pass,  extend,  through;  (intr.)  penetrate 
(into,  through,  &c).  Hence  or  cogn.  pepfop- 
a'tion,  pep*fopatOR2(2),  nn.,  pep'fopativE 
a.    [f.  L  PER(/orare  bore),  see  -ate  3] 

pepfop'ee,  adv.  &  n.  Of  necessity  ;  (n.,  rare) 
necessity,  esp.  of,  by,  p.  [f.  OF  par  force  by 
force] 

pepfop*m,  v.t.  &  i.  Carry  into  effect  (com- 
mand, promise,  task,  operation,  &c) ;  go 
through,  execute,  (public  function,  play,  piece 
of  music,  &c) ;  (intr.)  act  in  play,  play,  sing, 
&c;  (of  trained  animals)  execute  tricks  &c  at 

Eublic  show  &c,  whence  pepfop'miNG2  a. 
[ence  pepfop'mABLE  a.,  pepfop'mERi  n. 
[OF  (par-  per-  +  former  form,  or  perh.  cor- 
rupt, of  parfoumir  f.  fournir  furnish)] 

performance,  n.  Execution  (of  command 
&c) ;  carrying  out,  doing  ;  notable  deed  ;  per- 
forming of  play  or  public  exhibition,  as  there 
are  two  pp.  a  day,  the  afternoon  p.    [-ance] 

perfume1,  n.  Odorous  fumes  of  burning 
substance ;  sweet  smell ;  smell ;  fluid  contain- 
ing essence  of  flowers  &c,  scent.  Hence  pep*- 
fumeLESS  a.    [f.  Fparfum,  as  foil.] 

pepfu'me2,  v.t.  Impart  sweet  scent  to,  im- 
pregnate with  sweet  smell,  (esp.  in  p.p.).  [f.  F 
parfumer  (per-  +  Lfumare  smoke)] 

perfu'mep,  n.  Maker,  seller,  of  perfumes. 
Hence  pepfu*mERY<l,  2,  3)  n.    [-er  » 

pepfu'netopy,  a.  Done  merely  for  sake  of 
getting  through  a  duty,  acting  thus,  superficial, 
mechanical,  as  a  p.  inspection,  inquirer,  in  a 
p.  manner.  Hence  pepfu'netopiLY 2  adv., 
pepfu'netopiNESS  n.  [f.  LL  perfunctorius  f. 
per(  fungi  fund-  perform),  see  -ory] 

pepfu'se  (-z),  v.t.  Besprinkle  (with  water 
&c.) ;  cover,  suffuse,  (with  radiance  &c) ;  pour 
(water  &c)  through  or  over.  Hence  or  cogn. 
pepfu'siON  (-zhn)  n.,  pepfu'siVE  (-s-)  a.  [f.  L 
per(  fundere  fus-  pour)] 

pergame'neous,  a.    Of  or  like  parchment. 

[f.  L  as  PARCHMENT  +  -EOU8] 

per'gola,  n.  Arbour,  covered  walk,  formed 
of  growing  plants  trained  over  trellis-work. 
[It.,  f.  L  pergula  projecting  roof  (pergere  pro- 
ceed)] 

pergu'nnah,  -ga'na  (gu),  n.  Division  of 
territory  in  India,  group  of  villages,  [f.  Pers. 
&  Hind,  parganah  district] 

pepha'ps  (colloq.  praps),  adv.  It  may  be, 
possibly,  as  p.  he  has  lost  it,  he  has  p.  lost  it,  p. 
yotiwould  like  to  see  it  ?.    [per  +  haps  (pi.)] 

pep'i,  n.  (Pers.  Myth.)  fairy,  good  (orig.  evil) 
genius  ;  beautiful  or  graceful  being.    [Pers.] 

pepi-  in  comb.  =Gk  peri  round,  about,  as: 
-anth,  floral  envelope;  -car'dium,  membranous 
sac  enclosing  the  heart,  so  car'diac,  -car'dial, 
aa.;  -carp,  seed-vessel,  wall  of  ripened  ovary  of 
plant;  cho'ndrium  (-k-),  membrane  enveloping 
cartilages  (except  at  joints) ;  -cli'nal  (geol.), 
sloping  in  all  directions  from  central  point ; 
■gynous,  (of  stamen)  situated  around  pistil  or 
ovary ;  -6'steum,  membrane  enveloping  the 
bones,  so  -o'steal  a.,  -osti'Tis  n.;  -pteral,  (of 
temple)  surrounded  by  single  row  of  pillars ; 
■scope,  kind  of  photographic  object-glass,  (also) 
apparatus  used  in  submarine  boat  for  seeing 
objects  above  water ;  -sco'pic,  enabling  one  to 
see  distinctly  for  some  distance  round  axis  of 
vision ;  -sperm,  mass  of  albumen  outside  em- 
bryo-sac in  some  seeds ;  -stome,  (Bot.)  fringe  of 
small  teeth  around  mouth  of  capsule  in  mosses, 
(Zool.)  parts  around  mouth  in  various  inverte- 
brates ;  -typhlVtis,  inflammation  of  some  part 
around  the  caecum,  e.g.  appendicitis. 

20 


PERIAPT 


610 


PERMIAN 


pe'Piapt,  n.  Thing  worn  about  the  person 
as  charm,  amulet,  [f.  F  periapte  f.  Gk  peri- 
(apton  f.  hapto  fasten)l 

pe'piclase,  n.  Mineral  consisting  of  mag- 
nesia &  protoxide  of  iron,  found  esp.  at  Vesu- 
vius, [f.  peri-  (in  sense  '  very ')  +  Gk  klasis 
breaking,  from  its  perfect  cleavage] 

pepi'cope,  n.  Short  passage,  paragraph ; 
portion  of  Scripture  read  in  public  worship,  [f. 
LL  f.  Gk  PERi(fcope  cutting  f.  kopto  cut)] 

pepiepaTiium,  n.  Membrane  enveloping 
skull ;  (facet.)  skull,  brain,  [f.  Gk  PERi(kranion 

CRANIUM)] 

pe'pidot,  n.  (Jeweller's  name  for)  olivine, 
kind  of  chrysolite,    ff.  F  peridot,  etym.  dub.] 

pe'Pigee  (-je),  n.  That  point  in  planet's  (esp. 
moon's)  orbit  at  which  it  is  nearest  to  earth  (cf. 
apogee).  Hence  pepige'AN  a.  [f.  F  perigee  f. 
LL  f.  late  Gk  PERi(grei<m  f.  ge  earth)] 

perihe'lion,  n.  That  point  in  planet's  orbit 
at  which  it  is  nearest  to  sun  (cf.  aphelion). 
[f.  peri-  +  Gk  helios  sun] 

po'pil,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Danger ;  in  p.  of  (in 
danger  of  losing)  one's  life  &c;  yoxt  do  it  at 
your  p.,  you  take  the  risk;  keep  off  at  your 
p.  (take  the  risk  if  you  do  not) ;  (v.t.)  expose  to 
danger,  imperil.  Hence  or  cogn.  pe'Pilous  a., 
pe'pilousLV 2  adv.,  pe'PilousNESS  n.  [(vb  f. 
n.)  f.  F  peril  f.  L  periculum  (-periri  try)] 

peprmetep,  n.  Circumference,  outline,  of 
closed  figure ;  length  of  this ;  instrument  for 
measuring  the  field  of  vision,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  peri- 
(metros  f.  metron  measure)] 

perine'um,  n.  (anat.).  Region  of  the  body 
between  anus  &  scrotum  or  vulva.  Hence  pe- 
pine'AL  a.  [LL,  f.  Gk  perinaios,  cf.  peris  -mos 
scrotum] 

pep'iod,  n.  Round  of  time  marked  by  recur- 
rence of  astronomical  coincidences;  time  of 
planet's  revolution  ;  time  during  which  disease 
runs  its  course ;  (pi.)  menses;  indefinite  portion 
of  history,  life,  &c;  any  portion  of  time ;  the  p., 
the  present  day ;  complete  sentence,  esp.  one 
of  several  clauses;  (pi.)  rhetorical  language; 
full  pause  at  end  of  sentence;  full  stop  (.) 
marking  this ;  set  of  figures  marked  off  in  large 
number,  as  in  numeration,  recurring  decimals, 
&c.  [f.  F  periode  f.  L  f.  Gk  peri(o<Fos  =  hodos 
wavj] 

pepio'dic,  a.  Of  revolution  of  heavenly  body, 
as  p.  motion ;  recurring  at  regular  intervals, 
so  pePiodi'ciTV  n.;  recurring  at  intervals; 
expressed  in  (rhetorical)  periods.  If.  Fp&riod- 
ique  f.  L  f.  Gk  periodikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

pepio'dical,  a.  &  n.  =prec.  (not  in  last  sense); 
(magazine,  miscellany)  published  at  regular  in- 
tervals, e.  g.  monthly.  Hence  pepid'dicalLV  2 
adv.    [-al| 

pepipate-tic,  a,  &  n.  (P-)  Aristotelian  (a.  & 
n. ;  so  called  from  Aristotle's  custom  of  walk- 
ing in  Lyceum  while  teaching) ;  walking  from 
place  to  place  on  one's  business,  itinerant, 
whence  peripate'tiCALLY  adv.;  (n.,  chiefly 
facet.)  itinerant  dealer.  Hence  pepipate'ti- 
cism(2,  3)  n.  [f.  F  peripatetique  t  L  f.  Gk  peri- 
patetikos  f.  PERi{pateo  walk),  see  -ic] 

pepipetei'a  Ma),  -tia,  n.  Sudden  change  of 
fortune  in  drama  or  in  life.  [Gk  PERi(peteia  f. 
pet-  fall)] 

pepi'phepy,  n.  Bounding  line  esp.  of  round 
surface;  external  boundary  or  surface.  Hence 
pepi'phePALa.,  pepi*phepalLv2adv.  [f.  OF 
penferie  f.  LL  f.  Gk  peri(  phereia  t.  phero  bear) 
circumference] 

pepi-phpasis,  n.  (pi.  -ases).  Roundabout 
way  of  SDeakinsr,  circumlocution ;  roundabout 


phrase.  Hence  or  cogn.  periphrastic  a., 
pepiphpa*stiCALLY  adv.  [L  f.  Gk,  f.  peri- 
{phrazo declare,  vbl  adj.  -phrastos) ;  also  angli- 
cized pe'riphrase  (pi.  pron.  -Tz)] 

pe'pish,  v.i.  Suffer  destruction,  lose  life, 
come  to  untimely  end  ;  we  were  perished  (much. 
incommoded)  with  cold,  hunger,  &c.  [f.  OF 
perir  (see  -ish2)  f.  L  per( ire  go)  perish] 

pe'pishable,  a.  &  n.  Liable  to  perish  ;  sub- 
ject to  speedy  decay  ;  (n.  pi.)  things  (esp.  food- 
stuffs in  transit)  subject  to  this.  Hence  pe*p- 
ishablexEss  n.    [-able] 

pe'pishing-,  a.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also :  (of  cold, 
hunger,  &c.)  deadly,  whence  pe'Pishing-Lv  2 
adv.    [-ing2] 

pe'pispome,  perispo'menon,  a.  &  n.  (Gk 
gram.).  (Word)  with  circumflex  accent  on  last 
syllable,  [abbr.  of  Gk  perispomenon  (also  used 
inE)neut.  part,  of  PERi(spao  draw)  draw  round, 
mark  with  circumflex] 

pepi'stalith,  n.  (archaeol.).  Ring  of  stand- 
ing stones  round  burial-mound  &c.  [irreg.  f. 
Gk  PKRi(statos  standing)  +  -lith] 

pepista'lsis,  n.  (physiol.).  Automatic  mus- 
cular movement  consisting  of  wave-like  con- 
tractions in  successive  circles,  by  which  con- 
tents of  alimentary  canal  &c.  are  propelled 
along  it.  Henceorcogn.  pepista*ltica.,pepi- 
sta'ltiCALLV  adv.    [Gk,  f.  PERi(stello  send)] 

pepistepo'nic,  a.  Of  pigeons,  [prob.  f.  Gk 
peristeron  dovecot  (peristera  dove)] 

pe'pistyle,  n.  Row  of  columns  surrounding 
temple,  court,  cloister,  &c;  space  so  surround-  ■ 
ed.  [f.  F  peristyle  f.  L  f.  Gk  PERi(stulon  f.  stu- 
los  pillar)] 

pepitone'um,  -naeum,  n.  (anat).  Double 
serous  membrane  lining  cavity  of  abdomen. 
Hence  peritone'AL  a.,  pepitonrns  n.  [L,  f. 
Gk  PERi(tonaion  f.  ton-  stem  of  teino  stretch)] 

pe'Piwig,  n.  Wig.  Hence  pe'piwig-g-ED  2 
a.    [earlier  perwyke  f.  F  as  peruke] 

pe'Piwinkle  ',n.  Genus  of  plants,  esp.  Les- 
ser &  Greater  P.,  evergreen  trailing  shrubs 
with  light-blue  flowers.  [OE  pervince  f.  L  per- 
vinca] 

pe'Piwinkle 2,n.  Gastropod  mollusc  much 
used  for  food.    [OE  has  pineivinclan,  wine-] 

pep'jure  (-jcr),  v.  reft.  P.  oneself,  forswear 
oneself ;  (p.p.)  guilty  of  perjury.  So  pep'jup- 
er  J  n.    [f.  OF  parjurer  f.  L  per( jurare  swear)] 

pep'jupy,  n.  Swearing  to  statement  known 
to  be  false ;  wilful  utterance  of  false  evidence 
while  on  oath ;  breach  of  oath.  So  perjuri- 
ous (-joor-)  a.,  pepjup'iousLV2  adv.  [f.  AF 
perjurie  f.  liperjurium  as  prec.] 

pepk,  v.i.  &  t„  &  a.  (Also  p.  up)  lift  one's 
head,  thrust  oneself  forward,  briskly  or  im- 
pudently ;  (trans.)  smarten  up ;  hold  up  (head, 
tail)  self-assertively ;  (adj.,  rare)  perky.    [?] 

pep'ky,  a.  Self-assertive,  saucy,  pert.  Hence 
pep'kiLV2  adv.,  pep'klNESS  n.    [prec.  +  -v  2j 

pep'lite,  n.  Obsidian  or  other  vitreous  rock 
in  form  of  enamel-like  globules.  [F,  as  pearl, 
see  -ite1] 

pep'manent,  n.  Lasting,  intended  to  last, 
indefinitely  (cf.  temporary);  p.  way,  finished 
road-bed  of  railway.  Hence  or  cogn.  pep*- 
manENCE,  pep'manENCV,  nn.,  pep'man- 
entLV 2  adv.    ff.  L  PER(manere  remain),  -kxt] 

pep'meate,  v.t.  &  i.  Penetrate,  pervade, 
saturate ;  diffuse  itself  through,  among,  Sec. 
Hence  or  cogn.  perraeaBixiTY,  pep'me- 
ance,  pepmeATioN,  nn.,  per*meaBLE,  pep*- 
meANT,  aa.    [f.  L  PERimeare  run),  see  -ate**] 

Pep'mian,  a.  Of  the  uppermost  division  of 
the  Palaeozoic  series  of  strata,  consisting  chiefly 


For  other  words  in  peri-  see  peri-. 


PERMISSIBLE 


611 


PERSONAL 


ofredsandstone&magnesianlimestone.  [Perm, 
K-Russian  province,  +  -ianJ 

permi'ssibie,  a.  Allowable.  Hence  per- 
mi-ssibLY  2  adv.  [OF,  prob.  f.  med.L  permis- 
sibilis  (as  permit1,  see  -ble)] 

permi'ssion,  n.  Leave,  licence,  (to  do),  [f. 
L  permissio  (as  permit,  see  -ion)] 

permi'ssive,  a.  Giving  permission.  Hence 
pepmi'ssiveLY2adv.,  permi'ssivexESS  n. 
[OF  {-if,  -ive),  as  foil.,  see  -ive] 

pewni't1,  v.t.  &  i.  (-tt-).  Allow,  as  p.  me  to 
remark,  appeals  are  permitted,  p.  it  to  be 
altered ;  (intr.)  admit  of  (alteration  &c).  [f.  L 
PKR{mittere  miss-  let  go)] 

per'mit2,  n.  Written  order  giving  permis- 
sion esp.  for  landing  or  removal  of  dutiable 
goods  &c;  {also  permTt)  permission,    [f.  prec] 

permutation,  n.  (Math.)  variation  of  the 
order  of  a  set  of  things  lineally  arranged,  any 
one  such  arrangement;  (rare)  alteration,  [f. 
OF  permutation  f.   L  permutationem  (foil., 

-ION)] 

permtrte,  v.t  Alter  the  order  of.  [f.  L  per- 
(mutare  change!] 

pern,  n.  HONEY-buzzard.  [irreg.  f.  Gkpter- 
nis,  kind  of  hawk] 

pepni'cious,  a.  Destructive,  ruinous,  fatal. 
Hence  perni'eiousLY2  adv.,  perni'eious- 
ness  n.  [f.  F  pernicieux  f.  L  perniciosus  (per- 
nicies  ruin  f.  PER-  +  ne;c  necis  death,  see 
-ous)] 

pepni'ckety,  a.  (colloq.).  Fastidious ;  tick- 
lish, requiring  careful  handling.    [?] 

pernocta'tion,  n.  Passing  the  night ;  (Eccl.) 
all-night  vigil,  [f.  L  pemoctatio  f.  PER(noc£are 
f.  nox  noctis  night),  see  -ation] 

pe'popate,  v.i.  Sum  up  &  conclude  speech, 
whence  peroPATiON  n. ;  speak  at  length,  [f.  L 
PER(orare  speak)] 

peppe'nd,  v.t.  (archaic).  Ponder,  consider, 
(matter  or  abs.).    If.  L  PKR(pend£re  weigh)] 

peppendi'culap,  a.  &  n.  At  right  angles  to 
plane  of  horizon ;  (loosely,  of  ascent  &c.)  very 
steep;  erect,  upright;  (facet.)  in  standing  posi- 
tion ;  (Geom.)  at  right  angles  {to  given  line, 
plane,  or  surface) ;  p.  style.  (N.)  plumb-rule  or 
other  instrument  for  showing  p.  line ;  p.  line ; 
the  p.,  p.  line  or  direction  ;  (slang)  meal  &c.  at 
which  guests  stand.  Hence  peppendicu- 
la'PiTY  n.,  peppendi'culaPLY  2  ad  v.  [f.  OF 
perpendiculer  i.  L  perpendievlaris  (perpen- 
diculum  plumb-line,  as  prec,  see  -ar1)] 

pep'petpate,  v.t.  Perform,  commit,  (crime, 
blunder,  pun  or  other  thing  viewed  as  out- 
rageous). SopeppetPA'TiON,  pep'petratoR2, 
nn.    [f .  L  VKR{petrarc  =  patrare  effect),  -ate  3] 

ueppe'tual,  a.  Eternal;  permanent  during 
life ;  applicable,  valid,  for  ever  or  for  indefinite 
time ;  p.  motion  (of  machine  that  should  go  on 
for  ever  unless  stopped  by  external  force  or 
worn  out);  continuous;  (colloq.)  frequent,  re- 
peated, as  this  p.  nagging.  Hence  perpe'tu- 
alLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  perpe'tuel  f.  L  perpetualis  f. 
perpetuus  (perh.  f.  per-  +petere  seek),  see  -al] 

peppe'tuate,  v.t.  Make  perpetual ;  preserve 
from  oblivion.  Hence  or  cogn.  peppetUANCE, 
peppetUATiON,  peppe'tuatoit2,  nn.  [f.  L 
perpetuare  (as  prec),  see -ate3] 

perpetuity,  n.  Quality  of  being  perpetual ; 
in,  to,  for,  p.,  for  ever;  perpetual  possession  or 
position  ;  perpetual  annuity.    If.  F  perpUuiU 

f.  L  perpetuitatem  (as  perpetual,  see  -ty)] 

pepple'x,  v.  t    Bewilder,  puzzle,  (person,  his 

mind);  complicate, confuse,  (matter) ;  entangle, 

intertwine,  (esp.  in  p.  p. ).   Hence  pepple'xed- 

l  y  2,  perplexingL  y  2,  ad  v  v.    [f .  obs.  perplex 

a.  f .  L  PER(»Zearwsp.p.  otplectere  plait)] 

pepple'xlty ,  n.  Be  wilderment ;  what  causes 


this ;  entangled  state,  [f.  LL  perplexitas  (as 
prec,  see  -ty)] 

pep'quisite  (-z-),  n.  Casual  profit,  esp.  (Law) 
that  coming  to  lord  of  manor  beyond  regular 
revenue ;  thing  that  has  served  its  primary  use 
and  to  which  subordinate  or  servant  has  then 
a  customary  right,  as  remains  of  the  daily 
commons  are  among  the  pp.  of  college  scouts; 
customary  gratuity,  [f.  L  PER(omrere,  quisit- 
=  quaerere  seek)  search  narrowly  for] 

pe'ppon,  n.  Platform  in  front  of  door  of 
church  or  other  large  building,  ascended  by 
steps.    [F,  f.  L  petra  stone,  see  -oon] 

pe'ppy,  n.  Drink  from  juice  of  pears  ferment- 
ed,   [f.  OF  pert"  f.  LL  pera  =  L  pirum  pear] 

pepse,  a.  &  n.  (archaic).  Bluish-grey,  bluish 
grey.    [ME,  f.  OF  pers  f.  LL  persus  etym.  dub.] 

pep'secute,  v.t.  Pursue  with  enmity  and 
injury  (esp.  holder  of  opinion  held  to  be  here- 
tical) ;  harass,  worry  ;  importune  (person  with 
questions  &c).  So  pePsecu'tiON,  per'se- 
cutOR2,  nn.  [f.  F  perstcuter  f.  L  PER(sequi 
secut-  follow)  pursue] 

persever'ance,  n.  Steadfast  pursuit  of  an 
aim,  constant  persistence,  so  pepsevep'ANT 
a.  (rare) ;  (Theol.)  continuance  in  state  of  grace, 
[f.  F  perse've'rance  f.  L  perseverantia  (as  foil, 
see  -ance)] 

persevere'  (-er),  v.i.    Continue  steadfastly, 

Sersist,  {in  course,  in  doing,  with  task,  or  abs.). 
[ence  pepsevep'ingLY 2  adv.  [f.  F  perse' - 
vbrer  f.  L  perseverare  f.  PKn{severus  severe)] 

Pep*siah(-shn),a.  &n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Persia, 
as  P.  carpet,  cat  (with  long  silky  hair  &  thick 
tail),    [an] 

pepsie'nnes  (enz),  n.  pi.  Outside  window- 
blinds  of  light  horizontal  laths.  [F,  =  Persian 
(fem.  pi.  adj.)] 

persiflage  (parsiflah'zh),  n.  Light  raillery, 
banter.  [FT  f.  PER(sifler  =  sijfler  f.  L  sibilare 
whistle),  see  -age] 

persi'mmon,  n.  American  date-plum,  yel- 
low fruit  becoming  sweet  when  softened  by 
frost    [corrupt,  of  native  name] 

pepsi'st  (-si-),  v.i.  Continue  firmly  or  obstin- 
ately {in  opinion,  course,  doing)  esp.  against 
remonstrance  &c  Hence  or  cogn.  pepsi'st- 
ence,  pepsi'stENCY,  nn.,  persi'stENT  a., 
pepsi'stentLY2  adv.    [f.  L  PER(sistere  stand)] 

pep'son  (-sn),  n.  Individual  human  being ; 
(contempt.)  who  is  this  p.  ? ;  young  p.,  young 
man  or  (usu.)  woman;  living  body  of  human 
being,  as  he  had  a  fine  p.,  attracted  by  her  for- 
tune not  her  p.;  acting,  appearing,  in  his  own 
(proper)  p.  or  in  p.  (himself,  personally) ;  found 
a  friend  in  {the  p.  of)  his  landlord ;  (Law)  hu- 
man being  {natural  p.)  or  body  corporate  {arti- 
ficial p.)  with  recognized  rights  &  duties; 
character  in  play  or  story ;  the  three  pp.  (modes 
of  being)  of  the  Godhead,  Father,  Son,  Holy 
Spirit;  (Gram.)  each  of  the  three  classes  of 
personal  pronouns  &c.  denoting  respectively 
the  p.  &c  speaking  (first  p.),  spoken  to  (second 
p.),  k  spoken  of  (third  p.) ;  (Zool.)  individual  of 
a  compound  or  colonial  organism,  [f.  OF  per- 
sone  f.  L  persona  player's  mask,  character  in 
play,  (LL)  human  being,  perh.  cogn.  w.  per- 
(sonare  sound)] 

persd'na,  n.  Person,  as :  p.  grata,  accept- 
able person  ;  in  5  propria  persona.    [L] 

pep'sonable,  a.  Handsome,  comely,  [j-able] 

per'sonage,  n.  Person  of  rank  or  impor- 
tance ;  person ;  character  in  play  &c.  [OF,= 
med.L  personatieum  (as  person,  see  -age)] 

pep'sonal,  a.  One's  own,  individual,  pri- 
vate, as  to  stiit  his  p.  convenience,  this  is  p.  to 
myself;  done,  made,  &c,  in  person,  asp.  service, 
acquaintance,  interview;  directed,  referring, 


PERSONALITY 


612 


PESSARY 


(esp.  hostilely)  to  an  individual,  as  p.  abuse, 
remarks ;  making,  given  to  making,  p.  remarks, 
as  do  not  let  us  become  p.;  (Law)  p.  property, 
estate,  chattels  or  chattel  interests  in  land,  all 

{)roperty  except  land  and  those  interests  in 
and  that  pass  to  one's  heir,  (cf.  real)  ;  (Gram.) 
of,  denoting,  one  of  the  three  persons,  esp.  p. 
pronouns.    [OF,  f.  Lpersonalis  (person,  -al)] 

personality,  n.  Being  a  person  ;  personal 
existence  or  identity ;  distinctive  personal 
character ;  person  ;  (of  remarks)  fact  of  being 
aimed  at  an  individual,(usu.  pi. )  such  remark(s); 
(rare)  =  personalty.  [f.  OF  personalty  t 
med.L  personalitatem  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

pep'sonalize,  v.t.  Personify.  Hence  pep- 
sonalizA'TioN  n.    [personal  +  -izeI 

pep'sonally,  adv.  In  person,  in  one's  own 
person,  as  he  conducted  them  p.,  a  p.-conducted 
tour  (conducted  by  some  one  in  person),  writ 
was  served  on  them  p. ;  a  God  existing  p.  (as  a 
person) ;  for  one's  own  part,  asp.  I  see  no  objec- 
tion.   [-LY2] 

pep-sonalty,  n.  Personal  estate,  [f.  AF 
personaltie  personality] 

pep'sonate1  (-at),  a.  (bot.).  Having  the 
opening  of  the  lips  closed  by  upward  projection 
of  the  lower,  as  in  snapdragon,  [f.  L  persona- 
tus  masked  (as  foil.,  see  -ate  2)] 

per-sonate  2,  v.t.  Play  the  part  of  (charac- 
ter in  drama,  also  fig.) ;  pretend  to  be  (person) 
esp.  for  fraudulent  purpose.  Hence  person- 
ation,  per*sonatoR-,  nn.  [f.  LL  personare 
(as  person),  see  -ate  a] 

pepsdnifica'tion,  n.  Personifying ;  person, 
thing,  viewed  as  striking  example  or  embodi- 
ment of  (quality  &c).    [f.  foil.,  see  -ficationJ 

persd'nify,  v.t.  Attribute  personal  nature 
to  (abstraction) ;  symbolize  (quality)  by  figure 
in  human  form  ;  embody  (quality)  in  one's  own 
person,  exemplify  typically,  (esp.  in  p.p.).  [prob. 
f.  F  personnilier,  see  person  &  -fy] 

personnel,  n.  Body  of  persons  engaged  esp. 
in  public  institution.  [F,=PERSONAL,adj.  as  n.] 

pepspe'ctive,  n.  &  a.  Art  of  delineating 
solid  objects  on  plane  surface  so  as  to  give  same 
impression  of  relative  positions,  magnitudes, 
&c,  as  the  actual  objects  do  when  viewed  from 
particular  point;  picture  so  drawn  ;  apparent 
relation  between  visible  objects  as  to  position, 
distance,&c. ;  J  mear  p.  (concerned  withapparent 
form,  magnitude,  &  position,  of  objects) ;  (fig.) 
relation  in  which  parts  of  subject  are  viewed 
by  the  mind ;  view,  prospect,  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  in 
(drawn  according  to  rules  of) p.;  (adj.) of,  in,  p., 
whence  pepspe'etivei.Y  2  adv.  [f.  med.L 
perspectiva  (ars  art)  f.  PER(sp£cere  sped-  look), 
see  -ive) 

pepspica'cious,  a.  Having  mental  pene- 
tration or  discernment.  Hence  or  cogn.  pep- 
spiea'ciousLY2adv.,  pepspica'ciTY  n.  [f. 
L  perspicax  (as prec,  see  -acious)] 

pepspi*cuous,a.  Easily  understood,  clearly 
expressed;  (of  person)  clear  in  expression. 
Hence  or  cogn.  pepspieu'iTY,  pepspi'cu- 
ousness,  nn.,  persprcuousi.v-  adv.  [f.  L 
perspicuus  (as  prec),  +  -ous] 

pepspip'able,  a.  Allowing  the  passage  of 
perspiration  ;  that  can  be  thrown  off  in  per- 
spiration,   [f.  perspire  -f  -able] 

pepspipa'tion,  n.  Sweating ;  sweat.  So 
pepspip-atORY  a.    [F  (as  foil.,  -ation)] 

peps  pipe',  v.i.  &  t.  Sweat ;  (trans.)  give  off 
(liquid)  through  pores  in  form  of  vapour  or 
moisture,  [f.  L  PER(spimre  breathe)  breathe, 
(of  wind)  blow] 

persua-de  (swad),  v.t.  Convince,  (person, 
oneself,  of  fact,  that  thing  is  so) ;  induce  (per- 
son to  do,  into  action) ;  (p.p.)  convinced   (of 


thing,  that).  Hence  or  cogn.  pePSua'dABLE, 
pepsua'siBLE,  aa. ,  pepsuasiBi  'lit  y  n.  [f.  L 
PER(suadere  suas-  advise)] 

pepsua'sion  (-swazhn),  n.  Persuading ;  per- 
suasiveness ;  conviction,  as  it  is  my  private  p. 
that  he  is  mad  ;  religious  belief ;  sect  holding 
this,  as  he  is  of  the  Roman  Catholic  p.;  (facet.) 
race,  kind,  sort,  as  a  man  of  the  Jewish  p.  (Jew), 
no  one  of  the  male  p.  was  there,  [f .  hpe?'suasio 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

pepsua'sive,  a.  &  n.  Able  to  persuade,  win- 
ning ;  (n.)  motive,  inducement.  Hence  pep- 
sua*siveLY2adv.,  pepsua'siveNESs  n.  [f. 
med.L  persuasivus  (as  persuade,  see  -ive)] 

pert,  a.  Forward,  saucy,  in  speech  or  con- 
duct. Hence  pep'tLY2  adv.,  pep'tNESS  n. 
[earlier  (&  OF)  apert  f.  L  (1)  apertus  p.p.  of 
aperire  open  (2)  expertus  expert] 

pertai'n,  v.i.  Belong  as  part,  appendage,  or 
accessory,  to ;  be  appropriate  to ;  have  refer- 
ence, relate,  to.  [f.  OF  partenir  L  L  PER(tinere 
=  tenere  hold)] 

peptina'cious,  a.  Stubborn,  persistent, 
obstinate.  Hence  or  cogn.  peptina'cious ly  2 
adv.,  peptina'ciousNESS,  pertina'cir  y,  nn. 
[f.  L  PER(tinax  =  tenax  tenacious)] 

pep'tinent,  a.  &  n.  Pertaining,  relevant, 
apposite,  (to  matter  in  hand  &c.) ;  to  the  point; 
(n.,  usu.  pi.)  appurtenance(s).  Hence  or  cogn. 
pep'tinENCE,  pep'tinENCY,  nn.,  pep'tin- 
entLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  pertain,  see  -ent] 

peptup*b,  v.t.  Throw  into  (physical)  con- 
fusion ;  disturb  mentally,  agitate.  So  pep- 
tupbATioN  n.,  peptup'batiVE  (or  pert-)  a. 
[f.  L  PER(turbare  disturb)] 

pepu'ke  (ook),  n.  Wig.  [f.  F  perruque  f. 
It.  perruca,  parrucca,  perh.  ult.  f.  L  pilus  hair] 

pepu'se  (-ooz),  v.t.  Read  thoroughly  or  care- 
fully; read;  (fig.)  examine  (person's  face  &c) 
carefully.  Hence  pePU'SAL(-zl)n.  [(in  earlier 
sense  '  use  up ')  pjsr-  +  use] 

Pepu'vian  (-oo),  a.  Of  Peru ;  P.  bark  (of 
cinchona  tree),   [f.  mod.LPerum'aPeru-f-  -an] 

perva'de,  v.t.  Spread  through,  permeate, 
saturate,  (often  fig.  of  influences  &c).  Hence 
or  cogn.  pepva'siON  (-zhn),  pepva'siveNESS 
(-s-),  nn.,pepva*sivEa.,  pepva*siveLY2adv. 
[f.  L  PER(vadere  vas-  go)] 

pepvep'se,  a.  Persistent  in  error ;  different 
from  what  is  reasonable  or  required;  wayward; 
peevish;  perverted, wicked ;  (of  verdict) against 
weightof  evidence  or  judge's  direction.  Hence 
or  cogn.  pepvep*seLY2adv.,  pepvep'seNESS, 
pePvep'siTY,  nn.    [F  (-?•«,  -rse),  f.  L  as  foil.] 

pepvep't1,  v.t.    Turn  aside  (thing)  from  its 

R roper  use ;  misconstrue,  misapply,  ( words  &c ) ; 
jad  astray  (person,  mind)  from  right  opinion 
or  conduct  or  esp.  religious  belief.  Hence  or 
cogn.  pepvep*siON  n.,  pepveP'sivE  a.  [f.  F 
pervertir  f.  L  PERivertere  vers-  turn)] 

pep'vept2,  n.  Perverted  person,  apostate, 
[f.  prec,  cf.  convert] 

pep'vious,  a.  Affording  passage  (to) ;  per- 
meable ;  (fig.)  accessible  (treason  &c).  Hence 
pep'viousNESS  n.  [f.  L  per(vius  t  via  way) 
+  -ous] 

pese'ta  (-sa-),  n.  Spanish  silver  coin  worth 
about  lOd.    [Sp.] 

Peshi'to,  -itta,  (she),  n.  Principal  ancient 
Syriac  version  of  O.  &  N.T.  [f.  Syriac  p'shit(t)d, 
-6,  simple] 

peshwa  (pa'shwah),  n.  (hist.).  Hereditary 
sovereign  (earlier,  chief  minister)  of  the  Man- 
ratta  state.    [Pers.,=  chief] 

peso  (pa'so),  n.  Silver  coin  worth  about  is., 
used  in  most  S.-Amer.  republics.    [Sp.] 

pe'ssapy,  n.  (med.).  Instrument  worn  in  the 
vagina  to  prevent  uterine  displacements,    [f. 


PESSIMISM 


613 


PETTY 


med.L pessarium  f.  L.  f.  Gkpessos  oval  stone 
used  in  game  like  draughts] 

pessimism,  n.  Tendency  to  look  at  the 
worst  aspect  of  things  (cf.  optimism)  ;  doctrine 
that  this  world  is  the  worst  possible,  or  that  all 
things  tend  to  evil.  So  pe'ssim i s  r  n. ,  pessi- 
mistic a. ,  pessimistic  ally  adv.  If.  L  pes- 
simus  worst  +  -ism] 

pest,  n.  Troublesome  or  destructive  person, 
animal,  or  thing ;  (now  rare)  pestilence ;  p.- 
house,  hospital  for  plague  &c.  [f.  Fpeste  f.  L 
pestis  plague] 

pe'ster,  v.t.  Trouble,  plague,  [perh.  f.  F 
BM(pestrer  f.  L  pastorium  tether,  as  pastor)] 

pes ti*f erou s,  a.  Noxious,  pestilential ;  (fig. ) 
bearing  moral  contagion,  pernicious,  [f .  L  pes- 
tijer  (as  pest,  see  -ferous)] 

pestilence,  n.  Any  fatal  epidemic  disease, 
esp.  bubonic  plague.  So  pestile'nti  al  a.  [F, 
f.  L  pestilentia  (as  foil.,  see  -ence)] 

pe'stilent,  a.  Destructive  to  life,  deadly; 
(fig.)  injurious  to  morals  &c;  (colloq.)  trouble- 
some, plaguy.  Hence  pe*stilentLY2adv.  If. 
L  pestilens  (also  -lentus)  f.  pestis  plague] 

pe'stle  (-si),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Club-shaped  in- 
strument for  pounding  substances  in  a  mortar ; 
kinds  of  appliance  for  pounding   &c. ;    (v.t.) 

Eound  (as)  with  p.;  (v.i.)  use  p.  [f.  OF pestel  f. 
i  pistillum  {pinsere  pist-  pound)] 

pet1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Animal  tamed  &  kept  as 
favourite  or  treated  with  fondness ;  darling, 
favourite,  (often  attrib.);  one's  p.  aversion, 
what  one  specially  dislikes ;  p.  name,  one  ex- 
pressing fondness  or  familiarity ;  (v.t.)  treat  as 
a  p.,  fondle.    [?] 

pet2,  n.  Offence  at  being  slighted,  ill-hu- 
mour, esp.  take  (usu.  the)  p.,  be  in  a  p.    [?] 

pe'tal,  n.  Each  of  the  divisions  of  the  co- 
rolla of  a  flower.  Hence  petaliNE  (-in),  (-)pe*- 
tal(l)ED2,  pe'taloiD,  aa.  [f.  Gk  petalon  thin 
plate,  leaf,  {pet-  spread)] 

pe'talon,  n.  Gold  plate  on  mitre  of  Jewish 
high  priest,    [as  petal] 

petap'd,  n.  Small  engine  of  war  formerly 
used  to  blow  in  door  &c;  kind  of  firework, 
cracker ;  hoist2  with  his  own  p.  [f.  F  petard 
(pe'ter  break  wind  ult,  f.  L  pedere,  see  -ard)] 

pe'tasus,  n.  Ancient  Greek  low-crowned 
broad-brimmed  hat,  esp.  as  worn  by  Hermes ; 
winged  hat  of  Hermes.    [L,  f.  Gk  petasos] 

petaup'ist,  n.  Genus  of  marsupials  most  of 
which  have  a  parachute  enabling  them  to  take 
flying  leaps,  [f.  Gk  petauristes  performer  on 
spring-board  {petauron)] 

Pe'ter1,  n.  A  male  Christian  name ;  St  P., 
one  of  Christ's  disciples  ;  rob  P.  to  pay  Paul, 
take  away  from  one  to  give  to  another,  dis- 
charge one  debt  by  incurring  another;  blue 
P.;  P.'sfish,  haddock  or  other  fish  with  marks 
supposed  to  have  been  made  by  St  P.'s  thumb 
&  finger ;  P.-penny,  P.'s-penny  or pence,  (Hist.) 
annual  tax  of  penny  paid  to  papal  see,  (since 
1860)  voluntary  payments  to  papal  treasury, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Petros  stone] 

pe'tep2,  v.i.  (slang).  (Of  stream,  vein  of  ore, 
&  fig.)  p.  out,  give  out,  come  to  an  end.    [?] 

pe'tersham  (sh-),  n.  Thick  ribbed  or  corded 
silk  ribbon ;  heavy  overcoat  or  breeches  former- 
ly worn ;  cloth  for  these.    [Viscount  P.,  c.  1812] 

pe'tiole,  n.  (bot.).  Leaf-stalk.  Hence  pe'- 
tiolARi,  pe*tiolATE2(2),  aa,  [f.  L  petiolus 
little  foot,  stalk] 

petit  (pete"),  a.  Petits-chevaux  (-vo),  a  gam- 
bling game ;  p.-maitre  (matr),  dandy,  coxcomb  ; 
p.  mal,  mild  form  of  epilepsy ;  p.  souper  (soopa), 
informal  supper  for  a  few  intimates ;  petits 
soins,  small  attentions  ;  p.  verre  (var),  glass  of 
liqueur.    [F,  =  little] 


peti'tio  (-tishio,  -titio),  n.  P.  principii,  beg- 
ging the  question.    [L,  as  foil.] 

peti'tion  (-tishn),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Asking, 
supplication,  request ;  formal  written  supplica- 
tion from  one  or  more  persons  to  sovereign  &c. ; 
(Hist.)  P.  &  Advice,  Parliament's  remonstrance 
to  Cromwell,  1657,  P.  of  Might,  parliamentary 
declaration  of  rights  &  liberties  of  the  people 
assented  to  by  Charles  I  in  1628 ;  (Law)  kinds 
of  formal  written  application  to  a  court ;  (v.t.) 
make  p.  to  (sovereign  &c.  for  thing,  to  do) ; 
(v.i.)  ask  humbly  {for  thing,  to  be  allowed  to 
do  &c).  Hence  or  cogn.  peti'tion ary  *  a., 
peti'tionER l  n.  [f.  F  petition  f.  hpetitionem 
{petere  -tit-  seek,  see  -ion)] 

pe'tpel,  n.  (Also  storm-p.,  stormy  p.)  small 
sea-bird  with  black  &  white  plumage  &  long 
wings,    [perh.  f.  St  peter  +  -rel] 

petpifa'etion,  n.  Petrifying ;  petrified  sub- 
stance or  mass,  [irreg.  f.  foil.,  see  -faction  ; 
the  reg.  petrification  is  now  rare] 

pe'tpify,  v.t.  &  i.  Convert  into  stone  ;  (fig.) 
paralyse,  stupefy,  with  astonishment,  terror, 
&c;  deprive  (mind,  doctrine,  &c.)  of  vitality, 
stiffen;  (intr.)  turn  into  stone  (lit.  &  fig.).  Lf. 
F  pttrifieri.  L  f.  Gk  petra  rock,  see  -fv] 

petpo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  petra  rock,  as :  -glyph, 
rock-carving;  -grrap/i,rock-inscription;  -graphy, 
scientific  description  of  formation  &  composi- 
tion of  rocks,  so  -grapher  n.,  -gra'phic{al)  aa.; 
-logy,  study  of  origin,  structure,  &c,  of  rocks, 
so  -lo'gic(al)  aa.,  -lo'gically  adv.,  -logist  n. 

pe'tpol,  n..  &  v.t.  Refined  petroleum  as  used 
in  motor-cars  &c;  (v.t.)  supply  (motor)  with 
this.    [f.  Fpttrole  f.  foil.] 

petPO'leum,  n.  Mineral  oil  found  in  rocks 
or  on  surface  of  water,  used  for  illumination  & 
mechanical  power,  [med.  L  (L  &  Gk  petra  rock 
+  L  oleum  oil)] 

petroleur  (petroler'),  n.  (fern,  -euse  pron.  -erz). 
Incendiary  who  uses  petroleum.    [F] 

petpo'lic,  a.    Of  petrol  or  petroleum,    [-ic] 

pe'tpolin,  n.  Oil  got  from  petroleum  ;  sub- 
stance got  from  Rangoon  petroleum,    [-in] 

petponel,  n.  (hist.).  Large  pistol  used  esp. 
by  horse-soldiers  in  16-17th  cc.  [f.  F  petrinal 
{poitrine  chest,  ult.  f.  L pectus  -oris,  see  -al); 
the  butt  end  rested  against  chest  in  firing] 

pe'tpous,  a.  Of,  like,  rock,  esp.  (Anat.)  ap- 
plied to  hard  part  of  the  temporal  bone.  [f.  L 
petrosus  (L  &  Gk  petra  rock,  see  -ous)] 

petticoat,  n.  Skirt  dependent  from  waist, 
worn  by  women,  girls,  &  young  boys,  either 
externally  or  beneath  gown  or  frock;  have 
known  him  ever  since  he  was  in  pp.  (a  small 
child);  she  is  a  Cromwellinpp.  (in  all  butsex); 
woman, girl, (pi.)  female  sex;  (attrib.)  feminine, 
esp.  p.  government,  predominance  of  woman  in 
the  home  or  in  politics.  Hence  pe*tticoatED  2, 
pe'tticoatLESS,  aa.    [earlier  petty  coat] 

pe'ttifog,  v.i.  Practise  legal  chicaner}- ; 
quibble,  wrangle,  about  petty  points,  [prob. 
back-formation  f.  foil.] 

pe'ttifog-g-ep,  n.  Inferior  legal  practitioner ; 
rascally  attorney  ;  petty  practitioner  in  any  de- 
partment. Hence  pe*ttifogrg,ERY(4)  n.,  pe*t- 
tifog-giNG2  a.    [f.  petty  ;  -fogger  unexpl.] 

pe'ttish,  a.  Peevish,  petulant,  easily  put 
out,  Hence  pe'ttishLY2  adv.,  pe'ttishNESS 
n.    [f.  pet  2  +  -ish  *] 

pettitoes,  n.  pi.    Pig's  trotters.    [?] 

pe'tto,  n.  In  p.,  in  one's  own  breast,  in  se- 
cret.   [It.,  f.  Jjpectus] 

pe'tty,  a.  Unimportant,  trivial ;  little-mind- 
ed ;  minor,  inferior,  on  a  small  scale,  as  p. 
princes,  farmers ;  p.  cash,  small  cash  items  of 
receipt  or  expenditure ;  p.  officer,  officer  in  navy 
corresponding  in  rank  to  N.C.O. ;  p.  jury,  lar- 


PETULANT 614 

ceny,  session.   Hence  pe*ttiLY2adv.,  pe'tti 
ness  n.    [earlier petit  L  F  petit  etym.  dub.] 
'  ""iilant,  a.    Peevishly  impatient  or  ir 
Hence  or  cogn.  pe'tulANCE  n.,  pe'tu- 


PHENOMENAL 


pe'tulant,  a.  Peevishly  impatient  or  irrit- 
able.   Hence  or  cogn. 

lantLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  petulant  f.  L  petulantem 
(*petulare  dim.  of  petere  seek,  see  -ant)] 

petu'nia,  n.  Plant  with  white,  purple,  or 
violet  flowers  of  funnel  shape;  dark  violet, 
purple,  (esp.  attrib.).  [f.  F  petun  f.  S.-Amer. 
pety  tobacco] 

petu'ntse  (-don-,  -un-),  n.  White  earth  used 
in  China  for  making  porcelain,  [f.  Chin,  pai- 
tun-tze  \pai  white  +  tun  stone  +  suf.  -tze)] 

pew  (pu),  n.,  &  v.t.  Place  (often  enclosed  & 
raised)  in  church  appropriated  to  a  family 
{family  p.)  or  others ;  fixed  bench  with  back  in 
church ;  p.-rent  (for  p.  or  seats  in  church) ; 
(v.t.)  furnish  with  pp.,  enclose  in  p.  Hence 
pew*AGE(4)  n.,  pew'LESS  a.  [ME  puwe  prob. 
f.  OF  puye  balcony  f.  L  podia  pi.  of  podium 
f.  Gk  podion  pedestal  (pous podos  foot)] 

pewit,  peewit,  (pe'wlt,  pu'it),  n.  Lapwing ; 
its  cry  ;  p.  (gull),  black-headed  gull,    [imit.1 

pewter  (pu-),  n.  Grey  alloy  of  tin  &  lead  or 
other  metal ;  utensils  of  this  ;  p.  pot ;  (slang) 
prize-money.  [ME  &  OF  peutre,  It.  peltro, 
etym.  dub.  J 

pfennig1,  -ing,  n.  Small  German  copper 
coin  worth  £  of  English  penny.  [G,  cogn.  w. 
penny] 

phaeton  (fa'itn,  fa  In),  n.  Light  four-wheeled 
open  carriage  usu.  drawn  by  pair  of  horses, 
[f.  Gk  Phaethon,  son  of  Helios  (Sun-god)  and 
famous  for  bad  driving  of  sun  chariot] 

phaged(a)e*na  (-j-,  -g-),  n.  Spreading  ulcer. 
So  phag-edae'nic,  -denic,  a.  [L,  f.  Gk 
phagedatna  (phag-  eat)] 

pha'goeyte,  n.  Leucocyte  capable  of  guard- 
ing the  system  against  infection  by  absorbing 
microbes,   [f.  Gk  phag-  eat  +  -o-  +  -cyte] 

-phagous  in  comb.=Gk.  -phagos  -eating  + 
-ous. 

pha'lange  (j),  n.    See  phalanx. 

phalangeal,  a.  (anat).  Of  a  phalanx.  [-al] 

phala'nger  (-j-),  n.  Kinds  of  Australian 
marsupial  of  arboreal  habits,  e.  g.  flying-squirrel 
or  -opossum,  [f.  Gk  phalaggion  spider  s  web 
(phalanx),  from  webbed  toes  of  hind  feet] 

phalanstery,  n.  (Buildings  of )  socialistic 
phalanx.  Hence  phalanster'iAN  a.  &  n. 
[f.  F phalanstere  f.  foil,  after  monastere] 

pha'lanx,  n.  (pi.  pha'lanxes,  phala'nges). 
(Gk  Ant.)  line  of  battle,  esp.  body  of  Mace- 
donian infantry  drawn  up  in  close  order ;  set 
of  persons  banded  together  for  common  pur- 
pose ;  socialistic  community  of  about  1800  per- 
sons as  proposed  by  Fourier;  (Anat.,  also  pha'- 
lange) each  bone  of  finger  or  toe ;  (Bot.)  bundle 
of  stamens  united  by  filaments.  [L,  f.  Gk 
phalagx  -ggos] 

pha'larope,  n.  Kinds  of  small  wading  and 
swimming  bird  allied  to  snipe.  [F,  irreg.  f.  Gk 
phalaris  coot  +  pous  foot] 

pha'llus,  n.  (pi.  -i).  Image  of  the  penis,  vene- 
rated in  religious  systems  as  symbolizing  gene- 
rative power  in  nature.  Hence  or  cogn.  pha'l- 
lic  a.,  pha*ll(ie)iSM(3)  nn.    [L,  f.  Gk  phallos] 

phana-riot,  n.     Resident  in   the   Phanar 

?iuarter  of  Constantinople ;  member  of  the 
5  reek  official  class  under  the  Turks,  [f.  mod. 
Gk  phanariotes  (phanari  lighthouse  f.  Gk 
phanarion,  see  -ot2)] 

pha-nerogam,  n.  (bot.).  Plant  that  has 
stamens  &  pistils,  flowering  plant,  (cf.  crypto- 
gam). Sophaneroga*mic,  phanerd'gam- 
°F?.  ,*•  lf-  F  phanirogame  f.  Gk  phaneros 
visible  +  -gamos  -married] 

pha-nsigar.n.  Thug.  [Hind,  (phansi noose)] 


pha'ntasm  (-zm),  n.  Illusion,  phantom ;  il- 
lusive likeness  (of) ;  (Psychics)  supposed  vision 
of  absent  (living  or  dead)  person.  Hence 
phanta'smAL,  phanta'smic,  aa.,  phan- 
ta'smalLY 2  adv.  [f.  F  fantasme  f.  L  f.  Gk 
phantasma  (phantazo  make  visible  f.  phan- 
stem  otphaino  show,  see  -m)] 

phantasmagoria,  n.  Exhibition  of  optical 
illusions  in  London  in  1802 ;  shifting  scene  of 
real  or  imagined  figures.  Hence  phantas- 
magd'ric  a.    [f.  prec.  +  Gk  agora  assembly] 

pha'ntom,  n.  Apparition,  spectre ;  image 
(of) ;  vain  show,  form  without  substance  or 
reality;  mental  illusion;  (attrib.)  apparent, 
illusive,  as  p.  tumour,  temporary  swelling. 
[ME  &  OF  fantosme  phantasm] 

Phar'aoh  (-ro),  n.  Generic  name  of  ancient 
Egyptian  kings ;  P.'s  serpent,  chemical  toy 
fusing  in  serpentine  form.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Pharao 
ult.  f.  Egypt,  pr'o  great  house] 

Pha'risee,  n.  One  of  ancient  Jewish  sect 
distinguished  by  strict  observance  of  tradi- 
tional &  written  law  &  pretensions  to  sanctity; 
self-righteous  person,  formalist,  hypocrite. 
Hence  or  cogn.  Pharisa'ic(AL)  aa.,  Phari- 
sa'iealLY2  adv.,  Pha'risaiSM  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
Pharisaios  ult.  f.  Heb.  parush  separated] 

pharmaceutical  (-su-,  -ku-), a.  Of,  engaged 
in,  pharmacy ;  of  the  use  or  sale  of  medicinal 
drugs.  Hence  or  cogn.  pharmaeeu'tiealLY2 
adv.,  pharmaceutics  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  phar- 
makeutikos  (pharmakeutes  druggist  f .  pharma- 
kon  drug)  +  -al] 

pharmaeo'logy,  n.  Theory  of  pharmacy. 
Hence  pharmaco'IogiST  n.  [f.  Gkpharma- 
kon  drug  +  -logy] 

pharmacopoeia  (-pea),  n.  Book  (esp.  one 
officially  published)  containing  list  of  drugs 
with  directions  for  use ;  stock  of  drugs.  Hence 
pharmacopoe'iAL  a.  [f.  Gk pharmakopoiia 
(as  prec.  +  -poiia  making  f.  poieo  make)] 

phar'maey,  n.  Preparation  &  (esp.  medi- 
cinal) dispensing  of  drugs  ;  drug-store,  dispen- 
sary, [f.  OF  farmacie  f.  LL  f.  Gk  pharmakeia 
practice  of  the  druggist  (pharmakeus  f.  phar- 
makqn  drug)] 

phar'ds,  n.  Lighthouse  or  beacon  to  guide 
mariners.  [L  f.  GkiPharos,  island  off  Alexan- 
dria, lighthouse  on  this] 

pharyngo-  in  comb.  =foll.,  as :  -cele,  abnor- 
mal enlargement  at  base  of  pharynx ;  -tomy, 
incision  into  pharynx. 

pha'rynx,  n.  Cavity,  with  enclosing  muscles 
&  mucous  membrane,  behind  &  communicating 
with  nose,  mouth,  &  larynx.  Hence  phar- 
yngALj  pharyngeAL  (j-),  aa.,  pharyn- 
gi'Tis  (-J-)  n.    [f.  Gk  pharugx  -ggos] 

phase  (-z),  n.  Aspect  of  moon  or  planet, 
according  to  amount  of  illumination  (esp. 
applied  to  new  moon,  first  quarter,  full  moon, 
last  quarter) ;  stage  of  change  or  development. 
Hence  pha'sic  a.  [f.  Gk  phasis  appearance 
(phan-  show),  also  in  E  w.  pi.  pron.  -sez] 

phea'sant  (fez-),  n.  A  game-bird  naturalized 
in  Britain  &  other  parts  of  Europe  ;  p.-eyed,  (of 
flowers)  marked  like  p.'s  eye.  [AF  fesant,  f.  L 
f.  Gk  Phasianos  (bird)  of  the  river  Phasis] 

phen(o)-  in  comb.  =  Gk  phainos  shining 
(phan-  show),  in  chem.  names  of  substances 
derived  from  coal-tar  (orig.  in  manufacture  of 
illuminating  gas),  as :  phena'cetin,  an  anti- 
pyretic ;  phe'nol,  carbolic  acid ;  phe'nyl,  radical 
found  in  benzene,  phenol,  &c. 

phenology,  n.     Study  of  the  times  of  re- 
curring natural  phenomena  esp.  in  relation  to 
climatic  conditions.   So  phenolo'giCAL  a.  [f. 
phenomenon  +  -logy] 
I   phenomenal,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  a  phe- 


PHENOMENALISM 


615 


PHLEGM 


nomenon,  sensible,  perceptible;  concerned 
■with  phenomena;  remarkable,  prodigious. 
Hence  phenomenalLY  2  adv.    [-al] 

pheno*men(al)ism,  n.  Doctrine  that  phe- 
nomena are  the  only  objects  of  knowledge.  So 
pheno*men(al)isT  n. ,  phenomen(al)i*stic 
a.    [prec.  +  -ism] 

pheno'menalize,  v.t.  Conceive,  represent, 
as  phenomenal,    [-ize] 

phenomenon,  n.  (pi.  -na).  Thing  that  ap- 
pears or  is  perceived,  esp.  thing  the  cause  of 
which  is  in  question;  (Philos.)  that  of  which 
the  senses  or  mind  directly  takes  note,  im- 
mediate object  of  perception ;  remarkable  per- 
son, thing,  occurrence,  &c.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  phai- 
nomenon  neut.  part,  of  phainomai  appear] 

phew,  int.  expr.  impatience  or  disgust. 

phi'al,  n.  Small  glass  bottle,  esp.  for  liquid 
medicine,  [f.  Ffiole  f.  L  f.  Gk  phiale  broad  flat 
vessel] 

phil-  in  comb.  =  philo-  before  vowel  or  h. 

-phil,  -phile,  suf.  forming  nn.  w.  sense  'lover 
of '  (also  adjj.  =  loving),  as  bibliophil(e),  Russo- 
phil(e),  gastrophil(e) ;  repr.  Gk  philos  dear,  in 
Gk  found  as  suf.  only  in  personal  names  w. 
sense  'dear  to'  (Diphilos  dear  to  Zeus),  the 
sense  'loving'  being  given  in  Gk  by  philo-. 
Hence  -philous  a. 

philander,  v.i.  Make  love  esp.  in  trifling 
manner,  dangle  after  woman.  Hence  phil- 
a'ndePER ]  n.  [f.  philander  n.  f.  Gk  vmUand- 
ros  f.  aner  man)  prop.  =  fond  of  men,  taken  in 
sense  'lover'] 

phi'lan thrope,  n.  =  philanthropist,  [f. 
Gk  ph  i  Uanthropos  man)] 

philanthropic,  a.  Loving  one's  fellow 
men,  benevolent,  humane.  Hence  philan- 
thro'piCALLY  adv.  [f.  F  philanthropique  (as 
prec,  see  -ic)] 

philanthropist,  n.  Lover  of  mankind;  one 
who  exerts  himself  for  the  well-being  of  his 
fellow  men.  So  philanthropise  n.  (f. 
philanthropy  +  -ist] 

philanthropize,  v.i.  &  t.  Practise  philan- 
thropy ;  make  (persons)  objects  of  this ;  make 
philanthropic,    [-ize] 

philanthropy,  n.  Love,  practical  benevo- 
lence, towards  mankind,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  phil- 
anthropia  (as  philanthrope)] 

phlla'tely,  n.  Stamp-collecting.  Hence 
philate-lic  a.,  phila'teliST  n.  [f.  F  phil- 
iaUlie  f.  Gk  ateleia  exemption  from  payment 
f.  a-  not  +  telos  toll,  tax)] 

philharmonic,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  fond  of 
music,    [f.  F  vmUharmonique  harmonic)] 

phi'lhellene(-en),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  loving  or 
friendly  to  the  Greeks  or  supporting  the  cause 
of  Greek  independence.  So  philhellenic  a., 
philhe'lleniSM,  philhe'lleniST,  nn.  [f.  Gk 
vuuAellen  =  Hellen  Greek)] 

phili'ppic,  n.  (PI.)  orations  of  Demosthenes 
against  Philip  of  Macedon,  Cicero's  orations 
against  Antony  ;  bitter  invective,  ff.  L  f.  Gk 
philippikos  (Philippos  Philip,  see  -ic)l 

philippina(-pe-),  -pine  (en),  philopoe*- 
na,  n.  Almond  or  other  nut  with  double 
kernel,  the  finding  of  which  at  dessert  &c.  & 
sharing  it  with  another  person  involves  the 
giving  or  receiving  of  a  present  at  next  meet- 
ing ;  the  present ;  the  custom,  [perh.  f.  G  viel- 
liebchen  darling  (viel  much  +  liebchen  dim.  of 
lieb  dear)]^ 

Phi'listine,  n.  &  a.  One  of  an  alien  warlike 
people  in  S.  Palestine  who  harassed  the  Israel- 
ites ;  (facet.)  enemy  into  whose  hands  one  may 
fall,  e.  g.  bailiff,  critic,  &c;  (in  German  univv., 
after  G  philister)  non-student,  outsider ;  un- 
cultured person,  one  whose  interests  are  mate- 


rial &  commonplace,  whence  Phi'listiniSM 
n.;  (adj.)  uncultured,  commonplace,  prosaic, 
[f.  F  Philistin  f.  LL  f.  Gk  Philistinos  =  Palais- 
linos  f .  Assyr.  Palastu,  Pilistu] 

philo-  in  comb,  (before  vowel  or  h,  phil-)  = 
Gk  philos,  lover  of,  friend  of,  in  wds  f.  Gk  & 
mod.  formations,  as:  -bi'blic,  fond  of  books; 
-gtfnist  (-j-),  lover  of  women ;  -math,  lover  of 
learning,  esp.  of  mathematics  ;  -progenitive, 
prolific,(Phrenol.)lovingone'soffspring,  whence 
-progenitiveness ;  -te'ehnic,  fond  of  (esp.  the  in- 
dustrial) arts. 

philo'logy,  n.  Science  of  language;  (now 
rare)  love  of*  learning  &  literature.  Hence 
philo'logER !,  philolo'g'iAV,  philo'logiST, 
nn.,  philolo'g'iCA  ra.,  philolo*glealLY2adv., 
philo-log"izEi2)  v.i.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  PHiLO(logia  f. 
logos  word,  speech)  love  of  learning] 

Phi'lomel,  Philome'la,  nn.  (poet).  The 
nightingale,  [f.  F  philomele  f.  L  f.  Gk  philo- 
(mela  f.  melos  song  or  melon  apple),  cap.  P  in 
reference  to  myth  of  P.  transformed  into  night- 
ingale] 

philopoena.    See  philippina. 

philosopher,  n.  Lover  of  wisdom ;  natural, 
moral,  p.,  studentof  natural,  moral,  philosophy; 
one  who  regulates  his  life  by  the  light  of  philo- 
sophy ;  one  who  shows  philosophic  calmness  in 
trying  circumstances ;  philosophers'  (not  -er's) 
stone,  supreme  object  of  alchemy,  substance 
supposed  to  change  other  metals  into  gold  or 
silver,  [var.  of  OF  filoso/e  f.  L  f.  Gk  philo- 
sophos  (as  PHILOSOPHY)] 

philoso-phic(al),  aa.  Of,  consonant  with, 
philosophy  ;  skilled  in,  devoted  to,  philosophy 
(often  in  titles  of  societies) ;  wise ;  calm ;  tem- 

Ejrate.  Hence  philosonhicalLY  2  adv.  [£. 
L  philosophicus  f.  Gk  as  prec,  see  -ic] 

philo'sophism,  n.  Philosophizing  system 
(usu.  contempt.,  esp.  of  the  French  Encyclopae- 
dists). Sophilo'sophiSTn.  [f.  F philosophisme 
(as  philosopher,  see  -ism)] 

philosophize,  v.i.  &  t.  Play  the  philo- 
sopher ;  speculate,  theorize ;  moralize ;  render 
philosophic,    [as  philosopher  +  -ize] 

philo'sophy,  n.  Love  of  wisdom  or  know- 
ledge, esp.  that  which  deals  with  ultimate  re- 
ality, or  with  the  most  general  causes  &  prin- 
ciples of  things  ;  natural  p.,  study  of  natural 
objects  &  phenomepaa ;  moral  p.,  study  of  prin- 
ciples of  human  action  or  conduct;  (w.  pi.) 
philosophical  system ;  system  for  conduct  of 
life  ;  serenity,  resignation,  [f.  OF  filosofie  f.  L 
f.  Gk  PHiLO(sophia  wisdom  f.  sophos  wise)] 

phi'ltre,  -ter,  n.  Love-potion.  [F  (-trc)  f.  L 
f.  Gk  philtron  (phileo  love  +  -tron  suf.  of  in- 
strument)] 

phiz,  n.  (colloq.).  Face ;  expression  of  face, 
[abbr.  of  physiognomy] 

phlebi'tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  walls  of  vein. 
Hence  phlebi'tic  a.    [f.  Gk  as  foil.  +  -itis] 

phle'bo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  phleps  phlebos  vein, 
as :  -lite,  -lith,  morbid  calcareous  concretion  in 
vein,  so  -li't(h)ic  a. 

phlebo'tomize,  v.i.  &  t.  Practise  phlebo- 
tomy ;  bleed  (person,  part  of  body).  So  phle- 
bo'tomiSTn.    [f.  ¥ phUbotomiser  (foil.,  -ize)] 

phlebo*tomy,  n.  Blood-letting  as  medical 
operation,  [f.  OF  flebothomie  f.  L  r.  Gk  phlebo- 
tomia  f.  PHLEBO(£omos  -cutter  f.  temno  cut)] 

phlegm  (-em),  n.  Thick  viscid  (semi)fluid 
substance  secreted  by  mucous  membranes  (for- 
merly regarded  as  one  of  the  four  humours) 
esp.  when  morbid  or  excessive  &  discharged  by 
cough  &c,  whence  phldgmY2  a.;  coolness, 
sluggishness,  apathy,  (supposed  to  result  from 
predominance  of  p.  in  constitution),  so  phleg- 
matic (-gm-)  a.,  phleg-ma'tiCALL v  adv.    if. 


PHLEGMON 


616 


PHOTOGRAPH 


OYfleume  f.  LL  f.  Gk  phlegma  -niatos  morbid 
clammy  humour  (phlego  burn,  see  -m)] 

phle'gmon,  n.  Inflammatory  tumour,  boil. 
Hence  phlegmd'nic,  phlegmonous,  aa. 
[ME  f.  L,  f.  Gk  phlegmone  (phlego  burn)] 

phlo'em,  n.  (bot.).  Bast  with  associated  tis- 
sues,   [f.  Gk  phloos  bark  +  -ema  (see  -m)] 

phlogi'stic  (-j-,  -g-),  a.  Of  phlogiston ;  (Med.) 
inflammatory,    [-ic] 

phlogi'ston  (-j-,  -g-),  n.  Principle  of  inflam- 
mability formerly  supposed  to  exist  in  com- 
bustible bodies.  [Gk,  f.  phlogizo  set  on  fire 
( phlox  phlogos  flame,  see  -tze)J 

phloprzin  (or  flo'ri-),  n.  (chem.).  Bitter  sub- 
stance got  from  bark  of  root  of  apple  &  other 
trees,    [f .  Gk  phloos  bark  +  rhiza  root  +  -in] 

phlox,  n.  Genus  of  plants  with  clusters  of 
salver-shaped  flowers  of  various  colours.  [L  f. 
Gk  phlox  (lit.  flame),  a  plant] 

-phobe,  suf.  forming  aa.  &  nn.,=  -fearing, 
-fearer,  f.  F  -phobe  f.  L  f.  Gk  -phobos,  adj.  suf. 
f.  phobos  fear,  as  in  hydrophobe,  Anglophobe, 
Russophobe. 

-phobia,  suf.  f.  L  f.  Gk  -phobia,  forming 
abstract  nn.  f.  adjj.  in  -phobe,  as  hydrophobia, 
A  nglophobia. 

Phoenician  (-shn),  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of 
Phoenicia  (ancient  name  for  part  of  coast  of 
Syria)  or  its  colonies ;  Carthaginian,  [f.  F  phb- 
nicien  f.  L  Phoenicia  f.  Gk  Phoinike  +  -an] 

phoe'nix,  phe-,  n.  (Myth.)  bird,  the  only 
one  of  its  kind,  that  after  living  five  or  six  cen- 
turies in  Arabian  desert  burnt  itself  on  funeral 
pile  &  rose  from  the  ashes  with  renewed  youth 
to  live  through  another  cycle  ;  paragon.  [L,  f 
Gk  phoinix  Phoenician,  purple,  phoenix] 

pho'nate,  v.i.  Utter  vocal  sound  (usu.  opp. 
to  articulate).  Hence  phonATiON  n.,  pho*- 
natORV  a.    [f.  Gk  phone  voice  +  -ate  3] 

phonau'tograph,  n.  Apparatus  for  auto- 
matically recording  vibrations  of  sound,  [as 
prec.+  auto-  +  -graph] 

phone1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.,  (colloq.).    Telephone. 

phone2,  n.  Simple  vowel  or  consonant  sound, 
[f.  Gk  phone  voice] 

phone'ndoscope,  n.  Apparatus  for  making 
small  sounds  (esp.  in  human  body)  distinctly 
audible,    [as  prec.  +  Gk  endon  withi  n  +  -scope  1 

phone'tic,  a.  &  n.  Representing  vocal 
sounds,  esp.  (of  systems  of  spelling)  using  al- 
ways same  letter  for  same  sound,  whence  pho- 
ne'tieiSM,  phone'ticiST,  nn.,  phone'ti- 
cize(3)  v.t.;  of  vocal  sounds ;  (n.  pi.)  (study  of)  p. 
phenomena  of  a  language.  Hence  phone'trc- 
ally  adv.,  phonetrciAN  n.  [f.  Gk  phonetikos 
(phoned  speak,  see  -etic)] 

pho'netist.  n.  Person  versed  in  phonetics ; 
advocate  of  phonetic  spelling,    [-ist] 

phd'nie,  a.  Of  sound,  acoustic  ;  of  vocal 
sounds,    [f.  Gk  phone  voice  +  -ic] 

phono-  in  comb.  =  Gk  phone  sound,  as : 
-lite,  kinds  of  volcanic  rock  ringing  when 
struck ;  -logy,  science  of  vocal  sounds,  system 
of  sounds  in  a  language,  so  -lo'gic(al)  aa.,  -lo'- 
gically  adv.,  -logist  n.;  -meter,  instrument  re- 
cording number  or  force  of  sound-waves ;  -pore, 
apparatus  for  transmitting  telephone  messages 
along  telegraph  wire  without  interfering  with 
the  current  transmitting  telegraph  messages 
\Gk  poros  passage],  so  -pd'ric  a. ;  -scope,  appar- 
atus for  testing  musical  strings,  (also)  instru- 
?"f»t  for  representing  sound-vibrations  in  vis- 
ible form ;  -type,  phonetic  print,  character  used 
in  this,  so  -typic(al)  aa.,  -typist,  -typy,  nn. 

pho'nogpam,  n.  Symbol  representing  spok- 
en sound,  esp.  in  Pitman's  phonography;  sound- 
record  made  by  phonograph,    [phono-,  -gram] 

pno'nogpaph,  n.,  &  v.t.    Instrument  auto- 


matically recording  &  reproducing  sounds; 
(v.t.)  record,  reproduce,  by  p.  [phono-  +  -graph] 

phono'gpaphy,  n.  Pitman's  phonetic  short- 
hand, whence  phono'graphKK1.  phono*- 
graphiST.nn.;  automatic  recording  of  sounds, 
as  by  phonograph.  Hence  phonogra'phrc 
a.,  phonogra'phiCALLY  adv.  [phono-  + 
-graphy] 

-phore,  suf.  =  bearer,  f.  F  -phore  f.  Gk 
-phoros  (phero  bear),  used  to  form  technical 
wds,  as  carpophore,  semaphore.  Hence 
-phopous,  adj.  suf.,  =  -phore  +  -ous,  synony- 
mous w.  -ferous,  but  prop,  used  only  in  wds  f. 
Gk  as  carpophorous. 

pho'sphate  (-at),  n.  A  salt  of  phosphoric 
acid,  esp.  (pi.)  of  lime  or  iron  &  alumina  as  con- 
stituents of  cereals  &c.    Hence  phospha'tic 

a.     [F  (PHOSPHO-  +  -ATE  !)] 

pho'sphene,  n.  Appearance  of  rings  of 
light  produced  by  pressure  on  eyeball,  due  to 
irritation  of  retina,  [irreg.  f.  Gk  phos  light  + 
phaino  show] 

pho'sphide,  n.  (chem.).  Combination  of 
phosphorus  with  other  element  or  radical,    [f. 

PHOSPHO-  +  -IDE] 

pho'sphite,  n.  (chem.).  A  salt  of  phosphor- 
ous acid.    [F  (phospho-  -f-  -ite  *)] 

phosph(o)-  in  comb.  =  phosphorus. 

pho'sphopate,  v.t.  Combine,  impregnate, 
with  phosphorus,    [-ate  3] 

phosphope'sce,  v.i.  Emit  luminosity  with- 
out combustion,  or  by  gentle  combustion  with- 
out sensible  heat.  So  phosphope'scENCE  n., 
phosphope'scENT  a.  [f.  phosphorus  +  L 
-escere  of  inceptive  vbs] 

pho*sphopite,n.  Anon-crystallized  variety 
of  phosphate  of  lime.    [f.  phosphorus  +  -ite  2] 

phosphopo-  in  comb.  =  phosphorus,  as : 
-gl'nic,  causing  phosphorescence ;  -graph,  evan- 
escent picture  on  phosphorescent  surface,  so 
-gra'phic  a.,  -graphy  n.;  -scope,  apparatus  for 
measuring  duration  of  phosphorescence,  (also) 
toy  containing  various  phosphorescent  sub- 
stances glowing  with  different  coloured  light. 

pho'sphopus,  n.  A  non-metallic  element, 
a  yellowish  wax-like  substance  undergoing 
slow  combustion  at  ordinary  temperatures  & 
hence  appearing  luminous  in  the  dark ;  p.- 
necrosis  (colloq.  phossy  jaw),  gangrene  of  jaw- 
bone due  to  p.  fumes  esp.  in  match-making. 
Hence  or  cogn.  phosphd'pic,  pho'sphop- 
ous,  aa.,  pno'sphopiSMfo)  n.  (path.).  [L,= 
morning  star,  f.  Gk  phosphoros  (phos  light  + 
-phoros  -bringing  f.  phero)} 

pho*sphupet(t)ed,a.  Combined  chemically 
with  phosphorus,  [f.  obs.  phosphvnET  phos- 
phide +  -ED  2] 

pho'ssy.    See  phosphorus. 

pho'tism,  n.  Hallucinatory  sensation  or 
vision  of  light,  [f.  Gk  photismos  (photizo  shine 
f.  phos  photos  light,  see  -ism)] 

pho'to,  n.  (pi.  -os),  &  v.t.    =photograph. 

photo-  in  comb.  =  Gkphos  photos  light  (some- 
times =  photographic),  as:  -chromy,  colour-pho- 
tography ;  -gen,  kind  of  paraffin  oil ;  -ge'nic, 
producing  or  emitting  light ;  -glyph,  -glyphy, 
engraved  plate  produced  by  action  of  light,  art 
of  producing  such  plates;  -meter,  instrument 
for  measuring  intensity  of  light,  so  -metric, 
-mttry  ;  -pho'bia  (path.),  dread  of  light ;  -phone 
apparatus  in  which  sounds  are  transmitted  by 
light;  -sphere,  luminous  envelope  of  sun  or 
star  from  which  its  light  &  heat  radiate,  so 
-spM'ric  a.;  -type,  plate  for  printing  from  pro- 
duced by  photographic  process,  picture  &c. 
printed  from  this ;  -zinco' 'graphy,  photographic 
production  of  design  on  zinc  plate. 

pho'tog-paph,  n.,  &  v.t.    Picture,  likeness, 


PHOTOGRAVURE 


6!7 


PIAFFE 


taken  by  means  of  chemical  action  of  light  on 
sensitive  film  on  basis  of  glass,  paper,  metal, 
&c;  (v.t.)  take  p.  of  (person  &c.  or  abs.) ;  (quasi- 
pass.)  I  always  p.  badly  (come  out  badly  in  p.). 
Hence  photo'g-raphERi,  photo'graphY »; 
nn.,  photogr»a*phic  a.,  photogra'phiCAL- 
ly  adv.    [(vb  f.  n.)  photo-  +  -graph] 

photogravure*  (-ur),  n.,  &  v.t.  Picture 
produced  from  photographic  negative  trans- 
ferred to  metal  plate  &  etched  in ;  this  process ; 
(v.t.)  reproduce  thus.  [F  (photo-  +  gravure  en- 
graving)] 

phrase  (-z),  n.,  &  v.t.  Mode  of  expression, 
diction,  as  in  simple  p.,  felicity  of  p. ;  idiomatic 
expression ;  small  group  of  words  usu.  without 
predicate,  esp.  preposition  with  the  word(s)  it 
governs,  equivalent  to  adjective,  adverb,  or 
noun  (e.  g.  the  house  on  the  hill,  I  refuse  to  do 
it) ;  short  pithy  expression ;  (pi.)  mere  words, 
as  we  have  had  enough  of  pp.;  (Mus.)  short  & 
more  or  less  independent  passage  forming  part 
of  longer  passage  or  of  whole  piece ;  p.-monger, 
person  addicted  to  fine-sounding  phruses  ;  (v.t.) 
express  in  words,  as  thus  he  phrased  it.  [(vb  f. 
n.)  f.  LL  f.  Gk  phrasis  (phrazo  tell)] 

phra'seogram,  n.  Written  symbol  repre- 
senting a  phrase  esp.  in  shorthand,   [as  prec.  + 

-0-  +  -GRAM] 

phra-seograph,  n.  Phrase  for  which  there 
is  a  phraseogram.    [as  prec.  +  -graph] 

phraseo'logy,  n.  Choice  or  arrangement  of 
words ;  mode  of  expression.  Hence  phraseo- 
lo'giCAL  a.,  phraseolo'gicalLY  2  adv.  [as 
prec.  +  -logy] 

phra'tpy,  n.  (Gk  Hist.)  division  of  the  peo- 
ple, esp.  (in  Athens)  each  of  three  subdivisions 
of  the  phyle  or  tribe;  tribal  division  among 
primitive  races,  [f.  Gk  phratria  (phrater,  -tor, 
clansman,  cogn.  w.  brother)] 

phrene'tic,  a.  Frantic;  fanatic,  [f.  OF 
frenetike  f.  L  f.  late  Gk  phrenetikos=Gkpnreni- 
tikos  (phrenitis  delirium,  as  foLL,  see  -itis  & 
-ic)] 

phre'nle,  a.  (anat.).  Of  the  diaphragm,  [f. 
Gk phren  phrenos  diaphragm,  mind,  see  -ic] 

phreno'logry,  n.  Study  of  external  confor- 
mation of  cranium  as  index  to  development  & 
position  of  organs  belonging  to  the  various 
mental  faculties.  Hence  phrenolo'g'iCALa., 
phrenolo*g-iealLY2adv.,  phreno'logiST  n. 
[as  prec.  +  -logy] 

phro'ntistery,  n.  (facet.).  Place  for  think- 
ing in,  thinkery.  [f.  Gk phrontisterion  (phron- 
tizo  think  f.  phrontis  thought)] 

Phrygian,  a.  Of  Phrygia,  ancient  country 
in  Asia  Minor ;  (Mus.)  P.  mode,  ancient  Greek 
mode  of  warlike  character;  P.  cap,  ancient 
conical  peaked  cap  now  identified  with  cap  of 
liberty,    [f.  L  Phrygianus  (Phrygia,  see  -an)] 

phthi'sis  (fth-.  th-),  n.  Progressive  wasting 
disease,  esp.  pulmonary  consumption.  [Gk 
(phthino  decay)] 

ph^la'etery,  n.  Small  leather  box  contain- 
ing Hebrew  texts  on  vellum,  worn  by  Jews  to 
remind  them  to  keep  the  law;  (usu.  ostenta- 
tious) religious  observance ;  amulet,  charm,  f f. 
L  f.  Gk  phulakterion  amulet  (phulasso  guard)] 

phyle'tic,  a.  (biol.).  Of  a  phylum,  racial,  [f. 
Gk  phuletikos  (phuletes  tribesman  f.  phule 
tribe,  see  -ic)] 

phyllo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  phullon  leaf,  as :  -pha- 
gan,  animal  that  feeds  on  leaves,  so  -phagous 
a. ;  -pod  a.  &  n.,  leaf-footed  (crustacean) ;  -stome, 
leaf-nosed  bat ;  -ta'xis,  arrangement  of  leaves 
on  axis  or  stem ;  -xer'a  [f.  Gk  xeros  dry],  genus 
of  plant-lice,  vine-pest. 

phylo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  phulon  race,  tribe,  in 
biol.  wds,  as :  -genesis,  geny,  racial  evolution 


of  animal  or  plant  type,  history  of  this,  so  -ge- 
ne'tic,  -ge'nic,  aa.,  -genetically  adv. 

phylum,  n.  (biol.;  pi.  -la).  Race  of  organ- 
isms descended  from  common  ancestral  form. 
[mod.L  f.  Gk  phulon  race] 

physic  (-z-),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-ck-).  Art  of  healing; 
medical  profession  ;  (colloq.)  medicine,  as  a 
dose  of  p. ;  (n.  pi.)  sciences  treating  of  properties 
of  matter  &  energy  or  of  action  of  different  forms 
of  energy  on  matter  in  general  (excluding  chem- 
istry &  biology) ;  (v.t.)  dose  with  p.  (lit.  &  fig.), 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  fisique  f.  L  f .  Gk  j)husike  (epis- 
teme  knowledge)  of  nature  (phusis,  see  -ic)J 

physical,  a.  Of  matter,  material,  as  p.  force 
(opp.  to  moral) ;  of,  according  to  laws  of, 
natural  philosophy,  as  p.  explanations  of  mir- 
acles, a  p.  impossibility  ;  belonging  to  physics ; 
bodily,  as  p.  exercise,  strength,  oeauty  ;  p.  geo- 
graphy (dealing  with  natural  features).  Hence 
physiealLY2  adv.,  phy-sico-  comb.  form, 
[f.  med.L  physicalis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

physi'cian  (-shn),  n.  One  who  practises  the 
healing  art  including  medicine  &  surgery ;  one 
legally  qualified  in  medicine  as  well  as  in  sur- 
gery ;  (fig.)  healer,  [f.  OF  fisician  (as  physic, 
see  -ician)] 

physicist,  n.  Student  of  physics  or  of  na- 
tural science  in  general ;  believer  in  the  material 
origin  of  vital  phenomena  (cf.  vitalist),  so 
physiciSM  n.    [physic  +  -ist] 

physicky,  a.    Suggestive  of  physic,    [-y  2] 

physio-  in  comb.  =  Gk  phusis  nature,  as : 
-cracy,  government  according  to  natural  order ; 
-crat,  advocate  of  this,  esp.  member  of  Ques- 
nay's  school  in  France  in  18th  c;  -geny,  genesis 
of  vital  functions ;  -latry,  nature- worship. 

physiog'nomy  (or  -ogn-),  n.  Art  of  judging 
character  from  features  of  face  or  form  of  body, 
whence  physiog~nomiST(3)  (or  -ogn)  n.;  cast 
of  features,  type  of  face ;  (vulg.)  face  ;  external 
features  of  country  &c;  characteristic  (moral 
or  other)  aspect.  Hence  or  cogn.  physiogno*- 
mic(AL)aa.,physiogno*micalLY2adv.,(-on-, 
-ogn).  [ME  fisnomye  f.  med.L  phisonomia  t. 
Gk  phusiognomonia  judging  of  a  man's  nature 
(by  his  features)  f.  phusis  nature  +  gnomon 
judge  f.  gno-  know] 

physiography,  n.  Description  of  nature, 
of  natural  phenomena,  or  of  a  class  of  objects ; 
physical  geography.  Hence  physio'graph- 
er1  n.,  physiogra*phic(AL)  aa.    [physio- + 

-GRAPHY] 

physio'logy,  n.  Science  of  normal  functions 
and  phenomena  of  living  things  (comprising 
animal  and  vegetable  p.).  Hence  or  cogn. 
physiolo*g,ic(AL)  aa.,  phy  siolo'glcalLY  2 
adv.,  physio'logiST  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  phusio- 
logia,  see  physio-  and  -logy] 

physique  (-ek),  n.  Bodily  structure,  organ- 
ization, and  development.    [F,  n.  f.  adj.  (as 

PHYSIC)] 

-phyte,  suf.  repr.  Gk  phuton  plant,  denoting 
a  vegetable  organism,  as  protophyte,  sapro- 
phyte.   See  also  zoophyte. 

phyto-  in  comb.  =Gk  phuton  plant,  as :  -ge'- 
nesis, -geny,  generation  or  evolution  of  plants ; 
-graphy,  descriptive  botany  ;  -mer,  plant  unit ; 
-phagous,  feeding  on  plants ;  -tomy,  dissection 
of  plants ;  -zd'on  (pi.  -zo'a)  plant-like  animal  or 
zoophyte. 

pi1,  n.  Greek  letter  p  (n),  esp.  (Math.)  as 
symbol  of  ratio  of  circumference  of  circle  to 
diameter  (3-14159). 

pi  2,  a.  (school  slang).    =  pious,    [abbr.] 

pia'cular,  n.  Expiatory,  [f.  L  piacularis 
(piaculum  expiation  f.  piare  appease,  see  -ar  *)] 

pia'fTe,  v.i.  (Of  horse  &c.)  move  as  in  trot, 
but  slower,    [f.  F  piaffer,  etym.  dub.] 


PIAFPKR 


618 


PICOTEB 


pia'ffer.n.    Movement  of  piaffing,    [asprec.l 

pra  ma'tep,  n.  (anat.).  Innermost  meninx. 
[med.L  transl.  of  Arab,  umm  raquiqah  tender 
mother] 

piane'tte,  n.    Low  pianino,    [piano,  -ette] 

piani'no  (-ne-),  n.  Small  upright  piano.  [It., 
dim.  of  piano]  _ 

pianissimo,  adv.  &  n.  (mus.).  (Passage  to 
be  played)  very  softly.    [It.,  superl.  of  piano1] 

pi'anist  (pe-),  n.  Player  on  piano,  [f.  I 
pianiste  (also  in  E,  usu.  as  fern.),  see  -istj 

pia-noi  (pyah-),  adv.  &  n.  (mus.).  (Passage 
to  be  played)  softly.  [It.,  f.  h  planus  flat,  (LL) 
soft] 

pia*no2,  pia*nofort6  (or  -t),  nn.  Musical 
instrument  with  metal  strings  struck  by  ham- 
mers worked  by  levers  from  a  keyboard  (vibra- 
tion being  stopped  by  dampers),  and  usu. 
furnished  with  pedals  for  regulating  volume ; 
grand  p.,  large  harp-shaped  p.  with  horizontal 
strings ;  upright  p.,  p.  with  vertical  strings ; 
cottagep.,  low  upright  p.  with  strings  ascend- 
ing obliquely ;  p.-organ,  mechanical  p.  con- 
structed like  barrel-organ ;  p.-player,  con- 
trivance for  playing  p.  mechanically.  [It., 
earlier  piano  e  forte  soft  and  strong] 

Siano'la,   n.     Kind  of  mechanical  piano- 
lyer.    (trade  name] 
*pia*stre,  -ten,  n.    Spanish  silver  coin,  about 
4/2;  small  Turkish  coin  worth  2d.  to  6d.  [F 
(tre),  f.  It.  piastra,  ult.  as  plaster] 

pia'zza  (-aza),  n.  Public  square  or  market- 
place esp.  in  Italian  town ;  (U.S.)  verandah  of 
house.  [It.,  ult.  f.  L  platea  f.  Gk  plateia 
(hodos)  broad  (street)] 

pibroch  (pe'broch),  n.  Series  of  variations 
for  bagpipe,  chiefly  martial,  [f.  Gael,  pio- 
baireachd  (piobair  piper  f.  piob  f.  E  pipe)] 

pi'ca,  n.  Size  of  type,  [earlier  sense,  col- 
lection of  rules  about  Easter  and  other  movable 
feasts,  f.  med.L  pica,  perh.=L  pica  magpie, 
hist,  unexpl.] 

picador*,  n.  Mounted  man  with  lance  in 
bull-fight.    [Sp.  (picar  prick)] 

pi'camar,  n.  Bitter  oil  got  from  wood-tar. 
[f.  L  pixpias  pitch+awarus  bitter] 

picaresque  (k),  n.  (Of  a  style  of  fiction) 
dealing  with  adventures  of  rogues,  [f.  Sp. 
picaresco  (picaro  rogue,  etym.  dub.,  -esque)] 

picaroo'n,  n.,  &  v.i.    Rogue ;  thief ;  pirate ; 

f urate  ship;  (v.i.)  play  the  pirate  or  brigand, 
f.  Sp.  picaron  (as  prec,  see  -oon)] 

pi'ccalilli,  n.  Pickle  of  chopped  vegetables 
&  hot  spices.    [?] 

pi'ccaninny,  pi'ek-,  n.  &  a.  Child,  esp.  of 
negroes  or  S. -African  or  Australian  natives; 
(adj. )  very  small,  baby.  [f.  Sp. pequeno  or  Port. 
pequeno,  dim.  -nino,  small] 

preeolo,  n.  Small  flute,  octave  higher  than 
the  ordinary.    [It., = small  (flute)] 

pice,  n.  E.-Ind.  copper  coin,  I  of  anna.  [f. 
Hind,  paisa] 

pichieia'gx>  (pitsh-),  n.  Small  burrowing 
animal  of  Chili,  allied  to  armadillos,  [f.  Sp. 
pichiciegoverh.  f.  native  pichey+Sv.  ciego  blind 
f .  L  caecus] 

pick1,  n.  Tool  consisting  of  iron  bar  usu. 
curved  with  point  at  one  end  &  point  or  chisel- 
edge  at  other,  with  wooden  handle  passing 
through  middle  perpendicularly,  used  for 
breaking  up  hard  ground  &c. ;  instrument  for 
picking ;  toothp.    [prob.  =  pike] 

pick2,  v.t.  &  i.  Break  surface  of  (ground  &c.) 
with  or  as  with  pick;  make  (hole  &c.)  thus; 
(fig.)  p.  HOLEsin;  probe(teeth  &c.)  with  pointed 
instrument  to  remove  extraneous  matter ;  clear 

(bone,  carcass)  of  adherent  flesh,  pluck,  gather, 
(flower,  fruit,  &c.)  from  stalk  &c;  (of  birds) 


take  up  (grains  &c.)  in  bill;  (of  persons)  eat 
(food,  or  meal,  or  abs.)  in  small  bits,  (colloq.) 
eat  (t.  &  i.) ;  select  carefully,  as  p.  one's  words, 
way,  steps,  p.  &  choose,  select  fastidiously  ;  p. 
(contrive)  a  quarrel  with ;  p.  (person's)  pocket, 
steal  its  contents;  (intr.)  p.  &  steal,  pilfer; 
p.  a  lock,  open  it  (esp.  with  intent  to  rob)  with 
pointed  instrument,  skeleton  key,  &c. ;  pull 
asunder,  esp.  p.  oakum ;  p.  to  pieces,  pull  asun- 
der, (fig.) criticize  (person  &c.)hostilely  ;  p.  off, 
pluck  off,  (also)  shoot  (persons  &c.)  deliberately 
one  by  one ;  p.  out,  select,  distinguish  from  sur- 
rounding objects,  relieve  (ground  colour  with 
another),  make  out  (meaning  of  passage  &c), 
play  (tune)  by  ear  on  piano  &c. ;  p.  up,  break 
up  (ground  &c.)  with  pick,  lay  hold  of  &  take 
up,  raise  one.seZ/from  a  fall  &c,  gain,  acquire 
(livelihood,  profit,  tricks,  information),  take 
(person  or  thing  overtaken)  along  with  one, 
esp.  train  stops  to  p.  up  passengers,  regain 
(lost  path  &c,  flesh,  spirit),  (intr.)  recover 
health,  make  acquaintance  with;  picklock, 
person  who  picks  locks,  instrument  used  for 
this;  p.-me-up,  stimulating  drink  (also  fig.); 
pickpocket,  one  who  steals  from  pockets ;  pi'cfc- 
thank  (archaic),  sycophant ;  p.-up,  picking  up 
(esp.  of  ball  in  cricket).  [OE  has  piken,  pik- 
ken,  hist,  dub.,  cf.  prec.  &  F  piquer  prick] 

pick 3,  n.  Picking ;  selection  ;  the  best  part 
of.    [f.  prec] 

pi*ck-a-back,  adv.  On  shoulders  or  back 
like  a  bundle  (of  the  way  person  or  thing  is 
carried).    [?] 

pi'ckax(e),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  =pick1;  (v.t.) 
break  (ground  &c.)  with  p.;  (v.i.)  work  with  p. 
[ME  &  OF  picois  cogn.  w.  OF  pic  PIKE,  assim. 
to  axe] 

pi'cker,  n.  One  who  picks,  gathers,  or 
collects,  as  hop,  rag,  -p.;  kinds  of  instrument 
for  picking  (in  var.  senses),    [-er  l] 

pi'ckerel,  n.    Young  pike,    [pike  »,  -rel] 

pi-cket,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  1.  Pointed  stake  or  peg 
driven  into  ground  to  form  palisade,  tether 
horse,  &c. ;  (Hist.)  (stake  with  pointed  top  on 
which  person  stood  as)  form  of  military  punish- 
ment; (Mil.,  also  piquet)  small  body  of  troops 
sent  out  (outlying  p.)  to  watch  for  enemy,  or 
(inlying  p.)  held  ready  in  quarters,  party  of 
sentinels,  outpost;  (usu.  pi.)  men  stationed  in 
a  body  or  singly  by  trade-union  to  dissuade 
men  from  work  during  strike  &c. ;  (vb)  secure 
(place)  with  stakes,  tether,  post  (men)  as  p. ,  beset 
(workmen)  with  pp.,  act  as  p.  [jvb  f.  n.)  f.  F 
piquet  pointed  stake  f.  piquer  prick] 

pi'cking-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  p.  &  steal- 
iwflr;  (pi.)  gleanings,  remaining  scraps;  (pi.) 
pilferings.    [-ing  1] 

pi'ckle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Brine,  vinegar,  or  similar 
liquor  in  which  flesh,  vegetables,  &c.,  are  pre- 
served ;  rod  in  p. ;  food,  esp.  (pi.)  vegetables 
preserved  in  p. ;  acid  solution  for  cleaning 
purposes  &c;  sad,  sorry,  nice,  &c.  p.  (plight) ; 
mischievous  child;  (v.t.)  preserve  in  p.  (esp.  in 
p.p.),  treat  with  p.,  (Naut.)  rub  salt  or  vinegar 
on  (person's  back)  after  flogging,  [prob.  f.  MDu. 
pekel  etym.  dub.] 

pi'cksome,  a.  Fastidious,    [pick2  + -some] 

gi'ckwick,  n.  Cheap  kind  of  cigar,  [see  foil.] 
ickwi'ckian,  a.  (facet.).  (Of  words)  used 
in  a  P.  (technical,  constructive,  or  esoteric) 
sense,    [see  Dickens  Pickwick  i] 

pi'cnic,  n.,  &  v.i.  (-ck-).  Pleasure  party  in- 
cluding meal  out  of  doors;  (v.i.)  take  part  in 
this.  Hence  picnickER1  n.,  pi'cnickv2  a. 
(colloq. ).    [( vb  f.  n. )  f.  F  pique-niqtte  etym.  dub.] 

picof  (-ko),  n.  Small  loop  of  twisted  thread 
in  edging  to  lace  &c.  [F,  dim.  of  pic  peak,  point] 

picotee*,  n.  Carnation  of  which  flowers  have 


PICRIC 


619 


PIGEON 


light  ground  with  darker  edging  to  petals. 
[f.  F  picote  p.p.  otpicoter  prick,  as  prec] 

pi'erie,  a.  P.  acid,  yellow  very  bitter  sub- 
stance used  in  dyeing  &  in  explosives,  [f.  Gk 
pikros  bitter  +  -ic] 

Pict,  n.  One  of  an  ancient  people  in  N. 
Britain.  Hence  Pi'etiSH1  a.  [LL  has  Picti 
perh.  f.  pingere  pict-  paintl 

pi'etograph,  n.  Pictorial  symbol ;  primitive 
record  consisting  of  these.  Hence  pieto- 
g-ra'phic  a.,  picto-graphv1  n.  [f.  L  pin- 
gere pict-  paint  +  -graph! 

pictoirial,  a.  &  n.  Of,  expressed  in,  pic- 
ture^) ;  illustrated ;  picturesque  ;  (n.)  journal 
of  which  pictures  are  main  feature.  Hence 
pictoi»*ialLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  pictorius  (pietor 
painter,  as  foil.)  +  -al] 

pi'ctupe  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Painting,  draw- 
ing, of  objects  esp.  as  work  of  art;  portrait; 
beautiful  object,  as  her  hat  is  a  p.;  scene,  total 
visual  impression  produced ;  she  looks  the  very 
p.  (a  perfect  type)  of  health ;  p.-book  (for  chil- 
dren, consisting  chiefly  or  wholly  of  pp.);p.- 
card,  court-card ;  p.-gallery,  (hall  &c.  contain- 
ing) collection  of  pp.  ;  p.  hat,  lady's  wide- 
brimmed  hat  usu.  black  with  ostrich-feathers 
as  in  pp.  of  Reynolds  &  Gainsborough  ;  p.  post- 
card (with  p.  on  back);  p.-writing,  mode  of 
recording  events  &c.  by  pp.,  as  in  early  hiero- 
glyphs &c. ;  (v.t.)  represent  in  p.,  describe  gra- 
phically, imagine  {to  oneself),  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L 
pictura  {pingere,  pict-  paint,  see  -ure)J 

pieture'sque  (k),  a.  Like,  fit  to  be  the  sub- 
ject of,  a  striking  picture ;  (of  language  &c.) 
strikingly  graphic,  vivid.  Hence  pietur- 
e'squeLV  2  ad  v.,  pieture'squeNESS  n.  [f.  F 
pittoresque  f.  It.  pittoresco  {pittore  painter,  as 

PICTORIAL,  see  -ESQUE)] 

pi'ddle,  v.i.  (Archaic)  work,  act,  in  trifling 
way ;  (colloq.  or  childish)  make  water.    I?] 

pi'ddock,  n.  Bivalve  mollusc  used  for  bait.  [?] 

pi'dgin,  pi'geon  (-jen),  a.  P.-English,  jar- 
gon chiefly  of  English  words  used  between 
Chinese  &  Europeans,    [corrupt,  of  business] 

pie1,  n.  =  magpie;  French,  rain-,  wood-, p., 
kinds  of  woodpecker ;  sea-j>.    [OF,  f.  L  pica] 

pie2,  n.  Dish  of  meat,  fruit,  &c,  enclosed  in 
or  covered  with  paste  &  baked ;  apple-».  (fig.); 
hare  a  finger  in  the  p.,  be  (esp.  officiously)  con- 
cerned in  the  matter ;  bran-p.,  tub  of  bran  with 
toys  &c.  hidden  in  it  to  be  drawn  at  random 
at  Christmas  festivities  &c;  MUD-p.;  piecrust, 
baked  paste  of  p.,  (pro v.)  promises  are  like  pie- 
crust, made  to  be  broken ;  pieman  (-an),  vendor 
of  pp.  [perh.=  prec,  f.  miscellaneous  contents 
compared  to  piebald  appearance  of  magpie] 

pie3,  n.,  &  v.t.  (print).  (Also  printers'  p.)  con- 
fused mass  of  type;  (fig.)  chaos ;  (v.t.)  mix  (type). 
[perh.  as  prec] 

pie4,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Copper  coin,  twelfth 
part  of  anna,  [t.  Hind,  pa'i  f.  Skr.  pad  quarter, 
prob.  orig.  same  as  pice] 

pie'bald,  a.  Of  two  colours  irregularly 
arranged,  esp.  black  &  white  (usu.  of  animal, 
esp.  horse);  (fig.)  motley, mongrel,  [pie1 +  bald] 

piece1,  n.  One  of  the  distinct  portions  of 
which  thing  is  composed ;  inpp.,  broken ;  break 
to  pp.  (fragments) ;  enclosed  portion  of  (land); 
detached  portion  (of  a,  substance) ;  a  p.  of  one's 
mind,  ones  candid  opinion,  rebuke ;  definite 
quantity  (of  wall-paper  =  12  yds,  of  muslin  = 
10yds,  &c.)  in  which  thing  is  made  up;  cask 
(of  wine  &c.)  varying  in  capacity ;  p.  (product) 
of  work;  example,  specimen,  as  a  p.  of  impu- 
dence, fine  p.  of  painting,  cricket,  &c;  cannon, 
gun,  pistol ;  man  at  chess,  draughts,  &c;  coin, 
as  cr  oxen,  penny,  p.;  p.  of  eight,  Spanish  dollar ; 
picture ;  literary  or  musical  composition,  usu. 


short;  drama;  paid  by  the  p.  (according  to 
amount  done ;  of  a  piece,  uniform,  consistent, 
in  keeping  (with) ;  p.-goods,  textile  fabrics  (esp. 
Lancashire  cotton  goods)  woven  in  recognized 
lengths;  p.-work  (paid  for  by  the  p.).  IME  & 
OF pece,  cf.  It.  pezza,  -zo,  &c,  etym.  dub.] 

piece2,  v.t.  Put  together,  form  into  a  whole ; 
join  threads  in  spinning,  whence  pie'CER *  n. 
fit  on  (thing  to  another);  eke  out;  join  together; 
patch  up.    [f.  prec] 

piece  de  resistance  (F),  n.  Most  substan- 
tial dish  at  meal  (also  fig.). 

piecemeal,  adv.,  a.,  n.  (Also  by  p.)  piece  by 
piece,  part  at  a  time ;  (adj.)  done  &c  p.  [-meal] 

pied  (pid),  a.    Parti-coloured,   [pie1, -ED1] 

pled  a  terre  (pya'dahtar-),  n.  Rest  for  the 
sole  of  one's  foot,  somewhere  to  stay.   (F] 

pier  (per),  n.  Breakwater,  mole ;  structure 
of  iron  or  wood  open  below  running  out  into 
sea  &  used  as  promenade  &  landing-stage, 
whence  piep*AGE(4)  n.;  support  of  spans  of 
bridge ;  pillar ;  solid  masonry  between  win- 
dows &c  ;  p.-glass,  large  mirror  orig.  used  to 
fill  up  this.  Q_2thc  per  f.  med.L  pera etym.  dub.] 

pierce  (pers),  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  sharp  instrument 
&c,  also  fig.  of  cold,  pain,  grief,  glance,  dis- 
cernment, discerning  person,  shriek,  &c)  pene- 
trate ;  prick  (substance  with  pin  &c) ;  make 
hole  in  (cask  &c);  force  one's  way  through 
or  into;  penetrate  through,  into,  &c  Hence 
pierjeing-LY2adv.    [f.  OF percer  etym.  dub.] 

Pier'ian  (or  -er-),  a.  Of  Pieria  in  N.  Thessaly, 
reputed  home  of  Muses,    [f.  L  Pierius  +  -an] 

pierrot  (pyer'6,  pye'ro),  n.  (fem.  pierrette). 
French  pantomime  character ;  itinerant  min- 
strel with  whitened  face  &  loose  white  dress. 
[F,  dim.  of  Pierre  peter] 

pietct  (pya'tah),  n.  Picture,  sculpture,  of  Vir- 
gin Mary  holding  dead  body  of  Christ  on  her 
lap.    [It.,  f.  L  as  piety] 

pi'etism,  n.  Spener  s  movement  for  revival 
of  piety  in  Lutheran  Church  in  17th  c  ;  pious 
sentiment,  exaggeration  or  affectation  of  this. 
So  pi'etiST  n.,  pieti'stic(AL)  aa.  [f.  G  pietis- 
mus  (as  piety,  see  -ism)] 

pPety,  n.  Quality  of  being  pious,  [f.  OF 
piete  f.  L  pietatem  (as  pious,  see  -ty)] 

piezo'meter,  n.  Kinds  of  instrument  for 
measuring  pressure  or  the  sense  of  it.  [f.  Gk. 
piezoyress  +  -o-  4-  -meter] 

pi'fHe,  v.i.,  &  n.  (slang).  Talk  or  act  feebly, 
trifle  ;  (n.)  twaddle.    Hence  pi*£FlER l  n.    [?] 

pig1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Swine,  hog ;  flesh  of  (usu. 
young  or  sucking)  p.  as  meat,  esp.  roast  p.; 
guinea-©,  (lit.  &  fig.);  (colloq.)  greedy,  dirty, 
sulky,  obstinate,  or  annoying  person,  whence 
pi'g-giSH1  a.,  pi'ggishLY2  adv.,  pi'g-gish- 
ness  n.;  oblong  mass  of  metal  (usu.  iron)  from 
smelting-furnace,  esp.  p.-iron;  segment  of 
orange ;  buy  a  p.  in  a  poke,  buy  thing  without 
seeing  it  or  knowing  its  value ;  bring  one's  pp. 
to  a  fine,  a  pretty,  the  wrong,  market,  fail  in  a 
venture  ;px'gheaded,  obstinate,  stupid,  whence 
pigheadedly  adv.,  pigheadedness  n.;  p.-jump, 
(or  horse)  jump  sportively  from  all  four  legs  not 
brought  together  as  in  buck-jumping ;  pignut, 
earth-nut ;  pigskin,  (leather  made  of)  p.'s  skin, 
(slang)  saddle;  pi'gsticking,  hunting  of  wild 
boar  with  spear,  butchering  of  swine,  so  pi'g- 
sticker  n. ;  pigsty,  sty  for  pp.,  (fig.)  dirty  hovel; 
p.'s  xcash,  pigwash,  swill  of  brewery  or  kitchen 
given  to  pp. ;  pigweed,  kinds  of  herb  eaten  by 
pp.;  (v.i.  &  t.)  bring  forth  (pigs  orabs.);  (v.i.) 
herd  together  like  pigs  (also  p.  it).  Hence  pi'g"- 
let,  pi'gTLiNG1,  nn.  dimm.,  pi'g-UKt:  a.  [ME 
pigge,  etym.  dub.] 

pi'g-eon  (jn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Dove  (wild  or  domes- 
ticated); carrier-p.,  homing  p.,  (trained  to  carry 


PIGEONRY 


620 


PILOT 


home  messages  tied  to  its  neck  &c.);  simpleton, 
gull,  as  PLUCK2a  p.;  clay  p.,  clay  saucer  thrown 
into  air  from  trap  as  mark  for  shooting ;  p.- 
breast,  deformed  human  chest  laterally  con- 
stricted, so  p.-breasted  ;  pi'geongram,  message 
carried  by  p.;  p.-English,  see  pidgin;  p.-hole, 
small  recess  for  p.  to  nest  in,  one  of  a  set  of 
compartments  for  papers  &c.  in  cabinet  &c, 
(v.t)  deposit  (document)  in  this,  put  aside  (mat- 
ter) for  future  consideration,  assign  (thing'/  to 
definite  place  in  memory;  p.'s  milk,  partly- 
digested  food  with  which  pp.  feed  their  young, 
imaginary  article  for  which  children  are  sent 
on  fool's  errand  ;  (v.t)  cheat  (person  of  thing), 
[f.  OF  pijon  f.  LL  pipionem  (nova,  -io)  young 
cheeping  bird  (pipire  cheep)] 

pi'geonpy,  n.    Pigeon-house,    [-ry] 

pi'g-g-ery,  n.  Pig-breeding  establishment; 
pigsty  ;  dirty  place ;  piggishness.    [-eryJ 

pi'gTgry,  n.  Little  pig;  (nursery)  p.-wiggy, 
little  pig,  dirty  child  ;  game  of  tip-cat.    [-Y  3] 

prg-ment,  n.  Colouring-matter  used  as  paint 
or  dye ;  natural  colouring-matter  of  a  tissue. 
Hence  pig-me'ntAL,  pi'g-mentARY »,  aa.  [f. 
L  pigmentum  {pig-  root  of pingere  paint)] 

pig-my.    See  pygmy. 

pi'gtail,  n.  Tobacco  twisted  into  thin  roll ; 
plait  of  hair  hanging  from  back  of  head,  esp.  as 
worn  by  Chinese  &  young  girls,  &  formerly  by 
soldiers  &  sailors.    Hence  pi'grtailED2  a. 

pike1,  n.,  &  v.t  Long  wooden  shaft  with 
steel  or  iron  head,  formerly  important  weapon 
of  infantry;  (dial.)  pickaxe,  spike  ;  [perh.  diff. 
wd  of  Norse  orig.]  peaked  top  of  hill  (in  names 
of  hills  in  Lake  district);  [prob.  abbr.  otp.-fish, 
from  its  pointed  snout]  large  voracious  fresh- 
water fish,  jack  ;  (v.t.)  thrust  through,  kill,  with 
p. ;  pikeman,  miner  who  uses  pickaxe,  [(in  first 
sense  f.  ¥  pique,  cf.  Fpiquer  prick,  jnc  pickaxe, 
cogn.  w.)  OEpic,  etym.  dub. J 

pike  2,  n.  Toll-bar ;  toll ;  turnpike  road ;  pike- 
man,  keeper  of  turnpike,    [abbr.  of  turnpike] 

pi'kestaff,  n.  Wooden  shaft  of  pike ;  plain 
as  a  p.  [orig.  packstaff,  smooth  staff  used  by 
pedlar],  quite  plain.    Ipike  *  +  staff] 

pila'ster,  n.    Rectangular  column,  esp.  one 


engaged  in  wall.    [f.  F  pilastre  f.  It  pilastro 

f.  med.L  pilastrum  (hpila  pillar,  see  -aster)] 

pilau*,  -aw,  (ow,  -aw,  -6),  -aff,  n.     Oriental 


dish  of  rice  with  meat,  spices,  &c.   [Pers.  (aw)] 

pilch,  n.  Triangular  flannel  wrapper  for  in- 
fant.   [OE  pylece,  as  pelisse] 

pi'lchard,  n.  Small  sea-fish  allied  to  her- 
ring.   [?] 

pi'lcopn,  n.  Kind  of  oat  in  which  husk  does 
not  adhere  to  grain.    [  =  pilled  corn] 

pile1,  n.,&  v.t  Pointed  stake  or  post;  heavy 
beam  driven  vertically  into  bed  of  river  &c.  as 
support  for  bridge  &c. ;  p.-driver,  machine  for 
^U'lJin?PP;;<v-t-)furnisnwithPP-. drive  pp.  into. 
[OEpilf.  hpilum  javelin] 

pile2,  n.  Heap  of  things  laid  more  or  less 
regularly  upon  one  another ;  (funeral)  p.,  heap 
of  combustibles  on  which  corpse  is  burnt ;  (col- 
loq.)  heap  of  money,  fortune,  as  make  a  p.,  make 
ones  p.  (as  much  as  one  wants);  lofty  mass  of 
buildings ;  series  of  plates  of  dissimilar  metals 
laid  one  upon  another  alternately  for  producing 
electric  current.    [F,  f.  hpila  pillar] 

pile3,  v.t  Heap  up  (often  up,  on) ;  p.  arms, 
place  (usu.  four)  rifles  with  butts  on  ground  & 
muzzles  together  in  pyramidal  form  so  as  to 
be  readily  available ;  (colloq.)  p.  up  (or  on)  the 
agony,mtenaify  painful  description  8cc.,p.  it  on, 
exaggerate  ;  load  (table  &c.  urith).    [f.  prec] 

P  i  !,"'  <archaic).  Reverse  of  coin  ;  cross  or 
p.  .heads  or  tails,  [as  pile  *,  orig.  =  under  iron 
of  minting  apparatus] 


pile5,  n.    Soft  hair,  down,  wool  of  sheep; 

nap  on  cloth,  esp.  on  velvet,  plush,  &c,  or  on 
carpet,  as  two,  three,  -p.  carpet.  Hence  pi'lY2 
a.    [f.  L  pilus  hair] 

pile6,  n.  (PI.)  haemorrhoids,  disease  marked 
by  tumours  of  veins  of  lower  rectum;  (sing.) 
such  tumour ;  pilewort,  lesser  celandine  (from 
reputed  efficacy  against  pp.).    [f.  L  pita  ball] 

pi'lfer,  v.t  Steal  (thing  or  abs.)  esp.  in  small 
quantities.  Hence  pl*lfePAGE(3),  pi'lfePER1, 
nn.    [ult  f.  OF  pelf  re  pelf] 

pilg-ap'lie,  n.  (archaic).  Bald  head ;  bald- 
headed  man  ;  poor  creature.  [  =pilled  or  peeled 
garlic] 

pi'lgrim,  n.,  &  v.i.  One  who  journeys  to 
sacred  place  as  act  of  religious  devotion ;  P. 
Fathers,  English  Puritans  who  founded  colony 
of  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  in  1620;  (v.i.) 
wander  like  a  p.  Hence  pi*lg-pimiZE(2)  v.L 
[ME  pelegrim  f.  OF  *pelegrin  f.  L  peregrinus 
stranger  f.  PER(e#re  f.  ager  field)  abroad,  -ine  '] 

pi'lgrimage  (-ij),  n.,  &  v.i.  Pilgrim's  jour- 
ney, esp.  go  on  (a)  p.;  (fig.)  mortal  life  viewed 
as  a  journey ;  (v.i.)  go  on  a  p.  [f.  OF  pelerin- 
age  f.  peleriner  go  as  a  pilgrim  (as  prec.)] 

pili'fepous,  a.  Having  hair  (esp.  in  Bot). 
So  prliFORM  a.    [f.  L  pilus  hair,  see  -ferous] 

pill »,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  ball  of  medicinal  sub- 
stance for  swallowing  whole  ;  p.-box,  shallow 
cylindrical  box  for  holding  pp.,  (facet)  small 
vehicle  or  building;  gild1  the  p.;  (slang  or 
facet.)  ball,  e.g.  cannon-ball,  tennis-ball;  (pi.) 
billiards ;  pillwort,  kinds  of  plant  with  small 
globular  involucres  ;  (v.t,  slang)  blackball,  de- 
feat   [f.  L  pilula  dim.  of  pila  ball] 

pill2,  v.t.  (archaic).  Pillage,  plunder;  (dial.) 
=  peel3.  [prob.  f.  L  pUare  make  bare  of  hair 
(pilus),  cf.  PEEL3] 

pi'llag-e  (ij),  n.,  &  v.t  Plunder,  esp.  as  prac- 
tised in  war ;  (v.t)  sack,  plunder,  (place,  person, 
or  abs.).  Hence  prllagEK1  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f. 
piller  as  prec,  see  -ageJ 

pi'llap,  n.,  &  v.t.  Vertical  structure  of  stone, 
wood,  metal,  &c.,  slender  in  proportion  to 
height,  used  as  support  or  ornament ;  post, 
pedestal ;  (fig.)  person  who  is  a  main  supporter, 
as  a  p.  of  the  faith ;  upright  mass  of  air,  water, 
&c;  (Mining)  solid  mass  of  coal  &c.  left  to  sup- 
port roof  of  the  working;  drivenfrom  p.  to  post 
(to  &  fro,  from  one  resource  to  another);  p.-box, 
hollow  p.  about  5  ft  high  in  which  letters  may 
be  posted;  (v.t.)  support  (as)  with  pp.  Hence 
pHlaPET*  n.  [f.  OF  piler  f.  late  pop.  L  pilare 
(pila  pillar,  see  -ar  l)] 

pi'llion,  n.  (hist).  Woman's  light  saddle; 
cushion  attached  to  hinder  part  of  saddle  for 
second  rider,  usu.  woman,  [prob.  of  Celt,  orig., 
ult  f.  hpe His  skin] 

pi-lliwinks,  n.  (hist).  Instrument  of  torture 
for  squeezing  fingers.    [?] 

pi'llopy,  n.,  &  v.t.  Wooden  framework  with 
holes  for  head  &  hands  of  offender  exposed  to 
public  ridicule  &c;  (v.t.) put  in  the  p.,  (fig.)  ex- 
pose to  ridicule,    [f.  OF  pellori,  etym.  dub.  ] 

pi'llow,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Cushion  of  linen  &c. 
stuffed  with  feathers  &c.  as  support  for  head 
in  reclining  esp.  in  bed  ;  take  counsel  of  one's 
p.,  take  a  night  to  reflect;  (techn.)  p. -shaped 
block  or  support ;  p.-case,  (shop)  -slip,  washable 
case  of  linen  &c.  for  p.;  (v.t.)  rest  prop  up, 
on  p.;  (v.i.)  rest  on  p.  Hence  pi'llowY2  a. 
[OE  pyle,  pylu,  cf.  Du.  peluw,  G  pfiihl] 

pi'lose,  -ous,  aa.  Covered  with  hair.  Hence 
pild'siTY  n.  [f.  L  pilosus  ( pilus  hair,  -ose  ] )J 

pi'lot,  n.,  &  v.t.  Steersman,  esp.  one  qualified 
by  local  knowledge;  (fig.)guide,  esp.  in  hunting- 
field  ;  p.-cloth,  blue  woollen  cloth  for  great-coat 
&c.;  p.engine  (clearing  the  way  for  another); 


PILULE 6 

p.-jacket,=  pea-jacket  ;  p.-fish,  small  fish  said 
to  act  as  p.  to  shark  ;  (v.t.)  conduct  as  p.  (lit.  & 
fig.),  act  as  p.  on  (way,  piece  of  water).  Hence 
or  cogn.  pi'lotAGE(3,  i)  n.,  pi'lotLESS  a.  [f.  F 
pillotte  f.  It.  pilota  perh.  f.  It.  pedota,  cf.  It. 
pedoto  rudder  perh.  f.  Gk  pedon  oar,  (pi.)  rudder] 

pi'lule,  pill-,  n.  Pill;  small  pill.  Hence 
pi'lulAR  1,  pi'lulous,  aa.    [F,  as  pill  j] 

pi'melode,  n.  Cat-fish.  [f.  Gk  pimelodes 
fatty  (pimele  fat,  see  -ode)] 

pime'nto,  n.  Dried  aromatic  herries  of  a 
certain  tree,  Jamaica  pepper ;  the  tree.  [f.  Sp. 
pimienta  f.  L  pigmentum  pigment,  (med.L) 
spice] 

pimp,  n.,  &  v.i.  Pander,  [etym.  dub.;  Fhas 
pimpant  seductive  in  appearance] 

pi'mpernel,  n.  Small  annual  found  in  corn- 
fields &  waste  ground,  with  scarlet  (also  blue 
or  white)  flowers  closing  in  cloudy  or  rainy 
weather,  [f.  OF  pimprenele  f.  med.  L  pipinella 
perh.  corrupt,  of  bipinnella  double  dim.  of  bi- 
( pennis  f.  penna  feather)  two-winged] 

pi'mpingr,  a.    Small,  mean  ;  sickly.    [?] 

pi'mple,  n.  Small  solid  round  tumour  of  the 
skin,  usu.  inflammatory.  Hence  pi'mplED2, 
pi'mplY  2,  aa.    [?] 

pin  !,  n.  Thin  piece  of  (usu.  tinned  brass  or 
iron)  wire  with  sharp  point  &  round  flattened 
head  for  fastening  together  parts  of  dress, 
papers,  &c. ;  peg  of  wood  or  metal  for  various 
purposes;  each  of  the  pegs  round  which  strings 
of  musical  instrument  are  fastened ;  thole, 

BELAYing,    DRAWING,    -».,    HAIRJ?.,    NINEPIN  ; 

don't  care  ap.  (at  all) ;  (pi.,  colloq.)  legs,  as  quick 
on  his  pp.;  pp.  &  needles,  tingling  sensation  in 
limb  recovering  from  numbness  ;  small  cask  of 
4 £  gal.;  pi'neusnion,  small  cushion  for  sticking 
pp.  in  to  keep  them  ready  for  use;  p.-feather, 
ungrown  feather;  p.-fire  cartridge  (exploded 


by  means  of  p.) ;  p.-head,  (fig.)  minute  thing ; 

">y  p.  or  into  whf 
money,  annual  allowance  to  woman  for  dress 


p.-hole  (made  by  p.  or  into  which  peg  fits) ;  p. 


expenses  &c,  allowance  settled  on  wife  for 
private  expenliture;  p.-prick,  (fig.)  trifling 
irritation  ;  pintail,  kinds  of  duck  &  grouse 


with  pointed  tail ;  p.-wheel,  small  catharine- 

1 :  OE pinn,  Du.  pin,  Gpin(ne) ; 

h.  f.  Ij  pinna  point] 

pin  2,  v.t    Fasten  (th 

things  together)  with  pin(s) ;  transfix  with  pin, 


wheel.  fcom.LG 
perh.  f.  L  pinna  point] 

Fasten  (thing  to  another,  up,  &c, 


lance,  &c;  p.  one's  faith  (reply  implicitly)  on 
(person  &c);  seize  &  hold  fast  (against  wall 
&c.) ;  bind  (person  &c,  often  down)  to  (promise, 
arrangement);  enclose  by  bars  &c.  [f.  prec; 
last  sense  perh.  f.  obs.  pind  impound] 

pi'nafore,  n.  Child's  washable  covering 
worn  over  frock  to  protect  it  from  dirt.  Hence 
pi'nafoPED  2  n.    [pin  2  +  afore] 

pina'ster,  n.  A  pine  indigenous  to  S.W. 
Europe.    [L,=wild  pine  (pinus,  -aster)] 

pince-nez  (F),  n.  Pair  of  eyeglasses  with 
spring  to  clip  nose.    [F,  lit  =  pinch-nose] 

pi'neers,  n.  pi.  (Also  a  pair  of  pp.)  gripping- 
tool  made  of  two  limbs  pivoted  together  form- 
ing pair  of  jaws  with  pair  of  handles  to  press 
them  together  with  ;  similar  organ  of  crusta- 
ceans &c.  [MKpinsours  (as  pinch  v.,  see  -or2)] 

pincette  (F),  n.    Small  pincers,  tweezers. 

pinch1,  n.  Nip,  squeeze;  (fig.)  stress  (of 
poverty  &c.) ;  at  a  p.  (critical  juncture) ;  as 
much  as  can  be  taken  up  with  tips  of  finger  & 
thumb,  as  a  p.  ofsnvff,  salt.    [f.  foil.] 

pinch  2,  v.t  &  i.  hap,  squeeze,  esp.  between 
tips  of  finger  &  thumb  (also  fig.  of  cold,  hunger, 
&c.) ;  that  is  where  the  shoe  pinches,  that  is  the 
difficulty  or  trouble ;  extort  (money  &c.  from, 
out  of,  person  &c);  stint  (person  &c.  in,  of,  for, 
food  &c.) ;  be  niggardly ;  urge  (horse  esp.  in 


1 PINNA 

race);  sail  (ship)  close-hauled;  (slang)  steal 
(thing),  rob  (person),  arrest,  take  into  custody, 
[f.  ONF  *pinchier  (F  pincer),  etym.  dub.] 

pi'nehbeck,  n.  &  a.  Gold-like  alloy  of  copper 
&  zinc  used  in  cheap  jewellery  &c;  counter- 
feit, sham.    [f.  C.  P.,  watchmaker,  d.  1732) 

Pindar*!  (-e),  n.  Mounted  marauder  in 
India  in  17th  &  18th  cc.    [f.  Hind,  pindari] 

Pinda'rie,  a.  &  n.  Of,  like,  the  Greek  poet 
Pindar;  (n.,  usu.  pi.)  P.  ode(s),  metre,  verse(s). 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Pindarikos  (Pindaros,  see  -ic)] 

pine1,  n.  Genus  of  trees  with  evergreen 
needle-shaped  leaves,  many  species  of  which 
afford  timber,  tar,  &  turpentine ;  p.-apple, 
large  collective  fruit  of  the  ananas,  so  called 
from  resemblance  to  p. -cone ;  p.-beauty,p.  car- 
pet, moths  whose  larvae  feed  on  p. -trees;  p.- 
cone,  fruit  of  the  p.    [OE  pin  f.  L  pinus] 

pine  2,  v.i.  Languish,  waste  away,  from  grief, 
disease,  &c;  long  eagerly  (for,  after,  to  do). 
[OE  pinian  f.  obs.  pin  pain  f.  L  poena  punish- 
ment, pain] 

pi'neal,  a.  (anat).  Shaped  like  a  pine-cone ; 
p.  gland,  gland  of  unknown  function  behind 
third  ventricle  of  brain,  [f.  F  pineal  t  hpinea 
piNE-cone,  see  -al] 

pi'nepy,  n.  Place  in  which  pine-apples  are 
grown  ;  plantation  of  pines,    [-ery] 

pi'nfold,  n.,  &  v.t.  Pound  for  stray  cattle 
&c;  (v.t.)  confine  in  this.  [OEpundfald  (*pund 
POUND  +fald  FOLD)] 

ping*,  n.,  &  v.i.  Abrupt  ringing  sound  as  of 
rifle  bullet  flying  through  air ;  (v.i.)  make,  fly 
with,  this,    [imit] 

pi'ngr-po'ngr,  n.  Game  like  lawn-tennis 
played  on  table  with  celluloid  balls  &  (usu.) 
parchment  bats.    [imit.  f.  sound  of  bat] 

pi'ngruid  (-gw-),  a.  (usu.  facet).  Fat,  oily, 
greasy,    [f.  L  pinguis  fat  +  -id  1] 

prngruin  (-gw-),  n.  W.-Ind.  plant  or  fruit 
allied  to  pine-apple.    [?] 

pi'nion1,  n.  Terminal  segment  of  bird's 
wing ;  (poet.)  wing ;  any  flight-feather  of  wing ; 
(in  carving)  part  of  wing  corresponding  to 
forearm,  [f.  OF pignon  f.  hpenna feather,  -oon] 

pi'nion2,  v.t  Cut  off  pinion  of  (wing,  bird) 
to  prevent  flight ;  bind  the  arms  of  (person), 
bind  (arms) ;  bind  (person  &c.)  fast  to  (thing), 
[f.  prec] 

pi'nion  3,  n.  Small  cog-wheel  engaging  with 
larger  one ;  cogged  spindle  engaging  with 
wheel,  [f.  F  pignon  f.  OF  penon  battlement  f. 
L  pinna  battlement,  see  -oon] 

pink1,  n.  &  a.  Garden  plant  with  sweet- 
smelling  white,  pink,  crimson,  or  variegated 
flowers ;  the  p.  (embodied  perfection)  of  ele- 
gance &c;  the  p.  (most  perfect  condition)  of 
health  &c;  (of  a)  pale  red  slightly  inclining  to 
purple ;  fox-hunter's  red  coat,  cloth  of  this ;  fox- 
hunter;  (adj.)  of  pale  red  colourof  various  kinds, 
as  rose,salmon,-p.,  whencepi'nkiSH1,pi*nky2f 
aa.,  pi'nkNESsn.;  p.-eye,  contagious  fever  of 
horse,  contagious  ophthalmia  in  man.    [?] 

pink2,  n.  Yellowish  pigment  made  by  com- 
bining vegetable  colouring  matter  with  some 
white  base  (Brown,  French,  Dutch,  &c.  p.).   [?] 

pink  3,  n.  (hist.).  Sailing-vessel  esp.  with  nar- 
row stern  (orig.  small  &  flat-bottomed),  [prob. 
f.  MDu.  pincke  etym.  dub.] 

pink4,  v.t  Pierce  with  sword  &c,  (also  p. 
out)  ornament  (leather  &c.)  with  perforations ; 
adorn,  deck.  [cf.  LG  pinken  strike,  peck,  perh. 
var.  of  picken  pick2] 

pink \  n.  Young  salmon  ;  (dial.)  minnow, 
[also  in  dial.  Gl 

pi'nna,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Broad  upper  part  of  ex- 
ternal ear ;  primary  division  or  pinnate  leaf ; 
fin,  fin-like  structure.    [L,=penna] 


PINNACE 


622 


PIRATE 


pi'nnace  (-as),  n.  Man-of-war's  double-bank- 
ed (usu.  eight-oared)  boat;  (Hist.)  small  nsu. 
two-masted  vessel,  [f.  F  pinasse  prob.  f.  L 
pinus  pine] 

pi'nnacle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  ornamental  tur- 
ret usu.  ending  in  pyramid  or  cone,  crowning  a 
buttress,  roof,  &c;  natural  peak;  (fig.)  culmin- 
ation, climax ;  (v.t.)  set  (as)  on  p.,  form  the  p. 
of,  furnish  with  pp.  [ME  &  OF  pinacle  f.  LL 
pinnaculum  (pinna  wing,  see  -cule)] 

pi'nnate  (-at),  a.  (Bot.,  of  compound  leaf) 
with  series  of  leaflets  on  each  side  of  common 
petiole;  (Zool.)  with  branches,  tentacles,  &c, 
on  each  side  of  an  axis.  Hence  pi'nnated 
[-ate2J  a.,  pl'nnateLV2  adv.  [f.  L  pinnatus 
feathered  (pinna,  see  -ate2)] 

pi'nner,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also:  coif  with 
two  long  side-flaps  pinned  on.  [f.  pin  v.  +  -er1] 

pinni-  in  comb.  =  pinna,  fin,  as :  -grade,  -ped, 
aa.  &  nn.,  fin-footed  (animal). 

pi'nnothepe,  -tere,  (-er),  n.  Genus  of  small 
crabs  commensally  inhabiting  shells  of  oyster, 
mussel,  &c.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  pinnoteres  (pina,  bi- 
valve mollusc,  +  tired  guard)] 

pi'nnule,  n.  (Bot.)  secondary  division  of 
pinnate  leaf;  (Zool.)  part,  organ,  like  small 
wing  or  fin ;  sight  at  end  of  index  of  astrolabe 
&c.  Hence  pi'nnul ah  1  a.  [f.  L  pinnula  dim. 
of  pinna] 

pi'nny,  n.    Childish  abbr.  of  pinafore. 

prnoele,  n.  (U.S.).    Game  like  bezique.    [?] 

pino'le,  n.  (U.S.).  Meal  made  from  parched 
corn-flour  mixed  with  sweet  flour,  sugar,  &c. 
[Amer.-Sp.,  f.  Aztec  pinolli] 

pint,  n.  Measure  of  capacity  for  liquids  &c, 
ith  of  gallon,    [f.  F  pinte,  etym.  dub.  J 

pinta'do  (-ah-),  n.  (Now  usu.  p.  bird,  petrel) 
kind  of  petrel ;  guinea-fowl.  [f.  Port,  pintado 
painted  p.p.  of  pintar  f.  L  pingere  *pinct-  for 
pict-] 

pi'ntle,  n.  Kinds  of  pin  or  bolt,  esp.  one  on 
which  some  other  part  turns.  [OE  pintel  penis, 
etym.  dub.,  cf.  Du.  &  Gpint  penis] 

pi'nxit,  pinxer'unt,  v.t.  (So-&-so)  painted 
it  (in  signature  to  picture,  as  fecit).    [L] 

pi'ny,  a.  Of,  like,  abounding  in,  pines,  [-Y2] 

piolct  (pyola*),  n.     Alpinist's  ice-axe.    [F] 

pioneer*,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Mil.)  one  of  body 
of  foot-soldiers  marching  in  advance  with 
spades  &c.  to  prepare  road  for  main  body;  be- 
ginner of  enterprise.original  explorer,  &c;  (v.i.) 
act  as  p.;  (v.t.)  open  up  (road  &c.)  as  p.,  act  as 
p.  to,  conduct,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  pionnier  foot- 
soldier,  pioneer,  (pion,  f.  L  as  pawn  1,  -ier)] 

pi'ous,  a.  Devout,  religious ;  p.  founder  (of 
college  &c.  for  glory  of  God  &  good  of  man); 
(archaic)  dutiful ;  p.  fraud.  Hence  pi'ous- 
ly  2  adv.    [f.  L  pius  dutiful,  pious,  -ous] 

pip1,  n.  Disease  of  poultry,  hawks,  &c, 
marked  by  thick  mucus  in  throat  &  often  by 
white  scale  on  tip  of  tongue  (also  facet,  of 
various  human  diseases),  [prob.  f.  MDu.  pippe 
f.  pop.  hpipita  corrupt,  of  pituita] 

pip2,  n.  Each  spot  on  playing-cards,  dice,  or 
dominoes ;  single  blossom  of  clustered  inflores- 
cence ;  rhomboidal  segment  of  surface  of  pine- 
apple,   [earlier  peep,  etym.  dub.] 

Pip3,  v.t.  (colloq.).  Blackball;  defeat;  hit 
with  shot.    [f.  prec.  or  foil.] 

pip4,  n.  Seed  of  apple,  pear,  orange,  &c. 
Hence  pi'pLESS  a.  [earlier=,  &  prob.  abbr.  of, 
pippin] 

pipe  1,  n.  Tube  of  wood,  metal,  &c,  esp.  for 
conveying  water,  gas,  &c;  musical  wind-in- 
strument consisting  of  single  tube ;  each  of  the 
lubes  by  which  sound  is  produced  in  organ ; 
'E  vr.BAG  1PWes ;  boatswain's  whistle,  sounding 
of  this ;  voice,  esp.  in  singing ;  song,  note,  of 


bird ;  tubular  organ,  vessel,  &c,  in  animal 
body ;  cylindrical  vein  of  ore ;  channel  of  decoy 
for  wild  fowl;  (also  tobacco-p.)  narrow  tube  of 
clay,  wood,  &c.  with  bowl  at  one  end  for  draw- 
ing in  smoke  of  tobacco,  quantity  of  tobacco 
held  by  this,  as  light,  smoke,  a  p.;  peace-p.; 
Queen's  (tobacco-)  p.,  furnace  at  London  Docks 
used  formerly  for  burning  contraband  tobacco ; 
put  that  in  your  p.  &  smoke  it,  digest  that  fact 
&c.  if  you  can ;  cask  for  wine,  esp.  as  measure 
usu.  =  105 gal.;  p.-clay,  fine  white  clay  used  for 
tobacco-pp.  8c  (esp.  by  soldiers)  for  cleaning 
white  trousers  &c,  (fig.)  excessive  attention  to 
minutiae  of  dress  &c.  in  regiment,  (v.t.)  whiten 
with  p.-clay;  p.-light,  spill  for  lighting  p.;  p.- 
rack  (for  tobacco-pp.);  p.-stone,  hard  red  clay 
used  by  Amer.-Indians  for  tobacco-pp.     Hence 


pi,peFUL,n.,pi,peLESS,  pi'pY2,  aa.  [OEpipe, 
cf.  Du.  pijp,  G  pfeife,  ult.  f.  L  as  foil.] 
pipe2,  v.i.  &  t.    Play  (tune  &c.  or  abs.)  on 


pipe;  lead,  bring,  (person,  &c.)  by  sound  of 
pipe ;  summon  (crew  up,  to  meal,  work,  &c.)  by 
sounding  whistle;  whistle;  utter  in  shrill  voice; 
p.  up,  begin  to  play  or  sing ;  p.  one's  eye(s), 
weep ;  propagate  (pinks  &c.)  by  cuttings  taken 
off  at  joint  of  stem;  trim  (dress),  ornament 
(cake  &c),  with  piping1;  furnish  with  pipes. 
[OK  pipianf.  Lpipare  pipe,  chirp] 

pi'per,  n.  One  who  plays  on  pipe,  esp.  stroll- 
ing musician ;  pay  the  p.  (&  call  the  tune),  bear 
the  cost  (&  have  control)  of  a  proceeding  &c; 
kinds  of  fish ;  broken-winded  horse ;  decoy-dog. 
[OE  pipere  (pipe1  +  -er  l)] 

pipe'tte  (-et),  n.  Slender  tube  for  transfer- 
ring &c.  small  quantities,  esp.  in  chemistry. 
[F,  dim.  of  pipe1] 

pi'ping J,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  also :  ornamenta- 
tion of  dress  by  means  of  cord  enclosed  in  pipe- 
like fold ;  ornamental  cord-like  lines  of  sugar 
on  cake.    [f.  pipe  2  +  -ing  1] 

pi'pingr2,  a.  In  vbl  senses;  the  p.  time(s)  of 
peace  (marked  by  piping  as  opp.  to  martial 
music) ;  p.  (hissing)  hot.   Tf.  pipe  2  +  -ing  ^ 

pipistre*l(le),  n.  Small  kind  of  bat.  [F  (le) 
f.  It.  pipistrello,  vip-,  f.  L  vespertilio  bat  (vesper 
evening)] 

pi'pitj  n.    Bird  like  lark.    [prob.  imit.] 

pi'pkin,  n.  Small  earthenware  pot  or  pa; 

pi-ppin,  n.  Kinds  of  apple.  [ME&OFp 
seed,  etym.  dub.] 

piquant  (pe'kant),  a.  Agreeably  pungent, 
sharp,  appetizing ;  (fig.)  pleasantly  stimulating 
ordisturbing  to  the  mind.  Hence  pi'quANCY 
n.,  pi'quantLY2  adv.  [F  (as  foil.,  see  -ant)  ; 
F  fem.  -te  also  as  E  fem.,  pron.  pekah'nt  or  as  F] 

pique1  (pek),  v.t.,  &  n.  Irritate,  wound  the 
pride  of;  arouse  (curiosity,  interest);  plume 
oneself  on ;  (n.)  ill-feeling,  enmity,  resentment, 
as  in  a  fit  of  p.,  took  a  p.  against  me.  [f.  F 
piquer  vb  prick,  irritate,  pique  n.,  cf.  pick2] 

pique2  (pek),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Winning  of  30 
points  at  piquet  before  opponent  begins  to 
count ;  (v.t.)score  a  p.  against ;  (v.i.)  score  a  p. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  pic  etym.  dub.] 

pique*  (pe'ka),  n.    Stiff  ribb 
[F,  p.p.  of  p 


pepin 


Stiff  ribbed  cotton  fabric, 
of  piquer,  see  pique1] 

pique't  (-ket,  or  pi'k-),  n.  Card  game  for  two 
with  pack  of  32  cards.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

pira'g-ua,  peria'g-ua,  (wa),  n.  Long  nar- 
row canoe  made  from  single  tree-trunk ;  two- 
masted  sailing- barge.    [Sp.,  f.  Carib,  =  dug-out] 

pip'ate  (at),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Ship  used  by)  sea- 
robber;  marauder ;  one  who  infringes  another's 
copyright;  bus  that  encroaches  on  recognized 
routes  or  overcharges  or  preys  on  passengers ; 
(v.t.)  plunder,  (also)  reproduce  (book  &c.)  with- 
out leave  for  one's_own  profit ;  (v.i.)  play  the  p. 
Hence  or  cogn.  pir\ACY  n.,  pira'tic(AL)  aa., 


PIROGUE 


623 


PITEOUS 


pira*tiealLY2  adv.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  (ta)  f.  Gk 
peirates  (peirao  attempt,  assault)] 

pipo'gue  (-og),  n.    =  piragua.    [F] 

piroue-tte  (-dbet),  n.,  &  v.i.  Ballet-dancer's 
spin  round  on  one  foot  or  on  point  of  toe;  dance 
thus,  [(n.)  F,  =  top,  cf.  It.  piruolo  top,  pirone 
iron  peg;  vb  f.  F pirouetter) 

pis  alter  (pizahla"),  n.  Last  resource.  [F(pis 
worse  +  aller  go)J 

pi'seapy,  n.  Common  of  p.,  right  of  fishing 
in  another's  water  in  common  with  owner  (& 
others),  [f.  med.  hpiscaria  neut.  pi.  otpiscarius 
fishing  (piscis  fish,  6ee  -ary1)] 

pi'seatopy,  a.  Of  fishers  or  fishing,  whence 
piscatop'iA L a. ;  addicted  to  fishing,  [f.  L  pis- 
catorius  {piscator  fisher  f.  piscis  fish)] 

Pi'sces  (-sez),  n.  pi.  The  Fishes,  12th  zodiacal 
constellation;  12th  sign  of  zodiac.  [L,  pi.  of 
piscis  fish] 

pi'scicultupe  (si),  n.  Artificial  rearing  of 
fish.  Hence  piscicu'ltuPAL  a.,  piscicu'l- 
tunsT  n.    [f.  L  piscis  fish  +  culture] 

pisci'na  (-se-,  -si-),  n.  (pi.  -ae,  -as).  Fishpond ; 
ancient  Romanbathing-pond;  (Eccl.)  perforated 
stone  basin  for  carrying  away  water  used  in 
rinsing  chalice  &c.    [L,  r.  piscis  fish] 

pi*seineM<w*-en),n.  Bathing-pool.  [F,f.  prec] 

pi-seine2,  a.    Offish.   [t.Lpiscisfish,  -ine1] 

pisci'vopous,  a.  Fish-eating,  [as  prec.  + 
-vorous] 

pise  (pe'za),  n.  Stiff  clay  for  building  rammed 
between  boards,  which  are  removed  when  it 
hardens.    [F,  p.p.  of  piser  pound  f.  L  pinsare] 

Pi'sgah  (-z-),  n.  Mountain  whence  Moses 
viewed  the  Promised  Land  {Deut.  iii.  27) ;  (fig.) 
P.  glance,  prospect,  &c.    [Heb.] 

pish,  int.  expr.  contempt,  impatience,  or  dis- 
gust ;  (v.i.)  say  p.    [natural] 

pisho*g-ue  (og),  n.  (Ir.).  Sorcery ;  charm, 
spell,    [f.  Ir.  pis(r)eog] 

pi'siform  (pls-,piz-),a.  Pea-shaped ;  p.  bone, 
small  bone  of  upper  row  of  carpus,  [f.  L  pisum 
pea  +  -form] 

pi'smipe  (-s-),  n.  Ant.  [f.  foil,  (from  smell 
of  anthill)  +  obs.  mire  ant,  cf.  Du.  mier] 

piss,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (not  now  in  polite  use). 
Make  water;  discharge  (blood  &c.)  with  the 
urine ;  wet  with  urine ;  (n.)  urine,  [(n,  f.  vb)  f. 
OF pissier,  etym.  dub.] 

pista'chio  (-ashio,  -ash5,  -atsho),  n.  (Tree 
yielding)  nut  with  greenish  edible  kernel;  colour 
of  this.  [f.  It.  pistacchio  &  Sp.  pistacho  f.  L  f. 
Gk  pistakion) 

pi'stil,  n.  Female  organ  of  flower,  compris- 
ing ovary,  style,  &  stigma.  Hence  pi'stillARY1, 

pi'StillATE2(2),plstllli*FEROUS,pi,StilllNEl, 

aa.    [as  pestle] 

pi-stol  <-tl),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Small  fire-arm  held 
&  fired  by  one  hand  ;  within,  beyond,  p.-shot 
(range  of  p.);  (v.t.)  shoot  with  this.  [f.  obs.  F 
pistole  prob.  shortened  f.  pistolet  dagger,  pistol, 
dim.  f.  It.  pistolese  (dagger)  made  at  Pistoia] 

pisto'le,  n.  (hist.).  Foreign  gold  coin,  esp. 
Spanish  coin  worth  about  18s.  [F,  prob.  short- 
ened f.  pistolet,  etym.  dub.,  pern,  as  prec] 

pi'stolgpaph,  n.  (Apparatus  for  obtaining) 
instantaneous  photograph,    [-graph] 

pi'ston,  n.  Disk  or  short  cylinder  of  wood, 
metal,  &c,  fitting  closely  within  tube  in  which 
it  moves  up  &  down,  used  in  steam-engine, 
pump,  &c,  to  impart  orrecei  ve  motion  by  means 
of  p.-rod ;  sliding  valve  in  cornet  &c.  [F,  f.  It. 
pistone  var.  of  pestone  pestle] 

pit1,  n.  Natural  hole  in  ground ;  hole  made 
in  digging  for  mineral  &c.  or  for  industrial  pur- 
poses, as  chalk,  clay,  gravel,  coal,  saw,  tan, -p. ; 
covered  hole  as  trap  for  wild  beasts  or  (esp.  bibl.) 
for  enemies ;  (also  p.  of  hell)  hell ;  cockpit  ;  hol- 


low in  animal  or  plant  body  or  on  any  surface ; 
p.  of  the  stomach,  depression  between  cartilage 
of  false  ribs ;  depressed  scar,  as  after  small-pox ; 
that  part  of  auditorium  of  theatre  which  is  on 
floor  of  house,  now  usu.  the  part  of  this  behind 
stalls  ;  people  occupying  this ;  pitfall,  covered 
p.  as  trap  for  animals  &c,  (fig.)  unsuspected 
snare  or  danger;  pitman,  collier,  (U.S.)  con- 
necting-rod in  machinery.  [OE  pytt,  cf.  Du. 
put,  G  pfiitze,  f.  L  puteus  well] 

pit2,  v.t.  Put  into  a  pit  (esp.  vegetables  &c. 
for  storage);  set  (cock,  dog,  &c.)  to  fight  in  pit 
(against another), (fig.)  match  (person  against): 
make  pits,  esp.  scars,  in  (esp.  in  p.p.).    [f.  prec] 

pi*t-(a-)pat,  adv.  &  n.  With  the  sound  p., 
palpitatingly,  palteringly,  as  his  heart,  feet, 
went  p. ;  (n.)  the  sound  p.    [imit.] 

pitch ',  n.,  &  v.t.  Black  or  dark-brown  tena- 
cious resinous  substance,  semi-liquid  when  hot, 
hard  when  cold,  got  from  distillation  of  tar  or 
turpentine,  used  f  orcaulkingseams  of  ships  &c ; 
p.-blende,  native  oxide  of  uranium,  found  in  p.- 
like  masses  ;  p.-cap,  cap  lined  with  p.,  used  as 
instrument  or  torture ;  p.-pine,  specially  resin- 
ous kinds  of  p. -tree ;  pitchstone,  old  volcanic 
rock  looking  like  p. ;  (v.t.)  cover,  coat,  smear, 
with  p.  [(OE  pician  vb  f.)  OE  pic  f.  L  pix  picis] 

pitch2,  v.t.  &  i.  Fix  &  erect  (tent,  camp); 
(abs.)  encamp ;  (Crick.)p.  wickets,  fix  stumps  in 
ground  &  place  bails ;  fix,  plant,  (thing)  in  de- 
finite position ;  expose  (wares)  for  sale  in  market 
&c ;  pave,  prepare,  (road)  with  stones  set  on 
end;  pitched  (arranged)  battle ;  (Mus.)  set  at 
particular  pitch,  (fig.)  express  in  particular 
style ;  throw,  fling ;  (in  games)  throw  (flat  ob- 
ject) towards  a  mark ;  (slang)  tell  (tale,  yarn); 
fall  heavily  {on  one's  head,  into,  &c) ;  (of  ship) 
plunge  in  longitudinal  direction  (cf.  roll2); 
p.  in  (colloq.),  set  to  work  vigorously;  p.  into 
(colloq.),  assail  forcibly  with  blows,  words,  &c, 
make  vigorous  attack  on,  (person,  food,  &c); 
p.  upon,  decide  upon  ;  p.-&-toss,  game  of  skill 
&  chance  in  which  coins  are  pitched  at  a  mark ; 
p.-farthing,=  CHUCK^-farthing.  [ME  pichen, 
etym.  dub.,  perh.  cogn.  w.  pick] 

pitch3,  n.  Pitching  (e.g.  of  ship);  mode  of 
delivering  cricket-bali  in  bowling ;  quantity  of 
commodity  pitched  in  market ;  place  at  which 
one  (e.g.  street  performer,  bookmaker)  is  sta- 
tioned; (Crick.)place  between  &  about  wickets; 
height  to  which  falcon  &c  soars  before  swoop- 
ing on  prey,  as  fly  a  high  &c  p.  (also  fig.); 
height, degree,  intensity, (o/quality&c);  (Mus.) 
degree  of  acuteness  or  graveness  of  tone ;  de- 
gree of  slope  ;  steepness  of  roof's  slope ;  (Mech.) 
distance  between  successive  points  or  lines, 
e.g.  between  successive  teeth  of  cog-wheel; 
p.-pipe,  small  pipe  blown  by  mouth  to  set  p.  for 
singing  or  tuning ;  p.-wheel,  toothed  wheel  en- 
gaging with  another,    [f.  prec] 

prtcheP1,  n.  Large  usu.  earthenware  vessel 
with  handle  or  two  ears  &  usu.  a  lip,  for  hold- 
ing liquids ;  little  pp.  have  long  ears,  children 
are  apt  to  overhear ;  (Bot.)  modified  leaf  in  p. 
form,  p.-plant  (with  such  leaves).  Hence  pi*t- 
chePFUL(2) n.  [f.  OF pichier f.  med..Lpicarium, 
bic-,  beaker] 

pi'tchep2,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  pitch2,  esp.: 
player  who  delivers  ball,  esp.  in  baseball ;  street 
vendor  who  pitches  stall  in  fixed  place;  stone 
used  for  paving.    [-ER *] 

pi'tchfopk,  n.,  &  v.t.  Long-handled  fork 
with  two  sharp  prongs  for  pitching  hay  &c; 
(v.t.)  cast  (as)  with  p.,  (fig.)  thrust  (person)  forci- 
bly (into  position, office,  &c).  [earlieralso  pick- 
fork,  prob.  f.  pick  J  +  fork,  assoc.  w.  pitch  2] 

pi'tehy, a.    Of,  like,  dark  &c  as,  pitch.  [- y  2] 

pi*teous,  a.     Calling  for  pity,  deplorable. 


PITH 6 

Hence  pi'teousLY2  adv.,  pi'teousxESS   n. 

[ME  pitous  f.  OF  pitos  f.  L  *pietosus  (as  piety, 
see  -rrous)] 

pith,  n.  Spongy  cellular  tissue  in  stems  & 
branches  of  dicotyledonous  plants;  similar 
tissue  lining  rind  of  orange  &c;  spinal  cord; 
(fig.)  essential  part,  quintessence;  physical 
strength,  vigour;  force,  energy;  of  p.  (impor- 
tance) &  moment  (Shaks.  Ham.  in.  i.  86) ;  (v.t.) 
slaughter  (animal)  by  severing  spinal  cord. 
Hence  pi'thLESS  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  pitha,  cf. 
MDu.  pitte,  Da.  pit] 

pitheea'nthrope  ( -Tk-),  n.  Ape-man,  hypo- 
thetical link  between  ape  &  man.  [f.  Gk  pithe- 
kos  ape  +  anthropos  man] 

pithe'coid,  a.    Ape-like,    [asprec.,  see-oiD] 

pi'thy,  a.  Of,  like,  abounding  in,  pith  ;  con- 
densed &  forcible,  terse.  Hence  pi*thiLY2adv., 
pi'thiNESsn.    [-y2] 

pi'tiable,  a.  Calling  for  pity  or  contempt 
Hence  pi'tlablexESSn.,  pitiabLY2  adv.  [OF 
(as  pity,  see  -able)] 

pi'tiful,  n.  Compassionate ;  (of  things)  call- 
ing for  pity ;  contemptible.  Hence  pi'tifulLY  2 
adv.,  pi'tifulNESS  n.    [-ful] 

pi'tiless,  a.  Showing  no  pity.  Hence  pi'ti- 
lessLY  2  adv.,  pi'tiless x ess  n.    [-less] 

pi'tpan,n.  CentralAmericandug-out.  [perh. 
native] 

pi'ttance,  n.  (Hist.)  pious  bequest  to  reli- 
gious house  for  extra  food  &c. ;  allowance 
remuneration,  esp.  scanty  one,  as  a  mere  p.; 
small  number  or  amount,  [f.  OF  pitance ;  OF 
has  also  pitance  pity  (as  piety  +  -ance)] 

pi'ttite,  n.  Person  occupying  seat  in  pit  of 
theatre,    [-ite  j] 

pitu'itary,  a.  Of  or  secreting  phlegm,  mu- 
cous. So  pitu'itous  a.  [f.  L  pituitarhcs  (pi- 
tuita  phlegm,  see  -arv  *)] 

pi'ty,  n.,  &  v.t.  Feeling  of  tenderness  aroused 
by  person's  distress  or  suffering,  as  cannot  help 
feeling  p.  for  him,  felt  no  p.  for  him,  in  p.  of 
his  fate;  take  p.  on,  feel  or  act  compassionately 
towards ;  (as  form  of  entreaty)  for  p.'s  sake  ; 
regrettable  fact,  ground  for  regret,  as  what  a 
p.  !,  more 's  the  p.  (so  much  the  worse),  it  is  a 
thousand  pp.  you  did  not  mention  it,  (archaic) 
it  is  or  was  p.  of  them,  one  feels  sorry  for  them  ; 
(v.t.)  feel  (often  contemptuous)  p.  for,  as  he  is 
much  to  be  pitied,  I  p.  you  if  you  think  that. 
Hence  pi'tyingLY  2  adv.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF pitet 
f.  L  as  piety] 

pi'vot,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Short  shaft  or  pin  on 
which  something  turns  or  oscillates;  (Mil.)  man 
on  whom  body  of  troops  wheels ;  (fig.)  cardinal 
or  central  point;  (v.t) furnish  with,  attach  by, 

6;  (v.i.)  turn  as  on  p.,  hinge  (upon,  often  fig.), 
ence  pi'votAL  a.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 
pi'xy,  -xie,  n.    Being  akin  to  fairy.    [?] 
pizzicato  (pitsikah'to),  adv.,  a.,  n.  (mus.). 
(Played)  by  plucking  string  of  violin  &c.  with 
finger  instead  of  using  bow;  (n.)  passage,  note, 
so  played.    [It] 

pi-zzle,  n.  (now  vulg.).  Penis  of  animal  esp. 
that  of  bull  formerly  used  as  flogging  instru- 
ment. [16th  c,  cf.  Du.  pees) 
pla'cable,  a.  Easily  appeased,  mild,  forgiv- 
ing. Hence  or  cogn.  plaeaBixiTY  n.,  pla'e- 
abLY2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  placabilis  (placare 
appease,  see  -ble)] 

pla'capd  (or  -ar'd),  n.,  &  v.t.     Document 
printed  on  one  side  of  single  sheet  for  posting 
'    t) set  up 
)  by  pp. 


up,  poster ;  (v.t)  set  up  pp.  on  (wall  &c),  adver 

&c.)  by  pp.,  display  (pos 
p.    [OF,  f.  plaquier  vb  plaster  f.  Du.  plakken 


tise  (wares 


isplay  (poster  &c.)  as 


glue,  prob.  imit,  see  -ard] 

placa'te  (or  pla'cat),  v.t    Pacify,  conciliate. 
If.  Li  placare,  see  -ate  3] 


1 PLAGIARIZE 

place \  n.  Particular  part  of  space  ;  part  of 
space  occupied  by  person  or  thing,  as  it  has 
changed  its  p.;  city,  town,  village,  &c;  (in 
names  of  groups  of  buildings)  Ely  6cc.  P. ;  resi- 
dence, dwelling ;  country-house  with  surround- 
ings ;  building,  spot,  devoted  to  specified  pur- 
pose, as  p.  of  amusement,  worship,  bathing-p.; 
(H.  of  Commons)  another  p.,  H.  of  Lords ;  par- 
ticular spot  on  surface  &c,  as  a  sore  p.  on  his 
wrist ;  sore ;  passage  of  book  &c;  rank,  station, 
as  servants  must  know  their  p.,  keep  him  in  his 
p.',  (Racing)  position  among  placed  competitors; 
position  of  figure  in  series  as  indicating  its  value 
in  decimal  or  similar  notation,  as  calculated  to 
50  decimal  pp. ;  step  in  progression  of  argument, 
statement,  &c.,  as  in  the  first,  second,  p.;  pro- 
per or  natural  position,  as  take  your  pp.,  there 
is  no  p.  for  doubt ;  space,  seat,  accommodation, 
for  person  &c.  at  table,  in  conveyance,  &c,  as 
take  two  pp.  in  the  coach,  always  a  p.  for  you 
at  our  table  ;  in  p.  of,  instead  of ;  take  the  p.  of, 
be  substituted  for ;  office,  employment,  esp. 
government  appointment ;  duties  of  office  &c, 
as  it  is  not  my  p.  to  inquire  into  that ;  in,  out 
of,  p.,  (un)suitable,  (in)appropriate  ;  give  p.  to, 
make  room  for,  be  succeeded  by ;  take  p.,  hap- 
pen; p.  brick  (imperfectly  burnt  from  being 
on  windward  side  of  kiln);  p.(-kick)  (Footb.), 
kick  made  when  ball  is  previously  placed  by 
another  player  for  that  purpose  on  ground ; 
placeman,  holder  of  public  office,  esp.  one 
appointed  from  motives  of  interest  [F,  f.  L  f. 
Gk  plateia  (hodos)  broad  (way)] 

place2,  v.t  Put  (thing  &c.)  in  particular 
place ;  arrange  (set  of  things)  in  their  proper 
places;  appoint  (person,  esp.  clergyman)  to 
post;  find  situation,  living,  &c,  for;  invest 
(money) ;  dispose  of  (goods)  to  customer ;  put 
(order  for  goods  &c.)  into  hands  of  firm  &c; 
repose  (confidence  &c.  in,  on) ;  assign  rank  to ; 
locate;  state  position  of  (usu.  any  of  first  3 
horses  or  runners)  in  race,  be  placed,  be  among 
first  three ;  get  (goal)  by  place  i-kick.    [prec] 

place'nta,  n.  Flattened  circular  spongy  vas- 
cular organ  in  higher  mammals,  expelled  in 
parturition  after  nourishing  foetus,  which  is 
attached  to  it  by  umbilical  cord ;  (Bot)  part  of 
carpel  to  whicn  ovules  are  attached.  Hence 
place'ntAL  a.  [f.  L  placenta  =  Gk  plakoeis 
-entos  flat  cake  f.  root  of  plax  plakos  flat  plate] 

pla'cer,  n.  Deposit  of  sand,  gravel,  &c,  in 
bed  of  stream  &c.  containing  valuable  minerals 
in  particles.  [Amer.  Sp.,  cogn.  w.  placet  sand- 
bank f.  plaza  place1] 

pla'cet,  sentence  &  n.  (Univv.).  P.,  nonp., 
it  pleases  me  (not)  (forms  used  in  voting  for  or 
against  measure) ;  (n.)  such  vote.    [L] 

pla*cid,  a.  Mild ;  peaceful ;  serene.  Hence 
or  cogn.  placi'diTV  n.,  pla'cidLY 2  adv.  [f.  L 
placidus  ( placere  please,  see  -id  j)] 

pla'cket,  n.  Pocket,  esp.  in  woman's  skirt ; 
p.-hole,  opening  in  outer  skirt  giving  access  to 
this.    [perh.  var.  of  placard] 

pla'coid,  a.  (Of  scales)  plate-shaped ;  (of  fish) 
with  P.  scales,    [f.  Gk  plax  plakos  plate,  -oidI 

plafond  (F),  n.  Ceiling,  esp.  one  enriched 
with  paintings  ;  such  painting. 

pla'g-al,  a.  (mus.).  (Of  ecclesiastical  modes) 
having  their  sounds  comprised  between  the 
dominant  &  its  octave ;  p.  cadence  (in  which 
chord  of  subdominant  immediately  precedes 
that  of  the  tonic).  Cf.  authentic,  [f.  med.L 
plagalis  f.  plaga  p.  mode,  prob.  f.  med.L  f.  Gk 
plagios oblique, (med.Gk)plagal,  f.  plagos side] 

pla'giarize  (-j-),  v.t.  Take  and  use  another 
person's  (thoughts,  writings,  inventions,  or 
abs.)  as  one's  own.  So  pla'giariSM,  pla'- 
griariST,  nn.    [f.  foil.  +  -ize] 


PLAGIARY 


625 


PLANI- 


pla'giary,  n.  =  plagiarism  ;  =  plagiarist. 
[f.  L  plaffiarius  kidnapper  <  plagiare  kidnap)] 

pla'gio-  (-j-)  in  comb.  =  Gk  plagios  oblique, 
as:  cepha'lic,  having  anterior  part  of  skull 
more  developed  on  one  side,  posterior  on  the 
other;  -c/a*s£ic(Min.),  havingoblique cleavage; 
-stome,  fish  with  mouth  placed  transversely 
beneath  snout,  as  sharks  &  rays. 

?  plague,  n.,  &  v.t.  Affliction,  esp.  as  divine 
mnishment;  (colloq.)  nuisance,  trouble ;  pesti- 
ence,  esp.  the  (oriental  or  bubonic)  p.;  (as  impre- 
cation) jp.  on  it  I  &c;  p.-spot,  spot  on  skin  char- 
acteristic of  p.,  locality  infected  with  p.;  (v.t.) 
afflict  with  p.,  (colloq.)  annoy,  bother,  whence 

Ela'g-uesbME  a.  (colloq.).  [ME  &  OF  plage  f. 
plaga  stroke  (plag-  root  of  plangere  beat 
breast,  cf.  Gk  plege  stroke,  plesso  strike)] 

pla'g-uyi-giha.  &  ad  v.  (colloq.).  Annoying(ly); 
exceeding(ly),  as  was  p.  glad  to  get  back  again. 
Hence  pla'g-uiLY  2adv.    [f.  prec.-f  -y  2] 

plaice,  n.  European  flat-fish  much  used  as 
food.  [f.  OF  plaiz  f.  LL  platessa  perh.  f.  Gk 
platus  broad] 

plaid  (plad),  n.  Long  piece  of  twilled  woollen 
cloth,  usu.  with  chequered  or  tartan  pattern, 
outer  article  of  Highland  costume ;  cloth  used 
for  this.  Henceplai*dED2a.  [cf.  Gael,  plaide, 
Ir.ploid,  etym.  dub.] 

plain1,  a.,  adv.,  n.  Clear,  evident;  simple, 
readily  understood,  as  p.  words,  English ;  not 
intricate,  as  p.  sewing;  unembellished,  (of 
drawings  &c.)  not  coloured ;  (of  food)  not  rich 
or  highly  seasoned  ;  not  luxurious,  as  p.  living; 
outspoken,  straightforward ;  unsophisticated, 
as  lam  a  p.  man;  of  homely  manners,  dress, 
or  appearance ;  ugly,  as  a  pity  the  poor  girl  is 
sop.;  p.  as  aPiKESTAFP ;  (adv.)  clearly,  as  learn 
to  speak  p.;  p.-chant,=  p.-song ;  p.  clothes,  un- 
official dress;  p.  dealing,  candour,  straight- 
forwardness; p.  sailing,  sailing  in  a  p.  course, 
(fig.)  simple  course  of  action ;  plai'n-song,  vocal 
music  composed  in  mediaeval  modes  &  in  free 
rhythm  depending  on  accentuation  of  the 
words,  and  sung  in  unison ;  p.-spoken,  out- 
spoken ;  p.  tile,  flat  roofing-tile;  (n.)  level  tract 
of  country ;  plainsman,  inhabitant  of  a  p. 
Hence  plai'nLY 2  adv.,  plai'nxESS  n.  [OF,  f. 
hplantts  a.,  -num  neut.  adj.  as  n.] 

plain2,  v.i.  (archaic,  poet.).  Mourn;  com- 
plain ;  emit  plaintive  sound,  [f.  OF  plaindre 
(st.  plaign-)  r.  L  plangere  planet-  beat  breast] 

plaint,  n.  (Law)  accusation,  charge  ;  (poet.) 
lamentation,  complaint.  [ME  &  OF  (1)  plaint 
f.  L  planctus  -iis  (2)  plainte  f.  med.L  plancta 
fern.  p.p.  as  n.;  both  as  prec]  * 

plai'ntiff,  n.  Party  who  brings  suit  into 
court  of  law,  prosecutor.    [OF,  as  foil.] 

plai'ntlve,  a.  Expressive  of  sorrow ;  mourn- 
ful. Hence  plai*ntiveLY2adv.,  plarntive- 
ness  n.    [OF  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  as  plain  2,  see  -ive] 

plait  (-at),  n.,  &  v.t  (Now  usu.  pleat)  fold, 
crease,  esp.  flattened  fold  in  cloth  made  by 
doubling  it  upon  itself,  (v.t.)  fold  (cloth  &c.) 
thus  ;  (now  rarely  plat2)  contexture  of  three 
or  more  interlaced  strands  of  hair,ribbon,  straw, 
&c;  (v.t.)  form  (hair,  straw,  &c.)  into  p.  [(vbf. 
n.)  f.  OF  pleit,  ploit,  f.  L  plicare  plicitum  fold] 

plan,  n.,  &  v.t.  Drawing,  diagram,  made  by 
projection  on  flat  surface  (cf.  elevation),  esp. 
one  showing  relative  position  of  parts  of  (one 
floor  of)  a  building ;  large-scale  detailed  map  of 
town  or  district;  table  indicating  times,  places, 
&c,  of  intended  proceedings  &c;  scheme  of 
arrangement ;  project,  design  ;  way  of  proceed- 
ing, as  the  better  p.  is  to  peel  them  after  boiling; 
p.  of  campaign  ;  (Perspective)  any  of  the  ima- 
ginary planes,  perpendicular  to  line  of  vision, 
passing    through   objects  shown  in  picture ; 


make  a  p.  of  (ground,  existing  building),  design 
(building  to  be  constructed  &c),  scheme, 
arrange  beforehand,  (procedure  &c).  Hence 
pla'nLESS  a.    [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  as  plain  i] 

planch  (-sh),  n.  Slab  of  metal,  stone,  &c, 
esp.  of  baked  fire-clay  used  in  enamelling,  [f.  F 
planehe  plank] 

pla'nchet,  n.  Plain  disk  of  metal  of  which 
coin  is  made.    [prec.  +  -et  '  J 

planchette  (planshe"t  or  as  F),  n.  Small  usu. 
heart-shaped  board  supported  by  two  castors  & 
pencil,  which  when  person's  fingers  rest  lightly 
on  board  is  said  to  trace  letters  &c.  without 
conscious  direction.  [F,  dim.  of  planehe  plank  l] 

plane1,  n.  Genus  of  tall  spreading  trees 
with  broad  angular  palmately-lobed  leaves ; 
p.-tree  (of  this  genus).  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  platanos 
{platus  broad)] 

plane2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Tool  for  smoothing  surface 
of  woodwork  by  paring  shavings  from  it,  con- 
sisting of  wooden  or  metal  stock  from  smooth 
bottom  of  which  projects  a  steel  blade ;  similar 
tool  for  smoothing  metal ;  smoothing-p.  (used 
to  finish  surface,  cf.  jack1-  &  trying-??.); 
moulding-p.  (for  making  mouldings);  (v.t.) 
smooth  (wood,  metal)  with  p.,  pare  away  or 
down  (irregularities)  with  p.,  (archaic)  level, 
esp.  p.  the  way.  [(n.)  F,  f.  LL  plana,  (vb)  f.  F 
planer ;  both  f.  L  planare  (as  plane  4)] 

plane3,  n.  Surface  such  that  the  straight 
line  joining  any  two  points  in  it  lies  wholly  in 
it;  imaginary  surface  of  this  kind  in  which 
points  or  lines  in  material  bodies  lie ;  level 
surface;  incline  ]e?  p.;  each  of  the  natural 
faces  of  a  crystal;  main  road  in  mine;  (fig.) 
level  (0/ thought,  knowledge,  &c.),  as  his  super- 
stition places  him  on  the  same  p.  as  the  savage ; 
p.  sailing,  art  of  determining  ship's  place  on 
the  theory  that  she  is  moving  on  a  p.,  (fig.,  now 
usu.  plain1  sailing)  simple  course,  [f.  L  pla- 
num neut.  as  foil.] 

plane  4,  a.  Perfectly  level,  as  a  plane  3 ;  (of 
angle,  figure,  &c.)  lying  in  a  plane;  p.  chart 
(on  which  meridians  &  parallels  of  latitude 
are  represented  by  equidistant  straight  lines, 
used  in  plane3  sailing);  p.-table,  surveying 
instrument  used  for  measuring  angles  in  map- 
ping, (v.t. )  survey  (area)  with  this.  [f.  L  planus 
flat,  level,  refash.  f.  plain  a.] 

pla'net1,  n.  (Hist.)  heavenly  body  distin- 
guished from  fixed  stars  by  having  apparent 
motion  of  its  own  (Moon,  Mercury,  Venus,  Sun, 
Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn),  esp.  (Astrol.)  with  refer- 
ence to  its  supposed  influence  on  persons  & 
events;  (Astron.)  primary  pp.,  heavenly  bodies 
revolving  in  approximately  circular  orbits 
round  sun  (major  pp.,  Mercury,  Venus,  Earth, 
Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  Neptune; 
minor  pp.,  the  asteroids,  whose  orbits  lie  be- 
tween those  of  Mars  &  Jupiter),  secondary  pp. 
(also  satellites),  those  that  revolve  round  pri- 
mary; suN-<£*-p. ;  p.struck,  -stricken,  bewil- 
dered, terrified.  [ME  &  OF planete  f.  LL  f.  Gk 
pZa?ie£eswanderer,planet,f.pJanaomaiwander] 

pla'net2,  n.  Chasuble,  [f.  med.L  planeta 
perh.  as  prec] 

planetarium,  n.  Orrery,  model  of  planet- 
ary system,    [as  foil.] 

pla'netary,  a.  Of  planets,  as  p.  influence, 
motions ;  p.  hour,  twelfth  part  of  natural  day 
or  night;  p.  (solar)  system;  terrestrial,  mun- 
dane; wandering,  erratic,  [f.  LL  planetarius 
(as  planet1,  see  -ary1)] 

pla'netoid,  n.    Minor  planet1.    F-oid] 

pla'ngent,  a.  Loud-sounding,  esp.  like  sound 
of  breaking  waves.  Hence  pla'ngTENCY  n. 
[f.  It  plangere  beat  the  breast,  see  -ent] 

plani-  in  comb.  =  L  planus  level,  smooth, 


PLANISH 6 

plane,  as :  -meter,  instrument  for  mechanically 
measuring  area  of  irregular  plane  figure; 
-metry,  measurement  of  plane  surfaces,  so 
-me  tric(al)  aa. ;  -pe'talous,  with  flat  petals; 
-sphere,  map  formed  by  projection  of  (part  of) 
sphere  or  plane,  {revolving  p.,  device  for  show- 
ing the  part  of  the  heavens  visible  at  given 
time  &  place),  so  -sphe'ric  a. 

pla'nish,  v.t.  Flatten  (sheet-metal  &c)with 
smooth-faced  hammer  or  otherwise;  flatten 
out  (coining-metal)  between  rollers;  polish 
(photograph  &c.)  with  roller  &c.  Henue  pla*- 
nishER 1  (1, 2)  n.  [f.  obs.  F  planir  smooth  {plan 
a.  as  plane4),  see  -ish2J 

plank1,  n.  Long  flat  piece  of  smoothed 
timber,  2  to  6  in.  thick,  9  or  more  in.  wide  (cf. 
board1);  item  of  political  or  other  programme 
(cf.  platform)  ;  walk  the  p.,  (of  pirates'  cap- 
tive &c)  walk  blindfold  into  sea  along  p.  laid 
over  side  of  ship;  p.-bed  (of  boards,  without 
mattress,  used  as  prison  discipline  &c).  [f.  ONF 
planke  f.  LL  planca  prob.  f.  root  of  Gk  plax 
plakos  flat  platej 

plank2,  v.t.  Furnish,  cover,  floor,  with 
planks,  whence  pla'nkiNG1  (2, 3)  n.;  (slang)  put 
down,  esp.  pay  (money  or  abs.)  down  on  the 
spot.    [f.  prec] 

pla'nkton,  n.  (biol.).  The  forms  of  drifting 
or  floating  organic  life  found  at  various  depths 
in  the  ocean,  taken  collectively.  [G,  f.  Gk 
plagktos  wandering  {plazomai)] 

piano-  in  comb.  =  L planus  level,  flat,  as: 
-co'ncave,  -co'nvex,  (of  lens  &c.)  with  one  sur- 
face plane  &  the  other  concave,  convex; 
-meter,  flat  plate,  usu.  of  cast  iron,  as  gauge 
for  plane  surfaces. 

plant1,  n.  Member  of  the  vegetable  king- 
dom (often  restricted  to  the  smaller  pp.,  ex- 
cluding trees  and  shrubs) ;  crop ;  growth,  as 
in  p.,  growing,  lose  p.,  die  off,  miss  p.,  fail  to 
spring  from  seed;  mode  of  planting  oneself, 
pose;  fixtures,  implements,  machinery,  &c, 
used  in  industrial  process,  (fig.)  machinery  of 
intellectual  work  &c. ;  (slang)  planned  swindle 
or  burglary,  hoax ;  (slang)  detective,  picket  of 
these ;  p.-louse,  kinds  of  insect  that  infest  pp., 
esp.  aphis.  Hence  pla'ntLET  n.,  pla'ntLiKE  a. 
[OE  plante  f.  L  planta  slip,  cutting;  partly 
also  f.  foil.] 

plant2,  v.t.  Place  (tree,  shoot,  bulb,  seed, 
crop,  &c.)  in  ground  that  it  may  take  root  & 
grow ;  deposit  (young  fish,  spawn,  oysters)  in 
river  &c;  p.  out,  transfer  (plant)  from  pot  or 
frame  to  open  ground,  set  out  (seedlings)  at 
intervals;  fix  firmly  {in,  on,  ground  &c);  sta- 
tion (person),  esp.  as  spy;  p.  oneself,  take  up 
a  position ;  establish,  found,  (community,  city, 
church);  settle  (person)  in  a  place  as  colonist 
&c;  cause  (idea  &c)  to  take  root  in  (mind); 
furnish  (land  with  plants,  district  with  settlers, 
&c.) ;  deliver  (blow,  thrust)  with  definite  aim ; 
(slang)  conceal  (stolen  goods  &c) ;  (slang)  place 
(gold  dust,  ore)  in  mining  claim  to  encourage 
prospective  buyer,  cf.  salt  v.;  (slang)  devise 
(fraudulent  scheme);  abandon,  as  there  I  was, 
fairly  planted.  Hence  pla'ntABLE  a.  [OE 
plantian  f.  Lplantare,  cf.  prec] 

pla'ntain1  (-tin),  n.    Genus  of  plants,  esp. 

Greater  P.,  low  herb  with  broad  flat  leaves 
spread  out  close  to  ground  &  seeds  much  used 

for  cage-birds.    [ME  &  OF,  f.  L  plantaginem 

(nom.  -go)  prob.  f.  planta  sole  of  foot,  from  its 

prostrate  leaves] 

pla'ntain2  (-tin),  n.  Tree-like  tropical  her- 
baceous plant  allied  to  banana  and  bearing 

similar  fruit ;  its  fruit.    [16th-c.  pla{n)tan  f.  Sp. 

pla(n)tano',  Sp.  has  also  pla{n)tano  plane  *- 

tree  (obs.  E  plantain)] 


5 PLASTER 

pla-ntar,  a.  (anat.).  Of  the  sole  of  the  foot 
[f.  L  plantaris  {planta  sole,  see  -ar1)] 

plantation,  n.  Assemblage  of  planted 
growing  plants,  esp.  trees;  estate  on  which 
cotton,  tobacco,  &c.  are  cultivated  (formerly 
by  servile  labour) ;  p.  song  (of  the  kind  sung  by 
negroes  on  American  pp.;  (Hist.)  colonization, 
colony,    [f.  L plantatio  (as  plant2,  see  -ation)] 

pla'nter,  n.  Cultivator  of  soil ;  (in  Ireland) 
English  settler  on  forfeited  lands  in  17th  c, 
(19th  c.)  person  settled  in  evicted  tenant's  hold- 
ing; occupier  of  plantation,  esp.  in(sub-)tropical 
countries,  as  coffee,  cotton,  sugar,  tobacco,  -p.; 
machine  for  planting,  as  corn,  potato, -p.  Hence 
pla'ntersHip  n.    [plant2  +  -er'] 

pla'ntigrade,  a.  &  n.  (Animal)  that  walks 
on  its  soles  (cf.  digitigrade)  ;  (of  human  being) 
placing  whole  sole  on  ground  at  once  in  walk- 
ing.   [F,  f.  L  planta  sole  +  -gradus  -walking] 

planto'eraey,  n.  Dominant  class  of  planters 
in W. Indies &c.  [irreg.f.  planter+-o-+-cracy] 

pla'nxty,  n.  (Ir.  mus.).  Animated  harp  tune 
moving  in  triplets.    [?] 

plaque  (ahk),  n.  Ornamental  tablet  of  metal, 
porcelain,  &c,  plain  or  decorated  ;  small  tablet 
as  badge  of  rank  in  honorary  order;  (Path.) 
patch  of  eruption  &c.  So  plaquETTE  n.  [F, 
f.  Flem.  placke,  small  coin,  whence  Sc.  plack\ 

plash1,  n.  Marshy  pool;  puddle.  Hence 
pla*shY2a.  [OEplaesc, cf. Bu. plas, prob. imit.l 

plash2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Strike  surface  ot 
(water)  so  as  to  break  it  up;  splash  (t.  &  i.); 
(n.)  splash,  plunge.  Hence  pla'shv2  a.  [cf. 
Du.  plassen,  G  platschen,  prob.  imit.] 

plash3,  v.t.  Bend  down  and  interweave 
(branches,  twigs)  to  form  hedge  ;  make,  renew, 
(hedge)  thus.  [f.  OF  plaissier  ult.  f.  Lplectere 
plait ;  cf.  pleach] 

plasm  (-zm),  n.  Living  matter  of  a  cell, 
protoplasm,  esp.  general  body  of  this  as  dis- 
tinct from  nucleus,    [f.  foil.] 

pla'sma  (-z-),  n.  Green  variety  of  quartz; 
colourless  coagulable  part  of  blood,  lymph,  or 
milk,  in  which  the  corpuscles  or  oil-globules 
float,  so  plasmatic  a.;  =  prec,  whence  pla's- 
mic  a.  [LL  &  Gk  {gen.-matos),  =  thing  moulded 
{plasso  mould,  see  -m)] 

pla'smin,  n.  (chem.).  A  "proteid  obtained 
from  the  plasma  of  the  blood,  [f.  F  plasmine 
(as  prec,  see  -in)] 

plasmo-  in  comb.  =  plasm,  as :  -gen,  true  or 
formative  protoplasm;  -geny,  -gony,  mode  of 
spontaneous  generation,  when  the  organism 
arises  in  an  organic  formative  fluid ;  -logy,  study 
of  ultimate  corpuscles  of  living  matter;  -lysis, 
contraction  of  protoplasm  of  vegetable  cell  un- 
der action  of  certain  reagents,  so  -Ipse  v.L,  sub- 
ject to  this,  -ty'tic  a. 

plasmo'dium,  n.(biol.;pl.-ia).  Massof  naked 
protoplasm  formed  by  fusion  or  aggregation  of 
amoeboid  bodies;  parasitic  organism  found 
in  blood  of  patients  with  recent  malaria  &c 
[mod.L,  f.  plasma  +  -odium] 

pla'ster1,  n.  Curative  application  consist- 
ing of  some  substance  spread  upon  muslin  &c 
&  capable  of  adhering  at  the  temperature  of 
the  body,  as  court1,  mustard,  sticking,  -p.; 
soft  plastic  mixture,  esp.  of  lime,  sand,  &  hair, 
for  spreading  on  walls  &c  to  form  smooth  sur- 
face ;  p.  of  Paris,  fine  white  p.  of  gypsum  used 
for  making  moulds  &  as  cement  &c  [prepared 
from  gypsums  of  Montmartre,  Paris].  Hence 
pla'ster v  2  a.  [OE,  f.  pop.  L  plastrum  f.  L  f. 
Gk  emplastron  for  emplaston  thing  daubed  on 
f.  em  {plasso  mould)] 

pla'ster2,  v.t.  Cover  (wall  &c)  with  piaster 
or  the  like,  whence  pla'stePER1  n.;  coat,  be- 
daub; (fig.)  load  to  excess  {with  praise  &c) ; 


PLASTIC f 

apply  medical  plaster  to,  (facet.)  give  compen- 
sation for  (blow,  wound);  stick,  fix,  (thing) 
like  plaster  upon  surface;  treat  (wine)  with 
gypsum  &c.  to  neutralize  acidity,    [f.  prec.  J 

pla'stic,  a.  Moulding,  giving  form  to  clay, 
wax,  &c.;  p.  arts,  those  concerned  with  model- 
ling, e.g.  sculpture,  ceramics;  p.  surgery  (re- 
pairingdeflciency  of  structure);  causing  growth 
of  natural  forms,  formative,  procreative ;  (fig.) 
formative  of  immaterial  things ;  produced  by 
moulding ;  capable  of  being  (easily)  moulded ; 
p.  clay  (Geol.),  middle  group  of  Eocene  beds; 
(fig.)  pliant,  supple ;  (Biol.)  capable  of  forming 
living  tissue,  (also)  accompanied  by  this  pro- 
cess, as  p.  bronchitis.  Hence  pla'stiCALLV 
adv.,  plasti'cixv  n.  [f.  L f.  Gk plastikos(plass6 
mould,  see  -ic)] 

pla'sticine,  n.  Proprietary  name  for  a  plas- 
tic substance  used  esp.  in  schools  as  substitute 
for  modelling  clay,  [-ine4] 

pla'stron,  n.  Fencer's  leather-covered 
breast-plate;  ornamental  front  to  woman's 
bodice ;  man's  starched  shirt-front ;  ventral 
part  of  shell  of  tortoise  or  turtle,  corresponding 
part  in  other  animals ;  (Hist.)  steel  breast-plate. 
IF,  f.  It.  piastrone(piastra breastplate,  as  plas- 
ter, see  -oon)] 

plat J,  n.  Patch,  plot,  of  ground,  as  grass-p. 
[eollat.  form  of  plot] 

plat2,  n.,  &  v.t.  =  plait  (2nd  sense). 

p/at 3  (plah),  n.  Dish  of  food.  [F,  seePLkJiS1] 

pla'tan,  n.  Oriental  plane-tree.  [f.  L  pla- 
tanus  plane-tree] 

plate  *f  n.  Flat  thin  usu.  rigid  sheet  of  metal 
&c.  of  even  surface  and  more  or  less  uniform 
thickness;  this  as  part  of  mechanism ;  smooth 
piece  of  metal  &c.  for  engraving ;  impression 
from  this ;  =  book  l-p. ;  piece  of  metal  with 
nameor  inscription  for  affixing  to  something,  as 
coffin,  door,  name,  -p. ;  thin  sheet  of  metal,  glass, 
&c,  coated  with  sensitive  film  for  photograph 
(whole-p.,  8£x6£  in.,  half '-p., 6£x4J,  quarter-p., 
ii  x  3i) ;  stereotype  or  electrotype  castof  page  of 
composed  movable  types,  from  which  sheets  are 
printed;  horizontal  timber  laid  along  top  of 
wall  or  at  top  or  bottom  of  a  framing,  as  roof, 
wall,  window,  p.;  (also  p.-rail)  early  form  of 
railroad;  (collective  sing.)  table  &  domestic 
utensils  of  silver,  gold,  or  other  metal,  as  pewtfer 
p.,  electro-p.;  silver  or  gold  cup  as  prize  for(orig. 
horse-)race,  such  race ;  selling  p.,  horse-race 
winner  of  which  must  be  sold  at  fixed  price; 
shallow  usu.  circular  vessel,  now  usu.  of  earth- 
enware or  china,  from  which  food  is  eaten,  as 
dessert,  dinner,  soup,  -p.;  contents  of  this, 
as  a  p.  of  strawberries ;  similar  vessel  used  for 
collection  in  churches  &c,  as  put  a  shilling  in 
thep. ;  p.-basket  (for  spoons,  forks,  &c);  p.-glass, 
thick  glass  of  fine  quality  cast  in  pp.  for  shop- 
windows  &c;  p.-layer,  man  employed  in  fixing 
&  repairing  railway ;  p.-mark,  =  iiALL-mark ; 
p.-powder  (for  cleaning  silver);  p.-rack(in  which 
pp.  are  kept  or  placed  to  drain).  Hence  pla'te- 
ful(2)  n.,  pla'teLESsa.  [ME  &  OF,  fern,  of  plat 
flat,  perh.  ult.  f.  Gk  platus  broad] 

plate2,  v.t.  Cover  (esp.  ship)  with  plates  of 
metal   for  protection,  ornament,  &c. ;   cover 


(other  metal)  with  thin  coat  of  silver,  gold,  or 

ing.  [f.  pi 
plateau*  (-to),  n.  (pi.  -x,  -s,  pron.  -z).    Table 


tin ;  make  a  plate  of  (type)  for  printing,  [f.  prec] 


land ;  ornamented  tray  or  dish ;  decorative 
plaque ;  woman's  hat  with  level  top.  [F,  f.  OF 
platel  dim.  of  plat3] 

pla*ten,  -tt-,  n.  Iron  plate  used  to  press  paper 
against  inked  type  in  printing-press,  [f.  OF 
platine  (plat  flat,  see  plate  •,  +  -ine4)1 

pla'ter,  n.  One  who  plates  with  silver  &c. ; 
one  who  makes  or  applies  plates  in  ship-build- 


*7 PLAY 

ing ;  inferior  race-horse,  competing  chiefly  for 
plates,    [-er  i] 

pla-tform,  n„  &  v.t.  &  i.  Raised  level  sur- 
face, natural  or  artificial  terrace ;  raised  surface 
of  planks  Sec.  along  side  of  line  at  railway  sta- 
tion ;  raised  flooring  in  hall  or  open  air  from 
which  speaker  addresses  audience,  (fig.)  the  p., 
p.  oratory ;  (fig.)  political  basis  of  party  &c,  esp. 
(U.S.)  declaration  issued  by  representatives  of 
party  assembled  to  nominate  candidates  for 
election;  (v.t.)  place  (as)  on  p.;  (v.i.)  speak  on 
p.  [f.  F  plate  forme  ground-plan,  lit.  flat  form 
(as  plate  !  +  forme  form)J 

planting-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  coat- 
ing of  gold,  silver, &c. ;  plate-racing,  [f.  plate2 

+-INQ1J 

pla'tinize,  v.t.    Coat  with  platinum.    T-ize] 

pla'tinode,  n.  Negative  plate  or  pole  of  vol- 
taic cell,  often  consisting  of  platinum  (cf.  zin- 
code).    [f.  platinum  +  Gk  hodos  path] 

pla'tinoid,  n.  Alloy  of  nickel,  zinc,  copper, 
&c,  with  some  qualities  of  platinum ;  kinds  of 
metal  found  associated  with  platinum,    [oid] 

pla'tinotype,  n.  Process  of  photographic 
printing  in  platinum-black,  [f.  foil,  -f-  -o-  +type] 

pla-tinum,  n.  White  heavy  ductile  malleable 
metal  unaffected  by  simple  acids  &  fusible 
only  at  very  high  temperature ;  p.-black,  p.  in 
form  of  powder  like  lamp-black;  p.  metals, 
platinoids.  Hence  platrnic,  platini'FEROUS, 
pla'tinous,  aa.  If.  Sp.  (&  earlier  E)  platina 
dim.  of  plata  silver,  see  plate  j] 

pla'titude,  n.  Commonplaceness ;  common- 
place remark,  esp.  one  solemnly  delivered. 
Hence  platitu*dinizE(2)  v.i.,  platitu'din- 
ous  a.,  platitirdinousi.v  2  adv.  [F,  f.  plat 
(see  plate  1)  after  latiTUDE  &c] 

platitudinarian,  n.  &  a.  Dealer  in  plati- 
tudes; (adj.)of  the  nature  of  platitude,  [-arian] 

Platd'nie,  a.  &  n.  Of  Plato,  Greek  philoso- 
pher (d.  circ.  347  B.C.),  or  his  doctrines ;  P.  love, 
purely  spiritual  love  for  one  of  opposite  sex ; 
P.  year,  cycle  in  which  heavenly  bodies  were 
supposed  to  go  through  all  their  possible  move- 
ments &  return  to  original  positions.  So  Pla- 
to'niCALLY  adv.,  Pla'toniSM,  Pla'toniST, 
nn.,  PlatonizE(2,  3)  v.i.  &  t.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Pla- 
tonikosJPlaton  Plato,  see  -ic)l 

platoo'n,  n.  Small  body  of  foot-soldiers,  esp. 
half  company  detached  for  drill  &c.  (not  now 
in  British  army);  volley  fired  by  p. ;  (fig.)  com- 
pany, set,  of  people,  [f.  F  peloton  small  ball  (as 
pellet,  see  -OON)] 

pla'tter,  n.  (chiefly  archaic).  Flat  dish  or 
plate,  often  of  wood.  [ME  &  OF  plater  (plat3)] 

platy-  in  comb.  =  Gk  platus  broad,  flat,  as : 
-pus,  Australian  duck-mole,  ornithorhynchus ; 
-\r)rhine,  (of  monkeys)  with  nostrils  far  apart 
&  directed  forwards  or  sideways. 

plau'dit,  n.  (usu.  in  pi.).  Round  of  applause ; 
emphatic  expression  of  approval.  [Shortened 
f.  L  plaudite  applaud  (also  as  E  noun)  pi.  im- 

Eerat.  of  plaudere  plaits-  applaud,  said  by 
Loman  actors  at  end  of  play] 

plau*slble(-z-),a.  (Of  arguments,  statements, 
&c.)  specious,  seeming  reasonable  or  probable; 
(of  persons)  fair-spoken  (usu.  implying  deceit). 
Hence  orcogn.plausiBrLiTV  n.,plau*slbLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  plausibilis  (as  prec,  see  -ble)] 

play  \  v.i.  &  t.  Move  about  in  lively  or  ca- 
pricious manner,  frisk,  flit,  flutter,  pass  gently 
(around,  about,  &c),  strike  lightly  (upon  &c), 
alternate  rapidly,  as  bees  p.  about  flowers, 
tresses  p.  on  her  neck,  smile  played  on  his  lips, 
wind  plays  on  water,  his  fancy  played  round 
the  idea ;  (of  part  of  mechanism  &c.)  have  free 
movement ;  wield  freely,  as  p.  a  good  knife  & 
fork,  eat  heartily,  p.  a  good  stick,  fence  well ; 


PLAY 


PLEASURE 


allow  (fish)  to  exhaust  itself  by  pulling  against 
line  ;  discharge  (guns  &c.  on),  discharge  guns 
(on),  (intr.,  of  guns)  be  fired  (on);  direct  (light 
on,  over,  along,  Sec),  (intr.,  of  light)  pass  (over, 
along,  Sec);  perform,  execute,  (trick,  prank, 
joke,  on  person,  or  with  double  object) ;  amuse 
oneself,  sport,  frolic;  p.  with,  amuse  oneself 
with,  trifle  with,  treat  lightly ;  p.  upon  words, 
pun  ;  (dial.,  esp.  of  workmen  on  strike)  abstain 
from  work;  employ  oneself  in  the  game  of 
(cricket, whist,  &c. ,  or  abs. ) ;  p.  D  \jck}s  &  drakes, 
p.  fast3<&  loose;  (in  Cricket,  Lawn  Tennis,  &c, 
as  bowler's  warning  to  batsman  &c.)  p.! ;  pre- 
tend for  fun  (that  we  are  gipsies  Sec);  (Crick., 
of  ground)  p.  well  &c,  be  in  good  &c.  condition 
for  play ;  p.-or-pay  bet  (holding  good  whether 
horse  runs  or  not);  game,  gamble ;  p.  fair,  foul, 
p.  or  (fig.)  act  (un)fairly ;  p.  (observe  the  rules 
of)  the  game  (also fig.);  p.  into  the  hands  of,  act 
so  as  to  give  advantage  to  (opponent  or  part- 
ner) ;  (slang)  p.  it  on,  p.  it  low  on,  p.  (low)  down 
on,  take  mean  advantage  of  (person) ;  p.  upon 
the  square;  p.  at,  engage  in  (game),  (fig.)  en- 
gage in  (fighting  Sec.)  in  trivial  or  half-hearted 
way ;  contend  against  (person)  in  game ;  em- 
ploy (person)  to  play  in  game,  include  in  team ; 
p.  booty  ;  move  (piece  in  chess  &c.) ;  take  (play- 
ing-card) from  one's  hand  &  lay  it  face  upwards 
on  table  in  one's  turn,  (fig.)  p.  one's  cards  well, 
make  good  use  of  opportunities;  (Crick.  &c.) 
strike  (ball)  in  specified  esp.  defensive  manner ; 
(Crick.)  p.  on  (abs.),  p.  the  ball  on  to  one's  own 
wicket  and  so  put  oneself  out;  p.  off,  oppose 
(person  against  another)  esp.  for  one's  own  ad- 
vantage, (also)  cause  (person)  to  exhibit  himself 
disadvantageously,  (also)  pass  (thing)  off  as 
something  else;  perform  on  (musical  instru- 
ment or  abs.) ;  perform  (on  instrument) ;  per- 
form (music  on  instrument);  p.  (congregation 
&c.)  in,  out,  p.  on  organ  &c.  as  they  come  in,  go 
out ;  p.  (up)on,  make  use  of  (person's  fears,  cre- 
dulity, &c);  p.  first,  second,  fiddle  ;  perform 
(drama  or  abs.)  on  stage;  act  (in  drama);  act 
(part)  in  drama,  as  p.  Shylock,  (fig.)  act  in  real 
life  the  part  of  (the  deuce2  or  devil,  the  fool, 
the  man,  truant,  Sec,  also  p.  one's  part  well 
Sec);  p.  up  to,  act  in  drama  so  as  to  support 
(another  actor),  (fig.)  back  up,  flatter,  toady. 
Hence  play  able  a.  IOK  plegan,plagian,  plx- 
gian,  cf.  MDu,  plegen  dance,  be  glad,  cogn.  w. 
Du.  plegen,  G  pflegen,  take  charge  of] 
play  2,  n.  Brisk,  light,  or  fitful  movement ; 
activity,  operation,  as  lively  p.  of  fancy,  other 
forces  come  into  p.,  are  in  full  p.,  are  brought 
or  called  into  p.,  make  p.,  act  effectively,  esp. 
(Racing,  Hunting)  exercise  pursuers  or  fol- 
lowers ;  freedom  of  movement,  space  for  this, 
scope  for  activity,  as  bolts  should  have  half  an 
inch  of  p.,  allow  full  p.  to  curiosity;  amuse- 
ment, as  at  p.,  engaged  in  playing ;  said  it  only 
in  p.  (not  seriously) ;  p.  of  words,  trifling  with 
words,  p.  on  words,  pun ;  playing  of  game ; 
manner,  style,  of  this ;  (Crick.,  Footb.,  &c.)  ball 
is  in  p.  (being  used  in  ordinary  course  of  p.),  is 
out  of  p*.  (temporarily  removed  from  p.  accord- 
ing to  rules),  so  p.,  part  of  ground  within 
definite  boundaries ;  child's-^.;  fair2,  foul, 
p.;  cessation  from  work  (of  workmen  on  strike 
&c.) ;  dramatic  piece,  drama ;  gaming,  gamb- 
ling; p.-actor  (usu.  contempt.);  p.-bill,  bill, 
placard,  announcing  theatrical  p. ;  p.-club  (Golf), 
driver;  p.-day,  school  holiday,  week-day  on 
which  miners  &c.  do  not  work ;  p.-debt  (incurred 
in  gaming) ;  playfellow,  companion  in  (usu. 
children's)  p.;  playgoer,  frequenter  of  theatre ; 
playground,  piece  of  ground  used  for  p.,  esp. 
at  school;  playhouse,  theatre;  playmate, 
playfellow ;  plaything,  toy,  (fig.)  person  &c. 


treated  as  mere  toy  ;  playtime  ;  playwright, 
dramatist.    [OE  plega  as  prec] 

player,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  person  en- 
gaged at  the  time,  person  skilful,  in  a  game ; 
professional  p.  at  cricket  &c;  actor;  (Pool, 
Croquet)  ball  that  after  present  p.  has  finished 
break  &c.  will  play  on  him.    [-er  l] 

playful,  a.  Frolicsome,  sportive ;  humorous, 
jocular.  Hence  playfulLY2  adv.,  playful- 
ness  n.    [-FUL] 

playing,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  p.-cards,  set  or 
pack  of  cards  used  in  games,    [-ing  jJ 

plea,  n.  Pleading,  argument,  excuse ;  (Law) 
formal  statement  by  or  on  behalf  of  defendant, 
defence,  special  p.  (alleging  new  fact) ;  Court 
of  common1  Pp.;  (Hist.)  action  at  law.  [ME 
&  OF  plaid  f.  L  placitum  decree,  neut.  p.p.  of 
placere  please] 

pleach (-etsh),  v.t.  Entwine,  interlace;  esp. 
=  plash.    [ME  pleche,  as  plash] 

plead  (-ed),  v.i.  &  t.  Address  court  as  ad- 
vocate on  behalf  of  either  party,  so  plea'dER1 
n. ;  maintain  (cause)  in  court ;  allege  formally 
as  plea,  (fig.)  allege  as  excuse  &c,  as  lean  only 
p.  inexpertence,so  plea'd able  a. ;  p.  (not)  guilty, 
deny,  confess,  liability  or  guilt;  p.  with,  make 
earnest  appeal  to  (person  for  person,  for, 
against,  thing,  decision,  &c),  whence  plea'd- 
inerLY  2  adv.    [f.  OF  plaidier  (as  plea)] 

plea'ding",  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  formal 
(now  usu.  written)  statement  of  cause  of  action 
or  defence ;  special  p.    [-ing  j] 

pleasance  (ple'zans),  n.  (archaic).  Pleasure, 
enjoyment;  pleasure-ground,  esp.  one  attached 
to  mansion,  (now  chiefly  surviving  in  proper 
names),    [f.  OF  plaisance  (as  foil.,  see  -ance)] 

pleasant  (ple'znt),  a.  Agreeable  to  mind, 
feelings,  or  senses,  as  a  p.  breeze,  flavour,  dis- 
covery, companion,  has  a  p.  manner,  spent  a 
p.  evening ;  (archaic)  jocular,  facetious.  Hence 
plea'santLY2  adv.,  plea'santNESS  n.  [f. 
OF  plaisant  (as  please,  see  -ant)] 

plea'santpy  (plez-),  n.  Jocularity ;  humor- 
ous speech,  jest,  [f.  F plaisanterie  (prec,  -ery)] 

please  (plez),  v.t.  Be  agreeable  to,  as  meant 
only  to  p.  the  eye,  his  last  book  will  p.  you ;  p. 
yourself,  do  as  you  like ;  be  pleased  with,  derive 
pleasure  from ;  I  shall  (vulg.  will)  be  pleased 
(glad)  to  (do,  esp.  as  polite  form  of  consent  or 
offer) ;  think  fit,  as  take  as  many  as  you  p. ;  (in 
formal  or  iron,  deference)  His  Majesty  has  been 
graciously  pleased  to  confer  Sec,  your  lordship 
was  pleased  to  doubt  my  veracity ;  (with  it  as 
subject,  expressed  or  omitted,  representing  a 
prec.  or  foil,  infinitive,  clause,  or  sentence,  now 
chiefly  as  in  last  use)  it  has  never  pleased  him 
to  explain,  (may  it)  p.  your  honour,  there  was 
no  moon  that  night,  the  matter  will  be  cleared 
up  some  day,  p.  God ;  (abs.)  was  anxious  to  p. ; 
(as  polite  form  of  request  esp.  for  trifling  ser- 
vices) if  you  p.,  with  your  permission,  as  I  will 
take  another  cup,  if  you  p.,  (with  iron,  implica- 
tion that  nothing  could  be  more  reasonable)  & 
now,  if  you  p.,  lie  expects  me  to  pay  for  it!  ; 
(imperat.,  orig.=may  it  please  you)  ring  the 
bell,  p.,  may  I  come  in,  p.?,  coffee  for  two,  p.,  p. 
(to)  return  it  soon,  p.  don't  (or  p.  not  to)  forget 
the  key.  Hence  pleasED1,  plea'siNG2,  aa., 
plea'singLY  2  adv.  [ME  plaise  f.  OF  plaisir 
(Fplaire)  f.  L  placere] 

plea*surable(plezh-),a.  Pleasant,  agreeable. 
Hence  plea'surableNESS  n.,  plea'surab- 
ly  2  adv.    [f.  foil.  +  -ABLEl 

pleasure  (ple'zher),  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Enjoy- 
ment, delight;  sensuous  enjoyment  as  chief 
object  of  life,  as  a  life  given  up  to  p.,  man  of  p., 
profligate;  will,  desire,  as  shall  not  consult  his 
p.,  can  be  postponed  during  our  p.,  can  be 


PLEAT 


629 


PLIOCENE 


altered  at  p. ;  (royal  formula)  it  is  our  p.  to,  we 
are  graciously  pleased  to,  (vulg.)  it  is  our  p.  to 
submit  (we  have  p.  in  submitting)  balance-sheet 
&c;  to  converse  with  him  is  a  (source  of)  ».;  do 
me  the  p.  of  (gratify  me  by)  dining  with  me ; 
he  takes  (a)  p.  in  (likes)  contradicting  or  contra- 
diction ;  (archaic)  are  now  taking  their  p.  (en- 
joying themselves)  at  Bath  ;  p.-boat  (used  for 
p.,  not  business) ;  p.-ground  (laid  out  for  p.) ; 
(v.t.)  give  p.  to ;  (v.i.)  take  p.  (in  thing,  in  do- 
ing).  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME  &  OF  plesir,  plaisir, 
please  used  as  n.] 

pleat  (et),  n.,  &  v.t.  =  plait  (1st  sense),  [col- 
lateral form  of  plait] 

pleb,  n.  (slang).  Plebeian,  person  of  lower 
classes,    [abbr.) 

plebei'an  (-bean),  n.  &  a.  Commoner  in 
ancient  Rome  (cf.  patrician);  commoner; 
(adj.)  of  low  birth,  of  the  common  people, 
coarse,  base,  ignoble.  Hence  plebei'anNESS 
n.,  plebei*anizE(3)  v.t.  [f.  L  plebeius  (plebs 
common  people)  +  -an] 

plebiscite  (sit),  n.  (Rom.  Hist.)  law  enacted 
by  commonalty  in  comitia  tributa;  (mod.) 
direct  vote  of  all  electors  of  State  on  important 
public  question ;  public  expression  of  com- 
munity's  opinion,  wither  without  bindingforce. 
So  plebi'seitARV 1  a.  [f.  F  plebiscite  f.  L  ple- 
biscihim  (plebs  plebis  commons  +  sc#wradecree 
f.  sciscere  vote  for)] 

plectrum,  n.  Small  instrument  of  ivory, 
quill,  &c,  for  plucking  strings  of  zither  &c. 
[L,  f.  Gk plektron  (plesso strike)] 

pledge  *,  n.  Thing  handed  over  to  person  as 
security  (cf.  replevin)  for  fulfilment  of  con- 
tract, payment  of  debt,  &c,  &  liable  to  forfei- 
ture in  case  of  failure;  thing  put  in  pawn ;  (fig.) 
one's  child ;  thing  given  as  token  of  favour&c. 
or  of  something  to  come;  drinking  of  a  health, 
toast ;  promise,  as  under  p.  of  secrecy ;  solemn 
engagement  to  abstain  from  intoxicants,  as 
take,  sign,  keep,  the  p.;  state  of  being  pledged, 
as  goods  lying  in  p.,  taken  out  of  p.  [ME  &  OF 
plege  &c,  prob.  f.  med.L  plevire  warrant,  en- 


gage, of  G  orig.,  cf.  plight] 
pledge2,  v.t.    Deposit  a 
(fig.)  plight  (one's  honour,  word,  &c);  drink  to 


v.t.    Deposit  as  security,  pawn ; 


the  health  of.  Hence  ple'dgeABLE  a.  [f.  prec] 

pledgee*,  n.  One  with  whom  pledge  is  de- 
posited, pawnee.    So  ple'dgER1  n.    [-ee] 

ple'dget,  n.  Small  compress  of  lint  &c.  for 
wound  &c.    [?] 

Plei'ad  (pli-),  n.  (pi.  -ads,  -ades).  (PI.)  cluster 
of  small  stars  in  Taurus,  usu.  spoken  of  as  7  ; 
(fig.,  sing.)  brilliant  group  of  (usu.  7)  persons  or 
things,    [f.  L  Pleias  f.  Gk  Pleias  -ados] 

pleistocene  (pli),  a.  (geol.).  Of  the  division 
immediately  overlying  the  pliocene  formation, 
[f.  Gk  pleistos  most  +  kainos  new] 

plenary,  a.  Entire,  absolute,  unqualified ; 
(of  assembly)  fully  attended ;  p.  inspiration. 
Hence  ple'nariLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  plenarius 
( plenus  full,  see  -ary  *)] 

ple'nipote#ntiapy,a.  &n.  (Person) invested 
with  full  power,  esp.  as  ambassador  deputed  to 
act  at  discretion ;  (of  power)  absolute,  [f.  med.L 
plenipotentiarius  f.  LL  plenipotens  (plemis 
full  +  potens  potent),  see  -ary  j] 

plenitude,  n.  Fullness,  completeness;  a- 
bundance.    [OF,  f.  L  plenitudo  (jptenus  full,  see 

-TUDE)] 

plenteous,  a.  (chiefly  poet.).  Plentiful. 
Hence  ple'nteousLY  -  ad  v.,  ple'nteousNESS 
n.    [ME  &  OF  plentivous  (plenty,  -ive,  -eous)] 

plentiful,  a.  Abundant,  copious.  Hence 
ple'ntifulLvr 2  adv.,  ple'ntifulNESS  n.  [f. 
foil,  -f  -ful] 

plenty,  n.  &  adv.    Abundance,  as  much  as 


one  could  desire,  (of  thing  or  abs.),  as  p.  of  cake, 
here  is  cake  in  p.,  we  are  in  p.  of  time  ;  horn  of 
p.,  cornucopia ;  (adv.,  colloq.)  p.  (quite)  large 
&c.  enough,  [f.  OF  plentet  f.  L  plenitatem  (ple- 
nus full,  see  -ty)] 

plenum,  n.  Space  completely  filled  with 
matter ;  full  assembly.  [L,  neut.  of  plemis  full] 

pleonasm,  n.  (gram.).  Redundancy  of  ex- 
pression. So  pleona'stic  a. ,  pleona'st  ic  a  l  l  y 
adv.  If.  L  f.  Gk  pleonasmos  (pleonazo  add  su- 
perfluously f.  pleon  more)] 

plesiosau'rus,  n.  Extinct  marine  reptile 
with  long  neck,  short  tail,  &  four  large  paddles, 
[f.  Gk  plesios  near  +  sauros  lizard] 

plethora  (or  plethor'a),  n.  Morbid  condi- 
tion marked  by  excess  of  red  corpuscles  in  the 
blood;  (fig.)  unhealthy  repletion.  Hence  or 
cogn.  plethd'ric  a.,  pletho'riCALLY  adv. 
[med.L,  f.  Gk  plethore  (pletho  become  full)] 

pleura  (ploor'a),  n.  Either  of  the  two  serous 
membranes  lining  the  thorax  &  enveloping  the 
lungs  in  mammals;  part  of  the  body-wall  in 
invertebrates.  Hence  pleurWL  a.  [Gk,  =  side 
of  body,  rib] 

pleur'isy, n.  Inflammationof  thepleura.usu. 
caused  by  chill,  &  marked  by  pain  in  chest  or 
side,  fever,  &c.  So  pleuri'tic  a.  [f.  OF  pleurisie 
f .  LL  pleurisis  altered  f.  Gk  pleuritis  (as  prec. , 
see  -rris),  also  used  in  E] 

pleuro-  in  comb,  (before  vowel  pleur-)  =  Gk 
pleura,  side,  pleura,  rib,  as :  pleurodynia,  pain 
in  side  caused  by  rheumatism  in  muscles  of 
chest ;  pleuro-pneumo'nia,  pneumonia  compli- 
cated with  pleurisy,  esp.  as  contagious  disease 
of  horned  cattle. 

plexi'meter,  n.  (med.).  Thin  plate  of  ivory 
&c.  placed  on  part  of  the  body  &  struck  with 
plexor  in  medical  percussion,  [f.  Gk  plexis 
stroke  (plesso  strike)  +  -meter] 

ple'xor,  n.  (med.).  Small  hammer  used  with 
pleximeter.    [irreg.  as  prec.  +  -or2] 

plexus,  n.  (Anat.)  network  of  fibres  or  ves- 
sels in  animal  body,  as  gastric,  pulmonary,  p.; 
network,  complication.  Hence  plexiFORM  a. 
[L,  gen.  -us,  t.  plectere  plex-  plait] 

plrable,  a.  =  folL  Hence  pliaBfLiTY  n., 
pli'abLY2adv.  [F(pfterbend  f.Lph'care,-ABLE)j 

pli'ant, a.  Bending,  supple;  (fig.)  yielding, 
compliant.  Hence  pli'ANCY  n.,  pli'antLY2 
adv.    [F  (as  prec,  see  -ant)] 

pli'ca,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Fold,  as  of  skin  or  mem- 
brane ;  p.  (polo'nica  Polish),  matted  filthy  con- 
dition of  hair  due  to  disease.     [med.L,  as  foil.] 

pli-cate  (-at),  a.  (bot,  zool.,  geol.).  Folded. 
So  plica'tED  i  a.    [f.  L  plicare  fold,  see  -ate  2] 

plica*tion,  n.  Folding ;  fold ;  folded  con- 
dition.   [OF  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

pli'ers,  n.  pL.  Pincers  having  long  jaws  with 
parallel  surfaces,  for  bending  wire  &c.  [f.  (now 
dial.)  ply  bend  (see  pliable)  +  -er  j] 

plight1  (plit),  v.t.,  &  n.  Pledge  (one's  troth, 
faith,  promise,  esp.  in  p.p.) ;  engage  oneself  (to 
person,  esp.  in  p. p.  as  plighted  lovers) ;  (n.)  en- 
gagement. [OE  (plihtan  vb  f.)  pliht  danger, 
cf.  Du.  pligt,  G  pjlicht,  responsibility,  duty,  f. 
WG  plegan  take  risk  of] 

plight2  (plit),  n.  Condition,  state,  esp.  a 
sorry,  evil,  hopeless,  Sec.  p.  IME  plit,  doublet 
of  plait] 

Pli'msoll,  a.  P.  line,  P.'s  mark1.  [S.  P., 
agitator  for  Merchant  Shipping  Act  of  1876] 

plinth,  n.  Lower  square  member  of  base  of 
column  ;  projecting  part  of  wall  immediately 
above  ground,  [f.  L  (=  plinth)  f.  Gk  plinthos 
tile,  brick] 

pll'nthite.  n.  Kind  of  brick-red  clay,  [as 
prec+  -ite1] 

pll'ocene  (-en),  a.  (geol.).   Of  the  newest  divi- 


PLOD 


630 


PLUMP 


sion  of  Tertiary  formation,  [f.  Gk  pleion  more 
+  kainos  new] 

plod,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Walk  laboriously,  trudge, 
(on,  along,  &c);  drudge,  slave,  (at  Sec);  make 
(one's  way)  laboriously;  (n.)  laborious  walk  or 
work.  Hence  plo'ddER1  n.,  plo'ddingLY  2 
adv.    [prob.  imit.] 

plop,  n.,  adv.,  &  v.i.  &  t  Sound  as  of  smooth 
object  dropping  into  water  without  splash ;  act 
of  falling  with  this ;  (adv.)  with  a  p. ;  (v.i.  &  t.) 
(cause  to)  fall  thus,    [imit.] 

plot1,  n.  Piece  (usu.  small)  of  ground ;  plan 
of  play,  poem,  novel,  &c,  whence  plo'tLESS  a.; 
conspiracy  ;  sly  plan.    [?] 

plot 2,  v.t.  Make  plan  or  map  of  (existing  ob- 
ject, place  or  thing  to  be  laid  out,  constructed, 
&c);  plan,  contrive,  (evil object  or  abs.).  Hence 
plo'ttER  i  n.    [f.  prec] 

plough1  (-ow),  n.  Implement  for  cutting 
furrows  in  soil  &  turning  it  up,  consisting  of 
cutting  blade  (ploughshare)  fixed  in  frame 
drawn  by  horses  &c.  &  guided  by  man  (plough- 
man) ;  put  one's  hand  to  the  p.,  undertake  task 
(Luke  ix.  62);  ploughed  land;  kinds  of  instru- 
ment resembling  p.,  as  ice-p.  (for  cutting  up 
blocks  of  ice),  snow-p.  (for  clearing  away  snow); 
=  Charles's  wain  ;  [f.  foil.]  rejection  of  candi- 
date in  examination ;  p.-beam,  central  beam  of 
J>.;  p.-boy,  boy  who  leads  horses  &c.  at  p.;  p.- 
and  (Hist.),  as  much  land  as  could  be  ploughed 
by  one  team  of  8  oxen  in  the  year,  unit  of  as- 
sessment in  N.  &  E.  counties  of  England  (cf. 
hide3);  P.-Monday  (first  after  Epiphany) ;  p.- 
shoe,  appliance  for  protecting  or  supporting 
ploughshare  ;  p.-staff  (ending  in  small  spade, 
used  to  clear  coulter  &c.  from  earth  &c.) ;  p.- 
tail,  rear  of  p.,  (fig.)  farm-labour,  as  at  the  p.- 
tail,    [late  OE  ploh,  cf.  Du.  ploeg,  G  pjlug] 

plough2,  v.t.  &  i.  Turn  up  (earth  or  abs.) 
with  plough,  esp.  before  sowing  (p.  the  sand 
or  sands,  labour  uselessly) ;  root  out,  cast  up, 
thrust  down,  (roots,  weeds)  with  plough ;  fur- 
row, scratch,  (surface)  as  with  plough ;  pro- 
duce (furrow,  line)  thus ;  produce  wrinkles  in 
(brow  &c.) ;  advance  laboriously  (through  snow 
&c,  through  book  &c);  (of  ship  &c.)  cleave  (sur- 
face of  water,  its  way,  &c);  (slang)  reject  (can- 
didate) in  examination,    [f.  prec] 

plo'ver  (plu-),  n.  Kinds  of  gregarious  gral- 
latorial  bird,  esp.  Golden,  Grey,  P.,  &  (pop.) 
lapwing  (whose  eggs  are  sold  as  p.'s) ;  p.-page, 
p.s-page,  dunlin  &  other  birds  said  to  follow 
golden  p.  [f.  OF  plovier  f.  LL  *plovarius  (plu- 
via  rain,  reference  unexpl.,  see  -ary  *)] 

pluck1, n.  Plucking, twitch;  rejection,  failure, 
in  examination ;  heart,  liver,  &  lungs,  of  beast 
as  food  ;  courage,  spirit,  wbence  (-)pluckED2, 
plu'ckLESs,  plu'ckY  »,  aa.,plu*ekiLY2  adv., 
plu'ckiNESs  n. ;  (Photog.  slang)  boldness  of 
effect,    [f.  foil.] 

pluck2,  v.t.  &  i.  Pull  off,  pick,  (flower,  fea- 
ther, hair);  (archaic)  pull,  drag,  snatch,  (away, 
off,  &c);  pull  at,  twitch;  tug,  snatch,  at;  strip 
(bird)  of  feathers ;  crow  to  p.;  plunder,  swindle, 
as  p.  a  pigeon  ;  reject  (candidate)  in  examina- 
tion ;  p.  up  one's  heart,  spirits,  courage,  take 
courage.  [com.-WG  :  OE  ploccian,  pluc-,  MDu. 
&  MG  plocken] 

plug- 1,  n.  Piece  of  wood  &c.  fitting  tightly 
into  hole,  used  to  fill  gap  or  act  as  wedge  (in 
various  techn.  uses);  natural  or  morbid  concre- 
tion acting  thus ;  kinds  of  stopper  for  vessel  or 
pipe;  fire1-©.;  tobacco  pressed  into  cake  or 
stick  piece  of  this  cut  off  for  chewing,  [prob. 
f.  MDu.  plugge,  etym.  dub.] 

plug z,  v.t,  &  i.  Stop  (hole  &c,  often  up)  with 
Pi?'  !slvn£>  shoot;  (slang)  strike  with  fist; 
(colloq.)  plod  (away  at  work  &c).    [f.  prec] 


plum,  n.  Roundish  fleshy  fruit  with  sweet 
pulp&  flattish  pointed  stone ;  (also  p.-tree)  tree 
bearing  this ;  dried  grape  or  raisin  as  used  for 
cakes  &c ;  sUGAR-p.;  French  p.,  fine  kind  of 
prune;  (fig.)  good  thing,  best  of  a  collection, 
prize  in  life  &c;  (slang)  .£100,000 ;  p.-cake  (con- 
taining raisins,  currants,  &c);  p.-duff,  plain 
flour  pudding  with  raisins  or  currants  ;  p.-pud- 
ding,  boiled  pudding  of  flour,  bread-crumbs, 
suet,  raisins,  currants,  eggs,  spices,  &c,  eaten 
at  Christmas,  (also)  ordinary  suet-pudding  with 
raisins,  p.-pudding  (Dalmatian  or  Spotted 
Coach)  dog,  p.-pudding  stone  (Geol.),  conglo- 
merate of  flint  or  other  pebbles.  [OP]  plume,  cf. 
G pjlaume,  Du.  pruim,  f.  LLpruna  (L  prunum) 
f.  late  Gk  prounon  (Gk  proumnon)\ 

plumage  (ploo'mij),  n.  A  bird's  feathers. 
Hence  (-)plu'magED  2  a.    [OF  (plume,  -age)] 

plumassier  (ploomaser*),  n.  One  Who 
trades  or  works  in  ornamental  feathers.  [F 
(plumasse  augment,  of  plume,  see  -ier)1 

plumb1  (-m),  n.,  a.,  adv.  Ball  of  lead,  esp. 
that  attached  to  mason's  p.-line  (string  for  test- 
ing perpendicularity  of  wall  &c,  also  fig.) ;  out 
of  p.,  not  vertical ;  sounding-lead,  plummet ; 
p.-rule,  mason's  p. -line  attached  to  board ;  (adj.) 
vertical,  (fig.)  downright,  sheer,  as  p.  nonsense, 
(Crick.,  of  wicket)  level,  true  ;  (adv.)  vertically, 
(fig.)  exactly,  as  points  p.  in  the  same  direction. 
[(adj.  &adv.  f.  n.)  f.  FplombL  Lplwnbum  le&d] 

plumb2  (-m),  v.t.  &  i.  Sound  (sea),  measure 
(depth,  lit.  &  fig.),  with  plummet,  whence 
plu'mbLESSa.;  make  vertical ;  (intr.)  work  as 
plumber,    [f.  prec] 

plumba'go  (-nib-),  n.  Black  lead,  graphite, 
a  form  of  carbon  used  for  pencils  &c  &  mixed 
with  clay  for  making  crucibles ;  lead  wort,  plant 
with  p. -coloured  flowers.  Hence  plumba- 
ginous a.    [L,  gen.  -ginis,  f.  plumbum  lead) 

plu'mbeous  (-nib-),  a.  Of,  like,  lead  ;  lead- 
glazed,    [f.  L  plumbeus  (as  prec.)  +  -ous] 

plu-mber  (-mer),  n.  Artisan  who  fits  &  re- 
pairs pipes,  cisterns,  &c,  with  lead,  zinc,  or  tin. 
So  plu*mbERV(2,  3)  n.  [f.  OF  plummier  f.  L 
plumbarius  (as  prec,  see  -ary  Mj 

plu*mbic  (-mb-),  a.  (Chem.)  combined  with 
lead,  so  plumbi'FEROUsa.;  (Path.)  due  to  pre- 
sence of  lead,  so  plu*mbiSM(5)  n.  [f.  L  plum- 
bum lead  +  -ic] 

plume J,  n.  Feather,  esp.  large  one  used  for 
ornament ;  (fig.)  borrowed  pp.  (referring  to 
fable  of  jackdaw  in  peacock's  pp.) ;  ornamental 
feather  or  bunch  of  feathers,  esp.  as  attached 
to  helmet  or  hat,  or  worn  in  hair,  as  court  p. 
(of  ostrich  feathers);  (Zool.)  feather-like  part 
or  formation.  Hence  plu'meLESS,  plu'me- 
like, aa., pUrmeLET n.  [OF,f. Lplumadown] 

plume-,  v.t.  Furnish  with  plume(s) ;  dress 
oneself  with  borrowed  plumes ;  pride  oneself 
(on  esp.  something  trivial  or  to  which  one  has 
noclaim); (of bird)trim,dress,(feathers).  [f.prec] 

plu*mmep-block,  n.  (mech.).  Metal  case 
for  supporting  revolving  shaft,  with  movable 
cover  giving  access  to  bearings.    [?] 

plu'mmet,  n.  (Weight  attached  to)  plumb- 
line;  sounding-lead;  (fig.)  oppressive  or  obstruc- 
tive weight ;  weight  attached  to  fishing-line  to 
keep  float  upright.  (ME  &  OF  plommet  dim. 
as  plumb  •] 

plu'mmy,  a.  Of,  abounding  in,  plums  ;  (col- 
loq.) rich,  good,  desirable.    [-v2] 

plumo'se,  a.  Feathered  ;  featherlike.  [f.  L 
plumosus  (as  plume1,  see  -ose  •)] 

plump1,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Esp.  of  person  or 
parts  of  body)  full,  rounded,  fleshy,  filled  out ; 
(v.t.)  make  p.,  fatten  up  ;  (v.i.)  become  p.,  swell 
out  or  up.  Hence  plu'mpL v  2 adv.,  plirmp- 
ness  n.,  plu-mpY-  a,    [cf.  Du.  plomp  blunt] 


PLUMP 


631 


PNEUMONIA 


plump2,  v.i.  &t.,n.,adv.,a.  Drop  or  plunge 
(t.  &  i.)  with  abruptly  checked  movement  (down 
upon  &c.) ;  vote  for  (one  candidate  alone,  when 
one  might  vote  for  two) ;  (n.)  abrupt  plunge, 
heavy  fall ;  (adv.)  with  sudden  or  heavy  fall, 
as  came  p.  into  the  river,  (also)  flatly,  bluntly, 
as  /  told  him  p.,  I  lied  p.;  (adj.)  direct,  unquali- 
fied, as  answer  with  a  p.  No.  [com.-LG  :  Du. 
plompen,  G  plumpen,  prob.  iniit.J 

plump3,  n.  (archaic).  Company,  troop,  esp. 
p.  of  spears  (spearmen) ;  cluster.    [?] 

plu'mpep  L  n.  Ball,  disk,  carried  in  mouth 
to  fill  out  hollow  cheeks,    [plump  l  +  -ek  jJ 

plu'mpep 2,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  (vote  of) 
one  who  plumps  for  candidate ;  downright  lie. 

[PLUMP2  +  -ER1] 

plu'mule,  n.  Rudimentary  stem  of  embryo 
plant,  whence  plu'mulAR l  a.;  little  feather, 
down-feather,  whence  plumulA'CEOUS  a.  [f. 
L  plumula,  dim.  as  plume  l] 

plu'my,  a.  Plume-like  ;  feathery ;  adorned 
with  plumes.    [-Y  2] 

plu'ndep,  v.t.,  &  n.  Rob  (place,  person)  for- 
cibly of  goods,  esp.  as  in  war ;  rob  systematic- 
ally ;  steal,  embezzle,  (goods  or  abs.) ;  (n.)  vio- 
lent or  dishonest  acquisition  of  property ;  pro- 
perty so  acquired  ;  (slang)  profit,  gain.  Hence 
plu'ndePER*  n.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  G  pliindern 
(plunder,  bl-,  bed-clothes  &c.)j 

plu'ndepage  (-Ij),  n.  Plundering,  esp.  em- 
bezzling of  goods  on  shipboard;  spoil  thus 
obtained,    [-age] 

plunge,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Thrust  violently  (into 
liquid,  cavity,  &c.) ;  (fig.)  thrust  (person  &c. 
into,  in,  condition,  action,  &c.) ;  sink  (pot  con- 
taining plant)  in  ground ;  throw  oneself,  dive, 
(into  water,  difficulty,  discussion,  &c.) ;  enter 
impetuously  (into  room,  up,  down,  stairs,  &c); 
(of  horse)  throw  itself  violently  forward ;  (of 
ship)  pitch:  (slang)  gamble  deeply,  run  into 
debt ;  (n.)  plunging,  dive,  (fig.)  critical  step,  as 
take  the  p.  [f.  OF  plunjer  f.  LL  *plumbicare 
heave  the  lead  (plumbum)] 

plu'ngep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  parts  of 
mechanism  that  work  with  plunging  motion  ; 
(slang)  cavalry  man ;  (slang)  gambler,  specula- 
tor.   [-ER  !] 

plu'pep'feet,  a.  &  n.  (Tense)  expressing 
action  completed  prior  to  some  past  point  of 


time  specified  or  implied  (expr.  in  E  by  had 
with  p.p.,  as  he  had  called),    [f.  " 
perfectum  more  than  perfect] 


plup'al  (ploor),  a.  &  n.  (Form  of  noun,  verb, 
&c.)  denoting  more  than  one  (or,  in  languages 
with  dual,  more  than  two) ;  more  than  one  in 
number.  Henceplup*alLY2adv.  [f.  Lplura- 
lis  ( plus  pluris  more,  see  -al)] 

plup'alism,  n.  Holding  or  more  than  one 
office,  esp.  benefice,  at  a  time ;  (Philos.)  system 
that  recognizes  more  than  one  ultimate  princi- 

Ple  (cf.  monism).  Soplup'aliST  n.,  plupal- 
stic  a.    [-ism] 

plupa'lity,  n.  State  of  being  plural ;  large 
number,  multitude ;  holding  of  two  or  more 
benefices  or  offices ;  benefice,  office,  held  with 
another :  majority  (of  votes  &c).  [f.  OF  plu- 
ralite  f.  LL  pluralitas  (as  plural,  see  -TV)] 

plu'palize,  v.t.  Make  plural,  express  in  the 
plural ;  hold"  more  than  one  benefice,  [f.  F 
pluraliser  (as  plural,  sec  -ize)] 

plupi-  in  comb.  =  L  phis  pluris  more,  as : 
-Zt'-teraZ<Heb.Gram.),having  more  than  3  letters 
in  the  root ;  -presence,  presence  in  more  than 
one  place  at  same  time ;  -ser'ial,  -ser'iate, 
consisting  of  several  series. 

plus,  prep.,  a.,  n.  (As  oral  rendering  of  sym- 
bol +)  with  the  addition  of,  as  3  p.  h  (cf.  minus); 
(adj.)     additional,    extra,     (Math.)    positive, 


(Electr.)  positive,  positively  electrified  ;  (n.)the 
symbol  (+),  additional  quantity,  positive  quan- 
tity.   [L,=  more] 

plush,  n.  Kind  of  cloth  of  silk,  cotton,  &c, 
with  nap  longer  &  softer  than  that  of  velvet ; 
(pi.)  footman's  p.  breeches.  Hence  plu'snv2 
a.  If.  F  pluche  shortened  f.  peluche  f.  LL  *pilu- 
ceus  (cf.  OSp.  peluza)  f.  pilus  hair] 

plu'tarehy  (ploo-,  -ki),  n.  Plutocracy,  [f. 
Gk  ploutos  wealth  +  -arkhia  -rule] 

pluto'cpacy,  n.  Rule  of  the  wealthy  ;  rul- 
ing class  of  wealthy  persons.  So  plu'tocRAT 
n.,  plutocpa'tic  a.  [f.  Gk  ploutokratia  (as 
prec,  see-CRACY)] 

pluto'latpy,  n.  Worship  of  wealth,  [as 
prec,  see  -latry] 

Plutd'nie,  a.  &  n.  Of  Pluto,  infernal ;  (Geol. ) 
igneous,  as  P.  rocks,  P.  theory  (attributing  most 
geological  phenomena  to  action  of  internal 
heat,  whence  Plu*toniSM(3),  Plu*toniST(2), 
nn.) ;  (n.)  P.  rock.  So  Pluto'niAN  a.  [f.  Gk 
Plouton  Pluto,  god  of  infernal  regions,  +  -ic] 

Slu to'nomy ,  n.    Political  economy.    Hence 
_    utono'mic  a.,  pluto'nomisr  n.     [f.  Gk 
ploutos  wealth  +  -nomia  arrangement] 
plu'vial  (ploo-),  a.  &  n.    Of  rain,  rainy,  so 

Blu'viousa.;  (Geol.)  caused  by  rain;  (n.,Eccl. 
1st.)  long  cloak  as  ceremonial  vestment, 
[(adj.)  f.  hpluvialis  (pluvia  rain,  see  -al)  ;  (n.) 
f.  med.L  pluviale  rain-cloak] 

pluvio'metep,  n.  Rain-gauge.  Hence  plu- 
viome'tPic(AL)  aa.  [f.  L  pluvia  rain  +  -o-  + 
-meter] 

ply J,  n.  Fold,  thickness,  layer,  of  cloth  &c; 
strand  of  rope  &c;  two,  2,  3,  -p.,  having  2  &c. 
thicknesses  or  strands;  (fig.)  turn,  tendency, 
esp.  take  a  p.  [f.  F  pli  fold  f.  OF  ploi  f.  ployer 
(F  plier)  f.  Lplicare  fold] 

ply2,  v.t.  &  i.  Use,  wield  vigorously,  (tool, 
weapon);  work  at  (one's  business,  task) ;  supply 
(person  &c.)  persistently  with  (food  &c.) ;  assail 
vigorously  (person  with  questions,  arguments) ; 
(Naut.)  work  to  windward,  (of  vessel  or  its 
master,  coach,  &c.)  go  to  &  fro  between  (places); 
(of  boatman,  porter,  cabman)  attend  regularly 
for  custom  (at  place).  Japhetic  form  of  apply] 

Ply'mouth,  n.  P.  Brethren,  religious  body 
that  arose  at  Plymouth  c.  1830,  with  no  formal 
creed  &  no  official  order  of  ministers,  whence 
Plymouth  ism  (3),  PlymouthisT(2),  Ply- 
mouthiTE1,  nn.;  P.  Rock,  large  breed  of  do- 
mestic fowl  of  Amer.  origin. 

pneumatic  (n-),  a.  &  n.  Of,  acting  by  means 
of,  wind  or  air ;  p.  tire  (inflated  with  air) ;  p. 
dispatch,  conveyance  of  parcels  &c.  along  tubes 
by  compression  or  exhaustion  of  air ;  p.  trough 
(for  collecting  gases  in  jars  over  surface  of 
water  or  mercury) ;  containing,  connected  with, 
air-cavities  esp.  in  bones  of  birds ;  spiritual ; 
(n.)  p.  tire,  cycle  with  such  tires ;  (n.  pi.)  science 
of  mechanical  properties  of  air  or  other  elastic 
fluids  or  gases.  Hence  pneuma'tiCALLY  adv., 
pneumati'ciTY  n.  Tf.  L  f.  Gk  pneumatikos 
(pneuma  wind  f.  pneo  breathe,  see  -ic)] 

pneumato-  in  comb.  =  Gk  pneuma  -matos 
air,  breath,  spirit,  as :  -cyst,  air-sac  in  body  of 
bird  &c;  -logy,  theory  of  spiritual  beings,  doc- 
trine of  the  Holy  Spirit,  psychology,  so  -To'gical 
a.;  -meter,  instrument  for  measuring  amount 
of  air  breathed  at  each  inspiration  ;  -pnore,  part 
of  some  compound  hydrozoa  containing  air- 
cavity. 

pneumoga'stpic,  a.  Of  lungs  &  stomach, 
esp.  p.  nerves,  tenth  pair  of  cerebral  nerves, 
[irreg.  f.  Gk  pneumon  -monos  lung  +  gastric] 

pneumd'nia  (n-),  n.  Inflammation  of  the 
substance  of  one  (single  p.)  or  both  (double  p.) 
lungs.   So  pneumd'nic  a.,  pneumonitis  n. 


PO K 

Tf.  Gk  pne  umonia  (pneumon  -monos  lung  f .  pneo 
breathe)] 
po.    See  pot  K 

poach >,  v.t.  Cook  (egg) by  dropping  it  with- 
out shell  into  boiling  water.  Hence  poa'eh- 
er  M2)  n.    [f.  OF  pochier  (poche  poke  *)] 

poach2,  v.t.  &  i.  Thrust  (stick,  finger,  &c. 
into  &c);  trample,  cut  up  (turf  &c.)  with  hoofs ; 
(of  land)  become  sodden  by  being  trampled  ;  en- 
croach, trespass,  (on  person's  preserves  often 
fig.,  lands,  &c),  whence  poa'ehER1  n.;  tres- 
pass on  (land  &c);  capture  (game,  fish)  by  illicit 
or  unsportsmanlike  methods;  obtain  (advan- 
tage, start,  in  race)  by  unfair  means ;  (Lawn 
Tennis)  strike  (ball  or  abs.)  in  partner's  court, 
[prob.  =  poke  v.] 
po#chard  (-tsh-,  -k-),  n.  European  diving- 
bird  with  bright  reddish-brown  head  &  neck,  I?] 
pock,  n.  Eruptive  spot  esp.  in  small-pox. 
[OE  poc,  cf.  Du.  pok,  G  pocke ;  see  also  pox] 
po'eket  \  n.  Bag,  sack,  esp.  as  measure  of 
hops  (1681b.)  or  wool  (=  half  sack) ;  small  bag 
inserted  in  garment  for  carrying  purse  &c,  as 
coat,  waistcoat,  trouser,  watch,  ticket,  -p.;  (fig.) 
pecuniary  resources,  as  he  will  suffer  in  his  p.; 
empty  p.,  person  without  money ;  be  prepared 
to  put  your  hand  in  your  p.  (spend  some  money) ; 
am  5s.  in  p.,  have  5s.  available ;  am  5s.  in  p., 
out  of  p.,  by  the  transaction  (have  gained,  lost); 
has  him  in  her  p.  (completely  under  control); 
pouch  at  each  corner  &  on  each  side  of  billiard- 
table  into  which  balls  are  driven;  cavity  in 
earth  filled  with  gold  or  other  ore,  whence 
po'eketY2  a.;  cavity  in  rock  esp.  (Geol.)  filled 
with  foreign  matter;  (attrib.)  of  suitable  size 
or  shape  for  carrying  in  p. ;  p.-book,  note-book, 
book-like  case  for  papers  &c,  carried  in  p.;  p. 
borough  (under  control  of  one  person  or  family); 
p.  (small  personal)  expenses;  p. -handkerchief 
(carried  in  p.);  p.-money  (for  occasional  ex- 
penses, esp.  that  allowed  to  children);  p.-piece, 
lucky  coin  carried  in  p.  as  charm ;  p.-pistol, 
(facet.)  p.  spirit-flask.  Hence  po'cketFUL  n., 
po'cketLESS  a.  [ME  poket  f.  Anglo-Norman 
pokete  dim.  f.  F  poche  poke  j] 
po'eket2, v.t.  Put intoone's  pocket ;  confine 
as  in  pocket ;  hem  in  (competitor)  in  race ;  ap- 
propriate, usu.  dishonestly ;  submit  to  (affront, 
injury);  conceal,  suppress,  (feelings) ;  (Billiards) 
drive  (ball)  into  pocket.  Hence  po'cket- 
able  a.    [f.  prec] 

p6eocura*nte(-koorahnta,  -kufantl),  a.  &  n. 
Indifferent  (person).  Hence  poeoeura*nt(e)- 
ism  n.    [It.,  =  caring  little] 
pod ',  n.    Socket  of  brace  in  which  end  of  bit 
is  inserted.    [?] 

pod2,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.    Long  seed-vessel  esp.  of 
leguminous  plants ;  cocoon  of  silkworm ;  case  of 
locust's  eggs ;  narrow-necked  eel-net ;  (v.i.)  bear 
pp.;  (v.t.)  shell  (peas  &c.)    [?] 
pod  3,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  herd  of  seals  or  whales ; 
(v.t.)  drive  (seals)  into  a  p.    [?] 
po'dagra  (or  poda'g-),  n.  (med.).    Gout,  esp. 
in  feet.    Hence  orcogn.  po'da&rAL,  poda*- 
gpic,  po'dagrous,  aa.     [L,  f.  Gk  podagra 
{pous  podos  foot  +  agra  catching] 
po'dded,  a.    Bearing  pods ;  growing  in  pod ; 
(fig.)  well-off,  snug.    I-ed2] 
podestif  (-ah),  n.  Magistrate  in  Italian  mu- 
nicipalities ;  (Hist.)  chief  magistrate  in  mediae- 
val Italian  towns.    [It.,  f.  L  potestatem  power 
(potis  able,  see  -ty)] 
podge,  ii.  Short  fat  person.  Hence  po'dgY2 
a.  Jvar.  of  pudge] 
po'dium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).    Continuous  projecting 
base  or  pedestal ;  raised  platform  round  arena 
PtaniPnitheatrc;continuousbench  round  room. 
[L,  f.  Gk  podion  (pous  podos  foot) I 


I POINT 

podophy-llin,  n.  (chem.).  Yellow  bitter 
resin  of  cathartic  properties  got  from  root  of 
wild  mandrake,  [f.  bot.  L  podophyllum,  may- 
apple,  wild  mandrake,  (Gk  pous  podos  foot  + 
phullon  leaf)  +  -in] 
po-e-bind,  ii.  =  PARSON-bird.  [f.Otaheitan 
wd  for  'ear-rings  ',  from  tufts  under  throat] 
po'em  ( -Im),  n.  A  metrical  composition,  esp. 
of  elevated  character;  elevated  composition  in 
prose  or  verse,  as  prose  p. ;  (fig.)  something 
(other  than  a  composition  of  words)  akin  or 
compared  to  a  p.,  as  their  lives  are  a  p.  [f.  F 
poeme  f.  L  f.  Gk  poema  =  poiema  (poieo  make)] 
po'esy,  n.  (archaic).  Art,  composition,  of 
poetry ;  poems  collectively,  [f.  OF  poesie  f.  L 
f.  Gk  poesis  =poiesis  making,  poetry,  (as  prec.)l 
pd'et,  n.  Writer  of  poems ;  writer  in  verse, 
esp.  one  possessing  high  powers  of  imagination, 
expression,  &c;  Poets'  Corner,  part  of  West- 
minster Abbey  containing  graves  &  monu- 
ments of  several  poets,  (facet.)  part  of  news- 
paper devoted  to  poetry.  Hence  po'etESS l  n. 
[f.  OF  poete  f.  L  (-ta)  f.  Gk  poetes  =  poietes 
maker,  poet,  (as  prec.)] 

poeta'ster,  n.  Paltry  poet.  So  p66*ticuLE 
n.    [-aster] 

p6e*tie(al),  aa.  Of,  proper  to,  poets  or  poetry  ; 
(usu.  -ic)  having  the  good  qualities  of  poetry  ; 
(usu.  ~ical)  written  in  verse,  as  p.  works ;  p. 
justice,  licence  K  Hence  poe'tiCALLY  adv., 
poetics  n.  [f.  F  poetique  f.  L  f.  Gk  po(i)etikos 
(as  poet,  see  -ic  &  -al)J 
poe'ticize,  v.t.  Make  poetic,  treat  poetically. 
[-ize] 

po'etize,  v.i.  &  t.     Play  the  poet,  compose 
poetry ;  treat  poetically ;  celebrate  in  poetry, 
[f.  F  poUiser  (as  poet,  see  -ize)] 
po'etpy,  n.  Art,  work,  of  the  poet ;  elevated 
expression  of  elevated  thought  or  feeling  in 
metrical  form ;  poems ;  quality  (in  any  thing) 
that  calls  for  poetical  expression;   prose  p., 
prose  having  all  the  qualities  of  poetry  except 
metre.    If.  OF  poetrie  f.  LL  poetina  (as  poet)) 
pogrb'm,  n.    Organized  massacre  of  a  body 
or  class  in  Russia.    [Russ.] 
poig"nant,  a.    Sharp,  pungent,  in  taste  or 
smell;  painfully  sharp,  as  p.  hunger,  regret, 
sarcasm;  pleasantly  piquant.    Hence  poig*- 
nANCY  n.,  poigrnantLY  2  adv.    [OF,  part,  of 
poindre  prick  f.  hpungere] 
poinse'ttia,  n.     Plant  with  large  scarlet 
leaves  &  small  yellowish  flowers,     [f.  J.  R. 
Poinsett,  discoverer] 

point1,  n.  Small  dot  on  a  surface;  full  p., 
full  stop;  dot,  small  stroke,  used  in  Semitic 
languages  to  indicate  vowels  or  distinguish 
consonants;  dot  separating  integral  from  frac- 
tional parts  in  decimals,  as  four  p.  six  (1-6) ; 
single  item,  detail,  particular,  as  we  differ  on 
these  pp.,  it  is  a  p.  of  conscience,  stretch 
a  p.;  (Mus.)  important  phrase  or  subject,  (ar- 
chaic) p.  of  war,  short  phrase  sounded  on  in- 
strument as  signal ;  possession  is  nine  pp.  of 
the  law  (nine-tenths,  almost  the  whole);  give  pp. 
(odds)  to  (opponent  in  game),  (fig.)  be  superior 
to;  unit  in  appraising  qualities  of  exhibit  in 
show ;  unit  (of  varying  value)  in  quoting  price 
of  stocks  &c;  (Print.)  unit  of  measurement  for 
type  bodies,  esp.  Didot  p.,  1/72  of  French  inch  ; 
(Geoni.)  that  which  has  position  but  not  mag- 
nitude, e.g.  p.  of  intersection  of  tico  lines; 
(Hunt.)  spot  to  which  straight  run  is  made,  such 
run,  so  p.-to-p.  adj. ;  (Herald.)  any  of  nine  par- 
ticular spots  on  shield  used  for  determining 
position  ;  stage,  degree,  in  progress  or  increase, 
esp.  of  temperature,  as  boiling,  freezing,  p.  (at 
which  thing  boils  &c);  precise  moment  for  ac- 
tion &c,  as  when  it  came  to  the  p.,  he  declined ; 


POINT 6 

exact  moment  (o/death  &c.);  distinctive  trait, 
characteristic,  as  singing  is  not  his  strong  p. ; 
the  essential  thing,  the  thing  under  discussion, 
as  that  Is. just  the  p.,  come  to  the  p.;  make  a  p. 
of,  regard,  treat,  as  essential;  carry  one's  p., 
secure  one's  object;  make  a  p.,  establish  pro- 
position, prove  contention  ;  (also  p.  lace)  thread 
lace  made  wholly  with  needle,  (improp.)  pillow 
lace  imitating  this ;  sharp  end  of  tool,  weapon, 
pin,  pen,  &c;  tip;  promontory,  esp.  in  names, 
as  Start  P.;  (Mil.)  small  leading  party  of  ad- 
vanced guard ;  (pi.)  extremities  of  horse,  as  bay 
with  black  pp. ;  sharp-pointed  tool,  e.  g.  etching- 
needle  ;  tine  of  deers  horn ;  (on  railway)  taper- 
ing movable  rail  by  which  train  is  directed  from 
one  line  to  another ;  tapered  division  on  back- 
gammon board;  (Hist.)  tagged  lace  for  lacing 
bodice,  attaching  hose  to  doublet,  &c;  (Naut.) 
short  piece  of  cord  at  lower  edge  of  sail  for 
tying  up  a  reef ;  pp.  of  the  compass,  32  equidis- 
tant pp.  on  compass  (N\  N  by  E,  NNE,  NE  by  N, 
NE,  NE  by  E,  ENE,  E  by  N,  E,  E  by  S,  ESE, 
SE  by  E,  SE,  SE  by  S,  SSE,  S  by  E,  S,  S  by  W, 
SSW,  S W  by  S,  S W,  S  W  by  W,  WSW,  W  by  S, 
W,  W  by  N,  WNW,  N W  by  W,  N W,  N W  by  N, 
NNW,  N  by  W),  at  angular  intervals  of  ll6 15'; 
salient  feature  of  story,  joke,  &c,  as  don't  see 
the  p.;  pungency,  effectiveness,  as  his  remarks 
lack  p.\  (Crick.)  (position  of)  fieldsman  placed 
more  or  less  in  line  with  popping-crease  a  short 
distance  on  ofF-side  of  batsman ;  (of  dog)  act  of 
pointing,  esp.  make,  come  to,ap.\  potatoes  dtp., 
potatoes  to  eat  &  bacon  &c.  to  look  at ;  at  all 
pp.,  in  every  part;  at  the  p.  (on  the  verge)  of 
death  &c;  in  p.,  apposite,  as  the  case  you  take 
is  not  in  p. ;  in  p.  (as  a  matter)  of  fact ;  (up)on 
the  p.  of,  on  the  very  verge  of  (action,  doing); 
p.  of  (thing  that  vitally  affects  one's)  honour, 
esp.  the  p.  of  honour  (obligation  to  demand 
satisfaction,  esp.  by  duel);  p.  of  view,  position 
from  which  thing  is  viewed,  (fig.)  way  of  look- 
ing at  a  matter ;  p.-duty  (of  constable  stationed 
at  particular  p.  to  regulate  traffic  &c);  poi'nts- 
man,  man  in  charge  of  railway  pp.,  constable 
on  p.-duty.  [(partly  thr.  F  point,  pointe,  &  f. 
foil.)  f.  L punctum,  neut.  p.p.  of  pungere  prick] 

point2,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  (pencil  &c.)  with 
point,  sharpen  ;  mark  (Psalms  &c.)  with  points 
for  chanting ;  give  point  to  (words,  actions),  as 
pointing  his  remarks  with  apt  illustrations ; 
fill  in  joints  of  (brickwork  &c.)  with  mortar  or 
cement  smoothed  with  trowel ;  prick  in  (man- 
ure), turn  over  (soil>,  with  point  of  spade ;  direct 
attention  (to,  at,  lit.  &  fig.);  p.  out,  indicate, 
show,  (thing,  fact,  that  &c.) ;  (of  hound)  indi- 
cate presence  of  (game  or  abs.)  by  standing 
looking  rigidly  towards  it ;  direct  (finger,  wea- 
pon, &c,  at) ;  direct  attention  of  (person  to);  aim 
at,  tend  toicards.    [f.  OF  pointer,  as  prec] 

pornt-bla'nk,  a.  &  adv.  (Of  shot)  fired  hori- 
zontally, level ;  p.  distance  (within  which  gun 
maybe  fired  horizontally);  (adv.)  with  direct 
aim,  horizontally,  in  direct  line,  (fig.)  directly, 
flatly,  as  told  him  p.  it  would  not  do,  offhand, 
as  refused  it  p.  [prob.  f.  prec.+  blank,  i.e. 
white  spot  in  centre  of  targetl 

point-devPce,  a.  &adv.  (archaic).  Perfectly 
correct,  extremely  neat  or  precise ;  (adv.)  in  p. 
man  ner.  [ME  at  point  devis  prob.  f .  OF  a  point 
devis  to  the  point  arranged,  or  arranged  to 
the  proper  point  (see  point  1  &  device)] 

poPnted,  a.  Having,  sharpened  to,  a  point; 
(of  remark  &c.)  having  point,  penetrating, 
cutting;  emphasized,  made  evident.  Hence 
poPntedLY 2  adv.,  poPntedxEss  n.    [-ed  i»  2] 

pornter,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  index-hand 
of  clock,  balance,  &c;  rod  used  for  pointing  to 
words  &c.  on  blackboard,  map,  &c;  dog  that 


3 POKY 

on  scenting  game  stands  rigidly,  with  muzzle 
stretched  towards  it  &  usu.  one  foot  raised  ; 
(pi.)  two  stars  in  Great  Bear,  straight  line 
through  which  points  nearly  to  pole-star,  [-er  i  j 

poPnting*,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  punctua- 
tion ;  filling  up  joints  of  brickwork  &c.  with  ce- 
ment, facing  thus  given  to  the  joints,  [-ing  !] 

porntless,  a.    Without  a  point,  blunt ;  with- 
out point,  meaningless ;  not  having  scored  a 
Joint.     Hence  porntless  ly  ■  adv.,  poPnt- 
bssness  n.    [-less] 

poise  (-z),  v.t,  &  i.,  &  n.  Balance  ;  hold  sus- 
pended or  supported  ;  carry  (one's  head  &c.  in 
specified  way);  be  balanced  ;  hover  in  air  &c; 
(n.)  equilibrium  (lit.  &  fig.),  carriage  (of  head 
&c.) ;  state  of  indecision,  suspense,  [(vb)  f.  OF 
peser  (st.  pois-)  f.  hhpesare  f.  "Lpensare  weigh 
frequent,  of  pendere  pens-  weigh ;  (n.)  f.  OF 
pois  f.  pop.  L  pesum  f.  L  pensum  weight] 

poPson  (-zn ),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Substance  that  when 
introduced  intoorabsorbedbya  living  organism 
destroys  life  or  injures  health,  esp.  (pop.)  one 
that  destroys  life  by  rapid  action  &  when  taken 
in  small  quantity ;  slow  p.  (of  which  repeated 
doses  are  injurious) ;  hate  each  other  like  p. 
(bitterly) ;  (fig.)  baneful  principle, doctrine,  &c; 
p.-tree,  -wood,  kinds  of  tree  or  plant  with  poi- 
sonous properties  ;  (v.t.)  administer  p.  to  (man, 
animal),  kill  or  injure  thus, whence  poPsonK i : ! 
n. ;  produce  morbid  effects  in  (blood  &c. ),  whence 
(-)poPsoniNG 2  n.;  infect  (air,  water,  &c.)  with 
p.,  smear  (weapon)  with  p.  (esp.  in  p.p.);  cor- 
rupt, pervert,  (person,  mind),  destroy,  spoil, 
(person's  pleasure  &c);  render  (land,  furnace, 
&c.)  foul  &  unfit  for  its  purpose  by  noxious  ap- 
plication &c.  Hence  poPsonous  a.,  poPson  - 
ously  2  adv.  [(n.)  ME  &  OF puison (as  potion, 
see  -son)  ;  (vb)  f.  OF  poisonner  f.  the  n.] 

poissar'de  (pwos),  n.  Parisian  market- 
woman  leading  riots  during  first  revolution ; 
French  fishwife.    [F] 

poke1,  n. 
PIG  in  a  p.) ;  ibc.j  p.-puaaing 
pulent  or  gluttonous  person,  Englishman.  [ME, 
cf.  F  poche,  Icel.  poki,  &  perh.  obs.  E  pough 
(OE  pohha)] 

poke2,  v.t.  &  i.  Thrust,  push,  (thing  in,  up, 
down,  &c.)  with  hand,  arm,  point  of  stick,  &c; 
stir  (fire)  with  poker;  (colloq.)  shut  (oneself 
&c.)  up  in  poky  place ;  produce  (hole  &c.  in 
thing)  by  poking ;  make  thrusts  with  stick  &c. 
(at  &c.) ;  thrust  forward,  esp.  obtrusively,  as 
(fig. )  don't  p.  your  nose  into  my  affairs ;  p.  fun 
at,  assail  with  ridicule ;  pry  (into) ;  p.  one's 
head,  carry  head  thrust  forward,  stoop.  [ME 
&  Du.  poken,  cf.  Du.  pook  dagger,  &  poach  2] 

poke3,  n.  Poking;  thrust,  nudge;  device 
fastened  on  cattle  &c.  to  prevent  their  break- 
ing through  fences ;  projecting  brim  or  front 
of  womans  bonnet  or  hat ;  p.  (-bonnet),  bonnet 
with  this,  esp.  as  worn  by  Salvation  Army 
women,    [t  prec] 

po'ker1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stiff  metal  rod  with  han- 
dle, for  poking  fire ;  (of  person's  carriage  or 
manner)  as  stiff  as  a  p.;  (Oxf.  &  Camb.)  bedell 
carrying  mace  or  stave  before  Vice-Chancellor; 
kinds  or  instrument  used  in  p. -work ;  red-hot 
p.,  plant  with  spikes  of  scarlet  or  yellow  flow- 
ers; (facet,  asseveration)  by  the  holy  p.;  p.-work, 
burning  of  designs  on  white  wood  with  heated 
implement;  (v.t.)  execute  (design)  in,  adorn 
(thing)  with,  p.-work.    [-er1] 

po'ker2,  n.  American  card -game  for  two  or 
more  persons,  each  of  whom  if  not  bluffed  into 
declaring  his  hand  bets  on  its  value.    [?] 

po'ky,  a.  (Of  place,  room,  &c.)  confined, 
mean,  shabby;  (or  occupation  &c.)  pottering, 
petty,    [f.  poke2  +  -y2] 


31,  n.     Bag,  sack,  (now  dial.  exc.  buy  a 
a  p.) ;  (Sc.)  p.-pudding  (also  pock-),  cor- 


POLACRE 


634 


POLITICAL 


pola'ere  (-ahker),  -a'cea,  n.  Three-masted 
Mediterranean  merchant  vessel,  [f.  F  polacre 
-aque,  Polish,  Pole,  hist,  unexpl.] 

po'lar,  a.  &  n.  Of,  near,  either  pole  of  the 
earth  or  of  the  celestial  sphere  ;  p.  (white)  bear, 
hare ;  p.  circles  (parallel  to  equator  at  distance 
of  23°  28'  from  the  poles) ;  p.  distance,  angular 
distance  of  point  on  sphere  from  nearer  pole  ; 
having  polarity,  magnetic;  having  positive  & 
negative  electricity ;  (of  molecules)  symmetric- 
ally arranged  in  definite  direction ;  (Geom.)  re- 
lating to  a  pole,  p.  curve  (related  in  particular 
way  to  given  curve  &to  fixed  point  called  pole); 
(fig.)  analogous  to  the  pole  of  the  earth  or  to 
the  pole-star;  (fig.)  directly  opposite  in  charac- 
ter; (n.)  p.  curve.  Hence  po'lai»LY  2  adv.  [f. 
med.L polaris  (as  pole2,  see  -ar1)] 

polari-  in  comb.  =  prec,  as :  polari'meter, 
pola'riscope,  instruments  for  showing  polariza- 
tion of  light,  so  -me'tric,  -sco'pic,  aa.,  -metry  n. 

pola'rity,  n.  Tendency  of  lodestone,  mag- 
netized bar,  &c,  to  point  with  its  extremities 
to  the  magnetic  poles  of  earth  ;  tendency  of  a 
body  to  place  its  mathematical  axis  in  particu- 
lar direction ;  possession  of  two  poles  having 
contrary  qualities  (also  fig.);  electrical  condi- 
tion of  body  as  positive  or  negative;  (fig.) mag- 
netic attraction  towards  an  object,     [-rrv] 

po'larize,  v.t.  &  i.  Modify  the  vibrations  of 
(light,  radiant  heat,  &c.)  so  that  the  ray  exhibits 
different  properties  on  different  sides,  opposite 
sides  being  alike  &  those  at  right  angles  show- 
ing maximum  difference ;  (Magn.,  Electr.)  give 
polarity  to  (bar,  coil) ;  (fig.)  give  arbitrary  direc- 
tion, special  meaning,  &c,  to  (word  &c),  (also) 
give  unity  of  direction  to.  Hence  or  cogn. 
po'larizABLE  a.,  polarizATiON,  po'lanz- 
er](2),  nn.    [(partly  thr.  F)  f.  polar,  see -ize] 


polatou'che  (-ootsh),  n.    Small  flying  squir- 

el.    [F,  f.  Russ.  poletuchii  flyi 

po'lder,  n.  Piece  of  low-lying  land  reclaimed 


rel.    [F,  f.  Russ.  poletuchii  flying] 
po'lder,  n.  Piece  of  low-lying  lai 
from  sea  or  river  in  Netherlands.    [Du.] 


pole  \  n.,  &  v.t.  Long  slender  rounded  taper- 
ing piece  of  wood  or  (rarely)  metal  esp.  as  sup- 
port for  tent,  telegraph  wires,  &c;  wooden 
shaft  fitted  to  fore-carriage  of  vehicle  &  at- 
tached to  yokes  or  collars  of  the  horses  &c;  (as 
measure)  rod,  perch,  ok  yds.;  p.-jumping  (with 
help  of  p.  held  in  hands) ;  (v.t.)  furnish  with  pp., 
push,  move,  (off  &c.)  with  p.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  pal, 
cf.  Du.  paal,  G  pfahl,  f.  L  palus  stake] 

pole2,  n.  North,  South,  p.,  the  two  points 
in  the  celestial  sphere  about  which  the  stars 
appear  to  revolve,  (also)  N.  &  S.  extremities  of 
earth's  axis ;  (Geom.)  pp.  of  a  circle  of  a  sphere, 
the  two  points  in  which  axis  of  that  circle  cuts 
surface  of  sphere,  (also)  fixed  point  to  which 
others  are  referred  ;  each  of  the  two  opposite 
points  on  surface  of  magnet  at  which  magnetic 
forces  are  manifested ;  each  of  two  terminal 

Eoints  (positive,  negative,  p.)  of  electric  cell, 
attery,  &c.;  (Biol.)  extremity  of  main  axis  of 
any  spherical  or  oval  organ ;  (fig.)  each  of  two 
opposed  principles  &c;  p.-star,  a  star  of  Ursa 
Minor,  now  about  U°  distant  from  N.  pole  of 
heavens,  (fig.)  thing  serving  as  guide,  lodestar, 
centre  of  attraction.  Hence  po'Ioward  a., 
po'lewARD(s)  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  polos  pivot, 
axis,  sky] 

Pole  a,  n.  Native  of  Poland.  [G,  f.  Pol.  Pol- 
jane  lit.  field-dwellers  (pole  field)] 

pole-ax(e),  n.  Battle-axe;  axe  formerly 
used  in  naval  warfare  as  weapon  &  for  cutting 
ropes  &c;  halbert ;  butcher's  axe  with  hammer 
at  back.    [ME  pollax  (poll  *  +  axe)] 

po'lecat,  n.  Small  dark-brown  carnivorous 
quadruped  of  weasel  family,  native  of  Europe. 
[ME  polcat  (pol-  etym.  dub.  +  cat)J 


po'Iemarch  (-k),  n.  (Gk  Hist).  Military 
commander-in-chief  with  varying  <jivil  func- 
tions ;  (in  Athens)  third  archon  orig.  with  mili- 
tary functions,  [f.  Gk  polemarkhos  (polemos 
war  +  -arkhos  -ruler)] 

pole'mic,  a.  &  n.  Controversial,  disputa- 
tious; (n.)  controversial  discussion,  (pi.)  prac- 
tice of  this,  esp.  in  theology,  (also)  contro- 
versialist. Hence  pole'mic  al  a.,  pole'mic  - 
alLY2adv.,  pd*lemiZE(2)  v.i.  [f.  Gk polemikos 
(polemos  war,  see  -ic)] 

pole'nta,  n.  Italian  porridge  made  of  barley, 
chestnut  meal,  &c.    [It.] 

poli'ce  (-es),  n.,  &  v.t.  Civil  administration, 
public  order ;  department  of  government  con- 
cerned with  this ;  civil  force  responsible  for 
maintaining  public  order ;  (as  pi.)  members  of 
this,  as  the  p.  are  on  his  track ;  p.  court  (of 
summary  jurisdiction,  dealing  with  charges 
preferred  by  the  p.) ;  p.  magistrate  (presiding 
in  p.  court) ;  poli'ceman,  member  of  p.  force ; 
p.  office,  headquarters  of  p.  in  city  or  town  ;  p. 
officer,  policeman  ;  p.  station,  office  of  local  p. 
force ;  (v.t.)  control  (country  &c.)  by  means  of 

f».,  furnish  with  p.,  (fig.)  administer,  control. 
F,  f.  med.L  politia=h  politia  policy1] 

policli'nic,  n.  Clinic  in  private  houses,  not 
in  hospital ;  out-patients' department  of  hospi- 
tal.   If.  Gpoliklinik  (Gk  polis  city,  clinic)] 

po'liey f,  n.  Political  sagacity ;  statecraft ; 
prudent  conduct,  sagacity  ;  craftiness  ;  course 
of  action  adopted  by  government,  party,  &c; 
(Sc.)  park  round  country  seat  &c;  Court  of  P., 
legislative  council  in  British  Guiana,  [f.  OF 
policie  f.  L  f.  Gk  politeia  citizenship,  polity 
(polites  citizen  f.  polis  city) ;  in  Sc.  sense  (ear- 
lier =  improvement  of  estate)  confused  w.  L 
politus  polished] 

po'liey2,  n.  (In  full,  p.  of  assurance,  insur- 
ance p.)  document  containing  contract  of  as- 
surance or  insurance,  [f.  F police  bill  of  lading, 
contract  of  insurance,  prob.  f.  med.L  apodissa 
f.  L  f.  Gk  apodeixis  demonstration,  proof,  f. 
APO(deiknumi  show)] 

po'lig-ar,  n.  Feudal  chief  in  S.  India ;  pre- 
datory follower  of  such  chief;  p.-dog  (variety 
from  the  p.  country),  [ult.  f.  Tamil  palaiyak- 
karan  (palaiyam  feudal  estate)] 

pd'lish  \  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  become,  smooth  & 
glossy  by  friction;  (fig.)  make  elegant  or  cul- 
tured, refine,  (esp.  in  p.p.);  smarten  up  ;  p.  off, 
finish  off  quickly.  Hence  po'lishABu:  a. 
po'lishER  i  (1,  2)  n.  [f .  F  polir  (see  -ish  2)  f.  L 
polire  -it-] 

pd'lish2, n.  Smoothness,  glossiness, produced 
by  friction ;  such  friction ;  substance  used  to 
produce  smooth  surface,  as  French,  furni- 
ture, brass,  -p.;  (fig.)  refinement.    Tf.  prec] 

Pd'lish  3,  a.    Of  Poland  or  the  Poles,    [-ish1] 

po'litareh  (-k),  n.  (hist.).  Governor  or  some 
Oriental  cities,  e.g.  Thessalonica,  under 
Romans,  [f.  Gk  politarkhes  (polites  citizen  + 
-arkhes  ruler)] 

poli'te,  a.  Of  refined  manners,  courteous; 
cultivated,  cultured  ;  well-bred ;  (of  literature 
&c.)  refined,  elegant,  as  p.  letters.  Hence 
poli'teLY2  adv.,  poli'teM:ss  n.    If.  L  as 

POLISH  *] 

po'litic,  a.  &  n.  (Of  person)  sagacious,  pru- 
dent, (of  actions  &c.)  judicious,  expedient; 
scheming,  crafty;  body1  p.;  (n.  pi.)  science  & 
art  of  government,  political  affairs  or  life, 
political  principles,  as  what  are  his  pp.  ?  (fig.) 
conduct  of  private  affairs.  Hence  po'liticL y  2 
adv.  [f.  F  politique  f.  L  f.  Gk  politikos  (as 
policy  i,  see  -ic)] 

poli'tical,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  State  or  its  govern- 
ment ;  of  public  affairs ;  of  politics ;  (of  person) 


POLITICIAN 


635 


POLY- 


engaged  in  civil  administration,  as  p.  agent, 
resident,  (in  India)  government  official  advising 
ruler  of  native  State ;  having  an  organized 
polity  ;  belonging  to,  taking,  a  side  in  politics  ; 
p.  economy;  p.  geography  (dealing  with 
boundaries  &  possessions  of  States ;  p.  verse, 
modern  Greek  verse  composed  by  accent,  not 
quantity,  with  accent  on  last  syllable  but  one ; 
(n.)  p.  agent.    Hence  poli'ticalLY  2  adv.    [-al] 

politi'cian  (-shn),  n.  One  skilled  in  politics, 
statesman ;  one  interested  or  engaged  in  poli- 
tics, esp.  as  profession  ;  (U.S.)  one  who  makes 
a  trade  of  politics,    [f.  politic,  see  -ician] 

politicize,  v.i.  &  t.  Act  the  politician ;  en- 
gage in,  talk,  polities ;  give  political  character 

to.     [-IZE] 

poli'tico-  in  comb.  =  politically,  political  & 
— ,  as  -economical,  -geographical,  -moral, 
-social ;  -religious,  (usu.)  pertaining  to  politics 
as  influenced  by  religion,    [as  politic] 

po'lity,  n.    Condition  of  civil  order;  form, 


po'lka,  n.  Lively  dance  of  Bohemian  origin 
in  binary  time;  music  for  this ;  woman's  tight- 
fitting  jacket,  usu.  knitted.  [F  &  G,  etym.  dub.] 

poll1,  n.  (Now  dial,  or  facet.)  human  head  ; 
part  of  this  on  which  hair  grows,  as  grey, 
flaxen,  p.;  counting  of  voters  esp.  at  parlia- 
mentary or  other  election  ;  voting  at  election, 
as  exclusion  of  women  from  the  p.;  number  of 
votes  recorded,  as  heavy,  light,  p. ;  p.-tax  (levied 
on  every  person).  [ME  &  obs.  Du.  polle  top  of 
head,  cf.  Da.  puld,  Sw.  dial,  pull] 

poll 2,  v.t.  &  i.  (Archaic)  crop  the  hair  of ;  cut 
off  top  of  (tree,  plant),  esp.  make  a  pollard  of ; 
cut  off  horns  of  (cattle,  esp.  in  p.p.) ;  take  the 
votes  of,  (pass.)  have  one's  vote  taken  ;  (of  can- 
didate) receive  (so  many  votes) ;  give  (vote) ; 
give  one's  vote.    Hence  po'Hable  a.   ff.  prec.] 

poll3,  a.  &  n.  (Adj.  in  comb.)  hornless,  as  p.- 
beast,  -ox;  (n.)  p. -beast,  esp.  one  of  a  breed  of 
hornless  oxen,    [short  for  p. p.  of  prec] 

poll4,  n.  (P-)  conventional  proper  name  of 
parrot ;  (also  p.-parrot)  parrot,  [altered  f.  Moll 
familiar  equivalent  of  Mary] 

poll5,  n.  (Camb.  Univ.  slang).  The  P.,  the 
passmen ;  go  out  in  the  P.,  take  pass  degree ; 
(attrib.)  p.  degree,  man.     [perh.  f.  polloi] 

po'llaek,  -ock,  n.  Sea-fish  allied  to  cod.  [?] 

pd'llam,  n.  Feudal  estate  of  poligar.  [f. 
Tamil  palaiyam] 

pd'llan,  n.  Irish  fresh-water  fish.  [cf.  Gael. 
pollag,  Ir.  pollog,  perh.  f.  Ir.  poll  inland  lake] 

pd'llapd,  n.,  &  v.t.  Animal  that  has  cast  or 
lost  its  horns;  ox,  sheep,  goat,  of  hornless 
variety;  tree  polled  so  as  to  produce  close 
rounded  head  of  young  branches  ;  bran  sifted 
from  flour,  (techn.)  fine  bran  containing  some 
flour;  (v.t.)makeap.  of  (tree).    [poll1+-ard] 

p6*llen,n.,&v.t.  Fine  powdery  substance  dis- 
charged fromantherofflower,maleelementthat 
fertilizes  ovules  ;  (v.t.)  convey  p.  to,  cover  with 
p.  Hence  po'llenLESS,  polli'nic,  polllni*- 
ferous,  aa.    [L,  gen.  -inis,  =  fine  flour,  dust] 

pollicitation,  n.  (civil  law).  Promise  not 
yet  formally  accepted,  &  therefore  revocable, 
[f.  L  pollicitatio  [pollicitari  frequent,  olpolli- 
ceri  promise,  see  -ation)] 

po'llinate,  v.t.  Besprinkle  with  pollen,  shed 
pollen  upon.    Hence  pollinATiON  n.    [-ate  3] 

po'lloi,  n.  pi.  Hoi  p.,  most  people,  the  major- 
ity, the  rabble.    [Gk,  lit.  the  many] 

pollute,  v.t.  Destroy  the  purity  or  sanctity 
of ;  make  (water  &c. )  foul  or  filthy.  So  pollu*- 
tiox  n.  [f.  L  polluere  -lut-  {poh  =  pro  forth  + 
luere  wash)] 


po'lo,  n.  Game  of  Eastern  origin  like  hockey 
played  on  horseback  ;  water  p.,  hockey  played 
on  water  by  swimmers,    [native] 

polonal'se  (-az),  n.  Woman's  dress  consist- 
ing of  bodice  with  skirt  open  from  waist  down- 
wards ;  (music  for)  slow  dance  of  Polish  origin. 
[F,  fem.  (as  n.)  olpolonais  Polish] 

polo'ny,  n.    (Also  P.  sausage)  sausage  of 

?artly  cooked  pork.  [perh.  f.  med.L  Polonia 
'oland,  or  f.  Bologna] 

po'lt-foot,  n.  &  a.  (archaic).  Club-foot(ed). 
[polt  pestle,  club,  etym.  dub.,  +  foot] 

pdltroo'n,  n.  Spiritless  coward.  So  pol- 
troo*nERY(4)  n.  [f.  F  poltron  f.  It.  poltrone 
(poltro  sluggard,  lazy,  f.  obs.  poltro  bed  perh.  f. 
OHG  polstar  bolster,  see  -oon)] 

poly-  in  comb.  =Gk  polus  many,  as :  -ade'l- 
phous,  with  stamens  united  in  3  or  more 
bundles ;  -a'ndrist,  woman  with  several  hus- 
bands ;  -a'ndrous,  of,  practising,  polyandry, 
(Bot.)  with  numerous  stamens  ;  -andry,  plural- 
ity of  husbands ;  -archy,  government  by  many ; 
-ato'mic,  containing  many  (esp.  replaceable 
hydrogen)  atoms ;  -auto'graphy,  lithography  ; 
-ba'sic  (chem.),  having  more  than  two  bases  or 
atoms  of  a  base ;  -car'pellary,  -car'pous,  having 
several  carpels ;  -chaete  (ket)  a.  &  n.,  -chae'tan, 
-chae'tous,  aa.,  (worm)  with  many  bristles  on 
the  foot-stumps  ;  -chrd'ite,  colouring  matter  of 
saffron,  exhibiting  various  colours  under  var- 
ious reagents ;  -da'ctyl  a.  &  n.,  (animal)  with 
more  than  normal  number  of  fingers  or  toes ; 
-dae'monism,  belief  in  many  supernatural 
powers ;  -ga'stric,  with  many  stomachs  ;  -gene- 
sis, origination  of  a  race  or  species  from  several 
independent  ancestors  or  germs,  so  -gent'sic, 
-gene'tic,  aa.;  -ge'nic,  (Chem.)  forming  more 
than  one  compound  with  hydrogen  &c,  (Geol.) 
=  -genous;  -genism,  theory  of  polygeny ;  -genist, 
holder  of  this,  so  -geni'stic  a.;  -genous,  (Geol.) 
composed  of  various  kinds  of  rock,  (Chem.)  = 
-gemc;  -geny,  origination  of  mankind  from 
several  independent  pairs  of  ancestors ;  -gram, 
many-lined  figure  or  design  ;  -graph,  kinds  of 
copying  apparatus,  (also)  writer  of  many  or 
various  works,  so  -gra'phic  a.,  -graphy  n.; 
-gfinous,  of,  practising,  polygyny,  (Bot.)  with 
many  pistils,  styles,  or  stigmas;  -gyny,  plural- 
ity of  wives  ;  -he'dron,  many  (usu.  more  than 
six)  -sided  solid,  so  -hedral,  -he'dric,  aa. ;  -me'ric, 
(of  compounds)  composed  of  same  elements  in 
same  proportions,  but  differing  in  molecular 
weight ;  -merism,  condition  of  being  polymeric 
or  polymerous;  -merize,  render  polymeric  or 
polymerous;  -merous  (nat.  hist.),  composed  of 
many  parts;  ■mor'phic,  -mor'phous,  multiform, 
esp.  (Nat  Hist,  Biol.)  varying  in  individuals, 
passing  through  successive  variations,  so  -mov- 
phism  n.;  -nd'mial  a.  &  n.  (alg.),  =  MULTino- 
mial ;  -6'nymous,  called  by  several  different 
names ;  -o'nymy,  use  of  different  names  for 
same  thing;  -6'pia,  affection  of  the  eyes  in 
which  one  object  appears  as  two  or  more  ; 
-pe'talous,  having  many  or  (usu.)  separate 
petals  ;  -phagous,  voracious,  (Zool.)  feeding  on 
various  kinds  of  food  ;  -phone,  letter,  symbol, 
standing  for  different  sounds  ;  -pho'nic,  -phon- 
ow.9,many-voiced,(Philol.)standingfordifferent 
sounds,  (Mus.)  contrapuntal;  -phony,  quality 
of  being  polyphonic,  (Mus.)  counterpoint;  -phy- 
l&'tic,=  -genetic;  -phyllous,  -sS'palous,  having 
many  or  (usu.)  separate  leaves,  sepals ;  -stome 
a.  &  n.,  (animal)  with  many  mouths  or  suckers, 
so  -stomous  a. ;  -synthetic,  (of  languages)  com- 
bining several  words  of  a  sentence  (e.  g.  verb  & 
object)  into  one ;  -thd'lamous  (nat.  hist),  many- 
chambered  ;  -type,  kind  of  stereotype,  copy  of 
engraving  &c.  made  from  this ;  -ed'a,  class  of 


POLYANTHUS 


POMPON 


compound  invertebrates,  so  -zo'ic  a.;  -zo'nal, 
(of  lighthouse  lens)  composed  of  several  annular 
segments. 

polya'nthus,  n.  Kinds  of  cultivated  prim- 
ula,   [f.  poly-  +  Gk  anthos  flower] 

polychromatic,  a.  Many-coloured,  [poly-] 

po'lychrome,  a.  &  n.  Painted,  printed,  de- 
corated, in  many  colours ;  work  of  art  in  several 
colours,  esp.  coloured  statue ;  varied  colouring. 
Hence  polyehro'mic,  po'lyehromous,  aa. 
[F,  f.  Gk  polukhromos  (poly-,  khroma  colour)] 

po'lyehromy,  n.  Art  of  painting  in  several 
colours,  esp.  as  applied  to  ancient  pottery  &c. 
[f.  F  polychromie  (as  prec,  see  -Y *)] 

polyclinic,  n.  Clinic  devoted  to  various 
diseases  ;  general  hospital,  [poly-  ;  altered  in 
sense  &  form  f.  policlinic] 

polygamous,  a.  Having  moi'e  than  one 
wife  or  (less  usu. )  husband  at  once,  so  polyga- 
mic a.,  polygamiST,  polygamy1,  nn.; 
(Zool.)  having  more  than  one  mate ;  (Bot.)  bear- 
ing some  flowers  with  stamens  only,  some  with 
pistils  only,  some  with  both,  on  same  or  on 
different  plants,  [f.  late  Gk  polugamos  (polu- 
poly-  +  -gamos  marrying)] 

po'lyglot,  a.  &  n.  Of  many  languages ;  (per- 
son) speaking  or  writing  several  languages; 
(book,  esp.  Bible)  written  in  several  languages. 
Hence  polyglo*ttAL,  polyglo'ttic,  aa., 
po*ly glottis m  n.  [f.  Gk  poluglottos  (polu- 
poly-  +  glotta  tongue)] 

po'lygon,  n.  Figure  (usu.  plane  rectilineal) 
with  many  (usu.  more  than  four)  angles  or 
sides;  p.  of  forces,  p.  illustrating  theorem  re- 
lating to  number  of  forces  acting  at  a  point. 
Hence  polygonAL  a.,  polygonalLY  a  adv. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  polugonon  neut.  adj.  as  n.  (polu- 
poly-  +  -gonos  -angled)] 

polygonum,  n.  Genus  of  plants  including 
knotgrass,  snakeweed,  &c.  [f.  Gk  polugonon 
(polu-  poly-  +  gonu  knee)] 

polyhi'stop,  n.  Man  of  varied  learning, 
great  scholar,  [f.  Gk  poluistor  (polu-  poly-  + 
histor,  see  history)] 

polymath,  n.  =prec.  So  poly  math  y  l  n. 
[f.  Gk  polumathes  (polu-  poly- +  math-  st.  of 
manthano  learn)] 

Polynesia,  n.  Small  islands  in  Pacific 
Ocean  east  of  Australia.  Hence  Polyne'siAN 
a.    [f.  poly-  +  Gk  nesos  island] 

polynia,  n.  Space  of  open  water  in  midst  of 
ice,-esp.  in  arctic  seas.  [f.  Russ.  poluinya  (pole 
field)] 

po*lyp(e),  n.  Kinds  of  animal  of  low  organ- 
ization, e.g.  hydra;  individual  of  some  com- 
pound organisms.    [F  (-pe),  as  polypus] 

po'lypary,  n.  Common  stem  or  supporting 
structure  of  a  colony  of  polyps.  [-ary=-AKiUM] 

poly'pidom  (or  pol-),  n.  =prec.  [f.  polypus 
+  L  domus  house] 

po'lypite,  n.    Individual  polyp,    [ite  *] 

po'lypod,  a.  &  n.  (Animal)  with  many  feet, 
[f.  F  polypode  f.  Gk  as  polypus] 

po'lypody,  n.  Genus  of  ferns,  esp.  (common 

).)  species  growing  on  moist  rocks,  walls,  &c. 

f.  L  f.  Gk  polupodion,  as  polypus] 

po'lypoid,  a.  Of,  like,  a  polyp  or  a  polypus. 
So  po'lypous  a.    [-oid] 

po'lypus,  n.  (pi.  -pi).  Kinds  of  tumour,  usu. 
with  ramifications  like  tentacles.  [L,  f.  Gk 
polupous  cuttle-fish,  polypus  in  nose  (polu- 
poly-  +  -pous  -podos  footed)] 

polysylla'bie,  a.  (Of  word)  having  many 
syllables;  marked  by  polysyllables.  Hence 
polysylla'biCALLY  adv.  [f.  med.L  f.  Gk 
poliisullabos  (as  foil.)  +  -ic] 


R 


polysyllable,  n.     Polysyllabic  word.    [f. 


>iy 

I.L 


med.L  polysyllaba  (vox  word),  see  poly-  & 
syllable] 

polytechnic,  a.  &  n.  Dealing  with,  devoted 
to,  various  arts,  as  p.  school ;  P.  (Institution), 
technical  school,  esp.  one  in  London  orig.  open- 
ed 1838.  [f.  F  polytechnique  f.  Gk  polutekhnos 
(polu-  poly-  +  tekhne  art),  see  -ic] 

po-ly  theism,  n.  Belief  in,  worship  of,  many 
gods  or  more  than  one  god.  So  po'lytheiST  n., 
polythei'stic  a.  [f.  F  polythiisme  f.  Gk  polu- 
theos  of  many  gods  (polu-  poly-  +  theos  god), 
see  -ism] 

pomace  (pu*mis),  n.  Mass  of  crushed  apples 
in  cider-rnaking  before  or  after  juice  is  pressed 
out ;  any  pulp  ;  refuse  of  fish  &c.  after  oil  has 
been  extracted,  used  as  fertilizer,  [ult.  f.  L 
pomum  apple] 

poma'de  (or  -ahd),  n.,  &  v.t.  Scented  oint- 
ment (perh.  orig.  from  apples)  for  hair  &  skin 
of  head  ;  (v.t.)  anoint  with  p.  [f.  F  pommade 
( pomme  apple,  pome,+  -ade)] 

po'mander  (or  poma'n-),  n.  (hist).  Ball  of 
mixed  aromatic  substances  carried  in  box,  bag, 
&c,  as  preservative  against  infection  ;  ball  of 
gold,  silver,  &c,  in  which  p.  was  carried,  [ear- 
lier pomamber  f.  OF  pomme  d'ambre  (pomme 
apple,  see  prec,  +  ambre  amber)J 

pomard',  pomm-,  n.  A  red  Burgundy 
wine.    [P.,  village  in  France] 

poma*tum,n.,&v.t.  =  pomade.  [t.Lponunn 
apple  +  -atum  -ate  ]] 

po'mbe,  n.  Intoxicating  drink  from  various 
kinds  of  grain  &  fruit  in  Africa,    [native] 

pome,  n.  (Bot.)  succulent  inferior  fruit 
with  firm  fleshy  body  inclosing  carpels  forming 
the  core,  e.g.,  apple,  pear,  quince,  so  pomi*- 
ferous  a.;  (poet.)  apple ;  metal  ball.  [OF,  f. 
L  poma  pi.  of  pomum  fruit,  apple] 

pomegranate  (pomgra'nat,  po'm-,  pum-). 
Fruit  of  a  tree  native  to  N.  Africa  &  W.  Asia, 
a  large  red  berry  about  size  of  orange  with 
tough  golden  or  orange  rind  &  acid  reddish 
pulp  enveloping  seeds;  the  tree.  [f.  OF  pome 
grenate  f.  L  granata  seeded  (grain,  -ate2)] 

Pomera'nian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Pomerania  on  S. 
coast  of  Baltic ;  P.  (dog),  small  dog  with  long 
silky  hair,  pointed  muzzle,  &  pricked  ears,   [-an] 

po'mfpet,  n.  Fish  found  in  Indian  &  Pacific 
Oceans,  used  as  food.   [prob.  ult.  f.  Port. pampo] 

po'mfret-eake  (pu-),  n.  Liquorice  cake 
made  at  Pontefract  (earlier  Pomfret)  in  Yorks. 

po'micultupe,  n.  Fruit-growing,  [f.  L 
pomum  fruit  +  culture] 

po'mmel  (pu),  n.,  &  v.t.  Rounded  knob  esp. 
at  end  of  sword-hilt ;  upward  projecting  front 
part  of  saddle  ;  (v.t.)  strikeor  beat  (as)  with  p., 
beat  with  fists,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  pomel  f.  LL 
*pomellum  dim.  as  pome] 

pomology,  n.  Science  of  fruitgrowing. 
Hence  pomolo'giCAL  a.,  pomo'iogiST  n. 
[as  POME  +  -logy] 

Pomo'na,  n.  (Rom.  Myth.)  goddess  of  fruits ; 
P.  green  (in  which  yellow  predominates).    [L] 

pomp,  n.  Splendid  display,  splendour;  (pi.) 
the  pp.  &  vanity  of  this  wicked  world,  [f.  F 
pompet.  L  f.  Gkpompe procession,  pomp,  (pem- 
po  send)] 

po'mpano,  n.  Kinds  of  W.-Ind.  &  N.-Amer. 
fish  esteemed  for  food.    [f.  Sp.  pampano] 

po'mpier,  a.  P.  ladder,  fireman's  scaling 
ladder.    [F,  =  fireman  (as  pump,  see  -ier)] 

po'm-pom,  n.  Maxim  automatic  quick- 
firing  gun.    [imit.l 

po'mpon  (or  as  F),  n.  Ornamental  tuft  or 
bunch  of  ribbon,  flowers,  &c,  on  women's  & 


For  other  words  in  poly-  see  poly-. 


POMPOUS 


637 


POORNESS 


children's  hats  &  shoes ;  round  tuft  on  soldier's 
cap,  front  of  shako,  &c    [F,  etyni.  dub.] 

po'mpous,  a.  Magnificent,  splendid ;  self- 
important,  consequential,(of  language)  inflated, 
sopompo'siTYn.  Hence  po*mpousLY2adv., 
po'mpousxESS  n.  [f.  LL  pomposus  (as  pomp, 
see  -ous)] 

ponceau  (F),  n.    Poppy  colour,  bright  red. 

po'ncho  (-tsho),  n.  S.-Amer.  cloak,  oblong 
piece  of  cloth  with  slit  in  middle  for  head ; 
cape  for  bicycling  &c.  on  same  plan,     [native] 

pond,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Small  body  of  still  water 
artificially  formed  by  hollowing  or  embanking ; 
(facet.)  the  sea,  cf.  herring-p.;  p.-life,  animals 
esp.  invertebrates  that  live  in  pp.;  po'ndweed, 
kinds  of  aquatic  herb  growing  in  still  water; 
(v.t.)  hold  back,  dam  up,  (stream);  (v.i.,  of 
water)  form  a  pool  or  p.   fprob.  var.  of  pound  2J 

poundage  (-!  j ),  n.  Capacity  of  pond ;  storage 
of  water,    [-age] 

po'nder,  v.t.  &  L  Weigh  mentally,  think 
over,  (matter,  hoio,  &c);  think  on,  muse  over. 
Hence  po'ndepingxY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  ponderer 
f.  L  ponderare  (pondus  -eris  weight)] 


po'nderable,  a.  Having  appreciable  weight 
(lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  ponderaBrLiTY  n.  [f.LL 
ponderabilis  (as  prec,  see  -ble)] 


pondera'tion,  n.  Weighing,  balancing,  (lit. 
&  fig.),    [f.  L  ponderatio  (as  prec,  see  -at ion)] 

po'nderous,  a.  Heavy;  unwieldy;  labori- 
ous; (of  style)  dull,  tedious.  Hence  or  cogn. 
pondePOSiTY,  po*ndePOUSNESS,nn.,po*n- 
depousr, y 2  adv.  [f.  Fponddreux  f .  L pondero- 
sus  (pondus  -eris  weight,  see  -ous)] 

pd'ne  K  n.  Leader('s  partner)  in  some  card 
games.  [L,  2nd  sing,  imperat.  of  ponere  place] 

pone2,  n.  Maize  bread,  esp.  as  made  by  N.- 
Amer.  Indians;  fine  light  bread  made  with 
milk,  eggs,  &c;  cake,  loaf,  of  this,    [native" 


pongee  (punje"),  n.  Soft  unbleached  kind  of 
Chinese  silk.    [perh.  f.  Chin,  pun-chi  own  loom] 

po'ngo,  n.  (Early  name  for)  a  large  anthro- 
poid African  ape;  (improp.)  orang-outang, 
[native] 

pd'niand,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dagger;  (v.t.)  stab  with 
p.  [f.  F  poignard  (poing  fist  f.  L  pugnus,  -akd)] 

pons,  n.  P.  asinorum,  bridge  of  asses,  i.  e. 
oth  proposition  of  1st  book  of  Euclid,  hence, 
anything  found  difficult  by  beginners;  P. 
( Varolii),  band  of  nerve-fibres  in  brain  [f.  Va- 
roli,  Italian  anatomist].    [L,=bridge] 

po*ntifex,n.  (pi.  -flees),  (Rom.  Ant.)  member 
of  principal  college  of  priests  in  Rome,  P. 
maximus,  head  of  this ;  =  foil.  [L,  f.  pons  -ntis 
bridge  or  Osc-Umbr.  puntis  sacrifice  +  -fex 
-Jicis  f.  facere  make] 

po'ntifT,  n.  (Also  sovereign  p.)  the  Pope ; 
bishop ;  chief  priest,    [f.  F  pontife  f.  prec] 

pontifical,  a.  &  n.  Of,  befitting,  a  pontiff; 
(n.)  office-book  of  Western  Church  containing 
forms  for  rites  to  be  performed  by  bishops ; 
(n.  pi.)  vestments  &  insignia  of  bishop.  Hence 
ponti*fiealLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  pontificalis  (as  pon- 
tifex,  see  lal)] 

pontifica'Iia,  n.  pi.  Pontificals.  [L,  neut.  pi. 
as  prec] 

pontificate  (-at),  n.  Office  of  pontifex,bishop, 
or  pope ;  period  of  this.    [f.  L  pontijieatus  (as 

PONTIFEX,  See  -ATE  !)] 

po'ntify,  v.i.  Play  the  pontiff,  assume  airs 
of  infallibility,  [f.  F  pontifier  £.  L  pontificare 
(as  pontifex),  see  -fv] 

pont-te'vis  (or  as  F),  n.    Drawbridge. 

pontoneer",  -iep,  n.  One  who  has  charge 
of  pontoons  or  of  construction  of  a  pontoon- 
bridge.  If.  F  pontonnier  f.  med.L  pontonarius 
(as  foil.,  see -eer)] 

pontoo'n,  n.,  &  v.t.     Flat-bottomed  boat 


used  as  ferry-boat  &c ;  one  of  several  boats, 
hollow  metal  cylinders,  &c  used  to  support 
temporary  bridge ;  =  caisson  (last  two  senses) ; 
(v.t.)  cross  (river)  by  means  of  pp.  [f.  F  ponton 
f.  L  ponto  -onis  (pons  -ntis  bridge,  see  -oon)] 

po'ny,  n.  Horse  of  any  small  breed,  esp.  not 
more  than  13  or  (pop.)  14  hands;  (slang)  £25. 
[f.  Sc  powney  prob.  f.  OF  poulenet  little  foal 
dim.  of  poulainf.  "LLpullanus  (pullus  foal)] 

pood,  n.  Russian  weight,  36  lb.  avoirdupois, 
[f.  Russ.  pudu  f.  Norse pund  pound] 

poo'dle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  pet  dog  with 
long  curling  hair  often  clipped  &  shaved  fan- 
tastically ;  clip  &  shave  (dog)  thus.  [f.  G  pudcl- 
(hund)  f.  pudeln  splash  in  water,  cf.  pudcl 
puddle] 

pooh  (poo,  pdbh),  int.  expr.  impatience  or  con- 
tempt, [imit.  f.  sound  of  blowing  a  thing  away] 

pooh-pooh*,  v.t.  Express  contempt  for, 
make  light  of,  as  he  pooh-poohed  the  idea.  [f. 
prec] 

poo'ka,  ph-  (ph-),  n.    Hobgoblin.    [Ir.  puca] 

poo'koo,  puku  (poo'kob),  n.  Red  antelope 
of  S.  Central  Africa,    [f.  Zulu  mpuku] 

pool1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  body  of  still  water, 
usu.  of  natural  formation ;  puddle  of  any  liquid; 
deep  still  place  in  river;  (v.t.)  make  (hole)  for 
insertion  of  wedge  in  quarrying,  undermine 
(coal),    [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  pol,  cf.  Du.  poel] 

pool2,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Cards)  collective  amount  of 
players'  stakes  &  fines ;  receptacle  for  these ; 
game  on  billiard-table  in  which  each  player  has 
ball  of  different  colour  with  which  he  tries  to 
pocket  the  others  in  fixed  order,  winner  taking 
the  whole  stakes ;  collective  stakes  in  betting 
&c ;  arrangement  between  competing  parties 
by  which  prices  are  fixed  &  business  divided  to 
do  away  with  competition  ;  (v.t.)  throw  into 
common  fund,  (of  competing  rail  way  companies 


&c)  share  (traffic,  profits),    [(vb  f.  n.)  prob.  f. 

*boc 
assoc  with  prec] 


F  poule  hen  (perh.  in  sense  *  booty'),  in  E  early 


poon,  n.  E. -Indian  tree ;  p.-oil,  oil  from  seeds 
of  this,  used  in  medicine  &  for  lamps,  [f.  Sing- 
halese puna] 

poo'nah,  a.  P.  painting  (on  rice  or  other  thin 
paper  in  imitation  of  oriental  work);  p.  brush, 
paper,  (used  for  this).     [P.,  Indian  city] 

poop  i,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stern  of  ship ;  aftermost  & 
highest  deck;  (v.t.,  of  wave)  break  over  stern 
of  (ship),  (of  ship)  receive  (wave)  over  stern. 
Hence  (-)poo'pED  2  a.  [f .  OF  pupe  f .  LL  puppa 
f .  L  puppis] 

poop2.    See  pope a. 

poop,  a.  Wanting  means  to  procure  com- 
forts or  necessaries  of  life,  needy,  indigent ;  ill 
supplied,  deficient,  (in  a  possession  or  quality); 
(of  soil)  unproductive ;  scanty,  inadequate,  less 
than  is  expected,  as  the  crop  was  p.,  a  p.  three 
weeks'  holiday;  paltry,  sorry,  as  that  is  a  p. 
consolation ;  spiritless,  despicable,  as  he  is  a  p. 
creature ;  humble,  insignificant,  (often  iron,  or 
facet.,  as  in  my  p.  opinion);  (expr.  pity  or  sym- 
pathy) unfortunate,  hapless,  as  p.  fellow  !,  the 
p.  child  is  inconsolable ;  the  p.,  (esp.)  those  de- 
pendent on  charitable  or  parochial  relief ;  p.- 
box,  money-box  esp.  in  church  for  relief  of 
the  p.;  p. -house,  workhouse ;  p.-law  (relating 
to  support  of  paupers) ;  p.  man's  weather-glass, 
pimpernel ;  p.-rate,  rate,  assessment,  for  relief 
orsupportof  thep.;  p. -spirited, timid,  cowardly. 
[ME  &  OF pov(e)re,  poure,  f.  L  pauper] 

poop'ly,  adv.  &  pred.  a.  Scantily,  defectively ; 
with  no  great  success ;  meanly,  contemptibly ; 
(pred.  a.)  unwell,  as  he  is  (looking)  very  p.  [prec 
+  -ly2  ;  pred.  a.  prob.  orig.  adv.] 

poorness,  n.  Defectiveness ;  lack  of  some 
good  quality  or  constituent,    [poor  +  -ness] 


£ 


POP 6 

pop  ],  v.i.  &  t.  Make  small  quick  explosive 
sound  as  of  cork  when  drawn  ;  let  off  (firearm 
&c) ;  fire  gun  (at  bird  &c.) ;  put  (thing  in,  out, 
down,  &c.)  quickly  or  suddenly;  move,  go, 
come,  (in  &c)  thus;  put  (question)  abruptly, 
esp.  (colloq.)  p.  the  question,  propose  marriage; 
(slang)  pawn ;  (slang)  p.  off  (the  hooks),  die ; 
(U.S.)  parch  (maize)  till  it  bursts  open,  p.-corn, 
maize  so  parched ;  p.-gun,  child's  toy  gun  shoot- 
ing pellets  by  compression  of  air  with  piston, 
(contempt.) inefficient  fire-arm;  p.-shop,  pawn- 
broker's shop,    [iniit.] 

pop 2,  n.,  adv.,  int.  Abrupt  explosive  sound ; 
dot,  spot,  esp.  in  marking  sheep,  &c;  (colloq.) 
effervescing  drink,  esp.  ginger-beer  or  cham- 
pagne ;  (slang)  pawning,  esp.  in  p.,  in  pawn  ; 
(int.  or  adv.)  heard  it  go  (make  the  sound)  p  !, 
p.  goes  the  weasel,  country  dance  in  which 
dancer  darted  under  arms  of  others  to  his  part- 
ner,   fas  prec] 

pop3,  n.  (colloq.).  Popular  concert,  as  Satur- 
day pp.    [abbr.] 

pope  \  n.  Bishop  of  Rome  as  head  of  Roman 
Catholic  Church ;  (fig.)  person  assuming  or 
credited  with  infallibility  &c.;  P.  Joan,  fabu- 
lous female  p.,  a  card-game  ;  p.'s  eye,  lymphatic 
gland  surrounded  with  fat  in  middle  of  leg  of 
mutton; p.'s  head,  round  long-handled  broom; 
p.'s  nose,=  parson's  nose.  Hence  po'peDOM 
n.,  po'peLESS  a.  [OE  papa  f.  eccl.  L  papa  f. 
late  Gk  papas =Gk  pappas  father,  cf.  papa] 
jope2,  n.  Parish  priest  of  Greek  Church  in 
ussia  &c    \f.  Russ.  popu  f.  Gk  as  prec] 

pope3,  poop,  n.,  &  v.t.  Place  in  thigh  on 
Which  blow  is  painful  or  paralysing,  esp.  take 
person's  p.,  strike  this ;  (v.t.)  take  the  p.  of.    [?] 

po'pery,  n.  Papal  system,  Roman  Catholic 
religion,  (in  hostile  use),    [f.  pope  l  +  -erv ] 

pd'pinjay,  n.  (Archaic)  parrot;  (Hist.) 
figure  of  parrot  on  pole  as  mark  to  shoot  at ; 
conceited  person ;  (dial.)  green  woodpecker,  ff. 
OF  papingay  &c,  cf.  med.  Gk  papagas,  Arab. 
babagha,  prob.  imit.  &  of  Afr.  orig.] 

po'pish,  a.  Of  popery,  papistical.  Hence 
po'pishLY  2  adv.    [f.  pope  *  +  -ish  >] 

po'plar,  n.  Genus  of  large  trees  of  rapid 
growth  (often  w.  allusion  to  straightness  of 
trunk) ;  trembling  p.,  aspen,  [f.  OF  poplier  f. 
L  populus  +  -ier] 

po'plin,  n.  Woven  fabric  of  silk  warp  & 
worsted  weft  with  corded  surface,  now  made 
chiefly  in  Ireland,  [f.  F  popeline  f.  It.  papalina 
papal,  from  the  papal  town  Avignon  where  it 
was  made] 

popli'teal,  a.  Of  the  ham,  of  the  hollow  at 
back  of  knee,  as  p.  artery,  tendons  (hamstrings), 
[f.  L  poples  -itis  ham,  see  -al] 

po'ppet,  n.  (Now  dial.)  small  person,  esp.  as 
term  of  endearment ;  lathe-head ;  (Naut.)  short 

1>iece  of  wood  for  various  purposes ;  p.-head, 
athe-head,  (Mining)  frame  at  top  of  shaft  sup- 
porting pulleys  for  ropes  used  in  hoisting,  [ear- 
lier form  of  puppet] 

po'ppingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  (Crick.) p. -crease 
[perh. = striking-crease],  line  4  feet  in  front  of  & 
parallel  to  wicket  within  which  batsman  must 
stand.    [-ING '] 

po'pple,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  water)  tumble  about, 
toss  to  &  fro;  (n.)  rolling,  tossing,  ripple. 
Hence  po'ppl y  2  a.    [prob.  imit.] 

po'ppy,  n.  Genus  of  herbs  having  milky 
juice  with  narcotic  properties  &  showy  flowers 
of  scarlet  or  other  colour :  opium  p.,  species 
from  which  opium  is  obtained ;  p.-head,  seed 
capsule  of  p.,  (Arch.)  ornamental  top  to  end  of 
church  seat.  Hencepo#ppiED2a.  [OE  popxg, 
papoeg,  ult.  f.  L  papaver] 

popsy  (-  wopsy ),  n.  An  endearing  appella- 


3 PORISM 

tion  for  a  girl.  [prob.  f.  pop  abbr.  of  poppet, 
with  dim.  suf.] 

po-pulace  (-as),  n.  The  common  people ;  the 
rabble.  |F,  f.  It.  popolaccio  ( popolo  people  + 
-accio  pejorative  suf.  as  -aceocs)] 

po'pular,  a.  Of,  carried  on  by,  the  people, 
as  p.  election,  meetings,  tumult;  adapted  to 
the  understanding,  taste,  or  means,  of  the 
people,  as  in  p.  language,  p.  science,  at  p.  (low) 
prices;  liked,  admired,  by  the  people  or  by 
people  generally,  as  p.  preachers,  the  p.  hero, 
so  popula'PiTY  n.;  prevalent  among  the  peo- 
ple, as  p.  fallacies.  Hence  po'pular  ly  2  adv. 
[f.  Lipopularis  (as  people,  see  -ar1)] 

po'pularize,  v.t.  Make  popular,  cause  (per- 
son, principle,  &c.)  to  be  generally  known  or 
liked;  extend  (suffrage  &c.)  to  the  common 

f)eople;  present  (technical  subject  &c.)  in  popu- 
ar  form.    Hence  popularizA'TiON  n.    [-ize] 

po'pulate,  v.t.  Inhabit,  form  the  population 
of,  (country,  town,  &c.) ;  supply  with  inhabi- 
tants, as  a  densely  populated  district,  [f.  LL 
popular e  (as  people)] 

population,  n.  Degree  in  which  place  is 
populated ;  total  number  of  inhabitants,  [f.  LL 
populatio  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

po'pulist,  n.  Adherent  of  U.S.  political 
party  aiming  at  public  control  of  railways, 
graduated  income-tax,  &c,  formed  1892;  ad- 
herent of  Russian  political  party  advocating 
collectivism.  So  po'puliSM  n.,  populi'stic 
a.    [f.  L  populus  people  +  -1ST] 

po'pulous,  a.  Thickly  inhabited.  Hence 
PO'puIousness  n.  [f.  L  populosus  (as  peo- 
ple, see  -ous)] 

pop'beag-le,  n.  Mackerel-shark.  [Cornish 
dial.,  etym.  dub.] 

pop'celain  (-slin,  -silan),  n.  Fine  kind  of 
earthenware  with  translucent  body  &  trans- 
parent glaze ;  thing  made  of  this ;  (fig.,  attrib.) 
delicate,  fragile;  p.  shell,  cowrie;  p.-clay, 
kaolin.  Hence  or  cogn.  por'celainous  (-slin-), 
popcella'nEOUS,  popeella*nic,  popee'l- 
lanous,  aa.  [f.  F  porcelaine  Venus  shell,  por- 
celain, f.  It  porcellana  (porcella  dim.  of  porco 
hog  f.  h  porcus,  from  resemblance  of  the  shell 
to  hog's  back)] 

pop'celainlze,  v.t.  Convert  (clay,  shale,  &c.) 
into  porcelain  or  similar  substance,    [-ize] 

porch,  n.  Covered  approach  to  entrance  of 
building ;  the  P.,  colonnade  at  Athens  to  which 
Zeno  &  his  disciples  resorted,  (hence)  Stoic 
school  or  philosophy  (cf.  academy,  garden, 
lyceum).  Hence  popehED2,  pop'ehLESs,  aa. 
[f.  F  porche  f.  Lporticus) 

pop'cine,  a.  Of  or  like  swine.  [F  (-in,  -ine), 
f.  L  porcinus  ( porcus  hog,  see  -ine  *)] 

porcupine,  n.  Rodent  quadruped  with 
body  &  tail  covered  with  erectile  spines ;  kinds 
of  machine  with  many  spikes  or  teeth,  e.g.  for 
heckling  flax  &c;  (attrib.,  applied  to  animals 
with  spines  &c)  p.  ant-eater,  crab,  fish,  grass. 
Hence  poP'cupmiSH  \  pop'eupinY2,  aa.  [f. 
OF  pore  espin  ult.  f.  L  porcus  hog  +  spina 
thorn ;  earlier  also  porkenpick  f.  F  porctpic  (L 
spicus=spica  spike)  &  porpentine] 

pore1,  n.  Minute  opening  (esp.  in  skin  of 
animal  body)  through  which  fluids  may  pass. 
fF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  poros  passage,  pore] 
*  pope  2,  v.i.  &  t.  P.  over,  be  absorbed  in  study- 
ing (book  &c),  (fig.)  meditate,  think  intently 
upon,  (subject) ;  (archaic)  look  intently  at,  on, 
over;  p.  one's  eyes  out,  tire  them  by  close  read- 
ing.   [ME  puren,  etym.  dub.] 

porge,  v.t.  (Jew.  ritual).  Make  (slaughtered 
beast)  ceremonially  clean  by  removing  sinews 
&c    Hence  pop*fiTER  *■  n.    [prob.  f.  L  as  purge] 

pop'ism  (or  po'r-),  n.  (math.).     Proposition 


PORK 6 

concerned  with  the  conditions  that  will  render 
a  given  problem  capable  of  innumerable  solu- 
tions ;  corollary.  So  popisma'tic,  popi'stic, 
aa.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  porisma  -matos  (porizo  deduce 
f.  poros  way,  see  -m)] 

popk,  n.  Flesh  (esp.  fresh)  of  swine  used  as 
food ;  p.-butcher,  one  who  slaughters  pigs  for 
sale;  p.-pie  (of  minced  &c.  p.);  p.-pie  hat  (with 
flat  crown  &  brim  turned  up  all  round).  If.  F 
pore  i.  L  porcus  hog] 

pop'ker,  n.  Pig  raised  for  food  ;  young  fat- 
tened hog,  so  pop'kET1  n.    [prec.  +  -er1] 

pop'kling,  n.    Young  or  small  pig.    [-ling1] 

pop'ky,  a.  Of,  like,  pork,  esp.  (colloq.)  fleshy, 
fat.    [-Y2J 

porno-  in  comb.  =  Gk  pome  harlot,  as: 
-cracy,  dominant  influence  of  harlots,  esp.  in 
government  of  Rome  in  10th  c;  -graphy,  de- 
scription of  manners  &c.  of  harlots,  treatment 
of  obscene  subjects  in  literature,  6uch  litera- 
ture, so  -grapher  n.,  -gra'phlc  a. 

pop*opla*stic  (or  poT-),  a.  (surg.).  (Of  felt) 
both  porous  &  plastic,    [as  pore  +  plastic] 

porous,  a.  Full  of  pores  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence 
or  cogn.  popo'sity,  pop'ousness,  nn.    [-ous] 

pop*phypy,n.  Hard  rock  anciently  quarried 
in  Egypt,  composed  of  crystals  of  white  or  red 
felspar  in  red  ground-mass ;  (Geol.)  unstratifled 
or  igneous  rock  having  homogeneous  base  in 
which  crystals  of  one  or  more  minerals  are  dis- 
seminated,   [ult  f.  Gk  porphuros  purple] 

pop'poise  (-ms),  n.  Cetaceous  mammal  five 
feet  long  with  blunt  rounded  snout,  [f.  OF 
porpeis  r.  L  porcus  hog  +  pixels  fish] 

porra'ceous  (-shws),  a.  Leek-green,  [f.  L 
porraceus  (porrum  leek,  see  -aceous)] 

poppe'et,  v.t.  (Nat.  Hist.)  stretch  out  (part 
of  body) ;  (Eccl.  Law)  tender,  submit,  (docu- 
ment), [f.  hporrigere  -rect-  (por-  pro-  +regere 
direct)] 

po'ppidg-e,  n.  Soft  food  made  by  stirring 
oatmeal  or  other  meal  or  cereal  in  boiling 
water  or  milk ;  keep  one's  breath  to  cool  one's 

??.,  keep  one's  advice  &c.  for  one's  own  use. 
altered  f.  pottage] 

poppr^ro,  n.  (path.).  Scaly  eruption  of  scalp. 
So  poppi'ginous  a.    [L,  gen.  -ginls] 

po'PPinger,  n.  Small  basin  from  which 
soup  &c.  is  eaten  esp.  by  children,  [earlier  po- 
tager  (as  porridge,  see  -er  *) ;  for  -n-  cf.  pas- 
senger, messenger] 

port1,  n.  Harbour  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  town,  place, 
possessing  harbour,  esp.  one  where  customs 
officers  are  stationed;  (in  proper  names)  P. 
Arthur,  Said,  Sic,  free  p.,  one  open  for  mer- 
chants of  all  nations  to  load  &  unload  in,  (also) 
exemption  for  imports  or  exports ;  close  p. 
(lying  up  river) ;  cinque  ports  ;  p.-admlral 
(in  command  of  naval  p.).    [OE,  f.  hportus] 

port 2,  n.  Gate,  gateway,  esp.  of  walled  town 
(chiefly  Sc.) ;  (Naut.)  opening  in  side  of  ship  for 
entrance,  loading,  &c,  (also)  =  p.-hole  ;  (Mech.) 
aperture  for  passage  of  steam,  water,  &c; 
curved  mouthpiece  of  some  bridle-bits ;  p.-hole, 
aperture  in  ship's  side  for  admission  of  light  & 
air,  or  (formerly)  for  pointing  cannon  through, 
[f.  F  parte  f.  L porta  gate] 

port3,  n.  External  deportment,  carriage, 
bearing.    [F,  as  foil.]     • 

port4,  v.t  (mil.).  Carry  (rifle,  sword)  diagon- 
ally across  &  close  to  the  body,  with  barrel  or 
blade  opposite  middle  of  left  shoulder,  esp.  p. 
arms  !.    [f .  F  porter  f.  L  portare  carry] 

port 5,  n..  &  v.t.  &  i.,  (naut.).  (Also  larboard) 
left-hand  side  of  ship  looking  forward  (cf.  star- 
board), as  put  the  helm  top.  or  a-p.;  (attrib.) 
on  your  p.  (left)  bote  &c;  (v.t)  turn  (helm  or 
abs.)  to  left  side  of  ship  ;  (v.i.,  of  ship)  turn  to 


I PORTION 

her  p.  side.  [etym.  dub. ;  perh.  f.  port  * ;  vb 
earlier  than  n.  ] 

port6,  n.  Strong  sweet  dark-red  wine  of 
Portugal,  [shortened  f .  Oporto,  city  of  Portugal] 

pop'table,  a.  Movable,  convenient  for  carry- 
ing, as  p.  furnace,  railway.  Hence  poptaBi'- 
litv n.  [F,  f.  hportabilix  (portare  carry,  -ble)] 

pop'tag-e  (-ij),  n.,  &  v.t  Carrying,  carriage ; 
cost  of  this;  mariner's  p.,  space  allowed  to 
mariner  for  own  venture  or  to  be  let  by  him 
for  freight  in  lieu  of  wages ;  carrying  of  boats 
or  goods  between  two  lakes  or  rivers,  place  at 
which  this  is  necessary  ;  (v.t.)  convey  (boat, 
goods)  over  a  p.    [F,  as  port  4,  see  -age] 

pop'tal J,  n.  Door(way),  gate(way),  esp.  ela- 
borate one.  [obs.  F,  f.  med.L  portale  neut.  adj. 
as  n.  (porta  gate,  see  -al)] 

pop'tal2,  a.  (anat).  Of  the  porta  or  trans- 
verse fissure  of  the  liver,  asp.  vein  (conveying 
blood  to  liver),    [f.  med.L  portalis  as  prec] 

portame'nto,  n.  (mus.).  Gliding  continu- 
ously from  one  pitch  to  another.    (It] 

por'tative,  a.  Serving  to  carry  or  support. 
[F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  portare  carry,  see  -ive] 

poptcu'llls,  n.  Strong  heavy  grating  sliding 
up  &  down  in  vertical  grooves  at  sides  of  gate- 
way in  fortress  &c.  Hence  poptevrllisED  - 
a.  [f.  OF  porte  eoletee  sliding  door  (porte  door 
f.  L  porta,  see  coulisse)] 

Porte,  n.  The  (Sublime  or  Ottoman)  P., 
Ottoman  court  at  Constantinople,  Turkish 
government.  [F  (in  full  la  Sublime  P.),  transl. 
of  Turk,  official  title  of  central  office  of  Otto- 
man government] 

porte-  in  comb.  =  F  porte-  imperat.  of  por- 
ter carry  in  wds  meaning  '  -case ',  '  -holder ',  as  : 
port(e)-crayon,  metal  tube  or  other  holder  for 
crayon ;  portefeullle,  portfolio ;  porte-monnaie, 
flat  leathern  purse  or  pocket-book. 

porte-cochere  (F),  n.    Carriage-entrance. 

popte'nd,  v.t  Foreshow,  foreshadow,  as  an 
omen  ;  give  warning  of,  as  this  portends  a  re- 
newal of  the  conflict,  [f.  L  portendere  -tent- 
( por-  pro-  +  tendere  stretch)] 

pop'tent,  n.  Omen,  significant  sign ;  prodigy, 
marvellous  thing.  So  popte'ntous  a.,  pop- 
te'ntousLT  2  adv.    f f.  L  portentum  as  prec] 

poP'ter1,  n.  Gate-keeper,  door-keeper.  [ME 
&  AF,  f.  LL  portarlus  ( porta  door,  see  -ER  2)] 

pop*teP2,  n.  Person  employed  to  carry  bur- 
dens, esp.  servant  of  railway  company  who 
handles  luggage,  whence  pop*tePAGE(4)  n.; 
dark  brown  bitter  beer  brewed  from  charred  or 
browned  malt  [perh.  orig.  made  esp.  for  porters]; 
p.-house,  house  at  which  p.  &  other  liquors  are 
retailed,  (also)  one  where  steaks,  chops,  &c, 
are  served ;  p.-house  stealc,  choice  cut  of  beef 
between  sirloin  &  tender-loin.  [f.  OF  porteour 
f.  L  portatorem  (portare  carry,  see  -or2)] 

pop'tfipe,  n.  Device  for  firing  rockets,  ignit- 
ing explosives  in  mining,  &c  [f.  porte-  + 
fire] 

poptfo'llo,  n.  Case  for  keeping  loose  sheets 
of  paper,  drawings,  &c;  (fig.)  office  of  minister 
of  state,  [f.  It.  portafogli  (porta  imperat.  of 
portare  carry  +  fogllo  leaf  f.  L  folium)] 

pop*tlco,  n.  Colonnade,  roof  supported  by 
columns  at  regular  intervals,  usu.  attached  as 
porch  to  a  building.  [It,  f.  L  porticus  (porta 
door)] 

portiere  (portyar),  n.  Curtain  hung  over 
door(way).  [F,  f.  med.L  portaria  fern.  adj.  as 
n.  (porta  door,  see  -ary  j)1 

pop'tion,  n.,  &  v.t  Part,  share;  dowry, 
whence  pop*  tlon  less  a.;  one's  destiny,  one's 
lot;   a  p.,  some  (of  anything) ;   (v.t)  divide 


(thing)  into  shares,  distribute  out,  assign  (thing 
to  person)  as  share,  give  dowry  to.    [(vb  f.  F 


PORTLY 


640 


POSSIBLE 


portionner)  f.  OF  portion  f.hportionem  (uom. 
-io)  cogn.  w.  pars  part] 

pop'tly,  a.  Bulky,  corpulent ;  of  stately  ap- 
pearance. Hence  pop'tliNESS  n.  [port^-ly1] 

portmanteau  (-to),  n.  (pi.  -s,  -x  pr.  -z).  Ob- 
long stiff  leather  case  for  carrying  clothes  &c. 
when  travelling ;  (fig.)  factitious  word  blending 
the  sounds  &  combining  the  meanings  of  two 
others  (e.g.  slithy  =  lithe  &  slimy),  [f.  F  porte- 
(manteau  mantle)] 

portola-no  (-lah),  n.  (hist.).  Book  of  sailing 
directions  with  description  of  harbours  &c. 
[It.  ( porto  port  !)] 

por'trait  (-it),  n.  Likeness  of  person  or  ani- 
mal made  by  drawing,  painting,  photography, 
&c;  (fig.)  type,  similitude;  verbal  picture,  gra- 
phic description.    [F,  p.p.  as  portray] 

por'traitist,  n.  One  who  paints  or  takes 
portraits,    [-ist] 

pop'tpaitupe,  n.  Portraying;  portrait; 
graphic  description.    [OF  (portrait  +  -ure)] 

poptpay,  v.t.  Make  likeness  of ;  describe 
graphically.  Hence  poptPay*AL(2)  n.  [f.  OF 
pourtraire  f.  L  PRO(trahe?'e  tract-  draw)] 

pop'tpeeve,  n.  (Hist.)  chief  officer  of  town 
or  borough ;  (now)  officer  inferior  to  mayor  in 
some  towns.     [OE  port-gerefa  (port  town,= 

PORT1  Or  2  +  REEVE] 

gop'tpess,  n.  Female  porter  h  [-ess  l] 
optugue*se(-gez),a.&  n.  (Native.language) 
of  Portugal,  [f.  Port,  portuguez  f.  nied.Lpor- 
tugalcnsis  (see  -ese)1 
pose1  (-z),  v.t.  &i.,  &  n.  Lay  down  (assertion, 
claim,  &c);  propound  (question);  place  (artist's 
model  &c.)  in  certain  attitude ;  assume  an  atti- 
tude, esp.  for  artistic  purposes;  set  up,  give 
oneself  out,  as  (the  friend  of  the  working  man 
&c.) ;  (Dominoes)  place  first  domino  on  table ; 
(n.)  attitude  of  body  or  mind,  esp.  one  assumed 
for  effect,  as  his  philanthropy  is  a  mere  p., 
(Dominoes)  posing,  right  to  p.  l(n.  f.  F  pose)  f. 
F  poser  f.  L  pausare  pause  ;  some  senses  by 
confus.  w.  L  ponere  place,  cf.  compose] 
pose2  (-z),  v.t.  Puzzle  (person)  with  question 
or  problem,  [short  for  oppose] 
po'sep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  prec,  esp.  puz- 
zling question  or  problem,  [-er  ^] 
poseur*  (-zer),  n.  Affected  person.  [Fl 
po'sit  (-z-),  v.t.  Assume  as  fact,  postulate ; 
put  In  position,  place,  as  posited  by  natural 
agency,  [f.  L  ponere  posit-  place] 
posi'tion  (-zishn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Proposition, 
laying  down  of  this  ;  bodily  posture  ;  eastward 
p.  (of  priest  at  eucharist  standing  in  front  of 
altar  &  facing  east) ;  mental  attitude,  way  of 
looking  at  question  ;  place  occupied  by  a  thing; 
in,  out  of,  p.  (proper  place) ;  situation  of  vowel 
in  syllable,  esp.  (Gk  &  L  Pros.)  of  short  vowel 
before  two  consonants,  making  the  vowel  met- 
rically long  ;  (fig.)  situation  in  relation  to  other 
persons  or  things,  as  difficult  for  a  person  in 
my  p.;  rank,  status  ;  official  employment ;  (v.t.) 
place  in  p.,  determine  p.  of.  Hence posi'tion- 
al  a.  [F,  f.  L  positionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 
po-sitive,  a.  &  n.  Formally  laid  down, 
artificially  instituted,  (opp.  to  natural),  as  p. 
laws ;  explicitly  laid  down,  definite,  admitting 
no  question,  as  p.  assertion,  have  no  p.  proof, 
here  is  proof  p. ;  (of  person)  convinced,  confident 
in  opinion,  cocksure ;  (Gram.)  p.  (degree  of)  ad- 
jective, primary  form  expressing  simple  quality 
without  comparison  (cf.  comparative,  super- 
lative) ;  absolute,  not  relative;  (colloq.)  down- 
right, out-&-out,  as  fee  is  a  p.  nuisance  ;  deal- 
ing only  with  matters  of  fact,  practical,  as  p. 
philosophy ;  marked  by  presence,  not  absence, 
of  qualities  (cf.  negative)  ;  (Alg.,  of  quantity) 
greater  than  zero  (cf.  negative),  p.  sign  (+) ; 


tending  in  the  direction  naturally  or  arbitrari- 
ly taken  as  that  of  increase  or  progress,  as 
clockwise  rotation  is  p.;  p.  electricity  (of  the 
kind  produced  by  rubbing  glass  with  silk,  vit- 
reous) ;  p.  pole,  (of  magnet)  north-seeking  pole, 
(of  earth)  south  pole ;  (Photog.)  showing  lights 
&  shades  as  seen  in  nature ;  p.  organ,  small 
(orig.  portable)  organ  used  to  supplement  large 
one  in  church ;  (n.)  p.  degree,  adjective,  quanti- 
ty, &c.  Hencepo*sitiveLY2adv.,  po'sitive- 
ness,  positi'viTY,  nn.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  posi- 
tivus  (as  posit,  see  -ive)] 

po'sitivism,  n.  Philosophical  system  of 
Auguste  Comte,  recognizing  only  positive  facts 
&  observable  phenomena;  religious  system 
jounded  on  this.  So  po'sitivisr  n.,  positiv- 
i'stic  a.    [f.  F positivism?  'as  prec,  see  -ism)1 

poso'logy  (-s-),  n.  Study  cf  the  quantities  in 
which  drugs  should  be  administered ;  (Ben- 
tham's  word  for)  mathematics.  Hence  poso- 
lo'giCAL  a.  If.  F  posologiz  f.  Gk  posos  how 
much,  see  -logy] 

pd'sse,  n.  Body  (of  constables) ;  strong  force 
or  company ; p.  comita'tus,  body  of  men  above 
age  of  15  in  a  county,  whom  sheriff  may  sum- 
mon to  repress  riot  &c. ;  in  5  p.  [L,  =  to  be  able, 
(med.L)  power] 

possess  (-z-),  v.t.  Hold  as  property,  own ; 
have  (faculty,  quality,  &c),  as  they  p.  a  special 
value  for  us ;  maintain  (oneself,  one's  mind, 
soul,  in  patience  &c);  (of  demon  or  spirit) 
occupy,  dominate,  (person,  &c),  as  possessed 
by  a  devil,  you  are  surely  possessed,  (fig. )  he  is 
possessed  by  or  with  this  idea,  what  possesses 
you  to  think  of  such  a  thing?;  p.  oneself  of, 
take,  get  for  one's  own  ;  be  possessed  of,  own, 
have.  So  posse'ssoR2  n.,  posse'ssoRY  a. 
[f.  OF  possess(i)er  f.  L  possidere  -sess-  Cport- 
towards  +  sedere  sit)] 

possession  (poz-),  n.  Possessing;  actual 
holding  or  occupancy  ;  (Law)  visible  power  of 
exercising  such  control  as  attaches  to  (but  may 
exist  apart  from)  lawful  ownership ;  in  p.,  (of 
thing)  possessed,  (of  person)  possessing ;  p.  is 
nine  points  of  the  laio ;  thing  possessed  ;  (pi.) 
property,  wealth ;  subject  territory,  esp.  foreign 
dominions;  SELF-p.  [OF,  f.  L possessionem  (as 
prec,  see  -ion)] 

possessive  (poz-),  a.  &  n.  Of  possession ; 
(Gram.)  indicating  possession,  as  p.  pronoun 
(e.g.  my,  mine,  his,  ours),  p.  case  (e.g.  John's, 
the  baker's).  Hence  posse'ssiveLY2  adv., 
posse'ssiveNESS  n.  [f.  L  possessivtis  (as 
possess,  see  -ive)] 

po'sset,  n.  Drink  made  of  hot  milk  curdled 
with  ale,  wine,  &c,  often  flavoured  with  spices 
&c,  formerly  much  used  as  remedy  for  colds 
&c    [ME  poshote,  etym.  dub.] 

possi'bilist,  n.  Member  of  (esp.  Spanish  re- 
publican or  French  socialist)  political  party 
aiming  at  those  reforms  only  that  arc  immedi- 
ately practicable,  [f.  F  possibiliste  (as  possi- 
ble, see  -ist)] 

possibility,  n.  State,  fact,  of  being  possible, 
as  the  p.  of  miracles,  cannot  by  any  p.  be  in 
time,  there  is  no  p.  of  his  coming,  it  is  within 
the  range  of  p. ;  thing  that  may  exist  or  happen, 
as  what  are  the  pp.  ?,  there  are  three  pp.  [I.  F 
possibility  f.  L  possibilitatem  (possible,  -ty)] 

po'ssible,  a.  &  n.  That  can  exist,  be  done, 
or  happen,  as  that  is  quite  p.,  it  is  scarcely  p. 
to  say,  it  is  p.  (that)  he  knows  or  may  know, 
there  are  three  p.  excuses  (that  may  be  made), 
provide  against  a  p.  loss  of  men  (that  may 
occur),  get  all  the  assistance  p.;  come  if  (it  is) 
p.,  come  as  early  as  p.  (as  you  can) ;  tolerable 
to  deal  with,  reasonable,  intelligible,  &c,  as 
only  one  p.  man  among  them;  (n.)  highest  p. 


POSSIBLY 


611 


POSTILION 


score  esp.  in  rifle  practice,  as  scored  a  p.  at  800 
yds  ;  do  one's  p.,  do  all  one  can  (imit.  of  Ffaire 
son  p.).    [F,  f.  hpossibilis  (posse  be  able,  -ble)] 

po'ssibly,  adv.  In  accordance  witb  possi- 
bility, as  cannot  p.  do  it,  how  can  I  p.?;  per- 
haps, maybe,  for  all  one  knows  to  the  contrary. 
If.  prec.  +-ly2] 

po'ssum,  n.  (colloq.).  = opossum  ;  play  p., 
pretend  to  be  ill  (from  p.'s  habit  of  feigning 
death  when  attacked). 

post1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stout  piece  of  timber  usu. 
cylindrical  or  square  &  of  considerable  length 
placed  vertically  as  support  in  building ;  staKe, 
stout  pole,  for  various  purposes ;  bed1,  door, 
goal,  king,  lamp,  sign,  -p.;  starting,  winning, 
-p.,  p.  that  marks  starting,  finishing,  point  in 
race  ;  thick  compact  stratum  of  sandstone  &c. ; 
vertical  mass  of  coal  left  as  support  in  mine ; 
(v.t.)  stick  (paper  &c,  usu.  up)  to  p.  or  in  pro- 
minent place ;  ma!:e  known,  advertise,  (fact, 
thing,  person) ;  (in  colleges)  place  in  list  that  is 
posted  up  the  names  of  (unsuccessful  students) ; 
publish  name  of  (ship)  as  overdue  or  missing  ; 
placard  (wall  &c.)  with  bills,  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE,  f. 
L  postis] 

post2,  n.  &  adv.  (Hist.)  one  of  a  series  of 
men  stationed  with  horses  along  roads  at  in- 
tervals, the  duty  of  each  being  to  ride  forward 
with  letters  to  next  stage;  (Hist.)  courier, 
letter-carrier,  mail-cart;  a  single  dispatch  of 
letters,  letters  so  dispatched;  letters  taken 
from  p. -office  or  pillar-box  on  one  occasion,  as 
J  missed  the  morning  p.;  letters  delivered  at 
one  house  on  one  occasion,  as  the  p.  has  come, 
had  a  heavy  p.  to-day,  official  conveyance  of 
letters,  parcels,  &c,  as  send  it  by  p.',  general, 
parcel-,  penny,  p.;  p.  office  or  postal  letter- 
box, as  take  it  to  the  p.;  by  return  of  p.,  (Hist.) 
by  same  courier  who  brought  the  dispatch, 
(mod.)  by  next  mail  in  opposite  direction  ;  (as 
title  of  newspaper)  Morning  P.  &c. ;  sizes  (about 
20  x  16  in.)  &  kinds  of  writing-paper ;  (adv.) 
with  p.-horses,  express,  with  haste,  as  ride  p.; 
p.-bag,  mail-bag;  p.-boat,  mail-boat,  (also)  boat 
conveying  travellers  between  certain  points; 
p.-boy,  letter-carrier,  (also)  postilion ;  po'stcard, 
card  of  regulation  size  for  conveyance  by  p.; 

ft.-chaise  (sh-),  (Hist.)  travelling  carriage  hired 
rom  stage  to  stage  or  drawn  by  horses  so 
hired  ;  p.- free,  carried  free  of  charge  by  p.,  or 
with  postage  prepaid ;  p.-haste,  n.  &  adv. 
(archaic),  (with)  great  expedition;  p.-horse 
(kept  at  inns  &c.  for  use  of  p.  or  travellers) ; 
po'stman,  one  who  delivers  or  collects  letters ; 
po'stmark,  (n.)  official  mark  stamped  on  letter, 
esp.  one  giving  place,  date,  &  hour  of  dispatch 
or  arrival,  &  serving  to  deface  stamp,  (v.t.) 
mark  (envelope  &c.)  with  this;  po'stmaster1, 
official  in  charge  of  a  p.  office,  p.-m.  general, 
administrative  head  of  postal  service ;  po'st- 
mastership,  office  of  postmaster ;  po'stmistress, 
woman  in  charge  or  p.  office ;  p.  office,  public 
department  for  con  veyance  of  letters  &c.  by  p., 
house  or  shop  where  postal  business  is  carried 
on  (general  P. O.  ,p.-o.  OTCDEH,savings-bank, see 
s  A  ve  l ) ;  p.  -paid,on  which  postage  has  been  paid ; 
p.-toum  (with  p.  office,  esp.  one  that  is  not  sub- 
office  of  another),  [f.  Fposte  fern.  f.  It,  f.  hhposta 
—posita  fem.  p.p.  of  ponere  posit-  place] 

post 3,  v.i.  &  t  Travel  with  relays  of  horses ; 
travel  with  haste,  hurry  ;  put  (letter  &c.)  into 
postoffice  or  letter-box  for  transmission ;  (Book- 
keep.  )  carry  (entry)  from  auxiliary  book  to  more 
formal  one,  esp.  from  day-book  or  journal  to 
ledger,  (also  p.  up)  complete  (ledger  &c.)  thus, 
(fig.,  also  p.  up)  supply  (person)  with  full  in- 
formation,   [f.  prec] 

post4,  n.,  &  v.t.    Place  where  coldier  is  sta- 

F.D. 


tioned,  (fig.)  place  of  duty ;  position  taken  by 
body  of  soldiers,  force  occupying  this;  fort; 
(also  trading-p.)  place  occupied  for  purposes 
of  trade  esp.  in  uncivilized  country ;  situation, 
employment;  (Naval,  hist)  commission  as 
officer  in  command  of  vessel  of  20  guns  or  more, 
p.  captain,  holder  of  such  commission  (not  of 
courtesy  title  or  inferior  command);  (Mil.) 
first,  last,  p.,  bugle-call  giving  notice  of  hour  of 
retiring  for  night ;  (v.t.)  place,  station,  (soldiers 
&c),  (Mil.,  Nav.)  commission  (person)  as  cap- 
tain. l(vb  f.  n. )  f .  F  poste  masc.  f .  It.  postot.  L 
neut.  p.p.  as  post  2] 

post-  in  comb.  =  Lpost  after,  behind,  in  wds 
f.  L ;  &  as  living  E  prefix,  as :  -cla'ssical,  occur- 
ring later  than  the  classical  period  of  (esp.  Greek 
&  Roman)  language,  literature,  or  art;  -commu'- 
nion,  part  of  eucharistic  office  following  act  of 
communion ;  -cd'stal,  behind  a  rib;  -da'te,  (v.t) 
affix,  assign,  a  later  than  the  actual  date  to 
(document,  event,  &c),  (n.,  po'st-)  such  date; 
-dilu'vian,  a.  &  n.,  (person)  existing,  occurring, 
after  the  Flood  ;  -entry,  late  or  subsequent  en- 
try (for  race,  in  book-keeping,  &c);  -exl'lian, 
-exi'lic,  subsequent  to  the  Babylonian  exile; 
-fi'x,  (v.t)  append  (letters)  at  end  of  word,  (n., 
po#st-)  suffix;  -gla'cial,  subsequent  to  the  gla- 
cial period;  -grd'duate,  (of  course  of  study) 
carried  on  after  graduation ;  -millennial,  of  the 
period  following  the  millennium ;  -mille'nnial- 
ism,  doctrine  that  second  Advent  will  follow 
the  millennium,  so  -mille'nnialist  n.;  -natal, 
occurring  afterbirth;  -nwptial,  subsequent  to 
marriage ;  -or'al,  situated  behind  the  mouth ; 
-pli'ocene,  of  the  formation  immediately  over- 
lying the  pliocene  ;  -ter'tiary,  of  the  formations 
subsequent  to  the  tertiary. 

po'stag-e  ( -ij),  n.  Amount  charged  for  car- 
riage of  letter  &c.  by  post,  now  usu.  prepaid  by 
p.  stamp,  adhesive  label  to  be  affixed,  or  stamp 
embossed  or  impressed  on  envelope  &c,  having 
specified  value,    [-age] 

po'stal,  a.  Of  the  post  2 ;  p.  order  ;  p.  union, 
union  of  governments  of  various  countries  for 
regulation  of  international  postage.  [F  {poste 
post2,  see  -al)] 


po'ster,  n.  (Also  bill-p. )  one  who  posts  bills ; 
placard  displayed  in  public  place,   [post1,  -er1] 

poste  restante  (F),  n.  Department  in  post 
office  in  which  letters  are  kept  till  applied  for. 
[F,  prorn  =  remaining  post] 

posterior,  a.  &  n.  Later,  coming  after  in 
series,  order,  or  time,  so  posterio'riTY  n.; 
hinder,  whence  poster'ioPLY2  adv. ;  (n.  sing, 
or  pi.)  the  buttocks.  [L,  compar.  of  posterns 
(post  after)] 

posterity,  n.  The  descendants  of  any  per- 
son; all  succeeding^ generations,  as  deserves  the 
gratitude  of  p.  [f.  F  poste"  rite'  f.  L  posteritatem 
(asj)rec,  see  -ty)] 

po'stern,  n.  Back  door;  side  way  or  en- 
trance ;  (attrib.)  p.  door,  gate.  [f.  OF  posterne, 
-rle,  f.  LL  posterula  dim.  f.  posterns  coming 
after  (post)] 

po'sthumous  (-tu-),  a.  (Of  child)  born  after 
death  of  its  father ;  (of  book  &c.)  published  after 
author's  death ;  occurring  after  death.  Hence 
po'sthumousLV  2  adv.  [f.  L  postumus  last 
(post  after),  in  LL  posth-  by  assoc.  w.  humus 
ground, +  -ous] 

posti'cous,  a.  (hot).  Posterior,  hinder,  [f. 
L  posticus  (post  behind)  +  -ous] 

po'stil,  n.  (hist).  Marginal  note,  comment, 
esp.  on  text  of  Scripture ;  commentary,  [f.  F 
postille  f.  med.L  postilla  etym.  dub.] 

posti'lion,  -llion,  (po-),  n.  One  who  rides 
the  near  horse  of  the  leaders,  or  near  horse 
when  one  pair  only  is  used  &  there  is  no  driver 

21 


POSTLIMINY 


642 


POTENTIAL 


on  box.    [f.  F  postilion  f.  It.  postiglione  (posta 
post2  +  compd  suf.)] 

postliminy,  n.  (Rom.  Law)  right  of  ban- 
ished person  or  captive  to  resume  civic  privi- 
leges on  return ;  (Internat.  Law)  restoration  to 
their  former  state  of  persons  &  things  taken  in 
war,  when  they  come  again  into  the  power  of 
the  nation  they  belonged  to.  [f.  L  postlimin- 
ium f.  limen  -minis  threshold)] 
pd'stmasteP2  (for p.1  see  post2),  n.  Scholar 
of  Merton  College,  Oxford.  Hence  po'stmas- 
tepsHiP  n.    [?] 

post  meri'di&m,  adv.  (usu.abbr.  P.lf.,pron. 
peem).    After  midday,  as  3.20  P.M.    [L] 
post  mortem,  adv.,  post-mortem,  a. 
&  n.    After  death  ;   (examination)  made  after 
death.    [L] 
post-o'bit,  a.  &  n.  Taking  effect  after  death ; 
(n.)  bond  securing  to  lender  a  sum  to  be  paid  on 
death  of  specified  person  from  whom  borrower 
has  expectations,    [f.  L  post  after  +  obitus  -us 
decease  f.  OB(ire  go)  die] 
postpo'ne,  v.t.  &  i.     Put  off,  defer;  treat 
(thing)  as  inferior  in  importance  (to  another) ; 
(intr.,  Path.,  of  ague  &c.)  be  later  in  coming  on. 
Hence  postpo'neMENT  n.    [f.  L  POST(pon«re 
posit-  place)] 
postposition,  n.     Particle,  word,  placed 
after  another,  usu.  as  enclitic,  (e.g.  -wards). 
Hence  postposition al,  postpd'sitiVE,  aa. 
[as  prec,  see  -ion] 

postppa'ndial,  a.  (usu.  facet.).     After-din- 
ner, as  p.  oratory,  eloquence,     [f.  POST-  +  L 
prandium  lunch  +  -al] 
posfseript,  n.  (abbr.  P.S.).  Additional  para- 
graph esp.  at  end  of  letter  after  signature,  [f.  L 
postscriptum  neut.  p.p.  of  POST(scri6ere  write)] 
pd'stulant,  n.  Candidate  esp.  for  admission 
into  religious  order.    [F  (as  foil.,  see  -ant)] 
po'stulate1  (-at),  n.    Thing  claimed  or  as- 
sumed as  basis  of  reasoning,  fundamental  con- 
dition ;  pre-requisite ;  (Geom. )  claim  to  take  for 
granted  the  possibility  of  simple  operation,  e.g. 
of  drawing  straight  line  between  any  two 
points,    [as  foil.,  see  -ate2] 
po'stulate2, v.t.  &  i.  Demand,  require,  claim, 
take  for  granted  (thing,  that,  to  do) ;  stipulate 
for ;  (Eccl.  Law)  nominate  or  elect  subject  to 
superior  sanction.   Sc  postulA'TiON,  po'stu- 
latOR2,  nn.     [f.  L  postulare  demand, -ate  3] 
pd'sture,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.    Carriage,  attitude 
of  body  or  mind;   condition,  state,  (of  affairs 
&c);  p.-maker,  acrobat,  contortionist ;  p.-mas- 
ter,  teacher  of  callisthenics;  (v.t.)  dispose  the 
limbs  of  (person)  in  particular  way ;  (v.i.)  as- 
sume p.  (lit.  &  fig.).     Hence  po'sturAL  a., 
po'stuPER1  n.    [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  positura 
{ponere  posit-  place,  see  -ure)] 
pd'sy  (-zi),  n.  (archaic).    Short  motto,  line  of 
verse  &c,  inscribed  within  ring  (p.-ring)  &c.; 
nosegay.    [=  poesy] 

pot1,  n.  Rounded  vessel  of  earthenware, 
metal,  or  glass,  for  holding  liquids  or  solids,  as 
glue,  ink,  jam,  water  "Hng,  -p. ;  such  vessel 
for  cooking;  drinking  vessel  of  pewter  &c; 
contents  of  p.,  as  a  p.  of  porter,  honey ;  coffee- 
p.;  teap.;  (also,  childish,  po)=  chamber-/).;  = 
flower-j).  ;  vessel,  usu.  of  silver,  as  prize  in 
athletic  sports,  (slang)  any  prize  in  these ;  lob- 
STER-p.;  CHiMNEV-p.;  large  sum,  as  made  a 
p.  or  pp.  of  money ;  (Racing  slang)  large  sum 
staked  or  betted,  as  put  the  p.  on,  (also)  favour- 
ite ;  big  p.,  important  person ;  the  p.  calls  the 
kettle  bUzck,  person  blames  another  for  fault 
he  too  has;  go  to  p.  (vulg.),  be  ruined  or  de- 
stroyed ;  make  the  p.  boil,  make  a  living ;  keep 
the  p.  boiling,  make  a  living,  keep  anything 
going  briskly ;   p.-ale,  completely  fermented 


wash  in  distillation ;  p.-belly,  (person  with)  pro- 
tuberant belly  ;  p.-boxler,  work  of  literature  or 
art  done  merely  to  make  a  living,  writer  or 
artist  who  does  this ;  p.-bound,  (of  plant)  whose 
roots  fill  flower-p.  &  want  room  to  expand  (also 
fig.);  p.-boy,  potman,  publican's  assistant;  p.- 
hat,  bowler;  p.-herb,  any  of  those  grown  in 
kitchen-garden ;  p.-hole  (geol.),  deep  cylindrical 
hole  worn  in  rock  ;  p.-hook,  hook  over  fireplace 
for  hanging  p.  &c.  on  or  for  lifting  hot  p.,  curved 


stroke  in  handwriting  esp.  as  made  in  learning 

2);  p.-house,  ale-house ;  p.- 

hunter,  sportsman  who   shoots  anything  he 


to  write  (cf.  hanger5 


comes  across,  person  who  takes  part  in  contest 
merely  for  sake  of  prize ;  p.-lead,  black-lead 
esp.  as  used  for  hull  of  racing-yacht ;  p.-luck, 
whatever  is  to  be  had  for  a  meal,  as  come  & 
take  p.-luck  with  us ;  p.-metal,  stained  glass 
coloured  in  melting-p.  so  that  the  colour  per- 
vades the  whole ;  p.-shot,  shot  taken  at  game 
merely  to  provide  a  meal,  shot  aimed  at  ani- 
mal &c.  within  easy  reach ;  potstone,  granular 
variety  of  soaps  tone ;  p. -valiant,  valiant  be- 
cause drunk,  so  p.-valour ;  potwaller,  potwallo- 
per,  man  qualified  as  householder  to  vote  (before 
1832)  [f.  wall(op)  boil].  Hence  po'tFUL  n.  [late 
OE jpott,  cf.  Du.  pot,  G  pott,  F.  pot,  perh.  cogn. 
w.  ~Lpotus  drinking] 

pot \  v.t.  &i.  Place  (butter,  fish,  minced  meat, 
&c,  usu.  salted  or  seasoned)  in  pot  or  other  ves- 
sel to  preserve  it  (esp.  in  p.p.,  as  potted  ham); 
plant  (plant)  in  pot ;  (Billiards)  pocket ;  bag 
(game),  kill  (animal)  by  pot-shot;  (intr.)  shoot  (at 
orabs.) ;  seize,  secure,    [f.  prec] 

po'table,  a.  &  n.  (usu.  facet.).  Drinkable; 
(n.  pi.)  drinkables.  [F,  f.  LL  potabilis  (potare 
drink,  see  -ble)] 

pota'ge  (ahzh),  n.    Soup.    [F] 

pota'mic,  a.  Of  rivers.  So  potamo'LOGY 
n.    [f.  Gk  potamos  river  +  -ic] 

pd'tash,  (archaic)  pota'ss  (or  po't-),  n.  An 
alkaline  substance,  crude  form  of  potassium 
carbonate,  orig.  got  by  lixiviating  vegetable 
ashes  &  evaporating  the  solution  in  iron  pots; 
caustic  p.,  hydroxide  or  hydrate  of  potassium ; 
p.-water,  an  aerated  drink,  [early  mod.  E  pot- 
ashes, prob.  f.  Du.  pot-asschen] 

pota'ssium,  n.  One  of  the  elements,  the  basis 
of  potash,  a  lustrous  white  metal  with  slight 
tinge  of  pink.    Hence  pota'ssic  a.    [-ium] 

pota'tion,  n.  Drinking ;  (usu.  pi.)  tippling ; 
draught  So  pd'tatORY  a.  [OF,  f.  L  pota- 
tionem  (potare  drink,  see  -ation)] 

pota'to,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  Plant  with  farinaceous 
tubers  used  for  food ;  its  tuber ;  sweet,  Spanish, 
p.,  tropical  plant  with  tuberous  roots  used  for 
food ;  pp.  &  point  l ;  (slang)  quite  the  p.  (proper 
thing) ;  (slang)  p.-box,  -trap,  mouth ;  p.-ring, 
Irish  (usu.  silver) ring  used  as  stand  for  bowl  &c. 
[f.  Sp.  patata  var.  of  native  Amer.  batata] 

potee'n,  -theen,  n.  Irish  whisky  from  illi- 
cit still,    [f.  Ir.  poitin  dim.  of  pota  pot] 

pd'tent,  a.  (Chiefly  poet,  or  rhet.)  powerful, 
mighty ;  (of  reasons  cV:c. )  cogent ;  (of  drugs  &c. ) 
strong.  Hence  or  cogn.  po'tENCE,  po'tENCV, 
nn. ,  po*tentLY  2  adv.  [f .  L  potens  part,  of  posse 
be  able] 

po'tentate,  n.  Monarch,  ruler,  [f.  L  poten- 
tatus  -us  (as  prec,  see  -ate1)] 

pote'ntial  (-shl),  a.  &  n.  Capable  of  coming 
into  being  or  action,  latent ;  (Med.)  p.  cautery, 
corrosive,  (agent  producing  same  effect  on  skin 
as  an  actual  one) ;  (Gram.)  p.  mood,  subjunctive 
expressing  possibility;  (Physics)  p.  function 
(by  differentiation  of  which  the  force  at  any 
point  in  space  arising  from  any  system  of  bodies 
&c.  can  be  expressed) ;  p.  energy  (existing  in 
p.  form,  not  as  motion) ;  (rare)  powerful.    (N.) 


POTENT!  ALIZE 


643 


POUR 


p.  mood,  (amount  of  energy  or  quantity  of 
work  denoted  by)  p.  function ;  possibility,  as 
reached  itsJiighest  p.  Hence  or  cogn.  poten- 
tia'liT y  n. ,  pote'ntialLY  2  adv.  [f .  LL  poten- 
tialis  (potentia,  as  potent,  see  -al)] 

pote'ntialize,  v.t.  Make  potential ;  convert 
(energy)  into  potential  condition,    [-ize] 

pote'ntiate  (-shl-),  v.t.  Endow  with  power ; 
make  possible,     [f .  L  as  foil.  +  -ate  3] 

potentio'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  measur- 
ing differences  of  electrical  potential,  [f.  L  po- 
tentia power  (potent)  +  -o-  +  -meter] 

po'thep  (podh-,  pudh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Chok- 
ing smoke  or  cloud  of  dust ;  noise,  din  ;  verbal 
commotion,  as  made  a  p.  about  it ;  display  of 
sorrow  ;  (v.t.)fluster,  worry ;  (v.i.)make  a  fuss, 
[etym.  dub. ;  prob.  not  connected  w.  powder] 

pdtichoma'nia  (-sh-),  n.  (Craze  for)  imita- 
tion of  Japanese  porcelain  by  covering  inner 
surface  of  glass  vessels  with  designs  on  paper 
&c.  [f.  F  potichomanie  (potiche  oriental  por- 
celain, see  -mania)] 

po'tion  (-shn),  n.  Dose,  draught,  of  liquid 
medicine  or  of  poison.  [OF,  f .  L potionem  (po- 
tus  drunk,  see  -ion)] 

po'tlateh,  -lach(e),  n.  Tribal  feast  of  N.- 
Amer.  Indians  given  by  aspirant  to  chiefship. 
[native] 

pot-pourri  (popoore-),  n.  Mixture  of  dried 
petals  &  spices  kept  in  jar  for  its  perfume  ;  mu- 
sical or  literary  medley.    [F,  lit.  rotten  pot] 

po'tsherd,  n.  (archaic).  Broken  piece  of 
earthenware,    [pot  1  +  sherd] 

po'ttage (-ij),  n.  (archaic).  Soup ;  (fig.)  MESS x 
of  p.    [f.  F  potage  (pot  l  +  -age)] 

pcttep1,  n.  Maker  of  earthenware  vessels ; 
p.'s  wheel,  horizontal  revolving  disk  in  p.'s 
lathe  (machine  for  moulding  clay) ;  p.'s  asthma, 
bronchitis,  Sec,  (caused  by  dust  in  the  pottery 
industry).    [OE  vottere  (-er  i)] 

po'tter2,  v.i.  &  t.  Work  in  feeble  or  desul- 
tory manner  (at,  in,  subject  or  occupation) ; 
dawdle,  loiter,  (about  Sec);  trifle  away  (one's 
time  Sec),  [prob.  f.  obs.  pote  push,  QE  potian, 
etym.  dub.,+  -er5] 

po'ttery,  n.  Earthenware  ;  potter's  work  or 
workshop  ;  the  Pp.,  district  in  N.  Staffordshire, 
seat  of  p.  industry,    [f.  F  poterie  (pot  j,  -ery)] 

po'ttle,  n.  (Archaic)  measure  for  liquids, 
half  gallon,  pot  &c.  containing  this ;  small 
wicker  or  chip  basket  for  strawberries  &c. 
[ME  &  OF  potel  (pot  1,  see  -le)] 

po'tto, n.  W.-Afr.  lemur*;  kinkajou.  [native] 

pouch 1  (powtsh),  n.  Small  bag  or  detachable 
outside  pocket ;  (archaic)  purse ;  soldier's  leath- 
ern ammunition  bag;  bag-like  receptacle  of 
marsupials  Sec ;  bag-like  cavity,  esp.  seed-ves- 
sel, in  plant.  Hence  pouchED  2,  pou'eh y  2, 
aa.    [f.  ONF  pouche  =  OF  poche  poke  *] 

pouch  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  into  pouch ;  take  posses- 
sion of,  pocket ;  (slang)  give  money  to, tip ;  make 
(part  of  dress)  hang  like  pouch,  (intr.,  of  such 
part)  hang  thus.    [f.  prec.J 

poudrette  (poodre't),  n.  Manure  of  night- 
soil  mixed  with  charcoal  &c.  [F,  dim.  of  pou- 
dre  powder] 

pout  (poof),  n.  Woman's  high  roll  or  pad  of 
hair ;  part  of  dress  gathered  up  in  bunch  ;  soft 
stuffed  couch._  [F] 

poulp(e)  (poo-),  n.  Octopus  or  other  cepha- 
lopod.    [F  (-pe),  as  polypus] 

poult  (polt),  n.  Young  of  domestic  fowl,  tur- 
key, pheasant,  &c.   ^as  pullet] 

poult-de-soie  (poodeswah'),  n.  Fine  corded 
(now  usu.  coloured)  silk.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

pou'Iterer  (po-h  n.  Dealer  in  poultry,  [f. 
earlier  poulter  f.  OF  pouletier  (as  pullet,  see 

-ER^-f-ER1] 


pou'ltiee  (po-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Soft  mass  of  bread, 
linseed,  &c,  usu.  made  with  boiling  water  & 
spread  on  muslin  &c.  &  applied  to  sore  or  in- 
flamed part ;  (v.t.)  apply  p.  to.  [ult.  f.  L  puis 
-Itis  thick  pap  &c.j 

pou'ltry  (po-),  n.  Domestic  fowls,  e.g.  barn- 
door fowls,  ducks,  geese,  turkeys,  [f.  OFpotde- 
trie  (as  pullet,  see  -ery)] 

pounce1  (pow-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Claw,  talon, 
of  bird  of  prey ;  pouncing,  sudden  swoop,  esp. 
make  a  v.;  (v.t.)  swoop  down  upon  &  seize; 
(v.i.)  make  sudden  attack  upon,  (fig.)  seize 
eagerly  upon  (blunder  &c. ).    [?f 

pounce  2  (po w-),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Fine  powder  used 
to  prevent  ink  from  spreading  on  unsized  paper 
&c;  powdered  charcoal  &c.  dusted  over  per- 
forated pattern  to  transfer  design  to  object  be- 
neath ;  (v.t.)  smooth  (paper,  surface  of  hat,  &c.) 
with  pumice  or  p.,  transfer  (design)  by  use  of  p., 
dust  (pattern)  with  p.  [(vb  f.  F  poncer)  f.  F 
ponce  pumice] 

pou'neet-box  (pow-),  n.  (archaic).  Small 
box  with  perforated  lid  for  perfumes,  [in  Shak- 
spere ;  f.  prec,  hist,  unexpl.] 

pound  *  (pow-),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Abbr.  lb.  =  L  libra) 
measure  of  weight,  16  oz.  avoirdupois,  12  oz. 
Troy;  p.  of  flesh  (see  Shak.  Merchant  of  Venice, 
iv.  i) ;  (also  p.  sterling)  a  money  of  account,  20 


shillings,  now  represented  by  gold  sovereign 
&s  five  pp.  (written  £5  or  51.),  Jive  p.  ten  (shil- 
lings) ;  (Hist.)  p.  Scots,  Is.  8d.;  pay  os.  in  the  p. 


(for  each  p.  owing) ;  PENNY-wnse  &p.-foolish  ; 
p.,five-p.,  note,  bank-note  for  one  p.,  Ave  pp.; 
p.-cake,  rich  cake  containing  a  p.  (or  equal 
weight)  of  each  of  chief  ingredients ;  (v.i.)  test 
the  weight  of  coins  by  weighing  the  number 
that  ought  to  weigh  a  p.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  pund, 
cf.  Du.  pond,  G  pfund,  f.  L  pondo  p.  weight, 
orig.  abl.  of  *pondus  -di  =  pondus  -eris  weight] 

pound 2  (pow-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Enclosure  for  de- 
tention of  stray  cattle  or  of  distrained  cattle  or 
goods  till  redeemed;  enclosure  for  animals; 
(fig.)  place  of  confinement,  (Hunt.)  difficult 
position ;  (v.t.)  shut  (cattle  &c,  often  up)  in  p., 
(Hunt.)  p.  the  field,' (ot  barrier)  be  impassable, 
(of  rider)  clear  fence  that  others  cannot  [(vb 
f.  n.)  OE  pund(  fold),  etym.  dub.] 

pound3  (pow-),  v.t  &  i.  Crush,  bruise,  as 
with  pestle ;  thump,  pummel,  with  fists  &c; 
knock,  beat,  (thing  to  pieces,  into  a  jelly,  Sec); 
deliver  heavy  blows,  fire  heavy  shot,  (at,  on, 
away  at) ;  walk,  run,  ride,  make  one's  way, 
heavily  (along  Sec).  [OE  punian,  cf.  LG  pun 
chips  of  stone,  Du.  puin  rubbish] 

poundage  (-ij),  n.  Commission,  fee,  of  so 
much  per  pound  sterling ;  percentage  of  total 
earnings  of  a  business,  paid  as  wages ;  payment 
of  so  much  per  pound  weight,    [-age] 

pou'ndep1,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  instruments 
for  pounding  with  or  in,  pestle,  mortar. 
[pound  a  +  -er  J] 

pou'ndep  2,n.  Thing  that,  gun  carrying  shot 
that,  weighs  a  pound  or  (-p.)  so  many  pounds, 
as  a  three-p.;  (-p.)  thing  worth,  person  possess- 
ing, so  many  pounds  sterling,    [pound  *,  -er  j] 

poup  (por),  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  Cause  (liquid,  gran- 
ular substance,  light,  &c.)  to  flow,  discharge 
copiously,  as  p.  hot  water  over  it,  p.  out  the  tea, 
river  pours  itself  into  the  sea  ;  p.  oil  upon 
troubled  waters,  (flg.)  calm  disturbance  with 
soothing  words  &c;  p.  cold  water  on,  (flg.)  dis- 
courage (person,  zeal,  plan);  discharge  (missiles, 
crowd  from  building,  &c,  often  forth,  out) 
copiously  or  in  rapid  succession  ;  send  forth  or 
out  (words,  music,  &c);  (intr.,  of  liquids  &c.) 
flow  (usu.  forth,  out,  down)  in  stream,  (of  rain) 
descend  heavily,  whence  poup'ing2  &.;it  never 
rains  but  it  pours,  (fig.)  events  esp.  misfortunes 


POURBOIRE 641 

always  come  together;  (fig.)  come  in,  out,  &c. 
abundantly,  as  letters  p.  in  from  all  quarters ; 
(n.)  heavy  fall  of  rain,   downpour,    (Found.) 
amount  of  molten  metal  &c.  poured  at  a  time. 
[(n.  f.  vb)  ME  pouren,  etym.  dub.] 
pourboire  (poorbwar-),  n.   Gratuity,  tip.  [F, 
=  pour  boire  (money)  for  drinking] 
pourparler  (poorparla*),  n.     Informal  dis- 
cussion preliminary  to  negotiation.    [FJ 
poup'point(poor-),  pup-,n.  (hist.).    Stuffed 
&  quilted  doublet.    [OF  (pour-),  p. p.  of  pour- 
poindre  perforate  (pour  pro-  substituted  for 
par  per-  +  poindre  prick  f.  L  pungere)] 
poussette  (poose-t),  v.L,  &  n.    Dance  round 
&  round  with  hands  joined,  as  couple  in  coun- 
try dance  ;  (n.)  this  action.    l(vb  f.  n.)  F,  dim 
of  pousse  push] 

pou  sto  (pow),  n.  Standing-place,  basis  of 
operation.  [Gk  pou  sto  where  I  may  standj 
pout l  (powt),  n.  Kinds  of  fish,  as  whiting, 
eel,  horn,  -p.  [OE  -puta,  cf.  Du.  puit,  G  -p\dte\ 
pout2  (powt),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Protrude  (lips), 
protrude  lips,  (of  lips)  protrude,  esp.  as  sign  of 
displeasure,  whence  pou'ting-LY2  adv.;  (n.) 
such  protrusion  ;  in  the  pp.,  sulky,  [(n.  f.  vb) 
pern.  cogn.  w.  prec,  cf.  Da.  pude  cushion,  Sw. 
puta  pad,  dial,  puta  be  inflated] 
pou'ter,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  kind  of  pigeon 
with  great  power  of  inflating  crop  ;  (also  whit- 
ing-pout} kind  of  fish,  [-er  *] 
pd'vepty,  n.  Indigence,  want ;  scarcity,  de- 
ficiency, (of);  deficiency  in  (a  property);  in- 
feriority, poorness,  meanness ;  p.-stricken,  poor, 
esp.  fig.,  as  a  p.-stricken  language.  [I.  OF 
povertet.  L  paupertatem  (as  pauper,  see  -ty)] 
powder,  n.,  &  v.t.  Mass  of  dry  particles  or 
granules,  dust ;  medicine  in  the  form  of  p. ;  cos- 
metic p.  applied  to  face,  skin,  or  hair ;  =GUNp., 
as  smell  of  p.,  experience  of  fighting,  pood  for 
p.;  (v.t.)  sprinkle  p.  upon,  cover  (with  powder 
&c),  apply  p.  to  (hair,  or  abs.  in  same  sense), 
decorate  (surface)  with  spots  or  small  figures ; 
.-blue,  powdered  smalt  esp.  for  use  in  laundry, 
eep  blue  colour  of  this  (also  attrib.);  p.-down, 
down-feathers  found  in  definite  patches  on 
some  birds;  p.-flask,  case  for  carrying  gunp.; 
p.-horn,  p.-flask  orig.  &  esp.  of  horn;  p.-maga- 
zine,  place  where  gunp.  is  stored  ;  p.-monkey, 
boy  employed  on  board  ship  to  carry  p.  to  guns ; 

S-puff,  soft  pad  usu.  of  down  for  applying  p. 
skin.  Hence  powdepiNESsn.,powdePY2 
a.  [(vb  f.  F  poudrer)  f.  F  poudre  f.  OF  poire 
1.  L  pulvis  -eris] 

powep,  n.  Ability  to  do  or  act,  as  will  do 
all  in  my  p.,  has  the  p.  of  changing  its  colour; 
particular  faculty  of  body  or  mind,  as  taxes 
his  pp.  to  the  utmost,  man  of  varied  pp. ;  vigour, 
energy,  as  more  p.  to  your  elbow!  (formula  of 
encouragement  or  approval) ;  active  property, 
as  has  a  high  heating  p.;  government,  influ- 
ence, authority,  (over) ;  in  one's  p.,  under  one's 
control ;  personal  ascendency  (over) ;  political 
ascendency,  as  the  party  now  in  p.;  authoriza- 
tion, delegated  authority,  as  a  bill  to  extend 
&  define  their  pp. ;  p.  of  attorney  2 ;  influential 
person,  body,  or  thing,  as  the  press  had  not  be- 
come a  p.  in  the  State ;  the  pp.  that  be,  consti- 
tuted authorities ;  State  having  international 
influence;  deity,  as  merciful  pp.!;  sixth  or- 
der *  of  angels ;  ( vulg. )  large  number  or  amount, 
as  saw  a  p.  of  people,  did  a  p.  of  work;  (Math.) 
third,  tenth,  &c,  p.  of  a  number,  product  ob- 
tained by  multiplying  the  number  into  itself 
three,  ten,  &c,  times,  as,  the  third  p.  of  2  is  8; 
instrument  for  applying  energy  to  mechanical 
purposes,  esp.  the  mechanical  pp.,  the  simple 
machines  ;  mechanical  energy  as  opp.  to  hand- 
labour,  esp.  attrib.,  as  p.-lathe,  -loom,  -mill; 


i 


PRAE- 

capacity  for  exerting  mechanical  force  esp., 
horse !-p.,  whence  (-)powePED2  a.;  magni- 
fying capacity  of  lens.  [ME  &  OF  poer  (vb  inf. 
as  n.)  f.  LL  po£ere=L  posse  be  able  (potis)] 

powerful,  a.  Having  great  (physical  or 
other)  power  or  influence,  as  p.  grasp,  horse, 
mind,  ally,  book,  speech,  odour.  Hence 
powepfulLY2adv.    [-ful] 

powerless,  a.  Without  power ;  wholly  un- 
able (to  help  &c).  Hence  poweplessLY 2 
adv.,  powerlessxEss  n.    [-less] 

powwow,  pawaw.n.,  powwow.v.i.  & 
t.  N.-Amer. -Indian  medicine-man  or  sorcerer ; 
magic  ceremonial,  conference,  of  N.-Amer.  In- 
dians, (U.S.)  political  or  other  meeting;  (v.i.) 
practise  medicine  or  sorcery,  hold  a  p.,  (U.S.) 
confer,  discuss,  (about  &c.) ;  (v.t.)  doctor,  treat 
with  magic,    [f.  native  powwaw,  powah] 

pox,   n.      Syphilis;    chicken-p.;    cowpox; 

SMALL-p.     [  =  POCKS] 

pozziu)olana  (potsolah'na,  -tswo-),  n.  Vol- 
canic ash  found  near  Pozzuoli,  much  used  for 
hydraulic  cement.    [It] 

practicable,  a.  That  can  be  done,  feasible ; 
(of  road,  passage,  food)  that  can  be  used  or  tra- 
versed ;  (Theatr.,  of  windows  &c.)  real,  that 
can  be  used  as  such.  Hence  ppacticaBi'LiTY, 
ppa'cticableNESS,  nn.,  ppa*ctieabLY2adv. 
[f.  F  praticable  (pratiquer  practise,  -able)] 

practical,  a.  Of,  concerned  with,  shown  in, 
practice  (cf.  theoretical),  as  p.  agriculture, 
philosophy;  p.  joke1;  available,  useful,  in 
practice  ;  engaged  in  practice,  practising ;  in- 
clined to  action  rather  than  speculation,  as 
does  not  appeal  to  p.  minds ;  that  is  such  in 
effect  though  not  nominally,  virtual,  as  a  p. 
atheist,  has  p.  control.  Hence  ppaetiea'liT  y, 
ppa'cticalNESS,  nn.  [f.  obs.  practic  n.  &  a. 
f.  obs.  Fpractiquef.  LL  f.  Gkpraktikos  (prasso 
do,  see  -ic)  +  -al] 

ppa'ctieally,  adv.  In  a  practical  manner ; 
virtually,  to  all  intents  &  purposes,  as  there 
was  p.  nothing  left.    [-LY  2] 

ppa'ctice,  n.  Habitual  action  or  carrying  on, 
as  naval  p.,  the  p.  of  advertising ;  method  of 
legal  procedure ;  habit,  custom ;  repeated  ex- 
ercise in  an  art,  handicraft,  &c,  as  p.  makes 
perfect ;  professional  work,  business,  or  con- 
nexion, of  lawyer  or  doctor,  as  has  a  large  p., 
sold  his  p.;  (archaic)  scheming,  (usu.  under- 
hand) contrivance, artifice,  (esp.  in  pi.) ;  (Arith.) 
mode  of  finding  value  of  given  number  of 
articles,  or  of  quantity  of  commodity  at  given 
price,  when  quantity  or  price  or  both  are  in 
several  denominations;  in  p.,  in  the  realm  of 
action,  as  quite  useless,  would  never  work,  in 

f).;  put  (plan,  method)  in(to)  p.,  carry  it  out. 
earlier  practize  prob.  f.  practise,  replacing 
earlier  practic  (as  practical)] 

ppacti'cian  (-shn),  n.  Worker,  practitioner, 
[f.  obs.  F  practicien  (as  practical,  see  -ician)] 

practise,  v.  t.  &  i.  Perform  habitually,  carry 
out  in  action,  as  p.  the  same  method,  p.  what 
you  preach ;  exercise,  pursue,  (profession) ; 
exercise  oneself  in  or  on  (art,  instrument,  or 
abs.),  as  p.  the  flute,  the  piano,  music,  running; 
exercise  (person,  oneself,  in  action,  subject), 
whence  ppa'ctiSED l  a.;  (archaic)  scheme,  con- 
trive, as  when  first  we  p.  to  deceive  ;  p.  (up)on, 
impose  upon,  take  advantage  of,  (person,  his 
credulity  &c).  [f.  OF  pra(c)tisery  -tiquer,  f. 
med.  L  practicare  (as  practical)] 

practitioner  (-shoner),  n.    Professional  or 

J>ractical  worker,  esp.  in  medicine  ;  general  p. 
in  both  medicine  &  surgery),    [erron.  f.  pra«- 

TICIAN  +-ER1] 

prae-,  pref.,  the  L  form  of  pre-,  kept  only  in 
a  few  wds. 


PRAECOCIAL 


6*5 


PRE- 


praee6*eial(-shal),a.  (Of  birds)  whose  young 
can  feed  themselves  as  soon  as  hatched,  [as 
PRECOCiOus,_see  -al] 

prae/nu/iire,n.  (law).  Writ  charging  sheriff 
to  summon  person  accused  of  asserting  or  main- 
taining papal  jurisdiction  in  England;  Statute 
of  p.  (of  16th  Richard  II,  on  which  the  writ  is 
based).  [med.L,  =  L  TRAK{monere  warn),  the 
wds  p.  facias  warn  (so-&-so  to  appear)  occur- 
ring in  the  writ] 

praeno'men,  n.  (Rom.  ant).  First  or  per- 
sonal   name    (e.g.   Marcus   Tullius   Cicero). 

[PRAE-,  Cf.  COGNOMEN] 

praepo*stop,  pre-,  n.  (pub.  school).  =  pre- 
fect, monitor,  [syncop.  f.  praepositor  f.  L 
PRAE{ponere  posit-  place)  set  over,  see  -or  2 ; 
irreg.  altered  f.  L  p.p.  -his] 

praetor,  n.  (Rom.  hist).  (Orig.)  Roman 
consul  as  leader  of  army ;  (later)  annually  elect- 
ed magistrate  perf  ormi  ngsome  duties  of  consul. 
Hence  praetor'iAL  a.,  prae'torsnip  n.  [L, 
f.  PRAE(ire  it-  go)] 

praetor'ian,  pre-,  a.  &  n.  Of  a  praetor;  of 
the  body-guard  of  Roman  general  or  emperor ; 
(n.)  man  of  p.  rank,  soldier  of  p.  guard,  [f.  L 
praetorianus  (as  prec,  see  -an)] 

prag-matieCal),  aa.  Meddlesome;  dog- 
matic ;  of  pragmatism ;  (-ic)  treating  facts  of 
history  with  reference  to  their  practical  les- 
sons ;  (-ic)  of  the  affairs  of  a  State  {p.  sanction, 
imperial  or  royal  ordinance  issued  as  funda- 
mental law,  esp.  that  of  Charles  VI  in  1724  set- 
tling Austrian  succession).  Hence  pragma- 
tica'liTY  n.,  pragmatiealLY2  adv.  [f.  F 
pragmatique  f.  L  f.  Gk  pragmatikos  (pragma 
-matos  deed  f.  prasso  do),  -ic,  -al] 

pra'gmatism,  n.  Officiousness ;  pedantry ; 
matter-of-fact  treatment  of  things;  (Philos.) 
doctrine  that  estimates  any  assertion  solely  by 
its  practical  bearing  upon  human  interests.  So 
pra'gmatiST  n.,  pragmati'stic  a.  [f.  Gk 
pragma,  see  prec.  &  -ism] 

pra'gmatize,  v.t  Represent  as  real ;  ra- 
tionalize (myth),    [as  prec,  see  -ize] 

prair'ie,  n.  Large  treeless  tract  of  level  or 
undulating  grass-land ;  p.-chicken,  -hen,  N.- 
Amer.  kind  of  grouse ;  p.-dog,  N.-Amer.  rodent 
of  squirrel  family  with  bark  like  dog's.  [F,  f. 
Rom.  *prataria  (L  pratum  meadow,  see  -ary  l)] 

praise  (-z),  v.t,  &  n.  Express  warm  appro- 
bation of,  commend  the  merits  of,  (person, 
thing) ;  glorify,  extol  the  attributes  of,  (God 
&c.) ;  (n.)  praising,  commendation,  as  won  high 
p.,  was  loud  in  his  pp.  Hence  prai'seFUL  a., 
prai'sefulNESS  n.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  preisier 
price,  prize,  praise,  f.  LL  preciare,  pret-,  (pre- 
tium  price)] 

praiseworthy,  a.  Worthy  of  praise,  com- 
mendable, (often  patronizing).  Hence  prai'se- 
worthiLY2adv.,  prai'seworthiNESS  n. 

Pra'krit  (prah-),  n.  Any  of  the  dialects  of 
N.  &  Central  India  existing  alongside  of  or 
growing  out  of  Sanskrit,  [f.  Skr.  prakrta  un- 
refined] 

pram \  praam,  (prahm),  n.  Flat-bottomed 
boat  used  in  Baltic  &c.  for  shipping  cargo 
&c. ;  flat-bottomed  boat  mounted  with  guns. 
[Du.] 

pram2,  n.  (colloq.).  Perambulator;  milk- 
man's hand-cart    [abbr.  of  perambulator] 

prance,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  horse)  rise  by  spring- 
ing from  hind  legs ;  cause  (horse)  to  do  this ; 
(fig.)  walk,  move,  in  elated  or  arrogant  manner ; 
(n.)  prancing,  prancing  movement    [?] 

pra'ndial,  a.  (facet).  Of  dinner,  (f.  Lpran- 
dium  lunch,  see  -al] 

frank  i,  n.    Mad  frolic,  practical  joke ;  (fig., 
machinery  &c.)   erratic    action.      Hence 


ppa'nkFUL,  pra'nkiSHi,  aa.,  pra'nkish- 
ness  n.    [?] 

prank2,  v.t.  &  i.  Dress,  deck,  (person,  one- 
self,  thing,  often  out;  adorn,  spangle,  (field 
-with  flowers  &c.) ;  (v.i.)  show  oneself  off.  [cf. 
Du.  pronken,  G  prunken,  show  off,  &  obs.  E 
adj.  prank  smart,  showy] 

prate,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Chatter ;  talk  too  much ; 
blab;  tell,  say,  (thing)  in  prating  manner;  (n.) 
prating,  idle  talk.  Hence  pratER l  n.,  prat- 
ing2  a.    [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  15th  c,  cf.  Du.  praten, 


Sw.  prata,  Da.  prate] 

pratincole,  n.     Bird  like  swallow  in  ap- 
pearance &  habits,  &  allied  to  plover,     [f.  L 


pratum  meadow  +  incola  inhabitant] 

pra'tiquo  (Ik,  or  prate'k),  n.  Licence  to 
hold  intercourse  with  port,  granted  to  ship 
after  quarantine  or  on  showing  clean  bill  of 
health.    [F,  =  practice,  intercourse] 

prattle,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Talk  in  childish  or 
artless  fashion  ;  say  (thing)  thus;  (n.)  childish 
chatter,  small  talk.  Hence  prattlER1  n., 
prattliNG2  a.    [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  prate  +  -le(3)] 

pra'vity,  n.  (rare).  Depravity ;  badness,  cor- 
ruptness, (of  food  &c).  [f.  L  pravitas  (pravus 
crooked,  bad,  see  -ty] 

prawn,  n.,  &  v.i.  Crustacean  like  large 
shrimp;  (v.i.)  fish  for  pp.,  so  prawniNG3  n. 
[ME  pra(y)ne,  etym.  dub.] 

pra*xis,  n.  Accepted  practice,  custom; 
(Gram.)  set  of  examples  for  practice.  [Gk,= 
doing,  f.  prasso  do] 

pray,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  devout  supplication  to 
(God,  object  of  worship);  beseech  earnestly 
(God,  person,  for  thing,  to  do,  that);  ask  earn- 
estly for  (permission  &c);  engage  in  prayer, 
make  entreaty,  (to  God,  to  person,  for  thing, 
for  or  on  behalf  of  person,  to  do,  that);  p.  (I  beg 
you  to)  consider  &c,  what  is  the  use  of  that,  p. 
(tell  me)  ?.    [f.  ^)F  preier  f.  LL  precare  (L  -ri) J 

prayer 1  (prar),  n.  Solemn  request  to  God  or 
object  of  worship;  formula  used  in  praying, 
e.  g.  lord's  p. ;  form  of  divine  service  consisting 
largely  of  pp.,  as  morning  p.,  evening  p.,  family 
pp.;  action,  practice,  of  praying;  entreaty  to  a 
person  ;  thing  prayed  for;  p.-book,  book  of  forms 
of  p.,  esp.  Book  of  Common  P.,  public  liturgy  of 
Church  of  England  ;  p.-meeting,  religious  meet- 
ing at  which  several  persons  offer  p.;  p.-wheel, 
revolving  cylindrical  box  inscribed  with  or 
containing  pp.,  used  esp.  by  Buddhists  of 
Tibet  Hence  prayer'FUL,  prayer'LESS, 
aa..  prayer'fulLY  2,  prayer'lessLY2,  advv., 
prayer*fulNESS,prayer*lessNESS,  nn.  [ME 
&  OF  preiere  f.  med.L  precaria  fern.  sing.  (orig. 
neut  pi.)  adj.  as  n.  (as  precarious)] 

prayer2,  n.    One  who  prays,    [-er  j] 

pre-,  pref.,  =  med.L  pre-,  L  prae-  before  (in 
time,  place,  order,  degree,  or  importance).  Be- 
sides wds  of  L  orig.  pre-  as  living  E  pref.  forms 
unlimitred  vbs  &  vbl  nn.,  only  the  more  impor- 
tant of  which  are  given  in  their  alphabetical 
place.  In  secondary  wds  such  as  those  here 
classified,  the  pron.  is  (pre)  &  the  hyphen  is  usu. 
written.  1.  Vbs  &  vbl  nn.  w.  sense  'do,  doing, 
thing  done,  beforehand ',  as :  -acquai'nt ;  -ad- 
mission ;  -admo'nish,  -admonition  ;  -advi'se ; 
-annou'nce(ment) ;  -appoi'nt(ment) ;  -arra'nge- 
(ment) ;  -awdience,  right  (of  lawyer  at  Bar)  to 
be  heard  before  another ;  -calculable,  -calcu- 
late,-calculation ;  -compo'se;  -concert ;  -con- 
demn ;  -condition,  prior  condition,  one  that 
must  be  fulfilled  beforehand  ;  -consider,  -con- 
sideration; -contra'ct  v.i.,  -co'ntract  n.;  -de- 
cea'se,  (v.t)  die  before  (person),  (n.)  such  death ; 
-defi'ne  ;  -digest,  render  food  easily  digestible 
before  introduction  into  stomach,  -digestion, 
this  process;  -doo'm  v.t;  -elect,  -election  (see 


PREACH 


616 


PRECIOUS 


also  in  2);  -enga'geiment) ;  -esta'blish;  -esti- 
mate v.t.,  -e'stimate  (-at)  n.;  -exi'st  v.i.,  -exis- 
tence n.,  so  -existent  a.;  -i'ndicate;  -i'ntimdte 
v.t.;  -Zi'wutv.t.;  -mo'tion,  motion  given  before- 
hand, esp.  divine  act  as  determining  the  will  of 
the  creature;  -ordai'n,  appoint  beforehand, 
foreordain;  -perception.  2.  Adjj.  &  nn.  w. 
sense  '(person  &c.)  existing,  dating  from,  be- 
fore the  time  of  — ',  as :  -add'mic  a.,  -a'damite 
n.  &  a.,  (one  of  supposed  race)  existing  before 
the  time  of  Adam ;  -Christian,  before  Christi- 
anity); -classical,  before  the  classical  age  (usu. 
of  Greek  &Roman  literature);  -co'nqueror,-co'n- 
quest,  before  the  Norman  conquest;  -co'nscious, 
antecedent  to  consciousness;  -election,  done, 
given,  before  election,  as  p.  promises ;  -exi'lian, 
-exVlic,before  (usu.  the  Babylonian)  exile ;  -gla'- 
cial,  before  the  glacial  period  ;  -hwman,  exist- 
ing before  man  existed ;  -mille'nnial(ism),  (be- 
lief that  Christ's  Second  Advent  will  occur) 
before  the  millennium,  so  -millenar'ian,  -mil- 
le'nnialist;  -na'tal,  existing,  occurring,  before 
birth;  -pra 'ndial,  before-dinner ;  -scientific, 
before  the  rise  of  modern  science.  3.  Adjj., 
chiefly  anat.  &  zool.,  w.  sense  'situated in  front 
of ',  as :  -cor'dial,  in  front  of  or  about  the  heart ; 
-costal,  in  front  of  the  ribs;  -dorsal,  anterior 
to  the  dorsal  region;  -fro'ntal,m  frontof  frontal 
bone  of  skull,  in  fore  partof  frontal  lobe  of  brain ; 
•maxi'llary,  in  frontof  the  upper  jaw ;  -o'cular, 
in  front  of  the  eye. 

preach  (-etsh),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Deliver  sermon 
or  religious  address,  deliver  (sermon) ;  give 
moral  advice  in  obtrusive  way ;  proclaim,  ex- 
pound, (the  Gospel,  Christ,  that,  &c.)  in  public 
discourse;  advocate,  inculcate,  (quality,  con- 
duct, principle,  &c.)  thus;  p.  up,  extol,  com- 
mend; p.  do  wn,  disparage,  put  down  by  preach- 
ing or  speaking;  (n.,  colloq.)  preaching,  sermon, 
lecture.  Hence  or  cogn.  ppea'ehABLE  a., 
ppea-ehER1,  prea'chersmp,  ppea'chMENT 
(usu.  contempt.),  nn.  [f.  OF  prechier  f.  L  prae- 
{dicare  proclaim)] 

ppea'ehify.v.i.  Preach,  moralize,  hold  forth, 
tediously,    [-py] 

ppea'ehy,  a.  (colloq.).  Fond  of  preaching  or 
holding  forth.    Hence  ppea'ehiNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

prea'mble,  n.,  &  v.i.  Preliminary  state- 
ment in  speech  or  writing ;  introductory  part 
of  statute,  deed,  &c;  (v.i.)  make  p.  [(vb  fT  n.) 
f.  Fprtambvle  f.  med.L  praeambulum  f.hprae- 
ambulus  going  before  f.  PRAE{ambulare  walk)] 

ppe'bend,  n.  Part  of  revenue  of  cathedral 
or  collegiate  church  gran  ted  to  canon  ormember 
of  chapter  as  stipend ;  portion  of  land  or  tithe 
from  which  this  stipend  is  drawn ;  =  foil.  So 
ppe'bendALa.  [f.  OF prebende  f.  med.L  prae- 
oenda  pension,  neut.  pi.  gerund,  of  L  praebere 
grant,  =  PRAK{hibere  =  habere  have,  hold)] 

ppe'bendapy.n.  Holder  of  prebend  ;p.-stall, 
p. 's  stall  in  cathedral  or  (fig.)  benefice,  [f.  med.L 
praebendarius  (as  prec,  see  -ary  *)] 

ppecap'ious,  a.  Held  during  the  pleasure 
of  another,  asp.  tenure;  question-begging,  taken 
for  granted,  as  a  p.  assumption ;  dependent  on 
chance,  uncertain,  as  makes  a  p.  living;  peril- 
ous, as  the  p.  life  of  a  fisherman.  Hence  ppe- 
cap-iousLY  2  adv.,  ppeeap'iousNESs  n.  [f.  L 
precanus  obtained  by  entreaty  (precem  nraver. 
see-ARY^-h-ous] 

ppe*eatopy,  a.  (Gram. .  of  word  or  form)  ex- 
pressing entreaty;  (in  wills)  p.  words  (request- 
ing that  a  thing  be  done),  p.  trust,  p.  words  that 
are  held  to  be  binding.  So  ppe'catiVE  a.  [f. 
LL  precatorius  (precari  pray,  see  -orv)] 

precau-tlon  (pri-),  n.     Prudent  foresight; 


measure  taken  beforehand  to  ward  off  evil  or 
ensure  good  result.  Hence  ppecautionARY l 
a.  [f.  F  precaution  f.  med.L  praecautionem  f.  L 
PRAE(cat;ere  caut-  beware  of),  see  -ion] 

ppeee'de  (pri-),  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  person  or  thing) 
go  before  in  rank  or  importance,  as  such  duties 
p.  all  others,  sons  of  barons  p.  baronets ;  come 
before  (thing  &c.  or  abs.)  in  order,  as  the  words 
that  p.  {this  paragraph);  walk  in  front  of,  as 
preceded  by  our  guide  ;  come  before  in  time,  as 
in  the  years  preceding  his  accession;  cause 
(thing)  to  be  preceded  by,  as  must  p.  this  mea- 
sure by  milder  ones.  [f.  F  pHceder  f .  L  prae- 
(cedere  cess-  go)] 

precedence  {or  prise'd-),  (rarely)  -ey,  nn. 
Priority  in  time  or  succession;  superiority, 
higher  position,  as  takes  p.  of  (is  recognized  as 
superior  to)  all  others ;  right  of  preceding  others 
in  ceremonies  &  social  formalities.     Lprob.  f. 

PRECEDENT2,  See  -ENCE,  -ENCV] 

pre'eedent1,  n.  Previous  case  taken  as  ex- 
ample for  subsequent  cases  or  as  justifica- 
tion, as  there  is  no  p.  for  this,  it  is  without  p., 
do  not  take  this  as  a  p.;  (Law)  decision,  proce- 
dure, &c,  serving  as  rule  or  pattern,    [as  foil.] 

ppeee'dent2  (pri-,  or  as  prec),  a.  (now  rare). 
Preceding  in  time,  order,  rank,  &c.,a,s condition 
p.  Hence  ppece'dentLY2 adv.  [f.  F precedent 
a.  &  n.  f.  L  as  precede,  see  -ent] 

ppe'eedented,  a.  Having,  supported  by, 
precedent,    [-ed  2] 

prece'nt  (pri-),  v.i.  &  t.  Act  as  precentor ; 
lead  (psalm  &c.)  in  singing,    [back-form.  f.  foil.] 

ppece'ntop  (pri-),  n.  One  who  leads  the  sing- 
ing of  choir  or  congregation,  esp.  (in  cathedrals 
of  old  foundation)  member  of  chapter  ranking 
next  to  dean,  whose  duty  as  p.  is  now  usu.  per- 
formed by  succentor,  (in  those  of  new  founda- 
tion) minor  canon  or  chaplain.  Hence  or  cogn. 
ppece'ntopsHip,  ppeee'nTRix,  nn.  [f.  LL 
praecentorf.  L  PR AK(cinere  cent-  =canere  sing)] 

ppe'eept,  n.  Command,  maxim,  so  ppe- 
ce'ptiVE  a.;  moral  instruction,  as  example  is 
better  than  p.;  divine  command;  writ,  warrant; 
written  order  to  arrange  for  &  hold  election ; 
order  for  collection  or  payment  of  money  under 
a  rate.  [f.  L  praeceptum  neut.  p.p.  of  prae(ci- 
pere  cept-  =  capere  take)  instruct] 

ppece'ptop  (pri-),  n.  Teacher,  instructor. 
Hence  or  cogn.  ppeceptop'iAL  a.,  ppece'p- 
topsHip,  ppece'ptPESS 1,  nn.  [f.  Lpraeceptor 
(as  prec,  see  -or2)] 

ppece'ptopy,  n.  (hist.).  Subordinate  com- 
munity of  Knights  Templars;  estate,  buildings, 
of  this.  [f.  med.L  praeceptoria  leva.  adj.  as  n. 
(as  prec,  see  -ory)J 

ppece'ssion  (pri-),  n.  P.  of  the  equinoxes, 
(earlier  occurrence  of  the  equinoxes  in  each 
successive  sidereal  year,  due  to)  retrograde  mo- 
tion of  equinoctial  points  along  ecliptic.  Hence 
ppece'ssion al  a.  [f.  LL  praecessio  (as  pre- 
cede, see  -ion)] 

ppe'einct,  n.  Space  enclosed  by  walls  or 
other  boundaries  of  a  place  or  building,  esp.  of 
place  of  worship  ;  (pi.)  the  environs  of;  boun- 
dary, [f.  med.L  praecinctum  neut.  p.p.  of  prae- 
(cingere  gird)] 

ppe'eious  (-shws),  a.  &  adv.  Of  great  price, 
costly ;  p.  metals,  gold,  silver,  (sometimes)  pla- 
tinum ;  p.  stone,  gem  ;  of  great  non-material 
worth,  as  p.  words,  privilege,  knowledge,  blood 
of  Christ ;  affectedly  refined  in  language,  work- 
manship, &c, so  ppecio'siTY  (-shi-) n. ;  (colloq., 
as  intensive)  made  a  p.  mess  of  it,  a  p.  sight 
more  than  you  think  ;  (ellipt.)  my  p.  (dear  &c); 
(adv.,  colloq.  intensive)  took  p.  good  care  of  that, 


For  other  words  in  pre-  see  pre-. 


PRECIPICE 


647 


PREDIKANT 


p.  little  of  it.  Hence  pre'ciousLY  2  adv.,  ppe*- 
eiousNESSn.  [ME  &  OF  precios  f.  hpretio- 
sus  (pretium  price,  see  -ous)] 

pre'eipiee,  n.  Vertical  or  steep  face  of  rock, 
cliff,  mountain,  &c.  [f.  L  praecipitium  falling 
headlong,  precipice  (as  precipitous)] 

preci'pitate x  (-at),  n.  (Chem.)  body  precipi- 
tated from  solution,  so  ppeei'pitaBruTY, 
preei*pitANT(2),  nn.,  ppeci'pitABLEa.;  (Phy- 
sics) moisture  condensed  from  vapour  by  cool- 
ing &  deposited,  e.g.  rain,  dew.    [as  foil.] 

ppeci'pitate2  (-at),  a.  Headlong,  violently 
hurried,  as  p.  flight ;  (of  person  or  act)  hasty, 
rash,  inconsiderate.  Hence  or  cogn.  ppeei'- 
pitANCE,  ppeei'pitANcv,  ppeei'pitateNEss, 
nn.,  ppeci'pitateLY2  adv.    [as  foil.,  see  -ate2] 

ppeci'pitate  3,  v.t.  Throw  down  headlong  ; 
(tig.)  hurl,  fling,  (person  &c.  into  condition  &c); 
hurry,  urge  on,  (course  of  events  &c.) ;  hasten 
the  occurrence  of,  as  served  to  p.  his  ruin ; 
(Chem.)  cause  (substance)  to  be  deposited  in 
solid  form  from  solution  in  a  liquid  ;  condense 
(moisture)  into  drops  from  state  of  vapour  & 
so  deposit.  So  ppecipit a "tion,  pr eei'pi tat- 
or  *,  nn.    [f.  L  praecipitare  (as  foil.),  -ate  3] 

ppeci'pitous,  a.  Of,  like,  a  precipice ;  steep ; 
(rare)  =  precipitate2.  Hence  ppeei'pitous- 
LY2adv.,  ppeci'pitousNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  F  pre- 
cipiteux  f.  L  PRAE(ceps  -cipitis  f.  caput  head) 
headlong,  see  -ous] 

precis  (pre'se),  n.  Summary,  abstract.  [F, 
=  foil.] 

ppeci'se  (-s),  a.  Accurately  expressed,  defin- 
ite,exact;punctilious,scrupulous  in  observance 
of  rules  &c;  the  p.  (exact,  identical)  moment 
&c.  Hence  ppeel'seNESS  n.  [f.  F  precis,  ~ise, 
f.  L  PRAE(ci(2ere  cis-  =  caedere  cut)  cut  short] 

ppeei'sely,  adv.  In  precise  manner ;  (in  em- 
phatic or  formal  assent)  quite  so.    [-ly  2] 

ppeci'sian  (-zhn),  n.  One  who  is  rigidly  pre- 
ciseor  punctilious,  esp.  in  religious  observance. 
Hence  ppeei'sianiSM  n.    [ian] 

ppeci'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Accuracy;  arm  of  p., 
fire-arm  fitted  with  sights  or  other  mechanical 
aids.  Hence  ppeei'sioniST  n.  [f.  Lpraecisio 
(as  precise,  see  -ion)] 

ppeelu'de(pri-),v.t.  Exclude, prevent,  make 
impracticable,  as  so  as  to  p.  all  doubt.  So 
ppeelu'sivE  a,  [f.  L  PRAE(cludere  clus-  = 
claudere  shut)] 

ppeeo'eious  (-shus),  a.  (Of  plant)  flowering 
or  fruiting  early  ;  (of  person)  prematurely  de- 
veloped in  some  faculty  ;  (of  actions  &c.)  indi- 
cating such  development.  Hence  or  cogn. 
ppeeo*eiousLY 2  adv.,  ppeco'ciousNESs, 
ppeeo'eiTY,  nn.  [f.  L  praecox  -cods  f.  prae- 
{coquere  cook)  +  -ous] 

precognition,  n.  Antecedent  knowledge ; 
(Sc  Law)  preliminary  examination  of  witnesses 
&c,  esp.  in  order  to  know  whether  there  is 
ground  for  trial,  [f.  LL  praecognitio  f.  prae- 
(cognoscere,  cf.  recognize),  see  -ion] 

ppeeoneei've,  v.t.  Conceive  beforehand, 
anticipate  in  thought.  So  preconception 
n.  (esp.'  =  prejudice),    [pre-] 

pre'eonize,  v.t.  Proclaim  publicly;  com- 
mend publicly ;  summon  by  name ;  (Rom.  Cath. , 
of  pope)  approve  publicly  the  appointment  of 
(bishop).  So  ppeeonizA'TiON  n.  [f.  med.L 
praeconizare  (L  praeco  -onis  herald,  see  -ize)] 

ppeeup'sop  (pri-),  n.  Forerunner,  harbinger, 
esp.  John  the  Baptist;  one  who  precedes  in 
office  &c.  [f.  L  praecursor  f.  PRAE(currere 
curs-  run),  see  -or2] 

ppecup'sopy,  a.  Preliminary,  introductory, 
serving  as  harbinger  (of).  So  ppeeup'siVE  a. 
[f.  L  praecursorius  (as  prec;  see  -ory)] 

ppeda*eious,a.  (Of  animals)  naturally  prey- 


ing on  others,  predatory ;  pertaining  to  such 
animals,  as  p.  instincts.    So  pped  a  "city  n.    [as 

PREDATORY,  see  -ACIOUS] 

ppeda'te,  v.t    Antedate,    [pre-] 

ppe'datopy,  a.  Of,  addicted  to,  plunder  or 
robbery  ;  (of  animal)  preying  upon  others,  [f. 
L  praedatorius  (praedari  plunder  f.  praeda 
booty,  see  -ory)] 

ppedece'ssop,  n.  Former  holder  of  any 
office  or  position,  as  my,  William's,  pp.,  his  im- 
mediate p.;  thing  to  which  another  has  suc- 
ceeded, as  will  share  the  fate  of  its  p.;  fore- 
father,   [f.  LL  PRAK{decessor,  decease,  -or2)] 

ppede'lla,  n.  (Painting  on  vertical  face  of) 
altar-step  ;  (painting,  sculpture,  on)  raised  shelf 
at  back  of  altar.  [It., = stool,  prob.  f.  OHG  pret 
board  +  -ella  dim.  suf.] 

ppedestinap'ian  (pri-),  n.  &  a.  (Holder  of 
the  doctrine)  of  predestination.  J-arian] 

ppede'stinate,  v. t.  (Of  God)  foreordain  (per- 
son) to  salvation  or  to  (any  fate),  to  (do) :  deter- 
mine beforehand.  So  ppede'stin  ate  2  (-at)  a. 
[f.  L  PRAE(destinare  destine),  see  -ate  3] 

ppedestina'tion,  n.  God's  appointment 
from  eternity  of  some  of  mankind  to  salvation 
&  eternal  life ;  God's  foreordaining  of  all  that 
comes  to  pass ;  fate,  destiny,  [f.  LL  praede- 
stinatio  (as  prec,  see -ion)] 

ppede'stine  (pri-),  v.t.  Determine  before- 
hand, appoint  as  if  by  fate ;  (Theol.)  =  predes- 
tinate,   [as  predestinate] 

ppedetep'mine,  v.t.  Decree  beforehand, 
predestine,  so  ppedetep'minATE  2  (-at)  a.;  (of 
motive  &c.)  impel  (person  &c.  to  thing,  to  do) 
beforehand.  Hence  ppedetepminA'TiON  n. 
[f.  LL  pr  a  E(determinare  determine)] 

pre'dial,  a.  &  n.  Of  land  or  farms;  rural, 
agrarian  ;  (of  slaves)  attached  to  the  land ;  (n.) 
p.  slave,  [f.  med.L  praedialis  (L  praedium 
farm,  see  -al)] 

pre-diea ble,  a.  &  n.  That  may  be  predicated 
or  affirmed,  so  ppedieaBULiTY  n.;  (n.)p.  thing, 
esp.  (pi. )  Aristotle's  classes  of  predicates  viewed 
relatively  to  their  subjects  (viz.  genus,  defini- 
tion, property,  accident),    [f.  F  pridicable  (as 

PREDICATE  2,  See  -BLE)] 

ppedi'cament  (pri-),  n.  Thing  predicated, 
esp._  (pi.)  Aristotle's  ten  categories,  whence 
predieame'ntAL  a.;  unpleasant,  trying,  or 
dangerous  situation,  [f.  LL  praedicamentum 
(as  foil.,  see  -ment)] 

ppe-dicant,  a.  &  n.  (Of  religious  order,  esp. 
Dominicans)  engaged  in  preaching;  (n.)  =  PRE- 
dikant.    [as  foil,  see  -ant] 

ppe-dieate1  (-at),  n.  (Logic)  what  is  predi- 
cated, what  is  affirmed  or  denied  of  the  subject 
by  means  of  the  copula  (e.g.  a  fool  in  he  is  a 
fool) ;  (Gram.)  what  is  said  of  the  subject,  in- 
cluding the  copula  (e.g.  is  a  fool  in  prec.  ex.); 
quality,  attribute,    [as  foil.,  see  -ate  2] 

ppe'dicate2,  v.t.  Assert,  affirm,  as  true  or 
existent,  as  many  truths  may  be  predicated 
about  humanity,  tee  p.  goodness  or  badness  of 
a  motive,  p.  of  a  motive  that  it  is  good  or  bad  ; 
(Logic)  assert  (thing)  about  subject.  Hence  or 
cogn.  ppediCATiONn.,  ppedi'eativEa.,  pre- 
di'cativeLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  PRAE(dicare  declare) 
proclaim,  see  -ate3] 

ppe'dicatopy,  a.  Of,  given  to,  marked  by, 
preaching,    [f.  LL  praedicatorius  (prec,  -ory)] 

ppedi'ct (pri-),  v.t.  Foretell,  prophesy,  (thing, 
that,  who,  &c).  Hence  or  cogn.  ppedicta- 
Bi-LiTY,ppedi*etiON,ppedl*etOR2,  nn.,  pre- 
di'etABLE,  ppedi'eti  ve,  aa.,  ppedi'etiveLY  2 
adv.    [f.  L  PRAE(dtcere  diet-  say)] 

ppedika'nt  (-ahnt),  n.  Minister  of  Dutch 
Protestant  church,  esp.  in  S.  Africa.  [Du.,  as 
predicant] 


PREDILECTION 648 

predile'etion,  n.  Mental  preference,  parti- 
ality, (for),  [f.  F  predilection  f.  med.L  prae- 
[diligere),  see  diligent  &  -ion] 

predispo'se,  v.t.  Render  liable,  subject,  or 
inclined,  (to  feeling,  disease,  &c,  to  do).  [pre-J 

ppedisposi'tion,  n.  State  of  mind  or  body 
favourable  to  (mercy,  malaria,  &c).    [pre-] 

predo'minate  (pri-),  v.t.  Have  or  exert 
control  (over  person  &c),  be  superior;  be  the 
stronger  or  main  element,  preponderate,  as 
garden  in  which  dahlias  jp.  Hence  or  cogn. 
predo'minANCE  n.,  predo'minANTa.,  pre- 
do'minantLY^ppedo'minating-LY^advv. 
If.  med.L  *PRAK(dominare  dominate)] 

pre-e'minent,  a.  Excelling  others;  dis- 
tinguished beyond  others  in  some  quality. 
Hence  or  cogn.  ppe-e'minENCEn.,ppe-e*m- 
inentLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  TRAE(eminens  eminent)] 

pre-empt,  v.t.  Obtain  by  pre-emption; 
(U.S.)  occupy  (public  land)  so  as  to  have  right 
of  pre-emption;  (fig.)  appropriate  beforehand, 
[back-formation  f.  foil.] 

ppe-e*mption  (-shn),  n.  Purchase  by  one 
person  &c.  before  opportunity  is  offered  to 
others ;  rightso  to  purchase.  So  ppe-e'mptiVE 
a.    [f.  med.L  PRAK(emere  empt-  buy),  -ion] 

preen,  v.t.  Trim  (feathers)  with  beak ;  (of 
person)  trim  oneself,  [prob.  var.  of  prune3, 
assoc.  w.  Sc.  &  obs.  E  preen  prick,  pin] 

pre'faee  (-as),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Introduction  to 
book  stating  subject,  purpose,  scope,  &c;  pre- 
liminary part  of  a  speech  ;  introduction  to  cen- 
tral part  of  eucharistic  service  ;  (v.t.)  furnish 
(book  &c.)  with  p.,  introduce  (act,  speech,  with), 
as  prefaced  his  remarks  with  a  snort,  (of 
event  &c.)  precede  (another) ;  (v.i.)  make  pre- 
liminary remarks.  So  ppefatop'iAL,  ppe'fa- 
tOR v,  aa.  [f ,  F  pre'faee  prob.  f.  med.  L  prefatia 
for  Lpraefatio  f.  prae(/«K  speak),  see  -ion] 

ppe'feet,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)  title  of  various  offi- 
cers, civil  &  military ;  chief  administrative  offi- 
cer of  French  department ;  p.  of  police,  head  of 
Paris  police ;  (in  some  public  schools)  senior  pu- 
pil authorized  to  maintain  discipline.  So  ppe- 
fe'etoPAL,  ppefeetop'iAL,  aa,  [OF,  f.  L  prae- 
fectus  f.TRAE(ficerefect-  =facere  make)  set  over] 

ppe-fecture,  n.  (Period  of)  office,  official 
residence,  district  under  government,  of  a  pre- 
fect. Hence  ppefe'etuPAL  a.  [f.  L  praefec- 
tura  (as  prec,  see  -ure)] 

prefer*,  v.t.  (rr).  Promote  (person  to  office), 
whence  ppefep'MENT  n.;  bring  forward,  sub- 
mit, (statement,  information,  &c,  to  person  in 
authority  &c,  against  offender  &c):  choose 
rather,  like  better,  as  p.  water  to  wine,  p.  to 
leave  it  alone,  p.  that  it  should  be  left,  so  pp6*- 
F6PABLE  a.,  pp§*fepabLY2  adv.  [f.  Fprifirer 
t.  L  PRAE(/erre  lot-  bear)] 

preference,  n.  Liking  of  one  thing  better 
than  another;  thing  one  prefers;  prior  right 
esp.  to  payment  of  debts ;  p.  bond,  share,  stock, 
<on  which  dividend  is  paid  before  any  is  paid 
on  ordinary  stock) ;  favouring  of  one  person  or 
country  before  others  in  business  relations,  esp. 
favouring  of  a  country  by  admitting  its  pro- 
ducts at  lower  import  duty.  [f.  F  preference  1. 
med.L  praeferentia  (prec,  -ence)] 

ppefepe#ntial?  a.  Of,  giving,  receiving,  pre- 
ference ;  (of  duties  &c.)  favouring  particular 
countries,  esp.  favouring  trade  between  Great 
Britain  &  her  colonies,  whence  ppefepe'n- 
tlaliSM,  ppefepe*ntialisT,  nn.  Hence  ppe- 
repe'ntialLY 2  adv.    [as  prec.  +  -al] 

ppefep'ped(-erd),  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  p.  shares, 
stock,  &c,  preference  shares  &c.    [-ed  i] 

prefigure  (-ger),  v.t.  Represent  beforehand 


PRELATES9 

by  figure  or  type ;  picture  to  oneself  before- 
hand. Hence  or  cogn.  ppeflguPA  tion,  ppe- 
fl'g-upeMENT  (-ger),  nn.,  ppefl'gnpatiVE  a. 

[f.  LL  PRAK(figurare  figure)] 
ppe'fix  \  n.   Verbal  element  placed  at  begin- 
ning of  word  to  qualify  meaning  or  (in  some 
languages)    as     inflexional    formative ;    title 

E laced  before  name,  e.  g.  Mr,  Mrs,  Sir,  Dr.  [f. 
1  VRAK(figere  fix)] 

ppefl'x2  (pri-),  v.t.  Add  (chapter,  paragraph, 
&c,  to  book  &c.)  as  introduction  ;  join  (word, 
verbal  element)  as  prefix  (to  word),  so  ppefi'x- 
iON.ppeFUXTURE,  nn.   [f.  OF  prk(  fixer  fix  !)] 

ppefop'm,  v.t.    Form  beforehand,    [pre-] 

preformation,  n.  Previous  formation ; 
(Biol.)  theory  of  p.  (that  all  parts  of  the  per- 
fect organism  exist  in  the  germ  &  are  merely 
developed,    [pre-] 

prefor'mative,  a.  &  n.  Forming  before- 
hand ;  (syllable,  letter)  prefixed  as  formative 
element,    [pre-] 

pregnable,  a.  Not  impregnable.  [ME  &  F 
prenable,  see  impregnable] 

ppe'gnant,  a.  (Of  woman  or  female  animal) 
with  child,  gravid ;  teeming  with  ideas,  imag- 
inative, inventive ;  fruitful  in  results,  big  with 
(consequences  &c.) ;  (of  words  or  acts)  having 
a  hidden  meaning,  significant,  suggestive, 
whence  ppe'gnantLY  2  adv.;  (Gram.)  p.  con- 
struction (in  which  more  is  implied  than  the 
words  express).  Hence  ppe'grnANCY  n.  [f.  L 
praegnans  -ntis  perh.  f.  prae-  +  gna-  root  of 
(g)nasci  be  born ;  but  older  L  has  praegnas  -atis] 


ppehe'nslle,  a.  (zool.).   (Of  tail  or  limb)  ca 
ible  of  grasping.  Hence  ppehensi'liT 
F  prehensile  f .  L  PRK(henaere  hens-  cogn 


>)  cap- 
n.  [f. 
w.Gk 


khandano  grasp),  see  -ile] 

prehe*nsion,  n.  Grasping,  seizing ;  mental 
apprehension,    [f.  Liprehensio  (prec,  -ion)] 

prehistoTie,  a.  Of  the  period  antecedent 
to  history.  Hence  ppehisto'PiCALLY  adv. 
[pre-] 

ppehi'stopy,  n.  Prehistoric  matters  or 
times,    [pre-,  after  prec.  \ 

ppejirdge,  v.t.  Pass  judgment  on  (person) 
before  trial  or  proper  inquiry;  form  premature 
judgment  upon  (person,  cause,  action,  &c).  So 
ppeju'dgMENT,  ppejudicATiON,  nn.  [f.  F 
prejuger  f.  L  PRAE(judicare  judge)] 

prejudice,  n.,  &  v.t.  Preconceived  opinion, 
bias,  (against,  in  favour  of,  person  or  thing),  as 
divest  your  mind  of  p.,  has  a  p.  against 
foreigners,  has  a  p.  in  our  favour,  this  is  mere 
p. ;  injury  that  results  or  may  result  from  some 
action  or  judgment,  as  to  the  p.  of;  without  p., 
without  detriment  to  existing  right  or  claim  ; 
(v.t.)  impair  the  validity  of  (right,  claim,  state- 
ment, &c),  cause  (person)  to  have  a  p.  (against, 
in  favour  of),  esp.  in  p.p.  [(vb  f.  F  prejudicier) 
t.  F  prejudice  f.  L  PRAKtfudicium  judgment 
f.  judex  judge)  preceding  judgment,  prece- 
dent, damage] 

prejudicial  (-shl),  a.  Causing  prejudice, 
detrimental,  (to  rights,  interests,  &c).  Hence 
prejudi'eialLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  prec,  see  -al] 

ppe'lacy,  n.  Office,  rank,  see,  of  a  prelate ; 
the  prelates ;  church  government  by  prelates 
(usu.  hostile  for  episcopacy),  [f.  AF  prelacie 
f.  med.L  praelatia  (as  foil.,  see  -acy)] 

ppe'late  (-at),  n.  High  ecclesiastical  digni- 
tary, e.g.  (arch)bishop,  metropolitan,  patriarch, 
(hist.)abbotor prior.  Hence  ppela'tic(AL)  aa., 
ppela'tlcalLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  prtl at  f.  L  prae- 
latus  (as  prefer)] 

pre-latess,  n.  Abbess,  prioress ;  (facet.)  pre- 
late's wife,    [-ess  J] 


For  other  words  in  pre-  see  pre-. 


PRELATIZE 


649 


PREPOSTEROUS 


pre'latize,  v.t.  Bring  (church)  under  pre- 
latical  government,    [f.  prelate  +  -izeI 

pre'lature,  n.  Office  of  prelate ;  the  pre- 
lates,   [f.  F  prtlature  f.  med.L  praelatura  (as 

PRELATE,  See  -URE)] 

prele'et  (pri ),  v.i.  Discourse,  lecture,  (to 
audience  on  subject,  esp.  in  univv.).  So  pre- 
le'ctiON,  ppele'ctOR2,  nn.    [f.  L  PRAK(legere 

ppeliba'tion,  n.  Foretaste  (usu.  fig.),  [f.  LL 

FRAEillbatiO  LIBATION)! 

ppeli'minapy  (pri-),  a.  &  n.  Introductory, 
preparatory;  (n.)  p.  arrangement  (usu.  in  pi.). 
Hence  preli'minariLY2  adv.  [f.  L  prae-  + 
limen  -minis  threshold,  see  -arv  j] 

preclude1,  n.  Performance,  action,  event, 
condition,  serving  as  introduction  (to  another) ; 
(Mus.)  introductory  movement,  esp.  one  pre- 
ceding fugue  or  forming  first  piece  of  suite. 
Hence  ppelu'diAL  a.,  ppe*ludizE(2)  v.i.  [f. 
F  prelude  f.  LL  praeludium,  as  foil.] 

ppe'lude 2  (or  prllu'd),  v.t.  &i.  Serve  as  pre- 
lude to,  introduce,  foreshadow  ;  introduce  with 
a  prelude ;  be,  give,  a  prelude  to ;  (Mus.)  play  a 
prelude.  So  prelu'siON  (-zhn)  n.,  prelu'siVE 
(-s-)  a.    [f.  L  PRAK(ludere  lus-  play)] 

premature*  (tur;  also  pre'm),  a.  Occur- 
ring, done,  before  the  usual  or  proper  time,  too 
early,  hasty,  as  p.  decision,  decay.  Hence  or 
cogn.  ppematupeLY  2  adv.,  ppematupe- 
ness,  ppematup'iTY,  nn.    [f.  L  PRAE(ma£w- 

TUS  MATURE)] 

preme'ditate  (pri-),  v.t.  Think  out, design, 
(action  &c.)  beforehand  (esp.  in  p.p.).  Hence  or 
cogn.  ppeme'ditatedLY 2  adv.,  premedi- 
tATiON  n.    If.  L  PR.AE(meditari  meditate)] 

ppe*mlep  (or  pre),  a.  &  n.  (Now  chiefly  slang) 
first  in  position,  importance,  order,  or  time,  as 
secured  p.  place  (in  race);  (n.)prime  minister  of 
Great  Britain  or  British  colony.  Hence  ppe'- 
miepsmp  n.    [F,  =  first,  f.  L  as  primary] 

premiere'  (ar),  n.  First  performance  of  play. 
[F,  fern.  adj.  as  prec] 

pre'mise1,  -ss(as  below),  n.  (Logic,  often 
-ss)  previous  statement  from  which  another  is 
inferred,  esp.  major2,  minor,  p.  in  syllogism; 
(pi.)  the  aforesaid,  the  foregoing,  esp.  (Law) 
the  aforesaid  houses,  lands,  or  tenements;  (pi.) 
house,  building,  with  grounds  &  appurten- 
ances, as  to  be  drunk  on  the  pp.  [f.  F  yrimisse 
f.  med.L  praemissa  (propositio  proposition)  set 
in  front  f.  L  PRAE(mittere  miss-  send)] 

premi'se  (pri-,  -z),  v.t.  Say,  write,  (thing, 
that)  by  way  of  introduction,    [f.  prec] 

ppe'mium,  n.  Reward,  prize ;  amount  to  be 
paid  in  consideration  of  contract  of  insurance ; 
sum  additional  to  interest,  wages,  &c,  bonus; 
fee  for  instruction  in  profession  &c;  charge  for 
changing  one  currency  into  another  of  greater 
value,  agio ;  at  a  p. ,  at  more  than  nomi  nal  value 
(cf.  discount  *),  (fig.)  in  high  esteem,  [f.  hprae- 
mium  booty,  reward,  f.  prae-  +  emere  buy,  take] 

ppemoni'tion  (-shn),  n.  Forewarning.  So 
premo'nitoR2  n.,  premo'nitopiLY  2  adv., 
ppemo'nitORY  a.  [f.  obs.  Fpremonicion  f.  LL 
praemonitio  f.  L  PRAE(monere  -it-  warn),  -ion] 

Premonstrate'nsian  (pri),  a.  &  n.  (Mem- 
ber) of  order  of  regular  canons  founded  at  Pr6- 
montre  in  1119,  or  of  corresponding  order  of 
nuns.  [f.  med.h  Praevwnstratensis(Praemon- 
stratus  Pr£montre\  see  -ese)  +  -an] 

ppemop'se  (pri),  a.  (bot.,  en  torn.).  With  the 
end  abruptly  truncate.  [(.  L  PRAE(?nordere 
mors-  bite)  bite  off  in  front] 

ppe*ntiee,n.,&  v.t.  (archaic).  =  apprentice, 
esp.  p.  (tiro's)  hand.  Hence  ppe'nticesHiP  n. 
(archaic),    [aphetic] 

preoccupation  (pri),  n.     Prepossession, 


prejudice ;  occupation  of  a  place  beforehand ; 
occupation,  business,  that  takes  precedence  of 
all  others ;  mental  absorption,  [f.  L  praeoccu- 
patio  (as  foil.,  see  -ation)] 

preo-ceupy (pri),  v.t.  Engage  beforehand, 
engross,  (mind  &c),  whence  ppeo'eeupiedLY  2 
adv.;  appropriate  beforehand,  [f.  L  prae(occm- 
pare  occupy)] 

ppep,  n.  (school  slang).    Preparation,   [abbr.] 

ppepapa'tion,  n.  Preparing;  (usu.  pi.) 
thing(8)  done  to  make  ready  (for);  make  pp., 
prepare  (for) ;  (abbr.  prep)  p.  of  lessons  as  part 
of  school  routine ;  substance,  e.  g.  food  or  medi- 
cine, specially  prepared ;  (Mus.)  preparing  of  a 
d i scord.  [ f .  F  preparation  f .  L  praeparationem 
(as  prepare,  see  -ion)] 

prepa-rati  ve  (pri),  a.  &  n.  Preparatory ; 
(n.)  p.  act,  (Mil.,  Naut.)  signal  on  drum,  bugle, 
&c,  as  order  to  make  ready.  Hence  prepa*- 
pativeLY2  adv.  [F  (-if,  -ire),  f.  med.L  prae- 
parativus  (as  prepare,  see  -ive)] 

preparatory,  a.  Serving  to  prepare,  intro- 
ductory (to) ;  p.  school  (where  pupils  are  pre- 
pared for  higher  school);  (quasi-adv.)  am  pack- 
ing it  up  p.  to  sending  it  by  post.  Hence  ppe- 
pa'patopi  l  y  2  ad  v.  [f .  med.  L  praeparatorius 
(as  foil.,  see  -ory)J_ 

prepare  (pripar*),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  (person, 
thing)  ready  (for) ;  make  ready  (food,  meal)  for 
eating ;  make  (person)  mentally  ready  or  fit  (/or 
news,  to  hear,  &c.) ;  get  (lesson,  speech,  sermon) 
ready  by  previous  study ;  get  (person)  ready  by 
teaching  (for  college,  examination,  the  army, 
&c);  be  prepared,  be  ready  or  willing  (to  do) ; 
make  (chemical  product  &c.)  by  regular  pro- 
cess; (Mus.)  lead  up  to  (discord)  by  sounding 
the  dissonant  note  in  it  as  consonant  note  in 
preceding  chord,  [f.  F  preparer  t  L  prae- 
(parare  make  ready)] 

prepay,  v.t.  Pay  (charge)  beforehand  ;  pay 
(postage  of  parcel),  pay  postage  of  (parcel),  be- 
forehand e.  g.  by  affixing  stamp.  Hence  ppe- 
pay'ABLE  a.,  ppepay'MENT  n.    [pre] 

prepense  (pri),  a.  Deliberate,  intentional, 
chiefly  in  malice  p.,  injury  purposely  done,  of 
malice  p.,  with  intent  to  injure.  Hence  pre- 
pe'nseL y  2  adv.  [earlier  prepensed  p.p.  of  obs. 
prepense  altered  f.  earlier  purpense  f.  OF  pur- 
(penser,  see  pensive)] 

preponderate  (pri),  v.i.  Weigh  more,  be 
heavier  ;  p.  over,  exceed  in  number,  quantity, 
&c;  be  of  greater  moral  or  intellectual  weight ; 
be  the  chief  element,  predominate;  (of  scale 
of  balance)  sink.  So  prepo'nderANCE  n., 
prepo'nderANT  a.,  prepo'nderantLv- 
adv.    [f.  L  PRAE(ponderare  ponder),  -ate3] 

ppeposi'tion  (shn),  n.  Indeclinable  word 
serving  to  mark  relation  between  the  noun  or 
pronoun  it  governs  &  another  word  (e.g.  the 
italic  wds  in  :  found  him  at  home,  wait  in  the 
hall,  what  did  you  do  it  for  ?,  the  bed  (that)  he 
slept  on,  won  by  waiting,  came  through  the 
roof,  that  is  what  I  was  thinking  of).  Hence 
ppeposi'tionAL  a.,  preposi'tionalr.Y  -ad  v. 
[f.  L  praepositio  f.  PRAE(ponere  posit-  place)] 

prepo'si ti ve  (pri-),  a.  (gram. ).  (Of  word ,  par- 
ticle, &c.)  proper  to  be  placed  before  or  prefixed, 
[f.  LL praepositivus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

ppepo'sitor.    See  praepostor. 

prepossess,  v.t.  Imbue,  inspire,  (person 
with  notion,  feeling,  &c);  (of  idea  see.)  take 
possession  of  (person,  usu.  pass.);  prejudice, 
usu.  favourably,  whence  ppeposse'ssiNO2 
a.,  preposse'ssingLY-ad  v.,  preposse'ss- 
ing-NKss.  preposse'ssiON,  nn.   [pre  J 

prepo'sterous  (pri),  a.  Contrary  to  nature, 
reason,  or  common  sense;  perverse,  foolish; 
absurd.     Hence    prepo'sterousLY 2    adv., 

21* 


PREPOTENT  650 

ppepo'stepousNESS  n.  If.  L  PRAE(posterus 
coming  after)  reversed,  absurd] 

ppepo'tent  (pri),  a.  Very  powerful ;  inore 
powerful  than  others  ;  (Biol.)  having  stronger 
fertilizing  influence.  So  ppepo'tENCE,  ppe- 
po'tENCY,  nn.  [f.  L  praepotens  part,  of  prae- 
( posse  be  able)]  , 

ppe-ppe*fepence,  a.  (Of  shares,  claims,  &c.) 
ranking  before  preference  shares  &c.    [pre-] 

ppe'puee,  n.  Foreskin,  loose  integument 
covering  end  of  penis.  So  ppepu'tiAL  (-shl), 
a.  [f.  LPRAE(putnimuerh.  =  Gkposthion penis)] 

Ppe-Ra'phaelite,  n.  Artist  who  aims  at 
producing  work  in  the  spirit  that  prevailed  be- 
fore the  time  of  Raphael;  P.  Brotherhood 
(abbr.  P.R.B.),  group  of  English  artists  includ- 
ing Holman-Hunt,  Millais,  D.  G.  Rossetti.  So 
ppe-Ra*phael  a.,  Ppe-Ra*phael(it)iSM  n. 
[pre-  +  Raphael  +  -ite  j] 

prerequisite,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  required  as 
previous  condition,    [pre-] 

prepd'gative,  n.  &  a.  (Also  royal  p.)  right 
of  the  sovereign,  theoretically  subject  to  no  re- 
striction ;  peculiar  right  or  privilege,  as  it  is 
our  p.  to  (do),  we  have  the  p.  of  (doing),  the  p.  of 
(right  to  show)  mercy;  natural  or  divinely-given 
advantage,  privilege,  or  faculty,  as  it  is  the  p. 
of  man  to  drink  without  thirst;  (pedantic) 
right  of  giving  first  vote  and  thus  influencing 
those  that  follow ;  (Hist.)  p.  court,  archbishop's 
court  for  probate  of  wills  &c;  (adj.)  privileged, 
enjoyed  by  privilege,  (Rom.  Hist.)  having  the 
right  to  vote  first,  [adj.  f.  L  PRAK(rogativus  f. 
rogare  ask,  see  -ive)  asked  first ;  n.  f.  F  pre- 
rogative f.  L  praerogativa  previous  choice, 
foretoken,  privilege,  fern;  adj.  as  n.J 

pre'sage1  (ij),  ft.  Omen,  portent;  presenti- 
ment, foreboding.  Hence  ppesa'geFUL  a.  [f. 
F  presage  f.  L  praesagium  f.  PRAK(sagus  pre- 
dicting)] 

presa'ge2  (pri),  v.t.  Portend,  foreshadow; 
give  warning  of  (event  &c.)  by  natural  means, 
as  such  ideas  are  held  to  p.  insanity ;  (of  per- 
son) predict,  (also)  have  presentiment  of.  [f.  F 
presager,  as  prec] 

presbycrpia  (s-,  -z),  n.  Form  of  long- 
sightedness incident  to  old  age.  Hence  pres- 
byopic a.  [f.  Gk  presbus  old  man  +  dps  opos 
eye] 

pre'sby  ter  (s-,  -z),  n.  (In  early  Church)  one 
of  several  officers  managing  affairs  of  local 
church ;  (in  Episcopal  church)  minister  of 
second  order,  priest ;  (in  Presbyterian  church) 
elder^  Hence  or  cogn.  presby'terAL,  pres- 
byters a  l,  aa.,  presbyter  ate1  (at),  pre*s- 
bytepsHiPjjin.    [LL,  f.  Gk  presbuteros  elder] 

Presbyter'ian,  a.  &  n.  P.  church,  one 
governed  by  elders,  all  (including  ministers)  of 
equal  rank ;  United  P.  church,  that  formed  in 
1847  by  union  of  United  Secession  &  Relief 
churches,  now  embodied  in  the  United  Free 
church  of  Scotland ;  (n.)  adherent  of  P.  system, 
member  of  P.  church.  Hence  Presbyter'- 
ianiSM  n.,  Ppesbytep'ianizE(3)  v.t.  [f.  L  as 
foil.  +  -AN] 

ppe'sbytepy,  n.  Eastern  part  of  chancel 
beyond  choir,  sanctuary ;  body  of  presbyters, 
esp.  court  next  above  KiRK-session,  district  re- 
presented by  this ;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  priest's  house, 
[f.  OF  presbiterie  f.  LL  f.  Gk  presbuterion  (as 

PRESBYTER)] 

ppe'sclent  (-shl-),  a.  Having  foreknowledge 
or  foresight.  Hence  or  cogn.  pre'seiENCE  n., 
ppe*seientLY2adv.  [F,  f.  L  PRAE(sci're  know), 
see  -ent] 

prescind  (prisi-nd),  v.t.  &  i.    Cut  off  (part 


PRESENT 

from  whole)  esp.  prematurely  or  abruptly ;  p. 
from,  leave  out  of  consideration,  [f.  L  prae- 
(scindere  cut)] 

ppesepi'be  (pri),  v.t.  &  i.  Lay  down  or  im- 
pose authoritatively,  as  do  not  p.  to  me  what  I 
am  to  do  or  how  to  do  it,  the  statutes  p.  the  prac- 
tice; (Med.)  advise  use  of  (medicine,  treatment, 
to  or  for  patient,  for  complaint ;  also  fig.) ; 
assert  prescriptive  right  or  claim  (to,  for, 
thing),  [f.  L  PRAE(scri6ere  script-  write)  direct 
in  writing,  (Law)  bring  exception  against] 

ppe'sepipt,  a.  Ordinance,  law,  command, 
[as  prec] 

prescription,  n.  Prescribing ;  physician's 
(usu.  written)  direction  for  composition  &  use 
of  medicine  ;  (Law)  (positive) p.,  uninterrupted 
use  or  possession  from  time  immemorial  or  for 
period  fixed  by  law  as  giving  title  or  right, 
such  title  or  right,  negative  p.,  limitation  of 
the  time  within  which  action  or  claim  can  be 
raised  ;  (fig.)  ancient  custom  viewed  as  authori- 
tative, claim  founded  on  long  use.  [f.  L  prae- 
scriptio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

ppescpi'ptive,  a.  Prescribing;  based  on 
prescription,  a,sp.  right ;  prescribed  by  custom. 
Hence  ppeseri'ptiveLY  2  adv.  If.  LL  prae- 
scriptivus  (as  prescribe,  see  -ive)] 

ppe'senee  (z-),  n.  Being  present,  as  your  p. 
is  requested,  in  the  p.  of  a  large  company ; 
real2  p. ;  place  where  person  is,  as  admitted 
to,  banished  from,  his  p.,  in  this  (august  Sec.) 
p.,  in  the  p.  of  this  (&c.)  person ;  the  p.,  cere- 
monial attendance  on  person  of  high  esp.  royal 
rank,  as  remained  in,  retired  from,  the  p.;  car- 
riage, bearing,  as  a  man  of  (a)  noble  p. ;  p.  of 
mind,  calmness  &  self-command  in  sudden 
emergencies;  p.-chamber  (in  which  great  per- 
sonage receives  guests  &c).  [OF,  f.  L  prat- 
sentia  (as  foil.,  see  ence)] 

pre'sent1  (-z-),  a.  Being  in  the  place  in 
question  (chiefly  pred.),  as  no  one  else  was  p.; 
being  dealt  with,  discussed,  &c,  as  no  excuse 
in  the  p.  case,  the  p.  volume  (the  book  you  are 
reading  or  I  am  reviewing),  the  p.  writer  (I) 
could  not  verify  this ;  p.  to  (felt,  remembered, 
by)  the  mind,  the  imagination. ;  (archaic)  ready 
at  hand,  ready  with  assistance,  as  a  very  p. 
help  in  trouble ;  existing,  occurring,  being 
such,  now,  as  the  p.  Duke  of  York,  in  the  p. 
fashion ;  the  p.  worth  of  (sum  that  with  com- 
pound interest  dating  from  now  will  amount 
to)  £100  in  12  years ;  (Gram.)  p.  tense  (denoting 
action  &c.  now  going  on).  [OF,  f.  L  praesens 
-ntis  part,  of  PRAE(esse  be)  be  at  hand] 

pre'sent2,  n.  The  present  time,  the  time 
now  passing;  at  p.,  now,  as  do  not  want  any 
more  at  p.,  is  at  p.  in  Egypt ;  for  the  p.,  just 
now,  as  far  as  the  p.  is  concerned,  as  that  will 
do  for  the  p.;  (know  all  tnen  &c.)  by  these  pp., 
by  this  document  (now  legal  or  facet.),    [prec.  ] 

present5,  n.  Gift;  make  a  p.  of,  present 
(thing  to  person).  [OF  (as  prec),  orig.  in  phr. 
mettre  une  chose  en  p.  a,  quelqu'un,  put  a 
thing  into  the  presence  of  a  person] 

prese'nt4  (pri-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Introduce, 
(person  to  another);  introduce  (person)  to 
sovereign  at  court ;  p.  oneself,  appear  esp.  as 
candidate  for  examination  &c;  (of  theatr. 
manager)  cause  (actor)  to  take  part  in  play  ;  re- 
commend (clergyman)  to  bishop  for  institution 
(to  benefice) ;  exhibit  (thing  to  person  &c).  as 
p.  a  ragged  appearance,  presented  its  front  to 
me ;  show  (quality  &c),  as  cases  that  p.  some 
difficulty;  (Mil.)  hold  (fire-arm)  in  position  for 
taking  aim,  also,  p.  arms,  hold  fire-arm  &c  in 
deferential  position  in  saluting;  (of  idea  &c) 


For  other  words  in  pre-  see  pre-. 


PRESENTABLE 


651 


PRESS 


offer,  suggest,  itself;  (Law)  bring  formally  under 
notice,  subrnit,(complaint,  offence,  ^authority); 
aim  (weapon  at),  hold  out  (weapon)  in  position 
for  aiming  (also  abs.  p.!  as  word  of  command  ; 
offer,  give,  (thing  to  person)  as  present ;  offer 
(compliments,  regards,  to) ;  deliver  (bill  &c.  to 
person  &c.)  for  acceptance  &c;  p.  person  with 
thing,  p.  it  to  him  ;  (n.)  act  of  aiming  weapon 
esp.  fire-arm,  position  of  weapon  when  aimed, 
[(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  presenter  f.  L  praesentare  (as 

PRESENT1)] 

prese'ntable,  a.  Of  decent  appearance,  fit 
to  be  introduced  or  go  into  company ;  suitable 
forpresentationasagift&c.  Hence presenta- 
bi'uty  n.,  prese'ntabLY  2  ad  v.    [-able] 

presentation,  n.  Presenting ;  p.  (gratis) 
copy  of  book  &c;  exhibition,  theatrical  repre- 
sentation, &c;  formal  introduction  esp.  at 
court ;  (Metaphys.)  all  the  modification  of  con- 
sciousness directly  involved  in  the  knowing  or 
being  aware  of  an  object  in  a  single  moment  of 
thought,  whence  presentation  a  l  a.  [f.  LL 
praesentatio  (as  present4,  see  -ation)] 

presenta'tionism,  n.  (metaphys.).  Doctrine 
that  in  perception  the  mind  has  immediate  cog- 
nition of  the  object.  So  presenta°tion(al)- 
ist  nn.    [prec.  +  -ism] 

prese'ntative,  a.  (Of  benefice)  to  which 
patron  has  right  of  presentation  ;  serving  to 
present  an  idea  to  the  mind;  (Metaphys.)  of  (the 
nature  of)  presentation,    [-ative] 

presentee',  n.  Clergyman  presented  to 
benefice ;  person  recommended  for  office  ;  per- 
son presented  at  court;  recipient  of  present. 
[AF  (as  present  4,  see  -ee)J 

prese'ntient  (pri),  a.  Having  a  presenti- 
ment (of  event  &c.  or  abs.).  [f.  h  PR  AK(sentiens 
sentient)] 

presentiment  (priz-,  -s-),  n.  Vague  ex- 
pectation, foreboding,  (of  coming  event  esp. 
evil),    [f.  obs.  F  pre(sentiment)] 

prese'ntive  (priz-),  a.  (Of  word)  presenting 
an  object  or  conception  directly  to  the  mind 
(opp.  to  symbolic),    [-ive] 

pre'sently,  adv.  Soon,  after  a  short  time ; 
(archaic?  as  direct  result,  necessarily,  us  it  does 
not  p.  follow  that  he  knew,    [present  1  +  -ly] 

presentment,  n.  (Law)  statement  on  oath 
by  jury  of  fact  within  their  knowledge ;  formal 
complaint  of  offence  made  by  parish  authorities 
to  bishop  or  archdeacon  at  his  visitation; 
theatrical  representation;  delineation, portrait; 
statement,  description,  (of) ;  act,  mode,  of  pre- 
senting to  the  mind.  [f.  OF  presentement  (as 
present4,  see  -ment)] 

preservation  (-z-),  n.  Preserving,  being 
preserved,  from  injury  or  destruction ;  state  of 
being  well  or  ill  preserved,  as  in  an  excellent 
state  of  p.  ,in(a  state  of)  fair  p.  [f  F  preserva- 
tion f.  med.L  praeservatio  (as  preserve,  see 
-ation)] 

preservative  (priz),  a.  &  n.  (Drug,  mea- 
sure, &c.)  tending  to  preserve ;  chemical  sub- 
stance for  preserving  perishable  food-stuffs, 
whence  preser*vatizE(d)  v.t.  [f.  F  preserva- 
tiff. med.L  praeservativus(a.sprec., see  -ative)] 

preser've l  (priz-),  n.  Jam  ;  ground  set  apart 
for  protection  of  game  (often  fig.) ;  piece  of 
water  for  fish  ;  (pi.)  goggles  used  as  protection 
from  dust  &c.    [f.  foil.] 

preser've2  (priz  J,  v.t.  Keep  safe  (from 
harm  &c);  keep  alive  (name,  memory,  &c); 
maintain  (state  of  things);  retain  (quality,  con- 
dition); prepare  (fruit,  meat,  &c.)  by  boiling 
with  sugar,  pickling,  &c,  to  prevent  decompo- 
sition or  fermentation ;  keep  from  decompo- 
sition by  chemical  treatment  &c. ;  keep  (game, 
game  run,  river,  or  abs.)  undisturbed  for  private 


use.    Hence  preser'VABLE  a.,  preser'VER  i 

n.    [f.  F  preserver  f.  LL  PRAE(serra?*e  keep)] 

presi'de  (priz),  v.i.  Occupy  chair  of  au- 
thority at  meeting  of  society  or  company  (often 
over) ;  sit  at  head  of  table ;  exercise  control,  sit 
or  reign  supreme,  (often  fig.);  p.  at  the  organ, 
piano,  &c,  act  as  organist  &c.  [f.  F  presider  f. 
L  PRAE(sidere  =  sedere  sit)] 

presidency  (-z-),  n.  Office  of  president; 
period  of  this ;  district  administered  by  presi- 
dent, esp.  division  of  E.  India  Company's  terri- 
tory (Bengal,  Madras,  Bombay,  P.;  not  now 
official).    |f.  med.L praesidentia  (prec,  -ency)] 

president  (z-),  n.  Head  of  temporary  or 
permanent  body  of  persons,  presiding  over  their 
meetings  &  proceedings ;  head  of  some  colleges ; 
person  presiding  over  meetings  of  academy, 
literary  or  scientific  society,  etc.;  (U.S.)  person 
presiding  over  proceedings  of  bankor  company; 
head  of  advisory  council,  board,  &c,  as  P.  of 
the  Board  of  Agriculture,  Trade,  ecc;  Lord  P. 
of  the  Council,  English  crown  officer  presiding 
at  meetings  of  Privy  Council;  elected  head  of 
government  in  U.S.  &  other  modern  republics ; 
(Hist.)  governor  of  province,  colony,  &c.  Hence 
or  cogn.  preside'nti a l  a. ,  presidential  ly  2 
adv.,  pre'sidentSHip  n.  [f.  F  president  f.  L 
as  preside,  see  -ent] 

presidentess,  n.  Female  president;  wife 
of  president.    1-ess  l] 

presi'diary  (pris-),  a.  Of,  having,  serving  as, 
a  garrison,  [f.  L  praesidiarius  (praesidium 
garrison,  as  preside,  see  -ary  j)] 

presi'dio  (pris-),  n.  (In  Spain  &  Sp.  America) 
fort,  garrison  town.    [Sp.,  as  prec] 


press 


Crowding;  crowd  (o/people  &c); 


throng,  crush,  in  battle;  pressure,  hurry,  of 
affairs,  as  the  p.  of  modern  life ;  pressing,  as 
give  it  a  slight  p. ;  (Naut.)  p.  of  sail,  canvas,  (as 
much  as  wind  &c  will  allow);  kinds  of  instru- 
ment for  compressing,  flattening,  or  shaping, 
or  for  extracting  juice  &c;  (also  printing-p. ) 
machine  for  printing;  printing-house  or -estab- 
lishment ;  the  art,  practice,  of  printing ;  in  the 
p.,  being  printed,  send,  go,  come,  to  (the)  p.  (to 
be  printed),  connect  the  p.  (errors  in  printing) ; 
freedom  of  the  p.,  right  to  print  &  publish  any- 
thing without  censorship ;  the  newspapers  gen- 
erally, as  favourably  noticed  by  the  p. ;  (as  name 
of  newspaper)  Liverpool  P.  &c ;  large  usu. 
shelved  cupboard  for  clothes,  books,  &c,  esp. 
in  recess  in  wall;  p.-box,  shelter  for  newspaper 
reporter  at  cricket  match  &c;  p.  cutting  ;  p.- 
gallery  (for  reporters  esp.  in  House  of  Com- 
mons); pressman,  journalist,  operator  of  print- 
ing-p. ;  p.-mark,  mark,  number,  in  book  showing 
its  place  in  library.  [ME  &  F  presse,  as  foil.] 
press2,  v.t.  &  i.  Exert  steady  force  against 
(thing  in  contact),  as  let  a  heavy  weight  p.  it,  p. 
it  under  or  with  a  stone,  p.  the  two  plates  to- 
gether ;  (as  sign  of  affection  &c)  he  pressed  my 
hand,  pressed  her  to  his  side ;  move  (thing  up, 
down,  against,  &c) by  pressing;  exert  pressure, 
bear  with  weight  or  force,  (on,  against,  &c); 
squeeze  (juice  ace.  out  of,  from,  &c);  compress, 
squeeze,  (thing)  to  flatten  or  shape  or  smooth  it, 
or  to  extract  juice  &c,  as  pressed  beef',  (of  ene- 
my, attacking  force,  &c)  bear  heavily  on,  esp. 
in  p.p.  hard  pressed ;  weigh  down,  oppress, 
(feelings,  mind,  spirits);  (pass.)  am  pressed  for 
(have  barely  enough)  space,  time,  funds,  &c; 
producestrong  mental  ormoral  impression,  esp. 
weigh  heavily,  (np)on  (mind,  person);  be  urgent, 
demand  immediate  action,  as  time  presses,  no- 
thing remains  that  presses ;  urge,  entreat,  (per- 
son to  do,  person  or  without  object  for  answer 
&c) ;  insist  on  strict  interpretation  of  (words, 
metaphor);  urge  (course,  opinion,  upon  person); 


PRESS 


652 


PRETTILY 


force  (offer,  gift,  &c -upon);  (intr.)crowd,  throng, 
(up,  round,  &c.);  hasten,  urge  one's  way,  on, 
forward,  &c.).  If.  OF  presser  f.  L  pressare  fre- 
quent, of  premere  press-] 

press  3,  v.t.,  &  n.  Force  (man  or  ahs.)  to  serve 
in  army  or  navy  (also  fig.,  esp.  p.  thing  into  the 
service  of)',  take  (horses,  boats,  &c.)for  royal  or 
public  use ;  (n.,  Hist.)  compulsory  enlistment 
in  navy  or  (less  usu.)  army ;  p.-gang,  body  of 
men  employed  to  p.  men.  [earlier  prest  f.  OF 
prest  loan,  advance,  f.  prester  lend  f.  L  prae- 
(stare  stand)  vouch  for,  furnish,  (LL)  lend] 

pressing,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  urgent, 
as  p.  need,  danger;  importunate,  persistent, 
as  a  p.  invitation,  since  you  are  so  p.  Hence 
pre'ssing-LYSadv.    [press 2  +  -ing2] 

pre'ssure  (-sher),  n.  Exertion  of  continuous 
force,  force  so  exerted,  upon  or  against  a  body 
by  another  in  contact  with  it ;  amount  of  this, 
expressed  by  the  weight  upon  a  unit  area ;  at- 
mospheric p.  (of  the  atmosphere);  affliction, 
oppression  ;  trouble,  embarrassment,  as  finan- 
cial p.;  urgency,  as  wrote  hastily  &  under  p.; 
constraining  influence,  asja.  must  be  brought  to 
bear  upon  him;  high  p.,  (orig.)  p.  higher  than 
atmospheric  (now  indefinite,  used  esp.  of  com- 
pound engines  in  which  steam  is  used  at  differ- 
ent pp.  in  different  cylinders,  so  low  p.),  (fig.) 
high  degree  of  activity,  speed,  &c,  as  working 
at  high  p., high,p.  work,  [obs.  F,  f.  L pressura 
(as  press2,  see  -ure)] 

Pre'step  John,  n.  Alleged  Christian  priest 
&  king  in  Abyssinia  or  some  eastern  country  in 
Middle  Ages.  [f.  OF  prestre  (as  presbyter) 
Jehan  priest  John] 

ppestidi'gitatop (j), n.  Juggler, conjurer. 
So  prestidigit ation n.  [f.  Fprestidigitateur 
(preste,  as  presto  +  L digitus  finger,  see  -or2)] 

presti'ge  (ezh,  or  pre-stlj),  n.  Influence,  re- 
putation, derived  from  past  achievements,  as- 
sociations, &c.  [F,  =  illusion,  glamour,  f.  L 
praestigium  (for  -strig-)  f.  PHAE(stringere  bind) 
blindfold,  dazzle] 

presti-ssimo,  a.,  adv.,  n.f  (mus.).  Very 
quick  (piece,  movement).    [It.,  superl.  as  foil.] 

pre'sto^,  a.,  adv.,  n.,  (mus.).  Quick  (piece, 
movement).  [It.,  f.  LL  praestus  f.  L  praesto 
ready] 

ppe'sto2,  adv.  &  a.    (In  conjurer's  formulae) 

?uickly,  as  hey  p.,  pass! ;  (adj.)  rapid,  juggling. 
—  T)PGP  1 

presu'me  (priz),  v.t.  &  i.  Take  the  liberty, 
venture,  (to  do) ;  assume,  take  for  granted,  as 
I  p.  that  he  has  seen  them,  I  p.  this  decision  to 
be  final,  you  had  better  p.  no  such  thing,  whence 
ppesirmABLE  a.,  presu'mabLY2,  pre- 
sumed ly  2,  advv.;  p.  (up)on,  take  advantage 
of,  make  unscrupulous  use  of,  (person's  good- 
nature, one's  acquaintance  with  him,  &c), 
whence  presuuning-LY  2  a<iv#  [f,  l  pRAE. 
[sumere  sumpt-  take)] 

presirmption,  n.  Arrogance,  assurance ; 
taking  for  granted,  thing  taken  for  granted,  as 
this  teas  a  mere  p.;  the  (only  natural)  p.  is  that 
he  had  lost  it ;  ground  for  presuming,  as  there 
is  a  strong  p.  against  its  truth ;  (Law)  p.  of  fact, 
inference  of  fact  from  known  facts,  p.  of  law, 
(1)  assumption  of  truth  of  thing  until  the  con- 
trary is  proved,  (2)  inference  established  by  law 
as  universally  applicable  to  certain  circum- 
stances. If.  OF  presumpcion  f.  L  praesump- 
tionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

presumptive,  a.  Giving  grounds  for  pre- 
sumption, as  p.  evidence,  whence  presump- 
tive!^ adv.;  heir  p.  (whose  right  of  inherit- 
ance is  liable  to  be  defeated  by  birth  of  nearer 


heir,  cf.  apparent),  [f.  F  prisomptif  f.  LL 
praesumptivus  (as  presume,  see  -ive)] 

presu'mptuous,  a.  Unduly  confident,  ar- 
rogant, forward.  Hence  presu'mptuousi.v  2 
adv.,  ppesu'mptuousNESS  n.  [f.  OF  pre- 
suntueux  f.  LL  praesumptuosus  =  LL  prae- 
sumptiosus  (as  presume,  see  -ious)] 

presuppo'se,  v.t.  Assume  beforehand 
(thing,  that);  involve,  imply,  as  effects  p.  causes. 
[f.  F jrrteupposer  (see  pre-  &  suppose)] 

presupposition,  n.  Presupposing ;  thing 
assumed  beforehand  as  basis  of  argument  &c. 
[f.  med.L  prae (suppositio  supposition)] 

prete'nee  (pri-),  n.  Claim  (to  merit  &c.) ;  os- 
tentation, display,  as  devoid  of  all  p. ;  false  pro- 
fession of  purpose,  pretext,  as  under  the  p.  of 
lielping,  on  the  slightest  p.;  pretending,  make- 
believe,    [f.  late  AF  pretensse,  as  foil.] 

prete'nd,  v.t.  &  i.  Feign,  give  oneself  out, 
(to  be  or  do),  as  does  not  p.  to  be  a  scholar ;  make 
believe  (to  do,  that)  in  play ;  profess  falsely  to 
have,  as  you  should  p.  illness ;  allege  falsely 
(that) ;  venture,  aspire,  presume,  (to  do) ;  lay 
claim  to  (right,  title,  &c.) ;  p.  to,  try  to  win  (per- 
son, person  s  hand)  in  marriage ;  p.  to,  profess 
to  have  (quality  &c).  Hence  ppete'ndedLY  2 
adv.  [f.  L  ¥RAK(tendere  tent-  later  tens-  stretch)] 

prete'nder,  n.  One  who  makes  baseless  pre- 
tensions (to  title &c. or abs.);  Old,  Young, P.,son, 
grandson,  of  James  II  as  claimants  to  British 
throne.     Hence  ppete*ndepsmp  n.    [er1] 

ppete'nding",  a.  Making  professions,preten- 
tious.    Hence  ppete*nding-LY 2 adv.    [-ing2] 

pretension  (-shn),  n.  Assertion  of  a  claim 
(to  thing  or  abs.) ;  justifiable  claim  (to  thing,  to 
be  or  do),  as  he  has  no  pp.  to  the  name,  has  some 
pp.  to  be  chosen  as  the  site,  what  p.  has  he  f  ; 
pretentiousness,  [prob.  f.  med.L  praetensio, 
■tio,  (as  pretend,  see  -ion)] 

pretentious,  a.  (Of  person,  book,  speech, 
&c.)  making  claim  to  great  merit  or  impor- 
tance ;  ostentatious.  Hence  ppete'ntiousLY2 
adv.,  ppete*ntiousNESS  n.  [f.  F  pritentieux 
f.  L  *praetentiosus  (as  prec,  see  -ious)] 

ppetep-,  pref.  =  L  praeter  past,  beyond,  in 
senses '  beyond,  outside  the  range  of,  more  than ', 
as:  'Ca'nine,  more  than  canine;  -hu'man,he- 
yond  what  is  human;  superhuman ;  -na'tural, 
outside  the  ordinary  course  of  nature,  (also) 
supernatural,  whence  -na'turally  adv. ;  -na'- 
turalism,  system,  doctrine,  of  the  preternatural; 
-se'nsual,  beyond  the  domain  of  the  senses. 

pre'terite,  -it,  a.  &  n.  (Gram.)p.  (tense),  one 
expressing  past  action  or  state,  p.-present 
(tense),  one  originally  p.  but  now  used  as  present 
(e.g.  can,  may,  shall);  (facet.)  past,  bygone, 
whence  ppe'teriteNESS  n.  [f.  L  praeteritus 
p.p.  of  praeterire  pass  (ire  it-  go,  see  prec.)] 

ppetepi'tion  (shn),  n.  Omission,  disregard, 
(of) ;  (Theol.)  passing  over  of  the  non-elect,  [f. 
LL  praeteritio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

ppetepmi't,  v.t.  (-tt-).  Omit  to  mention  (fact 
&c);  omit  to  do  or  perform,  neglect ;  leave  off 
(custom,  continuous  action)  for  a  time  ;(improp.) 
leave  off.  So  ppetermi'ssioN  n.  [f.  L  prae- 
termittere  (mittere  miss-  let  go,  see  preter-)] 

pretext  i,  n.  Ostensible  reason,  excuse,  [f. 
L  i>RAE(texere  text-  weave)] 

ppete'xt2  (pri ),  v.t.  Allege  (thing,  that)  as 
pretext,    [f.  F  pretexter,  as  prec  ] 

pre'tone,  n.  Syllable,  vowel,  preceding  the 
stressed  syllable.    So  ppetd'nic  a.    [pre] 

pretor  &c    See  praetor  &c 

pre'ttify,  v.t.  Make  pretty,  represent  pret- 
tily in  painting,  writing,  &c    [fy] 

pre-ttily,  adv.  In  a  way  that  pleases  the  eye, 


For  other  words  in  pre-  see  pre-, 


PRETTINESS & 

ear,  or  aesthetic  sense,  as  p.  dressed  ;  (Nursery) 
eat,  ask,  behave,  p.  (in  the  approved  manner). 

[f.  PRETTY  +  -LV  2] 

pre'ttiness,  n.  Beauty  of  a  dainty  or  child- 
ish kind;  pretty  thing,  ornament,  &c;  affected 
or  trivial  beauty  of  style  in  literature  or  art,  so 
prettyiSM  n.    [-ness] 

pre'tty  (prl-),  a.  &  adv.  (Of  woman  or  child) 
beautiful  in  dainty  or  diminutive  way;  attrac- 
tive to  eye,  ear,  or  aesthetic  sense,  as  p.  cot- 
tage, song,  scene,  story ;  fine,  good  of  its  kind, 
as  has  a  p.  wit,  very  p.  sport,  (iron.)  a  p.  mess 
you  have  made ;  (archaic)  fine,  stout,  as  a  p. 
fellow ;  (archaic)  considerable  in  amount  or  ex- 
tent, as  earned  a  p.  sum,',  (ellipt.)  my  p.  (one, 
child);  (adv.)  fairly,  moderately,  as  amp.  well, 
find  it  p.  difficult,  that  is  p.  much  (very  nearly) 
the  same  thing  ;  pretty-pretty,  overdoing  the  p., 
aiming  too  much  at  prettiness,  (n.  pi.)  pretty- 
pretties,  ornaments,  knick-knacks.  Hence 
ppe'ttyiSH !  a.  [OE  prxttig  (prxtt  trick,  cf. 
I)u.  part,  pret,  Norw.  pretta,  see  -Y  2)J 

pre'tzet,  b-,  n.  Crisp  knot-shaped  biscuit 
flavoured  with  salt,  used  esp.  by  Germans  as 
relish  with  beer.    [G] 

preux  chevalier  (F),  n.    Gallant  knight. 

prevai'l  (pri-),  v.i.  Gain  the  mastery,  be  vic- 
torious, (against,  over);  be  the  more  usual 
or  prominent,  predominate ;  exist,  occur,  in 
general  use  or  experience,  be  current,  whence 
or  cogn.  prevailing  r.  y  2,  pre*valentLY  2, 
advv.,  pre*valENCE  n.,  pre*valENT  a.  [f.  L 
TRAK(valere  have  power)] 

preva*rieate(pri-),v.i.  Speak, act,evasively; 
quibble,  equivocate.  So  prevarieATiON, 
preva*rieatOR2,  nn.  [f.  L  PRAK{varicari 
straddle  f.  varicus  straddling  f.  varus  bent) 
walk  crookedly,  deviate,  practise  collusion] 


ppeve'nient  (pri-),  a.  Preceding,  previous ; 
having  in  view  the  prevention  (of);  (Theol.)  p. 
grace  (preceding  repentance  &  predisposing  the 


heart  to  seek  God),    [as  foil.,  see  -ent] 

preve'nt  (pri-),  v.t.  Hinder,  stop,  as  this  may 
p.  him  from  writing,  p.  his  (pop.  him)  writing, 
wish  to  p.  all  dispute;  (archaic)  meet, deal  with, 
(wish,  question,  &c.)  before  it  is  expressed  &c; 
(Theol.)  God  prevents  (goes  before,  guides)  us 
with  His  grace.  Hence  or  cogn.  preve'ntABLE, 
ppeve'ntiBLE,  aa.,  preve*ntioN  n.  [f.  L 
PRAEivenire  vent-  come)  come  before,  hinder] 

preve'nter,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  also :  (Naut.) 
rope,  chain,  bolt,  &c,  used  to  supplement  an- 
other,   [-er  ]  | 

preve*ntive,a.  &n.  Serving  to  prevent,  esp. 
(Med.)  to  keep  off  disease;  P.  (Coast-Guard) 
Service;  (n.) p.  agent, measure, drug, &c.  Hence 
or  cogn.  preve'ntATiVE  a.  &  n.,  preve'n- 
tiveLY2adv.    [-ive] 

pre*vious,  a.  &  adv.  Coming  before  in  time 
or  order;  prior  to ;  (slang)  done  or  acting  hastily, 
as  you  have  been  a  little  too  p.,  whence  pre*- 
vIousness  n. ;  (Pari.)  p.  question,  question 
whether  vote  shall  be  taken  on  main  question 
(put  to  avoid  putting  of  main  question) ;  P.  Ex- 
amination, =  LiTTLE-fifo;  (adv.)had  called  p.  to 
(before)  writing,  &c.  Hence  pre*viousLY 2 
adv.    [f.  L  PRAE(t?itts  f.  via  way)+  -ous] 

previ'se  (privi'z),  v.t.  Foresee,  forecast, 
(event  &c.  or  abs.).    So  previ'sioN  (-zhn)  n., 

Erevi'sion  \  l  a.,  previ'sionalLY  2  adv.  [f. 
PRAE(videre  vis-  see)] 
prey J  (pra),  n.  Animal  hunted  or  killed  by 
carnivorous  animal  for  food  (also  fig.);  (bibl.) 
what  one  brings  away  safe  from  contest  &c. 
(Jer.  xxi.  9) ;  person,  thing,  that  falls  a  victim 
(to  enemy,  disease,  fear,  &c).  [f.  OF  preie,  proie, 
t.  L  praeda] 
prey  2  (pra),  v.i.    P.  upon,  seek,  take,  (animal 


[ PRIDE 

&c.)  as  prey,  plunder  (persons);  (of  disease,  emo- 
tion, &c.)  exert  baneful  or  wasteful  influence 
upon.    If.  OF  preer  f.  LL  praedare  as  prec] 

priapism,  n.  Licentiousness ;  (Path.)  per- 
sistent erection  of  penis,  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  priapis- 
mos  (Priapos,  god  of  procreation,  see  -ism)] 

price,  n.,  &  v.t.  Money  for  which  thing  is 
bought  or  sold,  as  what  is  the  p.  of  this  ?,  try 
our  superb  tea,  p.  2s.  per  lb.,  offered  at  reduced 
pp.;  p.-current,  -list,  list  of  current  pp.  of  com- 
modities ;  long  l,  COST1,  p. ;  above,  beyond,  with- 
out, p.,  so  valuable  that  no  p.  can  be  stated ; 
set  p.  on  (person's)  head,  offer  reward  for  his 
capture  or  death  ;  (Betting)  odds,  as  the  start- 
ing p.  of  a  horse ;  (fig.)  what  must  be  given, 
done,  sacrificed,  &c,  to  obtain  a  thing,  as  must 
be  done  at  any  p.;  every  man  has  his  p.  (can  be 
won  over  by  some  inducement) ;  (archaic)  pre- 
ciousness,  value ;  (v.t.)  fix,  inquire,  the  p.  of 
(thing  for  sale),  (fig.)  estimate  the  value  of. 
[(n.)  r.  OF  pris  t.  L  pretium  ;  MEpris  became 
prise  to  secure  i,  and  price  to  avoid  z  sound  of  s 
between  vowels ;  (vb)  earlier  prise  prize  l ; 
price,  prize,praise.  are  all  variants  of  same  wdj 

priced  (-1st),  a.  To  which  a  price  is  assigned, 
esp.  in  comb.,  as  high,  low,  -p. ;  p.  catalogue  &c. 
(in  which  prices  are  named),    {-ed  *> 2] 

priceless,  a.  Invaluable.  Hence  price- 
less ness  n.    [-less] 

prick1,  n.  Pricking,  puncture;  (fig.)  pp. 
(stinging  reflections)  of  conscience  ;  mark  made 
by  pricking ;  (archaic)  goad  for  oxen,  esp.  fig. 
kick  against  the  pp.,  hurt  oneself  by  useless  re- 
sistance (Acts  ix.  5) ;  p.-ears,  erect  pointed  ears 
of  some  dogs  &c,  conspicuous  ears  of  person, 
esp.  of  Roundheads,  p.-eared,  having  such  ears. 
[OE  prica,  -ce,  cf.  Du.  &  Da.  prik,  Sw.  prick, 
cogn.  w.  foil.] 

prick2,  v.t  &i.  Pierce  slightly,  make  minute 
hole  in;  (fig.)  cause  sharp  pain  to,  as  my  con- 
science pricked  me ;  make  a  thrust  (at,  into,  &c); 
(archaic)  spur,  urge  on,  (horse),  (intr.)  advance 
on  horseback ;  mark  off  (name  &c.  in  list)  with 
a  prick,  select  (sheriff)  thus ;  mark  (pattern  off, 
out)  with  dots  ;  p.  in,  out,  off,  plant  (seedlings 
&c.)  in  small  holes  pricked  in  earth ;  p.  up  one's 
ears,  (of  dog)  erect  the  ears  when  on  the  alert, 
(fig.,  of  person)  become  suddenly  attentive, 
[late  OE  prician,  cf.  Du.  prikken,  Da.  prikke] 

pri'cker,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.,  pricking  in- 
strument, e.g.  bradawl,    [-er  j] 

pri'cket,  n.  Buck  in  second  year,  with 
straight  unbranched  horns  ;  p.'s  sister,  female 
fallow  deer  in  second  year ;  spike  to  stick  candle 
on.    [prob.  f.  med.L  prikettus  f.  prick,  see  -et] 

pri'ckle  1,n.,&v.t&i.  Thorn-like  process 
developed  from,  &  capable  of  being  peeled  off 
with,  epidermis  of  plant;  (pop.)  small  thorn  ; 
hard-pointed  spine  of  hedgehog  &c;  (v.t.  &i.) 
affect,  be  affected,  with  sensation  as  of  pricks, 
whence  pri'ckliNG1  n.,  pri'ckliNG2  a,  [OE 
pricel  t.  stem  of  prick,  cf.  Du.  prikkel] 

pri'ckle2,  n.  Kinds  of  wicker  basket  or  mea- 
sure.   [?] 

pri'ckly,  a.  Armed  with  prickles  (esp.  in 
names  of  plants  &  animals) ;  tingling ;  p.  heat, 
inflammation  of  sweat  glands  with  eruption  of 
vesicles  &  p.  sensation,  common  in  hot  coun- 
tries ;  p.  pear,  (p.  plant  bearing)  pear-shaped 
edible  fruit.    Hence  pri'ckliNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

pride,  n.,  &  v.  refl.  Overweening  opinion  of 
one's  own  qualities,  merits,  &c,  a  deadly  sin, 
often  personified,  as  P.  will  have  a  fall ;  arro- 
gant bearing  or  conduct ;  (also  proper  p.)  sense 
of  what  bents  one's  position,  preventing  one 
from  doing  unworthy  thing,  false  p.,  mistaken 
feeling  of  this  kind ;  feeling  of  elation  &  plea- 
sure, as  take  a  p.  in,  be  proud  of  (person,  thing, 


PRIE-DIEU 


654 


PRIMITIVE 


doing) ;  object  of  this  feeling,  as  he  is  his 
mother's  p.,  esp.  in  names  of  plants,  as  london 
p.;  (Herald.) peacockin hisp.  (with  tail  expand- 
ed and  wings  drooping) ;  best  condition,  esp. 
p.  of  grease  i ;  (vb)  p.  oneself  (up)on,  be  proud 
of  (thing,  quality,  doing).  Hence  ppi'deFUL 
(chiefly  Sc),  prrdeLESS,  aa.,  ppi'defulLY2 
adv.  [(vb)  ME  priden,  (n.)  OE  pryto,  -tu,  -te, 
(prut  proud] 

prie-dieu  (pre 'dyer *),n.  Kneeling-desk;  (also 
p.  chair)  chair  with  tall  sloping  back  for  use  in 
praying.    [F,  lit.  pray  God] 

priest  (prest),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Nowusu.  clergyman 
exc.  in  official  &Rom.  Cath.  use)  clergyman,  esp. 
one  above  deacon  &  below  bishop  with  author- 
ity to  administer  sacraments  &  pronounce  ab- 
solution ;  (fig.)  p.  of  nature,  science,  &c;  min- 
ister of  the  altar,  esp.  officiant  at  Eucharist ; 
high  p.;  official  minister  of  non-Christian  re- 
ligion, whence  ppie'stESS 1  n. ;  mallet  used  to 
kill  fish  when  spent  (chiefly  in  Ireland) ;  prie'st- 
craft,  ambitious  or  worldly  policy  of  pp.;  p.'s 
hood,  p.-in-the-pulpit,  wild  arum ;  p.-ridden, 
held  in  subjection  by  pp.;  p.  -vicar,  minor  canon 
in  some  cathedrals;  (v.t.)  make  (person)  a  p. 
Hence  ppie'stnooD,  ppie'stLiNG1,  nn., 
ppie'stLESS,  ppie'stLiKE,  aa.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE 
priost,  ult.  as  presbyter] 

Spie'stly,  a.  Of,  like,  befitting,  a  priest; 
T.  criticism)  p.  code,  one  of  the  constituent 
elements  in  the  Hexateuch,  p.  writer  (of  this). 
Hence  ppie'stliNESS  n.    [-ly] 

ppig,  n.,  &  v.t.  Precisian  in  speech  or  man- 
ners, conceited  or  didactic  person,  whence 
ppi*g,gERY(2),  ppi'ggishNESS,  ppi'g-g-iSM, 
nn.,ppi,g,g,iSH1a.,ppi,gglshLY2adv.;  (slang) 
thief ;  (v.t.,  slang)  steal,  [orig.  cant,  etym.  dub.] 

ppim,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  persons,  manner, 
speech,  &c.)  formal,  demure ;  (v.i.)  assume  p. 
air;  (v.t.)  form  (face,  lips,&c.)  into  p.  expression. 
Hence  ppi'mLY 2  adv.,  ppi'mNESS  n.  [f.  17th 
c,  orig.  cant] 

pri'ma  (pre-),  a.  First,  chief,  as:  p.  buffa 
(bob-),  chief  female  comic  singer  or  actress; 
p.  donna,  (pi.  -ma  -nas,  -me  -ne  pron.  pre'ma 
do'na),  chief  female  singer  in  opera.  [It.,  fern, 
adj.] 

ppl'macy,  n.  Office  of  a  primate ;  pre-emin- 
ence,   [f.  OF  primacie  f.  med.L  primatia  (as 

PRIMATE,  See  -ACY)] 

pri'ma  fa'c/e  (-shie),  adv.  &  a.  (Arising)  at 
first  sight, (based)  on  the  first  impression,  as  has 
p.  f.  a  good  case,  see  a  p.  f.  reason  for  it.  [L] 
pprmage  ],n.  Percentageaddition  to  freight, 
paid  to  owners  or  freighters  of  vessels.  [med.L 
primagium,  etym.  dub.] 
ppi-mag-e  2,  n.  Amount  of  water  carried  off 
suspended  in  steam  from  boiler,  [f.  prime  v.  + 
-age] 

ppi'mal,a.  Primitive,  primeval ;  chief,  fun- 
damental. Hence ppi'maluY2  adv.  If.  med.L 
primalis  (as  prime  a.,  see  -al)] 
Drrmary,  a.  &  n.  Earliest,  original ;  of  the 
rst  rank  in  a  series,  not  derived,  as  the  p.  vowel 
sounds,  p.  meaning  of  a  word  ;  of  the  first  im- 
portance, chief;  (Geol.)  of  the  lowest  series  of 
strata;  (Biol.)  belonging  to  first  stage  of  de- 
velopment; p.  amputation  (performed  before 
inflammation  supervenes) ;  p.  education,  that 
which  begins  with  the  rudiments  of  knowledge, 
esp.  that  provided  for  children  liable  to  compul- 
sory attendance,  so  p.  school,  scholar  (cf.  secon- 
dary); (Gram.)  p.  tenses,  present,  future,  per- 
fect, &  future  perfect,  (cf.  historic)  ;  p.  assem- 
bly, meeting,  (for  selection  of  candidates  for 
election);  p.  colour;  p.  planets  (revolving 
directly  round  sun  as  centre) ;  p.  battery  (in 
which  currentis  produced) ;  (u.)  p.  planet,  meet- 


■£ 


ing,  &c.  Hence  ppi'mariLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  pri- 
marius  (as  prime  a.,  see  -ary  j)] 

prrmate  (-at),  n.  Archbishop;  p.  of  Eng- 
land, archbishop  of  York,  p.  of  all  England, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Hence  ppima'tiAL 
(-ashl)  a.    [f.  LL  primas  -atis  (as  prime  a.)] 

prrma'tes,  n.  pi.  (zool.).  Highest  order  of 
mammals,  including  man,  monkeys,  lemurs,  & 
(in  Linnaean  order)  bats,    [asprec] 

prime l.  n.  State  of  highest  perfection,  as  in 
the  p.  of  life,  manhood,  &c;  the  best  part  (of 
thing) ;  beginning,  first  age,  of  anything  ;  a  ca- 
nonical hour  of  the  divine  office,  appointed  for 
first  hour  of  day  (i.e.  6  a.m.  or  sunrise);  (archaic) 
this  time ;  (archaic)  golden  number ;  prime 
number;  (Chem.)  single  atom  as  unit  in  com- 
bination ;  a  position  in  fencing,  [partly  abs. 
use  of  foil.;  OE  ha,s  prim,  the  canonical  hour,  f. 
L  prima  (hora)  first  (hour)] 

ppime2,a.  Chief,  most  important,  as  p.  agent, 
motive  ;  first-rate  (esp.  of  cattle  &  provisions), 
excellent,  whence  ppi'meLY2  adv.,  ppi'me- 
ness  n.;  primary,  fundamental;  (Arith.,  of  a 
number)  having  no  integral  factors  except  itself 
and  unity  (e.g.  2,  3,  5, 7, 11),  (of  numbers)  having 
no  common  measure  but  unity;  p.  cost1, 
mover  ;  p.  vertical  (circle),  great  circle  of  the 
heavens  passing  through  E.  &  W.  points  of 
horizon  &  through  zenith,  where  it  cuts  meri- 
dian at  right  angles;  p.  minister,  principal 
minister  of  any  sovereign  or  State  (now  official 
title  of  first  minister  of  State  in  Great  Britain), 
[f.  L  primus  first] 

prime 3,  v.t.  &  L  (Hist.)  supply  (fire-arm  or 
abs.)  with  gunpowder  for  firing  charge  ;  equip 
(person  with  information  &c.) ;  fill  (person  ivith 
liquor);  cover  (wood  &c.)  with  first  coat  of  paint 
or  with  oil  &c.  to  prevent  paint  from  being 
absorbed ;  (of  engine  boiler)  let  water  pass  with 
steam  into  cylinder  in  form  of  spray.    [?] 

ppi'meP1,  n.  Elementary  school-book  for 
teaching  children  to  read  ;  small  introductory 
book,  as  P.  of  Evolution,  Latin  P.;  (Hist.) 
prayer-book  for  use  of  laity  esp.  before  Reforma- 
tion; great,  long,  p.,  sizes  of  type.  [f.  med.L 
primarius  adj.  (as  prime2,  see  -er2(2)] 

ppi'mep2,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  prime3,  esp. 
cap,  cylinder,  &c,  used  to  ignite  powder  of 
cartridge  &c.    [-ER1] 

primer'o,  n.  (hist).  Gambling  card-game 
fashionable  in  16th  &  17th  cc.  [f.  Sp.  primera 
fern,  of  primero,  as  primary] 

primeur  (premer '),  n.  First-fruits ;  fruit  &c. 
before  its  season ;  early  news.  [F ;  affected  by 
E  journalists] 

ppime'val,  -aeval,  a.  Of  the  first  age  of 
the  world ;  ancient,  primitive.  Hence  ppime*- 
valLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  primaevus  (primus  first  + 
aevum  age)  +  -al] 

ppi'ming1,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  prime3;  also 
or  esp.:  gunpowder  placed  in  pan  of  fire-arm; 
train  of  powder  connecting  fuse  with  charge 
in  blasting  &c;  mixture  used  by  painters  for 
preparatory  coat ;  preparation  of  sugar  added 
to  beer ;  hasty  imparting  of  knowledge,  cram- 
ming.   [-ing1] 

ppi'ming  2,  n.  Acceleration  of  the  tides  tak- 
ing place  from  neap  to  spring  tides  (cf.  lag  1). 
[f.  rare  vb  prime  f.  prime  a.] 

ppimrpapous,  a.  Bearing  child  for  the  first 
time.  [f.  L  primipara  p.  woman  (also  used  in 
E)  f.  primus  first  +  parere  bring  forth] 

ppi'mitive,  a.  &  n.  Early,  ancient,  as  the  P. 
Church  (Christian  Church  in  its  earliest  times); 
old-fashioned,  simp-le,  rude ;  original,  primary ; 
(Gram.,  of  words)  radical,  not  derivative ; 
(Math.,  of  line,  figure,  &c.)  from  which  another 
is  derived,  from  which  some  construction  be- 


PRIMO 


655 


PRINT 


gins,  &c;  (of  colours)  primary;  (Geol.)  of  the 
earliest  period ;  (Biol.)  appearing  in  earliest  or 
very  early  stage  of  growth  &c.;  P.  Methodist 
Connexion,  society  of  Methodists  founded  1810 
by  Hugh  Bourne  by  secession  from  main  body, 
P.  Methodist,  Methodism,  member,  principles, 
.of  this ;  (n.) painter  of  period  before  Renascence, 
picture  by  such  painter,  p.  word,  line,  &c,  P. 
Methodist.  Hence  pri'mitiveLY  2adv.,  pri*- 
mitiveNESS  n.  [ME  &  F  primitif  f.  L  primi- 
tivus  (as  prime  a.)] 

pri'mo  (-e-),  n.  (mus.).  First  or  principal  part 
in  duet  &c.    [it] 

primoge*nitor,n.  Earliestancestor;  (loose- 
ly) ancestor.  [med.L,  f.  L  primo  (at)  first  + 
genitor  begetter  (gignere  genit-  bring  forth,  see 
-OR  2),  after  L  primogenitus  first-born] 

primogeniture,  n.  Fact  of  being  the  first- 
born of  the  children  of  the  same  parents  ;  (right 
of)  p.,  right  of  succession  belonging  to  the  first- 
born, esp.  feudal  rule  by  which  whole  real 
estate  of  intestate  passes  to  eldest  son.  So  pri- 
mog-e'nitAL,  primoge'nitARY  >,  aa.  [f. 
med.L primogenitura  (as  prec,  see  -ure)] 

primor'dial,  a.  Existing  at  or  from  the  be- 
ginning, primeval ;  original,  fundamental. 
Hence  primordia'liTV  n.,  primor'dialLY2 
adv.  [f.  LL  primordialis  (L  primordium  f. 
primus  first  +  ordiri  begin,  see  -al)] 

pri'mrose  (-z),  n.  Plant  bearing  pale  yellow 
flowers  in  early  spring;  flower  of  this;  (attrib.) 
of  the  colour  of  this  flower ;  P.  Day,  League, 
anniversary  of  the  death  (Apr.  19th,  1881)  of, 
Conservative  association  formed  in  memory  of, 
Benjamin  Disraeli  Earl  of  Beaconsfleld,  P. 
dame,  knight,  habitation,  (of  the  P.  League) ; 
p.  peerless,  two-flowered  narcissus,  (formerly) 
any  species  of  narcissus.  Hence  pri'mrosY  2 
a.  [late  ME  primerose  f.  med.L  prima  rosa 
lit.  first  rose,  sense  unexpl.] 

prrmula,  n.  Kind  of  herbaceous  perennial 
with  yellow,  white,  pink,  or  purple  flowers. 
[med.L,  fern.  adj.  as  n.,  dim.  as  prime2] 

pri'mum  mo'bile,  n.  Outermost  sphere 
added  in  Middle  Ages  to  Ptolemaic  system, 
supposed  to  revolve  round  earth  in  24  hours 
carrying  with  it  the  contained  spheres ;  (fig.) 
prime  source  of  motion  or  action.  [med.L,  lit. 
first  moving  thing] 

pri'mus,  a.  &  n.  (In  boys'  school)  eldest  (or 
of  longest  standing)  of  the  name,  as  Jones  p. ; 
(L)  p.  inter  par'es,  first  among  equals ;  (n.)  pre- 
siding bishop  in  Scottish  Episcopal  Church. 
[L,  =  first] 

prince,  n.  (Now  rhet.)  sovereign  ruler  ;  P. 
of  Peace,  Christ ;  p.  of  darkness,  the  air,  the 
vjorld,  &c,  Satan  ;  ruler  of  small  State,  actual- 
ly or  nominally  feudatory  to  king  or  emperor ; 
male  member  of  royal  family,  esp.  (in  Great 
Britain)  son  or  grandson  of  king  or  queen  (also 

§,  of  the  blood) ;  P.  of  Wales,  heir  apparent  to 
ritish  throne  ;  P.  Consort,  husband  of  reigning 
female  sovereign  being  himself  a  p.;  (as  English 
rendering  of  foreign  titles)  noble  usu.  ranking 
next  below  duke ;  (as  courtesy  title  in  some 
connexions)  duke,  marquis,  earl ;  (title  of  car- 
dinal) p.  of  the  (Holy  Roman)  Church;  (fig.) 
chief,  greatest,  (of  novelists,  liars,  &c.) ;  p.- 
bishop,  bishop  who  is  also  a  p. ;  P.  Regent,  p. 
who  acts  as  regent,  e.g.  George  (afterwards  IV); 
royal,  eldest  son  of  reigning  monarch  ;  P. 
upert's  drops,  pear-shaped  lumps  of  glass 
bursting  to  pieces  when  thin  ends  are  broken 
off;  p.' s  feather,  kinds  of  plant,  esp.  tall  plant 
with  feathery  spikes  of  small  red  flowers  ;  p.'s 
metal,  alloy  of  copper  &  zinc.  Hence  pri'nee- 
dom,  pri'neeKiN,  pri'neeLET,  pri'nee- 
limg  »(2),  pri'neesHiP,  nn.,  pri'neeLiKE  a. 


$ 


[F,  f.  L  princeps  -cipis  first,  prince,  (primus 
first  +  -cipere  =  capere  take)] 

pri'neely,  a.  (Worthy)  of  a  prince  ;  sump- 
tuous, splendid.  Hence pri'neeliNESSn.  [-lv  i] 

pri'neess  (or  -e"s  exc.  when  followed  by 
name),  n.  (Archaic)  queen  ;  wife  of  prince  ; 
(also  p.  of  the  blood),  daughter,  grand-daughter, 
of  sovereign  ;  (in  Great  Britain) p.  royal,  eldest 
daughter  of  sovereign  ;  P.  Regent,  p.  acting  as 
regent,  (also)  wife  of  prince  regent ;  p.  dress* 
lady's  robe  of  which  the  lengths  of  bodice  & 
skirt  are  cut  in  one  piece.  Hence  pri'neess- 
SHiPn.  [ME  &F  princesse  (as  prince,  see -ess1)  J 

principal,  a.  &  n.  First  in  rank  or  impor- 
tance, chief,  as  their  p.  food  is  potatoes,  the  p. 
town  of  the  district,  the  p.  persons  concerned  ; 
main,  leading,  as  a  p.  cause  of  his  failure  ;  (of 
money)  constituting  the  original  sum  invested 
or  lent;  (Gram.)  p.  sentence,  clause,  one  to 
which  another  is  subordinate,  p.  parts  of  verb, 
those  from  which  the  others  can  be  derived ; 
(n.)  head,  ruler,  superior;  head  of  some  colleges, 
lady  p.,  female  head,  whence  pri'ncipalsi-np 
n. ;  person  for  whom  another  acts  as  agent  &c, 
as  I  must  consult  my  p. ;  person  directly  respon- 
sible for  crime,  either  (p.  in  the  first  degree)  as 
actual  perpetrator  or  (p.  in  the  second  degree) 
as  aiding  ;  person  for  whom  another  is  surety  ; 
combatant  in  duel ;  any  of  the  main  rafters  on 
which  rest  thepurlinsthat  support  the  common 
rafters ;  capital  sum  as  distinguished  from  in- 
terest or  from  income ;  an  organ-stop.  [f.  L 
principalis  adj.  (as  prince,  see  -al)] 

principality,  n.  Government  of  a  prince  ; 
State  ruled  by  a  prince ;  the  P.,  Wales ;  (pi.)  an 
order  of  angels,  [f.  OF  principalite  f.  LL 
principalitatem  (as  prec,  see  -ty)J 

principally,  adv.  For  the  most  part,  chiefly. 

[-LY2] 

pri'neipate  (-at),  n.  (Rom.  hist.)  rule  of 
early  emperors  while  some  republican  forms 
were  retained ;  State  ruled  by  a  prince,  [f.  L 
principatus  (as  prince,  see  -ate1)] 

principle,  n.  Fundamental  source,  primary 
element,  as  held  water  to  be  the  first  p.  of  all 
things  ;  fundamental  truth  as  basis  or  reason- 
ing &c,  as  (first)  pp.  of  political  economy; 
(Physics)  general  law  (often  with  discoverer's 
name,  as  PascaVs  p.) ;  general  law  as  guide  to 
action,  as  moral,  conservative,pp., a  dangerous 
p.,  whence  -prineiplED2  a.;  (pi.  &  collect, 
sing.)  personal  code  of  right  conduct,  as  a  man 
of  high  p.,  has  ability  but  no  pp.,  p.  is  every- 
thing ;  on  p.,  from  settled  moral  motive,  as  1 
refuse  on  p.  (not  from  selfish  motive  &c.) ;  law 
of  nature  seen  in  working  of  machine  &c,  as  in 
all  these  instruments  the  p.  is  the  same ;  (Chem.) 
constituent  of  a  substance,  esp.  one  giving  rise 
to  some  quality  &c,  as  bitter,  colouring,  p.  [f. 
L  principium  beginning,  as  prince] 

prink,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  (onese//&c)  spruce  ; 
dress  oneself  up ;  (of  bird)  trim  (feathers) ;  dress 
oneself  up.     [cogn.  w.  prank  2] 

print  \  n.  Indentation  in  surface  preserving 
the  form  left  by  pressure  of  some  body,  a&finger- 
p.,footp.,  whence  pri'ntLESS  a.;  printed  cot- 
ton fabric,  as  (attrib.)  p.  dress  ;  language  em- 
bodied in  printed  form,  printed  lettering,  as 
large,  small,  clear,  p.;  state  of  being  printed  ; 
book  is  in  p.,  (1)  in  printed  form,  (2)  on  sale,  not 
out  of  p.  (sold  out) ;  (of  writer)  rush  into  p., 
publish  book,  write  to  newspaper,  &c,  on  in- 
sufficient grounds;  (chiefly  U.S.)  printed  pub- 
lication, esp.  newspaper ;  picture,  design,  print- 
ed from  block  or  plate  ;  (Photog.)  picture  pro- 
duced from  negative  ;  p.  hand,  letters,  (imitat- 
ing p.) ;  p.-seller,  dealer  in  engravings  &c;  p.- 
shop,  his  shop  ;  p.-works,  factory  where  cotton 


PRINT 


656 


PRIVITY 


fabrics  are  printed.  [ME  prent  f.  OF  priente, 
-nt,  p.p.  of  preindre  press  f.  L  premere] 

print,2,  v.t.  Impress,  stamp,  (surface,  e.g.  pat 
of  butter,  with  seal,  die,  &c;  mark,  figure,  on, 
in,  yielding  or  other  surface) ;  (fig.)  impress 
(idea,  scene,  &c.  on  mind,  memory) ;  produce 
(book,  picture,  &c,  or  abs.)  by  applying  inked 
types,  blocks,  or  plates,  to  paper,  vellum,  &c; 
(of  author  or  editor)  cause  (book,  MS)  to  be  so 
printed ;  express,  publish,  inprint,  as  not  bound 
to  p.  every  opinion  you  hold;  write  (words  or 
abs.)  in  imitation  of  typography ;  mark  (textile 
fabric)  with  decorative  design  in  colours ;  trans- 
fer (coloured  design)  from  paper  &c.  to  unglazed 
surface  of  pottery;  (Phot,  also  p.  out,  off)  pro- 
duce (picture)  by  transmission  of  light  through 
negative.  Hence  ppi'ntABLE  a.  [ME  prenten, 
prob.  f.  prec]  j_ 

ppi'ntep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  one  who 
prints  books ;  ownerof  printing  business ;  print- 
ing instrument ;  p.'s  devil  • ;  p. 'smark  (device, 
trade-mark) ;  p.'s  pie,  =  pie  3  n.    [-er  *] 

ppi'ntin-g,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  p.-ink,  p.-press, 
(for  p.  on  paper  &c.  from  types  &c).    [-ing  *] 

ppi'OP  *«  n.  Superior  officer  of  religious  house 
or  order,  (in  abbey)  officer  next  under  abbot,  so 


lian  republics.  Hence  orcogn.  ppI'opateMI), 
ppi'OPSHiP,  mi.    [OE  as  foil.] 
&  adv.    ' 


ppi'OPESS1  n.;  (Hist.)  chief  magistrate  in  some 
ltalii 
ppi*< 

ppi'OP2,  a.  &  adv.  Earlier;  antecedent  in 
time,  order,  or  importance,  (to) ;  (adv.)  existing 

fh  to  his  appointment,  &c.  So  ppid'PiTV  n. 
L,  f.  OL  pri  before] 

ppi'opy,  n.  Monastery,  nunnery,  governed 
by  prior(ess) ;  alien  p.,  p.  alien,  (dependent  on 
abbey  in  foreign  country),  [f.  AF  priorie  f. 
med.L  prioria  (as  prec,  see  -Y *)] 

ppise.    See  prize3. 

ppi'sm  (-zm),  n.  Solid  figure  whose  two  ends 
are  similar,  equal,  &  parallel  rectilineal  figures, 
&  whose  sides  are  parallelograms ;  transparent 
body  of  this  form,  usu.  triangular,  with  refract- 
ing surfaces  at  acute  angle  with  each  other ; 
(loosely)  spectrum  produced  by  refraction 
through  p.,  (pi.)  prismatic  colours ;  pruned  & 
p.  Hence  pri'smAL  a.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  prisma 
-matos  thing  sawn  (prizo  saw,  see  -m)] 

ppism&'tic,  a.    Of,  like,  a  prism ;  p.  powder, 

?funpowder  whose  grains  are  hexagonal  prisms ; 
of  colours)  formed,  distributed,  &c,  by  trans- 
parent prism,  (also)  brilliant,  so  ppi'sm v  2  a. ; 
the  p.  colours,  seven  into  which  ray  of  light  is 
separated  by  prism.  Hence  ppisma'tiCALLY 
adv.    [as  prec,  see  -ic] 

ppi'smoid,  n.  Body  like  prism,  with  similar 
but  unequal  parallel  polygonal  ends.  Hence 
ppismoi'dAL  a.  [-oid] 
p pi-son  (-zn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Place  in  which  per- 
son is  kept  in  captivity,  esp.  building  to  which 
person  is  legally  committed  while  awaiting 
trial  or  for  punishment ;  custody,  confinement, 
as  lie,  put  (person),  in  p.;  p.-bird,=  GAOL-bird  ; 
p.-breaking,  breaking  out  of  lawfully  confined 
person  from  p.,  so  -breaker',  p.  editor,  editor  of 
newspaper  who  takes  legal  responsibility  for 
its  contents  &  serves  terms  of  imprisonment  en- 
tailed by  conviction;  p.-house  (usu.  rhet.), p.; 
(v.t.,  poet,  rhet.)  imprison,  [(vbf.  n.)  ME  &  OF 
prisun,  -on,  f.  L  prensionem  {pre(he)ndere 
prens-  seize,  see  -ion,  -son)] 

ppi'sonep  (-zner),  n.  Person  kept  in  prison; 
p.  at  the  bar,  person  in  custody  on  criminal 
charge  &  on  trial ;  p.  of  state,  state  p.,  (con- 
fined for  political  reasons) ;  (also  p.  of  war)  one 
who  has  been  captured  in  war ;  take  (person)  p., 
seize  &  hold  as  p.;  (fig.)  am  a  p.  (confined  by 
illness  &c. )  to  my  room  or  chair,  made  her  hand 
a  p.  (secured  it) ;  prisoners'  bars,  base,  game 


played  by  two  parties  of  boys  &c,  each  occupy- 
ing distinct  base  or  home.  [f.  Fprisonnier  (as 
prec,  see  -er2(2)] 

ppi'stine,  a.  Ancient,  primitive,  good  old. 
[f.  hpristinus,  cf.  priscus  ancient,  primus  first] 

ppi'thee  (-1),  int.  (archaic).  Pray,  please,  as 
tell  me,  p.    [=  (I)  pray  thee] 

ppi'vaey,  n.  Being  withdrawn  from  society 
or  public  interest,  as  lived  in  absolute  p.,  must 
distxirb  your  p. ;  avoidance  of  publicity,  as  in 
such  matters  p.  is  impossible,    [private,  -acv] 

privat-docent,  -xent,  (prevah't  dotse'nt), 
n.  (In  German  univv.)  private  teacher  or  lec- 
turer recognized  by  university  but  not  on 
salaried  staff.    IG] 

private  (-it),  a.  &  n.  (Of  person)  not  holding 
public  office  or  official  position;  p.  {soldier), 
ordinary  soldier  without  rank  or  distinction ; 
p.  member  of  House  of  Commons  (not  member 
of  Ministry) ;  kept,  removed,  from  public  know- 
ledge, as  the  matter  was  kept  p.,  had  p.  reasons ; 
not  open  to  the  public,  as  p.  door,  news  came 
through  p.  channels,  p.  boarding-house,  car- 
riage, hotel,  theatricals,  view  (of  exhibition  of 
pictures  esp.  before  it  is  opened  to  the  public) ; 
p.  house,  dwelling-house  of  p.  person  (opp.  to 
his  shop  or  office,  to  public-house,  or  to  public 
building);  p.  school,  one  carried  on  for  owner's 
profit  (cf.  public),  p.  schoolmaster,  master  of 
or  in  this ;  one's  own,  as  my  p.  goods,  property ; 
individual,  personal,  not  affecting  the  com- 
munity, as  motives  of  p.  malice ;  (Pari.)  p.  bill, 
act,  (affecting  individual  or  corporation  only) ; 
confidential,  as  asked  for  some  p.  conversation ; 
this  is  for  your  p.  ear  (confidential) ;  (of  place) 
retired,  secluded ;  (archaic,  of  person)  given  to 
retirement ;  in  p.,  privately,  in  p.  company  or 
life.  Hence  pprvateLY2  adv.  [f.  Lprivatus, 
orig.  p.p.  of  privare  deprive] 

ppivateep*,  n.  Armed  vessel  owned  &  offi- 
cered by  private  persons  holding  commission 
from  government  (letters  of  marque)  &  au- 
thorized to  use  it  against  hostile  nation  esp.  in 
capture  of  merchant  shipping,  whence  ppi- 
vateep'iNGMl)  n. ;  commander,  (pi.)  crew,  of 
this.    [f.  prec.  +  -eer,  prob.  after  volunteer] 

ppiva'tion,  n.  Loss,  absence,  (of  quality), 
as  cold  is  the  p.  of  heat;  want  of  the  comforts 
or  necessaries  of  lif  e,as  died  of  p. ,  suffered  many 
pp.     [F,  f.  L  privationem  (private,  -ation)] 

ppi'vative,  a.  Consisting  in,  marked  by,  the 
loss  or  removal  or  absence  of  some  quality  or 
attribute,  as  cold  is  merely  p.  (cf.  prec);  (of 
terms)  denoting  privation  or  absence  of  quality 
&c;  (Gram.,  of  particles  &c)  expressing  priva- 
tion, as  (Gk  Gram.)  alpha  p.  Hence  prrva- 
tiveL  y  2  ad  v.    [f.  L  pnvativus  (as  private,  see 

-IVE)] 

ppi'vet,  n.  Bushy  evergreen  shrub  with 
small  white  flowers  &  small  shining  black  ber- 
ries, much  used  for  hedges ;  p.  hawk,  large  spe- 
cies of  moth  depositing  eggs  on  p.    [?] 

ppi-vilege  (-Ij),  n.,  &  v.t.  Right,  advantage, 
immunity,  belonging  to  person,  class,  or  office; 
special  advantage  or  benefit,  as  to  converse  with 
him  was  a  p.;  p.  (benefit  ^of  clergy;  billofp., 
petition  of  peer  demanding  to  be  tried  by  his 
peers ;  writ  of  p.,  writ  to  deliver  privileged  per- 
son from  custody  when  arrested  in  civil  suit ; 
monopoly,  patent,  granted  to  individual,  cor- 
poration, &c;  p.  cab  (admitted  to  stand  for 
hire  in  private  place  esp.  railway  station) ;  (v.t.) 
invest  with  p.,  allow  (person  to  do)  as  p.,  ex- 
empt (person  from  burden  &c).  Hence  ppi*vi- 
le^ED l  a.  [( vb  f.  F  priviUgier  f.  med.  L  privi- 
legiare)  f.  L  privilegium  bill,  law,  affecting  an 
individual  (privus  private  +  lex  legis  law)] 

ppi'vity,  n.     Law)  any  relation  between  two 


PRIVY 


657 


PROBLEM 


Earties  that  is  recognized  by  law,  e.g.  that  of 
lood,  lease,  service ;  being  privy  (to  designs 
&c).    [f.  OF  priveU  f.  L  privus  private,  see  -t  y] 
pri'vy,  a.  &  (archaic  exc.  in  law)  n.     (Of 
things,  places,  &c.)  hidden,  secluded ;  p.  parts, 
external organsof  sex;  (of action) secret,  whence 

S»pi*viLV2  adv.;  p.  to,  in  the  secret  of  (person's 
esigns  &c);  P.  Council,  sovereign's  private 
counsellors,  (in  Great  Britain)  body  of  advisers 
chosen  by  sovereign  (now  chiefly  as  personal 
dignity,  most  functions  being  performed  by 
Cabinet,  committees,  &c.)  together  with  princes 
of  blood,  archbishops,  &c. ;  p.  counsellor,  -cillor, 
private  adviser,  esp.  (abbr.  P.C.)  member  of 
P.  Council ;  p.  purse,  allowance  from  public 
revenueformonarch's  private  expenses,  keeper 
of  this ;  p.  seal,  seal  affixed  to  documents  that 
are  afterwards  to  pass,  or  that  do  not  require, 
the  Great  Seal,  Lord  (keeper  of  the)  P.  Seal ; 
(n.)  private  place  of  ease,  latrine,  (Law)  person 
having  a  part  or  interest  in  any  action,  matter, 
or  thing,    [f.  F  prive  private] 

prize »,  n.,  &  v.t.  Reward  given  as  symbol  of 
victory  or  superiority  to  student  in  school  or 
college  who  excels  in  attainments,  to  competitor 
in  athleticcontest.toexhibitorof  best  specimen 
of  manufactured  products,  works  of  art,  &c, 
in  exhibition;  (fig.)  anything  striven  for  or 
worth  striving  for,  as  many  pp.  in  the  Church, 
missedallthegreatpp.  of  life;  money  or  money's 
worth  offered  for  competition  by  chance,  in 
lottery,  &c;  (attrib.)  p.  ox,  poem,  &c.  (to  which 
p.  is  adjudged  in  show,  competition,  &c);  p.- 
fellowship  (given  as  reward  for  eminence  in  ex- 
amination), p.-fellow,  holder  of  this;  p.-fight, 
boxing  match  for  money,  so  -fighter,  fighting, 
nn.ipri'zeman,  winner  of  (often  specified)  p., 
as  Smith's  prizeman,  winner  of  Smith's  P.;  p.- 
ring,  enclosed  area  (now  usu.  square)  for,  (fig.) 
practice  of,  p. -fighting;  (v.t.)  value  highly,  as 
toe  p.  liberty  more  than  life.  Hence  pri'ze- 
less  a,  [(n.)  differentiation  of  price  ;  (vb)  f.  OF 
prisier,  preisier,  praise] 

prize2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ship,  property,  captured 
at  sea  in  virtue  of  rights  of  war;  p.  court,  de- 
partment of  admiralty  court  concerned  with 
pp. ;  p.-money  (realized  by  sale  of  p. ) ;  make  p.  of 
(cargo,  ship,  &c),  seize  thus;  become  (lawful 
&c.)  p.,  be  thus  seized ;  (v.t)  make  p.  of.  [(vb 
f.  n.)  f.  F prise  taking,  capture,  f.  Rom.  prensa 
f.  L  pre(he)ndere  -hens-  seize] 

prize  3,  -se,  v.t.,  &  n.  Force  (lid  &c.  up,  out, 
box  &c.  open)  by  leverage;  (n.)  leverage,  pur- 
chase,   [(vb  f.  n.)  as  prec] 

pro1,  prep.  P.  forma  adv.  &  a.,  (done)  for 
form's  sake ;  p.  hac  vfce,  for  this  occasion  only ; 
p.  rata  adv.  &  a.,  proportional(ly);  p.  re  ndtd 
adv.  &  a.,  for  an  occasion  as  it  arises,  as  a  meet- 
ing held  p.  r.n.,a p.  r.  n.  meeting;  p.  t&nto,  so 
far,  to  that  extent ;  p.  te'mporl  adv.&  a.  (abbr. 
pro  tern.),  for  the  time,  as  made  secretary  pro 
tern.,  the  pro  tern,  secretary.    [LI 

pro  2,  n.  (pi.  pros).  Colloq.  abbr.  of  profes- 
sional. 

pro-1,  pref.  (before  vowel  somet.  in  earlier 
form  prod- =L  pro  in  front  of,  for.  on  behalf  of, 
instead  of,  on  account  of.  As  living  E  pref. 
(1)  in  sense  ' substitute(d)  for',  as  -cathedral 
a.  &  n.,  (church)  used  as  substitute  for  cathedral, 
-pro'ctor,  assistant  or  deputy  proctor  in  univv., 
-re'etor,  vice-rector  in  univv.  &c;  -leg,  fleshy 
abdominal  limb  of  larvae  of  some  insects,  e.g. 
caterpillars.  (2)  in  sense  '  (person)  favouring  or 
siding  with '  (cf.ANTi-)  as  -Boer  a.  &  n. ,  -British, 
-ediicational,  -negro  a.  &  n.,  -papist  a.  &  n., 
-slavery,  -tariff-reform. 

pro-2,  pref.  =  Gk  pro  before  (in  time,  place, 
order,  &c.)  in  wds  f.  Gk  &  in  mod.  scientific  wds. 


pro'a,  n.  Malay  boat,  esp.  a  type  of  sailing 
boat.    [f.  Malay  pra(h)u,  also  used  in  E] 

pro  &  con,  adv.  &  n.  (Of  arguments  or  rea- 
sons) for  &  against,  on  both  sides ;  pros  &  cons, 
reasons  for  &  against,    [f.  L  pro  et  contra] 

probabi'liorism,  n.  (RC.  casuistry).  Doc- 
trine that  the  side  on  which  evidence  prepon- 
derates ought  to.be  followed  (cf .  foil. ).  So  pro- 
babi'lioriST  n.  [f.  L  probabilior  more  pro- 
bable +  -ism] 

prd'babilism,  n.  Doctrine  that  where  au- 
thorities differ  any  course  may  be  followed  for 
which  recognized  doctor  of  the  Church  can  be 
cited  (cf.  prec);  theory  that  there  is  no  certain 
knowledge,  but  may  be  grounds  of  belief  suffi- 
cient for  practical  life.    So  pro'bablliST  n. 

[as  PROBABLE  +  -ISM] 

probability,  n.  Quality  of  being  probable ; 
in  all  p.,  most  likely ;  there  is  no  p.  (likelihood) 
of  his  coming;  (most)  probable  event,  as  tchat 
are  the  pp.  ?,  the  p.  is  that  he  will  come ;  (Math.) 
likelihood  of  an  event,  measured  by  the  ratio 
of  the  favourable  cases  to  the  whole  number  of 
cases  possible,  as  from  a  bag  containing  3  red 
balls  &  7  white  the  p.  of  a  red  ball's  being  drawn 
first  is  3/10.  [f.  F  probability  f.  L  probabilitatem 
(as  foil.,  see  -ty)J 

prd'bable,  a.  That  may  be  expected  to  hap- 
pen or  prove  true,  likely,  as  reckon  the  p.  cost, 
it  is  p.  that  he  forgot,  gives  a  p.  account  of  the 
matter.  Hence  pro'babLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  pro- 
babilis  (probare  prove,  see  -ble)] 

pro'bang,  n.  Surgeon's  strip  of  whalebone 
with  sponge, button, &c.,  atend  for  introducing 
into  throat,  [altered  f.  inventor's  wd  provang 
(etym.  dub.),  perh.  on  probe] 

pro-bate  (-at),  n.  Official  proving  of  will ; 
verified  copy  of  will  with  certificate  as  handed 
to  executors ;  p.  duty,  tax  on  personal  property 
of  deceased  testator,  now  merged  in  estate  duty, 
[f.  L  probatum  neut.  p.p.  of  probare  prove] 

probation,  n.  Testing  of  conduct  or  char- 
acter of  person  esp.  of  candidate  for  member- 
ship in  religious  body  &c;  moral  trial  or  disci- 
pline ;  system  of  releasing  young  criminals  esp. 
first  offenders  on  suspended  sentence  during 
good  behaviour  under  supervision  of  person  (p. 
officer)  acting  as  friend  &  adviser,  [f.  OFpro- 
bacion  f.  L  probationem  (as  prove,  see  -ation)] 

probationary,  a.  Of,  serving  for,  done  in 
the  way  of,  probation,  so  proba'tionAL  a.; 
undergoing  probation,    [-ary1] 

probationer,  n.  Person  on  probation,  e.  g. 
novice  in  religious  house ;  offender  under  pro- 
bation.  Hence  proba'tionersHiP  n.   [-er  *] 

pro'bative,  a.  Affording  proof,  evidential, 
[f.  L  probativus  (as  prove,  see  -ive)J 

probe,  n.,  &  v.t.  Blunt-ended  surgical  in- 
strument usu.  of  silver  for  exploring  wound  &c; 
(v.t.)  explore  (wound,  part  of  body)  with  p., 
penetrate  (thing)  with  sharp  instrument,  (fig.) 
examine  closely,  sound,  (person,  motive,  report, 
&c).    f(vb  f.  n.)  f.  LL  proba  proof] 

pro'bity,  n.  Uprightness,  honesty,  [f.  L  pro- 
bitas  (probus  good,  see  -ty)] 

pro'blem,  n.  Doubtful  or  difficult  question, 
as  how  to  prevent  it  is  a  p.,  the  p.  of  ventilation ; 
(attrib.)  p.  play,  novel,  (in  which  social  or  other 
p.  is  treated) ;  thing  hard  to  understand,  as  his 
whole  conduct  is  a  p.  to  me ;  (Geom.)  proposi- 
tion in  which  something  has  to  be  done  (cf. 
theorem);  (Log.)  the  question  (usu.  only  im- 
plied) involved  in  a  syllogism ;  (Physics,  Math.) 
inquiry  starting  from  given  conditions  to  in- 
vestigate a  fact,  result,  or  law,  as  Kepler's  p. ; 
(Chess)  arrangement  of  pieces  on  the  board  in 
which  player  is  challenged  to  accomplish  speci- 
fied result,  often  under  prescribed  conditions. 


PROBLEMATICAL 


658 


PROCURATION 


[f.  F  probleme  f.  L  f .  Gk  problema  -matos  f. 
PR02{balld  throw),  see  -m] 
ppoblema*tie(al),  aa.    Doubtful,  question- 
able, as  its  success  is  p.,  the  whole  question  is 
p.;  (Log.)  enunciating  or  supporting  what  is 

fiossible  but  not  necessarily  true.  Hence  prob- 
ema'tiealLY2  adv.  [f.  F  problematique  i. 
LL  f.  Gk  problematikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)j 

ppo*blem(at)ist,  nn.  One  who  studies  or 
composes  (esp.  chess)  problems,    [-ist] 

ppobosei'dean,  -ian,  aa.  &  nn.  Having  a 
proboscis ;  of,  like,  a  proboscis ;  (mammal)  of 
the  order  Proboscidea,  containing  elephant  & 
extinct  allies,    [f.  mod.  L  Proboscidea  +  -A  n J 

probo'scis,  n.  Elephant's  trunk ;  long  flex- 
ible snout  of  tapir  &c. ;  elongated  part  of  mouth 
of  some  insects  ;  sucking  organ  in  some  worms ; 
(facet.)  human  nose  ;  p.-monkey  (with  nose  pro- 
jecting far  beyond  mouth).  So  ppoboseidi*- 
fekous,  ppobosei'diFORM,  aa.  [L,  gen. 
-cidis,  f.  Gk  proboskis  f.  PROz(bosko  feed)] 

ppoce'dupe  (yer),  n.  Proceeding ;  mode  of 
conducting  business  (esp.  in  parliament)  or  legal 
action,    [f.  ¥  procedure  (as  foil.,  see  -ure)] 

ppocee'd,  v.i.  Go  on,  make  one's  way,  {to 
place) ;  go  on  (laith,  in,  action,  investigation, 
remarks,  &c,  to  another  subject,  to  do) ;  adopt 
course  of  action,  as  hoio  shall  we  p.? ;  (abs.)  go 
on  to  say,  as  Hn  either  case'  he  proceeded  '  our 
course  is  clear ';  p.  to  (take)  the  degree  ofM.A., 
p.  (take  degree  of)  M.A.;  (of  action)  be  carried 
on,  take  place,  as  the  case,  the  play,  will  now 
p. ;  come  forth,  issue,  originate,  as  sobs  heard 
to  p.  from  next  1  oom,  volumes  p.  from  the 
Pitt  Press,  exertions  p.  from  a  false  hope.  [I. 
F  procider  f.  L  pro  1(cedere  cess-  go)] 

ppocee'ding*,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  action, 
piece  of  conduct,  as  a  high-handed  p.;  legal 
pp.,  (steps  taken  in)  legal  action,  as  shall  in- 
stitute legal  pp.  (go  to  law) ;  (as  title)  Pp.  of 
Royal  Society  &c.    [-ing  l] 

ppo'ceeds,  n.  pi.  Produce,  outcome,  profit, 
as  the  pp.  will  be  devoted  to  charity,  [f.  pro- 
ceed v.;  sing,  now  obs.] 

ppoceleusma'tic,  a.  &  n.  (prosody).  P. 
(foot),  metrical  foot  of  four  short  syllables,  [f. 
LL  f.  Gk  prokeleusmatikos  I.  prokeleusma  in- 
citement f._PR02(fcetewo  command),  see-M  &  -ic] 

ppocellap'ian,  a.  &  n.  (Bird)  of  the  genus 
or  family  to  which  petrels  belong,  [f.  L  pro- 
cella_stovm,  see  -arian] 

ppQ'cess1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Progress,  course,  esp. 
in  p.  of  construction  &c,  being  constructed 
&c,  in  p.  of  time,  as  time  goes  on  ;  course  of 
action,  proceeding,  esp.  method  of  operation  in 
manufacture,  printing,  photography,  &c;  na- 
tural orinvoluntaryoperation.seriesof  changes; 
(print  from  block  produced  by)  method  other 
than  simple  engraving  by  hand ;  action  at  law, 
formal  commencement  of  this ;  (Anat.,  Zool., 
Bot.)  outgrowth,  protuberance ;  (v.t.)  institute 
legal  p.  against  (person),  treat  (material),  pre- 
serve (food),  reproduce  (drawing),  by  a  p.  [(vb 
partly  thr.  OF  processed)  f.  F  proces  f.  L  pro- 
cessus -us,  as  proceed] 

ppoee'ss2,  v.i.  (colloq.).  Walk  in  procession, 
[back-formation  f.  foil.] 

ppoce'ssion,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Proceeding  of 
body  of  persons  (or  of  boats  &c.)  in  orderly  suc- 
cession, esp.  as  religious  ceremony  or  on  festive 
occasion,  as  go,  \calk,  in  p.;  body  of  persons 
doing  this;  (fig.)  ill-contested  race;  (Theol.) 
emanation  of  the  Holy  Ghost ;  p.  caterpillars, 

kinds  that  go  in  p.,  so  p.  moth,  whence  ppo- 

ce*ssionARYi  a.;   (v.i.)  go  in  p.;  (v.t.)  walk 

along  (street)  in  p.    [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  proces- 

sionem  (as  proceed,  see  -ion)] 

ppoce-ssional,  a.  &  n.  Of  processions ;  used, 


(Eccl.)  office-book  of  p.  hymns  &c.    [f.  med. 
processionalis  a.,  -le  n.,  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

processionist,  n.  One  who  goes  in  pro- 
cession.   So  ppoee'ssionizE  v.i.    [-ist] 

proces-ye#-Jba/(pr6savarbalrl),n.  (pi.  -baux 
pron.  -bo).  Written  report  of  proceedings, 
minutes  ;  (Fr.  Law)  written  statement  of  facts 
in  support  of  charge.    [FJ 

ppo'chponism,  n.  Referring  of  event  &c. 
to  an  earlier  than  the  true  date,  as  races  held 
in  June  cfr  called  by  a  p.  the  Mays.  [f.  pro-2  on 
anachronism] 

ppoclai*m,v.t.  Announce  publicly  &  official- 
ly (thing,  that) ;  declare  (war,  peace) ;  announce 
officially  the  accession  of  (sovereign) ;  declare 
(person,  thing)  officially  to  be  (a  traitor  &c.) ; 
declare  publicly  or  openly  (thing,  that) ;  place 
(district  &c.)  under  legal  restrictions  by  de- 
claration, as  the  whole  county  is  proclaimed. 
So  ppoelamATiON  n.,  ppocla'matORy  a. 
[f.  L  pro  x{clamare  cry  out)] 

ppoeli'tic,  a.  &  n.  (Gk  gram.).  (Mono- 
syllable) closely  attached  in  pronunciation  to 
following  word  &  having  itself  no  accent,    [f. 

PRO-2  On  ENCLITIC] 

ppoeli'vity,  n.  Tendency  (to,  towards, 
action  or  habit,  esp.  bad  one,  to  do),  [f.  L  pro- 
clivitas  f.  pro  Hclivis  f.  clivus  slope),  see  -tv] 

ppoco'nsul,  n.  (Rom.  Hist.)  governor  of 
Roman  province,  in  later  republic  usu.  an  ex- 
consul  ;  (under  empire)  governor  of  senatorial 
province;  (rhet.)  governor  of  modern  colony 
&c;  {pro-consul)  deputy  consul.  Hence  or 
cogn.  ppoco'nsulAR1  a.,  ppocotisuIateMD, 
ppoco'nsulsHiP,  nn.  [L,  earlier  pro  consule 
(one  acting)  for  consul] 

ppocpa'stinate,  v.i.  &  t.  Defer  action,  be 
dilatory;  (rare)  postpone  (action).  Hence  or 
cogn.  ppocpa*stinatingLY2adv.,  proera- 
stinATiON,  ppocpa'stinatOR2,  nn.,  ppo- 
epa'stinatiVE,  ppocpa*stinatoRY,  aa.  [f.  L 
pro  ] (crasti nare  f.  crastinus  of  tomorrow  f. 
eras),  see  -ate  3] 

pro-create,  v.t.  Beget,  generate,  (offspring 
or  abs.).  Hence  or  cogn.  ppo'epeANT,  ppo'- 
epeatiVE,  aa.,  ppoereA'TiON  n.  [f.  L  pro1- 
(creare  create)] 

Ppoepu'stean,  a.  Tending  to  produce  uni- 
formity by  violent  methods,  [f.  Gk  Prokrous- 
tes,  lit.  stretcher,  name  of  fabulous  robber  who 
fitted  victims  to  his  bed  by  stretching  or  mu- 
tilation, see  -an] 

ppo'etop,  n.  (Univv.)  each  of  two  officers 
{senior,  j unior,  p.)  appointed  annually  &  charg- 
ed with  various  functions  esp.  discipline  of 
persons  in  statu  pupillari;  (Law)  person 
managing  causes  in  court  (now  chiefly  eccl.) 
that  administers  civil  or  canon  law,  King's, 
Queen's,  P.,  official  who  has  right  to  intervene 
in  probate,  divorce,  &  nullity  cases  when  col- 
lusion or  suppression  of  facts  is  alleged.  Hence 
ppoetop'iAL  a.,  ppo'etopsHiP  n.  [syncop.  of 

PROCURATOR] 

ppo'etopize,  v.t.  Exercise  proctor's  au- 
thority on  (undergraduate  &c).  Hence  ppoe- 
tOPiZA'TION  n.     [-ize] 

ppocu'mbent,  a.  Lying  on  the  face,  pros- 
trate; (Bot.)  growing  along  the  ground.  |f.  L 
pro  Hcumbere  lay  oneself)  fall  forwards,  -entJ 

ppoeupa'tion,  n.  Procuring,  obtaining, 
bringing  about,  so  ppocup*al(2),  proeur'- 
ance,  nn.;  function,  authorized  action,  of  at- 
torney; (Eccl.)  provision  of  entertainment  for 
bishop  or  other  visitor  by  incumbent  &c,  now 
commuted  to  money  payment ;  (fee  for)  negotia- 
tion of  loan  ;  pimping.  [F,  f.  L  procurationem 
(as  procure,  see  -ation)] 


PROCURATOR 


659 


PROFICIENT 


procurator,  n.  (Rom.  Hist.)  treasury 
officer  in  imperial  province  ;  agent,  proxy,  esp. 
one  who  has  power  of  attorney  ;  magistrate  in 
some  Italian  cities; p.-fiscal,  public  prosecutor 
of  district  in  Scotland.  Hence  or  cogn.  pro- 
curator'iAL  a.,  procuratorsmp  n.  [L,  as 
procure,  see  -or*] 

prdcuratory,  n.  Authorization  to  act  for 
another,  esp.  letters  of  p.  [f.  LL  procuratorium 
neut,  adj.  (as  procure,  see  -ory)J 

proeura'trix,  n.  Inmate  of  nunnery  manag- 
ing its  temporal  concerns.    [L,  as  foil.,  -trix] 

procure*,  v.t.  &  i.  Obtain  by  care  or  effort, 
acquire,  as  must  p.  a  copy,  cannot  p.  employ- 
ment ;  (archaic)  bring  about,  as  procured  his 
death  by  poison ;  act  as  procurer  or  procuress. 
Hence  proeur'ABLE  a.,  procure'MENT  n. 
[f.  F  procurer  f.  L  pro  *  (curare  see  to)] 

procurer,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  man  or 
woman  who  procures  women  for  gratification 
of  another's  lust.  So  procur*ESS  'n.  [ME  & 
AF  procurour  f.  L  as  procurator] 

prod,  v.t.,  &  n.  Poke  with  pointed  instru- 
ment, end  or  stick,  &c;  (fig.)  goad,  irritate ;  (n.) 
poke,  thrust,  pointed  instrument.    [?] 

prodeli'sion  (-zhn),  n.  (prosody).  Elision  of 
initial  vowel,    [f.  L  prod=PRO-1  +  elision] 

prodigal  (-gl),  a.  &  n.  Recklessly  wasteful 
(person);  lavish  of;  p.  son  (Luke  xv.  11-32). 
Hence  or  cogn.  prodig-a'liTY  n.,  pro'dig-al- 
ly2  adv.  [obs.  F,  f.  L  prodigus  f.  prodigere 
squander  (prod  pro-1  4-  agere  drive),  -al] 

prodigalize,  v.t.    Spend  lavishly,   [-ize] 

prodi'gious  (-jus),  a.  Marvellous,  amazing  • 
enormous ;  abnormal.  Hence  prodi'giousLY2 
adv.,  prodi'gious.NESS  n.  [f.  L  prodigiosus 
(as  foil.,  see  -ous)] 

prodigy  (-jl),  n.  Marvellous  thing,  esp.  one 
out  of  the  course  of  nature,;  wonderful  example 
of  (some  quality);  person  endowed  with  sur- 
prising qualities,  esp.  precocious  child,  as 
(attrib.)  a  p.  violinist,  [f.  hprodigium  portent 
{prod-  pro-1,  cf.  adage)] 

ppo'dpome  (om),  n.  Preliminary  book  or 
treatise  (to  another) ;  (Med.)  premonitory 
symptom  (of),  whence  pro'dromAL,  pro- 
dro'mic,  aa.  [f.  mod.L  prodromus,  pi.  -mi, 
also  in  E,  f.  Gk  pro 2(dromos  running,  -er)  a.  & 
n.;  E  has  also  in  med.  sense  prodroma  n.  pi. 
&  (improp.)  n.  sing,  with  pi.  -mata] 

ppo'duce1,  n.  Amount  produced,  yield,  esp. 
in  assay  of  ore ;  (also  raw  p.)  agricultural  & 
natural  products  collectively;  result  (o/labour, 
efforts,  &c.) ;  (of  ordnance  or  military  or  naval 
stores)  brought  to  p.,  broken  up  &  assorted  into 
classes  to  be  disposed  of.    [f.  foil.] 

produce2,  v.t.  Bring  forward  for  inspection 
or  consideration,  as  will  p.  evidence,  witnesses, 
reasons, p.  yotir  tickets;  bring  (play,  performer, 
book,  &c.)  before  the  public ;  (Geoni.)  extend, 
continue,  (line  to  a  point);  manufacture  (goods) 
from  raw  materials  &c;  bring  about,  cause,  (a 
sensation  &c.) ;  (of  land  &c.)  yield  (produce) ; 
(of  animal  or  plant)  bear,  yield,  (offspring,  fruit). 
So  produciBi'LiTY  n.,  produciBLE  a.  [f.  L 
pro  ^(ducere  duct-  lead)] 

producer,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  (Pol.  Econ.) 
one  who  produces  article  of  consumption  (cf. 
consumer),    [f.  prec.+  -er l] 

product,  n.  Thing  produced  by  natural  pro- 
cess or  manufacture;  result,  as  the  p.  of  his 
labours;  (Math.)  quantity  obtained  by  multi- 
plying quantities  together ;  (Chem.) compound 
not  previously  existing  in  a  body  but  formed 
during  its  decomposition,    [as  produce2] 

production, n.  Producing;  thingproduced, 
esp.  literary  or  artistic  work.  [F,  f.  L  produc- 
tionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 


productive,  a.  Producing,  tending  to  pro- 
duce, as  p.  of  figs,  p.  of  great  annoyance  ;  (Pol. 
Econ.)  producing  commodities  of  exchangeable 
value,  as  p.  labourer) ;  producing  abundantly, 
as  a  p.  soil,  mine,  writer.  Hence  produc- 
tiveLY2  adv.,  productiveNESs,  produc- 
ts v  it  Y,  nn.  [f.  med.L  productivxis  (as  pro- 
duce2, see  -ive)] 

proem  (-im),  n.  Preface,  preamble,  to  book 
or  speech  ;  beginning,  prelude.  Hence  pro- 
e*mi  al  a.  If.  OF  proeme  f.  L  f.  Gk  pro  Hoimion 
f.  oimos  way  or  oime  song)] 

profa'ne1,  v.t.  Treat  (sacred  thing)  with 
irreverence  or  disregard ;  violate,  pollute,(what 
is  entitled  to  respect).  So  prot'anA'TiON  n. 
[f.  L  profanare,  as  foil.] 

profa'ne  2,  a.  Not  belonging  to  what  is  sa- 
cred or  biblical,  asp.  history,  literature,  writer; 
not  initiated  into  religious  rites  or  any  esoteric 
knowledge;  (of  rites  &c.)  heathen  ;  irreverent, 
blasphemous,  so  profa'niTY  n.  Hence  pro- 
fa'neLY2  adv.,  profa'neNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  F 
prophane  f.  L  pro  Hfanus  f.  fanum  temple)  be- 
fore i.e.  outside  the  temple] 

profess,  v.  t.  &  i.  Lay  claim  to  (quality,  feel- 
ing), pretend  (to  be  or  do),  asthey  p.  extreme  re- 
gret, do  not  p.  to  be  a  scholar;  openly  declare, 
as  they  p.  themselves  quite  content,  I  p.  (that) 
this  is  news  to  me ;  affirm  one's  faith  in  or  alle- 
giance to  (religion,  God,  Christ) ;  make  (law, 
medicine,  flute-playing,  theflute,&c.)  one's  pro- 
fession or  business ;  teach  (subject)  as  professor; 
perform  duties  of  a  professor,  [f.  L  pro  l  (fiteri 
fess-  =  fateri  confess)] 

profe'ssed  (st),  a.  Self-acknowledged,  as  a 
p.  Christian  ;  alleged,  ostensible,  whence  pro- 
fe*ssedLY2adv.;  claimingto  be  dulyqualified, 
as  a  p.  anatomist ;  p.  monk,  nun,  (that  has 
taken  vows  of  religious  order),    [p.p.  of  prec] 

profe'ssion,  n.  Declaration,  avowal,  as  in 
practice  if  not  in  p.,  accept  my  sincere  pp.  of 
regard,  spare  me  these  pp.;  declaration  of  be- 
lief in  a  religion  ;  vow  made  on  entering,  fact 
of  being  in,  a  religious  order;  vocation,  calling, 
esp.  one  that  involves  some  branch  of  learning 
or  science,  as  the  learned  pp.  (divinity,  law, 
medicine),  the  military  p.,  a  carpenter  by  p., 
whence  profe'ssionLESS  a.;  the  body  of  per- 
sons engaged  in  this,  esp.  (Theatr.  slang)  actors, 
as  lets  apartments  to  the  p.  [F,  f.  L  profession- 
em  (as  profess,  see  -ion)] 

professional,  a.  &  n.  Of,  belonging  to,  con- 
nected with,  a  profession,  as  p.  men,  etiquette, 
jealousy  ;  p.  politician,  agitator,  &c.  (making 
a  trade  of  politics  &c.) ;  p.  cricketer,  golfer,  &c. 
(playing  for  money,  cf.  amateur)  ;  (n.)  p.  man, 
esp.  (abbr.  pro)  p.  cricketer,  golfer,  &c.  Hence 
professionally  2  adv.    [-al] 

professionalism,  n.  Qualities,  stamp,  of 
a  profession  ;  practice  of  employing  profession- 
als.    So  profe*ssionalizE(3)  v.t.    [-ism] 

professor,  n.  One  who  makes  profession 
(of  a  religion ) ;  public  teacher  of  high  rank,  esp. 
holder  of  a  chair  in  university  (prefixed  as  title, 
abbr.  Prof. ),  whence  profe'ssorATE  Ml),  pro- 
fessorESS1,  professor'iATEMD,  profe's- 
sorsHip,  nn.,  professor'iAL  a.,  profes- 
sor'ialLY  2  ad  v. ;  (as  grandiose  title)  P.  Smith's 
Boxing  Dormice  &c. ;  (slang)  professional.  [L 
(as  profess,  see  -or2)] 

pro'fTer,  v.t.,  &  n.,  (literary).  Offer  (gift,  ser- 
vices, &c,  archaic  to  do;  esp.  in  p.p.);  (n.) 
offer,  [(n.  f.  A  F  prof  re)  f.  AF  proffrir  (pro-  j  + 
offrir  offer)] 

proficient  (shnt),  a.  &  n.  Adept,  expert, 
(in,  at,  an  art  &c.,  in  doing).  Hence  profl*- 
cIency  n.,  proficientLY2  adv,  [f,  L  as  pro- 
fit l,  see  -ent] 


PROFILE J 

pro'file  (-el),  n.,  &  v.t  Drawing,  silhouette, 
or  other  representation,  of  side  view  esp.  of 
human  face,  whence  ppo'filiST  n.;  drawn  &c. 
in  p.  (as  seen  from  one  side) ;  side  outline  esp. 
of  the  human  face ;  (Fortif.)  transverse  vertical 
section  of  fort,  comparative  thickness  of  earth- 
work &c. ;  flat  outline  piece  of  scenery  on  stage; 
(v.t.)  represent  in  p.,  give  a  p.  to.  [(n.  f.  It. pro- 
filo  now  proff-)  f.  It.  (now  proff-)  pro  Hfilare 
spin  f.  hjilare  t.filum  thread)] 

ppd'ftt1,  n.  Advantage,  benefit,  as  have 
studied  it  to  my  p.,  no  p.  in  such  pursuits; 
pecuniary  gain,  excess  of  returns  over  outlay, 
(usu.  pi.);  (Bookkeep.)p.  &  loss  account,  account 
in  which  gains  are  credited  &  losses  debited  so 
as  to  show  net  p.  or  loss  at  any  time ;  p.-sharing 
(of  pp.  esp.  between  employer  &  employed). 
Hence  ppo'fltLESS  a.,  ppo'fltlessLY  2  adv., 
ppo'fitlessNESS  n.  [OF,  f.  L  profectus  -us  f. 
pro  ]( ficerefect-  =facere  do)  advance] 

ppo'flt 2,  v.t,  &  i.  (Of  thing)  be  of  advantage 
to  (person  &c,  orig.  indirect  object),  as  it  will 
not  p.  him,  what  will  it  p.  him  ?;  be  of  advant- 
age ;  (of  person  &c.)  be  benefited  or  assisted,  as 
hope  to  p.  by  your  advice,  profited  by  his  conci- 
sion to  make  my  escape,   [f.  F  profiter  as  prec] 

ppo'fitable,  a.  Beneficial,  useful,  as  p.  con- 
versation ;  yielding  profit,  lucrative,  as  a  p. 
speculation.  Hence  ppo'fl  table  ness  n. ,  ppo*- 
fitabLY  2  adv.    [F  (profit  *  +  -able)] 

ppo-flig-ate  (at),  a.  &  n.  Licentious,  disso- 
lute; recklessly  extravagant;  (n.)  p.  person. 
Hence  ppcfligACY  n.,  ppo'flig-atei.v  2  adv. 
[f.  L  pro  }(Jligare  =fligere  strike  down)  over- 
throw, ruin,  see  -ate3] 

ppofou'nd  (-ow-),  a.  &  n.    Having,  showing, 

statesman, 
or 
thought,  as  p.  doctrines ;  (of  state  or  quality) 
deep,  intense,  unqualified,  as  fell  into  a  p.  sleep, 
take  a  p.  interest,  simulated  a  p.  indifference  ; 
having,  coming  from,  extending  to,  a  great 
depth,  as  p.  crevasses,  a  p.  (deep-drawn)  sigh, 
p.  (deep-seated)  gangrene;  (n.,  poet.)  the  vast 
depth  (of  ocean,  futurity,  the  soul,  &c).  Hence 
or  cogn.  ppofoirndLY2  adv.,  ppofoirnd- 
ness,  ppofirndiTY,  nn.  (f.  OWprofund  f.  L 
pro  H fundus  bottom)  deep] 

ppofu'se  (-s),  a.  Lavish,  extravagant,  (in,  of, 
gifts,  promises,  expenditure,  &c);  (of  things) 
exuberantly  plentiful.  Hence  or  cogn.  ppo- 
fu*seLY2  adv.,  ppofirsexEss,  ppoftrsiON 
(zhn),  nn.    [f.  L pro Hfunderefus- pour)] 

ppog-  \  n.  (slang).  Food,  esp.  for  journey  or 
excursion.    [?] 

ppog2t  nn#  &  vv.t,  ppo'g-gins,  (slang). 
Proctor  at  Oxford  orCambridge ;  (v.t)proctor- 
ize.    [abbr.] 

ppoge'nitive,  a.  Capable  of,  connected 
with,  the  production  of  offspring,  [as  foil.,  -1  ve] 

ppoge*nitop  (-j-),  n.  Ancestor  of  person,  ani- 
mal, or  plant ;  (fig.)  political  or  intellectual  pre- 
decessor, original  of  a  copy.  Hence  ppog-eni- 
top'iAL  a.,  ppog-e*nitopsHip,  ppog-e*ni- 
tPESS  K  nn.  [f.  obs.  F  progeniteur  f.  L  progeni- 
torem  f.  pro  Hgignere  genit-  beget),  see  -or2] 

ppoge'nitupe,  n.  (Begetting  of)  offspring, 
[as  prec,  see  -ure] 

ppd'g-eny,  n.  Offspring  of  person,  animal, 
pr  plant;  descendants;  (fig.)  issue,  outcome. 
If.  obs.  F  progeniet  hprogenies f.  pro  Hgignere 
beget)] 

prog-gins.    See  prog2. 

ppogrlo'ttis,  n.  (pi.  -ides).  Sexually  mature 
segment  of  tapeworm.  If.  Gk  pro  Hglossis  f. 
glossa,  -tta,  tongue),  from  its  shape] 

ppo-gnathous,  a.  With  projecting  jaws ; 
(of   laws)  projecting.     So  ppogrna'thic  a., 


great  knowledge  or  insight,  as  p.  statesmc 
inquiry,  treatise;  demanding  deep  study 


0 PROJECT 

ppo*g,nathiSM(2)  n.  [f.  pro-2+  Gk  gnathos 
jaw  +  -ous] 

ppog-no'sis,  n.  (pi.  -oses).  Prognostication, 
esp.  (Med.)  forecast  of  course  of  disease.  [L,  f. 
Gk  PH02(gn6sis  f.  gno-  know)] 

ppogrio'stic,  n.  &  a.  Pre-indication,  omen, 
(of);  prediction,  forecast ;  (adj.)  foretelling,  pre- 
dictive, (of),  [(n.  f.  OF  pronostique)  f.  med.L  f. 
Gk  prognostikos  f.  pro  ^(gignoskd  learn),  -ic] 

ppog-no'sticate,  v.t.  Foretell  (event,  that); 
(of  things)  betoken.  Hence  or  cogn.  ppogno'- 
stiCABLE,  ppogno'sticatiVE,  prog-no-sti- 
eatORY,  aa.,  ppognosticA'TioN,  progno'- 
stieatOR2,  nn.  [f.  med.L  prognosticare  (as 
prec),  see -ate3] 

pr6-gram(me),  n. ,  &  v.t.  Descriptive  notice 
of  series  of  events,  e.  g.  of  course  of  study,  con- 
cert, &c;  definite  plan  of  intended  proceedings ; 
(colloq.)  what  is  the  p.  for  (what  are  we  going 
to  do)  to-day  ? ;  p.-music  (intended  to  suggest 
series  of  scenes  or  events) ;  (v.t.)  make  a  p.  or 
definite  plan  of.  [f .  L  f.  G k programma  f.  pro  2- 
(grapho  write)  write  publicly,  see  -m  ;  -me  now 
usu^but  cf.  diagram,  telegram,  &c] 

ppo'^pess  *,  n.  Forward  or  onward  move- 
ment in  space,  as  made  slow  p.,  continued  his 
p.;  aninquiry  is  noioinp.  (going on) ;  advance, 
development,  as  made  nop.  in  his  studies,  the 
p.  of  civilization,  disease  made  rapid  p. ;  (ar- 
chaic) state  journey,  official  tour,  esp.  royal  p. 
[ult.  f.  L  pro  Hgredi  gress-  -  gradi  walk)] 

progre'ss2,  v.i.  Move  forward  or  onward ; 
be  carried  on,  as  the  controversy  stillprogresses ; 
advance,  develop,  as  we  p.  in  knowledge,  science 
progresses,    [f.  prec. ;  Amer.  revival  of  obs.  E] 

ppogpe'ssion  (-shn),  n.  Progress,  as  mode 
of  p.;  (Math.)  arithmetical,  geometrical, 
harmonic,  p.;  (Mus.)  passing  from  one  note  or 
chord  to  another.  Hence  ppogpe'ssionAL  a. 
IF,  f.  L  progressionem  (as  progress  \  see  -ion)] 

ppog-pe'ssionist,  n.  Advocate  of  progress 
e.  g.  in  political  or  social  matters  (also  ppo'- 
g"pessiST  n.);  one  who  holds  that  life  on  the 
earth  has  been  marked  by  gradual  progression 
to  higher  forms,    [-ist] 

ppogrpe'ssive,  a.  &  n.  Moving  forward,  as 
p.  motion ;  proceeding  step  by  step,  successive ; 
p.  whist  &c.  (played  by  several  sets  of  players 
at  different  tables,  certain  players  passing  after 
each  round  to  next  table);  advancing  in  social 
conditions,  character,  efficiency,  &c,  as  a  p. 
nation;  (of  disease)  continuously  increasing; 
favouring  progress  or  reform,  as  p.  principles, 


party,  whence  ppogrpe'ssiviSM  n.;  (n.)  advo 
Hen< 
»gT»e*ssiV( 

ssi,  see-iVE] 


cate  of  p.  policy, 
adv.,  pro 


ence  ppogre'ssi voly  2 
ssive\ESS  n.    [F  (-if,  -ive),  as 


ppohi'bit,  v.t.   Forbid,  debar,  (action,  thing, 

Eerson  from  doing).    Hence  or  cogn.  ppohi*- 
dtER1,  ppohi'bitoR2,  nn.    [f.  L  pro  Hhibere 
hibit-  =  habere  hold)] 

prohibition,  n.  Forbidding ;  edict,  order, 
that  forbids ;  forbidding  by  law  of  sale  of  in- 
toxicants for  common  consumption,  whence 
ppohibl'tioniST  n.  (Law)  writ  from  High 
Court  of  Justice  forbidding  inferior  court  to 

firoceed  in  suit  as  being  beyond  its  cognizance. 
F,  f.  L  prohibitionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

ppohi'bitive,  a.  Prohibiting;  serving  to 
prevent  the  (ab)use  of  a  thing,  asp.  tax,  pub- 
lished at  a  p.  price.  Hence  or  cogn.  ppohrbi- 
tiveLY2  adv.,  ppohi'bitiveNESs  n.,  ppo- 
hl'bitORY  a.  [F(-if,  -ive),  as  prohibit,  see  -ive] 

ppoje'et  K  v.t.  &  i.  Plan,  contrive,  (scheme, 
course  of  action,  &c);  cast,  throw,  impel,  (body 
into  space  &c);  (Chem.)  cast  (substance  into, 
on,  &c) ;  cause  (light,  shadow)  to  fall  on  sur- 
face &c;  (fig.)  cause  (idea  &c)  to  take  shape ; 


PROJECT 

(Geoni.)  draw  straight  lines  from  a  centre 
through  every  point  of  (given  figure)  to  produce 
corresponding  figure  on  a  surface  hy  intersect- 
ing it,  draw  (such  lines),  produce  (such  corre- 
sponding figure);  make  projection  of  (earth,  sky, 
&c.) ;  (intr.)  protrude,  [f.  L  pko  ^(jicere  ject-  = 
jacere  throw)] 

prd'jeet2,  n.    Plan,  scheme,    [as  prec] 

proje'etile,  a.  &  n.  Impelling,  as  p.  force ; 
capable  of  being  projected  by  force,  esp.  from 
cannon ;  (n. )  p.  missile,    [as  prec.  +  -ilej 

projection,  n.  Throwing,  casting;  trans- 
mutation of  metals,  as  powder  of  p.,  alchemist's 
powder  of  philosophers  stone ;  planning ;  pro- 
truding; protruding  thing ;  thrusting  forward; 
(Geom.)  projecting  of  a  figure  (see  project  *),  p. 
of  a  point,  line  joining  point  in  original  figure 
to  one  in  derived  figure ;  representation  on  plane 
surface  of  (any  part  of)  surface  of  earth  or  of 
celestial  sphere,  as  Mercator's  p.  (in  which 
points  of  compass  preserve  same  direction  all 
over  the  map);  mental  image  viewed  as  objec- 
tive reality,    [f.  hprojectio  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

projective,  a.  (Geom.)  of,  derived  by,  pro- 
jection, p.  property  of  a  figure  (unchanged  after 
projection);  mentally  projecting  or  projected; 
as  p.  imagination.  Hence  proje'etiveLY2 
adv.   [as  prec,  see  -ive] 

projector,  n.  One  who  forms  a  project; 
promoter  of  bubble  companies ;  apparatus  for 
projecting  rays  of  light,    [as  prec,  see  -or2] 

prola'pse,  v.L,  &  n.,  (path.).  Slip  forward  or 
down  out  of  place;  (ri.)  =  foll.  [L  L  PRoMZaoi 
laps-  slip)] 

prola'psus,  n.  (path.).  Slipping  forward  or 
down  of  part  of  organ  esp.  of  uterus  or  rectum. 
[L,  gen.  -us,  as  prec] 

pro'late,  a.  (Geom.,  of  spheroid)  lengthened 
in  direction  of  polar  diameter  (cf.  oblate)  ; 
growing,  extending,  in  width;  (fig.)  widely 
spread;  (Gram. )  =  foil.  Hence  pro'lateLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  PRO^erre  lot-  carry)  prolong] 

prola'tive,  a.  (gram.).  Serving  to  extend  or 
complete  predication,  as  in  '  you  can  go '  go  is  a 
p.  infinitive,    [f.  LL  prolativus  (prec,  -ive)] 

prolegomenon,  n.  (usu.  in  pi.  -na).  Pre- 
liminary discourse  or  matter  prefixed  to  book 
&c  Hence  proleg-o'menARY  >,  prolego'- 
menous,  aa.  [Gk  prolegomenon  neut.  pass, 
part,  of  FB.o2(lego  say)] 

prole'psis,  n.  Anticipation  ;  (Gram.)  anti- 
cipatory use  of  predicative  word  as  attributive. 
Hence  or  cogn.  prole'ptic  a.,  prole'ptiCALLY 
adv.m  [Gk  prolepsis  f.  pro mambano  take)] 

proletaire*  (-ar),  n.  =  foil.  n.  Hence  pro- 
leta_ir*is.M(2)  n.    [f.  F  proletaire,  as  foil.] 

proletarian,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  the  pro- 
letariate. Hence  or  cogn.  proletar*ianiSM(2) 
n.,  pro'letARY1  a.  [f.  L  proletarius  one  who 
served  the  State  not  with  properly  but  with 
offspring  (proles),  see  -ary  x  &  -an] 

prole  tar*iat(e)  (-at),  n.  (Rom.  Hist;  &  mod., 
often  contempt.)  lowest  class  of  community; 
(PoL  Econ.)  indigent  wage-earners,  labouring 
classes.    If.  F  proletariat  (as  prec,  see  -ate  j)J 

prolicide,  n.  Killing  of  offspring  esp.  before 
or  soon  after  birth.  Hence  prolicrdAL  a,  [f. 
L  proles  offspring  +  -cide] 

proliferate,  v.i.  &  t.  Reproduce  itself,  grow, 
by  multiplication  of  elementary  parts;  produce 
(cells  &c)  thus.  So  proliferA'TiON  n.,  pro- 
li'ferati ve  a.  [back-formation  f.  proliferation 
t.  F  proliferation  (as  foil.,  see  -ation)] 

prolrferous,  a.  (Bot.)  producing  leaf-  or 
flower-buds  from  leaf  or  flower,  (also)  producing 
new  individuals  from  buds ;  (Zool.)  multiplying 
by  budding ;  (Path.)  spreading  by  proliferation. 
It  med.  hprolifer  [proles  offspring),  see  -fero  us] 


«U PROMISE 

proli'flc,  a.  Producing  (much)  offspring ;  a- 
bundantly  productive  of,  abounding  in.  Hence 
proli*ficACYlirreg.],  prolifi'eiTY,  proli'flc- 
ness,  nn.  [t  med. Lprolificus  (as prec,  see  -fic)] 

proliferous,  a.  Bearing  offspring,  genera- 
tive,   [as  prec  +  L  -ger  -bearing  +  -ous] 

proli'X  (or  pro'-),  a.  Lengthy,  wordy,  tedious, 
as  p.  speech,  writer.  Hence  or  cogn.  proli'x- 
ity  n.,  proll'XLY 2  adv.  [t  L  pro  l(*lix-us p.p. 
of  liouere  be  liquid)] 

pro'locutor  (or  prolo*-),  n.  Chairman  esp.  of 
lower  house  of  convocation  of  either  province 
of  Church  of  England.  Hence  prolo'cutor- 
ship  n.    [L.  t  pro  Hloqui  locut-  speak),  -or  2] 

pro-logize  (j-),  -g-ulze  f-glz),  vv.i.  Write, 
speak,  a  prologue,  [(-gize)  t  Gk  prologizo  as 
io\\.,x(-gu-)  t  foil.  +-ize] 

prd'logue  (og),  n.,  &  v.t  Preliminary  dis- 
course, poem,  &c.  esp.  introducing  play  (cf. 
epilogue)  ;  (fig.)  act,  event,  serving  as  intro- 
duction (to) ;  (v.t)  introduce,  furnish,  with  a  p. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  moHlogos  speech)] 

prolo'ng',  v.t  Extend  (action,  condition,  &c) 
in  duration ;  extend  in  spatial  length ;  lengthen 
pronunciation  of  (syllable  &c).  So  prolo'ne- 
able  (-nga-)  a.,  prolongATiON  (-ngg)  n.  It 
OF  prolonguer  t  LL  pro  Hlongare,  as  long1)] 

prolu'sion  (zhn),  n.  Preliminary  essay,  ar- 
ticle, or  attempt  So  prolu'soRY  (-s-)  a.  [f.  L 
prolusio  f.  pro  l(ludere  lus-  play)  practise  be- 
forehand] 

promena'de  (-ahd,  -ad),  n.,  &  v.L  &  t  Walk, 
ride,  drive,  taken  for  exercise,  amusement,  or 
display,  or  as  social  ceremony ;  place,  esp.  paved 
public  walk,  for  this ;  p.  concert  (at  which  au- 
dience walk  about);  (v.i.)  make  a  p.,  whence 
promena'dER1  n,;  (v.t)  make  a  p.  through 
(place),  lead  (person)  about  a  place  esp.  for  dis- 

Elay.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  promener  take  for  walk  f . 
L  pro  Hminare  threaten)  drive  (beasts),  -ade] 

prd'merops,  n.  S.-Afr.  genus  of  birds,  esp. 
Cape  p.,  small  bird  with  long  curved  bill  &  very 
long  tail,    [pro-  2  +  Gk  merops  bee-eater] 

Prometnean,  a.  Of,  like,  Prometheus  in 
his  skill  or  punishment  [f.  Gk  Prometheus*, 
demigod  who  made  man  from  clay,  stole  fire 
from  Olympus  &  taught  men  the  use  of  it  & 
various  arts,  &  was  chained  by  Zeus  to  rock  in 
Caucasus,  see  -an] 

pro'minent,  a.  Jutting  out,  projecting; 
conspicuous ;  distinguished.  Hence  or  cogn. 
pro'minENCE,  pro'minENCY,  nn.,  pro*- 
minentLY  2  adv.  [f .  L  pro  Hminere,  see  emin- 
ent)] 

promiscuous,  a.  Of  mixed  &  disorderly 
composition,  as  a  p.  mass ;  (w.  pi.  n.)  of  various 
kinds  mixed  together;  indiscriminate,  as  p. 
massacre,  hospitality ;  making  no  distinction 
esp.  of  sex,  as  p.  bathing;  (colloq.)  casual,  as 
took  a  p.  stroll;  (vulg.,  f&cet.) p.-like,  casually, 
for  no  particular  reason.  Hence  or  cogn.  pro- 
misetriTY  n.,  promi'scuousLY  2  ad  v.  [f.  L 
pro  Hmiscuus  f.  miscere  mix)  +  -ous] 

prd'mise1  (-s),  n.  Assurance  given  to  a  per- 
son that  one  will  do  or  not  do  something  or  will 
give  or  procure  him  something;  thing  pro- 
mised, as/  claim  your  p.;  breach1©/  p.;  land 
of  p.  (see  foil.);  (fig.)  ground  of  expectation  of 
future  achievements  or  good  results,  as  book, 
writer,  of  great  p.  f  f.|L  promissum  p.p.  of  pro  1- 
(mittere  send)  put  forth,  promise] 

pro'mise2  (-s),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  (person)  a  pro- 
mise to  give  or  procure  him  (thing),  as  I  p.  you 
a  fair  hearing;  make  (person)  a  promise  (to  do, 
that  thing  shall  be  done  &c);  (abs.)  cannot  posi- 
tively p.;  p.  oneself,  look  forward  to  (a  pleasant 
time  &c);  (colloq.)  I  p.  (assure)  you,  it  will  not 
be  so  easy;  (fig.)  afford  expectation  of,  as  these 


PROMISEE 6 

discussions  p.future  storms,  seem  likely  (to  do); 
(abs.)  p.  well  &c,  hold  out  good  &c.  prospect; 
promised  land  (also  land  of  promise)  Canaan 
(Gen.  xii.  7  &c),  heaven,  any  place  of  expected 
felicity.    Hence  pro'miSER1  n.    [f.  prec] 

promisee*,  n.  (law).  Person  to  whom  promise 
is  made.    So  pro'misoR2  n.  (law),    [-ee] 

pro'mising*,  a.  Likely  to  turn  out  well, 
hopeful,  full  of  promise,  as  p.  boy,  sky,  begin- 
ning.   Hence  ppo*mising*LY  2  adv.    [-ing  l] 

pro'missory,  a.  Conveying  or  implying  a 
promise ;  (rare)  full  of  promise  (of) ;  p.  note, 
signed  document  containing  written  promise 
to  pay  stated  sum  to  specified  person  or  to 
bearer  at  specified  date  or  on  demand,  [f.  med. 
L  promissorius  (as  promise1,  see  -ory)] 

ppd'montopy,  n.  Pointof  high  land  jutting 
out  into  sea  &c,  headland;  (Anat.)  kinds 
of  protuberance  in  the  body.  Hence  pro*- 
montopiED2  a.  [f.  med.L  promordorium 
altered  (on  mons  -ntis  mount)  f.  L  promun- 
turium  (perh.  as  prominent)] 

ppomo'te,  v.t.  Advance,  prefer,  (person  to 
position,  higher  office) ;  help  forward,  en- 
courage, (process,  result) ;  support  actively  the 
passing  of  (law),  take  necessary  steps  for  pass- 
ing of  (local  or  private  act  of  parliament) ; 
(Chess)  raise  (pawn)  to  rank  of  queen  &c. 
Hence  or  cogn.  ppomo'tiON  n.,  promo'tiVE 
a.    [f.  L  PRO*(movere  mot-  move)] 

ppomo'tep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  (also  com- 
pany-p.)  one  who  promotes  formation  of  joint- 
stock  company  (esp.  in  opprobrious  sense, 
whence  ppomo'tepiSM  n.).    [-er1] 

prompt1,  a.  &  n.  Ready  in  action,  acting 
with  alacrity,  as  a  p.  assistant,  made,  done, 
&c,  readily  or  at  once,  as  p.  reply,  decision, 
payment,  whence  or  cogn.  pro'mptiTUDE, 
ppo'mptNESS,  nn.,  pro'mptLY2  adv.;  for  p. 
cash  (on  the  spot) ;  (Commerc. , of  goods)  for  imme- 
diate delivery  &  payment,  as  p.  iron,  (n.)  time 
limit  for  payment  of  account,  stated  on  p.-note, 
as  what  is  the  p.?.  [(n.  f.  adj.)  f.  L  promere 
prompt-  produce  (pro-1  +  emere  take)] 

prompt2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Incite,  move,  (person  &c. 
to  action,  to  do);  supply  (actor,  reciter,  or  abs.) 
with  the  words  that  come  next,  assist  (hesitat- 
ing speaker)  with  suggestion ;  inspire,  give  rise 
to,  (feeling,  thought,  action) ;  (n.)  thing  said  to 
help  the  memory  esp.  of  actor ;  p.-book,  copy  of 
play  for  prompter's  use ;  p.-  (prompter's)  box  on 
stage  ;  p.-side  of  stage  (to  actor's  right ;  abbr. 
p.s.).   [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  prec] 

ppo'mptep,  n.  One  who  prompts,  esp. 
(Theatr.)  person  stationed  out  of  sight  of 
audience  to  assist  actor's  memory,    [-er  l] 

ppo'mptina",  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  the  pp. 
of  conscience  &c.    [-ing  1] 

pro'mulg-ate,  v.t.  Make  known  to  the 
public,  disseminate  (creed  &c),  proclaim  (de- 
cree, news).  Hence  or  cogn.  promulgA'TiON, 
ppo'mulgatOR2,  nn.  [f.  L  promulgare  perh. 
corrupt,  of  pro  Hvulgare  publish  f.  vulgus  the 
people),  see  -ate  3] 

ppomu'lg-e,  v.t.  (archaic).  =prec.   [as  prec] 

ppona-os,  n.  (Gk  ant.).  Space  in  front  of 
body  of  temple,  enclosed  by  portico  &  project- 
ing side  walls.    [L  f.  Gk  pro  Hnaos  temple)] 

ppo-nate,  v.t.  (physiol.).  Put  (hand,  fore 
limb)  into  prone  position  (cf.  supinate).  So 
pponATiON  n.   [f.  Lhpronare  (as  prone),  see 

-ATE'3] 

ppona'top,  n.  (anat.).  Muscle  that  effects  or 
neips  pronation.    [med.L  (as  prec,  see  -or  2)] 

prone,  a.  Having  the  front  or  ventral  part 
downwards,  lying  face  downwards,  (loosely) 
7i  oK  ?at-  Prostrate,  nsfell  p.,  whence  pro-ne- 
ly   adv. ;  (of  ground)  having  downward  aspect 


2 PROOF 

or  direction, (loosely)  steep,  headlong  ;  disposed, 
liable,  (to  quality,  action,  or  condition,  to  do). 
Hence  ppo'neNESS  n.    If.  L  pronus] 

proneur'  (-er),  n.    Extoller,  eulogist.    [F] 

prong,  n.,  &  v.t.  Forked  instrument,  e.g. 
hay- fork ;  each  pointed  member  of  fork,  whence 
Hprong-ED2  a.;  (v.t.)  pierce,  stab,  turn  up 
(soil  &c),  with  p.;  p. -buck,  -horn,  -horned  ante- 
lope, N.-Amer.  deer-like  ruminant.    [?] 

prond'minal,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  a  pro- 
noun. Hence  prono'minalLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL 
pronominalis  t.  L  PRoHnomen  -minis  noun), 
see  -al] 

prd'noun,  n.  Word  used  instead  of  (proper 
or  other)  noun  to  designate  person  or  thing 
already  mentioned  or  known  from  context  or 
forming  the  subject  of  inquiry  (used  also  to  in- 
cludepronominal&other  adjectives,  see  below); 
personal  pp.  (I,  we,  thou,  you,  he,  she,  it,  they) ; 
interrogative  pp.  (who,  what,  which) ;  relative 
pp.  (who,  that,  which);  possessive  pp.,  adjec- 
tives representing  possessive  case  (my,  her, 
our,  &c,  with  absolute  forms  mine,  hers,  ours) ; 
demonstrative  pp.  (this,  that) ;  distributive  pp. 
(each,  every,  either,  &c) ;  indefinite  pp.  (any, 
some,  &c).    [pro-1] 

pronou'nee  (-ow-),  v.t.  &i.  Utter,  deliver, 
(judgment,  sentence,  curse,  &c.)  formally  or 
solemnly,  state,  declare,  as  one's  opinion,  as  1 
p.  the  pears  unripe,  cannot  p.  him  (or  that  he 
is)  out  of  danger,  whence  pronou'nee.MEM 
n.;  pass  judgment,  give  one's  opinion,  (on,  for, 
against,  in  favour  of) ;  utter,  articulate,  (words 
or  abs.),  as  p.  more  distinctly,  esp.  with  refer- 
ence to  different  modes,  as  how  do  you  p.  "ful- 
some '  ?,  cannot  p.  French,  whence  pro- 
nou'nee able  a.  [f.  OF  pronuncier  f.  LL 
pro  Hnuntiare  announce  f.nuntius  messenger)] 

pronou'need,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  also :  strong- 
ly marked,  decided,  as  p.  tendency,  magenta, 
flavour.  Hence  pronou*ne6dLY2  adv.  [-ed2] 

pronou'neing,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  (attrib.) 
p.  dictionary  (in  which  pronunciation  is  indi- 
cated).    [-ING  x] 

pronunciame'nto  (si-),  n.  Proclamation, 
manifesto,  esp.  (in  Spanish-speaking  countries) 
one  issued  by  insurrectionists,  [f.  Sp.  pronun- 
ciamiento,  also  used  in  E,  f.  L  as  pronounce, 
see  -ment] 

pronunciation  (-si),  n.  Mode  in  which  a 
word  is  pronounced ;  a  person's  way  of  pro- 
nouncing words,  as  his  p.  is  often  faulty,  [f.  L 
pronuntiatio  (as  pronounce,  see  -ation)] 

proof1,  n.  Evidence  sufficing  or  helping  to 
establish  a  fact,  as  this  requires  no  p.,  as  a  p. 
of  his  esteem,  p.  positive  ofhis  intention  or  that 
he  intended,  whence  proo'fLESS  a. ;  spoken  or 
written  legal  evidence ;  proving,  demonstra- 
tion, as  not  capable  of  p.,  in  p.  of  my  assertion ; 
(Sc  law)  trial  before  judge  instead  of  by  jury ; 
test,  trial,  as  must  be  brought  to  the  p.,  will 
stand  a  severe  p.,  the  p.  of  the  pudding  is  in 
the  eating ;  (place  for)  testing  of  firearms  or  ex- 
plosives ;  (archaic)  proved  impenetrability,  as 
armour  of  p.;  standard  of  strength  of  distilled 
alcoholic  liquors ;  (first)  p.,  trial  impression 
taken  from  type,  in  which  corrections  &c  may 
be  made  (cf.  revise),  p. -reader, -re ading, (person 
employed  in)  reading  &  correcting  pp.,  p.-sheet, 
sheet  of  p. ;  each  of  a  limited  number  of  careful 
impressions  made  from  engraved  plate  before 
printing  of  ordinary  issue  &  usu.  (also  p.  before 
letters)  before  inscription  is  added,  artist's,  en- 
graver's, p.  (taken  for  examination  or  alteration 
by  him),  signed  p.,  early  p.  signed  by  artist: 
test-tube ;  rough  edges  left  to  some  leaves  of 
book  to  show  it  has  not  been  cut  down ;  p.- 
plane,  conductor  fixed  on  insulating  handle 


PROOF 


663 


PROPORTION 


&  used  in  measuring  electrification  of  a  body, 
[f.  OF  prueve  f.  LL  proba,  as  prove] 

proof2,  a.,  &  v.t.  (Of  armour)  of  tried 
strength;  impenetrable,  as  p.  against  the 
severest  weather,  the  pricks  of  conscience,  esp. 
in  comb.,  as  bomb,  bullet,  fire,  rain,  sound, 
burglar,  thief,  weather,  -p.,  water lp.\  (v.t.) 
make  (thing)  p.,  esp.  make  (fabric  &c.)  water- 
proof,   [(vb  f.  adj.)  f.  prec.j 

ppop,  n.,  &  v.t.  Rigid  support,  esp.  one  not 
forming  structural  part  of  thing  supported, 
e.g.  pole  ;  clothes-p.;  (fig.)  person  &c.  who  up- 
holds institution  &c;  (v.t.)  support  (as)  by  prop 
(lit.  &  fig.),  hold  up  thus,  [(vb  prob.  f.  n.)  cf. 
Du.  proppe,  etym.  dub.] 

propaedeutic  (-du-),  a.  &  n.  (Subject, 
study)  serving  as  introduction  to  higher  study ; 
(n.  pi.)  preliminary  learning.  Hence  pro- 
paedeu*ticAL  a.  [f.  Gk  pro  Hpaideuo  teach  f. 
pais  paiclos  child),  see  -ic] 

propaganda  (-a),  n.  (Congregation,  Col- 
lege, of)  the  P.,  committee  of  cardinals  in 
charge  of  foreign  missions  ;  association,  organ- 
ized scheme,  for  propagation  of  a  doctrine  or 
practice ;  (improp.,  as  pi.)  efforts,  schemes, 
principles,  of  propagation.  [It.,  f.  mod.L  con- 
gregatio  de  propaganda  fide  congregation  for 
propagation  of  the  faith] 

propagandist,  n.  Member,  agent,  of  a 
propaganda,  whence  propag-a'ndiSM  n., 
propagandists  a.,  propaga*ndizE(2,  4) 
v.i.  &  t;  proselytizer  ;  missionary,  convert,  of 
the  Propaganda,    [-ist] 

pro'pagate,  v.t.  Multiply  specimens  of 
(plant,  animal,  disease,  &c.)  by  natural  process 
from  parent  stock  ;  (of  plant  &c.)  reproduce  (it- 
selfov  abs.) ;  hand  down  (quality  &c.)  from  one 
generation  to  another ;  disseminate,  diffuse, 
(statement,  belief,  practice) ;  extend  the  oper- 
ation of,  transmit,  (vibration,  earthquake,  &c). 
Hence  or  cogn.  propagATiON,  pro'pagat- 
or2,  nn.,  pro'pagatiVE  a.  [f.  L  propagare 
multiply  plants  from  layers,  f.  pro  l(pago  perh. 
f .  root  of  pangere  fix,  set),  see  -ate  3] 

proparo'xytone  (-tn),  a.  &  n.  (Gk  gram.). 
(Word)  with  acute  accent  on  antepenult,  [f. 
Gk  pro Hparoxutonos  paroxytone)] 

prope'l,  v.t.  (-11-).  Drive  forward,  give  on- 
ward motion  to,  (lit.  &  fig.),  [f.  L  pro  *(pellere 
puis-  drive)] 

prope'llent,  a.  &  n.  Propelling  (agent) ;  ex- 
plosive propelling  bullet  from  fire-arm.    £-ent] 

prope'ller,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  revolving 
shaft  with  blades  usu.  (screw p.)  set  at  an  angle 
&  twisted  like  thread  of  screw,  for  propelling 
ship.     [-ER  M 

propensity,  n.  Inclination,  tendency,  (to 
condition,  quality,  thing,  to  do,  for  doing),  [f. 
now  rare  propense  f.  hpropensus  inclined,  p.p. 
of  pro  ^(pendere  hang)  +  -ity] 

prd'per,  a.  (Archaic,  usu.  w.  possessive 
pron.  &  sometimes  w.  oicn)  own,  as  with  my 
own  p.  eyes ;  ( Astr. )  p.  motion,  that  part  of  the 
apparent  motion  of  fixed  star  &c.  supposed  to 
bedue  to  its  actual  movement  in  space ;  belong- 
ing, relating,  exclusively  or  distinctively  (to, 
or  abs.  asp.  psalms,  lessons,  p.  to  particular 
day) ;  (Gram.)  p.  noun  or  name,  name  used  to 
designate  an  individual  person,  animal,  town, 
ship,  &c.  (e.g.  Jane,  Smith,  France,  London) ; 
accurate,  correct,  as  in  the  p.  sense  of  the  word ; 
(usu.  foil,  its  noun)  strictly  so  called,  real, 
genuine,  as  within  the  sphere  of  architecture 
p.,  p.  fraction  (less  than  unity);  (colloq.) 
thorough,  complete,  as  will  be  a  p.  row  about 
this ;  (archaic)  handsome,  as  a  p.  man ;  fit, 
suitable,  right,  as  choose  the  p.  time,  do  it  the 
p.  way ;  in  conformity  with  demands  of  society, 


decent,  respectable,  as  she  is  so  distressingly 
p. ,  would  it  be  quite  p.  ?;  (Herald. )  in  the  natural, 
not  conventional,  colours,  as  apeacock  p.  [ME 
&  F  propre  f.  L  proprius] 

pro*perisp6*menon,  a.  &  n.  (Gk  gram.). 
(Word)  with  circumflex  accent  on  penult.  [Gk 
pro  2(perispomenon)] 

pro'perly,  adv.  Fittingly,  suitably,  as  do  it 
p.  or  not  at  all ;  rightly,  duly,  as  he  very  p.  re- 
fused ;  with  good  manners,  as  behave  p.;  (col- 
loq.) thoroughly,  as  puzzled  him  p.    [-ly2] 

pro'perty,  n.  Owning,  being  owned,  as  p. 
has  its  duties  ;  thing  owned,  possession(s),  as 
the  book  is  his  p.,  regards  him  as  her  exclusive 
p.,  a  man  of  (great)  p.,  has  a  small  p.  (estate) 
in  Norfolk,  personal,  real2,  p.;  p.  qualifica- 
tion (based  on  possession  of  p.),  p.  tax  (levied 
directly  on  p.) ;  (Theatr.)  article  of  costume, 
furniture,  &c,  used  on  stage,  p.-man,  -master, 
man  in  charge  of  stage  pp. ;  attribute,  quality, 
as  the  pp.  of  soda,  has  the  p.  of  dissolving- 
grease  ;  (Logic)  quality  common  to  a  whole 
class  but  not  necessary  to  distinguish  it  from 
others,  [f.  OF  propriety  f.  L  proprietatem  (as 
proper,  see  -TY)] 

pro'pheey,  n.  Faculty  of  a  prophet,  as  the 
gift  of  p.;  prophetic  utterance;  foretelling  of 
future  events,  [f.  OF  profecie  f.  LL  f.  Gk  pro- 
pheteia  (as  prophet)] 

pro'phesy,  v.i.  &  t.  Speak  as  a  prophet ; 
foretell  future  events;  (archaic)  expound  the 
Scriptures ;  foretell  (event,  that,  who,  &c).  [f. 
OF  profecier,  as  prec] 

pro'phet,  n.  Inspired  teacher,  revealer  or 
interpreter  of  God's  will ;  the  pp.,  prophetical 
writers  of  O.T.,  major  pp.,  Isaiah,  Jeremiah, 
Ezekiel,  Daniel,  the  12  minor  pp.,  Hosea  to  Ma- 
lachi  •  the  P.,  Mohammed,  (also)  Joseph  Smith, 
founder  of  Mormons ;  spokesman,  advocate, 
(of  principle,  cause,  &c.) ;  one  who  foretells 
events,  as  am  no  weather-p.,  (slang)  one  who 
foretells  result  of  race,  tipster.  Hence  pro*- 
phetEss1,  pro'phetHOOD,  pro'phetsmp, 
nn.  [f.  F  prophete  f.  L  (-ta)  f.  Gk  pro2(  phetes 
speaker  f.  phemi  speak)  spokesman] 

prophetic,  a.  Of  a  prophet;  predicting, 
containing  a  prediction  of  (event  &c).  Hence 
prophe'ticAL  a.,  prophetical  ly  2  adv.  [f. 
LL  f.  Gk  prophetikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)] 

prophyla'ctic,  a.  &  n.  (Medicine,  measure) 
tending  to  prevent  disease,  [f.  Gk  prophulakti- 
kos  f.  pro 2(phulasso  guard),  see  -ic] 

propi'nquity,  n.  Nearness  in  place  ;  close 
kinship ;  similarity,  [f.  obs.  F  propinquity  f. 
L  propinquitatem  (propinquus  near  f.  prope 
near,  see  -ty)] 

propi'tiate  (-shl-),  v.t.  Appease  (offended 
person  &c.) ;  make  propitious,  [f.  L  propitiare 
(as  propitious,  see  -ate  3)] 

propitia*tion,  n.  Appeasement ;  atone- 
ment ;  (archaic)  gift  &c.  meant  to  propitiate, 
as  he  is  the  p.  for  our  sins.  [f.  LL  propitiatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

propitiatory  (-shat-),  a.  &  n.  Serving, 
meant,  to  propitiate,  as  a  p.  smile;  (n.)  the 
mercy-seat  (esp.  fig.  of  Christ).  Hence  propi*- 
tiatoriLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  propitiatorius  (as 
propitiate,  see  -ory)] 

propitious  (shws),  a.  Well-disposed,favour- 
able,  as  t  he  fates  were  p. ;  (of  omens  &c )  favour- 
able; (of  weather,  occasion,  &c)  suitable  for, 
favourable  to,  (purpose).  Hence  propitious- 
ly2  adv.    [f.  OF  propicius  f.  L  propitius,  -ous] 

pro'polis,  n.  Red  resinous  substance  got  by. 
bees  from  buds  to  stop  up  crevices  with.  [Gk 
pro2( polis  city)  suburb,  bee-glue] 

proportion,  n.,  &  v.t.  Comparative  part, 
share,  as  a  large  p.  of  the  earth's  surface,  of  the 


PROPORTIONAL. 


664 


PROSENCHYMA 


profits ;  comparative  relation,  ratio,  as  the  p. 
of  births  to  the  population,  price  will  be  raised 
in  p.  (to  the  labour  &c.  or  abs.) ;  due  relation  of 
one  thing  to  another  or  between  parts  of  a 
thing,  as  windows  are  in  admirable  p.,  his 
success  bore  no  p.  to  his  abilities,  whence  pro- 
poP'tionLESS  a.;  was  out  of  (all)  p.  to,  too 
great  for ;  (pi.)  dimensions,  as  athlete,  building, 
of  magnificent  pp.;  (Math.)  equality  of  ratios 
between  two  pairs  of  quantities,  as  3,  5,  9,  &  15 
are  in  p.,  set  of  such  quantities,  (Arith.)  rule 
of  three;  (v.t.)  make  (thing  &c.)  proportionate 
to,  as  must  p.  the  punishment  to  the  crime, 
whence  Hpropor'tionEDJa.,  ppopop'tion- 
ment  n.  [(n.)  F,  f.  L  pro( portionem  portion)  ; 
vb  f.  OF  proporcioner] 

ppopop'tional,  a.  &  n.  In  due  proportion, 
corresponding  in  degree  or  amount,  as  a  p.  in- 
crease in  the  expense,  resentment  p.  to  his  in- 
juries, p.  REPRESENTATION,  SO  pPOpOP'tion- 

able,  ppopop'tlonATE2,  aa.,  ppopop'tion- 
abLY2,  ppopop'tionateLY2,  advv.;  (n.)  one 
of  the  terms  of  a  proportion,  as  5,3, 10, 6,  are  pp. , 
6  is  a  mean  p.  between  3  &  12.  Hence  or  cogn. 
ppopoptiona'liTY  n.,  ppopop'tionalLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  proportionalis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

ppopop'tionalist,  n.  One  who  plans  pro- 
portions ;  advocate  of  proportional  representa- 
tion.    [-1ST] 

ppopo'sal  (-z-),  n.  Act  of  proposing  some- 
thing; offer  of  marriage,  as  have  had  a  p.; 
scheme  of  action  &c.  proposed,  as  the  p.  was 
never  carried  out.    [-al] 

ppopo'se  (-z),  v.t.  Put  forward  for  consider- 
ation, propound ;  set  up  as  an  aim,  as  the  object 
I  p.  to  myself ;  nominate  (person)  as  member  of 
society  &c;  offer  (person's  health,  person)  as 
toast ;  (abs.)  make  offer  of  marriage ;  put  for- 
ward as  a  plan,  as  we  p.  (to  make)  a  change, 
that  a  change  should  be  made ;  intend,  purpose, 
(to  do,  doing) ;  (abs.)  man  proposes,  God  dis- 
poses,   [f.  F  pro  l(poser,  see  compose)] 

proposition  (-z-),  n.  Statement,  assertion, 
as  a  p.  too  plain  to  need  argument,  esp.  (Logic) 
form  of  words  consisting  of  predicate  &  subject 
connected  by  copula;  (Math.)  formal  statement 
of  theorem  or  problem,  often  including  the 
demonstration,  as  Euclid,  Book  I,  p.  5;  propo- 
sal, scheme  proposed.  Hence  ppoposi'tionAL 
a.    [F,  f.  L  propositionem  (as  foil.,  see  -ion)] 

ppopoirnd  (-ow-),  v.t.  Offer  for  considera- 
tion, propose,  (question,  problem,  scheme,  mat- 
ter, &c,  to  person) ;  produce  (will)  before  pro- 
per authority  in  order  to  establish  its  legality. 
Hence  ppopou'ndER l  n.  [earlier  propone  f. 
L  pro  M  ponere  posit-  place),  cf.  compound  &c] 

ppoppae'top,  n.  (Rom.  hist).  Ex-praetor 
with  authority  of  praetor  in  province  not  under 
military  control.  [L,  earlier  pro  praetore  (one) 
acting  for  praetor] 

ppoppi'etapy,  a.  &  n.  Of  a  proprietor,  as  p. 
rights ;  holding  property,  as  the  p.  classes  ;  held 
in  private  ownership,  as  p.  medicines  (sale  of 
which  is  restricted  by  patent  &c.) ;  (n.)  propri- 
etorship, as  an  exclusive  p.,  body  of  proprietors, 
as  the  landed  p.  f  f.  LL  proprietarius  (as  pro- 
perty, see  -ary  !)] 

ppopppetop,  n.  Owner.  Hence  ppoppie- 
top'iAL  a.,  ppoppietop'ialLY 2  adv.,  pro- 

ppi'etopsnip,  ppoppi'etPESS \  nn.    [altered 

m  17th  c.  f.  prec] 

ppoppi'ety,  n.    Fitness,  Tightness,  as  doubt 

the  p.  of  the  term,  of  refusing  him ;  correctness 

of  behaviour  or  morals,  as  a  breach  of  p.,  (pi.) 

details  of  correct  conduct,  as  must  observe  the 

pp.   [(in  earlier  senses  'ownership,  peculiarity') 

I.  F  proprUti  property] 
props,  n.  pi.  (slang).  Stage  properties,  [abbr.] 


ppopto'sis,  n.  (path. ).    Prolapse,  protrusion, 
esp.  of  eye.    Hence  propto'SED1  a.    [LL,  f. 
Gk  proptosis  f.  PR02(piptd  fall)] 
ppopu'lsion,  n.  Driving  or  pushing  forward ; 
(tig.)  impelling  influence.    So  ppopu'lsiVE  a. 
[F  (as  propel,  see  -ion)] 
ppdpylae'um,  n.  (pi.  -a).    Entrance  to  tem- 
ple ;  the  Pp.,  entrance  to  Acropolis  at  Athens. 
[L,  f.  Gk  pro  2(pulaion  f.  ptile  g&te)] 
ppd'pylite,  n.    Volcanic  rock  found  in  some 
silver-mining  regions.    Hence  ppopyli*tic  a. 
[f.  foil.  +  -ite  1,  as  opening  a  volcanic  epoch] 
ppd'pylon,  n.  (pi.  -ons,  -a).    =  propylaeu.m. 
[L,  f.  Gk  pro  2(  pulon  f.  pule  gate)] 
prorogue  (-g),  v.t.  &  i.    Discontinue  meet- 
ings of  (British  parliament  &c.)  without  dis- 
solving it ;  (of  parliament  &c.)  be  prorogued. 
So  ppd'POgA  #tion  n.   [f .  F  proroger  f .  L  pro  l- 
(rogare  ask)  prolong  (term  of  office  &c.)] 

pros-  in  comb.  =  Gk  pros  to,  towards,  in 
addition. 

pposa'ic,  a.  Like  prose,  lacki ng  poetic  beau- 
ty ;  unromantic,  commonplace,  dull,  as  a  p.  life, 
person,  view  of  things.  Hence  pposa'iCALLY 
adv.,  pposa'icNESS  n.  [f.  med.L  prosaicus 
(as  prose,  see  -ic)l 

ppo'saist,  n.  Prose  author ;  prosaic  person. 
So  ppo*saiSM(4)  n.    [as  prose,  see  -ist] 

proscenium, n.  (pi.  -a).  (In  ancient  theatre) 
the  stage;  (mod.)  space  between  curtain  or 
drop-scene  &  orchestra.  [L,  f.  Gk  pro  Hskenion 
f.  skene  background  of  stage)] 

pposcpi'be,  v.t.  Put  (person)  out  of  protec- 
tion of  law ;  banish,  exile,  (esp.  fig.) ;  reject,  de- 
nounce, (practice  &c.)  as  dangerous  &c.  So 
pposcpi'ptioN  n.,  pposepi'ptiVE  a.  [f.  L 
pro  Hscribere  script-  write)] 

ppose  (-z),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Ordinary  non-met- 
rical form  of  written  or  spoken  language  (often 
attrib.,  as  Milton's  p.  works) ;  p.-poem,  p.  work 
of  poetical  style  ;  plain  matter-of-fact  quality, 
as  the  p.  of  existence  ;  tedious  discourse ;  (v.i.) 
talk  prosily  (about  &c),  whence  ppo'ser1  n.; 
(v.t. )  turn  (poem  &c.)  into  prose.  [F,  f.  L  prosa 
(oratio)  straightforward  (discourse),  fem.  of 
prosus,  earlier  prorsus,  contraction  of  pro  l- 
(versus  p.p.  of  vertere  turn)] 

prose'ctop,  n.  One  who  dissects  dead  bodies 
in  preparation  for  anatomical  lecture  &c.  [LL, 
=  anatomist,  f.  pro  1(secare  sect-  cut)] 

ppo'secute,  v.t.  Follow  up,  pursue,(inquiry, 
studies) ;  carry  on  (trade,  pursuit) ;  institute 
legal  proceedings  against  (person),  as  trespass- 
ers will  be  prosecuted,  (abs.)  shall  not  p.  [f.  L 
pro  l(sequi  secut-  follow)] 

pposecu'tion,  n.  Prosecuting  (of  pursuit 
&c.) ;  (Law)  exhibition  of  criminal  charge  be- 
fore court ;  carrying  on  of  legal  proceedings 
against  person  ;  prosecuting  party,  as  the  p.  de- 
nied this ;  director  of  public  pp.,  English  pub- 
lic prosecutor,    [f.  LL  prosecutio  (prec,  -ion)] 

ppo'secutOP,  n.  One  who  prosecutes  esp.  in 
criminal  court ;  public  p.,  law  officer  conducting 
criminal  proceedings  in  public  interest  Hence 
pposecu'TRix  n.  (pi.  -trices).  [med.L  (as  pro- 
secute, see  -or  2)] 

ppd'selyte,  n.,  &  v.t.  Convert  from  one 
opinion,  creed,  or  party,  to  another,  as  made 
many  pp.',  Gentile  convert  to  Jewish  faith, 
p.  of  the  gate  (not  submitting  to  circumcision 
&c.) ;  (v.t,  now  rare)  make  a  p.  of  (person  or 
abs.).  Hence  ppo*selytiSM(l,  2),  pro'selyt- 
Izer1,  nn.,  ppo*selytizE(2)  v.t.  (often  abs.). 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  LL  f.  Gk  PROS(elutos  f.  st.  eluth- 
come)  one  who  has  come,  convert] 

ppose'nchyma  (-k-),  n.  (bot).  Tissue  of 
elongated  cells  placed  with  their  ends  inter- 
penetrating^, parenchyma),  esp.  fibro-vascu- 


PROSIFY __6 

lar  tissue.  Hence  pposenehy'matous  a. 
[f.  Gk  pros  toward,  as  parenchyma] 

ppo'sify  (-z-),  v.t.  &  i.  Turn  into  prose,  make 
prosaic  ;  write  prose.    [-FY] 

pro'sit,  int.  used  in  drinking  person's  health, 
wishing  him  success,  &c,  lit.  =  may  it  benefit 
you.    [L] 

ppo>sody,n.  Science  of  versification.  Hence 
pposodi'ACAL,  pposo'diAL,  pposd'dic,  aa., 
ppo'sodiST  n.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  PROs(6idia  as  ode)] 

prosopopoeia  (-peia),  n.  (rhet.).  Introduc- 
tion of  pretended  speaker;  personification  of 
abstract  thing.  [L,  I.  Gk  prosopopoiia  ( proso- 
pon  person  +  poied  make)] 

ppo'spect,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Extensive  view  of 
landscape  &c,  as  a  fine,  striking,  p.;  mental 
scene,  as  opened  a  new  p.  to  his  mind ;  expecta- 
tion, what  one  expects,  as  offers  a  gloomy  p., 
his  pp.  were  brilliant,  no  p.  of  success,  have 
nothing  in  p.  at  present,  whence  ppo'speet- 
Less  a.;  (Mining)  spot  giving  pp.  of  mineral  de- 
posit, sample  of  ore  for  testing,  resulting  yield  ; 
(v.i.)  explore  region  (for  gold  &c),  so  ppo- 
spe'etOR2  (or  pro's-) n.,  (fig.)  look  out  for,  (of 
mine)  promise  (well,  ill) ;  (v.t.)  explore  (region) 
for  gold  &c,  work  (mine)  experimentally,  (of 
mine)  promise  (specified  yield),  [(vb  f.  n.)  as 
prospectus] 

ppospe'ctive, a.  Concerned  with,  applying 
to,  the  future  (cf.  retrospective),  as  the  law 
was  held  to  be  exclusively  p.,  implies  a  p.  obli- 
gation ;  expected,  future,  some  clay  to  be,  as  p. 
peer,  bridegroom,  profit.  Hence  ppospe'c- 
tiveLY2adv.,  ppospe'etiveNESS  n.  [f.  med.L 
prospectivus  (as  foil.,  see  -ive)] 

ppospe'ctus,  n.  (pi.  -tuses).  Circular  de- 
scribing chief  features  of  school,  commercial 
enterprise,  forthcoming  book,  &c.  [L,  gen.  -us, 
=  prospect,  f.  pro  ' (spicere  =  specere  look)] 

ppd'spep,  v.i.  &  t.  Succeed,  thrive,  as  cheats 
never  p.,  nothing  will  ever  p.  in  his  hands ; 
make  successful,  as  Heaven  p.  our  attempt,  [f. 
F  prosperer  f.  L  prosper are,  as  foil.] 

ppo'spepous,  a.  Flourishing,  successful, 
thriving,  as  a  p.  merchant,  enterprise,  whence 
or  cogn.  pposp6*PiTY  n.,  pro'sperousLV- 
ad v. ;  auspicious,  as  a  p.  gale,  in  a  p.  hour.  [f. 
obs.  F  prospereus  f.  L  prosper(us),  see  -ous] 

ppo'state,  n.  Large  gland,  each  of  several 
small  glands,  accessory  to  male  generative  or- 
gans in  mammals.  Hence  pposta'tic  a.  [f. 
med.L  (-ta)  f.  Gk  FR02(states  f.  sta-  stand)  one 
who  stands  before] 

ppo*s  thesis,  n.  (gram.).  Addition  of  letter 
or  syllable  at  beginning  of  word.  So  pros- 
the'tic  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  prosthesis  f.  FROS(tithemi 
put,  vbl  adj.  thetos)) 

ppd'stitute,  n.,  &  v.t.  Woman  who  offers 
her  body  to  indiscriminate  sexual  intercourse 
esp.  for  hire ;  (v.t.)  make  a  p.  of  oneself,  (fig.) 
sell  for  base  gain  (one's  honour  &c),  put  (abili- 
ties &c.)  to  infamous  use.  So  ppostitu'tiON 
n.  [f.  L  tko  l(stituere  -ut-  =statuere  set  up, 
place)  offer  for  sale] 

ppo'strate1  (-at),  a.  Lying  with  face  to 
ground,  esp.  as  token  of  submission  or  humility; 
lying  in  horizontal  position  ;  overcome,  over- 
thrown, as  had  laid  the  Whig  party  p.;  physi- 
cally exhausted ;  (Bot.)  lying  flat  on  ground. 
If.  L  p.p.  as  foil.] 

ppostpa'te2  (or  pro's-),  v.t.  Lay  (person  &c.) 
flat  on  ground ;  cast  oneseZ/down  prostrate  (at 
shrine,  before  person,  &c);  (fig.)  overcome, 
make  submissive;  (of  fatigue  &c.)  reduce  to 
extreme  physical  weakness.  So  ppostra*- 
tiON  n.    [f.  L  pro  Hsternere  strat-  lay  flat)] 

ppo'style,  n.  &  a.  Portico  of  not  more  than 
four  columns  in  front  of  Greek  temple ;  (adj.) 


5 PROTEST 

having  a  p.     [f.  L  (os)  f.  Gk  *  pro  Hstulos 

STYLE)] 

ppo'sy  (-zi),  a.  Commonplace,  tedious,  dull, 
as  p.  talk(er).   Hence  ppo'siL  y  2  ad  v. ,  ppo'si- 

NESS  n.     If.  PROSE  +  -Y  l] 

ppota'gonist  (also  -ago*-),  n.  Chief  person  in 
dramaorplotof  story  ;leadingpersonincontest, 
champion  of  cause,  &c.  [f.  Gk  protagonistes 
(protos  first  +  agonistes  actor,  as  agonize)] 

ppo*tasis,n.  (pi.  -ases).  Introductory  clause, 
esp.  clause  expressing  condition  (cf.  apodosis). 
So  ppota'tic  a.  [LL,  f.  Gk  PR02(tasis  f.  teino 
stretch)  stretching  forward,  proposition] 

ppo'tean,  a.  Variable,  versatile ;  of  or  like 
PROTEUS,     [-an] 

ppote'ct,  v.  t.  Keep  safe,  defend,  guard,  (per- 
son,  thing,  from,  against,  danger,  injury,  &c); 
(Pol.  Econ.)  guard  (home  industry)  against  com- 
petition by  imposts  on  foreign  goods  ;  (Com- 
merc.)  provide  funds  to  meet  (bill,  draft) ;  pro- 
vide (machinery  &c.)  with  appliances  to  pre- 
vent injury  from  it,  as  protected  rifles.  Hence 
ppote'ctivE  a.,  ppote*ctiveLY2adv.,  ppo- 
te'ctiveNESS  n.  [f.  L  pro  Mtegrere  tect-  cover)] 

ppote'ction,  n.  Protecting,  defence,  as  is 
safe  under  your  p.,  affords  p.  against  weather ; 
patronage,  as  book  was  indebted  to  your  kind 
p.;  protecting  person  or  thing,  as  man,  dog,  is 
a  great  p.  against  burglars ;  safe-conduct ; 
(U.S.)  certificate  of  American  citizenship  issued 
to  seaman ;  (Pol.  Econ.)  system  of  protecting 
home  industries,  whence  ppote*ctioniSM(3), 
ppote#ctioniST(2),  nn.  [F,  f.  LL  protectionem 
(as  prec,  see  -ion)V 

ppote'ctop,  n.  Person  who  protects ;  regent 
in  charge  of  kingdom  during  minority,  absence, 
&c,  of  sovereign,  Lord  P.  of  the  Common- 
wealth,  title  of  Oliver  Cromwell  (1653-8)  & 
Richard  Cromwell  (1658-9),  whence  ppote'C- 
toPAL  a.,  ppote'etopsHip  n.;  thing,  device, 
that  protects,  as  CHEST-p.,  point-p.  (for  pencil). 
Hence  ppote'ctPESS l  n.  [f.  OF  protectour  f. 
LL  protector  (as  protect,  see  -or2)] 

ppote'ctopate  (-at),  n.  Office  of  protector  of 
kingdom  or  state  ;  period  of  this,  esp.  of  the  p. 
of  O.  &  R.  Cromwell ;  protectorship  of  weak 
state  by  stronger  one,  esp.  of  territory  inhabited 
by  native  tribes ;  such  territory,    [-ate  l] 

ppote'ctopy,  n.  (Rom.  Cath.).  Institution 
for  care  of  destitute  or  vicious  children,  [f.  LL 
protectorius  a.  (as  protect,  see  -ory)] 

ppo#t^g6  (ezha),  n.  (fern.  -gte).  Person  to 
whom  another  is  (usu.  permanent)  protector 
or  patron.    [F,  p.p.  of  proUger  protect] 

ppo*t6id,  n.  =  protein  (1st  sense),    [-id4] 

ppd'teifopm,  a.  Very  changeable  in  form, 
[f.  PROTEUS  +  -form] 

ppo*t6in,n. (chem.).  (Nowpreferred inscient. 
use  to  proteid)  albuminoid;  (orig.)  supposed 
basis  of  albuminoids.  Hence  ppotein  a  'ceous, 
ppotei'nic,  ppote'inous,  aa.  [G,  f.  Gk  pro- 
teios  primary  (protos  first),  see  -in] 

ppotep(o)-  in  comb.  =  Gk  proteros  former, 
anterior,  as :  protera'ndrous,  protero'gynous, 
having  stamens  (pistil)  mature  before  pistil 
(stamens). 

ppo'test !,  n.  Formal  statement  of  dissent  or 
disapproval,  remonstrance,  as  made  a  p.,  paid 
it  under  p.;  written  statement  of  dissent  from 
motion  carried  in  H.  of  Lords  signed  by  any 
peer  of  minority ;  written  declaration  usu.  by 
notary-public  that  bill  has  been  duly  presented 
&  payment  or  acceptance  refused ;  solemn  de- 
claration,   [obs.  F,  as  foil.] 

ppote*st2,  v.t.  &  i.  Affirm  solemnly  (one's 
innocence  &c.,that,  or  abs.);  write  a  protest  in 
regard  to  (bill,  see  prec);  make  (often  written) 
protest  against  (action,  proposal),  whence  pro- 


PROTESTANT 61 

te'stER1,  ppote'stOR2,  nn.,  ppote'stingLY2 
adv.  If.  F  protester  f.  L  pro  1(testari  aver  f. 
testis  witness)] 

ppo'testant,  P-,n.  &  a.  (Member,  adherent) 
of  any  Christian  church  outside  Roman  com- 
munion, esp.  of  any  of  those  severed  from  it  in 
the  Reformation  (16th  a),  whence  Ppo'tes- 
tantiSM(3)  n.,  Ppo*testantizE(3)  v.t.  &  i.; 
(Hist,  pi.)  those  who  dissented  from  decision 
of  Diet  of  Spires  (1529),  adherents  of  reformed 
doctrines  in  Germany ;  {also  prote's-)  making, 
maker  of,  a  protest.    [F  or  G  (as  prec,  -ant)] 

ppotesta'tion,  n.  Solemn  affirmation  [of, 
that) ;  protest  (against).  [F,  f.  LL  protestatio 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

Pro'teus  (-tus),  n.  Changing  or  inconstant 
person  or  thing ;  (earlier  name  for)  amoeba ; 
kinds  of  bacteria ;  kinds  of  tailed  amphibian 
with  eel-like  body  &  four  short  legs,  f  L,  f.  Gk 
Proteus,  sea-god  taking  various  shapes] 

prothala'mium,  -on,  n.  Preliminary  nup- 
tial song,  [(-on)  made  by  Spenser  on  epithala- 
mium  (PRO-2)] 

ppd'thesis,  n.  (Placing  of  eucharistic  ele- 
ments on)  credence-table,  part  of  church  where 
this  stands;  (Gram.)  =  prosthesis,  so  ppo- 
the'tic  a.  [Gk  prothesis  f.  pro  2(tithemi  place)] 

ppoti'sta,  n.  pi.  Kingdom  of  organized  be- 
ings not  distinguished  as  animals  or  plants. 
[Gk  protista,  double  superl.  f.  protos  first] 

ppoto-  in  comb.  =  Gk  protos  first.  (1) =chief, 
original,  primitive,  as:  -A'rabic, -Celtic,  &c, 
of  the  original  Arabs  &c;  -gen&'tic,  -gS'nic,  of 
first  period  of  formation  or  growth  ;  -gine  (-jin), 
kind  of  granite  found  in  Alps,  assumed  to  be 
the  most  ancient ;  -hi'ppus,  extinct  quadruped 
related  to  horse ;  -mar'tyr,  first  martyr  (esp.  of 
Christians,  St  Stephen) ;  -phyta  n.pl.,  the  most 
simply  organized  plants,  each  consisting  of 
single  cell,  -phyte,  such  plant;  -ther'ia  n.  pi., 
mammals  of  the  lowest  subclass,  their  hypo- 
thetical ancestors ;  -zo'a  n.pl.,  great  division  of 
animal  kingdomcomprisingammalsof  simplest 
type  consisting  of  single  cell  &  usu.  microsco- 
pic, -zo'on,  such  animal ;  -zo'al  a.,  -zo'an  a.  &  n., 
(animal)  of  the  protozoa,  (of  disease)  caused  by 
parasitic  protozoon ;  -zo'ie,  (Geol.,  of  strata)  con- 
taining earliest  traces  of  living  beings,  (also)  = 
-zo'al ;  -zod'logy,  study  of  protozoa.  (2)  in  chem. 
names  of  compounds  in  which  the  element  or 
radical  combines  in  smallest  proportion  with 
another  element,  as  protochloride,  -sulphide, 
protoxide,  compound  containing  minimum  of 
chlorine,  sulphur,  oxygen. 

ppo-tocol,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (-11).  Original 
draught  of  diplomatic  document,  esp.  of  terms 
of  treaty  agreed  to  in  conference  &  signed  by 
the  parties ;  formal  statement  of  transaction  ; 
(in  France)  etiquette  department  of  Ministry 
of  Foreign  Affairs ;  official  formulas  at  begin- 
ning &  end  of  charter,  papal  bull,  &c;  (v.i.) 
draw  up  pp. ;  (v.t.)  record  in  p.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF 
prothocole  f.  med.L  f.  Gk  PRoro(kollon  f.  kolla 
glue)  fly-leaf  glued  to  book] 

ppotono'tapy,  ppotho-,  (or  proton),  n. 
Chief  clerk  in  some  law  courts,  esp.  (Hist.) 
Chancery,  Common  Pleas,  &  King's  Bench, 
(orig.  in  Byzantine  court);  Pp.  Apostolic(al), 
twelve  prelates  who  register  papal  acts,  direct 
canonization  of  saints,  &c.  [f.  LL  f.  late  Gk 
PROTO(no<am'os  notary)] 

ppo'toplasm,  n.  Semifluid  semitransparent 
colourless  substance  consisting  of  oxygen,  hy- 
drogen, carbon,  &  nitrogen,  basis  of  life  in 
plants  &  animals.  Hence  protoplasmatic, 
ppotopla-smic,  aa.    If.  G  proto(plasma)] 

ppo'toplast,  n.  The  first  created  man  ;  ori- 
ginal, model;    unit  or  mass   of  protoplasm. 


j PROVERB 

Hence  ppotopla'stic  a.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  proto- 
(plastos  moulded,  as  plasma)] 

ppo'toty  pe,  n.  First  or  primary  type,  model. 
Hence  ppo'totypAL,  ppO*toty*pic(AL),  aa. 
[F,  f.  Gk  PRoro(tupon  f.  tupos  type)] 

ppotpa'ct,  v.t.  Prolong,  lengthen  out,  as 
protracted  their  stay  for  some  weeks,  whence 
ppotra'ctedLY 2  adv. ;  draw  (plan  of  ground 
&c.)  to  scale,    [f.  L  PRO(trahere  tract-  draw)] 

ppotpa-etile,  a.  (zool.).  (Of  organ  &c.)  that 
can  be  extended,    [-ile] 

ppotpa'ction,  n.  Protracting;  action  of 
protractor  muscle;  drawing  to  scale,  [f.  LL 
protractio  (as  protract,  see  -ion)] 

ppotpa'ctop,  n.  Instrument  for  measuring 
angles,  usu.  in  form  of  graduated  semicircle  ; 
muscle  serving  to  extend  limb  &c.  [med.L  (as 
prec,  see -or2)] 

ppotpu'de,  v.t.  &  i.  Thrust  forth,  cause  to 
project;  (fig.)  obtrude;  stick  out,  project. 
Hence  or  cogn.  ppotPirdENT,  ppotPU'siBLE 
(-s-),  ppotPirsiVE(-s-),  aa.,  ppotPirsiON  (-zhn) 
n.    If.  L  pro  Htrudere  trus-  thrust)] 

ppotpu'slle  (-s-),  a.  (Of  limb  &c)  that  may 
be  thrust  forth,    [as  prec,  see  -ile] 

ppotu'bepant,  a.  Bulging  out,  prominent 
(lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  ppotu'bePANCE  n.  [f.  L 
pro  Htuberare  f.  tuber  hump),  see  -ant] 

ppo'tyle,  n.  (chem.).  Supposed  original  un- 
differentiated matter  of  which  chemical  ele- 
ments may  be  composed,    [f.  proto-  +  -yl] 

ppoud  (-o  wd),  a.  &  ad  v.  Valuing  oneself  high- 
ly or  too  highly,  esp.  on  the  ground  of  (quali- 
ties, rank,  possessions,  &c) ;  (also  p.-hearted) 
haughty,  arrogant;  feeling  oneself  greatly 
honoured,  as  am  p.  of  his  acquaintance,  of 
knowing  him,  to  know  him;  having  a  proper 
pride,  as  too  p.  to  complain;  (of  actions  &c) 
showing  pride  ;  of  which  one  is  or  may  be  justly 
p.,  as  a  p.  day  for  us,  a  p.  sight ;  (of  things) 
imposing,  splendid;  (of  waters)  swollen,  in 
flood;  p.  flesh,  overgrown  flesh  round  healing 
wound ;  (adv.,  colloq.)  you  do  me  p.  (honour 
me  greatly).  Hence  ppou'di.Y2  adv.  [OE 
prut,  -d,  prob.  f.  OF  prud  (F  preux)  f.  LL  *pro- 
dis  useful,  cf.  L  prodesse  be  of  use] 

ppove  (-oov),  v.t.  &  i.  (archaic  p.p.  -en). 
(Archaic)  test  qualities  of,  try;  subject  (gun 
&c.)  to  testing  process  ;  ( Arith.)  test  accuracy 
of  (calculation) ;  take  proof  impression  of 
(stereotype  plate  &c);  make  certain,  demon- 
strate, (fact,  the  truth  of,  thing  &c.  to  be,  that), 
whence  ppo'vable  a.,  ppo'vableNESS  n., 
ppo'vabLY2  adv.;  (Sc  Law,  as  verdict  in 
criminal  trial)  not  proven ;  establish  genuine- 
ness &  validity  of  (will) ;  (intr.)  turn  out  (to  be, 
to  do),  turn  out  to  be,  as  will  p.  (to  be)  the  heir, 
to  know  nothing  about  it.  [r.  OF  prover  f.  L 
probare  test] 

ppove'ditop,  ppdvedope\  nn.  (-tor)  officer 
of  Venetian  republic ;  caterer,  purveyor,  [f. 
obs.  It.  proveditore,  Port,  provedor,  ult.  f.  L  as 
provide,  see  -OR2] 

provenance,  n.  (Place  of)  origin,  as  vases 
of  doubtful  p.  [F,  f.  provenir  f.  L  pro  1(venire 
come),  see  -ance] 

Provencal  (F),  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant,  lan- 
guage) of  Provence,    [as  provincial] 

ppo'vender  (in),  n.  Fodder;  (facet.)  food 
for  human  beings,  [f.  OF  provend(r)e  corrupt, 
f.  L  as  prebend] 

provenience,  n.  =provenance.  [f.  L  as 
provenance,  see  -ence] 

ppo'vepb,  n.  Short  pithy  saying  in  general 
use,  adage,  saw ;  ignorant  &c.  to  a  p.  (notorious- 
ly) ;  their  fickleness  is  a  p.  (notorious),  he  is  a 
p.  (byword)  for  inaccuracy  ;  play  (usu.  French) 
based  on  p.;  (ol.)  kinds  of  round  game  ;  Book 


PROVERBIAL 


667 


PRUDENT 


of  Pp.  (in  O.T.).    [f.  F  proverbe  f.  L  pro  Hverb- 
ium  f.  verbum  word)] 

prover'bial,  a.  Of,  expressed  in,  proverbs, 
as  p.  wisdom ;  that  has  become  a  proverb,  no- 
torious. Hence  proverbia'liTY  n.,  pro- 
ver'bialLY  *  adv.  [f.  LL proverbialis  (as  prec, 
see  -al)] 

ppo'viant,  n.  Food  supply  esp.  of  army. 
[G,  ult.  f.  L  as  provender] 

ppovi'de,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  due  preparation 
(for  person's  safety,  entertainment,  &c, 
against  attack  &c,  rarely  for  undesirable 
thing);  (of  person,  law,  &c)  stipulate  (that); 
supply,  furnish,  (person  with  thing,  thing/or  or 
to  person) ;  equip  with  necessaries,  as  you  must 
p.  yourselves ;  make  provision,  esp.  secure 
maintenance,  (for  oneself,  family,  &c);  (Hist.) 
appoint  (incumbent  to  benefice),  (of  pope)  ap- 
point (successor  to  benefice  not  yet  vacant) ; 
providing  (that) conj.,  =foll.  If.  Lpro ](videre 
vis-  see)] 

provided,  a.  &  conj.  (Adj.)  in  vbl  senses, 
as  p.  school,  public  elementary  school  p.  by 
local  authority;  (conj.)  on  the  condition  or 
understanding,  as  p.  (that)  all  is  safe,  p.  (that) 
he  does  no  harm,    [-ed  *] 

pro'vidence,  n.  Foresight,  timely  care ; 
thrift ;  beneficent  care  of  God  or  nature,  special 
p.,  particular  instance  of  this  ;  (P-)  God.  [F,  f. 
L  providentia  (as  foil.,  see  -ence)] 

prd'vident,  a.  Having  or  showing  fore- 
sight ;  thrifty.  Hence  pro'videntLY 2  adv. 
[as  provide,  see  -ent] 

provide'ntial  (-shl),  a.  Of,  by,  divine  fore- 
sight ;  opportune,  lucky.  Hence  provide'n- 
tialLY2  adv.    [f.  L  as  providence  +  -al] 

ppovi'der,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  lion's  p.,  jackal 
(lit.  &  fig.) ;  universal  p.,  tradesman  dealing  in 
all  or  many  kinds  of  goods  &c.    [-er  j] 

pro'vinee,  n.  (Rom.  Hist.)  territory  outside 
Italy  under  Roman  governor ;  principal  division 
of  kingdom  &c;  (Eccl.)  district  under  arch- 
bishop or  metropolitan ;  the  pp.,  whole  of  a 
country  outside  the  capital;  sphere  of  action, 
business,  as  (is  not  within)  my  p.;  branch  of 
learning  &c,  as  in  the  p.  of  polite  letters.  [F,  f. 
hprovincia  official  duty,  province,  etym.  dub.] 

provincial  (-shl),  a.  &  n.  Of  a  province ;  of 
the  provinces ;  having  the  manners,  speech, 
narrow  views,  &c,  prevalent  in  these,  whence 
ppovincia'liTY  (-shl-)  n.;  (n.)  inhabitant  of  a 
province  or  the  provinces  (also  provi'neial- 
ist  n.),  countrified  person,  (Eccl.)  head  of,  chief 
of  religious  order  in,  a  province.  Hence  pro- 
vi'neializE  v.t.,  provi'nclalLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
provincialis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

provincialism,  n.  Provincial  manner, 
fashion,  mode  of  thought,  &c;  word,  phrase, 
peculiar  to  province(s);  attachment  to  one's 
province  rather  than  country,    [-ism] 

provision  (-zhn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Providing  (for, 
against),  esp.  make  p.;  (pi.)  supply  of  food,  eat- 
ables &  drinkables,  whence  pro  vi'sion  less 

a.;   legal  or  formal  statement  providing  for 

something,  clause  of  this ;  (Hist.)  appointment 

to  benefice  not  yet   vacant;   (Hist.)   Pp.   of 

Oxford,  ordinances  for  checking  king's  misrule 

drawn  up  by  barons  under  Simon  de  Montfort 


in  1258;  (v.t.)  supply  with  pp.,  whence  pro 
vi'sionMENT  n.    [F,  f. " 
vide,  see  -ion)] 


L  provisionem  (as  pro- 


provisional,  a.  For  the  time  being,  tempo 
rary.  Hence  ppo  visional  it  y,  provi'sion- 
alNESS,  nn.,  provi'sionalLY2adv.  [-al] 

ppovrso  (zo),  n.  (pi.  -oes).  Stipulation ; 
clause  of  stipulation  or  limitation  in  document. 
IL,  neut.  abl.  p.p.,  =  provided  that] 

ppovi'sop  (-z-),  n.    (Hist.)  holder  of  a  pro- 


vision, Statute  of  Pp.  (preventing  pope  from 
granting  provisions) ;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  vicar-general. 
If.  AF  provisour  f.  L  provisorem  (as  provide, 
see  -or2)] 

ppovi'sopy  (-z-),  a.  Conditional ;  making 
provision,  as  p.  care.  Hence  ppovi'soriLY  2 
adv.    [f.  prec,  see  -ory] 

provocation,  n.  Incitement,  instigation, 
irritation,  as  did  it  under  severe  p.  [F,  f.  L 
provocationem  (as  provoke,  see  -ation)] 

ppovd'eative,  a.  &  n.  (Thing)  tending  to 
provocation  (of  curiosity  &c);  intentionally 
irritating,    [f.  LL  provocativus  (foil.,  -ive)] 

provo'ke,  v.t.  Rouse,  incite,  (person  to 
anger,  to  do);  irritate;  instigate,  tempt,  allure; 
call  forth  (indignation,  inquiry,  a  storm,  &c); 
cause,  as  will  p.  fermentation.  Hence  ppo- 
vo'kiNG2  a.,  ppovo'kingLY 2  adv.  [f.  L 
pro  ^(vocare  call)] 

prd'vost,  n.  Head  of  some  colleges  at 
Oxford,  Cambridge,  &c;  (Hist.)  head  of  chapter 
or  religious  community ;  head  of  Scotch  muni- 
cipal corporation  or  burgh  (in  some  cities.  Lord 
P.) ;  Protestant  clergyman  in  charge  of  princi- 
pal church  of  town  &c  in  Germany  &c;  p.- 
marshal,  head  of  military  police  in  camp  or  on 
active  service,  master-at-arms  of  ship  on  which 
court-martial  is  to  be  held,  chief  police  official 
in  some  colonies,  (Hist.)  French  semi-military 
offlcer;  p. -sergeant,  sergeant  of  military  police. 
Hence  pro'vostsmp  n.  [OE  has  prof  ost,  pra-, 
cf.  OF  provost,  pre-,  Gpropst,  ult.  f.  L proposi- 
tus=praepositus,  see  praepostor] 

prow1,  n.  Fore-part  immediately  about 
stem  of  boat  or  ship  ;  (Zool.,  also  prora)  p. -like 
projection  in  front,  [f.  F  proue  prob.  ult.  f.  L 
prora  f.  Gk  pro(i)ra] 

prow2,  a.  (archaic).  Worthy,  gallant,  [f. 
OF  prou,  prod,  (Fpreux)  f.  LL  as  proudI 

prowess,  n.  Valour,  gallantry,  [f.  OF 
proece  (as  prec,  see  -ess2)] 

ppowl,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Go  about  in  search  of 
plunder  or  prey  (also  fig.);  traverse  (streets, 
place)  thus  ;  (n.)  prowling,  esp.  on  the  p.  Hence 
ppo'wlERi  n.    [ME  prollen,  etym.  dub.] 

ppo'ximal,  a.  (anat.).  Situated  towards 
centre  of  body  or  of  point  of  attachment  (cf. 
distal).  Hence  pro'ximalLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
proximus  nearest  +  -al] 

prcximate  (-at),  a.  Nearest,  next  before 
or  after  (in  place,  order,  time,  connexion  of 
thought,  &c) ;  approximate.  Hence  ppo'xl- 
mateLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  proximare  draw  near 
(as  prec),  see  -ate  2] 

pro'xime  acce'ssit,  sent.  &  n.  (Placed  in 
list  after  name  of  candidate  for  prize  &c)  he 
came  very  near  (the  winner) ;  (n.)  Iuas,  he  got 
a,  p.  a.  (was  very  near).    [L] 

ppoxrmity,  n.  Nearness  in  space,  time,  &c, 
(to) ;  p.  of  blood,  kinship,  [f.  F  proximiti  f.  L 
proximitatem  (as  proximal,  see  -ty)] 

pro'ximo,  a.  (abbr.  prox.).  Of  next  month, 
as  the  3d  prox.    [L, =in  next  (mense  month)] 

ppo'xy,  n.  Agency  of  substitute  or  deputy, 
as  married,  voted,  by  p.;  person  authorized  to 
act  for  another,  as  made  me  his  p.;  writing 
authorizing  person  to  vote  on  behalf  of  another, 
vote  so  given  ;  (attrib.)  done,  given,  made,  by 
p.  [f.  obs.  procuracy  f.  med.L  procuratia  (as 
procuration,  see  -acy)] 

prude,  n.  Woman  of  extreme  (esp.  affected) 
propriety  in  conduct  or  speech.  Hence  or  cogn. 
pru*dERY(4),  pru'dishNESS,  nn.,  pru'diSH  * 
a.,  prirdishLY2adv.  [mod.  F,  f.  OF  prude, 
prode,  good,  modest,  fern.  adj.  as  prow2,  as  n. 
perh.  back-formation  f.  prudefemme] 

pru*dent,a.  (Of  person orconduct) sagacious, 
discreet,  worldly-wise.    Hence  or  cogn.  pru*- 


PRUDENTIAL. 


PSYCHIATER 


dENCE  n. ,  ppu'dentLY  2  adv.  [f .  L  prudens  = 
providens  provident] 

ppude'ntial,  a.  &  n.  Of,  involving,  marked 
by,  prudence,  as  p.  motives,  policy ;  (n.  pi.)  p. 
considerations  or  matters.  Hence  ppude'n- 
tialiSM(2),  ppude'ntialiST(2),  nn.,  ppude'n- 
tialLY  2  adv.    [f.  prudence  +  -al] 

prud'homme  (F),  n.  Member  of  French 
tribunal  appointed  to  decide  labour  disputes. 

ppu'inose,  a,  (nat.  hist.).  Covered  with 
white  powdery  substance,  frosted,  [f.  L  prui- 
nosus  (pruina  hoar-frost,  see  -ose  l)] 

prune1,  n.  Dried  plum ;  colour  of  its  juice, 
dark  reddish  purple  (esp.  attrib.);  pp.  &  prism 
(of  mincing  way  of  speaking  &c,  Little  Dorrit 
II.  v).  [F,  f.  med.L  prima  (L  -num)  f.  Gk 
prou(m)non  plum] 

prune2,  v.t.  Trim  (tree  &c,  often  down)  by 
cutting  away  superfluous  branches  &c. ;  lop  off, 
away,  (branches  &c);  (fig.)  remove  (superflui- 
ties); pruning-hook  (used  for  this  purpose): 
clear  (book  &c.  of  what  is  superfluous),  [f.  OF 
prooing(n)ier,  etym.  dub.] 

prune3,  v.t.  (now rare).   =  preen.    [?] 

ppune'lla1,  n.  Strong  silk  or  worsted  stuff 
used  formerly  for  barristers'  gowns  &c.  &  later 
for  uppers  of  women's  shoes,    [etym.  dub.;  F 

hflS  lD7*'?MX6ZZfil 

ppune'lla 2,  n.  Kinds  of  fever  &  of  throat 
disorder;  p.  salt,  preparation  of  fused  nitre 
used  for  p.;  genus  of  plants  including  the  weed 
Self-heal  used  to  cure  p.  [earlier  br-,  dim.  of 
med.L  brunus  brown] 

ppune'llo,  n.  Finest  kind  of  prune,  made 
esp.  from  greengages,  [f.  obs.  It.  prunella  Aim. 
of  pruna  prune1] 

ppunt,  n.  Piece  of  (esp.  blackberry-shaped) 
ornamental  glass  laid  on  to  vase  &c,  tool  for 
applying  this.    [perh.  dial,  form  of  print] 

ppup'ient  (-oor-),  a.  Given  to  indulgence  of 
lewd  ideas;  (rare)  having  morbid  desire  or 
curiosity.  Hence  ppup'Ience,  -encf,  nn., 
ppup'ientLY2  adv.  [f.  L  prurire  itch,  be 
wanton,  see  -ent] 

ppupl'go  (-oor-),  n.  Diseased  state  of  skin 
marked  by  violent  itching.  So  ppupi'ginous 
(-J-)  a.    [L  (gen.  -ginis),=  itching,  as  prec.J 

Ppu'ssian,  a.  &  n.  (Native,  inhabitant)  of 
Prussia ;  P.  blue,  a  deep  blue  pigment,  P.  brown, 
green,  (derived  from  or  allied  to  this) ;  P.  (small 
kind  of)  carp.  Hence  Ppu*ssianiZE(3)  v.t. 
[f.  med.L  Pruzzi  (also  Borussi  &c.)  +  -an] 

Ppu'ssIc,  a.  Of,  got  from,  Prussian  blue; 
p.  acid  (HVDROcyanic).  [f.  F  prussique  (Prusse 
Prussia,  see  -ic)J 

ppy,  v.i.  Look,  peer,  inquisitively  (often  into, 
about  adv.);  inquire  impertinently  into  (per- 
son's affairs,  conduct,  &c).  Hence  ppyiNG2 
a.,  ppyingLY  2  adv.    [ME  prien,  etym.  dub.] 

ppytane'um,  n.  (Gk  ant.).  Public  hall,  esp. 
one  in  Athens  for  entertainment  of  ambassa- 
dors, presidents  of  senate,  &  specially  honoured 
citizens.  [L,  f.  Gk  prutaneion  (prutanis  presi- 
dent, member  of  presiding  division  of  Council)] 

psalm  (sahm),  n.  Sacred  song,  hymn;  the 
[Book  of)  Pp.,  (pop.)  the  Pp.  of  David,  book  in 
O.T.;  p.-book,  book  containing  the  Pp.,  metri- 
cal version  of  these  for  public  worship,  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  psalmos  song  sung  to  harp  (psallo  twang, 
sing  to  harp)] 

psal'mist,  n.  Author  of  a  psalm  (also  as 
title  of  book  of  psalmody) ;  the  P.,  David  or 
author  of  any  of  the  Psalms,    [f.  LL  psalmista 

(as  prec,  see  -ist)] 

psal'mody  [also  sal-),  n.     Practice,  art.  of 

singing  psalms,  anthems,  &c,  esp.  in  public 

worship,  whence  psalm6'dic(sal-)a.,psal*m- 

odiST  (or  sal-)  n.,  psal*modizi.(2)  {or  sal-)  v.i.; 


arrangement  of  psalms  for  singing,  psalms  so 
arranged,  [f.  LL  psalmodia  f.  Gk  psalmoidia 
singing  to  harp  (as  psalm  +  6(i)de  song)] 

psa'ltep  (sawl-),  n.  The  Book  of  Psalms; 
version  of  this,  as  Latin,  English,  Prayer-book, 
Scotch  Metrical,  P.;  copy  of  the  Psalms  esp.  for 
liturgical  use.  [AF  sauter  f.  L  f.  Gk  psalterion 
instrument  played  by  twanging  (psallo  twang)] 

psa*ltepy,  n.  Ancient  &  mediaeval  instru- 
ment like  dulcimer  but  played  by  plucking 
strings  with  fingers  or  plectrum,  [f.  OF  saltere 
f.  L  as  prec] 

pse'phism  (ps-,  s-),  n.  (Gk  ant.).  Decree  en- 
acted by  vote  of  (esp.  Athenian)  public  assem- 
bly, [f.  Gk  psephisma  (psephizo  vote  f .  psephos 
pebble,  -m)J 

pseu'dechis  (-k),  n.  (zool.).  Genus  of  venom- 
ous snakes,  as  p.  poisoning,  whence  pseu- 
de'ehic  a.    [f.  pseudo-  +  Gk  ekhis  viper] 

pseudepi'grapha,  n.  pi.  Spurious  writ- 
ings, esp.  Jewish  writings  ascribed  to  various 
O.T.  prophets  &c.  Hence  pseudepi'graph- 
al,  pseudepigpa'phic(AL),  aa.  [neut.  pi.  of 
Gk  YSEUT>(epigraphos,  see  epigraph)] 

pseud(o)-  (psu-,  su-)  in  comb.=  Gk  pseudo- 
false(ly),  seeming(ly)  or  professed(ly)  but  not 
real(ly),  in  compp.  f.  Gk,  &  as  living  pref.  (some- 
times written  separately  without  hyphen  as 
adj.,  as  the  p.  penitent),  as:  pseudo-archa'ic, 
artificially  archaic  in  style  &c.,  so  -ar'chaism, 
-ar'chaist ;  -carp  (bot.),  fruit  formed  from  parts 
other  than  the  ovary ;  -ca'tholic ;  -Christ ; 
-Chri'stian;  -cla'ssic,  pretending  or  wrongly 
held  to  be  classic;  -Go'thic,  sham-Gothic  in 
style;  -mar'tyr;  -pro'phet. 

pseu'dograph,  n.  A  spurious  literary  work, 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  PSEUDO(firrap/ios  -graph)] 

pseudo'log-ep,  n.  (facet.).  Systematic  liar. 
So  pseudolo'g'iCAL  a.,  pseudo'log-iST  n. 
[f.  Gk  PSEUDO(Zofiros,  see  -loger)] 

pseu'domorph,  n.  False  form,  esp.  (Min- 
eral.)  crystal  &c.  consisting  of  one  mineral  with 
form  proper  to  another.  Hence  pseudo- 
mop'phic,  pseudomop'phous,  aa.,  pseu- 
domop*phiSM(2),  pseudomoppho'sis,  nn. 
[f.  pseudo-  +  Gk  morphe  form] 

pseu'donyih,  n.  Fictitious  name,  esp.  one 
assumed  by  author,    [f.  Gk  neut.  adj.  as  foil.] 

pseudo'nymous,  a.  Writing,  written,  un- 
der a  false  name.  Hence  pseudonymiTY  n. 
[f.  Gk  PSEUD(d7iMraos  f.  onoma  name)  +  -ous] 

pseu'doscope,  n.  Optical  instrument  mak- 
ing convex  object  seem  concave  &  vice  versa. 
Hence  pseudoscd'pic  a.    [-scope] 

pshaw  (psh-,  sh-),  int.,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Int.) 
expr.  contempt  or  impatience ;  (n.)  this  excla- 
mation ;  (v.i.)  say  p.  (often  at) ;  (v.t.)  show  con- 
tempt for  (thing  &c.)  thus,    [natural] 

psila'nthpopism,  n.  Doctrine  that  Christ 
was  a  mere  man.  So  psilanthp6#pic  a.. 
psila'nthPopiST  n.  [f.  eccl.  Gk  psilanthro- 
pos  merely  human  (psilos  bare,  mere,  +  an- 
thropos  man)  +  -ism] 

psi'ttacine,  a.  Or  parrots,  parrot-like.  [f.  L 
psittacinus  (psittacus  parrot,  see  -ine  ')] 

pso'ds,  n.  P.  magnus,  parvus,  two  hip 
muscles.    [Gk,  ace.  pi.  of  psoa,  taken  as  sing.  ] 

psop'a,  n.  A  contagious  skin  disease,  itch. 
[L,  f.  Gk  psora] 

psorrasis,  n.  Skin  disease  marked  by  red 
patches  covered  with  scales,    [prec,  -asis] 

psyche  (psi'ki,  s-),  n.  Soul,  spirit,  mind,  (in 
Gk  Myth,  personified  as  beloved  of  Eros,  &  re- 
presented with  butterfly  wings) ;  genus  of  day- 
flying  moths,    ff.  Gk  psukhe  breath,  life,  soull 

psychratep,  n.  One  who  treats  mental  dis- 
ease. So  psyehia,tPic(AL)aa.,psyehi'atPY1 
n.    [f.  Gk  as  prec.  +  iatros  physician] 


PSYCHIC e 

psy'chic,  a.  &  n.  =  foil.;  p.  force,  non-physi- 
cal force  assumed  to  explain  spiritualistic  phe- 
nomena; (n.)  person  susceptible  to  p.  influence, 
medium ;  (n.  pi.)  psychology,  [t  Gk psukhikos 
(as  psyche,  see  -ic)] 

psy'chical,  a.  Of  the  soul  or  mind,  whence 
psy'chiealLY  2adv.;  of  the  animal  life  of  man; 
of  phenomena  &  conditions  apparently  outside 
domain  of  physical  law,  esp.  p.  research,  so 
psychiciSM,  psy'chiciST,  nn.    [-alJ 

psy'cho-  in  comb.=  Gk  psukhe  soul,  mind, 
as:  -dyna'mic(s),  (science)of  the  mental  powers; 
-genesis,  -gony,  genesis  of  soul  or  mind,  so 
-gene'tic(al),  -go'nical,  aa.;  -gram,  writing  sup- 
posed to  come  from  a  spirit,  graph,  instru- 
ment for  writing  this;  -graphy,  descriptive 
branch  of  psychology ;  -mancy,  occult  commu- 
nication between  souls  or  with  spirits ;  -metry, 
faculty  of  divining  from  physical  contact  or 
proximity  the  qualities  of  an  object  or  of  per- 
sons &c.  that  have  been  in  contact  with  it,  so 
-me'tric(al)  aa.;  -mo'tor  a.,  inducing  movement 
by  psychic  action;  -path,  mentally  deranged  per- 
son,-pa'thic, -pat  hist,  -patho'logy,  -pathy,  of,  one 
who  treats,  science  of,  mental  disease;  -physics, 
science  of  general  relations  between  mind  & 
body,  so  -physical  a.,  -physicist  n.;  -physio'- 
logy,  branch  of  physiology  dealing  with  mental 
phenomena,  so -physiolo  gical  a.,  -physio'logist 
n.;  -therapeutic,  -the'rapy,  (of)  treatment  of 
disease  by  hypnotic  influence. 

psychological,  a.  Of  psychology ;  p.  mo- 
ment (f.  F  mistransl.  of  G  moment  neut.  potent 
element  as  moment  masc.  moment  of  timej,  the 
psychologically  appropriate  moment,  (improp., 
esp.  facet.)  nick  of  time.  Hence  psyeholo*- 
g-icalLY  2  adv.    [-ical] 

psychology*  n.  Science  of  nature,  func- 
tions, &  phenomena,  of  human  soul  or  mind  ; 
treatise  on,  system  of,  this.  So  psycho'lo- 
giST  a.,  psyeho'logiZE(2, 3)  v.t.  &  i.    (logy] 

psycho'sis,  n.  (pi.  -oses).  Mental  derange- 
ment esp.  one  not  due  to  organic  lesion  or  neu- 
rosis. \t  late  Gk  psukhosis  (psukhoo  give  life 
to,  as  psyche,  see  -osis)] 

psyehro'meter,  n.  Wet-&-dry-bulb  ther- 
mometer,   [f.  Gk  psukhros  cold  +  -meter] 

ptar'migan  (t),  n.  Bird  of  grouse  family, 
with  black  or  grey  plumage  in  summer  &  white 
in  winter.  [= Gaelic  tdrmachan,  etym.  dub.; 
p-  is  pseudo-etym.  after  Gk  wds  in  pt-] 

pterido'logy  (pt-,  t-),  n.  Study  of  ferns.  So 
pteridolo'giCAL  a.,  pterido'logisx  n.  [f. 
Gk  pteris  -iaos,  a  feathery  fern  (pteron  wing) 

+  -0-  +  -LOGY] 

ptepo-  (pt-,  t-)  in  comb.  =  Gk  pteron  wing, 
as:  -da'ctyl,  extinct  winged  reptile;  -graphy, 
description  of  feathers.so-firra'p/ucjaftaa. ;  -pod, 
mollusc  with  middle  part  of  foot  expanded  in- 
to pair  of  wing-like  lobes  ;  -saur,  extinct  flying 
saurian  reptile. 

pte'popus  (pt-,  t-),  n.  (pi.  pi),  flying  fox. 
[f.  Gk  ptero(  pons  foot)  wing-footed] 

pterygoid  (pt-,  t-),  a.  P.  process,  each  of 
two  processes  descending  from  junction  of  body 
&  great  wing  of  sphenoid  bone ;  connected  with 
these.  So  pte'rygo-  comb.  form.  ]f.  Gk  pte- 
rugoeides  wing-like  (pterux -ugos  wing,  -oid)] 

ptisan  (ti'zn,  tiza'n),  n.  Nourishing  decoc- 
tion, esp.  barley-water  [t.  F  tisane  f.  L  f.  Gk 
ptisane  peeled  barley  (ptisso  peel)] 

Ptolema'ie  (t),  a.  Of  Ptolemy.  Alexandrine 
astronomer  of  2nd  c,  esp.  P.  system  (of  astro- 
nomy, in  which  earth  was  held  to  be  stationary): 
of  the  Ptolemies,  rulers  of  Egypt  from  death  of 
Alexander  the  Great  to  Cleopatra,  [f.  Gk 
Ptolemaios  +  -ic] 

ptd'maine  (or  toma'n),  n.    Kinds  of  (often 


| PUCK 

poisonous)  alkaloid  body  in  putrefying  animal 
&  vegetable  matter,  esp.  p.  poisoning,  [f.  It. 
ptomaina  f.  Gk  ptorna  corpse  (pipto  fall),  -ine  5] 

pto'sis,  n.  Drooping  of  upper  eyelid  from 
paralysis  of  a  muscle.    [Gk  ptosis  falling] 

pub,  n.  (colloq.).    Public  house,    [abbr.j 

pu'berty,  n.  Being  functionally  capable  of 
procreation  ;  age  of  p.  (at  which  p.  begins ;  in 
England,  legally,  14  in  boys,  12  in  girls),  [f.  L 
pubertas  {puber  of  the  age  of  p.,  see  -ty)] 

pubescence  (-sns),  n.  Arrival  at  puberty ; 
soft  down  on  leaves  &  stems  of  plants,  downi- 
ness ;  soft  down  on  parts  of  animals  esp.  in- 
sects. So  pube'scENT  a.  [F,  f.  hpubescere 
become  hairy,  reach  puberty  (pubes  groin, 
private  parts,  hair  on  these),  see  -ence] 

pu'blic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  concerning,  the  people 
as  a  whole,  as  p.  utility,  offence,  holiday,  (Pari.) 
p.  act,  bill;  done  by  or  for,  representing,  the 
people,  as  p.  prosecution,  prosecutor,  assembly; 
(Univv.)  of,  for,  acting  for,  the  university,  as 
p.  orator,  lecture,  examination ;  open  to,  shared 
hy,  the  people,  as  p.  baths,  library,  road ;  p. 
house,  inn,  tavern,  providing  food  &  lodging, 
esp.  alcoholic  liquors  to  be  consumed  on  pre- 
mises ;  p. education^  school,  also, at  p.  school); 
p.  school,  oneunder  p.  management,  esp.  endow- 
ed grammar  (usu.  boarding-)  school  preparing 
pupils  chiefly  for  universities  or  public  services, 
often  maintaining  discipline  with  help  of 
pupils;  open  to  general  observation,  done  or 
existing  in  p.,  as  made  a  p.  protest,  gave  it  p. 
utterance,  whence  or  cogn.  publi'eiTY  n.. 
pu*blicLY2adv.;  of,  engaged  in,  the  affairs  or 
service  of  the  people,  as  p.  life,  a  p.  man. 
notary  p.;  p.  spirit,  patriotism,  so  p.-spirited 
a.,  -spiritedly  adv.,  -spiritedness  n.;  of  the  na- 
tions, international,  as  proscribed  Napoleon  as 
a  p.  enemy.  (N.)  the  (members  of  the)  commun- 
ity in  general,  as  the  p.  is  the  best  judge,  are 
the  best  judges,  the  British,  American,  p.; 
section  of  the  community,  aa  the  reading  p., 
the  most  gullible  of  pp. ;  =p.  house ;  inp.,  openly, 
publicly.  [F,  f.  L  publicus,  earlier  poplicus 
(populus  people,  earlierjpopZtts,  see  -ic)] 

pu-blican,  n.  (Rom.  Hist.)  tax-farmer,  tax- 
gatherer  ;  keeper  of  public  house,  [f.  F  publi- 
cain  f.  L  publicanus  (as  prec,  see  -an)] 

publication,  n.  Making  publicly  known  ; 
issuing  of  book,  engraving,  music,  &c,  to  the 
public  ;  book  &c.  so  issued,  [f.  L  publicatio  (as 
publish,  see  -ATION)] 

pu-blieist,  n.  Writer  on,  person  skilled  in, 
international  law ;  writer  on  current  public 
topics,  esp.  journalist.  So  pu'bliciSM  n., 
publici'stic  a.    [f.  F  publiciste  (public,  -ist)] 

pu'blish,  v.t.  Make  generally  known,  noise 
abroad  ;  announce  formally,  promulgate  (edict 
&c.) ;  ask,  read,  (banns  of  marriage) ;  (of  author, 
editor,  or  publisher)  issue  copies  of  (book,  en- 
graving, &c.)  for  sale  to  the  public.  Hence 
pu'blish  able  a.  [f.  OF  pupliert.  l^publicare 
(as  public),  altered  on  -ish2] 

pu'blisher,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  one  who 
produces  copies  of  book  &c.  &  distributes  them 
to  booksellers  or  to  the  public,    [-er  '] 

puccoo'n,  n.  N.-Amer.  plant  yielding  red  or 
yellow  dye.    fnative] 

puce,  a.  Flea-colour,  purple-brown.  [F,= 
flea(-colour),  f.  L  pulicem  (nom.  -ex)] 

puck1,  n.  (P-)  the  goblin  Robin  Ooodfellow 
or  Hobgoblin ;  any  mischievous  sprite  or  (fig. ) 
child.  Hence  pu'ckiSH^pu'ekLiKE,  aa.  [OE 
puca,  cf.  ON  puki,  W  pwca,  It.  puca] 

puck-,  n.  (Disease  in  cattle  attributed  to) 
nightjar,  goatsucker.    [?] 

puck  3,  n.  Rubber  disk  used  for  hockey  on 
ice  in  Canada.    [?] 


PUCKA 


670 


PULL 


pu'cka,  pa'kka  (pu-),  a.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Of 
full  weight ;  genuine ;  permanent,  solidly  built. 
[Hind.  (pak-)\ 

pu'ekep,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Contract,  gather,  (t. 
&  i.  of  brow,  seam,  material,  often  up)  into 
wrinkles,  folds,  or  bulges,  intentionally  or  as 
fault  e.g.  in  sewing ;  (n.)  such  bulge  &c.  Hence 
pu'ckePY  a  a.    [prob.  cogn.  w.  poke1,  -ersJ 

pud,  n.  (nursery).  Child's  hand ;  fore-foot  of 
some  animals.    [?J 

pu'dding-  (pdb-),  n.  Soft  or  stifflsh  mixture 
of  animal  or  vegetable  ingredients,  esp.  mixed 
or  enclosed  in  flour  or  other  farinaceous  food, 
cooked  by  boiling,  steaming,  or  baking  (batter, 
beefsteak,  bread-&-butter,  currant,  hasty, 
lemon,  milk1,  plum,  suet,  Yorkshire,  p.); 
kinds  of  sausage  of  stomach  or  entrails  of  pig 
&c,  as  black,  hog's,  white,  p.;  more  praise 
than  p.  (material  reward) ;  the  proof1  of  the 
p.  &c;  thing  of  p. -like  appearance  &c;  (slang) 
drugged  liver  &c.  given  by  burglars  &c.  to 
dogs  ;  (Naut.,  also  pirddening)  pad,  tow  bind- 
ing, to  prevent  chafing  &c;  p.  face,  large  fat 
face;  p. -head,  dolt ;  p. -heart,  coward;  p.-pie, 
forms  of  pastry ;  p.-stone,  composite  rock  of 
rounded  pebbles  in  siliceous  matrix.  Hence 
pu'ddingY  2  a.  [ME  poding,  prob.  conn.  w. 
F  boudin,  etym.  dub.] 

pu'ddle  *,  n.  Small  dirty  pool  esp.  of  rain  on 
road  &c;  (colloq.)  muddle,  mess  ;  clay  (&  sand) 
mixed  with  water  as  watertight  covering  for 
embankments  &c.  Hence  pu*ddlY2a.  [ME 
podel,  puddel,  prob.  dim.  of  OE  pudd  ditch, 
cf.  G  dial.  p(f)udel\ 

pu'ddle2,  v.i.  &  t.  Dabble,  wallow,  (often 
about)  in  mud  or  shallow  water ;  busy  oneself 
in  untidy  way ;  make  (water,  also  fig.)  muddy ; 
knead  (clay  &  sand)  into,  make,  line  (canal  &c.) 
with,  puddle  l ;  stir  about  (molten  iron)  to 
make  it  malleable  by  expelling  carbon.  Hence 
pirddlER  ](1, 2)  n.  [f.  prec,  &  cf.  Du.  poedelen, 
G  pud(d)eln,  butteln,  dabble) 

pu'deney,  n.  Modesty,  [f.  LL  pudentia  (as 
foil.,  see  -ency)J 

pudendum,  n.  (usu.  in  pi.  -da).  Privy  parts. 
Hence  or  cogn.  pude'nd\L,  pu'dic,  aa.  [L 
( pudere  be  ashamed,  -nd  x)\ 

pudge,  n.  (colloq.).  Short  thick  or  fat  per- 
son, animal,  or  thing.  Hence  pu'dgY2  a. 
[etym.  dub.,  cf.  podge] 

pu'dsy  (-zi),  a.    Plump.    Icf.  prec.  &  pud] 

pue'blo  (pwe-),  n.  Spanish(-Amer.)  town  or 
village,  esp.  settlement  of  Indians.    [Sp.] 

pu'epile,  a.  Boyish,  childish ;  trivial,  whence 
or  cogn.  pu'erileLY2  adv.,  pueri'liTY  n.;  p. 
breathing  (with  loud  pulmonary  murmur  as  in 
children,  usu.  sign  of  disease  in  adult),  [f.  L 
puerilis  ( puer  boy,  see  -ile)) 

puep'peral,  a.  Of,  due  to,  child-birth,  [f.  L 
puerperus  ( puer  child  +  -parus  bearing)  +  -al] 

puff1,  n.  Short  quick  blast  of  breath  or  wind ; 
sound  (as)  of  this ;  small  quantity  of  vapour, 
smoke,  &c,  emitted  at  one  p.;  round  soft  pro- 
tuberant mass  of  material  in  dress,  of  hair  of 
head,  &c;  (also  powder-p.)  small  pad  of  down 
or  the  like  for  applying  powder  to  skin ;  piece, 
cake,  &c,  of  light  pastry  esp.  of  p.  paste ;  un- 
duly or  extravagantly  laudatory  review  of 
book,  advertisement  of  tradesman's  goods  &c, 
esp.  in  newspaper ;  p.-adder,  large  venomous 
African  viper  inflating  upper  part  of  body 
when  excited  ;  p.-ball,  fungus  with  ball-shaped 
spore-case  ;  p.-box  (containing  powder  &  p.) ; 
p.-paste,  light  flaky  flour  paste ;  p.-p.  (nursery), 
steam-engine,  train.    [ME  puf,  imit] 

Puff  2  v.i.  &  t.  Emit  puff  of  air  or  breath  ; 
<of  air  &c.)  come  out,  up,  in  puffs;  breathe 
hard,   pant,   esp.    p.    &    blow\    put    out    of 


breath,  as  was  rather  puffed;  p.  out,  utter 
pantingly ;  (of  steam-engine,  person  smoking, 
&c.)  emit  puffs,  move  with  puffs,  as  puffed 
away  at  his  cigar,  puffed  out  of  the  terminus ; 
blow  (dust,  smoke,  light  object,  out,  up,  away, 
&c.)  with  puff;  smoke  (pipe)  in  puffs;  blow 
out,  up,  inflate ;  become  inflated,  swell  up,  out ; 
p.  up,  elate,  make  proud,  (esp.  in  p.p.) ;  adver- 
tise (goods)  with  exaggerated  or  false  praise ; 
bid  at  auction  to  raise  price.  Hence  pu'ffER l 
n.  [ME  puffen,  imit.] 
pu'ffepy,  n.    Advertisement,  puffing;  puff 


Atlantic  sea-bird  with  large 


frilling,  puffs,    [-ery] 
n,  n.    N. 


pu* 

furrowed  parti-coloured  bill.    [?] 

pu'ffy,  a.  Gusty ;  short-winded  ;  puffed  out ; 
corpulent.    Hence  pu'fflNESS  n.    [-y  2] 

pug1,  n.  (Also  p.-dog)  dwarf  squat-faced 
breed  of  dog  like  bull-dog,  whence  pu'ggiSH 1, 
pu'ggy2  a.;  p.-nose{d),  (with)  short  squat  or 
snub  nose ;  (among  servants)  upper  servant  in 
large  establishment;  (quasi-proper  name  for) 
fox ;  small  locomotive  for  shunting  &c.    [?] 

pug"2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Loam  or  clay  mixed  &  pre- 
pared for  brickmaking  &c;  prepare  (clay)  thus, 
pack  (space  esp.  under  floor,  to  deaden  sound) 
with  p.,  sawdust,  &c;  p.-mill  (for  preparing  p.). 
Hence  pu'ggiNG1^)  n.    [?J 

pugs,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Footprint  of 
beast ;  ( vb)  track  by  pp.    [( vb  f.  n. )  f.  Hind.  pag\ 

pu*gg(a)pee  (-ri),  n.  Indian's  light  turban ; 
thin  scarf  of  muslin  &c.  worn  round  hat  &  fall- 
ing down  behind  to  keep  off  sun.  Hence  pu*g- 
g-apeED  2  a.    [f .  Hind,  pagri  turban  ] 

pu'gilist,  n.  Boxer,  fighter  ;  (fig. )  vigorous 
controversialist.  So  pu'giliSM  n.,  pugili's- 
tio a.,  pugili'stiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L pugil  boxer 
( pugnus  fist,  pugna  fight)  +  -ist] 

pugna'cious,  a.  Disposed  to  fight,  quarrel- 
some. Hence  or  cogn.  pugna*elousLY2adv., 
pugna'ciTY  n.  [f.  L  pugnax  (pugnare  fight, 
see-ACious)] 

puisne  (pu'ni),  a.  &  n.  P.  (judge),  inferior  or 
junior  judge  in  superior  courts  of  common  law ; 
(Law)  later,  subsequent  (to),  as  v.  mortgagees, 
mortgagees  p.  to  the  plaintiff.  [OF  (puis  after 
f.  L  postea  +  ni  born  f.  L  natus)] 

pu'issant  (or  pui'snt  or  pwi*-),  a.  (archaic). 
Havinggreatpowerorinfluence.mighty.  Hence 
or  cogn.  puissance  n.,  puissantLY 2  adv. 
[F,  f.  Rom.  *possentem  part,  of  L  posse  be  able] 

puke,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.    V omit.    [?] 

pule,  v.i.  Cry  querulously  or  weakly,  whine. 
Hence  pu'lingLY  2  adv.    [imit.,  cf.  F  piauler] 

pull1  (po"ol),  v.t.  &  i.  Exertupon  (thing)  force 
tendingto  drawit  to  oneself.as  don't  p.my  hair, 
p.  his  ears  or  him  by  the  ear  (as  chastisement), 
p.  his  nose  or  him  by  the  nose  (as  insult),  p.  his 
sleeve  or  him  by  the  sleeve  (to  gain  attention), 
p.  the  (bell-rope  or  handle  to  ring  the)  bell,  p. 
person's  leg,  p.  (=draw)  the  LOXQ^-bow,  p.  the 
strings,  wires  ;  draw  (thing  &c.)  towards  one- 
self or  in  direction  so  regarded,  as  p.  it  nearer, 
p.  him  into  the  room,  p.  your  cap  over  your 
ears,  p.  off  one's  hat  (as  salutation),  p.  on  one's 
stockings ;  p.  (thing)  to  pieces,  separate  its  parts 
forcibly,  (fig.)  criticize  (person,  thing)  unfavour- 
ably; exert  pulling  force,  as  horse  pulls  well, 
pulled  (away)  at  the  handle ;  proceed  with 
effort  (up  hill  &c.) ;  (of  horse) strain,  esp.  habit- 
ually, against  bit ;  p.  devil,  p.  baker  ;  draw, 
suck,  at  (pipe,  cigar,  &c.) ;  pluck  (plant,  often 
up)  by  root ;  pulled,  reduced  in  health  orspirits ; 
pulled  bread,  pieces  from  inside  of  new  loaf, 
rebaked  till  crisp ;  p.  caps,  wigs,  scuffle, quarrel; 
tear,  pluck,  at  (thing) ;  print  upon  (sheet),  print 
(copy,  proof),  orig.  in  old  hand-press  by  pulling 
bar  towards  one ;  move  boat,  move  (boat),  by 


PULL 


671 


PUMP 


pulling  oar,  (of  boat)  be  rowed,  be  rowed  by  (so 
many  oars),  as  she  pulled  in  shore,  pulls  6 
oars ;  p.  (row  with  effect  in  proportion  to)  one's 
weight ;  (slang)  arrest ;  (slang)  make  raid  on 
(gambling-house  &c.) ;  check  (horse)  esp.  so  as 
to  make  him  lose  race ;  (Crick.)  strike  (ball  or 
abs.),  strike  ball  bowled  by  (bowler),  from  off  to 
leg  ;  (Golf)  drive  (ball  or  abs.)  widely  to  left; 
p.  a  face1  ;  p.  a  sanctimonious  &c.  face,  as- 
sume such  expression  ;  p.  about,  p.  from  side  to 
side,  treat  roughly  ;  p.  dovon,  demolish  (build- 
ing &c),  lower  in  health,  spirits,  price,  &c;  p. 
off,  win  (prize,  contest) ;  p.  out,  row  out,  (of 
train)  move  out  of  station  ;  pull  through  adv. 
&  prep. ,  get  (person),  get  oneself,  safely  through 
(danger,  illness,  &c.  or  abs. ) ;  p.  oneself  together, 
rally,  recover  oneself;  p.  together,  work  in  har- 
mony ;  p.  up,  cause  (person,  horse,  vehicle)  to 
stop,  reprimand,  check  oneself,  advance  one's 
relative  position  in  race  &c; p.-back,  retarding 
influence,  check,  contrivance  for  pulling  full- 
ness of  woman's  skirt  to  back.  [OE  pullian, 
etym.  dub.J 

pull2,  n.  Act  of  pulling,  wrench,  tug  ;  force 
thus  exerted;  (Print.)  rough  proof;  pulling  at 
bridle  to  check  horse  esp.  in  racing;  spell  of 
rowing;  (Crick.,  Golf)  pulling  stroke;  (in  public 
house)  supply  of  beer  &c.  exceeding  that  asked 
for;  have  the  p.  (advantage)  of  (person) ;  deep 
draught  of  liquor;  handle  &c.  by  which  p.  is 
applied,  as  beer1,  bell1,  -p.    [f.  prec] 

pu'llep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  kinds  of  in- 
strument or  machine  for  pulling;  horse  that 
pulls  esp.  against  bit.    [-eb  jJ 

pu'llet  (po"b-),  n.  Young  fowl,  esp.  hen  from 
time  she  begins  to  lay  till  first  moult,    [f.  F 

ftoulet  dim.  of  poule  f.  LiLpulla  fern,  of  L  pul- 
us  young  animal,  cogn.  w.  foal] 

pu'lley  (poo-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Grooved  wheel(s) 
for  cord  &c.  to  pass  over,  mounted  in  block  & 
used  for  changing  direction  of  power,  one  of 
the  simple  mechanical  powers ;  wheel,  drum, 
fixed  on  shaft  &  turned  by  belt,  used  esp.  to  in- 
crease speed  or  power;  (v.t.)  hoist,  furnish, 
work,  with  p.  [ME  &  OF  polie  ult.  f.  Gk  *poli- 
dion  pivot  dim.  of  polos  pole2] 

pu'llicate  (-at),  n.  (Material  for)  coloured 
handkerchief,  orig.  one  made  at  Pulicat  on 
Madras  coast.  • 

Pu'llman  (pdb-),  a.  &  n.  P.  (car),  railway 
saloon  carriage  usu.  arranged  for  use  as  sleep- 
ing car.    [G.  M.  P.,  designer] 

pu'llulate,  v.i.  (Of  shoot,  bud)  sprout  out, 
bud  ;  (of  seed)  sprout ;  (fig.,  of  doctrines  &c.)  de- 
velop, spring  up.  Hence  pu'llulANT  a.,  pul- 
IuIa'tion  n.  [f.  L  pullulare  sprout  (pullulus 
dim.  of  pullus  chick),  see  -ate  3] 

pirlly-hairly,  a.  &  n.  (colloq.).  (Of)  pull- 
ing &  hauling.  Sopu'lly-haulv.t.  &i.   [-y2] 

pulmo-  in  comb.  =  L  pulmo  -monis  lung, 
as:  -bra'nchiate,  with  gills  modified  for  air- 
breathing  ;  -meter,  instrumentmeasuring  capa- 
city of  lungs,  so  -metry. 

pulmonary,  a.  Of,  in,  connected  with,  the 
lungs,  as  p.  artery,  main  artery  conveying 
blood  from  heart  to  lungs,  p.  disease ;  having 
lungs  or  lung-like  organs,  so  pul'monATE  2  a.; 
affected  with,  subject  to,  lung-disease.  So  pul- 
md'nic  a.  [f.  L  pulmonarius  (pulmo  -monis 
lung,  see  -ary  x)] 

pulp,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Fleshy  part  of  fruit ;  any 
fleshy  or  soft  part  of  animal  body,  e.g.  nervous 
substance  in  interior  cavity  of  tooth ;  soft  form- 
less mass,  esp.  that  of  linen,  wood,  &c,  from 
which  paper  is  made ;  ore  pulverized  &  mixed 
with  water  ;  (v.t.)  reduce  to  p.,  remove  p.  from 
<coffee-beans),  whence  pu'lpER M2)  n.,  (v.i.)  be- 
come pulpy.    Hence  or  cogn.  pu'lpiFF  v.t., 


pu'lpiNESsn.,  pu'Ipless,  pirlpous,pu*lpY2, 

aa.    [f.  L  pulpa\ 

pu'lpit  (poo-),  n.  Raised  enclosed  platform 
usu.  with  desk  &  seat  from  which  preacher  in 
church  or  chapel  delivers  sermon  ;  the  profes- 
sion of  preaching ;  preachers  ;  (in  title  of  book> 
collected  sermons ;  (attrib.)j3.  eloquence,  orator^ 
style,    [f.  L  pulpitum  scaffold,  platform] 

pulpiteer*,  n.,  &  v.i.  Professional  preacher 
(usu.  contempt.),  sopulpitAR'iANa.  &n.;  (v.i.) 
preach,  whence  pulpiteen'iNG x  n.    [eer] 

pulque  (pdb'lkl),  n.  Mexican  fermented 
drink  from  sap  of  agave  &c;  p.-brandy,  intoxi- 
cant made  from  p.    [Sp.-Amer.] 

pulsa'te  (or  pui-),  v.i.  &  t.  Expand  &  con- 
tract rhythmically,  beat,  throb  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  vi- 
brate, quiver,  thrill ;  agitate  (diamonds)  with 
machine  (pulsa'tOR2  n. )  to  separate  them  from 
earth  in  which  they  are  found.  Hence  or  cogn. 
PuIsa'tion  n.,  pu'lsatORY  a.  [f.  L  pulsare 
push,  beat,  frequent,  of  pellere  puis-  drive,  see 
-ate  3] 

pu'lsatile,  a.  Of,  having  the  property  of, 
pulsation;  (of  musical  instrument)  played  by 
percussion,    [as  prec.  +  -ile] 

pulse  *,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t  Rhythmical  throbbing 
of  arteries  as  blood  is  propelled  along  them  esp. 
as  felt  in  wrists,  temples,  Sec;  feel  person's  p. 
(as  indicating  by  its  rate  &  character  his  state 
of  health,  fig.,  sound  his  intentions  &c.) ;  each 
successive  beat  of  arteries  or  heart;  (fig.)  throb, 
thrill.of  life  or  emotion ;  rhythmical  recurrence 
of  strokes  e.g.  of  oars ;  single  beat  or  vibration 
of  sound,  light,  &c;  (v.i.)  pulsate  (lit.  &  fig.); 
(v.t.)  send  out,in,8cc,  by  rhythmic  beats.  Hence 
PU'Isoless  a.,  pu'lselessNESS  n.  [(n.)  ME 
&  OF  pous  f.  L  pulsus  -us  f.  pellere  puis-  drive; 
vb  as  pulsate! 

pulse2,  n.  (Collective  sing.,  sometimes  with 
pi.  vb)  edible  seeds  of  leguminous  plants  e.g. 

f>eas,  beans,  lentils  ;  (with  pi.)  any  kind  of  these, 
f.  OF  pols  f.  L  puis  -Uis  pottage  of  meal  &c.  ] 

pulsrmeter,  n.  Instrument  for  measuring 
rate  or  force  of  pulse,  [f.  pulse1  +  -i-  +  -meter] 

pulso'meter,  n.  Steam-condensing  vacuum 
pump,  so  called  from  pulsatory  action  of  the 
steam,    [as  prec,  see  -o-] 

pulta'ceous,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  pap  or  a 
poultice,  soft,  pulpy,    [as  pulse 2,  see  -aceousJ 

pu'lverlze,  v.t.  &  i.  Reduce  to  powder  or 
dust,  divide  (liquid)  into  spray,  whence  pu*l- 
verizatOR2(2),  pu'lverizER  ](2),  nn.;  (fig.)  de- 
molish, crush,  smash  ;  (intr.)  crumble  to  dust. 
Hence  pu'lverizABLE  a.,  pulverizATiON  n. 
[f.  LL  pulverizare  (pulvis  -eris  dust,  see  -ize)] 

pulve'pulent  (or  -rob),  a.  Powdery ;  cover- 
ed with  powder ;  (of  rock  &c.)  of  slight  cohesion, 
apt  to  crumble,  [f.  L  pulverulentus  (pulvis 
•eris  dust,  see  -lent)] 

pu'lvinate  (at),  -ated,  aa.  (Arch.,  -cd) 
swelling,  esp.  (of  frieze)  with  convex  face ; 
(Bot.,  Entom.) cushion-like,  having  cushion-like 
swelling,  [f.  L  pulvinatus  (pulvinus  cushion), 
see  -ate  2(2)J 

pu'ma,  n.     =  cougar.    [Sp.  f.  Peruv.] 

pu'mice(-stone),  a.,  &  v.t.  (Piece  of)  lig^ht 
spongy  kind  of  lava  used  for  removing  stains 
from  hands  &c,  polishing,  &c;  (v.t.)  rub, 
clean,  with  p.;  p.  too/of  horse,  made  spongy  by 
disease.  So  pumreeo us  a.  [ME  &  OF  pomis 
f.  LL  pumicem,  L  pu-  (nom.  -mex)) 

pu'mmel,  v.t.  (-11-).  Strike  repeatedly  esp. 
with  fist,    [altered  f.  pommel] 

pump1,  n.  Machine,  usu.  cylinder  in  which 
piston  &c.  is  moved  up  &  down  by  rod,  for 
raising  water  ;  kinds  of  machine  for  raising  or 
moving  liquids.compressing  or  rarefying  gases, 
&c.  (fig.  of  heart,  insect's  suckers,  &c.) ;  air  ', 


PUMP 


672 


PUNT 


force1,  stomach, -p.;  bicycle-p.  (for  inflating 
tires) ;   pumping,  stroke  of  pump ;    attempt, 

Eerson  skilful,  at  pumping  others;  p.-brake, 
andle  of  ship's  p.  esp.  with  transverse  bar  for 
several  persons  to  work  at ;  p.-handle  v.t.  (col- 
loq.),  shake  (person's  hand)  effusively ;  p.-room, 
building  where  p.  is  worked  esp.  at  6pa  where 
medicinal  water  is  dispensed.  [ME pumpe,  cf. 
Du.  pomp,  etym.  dub.] 

pump2,  v.L  &  t.  Work  a  pump;  remove, 
raise,  (water  &c.,  usu.  out,  up)  thus;  make 
(ship,  well,  &c.)  dry  by  pumping ;  p.  up,  inflate 
(pneumatic  tire),  inflate  tires  of  (bicycle  &c); 
bring  out,  pour  forth,  (abuse  &c  upon)  as  by 
pumping ;  elicit  information  from  (person), 
elicit  (information,  usu.  out  of  person),  by  art- 
ful or  persistent  questions ;  (of  exertion)  put 
completely  out  of  breath  (esp.  pass.) ;  (of  mer- 
cury in  barometer)  rise  &  fall  instantaneously ; 
pu'mpship  v.i.  (not  in  polite  use),  make  water. 
Hence  pirmpER  1  n.    [f.  prec] 

pump3,  n.  Kind  of  light  shoe  now  usu.  of 
patent  leather  &  without  fastening,  worn  with 
evening  dress  &  for  dancing.    [?] 

pu-mpepniekei  (poo-),  ji.  German  whole- 
meal rye  bread.    [G,  etym.  dub.] 

pu'mpkin,  n.  (Cucurbitaceous  plant  bear- 
ing) large  egg-shaped  or  globular  fruit  with 
edible  layer  next  to  rind,  used  in  cookery  &  for 
cattle,  [f.  earlier  pumpion,  po-,  f.  obs.  Fpo(m)- 
pon  f.  L  pepo  f.  Gk  pepon  large  melon  +  -kin] 

pun1,  n.,  &  v.i.  Humorous  use  of  word  to 
suggest  different  meanings,  or  of  words  of  same 
sound  with  different  meanings,  play  on  words ; 
(v.i.)  make  pp.  (upon  word,  subject).  Hence 
pirnning-LY  2  adv.    [?] 

pun2,  v.t  Consolidate  (earth,  rubble)  by 
pounding  or  ramming ;  work  up  to  proper  con- 
sistency with  punner.    [dial.  var.  of  pound  3] 

pu'na  (poo-),  n.  High  bleak  plateau  in  Peru- 
vian Andes;  difficulty  in  breathing  caused  by 
rarefied  atmosphere.    [Peru v.,  in  first  sense] 

punch  i,  n.  Instrument  or  machine  for  cut- 
ting holes  in  leather,  metal,  paper,  &c,  driving 
bolt  &c.  out  of  hole  (starting-p.),  forcing  nail 
beneath  surface  (driving-p.),  &c;  tool  or  ma- 
chine for  impressing  design  or  stamping  die  on 
material ;  bell-p.,  conductor's  ticket  p.  with  bell 
to  announce  punching  of  ticket,    [prob.  var.  of 

POUNCE1,  but  Cf.  PUNCHEON1] 

punch2,  v.t,  &  n.  Strike  esp.  with  closed 
fist,  as  p.  his  head ;  punching-ball,  inflated  ball 
held  by  elastic  bands  &c.  &  punched  as  form  of 
exercise ;  prod  with  stick  &c,  esp.  (U.S.)  drive 
(cattle)  thus ;  pierce  (metal,  leather,  tram- ticket, 
&c. )  as  or  with  punch ;  pierce  (hole)  thus ;  drive 
(nail  &c.  in,  out)  with  punch;  (n.)  blow  with 
fist,  as  a  p.  on  the  head.  Hence  pu'nchER  !(lf2) 
n.    [(n.  f.  vb)  as  prec] 

punch3,  n.  Drink  usu.  of  wine  or  spirits 
mixed  with  hot  water  or  milk,  sugar,  lemons, 
spice,  &c,  as  brandy,  rum,  milk,  p. ;  bowl  of  p. ; 
party  at  which  p.  is  drunk ;  p.-bowl,  bowl  in 
which  p.  is  mixed,  round  deep  hollow  in  hill(s). 
[perh.  f.  Hind,  panch  five,  from  number  of  in- 
gredients ;  or  abbr.  of  puncheon  2] 

punch  <,  n.  (Suffolk)  p.,  short-legged  thick- 
set draught  horse ;  (dial. )  short  fat  man  or  thing ; 
(P)  grotesque  hump-backed  figure  in  puppet- 
show  called  P.  &  Judy,  esp.  as  title  of  a  London 
weekly  comic  paper;  as  pleased,  as  proud,  as  P. 
<much,  very),  [perh.  different  wds ;  in  last  sense 
abbr.  of  Punchinello] 

pu'ncheon1  (-shn),  n.  Short  post  esp.  one 
supporting  roof  in  coal-mine;  (now  rare)  = 
punch  K  [f.  OF  poincon  f.  LL  *punctionem 
(vunctapomt  f.  pungere  punct-  prick,  see -ion)] 

pu'ncheon2  (-shn),  n.  (hist).  Large  cask  for 


liquids  &c.  holding  from  72  to  120  gals,  [identi- 
cal in  form  w.  prec.  in  E  &  OF] 

Punchinello,  n.  Chief  character  in  Italian 
puppet-show  ;  short  stout  person,  [f.  It.  poli- 
chinello) 

pu'nctate (-at),  a.  (nat.  hist,  path.).  Marked 
or  studded  with  points,  dots,  or  spots.  So 
punctA'TiON  n.    [f.  L  as  point  l,  see  -ate  2(2)] 

puncti'lio,  n.  (pi.  -os).  Nice  point  of  cere- 
mony or  honour ;  petty  formality,  [f.  It.  pun- 
tiglio  dim.  otpunto  point1,  cf.  F  pointille] 

punctilious,  a.  Attentive  to  punctilios. 
Hence  puncti'liousLY2  adv.,  puneti'lious- 
ness  n.    [f.  F  pointilleux  (as  prec,  -ous)] 

pu'nctual,  a.  Observant  of  appointed  time ; 
in  good  time,  not  late ;  (archaic)  punctilious  ; 
(Geom.)  of  a  point  Hence  punetua'liTY  n., 
pu'nctualLY2  adv.  [f.  med.L  punctualis 
(punctus  -us  point  1  see  -al)] 

pu'nctuate,  v.t.  Insert  stops  in  (writing), 
mark  or  divide  with  stops;  (fig.)  interrupt 
(speech)  with  exclamations  &c;  (improp.)  em- 
phasize, accentuate,  as  flung  it  on  the  ground 
to  p.  his  refusal.  Hence  or  cogn.  pu'nctua- 
tiVE  a.,  pu*nctuatOR2n.  [f.  med.L punct uare 
(as  prec),  see  -ate3] 

punctua'tion,  n.  Insertion  of  vowel  &  other 
points  in  Hebrew  &c ;  practice,  art,  of  punctu- 
ating,   [f.  med.L punctuatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

pu'nctum,  n.  (ph  -ta).  Speck,  dot,  spot  of 
colour  or  elevation  or  depression  on  surface. 
So  pu'nctULE  n. ,  whence  pu'n c tul ate  2(2)  a. , 
punctulATiON  n.    [L,  =  point  l] 

pu'ncture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Pricking, 
prick,  esp.  accidental  pricking  of  pneumatic 
tire;  hole  thus  made ;  (v.t)  prick,  pierce;  (v.i., 
of  tire,  bicycle  &c,  rider  &c)  experience  a  p. 
l(vb  f.  n.)  f.  hpunctura  (as  point1,  -ure)] 

pu'ndit,  n.  Hindu  learned  in  Sanskrit  &  in 
philosophy,  religion,  &  jurisprudence,  of  India; 
(facet)  learned  teacher,    [f.  Hind,  pandit] 

pu-ngent,a.  (Nat.  Hist)  sharp-pointed ;  (of 
reproof,  satire,  &c)  biting,  caustic;  mentally 
stimulating,  piquant ;  affecting  organs  of  smell 
or  taste,  or  skin  &c,  with  pricking  sensation, 
asp.  gas, smoke,  sauce.  Hence  pu'ngENCY  n., 
pu'ngrentLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  pungere  prick,  -ent] 

Pu'nie,  a.  &  n.  Carthaginian;  P.  Wars 
(between  Rome  &  Carthage);  P.  faith;  (n.) 
P.  language,  [f.  L  Punicus,  Poen-,  (Poenus  f. 
Gk  Phoinix  Phoenician,  see  -IC)] 

pu'nish,  v.t.  Cause  (offender)  to  suffer  for 
offence ;  chastise ;  inflict  penalty  on  (offender); 
inflict  penalty  for  (offence);  (colloq.)  inflict  se- 
vere blows  on  (opponent  in  boxing),  (of  race, 
competitor)  tax  severely  the  powers  of  (compe- 
titor), take  full  advantage  of  (weak  bowling, 
bowler,  stroke  at  tennis),  make  heavy  inroad 
on  (food  &c),  whence  pu'nishiNG2  a.  Hence 
punishaBi'LiTY,  pu'nish er1,  pu*nish- 
ment,  nn.,  pu'nishABLE  a.,  pu'nishabLY2 
adv.  [f.  F  punir  (-ish  2)  f.  L  punire  (poena = Gk 
poine  fine)] 

pu'nitive,  a.  Inflicting  punishment,  retri- 
butive, as  p.  justice,  expedition.  So  pu'nitORY 
a.    [f.  med.L  punitivus  (as  prec,  see  -ive)] 

punk1,  n.  (archaic).    Prostitute.    [?] 

punk  2,  n.  (chiefly  U.  S. ).  Rotten  wood,  fungus 
growing  on  wood,  used  as  tinder.    [?] 

pu*nka(h),  n.  (E.-Ind.).  Portable  fan  usu. 
of  leaf  of  palmyra ;  large  swinging  cloth  fan  on 
frame  worked  by  cord.    [f.  Hind,  pankha] 

pu'nner,  n.  Tool  for  ramming  earth  about 
post  &c.    [f.  pun  2  -f-  -er  l ) 

pu'nnet,  n.  Small  round  chip  basket  for 
fruit  or  vegetables.    [?] 

pu'nster.n.  Professed  maker  of  puns.  [sterJ 

punt l,  n.,  &  v.t  Flat-bottomed  shallow  boat 


PUNT 


673 


PURIST 


.  ciac  wneie  ,  unuuiitr  opening 

f  eye  regulating  passage  of 
So  pu-pil(l)ARi,  pu-pil(l)- 

ipille  f.  L  pupillus,  -la,  ward, 


broad  &  square  at  both  ends,  propelled  by  long 
pole  thrust  against  bottom  of  river  &c. ;  (v.t.) 
propel  (p.,  boat,  or  abs.)  thus;  convey  in  a  p. 
Hence  pu'nten1  [-er1],  pu'ntiST,  nn.  [(vbf. 
n.)  OE,  f.  L  ponto,  kind  of  Gallic  transport] 

punt2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Kick  (football)  after  it  has 
dropped  from  the  hands  &  before  it  reaches 
ground  ;  (n. )  such  kick ;  p.-about,  kicking  about 
of  football  for  practice,  ball  so  used.    [?] 

punt 3,  v.i.,  &  n.  (At  faro  &  other  card -games) 
lay  stake  against  bank;  (colloq.)  bet  on  horse 
&c. ;  (n.)  player  who  punts,  point  in  faro.  Hence 
pu'ntep  2  [-er  *]  n.    [f.  F  ponte{r),  etym.  dub.] 

pu'nty,  pd-,  n.  Iron  rod  used  in  glass-blow- 
ing, [prob.  f.  F  pontil  prob.  f.  It.  pontello  dim. 
of  punto  point  *j 

pu'ny,  a.  Undersized ;  weak,  feeble ;  petty. 
Hence  pu'niNESS  n.    [= puisne] 

pup,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Young  dog;  in  p.,  preg- 
nant ;  conceited  &c.  p.  (boy,  young  man) ;  sell 
person  a  pup,  swindle  him  esp.  by  selling  thing 
on  prospective  value  ;  (vb)  bring  forth  (pups  or 
abs.).    [shortened  f.  puppy] 

pu'pa,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Chrysalis.  Hence  pu'pAL 
a.    [L,= girl,  doll] 

pu'pate,  v.i.  Become  a  pupa.  Hence  pupA'- 

TION  n.     l-ATE3] 

pu'pil,  n.  One  who  is  taught  by  another, 
scholar ;  (Law)  person  below  age  of  puberty  & 
under  care  of  guardian ;  p.-teacher,  boy,  girl, 
teaching  in  elementary  school  under  head 
teacher  &  concurrently  receiving  general  edu- 
cation from  him  or  elsewhere ;  circular  opening 
in  centre  of  iris  of  eye  regulatin 
light  to  the  retina. 
ary  2,  aa.  [f.  F  pupil 
minor,  (-la)  p.  or  eye] 

pu*pil(l)age  (-Xj),  n.  Nonage,  minority  (fig. 
of  country,  language,  &c),  so  pupilO^TiTY 
n.  (law);  being  a  pupil.  Sopu'pilSHiPn.  [-age] 

pu*pil(l)ize,  v.t.  &  i.  Take  pupils ;  coach 
(pupil).    [-IZE] 

pupi'parous,  a.  (entom.).  Bringing  forth 
young  already  advanced  to  pupal  state,  [f. 
pupa  4-  L  -parus  -bearing] 

pu'ppet,  n.  Figure,  usu.  small,  representing 
human  being,  esp.  one  with  jointed  limbs  moved 
by  wires  &c.  in  p. -show  ;  person  whose  acts  are 
controlled  by  another ;  p.-play,  -show,  (with  pp. 
as  characters);  p.-clack,  -valve,  disk  valve 
opened  by  lifting  bodily  from  its  seat,  not 
hinged.  Hence  pu*ppetRY(4, 5)  n.  [ME  po- 
pet(te)  -  F  poupette  doll  dim.  f.  pupa] 

pu'ppy,  n.  Young  dog  (also,  childish,  p.- 
dog);  vain  empty-headed  young  man,  coxcomb, 
whence  pu'ppyiSM  n.  Hence  pu'ppyDOM, 
pu'ppyHOOD,  nn.,  pu'ppyiSH1  a.  [prob.  =  F 
poupie  doll,  irreg.  f.  pupa] 

pup-,  pref.  AF  form  of  OF  por-,  pur-,  f.  L 
por-,  pro-  (purchase,  purport,  pursue). 

pura'na  (poorah-),  n.  Any  or  a  class  of  San- 
skrit sacred  poems.  Hence  pura'nic  (-rah-)  a. 
[f.  Skr.  jmrand  of  formertimes  ipura  formerly)] 

Pup'beek,  a.  P.  stone,  hard  limestone  from 
P.  in  Dorset ;  P.  marble,  finer  qualities  of  this. 

pur'blind,  a.,  &  v.t.  Partly  blind,  dim- 
sighted  ;  (fig.)  obtuse,  dull ;  (v.t.)  make  p.  Hence 
pup'blindNESS  n.  [earlier  pur{e)  blind ;  pur- 
perh.  =  pure  in  sense '  quite '  or = pur-  intensive, 
with  changed  sense] 

pup'ehase 1  l-os),  n.  Buying ;  p.-money,  price 
(to  be)  paid;  (Hist.)  practice  of  buying  com- 
missions in  army  ;  thing  bought ;  annual  return 
from  land,  as  sold  at  20  years' p.,  (fig.)K/eis  not 
worth  an  hour's  p.,  cannot  be  trusted  to  last  an 
hour ;  (Law)  acquisition  of  property  by  one's 
personal  action  not  by  inheritance ;  mechanical 
advantage,  leverage,  (often  fig.);  appliance  for 

F.D. 


gaining  this,  esp.  (Naut)rope,  windlass,  pulley. 
IME,  f.  OF  porchas,  pur-,  as  foil.] 

purchase2  (-as),  v.t.  Buy ;  acquire  (victory, 
freedom,  &c,  with  one's  blood,  toil,  &c.) ; 
(Naut.)  haul  up  (anchor  &c.)  by  means  of  pul- 
ley, lever,  &c.  So  pup'chasABLE  a.,  pup*- 
chasERi  n.  [ME,  f.  AF  PVR(chacer  chase) 
procure,  bring  about] 

purdah,  n.  (E.-Ind\).  Curtain,  esp.  one  serv- 
ing to  screen  women  from  sight  of  strangers ; 
(fig.)  Indian  system  of  secluding  women  of  rank; 
striped  cotton  or  other  cloth  for  curtains,  [f. 
Hind.  &  Pers.  pardah] 

pure,  a.  Unmixed,  unadulterated,  as  p. 
white,  air,  alcohol,  water ;  (of  sounds)  not  dis- 
cordant, esp.  (Mus.)  perfectly  in  tune  ;  of  un- 
mixed descent,  p. -blooded ;  p.  mathematics 
(not  including  practical  applications,  opp.  to 
applied,  mixed);  (Gram.,  of  vowel)  preceded 
by  another  vowel,  (of  stem)  ending  in  vowel, 
(of  consonant)  not  accompanied  by  another; 
mere,  simple,  nothing  but,  sheer,  as  knowledge 
p.  &  simple,  p.  nonsense,  prejudice ;  not  cor- 
rupt, as  his  taste  was  severe  &p.',  morally  un- 
defiled,  guiltless,  sincere ;  sexually  undefiled. 
Hence  pupe'LY2  adv.,  purew'ESS  n.  [f.  OF 
pur,  fern,  pure,  f.  L  purus] 

puree  (F),  n.  Soup  of  vegetables,  meat,  &c, 
boiled  to  pulp  &  passed  through  sieve. 

pup'fle,  n.,  &  v.t.  (archaic).  Border  esp.  em- 
broidered edge  of  garment;  (v.t.)  adorn  (robe) 
with  p.,  ornament  (edge  of  building  with  crock- 
ets &c),  beautify.  Hence  pup'fliNG1  n.  [f. 
OF  porfil(er),  as  profile] 

pupga'tion,  n.  Purification  ;  purging  of 
bowels  ;  spiritual  cleansing,  esp.  (R.-G.  Ch.)  of 
soul  in  purgatory ;  (Hist.)  clearing  of  oneself 
from  accusation  or  suspicion  by  oath  or  ordeal. 
If.  OF  purgacion  f.  L  purgationem  (as  purge, 
see  -ation)] 

pup'gative,  a.  &  n.  Aperient  (medicine); 
serving  to  purify.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  LL  purgati- 
vus  (as  purge,  see  -ative)] 

pup'gatopy,  n.  &  a.  Condition,  place,  of 
spiritual  purging,  esp.  (R.-C.  Ch.)  of  souls  de- 
parting this  life  in  grace  of  God  but  requiring 
to  be  cleansed  from  venial  sins  &c;  place  of 
temporary  suffering  or  expiation  ;  (a.)  purify- 
ing. So  pupgatop'i al  a.  [f.  LL  purgatorius 
a.  (med.L  -um  n.),  as  foil.,  see  -ory] 

purge,  v.t.,  &  n.  Make  physically  or  spiritu- 
ally clean  (of,  from,  impurities,  sin,  &c;  re- 
move by  cleansing  process  (lit  &  fig.,  often 
away,  off,  out) ;  (of  medicine)  relieve  (bowels 
or  abs.)  by  evacuation  ;  clear  (person,  oneself, 
of  charge,  suspicion) ;  (Law)  atone  for,  wipe 
out  (offence,  sentence)  by  expiation  &  submis- 
sion. (N.)  purgation,  esp.  (Hist.)  Pride's  P., 
exclusion  by  Col.  Pride  of  Presbyterian  & 
Royalist  members  from  Long  Parliament; 
aperient,    f (n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  purger  f.  L  purgare] 

pupinca'tion,  n.  Purifying ;  ritual  cleans- 
ing, esp.  that  of  woman  after  child-birth  en- 
joined by  Jewish  law,  as  the  P.  (of  the  Virgin 
Mary),  Feb.  2nd  (Luke  ii.  22).  So  pup'ifleat- 
ory  a.  [f.  lipurificatio  (as  purify,  see  -ation)] 

pup*Ifieatop,  n.  (eccl.).  Cloth  used  at  com- 
munion for  wiping  chalice  &  paten  &  fingers  & 
lipsof  celebrant,    [as  foil.,  see  -or  2] 

pup'ify-,  v.t.  Make  pure,  cleanse,  (of,  from, 
impurities,  sin,  &c.) ;  make  ceremonially  clean ; 
clear  of  foreign  elements,  whence  pup*i- 
Her  J(2)  n.  [f.  F  purifier  f.  LL  purificare  (as 
pure,  see  -fy)1 

Pup'im,  n.  Jewish  festival  commemorating 
defeat  of  Haman's  plot  (Esth.  ix).  [Heb.,  pi.  of 
pwrj_perh.=lotl 

pup'ist,  n.    Stickler  for,  affecter  of,  scrupu- 

22 


PURITAN 


674 


PURSUE 


lous  purity  esp.  in  language.  So  pup-ism  n., 
pupl'stic(AL)  aa.  [f.  F  puriste  (pure,  -ist)1 
Pup'itan,  n.  &  a.  (Hist.)  member  of  the  party 
of  English  Protestants  who  regarded  reforma- 
tion of  Church  under  Elizabeth  as  incomplete 
&  sought  to  abolish  unscriptural  &  corrupt 
ceremonies  &c;  member  of  any  non-religious 
purist  party ;  person  of  or  affecting  extreme 
strictness  in  religion  or  morals ;  (adj.)  of  the 
Pp.,  scrupulous  in  religion  or  morals.  Hence 
pupit&,nic(AL)  aa.,  purita'niealLY  2  adv., 
pur'itaniSM  n.,  pup*itamzE(2,  3)  v.i.  &  t. 

[f.  foil.  +  -AN] 

pup'ity,  n.  Pureness,  cleanness,  freedom 
from  physical  or  moral  pollution.  [ME  &  OF 
purte  f.  hpuritatem  (as  pure,  see  -ty)J 

pupl  \  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Cord  of  twisted  gold  or 
silver  wire  for  bordering ;  chain  of  minute 
loops,  each  loop  of  this,  ornamenting  edges  of 
lace,  ribbon,  &c;  (Knitt.,  also  pearl)  inversion 
of  stitches,  producing  ribbed  appearance ;  (vb) 
border  (material  orabs.)  with  p.,  in  vert  (stitches 
or  abs.),  invert  stitches  of  (stocking  &c).  [in 
1st  sense  prob. = archaic  &  Sc.  pirl  twist,  etym. 
dub.;  other  senses  perh.  different  wds) 

pupl2,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  brook  &c.)  flow  with 
whirling  motion  &  babbling  sound ;  (n.)  such 
motion  or  sound,  [cf.  Norw.  purla  bubble  up, 
&  perh.  pirl  (see  prec.)] 

pupl 3,  n.  (hist.).  Ale  or  beer  with  wormwood 
infused ;  hot  beer  mixed  with  gin  as  morning 
draught,  dog's  nose.    [?] 

pupl*,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.,  (colloq.).  Turn  (t.  &  i.) 
upside  down,  upset;  (n.)  cropper,  heavy  fall, 
[prob.  var.  otpirl  (see  purl1)] 

pup'lep,  n.  (colloq.).  Throw,  blow,  that  hurls 
one  head  foremost,    [prec.  +  -er  1\ 

pur-lieu  (lu),  n.  Tract  on  border  of  forest 
esp.  one  earlier  included  in  it  &  still  partly 
subject  to  forest  laws;  one's  bounds,  limits; 
(pi.)  outskirts,  outlying  region  (lit.  &  fig.) ; 
squalid  street  or  quarter  of  town.  [prob.  altered 
after  lieu  f.  pur(a)ley  f.  obs.  &  AF  WR(aU 
alley)  perambulation  to  settle  boundaries] 

pup'lin,  n.  Horizontal  beam  running  along 
length  of  roof,  resting  on  principals  &  support- 
ing common  rafters  or  boards.    [?] 

purloi'n,  v.t  Steal,  pilfer.  Hence  pup- 
loi'nER  i  n.  [f.  AF  p\jR(loigner  f.  loing  far  f. 
L  longe)  put  away,  do  away  with] 

pup'ple,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Of)  a  colour  mixed 
of  red  &  blue  in  various  proportions  with  some 
black  or  white  or  both  ;  (anciently,  also  Tyrian 
p.)  (of)  the  colour  got  from  the  molluscs  pur- 
pura &  murex,  crimson ;  p.-red  &c,  red  &c. 
inclining  to  p.;  p.  robe,  esp.  as  dress  of  emperor, 
king,  consul,  &c,  as  born  in  the  p.,  or  of  car- 
dinal, as  raised  to  the  p.  (cardinalate) ;  (pi.) 
swine  fever,  disease  in  wheat ;  p.  emperor,  a 
butterfly ;  (vb)  make,  become,  p.  Hence  pup*- 
pliSH  I.  pup*pl  y  2,  aa.  [ME  purpel  f.  OE  pur- 
pur(e)  t.  purpura] 

pup'popt1,  n.  Meaning,  sense,  tenor,  of 
document  or  speech ;  (rare)  object,  purpose. 
[AF.asfoll.1 

puppop-t2,  v.t  (Of  document  or  speech) 
have  as  its  meaning,  convey,  state,  (fact,  that) ; 
profess,  be  intended  to  seem,  (to  do),  as  a  letter 
purporting  to  be  written  by  you,  to  contain 
your  decision,  [f.  AF  &  OF  PUR(.porter  f,  L 
portare  carry)  extend,  embody] 

pur-pose1  (-ms),  n.  Object,  thing  intended, 
as  coidd  not  effect  my  p.,  this  will  answer  (or 
serve)  our  (or  the)  p.,  what  was  the  p.  of  this 
law  ?  ;  fact,  faculty,  of  resolving  on  something, 
as  honesty  of  p.,  is  wanting  in  p.;  novel  with  a 
n  ,  p.-novel,  (written  to  defend  some  doctrine 
c);  on  p.,  in  order  (to  do,  that),  (abs.)  design- 


S 


edly,  not  by  accident,  whence  pup'poseLY  2 
adv.;  to  the  p.,  relevant,  useful  for  one's  p.;  to 
little,  some,  no,  p.,  with  such  result  or  effect. 
Hence  pup'poseruL,  pup'poseLESS,  aa., 
pup'posefulLY2,  pup'poselessLY2,  advv., 

Rup'posefulNESs,  pup'poselessxEss,  nn. 
,  AF  &  OF  purpos,  as  foil.] 

pup-pose  5  (-ms),  v.t  Design,  intend,  as  I  p. 
(arranging  or  to  arrange)  an  interview,  p.  that 
an  interview  shall  be  arranged ;  (archaic)  am 
purposed,  intend  (to  do,  doing,  that),  [f.  OF 
PURposer  propose] 

pup'posive,  a.  Having,  serving,  done  with, 
a  purpose ;  (of  person  or  conduct)  having  pur- 
pose &  resolution,    [-ive] 

pup'pupa,  n.  Disease  marked  by  purple 
or  livid  spots  on  skin ;  genus  of  molluscs  in- 
cluding some  from  which  purple  dye  was  de- 
rived. [L,  f.  Gk  porphura  (shell-fish  yielding) 
purple]  _ 

puppup'ie,  a.  Of  purpura,  as  p.  fever ;  p. 
acid,  a  hypothetical  acid  the  salts  of  which  are 
purple,    [-ic] 

pup'pupin,  n.  Red  colouring  matter  orig. 
got  from  madder,    [f.  purpura  +  -in] 

pupp,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  (Of  cat  or  other  feline 
animal,  fig.  of  person)  make  low  continuous 
vibratory  sound  expressing  pleasure;  utter, 
express,  (words,  contentment)  thus  ;  (n.)  such 
sound,    [imit] 

pu'ppee,  n.  Yellow  colouring  matter  from 
India  &  China.  Hence  puppe'ic  a.  if  Hind. 
peori] 

purse1,  n.  Small  pouch  of  leather  &c.  for 
carrying  money  on  the  person,  orig.  closed  by 
drawing  strings  together;  (fig.)  money,  funds, 
asacommonp.  (fund),  heavy  or  long  p., wealth, 
light  p.,  poverty,  the  public  p.,  national  trea- 
sury; privy  p.;  sum  collected,  subscribed,  or 
given,  as  present  or  as  prize  for  contest,  as  will 
any  gentleman  give  or  put  up  a  p.?',  (in  Turk, 
empire)  p.  of  silver,  gold,  500  piastres,  10,000 
piastres ;  bag-like  natural  or  other  receptacle, 
pouch,cyst,&c. ;  p.-bearer,one  who  has  charge  of 
another  s  or  a  company's  money,  official  carry- 
ing Great  Seal  before  Lord  Chancellor  in  p. ;  p.- 
net,  bag-shaped  net  for  catching  rabbits  &c, 
mouth  of  which  can  be  closed  with  cords ;  p.- 
proud,  puffed  up  by  wealth ;  p. -seine,  p. -net 
for  fishing ;  p.-strings,  strings  for  closing  mouth 
of  p.,  hold  the  p.  -s.,  have  controlof  expenditure, 
tighten,  loosen,  the  p.-s.,  be  sparing,  generous, 
of  money.  Hence  pup'seFUL  n.,  pup'seLESS 
a.  [OE  purs  prob.  f.  LL  bursa  purse  f.  Gk 
bursa  hide] 

purse2,  v.t  &  i.  Contract  (lips,  brow,  often 
up)  in  wrinkles ;  become  wrinkled ;  (rare)  put 
(often  up)  into  one's  purse,    [f.  prec] 

pup'sep,  n.  Officer  on  ship  who  keeps  ac- 
counts &  usu.  has  charge  of  provisions.  Hence 
pup'sepsnip  n.    [f.  purse  f  +  -er  !] 

pup-slane  (-In),  n.  Low  succulent  herb  used 
in  salads  &  pickled,  [f.  OF  porcelaine  altered 
f.  L  porcillaca,  portulaca,  on  porcelain] 

pursuance,  n.  Carrying  out,  pursuing, 
(of  plan,  object,  idea,  &c),  esp.  in  p.  of.  [as 
foil.,  see  -ance] 

pursu'ant,  a.  &  adv.  Pursuing ;  (adv.)  con- 
formably to  (the  Act  &c),  whence  pupsu*- 
antLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF porsuiant  part,  as  foil.] 

pursue*  (-Q),  v.t.  &  i.  Follow  with  intent  to 
capture  or  kill ;  (fig.,  of  consequences,  penalty, 
disease,  &c.)  persistently  attend,  stick  to ;  seek 
after,  aim  at  (pleasure  &c,  one's  object);  pro- 
ceed in  compliance  with  (plan  &c);  proceed 
along,  continue,  (road,  inquiry,  conduct);  follow 
(studies,  profession);  goin  pursuit(a/terorabs.). 
Hence  pupsu'able  a.    [f.  AF  rvnsiwer  f.  OF 


PURSUER & 

porsievre,  f.  L  VRO(sequere,  -ire,  pop.  varr.  of 
sequi  follow)] 

pupsirer,  n.    In  vbl  senses,  also :  (Civil  & 
Sc.  Law)  prosecutor,    [-ek  2J 
pursui't  (-ut),  n.  Pursuing,  esp.  in  p.  of  (ani- 
mal, person,  one's  object);  profession,  employ- 
ment, recreation,  that  one  follows.  [f.  AF  pur- 
seute,  fern.  p.p.  &  n.  as  pursue] 
pursuivant  (-sw-),  n.    Officer  of  College  of 
Arms  below  herald ;  (poet.)  follower,  attendant, 
[f.  OF  porsivant  (as  pursue,  see  -ant)] 
pup'sy  1,  a.    Short-winded,  puffy ;  corpulent. 
Hence  pup'sIness  n.    [earlier  -ive  f.  OF  polsif 
(polser  breathe  with  labour  as  pulsate)] 
pup'sy  2,  a.    Puckered,    [f.  purse  1  +  -yz] 
pup'tenance,  n.  (archaic).    Inwards,  pluck, 
of  animal,    (earlier  form  of  pertinence] 
pup'ulent,  a.    Of,  full  of,  discharging,  pus. 
Henceorcogn.pup'ulENCE,-ENCY,nn.,pup*u- 
lentLY  2  ad  v.  If.  L  purulentus  (pus,  see  -lent)] 
purvey*  (-va),  v.t.  &  i.    Provide,  supply,  (ar- 
ticles of  food)  as  one'sbusiness ;  make  provision, 
act  as  pur  vey  or,  (for  person,  army,  &c. ).  [f .  AF 
TVRveier  provide] 

purveyance,  n.  Purveying;  right  of  crown 
to  provisions  &c.  at  fixed  price  &  to  use  of 
horses  &c.  [f.  OF  porveance,  as  providence] 
purveyor,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is  to 
supply  articles  of  food,  esp.  dinners  &c.  on  large 
scale,  as  P.  to  the  Royal  Household',  (Hist.) 
officer  making  purveyance  for  sovereign,  [f. 
AF  purveour  (as  purvey,  see  -or2)] 
pup'view  (-vu),  n.  Enacting  clauses  of  stat- 
ute ;  scope,  intention,  range  (o/act,  document, 
scheme,  book,  occupation,  &c.) ;  range  of  phy- 
sical or  mental  vision.  If.  AFpurveu  provided, 
p.p.  as  purvey] 

pus,  n.    Yellowish  viscid  matter  produced  by 
suppuration.    [L,  gen.  puris] 
Pu'seyism  (zl),  n.  (Hostile  term  for)  trac- 
tarianism.    So  Pu'sey ite  l  ii,    [E.  B.  Pusey 
d.  1882  +  -ism] 

push l  (pdb-),  v.t.  &  i.  Exert  upon  (body)  force 
tending  to  move  it  away;  move  (body  up, 
down,  away,  back,  &c.)  thus ;  exert  such  pres- 
sure, as  do  not  p.  against  the  fence  ;  (Billiards) 
make  push-stroke ;  (of  person  in  boat)  p.  off,  p. 
against  bank  with  oar  to  get  boat  out  into 
stream  &c;  (bibl.)  butt  (t.  &  i.)  with  the  horns; 
(cause  to)  project,  thrust  out,  forth,  &c,  as 
plants  p.  out  new  roots,  cape  pushes  out  into 
sea ;  make  one's  way  forcibly  or  persistently, 
force  (one's  way)  thus ;  exert  oneself  esp.  to 
surpass  others  or  succeed  in  one's  business  &c, 
whence  pu'shiNG2  a.,  pu'shingLY2  adv.; 
urge,  impel,  (often  on,  to  do,  to  effort  &c.) ;  fol- 
low up,  prosecute,  (claim  &c,  often  on);  engage 
activelyin  making  (one's  fortune);  extend  (one's 
conquests  &c);  p.  (matter)  through,  bring  it  to 
a  conclusion  ;  press  the  adoption,  use,  sale,  &c. 
of  (goods  &c.)  esp.  by  advertisement ;  press  (per- 
son) hard,  as  do  not  wish  to  p.  him  for  payment, 
esp.  in  pass.,  as  am  pushed  for  (can  scarcely 
find)  time,  money;  p.-pin,  a  child's  game.  Hence 
pu'shER  Ml,  2)  n.  [f.  F  pousser  as  pulsate] 
push2,  n.  Act  of  pushing,  shove,  thrust; 
(Billiards)  stroke  in  which  ball  is  pushed,  not 
struck ;  exertion  of  influence  to  promote  per- 
son's advancement;  thrust  of  weapon  or  of 
"beast's  horn  ;  vigorous  effort,  as  must  make  a 
p.  to  get  it  done,  for  home ;  continuous  pressure 
of  arch  &c. ;  pressure  of  affairs,  crisis,  pinch  ; 
enterprise,  determination  to  get  on,  self-asser- 
tion, whence  pu'shFUL  a.;  (slang)  gang  of 
thieves,  convicts,  &c.  [f.  prec] 
pu'shtoo,  -tu  (-oo),  n.  Afghan  language. 
[f.  Pers.  pashto] 
pusilla*nimous,  a.    Faint-hearted,  mean- 


5 PUT 

spirited.    Hence  or  cogn.  pusillani'mrrv  n., 
pusilla-nimousLY 2  adv.    [f.  eccl.  L  pusil- 
lanimis  (pusillus  petty  +  animus  soul)  +  -ous] 
puss  (pdbs),  n.  Cat  (esp.  as  call-name);  (quasi- 
proper  name  for)  hare,  tiger ;  (colloq.)  girl,  as 
sly  p.;  p.-moth,  large  European  moth.    [cf.  Du. 
poes,  Korw.  puse,  perh.  orig.  a  call] 
pu'ssy,  n.  (nursery).    P.(-cat),  cat;  (nurserv) 
soft  furry  thing,  e.  g.  hazel  catkin,    [-y  3] 
pu'stulate,  v.t.  &  i.    Form  into  pustules. 
So  pu'stulATE2  (at)  a.,  pustulATiON  n.    [f. 
LL  pustulare,  as  foil.] 

pu'stule,  n.  Pimple;  malignant  p.,  disease 
caused  by  anthrax  bacillus ;  (Bot.,  Zool.)  wart, 
wart-like  excrescence.  Hence  or  cogn.  pu's- 
tulAR !,  pu'stulous,  aa.  [f.  hpustula  (pus)] 
put1  (pobt),  v.t.  &  i.  (put).  1.  Propel,  hurl, 
(the  weight,  stone)  from  hand  placed  close  to 
shoulder  as  athletic  exercise ;  thrust  (weapon), 
send  (missile),  as  p.  a  knife  into,  stab,  put  a 
bullet  through,  shoot;  (Naut.)  proceed,  take 
one's  course,  back,  forth,  in  (to  harbour  &c), 
out,  in  ship;  move  (thing  &c,  lit.  &  fig.)  so 
as  to  place  it  in  some  situation,  as  p.  it  in  your 
pocket,  on  the  table,  up  the  chimney,  down  the 
well,  p.  (mark,  write)  a  tick  against  his  name% 
your  signature  to  it,  p.  the  horse  to  (the  cart), 
harness  him,  p.  bull  to  cow  or  cow  to  bull  (for 
breeding),  p.  (convey)  him  across  the  river,  p. 
the  children  to  bed,  p.  him  in  prison,  cannot  p. 
(deliver )  Russian  stock  at  present  prices,  has  p. 
(infused)  new  life  into  him,  will  p.  (present)  the 
matter  clearly  before  her,  p.  a  spoke  in  his 
wheel,  p.  the  words  into  his  mouth  *,  p.  one's 
foot1  %n  it,  one's  shoulder  to  the  wheel,  hand 
to  the  plough  x ;  (with  less  or  no  idea  of  physi- 
cal motion  in  space)  bring  into  some  relation  or 
state,  as  p.  yourself,  the  matter,  in(to)  my  hands, 
time  he  was  p.  (began  to  go  habitually)  to  school, 
p.  it  to  (offer  it  for)  sale,  on  the  market,  p.  O- 
thello  on  (the  stage),  produce  it,  p.  (add)  milk  to 
your  tea,  should  p.  (price)  it  at  8/6,  puts  (esti- 
mates) the  circulation  at  60,000,  p.  (translate)  it 
into  Dutch,  cannotp.  itinto(exyressitin)  words, 
what  a  way  you  have  of  putting  things  !,  puts 
(sets)  no  value  on  my  advice,  Ip.  (base)  my  de- 
cision on  the  grounds  stated,  p.  (apply)  it  to  a 
good  use,  p.  (imagine)  yourself  in  his  place,  p. 
(substitute)  the  will  for  the  deed,  p.  a  good  face1 
on  it,  p.  an  end,  period,  stop,  to  it,  stop  it,  p.  a 
check  or  stopper  on  it,  a  veto  on  it,  check  it,  for- 
bid it,  p.  an  end  to  (destroyed)  himself  or  his 
life,  p.  (stake)  money  on  a  horse,  p.  his  money 
into  (invested  it  in)  land,  p.  (submit)  the  case 
to  him,  to  the  vote,  I  p.  it  (appeal)  to  you,  I  p.  it 
to  you  (invite  you  to  acknowledge)  that  you 
were  after  no  good,  dues  were  p.  (imposed)  on 
cattle,  every  insxdt  was  p.  (inflicted)  on  him, 
don't  be  p.  upon  (victimized)  by  him,  p.  (lay) 
the  blame  on  me,  p.  him  (caused  him  to  be)  at 
his  ease,  in  fear  of  his  life,  out  of  temper,  on 
his  guard,  on  his  mettle,  p.  him  (make  him 
speak)  on  (his)  oath,  p.  the  servants  on  (allow 
them)  board  wages,  p.  the  proposal  into  shape, 
p.  his  nose  i  out  of  joint,  a  few  words  will  p. 
(make)  the  matter  right,  always  manages  to  p. 
me  (make  me  appear)  in  the  wrong,  p.  out  of 
countenance  *.  must  have  p.  (made)  the  clock 
fast  (by  advancing  hands),  p.  (subject)  them  to 
death,  torture,  ransom,  expense, inconvenience  y 
the  test  or  trial,  the  rack,  the  sword,  confusion, 
shame,  land  wasp,  into  or  under  (sown  with) 
turnips,  p.  (set)  htm  to  mind  the  furnace,  what 
hasp,  him  on  meddling  (induced  him  to  med- 
dle)?, on  this  wild  scheme  ?,  p.  my  horse  to  or 
at  (invited  him  to  jump)  the  fence,  (of  horse  & 
fig.  of  person)  must  be  p.  through  (made  to  per- 
form) his  paces,  p.  /mn  (make  him  read)  through 


PUT 


fi76 


PYLORUS 


a  book  of  Livy,  was  p.  (forced,  driven)  to  flight, 
to  his  shifts,  to  the  blush  2,  was  p.  to  (forced  to 
play)  his  trumps,  surprising  what  he  can  do 
when  he's  p.  to  it  (pressed),  was  hard  p.  to  it  to 
(could  scarcely)  keep  them,  off.  2.  Special  senses 
with  advv.  P.  about:  lay  (sailing  vessel)  on 
opposite  tack,  cause  (horse,  body  of  men)  to 
turn  round,  (of  vessel)  go  about ;  (chiefly  Sc.) 
trouble,  distress.  P.  away :  (archaic)  divorce ; 
lay  by  (money  &c.)  for  future  use ;  (slang)  con- 
sume (food,  drink);  (slang)  imprison:  (slang) 
pawn.  P.  back :  check  the  advance  of,  retard ; 
move  back  the  hands  of  (clock) ;  restore  to  for- 
mer place.  JP.by:  evade  (question, argument); 
p.  off  (person)  with  evasion ;  lay  aside  esp.  for 
future  use.  P.  down:  suppress  by  force  or 
authority ;  take  down,  snub,  put  to  silence ; 
cease  to  maintain  (expensive  thing) ;  account, 
reckon,  as  I  p.  him  down  for  nine  years  old,  at 
nine,  as  a  fool,  for  a  fool ;  attribute,  as  p.  it 
down  to  his  nervousness ;  p.  one's  foot  l  down. 
P. forth:  exert  (strength,  effort,  eloquence); 

f>.  in  circulation;  (of  plant)  send  out  (buds, 
eaves,  or  abs.).  P.  forward:  thrust  (oneself 
&c.)  into  prominence;  ad  vance,set  forth,  (theory 
&c).  P.  in:  install  in  office  &c,  asp.  in  a  care- 
taker, bailiff,  (hence)  distress,  execution  ;  pre- 
sent formally  (document,  evidence,  plea,  claim, 
bail)  as  in  law  court ;  p.  in  (make)  an  appear- 
ance; make  a  claim  (for  election  &c);  inter- 
pose (blow,  shot,  remark,  quoted  words),  p.  in 
one's  oar;  throw  in  (additional  thing);  perform 
(piece  of  work)  as  part  of  a  whole ;  (colloq.)  pass, 
spend,  (time).  P.  off:  postpone ;  postpone  en- 
gagement with  (person);  evade  (person,  demand, 
often  with  excuse,  compromise);  hinder,  dis- 
suade,/rom ;  foist  (thing  upon  person);  remove, 
take  off,  (clothes) ;  p.-offn.,  evasion,  postpone- 
ment. P.  on :  clothe  oneself  or  another  with ; 
(colloq.)  p.  it  on,  overcharge,  simulate  exagger- 
ated emotion,  suffering,  &c;  assume,  take  on, 
(character,  appearance);  develop  additional 
(flesh,  weight);  add  (so  much  to  price,  runs  &c. 
to  score) ;  stake  (money  upon  horse  &c.) ;  ad- 
vance the  hands  of  (clock) ;  bring  into  action, 
exert,(force,pressure,  speed,  STEAM.Me  screw); 
appoint,  arrange  for,  (person)  to  bowl  &c,  train 
to  run  &c.  P.  out:  dislocate  (shoulder  &c); 
(Crick.)  cause  (batsman)  to  be  out;  extinguish 
(candle,  gas,  fire,  &c);  disconcert,  confuse; 
annoy,  irritate ;  p.  to  inconvenience ;  exert 
(strength  &c);  lend  (money)  at  interest,  invest ; 
give  (work)  to  be  done  off  the  premises.  P. 
through:  carry  out  (task);  place  (person)  in 
telephonic  connexion  with  (to)  another  through 
exchange(s).  P.  together:  form  (whole)  by  com- 
bination of  parts;  p.  two  &  two  together;  (Crick. ) 
compile  (score).  P.  up :  p.  person's  back  up,  en- 
rage him;  p.  one's  hair  up ;  employ  (person)  as 
jockey ;  produce  (play)  on  stage ;  cause  (game) 
to  rise  from  cover ;  raise  (price) ;  offer  (prayer), 
present  (petition) ;  propose  for  election;  publish 
(banns);  offer  for  sale  by  auction  or  for  compe- 
tition;  pack  up  in  parcel,  place  in  receptacle 
for  safe  keeping ;  sheathe  (sword);  lodge  &  en- 
tertain (man,  horse) ;  take  up  one's  lodging  (at 
inn  Sec.) ;  p.  up  with  (archaic  p.  up)  submit  to, 
tolerate,  (insult,  annoying  person  or  thing);  p. 

person)  up  to,  inform  him  of,  instruct  him  in, 
(also)  instigate  him  (to  do,  to  doing  or  action) ; 
construct,  build ;  concoct  (underhand  piece  of 
work);  p.-up  a.,  fraudulently  concocted.  Hence 
pu-ttER  i  n.  [OE  putian  (late),  potian  (late), 
Pittan,  of.  Da.  putte] 

puts  (ptfbt),  n.  Throw,  cast,  of  the  weight  or 
stone ;  option  of  delivering  fixed  amount  of  a 
stock  at  fixed  price  within  fixed  time.  [f.  prec.  1 

puts,  putt,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (putted).     Strike 


golf-ball,  strike  (golf-ball)  gently  with  club  to 
get  it  in  to  hole  on  smooth  piece  of  ground  called 
putting-green;  (n.)  such  stroke.  Hence  pu't- 
tER  i(l,  2)  n.    [differentiated  f.  put  »»*] 

pirtative,  a.  Reputed,  supposed,  as  his  p. 
father.  Hence  pu'tativeLY  ^  adv.  [f.  LLpu- 
tativus  (putare  think,  see  -ative)] 

pute,  a.  (archaic).  Pure  (&)  p.,  mere.  [f.  L 
putus  in  phr.  purus  ac  putus] 

pu'teal,  n.  (Rom.  ant).  Stone  curb  round 
mouth  of  well.    [L  (puteus  well,  see  -al)] 

putlog,  -lock,  n.  Short  horizontal  timber 
on  which  scaffold-boards  rest.    [?] 

pu'tpefy,  v.i.  &  t.  Become  putrid,  rot,  go 
bad ;  fester,  suppurate ;  become  morally  cor- 
rupt; (rare)  cause  to  p.  So  putreFA'CTioN  n., 
putpefa'ctiVE  a.  |f.  F  putrefier  f.  L  putre- 
facere  (putrere  be  rotten,  see  -fy)] 

putre'scent,  a.  In  process  of  rotting ;  of, 
accompanying,  this  process.  Hence  putre*- 
scence  n.,  putpe'sciBLE  a.  [f.  L  putrescere 
incept,  of  putrere  rot,  see  -ent] 

pu'trid,  a.  Decomposed,  rotten ;  foul,  nox- 
ious; (fig.)  corrupt;  p.  fever,  typhus;  p.  sore 
throat,  gangrenous  pharyngitis,  diphtheria. 
Hence  putPi'diTY,  pu'tPidNESS,  nn„  pir- 
tridLY2  adv.  If.  L  putridus  (putrere  rot,  -id  j)] 

putt.    See  put3. 

puttee,  n.  Long  strip  of  cloth  wound  spir- 
ally round  leg  from  ankle  to  knee  for  protec- 
tion &  support,    [f.  Hind,  patti  bandage] 

pu'tty,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Also  jewellers'  p.)  powder 
of  calcined  tin  (&  lead)  for  polishing  glass  or 
metal;  (also  plasterers' p.)  fine  mortar  of  lime 
&  water  without  sand;  (also  glaziers' p.)  cement 
of  whiting,  raw  linseed  oil,  &c,  for  fixing  panes 
of  glass,  filling  up  holes  in  woodwork,  &c. ;  (v.t.) 
cover,  fix,  join,  fill  up,  with  p.  [f.  F  potee  lit. 
poTful,  see  -r4J 

puy  (pwe),  n.  Small  volcanic  cone  esp.  in 
Auvergne.    [FJ 

pu'zzle1,  n.  Bewilderment,  perplexity ;  per- 
plexing question,  enigma ;  problem,  toy,  con- 
trived to  exercise  ingenuity  &  patience,  as 
Chinese  p.;  p.-head(ed),  -pate(d),  (person)  with 
confused  ideas ;  p.-peg,  piece  of  wood  so  fixed 
to  dog's  lower  jaw  as  to  prevent  him  from  put- 
ting nose  close  to  ground.    [?] 

pu'zzle2,  v.t.  &  i.  Perplex;  be  perplexed 
(about,  over,  problem  &c);  make  out  (solution 
of  problem  &c);  monkey-jj.  Hence  pu'zzle- 
dom,  pu'zzleMENT,  pu'zzlER1,  nn.,  pu'zz- 
lingLY  2  adv.    [?] 

puzzolana.    See  pozzolana. 

pyaemia,  n.  Blood-poisoning  marked  by 
formation  of  pus-foci.  Hence  pyae'mic  a. 
[f.  Gk  puon  pus  +  haima  blood  +  -ia  *] 

pyeno-  in  comb.  =  Gk  puknos  thick,  dense, 
as  -style  a.  &  n.,  (building)  with  close  arrange- 
ment of  columns,  i.  e.  at  interval  of  one  diameter 
&  a  half. 

py'gmy,  pi-,  n.  &  a.  One  of  a  diminutive 
race  of  men  said  to  have  inhabited  parts  of 
Ethiopia  or  India ;  the  Pp.,  a  dwarf  race  in 
equatorial  Africa ;  dwarf  (fig.  of  intellectual" 
inferiority  &c);  elf,  pixy;  (adj.)  of  the  pp., 
dwarf.  So  pygrmae'AN  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  pug- 
maios  (pugme  length  from  elbow  to  knuckles)] 

pyja'mas,  pa-,  (jah-),  n.  pi.  Loose  silk  or 
cotton  trousers  tied  round  waist,  worn  by  both 
sexes  among  Mohammedans  &  adopted  esp.  for 
night  wear  by  Europeans;  sleeping  suit  of 
loose  trousers  &  jacket,  [f.  Pers.  pae  jamah 
( pae,  pay,  foot,  leg,  +  jamah  clothing)] 

py'lon,  n.  Gateway  esp.  of  Egyptian  temple, 
[f.  Gk  pulon  (pule  gate)] 

pylop'us,  n.  (anat).  Opening  from  stomach 
into  duodenum ;  part  of  stomach  where  this  is. 


PYO- 


677 


QUACK 


Hence  pyld'Pic  a.  [LL,  f.  Gk  puloros  gate- 
keeper (pule  gate  -f  ouros  \varder)J 

pyo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  puon  pus,  as  -genesis  for- 
mation of  pus.    So  pyom  a. 

pyp'aeanth,  n.  Evergreen  thorny  shrub 
with  white  flowers  &  scarlet  berries,  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  purakantha,  etym.  dub.] 

py'ramid,  n.  Monumental  (esp.  ancient 
Egyptian)  structure  of  stone  &c.  with  poly- 
gonal or  (usu.)  square  base,  &  sloping  sides 
meeting  at  apex ;  solid  of  this  shape  with  base 
of  three  or  more  sides ;  p. -shaped  thing  or  pile 
of  things  ;  fruit-tree  trained  in  p.  shape ;  poem 
successive  lines  of  which  increase  or  decrease 
in  length  ;  (Billiards,  pi.)  game  played  with 
(usu.  15)  coloured  balls  &  one  cue-ball.  Hence 
or  cogn.  pypa'midAL  a,,  pypa'midalLY 2, 
pyramid  wise,  advv.  If.  L  f.  Gk  puramis 
-idos,  perh.  of  Egypt,  orig.  ] 

pyramidist,  n.     Student  of  structure  & 


history  of  Egyptian  pyramids.    [-istJ 

rpe,  n.    Hea. 
funeral  pile  for  burning  corpse,  [f.  L  f.  Gkpura 


pyi 


[eap  of  combustible  material,  esp. 


(pur  fire)] 

pyre'thpum,  n.  Genus  of  composite  plants, 
feverfew.    [L,  f.  Gk  purethron) 

pyre'tie  (or  pi-),  a.  Of,  for,  or  producing 
fever,    [f.  Gk  puretos  fever  +  -ic] 

pype'xia,  n.  (path.).  Fever.  Hence  pyre'x- 
Ial,  pyi»e*xic(AL),  aa.  [f.  Gk  purexis  (puresso 
be  feverish,  as  prec.)) 

pyphelio'metep  (per-),  n.  Instrument  for 
measuring  heat  given  off  by  sun.  [f.  Gk  pur 
fire  +  helios  sun  +  -meter] 

pyp'idine  (or  pi-),  n.  (chem.).  A  volatile 
liquid  alkaloid  from  dry  distillation  of  bone-oil, 
used  for  asthma,    [f.  Gk  pur  fire  +  -id4  +  -i  ne  5] 

py  pi'tes,  n.  ( Also  iron  p. )  ei  ther  of  two  sul- 
phides  of  iron  ;  copper  p.,  double  sulphide  of 
copper  &  iron.  Hence  pypitic,  pypiti'FER- 
ous,  pyp*itous,  aa.,  pyp*itizE  v.t.  [L,  f.  Gk 
purites  of  fire  (pur,  see  -ite  j)] 

pypo.    See  PYRogallic. 

pypo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  pur  fire,  as:  -ele'etric, 
-electri'city,  (property  of)  becoming  electrically 
polar  when  heated ;  -ga'llic  acid  (abbr.  pyro), 
acid  used  as  reducing  agent  in  photography 
&c;  -genetic,  productive  of  heat,  esp.  in  the 
body,  or  (also  -g&'nic)  of  fever ;  -genous,  (of  rock) 
igneous,  (of  substance)  produced  by  combustion 
of  another;  -graphy,  =  poker J-work,  so  -graph 
v.i.,  -grapher,  -graphist,  nn.,  -gra'phic a.;  -gra- 
VMre",  piece  of  poker-work;  -latry,  fire-worship; 
-li'gneous,  produced  by  action  of  fire  or  heat  on 
wood,  as  p.  acid ;  -ma'nia,  incendiary  mania, 
so  -ma'niac n.,  mani'acal a. ;  -meter, instrument 
for  measuring  high  temperatures,  so  -me  ~tric(al) 
aa.,  -metrically  adv..  -metry  n.;  -phoriis,  sub- 
stancethattakes  fire  spontaneously  on  exposure 
to  air,  so  -phd'ric,  -phorous,  aa. ;  -photograph, 
one  burnt  in  on  glass  or  porcelain,  so  -photogra'- 
phic  a.,  -photo' graphy  n.  Also  in  scientific  wds 
denoting  (Chem.)  new  substance  formed  from 
another  by  destructive  distillation  &c,  (Min.) 
minerals  &c.  showing  some  property  or  change 
under  action  of  heat,  or  having  fiery  red  or 
yellow  colour. 

pyp*ope,  n.  A  deep-red  garnet.  ff.  OF 
piropef.  L  f.  Gk  puropos  gold -bronze,  lit.  fiery- 
eyed  (pur  fire  -f  ops  eye)] 

pyrotechnic,  a.  &  n.  Of  (the  nature  of) 
fireworks,  as  p.  display ;  (fig.,  of  wit  &c.)  bril- 
liant, sensational ;  in.  pi.)  art  of  making,  dis- 
play of,  fireworks  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  or  cogn. 
pypote'chniCAL  a.,  pypote'ehnicalLv2 
adv.,  pypote*chniST,  pyp*otechnv 1,  nn. 
If.  pvro-  +  Gk  tekhnikos  (tekhne  art,  see  -ic)] 

pypo'xylin,  n.    Kinds  of  explosive,  includ- 


ing gun-cotton,  produced  by  treating  vegetable 
fibre  with  nitric  acid  &c.  Hence  pypoxy'lic 
a.    If.  pvro-  +  Gk  xulon  wood  +  -in J 

Py  PPhic l,  p-,  n.  &  a.  P.  (dance),  war  dance 
of  ancient  Greeks ;  the  metrical  foot  ^  ^ ;  (adj.) 
consisting  of  such  feet,  [(in  pros,  sense  f.  L  f. 
Gk  purrhikhios)  f.  purrhikhe,  said  to  be  named 
f.  Purrhikhos,  the  inventor] 

Pypphic  2,  a.  P.  victory  (gained  at  too  great 
cost,  like  that  of  Pyrrhus  king  of  Epirus  over 
the  Romans  at  Asculum).  [f.  Gk  purrhikos 
(Purrhos  Pyrrhus,  see  -ic)] 

Pyrrhonism,  n.  Sceptic  philosophy  of 
Pyrrho  of  Elis  (c.  300  B.c),  doctrine  that  cer- 
tainty of  knowledge  is  unattainable ;  scepti- 
cism, philosophic  doubt.  Hence  or  cogn.  Pyp- 
pho'niAN,  Pypphd'nic,  aa.  &  nn.,  Pyp- 
phoniST  n.    ff.  Gk  Purrhan  Pyrrho  +  -ism] 

pyp'us,  n.  Genus  of  rosaceous  trees  &  shrubs 
including  pear  &  apple,  esp.  P.  japonica,  scarlet 
p.  Jmed.L,  =  L  pvrus  pear-tree] 

Py thagore-an,  a.  &  n.  (Follower)  of  Pytha- 
goras, philosopher  of  Samos  (6th  c.  B.c.)  said  to 
have  believed  in  transmigration  of  souls ;  P. 
proposition,  Euclid  I.  47.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Putha- 
goreios  +  -an] 

Pythian,  a.  &  n.  Of  (Apollo's  oracle  & 
priestess  at)  Delphi;  the  P.,  Apollo,  his  priestess 
at  Delphi,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Puthios  (Putho,  older 
name  of  Delphi)  +  -an] 

python1,  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  huge  serpent  or 
monster  slain  near  Delphi  by  Apollo ;  large 
snake  that  crushes  its  prey.  So  pytho'nie l 
[icj  a.    If.  L  f.  Gk  Puthon) 

python2,  n.  Familiar  spirit;  person  pos- 
sessed by  this.  Hence  or  cogn.  pythonESS J 
n.,  pytho'nie2  [ic]  a.  [f.  LL  (o)  f.  N.  T.  Gk 
puthon;  connexion  w.  prec.  unexpl.] 

pyx,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Eccl.)  vessel  in  which  con- 
secrated bread  is  kept;  box  at  Royal  Mint  in 
which  specimen  gold  &  silver  coins  are  de- 

Eosited  to  be  tested  at  the  annual  trial  of  the  p. 
y  jury  of  Goldsmiths'  Company ;  (v.t.)  deposit 
(coin)  in  p.,  test  (coin)  by  weight  &  assay,  [(vb 
f.  n.)  f.  pyxis] 

pyxi'dium,  n.  (hot.,  pi.  -ia).     Capsule  of 
which  the  top  comes  off  like  lid  of  box.    [f.  Gk 
puxidion,  dim.  as  foil.] 
pyxis,  n.    Small  box,  casket ;  =  prec.    [L,  f. 
Gk  puxis  f.  puxos  box-tree] 


Q 


Q  (ku),  letter  (pi.  Qs,  Q's).  (Skating)  change 
of  edge  followed  by  turn  (reverse  Q,  turn  fol- 
lowed by  change  of  edge) ;  mind  one's  Ps  & 
Qs,  see  p. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  Q  :  quarter,  Q.M.(-mas- 
ter),  Q.M.G.(-master-general) ;  Queen's,  Q.C. 
(Counsel) ;  quod,  Q.E.D.,  Q.E.F.,  Q.E.I.,  (see 
quod)  :  q. :  quantum,  q.L,  q.p.,  q.sM  (see 
quantum)  ;  quod,  q.v.(see  quod). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  qp,  quarter ;  q.t.  (slang), 
quiet  (on  the  strict  q.t.,  privately,  avoiding 
notice);  qu.(asi);  Que.(bec);  qu.(ery or aere). 

qua,  conj.  As,  in  the  capacity  of,  (objects  to 
the  Church  not  q.  Church,  but  q.  Establishment). 
[L,  abl.  fern.  sing,  of  qui  rel.  pron.] 

quack  ',  v.i.,  &  n.  (Utter)  harsh  sound  made 
by  ducks;  talk  loudly  &  foolishly;  q.-q.  (nur- 
sery), duck,  [imit.;  cf.  Du.  kwakken,  G  quacken] 

quack  2,  n. ,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Ignorant  pretender  to 
skill  esp.  in  medicine  or  surgery,  one  who  offers 
wonderful  remedies  ordevices,  charlatan. (often 
attrib.,as<7.  doctor,  remedies);  hence  qua'ck- 
erv(4)  n.,  qua'ckisn  '  a.  (Vb)  play  the  q.; 
talk  pretentiously ;  puff  or  advertise  (cure  &c). 
[abbr.  of  foil.] 


QUACKSALVER 


678 


QUAIL 


qua'cksalvep,  n.  (Orig.  form,  now  rare,  of) 

QUACK  2  n.     [Du.  (QUACK  1,  SALVE,  -ER  *)] 

quad  (-6d),  n.    See  quadrangle,  quadrat. 

qua'dpable  (-6d-),  a.  (math.).  Capable  of 
being  represented  by  an  equivalent  square  or 
expressed  in  finite  number  of  algebraic  terms. 

[as  QUADRATE  *,  -ABLE] 

quadragenarian  (-od-),  a.  &  n.  (Person) 
forty  years  old.  [f.  L  quadragenarius  (quad- 
rageni  distrib.  of  quadraginta  forty,  -ary1)] 

Quadrage'sima  (od),  n.  (Also  Q.  Sunday) 
first  Sunday  in  Lent.  [med.L  (earlier  sense,  the 
forty  iays  of  Lent),  fern,  of  L  quadragesimus 
fortieth  {quadraginta  forty)] 

quadrage'simal,  a.  Lasting  forty  days  (of 
fast,  esp.  Lent);  Lenten,  [f.  LL  quadragesi- 
malis  (prec.,  -al)] 

qua-drangle  (od-),n.  Four-sided  figure,  esp. 
square  or  rectangle  ;  so  quadra'ngulAR l  a., 
quadra'ngulaPLY2  adv.;  (also  quad)  four- 
sided  court  (partly)  enclosed  by  parts  of  large 
building,  such  court  with  buildings  round  it. 
[F,  f.  LL  quadrangulum  (quadri-,  angle)] 

qua'drant  (-od-),  n.  Quarter  of  circle's  cir- 
cumference ;  plane  figure  enclosed  by  two  radii 
of  circle  at  right  angles  &  arc  cut  off  by  them  ; 
quarter  of  sphere ;  thing,  esp.  graduated  strip 
of  metal,  shaped  like  quarter-circle,  instru- 
ment properly  so  shaped  &  graduated  for  tak- 
ing angular  measurements.  Hence  quad- 
ra'ntAL  a.    [f.  L  quadrans  -antis  (quadri-)] 

qua'drat  (-od-),  n.  (Also  quad)  small  metal 
block  used  by  printers  in  spacing  (em  q.,  en  q., 
broader,  narrower,  size),    [var.  of  foil.] 

qua'drate1  (at), a. & n.  Square, rectangular, 
(chiefly  in  anat.  names,  as  q.  bone  in  birds'  & 
reptiles'  heads,  q.  muscle  in  loins,  thigh,  fore- 
arm, &c).  (N.)  rectangular  block  or  plate 
(rare);  q.  bone  or  muscle,  [f.  L  quadratus 
(foil., -ate2)] 

quadra'te  2  (or  kwo'-),  v.t.  &  i.  (rare).  Make 
square  ;  (Math.)  square  (circle  &c);  correspond 
or  conform  (with,  or  abs.  of  pi.  subj.);  make 
conform  with  or  to  or  abs.  If.  L  quadrare 
(quadri),  -ate  3] 

quadra-tic,  a.  &  n.  Square  (rare) ;  (Math.) 
involving  second  &  no  higher  power  of  un- 
known quantity  or  variable  (esp.  q.  equation). 
(N.)  q.  equation  ;  (pi.)  branch  of  algebra  dealing 
with  these,    [quadrate  \  -ic] 

qua-drature  (-od-,  -tsher,  -tur),  n.  (Math.) 
finding  of  square  with  area  precisely  equal  to 
that  of  figure  bounded  by  curve  (esp.  q.  of  the 
circle);  (Astron.)  one  of  two  points  in  space 
or  time  at  which  moon  is  90°  from  sun,  position 
of  heavenly  body  in  relation  to  another  90° 
away.    [f.  L  quadratura  (quadrate  2,  -ure)] 

quadrennial,  a.  Occurring  every,  lasting, 
four  years,  [(incorrectly)  f.  L  quadriennium 
four-year  period  (foil.,  annus  year),  -al] 

quadri-  (-od-),  L  comb,  form  =  four-,  in  a 
few  L  words  (quadriduum  period  of  four  days, 
quadripartitus  quadripartite),  &  in  many  of 
later  L  &  mod.  formation,  esp.  in  scientific  use  : 
qua'drifld,  a.,  cleft  into  four  divisions  or 
lobes ;  quadrila'teral,  a.  &  n.,  four-sided 
(figure  or  area ;  the  Q.,  four  fortresses  in  N. 
Italy  &  district  protected  by  them) ;  quadri- 
li'ng-ual,  a.,  using,  in,  four  languages ;  quad- 
rillion, n.,  fourth  power  of  million  (1  followed 
by  24  ciphers),  (U.S.)  fifth  power  of  a  thousand 
(cf.  billion)  ;  quadrino-mial,  a.,  consisting 
of  four  algebraic  terms ;  quadripartite,  a., 
consisting  of  four  parts,  shared  by  or  involv- 
ing four  parties  ;  qua'drireme,  ancient  gal- 
ley with  four  banks  of  oars  ;  quadrisyllab- 
le, a  four-syllabled ;  quadrisyllable,  n., 
word  of  four  syllables ;   quadrivalent,  a. 


(chern.),  capable  of  combining  with  four  univa- 
lent atoms;  quadri'vium,  n.  (hist.),  medieval 
university  course  of  arithmetic,  geometry, 
astronomy,  &  music  (cf.  trivium). 

quadri'ga,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Ancient  chariot 
drawn  by  four  horses  abreast,  esp.  as  seen  in 
sculpture  or  on  coins.    [L  (prec,  jugum  yoke)]" 

quadri'lle 1  (as  foil.),  n.  Fashionable  18th-c. 
game  for  four  persons  with  forty  cards.  [F, 
perh.  f.  Sp.  cuartillo  w.  assim.  to  foil.] 

quadri'lle  2  (ka-,  kwa-),  n.  Square  dance  for 
four  couples  &  containing  five  figures  (also  set 
ofqq.);  piece  of  music  for  such  dance.  [F,  f. 
Sp.  cuadrilla  (cuadra  square)  squadron,  band] 

quadroo'n,  n.  Offspring  of  white  &  mulatto, 

{)erson  of  quarter-negro  blood  ;  hybrid  of  sirni- 
arly  proportioned  descent  between  other  hu- 
man, animal,  or  vegetable  stocks,  [f.  Sp.  cuar- 
teron  (cuarto  fourth)  w.  assim.  to  quadri-] 

quadru'manous  (-roo-),  a.  Four-handed, 
belonging  to  the  order  Quadrumana  of  mam- 
mals with  opposable  digit  on  all  four  limbs, 
[after  foil.  f.  L  manus  hand] 

qua'druped  (-od-),  n.  &  a.  Four-footed  ani- 
mal, esp.  four-footed  mammal ;  so  quadru*- 
pedAL  (-roo-) a.;  (adj.)  four-footed,  [f.  L  quad- 
rupes  -pedis  a.  &  n.  (quadru-  form  of  quadri- 
somet.  used  before  p-,  pes  foot] 

qua'druple  (-od-),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Four- 
fold, consisting  of  four  parts  or  involving  four 
parties,  (q.  algebra,  using  four  independent 
units ;  q.  rhythm  or  time,  with  four  beats  to  a 
measure;  q.  alliance  &c);  amounting  to  four 
times  the  amount  or  number  of,  equivalent  to 
fourfold  the  amount  of,  superior  by  four  times 
in  amount  or  number  to,  (has  a  light  &  heat  a., 
or  q.  of  or  to,  that  of  the  earth);  hence  qua'd- 
rupL  Y2  adv.  (N. )  number  or  amount  four  times 
greater  than  another  (esp.  the  q.  of).  (Vb)  mul- 
tiply (t.  &  i.)  by  four.  [F,  f.  L  quadruplus 
(prec,  -plus  as  in  duplus  double)] 

qua*druplet,n.  (PL)  four  children  atabirth; 
four  things  working  together  ;  bicycle  for  four, 
[f.  prec.  after  triplet] 

quadruplicate l  (roo-,  -at),  a.  &  n.  Four- 
fold, four  times  repeated  or  copied ;  (n.)in  q„  in 
four  exactly  similar  examples  or  copies  ;  (pi.) 
four  such  copies,  [f.  L  quadruplicare  (quad- 
ruplex  fourfold,   cf.   quadruped,    duplex), 

-ATE2] 

quadruplicate2,  v.t.  Multiply  by  four  ; 
make  in  q.  Hence  quadruplicA'TiONn.  [as 
prec,  -ate3] 

quadrupli'city,  n.  Fourfold  nature,  being 
fourfold.    If.  JA-tas),  as  prec,  -ty] 

quaere (kweri).v.t.  imperat.,  &n.(abbr.  qu.). 
Inquire  (imperat.),  it  is  a  question,  I  should  like 
to  know,  (most  interesting,  no  doubt ;  but  q.,  is 
it  true  ?) ;  (n.)  a  question,  query.  [L,  imperat. 
of  quaerere  ask] 

quae'stor,  n.  Ancient-Roman  official,  state- 
treasurer,  paymaster,  &c  Hence  or  cogn. 
quaestor'iALa. ,  quae's torsmp  n.  [h(quaer- 
ere  quaesit-  seek,  -or2)] 

quaff,  v.i.  &  t.  Drink  (t.  &  i.),  drain  (cup  &c), 
in  copious  or  long  draughts.    [?] 

quag*,  n.  Marshy  or  boggy  spot,  quaking  bog. 
Hence  qua'grgv 1  a.    [imit. ;  cf.  wag,  swag  ) 

qua'gga,  n.  S.-Afr.  quadruped  related  to 
ass  &  zebra,  less  striped  than  latter ;  Burchell's 
zebra.    [S.-Afr.] 

qua'g-mire,  n.  Quaking  bog,  fen,  marsh, 
slough  (lit.  &  fig.),    (prob.  f.  quag,  mire] 

quail J,  n.  Kinds  of  migratory  bird  allied  to 
partridge  esteemed  as  food  ;  q.-call,  q.-pipe, 
whistle  with  note  like  q.'s  for  luring.  Hence 
quai*lERY(3)  n.  [f.  OF  quaille  prob.  f.  Teut., 
cf.  OHG  quatala  prob.  imit.] 


QUAIL 


QUARE  IMPEDIT 


quail2,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  person,  or  his  heart, 
courage,  spirit,  or  eyes)  flinch,  be  cowed,  give 
way  before  or  to;  (rare)  cow,  daunt,  [etym. 
dub. ;  from  1440 ;  common  1520-60 ;  then  disap- 
pears till  revived  prob.  by  Scott] 

quaint,  a.  Attractive  or  piquant  in  virtue 
of  unfamiliar,  esp.  old-fashioned,  appearance, 
ornamentation,  manners,  &c,  daintily  odd. 
Hence  quaintLY2  adv.,  quarntNESS  n. 
[earlier  senses  wise,  cunning,  ingenious ;  f.  OF 
cointe  f.  L  cognitus  pp.  of  cognoscere  learn] 

quake,  v.i.  Shake,  tremble,  rock  to  &  fro, 
(of  earth  with  earthquake,  person  usu.  for  or 
with  fear  or  cold,  bog  when  trodden  on,  &c.) ; 
quaking-grass,  kinds  with  slender  foot-stalks 
trembling  in  wind.  Hence  qua'kingrLY2  adv. 
[OE  cwacian  cf.  quag] 

Qua'ker,  n.  (Outsiders'  name  for)  member 
of  Society  of  Friends  founded  by  George  Fox 
1648-50,  &  devoted  to  peace  principles,  plainness 
of  dress  (esp.  the  use  of  drab  or  grey),  simplicity 
of  speech  (esp.  the  use  of  thee  Se  avoidance  of 
titles  &  words,  such  as  the  names  of  the  days, 
suggestive  of  paganism),  &  peculiar  priestless 
religious  meetings ;  (also  q.-bird,  -moth)  kinds 
of  plain-colouredbird  &  moth  ;  q.,  or q.'s,  -meet- 
ing, religious  meeting  of  Friends,  silent  till 
some  member  is  moved  by  the  spirit,  (transf.) 
silent  meeting,  company  in  which  conversa- 
tion flags.  Hence  qua'kerDOM,  qua'kerESS1, 
qua*kepiSM(3,4),  nn.,  qua'keriSH »,  qua'k- 
er ly  >,  aa.  [name  given  1650  w.  ref.  to  '  quak- 
ing at  the  Word  of  the  Lord ' ;  -er1] 

qualification  (-61-),  n.  Modification,  recog- 
nition of  contingency,  restricting  or  limiting 
circumstance,  detraction  from  completeness  or 
absoluteness,  (statement  with  many  qq. ;  hedged 
about  with  qq. ;  requires  q. ;  his  delight  had  one 
q.);  quality  ntting  person  or  thing  (for  post  &c, 
or  abs.);  condition  that  must  be  fulfilled  before 
right  can  be  acquired  or  office  held  (the  q.  for 
citizenship  maybe  a  certain  income),  document 
attesting  such  fulfilment;  attribution  of  quality 
(the  q.  of  his  policy  as  opportunist  is  unfair). 
So  qua'lificatORY  a.  [f.  med.L  qualificatio 
(foil.,  -FICATION)] 

qua'lify  (-61-),  v.t  &  i.  Attribute  some  quality 
to,  describe  as,  (q.  documents  as  heretical,  per- 
son as  a  scoundrel,  proposal  as  iniquitous; 
adjectivesq.  nouns);  invest  or  provide  with  the 
necessary  qualities,  make  competent,  fit,  or 
legally  entitled,  (for  being  or  doing,  to  be  or  do, 
for  post  or  sphere,  or  abs.;  qualifying  examine 
ation,  to  ascertain  that  candidates  are  not  be- 
low a  fixed  standard,  often  followed  by  com- 
petitive), jjintr.)  fulfil  some  condition,  esp.  pass 
examination  or  take  oath,  to  make  oneself  eli- 
gible (for  office,  or  abs.);  modify  (statement, 
opinion),  make  less  absolute  or  sweeping,  sub- 
ject to  reservations  or  limitation  ;  moderate, 
mitigate,  make  less  complete  or  pleasing  orun- 
pleasing;  diminish  strength  or  flavour  of  (spirit 
&c.  with  water,  also  facet  water  with  spirit). 
[f.  med.L gualificare  (L  qualis  such  as,  -fy)] 

qualitative  (-61-),  a.  Concerned  with,  de- 
pending on,  quality  (opp.  quantitative  ;  esp. 
q.  analysis),   [f.  LL  qualitativus  (foil.,  -ative)] 

qua'lity  (-61-),  n.  Degree  of  excellence,  re- 
lative nature  or  kind  or  character,  (opp.  quan- 
tity; of  good,  high,  poor,  Sec,  q.;  is  made 
in  three  qq.;  q.  matters  more  than  quantity), 
general  excellence  (hasq.,  is  excellent);  faculty, 
skill,  accomplishment,characteristic  trait,  men- 
tal or  moral  attribute,  (give  a  taste  of  one's  a., 
show  what  one  can  do ;  has  many  good  qq.,  the 
defects  of  his  qq.,  the  qq.  of  a  rider,  the  q.  of 
inspiring  confidence  or  of  courage);  (archaic  or 
vulg.)  high  rank  or  social  standing  {people  of, 


the,  q.,  the  upper  classes);  (Log.;  of  proposition) 
being  affirmative  or  negative ;  (of  sound,  voice, 
&c.)  distinctive  character  apart  from  pitch  & 
loudness,  timbre,  [f.  F  qualite  f.  L  qualitatem 
(qualis  of  what  kind,  -ty)] 

qualm  (-ahm,  -awm),  n.  Momentary  faint  or 
sick  feeling,  queasiness  ;  misgiving,  sinking  of 
heart ;  scruple  of  conscience,  doubt  of  one's  own 
rectitude  in  some  matter.  Hence  qualm  i  sn  * 
a.    [cf.  G  gualm  vapour  (dial,  swoon)] 

quandar'y  (on-;  also  kwo*ndari),  n.  A  state 
of  perplexity,  difficult  situation,  practical  di- 
lemma, (am  in  a  q.).    [from  1580 ;  etym.  dub.] 

quand  me  me  (F),  adv.  Despite  conse- 
quences, even  so,  all  the  same. 

quant  (-6-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Punting-pole  with 
disk  to  prevent  its  sinking  in  mud  used  by  E.- 
coast  bargemen  Sec;  (vb)  propel  (boat),  propel 
boat,  with  q.    [perh.  f.  L  f.  Gk  kontos] 

qua'ntic  (-on-),  n.  (math.).  Rational  integral 
homogeneous  function'of  two  or  more  variables, 
[f.  L  quantus  how  much,  -ic] 

quantify,  v.t.  (Log.)  define  application  of 
(term,  proposition)  by  use  of  all,  some,  Sec;  de- 
termine quantity  of,  measure,  express  as  quan- 
tity. Hence  qua'ntifiABLE  a.,  quantiFic  v- 
tion  n.     [f.  med.L  quantificare  (prec,  -fy)] 

quantitative  (or  -ta-),  a.  Measured  or  mea- 
surable by,  concerned  with,  quantity  (opp.  qua- 
litative ;  esp.  q.  analysis) ;  of,  based  on,  the 
quantity  of  vowels  (q.  accent,  scansion,  verse, 
Sec).  Hence  quantitativeLY2  adv.  [f.  med.L 
quantitativus  (quantity,  -ative)] 

qua'ntitive,  a.  =  prec.  (rare),    [foil.,  -ive] 

quantity  (-on-),  n.  The  property  of  things 
that  is  estimable  by  some  sort  of  measure,  the 
having  of  size,  extension,  weight,  amount,  or 
number,  (mathematics  is  the  science  of  pure  a.; 
stated  in  terms  ofq.;  the  q.  of  a  surface  is  its 
area);  amount,  sum,  (the  q.  of  the  current  de- 
pends on  the  size  of  the  plates) ;  specified  or 
considerable  portion  or  number  or  amount  of 
something,  the  amount  of  something  present, 
(a  small  q.  of  blood ;  a  q.  of  baskets ;  buys  in 
large  qq. ;  the  q.  of  heat  in  an  animal  body),  (pi. ) 
large  amounts  or  numbers,  abundance,(rs,/ ound 
in  qq.  on  the  shore);  (Pros.)  length  or  shortness 
of  vowel  sounds  (see  long1;  q.-mark,  put  over 


q.-i 
vowel  to  indicate  q. ;  false  q.);  (Log.)  extension 
given  to  subject  of  proposition  ;  (Math.)  thing 
having  q.,  figure  or  symbol  representing  it,  (in- 


commensurable qq.  have  no  aliquot  parts ;  un- 
known q.  transf.,  person  or  thing  whose  action 
cannot  be  foreseen  ;  negligible  q.  transf.,person 
&c.  thatneednot  be  reckoned  with),  [f.  OF quan- 
tity f.  L  quantitatem  (quantus  how  much,  -ty)] 

quanti*volence  (-on-,  -an-),  n.  (chem.).  Ex- 
tent to  which  one  of  element's  atoms  can  hold 
other  atoms  in  combination,  [f.  L  quantus  how 
much,  after  equivalence  see  equivalent] 

quantum  (-on-,  in  L  phrr.  -an-,  -on-),  n.  (pi. 
-a,  rare).  Amount ;  share,  portion ;  required, 
desired,  or  allowed  amount ;  q.  libet  or  placet, 
abbr.  g.l.,  q.p.,  as  much  as  is  desired  (in  pre- 
scriptions) ;  q.  sufficit,  abbr.  quant,  suff.  or  q.  s., 
as  much  as  suffices  (in  prescriptions),  (gen.)  suffi- 
cient quantity,  to  sufficient  extent.  [L,  neut. 
of  quantus  how  much,  as  much  as] 

quaquaver'sal  (-ay-),  a.  (geol.).  Pointing 
in  every  direction,  [f.  LL  quaquaversus  (qua- 
qua  wheresoever,  versus  towards)] 

quarantine  (kwoTanten),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Period 
of)  isolation  imposed  on  voyagers,  travellers, 
sick  persons,  or  infected  ship,  that  might  spread 
contagious  disease ;  (vb)  impose  such  isolation 
on,  put  in  q.  [prob.  f.  It.  quarantina  (quaranta 
f.  L  quadraginta  forty  (days)] 

quar'e  i'mpedit,  n.  Writ  issued  in  cases  of 


QUARENDEN I 

disputed  presentation  to  benefice  against  ob- 
jector.   [L,  =  why  does  he  hinder?] 

qua'penden,  -der,  (kwo-).  Kind  of  Devon- 
shire &  Somerset  apple.    [?] 

qua'ppel1  (kwo-),  n.  (hist.).  Short  heavy 
arrow  or  bolt  used  in  crossbow  or  arbalest.  [OF, 
cf.  It.  quadrello  dim.  of  quadro  a  square  (LL 
quadrus  a.)] 

qua'ppel2  (kwo),  n.  Occasion  of  complaint 
against  person  or  his  actions  (have  no  q.  against 
or  with  him ;  pick  a  q.,  invent  or  eagerly  avail 
oneself  of  such  occasion  to  commence  hostili- 
ties ;  espouse  one's  q.,  fight  one's  qq.for  him, 
assisthim  in  getting  redress;  ma  pood  g.,  justly 
taken  up);  violent  contention  or  altercation  be- 
tween persons,  rupture  of  friendly  relations. 
Hence  qua'ppelsoME  a.,  qua*ppelsomeLY2 
adv.,  qua'PPelsomeNESS  n.  |f.  OF  querele 
f.  L  querela  complaint  (queri  complain)] 

qua'ppel3,  v.i.  (-11-).  Take  exception,  find 
fault  with  {I never  q.  with  Providence  ;  q.  with 
one's  bread  &  butter,  abandon  employment  by 
which  one  lives) ;  contend  violently  (with  per- 
son, about  or  for  thing),  fall  out,  have  dispute, 
break  off  friendly  relations,    [f.  prec] 

qua'ppy J  (-6-),  n.  Object  of  pursuit  by  bird 
of  prey,  hounds,  hunters,  &c;  intended  victim 
or  prey.  [f.  OF  curie  (cuir  skin  f.  L  corium, 
-y4),  orig.  sense,  parts  of  deer  placed  on  hide  & 
given  to  hounds] 

qua'ppy2  (-6-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Excavation 
made  by  taking  stone  for  building  &c.  from  its 
bed.place  whence  stone, or  fig.  information  &c„ 
may  be  extracted  ;  qua'rrymun,  worker  in  q.; 
(vb)  extract  (stone)  from  q.;  extract  (facts  &c.) 
laboriously  from  books  &c. ;  expend  toil  in 
searching  documents  &c.  (quarrying  in  the 
HarleianMSS.).  If.  med. Lquareia,quadraria, 
(L  quadrare  to  square)] 

?uapf  (-ort),n.  Measure  of  capacity,  quarter 
gallon  or  two  pints  (put  q.  into  pint  pot,  make 
less  contain  greater) ;  pot  or  bottle  containing 
this  amount ;  (abs.  for)  q.  of  beer  (still  takes  his 
q.) ;  q.pot.  [F,  f.  neut  of  L quartus fourth] 
quart2  (kart),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  A  position  in 
fencing,  carte,  (q.  &  tierce,  fencing-practice) ; 
sequence  of  four  cards  in  piquet  &c.  (q.  major, 
ace,  king,  queen,  knave).  ( Vb)  use  the  position 
q.;  drawback  (head  &  shoulders)  in  doing  this. 
|f.  F  quarte  f.  fem.  L  as  prec] 
quap'tan  (-or-),  a.  &  n.  (Ague  or  fever)  with 
paroxysm  every  third  (by  inclusive  reckoning 
fourth)  day.  {f.  F(fievre)  quartaine  f.  L  (febris) 
quartana  (quartus  fourth,  -an)] 
i  quapta'tion  (-or-),  n.  Combining  of  three 
parts  of  silver  with  one  of  gold  as  preliminary 
in  purifying  gold.  [L  quartus  fourth,  -ation] 
quarter l  (or-),  n.  Fourth  part,  one  of  four 
equal  or  corresponding  parts,  fourth  part  of, 
(divide  the  apples  into  qq.;  q.  of  a  century,  any 
period  of  25  years ;  second  &c.  q.  of  the  century, 
26th  to  50th  &c.  years  of  it ;  q.  of  an  hour,  any 
consecutive  15  minutes ;  bad  q.  of  an  hour, 
short  unpleasant  experience ;  can  get  it  at  the 
stores  for  a  q.  the  or  of  the,  or  for  q.  the,  price  ; 
is  not  a  q.  as  good  as  it  should  be ;  q.-mile, 
-yard.  Sec,  q.  of  a  mile  &c);  one  of  four  parts, 
each  including  leg  or  arm,  into  which  beast's 
or  bird's  carcase  is  divided  (of  beast,  often/ore, 
hind,  -q.),  (pi.)  similar  parts  of  traitor  quartered 
after  execution,  (usu.  in  pi.,  often  hind-qq.) 
haunch(es)  of  livinganimalorman,  (sing.)  either 
side  of  ship  aft  of  main-chains  (on  the  q.,  be- 
tween astern  &  on  beam);  (Herald.)  one  of  four 
divisions  of  quartered  shield  (dexter  &  sinister 
chtef,  dexter  Be  sinister  base),  charge  occupying 
q.  placed  in  chief;  grain-measure  of  eight 
bushels,  used  in  stating  large  quantities,  prices, 


0  QUARTERING 

&c;  (abbr.  qr)  fourth  of  cwt,  281b.;  fourth  of 
fathom  (&  a  q.  five,  ok  fathoms ;  a  q.  less  five, 
4i});  fourth  of  year  for  which  payments  become 
due  on  q.-day,  instalment  of  allowance  &c.  for 
the  q.,  (now  chiefly  Sc.)  school  term ;  fourth  of 
lunar  period,  moon's  position  between  first  & 
second  or  third  &  fourth  of  these ;  point  of  time 
15'  before  or  after  any  hour  o'clock  (at  a  q.  to, 
past,  six;  it  is  not  tfie  q.  yet;  strikes  the  hours, 
half -hours,  &  qq.;  it  has  gone  the  q.,  clock  has 
sounded  for  it);  (Channel  I.)  unit  of  property  or 
income,  reckoned  as  £25,  for  assessment  of  taxes 
&c;  (region  lying  about)  point  of  compass,  di- 
rection, district,  locality,  source  of  supply  or 
help  or  information,  (wind  blows  from  all  four 
qq.  at  once  ;  what  g.  is  the  wind  in  ?  lit..  Se  fig. 
how  are  things  going?  &c;  flocked  in  from  all 
qq.;  no  help  to  be  looked  for  in  that  q.;  had  the 
news  from  a  good  q.);  division  of  town,  esp.  one 


appropriated  to  or  occupied  by  special  class 

(the  Jewish,  manufactu\ 

q.);  (pi.)  lodgings, abode,  esp.  place  where  troops 


fewish,  manufacturing,  residential.  Sec 


are  lodged  or  stationed  (HEAV-qq.;  wintcr-qq.. 
occupied,  esp.  by  troops,  for  winter;  take  uj) 
one's  qq.,  lodge  in,  with,  See;  beat1  up  qq.  of; 
beat  to  qq.  naut.,  summon  crew  to  appointed 
stations  as  for  action ;  at  c  lose  l  qq.);  exemption 
from  death  offered  or  granted  to  enemy  in  bat- 
tle who  will  surrender  (give,  receive,  q.;  ask  for 
or  cry  q.;  no  g.  to  be  given);  quarter-mile  race 
or  running-distance  (won  the  q. ;  has  done  the 

g.in50").  Q.-bell,  sounding  the  q. -hours;  q.- 
hiding  of  book,  with  narrow  leather  at  back 
&  none  at  corners,  so  q.-bound  a. ;  q.-butt  in 
billiards,  cue  shorter  than  half -butt;  q.-day,  on 
which  quarterly  payments  are  due,  tenancies 
begin  &  end,  &c.  (Lady  Day  25  Mar.,  Midsum- 
mer Day  24  June, Michaelmas  29  Sep.,  &  Christ- 
mas 25  Dec.) ;  q.-deck,  part  of  upper  deck  be- 
tween stern  &  after-mast,  used  by  superior 
officers  &  cabin  passengers;  q.-ill,  cattle  & 
sheep  disease  causing  putrefaction  in  one  or 
more  of  the  qq. ;  q.-left,  -right,  (mil.),  q.  of  a 
right  angle  to  left,  right ;  q.-light,  window  in 
body  of  closed  carriage  apart  from  door- wi  ndow; 
q.-line  (naut.),  disposition  in  which  bow  of  each 
ship  is  abaft  beam  of  one  in  front ;  quarter- 
master, (naut.)  petty  officer  in  charge  of  steer- 
ing, binnacle,  signals,  hold-stowing,  &c,  (mil., 
abbr.  Q.M.)  regimental  officer  with  duties  of 
assigning  qq.,  laying  out  camp,  &  looking  after 
rations,  ammunition,  &c.  (Q.-m.-general,  abbr. 
Q.M.G.,  staff  officer  at  head  of  department  con- 
trolling quartering,  equipment,  &c.);  q.-miler, 
runner  whose  distance  is  the  q. ;  q.-plate, 
photographic  plate  3|  in.  x  i$.  photograph  pro- 
duced from  it;  q.-sessions,  court  of  limited 
criminal  &  civil  jurisdiction  &  of  appeal  held 
quarterly  by  justices  of  peace  in  counties  &  by 
recorder  in  boroughs ;  quar'terstaff,  stout  pole 
6-8  ft  long  formerly  used  by  peasantry  as  wea- 

Eon  ;  q.-tone  (mus.),  half  a  semitone;  q.-wind, 
lowing  on  ship's  q.  (most  favourable  sailing 
wind).  [OF,  f.  L  quartarius  fourth  part  (of  a 
measure)  f.  quartus  fourth,  see  -er2(2)] 

quap'tep  2,  v.t.  Divide  into  four  equal  parts, 
divide  (traitor's  body)  into  qq.;  (Herald.)  place 
or  bear  (charges  or  coats  of  arms)  quarterly  on 
shield,  add  (another's  coat)  to  one's  hereditary 
arms,  place  in  alternate  qq.  with,  divide  (shield) 
into  qq.  or  into  divisions  formed  by  vertical  & 
horizontal  lines;  put  (esp.  soldiers)  into  qq., 
station  or  lodge  in  specified  place ;  (of  dogs) 
range  or  traverse  (ground)  in  every  direction, 
[f.  prec.l 

quarterage  (Ij),  n.  Quarterly  payment,  a 
quarter's  wages,  allowance,  pension,  &c.  [-age] 

quartering,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  (herald., 


QUARTERLY 


681 


QUEER 


pi.)  coats  marshalled  on  shield  to  denote  alli- 
ances of  family  with  heiresses  of  others.  [-ING l] 

quarterly,  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Occurring  every 
quarter  of  a  year ;  (n.)  q.  review  or  magazine  ; 
(adv.)  once  every  quarter  of  a  year;  (Herald.) 
in  the  four, or  in  two  diagonally  opposite,  quar- 
ters of  shield  (q.-guartered,  with  one  or  more 
quarters  divided  in  four).    [-LY  l> 2] 

quar'tern (ort-), n.  (Also q.-loaf) four- pound 
loaf.  [f.  OF  quartron  quarter ;  orig.  sense, 
quarter  of  stone  or  peck] 

quarte*t(te)  (or-),  n.  Musical  composition 
for  four  voices  or  instruments,  players  or  sing- 
ers rendering  this ;  set  of  four.  [F  (-te),  f.  It. 
quartetto  (quarto  fourth  f.  L  quartus,  -et  j] 

quar'to  (-or-),  n.  (also  written  4to,  4°).  Size 
given  by  folding  sheet  of  paper  twice ;  book 
consisting  of  sheets  so  folded  ;  q.-paper,  so  fold- 
ed. IL  (in)  quarto  (in)  fourth  (of  sheet) ;  abl.  of 
quartus  fourth] 

quartz  (-orts),  n.  Kinds  of  mineral,  massive 
or  crystallizing  in  hexagonal  prisms,  consisting 
in  pure  form  of  silica  or  silicon  dioxide,  &  often 
containing  gold.    [f.  G  quarz  etym.  dub.] 

quash  (-6),  v.t.  Annul,  make  void,  rejectas 
not  valid,  put  an  end  to,  (esp.  by  legal  procedure 
or  authority),  [f.  OF  quasser  (now  casser)  f.  L 
quassare  frequent,  of  qtiatere  shake] 

Qua'shee  (-6-),  n.  Negro  (as  national  nick- 
name), [f.  Ashantee  or  Fantee  Kwasi  common 
personal  name] 

qua'si,  conj.  &  pref.  (Introducing  etymolo- 
gical explanation,  abbr.  qu.)  that  is  to  say,  as  if 
it  were,  (Earls  of  Wilbraham,  q.  Wild  boar 
ham) ;  (hyphened  esp.  to  noun  or  adj.)  seeming- 
ly), not  real(ly),  practical (ly),  half-,  almost,  (en- 
gaged in  a  g.-war;  the  g.-art  of  making  enemies; 
has  a  q.episcopal  position).    [L,  =  as  if] 

qua'ssia  (or  -asha,  -osha),  n.  S.-Amer.,  esp. 
Surinam,  tree;  (wood,  bark,  or  root  of  this  & 
other  trees,  y  ielding)  bitter  medicinal  decoction, 
[f.  name  of  negro  (cf.  quashee)  who  discovered 
its  virtues  1761] 

quater-eente'nary,  n.  Four-hundredth 
anniversary.    [L  quater  four  times] 

quaternary,  a.  &  n.  Having  four  parts, 
esp.  compounded  of  four  chemical  elements  or 
radicals;  concerned  with  the  number  four; 
(Geol.)  belonging  to  most  recent  period,  subse- 
quent to  Tertiary.  (N.)  set  of  four  things ;  the 
number  four;  the  Pythagorean  q.,  1+2  +  3  +  4 
=  10,  with  mystic  significance  in  Pythagorean- 
ism,  [f.  L  quatemarius  (quatemi  distrib.  of 
quatuor  four,  -ary  J)] 

quater*nion,  n.  Set  of  four ;  quire  of  four 
sheets  folded  in  two  ;  Pythagorean  quaternary, 
mystic  number  4  or  10  (see  prec.) ;  (Math.)  quo- 
tient of  two  vectors  or  operator  that  changes 
one  vector  into  another  (named  as  depending 
on  four  geometrical  elements),  (pi.)  form  of  cal- 
culus of  vectors  in  which  this  operator  is  used, 
[f.  LL  quatemio  (prec.)] 

quater'nity,  n.  Set  of  four,  being  four,  (esp. 
as  analogous  to  Trinity,  in  describing  heresies 
&c).    [f.  LL  quatemitas  (quaternary,  -ty)] 

quatorzain  (ka'terzan),  n.  Fourteen-line 
poem,  irregular  sonnet,  [f.  F  quatorzaine 
(quatorze  fourteen  f.  L  quatuordecim) 

qua'train  (-6t-),  n.  Stanza  of  four  lines  usu. 
with  alternate  rhymes.  [F  (quatre  four  f.  L 
quatuor)] 

qua'tre  (hter),  n.    =  cater1. 

qua'trefoil  (katre-,  kater-),  n.  Four-cusped 
figure,  esp.  as  opening  in  architectural  tracery, 
resembling  symmetrical  four-lobed  leaf  or 
flower,    [f.  OF  quatre  (quatrain),  foil1] 

quattroce'ntist,  n.  &  a.  (Artist  &c.)  of  the 
quattrocento,    [-ist] 


quattroee-nto  (ah-,  -tshe),  n.  Fifteenth 
century  as  period  in  Italian  art.  [It.,  lit.  100, 
but  used  =  1100] 

qua'ver  \  v.i.  &  t.  Vibrate,  shake,  tremble, 
(esp.  of  voice  or  musical  sound) ;  use  trills  in 
singing;  sing  (note,  song)  with  trills,  say  (usu. 
out)  in  trembling  tones.  Hence  qua'vering-- 
ly2  adv.  If.  obs.  quave  cogn.  w.  quake,  qui- 
ver 2,+  -er5] 

qua'ver2,  n.  Trill  in  singing;  tremulous- 
ness  in  speech,  whence  qua'verY1  a.;  (Mus.) 
note  equal  in  length  to  half  crotchet,    [f.  prec] 

quay  (ke),  n.  Solid  stationary  artificial  land- 
ing-place usu.  of  stone  or  iron  lying  along  or  pro- 
jecting into  water  for  (un)loading  ships.  Hence 
quay*AGE(l,4)  n.  [earlier  &  OF kay,  cf.  Sp.  cayo 
shoal,  W  cae  hedge,  w.  assim.  to  F  quai] 

quean,  n.  Impudent  or  ill-behaved  girl,  jade, 
hussy.  [OE  cwene  woman,  cf.  Du.  kiveen  barren 
cow ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  gune  woman  &  w.  queen] 

quea'sy  (zi),  a.  (Of  food)  unsettling  the 
stomach,  causing  or  tending  to  sickness,  ful- 
some ;  (of  person,  his  stomach,  orhis  conscience) 
easily  upset,  weak  of  digestion,  overscrupulous 
or  tender  or  delicate,  in  fastidious  condition. 
Hence  quea'sixESS  n.  [earlier  coisy ;  etym. 
dub.;  cf.  OF  coisier  hurt] 

queen1,  n.  King's  wife  (also  q.-consort  for 
distinction  from  next  sense  ;  q.-dowager,  wife 
of  late  king;  q.-mother,  q.-dowager  who  is 
mother  of  sovereign,  &  see  next  sense;  also  pre- 
fixed as  title,  as  Q.  Alexandra) ;  female  sove- 
reign of  kingdom  (q.-mother,  q.  having  child  or 
children  ;  also  prefixed  as  title,  as  Q.  Victoria  ; 
Q.'s  counsel1,  abbr.  Q.C.;  Q.  Anne  is  dead,  re- 
tort to  stale  news;  Q.Anne's  bounty;  Q.-Anne, 
in  the  architectural  or  decorative  style  of  Q. 
Anne's  time;  Q.  of  Scots,  Mary  Stuart) ;  adored 
female,  e.g.  the  Virgin  Mary  (Q.  of  grace  &c), 
ancient  goddess  (Q.  of  heaven,  Juno,  of  love, 
Venus,  of  night,  Diana,  &c),  person's  sweet- 
heart or  wife  or  mistress  ;  majestic  woman  ; 
belle,  mock-sovereign,  on  some  occasion  (Q.  of 
the  may3  &c);  personified  best  example  of  any- 
thing that  can  be  regarded  as  fem.  (the  q.  of 
xcatering  places,  roses,  nurses) ;  person,  coun- 
try, &c,  regarded  as  ruling  over  some  sphere 
(q.  of  hearts,  any  beautiful  woman  ;  q.  of  the 
Adriatic,  Venice  ;  q.  of  the  seas,  Gt  Britain  ; 
q.  of  the  meadows,  meadowsweet) ;  (also  g. -free, 
-wasp,  -ant)  perfect  female  of  bee  &c;  piece  in 
chess  (q.'s  bishop,  knight,  pawn,  &c,  those 
placed  nearest  q.  at  start;  q.s  gambit)  ;  one  of 
court-cards  in  each  suit;  q.-cake,  small  soft 
currant  cake  of  ten  heart-shaped  ;  q.-posts,  two 
upright  timbers  between  tie-beam  &  rafters  of 
roof  (cf.KixQ-post);  q. 's  colours,  one  of  regiment- 
al pair  of  colours.royal  colours;  q.  's  pincushion, 
flower  of  guelder-rose ;  q.'s  pipe,  furnace  for- 
merly used  for  destroying  confiscated  tobacco ; 
?.'s  shilling;  q.-stitch,  fancy-stitch  in  em- 
roidery;  q.'s-ware,  cream-colouredWedgwood; 
q.'s  weather,  sunshine.  Hence  quee'nDOM, 
quee'nuooD,  quee'nsHip,  nn.,  quee'nLEss, 
quee'nr.iKE,  aa.  [OE  cwin,  cf.  ON  kvxn; 
cogn.  w.  quean] 

queen2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  (woman)  q.;  q.  it, 
play  the  q.;  (Chess)  advance  (pawn)  to  oppon- 
ents end  of  board  &  have  it  converted  to  q.  or 
other  piece,  (intr.,  of  pawn)  be  converted  thus, 
[f.  prec] 

quee'ningr,  n.    Kind  of  apple,    [ing3] 

queenly,  a.  Fit  for,  appropriate  to,  queen ; 
majestic,  queenlike.  Hence  quee'nlixESS  n. 
1-ly1] 

queer,  a.,  &  v.t.  (slang).  Strange,  odd,  eccen- 
tric; of  questionable  character,  shady,  suspect; 
out  of  sorts,  giddy,  faint,  (esp.  feel  q.);  (slang) 


QUELL 


682 


QUICK 


drunk ;  in  Q.  street  (slang),  in  a  difficulty,  in 
debt  or  trouble  or  disrepute ;  hence  queep'iSH1 
a.,  queep'LY2  adv.,  queer\\ESS  n.  (Vb) 
spoil,  put  out  of  order,  (esp.  q.  the  pitch  for 
one,  spoil  his  chance  beforehand  by  secret  deal- 
ings); make  feel  q.    [perh.  f.  G  quer  crosswise] 

quell,  v.t.  (poet.  &  rhet.).  Suppress,  forcibly 
put  an  end  to,  crush,  overcome,  reduce  to  sub- 
mission, (fear,  opposition,  rebellion,  rebels, 
&c).  Hence  (-)que'llER l  n.  [OE  cwellan,  cf. 
G  qudlen] 

quench, v.t.  Extinguish  (fire,  light,  eyesight ; 
chiefly  poet,  or  rhet.);  cool,  esp.  with  water 
(heat,  heated  thing  ;  poet,  or  rhet.) ;  stifle,  sup- 
press, (desire,  speed,  motion  ;  poet,  or  rhet.) ; 
slake  (thirst);  (slang)  reduce  to  silence,  shut  up, 
(opponent).  Hence  que'nehABLE,  queneh- 
LESS,  aa.    fcf.  Fris.  kwinka] 

que'nchep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.  (slang) 
something  to  drink  (usu.  a  modest  q.).    [-er1] 

quene'lle  (ke-),  n.  Seasoned  ball  of  fish  or 
meatreduced  tojpaste.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

quep'ist,  n.  Person  who  asks  question,  [f. 
L  quaerere  ask,  -1ST] 

quern,  n.  Hand-mill  for  grinding  corn ; 
small  hand-mill  for  pepper  &c;  q.-stone,  mill- 
stone. [OE  cweorn,  cf.  Du.  kweern.  Da.  kvaern] 

querulous  (-rdo),  a.  Complaining,  peevish. 
Hence  que'PulousLV2  adv.,  quepulous- 
ness  n.  [f.  LL  querulosus  (L  querulus  f.  queri 
compjain,  -ose  r)] 

quep'y,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Used  abs.  to  introduce 
question  ;  abbr.  qu.)  pray,  one  would  like  to 
know,  {Query,  or  qu.,  was  the  money  ever 
paid  ?) ;  a  question,  esp.  of  the  nature  of  ob- 
jection (was  prepared  to  suppress  all  qq.) ; 
mark  of  interrogation  or  the  word  query  or  qu. 
written  against  statement,  or  the  word  query 
interjected  in  speech,  to  question  accuracy. 
(Vb)  ask,  inquire,  (whether,  if,  &c.) ;  put  a 
question ;  call  (thing)  in  question  in  speech  or 
writing,  question  accuracy  of.  [anglicized 
form  of  quaere] 

quest »,  n.  Official  inquiry  or  jury  &c.  mak- 
ing it  (now  only  in  vulg.  crowner's  q.,  coroner's 
inquest) ;  seeking  or  thing  sought  by  inquiry 
or  search,  esp.  object  of  medieval  knight's  pur- 
suit (in, q.  of,  seeking),  [f.  OF  queste  f.  pop.  L  p.p. 
of  quaerere  seek] 

quest 2,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  dogs  &c.)  search  for  game 
(often  about);  go  (about)  in  search  of  some- 
thing; (poet.)  search  for,  seek  out.  [f.  OF 
quester  (prec.)] 

que'stioni  (-stshon),  n.  Sentence  adapted 
by  order  of  words,  use  of  interrogative  pronoun 
or  stop,  or  other  means,  to  elicit  answer,  inter- 
rogative sentence,  (put  a  q.  to  one,  ask  him 
something;  q.  &  answer,  alternation  of  qq. 
&  answers,  catechetic  procedure;  leading2, 
rhetorical,  q.;  indirect,  oblique,  q.,  made  into 
dependent  clause ;  q.-mark  or  -stop,  mark  of 
interrogation) ;  (raising  of)  doubt  about  or  ob- 
jection to  thing's  truth,  credibility,  advisability, 
&c.  (allowed  it  without  q.;  beyond  all  or  be- 

Sond,  out  of,  past,  without,  q.,  certainly,  un- 
oubtedly ;  call  in  q.,  raise  objections  to ;  make 
no  q.  of  fact  &c,  but  that  it  is  so  &c,  admit  it ; 
there  is  no  q.  but  that . . .),  whence  question- 
less adv.  &  a.;  problem  requiring  solution, 
matter  or  concern  depending  on  conditions  of, 
(eastern  q.;  a  difficult  q.;  beg  the  q.;  success 
ts  merely  a  q.  of  time,  will  certainly  come,  but 
may  come  sooner  or  later ;  it  is  only  a  question 
o/  putting  enough  coffee  in) ;  subject  being  dis- 
cussed or  for  discussion,  thing  to  be  voted  on, 
Kthe  person  in  q„  that  we  are  referring  to ; 
come  into  q.,  be  discussed,  become  of  practical 
importance;  that  is  not  the  q.,  is  irrelevant; 


the  q.  is,  introducing  or  recalling  exact  matter 
of  debate ;  QJ  in  public  assemblies,  used  to  re- 
call speaker  from  digression  ;  the  previous 
q.;  out  of  the  q.,  too  impracticable  to  be  worth 
discussing;  put  the  q.,  require  supporters  & 
opponents  of  proposal  to  record  their  votes, 
divide  meeting  &c;  open  q.);  (archaic)  tor- 
ture to  elicit  confession  (was  put  to  the  q.). 
[OF,  f.  L  quaestionem  (quaerere  seek,  -tion)] 

question-,  v.t.  Ask  qq.  of,  interrogate, 
subject  to  examination,  (person);  seek  informa- 
tion from  study  of  (phenomena,  facts) ;  call  in 
q.,  throw  doubt  upon,  raise  objections  to,  (q. 
the  honesty,  accuracy,  fitness,  &c,  of;  it  cannot 
be  questioned  but  that  or  but,  it  is  certain  that), 
whence  que'stionABLE  a.,  questionably  ' 
adv.  Hence  questionings  v 2  adv.  [f.  OF 
questionner  (prec. )] 

quetzal,  n.  Beautiful  Central- Amer.  bird. 
[Sp.,  f.  Aztec  quetzalli  the  bird's  tail-feather] 

queue  (ku),  n.,  &  v.i.  Hanging  plaited  tail  of 
hair  or  wig,  pigtail ;  line  of  persons,  vehicles, 
&c,  awaiting  their  turn  to  be  attended  to  or 
proceed.  (Vb)  dress  (hair)  in  q.;  (of  persons 
&c.)  form  up  in  q.    [F,  f.  L  Cauda  tail] 

qurbble,  n.,  &  v.i.  Play  on  words,  pun ; 
equivocation,  evasion,  unsubstantial  or  purely 
verbal  argument  &c.  esp.  one  depending  on 
ambiguity  of  word ;  (vb)  use  qq.;  hence  qui'b- 
blERi  n.,  qui'bbliNG  2  a.  [perh.  dim.  of  obs. 
quib  f.  L  quibus  abl.  pi.  of  qui  who  (familiar  f. 
use  in  legal  documents)] 

quick,  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Living,  alive,  (archaic ; 
esp.  the  q.  &  the  dead,  go  down  q.  into  hell ;  q. 
with  child,  orig.  with  q.  child,  at  stage  of  preg- 
nancy when  motion  has  been  felt) ;  vigorous, 
lively,  ready,  sensitive,  prompt  to  act,  perceive, 
be  affected,  learn,  think,  or  invent,  (a  q.  child, 
intelligent ;  q.  temper,  easily  irritated,  whence 
quicktempePED  2  a.;  q.  sight,  acute  or  alert, 
whence  quicksigbtED  2  a. ;  has  a  q.  eye,  ear, 
&c,  whence  quiek-eyED2,  quiek-eaPED  2, 
aa. ;  is  q.  to  take  offence  ;  has  q.  wits,  is  ready 
at  grasping  situation,  making  repartees,  &c, 
whence  quick- wl ttED 2  a.;  N.B.  these  com- 
pounds have  quick  stressed  when  attrib.,  un- 
stressed when  pred.) ;  moving  rapidly,  rapid, 
swift,  done  in  short  time  or  with  little  interval, 
(q.  succession ;  at  aq.  trot ;  a  q.  way  of  doing 
it ;  his  q.  growth ;  be  q.,  make  haste  ;  did  a  q. 
mile ;  was  followed  by  q.  vengeance),  whence 
qui'ekLY2  adv.;    q.-change   (of  actor   &c). 


quickly  changing  costume  or  appearance  to 
play  another  part ;  qui'ckLiwiE l ;  q.  march 
(mil.),  march  in  q.  time  (see  below ;  esp.  as  word 


of  command  for  starting  at  usual  pace) ;  qui'ck- 
sand,  (bed  of)  loose  wet  sand  readily  swallow- 
ing up  ships,  animals,  &c;  qui'ekset,  (adj.,  of 
hedge)  formed  of  living  plants  esp.  hawthorn, 
(n.)  live  slips  of  plants  esp.  hawthorn  set  in 
ground  to  grow,  hedge  formed  of  these  ;  quick- 
silver, (n.)  mercury,  (fig.)  mobility  of  tempera- 
ment or  mood,  (v.t.)  coat  (mirror-glass)  with 
amalgam  of  tin;  q.  step,  step  used  in  q.  time 
(mil.),  rate  of  marching  reckoned  at  128  paces 
of  33  in.  to  the  minute  or  four  miles  an  hour, 
the  usual  British-army  rate.  (N.)  tender  or 
sensitive  flesh  below  skin  or  esp.  nails,  tender 
part  of  wound  or  sore  where  healthy  tissue 
begins,  seat  of  feeling  or  emotion,  (bites  his 
nails  to  the  q.;  probed  it  to  the  q.;  the  insult 
stung  him  to  the  q. ;  is  a  Tory  to  the  q.,  through 
&  through);  =quickset  a.  &  n.  (Adv.,  with 
compar.  -er,  -est,  always  after  vb)  at  rapid  rate, 
in  comparatively  short  time,  (ran  as  q.  as  I 
could ;  who  will  be  there  quickest  ?) ;  (ellipt.  for 
imperat.  of  go,, come,  be,  q.)  make  haste;  quick- 
(prefixed  to  partt.  esp.  in  -ing)  quickly,  soon. 


QUICKEN 6 

(q.-fading,_  -forgotten,  &c;  q.-firing  gun,  or 
quiek-fip'ER  *  n.,  gun  with  special  mechan- 
ism for  firing  shots  in  q.  succession),  f  Aryan  ; 
OE  cwicu,  cf.  Du.  kwik,  G  keck  pert,  Skr.  jivd, 
L  vivus,  Gk  bios  life] 

qui'cken,  v.t.  &  i.  Give  or  restore  natural 
or  spiritual  life  or  vigour  to,  animate,  stimu- 
late, rouse,  inspire,  kindle,  whence  qui'cken- 
iNG2a.;  receive,  come  to,  life;  (of  woman  or 
embryo)  reach  quick  stage  in  pregnancy  ;  ac- 
celerate, make  or  (of  pace,  motion,  &c.)  become 
quicker,    [-en  6] 

qui'ckness,  n.  Readiness  or  acuteness  of 
perception  or  apprehension ;  speed,  rapidity, 
suddenness,  (rare ;  esp.  of  single  gesture  or 
motion) ;  hastiness  of  temper,    [-ness] 

quid  *,  n.  (slang ;  pi.  quid).  A  sovereign,  £1, 
{at  two  q.  a  week).    [?] 

quid  2,  n.  Lump  of  tobacco  held  in  mouth  & 
chewed,    [var.  of  cud] 

qui'ddity,  n.  Essence  of  a  thing,  what 
makes  a  thing  what  it  is ;  quibble,  captious 
subtlety,    [f.  med.L  quidditas  (L  quid  what, 

-ITY)] 

qui'dnunc,  n.  Newsmonger,  person  given 
to  gossip,    [f.  L  quid  what,  nunc  now] 

quid  pro  quo,  n.  Blunder  made  by  using 
or  putting  one  thing  for  another  (now  rare) ; 
compensation,  return  made,  consideration, 
{must  get,  must  find  him,  a  q.  p.  q.).  [f.  L  quid 
something  pro  for  quo  something] 

quiescent  (-snt),  a.  Motionless,  inert,  silent, 
dormant.  Hence  or  cogn.  quie'scENCE,  qui- 
e'scENCY,  nn.,  quie'seentLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
quiescere  [quies  quiet1,  -escent)] 

qui'et1  (-et),  n.  Undisturbed  political  con- 
dition, public  tranquillity;  silence,  stillness; 
being  free  from  disturbance  or  agitation  or 
urgent  tasks,  rest,  repose,  peace  of  mind ;  un- 
ruffled deportment,  calm.    [f.  L  quies  -etis] 

qui'et2  (-et),  a.  With  no  or  slight  or  gentle 
sound  or  motion ;  of  gentle  or  inactive  dis- 
position ;  (of  colour,  dress,  &c.)  unobtrusive, 
not  showy ;  not  overt,  private,  disguised,  {q. 
resentment ;  had  a  q.  dig  at  him  ;  esp.  on  the 
q.,  or  slang  abbr.  on  the  q.L,  secretly) ;  un- 
disturbed, not  interfered  with  or  interrupted, 
free  or  far  from  strife  or  uproar ;  enjoyed  in 
q.;  tranquil,  not  anxious  or  remorseful.  Hence 
qui'etLY2  adv.,  qui'etNESS,  qui'eTUDE,  nn. 
[r.  L  quietus  p.p.  (quiescent)] 

qui'et3  (-et),  v.t.,  &  i.  Reduce  to  quietness, 
soothe,  calm ;  become  q.  (rare  ;  usu.  q.  down). 
[f.  med.L  quietare  (prec.)] 

qui'eten,  v.t.  &  i.    =prec.  (vulg.).    [-en  6] 

qui'etism,  n.  Passive  attitude  towards  life 
with  devotional  contemplation  &  abandonment 
of  the  will  as  form  of  religious  mysticism,  non- 
resistance  principles.  So  qui*etiST(2)  n.  &  a., 
quieti'stic  a.  [f.  It.  quiettsmo  (quiet2,  -ism)] 

quie'tus,  n.  Acquittance,  receipt,  given  on 
payment  of  account  &c.  (now  rare);  release 
from  life,  death,  extinction,  final  riddance, 
(got,  gave  him,  his  q.).  [f.  med.L  quietus  (est  he 
is)  quit  (quiet  2)  used  as  receipt  form] 

quill1,  n.  Hollow  stem  of  feather,  (also  q.- 
feather)  whole  large  feather  of  wing  or  tail ; 
pen  (also  q.rpen),  plectrum,  fishing-float,  or 
toothpick,  made  of  this ;  one  of  porcupine's 
spines ;  bobbin  of  hollow  reed,  any  bobbin ; 
musical  pipe  made  of  hollow  stem ;  curled-up 
piece  of  cinnamon  or  cinchona  bark ;  q.-coverts, 
feathers  covering  base  of  q.-feathers ;  q.-driver, 
clerk  or  journalist  or  author,  [etym.  dub.;  cf. 
LG  quiele,  G  kiel] 

quill 2,  v.t.  &  i.  Form  into  q.-like  folds,  goffer, 
whence  qui'lliNG  1(2)  n.;  wind  thread  or  yarn 
on  bobbin,    [f.  prec] 


5 QUINT 

qui'llet,  n.  Quibble,  nice  distinction,  [perh. 
abbr.  of  obs.  quillity  perh.  corrupt,  of  quiddity] 

quilt,  n.,  &  v.t.  Bed-coverlet  made  of  pad- 
ding enclosed  between  two  layers  of  linen  &c. 
&  kept  in  place  by  cross  lines  of  stitching ;  any 
coverlet  or  counterpane  (PATCH-iuorA;  q.\.  (Vb) 
cover  with  padded  material ;  make  or  join  to- 

f^ether  after  the  manner  of  a  q. ;  sew  up  (coin, 
etters,  &c.)  between  two  layers  of  garment  &c. ; 
compile  (literary  work)  out  of  extracts  or  bor- 
rowed ideas ;  (slang)  thrash.  Hence  qui'lt- 
ing^I,  3)  n.    [f.  OF  cuilte  f.  L  culcita  cushion] 

qui'nary,  a.  Of  the  number  five ;  consisting 
of  five  things,  [f.  L  quinarius  (quini  distrib. 
of  quinque  five,  -ary  f)] 

qui'nate  (-at),  a.  (bot.).  (Of  leaf)  composed 
of  five  leaflets,    [f.  L  quini  (prec),  -ate2] 

quince,  n.  Hard  acid  yellowish  pear-shaped 
fruit  used  as  preserve  or  jam-flavouring,  tree 
bearing  it.  lorig.  pi.  of  obs.  quine,  coyn,  f.  OF 
cooin  f.  L  cotoneum  var.  of  cydonium  neut.  of 
Cydonius  of  Cydonia  in  Crete] 

quincentenary,  irreg.  for  quing--. 

qui'ncunx,  n.  (Arrangement  of)  five  objects 
set  so  that  four  are  at  corners  of  square  or  rect- 
angle &  the  other  at  its  centre  (e.  g.  the  five  on 
dice  or  cards ;  plantation  is  laid  out  in  quin- 
cunxes, in  the  diagonal  cross  lines  given  by 
combining  qq.).  So  quincu'ncial  (-shl)  a., 
quineu'ncialLY  2adv.  [L, =5/12  (quinque  five, 
uncia  ounce),  also  q.  pattern] 

quingente'nary  (or  -je*n-),  a.  &  n.  Of,  in, 
500th  year ;  (n.)  500th  anniversary,  [f.  L  quin- 
genti  500  after  centenary] 

qui'nia,  n.  (med.).  =  quinine,  [f.  Sp.  quina  f. 
Peruv.  kina  bark] 

quini'ne  (-en,  -in),  n.  Alkaloid  found  esp.  in 
cinchona  bark  &  used  as  febrifuge,  tonic,  &  an- 
tiperiodic;  (pop.)  sulphate  of  q.,  the  usu.  form 
in  which  q.  is  taken.  Soqui'niZE(i)  v.t.,qui'n- 
ism(5)  n.    [as  prec,  -ine5] 

quinquagenarian,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  fifty 
years  old.  If.  L  quinquagenarius  (quinqua- 
geni  distrib.  of  quinquaginta  fifty,  -ary  l),  -an] 

quinquage'nary  (or  -kwa'j-),  a.  &  n.  =prec 
a.  &  n.;  fiftieth  anniversary,    [prec] 

quinquage'sima,  n.  (Also  Q.  Sunday) 
Sunday  before  Lent.  [f.  med.L  q.  (dies)  lit.  50th 
(day),  so  called  either  as  50th  day  before  Easter 
by  incl.  reckoning,  or  loosely  (cf.  sexagesima, 
septuagesima)  as  before  Quadragesima] 

quinqu(e)-,  comb,  form  of  L  quinque  five, 
in  some  wds  taken  f.  L,  8c in  many  mod.,  esp.  bot. 
&  zool.,  formations.  So  quinqua'ngular 
five-angled ;  quinqueco'state  five-ribbed  ; 
quinque'nniad,  quinquennium  (pi.  -a), 
five-year  period ;  quinquennial  five-year- 
long, five-yearly,  whence  quinque'nnialLY  2 
adv.;  quinquela'teral  a.  &  n.,  five-sided 
(figure  or  object);  quinquelo'batefive-lobed; 
quinquepar'tite  divided  into,  consisting  of, 
five  parts;  qui'nquereme  ancient  galley 
with  five  banks  of  oars  ;  quinqueva'lvular 
five-valved ;  qui'nquifid  cleft  in  five ;  quin- 
quivalent capable  of  combining  with  five 
univalent  atoms. 

quinqui'na(kinke#-,kwinkwi*-),  n.  (Kinds of 
tree  producing)  Peruvian  bark  yielding  quinine 
&  other  febrifuge  alkaloids,  [f.  Peruv.  kinkina 
redupl.  form  as  quinia] 

qui'nsy  (-zi),  n.  Inflammation  of  throat,  sup- 
puration of  tonsils.  Hencequi'nsiED2a.  [f. 
med.L  quinancia  f.  Gk  kunagkhe  (kun-  dog, 
agkho  throttle)] 

quint  (in  piquet  usu.  kint),  n.  Musical  in- 
terval of  fifth ;  organ-stop  of  tone  one-fifth 
above  normal;  (Piquet)  sequence  of  five  of 
same  suit  (q.  major,  of  ace  to  ten  ;  q.  minor, 


QUINTAIN 


QUONDAM 


of  knave  to  seven),  [f.  F  quinte  f.  L  fern,  of 
quintus  fifth] 

qui'ntain  (-tin),  n.  (hist).  (Medieval  mili- 
tary exercise  of  tilting  at)  post  set  up  as  mark 
&  often  provided  with  sandbag  to  swing  round 
&  strike  unskilful  filter,  [f.  OF  quintaine  perh. 
f.  L  guintana  (quintus  fifth)  camp  market] 

qui*ntal,n.  1001b.;  112 lb.  or  hundredweight; 
100  kilograms.    IOF,  f.  Arab,  qintar] 

qui'ntan,  a.  &  n.  (Ague  or  fever)  with  par- 
oxysm every  fourth  (by  incl.  reckoning  fifth) 
day.  [f.  L  (febris)  quintana  (quintus  fifth,  -an) 
fifth-day  (fever)] 

quinte  (as  F),  n.  Fifth  fencing  thrust  or 
parry,    [as  quint] 

quintessence,  n.  (Ancient  philos.)  fifth 
substance,  apart  from  four  elements,  compos- 
ing the  heavenly  bodies  entirely  &  latent  in  all 
things ;  most  essential  part  of  any  substance, 
refined  extract ;  purest  &  most  perfect  form, 
manifestation,  or  embodiment,  o/some  quality 
or  class.  Hencequintesse'ntiALa.  [f.  med.L 
quintet  essentia] 

quinte*t(te),  n.  (Performers  of)  piece  for  five 
voices  or  instruments ;  set  of  five.  [F  (-te),  f. 
It.  quintetto  (quinto  fifth  f.  L  quintus)] 

quinti'llion,  n.  Fifth  power  of  million  (1 
with  30  ciphers).    [L  quintus  fifth,  billion] 

quintuple,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.,  qui'ntuply, 
adv.,  qui'ntuplet,  n.,  quintu'plicate  (at), 
a.  &  n.,  (at),  v.t.,  quintuplica'tion,  n.  Five- 
fold &c.  (for  detailed  senses  see  quadruple  & 
wds  in  quadrupl-,  substituting  five  for  four), 
[-uple  F,  f.  L  quintus  fifth,  after  quadruple] 

quip,  n.  Sarcastic  remark,  clever  hit,  smart 
saying,  verbal  conceit;  equivocation,  quibble, 
[var.  of  obs.  quippy  perh.  f.  L  quippe  forsooth] 

quipu  (ke"pdb,  kwe-),  n.  Ancient-Peruvian 
substitute  for  writing  by  variously  knotting 
threads  of  various  colours.    (Peru v.,  =  knot] 

quire *  (-11),  n.  Four  sheets  of  paper  &c.  fold- 
ed to  form  eight  leaves  as  in  medieval  MSS. ; 
any  collection  of  leaves  one  within  another  in 
MS.  or  book  (in  qq.,  unbound,  in  sheets);  24 
sheets  of  writing-paper,  [f.  OF  quaer,  now  ca- 
hier  (L  auatemi  see  quaternary)] 

quire'-,  n,,  &  v.t.  &  i:    See  choir. 

quirk,  n.  Quibble,  quip ;  trick  of  action  or 
behaviour;  twist  or  flourish  in  drawing  or 
writing ;  (Arch.)  acute  hollow  between  convex 
part  ormoulding  &  soffit  or  fillet,  [etym.  dub.; 
from  16th  c] 

quit  \  pred.  a.  Free,  clear,  absolved,  (archaic ; 
the  others  can  go  q.\  was  q.for  a  ducking,  got 
off  with  that);  rid  of  (glad  to  be  q.  of  the  trouble)-, 
qui'tclaim,  (n.)  renunciation  of  right,  (v.t.)  re- 
nounce claim  to,  give  up  (thing)  to ;  qui'trent, 
(usu.  small)  rent  paid  by  freeholder  or  copy- 
holder in  lieu  of  service,  [f.  OF  quit(t)e  f.  L 
quietus  quiet2] 

quit2,  v.t.  (quitted,  rarely  quit).  Rid  oneself 
of  (archaic) ;  (refl.,  usu.  w.  archaic  refl.  pron. 
without  self)  behave,  acquit,  conduct,  oneself 
well  &c.  (esp.  q.  you  like  men  ;  archaic) ;  give 
up,  let  go,  abandon,  (q.  hold  of,  loose ;  q.  office 
Sec):  depart  from,  leave,  (place,  person,  &c; 
quitted  Paris  at  midnight ;  quitted  him  in 
anger),  (abs.,  of  tenant)  leave  occupied  pre- 
mises (esp.  give,  have,  Sec,  notice  to  q.):  (poet.) 
requite,  repay,  clear  off,  (q.  love  with  hate; 
death  quits  all  scores).   [f.  OF  quit(t)er  quiet^] 

qui  tarn,  n.  (legal).  (Action  brought  by)  in- 
former. [L,  =  who  as  well  (for  the  King  as  for 
himself  sues)] 

r&ultcN  ni  ^(Also  q.-grass)  coucu^-grass. 
[OE  cwice,  cf.  Du.  kweck,  G  queeke] 

quite,  adv.  Completely,  wholly,  entirely,  al- 
together, to  the  utmost  extent,  nothing  short 


of,  in  the  fullest  sense,  positively,  absolutely, 
(q.  covers  it;  icas  q.  by  myself:  q.  other,  very 
different ;  q.  another,  a  very  different ;  is  q.  a 
hero,  disappointment,  good  thing ;  I  q.  like 
him ;  is  q.  too  delightful  colloq.,  i.e.  to  be  done 
justice  to  in  words  ;  is  q.  the  thing,  fashionable; 
not  q.  proper,  rather  improper),  [f.  obs.  quite 
a.  ■=  quit1] 

quits,  pred.  a.  On  even  terms  by  retaliation 
or  repayment  (will  be  quits  with  him  yet,  will 
have  revenge ;  now  we  are  q.;  cry  q.,  acknow- 
ledge that  things  are  now  even,  agree  not  to 
f)roceed  further  in  quarrel  &c;  double  2  or  q.). 
perh.  abbr.  of  med.L  quittus  =  quietus  quit  1 ; 
or  =  quit^-es] 

qui'ttance,  n.  (archaic,  poet.).  Release/rowi 
something ;  acknowledgment  of  payment,  re- 
ceipt, (omittanceis  no  q.,  debt  is  not  annulled 
by  not  being  pressed) ;  requital,  reprisal,  [f. 
OF  quitance  (quiter  quit2)] 

qui'ver1,  n.  Case  for  holding  arrows  (have 
an  arrow,  shaft,  left  in  one's  q.,  not  be  resource- 
less  ;  q.  full  of  children,  large  family,  see  Ps. 
cxxvii.  5).  Hence  qui*vePFUL(2)  n.  [f.  OF 
quivre  f.  Teut.  (OE  cocer,  cf.  G  kocher)] 

qui'ver2,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Tremble  or  vibrate 
with  slight  rapid  motion  (of  person,  leaf,  wing, 
voice,  light,  &c.) ;  (of  birds,  esp.  skylark)  make 
(wings)  q.;  hence  qui'veringLv 2  adv.  (N.) 
quivering  motion  or  sound,  [prob.  imit.;  cf. 
quaver] 

qui  vive  (ke  vev).  On  the  q.  v.,  en  the  alert, 
watching  for  something  to  happen.  [F,  =  lit. 
(long)  live  who  ?,  i.e.  on  whose  side  are  you  ?, 
as  sentinel's  challenge] 

Qurxote  (ot),  n.  Enthusiastic  visionary,  pur- 
suer of  lofty  but  impracticable  ideals,  person 
utterly  regardless  of  his  material  interests  in 
comparison  with  honour  or  devotion.  Hence 
quixo'tic  a.  (quixotics  n.  pi.,  quixotic  senti- 
ments), quixo'tiCALLV  adv.,  qurxotiSM(2), 
qui*xotRY(4),  nn.,  qui'xotiZE(2,  3)  v.t.  &  i. 
[hero  of  Cervantes 's  Don  Q.] 

quiz,  n.,  &  v.t.  Odd  or  eccentric  person,  per- 
son of  ridiculous  appearance,  (now  rare) ;  per- 
son given  to  quizzing;  hoax,  ridicule,  thing 
done  to  expose  or  burlesque  another's  oddities, 
(now  rare) ;  hence  qui'zzie a  l  a. ,  qui'zzical- 
ly2  adv.  (Vb)  make  sport  of  (person  or  his 
ways),  whence  qurzzABLE  a.;  regard  with 
mocking  air;  look  curiously  at,  observe  the 
ways  or  oddities  of,  survey  through  an  eye-glass 
or  (now  ra.re)quizzing-glass ;  hence  quizzing- - 
ly  a  adv.    [?1 

quo'ad,  prep.  As  regards  ;  q.  hoc,  in  this  re- 
spect, so  farasthisgoes.    [L(quo  whither,  ad  to)] 

quod1,  n.,  &  v.t.  (slang).  Prison  (in,  out  of, 
a.);  (vb)  imprison.    [?] 

quod  2,  neut.  of  L  qui  which  (q.  erat  demon- 
strandum&bbr.  Q.E.D.,q.  erat  faciendum  abbr. 
Q.E.  F.,q.  erat  inveniendum  abbr.  Q.E.  L,  which 
was  the  thing  to  be  proved,  made  or  done,  found ; 
formulae  in  geometrical  demonstrations,  &,  esp. 
Q.  E.  D.,  in  gen.  use ;  quod  vide,  abbr.  q. v., which 
see,  in  cross  &  other  references). 

quoin  (koin),  n.,  &  v.t  External  angle  of 
building  ;  stone  or  brick  forming  angle,  corner- 
stone, whence  quoi'niNO  *(3)  n. ;  internal  corner 
of  room;  wedge  for  locking  type  in  form,  raising 
level  of  gun,  keeping  barrel  from  rolling,  &c; 
(vb)  secure  or  raise  with  qq.    [var.  of  coin] 

quoit  (koit),  n.,  &  v.t.  Heavy  flattish  sharp- 
edged  iron  ring  thrown  to  encircle  iron  peg  or 
to  stick  in  ground  near  it  in  game  of  qq.;  (vb ; 
rare)  fling  like  q.    [?) 

quo*ndam,adj.  That  once  had  but  no  longer 
has  the  specified  character,  sometime,  former, 
(a  q.  friend  of  mine).    [L,  =  formerly] 


QUORUM 


RACEME 


qudp'um,  n.  Fixed  number  of  members  that 
must  be  present  to  make  proceedings  of  assem- 
bly or  society  or  board  valid.  [L,  =  of  whom  (we 
will  that  you  &c.  be)] 

quo'ta,  n.  Share  that  individual  person  or 
company  is  bound  to  contribute  to  or  entitled 
to  receive  from  a  total,  [f.  L  quota  (pars)  how 
great  (a  part) ;  fem.  of  quotus  how-manyeth 
(quot  how  many)] 

quota'tion,  n.  (Print.)  quadratused  for  fill- 
ing up  blanks ;  quoting,  passage  quoted ;  a- 
mount  stated  as  current  price  of  stocks  or  com- 
modities ;  q.-marks,  inverted  commas  &  apos- 
trophes, single  or  double,  used  to  mark  begin- 
ning &  end  of  quoted  passage,  [f.  med.L  quo- 
tatio  (quote,  -ation)] 

qud'tative,  a.  Of  quoting ;  given  to  quota- 
tion,   [foil.,  -ATIVE] 

quote,  v.t,  &  n.  Cite  or  appeal  to  (author, 
book)  in  confirmation  of  some  view,  repeat  or 
copy  out  passage(s)  from ;  repeat  or  copy  out 
(borrowed  passage)  usu.  with  indication  that  it 
is  borrowed,  (abs.)  make  quotations,  (from  au- 
thor, book,  speech,  &c);  adduce  or  cite  as; 
state  price  of  (usu.  at  figure);  hence  quo'tABLE, 
quo'te worthy,  aa.  (N.;  colloq.)  passage  quot- 
ed ;  (usu.  pl.)quotation-mark(s).  [earlier  sense 
mark  with  numbers,!.  med.L  quotare  (quota)] 

quoth,  v.  t.  1st  &  3rd  pers.  past  indie.  Said  I, 
he,  she,  &  rarely  we  or  they  (placed  amidst, 
after,  or  before  the  words  quoted  ;  quotha  ar- 
chaic for  quoth  he,  used  in  quoting  contemp- 
tuously =  forsooth),  [past  of  obs.  quethe,  OE 
cwethan  cf.  OHG  quedan] 

quoti'dian,  a.  &  n.  Daily,  of  every  day,  (q. 
fever,  ague,  recurring  every  day) ;  common- 
place, trivial ;  (n.)  q.  ague  or  fever,  [f.  L  quoti- 
dianus  (quotidie  daily,  -an)] 

quo'tient  (-shnt),  n.  Result  given  by  divid- 
ing one  quantity  by  another,  [erron.  f.  L  quo- 
tient how  many  times,  by  confusion  w.  -ent] 

R 

R  (ar),  letter  (pi.  Its,  R's).  The  r  months,  those 
with  r  in  their  names  (Sep.-Ap.)  as  season  for 
oysters;  the  three  Rs,  reading,  (w)riting,  & 
(a)rithmetic,  as  basis  of  elementary  education. 

Abbreviations  (1) :  R.:  railway,  R.S.O.  (sub- 
office)  ;  R.(eaumur) ;  H.(egina) ;  religious, 
R.T.S.  (tract  society) ;  ripondez,  R.S.V.P. 
(s'il  vous plait) ;  requiesca(n)t,  R.I.P.  (in  pace); 
resident,  R.M.(agistrate) ;  revised,  R.V.(er- 
sion) ;  R.(ear) ;  Rhode,  R.I.(sland) ;  Roman, 
R.C.(atholic) ;  Royal,  as  R.A.  (academy  or 
academician ;  artillery),  R.E.(ngineers),  R.I.C. 
(Irish  constabulary),  R.M.(arines),  R.M.A. 
(military  acadeniy),  R.M.C.  (military  college), 
R.N.(avy),  R.S.F*.C.A.  (society  for  prevention 
of  cruelty  to  animals):  r.:  p.(ight). 

Abbreviations  (2):  Rev.(elation) ;  Rev.(e- 
rend);  Roffen.,  Bishop  of  Rochester;  Ro- 
m.(ans) ;  Rs,  rupees ;  ftx,  tens  of  rupees. 

pa'bbet,  n.,  &  v.t.  Groove  or  slot  cut  along 
edge  or  face  or  projecting  angle  of  wood  &c. 
usu.  to  receive  edge  or  tongue  of  another  piece 
( vb,  join  or  fix  with  r. ,  make  r.  in) ;  elastic  beam 
arranged  to  give  rebound  to  hammer  striking 
it  in  ascent,  [f.  OF  robot  abatement,  recess, 
(rabattre  rebate  J)] 

ra'bbi,  n.  Jewish  doctor  of  the  law  (as  form 
of  address  by  itself  or  prefixed  to  name,  or  as 
ordinary  noun),  esp.  one  authorized  by  ordina- 
tion to  deal  with  law  &  ritual  &  perform  cer- 
tain functions.  [L,  f.  Gk  f.  Heb.=niy  master 
(rabh  master  +  pronom.  suf.)] 

ra-bbin,  n.    Rabbi  (usu.  the  rr.,  chief  Jewish 


authorities  on  law  &  doctrine,  most  of  them 
between  2nd  &  13th  cc).  Hence  pa'bbinATE1, 
pa*bbiniSM(3),pa,bbini8T(2,3),nn.,pabbi,n- 
ical  a.,  pabbi'nicalLY 2  adv.  [F  (prec);  -n 
perh.  originated  as  supposed  Heb.  pi.  term.] 
pa'bbit1,  n.,  &  v.i.  Burrowing  rodent  of 
hare  family,  brownish-grey  in  natural  state, 
also  black  or  white  or  pied  in  domestication ; 
r.-hutch,  -warren;  welsh1  r. ;  hence  pa'b- 
bitY2  a.;  (vb)  hunt  rr.  [cf.  Walloon  robett, 
Flem.  robbe) 

pa'bbit2,  v.t,  (vulg.).    Odd  r.  it  &e„  form  of 
imprecation,  [perh.  alteration  of  -rat  in  drat] 
pa'bble 1,  n.    Disorderly  crowd,  mob  ;  con 
temptible  or  inferior  set  of  people  ;  the  lower 
part  of  the  populace,  [etym.  dub.;  earlier  sense 
pack  or  string  of  animals  Sec] 
pa'bble  2,  n.   Iron  bar  with  bent  end  for  stir- 
ring molten  metal,    [f.  F  rdble  f.  L  rutabulum 
(ruere  rut-  rake  up)  fire-shovel] 
pa'bblement,  n.  (now  rare).    (Tumult  as  of) 
a  rabble,    [-ment] 

Rabelai'sian,  -aesian,  (z),  a.  &  n.  Of, 
like,  Rabelais  or  his  writings,  marked  by  ex- 
uberant imagination  &  language  &  coarse  hu- 
mour &  satire ;  (n.)  admirer  or  student  of 
Rabelais.  [Rabelais,  French  humorist,  -ian] 
pa'bid,  a.  Furious,  violent,  (r.  hate) ;  un- 
reasoning, insensate,  headstrong,  (r.  democrat) ; 
(esp.  of  dog)  affected  with  rabies,  mad ;  of 
rabies.  Hence  pabi'diTY,  pa'bidNESS,  nn., 
pajbidLY2  adv.  If.  L  rabidus  (rabere  rave)] 
pa'bies  <-z),  n.  Canine  madness,  hydro- 
phobia.   [L  (prec.)] 

pace1,  n.  Onward  sweep  or  movement,  esp. 
strong  current  in  sea  or  river  (tide  set  with  a 
strong  r.;  the  R.  of  Aldemey  &c.) ;  course  of 
sun  or  moon,  course  of  life,  (ere  he  had  run  half 
his  r.) ;  channel  of  stream  (esp.  in  comb.,  as 
mill-r.);  channel  along  which  shuttle  moves; 
contest  of  speed  between  runners,  ships,  horses, 
&c,  or  persons  doing  anything,  (pi.)  series  of 
these  for  horses  at  fixed  time  on  regular  course 
(SELLtngr  r.) ;  r.  ball,  dance  held  in  connexion 
withrr.;  r. -card, programme  of  rr.;  ra'cecourse, 
ground  for  horse-racing;  ra'cehorse,  bred  or 
kept  for  racing ;  r.-meeting,  horse-racing  fix- 
ture. Tf.  ON  rds,  cf.  OE  rxs  swift  motion] 
pace  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Compete  in  speed  with ;  in- 
dulge in  horse-racing  (a  racing  man ;  the  racing 
world,  the  turf) ;  go  at  full  speed,  (of  propeller, 
paddle-wheel,  &c.)  work  violently  from  dimin- 
ished resistance  when  out  of  the  water ;  have 
r.  with,  try  to  surpass  in  speed ;  cause  (horse 
&c.)  to  r.  (raced  hisbicycle  against  a  motor-car), 
make  (person,  thing)  move  at  full  speed  (raced 
me  along  at  five  miles  an  hour ;  raced  the  Bill 
through  the  House);  fling  (fortune  &c.)  away 
on  horse-racing,  [f.  prec] 
pace3,  n.  Group  of  persons  or  animals  or 
plants  connected  by  common  descent,  posterity 
of  (person),  house,  family,  tribe  or  nation  re- 
garded as  of  common  stock,  distinct  ethnical 
stock  (the  Cattcasian,  Mongolian,  &c.  ,?•.),  genus 
or  species  or  breed  or  variety  of  animals  or 
plants,  any  great  division  of  living  creatures 
(the  human,  feathered,  four-footed,  finny .  &c, 
r.);  descent,  kindred,  (of  noble.  Oriental,  Sec, 
r. ;  separate  in  language  &  r.);  class  of  per- 
sons &c.  with  some  common  feature  (the  r.  of 
poets,  dandies,  Sec).  [F,  f.  It.  razza  etym.  dub.] 
pace  4,  n.  Root  (of  ginger),  [f.  OF  rais  f.  L 
radicem  nom.  -ix  rootf 

race'me,  n.  (bot.).  Flower-cluster  with  the 
separate  flowers  attached  by  short  equal  stalks 
at  equal  distances  along  central  stem.  Hence 
pa'cemosE1  a.  (bot.,  also  anat.  of  compound 
glands),    [f.  L  racemus  grape-bunch] 


RACER 


RADICLE 


pa'eep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.,  racehorse ; 
yacht,  bicycle,  &c.  used  for  racing,    [-er  !] 

pa'chis,  pha-,  (-k-),  n.  (pi.  -ides).  Stem  of 
grasses  &c.  bearing  flower-stalks  at  short  inter- 
vals ;  axis  of  pinnately  compound  leaf  or  frond ; 
vertebral  column  or  cord  from  which  it  deve- 
lops, whence  pachi(o)-  comb,  form;  feather- 
shaft,  esp.  the  part  that  bears  the  barbs,  [f.  Gk 
rhakhis  spine ;  the  E  pi.  -ides  is  irreg.] 

paehrtis,  n.  (Learned  form  for)  rickets. 
[f.  Gk  rhakhitis  (prec,  -itis)] 

pa'cial  (-shl),  a.  Of,  in  regard  to,  due  to, 
race.    Hence  pa'eialLY  2  adv.    [race  3,  -i al] 

raek1,n.,&v.i.  1.  Driving  clouds ;  (vb;  of 
clouds)  drive  before  wind.  2.  Destruction  (usu. 
go  to  r.  &  ruin),  [with  sense  1  cf.  Norw.  &  Sw. 
dial,  rak  wreckage;  sense  2  perh.  var.  of 
wrack,  wreck] 

pack  2,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Fixed  or  movable  frame 
of  wooden  or  metal  bars  for  holding  fodder ; 
framework  with  rails,  bars,  pegs,  or  shelves, 
for  keeping  articles  on  or  in  ('plate,  hat,  tool, 
pipe,  &c,  -r.) ;  cogged  or  indented  bar  or  rail 
gearing  with  wheel  or  pinion  or  worm,  or  serv- 
ing with  pegs  &c.  to  adjust  position  of  some- 
thing; r.-railway,  with  cogged  rail  between 
bearing  rails ;  r.-wheel,  cog-wheel.  (Vb)  fill  up 
stable-r.  with  hay  or  straw  for  the  night  (also 
trans.,  r.  up  horse,  provide  it  thus) ;  fasten 
(horse)  up  to  r.;  place  in  or  on  r.  [prob.  f.  MDu. 
rec  (Du.  rek,  cf.  G  reck)  rail  &c.  (recken  stretch)] 

pack  3,  v.t.,  &  n.  Stretch  joints  of  (person)  by 
pulling  esp.  with  instrument  of  torture  made 
for  the  purpose ;  (of  disease  or  bodily  or  mental 
agony)  inflict  torture  on  (a  racking  headache) ; 
shake  violently,  injure  by  straining,  task 
severely,  {cough  that  seemed  to  r.  his  whole 
body;  r.  one's  brains  for  something  to  say, 
a  plan,  &c.) ;  exact  utmost  possible  amount  of 
(rent),  oppress  (tenants)  with  excessive  rent, 
exhaust  (land)  with  excessive  use;  r.-rent  n., 
extortionate  rent  equal  or  nearly  equal  to  full 
value  of  land,  v.t.,  exact  this  from  (tenant)  or 
for  (land) ;  r. -renter,  tenant  paying  or  landlord 
exacting  r.-rent.  (N.)  instrument  of  torture,  a 
frame  with  roller  at  each  end  to  which  victim's 
wrists  &  ankles  were  tied  so  that  his  joints  were 
stretched  when  rollers  were  turned  (on  the  r., 
being  racked,  lit.,  or  fig.  of  person  in  distress  or 
under  strain),  [prob.  f.  MDu.  recken  stretch] 

pack4,n.  Arrack  (esp.  r.-punch).  [for  arrack] 

pack5,  n.,  &  v.i.  Horse's  gait  between  trot 
&  canter,  both  legs  of  one  side  being  lifted 
almost  at  once,  &  all  four  feet  being  off  ground 
together  at  moments ;  (vb)  progress  thus.    [?] 

pack6,  v.t.  Draw  off  (wine  &c.)  from  the 
lees  (often  off),  [f.  Pr.  arracar  {raca  stems  & 
husks  of  grapes,  dregs)] 

pa'cket*,  ra'cquet  (-kit),  n.  Cat-gutted 
bat  used  in  tennis,  rackets,  &c;  (pi.)  ball-game 
for  two  or  four  persons  played  in  plain  four- 
walled  court  with  rr.;  snowshoe  resembling  r.; 
r.-ball,  small  hard  kid-covered  ball  of  cork  & 
string ;  r.-press,  for  keeping  rr.  taut  &  in  shape; 
r.-taxl,  kinds  of  small  bird  with  r. -shaped  tail, 
[f.  F  raquette  etym.  dub.] 

pa'eket2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Disturbance,  uproar,  din ; 
social  excitement,  gaiety,  dissipation ;  (slang) 
dodge,  game,  line  of  business,  lay  ;  ordeal,  try- 
ing experience,  (stand  ther.,  come  successfully 
through  test,  face  consequences  of  action); 
hence  pa'eket  v  2  a.  (Vb)  live  gay  life  (often 
about),  move  about  noisily,    [prob.  imit.] 

raconteur  (F),  n.  (fern.  -euse).  Teller  of  anec- 
dotes (usu.  good,  skilful,  &c,  r.). 

rac(c)oo*n  (ra-),  n.  Greyish-brown  furry 
bushy-tailed  sharp-snouted  American  noctur- 
nal carnivore.    [Algonquin] 


ra'cy,  a.  Having  the  qualities  that  charac- 
terize the  kind  in  high  degree  (esp.  r.  flavour) ; 
of  distinctive  quality  or  vigour,  not  smoothed 
into  sameness  or  commonness,  retaining  traces 
of  origin  (esp.  r.  of  the  soil,  of  homely  direct- 
ness, spirited,  lively,  piquant).  Hence  pa'eiLY  2 
adv.,  pa'eiNESS  n.    [race 3,  -y 2] 

pad.    See  radical  n. 

pa'ddle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Red  ochre.  (Vb)  paint 
with  r. ;  plaster  with  rouge,    [var.  of  ruddle] 

ra'dial,  a.  &  n.  Of,  in,  rays  ;  arranged  like 
rays  or  radii,  having  position  or  direction  of  a 
radius  (r.  axle,  maintaining  such  direction  to 
curve  of  track  as  ear  &c.  travels  round  it);  hav- 
ing spokes  or  radiating  lines,  whence  pa'dial- 
ized  a.,  radializa'tion  n. ;  acting  or  moving 
along  lines  that  diverge  from  a  centre ;  of  ra- 
dium ;  of  the  radius  of  the  forearm  (r.  artery, 
vein,  nerve);  hence  pa'dialLY2  adv.  (N.)  r. 
nerve  or  artery,    [radius,  radium,  -al] 

pa'dian,  n.  Angle  at  centre  of  circle  sub- 
tending arc  whose  length  is  equal  to  the  radius. 
[radius,  -an] 

pa'dian t,  a.  &  n.  Emitting  rays  of  light,  (of 
eyes  or  looks)  beaming  with  joy  or  hope  or  love, 
(of  light)  issuing  in  rays,  (of  beauty)  splendid  or 
dazzling,  whence  or  cogn.  pa'diANCE,  pa'di- 
ancy (rare),  nn.,  pa'diantLY2  adv.;  operating 
radially  (esp.  r.  heat);  (Bot.  &c.)  extending  ra- 
dially, radiating  ;  r.  point,  from  which  rays  or 
radii  proceed,  (Astron.)  apparent  focal  point  of 
meteoric  shower.  (N.)  point  or  object  from 
which  light  or  heat  radiates ;  (Astron.)  r.  point, 
[f.  L  radiare  (radius),  -ant] 

pa'diate1  (at),  a.  Having  divergent  rays 
or  parts  radially  arranged;  radially  arranged. 
Hence  pa'diateL y  2  adv.   [as  foil. ,  -ate  2] 

pa'diate2,  v.i.  &  t.  Emit  rays  of  light  or 
heat,  (of  light  or  heat)  issue  in  rays ;  diverge  or 
spread  from  central  point ;  emit  (light  or  heat) 
from  centre;  disseminate  (life,  love,  joy,  &c). 
Hence  or  cogn.  padiA'TiON  n.,  pa'diATiVE  a. 
[f.  L  radiare  (radius),  -ate  3] 

pa'diatop,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  small  cham- 
ber heated  with  hot  air  or  otherwise  &  radiat- 
ing warmth  into  room  &c.    [-OR2] 

pa'dical,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  root(s) ;  naturally 
inherent,  essential,  fundamental,  (r.  humour, 
heat,  &c.,  in  medieval  philos.  &  still  joe,  mois- 
ture, heat,  &c,  essential  to  life ;  a  r.  error;  the 
r.  rottenness  of  human  nature) ;  forming  the 
basis,  primary,  (the  r.  idea  or  principles  of  a 
system);  affecting  the  foundation,  going  to  the 
root,  root-&-branch,  (r.  change,  cure,  reform), 
(of  politicians)  desiring  such  reforms,  belong- 
ing to  extreme  section  of  Liberal  party,  (of  mea- 
sures &c.)  advanced  by  or  according  to  prin- 
ciples of  r.  politicians,  whence  pa'dicaliSM (2) 
n.,  pa*dicalizE(3)  v.t.  &  i.,  padiealizATioN 
n.;  (Math.)  of  the  root  of  a  number  or  quantity 
(r.  sign,  V,  V,  #,  &c.,  indicating  that  square, 
cube,  fourth,  &c.  root  of  number  following  is  to 
be  extracted ;  (Philol.)  of  the  roots  of  words  (r. 
word,  not  analysable  into  root  &  other  known  - 
element);  (Mus.)  belonging  to  the  root  of  a 
chord ;  (Bot.)  of,  springing  direct  from,  the 
root  or  the  main  stem  close  to  it ;  hence  pa'di- 
ealLY2adv.  (N.):  (Philol.)  root;  fundamental 
principle;  (Math.)  quantity  forming  or  ex- 
pressed as  root  of  another,  also  the  r.  sign ; 
(Chem.)  element  or  atom,  or  group  of  these, 
forming  base  of  compound  &  remaining  un- 
altered during  compound's  ordinary  chemical 
changes  ;  (Pol.;  also  colloq.  rod)  person  holding 
r.  views  or  belonging  to  r.  party,  [f.  LL  radi- 
calis  (radix  -icis  root,  -al)] 

ra'dicle,  n.  Part  of  plant  embryo  that  de- 
velops into  primary  root ;  rootlet ;  (Anat.)  root- 


RADIO- 


687 


RAIL 


like  subdivision  of  nerve  or  vein.  Hence  i>a- 
di'culAR !  a.    [f.  L  radicula  (prec.,  -ule)] 

radio-,  comb,  form  of  L  radius  &  E  radium, 
w.  sense  of  the  radius,  of  rays  or  radiation,  of 
radium,  as  -car 'pal,  of  radius  &  wrist ;  -a'ctive, 
capable  of  affecting  electrometer  &c.  by  radia- 
tion, (of  radium,  uranium,  polonium,  &c.)  hav- 
ing power  of  emitting  invisible  rays  that  pene- 
trate opaque  matter  &  produce  electrical  effects, 
so  -activity ;  -graph,  instrument  recording  in- 
tensity &  duration  of  sunshine,  also  image  on 
sensitive  plate  given  by  Rdntgen  rays,  (vb)  se- 
cure such  image  of,  &  so  radio' graphy,  radio- 
gra'phic,  radiographically;  -meter,  instrument 
illustrating  conversion  of  radiant  energy  into 
mechanical  force ;  -phony,  production  of  sound 
by  radiant  light  or  heat ;  -scopy,  examination 
by  Rbntgen  rays  ;  -telegram,  message  by  wire- 
less telegraphy. 

ra'dish,  n.    (Cruciferous  plant  with)  fleshy 

fmngent  root  eaten  raw  as  relish  or  in  salads. 
f.  F  radis  f.  L  radicem  nom.  -ix  root] 

ra'dium,  n.  Metal  resembling  barium,  yield- 
ed by  pitch-blende,  discovered  1898  &  named 
from  its  RADio-active  power,    [-ium] 

ra'dius,  n.  (pi.  -it).  Thicker  &  shorter  bone 
of  fore-arm  in  man,  corresponding  bone  in 
beast's  foreleg  or  bird's  wing;  (Math.)  straight 
line  from  centre  to  circumference  of  circle  or 
sphere,  radial  line  from  focus  to  any  point  of 
curve  (r.  vector,  variable  line  drawn  to  curve 
from  fixed  point,  esp.  in  Astron.  from  sun  or 
planet  to  path  of  satellite);  any  of  a  set  of  lines 
diverging  from  a  point  like  rr.  of  circle,  object 
of  this  kind,  e.g.  spoke ;  circular  area  as  mea- 
sured by  its  r.  (knows  everyone  within  a  r.  of 
SO  miles;  the  four-mile  r„  that  of  which  Char- 
ing Cross  is  centre,  outside  which  cab-fares  are 
higher);  (Bot.)  outer  rim  of  composite  flower- 
head,  e.g.  daisy,  also  radiating  branch  of  um- 
bel.   [L, = staff,  spoke,  ray  J 

pa'dix,  n.  (pi.  ra'dices,  radi'ces).  Number 
or  symbol  used  as  basis  of  numeration  scale  (ten 
is  the  r.  of  decimal  numeration,  &  of  common 
logarithms);  source  or  origin  of.    [L,=rootJ 

Paff.    =  RIFF-RAFF. 

RafTaelesque.  =  raphaelesque. 

pa'ffia,  n.  Kind  of  palm ;  fibre  from  its  leaves 
used  for  tying  up  plants.    [Malagasy] 

ra'ffish,  a.  Disreputable,  dissipated,  fast- 
looking.  Hence  ra'ffishLY2  adv.,  ra'ffish - 
ness  n.    [-ISH  !] 

ra'ffle  *,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Sale  of  article  by  tak- 
ing entrance-fee  from  any  number  of  persons 
&  assigning  it  by  lotto  one  of  them.  (Vb)  enter 
one's  name  in  r.  for  article  ;  sell  by  r.  [earlier 
sense  kind  of  dice-game  f.  F  rafle  etym.  dub.] 

pa'ffle2,  n.  Rubbish,  refuse,  lumber,  debris. 
[cf.  OF  rifle  ou  rafle  anything  whatever] 

paft,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Collection  of  logs,  casks, 
&c,  fastened  together  in  the  water  for  trans- 
portation ;  flat  floating  structure  of  timber  or 
other  materials  for  conveying  persons  or  things, 
esp.  as  substitute  for  boat  in  emergencies ;  float- 
ing accumulation  of  trees,  ice,  &c;  raftsman, 
worker  on  r.  (Vb)  transport  as  or  on  r.;  form 
into  a  r. ;  cross  (water)  on  raft(s);  work  r.  [f. 
ON  raptr  rafter2] 

ra'ftep  J,  n.    Man  who  rafts  timber,    [-er  j] 

pa'ftep  2,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  One  of  the  sloping  beams 
forming  framework  on  which  slates  &c.  of  roof 
are  upheld.  (Vb) :  (usu;  in  p. p.)  provide  with 
rr. ;  plough  (land)  so  that  contents  of  furrow 
are  turned  over  on  same  breadth  of  unploughed 
ground  next  it,  half-plough.  [OE  rxfter,  cf. 
MLG  rafter,  ON  raptr] 

pag  *,  n.  Torn  or  frayed  piece  of  woven  ma- 
terial, one  of  the  irregular  scraps  to  which  cloth 


&c.  is  reduced  by  wear  &  tear  (in  rr.,  torn),  (pi.) 
tattered  clothes  (in  rr.,  in  old  clothes),  (usu. 
with  neg.)  smallest  scrap  of  cloth  or  sail  (not  a 
r.  to  cover  him ;  spread  every  r.  of  sail);  (collect.) 
rr.  used  as  material  for  paper,  stuffing,  &c; 
remnant,  odd  scrap,  irregular  piece,  (flying  rr. 
of  cloud;  cooked  to  rr.,  till  it  falls  to  pieces; 
not  a  r.  of  evidence);  (contempt.)  flag,  handker- 
chief, curtain,  newspaper,  &c;  jagged  projec- 
tion (rare);  r.-baby,  doll  made  of  rr.;  r.-bag,  in 
which  scraps  of  linen  &c.  are  kept  for  use ;  r.- 
bolt  n.,  with  barbs  to  keep  it  tight  when  driven 
in,  v.t.  join  together  with  these  ;  r.-fair,  old- 
clothes  sale  held  in  Houndsditch;  r.-paper, 
made  of  rr.;  ragtag,  ragtag  &  bobtail,  the  riff- 
raff, ragged  or  low  or  disreputable  people ;  r.- 
wheel,  with  projections  catching  in  links  of 
chain  that  passes  over  it,  sprocket-wheel ;  rag- 
wort, yellow-flowered  ragged-leaved  plant,  [f. 
ON  rogg  tuft  of  fur] 

pag  2,  n.  Large  coarse  roofing-slate  ;  kinds  of 
hard  coarse  stone  breaking  up  in  thick  slabs 
(esp.  cORAL-r.,  Kentish,  Rowley,  r.).    [?] 

pag3,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.,  (slang).  Scold,  reprove 
severely  ;  tease,  torment,  play  rough  jokes  up- 
on, disarrange  (person's  room  &c.)  by  way  of 
practical  joke ;  engage  in  ballyragging,  be  noisy 
&  riotous;  (n.)  noisy  disorderly  conduct,  [cf. 
ballyrag] 

pa'gamuffin,  n.  Ragged  dirty  fellow. 
Hence  pagamu'ffinLY 1  a.  [prob.  f.  rag  1  w. 
fancy  termination] 

page1,  n.  (Fit  of)  violent  anger;  violent 
operation  of  some  natural  force  or  some  senti- 
ment (the  r.  of  the  wind,  of  faction);  vehe- 
ment desire  or  passion  for  (has  a  r.  for,  or 
for  collecting,  first  editions),  object  of  wide- 
spread temporary  enthusiasm  or  fashion  (Mrs 
Siddons,  the  open-air  cure,  is  the  or  all  the  r.) ; 
poetic  or  prophetic  or  martial  ardour.  [F,  f.  LL 
rabia  f.  L  rabies] 

page2,  v.i.  &  refl.  Rave,  storm,  speak  madly 
or  furiously,  (at,  against,  or  abs.),  be  full  of  an- 
ger ;  (of  wind,  sea,  passion,  feeling,  battle,  pain, 
disease,  &c.)  be  violent,  be  at  the  height,  oper- 
ate unchecked,  prevail,  be  violent,  whence 
pa'gingLY2  adv.;  (refl.,  esp.  of  storm  &c.)  r. 
itself  out,  cease  raging,    [f.  F  rager  (prec.)] 

pa*gged,a.  Rough,  shaggy,  hanging  in  tufts; 
of  broken  jagged  outline  or  surface,  full  of  rough 
or  sharp  projections ;  faulty.imperfect, wanting 
finish  or  smoothness  or  uniformity,  (r.  rhymes, 
time  in  rowing,  &c.) ;  rent,  torn,  frayed,  (of  per- 
sons) in  r.  clothes  ;  r.  robin,  crimson-flowered 
wild  plant ;  r.  school,  free  school  for  poor  child- 
ren. Hence  pa'ggedL  y  2  ad  v. ,  pa'ggedNESS 
n.    [rag1,  -ed2;  cf.  Norw.  ragget  shaggy] 

ragout*  (-00),  n.,  &  v.t.  Meat  in  small  pieces 
stewed  with  vegetables  &  highly  seasoned  ;  (vb) 
cook  thus.  [f.  F  ragout  (ragouter  revive  taste 
of,  see  RE-,  GUST)] 

paid,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Military  expedition  esp. 
of  mounted  men,  predatory  incursion  in  which 
surprise  &  rapidity  are  usu.  relied  upon,  foray, 
inroad  ;  sudden  descent  of  police  &c.  upon  sus- 
pected premises  or  illicit  goods.  (Vb)  make  r. 
into  &c;  make  r.  on  (person,  place,  cattle); 
hence  pai'dER 1  n.    [Sc.  form  of  OE  rod  road] 

pail1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Horizontal  or  inclined 
bar  or  continuous  series  of  bars  of  wood  or  me- 
tal used  to  hang  things  on,  as  top  of  banisters, 
as  part  of  fence,  as  protection  against  contact 
or  falling  over,  or  for  similar  purpose ;  iron  bar 
or  continuous  line  of  bars  laid  on  ground  as  one 
side  or  half  of  railway  track  (off  the  rr.,  disor- 
ganized, out  of  order,  not  working  right ;  by  r., 
by  railway),  (pi.;  St.  Exch.)  railway  shares ;  r.- 
chair,  iron  holder,  attached  to  sleeper,  in  which 


RAIL 6 

railway  r.  rests ;  railroad,  railway  (esp.  now 
in  U.S.) ;  railway,  road  laid  with  rr.  for  heavy 
horse-carts,  track  or  set  of  tracks  of  iron  or 
steel  rr.  for  passage  of  trains  of  cars  drawn  by 
locomotive  engine  &  conveying  passengers  & 
goods,  (also  railway  line)  the  tracks  of  this 
kind  worked  by  single  company  or  the  whole  of 
the  organization  &  persons  required  for  their 
working,  (attrib.  in  many  phrr.,  as  railway 
accident;  railway  act,  regulating  duties  & 
rights  of  railway  companies ;  railway  bill,  pro- 
posal in  Parliament  esp.  for  constructing  new 
railway ;  railway  bridge,  carriage,  company, 
contractor,  director,  engine,  journey,  shares ; 
at  railway  speed,  very  quickly  ;  railway  sub- 
office,  abbr.  R.S.O.,  place  on  r.-w.  with  post- 
office  subordinate  to  that  of  another  place;  rail- 
way rug,  station,  stock,  system,train,travelling, 
tunnel),  whence  pai'lwayLESS  a.,  railway  v.i., 
travel  by  r. ;  hence  pai'lLESS  a.  ( Vb)  furnish  or 
enclose  (place)  with  r.  (often  in,  off),  provide 
(bench  &c.)withr.,whencepai*lingI[-iNG  HS,i)] 
n.;  lay  (railway  route)  with  rr.;  convey  (goods), 
travel,  by  r.    ff.  OF  reille  (L  regula  rule)] 

pail 2,  n.  Kinds  of  bird,  esp.  land  ]r.,  water- 
r.    [f.  F  rale  etym.  dub.] 

pail 3,  v.i.  Use  abusive  language  (usu.  at  or 
against,  or  archaic  upon).  Hence  pai'lER1  n., 
pai*ling2  [-ingMI)]  n.,  railing^  [-ing2]  a., 
pai'lingTLY  2  adv.    [f.  F  railler  etym.  dub.] 

pai'llepy,  n.  (Piece  of)  good-humoured  ridi- 
cule, rallying,     [f.  F  raillerie  (prec,  -ery)] 

rai'ment,  n.  (poet  &  rhe t ).  Clothing,  dress, 
apparel,   [f.  obs.  arrayment  (array  1,  -ment)] 

pain  l|  n.  Condensed  moisture  of  atmosphere 
falling  visibly  in  separate  drops,  fall  of  such 
drops  (r.  or  shine,  whether  it  rains  or  not),  (pL) 
showers  of  r.,  esp.  the  rr.,  rainy  season  in  tro- 
pical countries,  (Naut.)  the  Rr.,  rainy  region  of 
Atlantic  4-10°  N.  lat.;  (r.-like  descent  of)  falling 
liquid  or  solid  particles  or  bodies  (a  r.  of  ashes, 
frogs,  pearls,  rice,  fire  ;  also  fig.  a  r.  of  melody, 
kisses,  congratulations) ;  r.-bird,  kinds  of  bird, 
esp.  Green  Woodpecker;  r.-box,  theatre  con- 
trivance imitating  sound  of  r.;  r.-doctor,  pro- 
ducer of  r.  by  incantations  ;  rai'ndrop,  single 
drop  of  r.;  rai'nfall,  shower,  quantity  of  r.  fall- 
ing within  given  area  in  given  time  (usu.  reck- 
oned by  inches  of  depth  per  annum);  r.-gauge, 
instrument  measuring  rainfall ;  r.-glass,  baro- 
meter ;  r. -water,  collected  from  r.,  not  got  from 
wells  &c. ;  r.-worm,  common  earthworm.  Hence 
pai'nLESS,  pai*nPROop2,  pai'nTiGHT,  aa. 
[com.-Teut.;  OE  regn,  r6n,  cf.  Du.  &  G  regen] 

pain2,  v.i.  &  t.  It  rains,  r.  comes  down  (it 
rained  blood,  frogs,  invitations,  tracts,  &c, 
there  was  a  shower  of  them ;  it  rains  cats  & 
dogs,  violently  ;  it  never  rains  but  it  pours, 
events  usu.  happen  several  together ;  it  rains 
in  r.  penetrates  house  &c;  it  has  rained  itself 
out,  r.  has  ceased) ;  God,  the  sky,  the  clouds,  r., 
send  down  r.;  fall  or  send  down  in  showers  or 
like  r.  (flowers  rained  from  their  hands  ;  tears 
rained  down  her  cheeks ;  blows  r.  upon  him ; 
his  eyes r.  tears ;  r.  influence ;  he  rained  benefits 
upon  us).    [OE  regnxan  (prec.)] 

ral'nbow  (-6),  n.  Arch  showing  prismatic 
colours  in  their  order  formed  in  sky  (or  across 
cataract  &c.)  opposite  sun  by  reflection,  double 
refraction,  &  dispersion,  of  sun's  rays  in  falling 
aropsofrain(Zwnarr.,similareffectfrommoon's 
rays,  rarely  seen  ;  sea  r„  formed  on  sea  spray ; 
secondary  r.,  additional  arch  with  colours  in 
reverse  order  formed  inside  or  outside  of  r.  by 
double  reflection  &  double  refraction  ;  all  the 
colours  of  the  r„  many  colours) ;  (attrib.) many- 
coloured  ;  r. -trout,  Calif ornian  kind.  [OE  ren- 
boga  (  rain  1,  bo  w  *)] 


» RAKE 

pai*ny,  a  In  or  on  which  rain  is  falling  or 
much  rain  usually  falls  (r.  weather,  climate, 
day,  month,  county,  &c;  r.  day  fig.,  time  of 
esp.  pecuniary  need,  as  provide  against  a  r.  d.); 
(of  clouds,  wind,  &c.)  laden  with,  bringing,  r. 
Hence  pai'niLY  2  adv.,  pai'niNESS  n.    [v  2] 

raise  (-z),  v.t.  (often  followed  by  up  in  most 
senses).  Set  upright,  make  stand  up,  restore  to 
or  towards  vertical  position,  rouse,  (raised  him 
from  his  knees ;  r.  the  standard  of  revolt ;  raised 
pastry,  pie,  &c,  standing  without  support  of 
dish  at  sides  ;  r.  one  from  the  dead,  restore  him 
to  life ;  r.  the  country,  city,  &c,  rouse  inhabit- 
ants in  some  emergency,  often  against  or  upon 
enemy  &c;  the  danger  raised  his  spirits ;  r.  the 
wind  fig.,  procure  money  for  some  purpose  ;  r. 
a  dust,  lit.,  &  fig.  cause  turmoil,  also  obscure 
the  truth) ;  build  up,  construct,  create,  pro- 
duce, breed,  utter,  make  audible,  start,  give 
occasion  for,  elicit,  set  up,  advance,  (r.  palace, 
large  family,  blister,  one's  own  vegetables, 
storm,  shout,  hymn,  controversy,  prejudice, 
claim,  demand,  objection,  question ;  a  deliverer 
was  raised  up,  caused  by  Providence  to  ap- 
pear ;  r.  a  laugh,  cause  others  to  laugh ;  no  one 
raised  his  voice,  spoke) ;  elevate,  put  or  take  in- 
to higher  position,  extract  from  earth,  direct 
upwards,  promote  to  higher  rank,  make  higher 
or  nobler,  cause  to  ascend,  make  (voice)  louder 
or  shriller,  (Naut.)  come  in  sight  of  (land,  ship), 
increase  amount  of,  heighten  level  of,  (r.  one's 
hat,  bow;  r.  one's  glass  to,  drink  health  of; 
thousands  of  tons  of  coal  were  raised  ;  r.  one's 
eyes,  look  upwards  •  raised  him  to  the  see  of 
York ;  trying  to  r.  a  degraded  class  ;  undertook 
to  r.  the  spirit  of  King  Solomon,  cf.  lay  ;  r. 
Cain,  hell,  the  devil,  the  mischief,  &c,  make 
disturbance  ;  their  voices  were  raised  as  in  an- 
ger ;  r.  income-tax  from  6&.  to  9&.;  r.  cloth,  make 
nap  on  it ;  r.  bread,  cause  it  to  rise  with  yeast; 
r.  one's  reputation,  add  to  it ;  the  price  of  the 
Mb.  loaf  is  raised  a  penny ;  r.  colour  in  dyeing, 
brighten  it) ;  levy,  collect,  bring  together,  pro- 
cure, manage  to  get,  (r.  tax,  loan,  subscription, 
money,  army,  fleet) ;  relinquish,  cause  enemy 
to  relinquish,  (siege,  blockade),     [f.  ON  reisa ; 


causative  of  rise  r,  cf.  bait  1,  bite  *] 

pai'sin  (-zn),  n.  Partially  dried  grape,  [f.  OF 
raizin  f.  L  as  raceme] 

raison  d'etre  (F),  n.  Purpose  &c.  that  ac- 
counts for  or  justifies  or  originally  caused 
thing's  existence. 

pait.    See  ret. 

paj  (rahj),  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Sovereignty  (the 
British  r.  in  India).    [Hind.] 

pa*ja(h)  (rah-),  n.  Indian  king  or  prince  (also 
as  title  of  petty  dignitary  or  noble  in  India,  or  of 
Malay  or  Javanese  chief).  Hence  pa'jahsHip 
n.    [Hind,  (-a),  f.  raj  to  reign] 

Rajpoot,  -put,  (rah'jpoot),  n.  Member  of 
Hindu  soldier  caste  claiming  descent  from 
Kshatriyas.    [Hind,  (-ut),  f.  prec,  putra  son] 

pake  \  n.  implement  consisting  of  pole  with 
cross-bar  toothed  like  comb  at  end  for  drawing 
together  hay  &c.  or  smoothing  loose  soil  or 
gravel,  wheeled  implement  drawn  by  horse  for 
same  purpose  ;  kinds  of  implement  resembling 
r.  used  for  other  purposes.  [OE  raca,  cf.  Du. 
raak,  G  rechen,  (also  Goth,  rikan  heap  up)] 

pake2,v.t.&i.  Collect,  draw  together,  gather 
up,  pull  out,  clear  off,  (as)  with  r.  (r.  out  the 
fire  ;  r.  up  or  together  all  possible  charges  ;  r. 
off  the  leaves) ;  clean  or  smooth  with  r.;  search 
(as)  with  r.,  ransack,  (has  raked  all  history  for 
proofs) ;  metkelevel,  clean,  &c,  with  r.;  scratch, 
scrape ;  sweep  with  shot,  enfilade,  send  shot 
along  (ship)  from  stem  to  stern,  sweep  with  the 
eyes,  (of  window  &c.)  have  commanding  view 


RAKE 6 

of ;  use  r.,  search  as  with  r.  (have  been  raking 
among  or  in  or  into  old  records),  [f.  ON  raka 
cogn.  w.  prec] 

rake  3,  n.  Dissipated  or  immoral  man  of  fa- 
shion,   [for  rakehell] 

pake4,  v.L  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  ship  or  its  bow  or 
stern)  project  at  upper  part  of  bow  or  stern 
beyond  keel ;  (of  masts  or  funnels)  incline  from 
perpendicular  towards  stern ;  give  backward 
inclination  to  (bicycle's  front  forks  are  raked); 
(n.)  amount  to  which  thing  rakes,  raking  posi- 
tion or  build.    [?] 

ra'kehell,  n.  (archaic).  =  rake  3.  Hence 
pa'kehell  v  2  a.  (archaic),    [rake  2,  hell] 

ra'kish1,  a.  (As)  of,  like,  a  rake3.  Hence 
pa'kishLY  2  adv.,  pa'kishKESS  n.    [-ish  *] 

pa'kish  2,  a.  (Of  ship)  smart  &  fast  looking, 
seeming  built  for  speed  &  therefore  open  to  sus- 
picion of  piracy.  [perh.  =  prec.  with  extra  as- 
sociation of  raking  masts  (rake4)] 

pale  (rahl),  n.  (path.).  Sound  additional  to 
that  of  respiration  heard  in  auscultation  of  un- 
healthy lungs.    [F,  f.  raler  to  rattle,  etym.  dub.] 

rallenta'ndo,  mus.  direction.  Gradually 
slower.    [It.] 

palli  ear(t),  n.  Light  two- wheeled  driving- 
trap  for  four.    [Ralli,  first  purchaser,  1885] 

pa/lly \  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Reassemble,  get  to- 
gether again,  (t.  &  i.;  esp.  of  army  or  company) 
after  rout  or  dispersion,  (cause  to)  renew  con- 
flict ;  bring  or  come  together  as  support  or  for 
concentrated  action  (rallied  his  party,  his 
party  rallied,  round  or  to  him);  revive  (faculty 
&c.)  by  effort  of  will,  pull  oneself  together,  as- 
sume or  rouse  to  fresh  energy,  throw  off  pros- 
tration of  illness  or  fear.  (N.)  act  of  rallying 
(intr.),  reunion  for  fresh  effort;  recovery  of 
energy  after  or  in  the  middle  of  exhaustion  or 
illness  ;  (in  tennis,  rackets,  &c.)  strokes  quickly 
exchanged.    In.  f.  vb,  f.  F  rallier  (re-,  ally1)] 

pa'lly  2,  v.t.  Banter,  chaff.  Hence  pa'Uy- 
ingL y  2  adv.    [as  rail  31 

ram  1,  n.  Uncastrated  male  sheep,  tup ;  (R) 
zodiacal  sign  Aries ;  =  BATTERinf/-r. ;  (battle- 
ship with)  projecting  beak  at  bow  for  charging 
side  of  other  ships ;  falling  weight  of  pile- 
driving  machine;  rammer;  hydraulic  water- 
raising  or  lifting  machine ;  piston  of  hydrosta- 
tic press  ;  plunger  of  force-pump ;  r.'s-hom,  lit., 
also  scroll  ornament  imitated  from  r.'s  head  & 
horns.  [OE,  also  Du.  &  OHG ;  perh.  cogn.  w. 
ON  rammr  strong] 

pam  2,  v.t.  Beat  down  (soil  &c.)  into  solidity 
with  wooden  block &c,  (abs. )  use  rammer,  make 
(post,  plant,  &c.)  firm  by  ramming  soil  round 
it ;  drive  (pile  &c.)  down,  in,  into,  by  heavy 
blows ;  force  (charge)  home,  pack  (gun)  tight, 
with  ramrod ;  squeeze  or  force  into  place  by 
pressure  (rammed  his  clothes  into  a  bag,  his 
hat  down  on  his  head ;  had  the  list  rammed 
into  me  by  repetition ;  r.  the  argument  home, 
lay  sufficient  stress  on  it) ;  cram  with  stuffing 
&c;  (of  ship)  strike  with  r.;  dash  or  violently 
impel  (thing)  against,  at,  on,  or  into  (rammed 
his  head  against  the  wall,  his  horse  at  a  fence); 
ra'mrod,  for  ramming  home  charge  of  muzzle- 
loader.  Hence  parmmER1(2)  n.  [perh.  f.  prec] 

pam  3,  n.  (naut.).    Boat's  length  over  all.   [?) 

Ramada'n,  n.  Ninth  month  of  Mohamme- 
dan year.duri  ngall  daylight  hours  of  wh  ich  rigid 
fasting  is  observed.  [Arab,  (ramada  be  hot) ; 
perh.  orig.  one  of  hot  months,  now  passing 
through  all  seasons  owing  to  lunar  reckoning! 

pa'mal,  a.  (bot.).  Of,  proceeding  from,  a 
branch,    [f.  L  ramus  branch,  -al] 

pa'mble,  v.i.,  &  n.  Walk  (v.  &  n.)  for  plea- 
sure &  without  definite  route ;  wander  in  dis- 
course, talk  or  write  disconnectedly.    [?J 


9 RANCOUR 

pa'mblep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  kinds  of 
climbing  rose,  esp.  the  Crimson  R.    [-er1] 

pa'mbling*, a.  Peripatetic,  wandering;  dis- 
connected, desultory,  incoherent;  (of  plants) 
straggling,  climbing ;  (of  house,  street,  &c.)  irre- 
gularly planned.  Hence  pa'mbling-LY2  adv. 
[-ING  2] 

ra-mekin,  -quin  (-kin),  n.  Small  quantity 
of  cheese  with  bread-crumbs,  eggs,  &c,  baked 
in  small  mould.    [F  (qirin),  etym.  dub.] 

ramifica'tion,  n.  Ramifying,  (arrangement 
of)  tree's  branches;  subdivision  of  complex 
structure  comparable  to  tree's  branches  (the  rr. 
of  a  river,  society,  trade,  plot,  inquiry,  &c). 
If  oil.,  -ation] 

pa*mify,  v.i.  &  t.  Form  branches  or  subdi- 
visions or  offshoots,  branch  out ;  (usu.  pass.) 
cause  to  branch  out,  arrange  in  branching  man- 
ner (railways  were  ramified  over  the  country). 
[f.  F  ramifier  f.  med.L  ramificare  (L  ramus 
branch,  -1-,  -py)] 

pa*mmish,a.  Rank-smelling,   [ram1, -ish1] 

pamo'se,  a.  Branched,  branching,  [f.  L  ra- 
mosus  (ramus  branch,  -ose  j)] 

ramp  •,  n.  Slope,  inclined  plane  joining  two 
levels  of  ground  esp.  in  fortification,  or  of  wall- 
coping;  difference  in  level  between  opposite 
abutments  of  rampant  arch ;  upward  bend  in 
stair-rail.    [f.  F  rampe  (foil.)] 

pamp2,  v.i.  &  t.  (Chiefly  of  lion)  stand  on 
hind-legs  with  fore-paws  in  air,  assume  or  be  in 
threatening  posture;  (now usu.  facet.)  storm, 
rage,  rush  about;  (Archit.,  of  wall)  ascend  or 
descend  to  different  level ;  (Archit.,  Mil.)  fur- 
nish or  build  with  r.  [f.  OF  ramper  etym.  dub.] 

rampa'ge,  v.i.,  &  n.  Behave  violently,  storm, 
rage,  rush  about;  (n.)  violent  behaviour  (esp. 
be  on  the  r.).  Hence  pampa'geous  (-jus)  a., 
rampa'geousL y  2  adv.,  pampa'g-eous- 
ness  n.    [perh.  f.  prec] 

pa'mpant,  a.  (Chiefly  of  lion,  esp.  in  Herald. ) 
ramping  (in  Herald.,  &  in  allusive  imitations, 
placed  after  nouns,  as  lion  r.,  the  snob  r.);  vio- 
lent or  extravagant  in  action  or  opinion,  arrant, 
aggressive,  unchecked,  prevailing,  (is  a  r.  the- 
orist ;  popery  is  r.  among  us);  rank,  luxuriant, 
(a  rich  soil  makes  nasturtiums  too  r.);  (of  arch 
&c)havingoneabutmenthigherthantheother, 
climbing.  Hence  pa'mpANC  y  n.,  ra'mpant- 

LY  2  adv.     [F  (RAMP2,  -ANT)] 

pa'mpart,  n.,  &  v.t.  Broad-topped  &  usu. 
stone-parapeted  defensive  mound  of  earth,  (fig.) 
defence,  protection  ;  (vb)  fortify  or  protect  (as) 
with  r.  [f.  F  rempart  (remparer  fortify,  f.  re-, 
emparer  take  possession  of,  f.  L  ante  before, 
parare  secure)] 

pa'mpion,  n.  Kind  of  bell-flower  with  white 
tuberous  roots  used  as  salad,  [cf.  F  raiponce, 
It,  ramponzolo,  etym.  dub.] 

pa'mpipe,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Archaic  for)  rampart. 

ra'mshackle,  a.  Tumbledown,  crazy, 
rickety,  (usu.  of  house  or  vehicle),  [earlier  -ed, 
perh.  p.p.  of  obs.  ransackle  ransack] 

pa'mson  (-sn),  n.  (Root,  eaten  as  relish,  of) 
broad-leaved  garlic,  [prop.  pi.  in  -en  of  OE 
hramsa,  cf.  G  rams,  Gk  kromuon  onion] 

pan  *t  n.    A  certain  length  of  twine.    [?] 

pan2.    See  run1. 

ranee,  n.  Kind  of  red  marble  with  blue  & 
white  veins  &  spots.    [?] 

ranch  (-tsh),  n„  &  v.i.  Cattle-breeding  es- 
tablishment in  U.S.;  (vb)  conduct  r.  [f.  Sp. 
rancho  mess,  persons  feeding  together] 

pa*ncid,a.  Smelling  or  tasting  like  rank  stale 
fat  Hence  panei'diTY,  pa'ncidNESS,  nn.  [f. 
L  rancidus  stinking] 

pa'ncoup  (-ngk-),  n.  Inveterate  bitterness, 
malignant  hate,  spitef ulness.  Hence  ra'ncor- 


RAND 6 

ous  a.,  ra'ncopousLY2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  ran- 
corem  nom.  -or  (prec,  -or1)] 

rand,  n.  Strip  of  leather  between  heel  &  shoe 
or  boot;  (S.-Afr.)  highlands  on  either  side  of 
river  valley  (the  R.,  Johannesburg).  [OE  &  Du., 
=bank,  rim  esp.  of  shield] 

randa'n,  n.  Style  of  rowing  for  three  men, 
the  middle  using  sculls  &  the  others  oars  ;  boat 
for  such  use.    [?] 

ra'ndem,  adv.  &  n.  With  three  horses 
harnessed  tandem;  (n.)  carriage  or  team  so 
driven,    [prob.  formed  on  random  &  tandem] 

random  (om),  n.  &  a.  At  r.,  at  haphazard, 
without  aim  or  purpose  or  principle,  heedlessly. 
(Adj.)  made,  done,  &c,  at  r.;  (of  masonry)  with 
stones  of  irregular  size  &  shape ;  hence  pa'n- 
domLY2  adv.  (rare),  [orig.  sense  great  speed ;  f. 
OF  randon  (randir  gallop);  for-m  cf.  ransom] 

pa'ndy,  a.  Loud-tongued,  boisterous,  lusty, 
(Sc);  (of  cattle &c;  dial.)  wild, restive;  lustful, 
in  lustful  mood.  Hence  pa'ndiNESS  n.  [prob. 
f.  obs.  rand  var.  of  rant,  -y2] 

ra'nee  (rah-),  n.  Hindu  queen,  [f.  Hind,  rani 
f.  Skr.  rajni  fern,  of  rajah] 

pang*.    See  ring2. 

range1  (-j),  v.t.  &  i.  Place  or  arrange  in  a 
row  or  ranks  or  in  specified  situation  or  order 
or  company  (usu.  pass,  or  refl. ;  ranged  their 
troops ;  ranged  themselves  on  each  side  ;  was 
ranged  against,  among,  on  the  side  of,  with, 
&c. ;  trees  ranged  in  an  ascending  scale  of 
height ;  r.  oneself  imit.  F,  take  up  definite  posi- 
tion in  society,  settle  down,  e.g.  by  marrying); 
run  in  a  line,  reach,  lie  spread  out,  extend,  be 
found  or  occur  over  specified  district  (often 
from . . .  to),  vary  between  limits,  (ranges  north 
&  south,  along  the  sea;  nightingale  ranges  from 
the  Channel  to  Warwickshire);  be  level  (with ; 
a  12mo  does  not  r.  well  with  a  folio),  rank  or 
find  right  place  with  or  among  (ranges  with  the 
great  writers) ;  rove,  wander,  (often  over,  along, 
through.  Sec,  district  or  coast ;  his  thoughts  r. 
over  past,  present,  &  future  ;  ranging  fancy, 
inconstant  affections);  (of  gun)  throw  projectile 
over,  (of  projectile)  traverse,  (distance ;  ranges 
over  a  mile);  go  all  about  (place),  sail  along  or 
about  (coast,  sea),  [f.  OF  ranger  (rang  rank  j)] 

range2,  n.  Row,  line,  tier,  or  series  of  things, 
esp.  of  buildings  or  mountains  ;  lie,  direction, 
(the  r.  of  the  strata  is  east  &  west ;  keep  the  two 
buoys  in  r.  with  the  lighthouse);  stretch  of  graz- 
ing or  hunting  ground ;  piece  of  ground  with 
targets  for  shooting ;  area  over  which  plant  &c. 
is  distributed,  area  included  in  or  concerned 
with  something,  sphere,  scope,  compass,  regis- 
ter, limits  of  variation,  limited  scale  or  series, 
distance  attainable  by  gun  or  projectile,  dis- 
tance between  gun  &c.  &  objective,  (gives  the 
rr.  of  all  species ;  the  thorniest  question  in  the 
whole  r.  of  politics ;  the  r.  of  her  voice  is  as- 
tonishing ;  his  reading  is  of  very  wide  r. ;  the  r. 
of  the  barometer  readings  is  about  2  in. ;  He- 
brew is  out  of  my  r. ;  there  is  a  lower  r.  of  prices 
today ;  the  enemy  are  out  ofr.,  have  found  the 
r.  of  our  camp) ;  cooking  fireplace  usu.  with 
oven(s),  boiler(s),  &  iron  top  plate  with  open- 
ings for  saucepans  &c;  r. -finder,  instrument 
for  estimating  distance  of  object  to  be  shot  at. 
[OF,  =  row,  rank,  (prec.)] 

ra'ngep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  keeper  of  a 
royal  park,  whence  pa'ngePSHip  n.;  (pi.)  body 
of  mounted  troops  (esp.  the  Connaught  Rr.,  a 
British  regiment),    [-er  i] 

pank »,  n.  Row,  line,  queue,  (now  chiefly  of 
cabsstandinginline);  numberof  soldiers  drawn 
up  in  single  Tine  abreast  (usu.  one  r.  behind  an- 
other, called  front,  rear,  r. ;  the  rr.  were  broken, 
could  not  keep  the  formation  ;  the  rr.  or  the  r. 


0 RAPACIOUS 

<&^fe,cotnmon  soldiers,  i.  e.  privates  &  corporals, 
&  transf.  lower  classes  or  ordinary  undistin- 
guished people  ;  rise  from  the  rr.,  said  of  com- 
mon soldier  or  sergeant  who  is  given  commis- 
sion, or  of  selfmade  man);  order,  array,  (keep  r., 
break  r.,  remain,  fail  to  remain,  in  line);  dis- 
tinct social  class,  grade  of  dignity,  station,  high 
station,  (people  of  all  rr.;  persons  of  r.,  mem- 
bers of  nobility  ;  r.  &  fashion,  high  society  ; 
the  pride  ofr.) ;  place  in  a  scale  (the  first  r.  must 
be  given  to  the  rose),  [f.  obs.  F  ranc  (now  rang), 
perh.  f.  OHG  hrinc  ring  ]] 

rank2,  v.t.  &  i.  Arrange  (esp.  soldiers)  in  r.; 
classify,  give  certain  grade  to ;  have  r.  or  place 
(ranks  among  the  Great  Powers,  next  to  the 
king,  Sec);  (Mil.)  march  past  or  off.  [f.  prec] 

rank  3,  a.  Too  luxuriant,  gross,  coarse,  over- 
productive,  choked  with  or  apt  to  produce 
weeds,  (roses  are  growing  r.,  running  too  much 
to  leaf ;  land  too  r.  to  grow  corn);  foul-smelling, 
offensive,  rancid ;  loathsome,  indecent,  corrupt; 
strongly  marked,  unmistakable,  flagrant,  viru- 
lent, gross,  (r.  treason,  pedantry,  poison,  non- 
sense). Hence  pa'nkLY2  adv.,  pa'nkNESS 
n.  [OE  ranc,  cf.  LG  rank  long  &  thin,  ON  rakkr 
slender,  bold] 

ra'nker,  n.  (Commissioned  officer  who  has 
been)  a  soldier  in  the  ranks,    [-er  l] 

pa'nkle,  v.i.  (Of  wound,  sore,  &c.)  fester, 
continue  painful,  (archaic);  (of  envy,  disap- 
pointment, &c,  or  their  cause)  be  bitter,  give 
intermittent  or  constant  pain.  [f.  OF  rancler 
(rancle,  drancle,  draoncle,  festering  sore  = 
med.L  dracunculus  dim.  of  draco  serpent)] 

ra'nsack,  v.t.  Thoroughly  search  (place, 
receptacle,  person's  pockets,  one's  conscience, 
&c);  pillage,  plunder,  (house,  country,  &c).  [f. 
ON  rannsaka  (rann  house,  ssekja  seek] 

pa'nsom,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Liberation  of  prisoner 
of  war  in  consideration  of)  sum  of  money  or 
value  paid  for  release  (hold  one  to  r.,  be  willing 
to  release  him  for  such  consideration) ;  black- 
mail, sum  &c.  exacted  in  return  for  privilege 
or  immunity,  (graduated  income-tax  &  death- 
duties  are  no  more  than  a  fair  r.  paid  by  the 
rich) ;  r.-bill,  -bond,  undertaking,  esp.  on  part 
of  captured  ship,  to  pay  r. ;  hence  ra'nsom- 
less  a.  (Vb)  redeem,  buy  freedom  or  restora- 
tion of ;  atone  for,  expiate ;  hold  to  r.,  release 
for  a  r. ;  exact  r.  from.  [f.  OF  ranson(ner)  f.  L 
redemptionem  redemption] 

pant,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Use  bombastic  language ; 
declaim,  recite  theatrically;  preach  noisily, 
whence  (esp.  of  Primitive  Methodists)  pa'ntER1 
n.  (N.)  piece  of  ranting,  tirade ;  empty  turgid 
talk.  [f.  obs.  Du.  randten  rave,  cf.  G  ranzen  to 
frolic] 

panvrnculus  (ra-),  n.  (pi.  -luses,  -li).  Genus 
of  plants  including  the  buttercups,  crowfoot. 
[L,  orig.  dim.  of  rana  frog] 

ran x-des-v aches  (F),  n.  Swiss  herdsmen's 
melody  made  of  harmonic  notes  of  Alpine  horn. 
[Swiss  dial.] 

pap1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  L  Smart  slight  blow  (a  r. 
on  the  knuckles,  punishment  inflicted  on  child, 
also  fig.  reproof) ;  sound  made  by  knocker  on 
door  &c,  or  by  some  agency  on  table  or  floor  in 
spiritualistic  stances.  ( Vb)  strike  (esp.  person's 
knuckles)  smartly ;  make  the  sound  called  a  r. 
(rapped  at  the  door,  on  the  table,  &c.) ;  r.  out 
(oath,  pun,  &c),  utter  abruptly  or  on  the  spur 
of  the  moment;  (of  spirits)  r.  out  (message, 
word),  express  by  rr.    [prob.  imit] 

pap  2,  n.    Skein  of  120  yds  of  yarn.    [?] 

pap  3,  n.  An  atom,  the  least  bit,  (don't  care 
a  r.).  [earlier  sense  18th-c.  Irish  counterfeit 
halfpenny ;  etym.  dub.] 

papa'cious,  a.    Grasping,  extortionate,  pre- 


RAPE 6 

datory.  Hence  or  cogn.  rapa'eiousLY  2  adv., 
papa'ciTYn.  [f.  Lrapax(rapere seize,- acious)] 

pape^v.L.&n.  Take  by  force  (poet);  ravish, 
force,  violate,  (woman).  (N.)  carrying  off  by 
force  (poet.);  ravishing  or  violation  of  a  woman, 
[prob.  f.  L  rapere  seize] 

rape2,  n.  Any  of  six  administrative  divisions 
of  Sussex,    [from  1086 ;  etym.  dub.] 

rape  3,  n.  Plant  grown  as  food  for  sheep ; 
plant  cultivated  for  its  seed  from  which  oil  is 
made,  coleseed;  wild  r„  charlock;  r.-cake,  r.- 
seed  pressed  into  flat  shape  after  extraction  of 
oil  &  used  as  manure ;  r.-oil,  made  from  r.-seed 
&  used  as  lubricant  &  in  making  soap  &  india- 
rubber,    [f.  L  rapum  turnip] 

rape4,  n.  Refuse  of  grapes  after  wine-making 
used  in  making  vinegar ;  vessel  used  in  vinegar- 
making,    [f.  F  rdpe,  cf.  Pr.  raspa,  It.  raspo] 

Raphaele'sque  (k),  Raff-,  a.  In  style  of 
Raphael.    [Raphael  (It.  Raffaello),  -esque] 

pa'pid,  a.  &  n.  Speedy,  quick,  swift ;  acting 
or  completed  in  short  time ;  (of  slope)  descend- 
ing steeply;  hence  or  cogn.  papi'diTY  n.,  ra'- 
pidLY2  adv.  (N.)  steep  descent  in  river-bed, 
with  swift  current,  [f.  hrapidus  (rapere  seize)] 

pa'piep,  n.  Light  slender  sword  for  thrusting 
only,  small-sword,  (r.-thrust,  often  fig.  of  deli- 
cate or  witty  repartee),  [f.  Frapiere  etym.  dub.] 

ra# pine,  n.  (rhet.).  Plundering,  robbery,  [f. 
L  rapina  (rapere  seize,  -ine4)] 

rapparee*,  n.  (hist.).  17th-c.  Irish  irregular 
soldier  or  freebooter,  [f.  Ir.  rapaire  short  pike] 

rappee*,  n.  Coarse  kind  of  snuff,  [f.  F  (tabac) 
rape  RASPed  (tobacco)] 

pappop't  (or  rapor),  n.  Communication,  re- 
lationship, connexion,  (be  in,  or  F  en,  come  into, 
or  F  en,  r.  with).  [F  (rapporter  f.  re-,  ap-,  por- 
ter f.  L  portare  carry)] 

rapprochement  (F),  n.  Re-establishment 
or  recommencement  of  harmonious  relations, 
esp.  between  States. 

papsca'llion,  n.  Rascal,  scamp,  rogue,  [ear- 
lier rascallion,  prob.  f.  rascal] 

papt,  p.p.,  &  a.  Snatched  away  bodily  or  car- 
ried away  in  spirit  from  earth,  from  life,  from 
consciousness,  or  from  ordinary  thoughts  &  per- 
ceptions (often  away,  up,  fee.);  absorbed,  en- 
raptured, intent,  (esp.  listen  with  r.  attention). 
[f.  L  raptus  p.p.  of  rapere  seize] 

paptop'ial,  a.  &  n.  (zool.).  (Member)  of  the 
Raptores,  an  order  of  birds  of  prey ;  predatory, 
(as)  of  predatory  birds  or  animals,  [f.  L  raptor 
(prec.,  -or2)  plunderer  +  -ial] 

pa#ptupe  (-tsher),  n.  Mental  transport,  ec- 
static delight,  (be  in,  go  into,  rr. ,  be  enthusiastic, 
talk  enthusiastically ;  rr.,  vehement  pleasure 
or  the  expression  of  it).  Hence  pa'ptupous  a., 
pa'ptupousLY  2  adv.    [f.  rapt  +  -ure] 

pa'ptuped,  a.  Enraptured,  in  ecstasy,  [f. 
obs.  rapture  vb  (prec),  -ed  ]] 

rar'a  d'vis,  n.  Rarity,  kind  of  person  or  thing 
rarely  encountered.    [L,  =  rare  bird] 

rare,  a.  Of  loosely  packed  substance,  not 
dense,  (the  r.  atmosphere  of  the  mountain 
tops);  few&  far  between,  uncommon,  unusual, 
exceptional,  seldom  found  or  occurring,  (it  is  r. 
for  person  &c.  to  do,  or  it  is  rarely  that  he  &c. 
does);  of  uncommon  excellence,  remarkably 
good,  very  amusing,  (a  miracle  ofr.  device ;  had 
r.funwith  him).  Hence pare'LY2 adv.,  pare*- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  rarus] 

pape'bit,  n.    See  welsh  rabbit. 

pap'ee-show,  n.  Show  carried  about  in  a 
box  ;  any  show  or  spectacle,  [perh.  =  rare  show 
as  pronounced  by  Savoyard  showmen] 

pap'efy,  v.t.  &  i.  Lessen  density  or  solidity 
of  (esp.  air);  purify,  refine,  (person's  nature  fee); 
make  (idea  fee)  subtle ;  become  less  dense.   So 


I RATCHET 

papeFA'CTiox,  papencA'TiON,  nn.,  pap'e- 
factiVE  a.  [f.  L  rarefacere  (torrarifacere  perh. 
on  anal,  of  arefacere)  f .  rarus  rare,  facere  make] 
pap'ity,  n.  Rareness  (see  rare);  uncommon 
thing,  thing  valued  as  being  rare.  [f.  L  raritas 

(RARE,  -TY)J 

pa'scal,  n.  &  a.  Rogue,  knave,  scamp,  (often 
playfully  to  child  &c. ;  you  luclcy  r.!);  (adj.)  be- 
longing to  the  rabble  (archaic ;  the  r.  rout,  the 
common  people).  Hence  pa'scalDOM,  pa*s- 
ealiSM(2),  pasea-liTY  nn.,  pa'scalLY 1  a.  [f. 
OF  rascaille  rabble,  etym.  dub.] 

rase.    See  raze. 

rash1,  n.  Eruption  of  the  skin  in  spots  or 
patches,  [cf.  OF  rache  scurf,  It.  raschia  itch  ; 
from  18th  c.  only] 

rash  2,  a.  Hasty,  impetuous,  overbold,  reck- 
less, acting  or  done  without  due  consideration. 
Hence  pa'shLY  2  adv.,  pa'shNESS  n.  [cf.  Du. 
&  G  rasch  quick] 

pa'shep,  n.  Thin  slice  of  bacon  or  ham. 
[perh.  f.  obs.  rash  to  slice,  prob.  var.  of  raze] 

rasp,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Scrape  with)  coarse 
kind  of  file  having  separate  teeth  raised  with 
pointed  punch  ;  scrape  roughly  ;  grate  upon 
(person  or  his  feelings),  irritate ;  scrape  off  or 
away  ;  make  grating  sound,  [f.  OF  raspe(r), 
now  rape(r),  perh.  r.  Teut.,  cf.  OHG  raspon 
scrape  together] 

ra'spatory,  n.  Rasp  used  in  surgery,  [f. 
med.L  raspatorium  (raspare  rasp,  -torv)] 

ra'spberry  (zb-),  n.  (Plant  bearing)  white, 
yellow,  or  usu.  red  subacid  fruit  of  many  small 
juicy  grains  arranged  on  conical  receptacle ; 
r.-canes,  the  plants ;  r.-vinegar,  kind  of  syrup, 
[f.  rasp  (now  Sc.  &  north.),  raspis,  etym.  dub.] 

rasse  (ra/si,  ras),  n.  Kind  of  civet-cat.  [f.  Ja- 
vanese rase] 

pat lt  n.,  &  v.i.  Rodent  of  some  larger  species 
of  the  mouse  kind  (musk,  water,  -r.;  black  or 
old-English  r.,  variety  now  nearly  ousted  by 
common  grey,  brown,  or  Norway  r.;  smell  a  r., 
have  suspicions  ;  like  a  drowned  r.,  said  of  per- 
son wet  through;  Rats  I  slang,  nonsense!,  in- 
credible!, &c.) ;  (Pol.)  person  who  deserts  his 
party  in  difficulties  as  rr.  desert  doomed  house 
or  ship,  turncoat ;  workman  who  refuses  to 
join  strike,  takes  striker's  place,  or  accepts  less 
than  trade-union  wages;  r. -catcher,  person  who 
makes  livingby ridding  houses  of  rr.;  ra'tsbane, 
r. -poison  (now  only  in  literary  fig.  use);  r.'s- 
tail,  thing  shaped  like  r.'s  tail,  e.g.  kind  of  file  ; 
r.-tail,  (horse  with)  hairless  horse  s  tail,  whence 
pa't-tailED2  a.  (r.-t.  spoon,  with  tail-like  pro- 
longation of  handle  along  back  of  bowl) ;  r.- 
trap,  lit.,  also  (cycle  pedal)  made  of  two  parallel 
iron  plates  with  teeth ;  hence  pa'ttY  2  a.  ( Vb) 
hunt  or  kill  rr.  (of  person  or  dog) ;  play  the  r.  in 
politics ;  hence  pattER x  n.  TOE  rxt,  cf.  Du. 
rat,  G  ratz,  also  F  rat,  etym.  dub.] 

pat2,  v.t.  3rd  sing.  pres.  subj.  (vulg.).  =drat. 

pa'ta,  n.  Large  handsome  New-Zealand  tree 
with  crimson  flowers  &  hard  red  wood.  [Maori] 

ra'table,  a.  Proportional  (archaic);  liable 
to  payment  of  municipal  rates,  whence  pata- 
bi-lity  n.  Hence  pa'tabLY 2  adv.  [rate2, 
-able] 

patafl'a  (-ea),  -fee*,  n.  Liqueur  flavoured 
with  almonds  or  kernels  of  peach,  apricot,  or 
cherry ;  kind  of  biscuit  similarly  flavoured  ; 
kind  of  cherry.    [F  (-id),  etym.  dub.] 

pa'tal,  n.  Amount  on  which  rates  are  as- 
sessed (also  attrib.,  as  the  r.  qualification  for 
vestries),    [f.  rate  l,  prob.  after  rental] 

patapla'n,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (nn).  Drumming 
sound.  (Vb)  play  (as)  on  drum;  maker.  [F,  imit.! 

pa'tchet,  patch,  nn.,  &  vv.t,  Set  of  teeth 
on  edge  of  bar  or  wheel  by  which  m  combina- 


RATE C 

tion  with  a  catch  motion  in  one  direction  may 
be  prevented  while  possible  in  the  other ;  (also 
r. -wheel)  wheel  with  rim  so  toothed ;  (vb)  pro- 
vide with  r.,  give  r.  form  to.  [f.  F  rochet  kind 
of  lance-head,  cf.  rocket  2] 

pate !,  n.  Statement  of  numerical  proportion 
prevailing  or  to  prevail  between  two  sets  of 
things  either  or  both  of  which  may  be  unspeci- 
fied, amount  &c.  mentioned  in  one  case  for 
application  to  all  similar  ones,  standard  or  way 
of  reckoning,  (measure  of)  value,  tariff  charge, 
cost,  relative  speed,  {going  at  the  r.  o/sixmUes 
an  hour;  can  have  them  at  the  r.  of  II-  a 
thousand ;  the  death-r.  was  Wpermille  ;  the  r. 
of  interest,  wages,  &c,  is  to  be  regulated  ;  the 
high  rr.  charged  by  the  railways ;  at  that  r. 
colloq.,  if  this  is  a  fair  specimen,  if  this  assump- 
tion is  true,  &c;  at  any  r.,  in  either  or  any 
possible  case,  even  if  a  stronger  statement  is 
doubtfully  true,  &c;  the  low  r.  at  which  you 
value  it;  sell  at  a  high  r.;  win  success  at  an 
easy  r. ;  went  off  at  a  great  r.,  speed  ;  pauperism 
increases  at  a  fearful  r.) ;  assessment  levied  by 
local  authorities  for  local  purposes  (rr.  &  taxes ; 
a  Id.  r.  is  raised  for  the  free  library) ;  class 
(archaic  except  in  first,  third,  &c,  -r.) ;  rate- 
payer, person  liable  to  have  municipal  rr.  ex- 
acted from  him.  [OF,  f.  med.  L  rata  (L  pro  ra- 
ta parte  according  to  the  proportional  snare,  f. 
ratus  p.p.  of  reri  reckon] 

rate2,  v.t.  &  i.  Estimate  worth  or  value  of, 
(/  do  not  r.  his  merits  high ;  each  offence  is 
rated  at  a  fixed  sum  by  way  of  penalty ;  esp.  in 
over-r.,  under-r.),  assign  fixed  value  to  (coin, 
metals)  in  relation  to  monetary  standard  (the 
copper  coinage  is  rated  much  above  its  real 
value) ;  consider,  regard  as,  (Ir.  him  among  my 
benefactors);  (usu.  in  pass.)  subject  to  payment 
of  a  local  r.,  value  for  purpose  of  assessing  rr. 
on,  (toe  are  highly  rated  for  education,  have  to 
pay  a  high  r. ;  houses  are  rated  at  a  sum  small- 
er than  the  rent,  the  sum  on  which  rr.  are 
charged  is  less) ;  r.  up,  impose  higher  insurance 
r.  on  (persons  &c,  liable  to  exceptional  risks) ; 
(Naut.)  class  under  a  certain  jiating1,  (intr.) 
rank  or  be  rated  as.    [f.  prec] 

pate  3,  v.t.  &  L  Scold  (trans.)  angrily ;  (rare) 
storm  at.    [?] 

pate  4.    See  ret. 

pa'tel,  n.  S.-Afr.  carnivorous  quadruped, 
honey- badger.    [Cape-Du.,  etym.  dub.] 

-pa'tep,  n.  Racing  yacht  of  specified  tonnage 
( 10-r.,  2k-r.,  &c).    [rate  I,  -er  if 

rathe  (-dh),  a.  (poet.).  Coming,  blooming, 
&c,  early  in  the  year  or  day  ;  r.-ripe,  rdthripe 
<-th-),  ripening  early,  precocious,  (n.)  early  kinds 
of  pea,  apple,  &c.  [f.  obs.  rathe  adv.,  OE  hrathe 
(hrad  quick)] 

pa-ther  (rahdh-),  adv.  More  truly,  to  a  great- 
er extents  as  a  more  accurate  description  or 
preferable  account  of  the  matter,  o/'tobe  more 
precise,  (Isr.  good  than  bad.  Derived  r.  from 
-imagination  than  reason.  Orderliness  is  not 
the  result  of  law;  r.  it  is  the  cause  of  it.  Late 
last  night,  or  r.  early  this  morning),  the  r.  that, 
so  much  the  more  because ;  in  a  modified  way, 
to  some  extent,  slightly,  somewhat,  (J  r.  think 
you  know  him ;  the  performance  was  r.  a  fail- 
ure, was  r.  good,  fell  r.  flat) ;  by  preference,  for 
choice,  sooner,  as  an  alternative  chosen  sooner 
man  another  of  same  grammatical  form  or 
than  to  (would  much  r.  not  go;  he  would  r. 
navedwd  than  refused ;  use  soft  water  r.  than 
hara  ;  the  desire  to  seem  clever  r.  than  honest ; 
he  resigned  r.  than  stifle  his  conscience ;  also 

^l}}}>$la?rIhad  r'  err  with  plato  than  be 
light  with  Horace) ;  (colloq.,  in  answers)  most 
emphatically,  yes  without  doubt,  assuredly, 


2 RATTLE 

(Have  you  been  here  before  ?— Rather  !).  [corn- 
par,  of  obs.  rathe  adv.,  see  prec] 

pa'tif^,  v.t.  Confirm  or  make  valid  (compact 
made  in  one's  name)  by  formal  consent,  signa- 
ture, &c.  So  patiFiCA'TiON  n.  [f.  F  ratifier  t 
med.L  ratificare  (rate1,  -fy)] 

pa'ting*  s  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  rate  2 ;  also  or 
esp.:  amount  fixed  as  municipal  rate  ;  (Naut.) 

f)erson's  position  or  class  on  ship's  books,  (col- 
ect)  all  persons  of  a  particular  r.;  any  of  the 
classes  into  which  racing  yachts  are  distributed 
by  tonnage,    [rate  2,  -ing  J] 

pa'ting^n.  Angry  reprimand,  [rates, -ing1] 

pa'tio  (-shio),  n.(pl.  -os).  Quantitative  relation 
between  two  similar  magnitudes  determined  by 
the  number  of  times  one  contains  the  other  in- 
tegrally or  fractionally  (are  in  the  r.  of  three  to 
two  or  8 : 2 ;  the  rr.l:5&20 :  100 are  the  same). 
[L  (rate  1,  -ION)] 

pa*tio*cinate  (or  -shi-),  v.i.  Go  through  lo- 
gical processes,  reason  formally,  use  syllogisms. 
So  patioeinA'TiON  n.,  patio'einATiVE  a,  [f. 
L  ratiocinari  (prec),  -ate3] 

pa'tion  (-shn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Fixed  daily  allowance 
of  food  served  out  for  man  or  animal  esp.  in 
army  or  navy ;  single  portion  of  provisions, 
fuel,  &c;  (pi.)  provisions;  (vb)  limit  (persons, 
food)  to  fixed  r.    [f.  L  ratio] 

pactional  (-sho-),  a.  &  n.  Endowed  with  rea- 
son, reasoning ;  sensible,  sane,  moderate,  not 
foolish  or  absurd  or  extreme ;  of,  based  on, 
reasoning  or  reason,  rejecting  what  is  unreason- 
able or  cannot  be  tested  by  reason  in  religion 
or  custom,  (r.  dress,  esp.  of  knickerbockers  worn 
by  women  instead  of  skirts ;  has  r.  leanings  in 
religion,  has  doubts  about  the  truth  of  revela- 
tion, the  possibility  of  miracles,  &c) ;  (Math., 
of  quantity  or  ratio)  expressible  without  radi- 
cal signs  (opp.  surd)  ;  hence  or  cogn.  pation- 
a'liTF  n.,  pactional l y 2  adv.  (N.,  pi.)  r.  dress. 
[f.  L  rationalis  (prec,  -al)] 

pationa'le,  n.  Reasoned  exposition,  state- 
ment of  reasons,  (now  rare) ;  fundamental  rea- 
son, logical  basis,  of.    [L,  neut.  as  prec] 

rationalism,  n.  Practice  of  explaining  the 
supernatural  in  religion  in  a  way  consonant  with 
reason,  or  of-  treating  reason  as  the  ultimate 
authority  in  religion  as  elsewhere ;  theory  that 
reason  is  the  foundation  of  certainty  in  know- 
ledge (opp.  empiricism,  sensationalism).  So 
pa*tionaliST(2)  n.  &  a.,  rationalistic  a., 
pationali'sticALLY  adv.    [-ism] 

rationalize,  v.t  &  i.  Explain,  explain 
away,  by  rationalism,  bring  into  conformity 
with  reason ;  be  or  act  as  a  rationalist ; 
(Math.)  clear  from  irrational  quantities,    [-ize] 

p&'tite,  a.(ornith.).  Belonging  to  the  Ratitae, 
a  genus  of  birds,  including  ostrich,  emu,  casso- 
wary, &c,  with  keelless  breastbone  (opp.CARiN- 
Ate).    [f.  L  ratis  raft,  -ite2] 

pa'tlin(e),  -ling-,  n.  (usu.  pi. ).  (One  of)  small 
lines  fastened  across  ship's  shrouds  like  ladder- 
rungs,  [cf.  OF raalingue  small  cordage  streng- 
thening sail-edge] 

patoo'n,  n.,  &  v.i.  New  shoot  springing  from 
sugar-cane  root  after  cropping ;  (vb)  send  up  rr. 
[f.  Sp.  retono  sprout] 

pat(t)a*n,  n.  Kinds  of  E. -Indian  climbing 
palm  with  long  thin  many-jointed  pliable 
stems  ;  piece  of  r.  stem  used  as  cane  or  for  other 

fiurposes ;  rr.  used  as  a  material  in  building  &c 
f.  Malay  rotan  (raut  pare)] 
pat-ta*t,  patata't,  pa*t-tat-ta*t,  n.  Rap- 
ping sound,  esp.  of  knocker  on  door,    [iniit.] 
pa'tten,  v.t.   Molest  (workman  or  employer) 
by  abstracting  or  injuring  tools  or  machinery 
&c.  in  trade-union  or  similar  disputes.    [?] 
pa'ttle  »,  v.i.  &  t.    Give  out  rapid  succession 


RATTLE 6! 

of  short  sharp  hard  sounds,  cause  such  sounds 
by  shaking  something  (he  rattled  at  the  door) ; 
talk  in  lively  thoughtless  way  (often  on,  away, 
along) ;  move  or  fall  with  rattling  noise,  drive 
vehicle  or  ride  or  run  briskly,  (usu.  down,  along, 
past,  Sec);  (part.)  brisk,  vigorous,  (a  rattling 
wind,  pace),  (preceding  good  Sec.)  remarkably 
(had  a  rattling  good  run,  dinner,  &c.) ;  make 
(chain,  window,  crockery,  &c.)  r.;  say  or  recite 
(verses,  stories,  lists,  oaths)  rapidly  (usu.  off, 
out,  over,  away,  Sec);  stir  up  from  dullness; 
make  move  quickly  (r.  fox,  hunt  it  close  ;  r.  up 
the  anchor;  r.  bill  through  the  House).  [ME 
&  Du.  ratelen,  cf.  G  rasseln,  prob.  imit] 
ra'ttle  2,  n.  Instrument  or  plaything  made  to 
r.  esp.  in  order  to  give  alarm  or  to  amuse  babies ; 
set  of  horny  rings  in  rattlesnake's  tail ;  kinds 
of  plant  with  seeds  that  r.  in  their  cases  when 
ripe  (esp.  Yellow,  Red,  r.) ;  rattling  sound,  up- 
roar, bustle,  noisy  gaiety,  racket,  (death-r., 
such  sound  in  throat  immediately  before  death ; 
the  rr.,  croup) ;  noisy  flow  of  words,  empty 
chatter,  trivial  talk ;  lively  incessant  talker ; 
r.-bag,  -bladder,  -box,  rr.  constructed  of  bag 
&c.  with  objects  inside  to  r.;  r.-brain,  -head, 
•pate,  (person  with)  empty  brain  &c,  whence 
ra'ttlebrainED 2,  pa'ttleheadED2,  pa't- 
tlepatED2,  aa.;  rattlesnake,  venomous  Ameri- 
can snake  with  rattling  apparatus  in  tail ; 
rattletrap  n.  &  a.,  rickety  (vehicle  &c),  (pi.) 
curiosities,  odds  &  ends.  If.  prec] 
pa'ttlep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  remarkably 
good  specimen  of  anything,  [-er  l] 
rau*eous,a.  Hoarse, harsh-sounding.  Hence 
rau'cousL  v  a  ad  v.  [f.  L  raucus,  -ous] 
raug-hty.  See  rorty. 
rauque  (-k),  a.  (rare).  Raucous.  [F  (raucous)] 
ra'vage  (-ft),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Devastate, 
plunder,  (t  &  i.),  make  havoc ;  (n.)  devastation, 
damage,  (esp.  pi.)  destructive  effects  of.  [f.  F 
ravage(r),  vb  f.  n.,  (ravir  ravish,  -age)] 
pave1,  n.  Rail  of  cart;  (pi.)  permanent  or 
removable  framework  added  to  sides  of  cart  to 
increase  capacity,  [also  rathe  dial. ;  etym.  dub.] 
pave2,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Talk  wildly  or  furious- 
ly (as)  in  delirium  (often  about,  against,  at,  of, 
for ;  raving  mad,  uncontrollably,  so  as  to  r.) ; 
(of  sea,  wind,  &c.)  howl,  roar;  speak  with  rap- 
turous admiration  about  or  of,  go  into  raptures ; 
utter  with  ravings  (r.  one's  grief  Sac.) ;  r.  one- 
self hoarse,  to  sleep,  Sec,  storm  raves  itself 
out,  to  an  end  ;  hence  <often  pi.)  pa'viNG  '(1)  n. 
(N.)  raving  sound  of  wind  &c.  [perh.  f.  OF 
raver  var.  of  river  dream  (reverie)] 
pa'vel,  v.t.  &  i.  (-11),  &  n.  Entangle  or  be- 
come entangled,  confuse,  complicate,  (thread 
&c,  or  fig.  question,  problem ;  esp.  in  p.p.,  as 
the  ravelled  skein  of  life);  fray  (i.  &  t.)  out, 
whence  pa'velliNG  '(2)  n.;  disentangle,  un- 
ravel, distinguish  the  separate  threads  or  sub- 
divisions of,  (often  out).  (N.)  entanglement, 
knot,  complication  ;  frayed  or  loose  end.  [prob. 
f.  Du.  ravelen] 

pa'velin  (-vl),  n.  (fortif.).  Outwork  of  two 
faces  forming  salient  angle  outside  main  ditch 
before  curtain.  [F,  f.  It.  ravellino  etym.  dub.J 
pa'ven1,  n.  &  a.  Large  black-plumaged 
hoarse-voiced  bird  of  crow  kind  feeding  chiefly 
on  flesh,  often  kept  tame,  &  popularly  held  of 
evil  omen  ;  (adj.)  of  glossy  black  (esp.  r.  locks, 
black  hair).  [com.-Teut;  OE  hrxfn,  cf.  Du. 
raaf,  G  rabe] 

pa'ven  2,  v.i.  Se  t.  Plunder  (intr.),  go  plunder- 
ing about,  seek  after  prey  or  booty,  prowl  for 
prey;  eat  or  devour  (t.  &  abs.)  voraciously; 
have  ravenous  appetite  for,  be  ravenous,  [f. 
OF  raviner  ravage  (L  rapina  rapine)] 
ra'venous,  a.    Rapacious  (now  rare);  vo- 


\ RAZE 

racious  (esp.  r.  hunger,  eagerness.  Sec.) ;  fam- 
ished, very  hungry.  Hence  pa'venousi.Y  - 
adv.,  pa'venousNESS  n.  (rare),  [f.  OF  ravin- 
eux  (prec,  -ous)] 

pa'vin,  n.  (poet,  rhet.).  Robbery,  rapine ; 
seizing  &  devouring  of  prey  (beast  of  r„  of 
prey);  spoil,  ff.  F  ravine  (now  obs.  in  this 
sense)  f.  Lrapina  rapine] 
pavi'ne  (-en),  n.  Deep  narrow  gorge,  moun- 
tain-cleft. Hence  pavi'nED  2  a.  [F,  =  violent 
rush,  ravine,  (prec.)] 

pa'vish,  v.t.  Carry  off  (person,  thing)  by 
force  (now  rare) ;  (of  death,  circumstances,  &c) 
take  from  life  or  from  sight ;  commit  rape 
upon,  violate,  (woman),  whence  ra'vishER1 
n.;  enrapture,  charm,  entrance,  fill  with  de- 
light, whence  pa'vishiNG2  a.,  pa'vishing*- 
ly2  adv.,  so  pa'vishMENT  n.  [f.  F  ravir  (L 
rapere  seize),  -ish2] 

paw,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Uncooked  (r.  cream,  got 
without  scalding  of  milk;  r.  brick,  not  harden- 
ed by  fire) ;  in  unwrought  state,  not  or  not  com- 
pletely manufactured,  (r.  silk,  as  reeled  from 
cocoons  ;  r.  cloth,  unfulled  ;  r.  hide,  untanned 
leather,  also  rope  or  whip  of  this ;  r.  spirit,  un- 
diluted ;  r.  grain,  unmalted ;  r.  material,  that 
out  of  which  any  process  of  manufacture  makes 
the  articles  it  produces,  as  the  finished  product 
of  one  industry  is  the  r.  material  of  another, 
the  r.  material  of  an  army  is  men) ;  artistically 
crude ;  inexperienced,  untrained,  unskilled, 
fresh  to  anything,  (is  a  r.  lad ;  r.  recruits) ; 
stripped  of  skin,  having  the  flesh  exposed,  ex- 
coriated, sensitive  to  a  touch  from  being  so 
exposed ;  (of  atmosphere,  wind,  day,  &c.)  damp 
&  chilly ;  r.-6oned,with  bones  almost  exposed, 
gaunt ;  r.  head  &  bloody  bones,  nursery  bug- 
bear, death's-head  &  cross-bones,  (attrib.,  of 
narrative  style  &c.)  crudely  horrible ;  hence 
pawisn  M2)  a.,  paw'NESS  n.  (N.)  r.  place  on 
person's  or  esp.  horse's  skin  ;  touch  one  on  the 
r.,  wound  his  feelings  on  the  point  on  which  he 
is  sensitive.  (Vb)  rub  (esp.  horse's  back)  into 
rawness.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  hriaw,  cf.  Du.  rauw, 
G  roh ;  cogn.  w.  L  cruor  blood,  Gk  kreas  flesh] 
pay1,  n.  Single  line  or  narrow  beam  of  light, 
(in  scientific  use)  straight  line  in  which  radiant; 
energy  capable  of  producing  sensation  of  lighi 
is  propagated  to  given  point  (Rontgen,  pr.  runt- 
yen  or  as  G,  or  X,  -rr.,  form  of  radiation  pene- 
trating many  sxibstances  impervious  to  ordin- 
ary light ;  Becquerel  rr.,  rr.  emitted  by  radio- 
active  bodies) ;  analogous  propagation-line  of 
heat  or  other  non-luminous  physical  energy, 
(fig.)  remnant  or  beginning  of  enlightening  or 
cheering  influence  (a  r.,  not  a  r.,  of  hope,  truth, 

{tenius,  Sec.) ;  radius  of  circle  (rare),  any  of  the 
ines  forming  a  pencil  or  set  of  straight  lines 
passing  through  one  point,  any  of  a  set  of 
radiating  lines  or  parts  or  things;  (Bot.)  mar- 
ginal part  of  composite  flower,  as  daisy ;  radial 
division  of  starfish.  Hence  payED2,  pay- 
less,  aa.,  pay'LET  n.     [f.  OF  rai  (nom.  rais  f. 

L  RADIUS)] 

pay  2,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  light  Sec,  or  fig.  of  thought, 
hope,  &c.)  issue,  come  forth,  or  off or  out,  in  rr.; 
radiate  (t  &  i.;  poet),    [f.  prec] 

pay3,  n.  Kinds  of  large  sea-fish  allied  to 
shark,  with  broad  flat  body,  used  as  food,  esp. 
the  skate,    [f.  F  raie  f.  L  raia\ 

Rayah  (ri),  n.  Non-Mohammedan  Turkish 
subject,    [f.  Arab,  ra'iyah  flock  (ra'a  feed)] 

raze,  rase  (-z),  v.t.  Wound  slightly,  graze, 
(rare) ;  erase,  scratch  out,  (rare  exc  fig.  as  r. 
person's  name  from  remembrance) ;  completely 
destroy,  level  with  the  ground,  (town,  house, 
walls;  Sec;  usu.  to  the  ground),  [f.  F  raser  f. 
pop.  L  frequent,  of  L  radere  ras-  scrape] 


RAZEE 6 

razee*,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ship  reduced  in  height  by 
removal  of  upper  deck(s) ;  (vb)  turn  into  a  r.  [r. 
F  rasee  fern.  p.p.  as  prec] 

pa'zor,  n.,  &  v.t.  Instrument  used  in  shav- 
ing hair  from  skin  (safety  r.,  kinds  with  guard 
to  obviate  risk  of  gashing  skin) ;  r.-back,  back 
sharp  as  r.'s  edge  (often  attrib.,  as  r.-b.  whale 
or  rorqual,  r.-b.  hill,  &c),  whence  ra'zor- 
backED2  a.;  r.-bill,  kinds  of  bird  with  r.  bill 
or  bill  shaped  like  r.,  whence  pa'zor-billED 2 
a.;  r.-edge,  keen  edge,  sharp  mountain  ridge, 
critical  situation,  sharp  line  of  division  {keep 
on  the  r.-e.  of  orthodoxy ;  be  on  a  r.-e.  or  r.  s 
edge  imit.  Gk,  be  in  great  danger);  r.-fish, 
-shell,  kinds  of  bivalve  with  shell  like  handle 
of  ordinary  r.;  r.-grinder,  lit.,  also  kinds  of 
bird  ;  r.-strop.  (Vb ;  rare)  use  r.  upon,  shave, 
cut  down  close,    [f.  OF  rasor  (prec,  -or2)] 

ra'zzia  (z),  n.  Raid,  plundering  or  slave- 
collecting  expedition,  esp.  as  carried  out  by 
African  Mohammedans.  [F,  f.  Arab,  ghazwah 
(ghasw  make  war)] 

ra'zzle-dazzle,  n.  (slang).  Excitement, 
bustle,  stir,  spree,    [redupl.  of  dazzle] 

pe l  (ra),  n.  Second  note  of  octave;  (rare)  note 
D,  the  second  in  natural  scale  of  C  major,  [see 
gamut] 

re2,  abl.  of  res.  (As  prep.)  in  the  matter  of 
(chiefly  in  legal  &  business  use  as  first  word  of 
head-line  stating  matter  to  be  dealt  with ;  also 
vulg.  as  substitute  for  about, concerning,  in  or- 
dinary use);  re  infe'cta,  without  having  accom- 
plished one's  object  (esp.  return  r.  i.) 

pe-  (see  *  Pronunciation,  **  Hyphen,  below), 
pref.  f.  L  re-,  red-,  again,  back,  un-.  Re-  both 
forms  part  of  large  numbers  of  already  com- 
pounded words  borrowed  f.  L  or  Rom.,  &  is 
treated  as  a  living  pref.  In  the  latter  capacity 
it  may  be  prefixed  for  the  occasion  to  any  vb  or 
vbl  derivative;  this  is  esp.  common  in  such 
phrr.  as  traverse  &  re-traverse  =  traverse  again 
&  again,  reckoning  &  re-reckoning,  translation 
&  re-translation ;  but  many  vbs  &c.  that  ori- 
ginated as  nonce-wds  have  become  established, 
often  with  restriction  to  one  or  some  only  of 
the  simple  word's  senses ;  the  more  common  or 
important  words  of  this  class,  &  others  whose 
simplicity  of  meaningallows  them  to  be  grouped 
with  it,  are  given  with  any  necessary  informa- 
tion under  senses  8, 9,  below.  Those  senses  are 
the  simple  ones,  found  also  in  many  of  the  wds 
compounded  before  being  adopted  by  E ;  but 
in  others  of  the  pre-E  compds  the  sense  of  the 
pref.  has  been  so  developed  as  to  be  obscure  or 
unrecognizable,  &  senses  1-7  are  given  as  a 
rough  classification. 

*  Pronunciation  :— re  in  all  wds  (esp.  all  given 
under  senses  8,  9)  that  are  historically,  or  are 
capable  of  being  taken  for,  simple  modifica- 
tions of  existing  E  wds  by  one  of  those  senses 
(even  when  a  similarly  spelt  compd  exists  in 
senses  not  capable  of  being  so  regarded  ;  so  re- 
cover =  cover  again,  cf.  recover1,  recount  = 
count  again,  cf.  recount1,  recreation  second 
or  new  creation,  cf.  recreation  in  recreate  l); 
re  before  vowels,  and  before  h(exc.  in  rehearse); 
re  also  in  reflex,  regress  n.,  rescript,  retail  n.; 
re  also  in  recalesce,  recrudesce,  regelate,  &  their 
derivv.,  &  recantation,  retardation,  retracta- 
tion, retractility  :  elsewhere,  ri  when  the  next 
syllable  bears  the  word-accent  (reflect,  repo'- 
sitory),  &  otherwise  re  (recollect,  revocable). 

** Hyphen:— The  hyphen  is  often  used  when 
a  writer  wishes  to  mark  the  fact  that  he  is  using 
not  a  well-known  compd  vb,  but  re-  as  a  living 
prefix  (senses  8,  9)  attached  to  a  simple  vb 
(re-pair  =  pair  again,  cf.  repair  mend) ;  also 
usu.  before  c  (re  emerge),  &  sometimes  before 


4 RE- 

other  vowels  (re-assure,  usu.  reassure) ;  also 
when  the  idea  of  repetition  is  to  be  emphasized, 
esp.  in  such  phrr.  as  make  &  re-make. 

1-7:  Special  senses  chiefly  in  pre-E  compds. 

1.  In  return,  mutual(ly) :  react,  reciprocal,  re- 
compense, recrimination,  rejoinder,  remuner- 
ate, repartee,  repay,  requite,  result,  revenge,  &c. 

2.  Opposition  :  rebel,  recalcitrant,  recusant, 
reluctance,  remonstrate,  repugnant,  resist,  re- 
volt, &c. 

3.  Behind,  after :  relic,  relinquish,  relish,  re- 
main, remorse,  rest  3> 4,  &c. 

4.  Retirement,  secrecy :  recluse,  recondite,  re- 
course, refuge,  remote,  repository,  reticent,  &c. 

5.  Off,  away,  down  :  rebate,  relax,  release,  re- 
legate, remiss,  renounce,  repress,  repudiate, 
rescind,  reside,  resolve,  retail,  &c. 

6.  Frequentative  or  intensive:  redolent,  re- 
double, redoubtable,  redound,  reduplicate,  re- 
fine,refulgent,  regard,  rejoice, remark,  renown, 
repine,  repute,  research,  respect,  resplendent, 
revere,  revile,  revolve,  Sec. 

7.  Negative,  un-:  reproach,  reproof,  repro- 
bate, resign,  reveal. 

8,  9:  Ordinary  senses  as  living  prefix. 

8.  Once  more,  again,  anew,  afresh,  repeated, 
(often  with  implication  that  previous  doing  &c. 
was  deficient  or  erroneous  or  now  requires 
alteration  or  improvement  or  renewal ;  many 
wds  may  be  classed  indifferently  under  8  or  9) : 
readdress  v.t.,  change  address  of  (letter) ;  re- 
adju'stv.t. ;  so  readjustment  n.;  reaffir'mv.t.; 
so  reaffirmation  n. ;  reappa'rel  v.t. ;  rear'm  v. i. 
&  t.,  esp.  provide  (troops)  with  arms  of  new 
pattern ;  so  rear'mament  n. ;  rearra'nge  v.t. ; 
so  rearrangement  n. ;  reasser't  v.t. ;  so  reasscr'- 
tion  n.;  reassess  v.t.;  so  reassessment  n.;  re- 
assign v.t.;  rebapti'ze  v.t.,  lit.,  &  fig.  give  new 
name  to ;  soreba'ptis?n  n. ;  rebir'th  n.,  esp.  fresh 
incarnation  ;  so  rebor'n  p.p.;  rebi'te  v.t,  (de- 
fective parts  of  etched  &c.  plate  with  acid); 
rebui'ld  v.t.;  recapitulate  v.t.,  go  over  head- 
ings of,  summarize,  go  quickly  through  again ; 
so  recapitulation  n.  (spec,  in  Biol.,  reproduc- 
tion in  embryos  of  successive  type-forms  in 
line  of  development),  recapitulative,  recapitu- 
latory, aa. ;  reca'st  v.t.  ,&  n.  ,(put  into)  new  shape, 
improve(d)  arrangement  &c.  (of);  rechri'sten 
v.t.,=  rebaptize  above;  reclo'the,  v.t,;  recoat 
v.t.;  recoa't  v.t.,  put  new  coat  of  paint  on  ;  re- 
coi'nv.t.;  so  recoi'nage  n.;  reco'lonize  v.t.;  so 
recoloniza'tion  n. ;  reco'lour  v.t.;  recombi'ne 
v.t.;  so  recombination  n.;  recommence  v.t.  &  i.; 
so  recommencement  n.;  recommit  v.t.,  esp.  re- 
fer back  (bill  &c.)  for  further  consideration  to 
committee;  so  recommitment,  recommittal, 
nn.;  recompo'se  v.t.;  recompou'nd  v.t.;  recon- 
sider v.t. ;  so  reconsideration  n. ;  reconstitu- 
ent  a.  &  n.,  (remedy)  that  builds  up  strength  or 
tissue  anew;  reconstitute  v.t.,  esp.  piece  to- 
gether (past  events)  into  an  intelligible  whole ; 
so  reconstitution  n. ;  reconstruct  v.t. ;  so  re- 
construction n.,  reconstructive  a.;  re-cownt 
v.t.,  (esp.  votes  at  election  as  security  against 
error),&see  recount  •;  so  re-cowntn.;  re  -co  'ver 
v.t.,  (esp.  umbrellas  &c),  &  see  recover1;  re- 
create v.t.,  create  over  again,  &  see  recreate1; 
so  recreation,  &  see  in  recreate1;  redirect 
v.t.,  esp.  =  readdress  above ;  so  redirection  n.; 
redistribute  v.t.;  so  redistribution  n.,  esp.  of 
seats  in  Parliament  or  voting-power  in  elec- 
tions, redistri'butive  a.;  redivi'de  v.t.;  so  re- 
divi'sionu.;  redo' v.t.;  redye'v.L;  re-edit  v.t.; 
sore-editionn.;  re-engine  v.t,,  supply  (ship  &c.) 
with  new  engines;  re-exa'mine  v.t.,  esp.  of 
opening  side's  second  examination  of  witness 
after  opponents'  cross-examination  ;  so  re-ex- 
amination n. ;  refa'ce  v.t.,  put  new  facing  on 


re- e 

(building);  refashion  v.t;  so  refa'shionment 
ii.;  refi't  v.t  &  i.,  restore  (ship)  by,  (of  ship)  un- 
dergo, renewal  &  repairs ;  so  refi't,  refi'tment, 
nn.;  refoo't  v.t.,  supply  new  foot  to  (stocking) ; 
refur'nish  v.t.;  regenesis  n. ;  regrou'p  v.t.; 
reha'ndle  v.t.,  esp.  =  recast  above ;  reha'ng  v.t., 
(esp.  pictures);  reha'sh  v.t.,  &  n.,  (put)  stale 
materials  esp.  of  literary  kind  in  new  shape ; 
rehear'  v.t.,  (case  in  lawcourt) ;  so  rehear 'ing 
n.;  rehou'se  v.t.,  provide  with  new  house(s); 
reincarnate  v.t. ;  so  reincarna'tion  n.,  rein- 
carnate (-at)  a.;  rei'nk  v.t.;  reinsure'  v.i.  &  t., 
(esp.  of  underwriter  &c.  devolving  risk  upon 
another) ;  so  reinsur'ance  n.;  reinter  v.t.;  re- 
invest1 (see  also  sense  9)  v.t.,  shift  (money)  to 
other  investment;  so  reinvestment  n.;  rei'ssue 
v.t.;  so  rei'ssuable  a.  (esp.  of  bills  or  notes),  re- 
i'ssue n.,  esp.  part  of  already  published  edition 
to  be  sold  with  change  of  form  or  price ;  re- 
i'terate  v.t.,  say  or  do  over  again  or  several 
times,  repeat ;  so  reitera'tion n.,  rei'terative  a.; 
rela'bel  v.t..;  reli've,  v.i.  &  t;  reloa'd  v.t.;  re- 
ma'ke  v.t.;  rema'n*  (see  also  sense 9)  v.t.,  equip 
with  fresh  men ;  remar  'gin  v.t.,  (esp.  of  second- 
hand booksellerrepairing  worn  book);  rema'rry 
v.i.  &  t. ;  so  rema'rriage  n.;  rema'st  v.t.;  re- 
i)ri'ntv.t.;remo'delv.t.;remou'ld\'.t.;remou'nt 
(see  also  remount2)  v.t.,  esp.  provide  with 
fresh  horse  &c;  remou'nt  n.,  supply  of  fresh 
horses  for  regiment  &c,  fresh  horse ;  rena'me 
v.t;  renu'mber  v.t,  esp.  change  numbers  of 
series  &c;  reorganize  v.t;  so  reorganization, 
reor'ganizer,  nn. ;  repa'per  v.t ;  repartition 
v.t;  reperwse  v.t;  so  reperwsal  n.;  repla'nt 
v.t;  so  replantation  n.;  repo't  v.t.  (esp.  plant 
into  larger  pot);  repri'ntv.t.;  re'print  n.,  book, 
article, &c,  reprinted ;  reprodwce  v.t.  &i.,esp. 
(trans.)  produce  copy  or  representation  of,(intr.) 
multiply  by  generation ;  so  reproduction  n., 
reprodwceable,  reprodu'cible,  reproductive, 
aa.,  reprodu'ctively  adv.,  reprodwctiveness  n.; 
reprovi'sMmv.t;  repu'blishv.t.  (esp.  book &c); 
so  republication  n.;  rerea'd  v.t;  resea't  v.t, 
esp.  provide  church,  theatre,  &c,  with  fresh 
seats;  resee'k  v.t;  reset  v.t  (esp.  gems);  reset- 
tle v.t.',  so  resettlement  n.;  resha'pev.t.;  re- 
shuffle v.t.  (esp.  cards);  reso'le  v.t;  respe'll  v.t, 
esp.  spell  phonetically;  resta'mp  v.t;  restar't 
v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.;  resta'te  v.t,  esp.  put  into  more 
intelligible  or  convincing  words ;  so  restate- 
ment n.;  resto'ck  v.t  &  i.,  provide  with  or  take 
in  fresh  stock;  reswmmons  n.,  renewed  legal 
summons  ;  resurvey'  v.t;  so  resur'vey  n.;  re- 
fo'ste  v.t;  rete'll  v.t.;  retou'eh  v.t  (esp.  com- 
position, picture,  &c),  &  n.;  retri'm v.t;  retry 
v.t.  =rehear  above;  so  retri'al  n.;  re£wr*/v.t; 
reur'ge  v.t.;reva'ccinatev.t.;  so revaccina'tion 
n.;  reva'lue  v.t,  assess  value  of  anew;  so  re- 
valua'tion  n.;  revictual  v.t;  revi'sit  (often  ri-) 
v.t.;  reword  v.t,  change  wording  of  ;  rewri'te 
v.t 

9.  Back,  with  return  to  previous  state  after 
lapse  or  cessation  or  occurrence  of  opposite 
state  or  action,  (often  corresponding  to  com- 
pounds in  dis-  or  UN-;  many  words  may  be  as- 
signed indifferently  to  9  or  8):—reaffo'rest  v.t; 
so  reafforesta'tion  n.;  rea'nimate  v.t.;  so  re- 
anima'tion  n. ;  reappear'  v.i. ;  so  reappearance 
n.;  reappoi'nt  v.t;  so  reappointment  n.;  re- 
ari'se  v.i.;  rearowsc  v.t;  reasce'nd  v.i.  &  t; 
reassemble  v.i.  &  t;  reassu'me  v.t  (now  rare, 
ousted  by  resume);  so  reasswmption  n.;  reas- 
sure* v.t,  restore  to  confidence,  dispel  appre- 
hensions of ;  so  reassuring  a.  (of  words,  man- 
ner, &c),  reassur  'ingly  ad  v.;  rebar'barize  v.t.; 
rebi'nd  v.t,  (esp.  book);  reca'pture  v.t,  &  n.; 


5 REACH 

rechar'ge  v.t;  rechar'ge  n.,  amount  of  sub- 
stance used  in  recharging;  reci'vilize  v.t;  so 
reciviliza'tion  n.;  reco'mfort  v.t;  reconduct 
v.t;  reconquer  v.t;  so  reco'nquest  n.;  recon- 
vert v.t;  so  reconversion  n. ;  rccro'ss  v.t; 
redesce'nd  v.i.  &  t;  redisco'ver  v.t. ;  so  redis- 
covery n.;  re-ele'ct  v.t;  so  re-ele'ction  n.;  re- 
e'ligible  a.;  re-embark  v.i.  &  t;  so  re-embark- 
a'tionn.;  re-emerge  v.i.;  so  re-emer'gence  n., 
re-emer'gent  a.;  re-ena'ble  v.t;  re-ena'ct  v.t.; 
sore-ena'c£men£n.;  re-e'nter  v.i.  &  t  (part  some- 
times =  re-entrant)  ;  re-e'ntrance,  re-entry, 
nn.;  re-es to •bZtsft  v.t;  so  re-esta'blishment  n.: 
re-exi'st  v.i.;  re-expor't  v.t;  re-export  n.,  com- 
modity imported  &  then  exported  esp.  without 
further  manufacture ;  sore-ea*por<a*h'onn.;  re- 
./?•#  v.  t ;  re  #M  n. , = recharge  above ;  refloa  't  v.  t. , 
(stranded  ship);  re#uxn.,  backward  flow;  re- 
fo'rest  v.t,  turn  into  forest  again  ;  so  reforest- 
ation n.;  refurbish  v.t;  regerminate  v.i.;  so 
regermina  'Hon  n. ;  regild  v.  t ;  rehabi'litate  v.  t. , 
restore  to  privileges,  reputation,  or  proper  con- 
dition ;  so  rehabilitation  n.;  rehwmanize  v.t; 
reigni'te  v.t  &  i.;  reimpor't  v.t.,  import  (same 
goods)  after  exporting;  so  rei'mport  n.;  reim- 
£>o"sev.t;  so  reimposi'tion  n.;  reincorporate 
v.t;  reingra'tiate  v.t;  reinsert  v.t;  so  rein- 
sertion, n.;  reinvest2  (see  also  sense  8)  v.t,  re- 
place in  office,  wntJi  privilege ;  so  reinve'stiture 
n.;  reinvi'gorate  v.t;  so  reinvigora'tion  n.;  ?'e- 
ki'ndle  v.t  &  i.;  reli'ne  v.t,  renew  lining  of 
(esp.  garment) ;  rewia'w2  (see  also  sense  8)  v.t, 
restore  to  manhood  or  courage  ;  remigra'te  v.i., 
esp.  return  after  migrating ;  so  re?nifirrationn.; 
reo'ecupy  v.t;  so  reoccupa'tion  n.;  reopen  v.t. 
&  i. ;  repa'ganize  v.t ;  repai'nt  v.t,  restore 
paint  or  colouring  of ;  repa'ss  v.t  &  i.,  esp.  pass 
again  on  way  back;  so  repa'ssage  n.;  repeo'ple 
v.t. ;  repercussion  n.,  echo,  sound  flung  back, 
rebound,  recoil  after  impact ;  so  repercussiix 
a.;  repiece  v.t,  put  pieces  of  together  again, 
reconstruct ;  repoi'nt  v.t,  (joints  of  masonry); 
repo'lish  v.t;  repo'pulate  v.t;  re^josse'ss  v.t; 
so  repossession  n.;  repurchase  v.t,  &  n.;  re- 
pur'ify  v.t;  requi'eken  v.t;  resa'ddle  v.t.  & 
abs. ;  resa'le  n.,  esp.  sale  of  thing  bought;  so 
resatabZea.;  resei'^e  v.t;  so  resei'zure  n.;  re- 
sets v.t. ,  esp.  sell  after  buying ;  reshi'p  v.t.  &  i., 
put,  go,  on  board  ship  again ;  so  reshi'pment 
n.;  restwff  v.t;  reta'ke  v.t.;  retransfer  v.t; 
so  retra'nsfer  n.;  retransform  v.t.;  retrans- 
late v.t,  (esp.  back  into  the  original  language); 
so  retransla'tion  n.;  retrea'd  v.t;  reuni'te  v.t 
&  i.;  revi'talize  v.t;  reuri'n  v.t 
peach »,  v.t.  &  i.  Stretch  out,  extend,  (t.  &  i. ; 
often  ottt  &c;  reached  out  his  hand,  its 
branches  ;  a  dominion  reaching  from  the  Ebro 
to  the  Carpathians) ;  stretch  out  the  hand  &c, 
make  reaching  motion  or  effort  lit  or  fig.,  (yo?i 
??ims«  r.  out  further',  mind  reaches  forward  to 
an  ideal ;  ship  reaches  ahead  in  race) ;  get  as 
far  as,  attain  to,  arrive  at,  (specified  point  or 
object  or  destination  ;  also  abs.),  succeed  in  af- 
fecting, either  simply  or  with  the  hand  or  in- 
strument or  missile  or  missive  or  influence  (r. 
bottom  1 ;  reached  land ;  could  not  r.  his  enemy, 
esp.  in  fencing,  boxing ;  how  is  her  conscience 
to  be  readied  ? ;  libels  that  the  ordinary  larv 
reaches ;  the  steps  by  which  you  r.  the  entrance ; 
your  letter  reached  me  today ;  every  syllable 
reached  the  audience ;  has  reached  middle  age, 
its  eighth  edition ;  cannot  r.  so  high,  far  enough, 
down,  up  to  it,  &c;  as  far  as  eye  could  r.;  my 
income  will  not  r.  to  it) ;  hand,  pass  or  take  with 
outstretched  hand,  (reached  him  the  book; 
reached  down  his  hat) ;  rea'ch-me-down  a.  & 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


REACH        6< 

n.,  ready-made  (garment).  Hence  rea'ehABLE 
a.  [OE  rxcan,  cf.  Du.  reiken,  G  reichen] 
peach2,  n.  Act  of  reaching  out;  extent  to 
which  hand  &c  can  be  reached  out,  influence 
be  exerted,  motion  be  carried  out,  or  mental 
powers  be  used,  range,  scope,  compass,  (within, 
above,  out  of,  beyond,  one's  r.,  possible,  impos- 
sible, of  attainment  or  performance;  has  a  wide 
TV,  within  easy  r.  of  the  railway,  no  help  was 
within  r.) ;  continuous  extent,  esp.  part  of  river 
that  can  be  looked  along  at  once  between  two 
bends,    [f.  prec] 

pea'et,  v.i.  Produce  reciprocal  or  responsive 
effect,  act  upon  the  agent,  (they  r.  upon  each 
other;  tyranny  reacts  upon  the  tyrant,  has 
effects  upon  him  as  well  as  upon  his  victims), 
(Chem.,  of  substance  applied  to  another)  call 
out  activity,  cause  manifestation,  (nitrous 
oxide  reacts  upon  the  metal) ;  respond  to  stimu- 
lus, undergo  change  due  to  some  influence  ;  be 
actuated  by  repulsion  against,  tend  in  reverse 
or  backward  direction.  Hence  pea'etiVE  a., 
reaeti'viTY  n.    [ke-  1] 

pea'ction,  n.  Responsive  or  reciprocal  action 
(esp.  action  &  r.) ;  (Chem.)  action  set  up  by  one 
substance  in  another ;  response  of  organ  &c.  to 
external  stimulus;  return  of  previous  condition 
after  interval.of  opposite  (e.g.  glow  felt  after 
cold  bath,  depression  after  excitement) ;  retro- 
grade tendency  esp.  in  politics,  whence  pe- 
a'ctionARYi  a.  &  (  =  reactionary  person)  n., 
pea'etioniST(2)  n.  &  a.  [re-  1] 
read  (red),  v.t.  &  i.  (read,  pr.  red),  &n.  In- 
terpret mentally,  declare  interpretation  or 
coming  development  of,  divine,  (r.  dream, 
riddle,  omen,  futurity,  men's  hearts  or  thoughts 
or  faces;  r.  person's  hand,  as  palmist;  r.  the 
sky,  as  astrologist  or  meteorologist) ;  (be  able 
to)  convert  into  the  intended  words  or  meaning 
(written  or  printed  or  other  symbols  or  things 
expressed  by  their  means,  or  abs. ;  reads  or  can 
r.  hieroglyphs,  shorthand,  the  clock,  the  Morse 
system,  music,  several  languages  ;  does  not  r. 
or  write) ;  reproduce  mentally  or  (often  aloud, 
out,  off,  &c,  or  with  ind.  obj.)  vocally,  while 
following  their  symbols  with  eyes  or  fingers, 
the  words  of  (author,  book,  tale,  letter,  &c,  or 
abs.;  often  over,  through,  advv.;  reads  well, 
with  good  intonation  &c,  expressively ;  ivas 
reading  Plato  ;  r.  me  off  the  list ;  r.  it  through 
six  times ;  does  he  preach  extempore  or  r.  ? ; 
have  no  time  to  r.;  the  bible  is  the  most  r.  of 
all  books ;  r.  one  a  lesson,  admonish  him  ;  the 
Bill  ^cas  r.  for  the  first  &c.  time,  was  allowed 
its  first  &c.  reading;  invalid  is  r.  to  for 
several  hours  daily;  seldom  reads  French, 
anything  written  in  it) ;  study  (t.  &  i.)  by  read- 
ing (often  up ;  is  reading  law ;  shall  not  r.  for 
honours ;  reading  man,  who  devotes  most  of 
his  time  to  study ;  has  r.  much),  (p.p.  in  active 
sense  as  adj.  with  well,  deeply,  slightly,  little, 
&c.)  versed  in  subject  by  read ing^icquain ted 
with  literature;  find  (thing)  stated,  find  state- 
ment, in  print  &c.  (revenge,  we  r.,  is  wild  jus- 
tice ;  J  have  r.  somewhere  that . . .  ,  have  r.  of 
it);  interpret  (statement,  action)  in  certain 
sense  (may  be  read  several  ways ;  my  silence  is 
not  to  be  r.  as  consent) ;  assume  as  intended  in 
or  deducible  from  writer's  words,  find  implica- 
tions, (yon  r.  too  much  into  the  text;  in  their 
pleas  for  reform  Ir.  Protection;  r.  between  the 
lines,  search  for  or  discover  hidden  meanings) ; 
(of  editor)  give  as  the  word(s)  probably  used  by 
author  (Bentley  reads  peraeque ;  also  facet,  in 
correcting  statements,  as  for  white  read  black, 
<fr  the  account  may  be  accepted);  bring  into 


5 READY 

specified  state  by  reading  (r.  me  to  sleep,  him- 
self stupid,  hoarse,  &c;  r.  oneself  in  of  incum- 
bent, enter  upon  office  by  public  reading  of 
xxxix  articles  &c.) ;  (of  recording  instrument) 
present  (figure  &c.)  to  one  reading  it  (thermo- 
meter reads  83°);  sound  or  affect  hearer  or 
reader  well,  ill,  &c,  when  r.  (play  reads  better 
than  it  acts;  reads  like  a  threat,  translation, 
&c.).  (N.)  time  spent  in  reading  (have  a  short, 
long,  good,  quiet,  r.).  [com.-Teut.;  OE  rxdan 
consider,  discern,  cf.  Du.  raden,  G  rathen ; 
cogn.  w.  Skr.  radh-  accomplish] 

rea'dable,  a.  Interestingly  written  ;  (rare) 
legible.  Hence  peadaBi'LiTV,  pea'dable- 
ness,  nn.,  rea'dabL v  2  adv.    [-able] 

readdress.    See  re-  8. 

pea'der,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp.:  per- 
son employed  by  publisher  to  read  &  report  on 
offered  MSS. ;  printer's  proof  corrector ;  person 
appointed  to  read  aloud,  esp.  (often  lay-r.)  parts 
of  service  in  church  ;  lecturer  in  some  univer- 
sities &c.  (r.  in  Roman  law  &c.) ;  book  of 
selections  for  use  by  students  of  a  language  &c. 
Hence  pea'depsHip  n.    [-er  j] 

pea'dily  (red-),  adv.  Without  showing  re- 
luctance, willingly;  without  difficulty  (the 
facts  may  r.  be  ascertained),    [ready,  -ly2] 

pea'diness  (red),  n.  Prompt  compliance, 
willingness;  facility,  prompt  resourcefulness, 
quickness  in  argument  or  action  ;  ready  or  pre- 
pared state  (all is  in  r.).    [ready,  -ness] 

rea'ding,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or  esp.: 
literary  knowledge  (a  man  of  vast  r.) ;  first, 
second,  third,  r„  successive  occasions  on  which 
Bill  must  have  been  presented  for  acceptance 
to  each  House  before  it  is  ready  for  royal 
assent(^rsir., permitting  introduction;  second, 
approving  general  principle ;  third,  accepting 
details  as  amended  in  committee) ;  entertain- 
ment at  which  something  is  read  to  audience 
(penny  r.,  for  poor  of  parish  &c);  word(s)  read 
or  given  by  an  editor  or  found  in  MS.  in  text 
of  a  passage  (the  right*  true,  best,  MS.,  &c,  ?\; 
various  rr.) ;  (specified  quality  of)  matter  to  be 
read  (is  good,  dull,  r. ;  there  is  plenty  ofr.  in  it); 
figure  &c.  shown  by  graduated  instrument 
(U0°  difference  between  day  &  night  rr.) ;  inter- 
pretation, view  taken,  rendering,  (what  is  your 
r.  of  the  facts  ? ;  his  r.  of  Iago  was  generally 
condemned) ;  r.-desk,  for  supporting  book  &c, 
lectern  ;  r.-room,  in  club  &c.  for  persons  wish- 
ing to  read,    [ing  l] 

readjust  &c.    See  re-  8. 

ready  (re'di),  a.,  adv.,  n.,  &  v.t.  With  pre- 
parations complete,  in  fit  state,  with  resolution 
nerved,  willing,  apt,  inclined,  about  to,  prompt, 
quick,  facile,  provided  beforehand,  within 
reach,  easily  secured,  unreluctant,  easy,  fit  for 
immediate  use,  (Are  you  r.f  Go !,  formula  for 
starting  race ;  Ready,  present,  fire,  successive 
orders,  the  first = make  rifle  r.;  ainner  is  r.;  are 
r.  to  march ;  am  r.  to  risk  my  life ;  is  too  r.  to 
suspect;  wasr.  to  swear  with  rage;  a  bud  just 
r.  to  burst;  isr.  for  death ;  the  r.  ministers  of 
vengeance ;  is  very  r.  at  excuses ;  has  a  r.  pen, 
wit,  whence  ready- wittED2  a.,  &c;  gave  a 
r.  consent ;  found  r.  acceptance ;  its  r.  solubility 
in  water ;  found  an  instrument  r.  to  hand,  a  r. 
source  of  revenue ;  the  readiest  way  to  do  it ; 
make  r.,  prepare  i.  &  t.,  as  they  made  r.  for  the 
attempt  or  to  fight,  or  made  everything  r.;  r. 
money,  actual  coin,  also  payment  on  the  spot); 
r.  reckoner,  book  of  r.-reckoned  (see  adv.)  com- 
putationsof  kind  commonly  wanted  in  business. 
(Adv.;  chiefly  with  p.p.,  usu.  hyphened,  prop, 
a  pred.  use  of  adj.)  beforehand,  so  as  not  to  re- 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


REAFFIRM 


REASON 


quire  doing  when  the  time  comes,  {please  pack 
everything  r.;  boxes  are  r.  packed  or  packed  r.\ 
r. -built  houses ;  r.-made  clothes,  made  in  stand- 
ard shapes  &  sizes,  not  to  customer's  individual 
measure ;  r.-made  shop,  selling  these) ;  (rare 
exc.  in  comp.  &  superl.)  quickly  {the  child 
that  answers  readiest).  (N.)  position  in  which 
rifle  is  held  before  the  present  (come  to  the  r. 
&c);  (slang)  r.  money  (planked  down  the  r.). 
(Vb;  racing  slang)  qualify  (horse)  for  good 
handicap  in  race  by  preventing  its  winning  in 
another.  [ME rxdig perh.  f.  OE gerxde-MRG 
gereit,  cf.  G  bereit  +  -Y2  on  false  anal.] 

reaffirm  &c,  see  re-  8;  reafforest  &c, 
re- 9. 

rea'grency,  n.  Reactive  power  or  operation 
(see  react). 

rea'gent,  n.  (Chem.)  substance  used  to  de- 
tect presence  of  another  by  reaction  ;  reactive 
substance  or  force  (see  react). 

re'al1  (re-,  ra-),  n.  Silver  coin  &  money  of 
account  (about6id.)  still  used  in  some  Spanish- 
speaking  countries ;  present  Spanish  monetary 
unit  (about  2£d.),  quarter  of  peseta.  [Sp.,  n. 
use  of  adj.  f.  L  regalis  regal] 

pe'al 2,  a.  Actually  existing  as  a  thing  or  oc- 
curring in  fact,  objective,  genuine,  rightly  so 
called,  natural,  sincere,  not  merely  apparent 
or  nominal  or  supposed  or  pretended  or  artificial 
or  hypocritical  or  affected,  (r.  money,  coin, 
cash  ;  the  r.  presence,  of  Christ's  body  &  blood 
in  the  Eucharist  as  disputed  by  theologians ;  a 
r.  object  &  its  image ;  r.  &  paper  roses ;  effected 
a  r.  cure ;  should  like  a  r.  fine  day ;  r.  life,  that 
lived  by  actual  people,  opp.  fictitious  &  drama- 
tic imitations ;  there  is  no  r.  doubt  about  it ; 
who  is  the  r.  manager  ?;isar.  man,  unaffected, 
also  worthy  of  the  name ;  the  r.  thing,  not  a 
makeshift  or  inferior  article) ;  (Law ;  cf.  per- 
sonal) consisting  of  immovable  property  such 
as  lands  or  houses  (esp.  r.  estate) ;  (Philos.) 
having  an  absolute  &  necessary  &  not  merely 
contingent  existence;  (abs.)  the  r.,  what  is  r., 
esp.  opp.  the  ideal  (also  rarely  as  n.  with  pi.  =r. 
thing,  as  /  deal  only  with  rr.).  [L  LL  realis 
(res  thing,  -al)] 

pea'lgap,  n.  Disulphide  of  arsenic,  red 
arsenic,  red  orpiment,  used  as  pigment  &  in 
fireworks.  [med.L,  f.  Arab,  rehj  algahr  pow- 
der of  the  cave] 

re'alism,  n.  Scholastic  doctrine  that  uni- 
versals  or  general  ideas  have  objective  exis- 
tence (cf.  nominalism,  conceptualism) ;  belief 
that  matter  as  object  of  perception  has  real 
existence  (cf.  idealism) ;  practice  of  regarding 
things  in  their  true  nature  &  dealing  with  them 
as  they  are,  freedom  from  prejudice  &  conven- 
tion, practical  views  &  policy,  (cf.  idealism) ; 
fidelity  of  representation,  truth  to  nature,  in- 
sistence upon  details.  So  re*aliST(2)  n.  &  a., 
reali'stic  a.,  reali'stiCALLY  adv.    [-ism] 

pea'llty,  n.  Property  of  being  real ;  resem- 
blance to  original  (reproduced  with  startling 
r.) ;  real  existence,  what  is  real,  what  underlies 
appearances,  (in  r.,  in  fact,  opp.  in  words,  in 
appearance,  Sec.) ;  existent  thing ;  real  nature 
of.    [f.  med.L  realitas  (real2,  -ty)] 

penalize,  v.t  Convert  (hope,  plan,  &c.)  into 
fact  (usu.  pass.) ;  give  apparent  reality  to, 
make  realistic,  present  as  real,  (these  details 
help  tor.  the  scene) ;  conceive  as  real,  apprehend 
clearly  or  in  detail  (noun,  that,  how,  &c.) ;  con- 
vert (securities,  property)  into  money  (often 
abs.,=sell  one's  property);  amass  (fortune, 
specified  profit) :  fetch  as  price.  Hence  re'al- 
IzABLsa.,  peallZATiON  n.    [-ize] 

really  (rerii),  adv.  In  fact,  in  reality,  (often 
r.  <&  truly) ;  positively,  indeed,  I  assure  you,  I 


mean  what  I  say,  I  protest ;  r.  ?,  do  you  mean 
it  ?,  is  that  so  ?.    [-ly2J 

realm  (relm),  n.  Kingdom  (chiefly  rhet,  & 
in  some  legal  phrr.,  as  the  laws  of  the  r.,  per- 
sons who  are  out  of  the  r.) ;  sphere,  province, 
domain,  (the  rr.  of  fancy,  poetry,  &c>.  [f.  OF 
reaume  f.  pop.  L  *regalimen  (regal,  -men)] 

pe#alty,n.  Real  estate  (cf.  personalty),  [-ty] 

ream1,  n.  Twenty  quires  or  480  sheets  of 
paper  (often  500,  to  allow  for  waste  ;  printers' 
r.,  516) ;  (often  pi.)  large  quantity  of  paper 
(wrote  rr.  &  rr.  of  verse),  [ult  f.  Arab,  rizmah 
bundle,  cf.  Du.  rxem,  OF  remme,  It,  risma] 

ream2,  v.t.  Widen  (hole  in  metal)  with 
borer  or  rea*mER](2)  n.;  turn  over  edge  of 
(cartridge-case  &c);  (Naut.)  open  (seam)  for 
caulking.    [OE  ryman  (room),  cf.  G  rdumen] 

reanimate  &c.    See  re-  9. 

reap,  v.i.  &  t  Cut  (grain  or  similar  crop), 
cut  grain  &c,  with  sickle  in  harvest;  gather 
in  thus  or  with  machine  or  fig.  as  harvest  (r.  as 
one  has  sown,  soiv  wind  &  r.  whirlwind,  r.  the 
fruits  of,  take  consequences  of  one's  actions  ; 
r.  where  one  has  not  sown,  profit  by  others' 
toil) ;  harvest  crop  of  (field  &c.) ;  reaping-hook, 
sickle ;  reaping-machine,  for  cutting  grain  & 
often  binding  sheaves  without  manual  labour. 
Hence  rea'pER^l,  2)  n.    [OE  ripan,  excl.  E] 

reapparel,  see  re-  8 ;  reappear  &c,  re- 
appoint &c,  re- 9. 

rear1,  n.  Hindmost  part  of  army  or  fleet 
(hang  on  the  r.  of,  follow  with  view  to  attack- 
ing) ;  back  of,  space  behind,  position  at  back 
of,  army  or  camp  or  person  (bring,  close,  up 
the  r.,  come  last ;  take  enemy  in  r.,  attack  from 
behind ;  saw  them  far  in  the  r.,  behind  ;  was 
sent  to  the  r.  for  safety) ;  back  part  of  anything 
(at  the  r.  of,  Dehind) ;  rear-,  r.  attrib.,  hinder, 
back-;  so  rear*MOST  a,;  r. -admiral,  flag- 
officer  below  vice-admiral ;  r.-guard,  body  of 
troops  detached  to  protect  r.  esp.  in  retreats 
(r.-g.  action,  engagement  between  r.-g.  & 
enemy);  rearward  n.  [f.  AF  rerewarde= rear- 
guard], rear  (esp.  in  prep,  phrr.,  as  to  rearward 
of,  in  the  rearward) ;  rearward  a.  &  adv., 
rearwards  adv.,  towards  the  rear  [-ward(s)]. 
[shortened  f.  arrear] 

rear2,  v.t.  &  i.  Raise,  set  upright,  build,  up- 
lift, hold  upwards,  (rhet. ;  r.  a  pillar,  cathedral, 
&c;  reared  his  mighty  stature ;  r.  one's  head, 
one's  voice,  a  hand,  &c.) ;  raise,  bring  up,  breed, 
foster,  nourish,  educate,  cultivate,  grow,  (cat- 
tle, game,  children,  crops,  &c);  (of  horse  &c; 
intr.  &  rarely  refl.)  rise,  raise  Itself,  on  hind 
feet.  Hence  rear*ER l  n.  [OE  rxran,  native 
form  corresp.  to  &  largely  ousted  by  raise] 

rear* -arch,  rere-,  n.  Inner  arch  of  window 
or  door  opening  when  of  different  size  &c.  from 
the  outer,    [f.  F  arriere  see  arrear] 

rearise,  see  re-  9 ;  rearm  &c,  re-  8 ;  re- 
arouse,  re-  9 ;  rearrange  &c,  re-  8. 

rear'-vault,  n.  Vaulted  space  connecting 
arched  window  or  door  head  with  arch  in  inner 
face  of  wall,    [as  rear-arch] 

reascend.    See  re-  9. 

reason  *  (re'zn),  n.  (Fact  adduced  or  serving 
as)  argument,  motive,  cause,  or  justification 
(give  rr.  for;  prove  with  rr.;  the  XL-Oman's  r., 
repetition  of  fact  as  its  own  explanation,  as  in  I 
love  him  because  I  love  him ;  for  no  other  rea~ 
son  than  that  I  forgot,  but  this  ;  there  is  no  r. 
to  suppose  ;  r.  of  State,  political  justification 
esp.  for  immoral  proceeding;  the  r.  of  your 
isolation,  of  eclipses,  is  that  — ;  failed  by  r. 
of  its  bad  organization;  there  was  r.  to  believe; 
I  saw  r.  to  suspect  him ;  he  complains  with  r., 
not  unjustifiably);  (Log.)  one  of  premisses  of 
syllogism,  esp.  minor  premiss  when  given  after 


REASON 6! 

conclusion  ;  the  intellectual  faculty  character- 
istic esp.  of  human  beings  by  which  conclusions 
are  drawn  from  premisses  (whether  dogs  have 
r.  is  really  a  question  of  definition  ;  there  can 
be  no  opposition  between  r.  &  common  sense) ; 
intellect  personified  (God  &  r.  are  identical) ; 
(as  transl.  of  G  Vernunft  in  Kant)  faculty  tran- 
scending the  understanding  ( Verstand)  &  pro- 
-vidingapriori principles,  intuition ;  sanity  (has 
lost  his,  is  restored  to,  r.) ;  sense,  sensible  con- 
duct, what  is  right  or  practical  or  practicable, 
moderation,  (without  rhyme  or  r.;  bring  to  r., 
induce  to  cease  from  vain  resistance ;  will  do 
anything  in  r.,  within  the  bounds  of  modera- 
tion ;  it  stands  to  r.,  cannot  be  denied  without 
paradox,  would  be  generally  admitted ;  hear 
or  listen  to  r.,  suffer  oneself  to  be  persuaded  ; 
as  r.  was,  as  good  sense  bade ;  have  r.  archaic 
or  transl.  of  F,  be  right ;  there  is  r.  in  what  you 
say).  Hence  rea'sonLESS  a.  [f.  OF  raisun  f. 
L  rationem  (reri  rat-  consider,  -ion)] 

rea'son  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Use  argument  with  per- 
son by  way  of  persuasion ;  form  or  try  to  reach 
conclusions  by  connected  thought  silent  or  ex- 
pressed (from  premisses ;  about,  of,  upon,  sub- 
ject), whence  pea'sonER1  n.;  discuss  what, 
whether,  why,  &c;  conclude,  assume  as  step 
in  argument,  say  by  way  of  argument,  that  (or 
parenth.) ;  express  in  logical  or  argumentative 
form  (a  reasoned  exposition,  manifesto,  article); 
persuade  by  argument  out  of,  into  (tried  to  r. 
him  out  of  his  fears ;  reasoned  himself  into 
perplexity) ;  think  out  (consequences  &c). 
Hence  pea'soniNG  *(1)  n.  [f.  OF  raisoner  f.  LL 
rationare  (prec.)] 

rea'sonable,  a.  Endowed  with  reason, 
reasoning,  (rare);  sound  of  judgment,  sensible, 
moderate,  not  expecting  too  much,  ready  to 
listen  to  reason ;  agreeable  to  reason,  not  ab- 
surd, within  the  limits  of  reason,  not  greatly 
less  or  more  than  might  be  expected,  inexpen- 
sive, not  extortionate,  tolerable,  fair.  Hence 
rea'sonableNESS  n.,  pea'sonabLY2  adv. 
[f.  OF  raisonable  (reason  \  -able)] 

reassemble,  see  re-  9;  reassert,  re- 
assess &c,  reassign,  re-  8;  reassume 
&c,  reassure  &c,  re-  9. 

Reaumur  (F),  name  of  French  physicist  ap- 
pended (abbr.  R.)  to  readings  of  the  thermo- 
meter introduced  by  him  with  freezing-point 
0°  &  boiling-point  80°  (a  temperature  of  more 
than  55°  R.  or  Reaumur). 

reave,  reive,  (rev),  v.i.  &  t.  (archaic,  poet.; 
reft).  Commit  ravages  (usu.  reive),  whence 
rei*vERi  n.;  forcibly  deprive  of  (esp.  in  p.p.) ; 
take  by  force,  carry  off,  (away,  from),  [com.- 
Teut.;  OE  riafinn,  cf.  Du.  rooven,  G  rauben] 

rebaptize  &c,  see  re-  8 ;  rebarbarize, 
re-  9. 

peba'te*.  v.t.  (archaic).  Diminish,  reduce 
force  or  effectof ;  blunt,  dull.    [f.  OF  rabattre 

(RE-  5,  ABATE)J 

reba'te  2,  n.  Deduction  from  sum  to  be  paid, 
discount,  drawback,     [f.  F  rabat  (prec.)] 

rebate  3  (ra'bit,  riba't),  n.,  &  v.t.   =  rabbet. 

re'beek,  n.  Medieval  three-stringed  instru- 
ment, early  form  of  fiddle,  [f.  F  rebec  var.  of 
OF  rebebe  f.  Arab,  rebab] 

re/bel  \  n.  Person  who  rises  in  arms  against, 
resists,  or  refuses  allegiance  to,  the  established 
government;  person  or  thing  that  resists  au- 
thority or  control;  (attrib.)  rebellious,  of  rr.,  in 
rebellion.  Torig.  a.  &  n.;  the  pred.  a.  use  now 
obs. ;  f.  Frebelle  t.  L  rcbellis  (re-  2,  bellum  war)] 

rebel 2,  v.i.  (-11-).  Act  as  r.  (against);  feel  or 
manifest  repugnance  to  some  custom  &c.  (a- 


\_ ___ RECEDE 

gainst),     [f.  F  rebeller  f.  L  RE-2(bellare  make 
war)  revolt] 

rebe'llion,  n.  Organized  armed  resistance 
to  established  government  (the  Great  R.,  period 
of  English  history  1642-60) ;  open  resistance  to 
any  authority,    [f.  F  rebellion  f.  L  rebellioncm 

(REBEL  !,  -ION)] 

rebellious  (-yus),  a.  In  rebellion,  disposed 
to  rebel,  insubordinate,  defying  lawful  autho- 
rity;  (of  diseases,  things)  difficult  to  treat,  un- 
manageable, refractory.  Hence  rebellious- 
ly2  adv.,  rebe'lliousNESs  n.  [as  rebel1  or 
prec.  +  -ous] 

rebe'llow,  v.i.  &  t.  Re-echo  loudly,  [re-  6 ; 
after  L  RE-6(6oare  bellow)] 

rebind,  see  re-  9;  rebirth  &c,  rebite, 

RE- 8. 

re'boant,  a.  (poet.).  Rebellowing,  resound- 
ing, re-echoing,  [f.  L  reboare  rebellow,  -ant] 

rebou'nd1,  v.i.  Spring  back  after  impact; 
have  reactive  effect,  recoil  upon  agent,  (our 
evil  example  will  r.  upon  ourselves),  [f.  OF 
rebonder  (re-  1,  bound3)] 

rebou'nd2,  n.  Act  of  rebounding,  recoil; 
reaction  after  emotion  (take  one  on  or  at  the  r., 
utilize  such  reaction  to  persuade  him  to  con- 
trary action  &c. ).    [f .  prec.  ] 

rebu'fT,  n.,  &  v.t.  Check  given  to  one  who 
makes  advances,  proffers  help  or  sympathy, 
shows  interest  or  curiosity,  makes  request,  &c, 
repulse,  snub ;  (vb)  give  r.  to.  [f.  obs.  F  re- 
buffed) f.  It.  ribuffo,  ribuffare,  (re- 2,  buffo  puff)] 

rebuild.    See  re-  8. 

rebu'ke,  v.t.,  &  n.  Reprove,  reprimand, 
censure  authoritatively;  hence  rebu'king'- 
ly  2  adv.  ( Vb)  rebuking  or  being  rebuked  ;  a 
reproof,  [f.  ONF  re-  5(buker = OF  bucher  beat)] 

re*bus,n.  Enigmatic  representation  of  name, 
word,  &c.,by  pictures  &c.  suggesting  its  sylla- 
bles, [prob.  =abl.  pi.  of  L  res  thing  ;  origin  of 
sense  (in  F  &  E)  doubtful] 

rebu't,  v.t.  (-U-).  Force  or  turn  back,  give 
check  to  ;  refute,  disprove,  (evidence,  charge), 
whence  rebu*ttAL(2),  rebu'tMENT,  rebu't- 
tER4,  nn.    [f.  OF  be- 9(buter  butt4)] 

recalcitrate,  v.i.  Kick  against  or  at  rules 
&c,  refuse  compliance,  be  refractory.  So  re- 
ea*leitPANT(l)  a.  &  n.,  reea'leitrANCE,  re- 
ealeitrATiON,  nn.  [f.  L  re-  2(calcitrare  strike 
with  heel  f.  calx  -cis  heel),  -ate3] 

reeale'sce  (-es),  v.i.  Grow  hot  again  (esp. 
in  techn.  use  of  iron  allowed  to  cool  from  white 
heat,  which  recovers  heat  at  certain  point  for 
short  time).  Hence  recale'scENCE  n.  [f.  L 
re-  9(calescere  grow  hot)] 

reea'll1  (-awl),  v.t.  Summon  back  from  a 
place  or  from  different  occupation,  inattention, 
digression,  &c;  cancel  appointment  of  (official 
sent  to  distance,  esp.  overseas) ;  bring  back  to 
memory,  serve  as  reminder  of,  recollect,  re- 
member; revive,  resuscitate;  revoke,  annul, 
(action,  decision),  take  back  (gift).  Hence  pe- 
ca'llABLE  a.    [re-  9] 

peea'll2,  n.  Summons  to  come  back;  can- 
celling of  appointment  abroad ;  signal  to  ship 
&c.  to  return ;  possibility  of  recalling  esp.  in 
sense  of  annulling  (esp.  beyond,  past,  r. ).   [re-  9] 

reea'nt,  v.t.  &  i.  Withdraw  &  renounce 
(opinion,  statement,  &c.)  as  erroneous  or  here- 
tical ;  disavow  former  opinion,  esp.  with  public 
confession  of  error.  Hence  pecantA'TiON  n. 
[f.  L  re-  Kcantare  sing)  revoke] 

recapitulate  &c,  see  re- 8;  peeaptupe, 
re- 9;  recast,  re- 8. 

rece'de,  v.i.  Go  or  shrink  back  or  further 
off;  be  left  by  observer's  motion  at  increasing 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


RECEIPT 6 

distance ;  slope  backwards ;  withdraw  {from 
engagement,  opinion,  &c);  decline  in  character 
or  value,    [f.  L  re-  5(cedere  go)] 

reeeip*t  (-et),  n.,  &  v.t.  =  recipe  ;  amount  of 
money  received  ;  fact  or  action  of  receiving  or 
being  received  into  person's  hands  or  possession 
(on  r.  of  a  postal  order  for  1/-  the  goods  will  be 
sent ;  beg  to  acknowledge  r.  of  your  book ;  en- 
trusted with  the  r.  of  subscriptions),  written 
acknowledgment  of  such  r.  esp.  of  payment  of 
sum  due ;  (archaic)  place  where  money  is  offi- 
cially received,  esp.  r.  of  custom,  custom-house ; 
(vb)  write  or  print  r.  on  (bill).  |ME  receit  f. 
ONF  receite  f.  L  recepta  fern.  p. p.  of  recipere 
receive  w.  -p-  inserted  on  L] 

pecei've  (-ev),  v.t.  Accept  delivery  of,  take 
(proffered  thing)  into  one's  hands  or  possession, 
{Lord,  r.  my  soul,  dying  man's  prayer ;  r.  stolen 
goods,  as  thief's  accomplice ;  r.  person's  con- 
fession, oath,  consent  to  hear ;  r.  a  petition, 
take  it  to  consider ;  r.  the  sacrament,  eat  & 
drink  the  bread  &  wine,  also  abs.  as  attend 
without  receiving);  bearup  against,  stand  force 
or  weight  of,  encounter  with  opposition,  (re- 
ceived his  body  in  their  hands  ;  arch  receives 
weight  of  roof;  received  the  sword-point  with 
his  shield  ;  prepare  to  r.  cavalry,  order  to  in- 
fantry); admit,  consent  or  prove  able  to  hold, 
provide  accommodation  for,  submit  to,  serve 
as  receptacle  of,  {had  to  r.  the  visits,  attentions, 
of;  r.  an  impression,  stamp,  mark,  &c,  be 
marked  lit.  or  fig.  more  or  less  permanently 
with  it ;  sensitive  paper  receives  the  record  of 
signals ;  the  basin  that  received  his  blood  ;  the 
house  received  a  new  guest ;  hole  large  enough 
to  r.  two  men ;  fitted  to  r.  the  knowledge  of  God ; 
has  received  our  yoke ;  town  receives  a  French 
garrison;  was  received  into  the  Church,  ad- 
mitted to  membership);  entertain  as  guest, 
greet,  welcome,  give  specified  reception  to, 
(shall  not  be  received  at  my  house  ;  he  that  re- 
ceiveth  me  receiveth  him  that  sent  me ;  you  stay 
here  <fr  r.  him ;  how  did  she  r.  his  offer  ? ;  was 
received  with  cries  of  Judas ;  news  was  received 
with  horror ;  Ir.  it  as  certain,  as  a  prophecy, 
regard  it  in  that  light),  (abs.)  r.  company,  hold 
reception ;  give  credit  to,  accept  as  true,  (an 
axiom  universally  received ;  they  r.  not  our  re- 
port), whence  peeei*VED  *a. ;  acquire,  get,  come 
by,  be  given  or  provided  with,  have  sent  to  or 
conferred  or  inflicted  on  one,  (have  not  yet  re- 
ceived my  dividend ;  r.  a  letter,  news ;  a  window 
that  ha<i  not  received  a  frame ;  r.  the  name  of 
John;  r.  Christ  in  baptism,  have  Christian 
character  conferred ;  pleasant  to  r.  sympathy; 
deserves  more  attention  than  it  receives ;  r.  or- 
ders to  march ;  received  many  insults,  a  thrust, 
a  broken  jaw,  the  contents  of  his  pistol) ;  par- 
take of.  Hence  pecei'VABLE  a.  [f.  ONF  re- 
ceivre  f.  L  re-  9(cipere  =  capere  take)  recover] 

peeei*vep,n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  person  ap- 
pointed by  court  to  administer  property  of 
bankrupt  or  property  under  litigation,  whence 
pecei*vei»SHiP  n.;  person  who  receives  stolen 
goods,  fence;  receptacle  &c.  for  receiving 
something  in  machine  or  instrument,    [-er  x] 

reee'nsion,  n.  Revision  of,  revised,  text, 
[f.  L  recensio  f.  re-  8(censere  -cens-  review)] 

pe'cent,  a.  Not  long  past,  that  happened  or 
existed  lately,  late  ;  not  long  established,  lately 
begun,  modern.  Hence  pe'CENC y  n. ,  pe'cent- 
ly2  adv.,  pe'centNESS  n.    [f.  L  recens  -entis) 

pece'ptacle,  n.  Containing  vessel,  place,  or 
space ;  (Bot.)  common  base  of  floral  organs,  axis 
of  cluster,  [f.  L  receptaculum  (recept-  p.p.  st. 
of  recipere  receive)] 

pece'ption  (-shn),  n.  Receiving  or  being  re- 
ceived (rare  in  gen.  sense);  receiving  esp.  of  per- 


9 RECIPROCATE 

son,  being  received,  into  a  place  or  company  {the 
rooms  were  prepared  for  his  r.;  was  honoured 
by  r.  into  the  Academy;  r.  order,  authorizing 
r.  of  lunatic  in  asylum);  formal  or  ceremonious 
welcome  (the  r.  of  the  delegates  is  arranged  for 
Monday  next),  occasion  of  receiving  guests,  as- 
sembly held  for  this  purpose,  (after  the  review 
there  will  be  ar.;  r.  room,  used  forrr.);  receiv- 
ing of  ideas  or  impressions  into  the  mind  (has 
a  great  faculty  ofr. ,  bu  t  little  origina  tive  power) ; 
(rare)  mental  acceptance,  recognition  of  some- 
thing as  true  or  advisable,  (the  general  r.  of  the 
Newtonian  hypothesis);  welcome  or  greeting  of 
specified  kind,  demonstration  of  feeling  towards 
person  or  project,  (warm  r.,  vigorous  resistance 
or  enthusiastic  welcome ;  his  r.  was  frigid,  all 
that  he  could  desire ;  proposal,  book,  had  a 
favourable  r.).    [f.  L  receptio  (as  prec,  -ion)] 

pece'ptive,  a.  Able  or  quick  to  receive  im- 
pressions or  ideas  {a  mind  more  r.  than  reten- 
tive or  creative);  (rare)  concerned  with  receiv- 
ing. Hence  pece*ptiveLY2adv.,  pece'ptive- 
ness,  p©ceptl*viTY,  nn.  [f.  med.L  receptivus 
(as  prec,  -ive)1 

pece'ss,  n.,  &  v.t.  Temporary  cessation  from 
work,  vacation,  esp.  of  Parliament ;  receding  of 
water,  land,  glacier,  &c,  from  previous  limit, 
amount  by  which  it  recedes,  recession,  (rare) ; 
retired  or  secret  place  (in  the  inmost  rr.  of  the 
Alps,  of  the  heart);  receding  part  of  mountain 
chain  &c,  niche  or  alcove  of  wall ;  (Anat.)  fold 
or  indentation  in  organ.  (Vb)  place  in  a  r.,  set 
back ;  provide  with  recess(es).  [f.  L  recessus 
(recess-  p.p.  st.  of  RECEDEre)] 

pece'ssion,  n.  Receding,  withdrawal,  from 
a  place  or  point;  receding  part  of  object,  recess. 
So  pece'ssivE  a.    [f.  L  recessio  (as  prec,  -ion)] 

pece'ssional,  a.  &  n.  R.  hymn  or  r..  hymn 
sung  while  clergy  &  choir  withdraw  after  ser- 
vice ;  of  the  parliamentary  recess.    [-aiJ 

Re*chabite(-k-),n.  Total  abstainer.  [Rechab, 
see  Jer.  xxxv.  6,  -ite  Ml)] 

recharge.    See  re-  9. 

rechauffe*  (reshofa*,  risho'fa),  n.  Warmed- 
up  dish  ;  rehash  (re>  8).    [F] 

recherche  (reshar'sha),  a.  Devised  or  got 
with  care  or  difficulty,  choice,  far-fetched, 
thought  out,  (esp.  of  meals  or  words).    (FJ 

pechristerio    See  re-  8. 

peci'divist,  n.  One  who  relapses  into  crime. 
So  peci'diviSM  n.  [f.  F  ricidiviste  f.  L  recidi- 
vus  f.  re-  %cidere  =  cadere  fall),  -ive,  -ist] 

pe'cipe,  n.  Medical  prescription  or  remedy- 
prepared  from  it ;  statement  of  ingredients  & 
procedure  for  preparing  dish  &c;  expedient, 
nostrum,  device  for  effecting  something.  [2nd 
sing,  imperat.  as  used  (abbr.  R)  in  prescriptions 
of  L  recipere  receive] 

recipient,  a.  &  n.  Receptive,  whence  pe- 
ci'piENCY  n. ;  person  who  receives  something, 
[f.  L  recipere  receive,  -ent] 

peei'ppocal,  a.  &  n.  In  return  (if  Ihelped 
him,  I  had  r.  help  from  him) ;  mutual  (r.  love, 
protection,  injuries) ;  inversely  correspondent, 
complementary,  (I  took  the  chamois  for  a  man, 
&  it  made  the  r.  mistake) ;  (Gram.)  expressing 
mutual  action  or  relation  ('each  other'  is  a  r. 
pronoun),  (formerly  also)  reflexive ;  hence  pe- 
ei'ppocalLY  2 adv.  (N.,  math.)  function  or  ex- 
pression so  related  to  another  that  their  product 
is  unity  (1/5  is  the  r.  of  5).  [f.  L  reciprocus  (prob. 
f.  re-  back  &  pro  forward),  -al] 

peci'ppocate,  v.t.  &  i.  (Mech. )  go  with  alter- 
nate backward  &  forward  motion  (reciprocat- 
ing engine  &c,  with  work  done  by  part  that 
moves  thus,  opp.  rotatory  see  rotate  2).  give 
such  motion  to ;  give  &  receive  mutually,  in- 
terchange, (influence   &c.) ;   return,    requite, 


RECIPROCITY 


700 


RECONCILE 


(affection  &c),  make  a  return  (often  with  thing 
given  in  return).  SoreeiproeA'TiON  n.  If.  L 
reciprocare  (prec.),  -ate3] 

reciprocity,  n.  Reciprocal  condition,  mu- 
tual action  ;  principle  or  practice  of  give-&- 
take,  esp.  interchange  of  privileges  between 
States  as  basis  of  commercial  relations,  [f.  F 
reciprocity  (reciprocal,  -itv)] 

reei'tal,  n.  Detailed  account  of  a,  number  of 
connected  things  or  facts,  relation  of  the  facts 
of  an  incident  &c.,  a  narrative  ;  part  of  docu- 
ment stating  facts ;  act  of  reciting ;  instru- 
mental musical  performance  by,  or  of  works  of, 
one  man.    [recite,  -al] 

recitative  (ev),  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Musical  de- 
clamation of  kind  usual  in  narrative  &  dialogue 
parts  of  opera  &  oratorio ;  words,  part,  given  in 
r.;  (vb)  perform  (t.  &  i.)  in  r.  [f.  It.  recitativo 
(foil.,  -IVE)] 

recite,  v.t  &  i.  Repeat  aloud  or  declaim 
(poem,  passage)  from  memory  esp.  before  audi- 
ence, give  recitation  (reciting-note,  that  held  on 
for  indefinite  number  of  syllables  in  chanting); 
(Law)  rehearse  (facts)  in  document ;  mention 
in  order,  enumerate.  So  reeitA"riON  n.  [f.  L 
re-  8(citare  cite)] 

reei'ter,  n.  Person  who  recites;  book  of 
passages  for  recitation,    [-er  j] 

recivilize  &c.    See  re-  9. 

reck,  v.i.  &t.  (rhet.,  poet.;  in  neg.  &  interrog. 
sentences  only).  R.  of,  pay  heed  to,  take  ac- 
count of,  care  about;  care,  be  troubled,  concern 
oneself,  {if,  though,  that,  how,  whether,  &c,  or 
abs.;  also  impers.  with  same  construction  fol- 
lowing, as  what  recks  it  him  that ...?).  fcom.- 
Teut;  OE  reccan,cf.  OHG  ruohen,  ON  rxkja] 

re'ckless,  a.  Devoid  of  caution,  regardless 
of  consequences,  rash  ;  heedless  of  danger  &c. 
Hence  re'ckless r.v  2  adv.,  re'cklessNESS  n. 
IOE  reccelias  (prec,  -less)] 

re'ckon  (-kn),  v.t  &  i.  Ascertain  (number,  a- 
mount),  ascertain  number  or  amount  of,  by 
counting  or  usu.  by  calculation,  compute;  start 
from,  go  on  fo,  in  counting  t.  &  i.;  count  up, 
sum  wp  character  of ;  arrive  at  as  total  (/  r.  53 
of  them) ;  include  in  computation,  count  in, 
place  in  class  among  or  with  or  in,  take  for,  re- 
gard as,  consider  to  be  (or  with  obj.  &  compl.  as 
r.  himwise,beyond redemption);  conclude  after 
calculation,  be  of  the  confident  opinion,  {that ; 
also,  chiefly  U.S.,  parenth.,  cf.  calculate,  guess); 
make  calculations,  cast  up  account  or  sum,  (r. 
without  one's  host2),  settle  accounts  with  per- 
son ;  rely  or  count  or  base  plans  upon.  [OE 
(ge)recenian,  cf.  MDu.  rekenen,  G  rechnen; 
cogn.  w.  reck] 

re'ckoner  (-kn-),  n.     In  vbl  senses;  esp., 

READY  r.     [-ER1] 

reckoning  (-kn-),  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.: 
tavern  bill ;  day  of  r.,  time  when  something 
must  be  atoned  for  or  avenged  ;  dead?\;  out 
in  one's  r.,  mistaken  in  a  calculation  or  expecta- 
tion.   [-ING1] 

reclai'm,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Win  back  or  away 
from  vice  or  error  or  savagery  or  waste  con- 
dition, reform,  tame,  civilize,  bring  under  cul- 
tivation, whence  reclai'm  able  a.;  make  pro- 
test, say  in  protest,  (rare) ;  so  reclame  no x 
n.  (N.)  reclaiming,  reclamation,  (rare,  chiefly 
in  past  or  beyond  r.).  [f.  OF  reclamerf.  L  re-  2- 
(clamare  shout)  cry  out  against] 

reclame  (re'klahm),  n.  Art  or  practice  by 
which  notoriety  is  secured.    [Fl 

re'clinate  (-at),  a.  (bot).  Bending  down- 
wards,   [f.  L  reclinatus  (foil.,  -ate 2)] 

recli'ne,  v.t.  &  i.    Lay  (esp.  one's  head,  body, 


limbs)  in  more  or  less  horizontal  or  recumbent 

gosition  (p.p.,  of  person,  lying  thus) ;  assume  or 
e  in  recumbent  position,  lie  or  lean,  sit  with 
back  or  side  supported  at  considerable  inclina- 
tion ;  (fig.)  rely  confidently  upon.  [f.  L  recti- 
nare  (re-  9),  see  decline  l] 

reclothe.    See  re-  8. 

reclu'se  (-loos),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  given  to  or 
living  in  seclusion  or  retirement  or  isolation  esp. 
as  religious  discipline,  hermit,  anchorite  or 
anchoress.  [F  (-us,  -use)  p.p.  of  reclure  f.  L 
re-  i(cludere  =  claudere  shut)] 

recoal,  reeoat.    See  re-  8. 

recog-ni'tion,  n.  In  vbl  senses  (recognize). 
So  reco'grnitORY  a.  (rare),    [f.  L  recognitio 

(RECOGNIZE,  -ION)] 

recdgrnizance,  n.  Bond  by  which  person 
engages  before  court  or  magistrate  to  observe 
some  condition,  e.  g.  to  keep  the  peace,  pay  a 
debt,  or  appear  when  summoned ;  sum  pledged 
as  surety  for  such  observance,  [f.  OF  reconuis- 
sance  (reconoistre  recognize,  -ance)] 

re'cog-nize(-gn-),  v.t.  Acknowledge  validity 
or  genuineness  or  character  or  claims  or  exis- 
tence of,  accord  notice  or  consideration  to,  dis- 
cover or  realize  nature  of,  treat  as,  acknowledge 
for,  realize  or  admit  that ;  know  again,  identify 
as  known  before.  Hence  re'eognizABLE  a., 
reeog,nizaBi,LiTY  n.,  re'eog-nizabLY2  adv. 
[f .  OF  reconuiss-  part,  st.  of  reconoistre  f.  L  re-  8- 
(cognoscere  -gnitum  learn),  w.  assim.  to  -ize] 

recoi'l,  v.i.,  &  n.  Retreat  before  enemy  (now 
rare) ;  start  or  spring  back,  shrink  mentally,  in 
fear  or  horror  or  disgust ;  rebound  after  impact, 
(of  fire-arms)be  driven  backwards  by  discharge, 
kick  ;  (n.)  act  or  fact  or  sensation  of  recoiling, 
[n.  f.  vb,  f.  OF  reculer  (re-  9,  cul  the  posterior 
f.  L  cuius)] 

recoin  &c.    See  re-  8. 

recolle'ct,  v.t.  Succeedin  remembering,  re- 
call to  mind,  remember.  If.  p.p.  st.  of  L  re-  8- 
(colligere  collect2)] 

recolle'ction,  n.  Act,  power,  of  recollect- 
ing; thing  recollected,  reminiscence;  person's 
memory,  time  over  which  it  extends,  (it  is  i?i 
my  r.  that,  I  remember  that ;  happened  within 
my  r.).  So  reeolle'ctiVE  a.  [f.  med.hrecol- 
lectio  (prec,  -ion)] 

recolonize  &c,  recolour,  recombine 
&c,  see  re-  8 ;  recomfort,  re-  9 ;  recom- 
mence &c,  re-  8. 

recommend,  v.t.  Give  (oneself,  one's  spirit, 
a  child,  &c.)  in  charge  to  God  or  a  person  or  his 
care  &c;  speak  or  write  of  or  suggest  as  fit  for 
employment  or  favour  or  trial  (to  person,  or 
with  ind.  obj.  as  can  your,  me  a  cook,abook  ?; 
as  servant  &c;  for  post);  (of  qualities,  conduct, 
&c.)  make  acceptable,  serve  as  recommenda- 
tion of ;  advise  (course  of  action  or  treatment, 
person  to  do,  that  thing  should  be  done).  Hence 
or  cogn.  recommendA'TiON  n.,  reeom- 
me'ndABLE,  recomme'ndatoRY,  aa.  [f. 
med.L  re-  5(commendare  commend)] 

recommit  &c.    See  re-  8. 

recompense,  v.t.,  &  n.  Requite,  reward  or 
punish,(person,  action,  person/or  action,  action 
to  person  or  with  ind.  obj.);  make  amends  to 
(person)  or  for  (another's  loss,  injury,  &c,  or 
rarely  one's  own  misconduct).  (N.)  reward,  re- 
quital, atonement  or  satisfaction  given  for  in- 
jury, retribution,  [f.  OF  recompenser  f.  LL 
re-  Mcompensare  compensate)] 

recompose,  recompound.    See  re-  8. 

re*eoncile,v.t.  Make  friendly  after  estrange- 
ment (persons  to  one  another,  person  to  or  with 
another,  person  to  oneself) ;  purify  (consecrated 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


RECONDITE 


70i 


RECRUIT 


place  &c.)  by  special  service  after  desecration ; 
make  resigned  or  contentedly  submissive  (to 
disagreeables,  to  doing,  or  abs.;  usu.  in  pass.) ; 
heal,  compose,  (quarrel  &c.) ;  harmonize,  make 
compatible,  show  compatibility  of  by  argument 
or  in  practice,  (apparently  conflicting  facts, 
statements,  qualities,  actions,  or  one  such  with 
or  &  or  rarely  to  another).  Hence  or  cogn.  re'- 
concilABLE  a.,  peconcilaBrLiTY,  re'con- 
eile.MENT,  poconciliA'Tiox,  nn.  [f.  L  re- 9- 
(conciliare  conciliate)] 

recondite  (or  -ko--),  a.  (Of  subjects  of  know- 
ledge) abstruse,  out  of  the  way,  little  known  ; 
(of  author  or  style)  dealing  in  r.  knowledge  or 
allusion,  obscure.  Hence  re'eonditeLY2  adv., 
re'conditeNESS  n.  [f.  L  re-  i(conditus  p.p. 
of  condere  hide)] 

reconduct.    See  re- 9. 

reconnaissance  (-tsans),  n.  Military  or 
naval  examination  of  tract  by  detachment  to 
locate  enemy  or  ascertain  strategic  features 
(r.  in  force,  made  by  strong  party) ;  reconnoi- 
tring party ;  preliminary  survey  made  by  any- 
one for  any  purpose.  [F  (earlier  -oissance),  as 
foil.,  -ance] 

reeonnortre  (-ter),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Make  re- 
connaissance of  (enemy,  district),  approach  & 
try  to  learn  position  &  condition  &c.  of ;  make 
reconnaissance.  Hence  reeonnoi'trER *  n. 
[f.  F  reconnoitre  f.  L  recognoscere  recognize] 

reconquer  &c. ,  see  re-  9 ;  reconsider  &c. , 
reconstitute  &c,  reconstruct  &c.,  re- 8; 
reconvert  &c,  re- 9. 

recor'd1,  v.t.  (Of  birds)  practise  (tune,  or  abs. ) 
by  singing  in  an  undertone ;  register,  set  down 
for  remembrance  or  reference,  put  in  writing 
or  other  legible  shape,  represent  in  some  per- 
manent form,  (his  thoughts  have  been  recorded 
for  us  by  himself,  his  features  by  Watts,  &  his 
voice  by  the  phonograph ;  recording  angel,  who 
registers  men's  good  &  bad  actions ;  minimum 
thermometer  recorded  1(P  below  zero).  Hence 
recor'dABLE  a.  [f.  OF  recorder  f.  hrecordare 
(cl.  -ari)  remember  (re-,  cor  heart)] 

re'cord2,  n.  State  of  being  recorded  or  pre- 
served in  writing  esp.  as  authentic  legal  evi- 
dence (is  on  r.,  legally  or  otherwise  recorded; 
matttr  of  r.,  something  established  as  fact  by 
being  recorded ;  court  ofr.,  whose  proceedings 
are  recorded  &  valid  as  evidence  of  fact) ;  offi- 
cial report  of  proceedings  &  judgment  in  cause 
before  court  of  r.,  copy  of  pleadings  &c.  consti- 
tuting case  to  be  decided  by  court  (travel  out  of, 
keep  to,  the  r.,  introduce,  abstain  from  intro- 
ducing, irrelevant  matter) ;  piece  of  recorded 
evidence  or  information,  account  of  fact  pre- 
served in  permanent  form,  document  or  monu- 
ment preserving  it,  object  serving  as  memorial 
of  something,  portrait  &c,  series  of  marks  &c. 
given  by  recording  instrument  or  plate  &c.  con- 
taining these  (second-hand  gramophone  rr.  for 
sale);  facts  known  about  person's  past  (has  an 
honourable  r.  of  service ;  his  r.  is  against  him); 
best  performance  or  most  remarkable  event  of 
its  kind  on  r.  (break  or  beat  the  r.,  outdo  all  pre- 
decessors).   [OF  (prec)l 

pecop'dep1,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  city  or 
borough  magistrate  with  criminal  &  civil  juris- 
diction &  holding  court  of  Quarter-sessions, 
whence  reeor'dersHiP  n. ;  recording-appa- 
ratus in  instruments ;  obsolete  instrument  of 
flute  kind  [record  \  1st  sense].    [-er2(4),  -er1] 

reeou'nt1  (-ow-),  v.t.  Narrate,  tell  in  detail. 
[f.  ONF  re-  8(conter  count2)] 

pe-eou'nt2.    See  re- 8. 

pecou'p  <-oop),  v.t  &  i.  (Law)  deduct,  keep 
back,  (part  of  sum  due),  make  such  deduction ; 
compensate  (person  loss,  person  for  loss,  loss ; 


r.  oneself,  recover  what  one  has  expended  or 
lost).  Hence  reeou'pMENT  n,  [f.  F  re-  o(cou- 
per  cut,  see  coup)] 

recourse  (-ors),  n.  Resorting  or  betaking  of 
oneself  to  possible  source  of  help  (r.  to  brandy 
is  deprecated  ;  usu.  in  phr.  have  r.  to,  adopt  as 
adviser,  helper,  or  expedient) ;  thing  resorted 
to  (rare ;  their  usual  r.  is  perjury),  [f .  F  recours 
f.  L  RE-9(cwrsws  course  1)] 

reeo*ver*  (-ku-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Regain  pos- 
session or  use  or  control  of,  acquire  or  find  (out) 
again,  reclaim,  (has  recovered  his  kingdom,  his 
friends'  affection,  the  meaning  of  the  hiero- 
glyphs,  the  track,  health,  his  appetite,  his  voice, 
much  land  from  the  sea ;  r.  oneself,  regain  con- 
sciousness or  calmness  or  control  of  limbs  or 
senses;  horse  recovers  itself  after  stumble-;  r. 
one's  legs,  stand  up  after  fall) ;  secure  restitu- 
tion or  compensation ,  secure  (damages),  by  legal 
process  (plaintiff  shall  r.  according  to  verdict; 
his  remedy  is  to  r.  in  a  court  of  law ;  an  action 
to  r.  damages  for  false  imprisonment) ;  bring 
or  come  back  to  life,  consciousness,  health,  or 
normal  state  or  position  (he  recovered  slowly  ; 
the  mention  of  a  bucket  of  water  recovered  her; 
I  recovered  the  heat  of  his  body  with  fomenta- 
tions ;  corpse  cannot  be  recovered  to  life  ;  re- 
covered me  from  a  lingering  illness  ;  am  quite 
recovered  from  my  cold ;  sat  down  to  r.  from 
his  agitation ;  r.  sword,  bring  it  back  after 
thrust  &c.);  retrieve,  make  up  for,  get  over, 
cease  to  feel  effects  of,  (must  try  to  r.  lost  time ; 
never  recovered  the  blow,  his  losses,  this  faux 
pas);  make  one's  way  back  to  (rare ;  recovered 
the  shore  with  difficulty);  hence  reco'verABLE 
a.  (N.)  position  to  which  sword  &c.  is  brought 
back  in  fencing  or  drill,  act  of  coming  to  this, 
[f.  OF  recovrer  f.  L  recuperare  recuperate] 

re-cover2.    See  re- 8. 

reco'very,  n.  Act  or  process  of  recover  !- 
ing  or  being  recovered,  [f.  OF  recovree  (re- 
cover!, -y*)] 

re-creant,  a.  &  n.  (rhet,  poet).  Craven, 
coward(ly),  apostate.  Hence  pe'cpeANCV  n., 
pe'creantL y  2  adv.  [OF,  part,  of  re-  6(croire 
f.  L  credere  entrust)  yield  in  trial  by  combat] 

re'create ],  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  pastime,  relaxation, 
holiday,  employment,  &c,  or  refl.  of  person  in- 
dulging in  them)  refresh,  entertain,  agreeably 
occupy,  (it  recreates  him  to  invent  histories  for 
his  neighbours  ;  recreates  himself  with  cricket, 
climbing,  lying  in  a  hammock,  political  argu- 
ment); amuse  oneself,  indulge  in  recreation. 
Hence  recreA'TiON  n.,  re'ereATiVE  a.  If.  L 
re-  8(creare  create),  -ate  3] 

re-create  2  &c.    See  re-  8. 

re'erement,  n.  Waste  product,  refuse,  (now 
rare) ;  (Physiol.)  fluid  separated  from  blood  & 
again  absorbed  in  it,  e.g.  saliva,  bile.  Hence 
recrement i  tio  us  *  a.  [f .  L  re-  5(crementum 
f.  cernere  cret-  sift,  -ment)] 

recri'minate,  v.i.  Retort  accusation,  in- 
dulge in  mutual  or  counter  charges.  Hence  or 
cogn.  reeriminATiON  n.,  reerrminATiVE, 
reeri'minatoRY,  aa.  [f.  med.L  re-  l(crimi- 
nari  accuse  f.  crimen  crime)] 

recross.    See  re-  9. 

recrudesce,  v.i.  (Of  sore,  disease,  &c,  or 
fig.  of  discontent  &c.)  break  out  again.  Hence 
recrudE'scENT  a.,  recrude'scENCE  n.  [f.  L 
re-  8(crudescere  f.  crudus  raw,  see  -escent)] 

recrui't  *  (-oot),  n.  Newly  enlisted  &  not  yet 
trained  soldier ;  person  who  joins  a  society  &c. ; 
tiro  (often  raw  r.).  [earlier  sense  reinforce* 
ment,  f.  obs.  F  recrute=recrue  fern.  p.p.  of  re-  8- 
(croitre,  OF  creistre,  f.  L  crescere  increase)] 

recrui't2,  v.t.  &  i.  Enlist  rr.  for  (army,  regi- 
ment, crew,  society,  party),  enlist  (person)  as  r., 


RECTAL 


702 


RED 


get  or  seek  rr.  (esp.  recruiting-sergeant);  re- 
plenish, fill  up  deficiencies  or  compensate  wear 
&  tear  in,  refresh,  reinvigorate  ;  (seek  to)  re- 
cover health  &c.  (has  gone  to  the  country  to  r.), 
whence  peepui*tAL(2)  n.  Hence  peepui't- 
ment  n.    [f.  F  recruter  (obs.  recrute,  see  prec.)] 

pe'ctal,  a.    Of  or  by  the  rectum,    [-al] 

rectangle,  n.  Plane  rectilinear  four-sided 
figure  with  four  right  angles,  esp.  one  with  ad- 
jacent sides  unequal,  [f.  LL  rectiangulus  (rec- 
tus straight,  angle  *)  right-angled] 

pecta'ng-ulap,  a.  Shaped,  having  base  or 
sides  or  section  shaped,  like  rectangle ;  placed, 
having  parts  or  lines  placed,  at  right  angles. 
Hence  peetangula'PiT  y  n.,  pecta'ngulap- 
ly  2  ad  v.    [as  prec.  ,-ar1] 

peHJtif^,  v.t.  Put  right,  correct,  amend,  re- 
form, adjust,  (method,  calculation,  statement, 
position,  instrument) ;  abolish,  get  rid  of,  ex- 
change for  what  is  right,  (abuse,  anomaly,  error, 
omission,  grievance) ;  (Chem.)  purify  or  refine 
by  renewed  distillation  orotherprocess;(Geom.) 
find  straight  line  equal  to  (curve).  Hence  or 
cogn.  pe'ctifiABLE  a.,  pectiFicATiON,  pfe'eti- 
AerMI^),  nn.  [f.  F  rectifier  f.  LL  rectificare 
(L  rectus  right,  -FY)] 

pectili'neap,  -li'neal,  aa.  In  or  forming 
a  straight  line ;  bounded  or  characterized  by 
straight  lines.  Hence  pectilinea'PiTY  n., 
pectili'neaPLY2  adv.  [f.  LL  rectilineus  (L 
rectus  straight,  linea  line2),  -ar1,  -al] 

pe'etitude,  n.  Moral  uprightness,  righteous- 
ness; (rare)  correctness,  Tightness.  [F,  f.  LL 
rectitudo  (L  rectus  right,  -tude)] 

pe'eto,  n.  Right-hand  page  of  open  book; 
front  of  leaf  (opp.  verso),  [f.  L  recto  (folio)  on 
the  right  (leaf)] 

pe'ctOP  (-er),  n.  Parson  of  parish  whose  tithes 
are  not  impropriate  (cf.  vicar)  ;  head  of  uni- 
versity, college,  school,  or  religious  institution 
(esp.  abroad;  in  England  only  of  heads  of  Exeter 
&  Lincoln  Colleges,  Oxford ;  in  Scotland  of 
head  masters  of  secondary  schools  &c. ,  also,  usu. 
Lord  R.,ot  triennially  elected  presidents  of  uni- 
versities), whence  pe'etPESS1  n.  Hence  pe*e- 
toPATE  s  pe'ctopsHip,  nn.,  pectop'iAL  a.  [L, 
= ruler  (regere  rect-  rule,  -or2)] 

pe*ctopy,n.  Rector's  benefice;  rector's  house. 
[f.  med.L  rectoria  (prec,  -y  *)] 

rectum,  n.  Final  section  of  large  intestine, 
terminating  at  anus.  [f.  L  rectum  (intestinum) 
straight  (intestine)] 

reeu'mbent,  a.  Lying  down,  reclining. 
Hence  peeirmbENCY  n.,  reeu-mbentL v 2 
adv.    [f.  L  recumbere  (re- 9),  -ent] 

pecu-perate,  v.t.  &  i.  Restore,  be  restored 
or  recover,  from  exhaustion,  illness,  loss,  &c. 
So  peeupePATiON  n.,  peevrpePATiVE  a.  [f.  L 
recuperare,  recip-,  extended  form  of  recipere 

RECEIVE,  -ATE  3] 

reeup*,  v.i.  (-rr- ;  part,  -u'rring  or  -ur'ring). 
Go  back  in  thought  or  speech  to ;  (of  idea  &c) 
come  back  to  one's  mind  &c,  return  to  mind ; 
(of  problem  &c.)  come  up  again ;  occur  again, 
be  repeated,  (recurring  decimals,  figures  in 
I  decimal  fraction  that  r.  in  same  order  again  & 
again) ;  recurringcurve,  that  returns  upon  it- 
self, e.  g.  circle.  Hence  pecu'ppENCE  n.  [f.  L 
RE-  9(currere  run)] 

pecu*ppentw  a.  &  n.  (Of  nerve,  vein,  branch, 
&c.)  turning  back  so  as  to  reverse  direction ; 
occurring  again  or  often  or  periodically ;  hence 
recu'ppentLY  2  adv.  (N.)  r.  artery  or  nerve, 
esp.  one  of  the  two  r.  laryngeal  nerves,  [as 
prec,  -ent] 

Peeup-ve,  v.t.  &  i.    Bend  backwards.    So 


p6cup*vate2  a.,  pecup'vatURE  n.  [f.  L  re-  9- 
(curvare  bend)] 

pecu'sant  (-z-),  n.  &  a.  (Hist.)  (person)  who 
refused  to  attend  Church-of-England  services ; 
(person)  refusing  submission  to  authority  or 
compliance  with  regulation  (against).  Hence 
pgcu'sance,  -ancy,  nn.  [f.  hrecusare recuse] 
pecu'se  (-z),  v.t.  (now  rare).  Reject  (person, 
his  authority),  object  to  (judge)  as  prejudiced, 
[f.  L  recusare  (re-  2,  causa  cause)  refuse] 
red,  a.  &  n.  Of  or  approaching  the  colour 
seen  at  least  refracted  end  of  spectrum,  of 
shades  varying  from  crimson  to  bright  brown 
&  orange,  esp.  those  seen  in  blood,  sunset 
clouds,  rubies,  glowing  coals,  human  lips,  & 
fox's  hair,  (r.  as  a  rose  See. ;  blood,  fiery,  yellow- 
ish, deep,  &c,  -r.;  r.  with  anger  &c,  flushed  in 
face ;  with  r.  hands,  bloodstained ;  r.  gold 
archaic  &  poet,  real  gold,  money;  r.  cent  U.S., 
smallest  coin  orig.  of  copper,  esp.  don't  care  a 
r.  cent;  r.  eyes,  bloodshot,  or  with  lids  sore 
from  weeping,  also  of  bird  &c  with  r.  iris ;  as 
distinctive  epithet  with  many  varieties  of  ani- 
mal &  plant  &  mineral,  as  r.  deer,  partridge, 
mullet,  ant,  currant,  campion,  arsenic)  ; 
having  to  do  with  bloodshed,  burning,  violence, 
or  revolution  (r.  battle,  ruin,  vengeance ;  a  r. 
republican,  radical,  anarchist) ;  r.  admiral  ; 
r.  bark,  superior  kind  of  cinchona;  r.-blind, 
colour-blind  to  r.;  r.  box,  used  by  Ministers  for 
official  documents ;  redbreast,  the  robin  ;  re'd- 
coat,  soldier  of  British  army ;  r.  cross,  St 
George's  cross  or  national  emblem  of  England, 
also  Christian  side  in  crusades,  also  (emblem 
of)  ambulance  service  organized  according  to 
Geneva  Convention  ;  r.  ensign,  used  by  British 
merchant  ships ;  r.-eye,  the  fish  rudd ;  r.-fish, 
male  salmon  in  spawning  season,  also  (market 
name  for)  salmon  (opp.  white  fish  of  all  other 
kinds) ;  r.flag,  symbol  of  revolution,  signal  for 
battle,  danger  signal  on  shooting-ranges  &  rail- 
ways ;  r.  gum,  teething-rash  in  children,  also 
(kinds  of  eucalyptus  yielding)  reddish  resin ; 
r. -handed,  in  the  act  of  crime  (take  r.-h.) ;  r. 
hat,  cardinal's ;  r.-heat,  being  r.-hot  lit.  &  fig., 
temperature  of  r.-hot  thing;  r.  herring,  her- 
ring(s)  reddened  by  being  cured  in  smoke 
(neither  fish,  flesh,  nor  good  r.h.,  of  ambiguous 
indefinite  nature;  draw  a  r.h.  across  the 
track,  divert  attention  from  subject  in  hand 
by  starting  irrelevant  but  exciting  question, 
with  ref.  to  use  of  r.h.  in  exercising  hounds); 
r.-hot,  heated  to  redness,  highly  excited,  en- 
thusiastic, furious ;  r.-hot  poker,  garden  plant 
with  flame-coloured  spikes  of  flower;  r.  lamp, 
night-sign  of  doctor  or  chemist ;  r.  lane,  (nur- 
sery name  for)  throat ;  r.  lead,  pigment  made 
from  r.  oxide  of  lead  (v.t.,  coat  with  this) ;  r.- 
legged,  with  r.  legs  (of  birds  &c,  esp.  the  r.-l. 
or  French  partridge) ;  r.-legs,  kinds  of  bird, 
also  the  plant  bistort;  r. -letter,  (of  day)  marked 
with  r.  letter(s)  in  calendar  as  saint's  day  or 
festival,  (fig.)  memorable  as  date  of  joyful 
occurrence,  (v.t.,  record  as  memorable  for 
joy) ;  r.  man,  N.-Amer.  Indian  ;  r.  meat,  beef, 
mutton,  &c  (opp.  veal  &  pork  &  chicken) ;  r. 
mass,  at  which  priest  wears  r. ;  r.-poll,  kinds  of 
r.-crested  bird,  esp.  male  linnet,  also  (pi.)  r.- 
haired  polled  cattle  ;  r.  rag,  thing  that  excites 
person's  rage  as  r.  object  enrages  bull  (is  a  r.r. 
to  him),  also  kind  of  rust  in  grain ;  r.  rattle, 
lousewort;  r.  ribbon,  ribbon,  membership,  of 
Order  of  Bath ;  r.  Sanders,  wood  of  E.-Ind.  tree 
used  in  dyeing ;  redshank,  kind  of  snipe ;  r.- 
short,  (of  iron)  brittle  while  r.-hot ;  redskin,= 
r.  man  above ;  r.  snow,  reddened  by  kind  of 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


RED- 


703 


REDUCTION 


alga  &  common  in  Arctic  &  Alpine  regions ;  r. 
soldier,  (pig  affected  with)  kind  of  swine  fever 
with  redness  of  skin ;  r.  spider,  insect  infesting 
hot-house  plants  esp.  vines ;  re'dstart,  r.-tailed 
European  songbird  [OE  steort  tail] ;  r.-streak, 
kind  of  cider  apple ;  r.  tape,  excessive  use  of  or 
adherence  to  formalities  esp.  in  public  business, 
whence  red-ta*pERY,  red-ta*pisM,  red- 
ta'piST,  nn.;  r. -water,  malarial  cattle  &  sheep 
disease  with  r.  urine  ;  r.  weed,  corn-poppy  ;  r.- 
wing,  kinds  of  thrush  &  other  birds ;  re'dwood, 
kinds  of  tree ;  r.  worm,  kind  used  as  fishing- 
bait  -m  hence  re'ddEN  6  v.t.  &  i.,  re'ddisH  M2), 
re'dd  y  *2-,  aa. ,  re'dL  v  2  adv.  (rare),  re'dNESS  n. 
(N.)  r.  colour;  a  shade  of  r.;  the  r.  colour  in  rou- 
lette &  rouge-et-noir ;  the  r.  ball  at  billiards ;  r. 
cloth  or  clothes  (dressed  inr.);  one  of  former 
three  squadrons  or  divisions  (the  r.,  white,  blue) 
of  British  fleet ;  radical  or  republican  or  anar- 
chist. [com.-Teut.;  OE  r£ad,  cf.  Du.  rood,  G 
rot;  cogn.  w.  L  rufus,  ruber,  Gk  eruthros,  Skr. 
rudhira-] 

red-,  pref.  =re-,  only  in  wds  of  L  origin ; 
numbers  as  in  re-. 

reda'et,  v.t  Put  into  literary  form,  arrange 
for  publication,  edit.  So  reda'etOR2  n.  [in 
mod.  use  a  back-formation  f.  foil.] 

reda'etion,  n.  Preparing  or  being  prepared 
for  publication,  revision,  editing,  rearrange- 
ment ;  new  edition,  [f.  F  redaction  f.  L  red-  8- 
(igere  -act-  =  agere  bring),  -ion)] 

reda'n,  n.  Field-work  with  two  faces  form- 
ing salient  angle.    [F  (re-,  dent  tooth)] 

re'ddle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Red  ochre,  ruddle;  (vb) 
colour  with  r.    [var.  of  ruddle] 

rede  \  n.  (archaic).  Counsel,  advice ;  resolve, 
design ;  narrative.  [OE  rxd,  cf.  Du.  raad,  G 
rat,  f.  st.  of  foil,  or  read] 

rede2,  v.t.  (archaic).  Advise  (person,  with 
inf.  with  or  without  to,  or  with  imperat.) ;  read 
(riddle,  dream),    [var.  of  read] 

redee'm,  v.t.  Buy  back,  recover  by  expen- 
diture of  effort  or  by  stipulated  payment,  (r. 
one's  rights,  position,  honour,  mortgaged  land, 
pledged  goods) ;  compound  for,  buy  off,  (charge 
or  obligation)  by  payment ;  perform  (promise); 
purchase  the  freedom  of  (another,  oneself), 
save  (one's  life)  by  ransom ;  save,  rescue,  re- 
claim ;  (of  God  or  Christ)  deliver  from  sin  & 
damnation ;  make  amends  for,  compensate, 
counterbalance,  (fault,  defect ;  has  one  redeem- 
ing feature)  ;  save  from  a  defect  (the  eyes  r.  the 
face  from  ugliness).  Hence  redee'm  able  a., 
(esp.  of  Christ,  see  above)  pedee'mER l  n.  [f. 
L  red-  8(imere  -empt-  =emere  buy)] 

redemption,  n.  REDEEMing  or  being  re- 
deemed, esp.  the  deliverance  from  sin  &  dam- 
nation wrought  by  Christ's  atonement  (past, 
beyond,  without,  r.,  so  that  r.  is  hopeless ;  in 
the  year  of  our  r.  1900  &c,  a.d.  1900  &c.) ;  thing 
that  redeems  (that  blow  was  or  proved  his  r.); 
purchase  (became  a  member  of  a  livery  com- 
pany by  r.).  Hence  rede'mptiVE  a,  [f.  L  re- 
demptio  (prec,  -ion)] 

redescend.    See  re-  9. 

recf/'f,  n.  (Soldier  of)  Turkish  military  re- 
serve.   [Turk.] 

re'dingote,  n.  Woman's  long  double-breast- 
ed outer  coat  with  skirts  sometimes  cut  away 
in  front.  [F,=kind  of  (orig.  man's)  coat,  cor- 
rupt, of  E  riding-coat] 

redintegrate,  v.t.  Restore  to  wholeness 
or  unity  ;  renew  or  re-establish  in  united  or 
perfect  state.  So  redintegrATiON  n.  [f.  L 
red-  9(integrare  integrate2),  -ate  3] 

redirect  &c,  see  re- 8;  rediscover  &c, 
re- 9;  redistribute  &c,  red! vide  &c,  re- 
do, re-  8. 


redolent,  a.  Fragrant  (now  rare) ;  having 
a  strong  smell,  (fig.)  strongly  suggestive  or  re- 
miniscent, of.  Hence  re'dolENCE  n.  [f.  L 
red-  6(olere  smell),  -ent] 

redoirble  (-du-),  v.t.  &  i.  Intensify,  increase, 
make  or  grow  greater  or  more  intense  or  nu- 
merous, (r.  one's  efforts ;  the  clamour  redoubled), 
[t  F  re-  6(doubler  double  3)] 

redoub't  (-owt),  n.  (fortif.).  Outwork  or 
field  work  usu.  square  or  polygonal  &  without 
flanking  defences,  [f.  F  redoute  f.  med.L  re- 
ductus  refuge  f.  p.p.  of  L  REDUCEre;  -b-  on 
false  anal,  of  doubt] 

redoub'table  (-owt-),  a.  (Of  opponent,  war- 
rior, controversialist,  &c.)  formidable,  [f.  F 
redoutable  f.  re-  6(douter  doubt2)  fear] 

redoub'ted,  a.  (archaic).  Dreaded,  redoubt- 
able,   [f.  obs.  redoubt  f.  F  as  prec] 

redou'nd  (-ow-),  v.i.  Contribute  in  the  end, 
make  great  contribution,  to  one's  advantage, 
credit,  &c.  (this  procedure  will  r.  to  our  ad- 
vantage; the  tale,  fact,  redounds  to  their 
credit) ;  come  as  final  result  to,  come  back  or 
recoil  upon,  person  (the  benefits  that  r.  to  us 
from  his  self-sacrifice ;  his  praises  r.  upon 
himself),  [earlier  sense  overflow,  f.  F  ridonder 
f.  L  red-  6(undare  f.  unda  wave)] 

redre'ss,  v.t.,  &  n.  Readjust,  set  straight 
again,  (usu.  r.  the  balance,  restore  equality) ; 
set  right,  remedy,  make  up  for,  get  rid  of, 
rectify,  (distress,  wrong,  damage,  grievance, 
abuse);  (n.)  reparation  for  wrong,  redressing 
of  grievances  &c.    [n.  f.  vb,  f.  F  RK-8(dresser 

DRESS)] 

redu'ee,  v.t.  Restore  to  original  or  proper 
position,  remedy  by  such  restoration,  (now 
only  surg.;  had  the  shoulder,  dislocation,  re- 
duced), bring  back  to  (r.  person  to  discipline) ; 
convert  physically  or  mentally  to  other  form, 
subject  to  such  conversion,  make  suitable  or 
conformable  or  adapted  to,  bring  by  classifica- 
tion or  analysis  to,  (r.  rule  to  practice,  act  on 
it ;  observations  taken  at  surface  must  be  re- 
duced to  centre  ;  r.  anomalies  to  rule,  discover 
formula  covering  them  ;  the  facts  may  all  be 
reduced  to  three  heads ;  r.  it  to  English  ortho- 
graphy &  spell  it  employee ;  the  unwritten  cus- 
toms were  reduced  to  writing;  r.  dissimilar 
quantities  to  one  denomination,  integer  to  form, 
of  fraction;  can  we  r.  these  ripples  to  their 
mechanical  elements  ? ;  r.  clods  to  powder,  ore 
to  metal,  compound  to  components,  surface  by 
harrowing,  or  simply  r.  clods,  compound,  &c. ; 
r.  syllogism  of  one  form  to  another) ;  compel  to 
do  (rare),  bring  by  force  or  necessity  to  some 
state  or  action,  subdue,  bring  back  to  obedience, 
(r.  the  Crown  to  submission,  the  revolted  towns, 
all  the  other  Powers  of  the  continent ;  redticed 
him  to  assert  or  usu.  asserting  an  absurdity ; 
was  reduced  to  despair,  to  weakness,  to  bor- 
row or  usu.  borrowing  clothes,  to  borrowing) ; 
bring  down,  lower,  weaken,  impoverish,  dimin- 
ish, contract,  (r.  Pope  to  place  of  chief  bishop  ; 
N.  C.  O.  wasreduced  to  the  ranks,  made  a  private; 
is  in  a  very  reduced  state,  feeble ;  r.  liquid  to 
two-thirds  of  its  bulk ;  this  reduces  the  temper- 
ature ;  the  16  may  be  reduced  to  5,  by  omission 
of  11,  or  by  reclassification  &c;  have  reduced 
our  outfit  to  almost  nothing ;  he  reduced  him- 
self into  the  least  possible  compass ;  to  be  sold 
at  reduced  prices  ;  reduced  circumstances,  po- 
verty after  prosperity ;  r.  the  establishment, 
dismiss  officials  or  cut  down  expenses  ;  reduced 
officers  8cc,  dismissed  in  such  reduction).  Hence 
redu'ciBLE  a.    If.  L  re-  9(ducere  duct-  bring)] 

rectwetio  ad  absufdum,  n.  Reduction 
to  absurdity  (see  foil.).    [L] 

redu'etion,  n.  Reducing  or  being  REDUCEd ; 


REDUIT 


704 


REFECTORY 


also  :  reduced  copy  of  picture,  map,  &c. ;  r.  to 
absurdity,  proof  of  the  falsity  of  a  principle 
&c  given  by  producing  a  logical  consequence 
of  it  that  is  absurd,  (loosely)  pushing  of  a  prin- 
ciple to  unpractical  lengths,  [f.  L  reductio  (re- 
duce, -ion)] 

reduit(redwe-).  n.(fortif.).  Keep  for  garrison 
to  retire  to  &  hold  when  outworks  are  taken, 
[f.  F  reduit  redoubt] 

redirndant,  a.    Superfluous,  excessive,  ple- 
onastic ;   copious,  luxuriant,  full.     Hence  or 
cogn.  pedirndANCE,  pedirndANCY,  nn.,  pe- 
du*ndantLV  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  redound,  -ant] 
pedu'plicate,  v.t.     Make  double,  repeat; 
(Gram.)  repeat  (letter,  syllable),  form  (tense)  by 
reduplication.       So   pedirplicATiVE   a.      [f. 
med.L  re-  8(duplicare  duplicate2),  -ate 3] 
peduplica'tion,  n.     Doubling,  repetition  ; 
counterpart;  (Gram.)  repetition  of  syllable  or 
letter  in  word-formation,  part  so  repeated,    [f. 
LL  reduplicatio  (prec,  -ation)] 
redy  e.    See  re-  8. 
pee.    =  reeve  2. 

pe-e'cho,  v.i.  &  t.  Echo  (t.  &  i.),  echo  (t.  & 
i.)  again  &  again,  resound,  [re- 6] 
peed,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Tall  straight  stalk  of)  kinds 
of  firm-stemmed  water  or  marsh  plant  (broken 
r„  unreliable  person  or  thing ;  lean  onar.,  put 
trust  in  weak  thing  or  person),  whence  pee'd- 
ed2  a.;  (collect.)  reeds  growing  in  a  mass  or 
used  as  material  esp.  for  thatching,  wheat-straw 
prepared  for  thatching  ;  (poet.)  arrow,  musical 
pipe  of  r.  or  straw,  pastoral  poetry ;  vibrating 
part,  of  various  shape  &  material,  inserted  in 
some  musical  wind-instruments  (esp.  oboe,  bas- 
soon, clarinet,  bagpipe,  &  some  organ-pipes)  to 
produce  the  sound,  (usu.  pi.,  cf.  strings,  brass) 
r.  instrument(s) ;  weaver's  implement  for  sepa- 
rating warp-threads  &  beating  up  weft ;  (usu. 
{)1.)  set  of  semicylindrical  adjacent  mouldings 
ike  it.  laid  together ;  r. -babbler  or  -warbler  or 
-wren,  r. -bunting  or  -sparrow,  two  kinds  of 
bird;  r.-mace,  bulrush;  r.-pheasant,  Bearded 
Titmouse  ;  r.-pipe,  musical  pipe  of  r.,  also  reed- 
ed organ-pipe ;  r.-stop,  organ-stop  consisting  of 
r. -pipes,  (Vb)  thatch  with  r.;  make  (straw)  in- 
to r.;  decorate  with  r. -moulding;  fit  (musical 
instrument  or  organ-pipe)  with  r.  [com.-WG  ; 
OE  hreod,  cf.  Du.  &  Griet] 
pe-e*dify,  v.t.  Rebuild  (house  &c.) ;  build 
up  again  (hopes,  wasted  tissue,  &c).  [re-  8] 
pe-e*dit  &c.  See  re-  8. 
pee'dling-,  n.  Bearded  Titmouse,  [-ling  *] 
pee'dy,  a.  Abounding  with  reeds ;  made  of 
reed  (chiefly  poet.,  as  r.  pipe,  couch) ;  like  a 
reed  in  weakness,  slenderness,  or  (of  grass  &c.) 
thickness;  (of  voice)  like  reed-instrument  in 
tone,  scratchy,  not  round  &  clear.  Hence 
pee'diNESsn.    [y2] 

peef  K  n.,  &  v.t.  One  of  three  or  four  strips 
across  top  of  square  &  bottom  of  fore-&-af  t  sail 
that  can  be  taken  in  or  rolled  up  to  reduce  sail's 
surface  (take  inar.,  lit.,  &fig.  proceed  cautious- 
ly) ;  r.-knot,  consisting  of  two  bights  each  en- 
closing the  other's  parallel-laid  shanks.ordinary 
double-knotmadesymmetrically(opp.GRANNY). 
( Vb)  take  in  reef  (s)  of  (sail ;  single,  double,  treble, 
-reefed,  with  1,  2,  3,  rr.  taken  in) ;  shorten  (top- 
mast, bowsprit,  also  paddles  of  paddle  wheel 
by  shifting  them  nearer  centre),  [ult  f.  ON 
r if  in  same  sense,  pcrh.  a  spec,  use  of  rif  rib] 
peef 2,  n.  Ridge  of  rock  or  shingle  or  sand  at 
or  jast  above  or  below  surface  of  water :  (Gold- 
mining)  lode  of  auriferous  quartz,  also  the  bed- 
rock, [as  prec.  prob.  through  Du.  rif] 
pee*fep,  n.    One  who  reefs  ;  (slang)  midship- 


man; REEF1-knot;  (also  reefing-jacket)  close 
double-breasted  stout  jacket,    [reef  i,  -er1] 

peek  \  n.  Smoke  (Sc.  &  literary) ;  vapour, 
visible  exhalation,  (chiefly  Sc.  &  lit.);  foul  or 
stale  odour  (the  r.  of  tobacco),  fetid  atmosphere 
(amid r.  &  squalor).  Hence  pee'k y  2  a.  (chiefly 
Sc.  &  literary;  Auld  Reekie,  Edinburgh). 
[com.-Teut.;  OE  rec,  cf.  Du.  rook,  G  rauch] 

peek2,  v.i.  Emit  smoke  (chiefly  of  houses 
after  conflagration  or  object  that  has  been 
burning  in  open  air)  ;  emit  vapour,  steam,  (of 
hot  drink  or  food,  sweating  person  &c,  or  shed 
blood  or  thing  smeared  with  it);  smell  un- 
pleasantly (usu.  of;  reeks  of  patchouli,  tobacco, 
blood,  or  fig.  of  murder,  affectation,  &c).  [OE 
reocan,  cf.  Du.  rieken,  G  riechen,  smell,  &  Du. 
rooken,  G  rauchen,  smoke,  &  see  prec] 

peel »,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Kinds  of  rotatory  ap- 
paratus on  which  thread,  silk,  yarn,  paper, 
wire,  &c,  are  wound  at  some  stage  of  manu- 
facture ;  contrivance  for  winding  up  &  unwind- 
ing cord  as  required,  esp.  in  cod-fishing  (off  the 
r.  fig.,  straight  off,  without  hitch  or  pause,  in 
rapid  succession) ;  small  cylinder  on  which 
sewing-cotton  &c.  are  wound  for  convenience; 
revolving  part  in  various  machines.  (Vb)  wind 
(thread,  fishing-line,  &c)  on  r.;  take  (cocoon 
silk  &c)  off,  draw  (fish,  lojjline,  &c)  in  or  up, 
by  use  of  r.;  rattle  (story,  list,  verses)  off  with- 
out pause  or  apparent  effort ;  (of  grasshopper 
&c)  make  clicking  noise  like  r.  in  motion,  [vb 
f.  n.,  OE  hreol,  excl.  EJ 

peel 2,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  eyes,  mind,  head)  be  in  a 
whirl,  be  dizzy,  swim  ;  sway,  stagger,  stand  or 
walk  or  run  unsteadily,  be  shaken  physically  or 
mentally,  rock  from  side  to  side,  swing  violent- 
ly, (his  mind,  the  front  rank,  the  ship,  the  tow- 
er, reeled  under  the  shock  ;  r.  to  &  fro  like  a 
drunken  man ;  went  reeling  down  the  street ; 
the  State  was  reeling  to  its  foundations) ;  seem 
to  shake  (the  mountains  r.  before  his  eyes); 
hence  pee'lingLY2  adv.  (N.)  reeling  motion 
lit.  or  fig.  (without  a  r.  or  a  stagger ;  the  r.  of 
vice  &  folly  around  us),    [perh.  cogn.  w.  prec] 

peel3,  n.,  &  v.i.  Lively  esp.  Scotch  dance, 
usu.  of  two  couples  facing  &  describing  figures 
of  8 ;  (vb)  dance  r.    [perh.  f.  reel2  n.] 

pe-elect&c.,pe-embapk&c.,pe-emerge 
&c    See  re-  9. 

peen,  n.    =  rhine  1. 

re-enable,  re-enact  &c,  see  re-  9;  re- 
engine,  re-  8 ;  re-enter  &c,  re-  9. 

pe-e*ntpant,  a.  &  n.  (Angle)  that  points  in- 
ward (opp.  salient;  esp.  in  fortification). 
[re-  9,  entrant] 

re-establish  &c    See  re-  9. 

peeve1,  n.  (Hist)  chief  magistrate  of  town 
or  district;  (Canada)  president  of  village  or 
town  council.  [OE  gerefa  etym.  dub.;  prob. 
unconnected  w.  obs.  grave  steward,  landgrave 
&c,  G  graf  count] 

peeve  2,  pee,  n.    Female  of  ruff  2.    [?] 

peeve  3,  v.t.(naut. ;  past  &  p.p.  rove  or  reeved). 
Thread  (rope,  rod,  &c)  through  ring  or  other 
aperture,  (aperture,  block,  &c)  with  rope ; 
fasten  (rope,  block  or  other  object)  in,  on,round, 
to,  something  by  reeving ;  (of  ship)  thread 
(shoals,  ice-pack),    [perh.  f.  Du.  reven  reef  *  vb] 

re-examine  &c,  see  re- 8;  re-exist,  re- 
export &c,  re-  9 ;  refaee,  refashion  &c, 

RE-  8. 

refe'etion,  n.  Refreshment  by  food  or  drink 
(milk  &  eggs  were  offered  for  our  r.);  slight 
meal,  repast,  [f.  F  refection  f.  L  RE-  8(fection- 
em  =  f actionem  faction)] 

ref e'etory,  n.    Room  used  for  meals  in  mon- 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8, 9. 


REFER 


705 


REFLEX 


asteries  &c.  [f.  med.L  refectorium  f.  L  re- 8- 
{Jicere  -feet-  =  facere  make)  refresh,  -oryI 

refer',  v.t.  &  i.  (-it-).  Trace  or  ascribe  to  per- 
son or  thing  as  cause  or  source,  assign  to  certain 
date  or  place  or  class,  (r.  one's  victories  to  Pro- 
vidence, miraculoiLS  tales  to  ignorance,  ill  tem- 
per to  indigestion,  the  lake-dicellings  to  the  sixth 
century,  the  origins  of  sculpture  to  Egypt,  bar- 
nacles to  the  molluscs),  whence  pe'fePABLE  a.; 
commit,  hand  over,  {oneself,  question  for  de- 
cision) to  person  &c.  (/  r.  myself  to  your  gene- 
rosity ;  let  us  r.  the  dispute  to  Socrates) ;  send 
on  or  direct  (person),  make  appeal  or  have  re- 
course, to  some  authority  or  source  of  informa- 
tion, (abs.)  cite  authority  or  passage,  (ostler  re- 
ferred me  to  landlord ;  for  my  proof  I  r.  to  the 
facts  of  hximan  nature,  to  1  Kings  Hi.  7 ;  re- 
ferred to  his  watch  for  the  exact  time);  (of  state- 
ment &c.)  have  relation,  be  directed,  (of  hearer 
.,&c.)  interpret  (statement  &c.)  as  directed,  to 
{these  remarks  r.  only  to  deliberate,  are  not  to 
be  referred  to  involuntary,  offences)',  (of  person 
speaking  &c.)  make  allusion,  direct  attention, 
to  {he  several  times  referred  to  the  modern  in- 
crease in  expenditure ;  found  myself  on  the 
peak  referred  to),  [f.  L  re-  9(ferre  latum  bring)] 

pefepee*,  n.,  &  v.i.  Arbitrator,  person  to 
whom  dispute  is  to  be  oris  referred  fordecision, 
umpire  esp.  in  football ;  (vb)  act  as  r.  esp.  in 
football,    [-ee] 

pe'fepenee,  n.,  &  v.t.  Referring  of  matter 
for  decision  or  settlement  or  consideration  to 
some  authority,  scope  given  to  such  authority, 
(thepeeragewas allowed  without r.  tothe  House 
of  Lords ;  the  r.  is  very  wide,  strictly  limited  ; 
the  Commission  must  confine  itself  to,  that  is  a 
question  outside,  the  r.);  relation,  respect,  cor- 
respondence, to  (the  parts  of  a  machine  all  have 
r.  to  each  other ;  success  seems  to  have  little  r. 
to  merit ;  in,  with,  r.  to,  regarding,  as  regards, 
about;  without  r.  to,  irrespective  of) ;  allusion 
to  (r.,  a  or  no  r.,  several  rr.,  to  a  previous  con- 
versation teas  or  were  made);  direction  more  or 
less  precise  to  (page &c.  of)  book &c. whereinfor- 
mation  may  be  round  (loads  his  pages  with, 
does  not  give,  rr.;  cross  r.,  to  another  passage 
in  same  book ;  r.  bible,  with  marginal  cross  rr.; 
legislation  by  r.,  use  in  bill-drafting  of  rr.  to 
previous  statutes  instead  of  restatement),  mark 
used  to  refer  reader  of  text  to  note  or  to  part  of 
diagram ;  act  of  looking  up  passage  &c,  or  of 
referring  another  or  applying  to  person,  for  in- 
formation (r.  or  a  r.  to  the  dictionary  would 
have  enlightened  him;  please  give  me  a  r.,I 
should  like  to  make  r.,  to  your  last  employer; 
book  ofr.,  to  be  used  not  for  continuous  read- 
ing, but  toconsulton  occasion;  r.  library,  where 
books  may  be  consulted  witbout  being  taken 
away),  person  named  by  one  applying  for  post 
or  offering  goods  &c.  as  willing  to  vouch  for  him 
or  them  (who  are  your  rr.1);  hence  pefepe'n- 
tiAL  a.  (Vb)  provide  (book)  with  rr.  to  autho- 
rities,   [-ence] 

pefepe'ndapy,  n.  (rare).  Referee ;  assessor 
to  commission;  reDorting  or  revising  official, 
[f.  med.L  referendarius  (foil.,  -ary1)] 

refere'ndum,  n.  Referring  of  certain  poli- 
tical questions  or  of  such  questions  under  cer- 
tain circumstances  to  the  electorate  for  direct 
decision  by  a  general  vote  on  the  single  ques- 
tion.    [L  (REFERre,  -ND  *)] 

peflll.    See  re-  9. 

pefi'ne,  v.t.  &  i.  Free  from  dross  or  impuri- 
ties or  defects,  purify,  clarify  ;  make  elegant  or 
cultured,  imbue  with  delicacy  of  taste,  polish 
manners  or  appearance  of ;  become  pure  or  clear 
or  improved  in  polish  or  delicacy;  employ 
eubtlety  of  thought  or  language,  make  fine 


distinctions,  discourse  subtly  (up)on;  improve 
(up)on  by  refinements.  Hence  pefl'nedLY2 
adv.    [re-  6,  pine2  v.] 

refrnement,  n.  Refining  or  being  refined  ; 
fineness  of  feeling  or  taste,  polished  mariners 
&c;  subtle  or  ingenious  manifestation  of,  piece 
of  elaborate  arrangement,  (all  the  rr.  of  luxury ; 
a.counterminekwas  a  r.  beyond  their  skill);  piece 
of  subtle  reasoning,  fine  distinction,    [-ment] 

pefl'nep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  person  whose 
business  is  to  refine  metal,  sugar,  &c,  whence 
pefl*nERY(3)  n.    [-er  *] 

peflt  &c.    See  re.-  8. 

pefle'ct,  v.t.  &  i.  Fold  back  (rare ;  r.  the  cor- 
ner of  the  paper);  (of  surface  or  body)  throw 
(heat,  light,  sound,  rarely  ball  &c.)  back,  cause 
to  rebound,  (shine  with  reflected  light,  not  one's 
own,  borrowed);  (of  mirror  &c,  or  transf.)  show 
image  of,  reproduce  to  eye  or  mind,  exactly 
correspond  in  appearance  or  effect  to,  (laws  r. 
the  average  moral  attitude  of  a  half  century 
earlier);  (of  action,  result,  &c.)  bring  back  or 
cause  to  redound  (credit,  discredit,  &c.),  (abs.) 
bring  discredit,  (up)on  person  or  method  re- 
sponsible ;  go  back  in  thought,  meditate,  or  con- 
sult with  oneself  (on,  upon,  or  abs.),  remind 
oneself  or  consider  (that,  how,  &c),  whence 
pefle'ctingLY2  adv.;  make  disparaging  re- 
marks upon.    [f.  L  re-  9( fleeter -e  flex-  bend)] 

pefle'etion,  -exion,  n.  (-x-  etym.  correct  but 
now  rare  exc.  in  scientific  use).  REFLECTing  or 
being  reflected  (angle  of  r„  made  by  reflected 
ray  with  perpendicular  to  surface) ;  reflected 
light,  heat,  colour,  or  image ;  reflex  action ; 
(piece  of)  censure  (usu.  on  or  upon);  thing  bring- 
ing discredit  (up)on;  reconsideration  (on  r.,  I 
doubt  whether  I  wasright);  mental  faculty  deal- 
ing with  products  of  sensation  &  perception ; 
idea  arising  in  the  mind,  mental  or  verbal  com- 
ment, apophthegm,  (often  on  or  upon).  Hence 
pefle'etion  a  l,  pefle'etionLESS,  aa.  [f.  LL 
reflexio  (prec,  -ion)  w.  assim.  to  reflect] 

pefle'etive,  a.  (Of  surface  &c.)  giving  back 
reflection  or  image;  (of  light  &c.)  reflected 
(rare);  (Gram.)  reflexive  (now  rare);  (of  action) 
reflex,  reciprocal,  (now  rare) ;  (of  mental  facul- 
ties) concerned  in  reflection  or  thought ;  (of  per- 
son, mood,  &c.)  thoughtful,  given  to  medita- 
tion. Hence  pefle'ctiveLY 2  adv.,  refle'e- 
tiveNESs  n.    [reflect,  -ive] 

pefle'etop,  n.  Body  or  surface  reflecting  rays, 
esp.  piece  of  glass  or  metal  usu.  concave  for  re- 
flecting in  required  direction  ;  (telescope  &c. 
provided  with)  apparatus'for  reflecting  images ; 
person,  book,  &c. ,  that  gives  or  affords  conscious 
or  unconscious  representation  of  prejudices, 
habits,  &c.    [-OR2] 

reflet  (¥),  n.  Lustre,  iridescence,  esp.  on  pot- 
tery. 

re'flex  \  n.  Reflected  light  or  colour  or  glory 
[the  fame  of  Greece  was  a  r.  from  the  glory  of 
Athens),  (Paint.)  part  of  picture  represented  as 
affected  by  the  light  or  colour  of  another  part ; 
image  or  reflection  in  mirror  &c;  reproduction, 
secondary  manifestation,  correspondent  result, 
(legislation  shoidd  be  a  r.  of  public  opinion ; 
lamb  &  mint  sauce  is  a  popidar  r.  of  the  pass- 
over  with  bitter  herbs);  ar.  action  (doctor  tested 
patient's  rr.).    [f.  LL  reflexus  -us  (reflect)] 

re'flex2,  a.  Recurved  (rare);  (of  light  &c.) 
reflected  (rare) ;  (of  thought  &c.)  introspective, 
directed  back  upon  itself  or  its  own  operations, 
(of  effect  or  influence)  reactive,  coming  back 
upon  its  author  or  source ;  (Physiol.)  r.  action, 
independent  of  the  will,  excited  as  involuntary 
response  to  nerve-stimulation  ;  (Gram.)  reflex- 
ive (now  rare).  Hence  pe*flexLY2adv.  [f.  L 
reflexus  p.p.  (rbflect)] 

23 


REFLEXED 


706 


REGAL 


pefle-xed,  a.  (bot.).  Recurved,  [f.  obs.  reflex 
vb  =  reflect] 

refle'xible,  a.  Capable  of  being  reflected. 
Hence  reflexiBi'LiTY  n.    las  prec,  -ible] 

reflexion.    See  reflection. 

refle'xive,  a.  &  n.  (gram.).  (Word,  form)  im- 
plying agent's  action  upon  himself  ;  (verb)  in- 
dicating identity  of  subject  &  object ;  (pers.  pro- 
noun or  poss.  adjective)  referring  to  subject. 
Hence  pefle'xiveLY2  adv.    las  prec,  -iveJ 

refloat.    See  re- 9. 

re'fluent,  a.  Flowing  back  (r.  tide,  blood). 
Hence  re'fluENCE  n.    [f.  L  re-  9(fluere  flow)] 

reflux,  see  re-  9 ;  refoot,  re-  8 ;  reforest 

&C,  RE-  9. 

refor'm1,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  (person,  institu- 
tion, procedure,  conduct,  oneself)  or  (of  person 
or  body  of  persons)  become  better  by  removal 
or  abandonment  of  imperfections,  faults,  or 
errors  (reformed  churches,  see  reformation); 
abolish,  cure,  (abuse,  malpractice).  Hence  re- 
for'm able  a.    [f.  L  re-  8( formare  form  2)J 

refor'm2,  n.  Removal  of  abuse(s)  esp.  in 
politics  (R.  Bill,  Act,  those  of  1831-2  amending 
parliamentary  representation) ;  improvement 
made  or  suggested,    [f.  prec] 

re-for'm3,  v.t.  &  1.  Form  again.  So  re- 
forma'tion 1  n.    Ire-  8] 

reformation2,  n.  Reforming  or  being  re- 
formed, esp.  radical  change  for  the  better  in 
political,  religious,  or  social  affairs ;  the  R., 
16th-c  movement  for  reform  of  abuses  in  Roman 
Church  ending  in  establishment  of  Reformed 
or  Protestant  Churches,  whence  reforma'- 
tionAL  a.    (f.  L  reformatio  (reform  l,  -ation)] 

reformative  a.,  reformatory  a.  &  n. 
Tending  or  intended  to  produce  reform;  (n.) 
institution  to  which  juvenile  offenders  are  sent 
for  r.  purposes,    [reform  I,  -ative,  -ory] 

reformer,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  leader  in 
the  16th-c  reformation;  advocate  of  the  re- 
form2 bill.    [-erM 

refra'et,  v.t.  (Of  water,  air,  glass,  &c)  de- 
flect (light)  at  certain  angle  where  it  enters  ob- 
liquely from  another  medium  of  different  den- 
sity {refracting  telescope,  with  object-glass  con- 
verging rays  to  focus) ;  (Chern.)  analyse  (nitre) 
to  discover  percentage  of  impurities.  Hence 
or  cogn.  refra'et  ion  n.,  refra'ctionAL,  re- 
fra'etiVE,  aa.  [f.  L  re-  5(fringere  -fract-  = 
frangere  break)] 

refra'etor,  n.  Refracting  medium  or  lens 
or  telescope,    [-or2] 

refra'etory,  a.  Stubborn,  unmanageable, 
rebellious ;  (of  wound,  disease,  &c)  not  yield- 
ing to  treatment ;  (of  substances)  hard  to  fuse 
or  work.  Hence  refra'etoriLY2  adv.,  re- 
fra'etoriNESS  n.  If.  L  refractarius  (refract, 
-ary  J)  w.  assim.  to  -ory) 

refrai'n  *,  n.  Recurring  phrase  or  line  esp. 
at  end  of  stanzas.  [OF,  ult.  f.  pop.  L* refrangere 

=refringere  refract! 

refrai'n  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  restraint  upon,  curb, 
(oneself,  one's  tears,  feelings,  soul,  &c;  archaic); 
abstain  from  doing  something,  abstain  from 
act  or  doing,   [f.  OF  refrener  f.  L  re-  9(frenare 

f.  frenum  bridle)] 

refra'ngible,  a.     That  can  be  refracted. 

Hence  refrang-iBi'LiTY  n.  [incorrect  for  re- 
fringible  (refract,  -ible)] 

refre'sh,  v.t  &  i.    Make  cool  again  (rare) ; 

reanimate,  reinvigorate,  (of  food,  drink,  rest, 

amusement,  &c,  or  person  providing  these  esp. 

in  r.  oneself;  refreshing  innocence  &c,  inter- 
esting to  blase  observer) ;  freshen  up  (memory) ; 

restore  (fire,  electric  battery,  &c)  with  fresh 


supply;  take  esp.  liquid  refreshment.  Hence 
refre'shingLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  re-  ^(frescher  f. 
fresche  fresh] 

refre'sher,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  extra 
fee  to  counsel  in  prolonged  case;  (colloq.)  a 
drink.    [-ER1] 

refreshment,  n.  Refreshing  or  being  re- 
freshed in  mind  or  body;  thing,  esp.  (usu.  in 
pi.)  drink  or  food,  that  refreshes  (the  sight  was 
a  r.  to  him ;  take  some  r.  or  rr. ;  r.  room  at  rail- 
way station  or  car  on  train),  [f.  OF  refresche- 
ment  (prec,  -ment)] 

refrrgerate,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  rarely  become, 
cool  or  cold ;  expose  (provisions)  to  extreme 
cold  in  order  to  freeze  or  preserve,  whence  re- 
fri'geratOR  H2)  n.  Hence  or  cogn.  ref riger- 
ANT(2)a.  & n.,  refrigrerA'TiON  n.  [f.  L RE-9(/?*i- 
gerare  Lfrigus  -oris  cold),  -ate3] 

refri'geratory,  n.  &  a.  Cold-water  vessel 
attached  to  still  for  condensing  vapour ;  refri- 
gerator; (adj.)  refrigerant,  [f.  L  refrigerator- 
ius  (prec,  -ory)] 

reft.    See  reave. 

re'fuge,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  (Place  of)  shelter 
from  pursuit  or  danger  or  trouble  (seek  r.;  has 
found  a  r. ;  take  r.  vn  a  cave,  in  lying ;  city  of 
r.,  see  Josh,  xx ;  house  ofr.,  institution  for  the 
homeless  &c);  person,  thing,  course,  that 
gives  shelter  or  is  resorted  to  in  difficulties  (he 
is  the  r.  of  the  distressed ;  books  are  the  r.  of  the 
destitute) ;  raised  piece  in  middle  of  busy  road 
for  crossers  to  halt  on.  (Vb,  rare)  give  r.  to; 
take  r.    [F,  f.  L  re-  i(fugium  f.  fugere  flee)] 

refugee*,  n.  Person  escaped  to  foreign 
country  from  religious  or  political  persecution, 
[f.  F  reftigie  p.p.  of  refugier  (prec)] 

refu'lgent,  a.  Shining,  gloriously  bright. 
Hence  or  cogn.  refu'lgENCE  n.,  refu'lgent- 
ly  2  adv.    [f.  L  re-  6(fulgere  shine),  -ent] 

refu'nd,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Pay  back  (money  re- 
ceived or  taken,  expenses  incurred  by  another); 
reimburse ;  make  repayment ;  hence  refu'nd- 
MENTn.  (N.)  refundment  [earlier  sense  pour 
back,  f.  L  re-  9(funderefus-  pour)] 

refurbish,  see  re-  9 ;  refurnish,  re-  8. 

refu'sal,  n.  In  vbl  senses  (will  take  no  r.,  is 
importunate);  also,  right  or  privilege  of  de- 
ciding to  take  or  leave  a  thing  before  it  is 
offered  to  others  (have,  stipulate  for,  give  per- 
son, the  r.  of),    [foil.,  -al(2)J 

refu'se x  (-z),  v.  t  &  i.  Say  or  con  vey  by  action 
that  one  will  not  accept  or  submit  to  or  give  or 
grant  or  gratify  or  consent  (r.  offer,  gift,  chance, 
office,  candidate,  person  as  husband,  &c;  horse 
refuses  fence  &c  or  abs.,  will  not  jump,  whence 
refu'SERi  n.;  r.  orders,  control,  &c;  r.  obedi- 
ence, compliance ;  refused  me  satisfaction,  tri- 
bute to  suzerain,  my  request',  r.  one,  not 
grant  his  request;  have  never  been  refused, 
had  request  rejected  ;  r.  to  do) ;  make  refusal, 
(whist  &c)  not  follow  suit  Hence  refu'SABLE 
a.    [f.  F  refuser  (L  refundere  see  refund)] 

re'fuse2  (-s),  a.  &  n.  (What  is)  rejected  as 
worthless  or  left  over  after  use.  [pern,  f.  OF 
refuse  p.p.  as  prec] 

re-fu'se3,  v.t.    Fuse  again,    [re-  9] 

refu'te,  v.t.  Prove  falsity  or  error  of  (state- 
ment, opinion,  argument,  person  advancing  it), 
rebut  or  repel  by  argument.  Hence  or  cogn. 
re'futABLE  a.,  refu*tAL(2),  refutA"TiON,  nn. 
[f.  L  re-  %futare  see  confute)] 

regai'n,  v.t  Recover  possession  of  (esp.  r. 
consciousness) ;  reach  (place)  again  ;  recover 
(one's  feet  or  footing),  [f.  F  re-  9(gagner  gain2)] 

re'gal,  a.  Of  or  by  kings  (r.  government, 
title,  office) ;  fit  for  a  king,  magnificent,  (lives 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8, 9. 


REGALE 


707 


REGISTER 


in  r.  splendour).  Hence  pe'galLY  2  adv.  [f.  L 
regalis  (rex  regis  king,  -al)1 

pega'le1,  n.  Choice  repast  lit.  or  fig.,  feast 
of  some  dainty  ;  a  dainty  (rare) ;  choice  flavour 
(rare ;  viands  of  higher  r.).  [f.  obs.  F  regale  f. 
It.  regalo  gift,  etym.  dub.] 

pega'le2,  v.t.  &  i.  Entertain  choicely  (often 
iron.)  with  food  or  with  talk  &c;  (of  beauty, 
flowers,  &c.)  give  delight  to;  feed  oneself 
choicely  (usu.  on).  Hence  pega'leMENT  n.  If. 
F  regaler  (prec)l 

pega'lia \  n.  pi.  Royal  privileges  (now  rare) ; 
insignia  of  royalty  used  at  coronations  &c.  [L, 
neut.  j)l.  of  reg  a  Lis] 

pega'lia-,  n.  Large  cigar  of  good  quality, 
[f.  Sp.  regalia  royal  privilege  (regal,  -y  *)] 

pe'galism,  n.  Doctrine  of  sovereign's  eccle- 
siastical supremacy,    [-ism] 

pega'lity,  n.  Attribute  of  kingly  power, 
being  king,  (things  that  touch  his  r.);  mon- 
archical State,  kingdom,  (rare) ;  royal  privi- 
lege,   [f.  OF  regaliti  (regal,  -ity)] 

pegap'd1,  v.t.  &  i.  Gaze  upon  (usu.  with 
adv.  phr.  or  adv.;  found  him  regarding  me 
with  curiosity,  intently) ;  give  heed  to,  take 
into  account,  let  one's  course  be  affected  by, 
(esp.  in  neg.  context ;  fears  not  Ood  nor  regards 
man ;  does  not  r.  my  advice),  give  heed,  pay 
attention,  take  notice ;  look  upon  or  contem- 
plate mentally  with  reverence,  horror,  &c,  or 
with  adv.  specified  sentiment  (I  still  r.  him 
kindly),;  consider  (usu.  as  with  compl.,  also 
in  the  light  of,  under  an  aspect,  &c,  also 
vulg.  with  compl.  &  without  as = consider;  is 
to  be  regarded  as  a  wild  beast ;  r.  it  as  mad- 
ness or  indispensable,  him  as  among  my 
friends) ;  (of  things)  concern,  have  relation  to, 
(does  not  r.  me  &c,  has  nothing  to  do  with ; 
esp.  as  regards,  or  regarding  as  part,  or  prep., 
=about,  touching;  as  regards  wheat,  prices 
are  rising;  considerations  regarding  peace  ; 
am  innocent  regarding  the  former),  [f .  F  re-  6- 
(garder  guard2),  cf.  reward] 

pegap'd2,  n.  Gaze,  steady  or  significant 
look  j  respect,  point  attended  to,  (in  this  &c.  r.; 
esp.  tn  r.  to  or  of,  with  r.  to,  regardi  ng,  as  touch- 
ing, about ;  in  one's  r.,  concerning  or  about  or 
towards  him) ;  attention,  heed,  care,  (to,  for ; 
r.  must  be  had  or  paid  to  general  principles ; 
the  next  object  ofr.  is  his  conduct ;  act  without 
r.  to  or  for  decency ;  pays  no  r.  to  expostu- 
lations or  adviser),  whence  pegap'dFUL  a. 
(of),  pegap'd  less  a.  &  adv.  (of;  also  slang  as 
ellipt.  adv.=r.  of  expense,  as  got  up  r.,  ex- 
pensively dressed),  pegap'dfulLY  2  (rare), 
pegap'dlessLY 2,  advv.,  pegap'dfulNESs 
(rare),  pegap'dlessNESS,  nn.;  esteem,  kindly 
feeling  or  respectful  opinion,  (for;  have  a 
great,  little,  r.  for  him,  no,  a  high,  r.  for  his 
judgment  or  advice),  (pi.)  expression  of  friendli- 
ness in  letter  &c,  compliments,  (kindrr.  to  you 
all ;  give  him  my  rr.  or  best  &c.  rr.).   [F  (prec.)] 

peg-ap'dant,  a.  (Herald.)  looking  backward ; 
observant,  with  steady  or  intent  gaze.  [F  (re- 
gard1, -ant)] 

pega'tta,  n.  Meeting  for  boat  or  yacht  races. 
[It.  (earlier  sense  contention),  etym.  dub.] 

pegela'te,  v.i.  (Of  fragments  of  ice,  heaped 
snow,  &c.)  be  fused  by  temporary  thawing  of 
surfaces  into  frozen  mass.  Hence  pegelATiON 
n.    [re-  9,  L  gelare  freeze,  -ate 3] 

pe'geney,  n.  Rule,  control,  (rare) ;  office  of 
regent ;  commission  acting  as  regent ;  regent's 
or  regency-commission's  period  of  office  (the  R. 
in  Eng.  Hist.,  1810-20).    [regent,  -encv] 

pege'nepate.  v.t.  &  i.  Invest  with  new  & 
higher  spiritual  nature ;  improve  moral  con- 
dition of,  breathe  new  &  more  vigorous  & 


higher  life  into,  (person,  institution,  &c); 
generate  again,  bring  or  come  into  renewed 
existence,  (must  r.  his  self-respect ;  polypus 
regenerates  after  extraction) ;  reform  oneself. 
Hence  or  cogn.  pege'nePATE2  (-at),  pe- 
ge'nePATivE,  aa.,  pegenePATiON  n.  [f.  L 
re-  8(generare  generate)] 

pege'nepatop,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  fuel- 
saving  fire-brick  device  in  furnaces,    [-or  2] 

pegenesis.    See  re- 8. 

pe'gent,  n.  &  a.  Ruler,  ruling  principle, 
(rare) ;  person  appointed  to  administer  king- 
dom during  minority,  absence,  or  incapacity  of 
monarch;  (adj.,  following  n.)  acting  as  r. 
(Queen,  Prince,  &c,  r.).  [n.  f.  a.,  f.  L  regere 
rule,  -ent] 

regerminate  &c.    See  re-  9. 

Pe'gieide,  n.  Killer  or  participator  in  kill- 
ing of  a  king  (the  rr.,  those  concerned  in  trying 
&  executing  Charles  I) ;  king-killing.  Hence 
pegiei'dAL  a.    [L  rex  regis  king,  -ode] 

r6gie  (rezhe*),  n.  Revenue  in  some  countries 
with  sole  control  of  tobacco  trade.    [F] 

pegild.    See  re-  9. 

regime,  regime,  (rezhein),  n.  Method  of 
government,  prevailing  system  of  things, 
(ancien  regime  F,  system  of  government  in 
France  before  the  revolution,  also  transf.  any 
now  abolished  or  past  method ;  under  the  r.  of 
purchase,  privilege,  protection,  competition. 
Whig  ascendancy,  &c).  [F  (re-)  f.  L  regimen] 

re'gimen,  n.  Rule,  system  of  government, 
regime,  (now  rare) ;  (Med.)  prescribed  course  of 
exercise,  way  of  life,  &  esp.  diet;  (Gram.)  re- 
lation of  syntactic  dependence  between  words, 
government.    [L  (regere  rule,  -men)] 

re'glment  (-jm-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Rule,  govern- 
ment, (now  rare) ;  permanent  unit  of  army  usu. 
commanded  by  (Lieut. -)Colonel  &  divided  into 
several  companies  or  troops  &  often  into  two 
battalions;  (often  pi.)  large  array  or  number, 
legion,  (usu.  of).  ( vb)  form  (men)  into  r.  or  rr.; 
organize  (workers,  labour)  in  groups  or  accord- 
ing to  a  system,  whence  regimen  t  a  "nox  n. 
[f.  LL  regxmentum  (prec,  -ment)] 

pegime'ntal,  a.  &  n.  Of  a  regiment ;  hence 
pegime'ntalLY  2  adv.  (N.,  pi.)  dress  worn  by 
regiment,  military  uniform.    T-al] 

Regi'na,  n.  (abbr.  R.).  Reigning  queen  (in 
signatures  to  proclamations,  as  V.R.,  v  ictoria 
R.,  titles  of  crown  law-suits,  as  R.  v.  Jones,  R. 
versus  Jones,  &c).    [L  (rex  regis  king,  -ina  ])] 

pegrnal,  a.  (rare).  Queenly,  of  or  befitting 
a  queen,    [f.  med.L  reginalis  (prec,  -al)J; 

pe'gion  (-jn),  n.  Tract  of  country,  space, 
place,  of  more  or  less  definitely  marked  boun- 
daries or  characteristics  (a  desert,  fertile,  r. ; 
the  r.  between  the  Elbe  &  the  Rhine;  earth 
is  divided  into  rr.  characterized  by  different 
fauna  &  flora) ;  separate  part  of  world  or  uni- 
verse (often  pi.;  lower  rr.,  hell,  realm  of  the 
dead ;  upper  rr.,  sky,  heaven ;  the  r.  beyond 
the  grave);  sphere  or  realm  of  (you  are  getting 
into  the  r.  of  metaphysics);  upper,  middle, 
lower,  layer  of  atmosphere  or  sea ;  part  of  the 
body  round  or  near  some  organ  &c  (the  lumbar, 
abdominal,  &c,  r.';  the  r.  of  the  eyes).  Hence 
pe'gion  a  L  a.  [f.  AF  regiun  f.  L  regionem  nom. 
-o  direction  (regere  direct,  -ion)] 

pe'gisteP1,  n.  Book  in  which  entries  are 
made  of  details  to  be  recorded  for  reference  ; 
official  or  authoritative  list  kept  e.g.  of  births, 
marriages,  &  burials  or  deaths,  of  shipping,  of 
qualified  voters  in  constituency  (?•.  office,  a 
registry);  slider  in  organ  controlling  set  of 
pipes ;  compass  of  voice  or  instrument,  part  of 
voice-compass  (head,  chest,  throat,  upper,  mid- 
dle, lower,  r.) ;  adjustable  plate  for  widening 


REGISTER 


708 


REIFY 


or  narrowing  an  opening  &  regulating  draught 
esp.  in  fire-grate ;  recording  indicator  of  speed, 
force,  &c. ;  (Print.)  exact  correspondence  of 
printed  matter  on  two  sides  of  leaf  (in  v.,  so 
corresponding),  (Photog.)  correspondence  of 
focussing  screen  with  plate  or  film.  [f.  med.L 
regestrum  for  regestum  (LL  regesta  things  re- 
corded f.  re-  8,  L  gerere  carry)] 

pe'gistep2,  v.t.  &  i.  Set  down  (name,  fact, 
&c.)  formally,  record  in  writing,  (fig.)  make 
mental  note  of ;  enter  or  cause  to  be  entered  in 
particular  r.  (r.  letter,  entrust  to  post  office  with 
special  precautions  for  safety ;  r.  luggage,  on 
railway  &c;  r.  oneself  or  abs.,  put  one's  name 
on  electoral  r.);  (of  instrument)  record  auto- 
matically, indicate;  (Print.  &c.)  correspond, 
make  correspond,  exactly.  Hence  or  cogn.  pe*- 
g-istPABLE  a.,  peglstPATiON  n.  If.  med.L  re- 
gistrare  (prec.)] 

pe'gistpap,  n.  Official  recorder,  person 
charged  with  keeping  register.  Hence  pe*- 
gistpapsHiP  n.    [prec,  -ar2] 

pe'gistpapy,  n.  Registrar  of  Cambridge 
University,    [register1,  -ary1] 

pe'gistpy,  n.  Registration;  place,  office, 
where  registers  are  kept ;  register  (rare),  [re- 
gister *,  -ry] 

Re'gius,  a.  R.  professor  of  Greek  &c,  holder 
of  chair  at  Oxf.  or  Camb.  instituted  by  Henry 
VIII  or  of  later  one  placed  on  same  footing. 
[L,  =  royal  (rex  regis  king)] 

pe'gnal,  a.  Of  a  reign  (r.  year,  beginning 
with  king's  accession  or  an  anniversary  of  it ; 
r.  day,  anniversary  of  accession),  [f.  med.L 
regnalis  (reign,  -al)] 

re'gnant,  a.  Reigning  (Queen  R.,  ruling  in 
her  own  right  &  not  as  consort;  Prince  R.,  &c); 
(of  things,  qualities,  opinions,&c.  predominant, 
prevalent,    [f.  L  regnare  reign2,  -ant] 

pegop'ge,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  or  cast  up  again, 
vomit,  disgorge ;  gush  or  flow  back  from  pit, 
channel,  &c;  swallow  again,    [re-  9] 

pegpa'te,  v.t.  (hist.).  Buy  up  (goods,  esp. 
victuals)  with  view  to  retailing  at  a  profit  (a 
practice  formerly  prohibited).  Hence  re- 
gpa'tER1,  pegpa'tOR2,  nn.  [f.  OF  regrater 
perh.  f .  re-,  grater  (now  gr alter)  scrape,  grate  2] 

pe'gpess  \  n.  Going  back ;  declension,  back- 
ward tendency,     [f.  L  regressus  (foil.)] 

pegpe'ss2,  v.i.  Move  backwards  (chiefly  as- 
tron.).    [f.  L  re- 9(gredi=  gradi  gress-  step)] 

pegpe'ssion  (-eshn),  n.  Backward  move- 
ment, retreat ;  return  of  curve ;  relapse,  rever- 
sion. So  pegpe'ssivE  a.,  pegpe'ssiveLY2 
adv.,pegpe'ssiveNESsn.  [f.  L  -io (prec, -ion)] 

pegpe't,  v.t.  (-tt-)  &  n.  Be  sorry  for  loss  of, 
wish  one  could  have  again ;  be  distressed  about 
or  sorry  for  (event,  fact),  grieve  at,  repent  (ac- 
tion &c);  be  sorry  to  say  &c.  or  that  (esp.  in 
polite  refusal  of  invitation  &c);  hence  pe- 
gpe'ttABLE  a.,  pegpe*ttabLY2adv.  (N.)  sor- 
row for  loss  of  person  or  thing  (often  for);  re- 
pentance  or  annoyance  concerning  thing  (left 
un)done  (has  no  rr. ;  express  r.for,  esp.  make 
apology  or  ask  pardon  for) ;  vexation  or  dis- 
appointment caused  by  occurrence  or  situation 

(hear  with  r.  of  or  that ;  refuse  with  much  r.  or 

many  rr.);   hence  (of  person  or  feeling)  pe- 

gpe'tFUL  a.,  Pegpe'tfUlLY2  adv.     [f.  F  re- 

grct(ter),  OF  also  regreter,  regrater,  etym.  dub.] 

regroup.    See  re- 8. 

regulable,  a.     Admitting  of  regulation. 

[regulate,  -able] 
P6*gulap,  a.  &  n.    (Eccl.)  bound  by  religious 

rule,  belonging  to  religious  or  monastic  order, 

(cf.  secular  ;  the  r.  clergy  in  R-C.  countries, 


monks  as  opp.  parish  priests  &c);  (of  shape, 
structure,  arrangement,  or  objects  in  these  re- 
spects) following  or  exhibiting  a  principle,  har- 
monious, consistent,  systematic,  symmetrical, 
(r.  nomenclature,  formation,  features,  curve, 
figure,  flower) ;  acting,  done,  recurring,  uni- 
formly or  calculably  in  time  or  manner,  habi- 
tual, constant,  not  capricious  or  casual,  orderly, 
(r.  working,  steps,  procedure,  sequence,  pulse, 
bowels,  salary,  orbit,  bed-time,  employ ;  keep  r. 
hours,  do  same  thing  at  same  time  daily ;  a  r. 
life,  lived  in  orderly  manner,  esp.  without  ex- 
cesses ;  r.  people,  living  r.  lives  ;  also  vulg.  as 
adv.,  as  comes,  happens,  r.) ;  conforming  to  a 
standard  of  etiquette  &c,  not  transgressing 
conventions,  in  order,  (heed  no  r.  introduction ; 
the  attitude  of  the  Foreign  Office  has  been  quite 
r.);  (Gram.,  of  verbs,  nouns,  &c.)  following  a 
normal  type  of  inflection ;  properly  constituted 
or  qualified,  not  defective  or  amateur,  devoted 
exclusively  or  primarily  to  its  nominal  func- 
tion, (cooks  as  well  as  ar.  cook ;  has  no  r.  pro- 
fession; r.  soldiers,  opp.  volunteers  or  militia 
or  temporary  levies;  r.  army,  of  r.  soldiers), 
(colloq.)  complete,  thorough,  indubitable,  (is  a 
r.  rascal,  brick,  hero ;  a  r.  royal  queen ;  had  a 
r.  smash,  overhauling,  &c;  also  vulg.  as  adv., 
as  is  r.  angry);  hence  pegula'PiTY  n.,  re'gu- 
lapizE(3)v.t.,pe,guIapizA,TioNn.,pe*gulap- 
ly2  adv.  (N.,  usu.  in  pi.)  one  of  the  r.  clergy ; 
r.  soldier;  (colloq.)  person  permanently  em- 
ployed, [r.  L  regularis  (regula'  rule  f.  regere 
direct,  -AR1)] 

pe'gulate,  v.t.  Control  by  rule,  subject  to 
restrictions,  moderate,  adapt  to  requirements ; 
adjust  (machine,  clock)  so  that  it  may  work  ac- 
curately. Hence  pe#gulatOR2(l,2)  n.,  pe'gu- 
Iative  a.  [f.  LL  regulare  (L  regula  rule),  -ate  y] 

regulation,  n.  Regulating  or  being  regu- 
lated; prescribed  rule,  authoritative  direction, 
(attrib.)  fulfilling  what  is  laid  down  by  rr.,  of 
correct  pattern  &c,  ordinary,  usual,  formal, 
(of  the  r.  size ;  exceed  the  r.  speed ;  a  r.  sword, 
cap ;  the  r.  mourning),    [prec,  -ation] 

pe'gulus,  n.  (pi.  -It).  Bright  star  in  Leo  (R-) ; 
(Chem.)  purer  or  metallic  part  of  mineral  sepa- 
rated by  sinking  to  bottom  in  crucible,  impure 
metallic  product  of  smelting  various  ores, 
whence  Fe'guliNE1  a,;  golden-crested  wren. 
[L,  dim.  of  rex  regis  king;  chem.  sense  orig.  of 
metallic  form  of  antimony,  perh.  as  title  of 
honour  due  to  its  readiness  to  combine  with 
gold] 

pegup'gitate,  v.i.  &  t.  Gush  back;  (of 
stomach  or  receptacle)  pour]  or  cast  up  again. 
Hence  pegurgitA'TiON  n.  [f.  med.L  re-  9- 
(gurgitare  f.  L  gurges  -itis  whirlpool),  -ate  3] 

rehabilitate  &c,  see  re- 9;  penandle,  pe- 
hang,  rehash,  rehear  &c,  re- 8. 

peheap'sal  (-her-),  n.  Rehearsing ;  prepa- 
ratory performance  of  play  or  other  entertain- 
ment (aress  r„  such  r.  in  costume,  i.e.  when 
practice  is  far  advanced).    [-al(2)] 

rehear'se  (-ers),  v.t.  Recite,  say  over,  re- 
peat from  beginning  to  end,  give  list  of,  re- 
count, enumerate ;  have  rehearsal  of  (play  &c 
or  part  in  it),  practise  for  later  public  perform- 
ance, [f.  OF  rehercer  prob.  f.  re-  8,  hercer  har- 
row (herse  harrow  f.  L  hirpex  rake)] 

rehouse,  see  re-  8 ;  rehumanize,  re-  9. 

reichsrat(h)  (ri'ksraht),  n.  Parliament  of 
Cisleithan  Austria-Hungary.    [G] 

reichstag  (ri'kstahch),  n.  Parliament  of  the 
German  empire ;  parliament  of  Transleithan 
Austria-Hungary.    [G] 

re'ify,  v.t.     Convert  (person,  abstract  con- 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8, 9. 


REIGN 709 

cept)  into  thing,  materialize.  So  peiFiCATiON 
n.    [f.  L  res  thing,  -i-,  -ky] 

reign1  (ran),  n.  Sovereignty,  rule,  sway, 
{under  the  r.  of  Queen  Victoria ;  his  r.  was  a 
gentle  one ;  the  r.  of  law  in  nature  ;  night  re- 
sumes her  r.);  realm,  sphere,  (rare);  period  dur- 
ing which  sovereign  reigns,  {in  the  r.  of  John ; 
during  five  successive  rr.).  [f.  OF  regne  f.  L 
regnum  (regere  rule)] 

peign2,  v.i.  Hold  royal  office,  be  king  or 
queen  lit.  or  fig.,  {reigned  over  Great  Britain 
for  60  years ;  a  king  who  desired  to  ride  as  well 
as  r. ;  better  to  r.  in  hell  than  serve  in  heaven ; 
reigning  beauty,  acknowledged  as  supreme  for 
the  time) ;  hold  sway,  prevail,  {dissension  & 
improvidence  reigned ;  silence  reigns,  all  is 
quiet),    [f.  OF  regner  f.  L  regnare  (prec)J 

reignite.    See  re-  9. 

reimbup'se,  v.t.  Repay  (person  who  has 
expended  money,  out-of-pocket  expenses,  per- 
son expenses).  Hence  peimbuirseMENT  n. 
[re-  9,  obs.  imburse  put  in  purse  f.  LL  imbur- 
sare  (IM- l,  bourse)] 

reimport,  peimpose  &c.    See  re-  9. 

rein  (ran),  n.,  &  v.t.  Long  narrow  strap  with 
each  end  attached  to  bit  used  to  guide  or  check 
horse  &c.  in  riding  or  driving,  (tig.)  means  of 
control,  (often  pi.  in  same  senses;  araxo  r.,  stop 
one's  horse,  pull  up,  abandon  effort,  retrench 
expenditure,  Sec;  give  horse  therr.  or  r.,  let  it 
go  its  own  way;  so  throw  the  rr.  to ;  give  r.  or 
the  rr.  to  one's  imagination  &c,  let  it  have  free 
scope ;  assume,  drop,  the  rr.  of  government, 
enter  upon,  resign,  office) ;  hence  pernLESS  a. 
(Vb)  check  or  manage  with  rr.,  (fig.)  govern, 
restrain,  control ;  pull  up  or  back  with  rr.,  hold 
in  with  rr.  or  fig.  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  OF  resne,  AF 
redne,  cf.  It.  redina,  perh.  ult.  f.  L  as  retain] 

reincarnate  &c,  see  re-  8 ;  peineoppo- 
pate,  re-  9. 

rei'ndeer  (ra-),  n.  (collect,  sing.  usu.  for  pi.). 
Subarctic  deer  used  for  drawing  sledges  &  kept 
in  herds  for  its  milk,  flesh,  &  hide.  [f.  ON 
hreindyri  {hreinn  reindeer,  deer)] 

peinfop'ce,  v.  t. ,  &  n.  Strengthen  or  support 
by  additional  men  or  material  or  by  increase  of 
numbers,  quantity,  size,  thickness,  &c.  (r.  fort- 
ress, army,  provisions,  party,  the  basses  &c.  in 
band  or  chorus,  person  s  health  &c.  with  food 
&c,  one's  argument  with  fresh  points) ;  (rare) 
enforce  again,  re-enforce.  (N.)  thicker  part  of 
gun  next  breech ;  strengthening  part,  band,&c, 
added  to  object,    [re-  8,  inforce  =  enforce] 

reinforcement,  n.  Reinforcing  or  being 
reinforced;  (often  pi.)  additional  men,  ships, 
&c,  for  military  or  naval  force ;  anything  that 
reinforces,    [-ment] 

reingratiate,  see  re-  9 ;  reink,  re-  8. 

reins  (ranz),  n.  pi.  (archaic).  The  kidneys; 
the  loins.    [OF,  f.  L  renes,  sing,  ren] 

reinsert  &c.    See  re-  9. 

reinstate,  v.t.  Restore  to,  replace  in,  lost 
position,  privileges,  &c;  restore  to  health  or 
properorder.  Hence peinsta'teMENTn.  [re- 9, 
obs.  instate  (in-1,  state  n.)] 

reinsure  &c,  peintep,  see  re-  8;  rein- 
vest &c,  re-  8,  9 ;  reinvigorate  &c,  re-  9. 

reis  (ras),  n.  pi.  Portuguese  money  of  account 
(l/20d.  in  Portugal,  l/40d.  in  Brazil).  [Port. 
(sing.  REAL1)] 

reissue  &c,  reiterate  &c.    See  re-  8. 

reje'et,  v.t.  Put  aside  as  not  to  be  accepted, 
practised,  believed,  chosen,  used,  complied 
with,  &c.  (r.  doctrine,  custom,  evidence,  candi- 
date, literary  contribution,  food,  request,  suit- 
or, vote ;  sorting-machine  rejects  all  defective 
Secimens);  cast  up  again,  vomit,  evacuate, 
mce  or  cogn.  peje*ctABLE  a.,  peje'ctER  >, 


RELATIVE 

peje'etiON,  peje'etOR 2,  nn.  [f.  L  re-  9{jicere 
-ject-  =jacere  throw)] 

pejectame'nta,  n.  pi.  Refuse,  waste  mat- 
ters ;  things  cast  up  by  the  sea ;  excrements. 
[mod.L  (prec,  -ment)] 

rejoi'ee,  v.t.  &  i.  Cause  joy  to,  make  glad. 
{the  news  rejoiced  him ;  lam  rejoiced  to  hear  it, 
that  it  should  be  so,  at  it,  by  it,  &c.) ;  feel  great 
joy,  whence  pejoi'eingLY  2  adv.;  be  glad  that 
or  to  do,  take  delight  in  or  at,  {r.  in,  be  blessed 
in  the  possession  of,  often  facet,  for  have) ; 
make  merry,  celebrate  some  event,  whence  pe- 
joi'eiNG  Js  n.  pi.    [f.  OF  re-  6{joir  -iss-  jo  y  2)] 

pejoi'n1,  v.i.  &  t.  (Law)  reply  to  charge  or 
pleading,  esp.  to  plaintiff's  replication ;  say  in 
answer,  retort;  join  (one's  companion,  regi- 
ment, &c.)  again,  ff.  F  RK-9{joindre  join),  or 
perh.  partly  as  foil. J 

pe-jorn2,  v.t.  &  L  Join  (t.  &  i.)  together 
again,  reunite,    [re-  9  -f-  join,  or  as  prec] 

pejoi'ndep,  n.  What  is  rejoin  *ed  or  said 
in  reply,  retort,    [as  rejoin  *,  -er4] 

peju,venate,peju*venize,vv.t.  &i.  Make 
or  become  young  again.  Hence  peJuvenA*- 
tion,  peju'venatOR2,  nn.  [re-  9,  L  juvenis 
young,  -ate3,  -ize] 

pejuvene'sce  (es),  v.i.  &  t.  Become  young 
again  ;  (Biol.,  i.  &  t.  of  cells)  acquire,  fill  with, 
fresh  vitality.  Hence  rejuvene'scEXT  a., 
pejuvene'SGENCE  n.  [f.  LL  re-  9{juvenescere 
f.  L  juvenis,  -escent)] 

rekindle.    See  re-  9. 

-rel,  also  -erel,  suf.  of  dim.  &  depreciating 
tendency,  somet.  repr.  OF  -erel,  mod.  F  -ereau, 
but  usu.  in  native  wds  of  obscure  origin. 

relabel.    See  re-  8. 

rela'pse,  v.i.,  &  n.  Fall  back,  sinkagain,  in- 
to wrong-doing,  error,  heresy,  weakness  or  ill- 
ness, quiescence  or  indolence,  (often  into) ;  (n.) 
act  or  fact  of  relapsing,  esp.  deterioration  in 
patient's  condition  after  partial  recovery,  [f.  L 
re-  9{labi  laps-  slip)] 

rela'te,  v.t.  &  i.  Narrate,  recount,  wrhence 
rela'tER1  n.;  bring  into  relation,  establish  re- 
lation between,  {to,  with,  or  abs.;  cannot  r.  the 
plienomena  with  or  to  anything  we  know  or  to 
each  other),  (p.p.)  connected,  allied,  akin  by 
blood  or  marriage,  {the  law  extends  to  several 
related  groups ;  is  related  to  theroyal  family), 
whence  pela'tedNESS  n.;  have  reference  to, 
stand  in  some  relation  to,  {notices  nothing  hid 
what  relates  to  himself;  how  parts  r.  to  parts). 
[f.  L  relat-  (refer)] 

rela'tion,  n.  Narration,  a  narrative,  (Law) 
laying  of  information  before  Attorney-General 
for  him  to  take  action  upon  {proceeding  at  the 
r.  of  the  Board  of  Works) ;  what  one  person  or 
thing  has  to  do  with  another,  way  in  which  one 
stands  or  is  related  to  another,  kind  of  con- 
nexion or  correspondence  or  contrast  or  feeling 
that  prevails  between  persons  or  things,  {the 
rr.  primarily  expressed  by  prepositions  are 
those  of  place  &  time ;  the  outlay^  seems  to  bear 
no  r.,  is  out  of  all  r.,  to  the  object  aimed  at; 
the  r.  between  them  is  th  at  of  guardian  &  ward ; 
rr.  are  rather  strained,  cordiality  is  impaired; 
the  report  has  r.  to  a  state  of  things  now  past), 
whence  pela'tlonAL  a.,  pela'tlonalLY2  adv.; 
(rare,  usu.  now  pela'tionsHiP  n.)  kinship  lit. 
or  fig.;  kinsman,  kinswoman,  relative  (somet. 
with  mixture  of  prec.  sense,  as  is  he  any,  what, 
r.  is  he  to  you  ?,  he  is  no  r. ).  Hence  pela'tlon- 
less  a.    [r.  L  relatio  (prec,  -ion)] 

pe'latlve,  a.  &  n.  (Gram.)  referring,  &  at- 
taching a  subordinate  clause,  to  an  expressed 
or  implied  antecedent  (r.  pronoun,  as  in  The 
man  whom  you  saw ;  r.  adjective,  as  in  Which 
things  are  an  allegory ;  r.  adverb,  as  in  The 


RELATIVISM 


710 


RELIGION 


place  where  he  died),  (of  clause)  attached  to  an- 
tecedent by  r.  word  ;  (rare)  having  mutual  rela- 
tions, corresponding  in  some  way,  related  to 
each  other,  (different  yet  r.  designs) ;  (rare)  per- 
tinent, relevant,  related  to  the  subject,  (without 
some  more  r.  proof) ;  comparative  (what  are 
the  r.  merits  of  the  two  ? ;  made  the  next  attempt 
withr.  coolness),  in  relation  to  something  else 
(their  r.  positions  are  the  same  though  they  are 
miles  apart),  proportioned  to  something  else 
(supply  is  r.  to  demand),  implying  comparison 
(heat,  speed,  strength,  are  r.  words),  correla- 
tive or  essentially  involving  a  different  but 
corresponding  idea  (the  conceptions  of  husband 
&  wife  are  r.  to  each  other),  not  having  abso- 
lute existence  but  conditioned  (she  is  beautiful 
to  me,  but  beauty  is  r.  to  the  beholder's  eye);  hav- 
ing reference,  relating,  to  (detailed  the  facts  r. 
to  the  matter ;  also  loosely  as  adv.,  as  I  wrote  to 
him  r.  to  renewal  of  the  lease) ;  hence  i»e*la- 
tiveLY2  adv.,  relati'viTY  n.  (N.):  (Gram.) 
r.  word,  esp.  pronoun  (the principal  rr.  are  who, 
which,  that,  what),  whence  pelati'VAL  a.; 
(Philos.)  r.  thing  or  term ;  kinsman,  kinswo- 
man, relation  by  blood  or  marriage,    [f.  Lrela- 

tiVUS  (RELATE,  -IVE)] 

re'lati  vism,  n.  Doctrine  that  knowledge  is  of 
relations  only.  Sore*lativiST(2)n.  [prec., -ism] 

rela'ton,  n.  Relater  (now  rare) ;  (Law)  ma- 
ker of  relation  (legal  sense).  [L(relate,-or2)] 

rela*x,  v.t.  &  i.  Cause  or  allow  to  become 
loose  or  slack  or  limp,  enfeeble,  enervate,  miti- 
gate, abate,  (r.  the  bowels,  the  muscles,  one's 
grasp,  discipline,  a  rule,  one's  attention,  one's 
efforts ;  relaxed  throat,  form  of  sore  throat ; 
place  has  a  relaxing  climate,  opp.  bracing) ; 
grow  less  tense  or  rigid  or  stern  or  ceremoni- 
ous or  energetic  or  zealous  (his  hold,  hands, 
severity,  features,  manner,  endeavours,  relax- 
ed; must  not  r.  in  one's  efforts),  [f.  L  re-  9(lax- 
aresee  lax)1 

relaxation,  n.  Partial  remission  of  penal- 
ty, duty,  &c;  cessation  from  work,  recreation, 
amusements;  diminution  of  tension,  severity, 
precision,  &c.    If.  L  relaxatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

relay  »,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Set  of  fresh  horses 
substituted  for  tired  ones ;  gang  of  men,  supply 
of  material,  &c,  similarly  used  ;  (Teleg.)  instru- 
ment reinforcing  long-distance  current  with 
local  battery.  (vb)  arrange  in,  provide  with, 
replace  by,  get,  relay(s).  [f.  OF  relais  n.,  re- 
layer  vb,  etym.  dub.  J 

re-lay  2,  v.t.    Lay  again,    [re- 8] 

relea'se  K  v.t.  (Law)  remit,  surrender,  make 
over  to  another,  (debt,  right,  property),  whence 
releasEE',  relea'soR2,  nn.;  set  free,  liberate, 
deliver,  unfasten,  (from).  Hence  relea'SABLE 
a.    If.  OF  relesser  f.  L  RELAxare] 

relea'se  2,  n.  Deliverance,  liberation,  from 
trouble,  sorrow,  duty,  confinement,  or  fixed 
position ;  written  discharge,  receipt ;  legal  con- 
veyance of  rightor  estate  to  another,  document 
effecting  this ;  handle,  catch,  &c,  that  releases 
part  of  machine  &c.    [f.  OF  reles  (prec. )] 

re'legate,  v.t.  Banish  to  some  place  of  ex- 
ile ;  consign  or  dismiss  to  some  usu.  inferior 
position,  sphere,  &c;  transfer  (matter)  for  de- 
cision or  execution,  refer  (person)  for  informa- 
tion &c,  to.  Hence  re'le&ABLE  a.,  relegA- 
tjon  n.    (f.  L  re-  5(legare  send),  -ate  3] 

rele*nt,v.i.  Relax  severity,  become lessstern, 
abandon  harsh  intention,  yield  to  compassion. 
Hence  rele'ntlngrLV  2  adv.,  rele'ntLESs  a., 
rele'ntlessLY  ■  adv.,  rele'ntless.vESS  n. 
lult.  f.  re-  9,  L  lentus  soft ;  cf.  F  ralentir] 

relevant,  a.  Bearing  upon,  pertinent  to,  the 


matter  in  hand.  Hence  re'levANCE,  re'lev- 
ancy,  nn.,  re'levantL y 2  adv.  [f.  L  relevare 
relieve,  -ant  ;  from  16th  c] 

relev6  (F),  n.  Fresh  courseor  dish  atdinner&c. 

reliable,  a.  That  may  be  relied  upon,  of 
sound  &  consistent  character  or  quality.  Hence 
reliaBPLiTY,  reli'ablexiss,  nn.,  rea'abLY"2 
adv.  [rely,  -able  ;  from  16th  c;  an  established 
wd  avoided  by  purists  as  of  irreg.  formation] 

relranee,  n.  Trust,  confidence,  (usu.  upon, 
on,  in;  have,  place,  feel,  r.  upon  &c;  my  r.  is 
upon  God) ;  thing  depended  upon  (the  well  is 
our  chief  r.).    So  reli'ANT  a.    [rely,  -ance] 

re'lie,  n.  Part  of  holy  person's  body  or  be- 
longings kept  after  his  death  as  object  of  re- 
verence; memento,  souvenir;  (pi.)  dead  body, 
remains,  of  person  ;  (pi.)  what  has  survived  de- 
struction or  wasting,  remnant,  residue,  scraps ; 
surviving  trace  or  memorial  o/a  custom,  belief, 
period,  people,  &c;  object  interesting  for  age 
or  associations,    [f.  F  relique  f.  reliquiae] 

re'liet,  n.  Widow  (usu.  his  &c.  r.,  or  r.  of) ; 
(rare) = prec.  [f.  p.p.  of  L  re-  3(linqucre  -lict- 
leave)] 

relie'f^n.  Alleviation  of  or  deliverance  from 
pain,  distress,  anxiety, 8cc.  (the  medicine  brought 
r. ;  it  is  a  r.  to  come  across  an  optimist);  feature 
&c.thatdiversifies  monotony  or  relaxes  tension 
(a  blank  wall  vrithout  r.;  a  comic  scene  follows 
by  way  ofr.);  assistance  given  to  the  poor  esp. 
under  the  Poor  Law  (recipients  of  public  r. 
shall  not  be  eligible)  or  to  persons  in  special 
danger  or  difficulty  (a  r.  fund  for  the  earth- 
quake victims ;  r.  works,  building  &c.  opera- 
tions started  to  give  work  to  the  unemployed); 
reinforcement  &  esp.  raising  of  siege  of  be- 
sieged town  ;  (replacing  of  person  or  persons 
on  duty  by)  person (s)  appointed  to  take  turn  of 
duty;  redress  of  hardship  or  grievance.  [OF 
(relever  relieve)] 

relle'f2,  n.  Method  of  moulding  or  carving 
or  stamping  in  which  design  stands  out  from 
plane  or  curved  surface  with  projections  pro- 
portioned &  more  or  less  (high,  low,  r.)  closely 
approximating  to  those  of  objects  imitated  (the 
profile  of  Julius  in  r.);  piece  of  sculpture  &c. 
in  r.;  appearance  of  being  done  in  r.  given  by 
arrangement  of  line  or  colour  or  shading,  dis- 
tinctness of  outline  lit.  or  fig.,  vividness,  (stands 
out  in  r.;  bring  out  the  facts  in  full  r.).  [f.  It. 
rilievo  (rilevare  raise  f.  L  as  relieve)] 

relie've,  v.t.  Bring,  give,  be  a,  relief'1  to 
(town,  teas  relieved ;  am  mtich  relieved  to  hear 
it ;  devotes  himself  to  relieving  distress  or  the 
distressed;  relieving  officer,  parish  or  union 
official  charged  with  care  of  the  poor ;  relieving 
arch,  built  in  substance  of  wall  to  r.  part  below 
from  weight;  r.  one's  feelings,  by  strong  lan- 

guage  or  some  ebullition  ;  r.  nature,  evacuate 
ladder  or  bowels ;  a  black  bodice  relieved  with 
white  lace ;  r.  guard,  come  &  take  one's  turn 
on  guard ;  you  shall  be  relieved  at  10.30 ;  r.  one 
of  load,  take  it  off  him,  also  facet.,  as  a  tramp 
relieved  him  of  his  purse);  bring  into  relief2, 
exhibit  with  appearance  of  solidity  or  detach- 
ment, (esp.  in  p.p.,  often  against  background). 
Hence  relie'VABLE  a.  [f.  OF  relever  f.  L  re-  9- 
(levare  f.  levis  light)] 

relle*vo,n.  =  relief2  esp.  in  lit.  senses  (alto, 
basso,  mezzo, -r.).  [f.  It.  rilievo  relief2  w. 
anglicized  spelling  &  pronunc] 

reli'gion  ( -ijn),  n.  Monastic  condition,  being 
monk  or  nun,  (enter  into,  be  in,  r.),  (rare)  a 
monastic  order ;  (rare)  practice  of  sacred  rites  ; 
one  of  the  prevalent  systems  of  faith  &  worship 
(the  Christian,  Mohammedan,  r.;  established 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


RELIGIONER 


711 


REMEMBER 


r.,  that  of  established  church  *;  natural,  re- 
veal led,  r.;  all  rr.  are  the  same  to  him) ;  hu- 
man recognition  of  superhuman  controlling 
power  &  esp.  of  a  personal  God  entitled  to  obe- 
dience, effect  of  such  recognition  on  conduct  & 
mental  attitude,  (get  r.  vulg.  or  facet.,  be  con- 
verted to  such  belief);  action  that  one  is  bound 
to  perform  {make  a  r.  of  doing).  Hence  reli*- 
gi on  less  a.  [f.  L  religio  perh.  connected  w. 
re-  9Uigare  bind)] 

reli'gioner,  n.  Member  of  monastic  order ; 
person  zealous  for  religion.    |-er  *] 

religionism,  n.  Excessive  religious  zeal. 
So  reli*gioniST<2)  n.    [-ism] 

reli'gionize,  v.t.  &  i.  Convert  to  or  imbue 
with  religion ;  exhibit  religious  zeal,    [-ize] 

reli'g-iose,  a.  Morbidly  religious,  [as  re- 
ligious, -ose1] 

religio'sity,  n.  Being  religious  or  religiose, 
[f.  LL  religiositas  (foil.,  -ity)] 

reli'glous  (-jws),  a.  &  n.  Imbued  with  re- 
ligion, pious,  god-fearing,  devout ;  of,  belong- 
ing to,  a  monastic  order;  of,  concerned  with, 
religion.;  scrupulous,  conscientious,  (with  r. 
care,  exactitude,  &c);  hence  reli'glousLY 2 
adv.,  reli'giousNESS  n.  (N.;  as  sing,  with  a 
&c. ,  &  as  pi.  i  n  same  form  with  the,  some,  several, 
&c.)  person  bound  by  monastic  vows.  [f.  L  re- 
ligiosus  (religion,  -ose  ])] 

reline.    See  re- 9. 

relinquish,  v.t.  Give  up,  abandon,  cease 
from,  resign,  surrender,  (habit,  plan,  hope,  be- 
lief, right,  possession);  loose  hold  of  (object 
held).  Hence  reli'nquishMENT  n.  If.  OF 
relinquir  f.  L  re-  3(linguere  leave),  -ish  2] 

re'liquary,  n.  Receptacle  for  relic(s).  [f.  F 
religuaire  (relic,  -ary  j)] 

reli'quiae,  n.  pi.  Remains ;  (Geol.)  fossil  re- 
mains of  animals  or  plants;  (Bot.)  withered  re- 
mains of  leaves  decaying  on  stem.  [L  (reliquus 
remaining,  f.  relinquere  relinquish,  -ia1)] 

pe'lish  i,  n.  Flavour,  distinctive  taste  of; 
slight  dash  or  tinge  of  some  quality ;  appetizing 
flavour,  attractive  quality,  (meat  has  nor.  when 
one  is  ill ;  horseplay  loses  its  r.  after  childhood); 
thing  eaten  with  plainer  food  to  add  flavour ; 
enjoyment  of  food  or  other  things,  zest,  liking 
for,  (eat, read,  appreciate  jest,  SccHcithgreatr.; 
has  no  r.  for  poetry),  [earlier  &  OF  reles  after- 
taste (relesser  release1)  w.  assim.  to  -ish2] 

re'lish2,  v.t.  &  i.  Serve  as  r.  to,  make  piquant 
&c;  get  pleasure  out  of,  like,  be  pleased  with, 
(thought  he  could  r.  a  lobster;  does  notr.  the 
prospect),  whence  re'lishABLE  a. ;  taste,  sa- 
vour, smack,  suggest  presence,  of;  affect  the 
lit.  or  fig.  taste  well,  badly,  &c    [f.  prec.J 

relive,  reload.    See  re-  8. 

relu'eent  (-oo-).  a.  (rare).  Shining,  bright, 
[f.  L  RE-6(Z«cere  shine),  -ent] 

reliret,  v.i.  Feel  or  show  reluctance,  make 
opposition,  (at,  against).  So  relu'etATE3  (in 
same  sense)  v.i.,  reluctATiON  n.  [f.  L  re- 2- 
(luctari  struggle)] 

relirctant,  a.  Struggling,  offering  resist- 
ance, hard  to  work  or  get  or  manage,  (esp.  poet. ); 
unwilling,  disinclined,  to  do  or  abs.  (am  very  r. 
toadmit;  gavemer.  assistance).  Hence relire 
tANCE  n.,  relu*ctantLv2adv.  [as  prec.,-ANT] 

relu'me  (-oo-,  -u-),  v.t.  Rekindle  (light  or 
flame  lit.  or  fig.);  make  (eyes  &c.)  bright  again  ; 
light  (sky  &c.)  up  again,    [re- 9,  &  as  illume] 

rely,  v.i.  Put  one's  trust,  depend  with  con- 
fidence, (up)on  person  or  thing  (is  relying  upon 
a  broken  reed ;  Ir.  upon  you  to  finish  it,  its  be- 
ing finished,  today ;  you  may  r.  upon  it  that  he 
will  be  here),  [earlier  senses  rally,  adhere  to, 
be  vassal  of;  f.  OF  relier  bind  together,  f.  L 
re-  9(ligare  bind)] 


remai'n  *,  v.i.  Be  left  over  after  abstraction 
or  use  of  or  dealing  with  the  rest  (the  few  plea- 
sures that  r.  to  an  old  man ;  \worse  things  r. 
to  be  told ;  nothing  remains  but  to  draxo  the 
moral);  abide,  stay  in  same  place  or  condition, 
continue  to  exist,  be  extant,  be  left  behind,  (r. 
three  weeks  in  Paris  ;  let  it  r.  as  it  is ;  as  things 
have  been  they  r.;  the -Parthenon  remains  to 
attest  or  as  a  proof  of  it ;  this  visit  will  always 
r.  in  my  memory ;  the  luggage  unfortunately 
remained  on  the  platform ;  victory  remained 
with  the  Thebans);  (with  compl.)  continue  to 
be  (one  thing  remains  certain  ;  r.  faithful  &c. ; 
I  r.  yours  truly  &c,  formula  concluding  letter). 
If.  OF  remaindre  f.  L  n.E-3(manere  stay)] 

remai'n2,  n.  (Usu.  pi.)  what  remains  over, 
surviving  members  or  parts  or  amount,  (therr. 
of  a  nation,  family,  meal,  stock,  building,  of 
one's  conscience  or  strength,  &c;  also  in  pi.  as 
sing.,  &  in  sing.,  as  here  there  is  the  rr.,  a  r., 
of  a  temple);  (usu.  pi.)  relics  or  relic  of  obsolete 
custom  or  of  antiquity ;  (pi.)  works,  esp.  those 
not  before  or  yet  published,  left  by  author 
(rarely  in  sing,  of  single  work);  (pi.)  dead  body, 
corpse.    [OF  (prec.)] 

remainder,  n.  (Law)  residual  interest  in 
estate  devised  to  another  (cf.  reversion)  simul- 
taneously with  creation  of  estate  (r.  man,  de- 
visee of  r.),  right  of  succession  to  title  or  posi- 
tion on  holder's  decease,  whence  remai'n  der- 
ship  n.;  residue,  remaining  persons  or  things ; 
(Arith.)  number  left  after  subtraction  ;  (Book- 
selling) copies  left  unsold  when  demand  has 
ceased  &  often  offered  at  reduced  price ;  (attrib.) 
left  over.    [AF  (remain  *dre,  -er  4)] 

remake,  see  re-  8 ;  reman,  re-  8,  9. 

rema'nd,  v.t.,  &  n.  Send  back  to,  reconsign, 
(now  rare  in  gen.  sense);  send  back  (prisoner) 
into  custody  to  allow  of  further  evidence's  be- 
ing obtained ;  (n.)  recommittal  to  custody,  [f.  L 
re-  9(mandare  commit)] 

re'manet,  n.  Remaining  part,  residue ;  post- 
poned lawsuit ;  parliamentary  bill  left  over  for 
another  session.    [L,  =  it  remains  (remain  J)] 

remargin.    See  re-  8. 

remap-k1,  v.t.  &  i.  Take  notice  of,  perceive, 
regard  with  attention,  observe,  (person,  thing, 
fact,  that  &c.) ;  say  by  way  of  comment ;  make 
comment  (up)on,    [f.  F  re-  6(7narquer  mark)] 

remark \  n.  Noticing,  observing,  (worthy 
of  r.,  remarkable),  commenting  (is  the  theme  of 
general  r.;  let  it  pass  without  r.) ;  a  written  or 
spoken  comment,  anything  said,  (his  rr.  are 
often  interesting  ;  did  you  make  a  r.?,  did  you 
speak  ?).    If.  F  remargue  (prec.)] 

remar*kable,  a.  Worth  notice,  exceptional, 
extraordinary,  striking,  conspicuous.  Hence 
remar'kablexEss  n.,  remar'kabLY  2  adv. 
[f.  F  remarquable  (remark  l,  -able)] 

remarqu&(F),  n.  Mark.usu.marginal  sketch, 
indicating  certain  state  of  engraving  plate. 

remarry  &c,  remast.    See  re-  8. 

remedy,  n.,  &  v.t.  Cure  for  disease,  healing 
medicine  or  treatment,  means  of  removing  or 
counteracting  or  relieving  any  evil,  redress, 
legal  or  other  reparation,  whence  or  cogn.  re- 
me'diAL  a.,  reme'dialLY2  adv.,  (now  poet, 
or  rhet.)  reme'diLESS  (or  re'-)  a.,  reme'di- 
lessLY  2  adv.  (Vb)  cure  medically  (now  rare); 
rectify,  make  good  ;  so  reme'diABLE  a.  [vb 
f.  hremediare,  n.  f.  AF  remedie,  t.  L  re-  \(me- 
dium  f.  mederi  heal)] 

reme'mber,  v.t,  Retain  in  the  memory,  not 
forget,  recall  to  mind,  recollect,  know  by  heart, 
(person,  thing,  fact,  that,  to  do,  how  to  do, 
when,  why,  &c,  or  abs.;  r.  oneself,  bethink  one- 
self of  one's  manners  or  intentions  after  a  lapse; 
also  refl.  with  me,  him,  &c,  archaic  as  Ir.  me 


REMEMBRANCE 


712 


REMOVE 


that,  they  remembered  them  of),  whence  re- 
me'mbePABLE  a.;  make  present  to,  tip,  (re- 
membered  me  in  his  will ;  r.  the  waiter) ;  men- 
tion in  one's  prayers ;  convey  greetings  from 
(person)  to  another  (r.  me  kindly  to  them ;  begs 
to  be  remembered  to  you),  [f.  OF  remembrer 
f.  LL  re-  Wjnemorari  f.  L  memor  mindful)] 

i>eme'mbrance,  n.  .Remembering  or  being 
remembered,memory,recollection,  (hasescaped 
my  r.;  have  in,  call  to,  r.;  put  in  r.,  remind; 
have  no  r.ofit;  more  than  once  within  my  r.;  a 
pillar  in  r.  of  the  exploit) ;  keepsake,  souvenir, 
memorial ;  (pi.)  greetings  conveyed  through 
third  person.    IF  (prec,  -ance)]  t 

reme'mbrancer,  n.  Kings,  Queens,  R., 
officer  collecting  debts  due  to  sovereign ;  City 
R.,  representing  Corporation  of  City  of  London 
before  parliamentary  committees  &c;  remind- 
er, memento,  of.    [AF  (prec,  -ek  l)] 

^emigrate  &c.    See  re-  9. 

remi'nd,  v.;t.  Put  (person)  in  mind  of,  to  do, 
that,  how,  &c,  or  abs.    [re-  8,  mind  vb] 

remi'nder,  n.  Thing  that  reminds  or  is 
meant  to  remind,    [-er  j] 

remi'ndful,  a.  Acting  as  a  reminder,  re- 
viving the  memory,  of.    [-ful] 

reminiscence,  n.  Remembering,  recovery 
of  knowledge  by  mental  effort,  (Platonic  doc- 
trine of  r.,  that  all  knowledge  is  such  recovery 
of  things  known  to  the  soul  in  previous  exis- 
tences) ;  remembered  (&  related)  fact  or  inci- 
dent, (pi.)  collection  in  literary  form  of  incidents 
that  person  remembers ;  point  in  thing  remind- 
ing or  suggestive  of  other  thing  {there  is  a  r. 
of  the  Greek  type  in  her  face).  Hence  pe- 
minisce'ntiAL  a.  [f.  LL  reminiscentia  f.  L 
re-  9{minisci  cogn.w.  mind)  remember,  -ence] 

remini'scent,  a.  Recalling  past  things, 
given  to  or  concerned  with  retrospection,  mind- 
ful or  having  memories  of;  reminding  or  sug- 
gestive of.  Hence  pemini'seentLY  2  adv. 
[as  prec,  -ent] 

remint.    See  re-  8. 

remi'se1  (-ez),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Archaic)  coach- 
house, carriage  hired  from  livery-stable;  (Fenc.) 
second  thrust  made  before  recovery  from  first 
(vb,  make  r).    [F,  vbl  n.  f.  remettre  remit  *] 

remi'se  2  (-iz),  v.t.  (legal).  Surrender,  make 
over, (right, property),  [r.  Frem£s(e)p.p. asprec.J 

remi'ss,  a.  Careless  of  duty,  lax,  negligent ; 
lacking  force  or  energy.  Hence  peml'ssLY  2 
adv.,  pemi'ssNESS  n.    [f.  L  REMiTtere] 

pemi'sslble,  a.  That  may  be  remitted,  [f. 
L  remissibilis  (remit,  -ible)] 

remi'ssion  (-shn),  n.  Forgiveness  o/sins  &c, 
forgiveness  of  sins ;  remitting  of  debt,  penalty, 
&c;  diminution  of  force,  effect,  degree,  vio- 
lence,&c ;  act  of  remitting  in  other  senses  (rare). 
So  remi'ssi  ve  a.  [OF,  f.  L  remissionem  (foil., 

-ION)] 

pemi't,  v.t.  &  i.  (-tt).  (Usu.  ofGod)  pardon 
(sins  &c) ;  refrain  from  exacting  or  inflicting 
or  executing  (debt,  punishment,  sentence); 
abate  (t.  &  i.),  slacken,  mitigate,  partly  or  en- 
tirely cease  from  or  cease,  (r.  one's  anger  or 
efforts,  thesiege;  pain,  enthusiasm,  beginstor.); 
refer  (matter  for  decision  &c)<o  some  authority, 
send  back  (case)  to  lower  court ;  send  or  put 
back  (in)to  previous  state ;  postpone,  defer,  to 
or  till ;  transmit  (money  &c),  get  conveyed  by 
post  &c,  whence  pemi'ttep  «  1-er1],  remit- 
ter, nn.  Hence  pemi*ttAL(2)  n.  [f.  L  re-  5- 
{mittere  miss-  send)] 

remittance,  n.  Money  sent  to  person; 
consignment  of  goods  sent  (rare) ;  sending  of 
money,    [prec,  -ance] 


pemi'ttent,  a.  &  n.  (Fever)  that  abates  at 
intervals  (cf.  iNTERMiT*ew£).    [remit,  -ent] 

pemi'ttep 2,  n.  (legal;  for  r.1  see  remit). 
Substitution,  in  favour  of  holder  of  two  titles 
to  estate,  of  the  more  valid  for  the  other  by 
which  he  entered  on  possession  ;  remitting  of 
case  to  other  court ;  restoration  to  rights,  re- 
habilitation, (rare).    [-ER4] 

re-mnant,  n.  The  little  or  f  ewthat  remain(s), 
small  remaining  quantity  or  piece  or  number 
of  persons  or  things  ;  surviving  trace  of;  frag- 
ment, scrap,  esp.  piece  of  cloth  &c  offered  at 
reduced  price  when  greater  part  has  been  used 
up.  [short  for  obs.  &,  OF  remenant,  -manant, 
(remanoir  remain  l,  -ant)] 

remodel.    See  re-  8. 

remo-netize  {or  -mu-),  v.t.  Restore  (metal 
&c)  to  former  position  as  legal  tender.  Hence 
remonetizA  tiox  a.    [re-  9] 

remo-nstrance,  n.  (Hist.)  formal  state- 
ment of  public  grievances  (the  Grand  R.,  from 
House  of  Commons  to  Crown  1641) ;  remonstrat- 
ing, expostulation,  a  protest.    [OF  (foil., -ance)] 

pemo'nstpate,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  protest,  ex- 
postulate, (against  course,  with  person,  on  or 
upon  matter,  or  abs.);  urge  in  remonstrance 
(that  or  parenth.).  Hence  or  cogn.  remo'n- 
stPANTa.  &  n.,  pemo'nstrantLv  2,pemo\n- 
stpatingLY 2,  advv.,  remo'nstrativE  a., 
remo'nstratoK-  n.  [f.  med.L  RE-2(won- 
strare  show),  -ate  3] 

remo'ntant,  a.  &  n.  (Rose)  blooming  more 
than  once  in  year.  [F  (remonter  reMOUNT2,  -ant)] 

pe'mopa,  n.  The  sucking-fish,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  stay  course  of  ship  to  which  it  adhered; 
obstruction,  impediment,  (now  rare).  [L  (re-  2, 
mora  delay),  =  impediment,  sucking-fish] 

pemop'se,  n.  Bitter  repentance  for  wrong 
committed,  whence  pemor'seFUL  a.,  re- 
mop'sefulLY2  adv.;  compunction,  compas- 
sionate reluctance  to  inflict  pain  or  be  cruel, 
(chiefly  in  without  r.),  whence  pemop'seLESs 
a.,  pemop'selessLY  2  adv.,  remor'seless- 
ness  n.  [f.  OF  rcmors  f.  LL  re-  3(morsus  -us  f. 
mordere  mors-  bite)] 

remo'te,  a,  (-er,  -est).  Far  apart ;  far  away 
or  off  in  place  or  time,  not  closely  related, 
distant  or  widely  different  or  by  nature  separ- 
ate/row, (lies  r.  from  the  road ;  came  from  the 
remotest  parts  of  the  earth ;  memorials  of  r. 
ages;  a  r.  ancestor,  descendant,  kinsman;  r. 
causes,  effects;  introduces  considerations  r. 
from  the  subject) ;  out-of-the-way,  secluded,  (a 
r.  village ;  lives  r.) ;  (chiefly  superl.,  of  idea 
&c)  slight(est),  faint(est),  least,  (havenotthe  re- 
motest, have  only  a  very  r.,  conception  of  what 
he  means).  Hence  pemo'teLY2  adv.,  pe- 
mo'teNESS  n.     [f.  L  remotus  (remove  *)] 

remould,  remount ».    See  re-  8. 

remou'nt2,  v.t.  &  i.  Go  up,  get  on  to,  (hill, 
ladder,  horse,  &c.)  again  ;  go  up  again,  get  on 
horseback  again,  make  fresh  ascent ;  go  back 
to  specified  date,  period,  source,  &c  [f.  OF 
re-  9{monter  mount)] 

remo'vable,  a.  &  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.,  (of 
magistrate  or  official)  subject  to  removal  from 
office,  holding  office  during  pleasure  of  Crown 
or  other  authority ;  (n.)  r.  magistrate  in  Ireland. 
Hence  pemovaBixiTY  n.    [foil.,  -able] 

remo*ve  *  (-obv),  v.t.  &  i.  Take  off  or  away 
from  place  [occupied,  convey  to  another  place, 
change  situation  of,  get  rid  of,  dismiss,  (r.  one's 
hat,  the  tea-things,  all  traces  ;  r.  mountains,  do 
miracle ;  cardinal  was  removed  by  poison ;  r. 
magistrate  from  office ;  boy  is  removed  from 
school,  taken  away  by  parents  &c;  this  will  r. 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


REMOVE 


71« 


RENT 


all  apprehension,  the  last  doubts  ;  r.  furniture, 
for  persons  changing  house,  as  special  trade, 
whence  remo'VER'  n.),  (pass.,  of  course  at 
dinner  &c.)  be  succeeded  by  {boiled  haddock  re- 
moved by  hashed  mutton) ;  change  one's  resi- 
dence, go  away  from,  {am  removing  from  Lon- 
donto  Oxford  ;  truth  has  removed  from  earth); 
(p.p.)  distant  or  remote  from  {is  not  many  de- 
grees removed  from  the  brute),  (of  cousins) 
once,  twice,  &c,  removed,  with  difference  of 
one,  two,  &c,  generations  {my  first  cousin  once, 
twice,  removed,  cousin's  child  or  parent's  cousin, 
cousin's  grandchild  or  grandparent's  cousin). 
Hence  remo*VAL(2)  n.  (not  of  cousinship).  [f. 
OF  remouvoir  f.  L  re-  i(movere  move)] 

remo've2,  n.  Dish  that  succeeds  another  at 
table ;  promotion  to  higher  form  at  school  {has 
not  got  his  r.);  (in  some  schools)  a  certain  form 
or  division ;  (rare)  change  of  residence,  depar- 
ture, removal ;  (rare)  distance  {at  a  certain  r. 
its  shape  seems  to  change);  stage  in  gradation, 
degree,  {is  but  one  ?*.,  few  rr.,  from),  esp.  in 
consanguinity  (cf.  prec).    [f.  prec] 

remu'nerate,  v.t.  Reward,  pay  for  service 
rendered  ;  serve  as  or  provide  recompense  for 
(toil  &c.)  or  to  (person).  Hence  remunerA- 
tion  n.,  remu'nerATivE  a.,  remirnera- 
tiveLY  2  adv.,  remu'nerativeNESS  n.  [f.  L 
he-  \{munerari  f.  munus  -eris  reward)) 

renaissance  (or  as  F),  n.  Revival  of  art  & 
letters  under  influence  of  classical  models  in 
14th-16th  cc  period  of  its  progress,  style  of  art 
&  architecture  developed  by  it,  (often  attrib., 
as  r.  painters,  architecture,  church);  any  simi- 
lar revival.  [F  {renaitre  be  born  again)  after 
naissance  birth,  cf.  renascence] 

re'nal,  a.  Of  the  kidneys,  [f.  LL  renalis 
(ren  kidney,  -al)] 

rename.    See  re-  8. 

rena'seenee,  n.  Rebirth,  renewal ;  =  re- 
naissance,   [foil.,  -ence] 

rena'seent,  a.  Springing  up  afresh,  being 
reborn,    [f.  L  RK-S{nasci  be  born),  -ent] 

reneoirnter  (-ow),  reneo'ntre  {-er,  or  as 
F),  n.  (now  rare).  Encounter,  battle,  skirmish, 
duel ;  casual  meeting,  [f.  F  rencontre  (rencon- 
trer,  see  re-,  encounter)] 

rend,  v.t.  &  i.  (rent).  Tear  or  wrench  {off, 
away,  out  of,  from,  asunder,  apart,  &c. ,  or  abs. ; 
archaic  or  rhet.;  a  province  rent  from  the  em- 
pire ;  r.  one's  garments,  hair,  in  sign  of  grief 
&c. ;  turn  &  r.  one,  fig.,  abuse  him  unexpect- 
edly); split  or  divide  (t.  &  i.)  in  two  or  in  pieces 
or  usu.  into  factions  (r.  laths,  make  them  by 
splitting  wood ;  Europe  was  rent  in  two  by  the 
question  ;  shouts r.  the  air,  sound  explosively  ; 
heart  is  rent  by  contending  emotions  ;  the  veil 
rends).    [OE  rendan  cf.  OFris.  renda] 

re'nder,  v.t.  Give  in  return  (r.  thanks,  good 
for  evil);  give  back  (archaic),  hand  over,  de- 
liver, give  up,  surrender,  (chiefly  archaic  ;  r.  to 
Caesar  the  things  that  are  Caesar's;  grave 
renders  up  its  dead ;  fortress  was  rendered  on 
terms);  pay  (tribute  &c),  show  (obedience  &c), 
do  (service  &c),  (usu.  to  or  with  ind.  obj.);  pro- 
duce for  inspection,  submit,  present,  send  in, 
(account,  reason,  &c. ;  will  have  to  r.  an  account 
of;  account  rendered,  bill  previously  sent  in  & 
not  yet  paid,  phr.  used  as  substitute  for  repeti- 
tion of  items);  reproduce,  portray,  give  repre- 
sentation or  performance  or  effect  of,  execute, 
translate,  (painter  has  hardly  rendered  the 
expression;  the  quartet,  lago,  the  dramatist's 
conception,  were  well  rendered;  how  would 
you  r.  solvitur  ambulando  ?;  poetry  can  never 
be  adequately  rendered  in  another  language), 
whencere'nderiNG^l^n.^withobj.&compl.) 
make,  cause  to  be,  convert  into,  (age  had  ren- 


dered him  peevish ;  the  tone  rendered  it  an  in- 
sult); melt  (fat)  down,  extract  by  melting,  clari- 
fy ;  cover  (stone,  brick)  with  first  coat  of  plas- 
ter; r.-set  v.t.,  plaster  (wall  &c.)  with  two  coats, 
n.  &  a.,  (plastering)  of  two  coats,  [f.  OF  rendre 
ult.  f.  L  reddere  reddit-  (re-,  dare  give)] 

rendezvous  (raw'ndivoo),  n.  (pi.  same,  pr. 
-ooz),  &  v.i.  (-ouses,  -oused,  -ousing,  pr.  -ooz, 
-ood,  -ooing).  Place  appointed  for  assembling 
of  troops  or  ships;  place  of  common  resort; 
meeting-place  agreed  on,  meeting  by  agree- 
ment (place  ofr.);  (vb)  meet  at  r.  [F,  f.-rendez 
vous  {rendre,  see  prec.)  betake  yourselves] 

rendi'tion,  n.  (now  rare).  Surrender  of  place 
or  person.    [F  (obs.),  f.  rendre  render,  -ion] 

renegade  n.  &  v.i.,  renega'do  (archaic) 
n.  Apostate,  esp.  from  Christianity  to  Moham- 
medanism ;  deserter  of  party  or  principles,  turn- 
coat. (Vb)  turn  r.;  so  renegATiON  n.  [Sp. 
(o),  f.  med.L  re-  $(negatus  f.  negare  deny)] 

renew,  v.t.  &  i.  Restore  to  original  state, 
make  (as  good  as)  new,  resuscitate,  revivify, 
regenerate,  (nature  dies  &  is  renewed  ;  r.  per- 
son's life,  sorrow,  energy ;  r.  the  golden  age ; 
rose  from  her  knees  renewed  by  the  Holy  Spirit ; 
renewed  by  baptism) ;  patch,  fill  up,  reinforce, 
replace,  (coat  renewed  in  places ;  r.  the  water 
in  the  bowl ;  r.  garrison,  tires,  &c);  get,  begin, 
make,  say,  or  give,  anew,  continue  after  inter- 
mission, (r.  one's  yoirth,  strength,  &c,  grow 
young  &c.  again  ;  r.  attack,  correspondence, 
speech,  game,  efforts ;  r.  one's  vows,  statements, 
&c;  r.  lease,  bill,  grant  or  be  granted  continu- 
ation of  it),  (abs.)  r.  lease  or  bill ;  (rare)  become 
new  again  (the  clamour  renewed  ;feel  my  youth 
renewing).  Hence  reneWABLE  a.,  renew- 
al(2)  n.    [re-,  new] 

re'niform.a.  Kidney-shaped.  [reins,-form] 

rennet  >,  n.  Curdled  milk  found  in  stomach 
of  unweaned  calf,  or  preparation  of  stomach- 
membrane  or  of  kinds  of  plant,  used  in  curdling 
milk  for  cheese  &c.  [f.  renne  obs.  form  of  run  M 

re'nnet2,  n.  Kinds  of  dessert  apple,  [f.  F 
reinette,  prob.  f.  reine  queen  f.  L  regina,  -ette] 

renou'nee  (ow),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Consent 
formally  to  abandon,  surrender,  give  up,  (claim, 
right,  possession);  repudiate,  refuse  to  recog- 
nize longer,  decline  association  or  disclaim  re- 
lationship with,  withdraw  from,  discontinue, 
forsake,  (r.  treaty,  principles,  person's  autho- 
rity, all  thought  of,  design,  attempt,  son  Sec, 
friend,  friendship  ;  r.  the  world,  abandon  so- 


ciety or  temporal  affairs);  (Law)  refuse  or  resign 
right  or  position  esp.  as  heir  or  trustee ;  (Cards) 
follow  with  card  of  other  suit  for  want  of  right 
one  (cf.  revoke),  (n.)  playing  of  such  card,  op- 
portunity of  doing  so  (has  a  r.  in  hearts).  Hence 
renou'neeMENT  n.  [f.  F  renoncer  f.  L  re-  5- 
(nuntiare  announce)] 

re'novate,  v.t.  Make  new  again,  repair,  re- 
store to  good  condition  or  vigour.  Hence  re- 
novATiON,  re'novatoR2,  nn.  [f.  L  re- 9(no- 
vare  f.  novus  new),  -ate 3] 

renown,  n.  Celebrity,  fame,  high  distinc- 
tion, (man,  town,  &c,  ofr.  or  great  &c.  r.,  fa- 
mous). [AF  renoun  =  OF  renon  t.  renomer 
make  famous  f.  L  re- 8(nominare  nominate)] 

renowned,  a.  Famous,  celebrated,  [obs. 
renown  celebrate  f.  OF  renomer  see  prec] 

rent 1.    See  rend. 

rent2,  n.  Tear  in  garment  &c,  opening  in 
clouds  &c.  resembling  tear ;  cleft,  fissure,  gorge, 
[f.  obs.  rent  vb,  var.  of  rend] 

rent3,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Tenant's  periodical  pay- 
ment to  owner  or  landlord  for  use  of  land  or 
house  or  room  ;  payment  for  hire  of  machinery 
&c;  r. -charge,  periodical  charge  on  land  &c. 
reserved  by  deed  to  one  who  is  not  the  owner ; 

23* 


RENTAL 


714 


REPIECE 


r.-free  a.  &  adv.,  with  exemption  fromr.;  r.-roll, 
register  of  person's  lands  &c.  with  rr.  due  from 
them,  sum  of  one's  income  from  r.;  r.service, 
-^tenure  by)  personal  service  in  lieu  of  or  addi- 
tion to  r.;  hence  (of  land  &c,  with  low,  high, 
Sec.)  -pe*ntED2  a.  (Vb)  take,  occupy,  use,  at 
a  r.;  let  or  hire  for  i\;  be  let  at  specified  r.;  im- 
pose r.  on  (tenant ;  rents  his  tenants  I oiv);  hence 
jpe'ntABLE  a,  [f.  OF  rente  ult.  f.  L  reddita  fern, 
p.p.  as  render] 

re'ntal,  n.  Income  from  rents  ;  amount  paid 
or  received  as  rent.    [AF  (prec,  -al)] 

rente  (F),  n.  Income,  esp.  that  consisting  of 
life-annuity  or  dividends. 

rentier  (F),  n.  Person  living  on  rente,  person 
not  needing  to  earn  his  living. 

renu'mber.    See  re-  8. 

renuncia'tion  (-sia-),  n.  Renouncing,  docu- 
ment expressing  it;  self-denial,  giving  up  of 
things.  So  renu*neiANT(l)  n.  &  a.  (-shi-),  re- 
nu'nciATiVEt-sha-J.penu'nciatORiM-shatri), 
aa.    [f.  L  renunciatio  (renounce,  -ation)] 

reo-.    See  rheo-. 

reoeeupy  &c,  reopen,  see  re- 9;  reor- 
ganize &c,  re- 8. 

rep1,  repp,  reps,  n.  Textile  fabric  with 
corded  surface  used  in  upholstery.  If.  F  rep.s 
ctym.  dub.] 

rep2,  n.  (school  slang).  Verse  &c.  learnt  by 
heart,    {abbr.  of  repetition] 

rep3,  n.  (slang).  Person  of  loose  character, 
[perh.  for  reprobate  2J 

repag-anize  &c,  repaint.    See  re-  9. 

repair*1,  v.i.,  &  n.  Resort,  have  recourse, 
go  often  or  in  numbers,  to ;  (n.,  archaic)  resort 
(have  r.  to),  haunt,  being  visited  by  numbers 
(a  place  of  great,  little,  r.).  [f.  OF  repaire{r)  f. 
LL  re-  9(patriare  f.  hpatria  native  land)] 

repair*2,  v.t.  Restore  (building,  machine, 
garment,  tissue,  strength,  &c.)  to  good  condi- 
tion, renovate,  mend,  by  replacing  or  refixing 
parts  or  compensating  loss  or  exhaustion, 
whence  repair*ABLE  a.;  remedy,  set  right 
again,  make  amends  for,  (loss,  wrong,  error). 
If.  OF  rcparer  f.  L  re-  9(parare  make  ready)] 

repair*3,  n.  Restoring  to  sound  condition 
{health,  bicycle,  house,  boots,  need  r.;  shop  is 
closed  during  rr. ;  rr.  done  while  you  wait); 
good  condition,  relative  condition,  for  working 
or  using  (is  in,  out  of,  r.\  must  be  kept  in  good, 
is  in  bad,  r.).    [f.  prec] 

repa'nd,  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  With  undulating 
margin,  wavy.  Hence  repa'ndo-  comb.  form. 
If.  L  UK-9(pandus  bent)] 

repaper.    See  re- 8. 

re'parable,  a.  (Of  loss  &c. )  that  can  be  made 
good.    [F,  f.  L  reparabilis  (repair2,  -able)] 

reparation,  n.  Repairing  or  being  repaired, 
repair,  (pi.)  repairs,  (now  usu.  repair,  repairs); 
making  of  amends,  compensation.  So  re*- 
parATivE  (or  repa--)  a.  [f.  OF  reparation  f.  L 
reparationem  (repair2,  -ation)] 

repartee*,  n.,  &  v.i.  Witty  retort ;  (making 
of)  witty  retorts  (a  great  power,  a  storehouse, 
ofr.);  (vb,  now  rare)  make  rr.  [f.  F  repartie 
fem.  p.p.  of  re- 8(partir  part2)  start  fresh] 

repartition,  see  re-  8 ;  repass  &c,  re-  9. 

repa'st,  n.  (Food  supplied  for  or  eaten  at) 
meal  (usu.  rich,  plentiful,  slight,  delicate, 
Uixurwus,  &c.,  r.).  (OF,  f.  repaistre  f.  LL 
re-  Sipascere  past-  feed)] 

repa-triate,  v.t.  &  i.  Restore  or  return  to 
native  land.  Hence  repatri ation  n.  [f.  LL 
Re-  9(  patriare  f.  L  patria  fatherland)] 

repay,  v.t.  &  i.  (-paid).  Pay  back  (monev) ; 
return,  retaliate,  (blow,  visit,  service,  Sec.); 


give  in  recompense  for ;  make  repayment  to 
(person) ;  make  return  for,  requite,  (action) ; 
make  repayment.  Hence  repay'ABLE  a.,  re- 
pay'MENT  n.    [f.  OF  re-  9(paier  pa y  2)] 

repea'l,  v.t.,  &  n.  Revoke,  rescind,  annul, 
(law  &c);  hence  repea*lABLE  a.  (N.)  abro- 
gation, repealing ;  (Irish  Pol.)  cancelling  of 
the  Union  demanded  by  O'Connell  &c,  whence 
repea'lER1  n.  [f.  OF  rapel(er) (re- 9,  appeal  l)] 

repea't,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Say  or  do  over  again, 
recite,  rehearse,  report,  reproduce,  give  imita- 
tion of,  (r.  action,  statement,  poem,  conversa- 
tion, attempt,  pattern,  signal,  &c.;  action  was 
repeated  several  times,  whence  repea'tedL  v  'l 
adv.;  language  toill  not  bear  repeating,  is  too 
foul  &c.  to  r.),  (of  watch  &c,  abs.)  strike  last 
quarter  &c.  over  again  when  required  (so  re- 
peating watch  Sec.  or  repea'tER1  n.),  (of  fire- 
arms) fire  several  shots  without  reloading  (?r- 
peating  rifle  &c.) ;  recur,  appear  again  or 
repeatedly,  (the  last  three  figures  r.;  food  re- 
peats, is  tasted  intermittently  for.  some  time) ; 
(refl.)  recur  in  same  form,  say  or  do  same  thing 
over  again,  (history  repeats  itself;  does  nothing 
but  r.  himself);  hence  repea*tABLE  a.  (N.) 
repeating,  esp.  of  item  in  programme  in  response 
to  encore;  (Mus.)  passage  intended  to  be  re- 
peated, mark  indicating  this ;  pattern  repeated 
in  wall-paper  &c;  (Commerc.)  fresh  consign- 
ment similar  to  previous  one,  order  given  for 
this.    [f.  F  rtpiter  f.  L  re-  8(petere  seek)] 

repe'l,  v.t.  (-11-).  Drive  back,  repulse,  ward 
off,  refuse  admission  or  acceptance  or  approach 
to,  (r.  assailant,  attack,  temptation,  weapon, 
blow,  suggestion,  plea,  offer, person's  advances ; 
first  attracts  &  then  repels  the  magnet) ;  be  re- 
pulsive or  distasteful  to,  exert  mental  repulsion 
upon,  whence  repe'llENT  a.,  repe'llenti.v  - 
adv.    [f.  L  RE-  2(  pellere  puis-  drive)] 

re'pent1,  a.  (chiefly  bot.).     Creeping,  esp. 

frrowing  along  or  just  under  surface  of  ground, 
f.  L  repere  creep,  -ent] 

repent2,  v.t.  &  i.  (Refl.,  with  archaic  refl. 
pron.)  feel  regret  or  penitence  about  something 
or  of  (archaic ;  I  now  r.  me ;  he  repenteth  him 
of  the  evil);  (impers.)  affect  with  penitence  or 
regret  (archaic ;  it  repents  me  that  J  did  it) ; 
think  with  contrition  of,  think  with  contrition 
of,  be  regretful  about  or  of,  be  contrite,  wish 
one  had  not  done,  (you  shall  r.  this,  of  this,  or 
abs.;  have  nothing  to  r.  of;  r.  my  kindness, 
setting  off  when  I  did).  So  repe'ntANCK  n., 
repe'ntANT  a.,  repe'ntanti.v 2  adv.  If.  F 
re-  3(  pentir  f.  L  paenitere  make  sorry)] 

repeople.    See  re-  9. 

repercussion,  &c.    See  re-  9. 

re'pertoire  (twar),  n.  Stock  of  pieces  &c. 
thatcompany  or  performer knowsor  is  prepared 
to  give  (r.  company  or  system,  relying  on  r.  & 
not  on  long  runs).    [F  (H-),  f.  L  as  roll.] 

re'pertory,  n.  Place  for  finding  something, 
store  or  collection  esp.  of  information,  in- 
stances, facts.  &c;  =prec.  [f.  L  repertorium 
(reperire  -pert-  find  f.  re-,  OL  parire  =  L 
parere  produce,  -ory)] 

reperuse,  &e.    See  re-  8. 

repete'nd,  n.  Recurring  figures  of  decimal ; 
recurring  word  or  phrase,  refrain.  If.  L  as  re- 
peat, -nd1] 

repetition,  n.  REPEATing  or  being  repeat- 
ed ;  piece  set  to  be  learnt  by  heart ;  copy, 
replica ;  ability  of  musical  instrument  to  repeat 
note  quickly.  Hence  repetition  a  u  repeti*- 
tionARY »,  repeti'tious,  rep6*titivE,  aa. 
(rare).    |f.  L  repetitio  (re-  8,  petition)] 

repiece.    See  re-  9. 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-,  sec  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  sec  re-  8, 9. 


REPINE 


715 


REPRESENT 


repi'ne,  v.i.  Fret,  be  discontented,  (at, 
against,  or  abs.).  Hence  repi'iiing-LY  2  adv. 
[re- 6,  pine  2J 

repi'que  (ek),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Winning  of  30 
points  on  cards  alone  before  beginning  to  play 
in  piquet ;  (vb)  score  r.  against  (opponent), 
make  r.    If.  F  repic  (re-,  pique2)] 

repla'ce,  v.t.  Put  back  in  place ;  take  place 
of,  succeed ,  be  substi  tuted  for,  (pass. )  be  succeed- 
ed or  have  one's  or  its  place  filled  by,  be  super- 
seded ;  fill  up  place  of  (with,  by),  find  or  provide 
substitute  for.  Hence  repla'ceABLE  a.,  re- 
pla*ce.M  ext  n.    [re-  9,  place  2J 

replant  &c.    See  re-  8. 

reple'nish,  v.t.  Fill  up  again  (with  or  abs.) ; 
(p.p.)  filled,  fully  stored,  full,  {with  or  abs.). 
Hence  reple'nishMENT  n.  [f.  OF  re-  9{plenir 
ult.  f.  L  plenus  full),  -1SH2] 

replete,  a.  Filled,  stuffed,  fully  imbued, 
■well  stocked,  with ;  gorged,  sated,  {with).  So 
reple'tiON  n.    [f.  L  re-  6(plere  plet-  fill)] 

reple'vin,  n.  Restoration  or  recovery  of 
distrained  goods  on  security  given  for  sub- 
mission to  trial  &  judgment ;  writ  granting  r.; 
action  arising  out  of  r.    [AF,  f.  OF  as  foil.] 

reple'vy,  v.t.  Recover  by  replevin,  [f.  OF 
RE-9(»temr  etym.  dub.;  see  pledge1)] 

re-plica,  n.  Duplicate  made  by  original 
artist  of  a  picture  &c;  facsimile,  exact  copy, 
lit.  (replicare  reply)] 

re'plieate 1  (at),  n.  Tone  one  or  more  oc- 
taves above  or  below  given  tone,    [as  foil.] 

re'plieate2  (-at),  a.  (bot.).  Folded  back  on 
itself,    [as  foil., -ate2] 

re'plieate3,  v.t.  (rare).  Repeat;  make  re- 
plicaof;  fold  back.  [L  re-9( plicare  fold), -ate3] 

replication,  n.  Folding  back,  fold,  (rare) ; 
replying,  rejoinder,  answer,  esp.  reply  to  an- 
swer, (Law)  plaintiff  s  reply  to  defendant's  plea; 
echo ;  copy,  copying.  [OF,  f.  L  RE-  9(  plica- 
tionem  f.  plicare  fold,  -ation)] 

reply \  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Make  answer,  respond, 
in  word  or  action  (to ;  abs.,  that  &c,  or  parenth. ; 
rose  to  r.  for  the  ladies,  represent  them  in  re- 
turning thanks  for  toast ;  the  batteries  replied 
to  our  fire  ;  he  replied  that  I  must  please  my- 
self; 'Please  yourself  he  replied);  (n.)act  of 
replying  (what  he  says  in  r.),  what  is  replied, 
response,    [f.  OF  replier  f.  L  as  replicate3] 

repoint,  repolish.    See  re- 9. 

repondcz  s'il  vous  plait  (F),  formula  ap- 
pended (usu.  in  abbr.  B.S.  V.P.)  to  invitation 
or  other  letter,  =  please  answer. 

repopulate.    See  re-  9. 

repor't ',  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  back  account  of, 
state  as  ascertained  fact,  tell  as  news,  narrate 
or  describe  or  repeat  esp.  as  eye-witness  &c.  (to), 
relate  as  spoken  by  another,  make  official  or 
formal  statement  about,  inform  against  (of- 
fence, offender)  to  authorities  or  abs.,  announce 
oneself  as  returned  or  arrived,  (reports  open 
water  at  pole,  pole  to  be  accessible,  that  he 
reached  pole ;  it  is  reported,  commonly  said ; 
reported  all  details  of  the  scene  to  me ;  my 
actual  words  &  those  reported  to  you  were 
quite  different;  reported  speech,  oblique  oration ; 
chairman  of  committee  reports  bill  to  House, 
announces  conclusion  of  committee's  dealings 
with  it  between  2nd  &  3rd  reading ;  r.  progress, 
state  what  has  been  done  so  far,  move  to  r. 
progress  in  House  of  Commons,  propose  that 
debate  be  discontinued,  often  for  obstructive 
purposes ;  all  variations  are  to  be  reported 
daily;  shall  r.  you,  your  unpunctuality,  to 
senior  partner) ;  take  down  word  for  word  or 
epitomize  or  write  description  of  for  publica- 
tion (r.  law  case,  proceedings,  meeting;  also 
abs.,  as  reports  for  the  Times) ;  make,  draw  up, 


or  send  in  r.  usu.  (up)on ;  give  r.  of  conveying 
that  one  is  well  or  badly  impressed  (reports 
well  of  the  prospects  ;  is  badly  reported  of). 
Hence  repor*tABLE  a.,  repor'tER *  n.  [f.  OF 
reporter  f.  L  re-  9(  portare  bring)] 

repor*t2,  n.  Common  talk,  rumour,  (merer, 
is  not  enough  to  go  upon ;  the  r.  goes,  it  is  said) ; 
way  person  or  thing  is  spoken  of,  repute, 
(things  of  good  r. ;  faithful  through  good  &  evil 
r.) ;  account  given  or  opinion  formally  express- 
ed after  investigation  or  consideration,  descrip- 
tion or  epitome  or  reproduction  of  scene  or 
speech  or  law  case  esp.  for  newspaper  publica- 
tion, (r.  stage  in  House  of  Commons,  treatment 
of  bill  when  committee  has  reported,  see  prec); 
sound  of  explosion  (went  off  with  a  loud  r.). 
[OF  (reporter  see  prec.)] 

repo'se1  (z),  v.t.  Place  (trust  &c.)  in. 
Hence  repo*SAL(2)  n.  [f.  L  re-  Kponere  posit- 
place)  w.  assim.  to  depose,  foil.,  &c] 

repo'se  2  (-z),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Rest  (oneself  or 
abs.) ;  lay  (one's  head  &c.)  to  rest  (often  on  pil- 
low &c.) ;  give  rest  to,  refresh  with  rest ;  lie,  be 
lying  or  laid,  esp.  in  sleep  or  death  (in,  on,  or 
abs.),  be  supported  or  based  on  (the  xchole 
system  reposes  on  fear) ;  (of  memory  &c.)  dwell 
on.  (N.)  rest,  cessation  of  activity  or  excite- 
ment, respite  from  toil,  sleep,  peaceful  or  quies- 
cent state,  stillness,  tranquillity ;  restful  effect, 
harmonious  combination  in  art,  composure  or 
ease  of  manner,  (esp.  in  lacks  r.;  hence  re- 
po'seFUL  a.,  repo'sefulLY 2  adv.  [f.  F  re- 
pos(er)  f.  LL  re- 5( pausare  pause;  meaning 
influenced  by  prec] 

repd'sitory  (-z-),  n.  Receptacle ;  place 
where  things  are  stored  or  may  be  found, 
museum,  warehouse,  store,  shop,  (book,  person, 
&c,  is  a  r.  of  curious  information) ;  burial- 
place;  recipient  of  confidences  or  secrets,  [f.  L 
repositorium  (repose1,  -orv)] 

repossess  &c.    See  re-  9. 

repost.    See  riposte. 

repot.    See  re-  8. 

repousse"  (repoo'sa),  a.  &  n.  (Ornamental 
metal  work)  hammered  into  relief  from  reverse 
side.     [F,  p.p.  of  re-  3(pousser  push  ])] 

repp.    See  rep  K, 

repped,  a.    Having  surface  like  rep.    [-ed  2] 

reprehe'nd,  v.t.  Rebuke,  blame,  find  fault 
with.  So  reprehe'nsiBLE  a.,  reprehe'n- 
sibLY2  adv.,  reprehe'nsiON  n.  [f.  L  re- 2- 
(prehendere  seize)] 

represe'nt  (z),  v.t.  Call  up  by  description 
or  portrayal  or  imagination,  figure,  place  like- 
ness of  before  mind  or  senses,  serve  or  be  meant 
as  likeness  of,  (can  you  r.  infinity  to  yourself?; 
can  only  r.  it  to  you  by  metaphors ;  picture  re- 
presents murder  of  Abel;  is  represented  in 
hunting  costume);  try  to  bring  (facts  influenc- 
ing conduct)  home  (to),  state  by  way  of  expos- 
tulation or  incentive,  (represented  the  rashness 
of  it,  that  it  could  not  succeed);  make  out  to  be 
&c,  allege  that,  describe  or  depict  as,  (am  not 
xohat  you  r.  me  to  be  or  as ;  in  the  corner  is  the 
Pope  represented  as  a  beggar  ;  represents  that 
he  has  or  himself  to  have  seen  service) ;  act 
(play  &c),  play  part  of  on  stage;  symbolize, 
act  as  embodiment  of,  stand  for,  correspond  to, 
be  specimen  of,  (sovereign  represents  majesty 
of  State ;  inch  of  rain  represents  100  tons  to 
acre  ;  globe  represents  totality ;  camels  are  re- 
presented in  the  New  World  by  llamas ;  Welsh 
football  is  represented  in  the  team  by  Morgan); 
fill  place  of,  be  substitute  or  deputy  for,  be  en- 
titled to  speak  for,  be  sent  as  member  to  House 
of  Commons  by,  (King  was  represented  by  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk ;  members  representing  urban 
I  constituencies).    Hence  or  cogn.  represe'nt- 


REPRESENTATIVE 


716 


REPULSION 


able  a.,  pepresentA'Tiox  n.  (proportional  r., 
electoral  system  so  arranged  that  minorities 
are  represented  in  proportion  to  their  strength), 
representation al  a.  [f.  L  re-  %(praesen- 
tare  present^)] 

representative,  a.  &  n.  Serving  as  por- 
trayal or  symbol  of  (a  group  r.  of  the  theologi- 
cal virtues);  that  presents  or  can  present  ideas 
to  the  mind  (imagination  is  a  r.  faculty);  typi- 
cal of  a  class  or  classes,  containing  typical  spe- 
cimens of  all  or  many  classes,  (the  truth  of  an 
allegory  is  r.,  not  literal ;  call  a  meeting  ofr. 
men;  a  very  r. selection, collection);  (of  species 
in  nat.  hist.  &c.)  corresponding  or  analogous  in 
a  locality  to  others  elsewhere;  consisting  of 
elected  deputies  or  rr.  (r.  chamber,  house,  &c.), 
based  on  representation  of  constituencies  by 
such  deputies  (r.  government,  system,  institu- 
tions); hence  peprese'ntativeLV2  adv.,  re- 
ppese'ntativexESS n.  (N.)sample,  specimen, 
typical  embodiment,  analogue,  of;  person's 
agent,  delegate,  substitute,  successor,  or  heir; 
deputyin  r.  chamber  ( Ho  use  ofRr.,  lower  house 
of  U.S.  Congress),    [f.  med.L  repraesentativus 

(REPRESENT,  -ATIVE)] 

peppe'ss,  v.t.  Check,  restrain,  put  down, 
keep  under,  quell,  suppress,  prevent  from 
sounding  or  bursting  out  or  rioting.  So  pe- 
ppe'ssiON  (shn)  n.,  repressive:  a.  If.  L  re-  5- 
(primere press-  =premere  press2)] 

peppie've,  v.t.,  &  n.  Suspend  or  delay  exe- 
cution of  (condemned  person),  (fig.)  give  respite 
to.  (N.)  reprieving  or  being  reprieved  ;  (war- 
rant for)  remission  or  commutation  of  capital 
sentence ;  respite,  f  n.  f.  vb,  earlier  reprie,  -pry, 
in  sense  remand,  first  in  p.p.,  prob.  f.  F  re-8- 
(pris  p.p.  of  prendre  f.  L  prehendere  take);  -v- 
unexplained] 

re-primand,  n.,  &  v.t.  Offlcial(ly)  rebuke. 
[  f.  F  riprimande(r)  f.  rtprimer  repress] 

reprint.    See  re-  8. 

peppi'sal  (-zl),  n.  (Hist.)  forcible  seizure  of 
foreign  subjects' persons  or  property  in  retalia- 
tion (letters  ofr.,  official  warrant  authorizing 
this) ;  act  of  retaliation  (usu.  make  rr.  or  r.). 
[f.  F  reprisaille  as  foil.  +  -al(2)] 

repprse  (iz),  n.  (Law)  rent-charge  or  other 
payment  to  be  made  yearly  out  of  estate  (be- 
yond, besides,  above,rr.,  remaining  after  all  rr. 
4iave  been  paid) ;  (rare)  resumption  of  action, 
one  of  the  times  devoted  to  something  not  done 
all  at  once.    [F,  fem.  of  repris  see  reprieve] 

peppoa'eh  <-6tsh),  v.t.,  &  n.  Upbraid,  scold, 
(person,  often  with  offence);  rebuke  (offence); 
(of  look  &c.)  convey  protest  or  censure  to  (his 
eyes  r.  me);  hence  peppoa'ehinfifLY2  adv. 
(rare  for  reproachfully).  (N.)  thing  that  brings 
disgrace  or  discredit  (to ;  the  state  of  the  roads 
is  a  r.  to  civilization),  whence  peppoa'chLESS 
a.  (rare  for  irreproachable) ;  opprobrium,  dis- 
graced or  discredited  state,  (live  in  r.  &  igno- 
miny; the  things  that  had  brought  r.  upon 
him;  has  taken  away  my  r.);  upbraiding,  re- 
buke, censure,  (abstain  from  r.;  heap  rr.  on; 
the  mute  r.  in  his  eyes ;  term  of  r.,  word  imply- 
ing censure),  whence  peppoa*ehFur,  a.,  pe- 
proa*ehfulLY2adv.,  reppoa'ehfulNESS  n.; 
(pi.)  Good-Friday  chiefly  R.-C.  set  of  antiphons 
&  responses  representing  rr.  of  Christ  to 
people,  (f.  F  reproche(r)  perh.  ult.  f.  L  repro- 
bare  reprove] 

re-probate1,  v.t.  Express  or  feel  disap- 
proval of,  censure ;  (of  God)  cast  off,  exclude 
from  salvation.  Hence  reprob ation  n.  If.  L 
RE-  Kprobare  apPROVE),  -ate3] 

Pe'ppobate'^  (at),  a.  &  n.    (Person)  cast  off 


by  God,  hardened  in  sin,  of  abandoned  charac- 
ter, without  principles,    [as  prec,  -ate  2J 

reproduce  &c.    See  re-  8. 

peppoo'f,  n.  Blame  (a  word,  glance,  of  r.; 
spoke  in  r.  of  idleness) ;  a  rebuke  or  expression 
of  blame.    If.  OF  reprove  (reprover  reprove)] 

peppo've  (-oov),  v.t.  Rebuke,  chide,  (person, 
rarely  sin  &c).  Hence  peppo'vingLY  a  adv. 
[f.  OF  reprover  f.  L  as  reprobate  l] 

repro vision.    See  re-  8. 

peps.    See  rep1. 

re'ptant,  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Creeping,  [f.  L  rep- 
tare  frequent,  of  repere  crawl,  -ant] 

re'ptile,  n.  &  a.  Crawling  animal ;  member 
of  the  Reptilia  or  class  of  animals  including 
snakes,  lizards,  crocodiles,  turtles,  &  tortoises, 
whence  pepti'liAN  a.  &  n.,  peptili'FEROUS, 
pepti'liFORM,  aa. ;  mean  grovelling  person. 
(Adj.)  (of  animals) creeping;  mean&  grovelling 
(the  r.  press,  subservient  semi-official  news- 
papers esp.  in  Germany),  [(n.  f.  reptile  neut.) 
f.  LL  reptilis  (repere  rept-  crawl,  -il)] 

pepu'blie,  n.  A  State  in  which  the  govern- 
ment is  carried  on  nominally  &  usu.  in  fact  also 
by  the  people  or  its  elected  representatives, 
commonwealth,  (fig.)  society  of  persons  or  ani- 
mals with  equality  between  members  (the  r.  of 
letters,  literary  men,  literature),  [f.  L  respub- 
lica  (abl.  republica)  f.  res  concern,  publicms] 

pepu'bliean,  a.  &  n.  Of,  constituted  as, 
characterizing,  republic(s);  (person)  advocating 
or  supporting  r.  government;  (member)  of  U.-S. 
political  party  favouring  liberal  interpretation 
of  constitution,  extension  of  central  power,  & 
protective  tariff;  (of  birds)  social,  living  in 
large  communities.  Hence  pepu'bliean- 
ism(3)  n.,  pepu'bliean i ze(3)  v.t.    [-ax] 

republish  &c.    See  re-  8. 

repu'diate,  v.t.  &  i.  Divorce  (one's  wife ; 
esp.  of  the  ancients  or  non-Christians);  disown, 
disavow,  reject,  refuse  dealings  with,  deny; 
refuse  to  recognize  or  obey  (authority)  or  dis- 
charge (obligation,  debt),  (of  State)  r.  public 
debt.  Hence  pepudiA'TiON,  pepu'diatOR2, 
rin.  [f.  L  repudiare  (repudium  divorce,  f.  RE-, 
pudere  be  ashamed,  -ate3)] 

pepugr'n,  v.i.  &  t.  (rare).  Offer  opposition; 
strive  against;  strive  against;  affect  disagree- 
ably, be  repugnant  to.  [f.  L  re-  2(pugnare 
fight)  oppose] 

repu'gnance,  n.  Inconsistency,  incompati- 
bility, of  ideas,  statements,  tempers,  &c.  (of, 
between,  to,  with);  antipathy,  dislike,  aversion, 
(to,  against),    [f.  L  repugnantia  (prec,  -ance)] 

repu'gnant,  a.  Contradictory  (to),  incom- 
patible (with) ;  (poet.)  refractory,  resisting ;  dis- 
tasteful, to.     \f.  L  as  REPUGN  +  -ANT] 

repu'llulate,  v.i.  Sprout  afresh,  shoot  out 
again  ;  (of  diseases)  start  again,  recur.  Hence 
pepullulATiON  n.  [f.  L  re- 9(puMuZare  pul- 
lulate), -ate3] 

pepu'lse,  v.t.,  &  n.  Drive  back  (attack,  at- 
tacking enemy)  by  force  of  arms,  (fig.)  foil  in 
controversy;  rebuff(friendlyadvancesormaker 
of  them),  refuse  (request,  offer,  or  maker  of  it). 
(N.)  repulsing  or  being  repulsed,  rebuff,  (inflict, 
meet  with,  suffer,  &c,  r.  or  usu.  a  r.).  [(n.  f.  L 
repulsa  or  repulsus  -us)  f.  REPELZere] 

pepu'lsion,  n.  Repulsing  (rare);  (Physics) 
tendency  of  bodies  to  repel  each  other  or  in- 
crease their  mutual  distance  (opp.  attraction; 
also  fig.),  capillary  r.,  tendency  in  some  liquids 
(e.g.  quicksilver  in  glass)  to  shrink  from  wall  of 
capillary  tubes  so  that  upper  surface  is  convex  ; 
dislike,  aversion,  repugnance,    [f.  LL  repulsio 

(REPEL,  -ION)] 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


REPULSIVE 717 

repu'lsive,  a.  Offering  resistance  (poet.); 
(Physics)  exercising  repulsion  ;  (archaic,  of  be- 
haviour &c.)  repellent,  cold,  unsympathetic; 
exciting  aversion  or  loathing,  loathsome,  dis- 
gusting, whence  pepu*lsiveLY2ad  v.,  pepu'l- 
siveNESS  n.    [repulse  v.,  -ive] 

repurchase,  repurify.    See  re- 9. 

re'putable,  a.  Of  good  repute,  respectable. 
Hence  re'putabLY  2  adv.    [repute  n.,  -able] 

reputa'tion,  n.  What  is  generally  said  or 
believed  about  a  person's  or  thing's  character 
(has  not  justified  his  r.);  state  of  being  well 
reported  of,  credit,  distinction,  respectability, 
good  fame,  (persons  ofr. ;  hasa  r.  for  integrity); 
the  credit  or  discredit  of  doing  or  of  being  (has 
the  r.  of  racking  his  tenants,  of  being  or  of  the 
best  shot  in  England),  [f.  L  reputatio  (repute, 
-ation)] 

repirte,  v.t.,  &  n.  (Rare  in  active)  consider 
or  reckon,  (pass.)  be  generally  considered  or  re- 
ported of,  (with  compl.,  to  be,  or  as ;  is  reputed 
the  best  doctor  or  to  be  or  rarely  as  the  best) ; 
(pass.)  be  generally  well,  ill,  &c,  thought  or 
spoken  of;  (p.p.)  passing  as  but  probably  not 
being  (his  reputed  father,  clemency,  &c,  re- 
puted pint  &c,  bottle  of  beer  &c.  sold  as  pint 
&c.  but  not  guaranteed  as  containing  imperial 
pint  &c);  hence  pepirtedLY2  adv.  (N.)  re- 
putation,   [f.  L  RE-  6(putare  think)] 

reque'st,  n.,  &  v.t.  Act  of  asking  for  some- 
thing, petition  made,  thing  asked  for,  {came  at 
his  r.;  shall  make  two  rr.;you  shall  have  your 
r.;  make  r.  for ;  by  r.,  in  response  to  expressed 
wish) ;  state  of  being  sought  after,  demand,  (is 
now  in  great,  came  into,  r.).  (Vb)  seek  permis- 
sion to  do ;  ask  to  be  given  or  allowed  or  favour- 
ed with  (r.  candid  consideration,  person's  pre- 
sence, &c.) ;  ask  that ;  ask  (person)  to  do.  [f.  OF 
requested),  see  re- 6,  quest] 

requicken.    See  re-  9. 

re'quiem,  n.  Special  mass  for  repose  of 
souls  of  the  dead ;  musical  setting  for  r.;  dirge, 
[initial  L  wd  (=rest)  of  the  mass] 

requie'seat,  n.  Wish  for  dead  person's  re- 
pose ;  r.,  requiescant,  in  pace,  abbr.  R.I.P.,  in- 
scription =  may  he,  they,  rest  in  peace,  used 
esp.  on  R.-C.  tombs.    [L,=may  he  rest] 

require*,  v.t.  &  i.  Order  (person),  demand 
(of  person),  to  do  (theyr.  me  or  of  me  to  appear); 
demand  or  ask  in  words  (person's  action,  act  of 
person,  thing  at  person's  hands,  that,  &c.)  esp. 
as  of  right  (they  r.  my  appearance,  an  oath  of 
me,  a  gift  at  my  hands,  that  Ishoidd  appear); 
lay  down  as  imperative  (had  done  all  that  was 
required  by  the  Act) ;  need,  call  for,  depend  for 
success  &c.  on,  (the  emergency  requires  it,  that 
it  should  be  done ;  irony  requires  care  in  its 
use  ;  land  requires  10  lb.  of  seed  to  the  acre ; 
place  would  r.  an  army  to  take  it ;  machine 
requires  no  attention ;  it  required  all  his  au- 
thority to  keep  them  in  hand) ;  (rare)  be  neces- 
sary (do  not  tie  it  more  tightly  than  requires). 
Hence  require'MENT  n.  [f.  L  RE-6(quirere 
-quisit-  =  quaerere  seek)] 

requisite  (-Izlt),  a.  &  n.  Required  by  cir- 
cumstances, necessary  to  success  &c,  called 
for;  hence  re*quisite\Ess  n.  (N.)  require- 
ment, thing  needed  for  accomplishment  of 
some  purpose,    [f.  L  p.p.  as  prec.1 

requisi'tion  (z-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Requiring,  de- 
mand made,  esp.  formal  &usu.  written  demand 
that  some  duty  should  be  performed;  order 
given  to  town  &c.  to  furnish  certain  military 
supplies ;  being  called  or  put  into  service  (is 
under  or  in  r.,  being  used  or  applied  ;  put  in. 


RESERVE 


call  into,  r„  have  recourse  to).  (Vb)  demand 
use  or  supply  of  for  military  purposes ;  demand 
such  supplies  &c.  from  (town  &c.) ;  press  into 


service,  call  in  for  some  purpose,   [f.  L  requisi- 
te (REQUIRE,  -ION)] 

requrte,  v.t.  Make  return  for,  reward  or 
avenge,  (service,  wrong,  injury,  treatment; 
often  with) ;  make  return  to,  repay  with  good 
or  evil,  (person  ;  often  for  treatment  received, 
ivith  treatment  given) ;  give  in  return  (r.  like 
for  like).  Hence  requi*tAL(2)  n.  Ire-  1,  quite 
var.  of  quit  2J 

re-read.    See  re-  8. 

rere'dos,  n.  Ornamental  screen  covering 
wall  at  back  of  altar,  [earlier  areredos  (rear1, 
F  dos  back  f.  L  dorsum)] 

res  (z),  n.  (L).  Thing  (r.  judicata,  =  chose 
jugee)  •  property  (r.  angusta  domi,  poverty). 

resaddle,  resale  &c.    See  re-  9. 

rescind  (-si-),  v.t.  Abrogate,  annul,  revoke, 
cancel.  So  resei'ssiox  (-zhn)  n.  [f.  L  re-  5- 
(scindere  sciss-  cut)] 

re'seript,  n.  Roman  emperor's  written  reply 
to  appeal  for  guidance  esp.  from  magistrate  on 
legal  point ;  Pope's  decretal  epistle  in  reply  to 
question,  any  papal  decision ;  ruler's  or  govern- 
ment's or  official  edict  or  announcement;  thing 
rewritten,  rewriting;  palimpsest,  [f.  L  p.p. 
neut.  of  re-  Kscribere  script-  write)] 

rescue,  v.t.,  &  n.  Deliver  from  attack, 
custody,  danger,  or  harm;  (Law)  unlawfully 
liberate  (person),  forcibly  recover  (property); 
hence  re'scuER1  n.  (N.)  rescuing  or  being 
rescued,  succour,  deliverance,  illegalliberation, 
forcible  recovery,  [f.  OF  rescoure  (L  re-, 
Exctdere=qiiatere  shake)] 

research  (-ertsh),  n.,  &  v.i.  Careful  search 
or  inquiry  after  or  for;  (usu.  pi.)  endeavour  to 
discover  facts  by  scientific  study  of  a  subject, 
course  of  critical  investigation,  (his  rr.  have 
been  fruitful ;  is  engaged  in  r.).  (Vb)  make 
rr.;  hence  resear*chERl  n.  [f.  obs.  F  recer- 
che(r),  now  rechercher,  see  RE-  6,  SEARCH'] 

reseat.    See  re-  8. 

rese'et,  v.t.  (surg.).  Pare  down  (bone,  carti- 
lage, &c).  So  rese'etioN  n.  [f.  L  re-  b(secare 
sect-  cut)] 

rese'da,  n.  Genus  of  plants  including 
mignonette  &  Dyer's  weed ;  (usu.  r&se'da  F)  pale 
green  colour  as  of  mignonette.  [L,  perh.  im- 
perat.  of  re-  5(sedare  quiet)  allay,  used  as  first 
wd  of  charm  in  applying  plant  to  tumours] 

reseek,  see  re-8;  reseize  &c,  resell,  re-9. 

resemble  (-z-),  v.t.  Be  like,  have  similarity 
to  or  f  eature(s)  in  common  with  or  same  appear- 
ance as,  &  so  rese'mblANCE  (to,  between,  of) 
n.,  rese'mblANT  (to)  a.  (rare) ;  (archaic)  liken 
to.  [f.  OF  re-  l(sembler  f.  L  similare,  simulare, 
f.  similis  similar)] 

rese'nt  (-z-),  v.t.  Show  or  feel  indignation 
at  or  retain  bitter  feelings  about  (insult  or  in- 
jury sustained).  Hence  rese'ntFUL  [perh. 
through  obs.  resent  resentment]  a.,  resent- 
fulLY  2  adv.,  rese'ntMENT  n.  [f.  F  ressentir 
(re-1,  L  sentire  feel)] 

reserva'tion,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
(Eccl.)  right  reserved  to  Pope  of  nomination  to 
vacant  benefice,  power  of  absolution  reserved 
to  superior,  practice  of  retaining  for  some  pur- 
pose a  portion  of  the  Eucharistic  elements  (esp. 
the  bread)  after  celebration ;  (Law)  right  or  in- 
terest retained  in  estate  being  conveyed,  clause 
&c.  reserving  it ;  (U.S.)  tract  of  land  reserved 
esp.  for  exclusive  occupation  by  native  tribe ; 
express  or  tacit  limitation  or  exception  made 
about something(r/i€ n^aZr., qualification  tacitly- 
added  in  making  statement,  oath,  &c).  [f.  LL 
reservatio  (foil.,  -ation)] 

reserve1  (-z),  v.t.  Postpone  use  or  enjoy- 
ment or  treatment  of,  hold  over,  keep  back  for 
later  occasion,  (r.  oneself  for,  not  put  forth 


RESERVE 


718 


RESIST 


one's  energies  till) ;  retain  possession  or  control 
of  esp.  by  legal  or  formal  stipulation  (for  or  to 
oneself  or  another ;  reserved  seats  at  entertain- 
ment &c.,  that  may  be  booked ;  reserved  list, 
of  naval  officers  removed  from  active  service 
but  liable  to  be  called  outj,  (pass.)  be  left  by 
fate  for,  fall  first  or  mly  to;  set  apart,  destine, 
for  some  use  or  fate ;  (p.p.  as  adj.)  reticent, 
slow  to  reveal  emotions  or  opinions,  uncom- 
municative, whence  reser'vedLY2  adv.  [f. 
OF  reserver  f.  L  re-  S(servare  keep)] 
resep've2,  n.  Something  reserved  for  future 
use,  extra  stock  or  amount,  (banker's  r. ,  amou n  t 
kept  on  hand  to  meet  probable  demands  ;  has 
a  great  r.  of  energy;  often  attrib.,  as  his  r. 
strength) ;  (Mil.,  sing,  or  pi.)  troops  withheld 
from  action  to  reinforce  or  cover  retreat,  forces 
outside  regular  army  &  navy  liable  to  be  called 
out  in  emergencies,  member  of  such  forces 
(also  pesep*visx  n.),  (in  games)  extra  player 
chosen  in  case  substitute  should  be  needed; 
being  kept  unused  but  available  (has  it  in  r.); 
place  reserved  for  some  special  use ;  (at  exhibi- 
tions) distinction  conveying  that  exhibit  will 
have  prize  if  another  is  disqualified ;  limitation, 
exception,  restriction.orqualification.attached 
to  something  (I accept  your  statement  without 
r.,  fully;  sate  or  auction  without  r.,  not  sub- 
ject to  a  fixed  price's  being  reached ;  r.  price, 
than  which  less  will  not  be  accepted  ;  we  pub- 
lish this  with  all  r.,  all  proper  rr.,  without  en- 
dorsing it) ;  self-restraint,  abstinence  from  ex- 
aggerated or  ill-proportioned  effects,  in  artistic 
or  literary  expression  ;  reticence,  avoidance  of 
plain  speaking,  coolness  of  manner,  lack  of 
cordiality  ;  intentional  suppression  of  truth,  [f. 
F  reserve  (reserver,  OF  reserver,  reserve  MJ 

re-servoir  (-vwar),  n.,  &  v.t.  Receptacle 
constructed  usu.  of  earthwork  or  masonry  in 
which  large  quantity  of  water  is  stored ;  any 
natural  or  artificial  receptacle  esp.  for  or  of 
fluid,  place  where  fluid  &c.  collects,  part  of 
machine  or  organ  of  body  holding  fluid  (r. -pen, 
containing  its  own  supply  of  ink),  reserve 
supply  or  collection  of  something  e.g.  know- 
ledge or  facts,  &c;  (vb)  store  in  r.  If.  F  reser- 
voir (LL  reservatorium,  cf.  counter1,  far- 
lour)  f.  re"  server  see  prec,  -ory(2)] 
rese't1,  v.t.  &  i.  (tt-;  archaic).  Receive 
(stolen  goods) ;  receive  stolen  goods.  So  pe- 
se'ttER1  n.  [f.  OF  receter  f.  L  receptare  fre- 
quent, of  recipere  receive] 
reset2,  resettle  &c,  reshape,  see  re-  8; 
reship  &c,  re-  9;  reshuffle,  re-  8. 
resi'de  (-z),  v.i.  (Of  persons)  have  one's 
home,  dwell  permanently,  (at,  in,  abroad,  &c); 
(of  officials)  be  in  residence ;  (of  power,  rights, 
&c.)  rest  or  be  vested  in  person  &c;  (of  quali- 
ties) be  present  or  inherent  in,  [f.  L  re-  3(sidere 
=sedere  sit)] 

residence,  n.  Residing  (have,  take  up, 
one's  r.,  dwell,  begin  to  dwell ;  honoured  the 
place  with  her  r.;  r.  is  required,  official  &c. 
must  live  on  the  spot  for  certain  periods  or  al- 
together; so  m  r.);  place  where  one  resides, 
abode  of;  house  esp.  of  considerable  preten- 
sions, mansion,  (desirable  family  r.  for  sale). 
[f.  F  residence  f.  L  residentia  (prec,  -ence)1 
re*sidency;n.  Official  residence  of  Governor- 
general's  representative  at  Indian  native  court, 
[as  prec,  -ency] 

re'sident,  a.  &  n.  Residing  (whether  r.  at 
home  or  abroad ;  the  r.  popidation) ;  (of  birds 
&c.)  non-migratory ;  bound  to  residence,  having 
quarters  on  the  spot,  (r.  surgeon,  tutor,  politi- 
cal agent) ;  inherent,  located,  in  (a  right  r.  in 


the  nation;  powers  of  sensation  r.  in  the 
nerves).  (N.)  permanent  inhabitant  of  town  or 
neighbourhood  (opp.  visitor) ;  Indian  Governor- 
general's  political  agent  residing  at  native 
court,  British  government  agent  in  other  semi- 
dependent  State,  whence  re'sidentstup  n. 
If.  L  (reside,  -ent)] 

residential  (shl),  a.  Suitable  for  or  occu- 
pied by  private  houses (r.  estate, street,  quarter); 
connected  with  residence  (the  r.  qualification 
for  voters),    [residence,  -al] 

residentiary  (-sha-),  n.  &  a.  Ecclesiastic 
bound  to  residence  ;  (adj.)  bound  to,  requiring, 
of  or  for,  official  residence  (usu.  after  n. ;  Canon, 
Canonry,  r.;  at  his  r.  house).  [(.  med.L  resi- 
dentiarius  (residence,  -ary1)] 

resi'dual,  a.  &  n.  (Math.)  resulting  from 
subtraction  (n.,  r.  quantity) ;  remaining,  left 
over,  left  as  residuum,(n.,  remainder,  substance 
of  the  nature  of  a  residuum) ;  (of  error  in  calcu- 
lations) still  unaccounted  for  or  not  eliminated. 
[residuum,  -al] 

resi'duary,  a.  Of  the  residue  of  an  estate 
(r.  bequest,  clause,  legatee,  &c.) ;  of,  being,  a 
residuum,  residual,  still  remaining,  (mere  r. 
substances ;  the  r.  aberration ;  some  r.  odds  & 
ends),    [residuum,  -ary] 

residue,  n.  Remainder,  rest,  what  is  left  or 
remains  over;  what  remains  of  estate  after 
payment  of  charges,  debts,  &  bequests ;  (Chem. 
&c.)  residuum,    [f.  F  rtsidu  residuum] 

resi'duum  (-z-),  n.  (pi.  -dua).  What  remains, 
esp.(Chem.  &c.)  substance  left  after  combustion 
or  evaporation,  (in  calculations)  amount  not 
accounted  for  or  residual  error ;  lowest  stratum 
or  dregs  of  population.  IL,  neut.  of  residuus 
remaining  (reside)] 

resrg-n 1  (-z-),  v.t.  &  i.  Relinquish,  surrender, 
give  up,  hand  o ver,(office,  right,  claim,  property, 
charge,  task,  life,  hope ;  often  to  person,  into 
person's  hands  &c. ;  r.  oneself  to  another's 
guidance,  to  sleep,  rest,  meditation,  &c);  re- 
concile oneself,  one's  mind,  &c.  (to  one's  fate 
&c,  to  doing,  or  abs.  =  accept  the  inevitable 
without  repining),  whence  resi'griED l  a.,  re- 
si'gnedLY2  adv.;  give  up  office,  retire.  If.  OF 
resigner  f.  L  re-  l(signare  seal)  unseal,  cancel] 

re-sign2,  v.t.  &  i.    Sign  again,    [re- 8] 

resignation  (-zig),  n.  In  vbl  senses  (re- 
sign1); esp.:  resigning  of  an  office,  document 
conveying  it  (give,  send,  in  one's  r.) ;  being  re- 
signed, uncomplaining  endurance  of  sorrow  or 
other  evil.    [f.  F  resignation  (resign  *,  -ation)| 

resi'le  (-z-),  v.i.  (Of  elastic  bodies)  recoil,  re- 
bound, resume  shape  &  size  after  stretching  or 
compression  ;  have  or  show  elasticity  or  buoy- 
ancy or  recuperative  power.  Hence  resi'li- 
ence,  resi'liENCY,  nn„  resi'liENT  a.  [f.  L 
re-  9(silire  =  satire  jump)] 

re'sin  (-z-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Adhesive  substance 
secreted  by  most  plants  &  exuding  naturally  or 
upon  incision  esp.  from  fir  &  pine;  kinds  of 
similar  substance  got  by  chemical  process. 
Hence  resinA'CEOUS,  resini'FEROUS,  re*- 
siniFORM,  re'sinoL s,  aa.,  re'sinoiD  a.  &  n., 
re*sinATE *(3)  n.,  re'siniFY  v.t.  &  i.,  resi'ni- 
fication  n.,  re'sino-  comb.  form.  If.  F  resine 
f.  L  resina  cogn.  w.  Gk  retine] 

resipi'seence,  n.  Recognition  of  error,  re- 
turn to  good  sense.  So  resipi'seENT  a.  [f.  L 
(-ntia)  f.  re-  9(sipiscere  f.  sapere  see  sapient)] 

resi'st  (z-),  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Stop  course  of, 
successfully  oppose,  keep  off  or  out,  prevent 
from  penetrating,  repel,  be  proof  against  or  un- 
affected or  uninjured  by,  abstain  from,  (pro- 
jectile, weapon,  edge,   frost,  heat,  moisture, 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8,  9. 


RESISTANCE 


719 


RESPECT 


attack,  temptation, power,  infection,  influence, 
suggestion,  &c. ;  who  can  r.  Oods  xoill  ? ;  cannot 
r.  a  joke,  must  make  it  if  it  suggests  itself,  or 
must  be  amused  by  it),  whence  resi'stiBLE  a., 
resi'stLESS  a,  (poet.),  resi'stlessLY  2  adv.; 
strive  against,  oppose,  try  to  impede,  refuse  to 
comply  with ;  offer  resistance,  make  opposition, 
whence  or  cogn.  resi'stANT,  pesi'stENT,  re- 
si'stiVE,  aa.,  resi'stER  ]  n.  ( passive  r.,  person 
refusing  on  grounds  of  justice  to  pay  education 
rate).  (N.)  composition  applied  to  surfaces  for 
protection  from  some  agent  employed  on  them, 
esp.  to  parts  of  calico  that  are  not  to  take  dye. 
[f.  L  re-  2(sistere  redupl.  of  stare  stand)) 
resistance,  n.  (Power  of)  resisting  (pas- 
sive r.,  refusal  to  comply ;  something  with  great- 
er r.  for  its  xceight  than  steel) ;  hindrance,  im- 
peding or  stopping  effect,  exercised  by  material 
thing  upon  another  (overcome  the  r.  of  the  air ; 
r.  oj  fluids  varies  with  their  specific  gravity  ; 
line  of  r.,  direction  in  which  it  acts;  take  line 
of  least  r.  fig.,  adopt  easiest  method  or  course); 
(Electr.,  Magnet.,  Heat)  non-conductivity; 
(Klectr.)  part  of  apparatus  used  to  offer  definite 
r.  to  current,  [f.  F  resistance  (prec,  -ance)] 
resistibi'lity,  n.  Being  resistible  ;  power 
of  offering  resistance.  [RESiSTiWe,  -bility] 
resole.    See  re-  8. 

re'soluble  (-zoldb-,  -lu-),  a.  That  can  be  re- 
solved, (usu.)  analysable  into,  resolvable,  [f. 
LL  resolubilis  (resolve,  &  see  soluble)) 
re#solute  (-zoloot.  -ut),  a.  (Of  person  or  his 
temper  or  action)  determined,  decided,  bold,  not 
vacillating,  unshrinking,firm  of  purpose.  Hence 
re'soluteLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  p.p.,  see  resolve] 
resolution  (loo-,  -lu-),  n.  Separation  into 
components,  decomposition,  analysis,  conver- 
sion into  other  form,  (Med.)  disappearance  of 
inflammation  without  suppuration,  (Pros.)  sub- 
stitution of  two  short  syllables  for  one  long, 
(Mus.)  making  of  discord  to  pass  into  concord, 
(Mech.)  replacing  of  single  force  by  two  or  more 
jointly  equivalent;  solving  of  doubt,  problem, 
question,  &c;  formal  expression  of  opinion  by 
legislative  body  (cf.  motion)  or  public  meeting, 
form  proposed  for  this  ;  resolve,  thing  resolved 
on,  (good  rr.,  intentions  that  one  formulates 
mentally  for  virtuous  conduct) ;  determined 
temper  or  character,  boldness  &  firmness  of 
purpose,  [f.  L  resolutio  (resolve,  -ion)) 
resolutive,  a.  &  n.  Having  dissolving 
power  (chiefly  med.;r.  cataplasm,  &c;  n.,  r.  ap- 
plication or  drug) ;  (Law)  r.  condition,  whose 
fulfilment  terminates  contract  &c.  [prec,  -ive] 
reso'lve  (z),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Dissolve  (t.  &  i.; 
into), disintegrate,  analyse, break  up  into  parts, 
dissipate,  Convert  or  be  converted  into,  reduce 
by  mental  analysis  into,  (used  vinegar  to  r.  the 
rocks  ;  blood  first  coagulates  &  then  resolves  ; 
r.  thing,  thing  is  resolved  or  resolves  itself  or 
resolves,  into  its  elements ;  telescope  resolves 
nebula  into  stars ;  inflammation,  tumour,  is 
resolved  or  resolves,  passes  away  without  sup- 
puration ;  House  resolves  itself  into  a  commit- 
tee ;  might  r.  Christianity  into  a  system  of  mor- 
ality), (Mus.)  convert  (discord)  or  be  converted 
into  concord  ;  solve,  explain,  clear  up,  settle, 
(all  doubts  were  resolved ;  r.  me  this  archaic, 
answer  this  question  ;  the  problem  of  its  origin 
has  not  yet  been  resolved) ;  decide  upon,  make 
up  one's  mind  upon  action  or  doing  or  to  do, 
form  mentally  or  (of  legislative  body  or  public 
meeting)  pass  by  vote  the  resolution  that,  (of 
circumstances  &c.)  bring  (person)  to  resolution 
to  do  or  upon  action  or  doing,  (he  resolved  up- 
on or  rarely  resolved  amendment ;  resolved 
that  nothing  should  induce  him,  that  he  would 
do,  upon  doing ;  the  House  began  by  resolving 


that  .  .  . ;  this  discovery  resolved  us  on  going 
or  to  go ;  p.p.  used  in  minutes  of  meeting,  =  the 
following  resolution  was  passed,  namely  that : 
p.p.  as  adj.,  resolute,  whence  reso*lv6dLY  * 
adv.);  hence  reso'lvABLE  a.  (N.)  resolution 
come  to  in  the  mind  (&  she  kept  her  r.) ;  (poet.) 
resolution,  stedfast  purpose,  (a  mind,  deeds,  of 
high  r.).  [f.  L  re-  5(solvere  solut-  solve)] 
reso'lvent,  a.  &  n.  (chiefly  med.  &  chem.). 
(Drug,  application,  substance)  effecting  resolu- 
tion of  tumour  &c.  or  division  into  component 
parts,    [prec,  -ent] 

resonant  (-z-),  a.  (Of  sound)  echoing,  re- 
sounding, continuing  to  sound,  reinforced  or 
prolonged  by  vibration  or  reflexion ;  (of  bodies, 
rooms,  &c)  tending  to  reinforce  or  prolong 
sounds  esp.  by  vibration ;  (of  places)  resounding 
with.  Hence  or  cogn.  re'son  ance  n.,  re'son- 
anti.v  2  adv.  [f.  L  re- 6(sonare sound),  -ant] 
resonator,  n.  Instrument  responding  to 
single  note  &  used  for  detecting  it  in  combina- 
tions ;  appliance  forgiving  resonance  to  sounds, 
las  prec,  -or2] 

resor*b,v.t.  Absorbagain.  Hence resor'b- 
ence  n.,  resor*bENT  a.  [f.  L  re-  %sorbere 
sorpt-  absorb)] 

resor'ein  (-z-),  n.  Compound  got  by  action 
of  potash  on  resin  used  chiefly  as  dye-stuff. 
[resin,  orcin] 

resorption,  n.  Resorbing  or  beingresorbed. 
[resorb,  -ion] 

resor*t  *  (-z-),  v.i.  Turn  for  aid  to  (r.  to  force, 
experiment,  &c,  or  rarely  concrete  object  or 
person) ;  go  in  numbers  or  often  to  (visitors  re- 
sorted tonim,  to  the  shrine,  by  the  hundred ; 
watched  the  inn  to  which  he  teas  known  to  r.). 
[f.  OF  re-  8(sortir  come  out,  etym.  dub.)] 
resor't2,  n.  Thing  to  which  recourse  is  had, 
whatisturned  to  for  aid, cxpedient,(a  carriage, 
repetition  of  the  experiment,  was  the  only  r.) ; 
recourse  (cannot  be  done  without  r.  to  compul- 
sion ;  in  the  last  r.,  when  all  else  has  failed,  as 
final  attempt) ;  frequenting  or  being  frequented 
(encouraged  the  r.  of  scholars ;  a  place  of  great 
r.) ;  place  frequented  usu.  for  specified  purpose 
or  quality  (health,  holiday,  r.;  mountain,  sea- 
side, r.).  [OF  (prec)] 
re-sort 3,  v.  t.  Sort  agai  n.  [re-  8] 
resou'nd  (-zow-),  v.i.  &  t,  (Of  place)  ring  or 
echo  (ivith) ;  (of  voice,  instrument,  sound,  &c) 
produce  echoes,  go  on  sounding,  fill  place  with 
sound ;  (of  fame,  event,  &c)  be  much  talked  of, 
produce  sensation,  (often  through  Europe  &c); 
repeat  loudly  (usu.  thepraises  &c  of);  (of  place) 
give  back  (sound).  Hence  resou'ndingfLY  2 
adv.  [re-  9,  sound,  after  L  as  resonant] 
resour'ce  (ors),  n.  (Usu.  in  pi.)  means  of 
supplying  a  want,  stock  that  can  be  drawn  on, 
(pi.)  country's  collective  means  for  support  & 
defence ;  (after  French  ;  now  rare)  possibility 
of  aid  (lost  withoutr.);  expedient,  device,  shift, 
(flight  was  his  only  r. ;  am  at  the  end  of  my  rr.Y, 
leisure  occupation  (reading  is  a  great  r. ;  a  man 
of  no  rr.)',  skill  in  devising  expedients,  practi- 
cal ingenuity,  quick  wit,  (is  full  ofr.).  Hence 
resour'eeFUL,  resour*ceLESS,  aa.,  re- 
sour'eefulNESs,  resour'celessNESS,  nn., 
resour'eefulLY2  adv.  [f.  Fressource  f.  OF 
re(s)sourdre  f.  re-  9,  L  surgere  rise] 
respe'et1,  n.  Reference,  relation,  (to ;  the 
terms  have  r.  to  position  alone  ;  is  true  with  r. 
to  the  French ;  with  r.  to  possible  routes,  there 
are  three ;  ablative,  accusative,  of  r.  in  Lat. 
Gram.,  those  translatable  by  with  r.  or  as  to); 
heed  or  regard  to  or  of,  attention  to,  (have  not 
had  or  paid  r.  to  anything  but  colour ;  did  it 
quite  without  r.  to  the  results ;  r.  of  persons, 
partiality  or  favour  shown  esp.  to  the  powerful); 


RESPECT 


720 


REST 


particular,  detail,  point,  aspect,  (of;  is  admir- 
able in  r.  of  style ;  in  all,  many,  some,  rr. ;  in 
one,  this,  r.);  (archaic)  consideration  that  (is  out 
of  the  question,  in  r.  that  it  stultifies  the  whole 
plan);  deferential  esteem  felt  or  shown  towards 
person  or  quality  {has  won  the  r.  of  all ;  have 
the  greatest  r.for  him;  is  held  in  r.;  SELF-r.); 
(pi.,  with  my  &c.)  polite  messages  or  attentions 
(give  him  my,  sends  his,  rr. ;  went  to  pay  his  rr. 
to),     [f.  L  respectus  -us  (respicere  see  foil.)] 

respect2,  v.t.  Pay  heed  to  (archaic ;  r.  per- 
sons, discriminate  unfairly  between  them  under 
influence  of  wealth  &c,  whence  respect  kr l 
n.  of  persons) ;  relate  to,  be  concerned  with, 
(now  rare  exc.  in  part.,  as  legislation  respecting 
property,  also  used  as  prep.,  as  am  at  a  loss  re- 
specting his  whereabouts) ;  regard  with  defer- 
ence ;  avoid  degrading  or  insulting  or  injuring 
or  interfering  with  or  interrupting,  treat  with 
consideration,  spare,  (r.  oneself,  refrain  from 
unworthy  conduct  or  thoughts,  have  self-r.; 
7*.  innocence  or  the  innocent,  refrain  from  offend- 
ing or  corrupting  or  tempting;  respected  my 
silence,  let  me  remain  silent ;  r.  privileges,  pro- 
perty, neutral  territory,  &c. ).  [f .  L  RE-  6  (spicere 
sped-  =  specere  look  at)] 

respectability,  n.  Being,  those  who  are, 
a  person  who  is,  socially  respectable,  [foil., 
-bility] 

respectable,  a.  &  n.  Deserving  respect 
[did  it  from  r.  motives);  not  inconsiderable  in 
amount  &c,  of  some  merit  or  importance,  fairly 
good  or  many  or  much,  tolerable,  passable,  (a  r. 
hill,  antiquity,  painter,  minority ;  r.  talents); 
of  fairsocial  standing,  havingthe  qualities  ne- 
cessary for  such  standing,  not  disreputable, 
honest&decent  in  conduct,(of  pursuits.clothes, 
&c.)  befitting  r.  persons;  hence  respe'et- 
abLY2adv.  (N.)ar.  person  (usu.  in  pi.),  [-able] 

respectful,  a.  Showing  deference  (r.  be- 
haviour ;  stood  at  a  r.  distance).  Hence  re- 
spectful ly2 adv., respe'etf uLvess n.  [-ful] 

respective,  a.  Each's  own,  proper  to  each, 
individual,  several,  comparative,  {go  to  your, 
put  them  in  their,  r.  places ;  were  given  places 
according  to  their r.  rank  or  ranks  ;A&B  con- 
tributed the  r.  sums  of  4d.  &3d. ;  the  election  de- 
Bends  on  the  r.  popularity  of  the  candidates). 
ence respect! vol v2 adv.  [f.  Lhrespectivus 
(respect2,  -ive)] 

respell.    See  re- 8. 

re'spirable  (or  -If •-),  a.  (Of  air,  gas,  &c.)  that 
can.  fit  to,  be  breathed,  [f.  LL  respirabilis  (re- 
spire,-able)] 

respira'tion,  n.  Breathing;  single  inspira- 
tion &  expiration ;  plant's  absorption  of  oxygen 
&  emission  of  carbon  dioxide,    [f.  L  respiratio 

(RESPIRE,  -ATION)] 

respirator,  n.  Apparatus  of  gauze  &c.  worn 
oyer  mouth  (&  nose)  to  warm  or  filter  inhaled 
air.    [f.  L  as  foil.  +  -or2] 

respire*,  v.i.  &  t.  Breathe,  inhale  &  exhale, 
air,  whence respiratoRv a.;  breathe  (air  &c); 
(rare)  exhale  (perfume,  amiability,  &c. );  breathe 
again,  take  breath,  recover  hope  or  spirit,  get 
rest  or  respite,    [f.  L  re-  9(spirare  breathe)] 

re-spite,  n.,  &  v.t.  Delay  permitted  in  the 
discharge  of  an  obligation  or  suffering  of  a 
penalty ;  interval  of  rest  or  relief.  ( Vb)  grant 
r.  to,  reprieve,  (condemned  person) ;  postpone 
execution  or  exaction  of  (sentence,  obligation); 
give  temporary  relief  from  (pain,  care)  or  to 
(sufferer) ;  (MIL)  withhold  (pay),  withhold  pay 
from.    [f.  OF  respit  f.  L  respect  ^us] 

resplendent,  a.  Brilliant,  dazzlingly  or 
gloriously  bright.   Hence  or  cogn.  resplend- 


ence,  resple'ndENCV,  nn.,  resplendent- 
ly  2  adv.    If.  L  KK-6(splendere  glitter),  -ent] 

respo'nd l,  v.i.  Make  answer  (esp.  of  con- 
gregation making  set  answers  to  priest  &c); 
perform  answering  or  corresponding  action  (re- 
sponded with  a  drop-kick,  left-hander,  &c); 
show  sensitiveness  to  by  behaviour  or  change 
(does  not  r.  to  kindness ;  nerve  responds  to  sti- 
mulus, string  to  note,  &c);  (rare)  correspond, 
be  analogous,  whence  or  cogn.  respondENCE, 
respo'ndENC y,  nn.  [f.  L  re-  l(sponderespons- 
pledge)  answer] 

respo'nd 2,  n.  (Eccl.)  =  responsory,  also 
response  to  versicle ;  (Arch.)  half-pillar  or  half- 
pier  attached  to  wall  to  support  arch.  [OF  (rc- 
spondre  answer,  as  prcc.)] 

respondent,  a.  &  n.  Making  answer ;  re- 
sponsive to ;  in  position  of  defendant.  (N.)  one 
who  makes  answer,  defends  thesis,  &c. ;  defend- 
ant esp.  in  divorce  case,    [as  respond  i,  -ent] 

respo'nse,  n.  Answer  given  in  word  or  act, 
reply,  retort,  (made  no  r.;  the  rr.  of  the  oracles ; 
his  r.  was  the  proclamation  of  martial  law) ; 
feeling,  movement,  &c,  elicited  by  stimulus  or 
influence  (called  forth  nor.  in  hisbreast);  (Eccl.) 
=  responsory,  also  any  part  of  liturgy  said  or 
sung  in  answer  to  priest,  [f.  L  responsum  neut. 

p.p.  (RESPOND  l)] 

responsibility,  n.  Being  responsible  (de- 
clines all  r.  for  it ;  will  take  the  r.  of  doing  it; 
did  it  on  his  own  r.,  without  authorization  ;  is 
not  afraid  ofr.,  of  having  to  act  without  de- 
tailed guidance) ;  charge  for  which  one  is  re- 
sponsible (a  family  is  a  great  r. ;  asked  to  be 
relieved  of  his  r.  or  rr.).    [foil.,  -bility] 

responsible,  a.  Liable  to  be  called  to  ac- 
count, answerable  (to  person,  for  thing,  orabs.; 
r.  ruler,  government,  not  autocratic),  morally 
accountable  for  actions,  capable  of  rational  con- 
duct; of  good  credit  or  position  or  repute,  re- 
spectable, apparently  trustworthy ;  involving 
responsibility  (a  r.  office).  Hence  respo'n- 
sibLY 2  adv.    [obs.  F  (L  respond1^,  -ible)] 

respo'nsions,  n.  pi.  First  of  three  examina- 
tions for  Oxford  B.  A.  degree  (also  smalls  colloq. ; 
cf.  moderations,  greats,  final  schools),  [f.  L  rc- 
sponsio  (RESPOND1,  -ION)] 

responsive,  a.  Answering,  by  way  of  an- 
swer, (of  liturgy  &c.)  using  responses ;  respond- 
ing readily  to  or  to  some  influence,  impression- 
able, sympathetic.  Hence  respo'nsiveLY  2 
adv.,  respo'nsivexKSs  n.  [f.  LL  responsivus 

(RESPOND  l,  -IVE)] 

responsory,  n.  Anthem  said  or  sung  by 
soloist  &  choir  after  lesson,  [f.  LL  rcsponsoria 
neut.  pi.  (RESPOND1,  -ORY)] 

ressaldar*,  n.  Native  captain  in  Indian  ca- 
valry regiment,  [f.  Hind,  risaladar  (risalah 
squadron  f.  Arab,  arsala  he  sent,  dar  having)] 

rest1,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  still,  cease  or  abstain  or 
be  relieved  from  exertion  or  action  or  move- 
ment or  employment,  lie  in  sleep  or  death,  be 
tranquil,  be  let  alone,  (waves  that  never  r.;  r. 
upon  one's  oars,  temporarily  cease  rowing  or 
any  exertion  ;  never  let  your  enemy  r.;  let  us  r. 
here,  cease  walking  &c;  r.from  one's  labours; 
rests  in  the  church-yard,  lies  buried ;  let  her  r. 
in  peace  ;  is  too  feverish  to  r.;  could  not  r.  un- 
der an  imputation,  till  he  got  his  wish  ;  land 
was  allowed  to  r.,  left  fallow ;  the  matter  can- 
not r.  here,  must  be  further  examined  &c),  give 
relief  or  repose  to  (stayed  a  day  to  r.  myself; 
r.  your  men  for  an  hour;  says  the  goggles  r. 
his  eyes  ;  must  r.  the  ground ;  r.  or  God  r.  his 
soul,  may  God  give  it  repose),  (p.p.)  refreshed 
or  reinvigorated  by  resting  (are  you  quite  rest- 


Tor  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  RE- 8,  & 


REST 

ed  ?);  lie,  be  spread  out,  be  supported  or  based, 
depend,  rely,  (of  eyes  &c.)  alight  or  be  steadily 
directed,  (up)on  (shadow,  light,  rests  on  his 
face ;  roof  rests  on  four  arches ;  their  left  rested 
on  the  river;  hand  resting  on  the  table;  sci- 
ence  rests  on  phenomena ;  Ir.  upon  your  pro- 
mise ;  his  gaze  rested  on  a  strange  object),  be 
propped  against,  repose  trust  in  (be  content  to  r. 
in  God),  place  for  support  or  foundation  (up)on 
(r.  one's  elbow,  load,  on  the  table ;  r.  one's  case 
on  equity,  unimpeachable  evidence) ;  resting- 
place,  provided  or  used  for  resting(Zas£  r.-p.,  the 
grave).  [OE  rxstan,  cf.  G  rasten,  Du.  rusten] 
pest 2,  n.  Repose  or  sleep  esp.  in  bed  at  night 
(go,  retire,  to  r.;  take  r.  or  ones  r.) ;  abstinence 
or  freedom  from  or  absence  of  exertion  or 
activity  or  movement  or  care  or  molestation,  a 
period  of  such  abstinence  &c.,  (day  ofr.,  Sun- 
day ;  a  r.  from  work  &c;  give  person,  horse, 
machine,  &c,  a  r.;  take  a  short  r.;  at  r„  still, 
not  agitated  or  troubled,  often  of  the  dead  ;  set 

? question,  person's  mind,  at  r.,  settle,  relieve  ; 
ay  to  r.,  bury) ;  lodging-place  or  shelter  pro- 
vided for  sailors,  cabmen,  or  other  class ;  prop 
or  support  or  steadying-piece,  e.g.  for  gun  in 
aiming,  billiard-cue,  cutting-tool  in  lathe,  or 
foot  on  bicycle ;  (Mus.)  appointed  interval  of 
silence  or  sign  denoting  it;  pause  in  elocution, 
caesura  in  verse ;  r.-balk,  ridge  left  unplough- 
ed  between  furrows ;  r.-cure,  r.  usu.  of  some 
weeks  in  bed  as  medical  treatment ;  r.-day,  day 
spent  in  r.,  (rare)  Sunday;  r.-house,  dawk- 
bungalow.    [OE  rxst,  cf.  G  rast,  Du.  rust) 

pest3,  v.i.  Remain  over  (archaic ;  whatever 
rests  of  hope) ;  r.  with,  be  left  in  the  hands  or 
charge  of  (it  rests  with  you  to  propose  terms ; 
the  management  of  affairs  rested  with  Wolsey); 
remain  in  specified  6tate  (the  affair  rests  a 
mystery;  r.  assured,  satisfied,  &c. ;  also  archaic 
in  epistolary  forms,  as  Ir.  your  devoted  friend). 
[f.  F  rester  f.  L  RE-3(stare  stand)] 

pest 4,  n.  The  remaining  part(s)  or  individuals 
of,  the  remainder  of  some  quantity  or  number, 
the  others,  (&  the  or  all  the  r.  of  it,  &  all  else 
that  might  be  mentioned ;  for  the  r.,  as  regards 
anything  beyond  what  has  been  specially  men- 
tioned); (Banking)  reserve  fund;  (Commerc.) 
stocktaking  &  balancing ;  (Tennis  &c.)  spell  of 
continuous  returns,    [f.  F  reste  (prec.)] 

pest5,  n.  (hist.).  Check  holding  butt  of 
medieval  tilter's  spear  when  couched  for  charg- 
ing (with,  lay  or  set  one's,  lance  in  r.).    [for 

ARREST1,  &  See  REST3] 

pestamp,  pestart,  restate  &c.  See  re-  8. 

pe'staupant  (or-,  or  as  F),  n.  Place  where 
meals  or  refreshments  may  be  had.  [F  (rc- 
staurer  restore,  -ant)] 

restaurateur  (F),  n.    Restaurant-keeper. 

re'stful,  a.  Favourable  to  repose,  free  from 
disturbing  influences,  soothing.  Hence  pe'st- 
fulLY2 adv.,  pe'stfulNESs  n.    [-ful] 

pe'st-happow,  n.  A  tough-rooted  shrub, 
cammock.   [obs.  rest  v.  as  rest  5,  harrow  l] 

pestiff.    See  restive. 

pe'stitute,  v.t.  &  i.  (rare).  Make  restitution 
(of),   [f.  L  re-  8(stituere  -tut-  =  statuere  set  up)] 

pestitu'tion,  n.  Restoring  of  or  of  thing  to 
proper  owner,  reparation  for  injury,  (esp.  make 
r. ;  r.  of  conjugal  rights,  name  of  a  matri- 
monial lawsuit);  restoring  of  thing  to  its 
original  state  (esp.  theol.  the  r.  of  all  things) ; 
resumption  of  original  shape  or  position  by 
elasticity,    [f.  L  restitutio  (prec,  -ion)) 

pe'stive,  pe'stiff  (archaic),  a.  (Of  horse)  re- 
fusing to  advance,  stubbornly  standing  still 
or  moving  backwards  or  sideways,  jibbing,  re- 
fractory ;  (of  person)  unmanageable,  rejecting 
control.    Hence  pe'stiveLV  2  adv.,  pe'stive- 


721 RESUME 

ness  n.  [earlier  sense  inert ;  orig.  form  -iff,  f. 
OF  res^tf  (rest3,  -ive)1 

pe'stless,  a.  Finding  or  affording  no  rest, 
uneasy,  agitated,  never  still,  ever  in  motion, 
unpausing,  fidgeting.  Hence  Pe'stlessLV2 
adv.,  pe'stlessNESS  n.    [rest2,  -less] 

pestock.    See  re-  8. 

pestopa'tion,  n.  In  senses  of  restore  ;  also 
or  esp.:  (period  of)  re-establishment  of  mon- 
archy in  1660 ;  model  or  drawing  representing 
supposed  original  form  of  extinct  animal,  ruin- 
ed building,  &c.  [earlier  restauration  t.  L  res- 
tauratio  (restore,  -ion)  w.  assim.  to  restore] 

restora'tionism,  n.  Doctrine  that  all  men 
will  ultimately  be  restored  to  happiness  in 
future  life.    So  pestopa'tion ist(2)  n.    [-ism] 

pestd'pative,  a.  &  n.  Tending  to  restore 
health  or  strength ;  (n.)  r.  food,  medicine,  or 
agency.  Hence  pesto'pativeLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
restauratif -ive  (foil.,  -ive)) 

restore*,  v.t.  Give  back,  make  restitution 
of;  (attempt  to)  bring  back  to  original  state  by 
rebuilding,  repairing,  repainting,  emending, 
&c.  (church,  picture,  text,  has  been  restored, 
spoilt  in  restoring,  restored  out  of  all  recogni- 
tion, Sec) ;  make  representation  of  supposed 
original  state  of  (extinct  animal,  ruin,  &c); 
reinstate,  bring  back  to  dignity  or  right;  bring 
back  to  %c  to  health  &c,  cure  (person) ;  re- 
establish, renew,  bring  back  into  use ;  reinsert 
by  conjecture  (missing  words  in  text,  parts  of 
extinct  animal,  &c.) ;  replace,  put  back,  bring 
to  former  place  or  condition.  Hence  pestop*- 
able  a.,  pestoP'ER1  n.  [f.  OF  restorer  f.  L 
re-  9(staurare  cf.  Gk  stauros  stake)] 

pestrai'n l,  v.t.  Check  or  hold  in  from,  keep 
in  check  or  under  control  or  within  bounds,  re- 
press, keep  down  ;  confine,  imprison.  Hence 
pestrai'nABLE  a.,  restrained ly  2  adv.  [f. 
OF  restrai(g)n-  st.  of  restraindre  f.  L  KE-2(strin- 
gere  strict-  tie)] 

pe-stpai*n2,  v.t.    Strain  again,    [re- 8] 

pestpai'nt,  n.  Restraining  or  being  restrain- 
ed, stoppage,  check,  controlling  agency  or  in- 
fluence, confinement  esp.  in  asylum,  (without 
r„  freely,  copiously;  is  under  r.,  esp.  as  luna- 
tic) ;  constraint  or  reserve  of  manner ;  self- 
control,  avoidance  of  excess  or  exaggeration, 
austerity  of  literary  expression  ;  r.  of  princes, 
embargo,    [f.  OF  restrainte  (restrain  *)] 

pestri'et,  v.t.  Confine,  bound,  limit,  (to, 
within ;  has  a  very  restricted  application  ;  am 
restricted  to  advising ;  is  restricted  within  nar- 
row limits).  Hence  or  cogn.  pestpi'etiON  n., 
pestpi'etivE  a.,  pestpi'etedLY 2,  pestpi'e- 
tiveLY  2,  adv v.    [f.  L,  see  restrain] 

pestuff.    See  re-  8. 

pesu'lt  (z),  v.i.,  &  n.  Arise  as  actual  or  fol- 
low as  logical  consequence  (from  conditions, 
causes,  premisses,  &c.  or  abs.) ;  have  issue  or 
end  in  specified  manner  esp.  in  failure  &c.  (re- 
sulted badly,  in  a  large  profit).  (N.)  conse- 
quence, issue,  oroutcome  or  something  (ivithout 
r.,  in  vain,  fruitless,  fruitlessly),  whence  re- 
su*ltFUL,pesu*ltLESS,aa.;  quantity,  formula, 
&c,  given  by  calculation,  [n.  f.  vb,  f.  L  re-9- 
(sultare=saltare  frequent,  of  satire  jump)] 

pesu'ltant,  a.  &  n.  Resulting,  esp.  as  total 
outcome  of  more  or  less  opposed  forces;  (n.) 
composite  effect  of  two  or  more  forces  acting 
in  different  directions  at  same  point  (esp.  in 
Mech.,  also  transf.).    |prec,  -ant] 

pesu'me  (-z-),  v.t.  &  i.  Get  or  take  again  or 
back,  recover,  reoccupy,  (r.  one's  spirits,  sway, 
liberty,  seat ;  r.  gift,  grant,  territory) ;  begin 
again  (upon),  go  on  (with)  after  interruption, 
begin  to  speak  or  work  cigain,  recommence  t. 
&  i.,  (House  resumed  work  or  its  labours,  or 


RESUME 


722 


RETIRE 


resumed  ;r.  thread  of  one's  discourse  ;  r.  pipe, 
go  on  smoking  again ;  '  No,  it  is  hopeless '  he 
resumed) ;  make  resume  of,  recapitulate,  sum- 
marize,   [f.  L  re-  8{sumere  sumpt-  take)] 

resume  (re'zdbma,  or  as  F),  n.  Summary, 
epitome,  abstract.  [F,  p.p.  of  resumer  resume] 

resummons.    See  re-  8. 

resumption  (-z-),  n.  Resuming.  So  re- 
su'mptiVE  a.,  resu-mptiveLY  a  adv.  [f.  L 
resumptio  (resume,  -ion)] 

resu'pinate  (-at),  a.  (bot.).  (Of  leaf  &c.)  in- 
verted, bottom  up.  Hence  resupinATiON  n. 
[f.  L  re-  9(supinai-e  make  supine)] 

resur'ge,  v.i.  (rare  exc.  facet.).  Experience 
resurrection,  revive,  rise  or  arise  again.  So 
(in  ordinary  use)  resur'gfENT(l)  n.  &  a.,  pe- 
sur'gENCE  n.  [f.  L  re-  9(surgere  sumect-  rise 
f.  sur-,  regere  direct)] 

resurre'ct,  v.t.  (colloq.).  Raise  from  the 
dead  (rare) ;  revive  practice  or  memory  of ;  take 
from  grave,  exhume,    [back-form.  f.  foil. J 

resurrection  (-z-),  n.  (Festival  in  memory 
of)  rising  of  Christ  from  the  grave ;  rising  again 
of  men  at  the  last  day;  exhumation  lit.  or  fig., 
resurrecting  (r.  man,  BODY-snatcher),  whence 
resurre'ctioniST(l)  n.;  revival  from  disuse 
or  inactivity  or  decay,  restoration  to  vogue  or 
memory,  (r.  pie,  made  from  remains  of  previous 
meals).  Hence  resurre'ctionAL  =a.  [f.  LL 
resurrectio  (resurge,  -ion)] 

resurvey.    See  re-  8. 

resu'scitate  (-si-),  v.t.  &  i.  Revive,  return 
or  usu.  restore  to  life,  consciousness,  vogue, 
vigour,  or  vividness.  Hence  or  cogn.  resus- 
citATiON,  resu*scitatOR2(l,  2),  nn.,  resu's- 
eitATi ve  a.   [f.  L  re-  9(susci£are  cite),  -ate  3] 

ret,  rate,  rait,  v.t.  &  i.  Soften  (flax,  hemp) 
by  soaking  or  exposing  to  moisture ;  (of  hay 
&c,  in  pass,  or  intr.)  be  spoilt  by  wet,  rot  [cf. 
Du.  reten,  roten,  Sw.  rota;  cogn.  w.  rot2] 

reta'ble,  n.  Shelf,  or  frame  enclosing  deco- 
rated panels,  above  back  of  altar,  [f.  F  Htable 
(re-,  table),  cf.  nied. L  retrotabulum] 

re'tail  *,  n.  Sale  of  goods  in  small  quantities 
(esp.  by  r.,  or  attrib.  as  r.  trading,  dealer ;  also 
adv..  esp.  in  conjunction  w.  wholesale,  as  Do 
you  buy  wholesale  or  r.?).  [OF, = piece  cut  off 
f.  re-  5(taillier  cut,  see  tailor)] 

retai'12,  v.t.  &  i.  Sell  (goods)  by  r.;  (of  goods) 
be  retailed  (esp.  at  or  for  specified  price) ;  re- 
count, relate  details  of.  Hence  retai'lEH1  n. 
[prob.  f.  prec] 

retai'n,  v.t.  Keep  in  place,  hold  fixed,  (re- 
taining wall,  supporting  &  confining  mass  of 
earth  or  water;  retaining  force  mil.,  posted  to 
keep  part  of  enemy  inactive  &c.) ;  secure  ser- 
vices of  (esp.  barrister)  by  engagement  &  pre- 
liminary payment  (retaining  fee,  retainer); 
keep  possession  of,  not  lose,  continue  to  have ; 
continue  to  practise  or  recognize,  allow  to  re- 
main or  prevail,  not  abolish  or  discard  or  alter; 
succeed  in  remembering,  not  forget.  Hence 
retai'nABLE  a.  [f.  OF  retenir  f.  L  KE-3(tinere 
tent-  =  tenere  hold)] 

retainer,  n.  1.  (Law)  formal  retention  of 
something  as  one's  own,  authorization  to  retain 
thus ;  being  retained  to  serve  in  some  capacity ; 
fee  paid  to  barrister  &c.  for  right  to  his  services 
if  required.  2.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  (hist,),  de- 
pendant or  follower  of  person  of  rank,  [retain 
+  (sense  1)  -er*,  (sense  2)  -er  l] 

retake.    See  re- 9. 

reta-liate,  v.t&  i.  Repay  (injury,  insult,&c, 
rarely  kindness  &c.)  in  kind ;  retort  (accusa- 
tion) upon  person ;  do  as  one  is  done  by,  esp. 
return  evil,  make  reprisals,  (Pol.  Econ.)  impose 


duties  on  imports  from  foreign  State  in  return 

for  its  import  duties.     Hence   re  tali  a  "r  ion 

n., reta'liATi ve, reta'liatoRY,  aa.  [f.  L  re-  1- 

(taliare  f.  talis  such)] 

retar'd,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Make  slow  or  late, 
delay  progress  or  arrival  or  accomplishment  or 
happening  of ;  (esp.  of  physical  phenomena,  e.g. 
motion  of  tides,  waves,  or  celestial  bodies)  hap- 
pen, arrive,  behind  normal  or  calculated  time  ; 
hence  or  cogn.  retardATiON,  retar'dMENT, 
nn.,  retar'dATiVE,  retar'datORv,  aa.  (N.) 
retardation  (r.  of  tide  or  high  water,  interval 
between  full  moon  &  following  high  water),  [f. 
F  retard(er)  f.  L  re-  3(tardare  f.  tardus  slow)] 

retaste.    See  re-  8. 

retch,  v.i.,  &  n.  Make  motion  of  vomiting 
esp.  ineffectually  &  involuntarily;  (n.)  such 
motion  or  sound  of  it.  [OE  hrxcan  spit  (hrdca 
spittle,  cf.  ON  hraki)\ 

retell.    See  re-  8. 

rete*ntion,n.  retaining;  esp.  (Med.)  failure 
to  evacuate  urine  or  other  secretion.  [OF,  f.  L 
retentionem  (retain,  -ion)] 

rete'ntive,  a.  (Of  memory,  or  rarely  of  per- 
son in  that  respect)  tenacious,  not  forgetful ; 
(of  substances)  r.  of  moisture  &c,  apt  to  retain 
it  (also  r.  abs.,  retentive  of  moisture);  (Surg.,  of 
ligature  &c. )  serving  to  keep  something  in  place. 
Hence  rete'ntive ly  2  adv.,  rete'ntiveNESS 
n.    [OF  (-if,  -ive),  see  retain,  -ive] 

retenue  (F),  n.    Reserve,  self-control. 

re'tiary  (-sha),  n.  Net-making  or  geometri- 
cal spider,  [f.  L  retiarius  (gladiator)  with  net 
(rete  net,  -ary1)] 

re'tieenee,  n.  Reserve  in  speech,  avoidance 
of  saying  all  one  knows  or  feels  ;  holding  back 
of  some  fact ;  disposition  to  silence,  taciturnity. 
So  re'ticENT  a.,  re'ticentLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  re- 
ticentia  f.  re-  i(ticere  =  tacere  be  silent)] 

re'ticle,  n.  Network  of  fine  threads  or  lines 
in  object-glass  of  telescope  to  help  accurate  ob- 
servation,   [f.  L  reticulum] 

reti'culate,  v.t.  &  i.  Divide  or  be  divided 
in  fact  or  appearance  into  a  network,  arrange 
or  be  arranged  in  small  squares  or  with  inter- 
secting lines.  So(seeetym.)reti*culATE2(-at) 
a.,  reti'culater.v-  adv.,  reticulATiON  n., 
reti'culato-  comb.  form,  [vb  by  back-form.  f. 
reticulated  f.  reticulate  a.  (reticulum,  -ate2)1 

re'ticule,  n.  =  reticle  ;  lady's  netted  or 
otherbag  for  carryingon  armor  in  hand  to  serve 
purpose  of  pocket ;  (Astron.)  a  Southern  con- 
stellation,   [f.  F  riticide  f.  L  (foil.)] 

reticulum,  n.  (pi.  -la).  Ruminant's  second 
stomach  or  honeycomb ;  netlike  structure,  re- 
ticulated membrane  &c,  whence  reti'culAR1, 
reti'eulosE1,  aa.,  reti'culo-  comb.  form.  [L, 
(rete  net,  -cule)] 

re'tiform,  n.  Netlike,  reticulated,  [f.  L  rete 
net,  -i-,  -form] 

re'tina,  n.  (pi.  -as,  -ae).  Layer  at  back  of  eye- 
ball sensitive  to  light.  Hence  re*  tin  a  L  a.,  re- 
tiniTis  n.    [med.L,  perh.  f.  L  rete  net] 

re'tinue,  n.  Suite  or  train  of  persons  in  at- 
tendance upon  some  one.  [f.  OF  retenue  fern, 
p. p.  of  retenir  retain] 

retire*,  v.i.  &  t,,  &  n.  Withdraw  (intr.),  go 
away,  retreat,  seek  seclusion  or  shelter,  recede, 
go  (as)  to  bed,  (r.  from  the  world,  become  re- 
cluse ;  r.  into  oneself,  be  uncommunicative  or 
unsociable,  whence  retir'iNG2  a.,  retir'ing;- 
ly  2  adv.,i»etir,ing*NESS  n.;  the  ladies  r.,  leave 
dining-room  after  dessert ;  always  retires  be- 
fore midnight, often  to  rest,  to  bed,  for  the  night, 
&c;  general,  army,  was  forced  to  r.,  retired  in 
good  order,  of  ten  from  position,  to  place,  before 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8, 9. 


RETIREMENT 


723 


RETROGRADE 


enemy,  &c. ;  background  does  not  r.  as  it  shoxdd; 
retiring-room,  for  retiring  to,  esp.  lavatory) ; 
(p.p.,  f.  obs.  trans,  use)  withdrawn  from  society 
or  observation,  secluded,  {lives  retired ;  a  re- 
tired life ;  in  a  retired  valley),  whence  re- 
tire'dNESS  n. ;  cease  from  or  give  up  office 
or  profession  or  employment  or  candidature, 
(Cricket)  voluntarily  terminate  one's  innings, 
compel  (officer,  employee)  to  r.,  (r.  from  the 
army,  from  business,  on  a  pension ;  batsman 
retired  hurt;  teas  compulsorily  retired  as  in- 
competent ;  retiring  pension,  allowed  to  one 
who  retires  at  normal  time),  (p.p.,  see  -ed  j(2) 
for  sense)  that  has  retired  (a  retired  general, 
grocer ;  retired  pay,  pension ;  retired  list,  of 
retired  officers);  (Mil.)  order  (troops)  to  r. ; 
(Finance)  withdraw  (bill,  note)  from  operation 
or  currency.  (N.,  mil.)  signal  to  troops  to  r.  (usu. 
sound  the  r.).  [n.  a  use  of  imperat.  of  vb,  f.  F 
re-  U{tirer  draw  f.  Teut,  cf.  Goth,  tairan,  OHG 
zeran,  tear  v.)J 

retire-merit,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  seclu- 
sion, privacy ;  secluded  place.  |  F  (prec.,-MENT)] 

retor't  J,  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  Requite  (humiliation, 
insult,  attack)  in  kind ;  turn  (mischief  &c),  fling 
(charge,  sarcasm,  jest),  back  {on  or  upon  author 
or  aggressor),  make  (argument)  tell  against  or 
against  its  user ;  make,  say  by  way  of,  repartee 
or  counter-charge  or  counter-argument;  (p.p.) 
recurved,  twisted  or  bent  backwards.  (N.)  in- 
cisive reply,  repartee;  turning  of  charge  or 
argument  against  its  author;  piece  of  retalia- 
tion,    [f.  L  re-  9(torqucre  tort-  twist)] 

retor't2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Vessel  usu.  of  glass  with 
long  downward-bent  neck  used  in  distilling 
liquids ;  kinds  of  receptacle  of  various  shapes 
&  materials  used  in  purifying  mercury  &  mak- 
ing gas  &  steel ;  (vb)  purify  (mercury)  by  heat- 
ing in  r.    [f.  med.L  retorta  fem.  p.p.  as  prec] 

retor*tion,  n.  Bending  back(lit.&flg.);  (In- 
ternal law)  retaliation  by  State  upon  subjects 
of  another,    [f.  med.L  retortio  (retort  Vion)] 

retouch.    See  re-  8. 

retrace,  v.t.  Trace  back  to  source  or  be- 
ginning ;  look  over  again ;  recall  the  course  of 
in  memory  ;  go  back  over  (one's  steps  or  xcay ; 
often  fig.  of  undoing  actions),    [f.  F  retracer 

(RE-  8,  TRACE  V.)J 

retract,  v.t.  &  i.  1.  Draw  (esp.  part  of  one's 
body)  back  or  in,  (of  such  part  &c.)  shrink  back 
or  in  or  be  capable  of  being  retracted,  {snail 
retracts  its  horns ;  cat's  claws  r.  or  can  be  re- 
tracted ;  sur geon  retracts  skinwithinstrument, 
organ  is  retracted  by  mxiscle,  called  retrac- 
tOR2n.;  if  the  piston  is  suddenly  retracted); 
hence  or  cogn.  retractable  l  [-able]  &  (in 
same  sense)  retractiLE  aa.,  retraetrliTv 
n.,  retra'ct i ve  a.,  retraction l  [-ionJ  ft.  2. 
"Withdraw,  revoke,  cancel,  refuse  to  abide  by, 
acknowledge  falsity  or  error  of,  expressly  a- 
bandon,  (statement,  promise,  opinion),  (abs.)  r. 
opinion  or  statement;  hence  or  cogn.  retract- 
able2 [-able]  a.,  retractATioN,  retrac- 
tion2 [-IONJ,  nn.  [sense  1  f ,  L  re-  4{trahere 
tract-  draw);  sense  2  partly  as  1,  but  chiefly  f.  L 
re- 9{tractare  draw  frequent,  of  trahere  draw) 
&  L  re-  8{tractare  pull  about  or  handle)  as  in 
archaic  retractation  rehandling  now  only  in 
title  of  Augustine's  Retractations] 

re'tral,  a.  (nat.  hist.  &c. ).  Hinder,  posterior, 
at  the  back,    [retro-,  -al| 

retransfer,  retransform,  retranslate 
&c,  retread.    See  re-  9. 

retrea't J,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Go  back,  retire,  re- 
linquish a  position,  (esp.  of  army  &c);  (trans., 
chiefly  in  chess) move  (piece)  back  from  forward 
or  threatened  position;  recede  (a  retreating 
chin,  forehead).    (N.)  act  of,  (Mil.)  signal  for, 


retreating  {sound  the  or  a  r.  mil.;  beat  a  r.,  r., 
abandon  undertaking ;  make  good  one's  r„  get 
safely  away;  intercept  r.of,  cut  off;  are  in  full 
r.),  (Mil.)  drum-beat  at  sunset;  withdrawing 
into  privacy  or  security,  (place  of)  seclusion, 
(Eccl.)  temporary  retirement  for  religious  ex- 
ercises, asylum  for  inebriates  or  lunaticsorpen- 
sioners,lurking-place,placeof  shelter,  [f.  OFre- 
trait(er)  f.  p. p.  of  retraire  f.  L  as  retract(I)] 

retre'nen,  v.t.  &  i.  Cut  down,  x*educe  a- 
mount  of,  (expenses,  things  causing  outlay); 
cut  off,  deduct,  {retrenched  a  year  from  the  es- 
tablished period);  make  excisions  in  or  of, 
shorten  or  remove,  (literary  work  or  passages 
in  it);  cut  down  expenses,  introduce  economies; 
(Fortif.)  furnish  with  inner  line  of  defence  usu. 
consisting  of  trench  &  parapet  Hence  re- 
tre'nehMENT  n.  [f.  obs.  F  retrencher  var.  of 
retrancher  (re-,  trench)] 

retrial.    See  re- 8. 

retribirtion,  n.  Recompense  for  evil  or 
rarely  for  good  done,  vengeance,  requital.  So 
retri'butivE a.,  retri'butiveLY 2adv.  [f.  L 
re-  UtribxUio  t.  tribuere  -xd-  assign,  -ion)] 

retrie've,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Of  dogs,  esp.  of 
special  breed)  find  &  bring  in  (killed  or  wound- 
ed bird  &c,  or  abs.),  whence  retrie'VER1  n. 
Recover  by  investigation  or  effort  of  memory, 
restore  to  knowledge  or  recall  to  mind ;  regain 
possession  of ;  rescue  from  bad  state  &c. ;  re- 
store to  flourishing  state,  revive,  (esp.  one's  for- 
tunes, &c.) ;  make  good,  repair,  set  right,  (loss, 
disaster,  error);  hence  retrie'VABLE  a.,  re- 
trie*VAL(2)  n.  (N.)  possibility  of  recovery  {be- 
yond, past,  ?•.).  [f.  OB'  re- 9{trover,  trouver,  find, 
devise  (verse  &c),  ult.  f.  L  f.  Gk  tropos trope)] 

retrim.    See  re- 8. 

retro-  (usu.  re-  exc.  in  the  commoner  wds, 
esp.  r&trograde,  retrospect),  pref.  f.  L  retro  adv. 
&  pref.:  (1)  chiefly  in  L  derivatives  (retroact, 
retrograde)  or  wds  formed  on  L  anal,  of  L  ele- 
ments (retroflex,  retroject)  with  senses  back- 
wards, back  again,  in  return;  (2)  chiefly  in 
scientific  esp.  anat.  wds  with  sense  behind  {re- 
trosternal a.  behind  the  breastbone),  hinder 
(retrochoir  part  behind  high  altar). 

retroact,  v.i.  React;  operate  in  backward 
direction ;  have  retrospective  effect.  Hence 
retroactivE  a.,  retroactiveL y 2  adv.,  re- 
troaeti'vrr v,  retroactiON,  nn.  [f.  L  retro- 
{agere  act-  act)] 

re'troeede J,  v.i.  Move  back,  recede ;  (of 
gout)  strike  inward.  So  retroce'dENCE  n., 
retroee'dENT  a.    [f.  L  RETRO(cedere  cess-  go)] 

retroce'de2,  v.t.  Cede  (territory)  back  again, 
[f.  F  rltrocider  (retro-,  cede)] 

retroee'ssion,  n.,  retroce'ssive,  a.  In 
vbl  senses  (retrocede  •» 2).    [-ion,  -ive] 

re*troehoir(-kwn),  n.  Part  of  cathedral  or 
large  church  behind  high  altar,  [f,  med.L  re- 
TRO(c/iorot.9  choir)] 

re'trofleeted,  -flex,  -flexed,  aa.  (anat, 
path.,  bot,  &c).  Turned  backwards.  So  re- 
trofle'xioN  (ekshn)  n.  [f.  L  RETRO(.#ecrere 
flex-  bend)] 

retrog-rada'tion,  n.  (Astron.)  apparent 
backward  motion  of  planet  in  zodiac,  motion 
of  heavenly  body  from  E.  to  W.,  backward 
movement  of  lunar  nodes  on  ecliptic ;  =  (the 

nOW  USU.)  RETROGRESSION.       [f.   L  RETROff/ra- 

datio  f.  -gradare  f.  -gradus  -walking,  -ation)] 
retrograde,  a.,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Astr.)  in  or  show- 
ing retrogradation  ;  directed  backwards  (r. 
motion),  retreating;  reverting  esp.  to  inferior 
state, declining ;  inverse,  reversed,  {inr.  order ; 
r.  imitation  in  music,  with  notes  of  passage  re- 
peated backwards);  hence  re'trograderv - 
adv.    (N.,  rare)  degenerate  person  ;  backward 


RETROGRESS 


724 


REVENGE 


tendency.  (Vb):  (Astr.)  show  retrograda- 
tion  ;  move  backwards,  recede,  retire,  decline, 
revert,    [f.  L  retrogradus,  -gradare,  (prec)] 

pe'trogpe'sSjV.i.  Go  back,  move  back  wards, 
deteriorate.  Hence  petrogre'ssiVE  a.,  re- 
tPOgPe'ssiveLY  2  adv.  if.  L  RETRO(flrradi 
gress-  walk)] 

petrog-pe'ssion,  n.  (Astr.)  retrogradation ; 
backward  or  reversed  movement;  return  to 
less  advanced  state,  reversal  of  development, 
decline,  deterioration,    [f.  L  (prec.)  +  -ion] 

re'tpojeet,  v.t.  Cast  back  (chiefly  as  opp. 
project  in  lit.  senses),    [retro-,  &  as  project  j] 

petpopu'lsion,  n.  (path.).  Shifting  of  ex- 
ternal disease  to  internal  part  [retro-,  L  pel- 
lere  pals-  drive,  -jon] 

petPOP'se,  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Turned  back,  re- 
verted. Hence  petPOP'seLY2  adv.  [f.  L  re- 
trorsus  =  retro( versus  p.p.  of  vertere  turn)] 

re'trospeet,  n.  Regard  (to  be)  had  to  pre- 
cedent or  authority  or  previous  conditions ; 
(rare)  retrospective  force,  retroaction  ;  back- 
ward view  (rare),  survey  of  past  time  or  events 
(is  pleasant  in  the  r.,  when  looked  back  on  ;  a 
short  r.is  now  necessary),  [f.  L  retro  (spicere 
sped-  =  specere  look)  after  prospect  n.] 

pfitpospe'ction,  n.  Action  of  looking  back 
esp.  into  the  past,  indulgence  or  engagement  in 
retrospect,    fas  prec,  -ion] 

retrospective,  a.  Of,  in,  proceeding  by, 
retrospection ;  (of  statutes  &c.)  not  restricted 
to  the  future,  licensing  or  punishing  &c.  past 
actions,  having  application  to  the  past,  retro- 
active ;  (of  view)  lying  to  the  rear.  Hence  re- 
trospective ly  2  adv.    [a8  prec,  -i ve] 

retrou'ss6,(-oo *sa),  a.  Turned  up  (of  nose).  \F] 

pe'tpovert,  v.t.  Turn  backwards  (esp.  path, 
in  p.p.  of  womb).  So  petPovep'siON  n.  If.  LL 
RETRO{vertere  vers-  turn)] 

petpy  &c    See  re-  8. 

pe'ttepy,  n.    Flax-retting  place,   [ret,  -erv] 

petupf.    See  re-  8. 

petup'n1,  v.i.  &  t.  Come  or  go  back  (gone 
never  to  r.;  r.  home,  the  way  one  came;  p.p. 
somet.  as  in  -ed](2),  as  a  returned  emigrant, 
they  are  or  usu.  have  returned);  revevt(shall  r. 
to  the  subject;  unto  dust  shalt  thou  r.;  r.  to 
one's  old  habits ;  property  returns  to  original 
oivner);  bring,  convey,  give,  yield,  put,  send,  or 
pay,  back  or  in  r.  or  requital  (fish  must  be  re- 
turned to  the  water ;  r.  borrowed  book  or  sum ; 
investments  r.  a  profit ;  r.  sword  to  scabbard, 
or  r.  swords  mil.;  r.  ball,  strike  &c  it  back  in 
tennis  &c;  r.  like  for  like,  the  compliment,  a 
blow,  an  answer;  r.  thanks,  express  them  esp. 
in  grace  at  meals  or  in  response  to  toast ;  r.  per- 
son's love,  greeting. &c,  reciprocate  it;  returned 
empties,  packing-cases  &c  sent  back ;  r.  clubs 
&c  or  partner's  lead  at  cards,  lead  from  same 
suit);  say  in  reply,  retort;  state,  mention,  or 
describe,  officially  esp.  in  answer  to  writ  or  for- 
mal demand  (liabilities  were  returned  at  £5000 ; 
were  all  returned  guilty,  unfit  for  work;  re- 
turning officer,  official  conducting  election  & 
announcing  name  of  person  elected),  (of  con- 
stituency) elect  as  M.P.  Hence  petup'nABLE 
a,    [f.  OF  re-9(£ urner  turn)] 

petup*n2,n.  Cominshsick (his r.wasthe signal 
for  riots  ;  r.  o/post2;  r.  ticket  orr.,  ticket  for 
there-&-back  journey,  as  took  a  first-class  r.  to 
Leeds ;  r.  passenger,  voyage,  cargo.  Sec. ;  many 
happy  rr.  of  the  day  or  rr.,  birthday  or  festival 
greeting ;  have  had  a,  no,  r.  of  the  symptoms); 
(Archit.)  part  receding  from  line  of  front,  e.g. 
side  of  house  or  of  window-opening  (r.  angle, 
side,  wall,  &c);  (coming  in  of)  proceeds  or  profit 


of  undertaking  (often  pi. ;  the  rr.  were  large ; 
brings  an  adequate  r. ;  small  profits  &  quick  rr. , 
motto  of  cheap  shop  &c  relying  on  large  trade) ; 
giving,  sending,  putting,  or  paying,  back,  or 
thing  so  given  Sec,  esp.  sheriff's  report  on  writ, 
(returning  officer's  announcement  of)  candi- 
date's election  as  M.P.,  or  formal  report  with 
statistics  &c  compiled  by  order  (sheriff  made 
a  r.  o/nulla  bona ;  secured  his  r.for  Colchester ; 
table  littered  with  rr.  &  pamphlets ;  must  ask 
for  the  r.  of  the  book  or  loan ;  received  a  ticket 
in  r.for  his  fare,  neglect  in  r.  for  attention ; 
fencer's  r.,  i.e.  riposte,  is  slow;  fielder  has  a 
good  r.  in  cricket,  sends  ball  in  fast  &  straight ; 
r.  match  or  game,  or  r„  between  same  sides  as 
before);  (pi.)  kind  of  mild  pipe-tobacco  (orig. 
sense  refuse  of  tobacco).  Hence  petup'nLESs 
a.    [AF(prec)] 

retu-se,  a.  (bot,  entom.).  With  broad  end  & 
central  depression  (of  leaf  or  similar  part),  [f. 
L  re-  9(tundere  tus-  beat)] 

reu'nion,  n.  Reuniting  or  being  reunited, 
reunited  state ;  social  gathering,  esp.  of  inti- 
mates or  persons  with  common  interests  (often 
in  F  form  re).    [(.  F  reunion  (re-,  union)] 

peu'nionist,  -ism,nn.  Seeker,  seeking,  of 
reunion  between  R.-C.  &  Anglican  Churches. 
[-1ST,  -ism] 

reunite,  see  re-  9 ;  reurge,  pevaccinate 

&C,  RE- 8. 

revale-nta,  n.  Food  prepared  from  lentil  & 
barley  flour,    [orig.  erv-  (L  ervumlens  lentil)] 

revalue  &c    See  re- 8. 

pevea'l »,  v.t.  (Esp.  of  God)  make  known  by 
inspiration  or  supernatural  means  (revealed  re- 
ligion, opp.  natural);  disclose,  divulge,  betray, 
bewray ;  display,  show,  let  appear.  Hence  pe- 
vea*lABLE  a.    Jf.  L  re-  1(velare  f.  velum  veil)] 

pevea'l2,  n.  Internal  side  surface  of  opening 
or  recess,  esp.  of  doorway  or  window-aperture, 
[f.  obs.  vb  revale  f.  OF  re-  i(valer  lower t.  aval 
downwards  f.  L  ad  vallem  to  the  valley)] 

revei-lle  (-veil,  -valye).  Military  waking- 
signal  sounded  in  morning  on  bugle  or  drums, 
[f.  F  rkveillez  imperat.  pi.  of  rtveiller (re-,  veiller 
f.  L  vigilare  watch  see  vigil)] 

pe*vel,  v.i.  &  t.  (-11),  &  n.  Make  merry,  be 
riotouslv  festive,  feast,  carouse,  whence  pe*- 
vellERi  n.;  take  keen  delight  in;  throw  away 
(money,  time)  in  revelry.  (N.)  revelling,  (oc- 
casion of  indulgence  in)  merry-making,  (often 
pi.,  as  the  rr.  began ;  r.  rout,  party  of  revellers, 
f.  obs.  r.-rout  revelry);  hence  pe*velRY(4,5)  n. 
[f.  OF  revel(er)  riot  f.  L  REBEL2Zare] 

pevela'tion,  n.  Disclosing  of  knowledge, 
knowledge  disclosed,  to  man  by  divine  or  super- 
natural agency  ( The  R.,  also  pop.  Br.  or  the  Rr., 
abbr.  Rev.,  last  book  of  N.T.,  Apocalypse), 
whence  pevela'tionALa.;  striking  disclosure 
(it  was  a  r.  to  me;  what  a  r.!);  revealing  of 
some  fact    [f.  L  revelatio  (reveal »,  -ation)] 

pevela'tionist,  n.  The  R„  author  of  Apo- 
calypse; believer  in  divine  revelation,    [-ist] 

revenant  (F),  n.  One  returned  from  the  dead 
or  from  exile  &cl 

revendiea'tion,  n.  (diplom.).  Formal  claim- 
ing back,  or  recovery  by  such  claim,  of  lost  ter- 
ritory &c    [F(re-,  vindication)] 

reve'nge1  ( j).  v.t.  &  i.  Satisfy  oneself,  (pass.) 
be  satisfied,  with  retaliation  (for  offence,  on, 
upon,  of ',  offender);  retaliate,  requite,  exact  re- 
tribution for.  (offence  to  oneself  or  another ;  on, 
upon,  offender);  avenge  (person);  take  ven- 
geance, [f.  obs.  F  re-  l(venger  f.  L  vindicare 
vindicate)] 

reve'nge2,  n.    Revenging,  act  done  in  re- 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  re-  8, 9. 


REVENUE 


725 


REVIVAL 


venging ;  desire  to  r.,  vindictive  feeling,  whence 
peve'ngepuL  a.,  peve'ngreftilLY2  adv.,  pe- 
ve'ngefulNESS  n. ;  (Games)  opportunity  given 
for  reversing  former  result  by  return  game  {give 
one  his  r.).    [f.  prec] 

revenue  (in  Pari,  usage  often  -ve*-),  n.  In- 
come, esp.  of  large  amount,  from  any  source 
(pi.,  collective  items  of  it,  usu.  w.  possess,  as 
his  rr.);  State's  annual  income  from  which  pub- 
lic expenses  are  met  (inland?*.;  r.  tax,  imposed 
solely  to  raise  r.,  not  to  affect  trade,  opp.  pro- 
tective; r.  cutter,  officer,  Sec,  employed  to  pre- 
vent smuggling),  department  of  civil  service 
collecting  it.  10F,  p.p.  of  revenir  f.  L  re-  9(re- 
nire  come)  return] 

pevep'bepate,  v.t.  &  i.  Return,  beat  back, 
echo,  reflect,  (t.  Se  i.  of  sound,  light,  heat ;  re- 
verberating furnace  or  kiln,  constructed  to  r. 
heat  on  substance  dealt  with,  whence  revep*- 
beratORY,  pr.  -va-,  a.  &  n.) ;  (of  emotion  &c, 
rare)  react  upon',  (of  ball  Sec,  rare)  rebound. 
So  reverbePA'TioN  n.,  pevep'bePATivE, 
pevep'bePANT  (poet.),  aa.  [f.  L  re-  9{vei-- 
berare  beat),  -ate  3J 

pevep'bepatop,  n.  Reflector,  reflecting 
lamp,    [-or2] 

pevepe*,  v.t.  Regard  as  sacred  or  exalted, 
hold  in  deep  &  usu.  affectionate  or  religious 
respect,  venerate,    [f.  L  RK(vereri  fear)] 

re-verenee,  n.,  &  v.t.  Revering  (see  prec; 
hold  in,  regard  with,  r.;  feel r.  for,  pay  r.  to), 
capacity  for  it  {the  rising  generation  lacks  r.), 
(archaic)  gesture  showing  it,  bow,  curtsy, 
obeisance;  so  pevepe'ntiAL  a.,  pevepe'n- 
tialLY2  adv.;  being  revered  {saving  your  r. 
archaic,  apology  for  use  of  coarse  term ;  your, 
his,  r.  archaic  or  vulg.  or  facet,  titles  used  to, 
of,  clergyman) ;  (vb)  regard  with  r.,  venerate, 
[f.  L  reverentia  (prec,  -ence)] 

reverend,  a.  &  n.  Deserving  reverence  by 
age,  character,  or  associations  (of  person,  place, 
custom,  &c;  esp.  as  title,  abbr.  Rev.,  or  other- 
wise, of  clergyman ;  Very  R.,  of  dean  ;  Right 
R.,  of  bishop;  Most  R.,  of  archbishop;  the 
Right  R.  John  Smith  or  the  Right  R.  the  bishop 
of  — ;  Rev.  or  the  Rev.  John  or  J.  Smith,  or  vulg. 
Rev.  or  the  Rev.  Smith ;  the  r.  gentleman,  the 
clergyman  in  question;  as  n.,  usu.  pi., clergy- 
man &c,  as  rr.  &  right  rr.,  clergy  &  bishops) ; 
of  the  clergy  (r.  utterances  &c);  (archaic)  = 
foil.    [f.  L  reverendus  (revere,  -ndI)] 

pe'vepent,  a.  Feeling  or  showing  reverence. 
Hence  pe'vepentLY 2  adv.  [f.  L  reverens  (re- 
vere, -ent)] 

re'verie  ( T,  -e),  n.  (Fit  of)  musing,  day- 
dream(ing),  (was  lost  in  r.  or  a  r.);  (archaic) 
fantastic  notion  or  theory,  delusion;  (Mus.) 
dreamy  instrumental  piece.  [OF  {rever,  resver, 
now  river  dream  etym.  dub.,  -erv);  cf.  rave2] 
(revar').  n.  (pi.  the  same).    Turned 


back  edge  of  coat,  bodice,  &c,  displaying  lin- 
ing.   [F] 

pevep'se1,  a.  Opposite  or  contrary  {to  or 
abs.)  in  character  or  order,  inverted,  back-  or 
backward,  upside  down,  {in  the  r.  direction  to 
the  time  before ;  the  r.  side  &c  of  a  coin,  pic- 
ture, Sec;  r.  q  ;  r.fire,  battery,  Sec,  playing  on 
enemy's  rear  or  into  works  from  rear ;  r.  flank, 
opposite  to  pivot  end  in  wheeling).  Hence  re- 
veP'seLY  2  adv.   [f.  L  re-  9(vertere  vers-  turn)] 

pevep'se2,  v.t  &  i.  Turn  (trans.)  the  other 
way  round  or  up  or  inside-out,  invert,  trans- 
pose, convert  to  opposite  character  or  effect, 
(r.  arms,  hold  rifles  butt  upwards ;  r.  motion, 
policy,  order,  Sec;  r.  engine,  make  it  work 
backwards) ;  revoke,  annul,  (decree,  attainder, 
&c) ;  (Dane,  esp.  in  waltz)  begin  to  revolve  in 
opposite  direction.     Hence  pevep*SAL(2)  n., 


peveP'siBLE  a.,  pevepslBi'LiTY  n.  [f.  F  re- 
verser  (re-,  hversare  frequent,  of  vertere  turn)] 

pevep'se  3,  n.  The  contrary  (of  or  abs. ;  with 
others  the  r.  of  this  or  the  r.  happens ;  on  the 
r.  in  motoring,  with  car  moving  backwards ; 
often  w.  adj.  as  periphr.  for  its  opposite,  as 
made  remarks  the  r.  of  complimentary) ;  (de- 
vice on)  subordinate  side  of  coin  &c  (opp. 
obverse);  =  verso;  piece  of  misfortune,  dis- 
aster, esp.  defeat  in  battle  (the  rr.  of  fortune ; 
suffered  a  r.).    [OF  (-rs,  -rse)  as  reverse  l] 

r'ever'si  (or  -e),  n.  Game  on  draught-board 
with  counters  coloured  differently  above  & 
below.    [F] 

reversion,  n.  (Return  to  grantor  or  his 
heirs  or  passing  to  ultimate  grantee  or  pe- 
vep'sionER1  n.  of,  also  right  of  ultimate  suc- 
cession to)  estate  granted  till  specified  date  or 
event,  esp.  death  of  original  grantee  (in  r.,  on 
such  conditions) ;  sum  payable  on  person's 
death  esp.  by  way  of  life-insurance ;  thing  to 
which  one  has  a  right  or  expects  to  succeed 
when  relinquished  by  another ;  return  to  a 
previous  state,  habit,  &c,  esp.  (Biol.)  to  ances- 
tral type.  Hence  pevep'sionAL,  rever'sion- 
ary1,  aa..  pevep'sionalLY 2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L 
re-  9(versionem  f.  vertere  vers-  turn,  -ion)] 

pevep't,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Go  back  (rare) ;  (of 
property,  office,  &c)  fall  in  by  reversion, 
whence  revep'tER*  n.  (legal) ;  return  to  former 
state  &c  (cf.  prec;  n.,  after  convert,  pervert, 
person  who  read  opts  his  original  faith),  (abs.) 
fall  back  into  wild  state ;  recur  to  subject  in 
talk  or  thought ;  turn  (eyes,  rarely  steps)  back, 
[f.  OF  revertir  f.  L  as  prec] 

pevep'tible,  a.  (Of  property)  subject  to  re- 
version,   [prec,  -ible] 

peve't,  v.t.  (-tt).  Face  (rampart,  wall,  &c) 
with  masonry  &c  esp.  in  fortification,  [f.  F 
revetir  f.  L  re-  8(vestire  clothe  f.  vestz's)] 

reve'tment,  n.  Retaining-wall  or  facing 
(as  prec).    [f.  F  revetement  (prec,  -ment)] 

pevietual.    See  re-  8. 

review i  (-vu),  n.  Revision  (esp.  legal ;  is 
not  subject  to  r.;  court  ofr.,  before  which  sen- 
tences &c.  come  for  revision) ;  display  &  formal 
inspection  of  troops,  fleet,  &c  (r.  order,  dress 
&  arrangement  usu.  at  rr.,  &  transf.  full  fig; 
pass  in  r.  fig.  t.  &  L,  examine  or  be  examined); 
retrospect,  survey  of  the  past ;  critique  of  book 
Sec;  periodical  publication  with  articles  on 
current  events,  new  books,  art,  Sec;  second 
view.  ff.  F  reveue  (now  -vue)  orig.  fern.  p.p.  of 
revoir  f.  L  re-  9(videre  see)] 

review2,  v.t.  &  i.  View  again;  subject  to 
esp.  legal  revision ;  survey,  glance  over,  look 
back  on;  hold  r.  of  (troops  Sec);  write  r.  of 
(book  &c),  write  rr.,  whence  peview'ER1  n. 
Hence  peview'ABLE  a.,  peview*AL(2)  n. 
[re-,  view] 

pevi'le,  v.t.  &  i.  Call  by  ill  names,  abuse, 
rail  at ;  talk  abusively,  rail.  Hence  pevi'lER i, 
pevi'liNG  i(l),  nn.,  revi'lingLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
reviler  (re-  6,  vile)] 

pevi'se  (z),  v.t.,  &  n.  Read  or  look  over  or 
re-examine  or  reconsider  &  amend  faults  in 
(literary  matter,  printers' proofs,  law,  constitu- 
tion, &c;  Revised  Version,  abbr.  R.  V.,  revision 
made  1870-84  of  Authorized  or  1611  Version  of 
Bible);  hence  or  cogn.  pevi'SABLE,  pevi'soRY, 
aa.,  pevi*SAT.(2),  pevi'siON  (-zhn),  nn.,  revi- 
sion al  a.,  pevi'SERi  (esp.  in  pi.  of  authors  of 
R.V.),  n.  (N.)  revision,  revising,  (rare);  revised 
form  (rare) ;  (Print.)  proof-sheet  embodying 
corrections  made  in  earlier  proof,  [n.  f.  vb,  f. 
F  re-  8(viser  look  at  f.  L  videre  vis-  see)] 

pevisit,  see  re-  8 ;  revitalize,  re-  9. 

pevl'val,  n.    Bringing  or  coming  back  into 


REVIVE 


726 


RHETOR 


vogue  (r.  of  learning,  letters,  &c,  at  Renais- 
sance ;  r.  of  architecture,  19th-c.  reversion  to 
Gothic;  r.  of  book,  play,  word,  custom,  &c.), 
(special  effort  with  meetings  &c.  to  promote) 
reawakening  of  religious  fervour,  whence  pe- 
vi*valiSM(3),  revi*valisr(2),  nn.;  restoration 
to  bodily  or  mental  vigour  or  to  life  or  con- 
sciousness,   [foil.,  -AL(2)] 

pevi've,  v.i.  &  t.  Come  or  bring  back  to 
consciousness,  life,  existence,  vigour,  notice, 
activity,  validity,  or  vogue:  (Cheni.)  restore 
(metal,  esp.  mercury)  to  natural  form.  Hence 
pevi'VABLE  a.  If.  LL  re-  8(vivere  live) ;  trans, 
use  prob.  f.  is  &c.  revived  as  -ed  l(2)] 

revi'vep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  (slang) 
stimulating  drink;  preparation  for  restoring 
faded  colour  &c.    [-ER1] 

pevi'vify,  v.t.  Restore  to  animation,  ac- 
tivity, vigour,  or  life ;  (Chem.)  =  revive. 
Hence  peviviFiCATiON  n.  [f.  LL  re-  8(vivifi- 
care  vivify)] 

pevivi'scence,  n.,  pevivi'scent,  a.  Re- 
turning to  life  or  vigour,  [f.  L  re-  8(viv iscere 
incept,  of  vivere  live),  -ence,  -ent] 

pevi'vop,  n.  (law).  Proceedingforrevivalof 
suit  after  death  of  party  &c.    [revive,  -or  2J 

pevo'ke,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Repeal,  annul,  with- 
draw, rescind,  cancel,  (decree,  consent,  pro- 
mise, permission ;  also  rarely  abs.,  withdraw 
promise  &c),  so  po'vocable,  pe'voeatORv, 
aa.,  pevocA'TiON  n.;  (Whist  &c.)  make  r.  (N.) 
card-player's  failure  to  follow  suit  though  he 
could ;  (rare)  revocation  {beyond  r.).  [f.  L  re-  9- 
(vocare  call)] 

pevo'lt,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Cast  off  allegiance, 
make  rising  or  rebellion,  fall  away  from  or  rise 
against  ruler,  go  over  to  rival  power,  (n.,  act 
of  revolting  or  state  of  having  revolted,  rising, 
insurrection  ;  so  in  r.;  p.p.  as  -ed1(2),  as  his  re- 
volted subjects) ;  feel  revulsion  or  disgust  at, 
rise  in  repugnance  against,  turn  in  loathing 
from,  (common  sense,  nature,  one's  heart,  re- 
volts at  or  against  or  from  it;  n.,  sense  of 
loathing,  rebellious  or  protesting  mood) ;  affect 
with  strongdisgust,  nauseate,  whence  pevo'lt- 
ing  2  a.,  pevo'ltingLY  *  adv.  [f.  F  r6volte(r)  f. 
re-  2,  L  volutare  frequent,  of  volvere  volut-  roll] 

pe'volutei  (dot,  -ut),  a.  (bot.  &c).  With 
back-rolled  edge.    [f.  L  revolver] 

pevolirte2  (.gbt),  v.i.  (slang).  Engage  in 
political  revolution,    [back-formation  f.  foil.] 

revolution  (-ooshn,  -Q-),  n.  Revolving, 
motion  in  orbit  or  circular  course  or  round 
axis  or  centre,  rotation,  single  completion  of 
orbit  or  rotation,  time  it  takes,  cyclic  recur- 
rence ;  complete  change,  turning  upside  down, 
greatreversalofconditions.fundamental  recon- 
struction, esp.  forcible  substitution  by  subjects 
of  new  ruler  or  polity  for  the  old  (the  R,  expul- 
sion of  Stuarts  1688 ;  French  R.,  overthrow  of 
monarchy  1789  &c;  American  R,  overthrow 
of  British  rule  1775  &c),  whence  pevolu'tion- 
ize(1,  3)  v.t.,  pevolu*tionis.M(3),  pevolu*- 
tioniST(2),  nn.    [f.  LL  (tio)  as  revolve,  -ion] 

revolutionary,  a.  &  n.  (Instigator)  of  re- 
volution; involving  great  &  usu.  violent 
changes ; (rare)  of  rotation  orrevolving.  [-arv  i] 

pevo-lve,  v.t.  &  i.  Turn  (t.  &  i.)  round  or 
round  &  round,  rotate,  go  in  circular  orbit,  roll 
(intr.)  along,  (r.  problem,  fact,  in  the  mind  &c. 
orabs.vponderover  it;  mechanism  for  revolving 
the  turn-table ;  Earth  revolves  both  round  or 
about  sun  &  on  its  axis;  seasons,  years,  r.). 
If.  L  re-  §(volvere  volut-  roll)] 

Pevo'lvep,  n.   Pistol  with  revolving  mechan- 


ism enabling  user  to  fire  several  shots  without 
reloading  (policy  of  the  big  r.,  of  threatening 
foreign  States  with  retaliatory  tarin).    [-er  *] 

pevu'lsion,  n.  (Med.)  counter-irritation,  dis- 
ordered treatment  of  one  organ  &c.  by  acting 
upon  another;  (rare)  drawing  or  being  drawn 
away  (the  r.  of  capital  from  other  trades) ;  sud- 
den violent  change  of  feeling,  sudden  reaction 
in  taste,  fortune,  trade,  &c.  [f.  L  re-  9(vulsio 
f.  vellere  vuls-  pull)] 

pevu'lsive,  a.  &  n.  (chiefly  med.).  Of,  pro- 
ducing, revulsion ;  (n.)  counter-irritantapplica- 
tion.    [prec,  -ive] 

reward  (ord),  n.,  &  v.t.  Return  or  recom- 
pense for  service  or  merit,  requital  for  good  or 
evil,  retribution  ;  sum  offered  for  detection  of 
criminal,  restoration  of  lost  property  ,&c ;  hence 
pewap'dLESS  a.  (Vb)  repay,  requite,  recom- 
pense, (service  or  doer  of  it,  offender,  offence), 
[f.  ONF  reward(er)  =  OF  regard  Her)] 

rewin,  see  re-  9 ;  reword,  rewrite,  re-  8. 

Rex,  n.  (abbr.  R.).    Reigning  king  (in  use  as 

REGINA).     [L] 

Reynard  (re-,  ra),  n.  (Proper  name  for)  the 
fox ;  a  fox.  [f.  OF  Renart  name  of  fox  in  the 
Roman  de  Renart] 

rha*bdomancy,n.  Useof  divining-rod,  esp. 
for  discovering  subterranean  water  or  ore.  [f. 
LLf.  Gk  rhabdomanteia(rhabdos  rod,-MANCV)] 

Rhadama'nthus,  n.  Stern  &  incorruptible 
judge.  Hence  Rhadama'nthiXE  2  a.  [name 
of  judge  in  Gk  Hades] 

Rhae'tian  (shn),  a.  &  n.  R.  Alps,  part  of 
Alps  about  the  Engadine ;  =  rhaeto-romanic 
a.  &  n.    [L  Rhaetia,  -ian] 

Rhae'tic,  a.  &  n.  (Of)  the  set  of  strata  inter- 
mediate between  lias  &  trias  prevailing  in 
Rhaetian  Alps.    [f.  L  Rhaeticus  (prec,  -ic)J 

Rhaeto-Roma'nic,  -a*nce,  aa.  &  nn.  (Of, 
in)  any  of  the  Romance  dialects  of  S.E.  Switzer- 
land &  Tyrol,  esp.  Romansh  &  Ladin.  [LRhae- 
tus  Rhaetian,  -o-l 

pha'psode  (od),  n.  Ancient-Greek  minstrel 
or  reciter  of  epic  poems,  [f.  Gk  rhapso(i)dos 
(rhapto  stitch,  ode)] 

rha'psodize,  v.t.  &  i.  Recite  (t.  &  i.)  as 
rhapsode ;  talk  or  write  rhapsodies  (usu.  about, 
on,  &c).    So  pha'psodiST(l)  n.    [foil.,  -}ze] 

rha'psody,  n.  (Gk  Ant.)  epic  poem,  or  part 
of  it,  of  length  for  one  recitation ;  enthusiastic 
extravagant  high-flown  utterance  or  composi- 
tion, emotional  irregular  pieceof  music,  whence 
rhapsd'diCAL  a.,  rhapsd'diealr.v2  adv. 
Hence  rhapso'dic  a.  [f.  L  rhapsodia  f.  Gk 
rhapsoidia  (rhapsode,  -ia  *)] 

rha'tany,  n.  (Extract,  used  medicinally  &  in 
adulterating  port,  of  root  of)  S.-Amer.  shrub, 
[f.  Port,  ratanhia  f.  native  ratafia] 

rhe*a,n.  S.-Amer.  three-toed  ostrich,  [name 
of  Gk  goddess] 

Rhe'mish,  a.  Of  Rheims  (R  Bible,  Testa- 
ment, version,  translation,  N.T.  translated  by 
Roman  Catholics  of  English  College  at  Rheims 
1582).    [obs.  E  Rhemes,  -ish] 

Rh&'nish,  a.  &  n.  (archaic).  Of  the  Rhine  & 
districts  on  its  banks  (now  usu.  Rhine  attrib.); 
(n.)  R.  wine  (now  usu.  Rhine  wine  or  hock).  If. 
OF  rinois  or  MHG  rinisch  or  MDu.  rijnsch  w. 
assim.  to  L  Rhenus  Rhine] 

rheo-,  reo-,  comb,  form  in  electr.  terms  of 
Gk  rheos  stream,  =  current-,  as  rheo'MKTER, 
rhe'oscoPK ;  rhe'otome,  device  for  interrupting 
current ;  rheostat,  instrument  regulating  cur- 
rent to  constant  degree  of  force. 

rhe'top,  n.  Ancient  Greek  or  Roman  teacher 


For  pronunciation  &  hyphening  of  re-  see  re-  ;  for  words  in  re-  not  given  see  RE-  8,  9. 
In  words  beginning  with  rh-  h  is  mute. 


RHETORIC 


727 


RHYTHM 


or  professor  of  rhetoric ;  (mere)  orator  (rare). 
[L,  f.  Gk  rhetor  (eiro,  perf.  eireka,  speak)] 

rhe'torie,  n.  (Treatise  on)  the  art  of  per- 
suasive or  impressive  speaking  or  writing  ; 
language  designed  to  persuade  or  impress  (often 
w.  implication  of  insincerity,  exaggeration, 
&c);  persuasiveness  of  or  o/ looks  or  acts.  |f. 
L  f.  Gk  rhetorike  (tekhne  art)  of  khetok  (-ic)J 

rhetd'pical,  a.  Expressed  with  a  view  to 
persuasive  or  impressive  effect, artificial  or  ex- 
travagant in  language,  of  the  nature  of  rhetoric, 
(r.  question,  asked  not  for  information  hut  to 
produce  effect);  of  the  art  of  rhetoric ;  given  to 
rhetoric,  oratorical.  Hence  pheto'PicalLY  2 
adv.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  rhetorikos  (rhetor,  -ic)  +  -al] 

rhetopi'cian,  n.  =  rhetor;  rhetorical  speak- 
eror  writer.  (f.OFreMoricien(RHETOR]C,-ici  an)] 

rheum  (room),  n.  (archaic).  Watery  secre- 
tion ordischarge  of  mucous  membrane  &c.  such 
as  tears,  saliva,  or  mucus ;  catarrh  ;  (pi.)  rheu- 
matic pains,  [f.  OF  reume  t  L  f.  Gk  rheuma 
-atos  stream  (rheo  flow,  -M)] 

rheumatic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  suffering  from,  sub- 
ject to,  producing,  or  produced  by,  rheumatism 
(/•.  fever,  non-infectious  fever  with  inflamma- 
tion &  pain  in  joints ;  r.  walk  &c,  impeded  by 
r.  stiffness);  hence  pheuma'tiCALLY  adv., 
pheu'mato-  comb,  form,  pheu'matoio  a. 
(N.J  :  (pi.)  rheumatism  (colloq.);  r.  patient,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  rhcumatikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

pheirmatism,  (vulg.)  -tiz,n.  Disease  mark- 
ed by  inflammation  &  pain  in  joints  (acute  r., 
rheumatic  fever),  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  rheumatismos 
(rhetimatizo  f.  RHEUMa,  -ize,  -ism)] 

pheu'my,  a.  (archaic).  Consisting  of,  flow- 
ing with,  rheum ;  (of  air)  damp,  raw.    [-Y2] 

p'hrnal,  a.  (anat.  &c).  Of  nostril  or  nose. 
[rhino-,  -al] 

rhine1,  n.  (S.-W.  dial.).  Large  open  ditch. 
Iprob.  f.  OE  ryne  rune] 

Rhine2,  n.  German  river  (R.-wine,  kinds  esp. 
of  white  wine  from  R.  vineyards,  cf.  rhenish; 
Rhinestone,  kind  of  rock-crystal,  also  paste  gem 
imitating  diamond). 

phrnoi,n.  (slang).  Money  (often ready r.).  [?] 

phi'no2,  n.  (slang).    (Short  for)  rhinoceros. 

phlno-,  comb,  form  of  Gkrhis  rhinos  nostril, 
nose,  as  -pharyngeal,  of  nose  &  pharynx ;  -plas- 
tic, -plasty,  (of)  plastic  surgery  of  the  nose ;  rhi'- 
?ioscope,  -scd'pic,  rhino'scopy  h 

phino'cepos  (os),  n.  Large  unwieldy  Afri- 
can &  S.-Asiatic  quadruped  with  horn  or  two 
horns  on  nose  &  thick  folded  &  plated  skin.  So 
phinocepo*tic  a.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  miiiio(kerds  f. 
keras  horn)] 

phizo-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  rhiza  root  chiefly 
in  bot.  terms  as  -carp,  plant  with  perennial 
root  but  perishing  stems. 

Phi'zome,  n.  Prostrate  rootlike  stem  emit- 
ting roots, rootstock.  [f. Gkrhizoma(rhizoomai 
take  root  as  prec,  -M)] 

Rho'dian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Rhodes.  [L 
Rhodius  f.  L  f.  Gk  Rhodos  Rhodes  + -an] 

pho'dium  >,  n.  (Also  r.-wood)  scented  wood 
of  Canary  con  volvulus,  rosewood,  (oil  of  r.,  rose- 
wood oil  got  from  it).  [mod.L,  neut.  adj.  (sc. 
lignum  wood)  =  roselike  f.  Gk  rhodon  rose] 

pho'dium2,  n.  Hard  white  metal  of  platinum 
group  (r.  pen,  steel  pen  tipped  with  it).  Hence 
pho'dic,  pho'dous.  aa,  (chem.).  [Gk  rhodon 
rose,  -ium,  from  colour  of  solution  of  its  salts] 

phodo-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  rhodon  rose,  as 
-spermous  with  red  spores. 

rhododendron  (-on),  n.  Kinds  of  large- 
flowered  evergreen  shrubs  akin  to  azalea.  ILL 
f.  Gk  (prec,  dendron  tree)] 

rhomb  (b  usu.  mute  exc  before  vowel),  n. 
Oblique  equilateral  parallelogram,  diamond  or 


lozenge,  object  or  part  with  such  outline;  (Cryst. ) 
rhombohedron.'Hencepho*mbica.,pnombo- 
comb.  form.  w[f.  L  f.  Gk  rhombos] 

phombohe'dpon,  n.  (chiefly  cryst.;  pi.  -ra, 
-rons).  (Crystal  in  shape  of)  solid  bounded  by 
six  equal  rhombs.  Hence  Phombohe'dPAL  a. 
[rhombo-  (prec),  Gk  hedra  base] 

pho'mboid,  a.  &  n.  Of  or  near  the  shape  of 
a  rhomb  (r.  muscle,  connecting  scapula  with 
vertebrae).  (X.)  quadrilateral  of  which  only 
opposite  sides  &  angles  are  equal ;  r.  muscle. 
If.  LL  f.  Gk  rhomboeides  (rhomb,  -oid)] 

rhomboi'dal,  a.  Having  shape  of  a  rhom- 
boid (prec,  n.);  =  prec.  (adj.).  Hence  rhom- 
boi'dalLY  2  adv.    [prec,  -al] 

pho'mbus,  n.  (pi.  -i,  -uses).  =  rhomb  ;  kinds 
of  flat-fish  including  turbot  &  brill.  [L  (rhom  b) ] 

rho'taeism  n.,  pho'tacize  v.i.  (Speak 
with)  excessive  or  peculiar  pronunciation  of  r ; 
conversion  of,  convert,  other  sounds  into  r.  [n. 
f.  vb  f.  Gk  rhbtakizo  (rho  r,  -ize)] 

phu'bapb  (roo-),  n.  (Purgative  made  from) 
root  of  Chinese  &  Tibetan  plant  (usu.  Chinese, 
East  Indian,  Russia,  or  Turkey  r.,  from  chan' 
nelsof  importation);  (stalks  of)  kinds  of  garden 
plant  with  fleshy  stalks  cooked  in  spring  as  sub- 
stitute for  fruit  (sometimes  English,  French, 
common,  or  garden  r.);  (attrib.,  of  colour)  yel- 
lowish-brown like  Chinese  r.  Hence  phu'- 
bapb y2  a.  [f.  OF  rubarbe  f.  med.L  rhabar- 
barum  foreign  rha  or  rhubarb  (rha  Gk,  perh.  f. 
Rha  the  Volga,  barbarous),  w.  assim.  to  L  f. 
Gk  rheon  rhubarb] 

rhumb  (m),  n.  (naut).  (Also  r.-line)  line 
cutting  all  meridians  at  same  angle,  line  fol- 
lowed by  ship  sailing  on  one  coui'se ;  angular 
distance  between  two  successive  points  of  com- 
pass, 11°  15'.    [thr.  F  or  Sp.  f.  L  rhombus] 

rhyme  *,  rime,  n.  Identity  of  sou  nd  between 
words  or  verse-lines  extending  from  the  end  to 
the  last  fully  accented  vowel  &  not  further 
(greet  &  deceit,  shepherd  &  leopard,  quality  & 
frivolity,  stationary  &  probationary,  is  it  & 
visit,  give  rr.,  but  seat  &  deceit,  station  & 
crustacean,  visible  &  invisible,  do  not ;  single 
or  male  or  masculine,  double  or  female  or 
feminine,  treble  or  triple,  quadruple,  r.,  ac- 
cording to  number  of  syllables  included ;  im- 
perfect r.,  as  in  love  &  move,  phase  &  race; 
without  r.  or  reason,  quite  unaccountable, 
-bly) ;  verse  marked  by  rr.  (pi.  or  sing.),  a  poem 
with  rr.,  the  employment  of  r.,  (should  be  writ- 
ten in  r.;  prefer  blank  verse  to  r.;  am  sending 
you  some  rr.;  nursery  r.;  was  reading  an  old 
r.;  r.  royal,  stanzas  of  seven  ten-syllable  lines 
with  rr.  as  ababbec,  named  from  use  by  James  I 
of  Scotland) ;  word  providinga r.  (to  another ; 
can't  find  a  r.  to  teacups ;  English  is  badly 
off  for  double  rr.).  Hence  phymeLESS  a., 
phymelessNESS  n.  [rhyme  assim.  to 
rhythm  of  earlier  &  OF  rime  t.  L  f.  Gk  rhuth- 
mos  rhythm] 

phyme2,  rime,  v.i.  &  t.  Write  rr.,  versify 
(intr.),  whence  rhymEK1,  phymesTER,  nn.; 
put  or  make  (story  &c)  into  r.  (rhymed  verse, 
opp.  blank  verse) ;  while  (time)  away  in  rhym- 
ing; (of  words  or  lines)  exhibit  r.,  (of  word) 
supply  or  act  as  r.  to  or  with,  (of  person)  treat 
(word)  as  rhyming  with,  select  rr.,  (rhymes 
carelessly ;  rhymes  law  with  four ;  rhymiNG  *- 
dictionary,  of  words  arranged  by  terminations 
for  versifiers'  use),  whence  phymiST(l)  n.  [f. 
OF  rimer  as  prec] 

phy'thm  (dhm,  -thm).  n.  Metrical  move- 
ment determined  by  various  relations  of  long 
&  short  or  accented  &  unaccented  syllables, 
measured  flow  of  words  &  phrases  in  verse  or 
prose  ;  (Mus.)  systematic  grouping  of  notes  ac- 


RIANT 7 

cording  to  duration,  structure  resulting  from 
this;  (Art)  harmonious  correlation  of  parts; 
(Physics,  Physiol.,  &  gen.)  movement  with 
regular  succession  of  strong  &  weak  elements. 
Hence  or  cogn.  phythmic(AL)  aa.,  rhyth- 
mical ly2  adv.,  phythmLESsa.,  rhythm- 
ist(3)  n.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  rhuthmos  cf.  rheo  flow] 

rrant,  a.  Smiling,  cheerful,  (of  face,  eyes, 
&c,  &  esp.  of  landscape).  IF  (rire  f.  L  ridere 
la  ugh,  -ant)] 

nib,  n.,  &  v.t.  One  of  curved  bones  reaching 
from  spine  round  upper  part  of  body  (true, 
sternal,  r.,  joined  also  to  breastbone,  opp.  false, 
floating,  asternal,  short,  r.;poke  one  xn  the  rr., 
to  draw  his  attention  facetiously ;  smite  under 
fifth  r.  bibl.,  stab;  r.  or  rr.  of  beef  Sac,  as  joint 
of  meat;  spare-/*.);  ridge  or  long  raised  piece 
often  of  thicker  material  across  thinner  sur- 
face serving  to  support  as  part  of  framework 
or  strengthen  or  adorn,  e.g.  vein  of  leaf,  shaft 
of  feather,  spur  of  mountain,  vein  of  ore,  ridge 
between  furrows,  wave-mark  on  sand,  raised 
line  in  knitting,  one  of  ship's  curved  timbers  to 
which  planks  are  nailed  or  corresponding  iron- 
work, arch  supporting  vault,  groin,  raised 
moulding  on  groin  or  across  ceiling  &c,  wooden 
or  iron  beam  helping  to  carry  bridge,  hinged 
rod  of  umbrella-frame;  r.-grass,  -wort,  Narrow- 
leaved  Plantain;  hence  (-)PibbED2,  pi'bLESS, 
aa.  (Vb)  provide  with  rr.,  act  as  rr.  of,  whence 
ri'bbiNG^S,  6)  n.;  mark  with  ridges;  plough 
with  rr.  between  furrows,  half-plough,  rafter. 
[com.-Teut.,  cf.  ON  riff,  G  rippe,  Du.  rib] 

ri'bald  (-a-),  n.  &  a.  Irreyerent  jester,  user 
of  scurrilous,  blasphemous,  or  indecent  lan- 
guage ;  so  pi*baldRV(l,  5)  n.  (Adj.,  of  language 
or  its  user)  scurrilous,  obscene,  irreverent, 
[earlier  sense  lowborn  retainer,  menial,  f.  OF 
ribaut,  -auld,  etym.  dub.] 

pi'band  n.,  ri'banded  a.  =  RiBBON(ed).  [f. 
F  riban  (now  ru),  etym.  dub.] 

pi'bband  (-a-),  n.  Wale,  strip,  scantling,  or 
light  spar,  of  wood,  used  esp.  in  shipbuilding 
to  hold  ribs  in  position,  launching,  &  making 
of  gun-platform  or  pontoon-bridge,  [f.  rib, 
band  i,  or  var.  of  prec] 

pi'bbon,  n.  (Piece  or  length  of)  silk  or  satin 
or  other  fine  material  woven  into  narrow  band 
esp.  for  adorning  costume ;  r.  of  special  colour 
&c.  worn  to  indicate  membership  of  knightly 
order,  club,  college,  athletic  team,  &c.  (blue  l 
v.;  R.  Society,  Irish  R.-C.  secret  society  formed 
in  early  19th  c.  &  associated  with  agrarian 
crime,  whence  Ri'bboniSM  n.);  long  narrow 
strip  of  anything,  r.-like  object  or  mark,  (pi.) 
driving  reins,  (hang  in,  torn  to,  rr.,  ragged 
strips;  handle,  take,  the  rr.,  drive);  r.-fish, 
long  slender  flat  kinds ;  r.-grass,  slender-leaved 
kind  ;  r.-man,  member  of  R  Society.  Hence 
(-)ribbonED2a,    [var.  of  riband] 

pi'bes  (-z),  n.  (bot.).  Currant  or  gooseberry 
plant.    [med.L,= sorrel,  f.  Arab,  ribas] 

Ri'bston  pi'ppin,  n.  Kind  of  dessert  apple. 
\R.  Park  in  Yorks.] 

Ricap'dian,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent)  of  the  poli- 
tical economist  Ricardo  (d.  1823),  according  to 
his  views.    P-ian] 

pice,  n.  (Pearl-white  seeds,  used  as  staple 
food  in  many  Eastern  countries,  &  in  England 
in  puddings,  cakes,  &c,  or  as  table- vegetable, 
of)  chiefly  oriental  plant  grown  in  marshes; 
r.-bird,  Java  sparrow,  also  bobolink ;  r.-milk, 
boiled  &  thickened  with  r.;  r.-paper,  kind 
made  from  pith  of  a  Formosan  plant  &  used  by 
Chinese  artists  for  painting  on  (named  after  r. 
in  error),  rf.  OF  m  f.  It.  riso  (L  f.  Gk  oruza 
prob.  f.  Oriental  source)] 

Plch  (-tsh),  a.    (Of  persons,  societies,  States, 


3 RIDDLE 

&c.)  wealthy,  having  riches,  (also  as  n.  in  the 
r.,  r.  &  poor) ;  (of  countries,  periods,  soil,  &c.) 
abounding  in  or  in  natural  resources  or  some 
valuable  possession  or  production,  fertile ; 
valuable  (r.  offerings,  a  r.  harvest) ;  (of  dress, 
furniture,  buildings,  banquets,  &c.)  splendid, 
costly,  elaborate ;  (of  food  or  diet)  containing 
or  involving  large  proportion  of  fat,  oil,  butter, 
eggs,  sugar,  spice,  &c;  (of  colours,  sounds, 
smells)  mellow,  deep,  full,  not  thin ;  abundant, 
ample ;  (of  incidents)  highly  amusing,  full  of 
entertainment  or  material  for  humour;  rich-, 
richly  (r.-clad,  -bound,  -glittering,  &c).  Hence 
pi*chEN6  v.i.  &t.  (rare),  pi'ehNESS  n.  [com.- 
Teut.;  OF  rice,  cf.  Du.  rijk,  G  reich,  ON  rikr  ; 
perh.  early  Teut.  adoption  of  L  rex  king] 

Ri'chapd,  pers.  name.  R.  Roe,  typical  name 
for  defendant  in  ejectment  suit  (cf.  john  Doe) ; 
Poor  R.ys  sayings,  maxims  from  almanacs 
issued  by  Benjamin  Franklin  with  Poor  R.  as 
pseudonym ;  R.'s  himself  again  (f.  interpola- 
tion in  Cibber's  version  of  Shak.  R.  Ill),  said 
by  or  of  person  recovered  from  despondency, 
fear,  illness,  &c. 

pi'ches  (-tshiz),  n.  (usu.  as  pi.).  Abundant 
means,  wealth,  valuable  possessions,  being 
rich.    (f .  obs.  &  OF  richesse  (riche  rich,  -ess  2) ] 

pi'ehly,  adv.  In  adj.  senses;  also  (chiefly 
with  deserve)  fully,  thoroughly,  (r,  deserves  a 
thrashing,  to  succeed).    [-LY  2] 

pick1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stack  of  hay,  corn,  peas, 
&c,  esp.  one  regularly  built  &  thatched;  r.- 
6arfow,=r.-yard ;  r.-cloth,  canvas  cover  for  un- 
finished r.;  r.-stand,  short  wooden  or  stone 
pillars  bearing  joists  to  raise  r.  from  ground ; 
r.  -yard,  enclosure  for  rr. ;  ( vb)  form  into  rick(s). 
[OE  hreac,  cf.  Du.  rook,  Norw.  rauk] 

pick2.    See  wrick. 

rrekets,  n.  (as  sing,  or  pi.;  -et  in  comb.  &c, 
as  ricket-producing,  rickety).  Children's  dis- 
ease with  softening  of  bones,  esp.  of  spine,  & 
bow-legs  &c,  rachitis,  [etym.  dub.;  taken  by 
writer  (1645)  of  treatise  on  it  for  corrupt,  of 
rachitis,  which  he  introduced  as  its  sci.  name] 

pi'ekety,  a.  Suffering  from,  of  (the  nature 
of),  rickets;  feeble,  shaky,  tottering,  weak- 
jointed,  fragile,  insecure,  (of  persons  or  things, 
esp.  furniture).    Henee  pi'cketiNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

ricksha(w).    See  jinricksha. 

pi'cochet  (-sha,  -shet),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (-t-  or  4t-, 
pr.  -shad  or  -shetid,  -shaing  or  -sheting,  &c). 
Skipping  on  water  or  ground  of  cannon-ball  or 
bullet,  hit  made  after  it,  (often  attrib.,  as  r.  fire, 
shot,  battery).  (Vb) :  (of  bullet  &c.)  skip  once  or 
more;  (of  gun,  gunner,  &c.)  hit  or  aim  at  with 
r.  shot(s).  [vb  f.  n.,  F,  etym.  dub.] 

pi'ctus,  n.  Expanse  or  gape  of  person's  or 
animal's  mouth,  bird's  beak,  or  flower  with 
two-lipped  corolla.    [L  (ringi  open  the  mouth)] 

pid,  v.t.  (past  ridded,  rid;  p.p.  rid,  rarely 
ridded).  Make  (person,  place)  free,  disencum- 
ber, o/(usu.  in  p.p.  with  be  or  get;  glad  to  be, 
must  get,  r,  of  him) ;  (archaic)  abolish,  clear 
away,  get  r.  of,  (pest).  Hence  pi'ddANCE  n. 
(esp.  a  good  r.  as  excl.  of  joy ;  person  &c.  is  a 
good  r.,  better  away),  [earlier  sense  clear  (land 
&c);  f.  ON  rydhja] 

ridden.    See  ride. 

ri'ddle K  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Question,  statement, 
or  description,  designed  or  serving  to  test  in- 
genuity of  hearers  in  divining  its  answer  or 
meaning  or  reference,  conundrum,  enigma; 
puzzling  or  mysterious  fact,  thing,  or  person. 
(Vb)  speak  in,  propound,  (part.)  expressed  in, 
rr.,  whence  Pi,ddling,LY2adv.;  solve (r.;  often 
r.  me  as  challenge).  [OE  rxdels  (read,  suf.  -els 
as  in  burial),  cf.  Du.  raadsel,  G  rdtsel] 

ri'ddle",  n.,  &  v.t.    Coarse  sieve  for  corn, 


RIDE 


729 


RIGGER 


gravel,  cinders,  &c.;  plate  with  pins  used  in 
straightening  wire.  ( Vb)  pass  (corn  &c.)  through 
r.,  sift,  (fig.)  test  (evidence,  truth);  fill  (ship, 
person)  with  holes  esp.  of  gunshot,  (fig.)  pelt 
with  questions,  refute  (person,  theory)  with 
facts.  [OE  hriddel,  earlier  hridder  (hrid- 
shake),  cf.  G  reiter,  L  cribrum] 
ride,  v.i.  &  t.  {rode,  archaic  rid;  ridden,  ar- 
chaic rid),  &  n.  Sit  on  &  be  carried  by  horse 
&c,  go  on  horseback  &c.  or  on  bicycle  &c.  or  in 
train  or  other  public  conveyance  (cf.  drive1), 
sit  or  go  or  be  on  something  as  on  horse  esp. 
astride,  sit  on  &  manage  horse,  lie  at  anchor, 
float  buoyantly,  (of  sun  &c.)  seem  to  float,  (of 
things  normally  level  or  even)  project  or  over- 
lap,  (r.    a-COCK-HORSE,   BODKIN,   KOUQH-Shod, 

50  miles,  full  speed,  a  race ;  r.  to  hounds,  hunt; 
r.  for  a  fall,  r.  or  fig.  act  recklessly ;  r.  12  st.  &c. , 
weigh  that  in  riding-trim ;  r.  over,  in  horse- 
racing  as  walk  over;  r.  one  down,  overtake 
him  by  riding,  also  put  one's  horse  at  him  ;  r. 
one  oiT  at  polo,  edge  him  away ;  r.  &  tie,  of  two 
or  more  travellers  sharing  horse,  one  riding  a- 
head  &  then  leaving  it  tied  to  await  the  other; 
riding  on  his  father's  shoulders,  back,  knee, 
foot ;  rides  well,  cannot  r.,  learn  to  r„  riding- 
lessons  or  -school ;  bird,  ship,  rides  on  the  wind, 
waves ;  ship  rode  at  anchor ;  r.  out  the  storm 
lit.  &  fig.,  come  safely  through  it ;  moon  was 
riding  high  ;  bone  rides  in  fracture,  one  part 
overlaps  other ;  rope  rides,  has  one  turn  cross- 
ing over  another),  traverse  on  horseback  &c, 
r.  over  or  through,  (r.  the  country,  desert,  &c; 
r.  a  ford,  pass  through  it  on  horseback);  r.  on, 
sit  heavily  on,  oppress,  haunt,  dominate,  tyran- 
nize over,  (r.  horse ;  r.  one's  horse  at  fence  or 
enemy,  urge  it  forward  ;  r.  one's  horse,  &  fig. 
hobby  or  method  or  jest,  to  death,  kill  or  overdo 
it ;  nightmare  rides  sleeper ;  r.  the  whirlwind, 
direct  it ;  ship  rides  the  waves ;  ridden  by  fears, 
prejudices,  &c;  priest  &c.  -ridden);  give  r.  to, 
cause  to  r.,  (r.  child  on  one's  back;  r.  one  onrail, 
carry  him  astride  on  it  as  torture) ;  (of  ground) 
be  of  specified  character  for  riding  on  (rides 
well,  soft,  hard,  &c);  hence  pi'dABLE  a.  (N.) 
journey  in  public  conveyance,  spell  of  riding  on 
horse,  bicycle,  person's  back,  &c. ;  road  esp. 
through  wood  for  riding  on ;  (Mil.)  batch  of 
mounted  recruits.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  ridan,  cf. 
Du.  rijden,  G  reiten] 

pi*der,n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or  esp.:  (Naut., 
pi.)  additional  set  of  timbers  or  iron  plates 
strengthening  ship's  frame,  (sing.)  overlying 
rope  or  rope-turn  ;  (Curl.)  stone  that  ousts  an- 
other ;  additional  clause  amending  or  supple- 
menting document,  esp.  parliamentary  bill  at 
third  reading;  corollary,  naturally  arising  sup- 
plement ;  expression  of  opinion,  recommenda- 
tion &c,  added  to  verdict;  (Math.)  problem 
testing  student's  mastery  of  principles  on  which 
its  solution  depends ;  piece  in  machine  &c.  that 
surmounts  or  bridges  or  works  over  others. 
Hence  pi'dePLESS  a.    [OE  ridere  (prec.)] 

pi  dare,  n.,  &  v.t.  &i.  Line  of  junction  in  which 
two  sloping  surfaces  meet  (the  r.  of  a  roof,  the 
nose,  &c);  long  narrow  hill-top,  mountain- 
range,  watershed ;  ( Agric. )  one  of  a  set  of  raised 
strips  separated  by  furrows ;  (Gard.)  raised  hot- 
bed f ormelons  &c. ;  any  narrow  elevation  across 
surface ;  r.-piece,  beam  along  r.  of  roof ;  r.-pole, 
horizontal  pole  of  long  tent,  also  =  r.-piece ;  r.- 
tile,  used  for  roof-r. ;  r.-tree,  =  r.-piece  ;  ridge- 
way,  road  along  r. ;  hence  pi'dgrY2  a.  (Vb)  break 
up  (land)  into  rr.;  mark  with  rr.;  plant  (cucum- 
bers &c.)  in  rr.;  gather  (t.  &  i.  esp.  of  sea)  into 
rr.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  hrycg,  cf.  LG  rug, G  riicken] 

prdicule,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ridiculous  thing,  ridicu- 
lousness, (archaic);  holding  or  being  held  up  as 


laughing-stock,  derision,  mockery  ;  (vb)  make 
fun  of,  subject  to  r.,  laugh  at.  [f.  L  ridiculum 
neut.  of  ridiculus  laughable  (ridere  laugh)] 

pidreulous,  a.  Deserving  to  be  laughed  at, 
absurd,  unreasonable.  Hence  pidi*culousLYa 
adv.,  pidi'culousNESS  n.  [as  prec.  +  -ous,  or 
f .  L  ridiculosus] 

pi'ding*1,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also,  road  for 
riders,  esp.  green  track  through  or  beside  wood ; 
r.-habit,  lady's  r. -costume,    [-ing  j] 

pi'ding2,  n.  Administrative  division  (East, 
W.,  or  N.  R.)  of  Yorkshire ;  similar  division  of 
other  U.-K.  or  colonial  county,  [for  thriding 
(third,  -ing3)  third  part,  with  loss  of  th- owing 
to  preceding  -t(h)  of  east  &c] 

fifacime'nto  (-ahtsh-),  n.  (pi.  -ti  pr.  -te).  Re- 
modelled form  of  a  literary  work  or  the  like.  [It.] 

pife.pred.  a.  Of  common  occurrence,  met  with 
in  numbers  or  quantities,  prevailing,  current, 
numerous,  (usu.  be,  also  grow,  wax,  &c,  r.); 
well  provided  with  (language  is  r.  with  max- 
ims). Hence  pi'feNESS  n.  [OE  ryfe,  cf.  MDu. 
rijf,  ON  rifr] 

pi'ff-pafT,  n.  The  rabble,  disreputable  per- 
sons,   [earlier  riff  &  raff  f .  F  rifet  raf] 

prfle  »,  v.t.  &  l.  1.  Search  &  rob,  esp.  of  all 
that  can  be  found  in  various  pockets  or  storing- 
places  ;  carry  off  as  booty;  2.  make  spiral  grooves 
in  (gun  or  its  barrel  or  bore)  to  produce  rotatory 
motionin  projectile  (p.p.  of  projectile,  with  studs 
fitting  such  grooves) ;  3.  shoot  (t.  &  i.)  with  r. 
Hence  pi'fliNG1  n.  [1  f.  OF  rifler  graze,  scratch ; 
2  (from  1635)  ult.  f.  same  source,  cf.  LG  rifeln, 
G  riefeln,  Da.  rifle,  Sw.  reffla ;  3  f.  foil.] 

pi*ne  2,  n.  One  of  the  grooves  made  in  rifling 
a  gun ;  (formerly  r.-gun) musket  or  carbine  with 
rifled  barrel,  (pi.)  troops  armed  with  rr.;  r.-bird, 
dark-green  Australian  bird ;  r.  brigade,  certain 
regiments  of  British  army ;  r.-corps,  of  volun- 
teer riflemen ;  r.(-)green n.  &  a.,  (of) dark  green 
asinrifleman'suniform;r#?e?Han,soldierarmed 
with  r.,  esp.  member  of  r.  brigade,  also  =  r.-bird: 
r.-pit,  excavation  as  cover  for  riflemen  firing  at 
enemy ;  r.-range,  distance  r.  carries,  place  for 
r. -practice ;  r.-shot,  distanced,  carries,  good  &c. 
r. -marksman,  shot  fired  with  r.    [f.  prec.  2] 

pift,  n.,  &  v.t.  Cleft,  fissure,  chasm,  in  earth 
or  rock ;  rent,  crack,  split,  in  an  object,  opening 
in  cloud,  &c.  (little  r.  within  the  lute,  often  fig. 
of  incipient  madness  or  dissension) ;  r.-valley, 
steep-sided  formed  by  subsidence  of  earth's 
crust ;  hence  pi'ftLESS,  Pi'f tY  2,  aa.  (Vb,  usu. 
in  p.p.)  rend  apart,  cleave,  [f.  Scand.;  cf.  Da. 
rift  a  cleft,  ON  ripta  to  break  (a  bargain  &c.)j 

pig"1,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Provide  (ship),  (of  ship) 
be  provided,  with  necessary  spars,  ropes,  &c, 
or  Pi*ggriNG](3)  n.,  prepare  (t.  &  i.)  for  sea  in 
this  respect ;  fit  (out,  up,  or  rarely  abs.)  with  or 
with  clothes  or  other  equipment ;  set  up  (struc- 
ture) hastily  or  as  makeshift  or  by  utilizing  odd 
materials ;  rigging-loft,  gallery  in  dockyard  for 
fitting  rigging,  (Theatr.)  space  over  stage  from 
which  scenery  is  worked.  (N.)  way  ship's  masts, 
sails,  &c,  are  arranged,  whence  -piggED2  a. ; 
(transf.)  person's  or  thing's  look  as  determined 
by  clothes  &c.  (r.-up,  -out,  such  accessories), 
[etym.  dub.;  cf.  Norw.  riggahini  up] 

pig"2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Trick,  dodge,  way  of  swind- 
ling; (Commerc.)  =  corner;  (vb)  manage  or 
conduct  fraudulently  (r.  the  market,  cause  arti- 
ficial rise  or  fall  in  prices).    [?] 

Rrg-a,  n.  A  Russian  Baltic  port  (R.  deal, 
hemp,  Sec;  R.  balsam,  essential  oil  distilled 
from  kind  of  pine  &  used  medicinally). 

Pigre'scent,  a.  Growing  rigid,  rather  stiff. 
So  plge'scENCE  n.    [f.  L  rigescere  (rigere  be 

Stiff,  -ESCENT)] 

pl*ggep,n.  In  vbl  senses  (rig  J'2);  also:  (Mech.) 


RIGHT 


730 


RIGOUR 


band-wheel;  =  outrigger;  =thimble-t\;  -r., 
ship  rigged  in  specified  way.    [-er  l] 

pig/ht  (rit),  a.,  v.t.  &  i.,  n„  &  adv.  (Archaic) 
straight  (now  only  in  r.  line,  r.-lined);  (of  angle) 
neither  acute  nor  obtuse,  of  90°,  made  by  lines 
meeting  not  obliquely  but  perpendicularly, 
(at  r.  angles,  turning  or  placed  with  such  angle), 
whence  pigrht-anglED 2  a.;  involving  r.  an- 
gle(s),  not  oblique,  (r.  sailing,  due  N.,  S.,  EL,  or 
W.;  r.  ascension;  r.  cone,  cylinder, prism,  Sec, 
with  ends  or  base  perpendicular  to  axis);  (of 
conduct  &c.)  just,  morally  good,  required  by 
equity  or  duty,  proper,  (acted  a  r.  part;  it  is 
only  r.  to  tell  yo  n,  that  you  should  kno to),  whe  nee 
rigTht-mindED2a.,  right-mi'ndedNESS  n.; 
correct,  true,  (r.  use  of  words ;  did  not  give  a  r. 
account  of  the  matter ;  your  opinions  are  r. 
enough);  the  preferable  or  most  suitable,  the 
less  wrong  or  not  wrong,  (which  is  the  r.  way 
to  —?;  the  r.  man  in  the  r.  place ;  does  not  do  it 
the  r.  way;  the  r.  heir;  cf.  Mr,  Miss,  R.,  des- 
tined husband,  wife  ;  took  the  r.  way  to  offend 
us ;  a  fault  on  the  r.  side ;  the  r.  side  of  a  fabric 
&c,  that  meant  for  show  or  use ;  so  r.  side  up ; 
on  the  r.  side  of  forty  Sec,  not  yet  40  years  old); 
in  good  or  normal  condition,  sound,  sane,  satis- 
factory, well-advised,  not  mistaken,  (in  one's 
r.  mind,  not  mad  &c.;  is  not  r.  in  his  head; 
are  yon  r.  now  ?,  comfortable,  recovered,  &c, 
all  "8  r.  with  the  world ;  is  asr.as  a  trivet,  as 
rain,  Sec,  quite ;  set  or  put  r.,  restore  to  order, 
health,  &c,  also  correct  mistaken  ideas  of, 
also  justify  oneself  usu.  with  person ;  get  r., 
bring  or  come  into  r.  state;  r.,  r.  you  are, 
forms  of  approval,  or,  &  so  also  all  r„  r.  oh! 
slang,  of  assent  to  order  or  proposal),  whence 
pigii'tEN  ti  v.t.  (rare) ;  (archaic)  rightful,  real, 
veritable,  properly  so  called,  (r.  whale  ;  r.  co- 
gnac Sec);  (of  position)  having  the  relation  to 
front  &  back  that  equinoctial  sunrise  has  to 
north  &south,  on  or  towards  thatside  of  human 
body  of  which  the  hand  is  normally  more  used, 
on  or  towards  that  part  of  an  object  which  is 
analogous  to  person  s  r.  side  or  (with  opposite 
sense)  which  is  nearer  to  spectator's  r.  hand, 
(cf.  left  l;  r.  side,  eye,  Sec;  r.  wing  or  flank  of 
army  &c;  r.  bank,  on  r.  side  of  one  looking 
down  stream ;  r.  centre1.  R.  Se  left:  adv.,  to 
or  on  both  sides,  on  all  hands,  as  the  crowd  di- 
vided, he  ivas  abused,  r.&l.;  adj.,  with  or  of  or 
to  both  hands  or  sides,  as  a  r.-&-l.  shot,  with 
both  barrels,  r.-dt-l.  screw,  with  contrary  threads 
at  two  ends  ;  n.,  r.-&-l.  shot,  also  pugilist's  two 
blows  in  quick  succession  with  different  hands. 
R.  hand :  hand  of  r.  side ;  this  as  the  better 
hand,  as  put  one's  r.  h.  to  the  work ;  this  w.  ref. 
to  hand-shaking,  as  give  the  r.  h.  of  fellowship ; 
region  or  direction  on  this  side  of  person,  as  at, 
on,  to,  one's  r.  h. ;  one's  indispensable  or  chief 
assistant;  r.-h,  placed  on  the  r.  h.;  r.-h.  man, 
soldier  on  one's  r.  h.  in  line,  also  assistant  as 
above;  r.-h.  screw,  with  thread  turning  to  r.; 
r.-handed,  using  r.  h.  more  than  left;  r.-handed 
blow  Sic,  struck  with  r.  h.;  r.-handed  tool  Sec, 
made  to  suit  r.  h.;  r.-handed  rotation  Sec;  r.- 
hander,  r.-handed  blow  or  person.  R.  turn,  into 
position  at  r.  angles  with  original  one ;  r.-about 
tumor  face,  r.  turn  prolonged  till  previous  rear 
is  front ;  r.-about,=r.-&.  turn,  reversal  of  front, 
hurried  retreat  as  in  sendtother.-a„  send  pack- 
ing, also  as  v.t.  &  i.  =  reverse  or  make  reverse 
front) ;  hence  Pigrh'tNESS  n.  (Vb)  restore  to 
proper  or  straight  or  vertical  position  (r.  helm, 
put  it  amidships;  boat  rights  herself ;  could  not 
r.the  boat,  car ;  r.  oneself,  recover  balance),  (of 
ship)  recover  vertical  position;  make  repara- 
tion for  or  to,  avenge,  (wrong,  wronged  person); 

vindicate,  justify,  rehabilitate;  correct  (mis- 


takes &c),  correct  mistakes  in,  set  in  order, 
(often  reft.,  as  that  is  a  fault  that  will  r.  itself); 
hence  pigrh'tABLE  a.  (N.)  what  is  just,  fair 
treatment,  (r.  &  might,  r.  &  wrong ;  do  one  r„ 
treat  or  think  of  him  fairly ;  by  r.  or  now  usu. 
rr.,  if  r.  were  done  ;  the  r.,  the  juster  cause,  as 
God  defend  the  r.;  be  in  the  r„  have  justice  or 
truth  on  one's  side) ;  justification,  fair  claim, 
being  entitled  to  privilege  or  immunity,  thing 
one  is  entitled  to,  (has  a,  the,  no,  r.  to  thing,  to 
do,  of  doing,  of  search  Sec;  r.  divine  or  divine 
r. ;  claims  inr.  of  his  wife ;  reigns  by  r.  of  worth ; 
belongs  to  him  of  or  by  r.;rr.S  duties ;  woman's 
rr.,  of  equality  with  men,  whence  woman's- 
pigh'tER1  n.;  r.  of  way,  r.  established  by  usage 
to  pass  over  another's  ground,  also  path  subject 
to  such  r.;  Declaration  or  Bill  of  Rr.,  consti- 
tutional settlement  of  1689 ;  assert  or  stand  on 
one's  rr.,  refuse  to  relinquish  them  ;  peeressin 
her  own  r.,  not  by  marriage  ;  admiration  is  her 
r.),  whence  Pigrh'tLESS  a.;  (pi.)  r.  condition, 
true  state,  (set  or  put  to  rr.,  arrange  properly  ; 
have  not  heard,  do  not  know,  the  mr.  of  the  case); 
r.-hand  part  or  region  or  direction  (is  on  your 
or  the,  to  the,  r. ;  to,  from,  r.  &  left ;  work  round 
the  enemy's  r.),  (Pol.)  reactionary  or  conserva- 
tive membersof  foreign  parliament  &c,  whence 
pig"h*tWARD  a.  &  adv.,  pigJvt wards  adv., 
(rare).    (Adv. )  straight  (wind  was  r.  behind  us ; 

?or.on;  went r.  at  him ;  r.  off,  away,  chiefly 
LS.,  immediately,  without  pause) ;  all  the  way 
to,  round,  Sec,  completely  off,  out,  Sec,  (sank  r. 
to  the  bottom ;  veranda  r.  round  house ;  took 
gate  r.  off  hinges ;  turned  r.  round) ;  exactly, 
quite,  (r.inthemiddle);  very,  to  the  full,  (knowr. 
well ;  banqueted  r.  royally ;  teas  r.  glad  to  hear ; 
r.  honourable,  reverend  ;  »\-dot#n.,thorough, 
-ly,  as  is  a  r.-d.  scoundrel,  teas  r.-d.  sorry); 
justly,  properly,  correctly,  aright,  truly,  satis- 
factorily, (whether  they  act  r.  or  wrong ;  does 
not  hold  his  pen,  do  the  sum,  r.;  serves  him  r., 
is  no  worse  than  he  deserves ;  nothing  goes  r. 
with  me;  if  I  remember  r.;  guessed  r.);  tor. 
hand  (eyes  r.l,  order  to  soldiers  dressing  ;  looks 
neither  r.  nor  left).  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  riht  a.  &  n., 
rihtan  v.,  rihte  adv.,  cf.  Du.  &  G  recht  Sec,  also 
L  rectus  direct  2] 

pig-h'teous  (-tshws,  -tyws),  a.  Just,  upright, 
virtuous,  law-abiding,  (of  person,  life,  action). 
Hence  pigrh'teousLY 2  adv.,  pigrh'teous- 
ness  n.  [OE  rihtwis  (prec.  n.  +  wise  a.,  or 
prec.  a.  +  wise  n.)  w.  assim.  to  bounteous  Sec] 

pigrh'tfUl,  a.  (Of  actions  &c.)  equitable,  fair ; 
(of  persons)  legitimately  entitled  to  position 
&c.  (the  r.  king,  heir,  owner),  (of  office,  pro- 
perty, &c.)  that  one  is  entitled  to.  Hence 
pigrhrtfulLY 2  adv.,  pigrh'tfUlNESS  n.    [-fulJ 

pigrh'tly,  adv.  Justly,  fairly,  properly,  cor- 
rectly, accurately,  justifiably,    [-ly  2J 

pi'grid,  a.  Not  flexible,  stiff,  unyielding,  (a  r. 
bar,  stem,  frame,  air-ship) ;  inflexible,  harsh, 
strict,  precise,  punctilious,  (r.  justice,  princi- 

gles.  Catholics,  adherence  to  rules,  economy). 
[ence  or  cogn.  pigi'diTV  n.,  pi'gridLY  2  adv. 
[f.  L  rigidus  (as  rigor)] 

pi'grmapole,  n.  Rambling  or  meaningless 
talk  or  tale;  (attrib.)  incoherent,  [prob.  f.  obs. 
ragman  roll= catalogue,  etym.  dub.] 

rf'gor  (-or),  n.  (path.).  Sudden  chill  with 
shivering  before  fever  &c;  r.  mortis,  stiffening 
of  body  after  death.    [L  (rigere  be  stiff,  -or  l)] 

pi'group  (-er),  n.  Severity,  strictness,  harsh- 
ness, (pi.)  harsh  measures  ;  strict  enforcement 
of  rules  Sec  (with  the  utmost  r.  of  the  law) ;  ex- 
tremity or  excess  of  weather,  hardship,  famine, 
&c.,  great  distress ;  austerity  of  life,  Puritanic 
strictness  of  observance  or  doctrine,  so  ppgop- 
ism(3),  pi,g,OPi8T(2),  nn.;  logical  accuracy,  ex- 


RIG-VEDA 


731 


RINK 


actitude.     So  ri'g-orous  a.,  pi'g-opousLY2 

adv.    [OF,  f.  L  (prec.)] 

Rig-ve'da  (-va-),  n.  The  chief  veda.  [f. 
Skr.  rigveda  (ric  praise)] 

ri'ksdag,  n.    Swedish  parliament.    [Sw.] 

pile,  v.t.  (slang).  Raise  anger  in,  irritate. 
[var.  of  obs.  &  U.S.  roil  make  muddy,  cf.  obs. 
F  ruiler  mix  mortar] 

rilie'vo  (relya-),  n.  =  relief2,  relievo.    [It.] 

pill,  n.,  &  v.i.  Small  stream,  runnel,  rivulet; 
hence  pi'llET1  n.  (Vb)  issue  or  flow  as  r.  [cf. 
Du.  ril,  G  rille] 

pille,  n.  (astr.).  Trench  or  narrow  valley  of 
moon's  surface.    [G  (prec.)] 

pille*tt(e)s,  n.  pi.  Tinned  preparation  of 
minced  ham,  chicken,  fat,  &c.    {F  (-es)] 

pirn ',  n.,  &  v.t.  Outer  ring  of  wheel's  frame- 
work, not  including  tire ;  frame  of  sieve ; 
(poet.)circularobject(£roMewr., crown) ;  (Naut.) 
surface  of  the  water;  raised  edge  or  border, 
margin,  verge,  esp.  of  something  more  or  less 
circular ;  r.-brake,  acting  on  r.  of  wheel;  hence 
pi'mLESS,  (-)pimmED2,  aa,  (Vb)  furnish 
with  r.,  serve  as  r.  to,  edge,  border.  [OE  rima, 
cf.  ON  rime  ridge] 

pim2,  n.  (archaic).  R.  (of  the  belly),  peritoneum. 
[OE  rioma,  cf.  Du.  riem,  G  riemen,  strap] 

rime  K  n.,  &  v.t.  = rhyme  *»  2.  [earlier  rime 
(rhyme)  was  corrected  c.  1560  to  rhythm, 
which  served  for  senses  rhythm  &  rhyme  till 
rhyme  was  established  c.  1700  as  different.; 
obs.  rime  was  revived  c.  1870  &  is  often  used  by 
writers  on  prosody  &  literature] 

rime2,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (chiefly  poet.).  Hoar-frost ; 
hence  ri'mY2  a.  (Vb)  cover  with  r.  [OE  & 
ON  hrim,  cf.  Du.  rijm] 

pi'mep,  n.    =  REAM2er.    [dial,  rime  var.   of 

REAM2,  -ER1] 

pi'mose,  pi'mous,  aa.  (bot.  &c).  Full  of 
chinks  or  fissures,  [f.  L  rimosus  (rima  chink, 
-ose1),  -ous] 

rind,  n.,  &  v.t.  Bark  of  tree  or  plant  (vb,  strip 
r.  from) ;  peel  of  fruit  or  vegetable ;  harder  en- 
closing surface  of  cheese  or  other  substance ; 
skin  of  bacon  &c;  external  aspect,  surface. 
Hence  -pindED2  a.    [OE,  cf.  Du.  run,  G  rinde] 

pi'ndeppest,  n.  Disease  of  ruminants  esp. 
oxen,  cattle-plague.    [G  (rinder  pi.  of  rind  ox)] 

ping  i,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Circlet  usu.  of  precious 
metal  &  often  set  with  gem(s)  worn  round  finger 
as  ornament  or  token  (esp.  of  betrothal  or  mar- 
riage) or  signet,  or  (usu.  nose,  arm,  &c,  -r.) 
hung  to  or  encircling  other  part  of  body ;  circu- 
lar appliance  of  any  material  &  any  (but  esp., 
cf.  hoop,  no  great)  size ;  raised  or  sunk  or  other- 
wise distinguishable  line  or  band  round,  rim 
of,  cylindrical  or  circular  object ;  circular  fold, 
coil,  bend,  structure,  part,  or  mark  (rr.  of  tree, 
concentric  bands  of  wood  corresponding  in 
number  to  tree's  years;  has  livid  rr.  round  his 
eyes ;  puffing  out  rr.  of  smoke ;  rr.  in  water, 
circular  ripples  expanding  from  centre  of 
agitation) ;  persons,  trees,  &c,  disposed  in  a 
circle,  such  disposition,  (Commerc.  &c.)  com- 
bination of  traders  or  politicians  acting  to- 
gether for  control  of  market  or  policy ;  circular 
enclosure  or  space  for  circus-riding,  prize-fight- 
ing (PRizE-r.),  betting  at  races  (the  r„  book- 
makers), showing  of  cattle,  &c;  circular  or 
spiral  course  (make  rr.  round,  go  or  do  things 
incomparably  quicker  than);  r.-bark  v.t,  cut 
r.  in  bark  of  (tree)  to  kill  it  or  to  check  its  growth 
&  bring  it  into  bearing ;  r.-bolt,  bolt  with  r. 
attached  for  fastening  rope  to  &c;  r.-bone, 
(horse-disease  with)  deposit  of  bony  matter  on 
pastern-bones ;  r.-cartilage,  cricoid  ;  r.-dove, 
wood-pigeon ;  r.-fence,  completely  enclosing 
estate  &c;  r. -finger,  third  esp.  of  left  hand  ;  r.- 


goal,  game  in  which  light  hoop  is  thrown  to- 
wards goal  with  sticks;  r.-hunt,  in  which 
beasts  are  driven  inwards  by  r.  of  fire ;  ri'ng- 
leader,  (one  of)  chief  instigator(s)  in  mutiny, 
riot,  &c;  r.-lock,  opened  by  right  adjustment 
of  several  grooved  rr.;  r.-man,  bookmaker;  r.- 
master,  manager  of  circus  performance;  r.- 
ncck,  r. -necked  plover  or  duck ;  r.-necked,  with 
band(s)  of  colour  round  neck ;  r.-net,  kind  of 
salmon  net,  also  of  lace  ;  r.-ouzel,  kind  of  bird 
allied  to  blackbird ;  r.-snake,  common  European 
grass-snake  (from  coiling) ;  r.-stand,  for  keeping 
tinger-rr.  on;  r.-straked  (bibl.),  marked  with 
rr.  of  colour  round  body ;  r.-tail, .female  of  hen- 
harrier, also  golden  eagle  till  its  third  year, 
also  r.-tailed  opossum  or  phalanger;  r.-tailed, 
with  tail  ringed  in  alternate  colours,  also  (of 
phalanger)  with  tail  curled  at  end;  r.-taw, 
game  with  marbles  in  r.;  r.-wall,  as  r.-fence ; 
ringworm,  skin-disease  esp.  of  children  in  cir- 
cular patches ;  hence  (-)ping-ED  2,  pi'ngLESS, 
aa.  (Vb):  (of  hawk  &c.)  rise  in  spirals;  (of 
hunted  fox)  take  circular  course;  encompass 
(usu.  round,  about,  in;  often  in  p.p.),  hem  in 
(game,  cattle)  by  riding  or  beating  in  circle 
round  them ;  put  r.  upon,  put  r.  in  nose  of  (pig, 
bull),  (r.-the-bull,  game  with  r.  to  be  thrown  or 
swung  on  to  hook);  =r.-bark  above;  cut 
(onions,  apples)  into  rr.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  hring, 
cf.  ON  hringr,  Du.  &  G  ring] 

ring  2,  v. i.  &  t.  (rang,  now  rarely  rung ;  rung), 
&  n.  Give  forth  clear  resonant  sound  (as)  of 
vibrating  metal  (bell,  trumpet,  coin,  sound, 
rings,  often  out,  &c. ;  with  a  ringing  laugh  ;  a 
shot  rang  out ;  a  ringing  frost,  in  which  ground 
rings  under  foot ;  r.  true,  false,  of  coin  tested 
by  throwing  on  counter,  &  fig.  of  sentiments 
&c),  (of  bell)  r.  to  or  for  prayers,  dinner,  &c, 
convey  summons  by  ringing ;  (of  place)  resound, 
re-echo,  (with  sound,  to  sound  or  its  cause,  with 
fame  &c.  or  its  theme,  with  talk  of;  often 
again) ;  (of  utterance  or  other  sound)  r.  in  one's 
ears,  heart,  &c,  linger  in  one's  hearing,  haunt 
the  memory  ;  (of  ears)  be  filled  with  sensation 
as  of  bell-ringing  (so  has  a  ringing  in  the  ears) 
or  with  sound  ;  make  (bell)  r.  (r.  the  bell,  esp.  as 
summons  to  servant;  r.  up  bell,  raise  church 
bell  over  beam  &  r.  it  there ;  ringing  engine, 
pile-driver  worked  by  ropes  like  peal  of  bells), 
throw  (coin)  on  counter  to  test  it;  r.  bell  as 
summons  (r.  at  door,  to  get  admittance  &c; 
r.  for  servant,  coffee,  one's  boots,  &c;  did  you 
r.,  sir?);  sound  (peal,  knell,  bob *-majoi°,  the 
change's)  on  bells  (or  with  bell  or  bells  as  subj.; 
r.  the  knell  of,  announce  or  herald  abolition  &c 
of);  announce  (hour  &c.)  by  sound  of  bell(s); 
summon  up  &c.  by  ringing  bell  (r.  up  on  tele- 
phone, get  or  seek  communication  with  ;  r.  off% 
terminate  telephone  interview ;  r.  curtain  up 
or  down  in  theatre,  direct  it  by  bell  to  be  raised 
or  lowered) ;  usher  in,  out,  with  bell-ringing. 
(N.)  set  o/(church)  bells ;  ringing  sound,  ringing 
tone  in  voice  &c,  resonance  of  coin  or  vessel ; 
act  of  ringing  bell,  sound  so  produced,  (three 
rr.  for  the  hall-porter ;  give  bell  a  r. ;  heard 
a  loud  r.  at  the  door).  JOE  hringan,  cf.  ON 
hring*a,  G  ringen,  perh.  unit.] 

pi'ngent  (-j-),  a.  Gaping,  grinning,  (esp.  bot. 
of  wide  labiate  corolla),    [as  rictus,  -ent] 

pi'ngep  (-nger),  n.  Quoit  that  falls  round 
pin  ;  fox  that  runs  in  ring  when  hunted  ;  bell- 
r.;  device  for  ringing  bell,    [ring1'2,  -er1] 

pi'ng-let  (-ngl-),  n.  Small  ring,  fairy  ring  on 
grass,  ring-shaped  mark  &c,  (rare);  curly  lock 
of  hair,  curl,  whence  pi'ngletED 2,  pi'ng-- 
letY  2,  aa.    [-let] 

pink,  n.,  &  v.i.  Stretch  of  ice  used  for  game 
of  curling;  sheet  of  natural  or  artificial  ice, 


RINSE ] 

floor,  for  (roller-)skating.  (Vb)  skate  on  r.  csp. 
■with  roller-skates,  whence  pi'nkER1  n.  [earlier 
sense  jousting  -ground;  from  11th  c.;  prob.  f. 
OF  renc  rank1] 

rinse,  v.t.,  &  n.  Wash  out  or  out  (vessel, 
mouth)  by  filling  with  water  &c.,  shaking,  & 
emptying ;  pour  liquid  over  or  wash  lightly ;  put 
(clothes)  through  clean  water  to  remove  soap ; 
clear  (impurities)  out  or  away  by  rinsing ;  wash 
(food)  down  with  liquor;  (n.)  rinsing  (give  it  a 
v. ).  [f.  F  rincer,  OF  raincer  perh.  =  med.L  re-  8- 
(sincerare  f.  sincerus  pure)] 

ri'ot  (-ot),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Loose  living,  de- 
bauchery ;  loud  revelry,  a  revel ;  unrestrained 
indulgence  in  or  display  or  enjoyment  of  some- 
thing (a  r.  of  emotion,  colour,  sound);  (Hunt.) 
following  of  any  scent  indiscriminately  (run  r., 
orig.  of  hounds  doing  this,  now  usu.  fig.  of  per- 
son or  his  tongue  or  fancy  throwing  off  all  re- 
straint) ;  disorder,  tumult,  disturbance  of  the 
peace,  outbreak  of  lawlessness,  on  part  of  a 
crowd  (R.  Act,  by  which  persons  not  dispersing 
after  official  reading  of  part  of  it  incur  guilt  of 
felony ;  read  the  R.  A.,  lit.,  &  joe.  of  parent  &c. 
announcing  that  noise  &c.  is  to  cease) ;  hence 
or  cogn.  pPotous  a.,pi*otousLY2adv.,  ri'ot- 
ousnkss,  (rare)  ri*otRY(2),  nn.  (Vb)  live  wan- 
tonly, revel ;  throw  away  (time,  money),  wear 
out  (life),  in  dissipation ;  make  or  engage  in  a 
political  r.  oroffence  against  the  R.  Act,  whence 
pi*otER2(i)  n.  [f.  OF  riote(r),  cf.  Pr.  riota,  It. 
riotta,  etym.  dub.] 

pip1,  n.  Worthless  horse,  screw;  dissolute 
person,  rake.    [perh.  var.  of  rep3] 

pip2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Cut  or  tear  (thing)  quickly 
or  forcibly  away  from  something  (r.  out  the 
lining ;  r.  the  boards  off) ;  make  long  cut  or 
tear  in  (n.,  such  cut  &c),  cut  or  tear  vigorously 
apart  (often  up;  had  his  belly  ripped  up);  split 
(wood,  rock),  saw  (wood)  with  the  grain  (r.-saw, 
used  thus);  strip  (roof)  of  tiles  or  slates  &  laths ; 
make  (fissure,  passage)  by  ripping;  open  up 
(wound,  quarrel, sorrow,  the  past)  again ;  come 
violently  asunder,  split  (intr.);  rush  along  (of 
ship,  &  transf.;  so  let  her  r.,  do  not  check  speed 
or  interfere),  (part.,  slang,  cf.  rattling)  fine, 
splendid,  enjoyable,  firstrate,  (also  as  adv.  with 
good  &c,  as  a  ripping  good  time),  whence  Pi'p- 
pingLY2adv.    [cf.  Fris.  rippe] 

pip3,  n.  Stretch  of  broken  water  in  sea  or 
river,_overfall.    [perh,  f.  prec] 

pipap'ian,  a.  &  n.  Of,  on,  river-bank  (esp. 
r.  proprietor,  rights);  (n.)  r.  proprietor.  [L  ri- 
parius  (ripa  bank,  -ar y  j)  +  -an] 

pipe,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Ready  to  be  reaped,  ga- 
thered, eaten,  drunk,  used,  or  dealt  with,  fully 
developed,  mellow,  mature,  prepared  or  able  to 
undergo  something,  in  fit  state  for,  (r.  corn, 
fruit,  cheese,  wine,  seed ;  r.  lips,  red  &  full  like 
r.  fruit ;  r.  beauty,  of  grown  woman ;  r.  scho- 
lar, scholarship,  judgment,  experience,  under- 
standing ;  die  at  a  r.  age,  old  ;  persons  of  riper 
years,  not  immature;  opportunity  r.  tobeseized; 
is  r.  to  hear  the  truth ;  mood  or  person,  plan, 
disease,  r.  for  mischief,  execution,  treatment ; 
soon  r.  soon  rotten,  prov.  depreciating  preco- 
city); hence  p!*pen6  v.t.  &  i.,  pi*peLY2adv., 
pi'peNESS  n.  (Vb,  chiefly  poet.)  =  ripen.  [OE 
ripe,  cf.  Du.  rijp,  G  reif] 

ripd'ste,  n.,  &  v.i.  Quick  return  thrust  in 
fencing,  (transf.) counterstroke,  retort ;  (vb) de- 
liver r.    [F,  f.  It.  risposta  response] 

Pi'ppep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  tool  for  rip- 
ping roof ;  rip-saw ;  (slang)  ripping  person  or 
thing,    [-er1] 

pi'bple  i,  n.,  &  v.t.  Toothed  implement  used 
to  clear  away  seeds  from  flax ;  (vb)  treat  with  r. 
[cf.  Du.  repel(en),  G  riffel(n)] 


3 RISE 

pi'pple2,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Ruffling  of  water's 
surface,  small  wave(s) ;  wavy  or  crinkled  ap- 
pearance in  hair,  ribbons,  &c. ;  gentle  lively 
sound  that  rises  &  falls  (esp.  a  r.  of  conversa- 
tion); r.-mark,  ridge,  ridged  surface,  left  on 
sand  or  mud  or  rock  by  water  or  wind ;  hence 
pi'pplET !  n.,  pi'pplv  2  a.  (Vb)  form,  flow  in, 
show,  agitate  or  mark  with,  sound  like,  rr.  [vb 
found  earlier  than  n.;  etym.  dub.;  cf.  rip3  (found 
later),  -le(3)J 

Ripuap'ian,  a.  Of  the  ancient  Franks  living 
on  Rhine  between  Meuse&  Moselle  (esp.iJ.  law, 
code  observed  by  them),  [f.  med.L  R ipuarius 
(perh.  irreg.  f.  L  ripa  bank)  +  -an] 

Rip  van  Winkle,  n.  Person  of  utterly  an- 
tiquated ideas  or  information,  [hero  of  tale  by 
W.  Irving  who  slept  20  years] 

pise l  (-z),  v.i.  &  t.  (rose  pr.  -z,  risen  pr.  -zn  ; 
p.p.,  see  -ed!(2),  often  with  is  &c).  Get  up  from 
lying  or  sitting  or  kneeling  position,  get  out  of 
bed,  (of  meeting  &c.)  cease  to  sit  for  business, 
recover  standing  or  upright  position,  become 
erect,  leave  ground,  come  to  life  again  or  usu. 
again  or  from  the  dead,  (r.  from  table,  leave 
meal ;  all  rose  to  receive  him ;  found  he  could 
not,  was  too  weak  to,  r.;  r.,  Sir  Thomas  &c, 
formula  in  knighting;  r.  betimes,  at  5.0  a.m., 
ivith  the  lark ;  r.  up  early ;  Parliament  will  r. 
next  week ;  fell  never  to  r.  again ;  the  hair  rose 
on  his  head ;  h&rse  rises  on  its  hind-legs ;  horse 
rises  to  a  fence,  takes  off  for  leap  ;  birds  r.  well 
today);  cease  to  be  quiet,  abandon  submission, 
make  revolt,  (if  a  wind  should  r.;  r.  in  arms, 
rebellion,  &c.  j  r.  against  oppression,  oppressor; 
town  rose  on  its  garrison ;  gorge,  stomach,  rises, 
indignation  or  disgust  is  felt;  my  whole  soul 
rises  against  it,  finds  it  intolerable) ;  come  or 
go  up,  grow  upwards,  ascend,  mount,  soar,  pro- 
ject or  swell  upwards,  become  higher,  reach 
higher  position  or  level  or  amount,  increase,  in- 
cline upwards,  come  to  surface,  become  or  be 
visible  above  or  above  surroundings,  develop 
greater  energy  or  intensity.be  progressive,  (sun, 
star,  morning,  dawn,  rises ;  the  risen  sun ;  ris- 
ing cupboard,  kitchen  lift ;  the  rising  genera- 
tion, the  young ;  smoke  rises  straight  up ;  tree 
rises  20ft,  attains  that  height ;  fabric  rose  like 
a  dream ;  blisters  r„  form ;  bread  will  not  r.y 
swell  with  yeast ;  balloon  rises ;  shouldr.  above 
petty  jealousies,  be  superior  to ;  picture,  idea, 
?Hses  before  the  mind ;  river,  tide,  flood,  level, 
rose  6ft,  is  rising ;  the  mercury,  barometer  or 
glass,  is  rising ;  spirits  r.,  become  more  cheer- 
ful ;  prices,  demands,  r.;  the  funds,  sugar,  r., 
increase  in  value  or  price ;  a  rising  lawyer ;  a 
man  likely  to  r.;  r.  in  the  world,  attain  higher 
social  position  ;  r.  to  greatness ;  rising  ground, 
sloping  up ;  in  a  rising  series ;  rises  in  a  gentle 
curve ;  the  interest  rises  with  each  act ;  bubbles 
i'.;fish  rises,  comes  to  surface  to  feed ;  drown- 
ing man  rises  three  times ;  in  the  foreground 
rises  a  castle ;  does  not  r.  above  mediocrity ;  the 
toind  is risinq ;  her  colourrose,  became  brighter 
or  deeper ;  rising  5,  Ik,  getting  on  for  that  age); 
develop  powers  equal  to  (does  not  r.  to  an  oc- 
casion ;  rose  to  the  emergency,  requirements, 
&c);  have  origin,  begin  to  be,  flow,  from,  in, 
at,  &c.  (river  rises  from  a  spring,  in  the  Gram- 
pians, &c;  earth  &  heaven  rose  at  His  word ; 
the  difficulty  rises  from  misapprehension); 
(rare,  usu.  poet.)  arise  (a  feud,  rumour,  rose); 
(causative  in  spec,  senses)  make  or  see  r.  (did 
not  r.  a  fish,  a  bird,  all  day;  r.  ship,  see  it  ap- 
pear from  top  downwards  in  approaching  it). 
fcom.-Teut. ;  OE  risan  (usu.  arisan  arise),  cf. 
Du.  rijzen,  G  (of  sun)  reisen] 

pise  %  n.  Coming  up  o/sun  &c.  (rare ;  at  r.  of 
sun,  day ;  cf.  swir.  &c);  ascent,  upward  slope, 


RISIBLE 


733 


ROAN 


knoll,  hill,  (came  to  a  r.  in  the  road ;  chapel 
stands  on  a  r.);  social  advancement,  upward 
progress,  increase  in  power,  rank,  value,  price, 
amount,  height,  pitch,  wages,  &c,  {has  had  a  r. 
in  life  ;  the  r.  &fall  of  statesmen ;  the  r.  of  the 
tide  is  30  ft ;  asks  for  a  r.,  higher  wages ;  prices 
are  on  the  r.,  increasing) ;  movement  of  fish  to 
surface  (not  a  sign  of  ar.;  fig.,  get  or  take  a  r. 
out  of  one,  draw  him  into  display  of  temper  or 
other  foible) ;  vertical  height  of  step,  arch,  in- 
cline, &c.,  (also  pI'sek1  f.  prec.)  vertical  piece 
connecting  two  treads  of  staircase;  origin,  start, 
(has,  takes,  its  r.  in,  from ;  give  r.  to,  occasion, 
suggest),    [f.  prec] 

ri'sible  (-z),  a.  Inclined  to  laugh,  so  pisi- 
bixity  n.;  of  laughter(r.  nerves, faculties, Sec); 
(rare)  laughable,  ludicrous,  [f.  LL  risibilis 
(ridere  ris-  laugh,  -ible)] 

pi'sing,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp. :  r.(-again), 
resurrection;  insurrection,  revolt,    [-ing1] 

risk,  n.,  &  v.t.  Hazard,  chance  of  or  o/bad 
consequences,  loss,  &c,  exposure  to  mischance, 
(there  is  the  r.  of  his  catching  cold ;  run  rr.,ar., 
the  r.,  often  of,  expose  oneself  or  be  exposed  to 
loss  &c;  take  rr.  &c,  expose  oneself  so ;  at  the 
r.  of  his  life ;  at  owner's  &c.  r.,  he  to  bear  any 
contingent  loss) ;  r. -money,  allowance  to  cashier 
to  cover  accidental  deficits ;  hence  pi'skFUL, 
pi'skLESS,  aa.  (Vb)  expose  to  chance  of  injury 
or  loss ;  venture  on,  take  the  chances  of,  (r.  the 


jump,  a  battle,  a  sprained  ankle).  [f .  F  risque(r) 
f.  It.  risco  n.,  riscare  v.,  etym.  dub.] 
pi'sky,  a.    Hazardous,  full  of  risk ;  (also,  & 


after,  F  risque)  involving  suggestion  of  indc 
cency,  offending  against  propriety,  (of  story, 
dramatic  situation,  &c).  Hencepi*skiLY2adv., 
pi'skiNESS  n.    [- y  2] 

risque.    See  prec. 

pi'ssole,  n.  Fried  ball  or  cake  of  meat  or  fish 
mixed  with  bread-crumbs  &c.  [F,  perh.  ult.  f. 
L  russeolus  reddish] 

ritardct'ndo  (re-),  mus.  direction.  Slower. 
[It.] 

pite,  n.  (Form  of  procedure,  action  required 
or  usual,  in)  a  religious  or  solemn  ceremony  or 
observance  (the  rr.  of  hospitality ;  the  r.  of  con- 
firmation; burial  or  funeral  rr.;  conjugal  or 
nuptial  rr.,  sexual  intercourse  between  hus- 
band &  wife ;  the  Latin,  Anglican,  &c„  r.,  body 
of  usages  characteristic  of  a  Church).  Hence 
pi'teLESS  a.    [f.  L  ritus  -us] 

pi'tual,  a.  &  n.  Of,  with,  consisting  in,  in- 
volving, religious  rites ;  hence  pi'tualLY  2  adv. 
(N.)  prescribed  order  of  performing  religious 
service ;  book  containing  this ;  performance  of 
r.  acts,  whence  (w.  implication  of  excess)  pi*- 
tualiSM(3),  pi*tualiST(2),  nn.,  pitualrstica., 
pituali'stiCALLY  adv.,  pi'tualiZE(2,  3)  v.i.  & 
t.    [f.  L  ritualis  (prec,  -al)] 

pi'vage  (-ij),  n.  (poet).  Coast,  shore,  bank. 
[F  (OF  rive  I.  L  ripa  bank,  -age)] 

prval,  n.,  attrib.  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Person's 
competitor  for  some  prize  (esp.  a  woman's  or 
man's  love)  or  In  some  pursuit  or  quality  (also 
of  things;  without  a  r.,  unapproached  for 
excellence  &c>;  hence  pi,valRY(2,  4),  pi'val- 
ship,  nn.  (Adj.)  that  is  a  r.  or  are  rr.  (Vb)  vie 
with,  be  comparable  to,  seem  or  claim  to  be  as 
good  &c.  as  ;  (rare)  be  in  rivalry,  [f.  L  rivalis 
(rivus  stream,  -al)  orig.=on  same  stream] 

pive,  v.t.  &  i.  (rived ;  riven,  rarely  rived). 
Rend,  cleave,  wrench  away  or  off  or  from, 
strike  asunder,  (archaic,  poet.) ;  (of  artisan) 
split  (wood,  stone),  make  (laths)  by  splitting, 
whence  pi*vep2  [-erMD]  n.;  be  split,  gape 
under  blow  &c,  (of  wood  &c.)admit  or  splitting. 
[f.  ON  rifa  perh.  cogn.  w.  G  reiben  rub] 

prvel,   v.i.   &  t.   (-11-;  archaic).    Wrinkle, 


crumple,  shrivel,  [prob.  back-formation  f. 
rivelled,  OE  rifelede  perh.  f.  *rifel  a  fold  +  -ed2] 

piven.    See  rive. 

prvep2,  n.  (for  river1  see  rive).  Copious 
stream  of  water  flowing  in  channel  to  sea  or 
lake  or  marsh  or  another  r.  (the  r.  often  pre- 
fixed to  name,  as  the  r.  Thames) ;  the  boundary 
between  life  &  death  ;  copious  flow  or  stream 
of  (a  r.  of  lava ;  rr.  of  blood,  much  bloodshed) ; 
(attrib.,  prefixed  to  many  names  of  animals, 
plants,  &  things)  living  in,  of,  situated  or  used 
on,  river(s);  r.-BEDI(2);  r.-god,  mythological 
being  dwelling  in  &  personifying  a  r.;  r.-horse, 
hippopotamus;  riverside,  ground  along  r.'s 
bank  (often  attrib.,  as  a  r.-s.  villa).  Hence 
(-)pivePED2,  pi'vePLESS,  aa.  [f.  OF  river e  f. 
pop.  L  *riparia  (L  ripa  bank,  -ary  *)] 

pi*vepain,  a.  &  n.  Of  river  or  its  neighbour- 
hood ;  situated,  dwelling,  by  river ;  (n.)  person 
dwelling  by  river.    [F  (riviere  as  prec,  -an)] 

pi'verine,  a.  Of,  on,  river  or  its  banks, 
riparian,    [-ine  *] 

pi'vet,  n.,  &  v.t.  Nail  or  bolt  for  holding  to- 
gether metal  plates  &c,  its  headless  end  being 
beaten  out  after  passing  through  two  holes. 
(Vb)  clinch  (bolt) ;  join  or  fasten  with  rr.  (to- 
gether, doicn,  to,  into,  on  adv.  or  prep.,  &c) ; 
fix,  make  immovable,  (r.  error  Sec);  concen- 
trate, direct  intently,  (eyes,  attention,  &c, 
upon);  engross  (attention),  engross  attention 
of ;  hence  pi'vetER  J(l,  2)  n.  [vb  f.  n.,  OF  (river 
clinch,  etym._dub.)] 

pi'viepe  (-iar,  or  as  F),  n.  Gem  necklace,  esp. 
of  more  than  one  string.    [F,  as  river2] 

prvulet,  n.  Small  stream ;  kinds  ot  moth. 
[perh.  f.  It.  rivoletto  (L  rivus  stream,  -ul,  -et  *)] 

pi'x-dollap,  n.  (hist).  Silver  coin  &  money 
of  account  (4/6-2/3)  of  16th-19th  cc  in  some 
continental  States,  [f.  Du.  rijcksdaler,  cf.  G 
reichstaler,  see  (bishop)ric,  dollar] 

poach1  (rotsh),  n.  Small  freshwater  fish 
allied  to  carp  (sound as  ar.,  in  firstrate  health 
&c).    [f.  OF  roche  etym.  dub.] 

poach  2,  n.  (naut).  Upward  curve  in  foot  of 
square  sail.    [?] 

poad1,  n.  (Also  roadstead)  piece  of  water 
near  shore  in  which  ships  can  ride  at  anchor ; 
line  of  communication  between  places  for  use 
of  foot-passengers,  riders,  &  vehicles  (on  the  r., 
travelling;  take  the  r.,  set  out;  the  r.,  the  high- 
way ;  take  to  the  r.  archaic,  become  highway- 
man ;  rule  of  the  r.,  custom  regulating  side  to 
be  taken  by  vehicles,  riders,  or  ships,  meeting 
or  passing  each  other) ;  way  of  getting  to  (the 
r.  to  York,  ruin,  success;  royal  r.  to,  way 
of  attaining  without  trouble);  one's  way  or 
route;  r.-book,  describing  rr.  of  country  &c, 
itinerary ;  r.-hog,  bicyclist  or  motorist  regard- 
less of  others' safety  &c ;  r.-metal,  broken  stone 
for  r. -making ;  r.-side,  border  of  r.  (esp.  attrib., 
as  r.-s.  plants,  inn) ;  roadway,  r.,  central  part 
of  r.  (opp.  side-path),  part  of  bridge  or  railway 
used  for  traffic ;  roadworthy,  fit  to  be  used  on 
the  r.,  (of  person)  fit  to  travel.  Hence  (-)poad- 
ed2,  poa'dLESS,  aa.    [OE  rdd  (ridari  ride)] 

poad  2,  v.t.  (Of  dog)  follow  up  (game-bird,  or 
abs.)  by  foot-scent    [?] 

poa'dstep,  n.  Ship  at  anchor  in  roadstead  ; 
horse,  bicycle,  &c,  for  use  on  the  road ;  ex- 
perienced traveller,    [-ster] 

roam,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Ramble  (v.,  &  rarely  n. 
as  a  half -hour's  r.),  wander;  walk  or  travel 
unsystematically  over  or  through  or  about 
(country,  seas,  &c).    [?] 

roan1,  a.  &  n.  (Of  animal)  with  coat  of 
which  the  prevailing  colour  is  thickly  inter- 
spersed with  another,  esp.  bay  or  sorrel  or 
chestnut  mixed  with  white  or  grey  (often  with 


ROAN 


734 


ROCKER 


chief  colour  prefixed,  as  black,  blue,  red,  -r.); 
(n.)  r.  horse,  cow.  [OF,  cf.  Pi*,  rouant,  It.  &  Sp. 
roano,  etym.  dub.] 

roan2,  n.  Soft  sheepskin  leather  used  in 
bookbindingas  substitute  for  morocco,  [perh. 
f.  Rouen  in  France] 

poap,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Utter,  send  forth)  loud 
deep  hoarse  sound  (as)  of  lion,  person  or  com- 
pany in  pain  or  rage  or  loud  laughter,  the  sea, 
thunder,  cannon,  furnace,  &c.  (the  r.  of  the 
waves ;  rr.  of  laughter ;  lions  roaring  after 
their  prey ;  roared  with  pain  or  laughter  or 
for  mercy;  you  need  not  r.,  talk  so  loud  ;  set 
table  in  a  r.,  make  company  laugh  loud) ;  (of 
horse)  make  loud  noise  in  breathing  due  to  dis- 
ease, whence  poap'ER1,  Poap'iNG1,  nn.;  (of 
place)  be  full  of  din,  re-echo,  (often  again) ;  say, 
sing,  utter,  (words,  chorus,  oath,  &c,  often 
out)  in  loud  tone ;  make  deaf,  hoarse,  &c,  put 
dovm,  by  roaring;  (part.)  riotous,  noisy,  bois- 
terous, brisk,  (a  roaring  night,  stormy,  also 
spent  in  revelry ;  a  roaring  blade  archaic,  fast 
liver;  the  roaring  game,  curling;  roaring 
forties,  see  forty  ;  in  roaring  health',  drive  a 
roaring  trade),  [n.  f.  vb,  OE  rdrian,  cf.  LG 
raren,  G  rehren^  prob.  imit.] 

roast,  v.t.  &  1.  (p.p.  in  vb  forms  -ed,  as  adj. 
roast),  &  n.  Cook  (esp.  meat)  by  exposure  to 
open  fire  or  (improp.  for  bake)  in  oven  (prefers 
r.  beef,  his  meat  roasted);  heat  or  calcine  (ore) 
in  furnace ;  heat  (coffee-beans)  as  preparation 
for  grinding;  expose  (victim  for  torture,  one- 
self  or  some  part  for  warmth)  to  fire ;  ridicule, 
banter,  chaff;  undergo  roasting;  (part.)  very 
hot;  roasting-jack,  appliance  keeping  meat  in 
motion  while  roasting.  (N.)  r.  meat  or  a  dish 
of  it  (rule  the  r.,  be  master) ;  operation  of  roast- 
ing, [n.  partly  f.  OF  rost,  partly  f.  vb,  f.  OF 
rostir  f.  Teut.  (OHG  rosten  r.  rost  gridiron)] 

roaster,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  kind  of 
oven  for  roasting ;  ore-roasting  furnace;  coffee- 
roasting  apparatus;  pig,  potato,  &a,  fit  for 


roasting.    Ner1] 
pob,v.t.  D 

by    " 


>b,  v.  t.  Despoil  (person  &c. )  of  or  o/property 

.  violence,  feloniously  plunder  (person,  place, 
often  of),  deprive  of  what  is  due,  (r.  peter)  ; 
(abs.)  commit  robbery.  So  ro'bbep  [-erj, 
-er2(4)],  i>o'bbERV(2,  4),  nn.  [f.  OF  rob(b)eri. 
Teut.  (REAVE)] 

robe,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Any  long  loose  outer 
garment  (rare,  poet.,  metaph.) ;  (trade  name  of) 
kind  of  lady's  dress  in  one  piece;  outer  garment 
of  baby  in  long-clothes;  (often  pi.)  long  outer 
garment  worn  as  indication  of  wearer's  rank, 
office,  profession,  &c,  gown,  vestment,  (the 
long  r.,  legal  or  clerical  dress  ;  gentlemen  of  the 
r.,  lawyers) ;  r.-de-chambre  (F),  dressing-gown, 
wrapper.  (Vb)  invest  (person)  in  r.,  dress ;  as- 
sume one's  rr.  or  vestments.  [OF,  conn.  w. 
prec,  orig.  sense  booty] 

PO'bin,  K-,  n.  (Also  r.-redbreast)  small  red- 
breasted  bird;  (with  or  without  distinctive 
epithet)  kinds  of  Amer.,  Colonial,  &  Indian 
bird ;  r.-,  r.'s-,  in  plant  names,  as  R-run-the- 
hedge  ground-ivy,  r.'s-eye  herb-Robert;  R. 
GoodfeUow,  a  sportive  goblin  ;  R.  Hood,  (type 
of)  medieval  forest  outlaw;  round  i-r.  [OF, 
f am.  for  Robert] 

ro'borant,  a.  &  n.  (med.).  Strengthening 
(d rug).  [L  roborare  (robur  -oris  strength),  -ant] 

pd'bupite  (-er-),  n.  A  strong  flameless  ex- 
plosive.   [L  robur  (prec),  -ite  j(2)] 

PObu'St,  a.  (-er,  -est).  Of  strong  health  & 
physique,  not  slender  or  delicate  or  weakly,  (of 
persons,  animals,  plants,  body,  health,  &c.); 
(of  exercise,  discipline,  &c.)  tending  to  or  re- 
quiring strength,  invigorating,  vigorous;  (of 
intellect  &c.)   sensible,  straightforward,  not 


given  to  nor  confused  by  subtleties.  Hence 
pobu'stLY  2  adv.,  pobvrstNESS n.  [f.  L  robu- 
stus  (robur  strength)] 

pobu'stious,  a.  Boisterous,  self-assertive, 
noisy,  [earlier  in  common  use  =  prec;  now 
chiefly  w.  ref.  to  Hamlet  in.  ii.  10] 

poc,  n.  Gigantic  bird  of  Eastern  tales,  [f. 
Arab,  rokh] 

ro'cambole,  n.  Kind  of  leek,  Spanish  garlic. 
[F,  etym.  dub.] 

po'chet  (-tsh-),  n.  Surplice-like  vestment 
used  chiefly  by  bishops  &  abbots.  IOF,  f.  Teut. 
(G  rock  coat)] 

poek  ij  n.  Solid  part  of  earth's  crust  under- 
lying soil  (dug  down  to  the  living  r.;  often  bed- 
r.;  built,  founded,  on  ther.,  lit.,  &  fig.  secure  ; 
R.  of  ages,  Christ),  mass  of  this  projecting  & 
forming  a  hill,  cliff,  &c,  or  standing  up  into  or 
out  of  sea  &c  from  bottom  (the  R.,  Gibraltar ; 
run  upon  the  rr.,  see  rr.  ahead,  &c  of  lit.  or 
fig.  shipwreck  or  danger  of  it ;  r.  of  water  &c, 
ref.  to  Numb.  xx.  11) ;  stone  as  a  substance  (a 
mass,  needle  of  r.);  large  detached  stone, 
boulder;  (Geol.)  any  particular  igneous  or 
stratified  mineral  constituent  of  earth's  crust 
including  sands,  clays,  &c ;  kinds  of  hard  sweet- 
meat (usu.  almond  &c  r.);  (also  blue  r.)=r.- 
pigeon ;  r.-bed,  base  of  r.,  rocky  bottom ;  r.-bird, 
esp.  puffin ;  r.-cake,  bun  with  hard  rough  sur- 
face; r.-cork,  variety  of  asbestos;  r.-crystal, 
transparent  colourless  silica  or  quartz  usu.  in 
hexagonal  prisms ;  r.-dove,  r.-pigeon  ;  r.-drill, 
r. -boring  tool  or  machine;  r.  English,  mixed 
language  of  Gibraltar;  r.  fever,  kind  of  enteric 
prevalent  at  Gibraltar ;  r.-fish,  kinds  of  goby, 
bass,  wrasse,  &c;  r.-goat,  ibex;  r.-heum,  cut 
out  of  the  r.;  r.-leather,  as  r.-cork;  rockling 
[-lino1],  kinds  of  fish  esp.  sea-loach;  r.-oil, 
native  naphtha;  r. -paper,  as  r.-cork ;  r.-pigeon, 
kind  of  dove  haunting  rr.  &  supposed  source  of 
domestic  pigeon;  r.-ribbed,  (of  earth,  coast, 
&c)  with  ribs  of  r.;  r.-rose,  kinds  of  cistus  with 
yellow,  rose,  or  salmon  flowers ;  r.-salt,  found 
stratified  in  free  state;  r.-silk,  as  r.-cork;  r.- 
sucker,  sea-lamprey ;  r.-tar,  petroleum  ;  r.- 
whistler,  Alpine  marmot ;  r.-wood,  as  r.-cork  ; 
r.-work  or  po*ekERY(3)  n.,  pile  of  rough  stones 
with  soil  in  interstices  for  growing  ferns  &c. 
on,  also  natural  group  or  display  of  rr.  Hence 
po'ekLEss,  po'ckLiKE,  aa.,  po'ckLET  n.  [f. 
OF  roke,  rocque,  roche,  etym.  dub.] 

pock2,  n.  (hist.).  Distaff,  [cf.  Du.  rok(ken), 
G  rocken,  It.  rocca] 

pock3,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Move  (t.  &  i.) gently  to 
&  fro  (as)  in  cradle,  set  or  keep  (cradle  &c.)  or 
(of  cradle  &c)  be  in  such  motion,  (r.  him  to 
sleep ;  ship  rocking  on,  rocked  by,  the  waves ; 
sat  rocking  himself  or  rocking  in  his  chair ; 
rocked  in  security,  hopes,  &c );  (Gold-min. )  work 
(cradle),  work  cradle,  shake  in  cradle ;  sway 
(t.  &  i.)  from  side  to  side,  shake,  oscillate,  reel, 
(earthquake  rocks  house,  house  rocks,  a  rocking 
gait);  ro'eking-chair,  mounted  on  rockers,  or 
with  seatarranged  to  r. ;  ro'eking-horse,  wooden 
horse  on  rockers  for  child ;  rocking-stone,  poised 
boulder  easily  rocked ;  rocking-turn  in  skating, 
from  any  edge  to  same  in  opposite  direction 
with  body  revolving  away  from  convex  of  first 
curve  (counter-r.-t.  or  -rocker  or  counter,  same 
turn  with  body  revolving  away  from  concave); 
r. -shaft,  that  oscillates  about  axis  without  mak- 
ing complete  revolutions ;  r.-staff,  part  of  ap- 
paratus working  smith's  bellows ;  (n.)  rocking 
motion,  spell  of  rocking.  [OE  roccian ;  cf.  Du. 
rukken,  G  rucken,  tug] 

po'ckep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  one  of  the 
curved  bars  on  which  cradle  &c  rocks ;  gold- 
miner's  cradle ;  skate  with  highly  curved  blade ; 


ROCKET 


735 


ROLL 


(Skat.  )r.,counter-r.,= (counter-)  ROCK  Hng-turn. 
(rock3,  -er1] 

po'cket *,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  of  which  some 
are  used  as  salad  &  some  grown  for  flowers 
(Garden,  Roman,  &c,  r.;  R.  gentle,  Base  r., 
wild  mignonette;  Blue  r.,  kinds  of  wolfsbane 
&  larkspur,  also  bluebell).  If.  F  roquette  f.  It. 
ruchetta  (ruca  f.  L  eruca,  -ette)] 

PO'cket2,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Cylindrical  paper  or 
metal  case  that  can  be  projected  to  height  or 
distance  by  ignition  of  contents,  used  in  fire- 
work displays,  for  signalling,  to  carry  line  to 
ship  in  distress,  &c.  (Vb)  bombard  with  rr.; 
(of  horse  or  its  rider)  bound  upwards  or  dart 
like  r.;  (of  pheasant  &c.)  fly  straight  upwards, 
fly  fast  &  high,  whence  PO'eketER1  n.  [f.  F 
roquet  or  It.  rocchetta  (rocca  rock2,  -ette,  w. 
ref.  to  cylindrical  shape)] 

PO'eky,  a.,  &  n.  (pi.).  Of  rock,  full  of  or  a- 
bounding  in  rocks,  (the  R.  Mountains,  or  as  n. 
the  Rr.,  western  N.-Amer.  range);  like  rock  in 
ruggedness,  firmness,  solidity,  &c;  (rare)  un- 
steady, tottering.  Hence  ro'cklLY2  adv., 
po'ckiNESS  n.    [rock  *»  3,  -y  2J 

poco'co,  a.  &  n.  (Of  furniture,  architecture, 
&c.)  with  much  conventional  decoration,  taste- 
lessly florid,  in  the  Louis-Quatorze  or  Louis- 
Quinze  style,  (n.,  the  r.  style);  antiquated,  out 
of  date.    IF,  pern.  f.  roeaille  pebble- work] 

rod,  n.  Slender  straight  round  stick  growing 
as  shoot  on  tree  or  cut  from  it  or  made  from 
wood,  switch,  wand,  (somet.  as  symbol  of  office 
&c,  see  esp.  black  l  r. ;  aaron's-rod  ;  divining, 
dowsing,  -r.,  see  dowse);  such  stick,  or  bundle 
of  twigs,  for  use  in  caning  or  flogging  (the  r., 
use  of  this  ;  spare  the  r.  &  spoil  the  child ;  make 
&c.  a  r.for  one's  own  back,  prepare  trouble  for 
oneself;  kiss  the  r.,  take  punishment  meekly 
or  gladly ;  have  a  r.  in  pickle  for,  be  ready  to 
punish  when  time  comes);  =  fish Hng-r.;  (also 
rodman  &  PO'dsTER  n.)  angler ;  (as  measure) = 
perch2;  slender  metal  bar,  connecting  bar, 
shaft,  (curtain,  piston,  &c,  -r.);  (Physiol.)  r.- 
shaped  structure.  Hence  PO'dLESS,  PO'dLiKE, 
aa,,  ro'dLET  n.    [OE  rodd,  cf.  ON  rudda  club] 

pode.    See  ride. 

pd'dent,  a.  &  n.  (Animal)  of  the  order  Ro- 
dentia  with  strong  incisor  &  no  canine  teeth, 
whence  rode'ntiALa.;  gnawing  (esp.  in  Path, 
of  ulcers).    If.  L  rodere  ros-  gnaw] 

podomonta'de,  n.,  a.,  &  v.i.  Boastful,  brag- 
ging, (saying  or  talk).  (Vb)  brag,  talk  big;  hence 
podomonta'dER1  n.  [vb  &  adj.  f.  n.,  F  (Ro- 
domont  f.  It.  Rodomonte  character  in  Orlando 
Furioso,  -ade] 

poe1  (ro),  n.  (collect,  sing,  somet  for  pi.). 
Small  kind  of  European  &  Asiatic  deer;  roe- 
buck, male  r. ;  r.-deer,  r.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  rdha, 
cf.  Du.  ree,  G  reh] 

poe2  (ro),  n.  Mass  of  eggs  (also  hard  r.)  in 
fish's  ovarian  membrane  (r.-corn,  one  egg) ;  soft 
r.,  male  fish's  milt ;  r.-stone,  oolite.  Hence 
(-)poed2  a.    fcf.  MDu..  MLG,  MHG,  roge] 

rog-a'tion,  n.  (PI.)  litany  of  the  saints  chant- 
ed on  the  three  days  before  Ascension  Day 
(7*.  days,  these;  r.  week,  Sunday,  including, 
preceding,  them;  r.  flower,  milkwort),  whence 
POgra'tionAL  a.;  (Rom.  Ant.)  law  proposed  be- 
fore the  people  by  consul  or  tribune  (Licinian 
&c.  rr.,  proposed  by  Licinius  &c).  [f.  L  rogatio 
(rogare  ask.  -ation)] 

Ro'gep  (-J-),  male  name  (the  jolly  R.,  pirates' 
black  flag ;  R.  or  Sir  R.  de  Coverley,  a  country- 
dance  &  tune). 

pogue  (g),  n.,  &  v.t.  Idle  vagrant  (archaic) ; 
knave,  rascal,  swindler,  (often  playfully  of  mis- 
chievous child  or  waggish  or  arch-mannered 
person);  inferiorplarntamongseedlings(vb,  weed 


out  rr.  from) ;  (also  r. -elephant,  -buffalo,  &c.) 
wild  beast,  esp.  elephant,  driven  or  living  apart 
from  the  herd  &  of  savage  temper;  shirking 
racehorse  or  hunter.  Hence  PO*gHERY(4)  n., 
PO'g-uiSH J  a.,  PO'g-uishLv  -  adv.,  po'guish- 
ness  n.    [16th-c.  cant  wd,  etym.  dub.] 

roi'nek,  n.  (S.-Afr.-Du.  opprobrious  name, 
lit.  red- neck,  for)  British  soldier. 

poi'step,  v.i.  Revel  noisily,  be  uproarious, 
(esp.  in  part,  as  adj.).  Hence  POi'stePER1, 
poi'stepiNG »,  nn.  [f.  obs.  roister  roisterer  f .  F 
rustre  var.  of  ruste  r.  L  RUSTicitsl 

Ro'land,  name  of  nephew  of  Charlemagne 
celebrated  in  legend  often  with  his  comrade 
Oliver  (a  R.for  an  Oliver,  effective  retort). 

r6/e,  n.  Actor's  part ;  one's  task  or  function, 
what  one  is  appointed  or  expected  or  has  un- 
dertaken to  do.    [F  (foil.)] 

poll *,  n.  Cylinder  formed  by  turning  flexible 
fabric  such  as  paper  or  cloth  over  &  over  upon 
itself  without  folding  (rr.  of  carpet,  printing- 
paper,  &c;  swiss  r.),  (in  Ionic  capital)  volute; 
document,  esp.  official  record,  in  this  form 
(Master  of  the  Rr.,  judge  of  Court  of  Appeal 
with  charge  of  certain  public  records ;  the  Rr., 
buildings  in  which  these  were  formerly  kept 
now  superseded  by  Public  Record  Office,  also 
court  of  Master  of  the  Rr. ),  register  or  catalogue 
(in  the  r.  of  saints ;  a  long  r.  of  heroes ;  on  the 
rr.  of  fame  ;  RKNT&r.)  esp.  official  list  of  quali- 
fied solici tors  (strike  off  therr.,  debar  from  prac- 
tising for  dishonesty  &c.)  or  list  of  persons  esp. 
soldiers  or  schoolboys  used  to  detect  absentees 
(r.-call,  calling  over  of  this);  more  or  less  (semi)- 
cylindrical  straight  or  curved  mass  of  anything 
however  formed  (a  r.  of  butter,  soap,  straw, 
tobacco,  hair ;  has  rr.  of  fat  on  him ;  r.  of  bread 
or  usu.  r.,  small  loaf  esp.  for  breakfast  use), 
(Arch.,  also  r.-moulding)  moulding  of  convex 
section  ;  turned-back  edge  of  something,  e.g. 
coat-collar;  (Book-bind.)  revolving  patterned 
tool  for  marking  cover ;  cylinder  or  roller,  [f, 
OF  rolle  (now  role)  f.  L  rotulus  collat.  form  of 
rotula  (foil.)] 

poll2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Move  (t.  &  i.)  or  send  or 
go  in  some  direction  by  turning  over  &  over 
on  axis  often  with  aid  of  gravitation  (r.  barrel ; 
barrel  started  rolling ;  ball,  coin,  rolled  under 
the  table,  into  a  hole ;  river  rolls  down  stones ; 
rolling  stone  gathers  no  moss ;  planets  r.  on 
their  courses;  years  r.  on  or  by,  go  smoothly ; 
r.  one  over,  send  him  rolling  or  sprawling), 
make  revolve  between  two  surfaces  (rolling  a 
marble  between  his  palms),  wrap  usu.  up  in  by 
rolling  motion  (rolled  himself  up  in  the  blan- 
kets)', (t,  &  i.  of  eyes)  change  direction  (of)  with 
rotatory  motion  (his  eyes  r.  strangely ;  rolled 
his  eyes  on  us);  wallow,  turn  about  in  fluid  or 
loose  medium,  (of  horse  &c.)  lie  on  back  &  kick 
about,  (porpoise,  swimmer,  rolls  in  the  water ; 
rolling  in  money,  luxury,  ease ;  mule  tried  to  r„ 
as  way  of  getting  rid  of  rider  or  load) ;  sway  or 
rock  (t.  &  i. ),  walk  with  swaying  gait  as  of  sailor, 
reel,  (rolled  himself  from  side  to  side ;  ship  rolls 
&  pitches ;  he  rolled  up  to  her);  undulate,  show 
undulating  surface  or  motion,  go  or  propel  or 
carry  with  such  motion,  (sea,  river,  rolls  ;  river 
rolls  its  waters  to  sea  ;  waves  r.  in ;  smoke  rolls 
up  ;  chimney  rolls  up  smoke ;  the  mist  rolled 
away ;  a  rolling  expanse  or  plain);  (t.  &  i.  of 
sound)  utter  or  be  uttered,  sound,  with  vibra- 
tory orundulating  or  trilling  effect  (r.  out  verses, 
song,  Sec. ;  thunder,  drum,  organ,  voice,  echo, 
rolls;  r.  one's  rs);  (of  wheeled  vehicle)  advance 
or  convey  usu.  along,  by,  &c,  (of  person)  be  so 
conveyed,  (carriage  rolled  along,  rolled  them 
by ;  he  rolled  past  in  his  carriage ;  rolling-stock, 
railway  company's  wagons  &  trucks) ;  flatten 


ROLLER 


736 


ROMANTIC 


by  passing  roller  over  or  by  passing  between 
rollers  {r.  lawn,  metal,  paste  for  pies,  &c;  roll- 
ing-pin, roller  for  paste ;  rolling-press,  copper- 
plate-printer's press  with  revolving  cylinder, 
also  press  with  rollers  for  various  purposes); 
turn  (t.  &  i.)  over  &  over  upon  itself  into  more 
or  less  cylindrical  shape  (usu.  up ;  the  way  to  r. 
a  great-coat',  hedgehog  rolls  itself  into  a  ball 
or  rolls  up) ;  form  (t.  &  i.)  in(to)  cylindrical  or 
spherical  shape,  or  accumulate  into  mass,  by 
rolling  (r.  cigarettes,  a  huge  snowball,  snow  or 
string  into  ball ;  the  reckoning  is  rolling  up,  in- 
creasing in  amount;  saint  &  philosopher  rolled 
into  one);  r.-top  desk,  with  flexible  cover  sliding 
in  curved  grooves ;  hence  po'llABLEa.  (N.)  roll- 
ing motion  {the  r.  of  the  sea,  ship);  spell  of 
rolling  (ar.  on  the  grass);  rolling  gait;  quick 
continuous  beating  of  drum ;  long  peal  of  thun- 
der or  shout ;  rhythmic  flow  of  words,  [f.  OF 
roller =lt.rotolare  (Lrotuladim.  of  rota  wheel)] 

po'llep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  cylinder  or 
rod  of  wood,  stone,  metal,  &c,  &  of  various 
sizes  &  proportions  used  alone  or  usu.  as  rotat- 
ing part  of  machine  for  lessening  friction, 
smoothing  ground,  pressing,  stamping,  crush- 
ing, spreading  printer's  ink,  rolling  up  cloth 
&c.  on,  &  other  purposes;  (usu.  r.-bandage) 
long  surgical  bandage  rolled  up  for  convenience 
of  applying;  kind  of  tumbler- pigeon ;  long 
swelling  wave ;  brilliant-plumaged  bird  allied 
to  crows  [G,  f.  rollen  to  roll];  r.-SKATK2,  -skat- 
ing ;  r. -towel,  endless,  working  on  r.    [-ER1] 

rd'llick,  v.i.,  &  n.  Be  jovial,  indulge  in  high 
spirits,  enjoy  life  boisterously,  revel,  (esp.  in 
part,  as  adj.).  (N.)  exuberant  gaiety;  frolic, 
spree,  escapade.    [?] 

po'ly-po'ly,  n.  &  a.  (Also  r.  pudding)  pud- 
ding made  of  sheet  of  paste  covered  with  jam 
&c,  formed  into  roll,  &  boiled;  (adj.,  usu.  of 
child)  podgy,  plump,    [prob.  formed  on  roll2] 

Rom,  n.  (pi.  Roma).  Male  gipsy,  (pi.)  gipsies. 
[Romany  wd] 

Romaic,  a.  &  n.  (Of,  in,  &c.)  the  vernacular 
language  of  modern  Greece,  [f.  Gk  Romaikos 
Roman  (used  esp.  of  Eastern  empire)] 

Roma'ika,  n.  National  dance  of  modern 
Greece,    [mod.  Gk  (-Are),  orig.  fem.  adj.  (prec.)] 

Rd'man J,  n.  Citizen,  soldier,  native,  or  in- 
habitant, of  ancient  Rome,  member  of  ancient- 
R.  State,  {King,  Emperor,  of  the  Rr.,  sovereign 
head  of  Holy  R.  Empire) ;  inhabitant  of  medie- 
val or  modern  Rome ;  (pi.)  Christians  of  ancient 
Rome  {Rr.,  or  in  full  Epistle  to  the  Rr.,  N.-T. 
book,  abbr.  Rom.) ;  (Print.)  roman2  type  (abbr. 
in  press-correcting,  rom.);  =roman  catholic. 
[f.  L  Romanus  (rome,  -an)] 

Ro'man2,  a.  Of  ancient  Rome  or  its  territory, 
people,  or  (rarely;  usu.  Latin)  language  {R. 
Empire,  that  established  by  Augustus  27  B.  c. 
&  divided  by  Theodosius  a.  d.  395  into  western 
or  Latin  &  eastern  or  Greek  empires,  of  which 
the  eastern  lasted  till  1453,  &  the  western,  after 
lapsing  in  476,  was  revived  800  by  Charlemagne 
&  continued  to  exist  as  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire till  1806 ;  R.  law,  code  developed  by  ancient 
Rr.  &  forming  basis  of  many  modern  codes ;  R. 
pottery,  bricks,  road,  &c,  surviving  from  period 
of  R.  rule ;  R  cement,  trade  nameforahydraulic 
cement  named  after  ancient-R.  kind;  Rebalance, 
beam,  or  steelyard,  ordinary  steelyard ;  R.  sim- 
plicity, honesty,  virtue,  patriotism,  &c,  as  of 
Rr.  of  early  Republic;  JR.  nose,  with  high 
bridge,  aquiline,  whence,  of  person  or  horse, 
Roman-nosED-  a.;  R.  letters  or  type,  of  the 
plain  upright  type  used  in  ordinary  print,  opp. 

Oothxc  or  black  letter  &  italic ;  R.  alphabet, 

that  used  by  Rr.  &  still  with  slight  modifications 

in  W.  Europe ;  R.  numerals,  tho  letters  I,  V, 


&c.  used  in  composing  number-symbols,  see 
below*  for  mod.  use,  &  cf.  arabic  ;  R.  architec- 
ture, composite,  &  see  order1;  R.  history, 
historian,  &c,  of  ancient  Rome) ;  of  papal 
Rome,  esp. = rom  an  catholic,  whence  Ko#- 
maniSH1(2)  a.,  Ro'manizER1  n.;  of  medieval 
or  modern  Rome  (R.  school,  painting  school  of 
Raphael ;  R.  fever,  malaria  prevalent  at  Rome ; 
R.  snail;  R.  vitriol,  sulphate  of  copper;  R. 
candle).  Hence  Ro*maniSM(3,  4),  Ro'man- 
ist(2,  3),  nn.,  Romani'stic  a.,  Ro*mamzE(2, 
3,  4)  v.t.  &  i.,  RomanizATiON  n.,  Roma'no- 
comb.  form.  *Mod.  use  of  R.  numerals,  differ- 
ing in  some  respects  from  the  ancient:  The 
only  symbols  now  used  are  1=1,  V  =  5,  X=10, 
L=50,  C  =  100,  D=500,  M=1000;  the  letters  com- 
posing a  number  are  ranged  in  order  of  value, 
&  the  number  meant  is  found  by  addition,  e.  g. 
MDCLXVI=1666 ;  if  a  letter  or  set  of  letters  is 
placed  before  a  letter  of  higher  value,  it  is  to  be 
subtracted  from  it  before  the  addition  is  done, 
e.g.  IIC=98,  MCM  =  1900;  IIII  is  usu.  preferred 
to  IV  on  clock-faces,    [as  prec] 

Roman  Catholic,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  the 
Church  of  Rome.  Hence  Roman-Catho'l- 
ically,  Roman-Ca'tholieLY 2,  advv.,  Ro- 
man-Catho'lieiSM(3)  n.  [f.  c.  1600,  perh. 
orig.  as  non-controversial  compromise  between 
Roman(ist),  Romish,  &c.  &  Catholic] 

roma'nce,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.i.  1  {R-):  Vernacular 
language  of  old  France  mainly  developed  but 
distinguished  from  Latin,  corresponding  lan- 
guage of  Spain,  Provence,  &c,  (collect.)  the 
languages  descended  from  Latin  (adj.,  of  lan- 
guages, thus  descended).  2  (r-) :  Medieval  tale 
usu.  in  verse  of  some  hero  of  chivalry  (named 
as  written  in  R.);  prose  or  rarely  verse  tale 
with  scene  &  incidents  remote  from  e  very-day 
life,  class  of  literature  consisting  of  such  tales ; 
set  of  facts,  episode,  love  affair,  &c,  suggesting 
such  tales  by  its  strangeness  or  moving  nature ; 
atmosphere  characterizing  such  tales,  mental 
tendency  to  be  influenced  by  it,  sympathetic 
imaginativeness,  whence  poma'nceLESS  a.; 
(an)  exaggeration,  (a)  picturesque  falsehood, 
(vb.,  exaggerate,  draw  the  long-bow);  (Mus.) 
short  piece  of  simple  character,  [t.  OF  romanz 
f.  pop.  L  *romanice  (opp.  Latine  in  Latin)  adv. 
f.  romanicws] 

poma'neer,  n.  Medieval  or  other  writer  of 
romances ;  fantastic  liar.  [f.  romance  vb  (prec.) 
partly  in  obs.  sense] 

Rq' manes, n.  Gipsy  language.  [Gipsy  (adv.)] 

Romanesque  (-k),  a.  &  n.  =romance  1  (a. 
&  n.);  (Arch.)  (in)  style  of  building  prevalent 
in  Romanized  Europe  between  the  classical  & 
Gothic  periods,    [esque] 

Roma'nic,  a.  &  n.  Descended  from  Latin, 
Romance  (a.  &  n.);  descended  from,  inheriting 
civilization  &c.  of,  the  Romans,  Romance- 
speaking,    [f.  L  Romanicus  (roman1,  -ic)] 

Roma'nity,  n.  (rare).  Civilization  &  influ- 
ence of  Roman  empire,    [roman2,  -ity] 

Roma-nsh,  Rou-,  Ru-,  n.  &  a.  (In)  the 
rhaeto-romanic  tongue  of  N.-W.  part  of  E. 
Switzerland;  =  Rhaeto-Romanic.  [as romance] 

poma'ntie,  a.  &  n.  Characterized  by  or 
suggestive  of  or  given  to  romance,  imaginative, 
remote  from  experience,  visionary,  (a  r.  story, 
scene,  adventure,  girl) ;  (of  music)  subordinat- 
ing form  to  theme,  imaginative,  passionate ; 
(of  projects  &c.)  fantastic,  unpractical,  quixotic, 
dreamy;  (of  literary  or  artistic  method  &c.) 
preferring  grandeur  or  picturesqueness  or  pas- 
sion or  irregular  beauty  to  finish  &  proportion, 
subordinating  whole  to  parts  or  form  to  matter, 
(opp.  classic,  classical),  whence  roma'nti- 
eiST(2)  n.;  hence  roma'ntiCALLY  adv.,  ro- 


ROMANY 


737 


ROOT 


ma*nticiSM(2,  3)  n.,  poma*ntieiZE(2,  3)  v.i. 
&  t.  IN.) :  (pi.)  r.  ideas  or  talk  ;  romanticist,  [f. 
F  romantique  (romant  tale,  now  roman,  var. 
of  romanz  romance,  -ic)] 

Ro'many,  n.  &  a.  Gipsy  (n.  &  a.) ;  (pi.,  also 
collect,  sing.)  the  gipsies,  (pi.)  gipsies;  the  gipsy 
language,  [f.  Gipsy  Romani  fern.  &  pi.  of 
Romano  adj.  (rom)] 

pomau'nt,  n.  (archaic).  A  romance  or  tale 
of  chivalry  &c.    [f.  OF  romant  see  romantic] 

Rome,  n.  City  or  ancient  State  of  R.  (R.  was 
not  built  in  a  day,  encouragement  to  faint- 
hearted): Roman  empire;  Church  of  R., 
whence  Ro'mewARDa,  &  adv.,  Ro'me wards 
adv.,  Ro'miSH1  a.  (contempt.).  [OF,  f.  L 
Roma] 

pomp,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  children  &c.)  play  about 
together,  chase  each  other,  wrestle,  &c. ;  (Racing 
slang)  get  along,  past,  &c,  without  eftort, 
come  in  or  home  as  easy  winner.  (N.)  child  or 
woman  fond  of  romping,  tom-boy ;  spell  of 
romping,  boisterous  play,  (often  game  of  rr.); 
hence  PO'mpv2a.  [perh.  n.  f.  vb,var.  of  ramp2] 

ro'ndeau  (-do),  n.  Ten-line  or  thirteen-linc 
poem  with  only  two  rhymes  throughout  & 
opening  words  used  twice  as  refrain.  [F,  ear- 
lier rondel]  __ 

po-ndel,  n.  (Special  form  of)  rondeau.  [F, 
rond  round1,  -le(2)] 

ro'ndo,  n.  Piece  of  music  with  leading  theme 
to  which  return  is  made.    [It.,  f.  F  rondeau] 

ro*ndure,n.(poet.).  Roundoutline  or  object, 
[f.  F  rondeur  (round1,  -or  *)] 

Rontgen  rays.    See  ray \ 

rood,  n.  The  cross  of  Christ  (archaic  ;  often 
in  oaths,  as  by  the  R.);  crucifix,  esp.  one  raised 
on  middle  of  r.-screen,  wooden  or  stone  carved 
screen  separating  nave  &  choir)  r.-arch,  be- 
tween nave  &  choir;  r.-beam,  cross-beam,  usu. 
as  head  of  r. -screen,  supporting  r.;  r. -cloth, 
veiling  r.  in  Lent;  r.-loft,  gallery  on  top  of  r.- 
screen) ;  quarter  of  an  acre  (esp.  as  loose  term  for 
small  piece  of  land ;  not  a  r.  remained  to  him). 
[OE  rod  cross,  cf.  OFris.  rode,  cogn.  w.  rod] 

pdbf,  n.,  &  v.t.  Upper  covering  of  house  or 
building  usu.  supported  by  its  walls  (under 
one's  roof,  in  one  s  house,  esp.  w.  ref.  to  hospi- 
tality ;  also  fig.,  as  the  r.  of  heaven ;  r.  of  the 
world,  high  mountain  range ;  r.  of  the  mouth, 
palate ;  under  a  r.  of  foliage),  top  of  covered 
vehicle  esp.  when  used  for  outside  passengers ; 
r.-tree,  ridge-pole  of  r. ;  hence  POO'fAGE(l)  n., 
(-)poofED2,  poo'fLESS,  aa.  (Vb)  cover  with 
r.,  be  r.  of,  (often  in,  over)  ;  hence  POO'ftNG1^) 
n.  JOE  hrof,  cf.  OFris.  rhoof,  MDu.  roof] 

pdbk 2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Black  hoarse- voiced  bird  of 
crow  tribe  nesting  in  colonies ;  sharper,  esp.  at 
dice  or  cards,  person  who  lives  on  inexperienced 
gamblers &c,  (cf.  pigeon);  r.-pie,  of  young rr. ; 
r.-rifle,  of  small  bore  for  r. -shooting;  hence 
poo'kLET,  Poo'kLiNG »,  nn.,  p<Jb*kY2  a.  ( Vb) 
win  money  from  at  cards  &c.  esp.  by  swindling ; 
charge  (customer)  extortionately.  [OE  hroc, 
cf.  Du.  roek,  G  rueh  ;  prob.  imit.] 

pdbk  2,  n.  (chess).  =  castle  2.  [f.  OF  roc  ult. 
f.  Pers.  rukh] 

poo'kepy,  n.  (Clump  of  trees  with)  colony  of 
rooks ;  colony  of  penguins  &c.  or  seals ;  crowded 
cluster  of  mean  nouses  or  tenements,   [-ery] 

poom,  n.  Space  occupied  or  that  might  be 
occupied  by  something,  capaciousness  orability 
ro  accommodate  contents,  (takes  up  too  much  r. ; 
there  is  plenty  ofr.;  no  r.  to  turn  in,  to  swing 
a  CAT1;  would  rather  have  his  r.  than  his  com 
party,  wish  him  away;  we  have  nor.  here  for 
idlers ;  make  r.,  vacate  standing-ground  &c.  or 
post  &c.  for  or  for  another,  withdraw,  retire, 
also  clear  a  space/or  person  or  thing  by  removal 

F.D. 


of  others ;  R.  for  archaic,  ellipt.  command  to 
make  way  for  some  one ;  in  one's  r.,  in  the  r.  of 
instead  of,  in  succession  to,  as  substitute  for), 
whence  POO*mY2a.,  Poo'miNESs  n.,  poo'mi- 
ly2  adv.;  opportunity,  scope,  to  do  or  for  (r.  to 
deny  ourselves ;  no  r.  for  dispute ;  leave  r.  for 
evasion);  part  of  house  enclosed  by  walls  or  par- 
titions, floor,  &  ceiling,  (pi. )  set  of  these  occupied 
by  person  or  family,  apartments  or  lodgings, 
(transf.),  the  company  in  a  r.  (set  ther.  in  a  roar), 
whence  Poo*mFUL(2)  n.,  -poomED 2  a.  [com.- 
Teut.;  OE  rum,  cf.  G  raum,  Sw.  &  Da.  rum] 

poost  *,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Bird's  perching  or  rest- 
ing place,  esp.  hen-house  or  part  of  it  in  which 
fowls  sleep,  (transf.)  sleeping-accommodation, 
bed(room),  (go  to  r„  retire  for  the  night ;  at  r., 
perched,  in  bed  ;  curses  come  home  to  r.,  recoil 
upon  curser).  (Vb) :  (of  birds  or  persons)  settle 
for  sleep,  be  perched  or  lodged  for  the  night ; 
provide  with  sleeping-place,  [vb  f.  n.,  OE  hrost, 
cf.  MDu.  roest] 

poost2,  n.  Tidal  race  about  Orkneys  &  Shet- 
lands.    [f.  ON  rost] 

poo'step,  n.  Domestic  cock  (esp.  U.S.).  [-er1] 

root *,  n.  Part  of  plant  normally  below  earth's 
surface  &  serving  to  attach  it  to  earth  &  convey 
nourishment  from  soil  to  it,  (pi.)  such  part  di- 
vided into  branches  or  fibres,  corresponding 
organ  of  epiphyte,  part  attaching  ivy  to  its 
support  (also  poo'tLET  n.),  permanent  under- 
ground stock  of  plant,  small  plant  with  r.  f  #r 
transplanting,  (plant,  such  as  turnip  or  carrot, 
with)  edible  r.,  (pull  up  by  the  rr.,  uproot  lit.  & 
fig. ;  take,  strike,  r.,  begin  to  draw  nourishment 
from  soil,  fig.  get  established ;  lay  axe  to  r.  of 
tree  or  institution,  set  about  destroying  it ;  r.  & 
branch  l);  (bibl.)  scion,  offshoot,  (there  shall  be 
a  r.  of  Jesse) ;  imbedded  part  of  some  bodily 
organ  or  structure,  part  of  thing  attaching  it 
to  greater  or  more  fundamental  whole,  (r.  of 
tongue,  tooth,  nail,  &c. ;  r.  of  a  gem,  esp.  of 
emerald,  cloudy  part  by  which  it  adhered  to 
stone ;  rr.  of  mountain,  its  base) ;  source  or 
origin  (of;  love  of  money  is  the  r.  of  all  evil ;  a 
r.  of  bitterness ;  r.  fallacy,  idea,  &c,  the  one 
from  which  the  rest  originated);  basis,  depen- 
dence, means  of  continuance  or  growth,  (has  its 
r.  or  rr.  in  selfishness  ;  has  no  r.  in  the  nature 
of  things) ;  bottom,  essential  substance  or  na- 
ture, (get  at  the  rr.  of  things ;  has  the  r.  of  the 
matter  in  him,  is  essentially  sound,  w.  ref.  to 
Job  xix.  28);  (Math.)  r.  of,  number  or  quantity 
that  when  multiplied  by  itself  a  usu.  specified 
number  of  times  gives  (specified  number  &c. ; 
square  or  second  r.  of  It,  or  ellipt.  r.  of  U  or  r.  h, 
symbol  V  i,  is  2;  Vsis  irrational ;  cube  or  third 
r.  of  27,  symbol  4^27, is  8);  (Philol.)  ultimate  un- 
analysable element  of  language,  basis  (whether 
itself  existing  as  a  word  or  not)  on  which  words 
are  made  by  addition  of  prefixes  or  suffixes  or  by 
other  modification,  (symbol  V,  as  sopor  is  from 
Vswep)  ;  (Mus.)  fundamental  note  of  chord ; 
r.-stock,=  rhizome,  also  primary  form  whence 
offshoots  have  arisen.  Hence  POO*tAGE(l,3)  n., 
poo'tr.ESS,  PootY  2,  aa.  [OE  f.  ON  rot ;  cogn.  w. 
L  radix,  &  w.  wort] 

poot2,  v.t.  &  i.  (Cause  to)  take  r.,  fix  firmly 
to  the  spot,  establish,  (some  kinds  r.  freely ;  take 
care  to  r.  them  firmly ;  fear  rooted  him  to  the 
ground ;  esp.  in  p.p. ,  as  her  affection  was  deeply 
rooted,  rooted  objections  to,  obedience  rooted  in 
fear,  whence  Poo'tedLY2  adv.,  POO*tedNESS 
n. ) ;  drag  or  dig  up  by  the  rr. ;  r.  out,  exterminate ; 
uproot,  tear  away,  from  (poet.),    [f.  prec] 

poot.3,  pout  (rowt),  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  swine  &c.) 
turn  up  ground  with  snout,  beak,&c,  in  search 
of  food;  turn  iip  (ground)  thus ;  (transf.)  search 

21 


ROOTERY 


738 


ROSEO- 


out,  hunt  up,  rummage  {among,  in),  [earlier 
wroot,  f.  OE  wrotan  {rot  root  *)] 

poo'tepy,  n.  Pile  of  roots  &  stumps  for  grow- 
ing garden  plants  on  (cf.  rock  ^ery).    [-ery] 

poo'tle,  v.i.  &  t.    =  ROOT  3.     [-LE(3)] 

pope,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Piece  of)  stout  cordage 
(prop,  over  lin.  in  circumf.,  cf.  cable1,  cord) 
made  by  twisting  strands  of  hemp,  flax,  hide, 
or  wire,  into  one  {the  r.,  halter  for  hanging  per- 
son, also=TiGHT-r.;  on  the  high  rr.;  the  rr., 
those  enclosing  prize-ring  or  other  arena;  know, 
learn,  put  one  up  to,  the  rr.,  the  conditions  in 
some  sphere  of  action  ;  give  one  r.,  r.  enough  to 
hung  himself,  plenty  ofr.,  &c,  not  check  him, 
trust  to  his  bringing  about  his  own  discom- 
fiture ;  r.ofsand,  delusive  security ;  r.of  onions, 
ova,  pearls,  these  strung  together ;  on  the  r.  of 
mountaineers,  roped  together);  viscid  or  gela- 
tinous stringy  formation  in  beer  or  other  liquid ; 
r.-dancer,  -cmg,  performer,  -ming,  on  tight-r.; 
r.-drill,  in  which  a  r.  stretched  by  two  men  re- 
presents company  &c;  r. -ladder,  two  long  rr. 
connected  by  short  cross-rr.  as  ladder;  rope- 
manship, skill  in  r. -walking  or  r.-climbing ;  ?*.- 
moulding,  cutspirally  in  imitation  of  r. -strands; 
r.-quoit,  ring  of  r.  used  in  quoits  played  on 
board  ship ;  r.'s-end,  short  piece  of  r.  used  to 
flog  (esp.  sailor)  with;  r.-waVc,  long  piece  of 
ground  used  for  twisting  r.;  r.-walker,  -king,= 
r.-dancer,  -cing ;  r.-yard,  r.-making  establish- 
ment; r.-yarn,  (piece  of  the)  material(esp.  when 
uhpicked)of  which  r. -strands  consist,mere  trifle; 
hence  po'pingMB)  n.,  PO'pY2  a.,  PO'piNESS  n. 
(Vb)  fasten  or  secure  with  r.;  (Mountaineering) 
connect  (party)  with  r.,  attach  (person)  to  r.,  put 
on  r.;  use  rr.  in  towing  &c;  enclose,  close  in, 
(space)  with  r. ;  r.  in,  secure  adherence  of,  decoy ; 
(Racing)  check  (horse),  check  horse,  (of  athlete) 
not  put  forth  full  powers,  in  order  to  lose  race; 
become  ropy  or  viscid.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  rap,  cf. 
Du.  reep,  G  reif,  Icel.  &  Norw.  reip] 

Roquefort  (ro'kforr),  n.  Kind  of  French 
cheese  of  goats'&ewes'inilkreseniblingStil ton. 
[R.  in  France] 

ro-quelaure  (-ke-),  n.  (hist).  Man's  cloak 
reaching  to  knees  (18th  a).    [F  (Duke  of  R)] 

po-quet  (-ke),  v.t.  &  i.  {-eting,  -eted,  pr.  -ling, 
-id),  &  n.  Cause  one's  ball  to  strike,  (of  ball) 
strike,  another  ball  at  croquet ;  strike  another 
ball  thus ;  (n.)  act  or  fact  of  roqueting,  [arbi- 
trary f.  croquet2  &  orig.  in  same  sense] 

POP'qual,  n.  Whalewith dorsal  fin, fin-back. 
[F,  f.  Norw.  royrkval  (raud  red,  kval  whale)]- 

POPty,  raugh'ty,;!.  (slang).  Enjoyable  (&ad 
a  r.  time);  fond  of  amusement  &  excitement,  [?] 

po'sace  (-zas),  n.  Rose- window ;  rose-shaped 
ornament  or  design.    [F  (rose)] 

posaeeous  (z-),  a.  Of  the  order  Rosaceae, 
of  which  the  rose  is  the  type.  So  posa'cean 
n.    [f.  L  rosaceus  (rose,  -aceous)] 

posa'niline  (-z->,  n.  (Kinds  of  red  dye  ob- 
tained from)  an  organic  base  derived  from  ani- 
line. Jrose,  aniline] 

rosarian,  n.  Rose-fancier;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  mem- 
ber of  a  Confraternity  of  the  Rosary,  [f.  L  ro- 
sarium rosary,  -an] 

rosarium,  n.    Rose-garden.    [L(foll.)l 

ro'sapy  (-z-),  n.  Rose-garden,  rose-bed ;  (R-C. 
Ch.)  form  of  prayer  in  which  fifteen  decades  of 
Aves  are  repeated,  each  decade  preceded  by  Pa- 
ternoster &  followed  by  Gloria,  book  containing 
this,  string  of  165  beads  for  keeping  count  in 
this  {lesser  r.,  of  55).    [f.  L  rosarium  (rose, 

-arium);  R.-C.  sense  f.  LL  sense  chaplet] 

Ro'seian  (-shl-),  a.  Like  or  worthy  of  Roscius, 

famous  Roman  actor  of  1st  c.  b.c.    [-an] 

pose  i  (z),  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  (Prickly  bush  or  shrub 

bearing)  a  beautiful  &  usu.  fragrant  flower  usu. 


of  red  or  yellow  or  white  colour  (blush  2,  brier1, 

CABBAGE,  DAMASK,   MOSS1,  MUSK,  TEA,  &C,  ?*.; 

also  in  names  of  other  flowering  plants,  as 
banksia  r.,  Christmas  r.,  R.  of  Jericho,  the 
Resurrection  plant  with  dried  fronds  unfolding 
under  moisture,  R.  of  Sharon,  unidentified 
eastern  flower,  R  of  May,  white  narcissus ; 
attar,  otto,  of  rr.;  red  as  a  r.;  gather  rr.  or 
life's  rr.,  seek  pleasure;  path  strewn  with  rr., 
life  of  delights ;  bed  ofrr.,  pleasant  easy  post  or 
condition,  esp.  in  is  no  b.  ofrr.;  so  is  not  all  rr.; 
r.  without  a  thorn,  impossible  happiness,  un- 
alloyed delight;  the  white  r.  of  virginity,  inno- 
cence, &c;  the  r.  of  with  place-name,  most 
beautiful  girl  or  woman  in  •  Wars  of  the  Rr., 
15th-c.  civil  wars  between  Yorkists  with  white 
&  Lancastrians  with  red  r.  as  emblem ;  under 
ther.,=suBrosa),  whence po*sery(3) n.;  repre- 
sentation of  the  flower  in  heraldry  or  decora- 
tion (esp.  as  national  emblem  of  England,  cf. 
thistle,  shamrock,  leek;  Golden  r.,  orna- 
ment blessed  by  Pope  on  4th  Sunday  in  Lent  & 
sent  as  compliment  to  some  R.-C.  sovereign, 
city,  &c),  r. -shaped  design ;  rosette  worn  on 
shoe  or  clerical  hat ;  protuberance  round  base 
of  animal's  horn  or  some  birds'  eye ;  sprink- 
ling-nozzle of  watering-pot  or  hose,  whence 
(-)posED2a.;  =  r.-diamond;  =  r.-window;  light 
crimson  colour,  pink,  (usu.  pi.)  rosy  complexion 
{has  quite  lost  her,  spoiled  her  natural,  rr.); 
ther.,  erysipelas;  r.-apple,  tropical  tree  culti- 
vated for  foliage  &  fruit,  its  fruit ;  r.-bay,  ole- 
ander, rhododendron,  azalea,  willow-herb;  rose- 
bud, bud  of  r.  (often  attrib.,  as  r.-b.  mouth), 
pretty  girl,  (U.S.)  debutante  ;  r.-bush,  r.  plant ; 
r.-chafer,  green  or  copper-coloured  beetle  fre- 
quenting rr.;  r.-colour,  rosy  red,  pink, (fig.)  plea- 
sant state  of  things  or  outlook  {life  is  not  all 
r.-c);  r.-coloured,  rosy,  (fig.)  optimistic,  san- 
guine, cheerful,  {takes  r.-c.  views;  see  things 
through  r.-c.  spectacles);  r.-cut,  cut  as  a  r.-dia- 
mond, hemispherical  with  curved  part  in  tri- 
angular facets ;  r. -drop,  skin-disease  with  red 
blotches ;  r.-engine,  appendage  to  lathe  for  en- 
graving curved  patterns ;  r.-gall,  excrescence 
on  dog-r.  &c.  made  by  insect ;  r.-leaf,  leaf,  usu. 
petal,  of  r.  {crumpled  r.-l.,  slight  vexation  al- 
loying general  felicity) ;  r. -lipped,  with  rosy 
lips ;  r.-nail,  with  head  shaped  like  r.-diamond ; 
r.  noble,  15th-16th  c.  gold  coin  of  varying  value 
stamped  with  r.;  r.-pink,  pigment  of  chalk  or 
whiting  coloured  with  Brazil-wood  decoction, 
also = r.  -colour{ed)  lit.  &  fig. ;  r.  -rash, = roseo  la  : 
r.-red  a.  &  n.,  red  as  (of)  a  r.;  r.-root,  kinds  of 
plant  with  root  smelling  like  r.  when  dried  or 
bruised ;  r.-tree ;  r.-vinegar,  infusion  of  rr.  in 
vinegar  for  application  in  headache  &c;  r.- 
water,  perfume  made  from  rr.,  (fig.)  compli- 
ments, gentle  handling,  &c.  (r. -water  surgery ; 
revolutions  are  not  made  with  r.-w.);r.  -window, 
circular,  usu.  with  spokelike  mullions;  rose- 
wood, kinds  of  cabinet  wood  named  from  their 
fragrance;  hence  po*S6less,  po'solike,  aa. 
(Adj.)  coloured  like  a  pale  red  r.,  of  warm  pink. 
(Vb)  make  (face,  snow-slope,  &c.)  rosy  (esp.  in 
p.p.).  [OE rose, rdse,f.Lrosaprob.f.  Gkrhodea 
rose-tree  (rhodon  rose)] 

pose  2.    See  rise  K 

po'seate  (-ziat),  a.  =nosK-coloured  (lit.  & 
fig.).  Hence  PO'seateLY2  adv.  [f.  L  roseus 
(rose  J)  rosy  +  -ate  2] 

po*semapy  (-zm-),  n.  Evergreen  fragrant 
shrub  with  leaves  used  in  perfumery  Sec.  & 
taken  as  emblem  of  remembrance,  [earlier 
rosmarine  f.  L  ros  marinus  {ros  dew,  marine) 
w.  assim.  to  rose,  Mary  (prob.  the  Virgin)] 

po*seo-,  comb,  form  in  names  of  salts  8c 
alkalis  of  L  roseus  rose-coloured,  as  -cobalt. 


ROSEOLA 739 

roseola  (-ze-),  n.  Rosy  rash  in  measles  &c. ; 
German  measles.  Hence  pose'olAR^POse'o- 
lous,  aa.    [mod.  L  (prec,  -ola  dim.  term.)] 

pose'tte  (-55- ),  n.  Rose-shaped  ornament  for 
dress  or  harness  made  of  ribbons,  leather  strips, 
&c.;  (Arch.)  carved  or  moulded  conventional 
rose  on  wall  &c,  also  rose-window;  (Biol.) 
rose-like  cluster  of  organs,  markings  resem- 
bling rose ;  =ROSE-diamond\  roselike  object  or 
arrangement  of  parts.    Hence  POse'ttED2  a. 

[F  (ROSE1,  -ETTE)J 

Rosicpu'cian  (z-,  -shn),  n.  &  a.  (Member) 
of  a  society  devoted  to  occult  lore  &  magic  said 
to  have  been  founded  1484  by  Christian  Rosen- 
kreuz.  Hence  Rosicpu*cianiSM(3)  n.  [f.  L 
9'osa,  rose,  crvx  cruris  cross,  +  -an,  as  latiniza- 
tion  of  Rosenkreuzian] 

pd'sin  (-z-),  n.,  &  v.t.  =  resin  (esp.  of  solid 
residue  after  distillation  of  oil  of  turpentine 
from  crude  turpentine) ;  hence  PO'sinv 2  a. 
(Vb)  smear,  seal  up,  rub  (esp.  bow  or  string  of 
fiddle  &c),  with  r.    [changed  f.  resin] 

Rosina'nte  (-z-),  Roz-,  n.  Worn-out  horse, 
jade.  [f.  Sp.  Rorinante  (rocin  jade,  cf.  obs.  E 
rouney  riding-horse)  Don  Quixote's  horse] 

posd'lio  (-z-),  n.  A  S.-Europ.  sweet  cordial. 
[It.,  f.  L  ros  dew,  solis  of  the  sun,  cordial  being 
orig.  made  from  plant  sundew] 

po'step,  n.  List  or  plan  showing  turns  of 
duty  for  individuals  or  companies  esp.  of  a 
military  force,  [f.  Du.  rooster  list,  orig.  grid- 
iron (roosten  roast),  w.  ref.  to  parallel  lines] 

PO'stpal,  a.  (Of  column  &c.)  adorned  with 
beaks  actual  or  sculptured  &c.  of  ancient  war- 
galleys;  (Zool.  &c.)  of,  on,  the  rostrum,  [f.  LL 
rostralis  (rostrum,  -al)] 

rostra'ted,  a.  (Of  column  &c)  =  prec; 
(Zool.  &c.)  having,  ending  in,  a  rostrum,  [f.  L 
rostratus  (rostrum,  -ate2)] 

ro'strum,  n.  (pi.  -ra,  -rums).  (Sing.,  or  pi. 
-ra  of  single  specimen  but  usu.  w.  pi.  constr. ; 

I»l.  in  pi.  sense,  -ra  or  -rums)  platform  for  pub- 
ic speaking  (orig.  that  in  Roman  forum  adorned 
with  beaks  of  captured  galleys),  pulpit,  office 
&c.  that  enables  one  to  gain  the  public  ear; 
(Rom.  Ant.)  beak  of  war-galley  (pi.  usu.  -ra) ; 
(Zool.,  Ent»,  Bot.)  beak,  stiff  snout,  beaklike 
part,  whence  PO'stPATE2,  POstPi'FEROUs, 
PO'striFORM,  aa.,  rostro-  comb.  form.  IL,= 
beak  (rodere  gnaw)] 

pd'sulate  (-z-),  a.  (bot.).  (Of  leaves)  packed 
over  each  other  like  rose-petals.    [LL  rosula 

(ROSE1,  -ULE),  -ATE2,  See  -UL-] 

PO'sy  (-zl),  a.  Coloured  like  a  red  rose  (esp. 
of  complexion  as  indicating  health,  of  blush, 
wine,  sky,  light,  &c),  (fig.)  =  ROSE-coZowred ; 
(now  rare)  smelling  like  a  rose,  made  of  or 
covered  or  strewn  with  roses ;  r.  cross,  emblem 
of  rosicrucians;  r.-fingered,  epithet  of  dawn 
&c.    Hence  PO'siLY2  adv.,  PO'siNESSn.    [y2] 

pot1,  n.  &  int.  Decay,  putrefaction,  rotten- 
ness, (esp.  in  timber,  cf.  dry1-/*.);  virulent 
liver-disease  of  sheep  (usu.  the  r.) ;  (slang)  non- 
sense, absurd  statement  or  argument  or  pro- 
posal (often  as  int.  of  incredulity  or  ridicule), 
foolish  course,  undesirable  state  of  things, 
(don't  talk  r.\  it  is  perfect  r.  to  trust  him;  what 
r.  that  it  is  not  open  on  Sundays!) ;  (Cricket, 
War,  &c.)  sudden  series  of  unaccountable 
failures  on  one  side  (a  r.  set  in),  [prob.  f.  Scand. 
(Icel.,  Norw.,  rot),  cogn.  w.  foil.] 

pot2,  v.i.  &  t.  Undergo  natural  decomposi- 
tion, decay,  putrefy,  (r.  off,  drop  from  stem 
&c.  through  rottenness),  (fig.,  of  society,  insti- 
tutions, &c.)  gradually  perish  from  want  of 
vigour  or  use,  (of  prisoner)  pine  away  (left  to  r. 
in  gaol) ;  cause  to  r.,  make  rotten,  (slang)  spoil 
or  disconcert   (has  rotted  the  whole  plan) ; 


ROUGE 

(slang)  chaff,  banter,  tease,  (abs.)  talk  ironically 
(he  is  only  rotting) ;  r.-gut  a.  &  n.,  (liquor)  in- 
jurious to  stomach.  [com.-Teut.;  OE  rotian, 
cf.  Fris.  rotsje,  Du.  rotten,  Icel.  rota] 

po'ta,  n.  List  of  persons  acting,  or  duties  to 
be  done,  in  rotation,  roster;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  supreme 
ecclesiastical  &  secular  court.    [L,  =  wheel ] 

po'tapy,  a.  &  n.  Acting  by  rotation ;  (n.)  r. 
machine,     [f.  LL  rotarius  (prec,  -arv1)] 

ro*  tate  J, a. (bot. ).  Wheel-shaped,  [rota,- ate 2) 

pota'te2,  v.i.  &  t.  Move  (t.  &  i.)  round  axis 
or  centre,  revolve ;  arrange  (esp.  crops)  or  take 
in  rotation.  Hence  pd'tATiVE,  PO'tatORY, 
pota'tABLE,  aa.    [f.  L  ROTAre,  -ate  3] 

pota'tion,  n.  Rotating;  recurrence,  recur- 
rent series  or  period,  regular  succession  in  office 
&c,  (often  in,  by,  r.;  r.  of  crops,  growing  of 
different  crops  in  regular  order  to  avoid  ex- 
hausting soil).  Hence  Pota'tionAL  a.  [f.  L 
rotatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

pota'top,  n.  (Anat.)  muscle  that  rotates  a 
limb  &c ;  revolving  apparatus  or  part.  [L  (ro- 
tate2, -or2)] 

potch(e),  n.  The  little  auk.  [earlier  rotge, 
cf.  Fris.  roigies  brent-goose] 

pote,  n.  Mere  habituation,  knowledge  got 
by  repetition,  unintelligent  memory,  (only  by  r.r 
as  say,  know,  do,  by  r.).    [perh.  OF, = route] 

p6*tifep,  n.  Wheel-animalcule,  member  of 
class  Rotifer  a  with  rotatory  organs  used  in 
swimming.    [L  rota,  -ferous] 

po'tten,  a.  Decomposed  or  decomposing, 
putrid,  perishing  of  decay,  falling  to  pieces  or 
friable  or  easily  breakable  or  tearable  from  ago 
or  use ;  (of  sheep)  affected  with  the  rot ;  morally, 
socially,  or.  politically  corrupt,  effete,  (r. 
borough);  inefficient,  worthless;  (slang;  of 
state  of  things,  plan,  &c.)  disagreeable,  regret- 
table, beastly,  ill-advised;  r.-stone,  decomposed 
siliceous  limestone  used  as  polishing-powder. 
Hence  po*ttenLY2  adv.,  PO'ttenNESS  n.  If. 
ON  rotinn  cogn.  w.  rot2,  ret] 

Rotten  Row  (ro),  n.  (Now  usu.  the  Row) 
road  in  Hyde  Park,  fashionable  resort  for  riding 
&  driving,    [perh.  f.  prec] 

PO'ttOP,  n.  (slang).  Useless  or  inefficient  per- 
son or  thing ;  person  one  dislikes,  [rot  2,  -er  j] 

potu'nd,  a.  Circular,  round,  (rare),  whence 
potu'ndATE2  a.,  potu'ndi-,  potu*ndo-, 
comb,  forms,  (bot);  (of  mouth)  rounded  in 
speaking  &c,  (of  speech,  literary  style,  &c)  as 
from  r.  mouth,  sonorous,  sounding,  grandilo- 
quent; (of  persons)  plump,  podgy.  Hence  or 
cogn.  potu'ndiTY  n.,  Potu*ndLY2adv.  (f.  L 
rotundus  cogn.  w.  rota] 

potirnda,  n.    Building  of  circular  ground- 

f)lan,  esp.  one  with  dome ;  circular  hall  or  room, 
earlier  rotonda,  It.,  fem.  of  rotondo= prec] 

rotur/er(F),  n.  Plebeian.  [F  (roture  plebeian 
tenure,  prob^f.  L  ruptura  breaking,  -ier)] 

pou'ble  (roo-),  n.  The  Russian  monetary  unit 
(now  a  silver  coin =2/lJ).    [F,  f.  Russ.  rtible) 

poucou  (rookoo'),  n.  (W.-Ind.  tree  yielding) 
orange  dye.      [F,  f.  Braz.  urucu] 

roue  (roo'a),  n.  Debauchee,  rake.  [F,  p.p. 
of  rouer  break  on  wheel, = one  deserving  this] 

rouge1  (roozh),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Red  (only 
in  R.  Croix  pr.  krwah,  R.  Dragon,  two  pursui- 
vants of  English  college  of  Arms,  &  in  r.-royal 
marble,  reddish  Belgian  kind).  (N.)  fine  red 
powder  made  from  safflower  &  used  for  colour- 
ing cheeks  &  lips;  plate-powder  of  oxide  of 
iron  ;  revolutionary  politician  ;  r.  et  noir  (-an- 
wahT),  card -game  played  on  table  with  red  & 
black  marks  on  which  money  staked  is  laid  (r., 
the  red  in  this).  (Vb)  colour,  adorn  oneself, 
with  r.    [F.  f^  L  rubeus  cogn.  w.  red] 

pouge-  (rooj),  n.    Scrummage,  also  touch- 


ROUGH 


740 


ROUND 


down  counting  as  point  to  opponents,  in  Eton 
football.    [?J 

poug-h  (mf),a.,  adv.,n.,  &  v.t.  Of  uneven  or  ir- 
regular surface,  not  smooth  or  level  or  polished, 
diversified  or  broken  by  prominences,  hairy, 
shaggy,  coarse  in  texture,  rugged,  (r.  skin, 
hands,  paper,  bark,  road,  cloth,  country;  book 
ivith  r.  edges,  in  which  edges  of  original  sheets 
are  left  untrimmed ;  r.  leaf,  first  true  leaf  of 
springing  plant  after  the  smooth  leaves  or  coty- 
ledons, in  the  r.  I.,  at  this  stage;  r.  rice,  un- 
husked  rice,  paddy);  not  mild  or  quiet  or  gentle, 
unrestrained,  violent,  stormy,  boisterous,  disor- 
derly, riotous,  inconsiderate,  harsh,  unfeeling, 
drastic,  severe,  grating,  astringent,  (r.  manners, 
soldier,  play ;  r.  water,  sea,  weather,  wind ;  r. 
words ;  r.  element  of  the  popxdation,  quarter  of 
the  town ;  r.  usage,  handling ;  r.  reviedies ;  r. 
barytone  voice;  r.  claret;  r.  tongue,  habit  of 
rudeness ;  gave  him  a  lick  with  the  r.  side  of  my 
tongue,  spoke  severely  to  him;  r.  passage, 
crossing  over  r.  sea ;  r.  work,  violence,  also  task 
requiring  it,  &see  below;  have  a  r.  time,  suffer 
r.  handling  or  hardship ;  horse  has  r.  paces,  jolts 
rider;  fact  &c.  is  r.  on  person,  worse  luck  than 
he  deserves;  r.  music);  deficient  in  finish  or 
elaboration  or  delicacy,  incomplete,  rudimen- 
tary, entirely  or  partly  un  wrought,  merely  pass- 
able, inexact,  approximate,  preliminary,  (r. 
nursing,  style,  welcome,  kindness,  plenty,  ac- 
commodation, sketch,  drawing;  r.  work,  &  see 
above;  r.  state,  attempt,  makeshift,  circle;  r. 
stone,  not  dressed ;  r,  diamond  ;  r.  justice ;  r. 
translation,  estimate ;  r.  copy  of  picture  &c, 
reproducing  only  essentials ;  r.  draft;  r.  copy1  ; 
r.  coat,  first  coat  of  plaster  on  lath ;  r.  coating, 
r.-cast;  r.  &  ready,  not  elaborate,  just  good 
enough,  not  over-particular,  roughly  efficient  or 
effective);  r.-dt-tumble,  (adj.)  irregular,  scram- 
bling, disorderly,  regardless  of  procedure-rules, 
(n.)  haphazard  fight,  scuffle;  r.-cast,  (adj.,  of 
wall  «Scc.)  coated  with  mixture  of  lime  &  gravel, 
(of  plan  &c.)  imperfectly  elaborated,  (n.)  plaster 
of  lime  &  gravel  for  walls,  (v.t.)  coat  (wall)  with 
r.-c, prepare  (plan,  essay,  &c.)in  outline;  r.-dry, 
dry  (clothes)  without  ironing  &c. ;  r.-footed, 
with  feathered  feet  (in  names  of  birds);  r.-grind, 
give  preliminary  grinding  to  (edged  tool  &c.) ; 
r.-hew,  shape  out  roughly,  give  crude  form  to, 
(p.p.,  uncouth,  unrefined);  r.-hound,  kind  of 
dogfish;  r.-legged,  with  hairy  or  feathered  legs 
(of  breeds  or  horse  &  bird);  r.-rider,  horse- 
breaker,  man  who  can  ride  unbroken  horses, 
(Mil.)  irregular  cavalryman;  roughshod,  (of 
horse)  having  shoes  with  the  nail-heads  pro- 
jecting (ride  r.-s.,  domineer  over) ;  r. -spoken  ; 
r. -wrought,  with  the  earlier  processes  done 


[land 

ploughed  r. ;  play  r. ;  chiefly  in  compds,  of 
which  some  are  given  above).  (N.)  r.  ground 
(esp.  over  r.  &  smooth),  (Golf)  the  r.  ground 
bordering,  or  between  greens  of,  links ;  one  of 
the  spikes  inserted  in  roughing  horse ;  hard 
part  of  life,  piece  of  hardship  (usu.  the  r.  &  the 
smooth,  the  rr.  &  the  smooths);  rowdy,  hooligan, 
man  or  boy  of  lower  classes  ready  for  lawless 
violence ;  the  unfinished  or  the  natural  state, 
the  general  way,  (shape  it  from  the  r. ;  have 
seen  it  only  in  the  r. ;  is  true  in  the  r.).  (Vb) 
turn  up  (feathers,  hair,  &c.)  by  rubbing  against 
the  grain  (r.  one  up  the  wrong  way,  irritate 
him) ;  secure  (horse  or  its  shoes)  against  slipping 
by  insertion  of  spikes  or  projecting  nails  in 
shoes ;  r.  it,  do  without  ordinary  conveniences 
of  life;  break  in  (horse);  shape  or  plan  out 
roughly  ;  sketch  in  roughly  ;  tune  up  (piano) 


roughly ;  give  first  shaping  to  (gem,  lens,  &c). 
[OE  ruh,  cf.  Du.  ruig,  G  rauh] 
roulade  (roolah'd),  n.    Quick  succession  of 
notes  rhythmically  equivalent  to  one.  [F  (rouler 

ROLL2,  -ADE)] 

rouleau  (roolo'),  n.  (pi.  -x  or  -s,  pr.  -z).  Cylin- 
drical packet  of  gold  coins ;  coil  or  roll.  [  F  (role 

ROLL1)] 

poule'tte  (roo-),  n.  Gambling  game  on  table 
with  revolving  centre ;  (Math.)  curve  generated 
by  point  on  rolling  curve ;  device  for  keeping 
hair  in  curl ;  revolving  toothed  wheel  used  in 
engraving,  similar  wheel  for  perforating  post- 
age stamps.  [F,  dim.  of  rouelle  dim.  of  roue 
f.  L  rota  wheel] 

Rou'man,  Rouma'nian,  (rob),  nn.  &  aa. 
(Native  or  language)  of  Roumania.  [f.  F  Rou- 
main  f.  native  Roman  f.  L  Romanes  ;  -ian] 

Roume'liote,  (roo),  n.  Native  of  Roumelia. 

[-OT2J 

pou'neival  (row-),  n.  (Also  r.  pea)  large 
variety  of  pea.  [from  16th  c. ;  perh.  f .  Ronces- 
valles  place-name] 

pound1  (row-),  a.  Spherical  or  circular  or 
cylindrical  or  approaching  these  forms,  pre- 
senting convex  outline  or  surface,  (the  r.  world; 
r.  shot,  spherical  ball  for  smooth-bore  cannon ; 
r.  buckler,  hole,  mat,  of  circular  outline;  r. 
table,  with  disk  top ;  the  R.  Table,  at  which 
Arthur  &  his  knights  sat  that  none  might  have 
precedence ;  r.  table  conference,  held  at  r.  table 
for  same  purpose ;  r.  game,  proper  for  r.  table, 
players  being  of  any  number  &  without  sides 
or  partners ;  r.  face,  as  broad  as  long ;  r.  jacket, 
cut  level  below,  without  skirts;  r.  hand  or  text, 
writing  with  bold  curves ;  r.  tower,  postjimbs; 
r.  arch,  semicircular  as  in  Romanesque,  opp. 
pointed ;  r.  cheeks,  plump,  not  hollow ;  r.  shoul- 
ders, so  bentforward  that  backisconvex,  whence 
pound-shouldePED  2  a. ;  r.  vowel  in  Phonet., 
pronounced  with  rounded  lips) ;  done  with  or 
involving  circular  motion  (r.  dance,  waltz ;  r. 
trip,  voyage,  with  return  to  starting-point ;  r. 
or  r.-arm  or  r.-hand  bowling,  with  arm  swung 
horizontally,  cf.  underhand,  overhand ;  r.  toicel, 
endless  on  roller ;  r.  robin,  written  petition  with 
signatures  in  circle  to  conceal  order  in  which 
they  were  written) ;  entire,  continuous,  all  to- 
gether, not  broken  or  defective  or  scanty,  sound, 
smooth,  plain,  genuine,  candid,  outspoken,  (r. 
dozen,  score,  that  &  no  less,  so  many  together; 
r.  numbers,  tens,  hundreds,  &c,  with  neglect 
of  minor  denominations,  whence = roughly  cor- 
rect ;  a  r.  sum,  considerable ;  a  r.  style,  flowing; 
at  a  r.  trot,  vigorous;  a  r.  voice,  not  harsh  ;  r. 
unvarnished  tale,  the  plain  truth ;  be  r.  with 
one,  archaic,  speak  home-truths  to  him ;  a  r. 
oath,  unmistakable) ;  roundhead,  member  of 
Parliament  party  in  17th-c.  civil  war  (from 
custom  of  wearing  hair  close  cut);  r.-house, 
(Hist.)  lock-up  or  place  of  detention,  (Naut.) 
cabin  or  set  of  cabins  on  after  part  of  quarter- 
deck (chiefly  in  old  sailing-ships) ;  r.-top,  plat- 
form about  masthead,  formerly  circular.  Hence 
pou'ndiSH  ](2)  a., POU'ndNESS n.  [f.  OF rund-, 
rond-  (F  rond),  f.  L  rotundms] 

pound2,  n.  R.  object  (this  earthly  r.,  earth ; 
rr.  of  ladder,^  rungs ;  r.  of  beef,  thick  disk  from 
haunch  as  joint ;  r.  of  toast,  disk  &c.  cut  across 
loaf);  (Sculpt.)  solid  form  as  opp.  relief;  cir- 
cumference, bounds,  extent,  of  (in  all  the  r.  of 
Nature) ;  revolving  motion,  circular  or  cir- 
cuitous or  recurring  course,  circuit,  cycle, 
series,  (the  earth  in  its  daily  or  yearly  r. ;  the 
daily r.,  ordinary  occupations  of  the  day;  go 
for  a  good  r.,  long  walk  out  &  home ;  a  r.  of 
days,  pleasures,  visits;  make,  go,  one's  rr., 
take  customary  walk  esp.  of  inspection ;  make 


ROUND 


741 


ROVE 


the  r.  of,  go  r. ;  news,  story,  goes  the  r„  is 
passed  on),  (Mil.)  watch  that  goes  r.  inspecting 
sentinels  or  circuit  it  makes,  (Golf)  playing  of 
all  holes  in  course  once,  (Mus.)  kind  of  canon 
for  three  or  more  equal  voices ;  allowance  of 
something  distributed  or  measured  out,  one  of 
set  or  series,  one  bout  or  spell,  one  stage  in 
competition,  (serve  out  a  r.  of  spirit,  20  rr.  of 
ball  cartridge ;  never  fired  a  single  r.;  r.  after 
r.  of  cheers  ;  a  fight  of  ten  rr. ;  threw  up  the 
sponge  after  the  third  r.;  the  winners  in  the 
first  r.  are  paired  for  the  second);  roundsmari, 
tradesman's  employee  going  r.  for  orders  & 
with  goods,    [f.  F  rond  (prec.)  &  prec] 

pound3,  adv.  &  prep.  With  more  or  less  cir- 
cular motion,  with  return  to  starting-point 
after  such  motion,  with  rotation,  with  change 
to  opposite  position  lit.  or  fig.,  (sun  goes,  sum- 
mer comes,  r. ;  brings  us  r.  to  winter ;  sleep  the 
clock  r.,  for  twelve  or  twenty-four  hours ;  all 
the  year  r. ;  6in.  r„  in  girth  ;  wheels  go  r. ;  he 
turned  short  r. ;  soon  icon  him  r.) ;  to  or  at  or 
affecting  all  or  many  points  of  a  circumference 
or  area  or  members  of  a  company  &c,  in  every 
direction  from  a  centre  or  within  a  radius, 
(glasses  r.,  for  all  present  to  drink ;  tea  was 
served  r.;  send  r.  the  hat;  Home  Rule  all 
r.,  for  each  nationality;  an  allr.  man,  one 
of  varied  talents;  show  one  r.,  take  him  to 
all  points  of  interest;  room  hung r.  with  por- 
traits ;  spread  destruction  r. ;  all  the  neigh- 
bours for  a  mile  r.) ;  by  circuitous  way  (will 
you  jump  or  go  r.t;  go  a  long  way  r.;  ask  one 
?•.,  out  of  his  house  into  one's  own ;  order  the 
carriage  r.,  from  coach-house  to  door) ;  all  r., 
Hght  r.,  r.  &r„  emphatic  forms  of  r.;  r.  about, 
in  a  ring  (about),  all  r.  (adv.  &  prep.),  on  all 
sides  (of),  with  change  to  opposite  position, 
circuitously ;  roundabout,  (n.)  circuitous  way, 
piece  of  circumlocution,  merry-go-r.,  (adj.)  cir- 
cuitous, circumlocutory,  plumpor  stout.  (Prep.) 
so  as  to  encircle  or  enclose  (tour  r.  the  world ; 
has  a  wrapper  r.  her) ;  with  successive  visits 
to,  at  or  to  points  on  the  circumference  of, 
(hawks  them  r.  the  cafes;  station  them  r.  the 
field ;  seated  r.  the  table) ;  in  various  directions 
from  or  with  regard  to  (diffuses  cheerfulness  r. 
her;  shells  bursting  r.  me);  having  as  axis  of 
revolution  or  central  point  (turns  r.  its  centre 
of  gravity ;  argue  r.  &  r.  subject,  not  come  to 
close  quarters  with  it ;  write  book  r.  a  subject) ; 
so  as  to  double  or  pass  in  curved  course,  having 
thus  passed,  in  the  position  that  would  result 
from  thus  passing,  (go,  be,  find  person,  r.  the 
corner;  get  r.);  all  r.,  right  r.,  r.  &  r.,  em- 
phatic forms  of  r.    [f.  round  »» 2] 

pound4,  v.t.  &  i.  Invest  with,  assume,  r. 
shape  (rounded  eyes,  mouth;  her  form  is 
rotmding;  r.  vowel,  pronounce  it  with  rounded 
lips ;  r.  off  or  r.  the  angles,  make  them  less 
sharp ;  r.  dog's  ears,  crop  them) ;  bring  to  com- 

{)lete  or  symmetrical  or  well-ordered  state 
often  off;  r.  off  or  r.  a  sentence,  estate,  career) ; 
gather  up  (cattle,  &  transf.)  by  riding  r.,  whence 
rou'nd-up  n.;  pass  r.,  double,  (cape  &c); 
turn  (t.  &  i.)  r.  (rare,  chiefly  naut.;  rounded  on 
his  heel  to  look  at  me  ;  r.  boat  off  &lc,  turn  her 
to  meet  wave  &c;  ship  rounds  to,  comes  to 
wind  &  heaves  to;  r.  on  of  informer,  peach 
upon),     [f.  ROUND1*3] 

pound5  (row),  v.i.  &  t.  (archaic).  Whisper 
(t.  &  i. ;  chiefly  w.  double  obj.  as  rounded  him 
in  the  ear  that,  told  him  secretly  that).  [OE 
rimian  (run  rune)] 

pou'ndel  (row-),  n.  Small  disk,  esp.  decora- 
tive medallion  &c;  rondeau  or  rondel,  [f.  OF 
rondel,  see  round1,  -le(2)] 

pou'ndelay  (row  -),  n.     Short  simple  song 


with  refrain  ;  bird's  song.  ff.  F  rondelet  (ron- 
del, -et1)  w.  assim.  to  lav1] 

pou'ndep,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  round4  ;  also, 
(pi.)  game  with  bat  &  ball  between  two  sides 
with  r.  (or  complete  run  of  player  through  all 
the  bases  arranged  in  a  round)  as  unit  of  scor- 
ing,   [round  4> 2,  -er  l] 

rou'ndly,  adv.  In  thorough-going  manner 
(go  r.  to  work);  bluntly,  with  plain  speech, 
without  qualification,  severely,  (told  him  r. 
that  he  would  not ;  r.  asserts  that  it  is  true ; 
was  r.  abused) ;  in  circular  way  (r.  oval ;  swells 
outr.).    [-LY2] 

roup1  (roop),  v.t,  &  n.,  (Sc.  &  north.).  Sell 
by  auction;  (n.)  an  auction,  [n.  f.  vb  (orig. 
sense  shout),  cf.  Icel.  raupa  boast] 

roup  2  (roop),  n.  Kinds  of  poultry-disease  (a) 
with  swellings  on  rump,  (b)  with  purulent 
catarrh.  Hence  pou*pY2  a.  [(a)  etym.  dub., 
(b)  perh.  imit.  of  hoarse  breathing] 

rouse1  (rowz),  n.  (archaic).  Draught  of  liquor, 
bumper,  toast,  revel,  drinking-bout,  (take  one's 
r.,  carouse  ;  give  a  r.,  propose  or  drink  toast), 
[prob.  for  carouse,  perh.  f.  wrong  division  of 
drink  carouse] 

rouse2  (rowz),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Startle  (game) 
from  lair  or  cover ;  wake  or  stir  up  or  startle 
(person)  from  sleep  or  inactivity  or  confidence 
or  carelessness  (often  up,  from,  out  of,  to  action, 
to  energy,  to  do,  &c. ;  r.  oneself,  overcome  one's 
indolence ;  wants  rousing,  is  indolent ;  a  rous- 
ing cheer,  song,  sermon,  lie) ;  provoke  temper 
of,  inflame  with  passion,  (is  terrible  when 
roused) ;  evoke  (feelings) ;  stir  (liquid,  esp.  beer 
while  brewing);  (Naut.)  haul  vigorously  in, 
out,  up ;  cease  to  sleep,  become  active,  ;(usu. 
up);  (n.,  mil.)  the  reveille,  [orig.  as  hunting 
term ;  etym.  dub.] 

pouse  3  (rowz),  roose  (-z),  v.t.  Sprinkle  (her- 
ring &c.)  with  salt  in  curing,  [earlier  arrouse 
f.  Farrouser  f.  L  AD(rorare  f.  ros  roris  dew)] 

pou'sop,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  rouse2  ;  esp.: 
implement  for  rousing  beer;  outrageous  or 
rousing  lie.    [-er1] 

Rousseau'ism  frooso-),  n.  (Adherence  to) 
views  on  religion,  politics,  education,  &c,  of 
Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  French  author  1712-78. 
So  RousseauESQUE,  Rousseau'iAN, 
Rousseau'isH1,  Rousseau*AN,aa.,  Rous- 
seau*iST(2),  RousseauTiE'U),  nn.  &  aa. 
[-ism] 

Roussillon  (F),  n.  A  red  wine.  [R.,  old 
French  province] 

pout  •  (rowt),  n.,  &  v.t.  Assemblage  or  com- 
pany esp.  of  revellers  or  rioters,  (Law)  assem- 
blage of  three  or  more  persons  engaged  in  un- 
lawful act ;  riot,  tumult,  disturbance,  clamour, 
fuss ;  (archaic)  large  evening  party  or  recep- 
tion (r.-seat,  light  bench  hired  out  for  rr.) ;  dis- 
orderly retreat  of  defeated  army  or  troops  (put 
to  r.,  utterly  defeat) ;  (vb)  put  to  r.  [f.  OF 
route  in  senses  now  lost  in  F] 

pout2  (rowt),  v.i.  &  t.  =root3;  also,  force 
or  fetch  out  (of  bed  or  from  bed  or  house  or 
hiding-place),    [var.  of  root3] 

poute  (root  &  in  mil.  use  rowt),  n.  Way 
taken  in  getting  from  starting-point  to  destina- 
tion; (Mil.)  marching  orders  (get,  give,  the  r.), 
column  ofr.,  formation  of  troops  on  the  march ; 
en  r.  (F),  on  the  way  (is,  did  it,  en  r.).  [F  (now 
=  road),  f.  L  rupta  (via  way)  fern.  p.p.  of  rum- 
pere  break,  wjth  other  senses  in  OF,  see  rout1] 

routine  (roote'n),  n.  Regular  course  of  pro- 
cedure, unvarying  performance  of  certain  acts, 
(attrib.)  performed  by  rule  (r.  duties  &c). 
Hence  POUtl*niSM(3),  pouti*nisr(2),  nn.  [F 
(prec,  -1NE4)! 

rove J,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Wander  without  settled 


ROVE 


742 


RUBBER 


destination,  roam,  ramble  (roving  sailor,  kinds 
of  creeper),  (of  eyes)  look  in  changing  direc- 
tions ;  wander  over  or  through ;  (Angling) 
troll  with  live  bait;  (n.)  act  of  roving  (esp.  on 
the  r.).  [orig.  term  in  archery = shoot  at  casual 
mark  with  range  not  determined  ;  etym.  dub.] 

rove2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Sliver  of  cotton,  wool,  &c, 
drawn  out  &  slightly  twisted.  (Vb)  form  into 
rr.;  hence  po'ver1  [-er1]  n.    [?] 

rove  3,  n.  Small  metal  plate  or  ring  for  rivet 
to  pass  through  &  be  clinched  over.   [f.  ON  ro] 

rove4.    See  reeve 3. 

ro'ver2  (for  r.1  see  rove2),  n.  1.  (Archery) 
mark  chosen  at  undetermined  range,  also  mark 
for  long-distance  shooting,  (usu.  shoot  at  rr.); 
wanderer ;  (Croquet)  ball  that  has  passed  all 
hoops  but  not  pegged  out,  its  owner.  2.  Sea- 
robber,  pirate.  [1  f.  rove  K  -er1;  2MDu.  (roven 
rob  cogn.  w.  reave, -er1)! 

row'  (ro),  n.  Number  of  persons  or  things  in 
a  more  or  less  straight  line  (in  a  r.,  rr.,  so  ar- 
ranged); r.  of  houses,  street  with  this  on  one  or 
each  side  (often  in  street  names) ;  the  R,  rot- 
ten row  ;  line  of  seats  in  theatre  &c.  (in  the 
front,  third,  &c,  r.) ;  r.  of  plants  in  garden  (a 
hard  r.  to  hoe  U.S.,  difficult  task).    [OR  raw, 

row  2  (ro),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Propel  boat,  propel 
(boat),  convey  (passenger)  in  boat,  with  oars  or 
sweeps  (r.  over,  walk  over  in  boat-race ;  also 
with  cogn.  obj.,  as  r.  a  race,  a  few  strokes,  a 
fast  stroke,  30  to  the  minute) ;  r.  race  wr'th :  r. 
down,  overtake  in  rowing,  esp.  bumping,  race ; 
be  oarsman  of  specified  number  in  boat  (rows 5 
in  the  Oxford  crew);  (of  boat)  be  fitted  with  (so 
many  oars);  r.-boat,  rowing-boat;  (n.)  spell  of 
rowing,  boat-excursion.  Hence  row'ER1  n. 
[OE  rowan,  cf.  Du.  roeijen,  ON  roa ;  cogn.  w. 
L  ramus,  Gk  eretmon,  oar] 

row3  (-ow),  n.,  &  v.t.,  (colloq.).  Disturbance, 
commotion,  noise,  dispute,  (what 's  the  r.  ?, 
what  is  the  matter? ;  make,  kick  up,  a  r.,  raise 
noise,  also  make  protest);  shindy,  free  fight, 
(town-&GO'WN  r.) ;  being  reprimanded  (shall 
get  into  a  r.).  (Vb)  reprimand,  rate;  hence 
row*iNG](l)  n.    [from  1787 ;  etym.  dub.] 

rowan  (ro-,  row-),  n.  (Sc.  &  north.).  (Scarlet 
berry  of)  mountain  ash  (also  r.-tree).  [f.  Scand. 
(Sw.  ron,  Icel.  reynir)] 

row-de-dow,  n.    Din,  uproar,    [imit.l 

rowdy  (row-),  n.  &  a.  Rough  &  disorderly 
&  noisy  (person);  so  r.-dowdy  a.  Hence row- 
diNESS,  rowdyiSM(2),nn.,  rowdyiSHi(2)  a. 
[U.S.,  etym. -dub.;  orig.  sense  backwoodsman] 

rowel  (row-),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Spiked  revolv- 
ing disk  at  end  of  spur  (vb,  urge  with  r.) ;  cir- 
cular piece  of  leather  &c.  with  hole  in  centre 
inserted  between  horse's  skin  &  flesh  to  dis- 
charge humours  (vb,  insert  r.  in),  [f.  OF  rouel 
f.  roue  f.  L  rota  wheel,  -le(2)1 

rowlock  (ru),  n.  Pair  of  thole-pins  or  other 
contrivance  on  boat's  gunwale  serving  as  ful- 
crum for  oar.  [prob.  assim.  of  earlier  oarlock, 
OE  arloc  (oar,  lock2),  to  row2] 

Ro'xburghe  (-uru),  n.  Style  of  book-binding 
with  plain  leather  gilt-lettered  backs,  cloth  or 
paper  sides,  &  leaves  with  untrimmed  edges  & 
bottoms.    IDuke  of  R.  1740-1804] 

royal,  a,  &  n.  Of,  from,  suited  to,  worthy  of, 
belonging  to  family  of,  in  service  or  under 
patronage  of,  a  king  or  queen  (after  its  noun  in 
some  phrr.,  as  the  blood  r.,  r.  family,  rhyme1 
r.,  princess  R.,  cf.  R  Princess  used  of  any  of 
r.  family  :  R.  highness  ;  r.  or  king'*  evil ;  R. 
Navy,  Artillery,  &c,  official  titles  of  State 
forces  ;  r.  burgh,  holding  charter  from  Crown; 
r.  oak,  tree  in  which  Charles  II  hid  after  Wor- 
cester ;  r.  standard,  square  banner  with  na- 


tional arms;  r.  road1  to;  R.  academy,  so- 
ciety ;  r.  charter,  warrant,  &c. ;  the  r.  anger, 
hands,  &c,  those  of  the  sovereign) ;  kingly, 
majestic,  stately,  splendid,  first-rate,  on  great 
scale,  of  exceptional  size  &c,  (r.  magnanimity; 
gave  us  r.  entertainment ;  in  r.  spirits ;  had  a 
r.  time ;  battle  1  r. ;  r.  paper,  24  x  19  in.  for 
writing  &  25  x  20  for  printing ;  r.  octavo  &c, 
folded  from  this ;  r.  fern,  osmund ;  r.  stag, 
with  head  of  12  or  more  points  ;  r.  sail,  mast, 
above  topgallant  sail  &  mast ;  r.  arch,  degree 
in  free-masonry) ;  hence  royalLY  2  adv.  (N.) 
member  of  r.  family  (colloq.);  r.  stag ;  r.  sail  or 
mast ;  (pi.)  first  regiment  of  foot.  Lf-  OF  roial 
f.  L  regalis  (rex  king,  -al)] 

royalist,  n.  Monarchist,  supporter  of  mon- 
archy as  an  institution  or  of  the  royal  side  in 
civil  war  &c.  (also  attrib.).  So  royaliSM(3) 
n.,  royali'stic  a.    1-ist] 

royalty,  n.  Office  or  dignity  or  power  of 
king  or  queen,  sovereignty ;  royal  persons ; 
member  of  royal  family  (usu.  in  pi.);  (usu.  in 
pi.)  prerogative(s)  or  privilege(s)  of  the  sove- 
reign ;  royal  right  (now  esp.  over  minerals) 
granted  by  sovereign  to  individual  or  corpora- 
tion, lessee's  payment  to  land-owner  for  privi- 
lege of  working  mine,  sum  paid  to  patentee  for 
use  of  patent  or  to  author  &c.  for  each  copy  of 
his  book  &c.  sold.    [f.  OF  roialU  (royal,  -ty)] 

Royston  crow,  n.  Hooded  or  grey  crow, 
[place-name] 

rub »,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Subject  to  friction,  slide 
one's  hand  or  an  object  along  over  or  up&  down 
the  surface  of  (r.  one's  hands,  each  with  the 
other  usu.  in  sign  of  keen  satisfaction ;  r.  shoul- 
ders, come  into  contact  with  other  people ;  r. 
noses  of  some  savages,  greet  each  other  ;  r.  the 
wrong  way,  stroke  against  the  grain,  irritate 
or  repel  as  by  stroking  cat  upwards);  polish, 
clean,  abrade,  chafe,  make  dry,  sore,  bare,  &c, 
by  rubbing;  reproduce  design  of  (sepulchral 
brass  or  stone)  by  rubbing  paper  laid  on  it  with 
coloured  chalk  &c,  whence  ru*bbiNG1(2)  n.; 
slide  (hand,  object)  against  or  on  or  over  some- 
thing, (objects)  together  or  together,  with  fric- 
tion ;  bring  (stain  &c.)  out,  (nap  &c,  or  fig.  no- 
velty, shyness,  &c.)  off  or  away,  force  (liniment 
&c,  or  fig.  lesson,  humiliating  fact,  &c.)  in,  re- 
duce to  powder  &c,  force  through  sieve,  bring 
size  or  level  of  down,  spread  (ointment  &c. )  over, 
groom  (horse,  oneself )  down,  freshen  or  brush 
(tarnished  object,  or  fig.  one's  memory,  Greek, 
&c.)  up,  mix  (chocolate,  pigment,  &c.)  up  into 
paste,  by  rubbing  lit.  or  fig.;  come  into  or  be  in 
sliding  contact,  exercise  friction,  against  or  on; 
(of  bowl)  be  retarded  or  diverted  by  uneven- 
ness  of  ground,  (fig.,  of  person,  process,  &c.)  go 
on,  along,  through,  with  more  or  less  restraint 
or  difficulty ;  (of  cloth,  skin,  &c.)  get  frayed  or 
worn  or  sore  or  bare  with  friction ;  r. -stone, 
(piece  of)  stone  used  for  sharpening,  smoothing, 
&c.  (N.)  spell  of  rubbing  (give  it  a  r.,  r.-up,  r.- 
down,  &c);  (Bowls)  inequality  of  ground  im- 
peding or  diverting  bowl,  the  being  diverted 
&c.  by  this  (prov.,  those  who  play  at  bowls  must 
look  for  rr.),  (transf.)  impediment  or  difficulty 
(there's  the  r.,  that  is  the  point  at  which  doubt 
or  difficulty  arises ;  the  rr.  &  worries  of  life), 
(Golf)  r.  of  or  on  the  green,  accidental  interfer- 
ence with  course  or  position  of  ball.  [etym. 
dub.;  cf.  LG  rubben] 

rub2.    See  rubber2 

ru-b-a-dub,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  rolling  sound 
of  drum,    [imit.l 

ru'bber J,  n.,  &  v.t.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or 
esp.:  masseur  or  masseuse;  Turkish-bath  at- 
tendant ;  implement  used  for,  part  of  machine 
operating  by,  rubbing  ;  caoutchouc  or  india-r. 


RUBBER 

(often  attrib.;  vb,  coat  with  r.).  [-er1;  last 
sense  from  use  in  rubbing  out  pencil-marks] 

pu'bbep2,  n.  Three  successive  games  be- 
tween same  sides  or  persons  at  whist,  cribbage, 
backgammon,  &c.  (havear.  of  whist  Sec.  orar.); 
the  r.  (also  abbr.  the  rub),  winning  of  two  games 
in  r.,  third  game  when  each  side  has  won  one. 
[etym.  dub.;  as  term  in  bowls  fromc.  1600;  in 
early  use  often  a  rubbers) 

ru'bbish,  n.  &  int.  Waste  material,  debris, 
refuse,  litter ;  worthless  material  or  articles, 
trash,  (a  good  riddance  of  bad  r„  esp.  at  de- 
parture of  person  one  dislikes),  absurd  ideas 
or  suggestions,  nonsense  (often  as  excl.  of  con- 
tempt), whence  PU'bbishv  2  &  colloq.  in  same 
sense  ru'bbishingr,  aa.  [ME  robows,  robeux, 
perh.  AF  pi.  of  foil.] 

PU'bble,  n.  Waste  fragments  of  stone,  brick, 
&c,  from  old  houses ;  pieces  of  undressed  stone 
used,  esp.  as  filling-in,  for  walls ;  (Geol.)  loose 
angular  stones  &c.  as  covering  of  some  rocks, 
also  water- worn  stones.  Hence  pu'bblY2  a. 
Icf.  Icel.  rubb(i)  refuse] 

pu'befy,  -ify,  (roo-),  v.t.  Make  red  ;  (Med., 
of  counter-irritant)  stimulate  (skin  &c.)  to  red- 
ness, so  pubeFA'ciENT  a.  &,  see  -ent(2),  n., 
rubeFA'CTiON  n.  [ult.  f.  L  rubefacere  (rubere 
be  red,  -fv)J 

pu'bicelle  (rob-),  n.  Orange-red  precious 
stone,  kind  of  spinel  ruby.  [F,  prob.  dim.  of 
rnbis  or  rubace  ruby] 

Ru'bicon  (roo-),  n.  The  boundary  by  passing 
which  one  becomes  committed  to  an  enterprise 
(usu.  pass  or  cross  the  R.).  [name  of  stream 
limiting  Caesar's  province  &  crossed  by  him 
before  war  withPompey] 

ru'bicund  (roo),  a.    (Of  face,  complexion,  or 

Ssrson  in  these  respects)  ruddy,  high-coloured, 
ence  pubieu'ndiTY  n.  [f.  L  rubicundus 
irubere  be  red,  -nd  1)] 

pubi*dium(roo-),n.  Softsilverymetal  grouped 
with  caesium,  lithium,  potassium,  &  sodium. 
[L  rvbidus  red  (w.  ref.  to  spectrum  lines),  -ium] 

pufci'ginous  (roo-),  a.  Rust-coloured.  [L 
rubifio  -inis  rust,  -ous] 

pu'bious,  a.  (poet.).    Ruby -coloured,    [-ous] 

PU'bpic  (roo-),  n.  Heading  of  chapter,  section, 
&c,  also  special  passage  or  sentence,  written 
or  printed  in  red  or  in  special  lettering  ;  direc- 
tion fcr  conduct  of  divine  service  (prop,  in  red) 
inserted  in  liturgical  book,  whence  PubPicAL 
a.,  PubpicalLY2  adv.,  PubprciAN  (-Ishn), 
pu*bPieiSM<3),  pu*bpieiST(2),  nn.;  (red-letter 
entry  h)  calendar  of  saints  (now  rare),  [f.  L 
rubrica{ruber  rubr-  red)] 

pirbpieate,  v.t.  Mark  with,  print  or  write 
in,  red  ;  'urnish  with  rubrics.  Hence  pubrie- 
ation,  PuMbPicatOR2,  nn.  [Lrubricare, -ate3] 

pu'by  (roo-),  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.  Rare  precious 
stone  (also  true  or  Oriental  r.)  of  colour  varying 
from  deep  crimson  or  purple  to  pale  rose  (balas, 
spinel,  r.,  stones  of  less  value  resembling  r.; 
above  rr.,  of  inestimable  value);  (of)  glowing 
purple-tinged  red  colour ;  red  pimple  on  nose  or 
face ;  red  wine ;  (Pugil.)  blood ;  a  size  of  type  ; 
r.  glass,  coloured  with  oxides  of  copper,  iron, 
lead,  tin,  &c;  r.-tail,  insect  of  deep  metallic 
bluish-greenwith  upper  side  of  abdomen  bright 
red  (also  Gold  wasp);  (vb)  dye  or  tinge  r. -colour, 
[f.  OF  rubiis),  prob.  ult.  f.  L  rubeus  red] 

ruche  (roosk,  or  as  F),  n.  Frill  or  quilling  of 
gauze,  lace,  &s.    Hence  puehED2  a,    [F] 

puck  \  n.  IV^ain  body  of  competitors  left  out 
of  the  running,  [earlier  senses  stack  of  fuel, 
heap,  large  quantity ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  rick  *] 

puck2,  pu'ckle1,  nn.,  &  vv.i.  &  t.  Crease, 
wrinkle,  (as  vb  usu.  r.  up),  [ruck  vb  f.  n.,  f.  ON 
hrukka ;  ruckle  f.  ruck,  -le(3)] 


7& RUFF 

PU'ekle2,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Make)  gurgling  sound 
esp.  in  throat  of  dying  person,  [f.  Scand.  (Norw. 
dial,  rukla  vb)] 

rucksack  (rob),  n.  Bag  slung  by  straps  from 
both  shoulders  &  resting  on  back  for  carrying 
walker's  or  climber's  necessaries.    [G] 

PU'ction,  n.  (slang).  Disturbance,  tumult, 
row,  {there  will  be  rr.,  things  will  not  be  allowed 
to  proceed  quietly),    [from  1825;  etym.  dub.] 

pudd,  n.  Fresh-water  fish  resembling  roach, 
red-eye.    [prob.  f.  obs.  rud  red  colour ;  cogn.  w. 

RED] 

pu'ddep,  n.  Broad  flat  wooden  or  metal  piece 
hinged  to  vessel's  stern-post  for  steering  with, 
(fig.)  guiding  principle  &c;  (Brewing)  paddle 
for  stirring  malt  in  mash-tub;  r.-fish,  kinds 
that  follow  ships.  Hence  PU'ddePLESS  a.  [OE 
rather,  cf.  Du.  roer,  G  ruder,  f.  st.  of  row2] 

pu'ddle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Red  ochre,  esp.  of  kind 
used  for  marking  sheep ;  (vb)  mark  or  colour 
(as)  with  r.    [as  rudd] 

pu-ddock,  n.  Robin  redbreast.  [OE  rudduc 

(RUDD,  -OCR)] 

pu'ddy,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  face  or  its  owner) 
freshly  or  healthily  red,  rosy,  (r.  health,  youth, 
&c,  marked  by  ruddiness);  (of  light,  fire,  sky, 
object  lighted  up,  &c,  also  in  animal  names  as 
r.  plover,  smiirrel)  reddish  ;  hence  PU'ddiLY  2 
adv.,  PU'ddiNESS  n.  (Vb)  make  or  grow  r. 
[OE  rudig  {rud  see  rudd,  -  y  2)] 

pude,  a.  Primitive,  simple,  unsophisticated, 
in  natural  state,  rugged,  unimproved,  uncivi- 
lized, uneducated,  roughly  made  or  contrived 
or  executed,  coarse,  artless,  wanting  subtlety 
or  accuracy,  (r.  times,  men,  simplicity,  ignor- 
ance, chaos  ;  r.  produce,  ore ;  r.  scenery ;  r. 
plough,  beginnings,  methods ;  r.  path,  verses, 
drawing ;  r.  fare,  plenty ;  r.  writer,  style ;  r. 
observer,  version,  classification) ;  violent,  not 
gentle,  unrestrained,  startling,  sudden,  abrupt, 
(r.  passions,blast,  shock,  awakening, reminder); 
vigorous,  hearty,  (r.  health) ;  insolent,  imper- 
tinent, offensive,  (r.  remarks  ;  say  r.  things ; 
be r.  to,  insult).  Hence PU'deLY  2 adv.,  pu'de- 
ness  n.,  PU*diSH1(2)  a.   [f.  hrudis] 

Ru'desheimep  (roodes-hi-),  n-  A  white 
Rhine  wine.     [GjRii-)] 

pu'diment  (roo-),  n.  (PI.)  elements  or  first 
principles  of  or  of  knowledge  or  some  sub- 
ject; (pi.)  imperfect  beginning  of  something 
that  will  develop  or  might  under  other  condi- 
tions have  developed,  (sing.)  part  or  organ  im- 
perfectly developed  as  having  no  function  (e.g. 
the  breast  in  males).  Hence  pudime'ntAL 
(rare),  Pudime'ntARY  >,  aa.  [f.  L  rudimentum 

(RUDE,  -MENT)] 

rue1,  v.t.,  &  n.  Repent  of,  bitterly  feel  the 
consequences  of,  wish  undone  or  unbefallen, 
(you  shall  r.  it ;  r.  the  day,  hour,  &c,  when  — ). 
(N.,  archaic)  repentance,  dejection  at  some  oc- 
currence, whence  (in  ordinary  &  esp.  facet,  use) 
pucful  a.,  pue'fulLY2  adv.,  pue'fulNESs 
n.;  compassion,  ruth.  [OE  hriow(an),  cf.  Du. 
roinc(en),  G  reu(en)] 

pue2,  n.  Perennial  evergreen  shrub  with 
bitter  strong-scented  leaves  formerly  used  in 
medicine.    [F,  f.  L  ruta  f.  Gk  rhute] 

pue'-paddy,  n.  Belt  or  rope  passed  over 
shoulder  to  dragsomething  with.    [?] 

pufe'scent  (roo-),  a.  (zool.  &c).  Reddish.  [L 
rufescere  (rufns  red:  -escent)] 

puff1,  n.  Deep  projecting  frill  of  several  folds 
of  linen  or  muslin  starched  &  separately  goffer- 
ed worn  round  neck  esp.  in  16th  c,  projecting 
or  conspicuously  coloured  ring  of  feathers  or 
hair  round  bird's  or  beast's  neck,  whence 
(-)PuffED  2  a. ;  kind  of  domestic  pigeon,  [perh. 
shortened  f.  ruffle] 


RUFF 


744  RUMBUSTIOUS 


puff2,  n.  (fern,  reeve).  Bird  of  sandpiper  kind 
of  which  male  has  r.  &  ear- tufts  in  breeding 
season,  [perh.  f.  prec.;  but  the  fern,  apparently 
made  from  it  by  vowel  change  (cf.  fox  vixen) 
suggests  that  it  is  an  older  wd  &  separate] 

puff3,  n.  Small  freshwater  fish  of  perch 
family  with  prickly  scales,    [perh.  f.  rough] 

puff4,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  TrumpUng)  at  whist; 
(also  cross  or  double  r.)  state  of  game  in  which 
partners  out  of  different  suits  give  each  other 
alternate  chances  of  trumping,  [perh.  f.  ruff 
obs.  card -game  f.  OF  roffle,  ronfle,  perh.  corrupt, 
of  triomphe  triumph,  cf.  trump] 

pu'fflan,  n.  Brutal  violent  lawless  turbulent 

Serson,  desperado,  bully,  rough.  Hence  pu*f- 
ianiSM(2)  n.,  pu'ffianLV1  a.  [OF,  cf.  Pr.  & 
Sp.  rufian,  It.  ruffiano,  etym.  dub.] 

pu'ffle.  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Disturb  smoothness  or 
tranquillity  of  (feathers,  hair,  water,  temper  or 
person  in  regard  to  it,  brow ;  bird  ruffles  up  its 
feathers,  in  anger  or  to  keep  off  cold  ;  nothing 
ever  ruffled  him);  (of  sea,  hair,  temper,  &c; 
rare)  suffer  ruffling,  lose  smoothness  or  calm- 
ness ;  swagger  about,  behave  arrogantly  or 
quarrelsomely,  whence  pu'IHer1  n.  (N.)  per- 
turbation, bustle,  (rare ;  without  r.  or  excite- 
ment), rippling  effect  on  water ;  ornamental 
gathered  or  goffered  frill  of  lace  &c.  worn  at 
opening  of  garment  esp.  about  wrist  or  breast 
or  neck,  ruff1  of  bird  See.,  whence  PU'ffiED2 
a.;  (now  rare)  a  contention,  dispute,  [etym. 
dub.;  cf.  LG  ruffelen  crumple,  goffer;  senses 
swagger,  contention,  perh.  independent] 

pu'fous  (roo-),  a.  (chiefly  nat.-hist.).  Reddish- 
brown.  So  pufi-,  pufo-,  comb,  forms.  [L 
rufus,  -ous] 

rug,  n.  Large  wrap  or  coverlet  of  thick 
woollen  stuff;  floor-mat  of  shaggy  material 
or  thick  pile,  esp.  (often  hearth-r.)  laid  down 
before  fireplace,  [perh.  f.  Scand.  (Norw.  dial. 
rugga  coverlet,  Sw.  rugg  ruffled  hair)] 

Ru'gby,  n.  R.  football  or  R.,  also  PU'ggER1 
n.  slang,  one  of  the  two  chief  forms  of  football, 
distinguished  from  Association  or  socker  esp. 
by  players'  being  permitted  to  carry  the  ball  & 
to  hold  opponent  doing  this  ;  R.  Union,  of  clubs 
using  R.  football  rules.    [R.  school] 

ru'gged  (gid),  a.  Of  rough  uneven  surface 
(r.  bark;  r.  ground,  country,  full  of  abrupt 
ups  &  downs,  craggy,  wooded,  &c;  r.  features, 
strongly  marked,  of  irregular  outline);  un- 
softened,  unpolished,  lacking  gentleness  or  re- 
finement, harsh  in  sound,  austere,  unbending, 
involving  hardship,  (r.  manners,  grandeur, 
kindness,  honesty,  character,  verse,  times,  life). 
Hence  PU'ggedLY2  adv.,  PU'g-gedxESs  n. 
[prob.  f.  Scand.,  cogn.  w.  rug,  rag1,  rough] 

pugo'se  (roo),  a.  (chiefly  nat.  hist.).  Wrink- 
led, corrugated.  Hence  or  cogn.  PUg-o'seLV  2 
adv.,  PU'fiTATE2,  PU'grous,  aa.,  pugxrsrrv  n. 
[f.  L  rugosus  {ruga  wrinkle,  -ose  J)] 

pu*ln,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Downfall  or  fallen  or 
wrecked  or  impaired  state,  lit.  (of  building  or 
structure ;  the  crash  ofr.;  tumble,  lie,  lay,  in  r.) 
or  fig.  (the  r.  of  my  hopes;  bring  to  r.,  complete 
loss  of  property  or  position  ;  dates  her  r.  from 
his  arrival ;  rack  1  &  r.) ;  (often  pi.)  what  re- 
mains of  building,  town,  structure,  &c,  or  fig. 
of  person,  that  has  suffered  r.  (the  rr.  of  Rome, 
remains  of  ancient  Rome  or  of  the  Roman  im- 
perial system ;  is  but  the  r.  of  what  he  was ; 
lies  in  rr.;  is  a  r.;  lives  in  an  old  r.) ;  what 
causes  r.,  destroying  agency,  havoc,  (will  be  the 
r.  of  us ;  blue  1  7\;  rapine  &  red  r.),  so  [f.  obs. 
ruinate  vb]  puIiiation  n.  (Vb)  reduce  (place) 
to  rr.  (esp.  in  p.p.);  bring  to  r.  (her  extravagance 
ruined  him ;  so  r.  oneself;  r.  girl,  seduce  her ; 
r.  one  s  new  hat,  prospects) ;  (poet.)  fall  head- 


long or  with  a  crash,  [f.  F  ruine(r)  f.  (vb  thr. 
med.L  ruinare)  L  ruina  (ruere  fall,  -ine4)] 

ruinous,  a.  In  ruins,  dilapidated  ;  bringing 
ruin,  disastrous,  (r.  folly,  expense),  whence 
pu'inousLY2  adv.  Hence  pu'inousNESS  n. 
[f.  L  ruinosus  (prec,  -ose1)] 

pule,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Principle  to  which  action 
or  procedure  conforms  or  is  bound  or  intended 
to  conform,  dominant  custom,  canon,  test, 
standard,  normal  state  of  things,  (deduce  rr.  of 
action;  the  rr.  of  decorum,  cricket,  &c.;  r.  of  the 
road  1 ;  there  wasar.  that  —;  standing  r.,  made 
by  corporation  to  govern  its  procedure  ;  r. 
of  thumb,  based  on  experience  or  practice,  not 
theory,  often  r.-of-t.  attrib.;  r.  of  three,  method 
of  finding  number  that  bears  same  ratio  to  one 
given  as  exists  between  two  others  given,  also 
attrib.,  as  r.-o.-t.  sum;  golden  r.;  by  r.,  in 
regulation  manner,  mechanically;  hard  &fast 
r„  precise  criterion  or  rigid  formula ;  excep- 
tion proves  r.;  large  families  are  the  r.  &  not 
the  exception ;  as  a  r„  usually,  more  often  than 
not) ;  sway,  government,  dominion,  (bear  r„ 
hold  sway;  under  British  r.;  the  r.  of  force; 
entrusted  with  the  r.  of  half  the  tribe) ;  (Eccl.) 
code  of  discipline  observed  by  religious  order ; 
(Law)  order  made  by  judge  or  court  w.  ref.  to 
particular  case  only  (r.  nisi  ;  r.  absolute,  mak- 
ing r.  nisi  no  longer  contingent);  (Hist.)  therr., 
limited  area  outside  Fleet  &  King's- Bench 
prisons  in  which  prisoners  were  allowed  to  live 
on  certain  terms;  graduated  often  jointed 
straight  measure  used  by  carpenters  &c.  (often 
foot-r.,  2  ft  r.,  &c.) ;  (Print.)  thin  slip  of  metal 
for  separating  headings,  columns,  &c,  a?so 
short  (en  r.)  or  long  (em  r.)  dash  in  punctuation 
&c;  r.-joint,  of  kind  usual  in  jointed  carpenter's 
r.;  hence  pu'Ioless  a.  (Vb)  exercise  sway  or 
decisive  influence  over,  keep  under  control, 
curb,  (person,  conduct,  one's  passions ;  ruling 
passion,  motive  that  habitually  directs  one's 
actions),  (pass.)  consent  to  follow  advice,  be 
guided  by ;  be  the  ruler(s)  or  have  the  sovereign 
control  of  or  over,  bear  r.,  (r.  the  roast  ;  rules 
over  many  millions;  kings  should  r.  by  love); 
(of  prices,  or  goods  &c.  in  regard  to  them  or 
to  quality  &c.)  have  a  specified  general  level, 
be  for  the  most  part,  (corn,  prices,  the  v\arket, 
ruled  high  Sec;  crops  r.  good;  ruling  prices, 
those  current);  give  judicial  or  authoritative 
decision  (usu.  that ;  also  r.  person  or  thing  out 
of  order ;  r.  out,  exclude,  pronounce  irrelevant 
or  ineligible),  whence  pu,1ing,(2)  n.;  make 
parallel  lines  across  (paper),  make  (straight 
line),  with  ruler  or  mechanical  help.  [f.  OF 
riule(r)  t.  L  regula,  regulare,  see  regular] 

pu'lep,  n.  Person  or  thing  bearing  (esp. 
sovereign)  rule  (often  of),  whence  pu'lePSHiP 
n.;  straight  strip  or  cylinder  usu.  of  vood  used 
in  ruling  paper  or  lines,    [-er  *] 

rum  J,  n.  Spirit  distilled  from  sugar-cane  ; 
j'.shrub2.  [formerly rumbullion, nmibustion, 
rumbo,  etym.  dub.] 

rum  -,  pu'mmy,  aa.  (slang).  Odd,  strange, 
queer.  Hence  pu'hily  2,  pu'mmfLY  2,  advv., 
pu'mNESS,  PU'mmiNESS,  nn.  [?6th-c.  cant, 
orig.  =  fine,  spirited,  perh.  var.  of  ROM  ;  -Y  2] 

ru'mble,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Make  <ound  (as)  of 
thunder,  earthquake,  heavy  cait,  air  in  the 
bowels,  &c;  go  along,  by,  Sec,  making  or  in 
vehicle  making  such  sound:  utter,  say  out, 
give  forth,  with  such  sound.  tN.)  rumbling 
sound ;  hind  part  of  carriage  arrtnged  as  extra 
seat  or  for  luggage ;  r.-tumUe,  lumbering 
vehicle,  rough  motion.  [ME  rtmblen,  cf.  Du. 
rommelen,  G  rummeln,  prob.  ink.] 

rumbustious,  a.  (colloq.).  Boisterous,  up- 
roarious,   [perh.  var  of  robustious] 


RUMEN 


715 


RUN 


ru'men  (roo-),  n.  Ruminant's  first  stomach. 
[L,= throat] 

rirminant,  n.  &  a.  Animal  that  chews  cud. 
(Adj.)  belonging  to  the  rr.;  contemplative, 
given  to  or  engaged  in  meditation,    [foil.,  -ant] 

rirminate,  v.i.  &  t.  Chew  the  cud  ;  medi- 
tate, ponder,  (L,  rarely  t.;  often  over,  about,  of, 
on),  whence  or  cogn.  pirminATivE  a.,  pu*- 
minativ6LY2adv.,  PU'minatOR2n.  So  pu- 
xninATiON  n.  [f.  L  ruminari  (rumen),  -ate3] 

pu'ramage  (-ij),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Ransack 
(ship,  house,  pockets,  records,  book),  make 
search  in  or  in,  make  search ;  fish  out  or  up 
from  among  other  things ;  disarrange,  throw 
about,  in  searching.  (N.)  things  got  by  rum- 
maging, miscellaneous  accumulation ;  rum- 
maging, search  (esp.  of  ship  by  Customs  officer); 
r.-sale,  clearance  sale  of  unclaimed  articles  at 
docks  &c,  sale  of  odds  &  ends  contributed  to 
raise  money  for  charity  bazaar,  [n.  in  mod. 
senses  f.  vb  ;  vb  orig.  f.  n.  in  obs.  sense  arrang- 
ing of  casks  &c.  in  hold,  f.  F  arrumage  (now 
arri-)  f.  arrumer  etvm.  dub.] 

pu'mmep,  n.  Large  drinking-glass.  [f. 
WFlem.  rummer  or  Du.  romer  or  G  rbmer  pern. 
=  Roman  glass] 

rummy.    See  rum  2. 

Pirmoup(roo-),  n.,  &  v.t.  General  talk,  report, 
or  hearsay,  of  doubtful  accuracy ;  a  or  the 
current  but  unverified  statement  or  assertion 
(often  that,  of).  (Vb,  chiefly  in  pass.)  report  by 
way  of  r.  (it  is  rumoured  that  — ;  he  is  rumour- 
ed to  be  Sec;  the  rumoured  disaster).  |OF,  f. 
L  rumor  em  nom.  -or] 

pump,  n.  Tail-end,  posterior,  buttocks,  of 
beast  or  bird  or  rarely  of  person,  whence  (of 
tailless  fowl)  pu'mpLESsa.;  small  or  contemp- 
tible remnant  of  a  parliament  or  similar  body, 
esp.  (hist.)  that  of  Long  Parliament  either  after 
its  restoration  1659  or  from  Pride's  Purge  1618 
to  its  first  dissolution  1653 ;  r.-steak,  cut  from 
ox's  r.  [prob.  f.  Scand.  (Da.  rumpe,  Sw.  & 
Norw.  rumpa)] 

pu'mple,  v.t.  Wrinkle,  crease,  touzle,  dis- 
order, (fabric,  leaves,  garment,  hair,  &c).  [cf. 
MDu.  rompelen,  MLG  rumpen] 

pu*mpus,  n.  (slang).  Disturbance,  brawl, 
row,  uproar.    [?1 

pu*mpy,  n.    Manx  tailless  cat.    [rump,  -y2] 

pum-tum,  n.  Light  sculling-boat  on  lower 
Thames.    ffl 

pun1,  v.i.  &  t.  (ran,  run;  p.p.  rarely  as  -edj(2), 
as  a  fresh-r.  salmon).  (Of  men)  progress  by 
advancing  each  foot  alternately  never  having 
both  on  ground  at  once  (cf.  walk  l ;  running 
jump,  in  which  jumper  runs  to  the  take-off), 
(of  animals)  go  at  quicker  than  walking  pace, 
amble,  trot,  canter,  gallop,  &c;  (start  to)  cross 
cricket  pitch  to  score  r.;  flee,  abscond,  (chiefly 
now  in  r.  for  it,  cut  &  r.  slang ;  running  fight 
naut,  kept  up  by  retreating  ship  or  fleet  with 
pursuer) ;  go  or  travel  hurriedly,  precipitately, 
Sec.  (r.  to  meet  one's  troubles,  anticipate  them  ; 
r.  riot  ;  r.  to  help  another ;  r.  over  or  down  or 
up,  to  place  for  flying  visit ;  he  who  runs  may 
read,  said  of  easily  intelligible  exposition  &c); 
be  allowed  to  grow  or  stray  wild ;  compete  in 
or  in  race  (r.  second  Sec,  come  in  so),  seek 
election  &c.  (for  parliament,  president,  &c.) ; 
(of  fish,  ship,  Sec)  go  straight  &  fast  (a  running 
whale ;  salmon  r.,  go  up  river  from  sea ;  ship 
runs  before  the  wind,  into  port,  ashore,  on  the 
rocks,  foul  of  or  aboard  another);  advance 
<as)  by  rolling  or  on  wheels,  spin  round  or  along, 
revolve  (as)  on  axle,  go  with  sliding  or  smooth 
or  continuous  or  easy  motion,  be  in  action, 
work  freely,  be  current  or  operative,  (ball,  car- 
riage, wheel,  spindle,  sledge,  time,  runs ;  rope 


runs  in  pulley  ;  his  life  runs  smoothly ;  run- 
ning knot,  that  slips  along  rope  &  enlarges  or 
diminishes  running  noose;  running  nand, 
writing  in  which  pen  &c.  is  not  lifted  after 
each  letter;  how  your  tongue  runs!,  how  in- 
cessantly you  talk ! ;  verse  runs,  is  smooth ; 
tune  runs  in  head,  seems  to  be  heard  over  & 
over  again  ;  lease,  contract,  runs  for  seven  Sec. 
years ;  play  ran  100  nights,  was  kept  on  stage ; 
courage  runs  in  the  family,  is  found  in  all 
members  of  it ;  the  works  have  ceased  running ; 
place  where  twits  do  not  r.,  are  not  valid  or  re- 
spected) ;  (of  public  conveyance  by  land  or 
water)  ply  (from,  to,  between),  (of  fire,  news, 
enthusiasm,  &c.)  spread  rapidly  from  point  to 
point  (news  ran  like  wild-fire;  a  cheer  ran 
down  the  line ;  running  fire,  successive  shots 
from  different  points);  (of  colour  in  fabric) 
spread  from  the  dyed  to  the  undyed  parts ;  (of 
thought,  eye,  memory,  &c.)  pass  in  transitory 
or  cursory  way  (thoughts  r.  through  one's  head ; 
eyes  r.  over  object ;  running  commentary, 
touching  on  a  point  here  &  there ;  r.  back  over 
the  past,  survey  it  summarily);  (of  liquid, 
grain,  sand,  &c,  also  of  vessel  containing  or 
object  emitting  &c,  &  fig.)  flow,  be  wet,  drip, 
flow  with,  (till  the  blood  ran;  ran  blood; 
fountains  r.  wine ;  is  running  with  oil ;  tide 
runs  strong ;  river  runs  clear,  thick ;  feeling 
ran  high;  one's  blood  runs  cold,  he  is  horrified ; 
the  saiids  are  running  out,  time  of  grace  &c.  is 
nearly  up  ;  running  sore,  suppurating  ;  nose, 
eyes,  r.,  drop  mucus  or  tears ;  r.  at  the  nose  ;  r. 
with  sweat ;  r.  dry,  cease  to  flow,  be  exhausted ; 
r.  low,  short,  become  scanty;  candle  run*, 
gutters) ;  extend,  be  continuous,  have  a  certain 
course  or  order,  progress,  proceed,  have  a  ten- 
dency or  common  characteristic  or  average 
price  or  level,  (fence  ru>ns  round  the  house  ; 
running  head-line,  head,  or  title,  repeated  or 
different  heading  of  page  ;  whereof  the  memory 
of  man  runneth  not  to  the  contrary,  phr.  applied 
to  immemorial  tradition  or  custom;  running  ac- 
count, = current  account2;  road  runs  at  right 
angles  to,  along,  the  ridge ;  story,  title,  docu- 
ment, runs  in  these  words ;  must  not  r.  to  ex- 
tremes ;  runs  to  sentiment ;  our  pears  r.  big 
this  year,  are  so  for  the  most  part ;  prices  r. 
high ;  oats  r.  hk  lb.  to  the  bushel),  (in  part., 
placed  after  pi.  n. )  following  each  other  without 
interval,  in  succession,  (happened  three  days, 
hit  the  bulVs-eye  seven  times,  running) ;  (w. 
cogn.  obj.)  pursue,  follow,  traverse,  cover,  make 
way  swiftly  through  or  over,  wander  about  in, 
perform,  essay  or  be  exposed  or  submit  to, 
(course,  way,  race,  a  mile,  r.  at  cricket ;  things 
must  r.  their  course,  be  left  to  themselves ;  r. 
a  scent,  follow  it  up ;  r.  the  streets,  be  street 
arab ;  r.  errands,  messages,  be  a  messenger ; 
the  Derby  was  r.  in  a  snow-storm;  r.  the 
gauntlet2;  r.  risks;  runs  a  chance  of  being, 
may  be ;  r.  rapids,  shoot  them ;  r.  croquet- 
hoop,  send  ball  clear  through  it ;  r.  blockade1); 
sew  (fabric)  slightly ;  chase,  hunt,  have  running 
race  with,  (r.  fox  five  miles ;  r.  to  earth,  chase 
to  its  lair,  &  often  fig.  =  discover  after  long 
search ;  will  r.  you  for  £50  a  side  ;  r.  one  hard 
or  close,  press  him  severely  in  race,  competi- 
tion, or  comparative  merit  &c);  (in  causative 
senses)  make  r.  or  go  (r.  cattle  Sec,  turn  out  to 
graze  ;  r.  brandy,  Sec,  smuggle  it  in  by  evading 
coast-guard  &c;  r.  ship  aground,  to  New 
York ;  r.  boat  down  to  the  water ;  r.  train 
through ;  r.  one's  head  against ;  r.  cart  into 
wall ;  r.  sword,  pin,  into ;  r.  one's  hand,  eye, 
along,  down,  over,  something ;  r.  rope  through 
eyelet ;  r.  coach,  steamer,  ousiness,  person, 
keep  them  going,  manage  them,  conduct  their 

24* 


RUN 


746 


RUNNER 


operations ;  r.  the  show  slang,  dominate  in  an 
undertaking  &c;  r.  horse,  send  him  in  for  race, 
so  r.  candidate ;  r.  metal  into  mould ;  r.  the 
water  off',  r.  parallel,  simile,  &c.,  too  far; 
ran  his  fingers,  comb,  through  his  hair ;  r. 
thing  fine,  leave  very  little  margin  of  time  or 
amount  concerning  it);  ru'nabout  a.,  roving; 
ru'naway  n.  &  a., fugitive,  bolting  (horse),  r.-a. 
match  or  marriage,  after  elopement,  r.-a.  ring 
or  knock,  given  at  door  by  practical  joker  who 
immediately  makes  off.  Withprepp.:  r.  across, 
fall  in  with  ;  r.  after,  pursue  with  attentions, 
seek  society  of,  give  much  time  to  (pursuit 
&c.) ;  r.  against,  fall  in  with  ;  run  at,  assail  by 
charging  or  rushing ;  r.  in,  incur  debt ;  r.  into, 
fall  into  (practice,  absurdity,  &c),  be  con- 
tinuous or  coalesce  with,  have  collision  with, 
reach  or  attain  (some  length,  five  editions,  &c); 
r.  on,  be  concerned  with  (talk,  mind,  runs  on  a 
subject) ;  r.  over,  review,  glance  over,  peruse, 
recapitulate,  touch  (notes  of  piano  &c.)  in  quick 
succession,  (of  vehicle)  pass  over  (prostrate 

Serson) ;  r.  through,  examine  cursorily,  peruse, 
eal  successively  with,  consume  (estate  &c.)  by 
reckless  or  quick  spending,>pervade ;  r.  to,  reach 
(amount,  number,  &c),  have  money  or  ability 
or  (of  money  &c.)  be  enough  for  (some  expense 
or  undertaking),  fall  into  (ruin),  (of  plants)  tend 
to  develop  chiefly  (seed),  (of  persons)  indulge 
inclination  towards  (coarseness  &c.) ;  r.  upon, 
(of  thoughts  &c.)  be  engrossed  by,  dwell  on,  (of 
person)  encounter  suddenly.  With  adv\r.5  r. 
about,  bustle,  hurry  from  one  person  &c.  to  an- 
other, (esp.  of  children)  play  or  wander  without 
restraint;  r.  away,  flee,  abscond,  elope,  (of 
horse)  bolt,  (of  horse  or  person)  get  clear  away 
from  competitors  in  race ;  r.  aicay  with,  carry 
off  (person,  stolen  property,  &c),  accept  (notion) 
hastily,  (of  expense  &c.)  consume  (money  &c), 
(of  horse  &c.)  bolt  with  (rider,  carriage  or  its 
occupants);  r.  down,  (of  clock  &c.)  stop  for 
want  of  winding,  (of  person  or  his  health  &c.) 
become  enfeebled  from  overwork,  poor  feeding, 
&c.  (also  in  p. p.,  as  is,  feels,  much  r.  d.),  knock 
down  or  collide  with  (person,  ship,  &c),  over- 
take (game,  person)  in  pursuit,  discover  after 
search,  disparage ;  r.  in,  (of  combatant)  rush  to 
close  quarters,  (Rugby  footb.)  carry  ball  over 
opponents'  goal-line  &  touch  it  down,  pay  short 
visit  (to  person  or  house),  (colloq.)  arrest  &  take 
to  prison,  (colloq.)  secure  election  of  (candidate); 
r.  off,  flee,  flow  away,  digress  suddenly,  write 
or  recite  (poem,  list,  &c.)  fluently,  drain  (liquid) 
off,  decide  (race)  after  tie  or  trial  heats ;  r.  on, 
be  joined  together  (of  written  characters),  con- 
tinue in  operation,  elapse,  speak  volubly,  talk 
incessantly,  (Print.)  begin  (t.  &  i.  of  sentence 
&c.)  in  same  line  as  what  precedes ;  r.  out, 
come  to  an  end  (of  period,  also  of  stock  of  some- 
thing or  its  owner;  r.  out  of,  exhaust  one's 
stock  of),  escape  from  containing  vessel,  ad- 
vance from  block  to  hit  ball  in  cricket,  pass  or 
be  paid  out  (of  rope),  jut  out,  come  out  of  con- 
test in  specified  position  &c.  or  complete  re- 
Quired  score  &c,  complete  (race),  advance  (gun 
&c.)  so  as  to  project,  put  down  wicket  of  (bats- 
man while  running),  exhaust  oneself  by  run- 
ning ;  r.  over,  overflow  (of  vessel  or  contents), 
recapitulate,  review,  glance  over ;  r.  through, 
pierce  with  sword  &c,  draw  line  through 
(written  words);  r.  up,  grow  quickly,  rise  in 
price,  amount  to,  be  runner-up,  accumulate 
<nu*"ber,  sum,  debt)  quickly,  force  (rival  bidder) 
*?  J  higher,  force  up  (price  or  commodity  in 
that  respect),  erect  (wall,  house)  to  great  height 
or  in  unsubstantial  or  hurried  way ;  add  up 
(column  of  figures).  [ME  rinnen,  rennen,  prob. 
f.  ON  rinna,  cf.  MDu.  &  G  rinnen:  OE  has 


rinnan  very  rarely,  &  usu.  the  metathetic 
forms  irnan  intr.  &  xrnan  trans.] 

pun  2,  n.  Act  or  spell  of  run  Jning  (have  a  r. 
for  one's  money,  get  some  enjoyment  &c.  out  of 
expenditure  or  effort,  orig.  w.  ref.  to  scratching 
of  horse  after  bets  ;  had  a  good  r.,  esp.  in  hunt- 
ing or  on  ship,  train,  &c;  onther.,  fleeing,  also 
bustling  about ;  atar.,  running ;  a  r.  on  the 
Continent,  to  Paris,  &c,  short  excursion  or 
visit) ;  (Cricket)  traversing  of  pitch  by  both 
batsmen  without  either's  being  put  out,  point 
scored  thus  or  otherwise,  notch ;  rhythmical 
motion,  way  things  tend  to  move,  direction, 
(cannot  get  the  r.  of  the  metre,  or  of  some  pro- 
cess or  operation,  see  how  it  goes ;  the  r.  of  the 
market  was  against  us ;  the  r.  of  the  hills  is 
N.W.);  rapid  fall  (come  down  with  a  r.,  of  build- 
ing &c,  person,  mercury  in  barometer  &c, 
prices,  &c);  (Mus.)  roulade;  continuous  stretch 
or  spell  or  course,  long  series  or  succession, 
general  demand,  (a  500  ft  r.  of  pipe ;  a  long  r.  of 
power,  office ;  ar.of  luck ;  in  the  long  1r.',  ar. 
on  the  bank,  sudden  demand  from  many  cus- 
tomers for  immediate  payment ;  r.  on  rubber, 
book,  &c,  great  demand  for  it ;  so  book  &c.  has 
a  considerable  r.;  r.  on  the  red  in  rouge-et-noir, 
its  coming  many  times  running ;  play  has  a  r. 
of  50  nights,  a  longr.,  &c);  common,  general, 
average,  or  ordinary  type  or  class  (the  common 
r.  of  men,  average  men),  class  or  line  of  goods, 
batch  or  drove  of  animals  born  or  reared  to- 
gether, shoal  of  fish  in  motion  ;  regular  track 
of  some  animals,  enclosure  for  fowls  &c,  range 
of  pasture  (usu.  sheep  &c.  -r.);  trough  for  water 
to  run  in  ;  part  of  ship's  bottom  narrowing  to- 
wards stern  ;  licence  to  make  free  use  of  (al- 
lowed him  the  r.  of  their  books,  house ;  the  r.  of 
one's  teeth,  free  board);  r.-in,  act  of  running  in 
(see prec.) at  football;  r.-off,  deciding  race  after 
dead-heat ;  r.-up,  race  between  greyhounds  up 
to  hare's  first  turn.    [f.  prec] 

pu'nag-ate,  n.  (archaic).  Vagabond,  [assim. 
of  renegade  to  run  &  obs.  agate  away] 

pu'ncinate(-at),  a.  (bot.).  Saw-toothed,with 
lobes  curved  towards  base.  [L  runcina  plane 
(wrongly  supposed  to  be  saw),  -ate  2] 

pu'ndale,  n.  Joint  occupation  of  (esp.  Irish) 
land,  each  holder  having  several.strips  not  con- 
tiguous, [run  !,  obs.  dale  north,  var.  of  dole  *] 

pune,  n.  Any  letter  of  earliest  Teutonic  al- 
phabet used  esp.  by  Scandinavians  &  Anglo- 
Saxons,  dating  from  as  early  as  2nd  c.  &  formed 
by  modifying  Roman  or  Greek  characters  to 
suit  carving;  similar  mark  of  mysterious  or 
magic  significance ;  (divisionof)  Finnish  poem ; 
r.-staff,  magic  wand  inscribed  with  rr.,  also 
runic  calendar,  [f.  ON  run,  cogn.  w.  OE  run 
whisper,  secret  counsel,  whence  round8] 

rung !,  n.  Short  stick  attached  at  each  end 
as  rail,  spoke,  or  cross-bar  in  chair  &c.  or  esp. 
in  ladder  (of ten  fig.,  as  the  lowest,  topmost,  r.  of 
Fortune's  ladder).  Hence  rungED2,  ru'ng- 
less,  aa.    [OE  hrung,  cf.  Du.  rong,  G  runge] 

rung2.    See  ring'2. 

pu'nfc,  a.  &  n.  Of,  in,  marked  with,  runes ; 
(of  poetry  &c.)  of  the  ancient-Scandinavian 
type  ;  (of  ornament)  interlacing  as  on  r.  monu- 
ments &  metal-work.  (N.)  r.  inscription  ;  kinds 
of  moth ;  (Print.) ornamental  type  of  thick  face 
&  condensed  form,    [-ic] 

pu'nlet1,  n.  (archaic).  Cask  of  varying  size 
for  wine  &c.  [f.  OF  rondelet  dim.  of  rondelle 
dim.  otronde  (round1)] 

pu'nlet2,  n.    Small  stream,    [run2, -let] 

pu'nnel,  n.    Brook,  rill ;  gutter.    [OE  rynel 

f.  RUN1,  -LE(1)] 

ru'nner,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  mes- 
senger, scout,  collector  or  agent  for  bank  &c, 


RUNNING 


747 


RUSTICATE 


tout ;  (Hist,  esp.  bow-street  r.)  police  officer ; 
the  bird  water- rail ;  =  blockade l-r. ;  revolving 
millstone  ;  (Naut.)  rope  in  single  block  with  one 
end  round  tackle-block  &  other  having  hook ; 
creeping  stem  that  issues  from  main  stem  of 
strawberry  &c.  &  takes  root ;  kinds  of  twining 
bean,  esp.  scarlet  r.;  ring  &c.  that  slides  on 
rod,  strap,  &c;  one  of  the  long  pieces  of  wood 
&c.  on  which  sledge  &c.  slides,  (blade  of)  fen  1- 
r. ;  groove  or  rod  for  thing  to  slide  along,  roller 
for  moving  heavy  article ;  r.-up,  dog  beaten 
only  in  final  heat  at  coursing,  competitor  simi- 
larly beaten  at  golf  &c.    [-er  j] 

ru'nning,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  (w.  ref.  to 
racing)  make,  take  up,  the  r.,  take  the  lead,  set 
the  pace,  (lit.,  &  fig.  of  talk  &c),  in,  out  of, 
the  r.  (of  competitor),  with  good,  no,  chance 
of  winning*;  r.  powers,  right  granted  by  railway 
to  another  to  run  trains  over  its  line,    [-ing  *] 

pu'npig-,  n.  (Sc).  =  rundale.  [run  *,  Sc.  & 
north,  rig  ridge] 

punt,  n.  Ox  or  cow  of  small  esp.  Scotch- 
Highland  or  Welsh  breed ;  large  breed  of  do- 
mestic pigeon.    [?] 

rupee*  (too-),  n.  Indian  monetary  unit  &  sil- 
ver coin,  now  Is.  id.  {pi.  abbr.  Its ;  ftx,  tens  of 
rr.,  in  statistics  &c).  [f.  Hind,  rupiyah  f.  Skr. 
rupya  wrought  silver] 

PU'ptupe  (-tsher),  n.,"&  v.t.  &  i.  Breach  of 
harmonious  relations,  disagreement  &  parting ; 
(Path.)  tumour  formed  by  protrusion  of  part  of 
an  organ  through  breach  in  wall  of  contain- 
ing cavity  esp.  in  abdomen,  hernia  ;  breaking, 
breach.  (Vb)  burst,  break,  (cell,  vessel,  mem- 
brane); sever  (connexion,  marriage,  &c);  affect 
with  hernia;  suffer r.  [f.  L  ruptura  (rumpere 
rupt-  break,  -ure)] 

PUP'al  (roor-),  a.  In,  of,  suggesting,  the  coun- 
try (opp.  urban),  pastoral  or  agricultural,  (r. 
dean  *;  in  r.  seclusion ;  r.  policeman,  constitu- 
ency, sports,  &c).  Hence  pupa'liTY  n.,pup*al- 
ize(2,  3)  v.i.  &  t.,  pupalizATiON  n.,  PUP*alLY  2 
adv.    [f.  L  ruralis  (rus  ruris  country,  -al)] 

pupideca'nal  (roor-;  aZso-de'ka-ha.  Of  rural 
dean  1  or  deanery.    [L  rus  (prec),  -I-] 

pirsa,  n.    Large  E.-Ind.  deer.    [Malay] 

ruse  (rooz,  orasF),  n.  Stratagem,  feint,  trick. 
[OF  (ruser  drive  back,  retreat,  cogn.  w.  rush2)] 

rus6  (F),  a.  (fem.  -ee).  Given  to  ruses,  sly, 
cunning,  (of  person,  procedure,  look,  &c). 

rush\  n.,  &  v.t.  Marsh  or  water-side  plant 
with  naked  slender  tapering  pith-filled  stems 
(prop,  leaves)  formerly  used  for  strewing  floors 
&  still  for  making  chair-bottoms  &  plaiting 
baskets  &c,  a  stem  of  this,  (collect.)  rr.  as  a 
material;,  thing  of -no  value  (don't  care,  not 
\oorth,  ar.)\  r.-bearing,  annual  northern  festi- 
val on  occasion  of  carrying  rr.  &  garlands  to 
strew  floor  &  decorate  walls  of  church  ;  r. -can- 
dle, made  by  dipping  pith  of  a  r.  in  tallow; 
rushlight,  r. -candle  (usu.  fig.  of  feeble  glimmer 
of  intelligence,  scanty  information,  &c. ;  r.-ring. 
ring  made  of  rush(es)  formerly  used  in  (esp. 
mock)  weddings;  hence  pu'sHlike,  PU'shY2, 
aa.  (Vb)  supply  (chair-bottom),  strew  (floor), 
with  rr.  [OE  rise  &  rare  rysc,  cf.  MDu.  risch, 
also  Du.  &  G  r-usch] 

push2,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Impel,  drag,  force,  carry 
along,  violently  &  rapidly  (rushed  them  into 
danger,  round  the  sights ;  ball  is  rushed  doum 
the  field ;  r.  bill  through,  get  it  hurriedly  passed ; 
refuse  to  be  rushed,  insist  on  doing  things  at 
one's  own  pace);  (Mil.)  take  by  sudden  vehe- 
ment assault;  pass  (obstacle,  stream,  fence,  &c.) 
with  a  rapid  dash ;  swarm  upon  &  take  posses- 
sion of  (goldfleld,  platform  at  meeting,  &c); 
run  precipitately,  violently,  or  with  great  speed, 
go  or  resort  without  proper  consideration  (in)to, 


(r.  into,  out  of,  the  room ;  r.  at,  charge ;  dark 
horse  rushed  past  the  favourite ;  r.  into  ex- 
tremes ;  r.  into  print,  write  to  newspaper,  pub- 
lish book,  &c);  flow,  fall,  spread  (intr.),  roll 
(intr.),  impetuously  or  fast  (river  rushes  past ; 


a  rushing  mighty  wind  ;  avalanches  r.  down ; 
blood  rushed  to  his  face ;  his  past  life  rushed 
into  his  memory).    (N.)  act  of  rushing,  violent 


or  tumultuous  advance,  spurt,  charge,  on- 
slaught, (the  r.  of  the  tide ;  carry  the  citadel 
with  a  r.;  a  r.  of  blood  to  the  head ;  a  great  r. 
of  business);  (Footb.)  combined  dash  of  several 
players  with  the  ball ;  sudden  migration  of 
large  numbers  esp.  to  new  goldfleld;  strong 
run  on  or  for  some  commodity,  [n.  f.  vb,  AF 
russhert  OF  re(h)usser,  ruser,  perh.  f.  L  re- 9- 
(funderefus-  pour)  cause  to  flow  back] 

pusk,  n.  Piece  of  bread  pulled  or  cut  from 
loaf  &  rebaked.  [f.  Sp.  or  Port,  rosea  twist, 
coil,  roll  of  bread] 

Ruskrnian,  a.  &  n.  After  the  manner  or 
principles,  follower,  of  John  Ruskin  writer  on 
art  &social  subjects  d.  1900.  So  RuskimrsE, 
RuskinE-SQUE,  aa.  &  nn.,  Ru*skiniSM(3)  n., 
Ru*skiniZE(2, 3, 4)  v.i.  &  t.    [ian] 

Russ,  n.  &  a.    A  Russian  ;  the  Russian  lan- 

uage;  (adj.)  Russian.  Hence  Ru*ssiFY  v.t., 
ussIfica  TiONn.,Russo-  comb,  form,  Ru's- 
sophil  n.  &  a. .  Russo'philis.M  ci)  n.,  Ru'sso- 
phobe  n.  &  a.,  Russopho'bia  n.  [f.  Russ. 
Rusi  Russian  people  or  country] 

Russell  (eord),  n.  Ribbed  fabric  of  cotton 
&  wool  used  for  scholastic  gowns  &c.    [?] 

pu'sset,  n.  &  a.  (Hist.)  coarse  home-spun  red- 
dish-brown or  grey  cloth  worn  by  peasants ; 
reddish  brown  ;  kind  of  rough-skinned  r. -col- 
oured apple.  (Adj.)  reddish-brown  (also  pu's- 
setY2  a.);  (archaic)  rustic,  homely,  simple, 
[f.  OF  rousset  (rous  red  f.  L  russus,  -et  *)] 

Russia  (leather)  (-sha),  n.  Durable  book- 
binding leather  from  skins  impregnated  with 
birch-bark  oil.    [Russia  (the  country)] 

Ru'ssian  (-shn),  n.  &  a.  Native,  language, 
of  Russia.  (Adj.)  of  or  from  Russia  ;  of  or  in 
R.;  hence  Ru'ssianiZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  med.L  Rus- 
sianus  (prec,  -an)] 

Ru'ssniak,  n.  &  a.  (Member,  language)  of 
the  Little  Russian  or  Ruthenian  race  in  Galicia. 
[f.  native  Rusnyak] 

pust,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Yellowish-brown  coating 
formed  on  iron  or  steel  by  oxidation  esp.  as 
effect  of  moisture  &  gradually  corroding  the 
metal,  similar  coating  on  other  metals,  (fig.) 
impaired  state  due  to  disuse  or  inactivity,  in- 
action as  deteriorating  influence  ;  (plant-disease 
with  rust-coloured  spots  caused  hy)  kinds  of 
fungus,  blight,  brand;  hence  PU'stLESS  a. 
(Vb)  contract  r.,  undergo  oxidation  or  blight; 
(of  bracken  &c. )  become  r.  -coloured ;  lose  quality 
or  efficiency  by  disuse  or  inactivity ;  affect 
with  r.,  corrode.  [OE  rust,  cf.  Du.  rocst,  G 
rost ;  cogn.  w.  red] 

PU'stlc,  a.  &  n.  (Now  less  usual  for)  rural ; 
having  the  appearance  or  manners  of  country- 
people,  characteristic  of  peasants,  unsophisti- 
cated, unpolished,  unrefined,  uncouth,  clown- 
ish ;  of  rude  or  country  workmanship  (r.  seat, 
bridge,  work,  of  untrimmed  branches  or  rough 
timber),  (of  lettering)  irregularly  formed, 
(Arch.)  with  rough-hewn  or  roughened  surface 
or  with  chamfered  joints  (r.-work,  such  mason- 
ry); hence  or  cogn.  pu'stiCALLY,  pu'stieLY2 
(rare),  advv.,  pusti'eiTY  n.  (N.)  countryman, 
peasant,    [f.  L  rusticus  (rus  the  country)] 

pu'sticate,  v.i.  &  t.  Retire  to,  sojourn  in, 
the  country,  lead  a  rural  life  ;  send  down  tem- 
porarily from  university  ae  punishment ;  coun- 
trify ;  mark  (masonry)  with   sunk  joints   or 


RUSTLE 


748  SABREUR 


roughened  surface.  Hence  PUstieATiON  n. 
ff.  L  rusticari  live  in  the  country  (prec),  -ate  3] 
ru'stle  (-si),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Give  forth)  sound 
(as)  of  dry  leaves  blown,  rain  pattering,  or  silk 
garments  in  motion  ;  go  with  r.  (along  &c. ;  r. 
in  silks,  be  clad  in  silk) ;  cause  to  r.  by  shaking 
&c.   Hence  pu'stling-LY2  adv.   [n.  f.  vb,  imit.; 

of     Dvi     7*id^i^lCTt\ 

pu'sty,  a.  Rusted,  affected  with  rust;  of 
antiquated  appearance;  (of  voice)  croaking, 
creaking  ;  stiff  with  age  or  disuse,  antiquated, 
behind  the  times,  impaired  by  neglect,  in  need 
of  furbishing,  (his  Greek  is  a  little  r.);  (of  black 
clothes)  discoloured  by  age;  rust-coloured. 
Hence  pu'stiLY  2  adv.,  pu'sWness  n.    [- y 2J 

put J,  n„  &  v.t.  Track  sunk  in  road  or  ground 
by  passage  of  wheels ;  established  mode  of  pro- 
cedure, beaten  track,  groove ;  hence  PU'ttY  2 
a.    (Vb)  mark  with  rr.  (usu.  in  p.p.).    [?] 

put2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Periodic  sexual  excitement 
of  male  deer  (also of  goat,  ram,  &c),  heat;  (vb) 
be  affected  with  r.  [OF,  also  ruit,  f.  L  rugitus 
-us  (rugire  roar)] 

puth  (rooth),  n.  (archaic).  Pity,  compassion. 
Hence  (mod.)  pu'thi.Ess  a.,  PU'thlessLY2 
adv.,  pu'thlessNESS  n.    [rue1  v.,  -th1] 

-py,  suf.,  shortened  form  of  -ery  (which  see 
for  numbered  meanings),  as  in  chantry  (ME 
chatinterie),  Jewry,  bottomry,  foundry,  poultry, 
jewel(le)ry ;  somet.  also  in  direct  formations, 
as  rivalry. 

pye  (ri),  n.  (Grain  of)  a  N.-Europ.  cereal  used 
for  bread  in  northern  Continental  countries  & 
for  fodder  in  U.K.  [OE  ryge,  cf.  ON  rugr,  Da. 
rug ;  cogn.  w.  Du.  rogge,  G  roggen) 

pye'-gpass,  n.  Kinds  of  fodder  grass,  [f. 
obs.  ray  etym.  dub.  w.  assim.  to  prec.J 

pye'peck  (ri-),  n.  Ironshod  pole  for  securing 
punt&c.    [?] 

pymep,  n.  One  of  the  posts  in  weir  or  lock 
holding  paddles.    [?] 

pyot,  n.  Indian  peasant,  [f.  Hind,  raiyat  f. 
Arab,  as  rayah] 

S 

S  <es),  letter  (pi.  &s,  S's).  (Also)  S-shaped  ob- 
ject (collarI  0f  s,  Ss,  SS,  or  esses)  or  curve 
(river  makes  a  great  S). 

Abbreviations  (1):  Saint,  as  S.  John  (pi.  SS., 
as  SS.  Peter  &  Paul) ;  screw,  in  s.s.(teamer); 
Senatus,  in  S.P.Q.R.  (populusque  Romamis ; 
also  for  small  profits  &  quick  returns  as  motto 
of  cheap  shops);  Signor^ as  S.  Tittoni ;  Society, 
as  S.J.  (of  Jesus),  S.P.C.K.  (for  promoting 
Christian  knowledge),  S.P.G.  (for  propagation 
of  Gospel) ;  solidus,  as  9s.  (9  shillings) ;  South, 
as  SM  S.E.(ast),  S.W.(est),  points  of  compass 
&  London  postal  districts,  S.A.(f  rica),  S.C.(aro- 
lina),  S.Dak.(ota) ;  steam,  in  S.S.(hip);  sub, 
in  s.  -v.ioce). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Salop.,  Shropshire ;  Sa- 
m.(uel ;  O.-T.  book);  Sarum.,  bp  of  Salisbury; 
sc.(ilicet);  sc.(ulpsit,  -ulpserunt) ;  scll.(icet); 
sen.(ior);  seq(q).,  sequentes,  -tia;  Sergt, 
Sergeant ;  Song-  of  Sol.(omon);  sq.(uare,  as 
200  sq.ft;  St,  Saint,  as  St  Peter;  Staffs., 
Staffordshire  ;  stg,  sterling,  as  £50  stg- ;  su- 
p.(ra) ;  sus.(pensio)  pep  coll.(um). 

s,  used  for  (1,  archaic)  God's  in  'sblood  &  other 
oaths ;  (2,  colloq.) is  in  he's,  she's,  it's,  Smith's, 
&c;  (3,  colloq.)  has  as  in  (2),  esp.  before  p.p.  as 
lies  done  it ;  (4,  colloq.)  us  in  let  us,  as  let's  go. 

Sab<a)e-an,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  ancient  Ye- 
men; (erron.)=8ABiAN.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Sabaios 
iSapaf.  Arab.  Saba'  people  of  Yemen)  + -an] 

Sa-baism  (ba),  n.  Star-worship,  [f.  Heb. 
caba  host,  -ism] 


Sa-baoth,  n.  pi.  Lord  of  S.  in  N.T.  &  Te 
Deum,  Lord  of  Hosts,    [f.  Heb.  pi.  (prec.)] 

Sabbatarian,  n.  &  a.  Sabbath-keeping 
Jew ;  Christian  who  accepts  (&  inculcates)  the 
obligation  to  observe  Sunday  strictly  as  sab- 
bath ;  Christian  individual  or  member  of  sect 
observing  Saturday  as  sabbath,  seventh-day 
baptist  &c. ;  hence  sabbatap*ianiSM(3)  n. 
(Adj.)  of  s.  tenets,  [f.  L  sabbatarius  (foil., 
-ary  !)+  -an,  see  -arian] 

sa'bbath,  n.  (Also  s.-day)  seventh  day  of 
week  as  day  of  religious  rest  appointed  for  Is- 
rael (s.-day 's  journey,  distance  Israelite  might 
travel  on  s.,  about  i  m.,  also  transf.  easy  jour- 
ney); (also  s.-day)  Christian  Sunday  esp.  as  day 
of  obligatory  abstinence  from  work  &  play 
(chiefly  in  Presbyterian,  nonconformist,  &  dis- 
tinctively protestant  use,  or  facet. ;  keep,  break, 
the  s.;  s.-breaker),  whence  sa'bbath  less  a.; 
period  of  rest ;  (usu.  witches'  s.)  annual  mid- 
night orgy  of  the  devil,  demons,  sorcerers,  & 
witches.  If.  L  sabbatum,  Gk  -ton,  f.  Heb.  shab- 
bath  (shabath  to  rest)] 

sabba'tic(al),  aa.  Of,  appropriate  to,  the 
sabbath  (-alriver,  one  in  Jewish  legend  flowing 
only  on  sabbath ;  s.  year,  seventh  year  in  which 
Israelites  were  to  cease  tilling  &  release  debt- 
ors &  Israelite  slaves).  Hence  sabba'tical- 
ly2  adv.  [f.  Gk  sabbatikos  (prec,  -ic),  -al] 

sa'bbatize,  v.i.  &  t.  Keep  the,  have  a,  sab- 
bath ;  make  (day)  into,  keep  as,  a  sabbath,  [f.  L 
sabbatizare  f.  Gk  sabbatizo  (sabbath,  -ize)] 

Sabe'llian,  a.  &  n.  (Rom.  hist).  (Member) 
of  the  group  of  tribes  in  ancient  Italy  including 
Sabines,  Samnites,  Campanians,  &c.    [f.  L  Sa- 

belli  SABINES  +  -IAN] 

Sa'bian,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  a  sect  classed 
in  Koran  with  Moslems,  Jews,  &  Christians,  as 
believers  in  the  true  God;  (erron.)  (adherent) 
of  sabaism.  [f.  Arab,  cabi'  (perh.  f.  Aram.  vb  = 
baptize)  + -an] 

Sabine,  a.  &  n.  (One)  of  the  Ss.,  ancient 
Italians  of  central  Apennines,    [f.  L  Sabinus] 

sa'ble !,  n.  Small  brown-furred  arctic  &  sub- 
arcticcarnivorousquadruped  allied  to  martens; 
its  skin  or  fur.  [OF,  =  s.-fur,  prob.  f.  Slav.  (Pol. 
&  Czech  sobol,  Hung,  czoboly,  the  s.)] 

sa'ble  2,  n.  &  a.  Black  as  a  heraldic  colour  ; 
(poet.,  rhet.)  the  colour  black;  (poet.  &  rhet.; 
pi.)  mourning  garments,  whence  sa*blED2a.; 
(also  s.  antelope)  large  stout-horned  antelope  of 
which  male  is  black.  (Adj.,  poet.  &  rhet.)  black, 
dusky,  gloomy,  dread,  (of  negro,  sky, sea,  night, 
Fate,  &c);  hence  sa'bLY2  adv.  [F  (herald.), 
perh.  f.  prec] 

sa'bot  (-6),  n.  Shoe  hollowed  out  from  one 
piece  of  wood  worn  by  French  lower  classes ; 
wooden-soled  shoe  ;  (Mil.)  wooden  disk  riveted 
to  spherical,  metal  cup  strapped  to  conical,  pro- 
jectile ;  (Mech.)  shoe  orarmature  of  pile,  boring- 
rod,  &c  Hencesa*botED2(-6d)a.  [F,cf.  savate 
shoe,  etym.  dub.] 

sa'bne  (-er),  n.,  &  v.t.  Cavalry  sword  with 
curved  blade  (the  s.,  military  force  or  rule) ; 
(in  pi.)  cavalry  unit  (cf.  rifle),  cavalry  soldier  & 
horse,  (has  8000  ss.);  copper  tool  for  skimming 
molten  glass  ;  s.-bill,  -wing,  kinds  of  bird  ;  s.- 
cut,  blow  with  s.,  wound  made  or  scar  left  by 
it;  s.-toothed  lion  or  tiger,  extinct  mammal 
with  long  s. -shaped  upper  canines;  (vb)  cut 
down  or  wound  with  s.  [F,  earlier  sable  f.  G 
sabel  prob.  of  Oriental  orig.] 

sa'bnetaehe  (-ertash),  n.  Cavalry  officer's 
satchel  on  long  straps  from  left  of  waistbelt. 
[F,  f.  G  sabeltasche  (prec,  tasche  pocket)  J 

sabreur  (sahbrer*),  n.  Cavalryman  with  sa- 
bre, esp.  (often  beau  s.)  cavalry  officer  of  dash- 
ing appearance.    [FJ 


SABULOUS 749 

sa'bulous,  a.  Sandy,  of  sand,  (pedant.); 
(Med.,  of  secretions  esp.  in  urinary  organs) 
granular,  [f.  L  sabidosus(sabulum  sand,  -ose1)] 

sabu'rra,  n.  (med.).  Foul  granular  matter 
deposited  in  stomach.    [L,  =  sand,  cf.  prec] 

sac,  n.  Bag-like  membrane-enclosed  cavity 
in  animal  or  vegetable  organism ;  membranous 
envelope  of  hernia,  cyst,  tumour,  &c;  (of  dress) 
=sack  i.    [f.  L  saccus  SACK  ''] 

sa*ccate,a.  (Bot.)  dilated  into  bag;  contained 
in  sac.    [f.  med.  L  saccatus  (prec,  -ate  2)] 

sa-cchar-  (-k-),  stem,  f.  Gk  sakkharon  sugar, 
of  many  words  chiefly  in  scientific  use  :  sa'c- 
char  ate  !(3),  salt  of  saccha'ric  acid,  a  dibasic 
acid  formed  by  nitric  acid  on  dextrose,  also  a 
monobasic  acid  formed  by  bases  on  glucoses ; 
sacchari'FEROVS,  sugar-bearing ;  sa'ccliariFY, 
convert  (starch)  into  sugar;  sacchari 'meter, 
instrument  fortesting  sugars  by  polarized  light; 
sa'ccharw(e)  n.,  intensely  sweet  substance  got 
from  coal-tar  &  used  to  sweeten  food  for  the 
gouty,  diabetic,  &c:  sa'cchariHE1  a.,  sugary, 
of  or  containing  or  like  sugar;  saccharo-,  sugar- 
&- ;  sa'ccharoiD  a.  (geol.),  granular  like  sugar, 
(n.)  sugarlike  substance ;  saccharo  "meter,  hy- 
drometer used,  esp.  in  brewing,  to  estimate 
amount  of  sugar  in  solution  by  specific  gravity ; 
sa'ccharoSK2,  any  of  the  group  of  sugars  dis- 
tinguished from  the  glucose  group. 

sa'ccifopm(-ks-),a.  Sac-shaped,  [sac, -form] 

sa'ccule,  n.  Small  sac  or  cyst  Hence  (sec 
-ul)  sa'cculAR1,  sa'cculATE2,  -ated,  aa., 
sacculATiON  n.    [f.  L  sacculus  (sac,  -ule)] 

sa'cerdocy.n.  (rare).  Sacerdotalism;  priestly 
function,  [f. Lisacerdotium(sacerdos-otis\iriest 
lit  sacrifice-giver  f.  sacer  holy,  dare  give)J 

sa'eepdotag-e,  n.  (joe).  Sacerdotalism; 
priest-ridden  state,  [as  prec.  w.  ref.  to  dotage, 
cf.  anecdotage] 

saeerdo'tal,  a.  Of  priest(s)  or  priesthood, 
priestly ;  (of  doctrines  &c.)  ascribing  sacrificial 
functions  &  supernatural  powers  to  ordained 
priests,  claiming  excessive  authority  for  the 
priesthood.  Hence  saeerdo'talLY2 adv.,  sa- 
eerdo*taliSM(3),  saeerdo*taliST(2),  nn.,sa- 
cepdo*taliZE(3)  v.t    [F,  f.  L  sacerdotalis  (as 

SACERDOCY,  -AL)] 

sa'chem  (-tsh),  n.  Supreme  chief  of  some 
Amer.-Ind.  tribes;  big-wig,  eminent  person. 
[Amer.-Ind.] 

sa*chet(-sha),n.  Small  perfumed  bag;  (packet 
of)  dry  perfume  for  laying  among  clothes  &c. 
[F,  dim.  of  sac  f.  L  saccws] 

sack  K  n.,  &  v.t  Large  usu.  oblong  bag  for 
storing  &  conveying  goods  usu.  open  at  one  end 
&  made  of  coarse  flax  or  hemp  (give  one,  get, 
the  8.,  dismiss  him,  be  dismissed,  from  service, 
cf.  '  On  luy  a  donne"  son  sac,  hee  hath  his  pas- 
port  given  him'  in  Cotgrave),  whence  sa'ck- 
iNG1(3)n.;s.with  contents  (usu.  of;  alsosa*ck- 
ful  n.),  amount  (of  corn,  coal,  flour,  wool,  po- 
tatoes, &c.)  usu.  put  in  s.  as  unit  of  measure  or 
weight  (at  12/-  the  s.);  (of  dress ;  also  as  pseudo- 
Fsacque,sac)k\n&  of  lady'sloose  gown  (archaic), 
also  pleated  silk  appendage  attached  to  shoul- 
ders of  dress  &  falling  to  ground  &  forming 
train,  also  man's  or  woman's  loose-hanging  coat 
not  shaped  to  back  ;  sackcloth,  coarse  fabric  of 
flax  or  hemp,  sacking,  (fig.)  mourning  or  peni- 
tential garb  (esp.  ins.-c.  &  ashes  bibl.);  s.-race, 
between  competitors  tied  in  ss.  up  to  the  neck. 
(Vb)  put  into  sack(s) ;  (colloq.)  give  the  s.  to, 
dismiss  from  service ;  (colloq.)  defeat  in  match 
or  fight  [OE  sacc  f.  L  f.  Gk  sakkos  f.  Heb.  saq] 

sack2,  v.t,  &  n.  (Of  victorious  army  or  its 
commander)  plunder,  give  over  to  plunder, 
(captured  city  &c);  (of  burglars  &c.)  carry  off 
contents  of;  (n.)  sacking  of  captured  place,  [vb 


SACRED 

prob.  f.  n.  f.  F  sac  in  phr.  mettre  d  sac  put  to 
sack,  f.  It  sacco  etym.  dub.  (perh.  f.  saccare 
put  in  sack1)] 

sacks,  n.  (hist).  Kinds  of  white  wine  for- 
merly imported  from  Spain  &  the  Canaries 
(sherry,  Canary,  &c,  s. ;  s.rposset,  -whey.  &c, 
beverages  containing  it;  halfpennyworth  of 
bread  to  intolerable  deal  of  s.,  absurd  excess  of 
the  unessential,  w.  ref.  to  1  Henry  IV,  n.  iv. 
592).    [earlier  wyne  seek  f.  F  vin  sec  dry  wine] 

sa'ckbut,  n.  Obsolete  bass  trumpet  with 
slide  for  altering  pitch,  [f.  F  saquebute  sackbut 
from  15th  c,  prob.=ONF  saquebovte  hook  for 
pulling  man  off  horse  (saquier  pull,  boute  of 
doubtful  sense) ;  in  Dan.  iii  s.  is  mistransl.  of 
Aram,  sabbeka  (a  stringed  instrument)  due  to 
accidental  likeness  of  the  wds] 

sa'ckless,  a,  (archaic,  Sc.  &  north.).  Inno- 
cent (of),  harmless,  feeble-minded.  [OE  sacleas 
(sacne  litigation,  -less)] 

sacque.    See  sack  i. 

sa-eral,  a.  (Anat)  of  the  sacrum ;  (Anthro- 
pol.)  of  or  for  sacred  rites,    [sacrum,  -al] 

sa'cpament,  n.,  &  v.t  Religious  ceremony 
or  act  regarded  as  outward  &  visible  sign  of  in- 
ward &  spiritual  grace  (applied  by  the  Eastern, 
pre-Reformation  Western,  &  R.-C.  Churches 
to  the  seven  rites  of  baptism,  confirmation,  the 
eucharist,  penance,  extreme  unction,  orders,  & 
matrimony  ;  restricted  by  most  Protestants  to 
baptism  &  the  eucharist;  the  s.,  the  s.  of  the 
altar,  the  Blessed  or  Holy  S.,  the  eucharist, 
also  the  consecrated  elements  esp.  the  bread  or 
Host ;  take,  receive,  the  s.  to  do  or  upon,  as 
confirmation  of  some  promise  or  oath) ;  thing 
of  mysterious  &  sacred  significance,  sacred  in- 
fluence, symbol,  &c;  oath  or  solemn  engage- 
ment taken  (vb,  bind  by  oath,  esp.  in  p.p.).  [f. 
F  sacrement  f.  L  sacramentum  military  oath, 
legal  caution-money,  f.  sacrare  (sacer  sacr- 
sacred),  -ment,  used  in  Christian  L  as  transl. 
of  Gk  musterion  mystery] 

sacramental,  a.  &  n.  Of  (the  nature  of)  a 
or  the  sacrament,  whence  sacramenta'lrrv 
n.;  (of  doctrine  &c.)  attaching  great  importance 
to  the  sacraments,  whence  sacrame'ntal- 
ism(3),  sacpame*ntaliST(2),  nn.;  hence  sac- 
pame'ntalLY2  adv.  (N.)  observance  analo- 
gous to  but  not  reckon  ed  among  the  sacramen  ts, 
e.  g.  use  of  holy  water  or  sign  of  the  cross,  [f. 
LL  sacramentalis  (prec,  -al)] 

sacramentar'ian,  a.  &  n.  (Hist;  also 
sacramentary)  denying,  denier  of,  the  Real 
Presence  (as  holding  that  'body  &  blood  of 
Christ'  was  used  only  in  a  sacramental,  i.e. 
symbolic,  sense);  (mod.)  holding  or  involving, 
holder  of,  high  sacramental  doctrine,  whence 
saeramentap*ianiSM(3)  n.  [f.  med.L sacra- 

MENT(orittS  -ARY  *),  See  -ARIANJ 

sacpar'ium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  (Rom.  Ant.)  shrine, 
adytum,  room  of  Penates  in  house ;  (also  sanc- 
tuary) part  of  church  within  altar-rails ;  (R.-C.) 
piscina.    [L  (sacer  sacr-  holy,  -arium)] 

sa*cp^  (-a),  v.i.  (-cr&i,  -crying).  (Of  French- 
man) say  sacre',  swear,  [f.  F  sacrt  interj.  =  foil.] 

sa'ered,  a.  (rarely  -est).  Consecrated  or  held 
dear  to  a  deity,  dedicated  or  reserved  or  appro- 

Eriated  to  some  person  or  purpose ;  made  holy 
y  religious  association,  hallowed,  (s.  book, 
writings,  embodying  laws  &c.  of  a  religion  ;  s. 
history,  related  in  Bible ;  s.  number,  associated 
with  religious  symbolism,  e.  g.  7 ;  s.  poetry, 
music,  on  religious  themes;  s.  concert,  of  s. 
music ;  as  specific  epithet  of  beasts  &c.  now  or 
once  s.  to  some  god,  as  s.  ibis,  monkey,  beetle) ; 
safeguarded  or  required  by  religion  or  rever- 
ence or  tradition,  indefeasible,  inviolable,  sac- 
rosanct, (His  most  S.  Majesty  the  King  ;  the  s. 


SACRIFICE 


750 


SAFETY 


right  of  insurrection ;  regards  it  as  a  s.  duty ; 
their  property,  persons,  will  be  held  s.;  no 
place  was  s.  from  him,  from  outrage).  Hence 
sa'cpedLY2  adv.,  sa'cpedNESs  n.  [p.p.  of 
obs.  sacre  consecrate  f.  F  sacrer  f.  L  sacrare 
(sacer  sacr-  holy)] 

sa/erif  ice,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Slaughter  of  animal 
or  person,  surrender  of  a  possession,  as  offering 
to  a  deity,  (fig.)  act  of  prayer  or  thanksgiving 
or  penitence  as  propitiation ;  what  is  thus 
slaughtered  or  surrendered  or  done,  victim, 
offering ;  (Theol. )  the  Crucifixion,  the  Eucharist 
as  either  a  repetition  of  this  or  an  act  of  thanks- 
giving; giving  up  of  thing  for  the  sake  of  an- 
other that  is  higher  or  more  urgent,  thing  thus 
given  up,  loss  thus  entailed,  (will  gain  nothing 
by  the  s.  of  your  principles ;  at  some  s.  of  regu- 
larity ;  surplus  stock  for  sale  at  a  large  s. ;  his 
health  was  the  s.  demanded  of  him ;  self-s.  ) ; 
so  saerufl'eiAL  (-ishl)  a. .  sacpifi'cialLY  2  adv. 
(Vb)  offer  (as)  s.  (to);  give  up,  treat  as  secondary 
or  of  inferior  importance,  devote,  to,  (has  sacri- 
ficed herself,  her  whole  life,  her  pleasures,  to 
his  interest ;  s.  accuracy  to  vividness) ;  resign 
oneself  to  parting  with,  [vb  f.  n.,  F,  f.  L  sacri- 
ficium  (sacrificus  as  prec,  -fic)] 

sa'erileg-e  (-ij),  n.  Robbery  or  profanation 
of  sacred  building,  outrage  on  consecrated  per- 
son or  thing,  violation  of  what  is  sacred.  Hence 
saepile'g-ious  (jws)  a.,  saerile'giousLY- 
adv. ,  saerile,g'iST(l)  n.  (rare).  [OF,  f.  L  sacri- 
legium  f.  sacrilegus  (sacred,  legere  collect)] 

sa'ering-,  n.  (archaic).  Consecration  of  ele- 
ments in  the  mass ;  ordination  &  consecration 
of  bishop,  sovereign,  &c;  s.-bell,  rung  at  eleva- 
tion of  Host.    [obs.  sacre  (sacred),  -ing  j] 

sa'cpist,  n.  Official  keeping  sacred  vessels 
&c.  of  religious  house  or  church.  [OF  (-e),  f.  L 
sacrista  (sacred,  -ist)] 

sa'CPistan,  n.  Sexton  of  parish  church  (ar- 
chaic); =  prec.    [f.  med.  L  SACRiSTawws  (-an)] 

sa'episty,  n.  Repository  for  vestments, 
vessels,  &c,  of  a  church.  [F  (-ie),  f.  med.L 
sacristia  (sacrist,  -ia  ])] 

sa'cposanct,  a.  (Of  person,  place,  law,  &c.) 
secured  by  religious  sanction  against  outrage, 
inviolable.  Hence  sacposa'nctiTY  n.  [f.  L 
sacrosanctus  (sacro  abl.  of  sacrum  sacred 
rite,  saint  a.)] 

sa-cpum,  n.  Composite  triangular  bone  of 
ankylosed  vertebrae  forming  back  of  pelvis. 
Hence  sa'CPAL  a.,  sacro-  comb.  form.  [f.  L 
os  sacrum  sacred  bone  (from  sacrificial  use)] 

sad,  a.  Sorrowful,  mournful,  showing  or 
causing  sorrow,  (a  sadder  &  a  wiser  man,  of 
one  who  has  had  distressing  experience  ;  in  s. 
earnest,  seriously) ;  (contempt.,  usu.  joe.)  shock- 
ing, deplorably  bad,  incorrigible,  (is  a  s.  slut, 
coward,  &c.;  s.  dog.  rake,  scapegrace ;  writes  s. 
stuff);  (of  pastry,  bread,  &c.)  heavy,  doughy  ; 
(of  colour)  dull,  neutral-tinted;  s.-iron,  solid 
flat-iron.  Hence  sa'dd e n  6  v.  t.  &  i. ,  sa'd r  y  2 
adv.,  sa'dNESS  n.,  sa*ddiSHi(2)  a.  [earlier 
senses  sated,  weary,  solid,  serious ;  com.-Teut ; 
OE  sxd  cf.  Du.  zat,  G  satt,  cogn.  w.  L  sat(is), 
Gk  haden,  enough] 

JSPS*t  n"  &„v-fc\  Aider's  seat  placed  on 
wL°f  H°,rS(?,&£-  (usu-  concave-shaped  of 
fn^IJvf  Wlthf  Slde;flaps  &  girths  &  stirrups)  or 
££2Vn£  paK-t  of  b,lcycle  &c-  or  of  some  agricul- 
S^lt^S1116?  (plCKl»  srDE>  -*•:  ™  the  s., 
^F^i^'  »n  office  or  control;  put  s.  on 
SSw  ™Tg*  horse.  \>\*me  right,  wrong,  per- 
^hnft;c?acrfc0Kf  ^aft-horse's  harness  that  bears 
s,,^;fc   Shaped.tllin^  e$-  TidSe  between  two 

XSSS^KE**  for  cab^e  or  wire  °"  top  of 

oW«K?*5ndge  Pier  or  telegraph-pole,  joint 
of  mutton  or  venison  consisting  of  the  two 


loins  ;  saddleback,  (Arch.)  tower  roof  with  two 
opposite  gables,  saddlebacked  hill,  kinds  of 
bird  (esp.  the  Grey  Crow)  &  fish,  (adj.)  saddle- 
backed  ;  saddlebacked,  with  upper  outline  con- 
cave, (Arch.)  having  saddleback ;  s.-bag,  one  of 
pair  of  bags  laid  across  horse  behind  s..  kind 
of  carpeting  (in  imitation  of  Eastern  s.-bb.  of 
camels)  used  in  upholstering  chairs  &c;  s.- 
boiler,  of  concave  form  used  in  heating-appara- 
tus; s.-bow,  arched  front  of  s.  [bow1];  s.-cloth, 
laid  on  horse's  back  under  s.;  saddlefast,  firmly 
seated  in  s.;  s.-horse,  for  riding;  s.-pin,  by 
which  bicycle  &c.  s.  fits  into  socket;  s.-tree, 
frame  of  s.,  also  N.-Amer.  tulip-tree  (with  s.- 
shaped  leaves);  hence  sa'ddleLESS  a.  (Vb) 
put  s.  on  (horse  &c.) ;  burden  (person)  with 
task,  responsibility,  Sec;  put  (burden)  (up)on 
(person).  [com.-Teut.;  OE  sadol(ian),  cf.  Du. 
zadel(en),  G  sattel(n) ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  sit] 

sa'ddlep,  n.  Maker  of  or  dealer  in  saddles 
&  other  equipment  for  horses;  (Mil.)  man  in 
charge  of  cavalry  regiment's  saddlery.  Hence 
sa*ddlERY(l,  2,  3)  n.    [-er  i] 

Sa'dducee,  n.  Member  of  a  Jewish  sect  or 
party  (cf.  Pharisee,  essene)  of  time  of  Christ 
that  denied  resurrection  of  the  dead,  existence 
of  spirits,  &  obligation  of  the  traditional  law. 
Hence  or  cogn.  SaddueE'ANa.,  Sa'ddueee- 
ism(2)  n.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  Saddoukaios  f.  Heb. 
Cadduqi  prob.  =  descendant  of  Zadok] 

sa'dism  (sah-),  n.  Form  of  sexual  perversion 
marked  by  love  of  cruelty,  [f.  F  sadisme 
(Count  de  Sade  1740-1814,  -ism)] 

safe i,  n.  (Also  meats.)  ventilated  cupboard 
for  provisions;  fire-proof  &  burglar-proof  re- 
ceptacle for  valuables,    [orig.  save,  f.  save  l] 

safe2,  a.  (Pred.,  after  come,  arrive,  bring, 
keep,  &c.)  uninjured  (parcel  came  s.;  saw  them 
s.  home ;  often  s.  &  sound) ;  secure,  out  of  or 
not  exposed  to  danger  (from),  (now  we  are,  can 
feel,  s.;  is  s.  from  nis  enemies).  Affording  se- 
curity or  not  involving  danger  (put  it  in  a  s. 
place ;  is  it  s.  to  leave  him  ? ;  s.  custody,  convoy, 
&c;  err,  error,  on  the  s.  side,  with  margin  of 
security  against  risks ;  dog  is  not  s.  to  touch ; 
it  is  s.  to  say,  may  be  said  without  risk  of  ex- 
aggeration or  falsehood),  debarred  from  escap- 
ing or  doing  harm  (have  got  him  s.);  cautious 
&  unenterprising,  consistently  moderate,  that 
can  be  reckoned  on,  unfailing,  certain  to  do  or 
be,  sure  to  become,  (a  s.  critic,  statesman ;  s. 
methods ;  a  s.  catch  2,  winner ;  is  a  s.  first, 
sure  to  take  a  first  class ;  is  s.  to  win,  be  there); 
hence  sa'feNESS  n.  S.-conduct,  (document 
conveying)  privilege  granted  by  sovereign, 
commander,  &c,  of  being  protected  from  arrest 
or  harm  on  particular  occasion  or  in  district ; 
s.-guard,= s.-conduct,  (also  &  usu.)  proviso  or 
stipulation  or  quality  or  circumstance  that 
tends  to  prevent  some  evil  or  protect,  (v.t.) 
guard,  protect,  (esp.  rights  &c.)  by  precaution 
or  stipulation;  s.-keeping,  custody.  Hence 
sa'feLY  2  adv.  [ME  &  F  sauf  f.  L  salvus  un- 
injured cogn.  w.  Gk  holos  whole] 

sa'fety  (-fti),  n.  Being  safe,  freedom  from 
danger  or  risks,  (there  is  s.  in  numbers  prov. ; 
is  in  s.;  cannot  do  it  with  s.;  play  for  .<?.,  avoid 
risks  in  game  or  fig.) ;  safeness,  being  sure  or 
likely  to  bring  no  danger,  (is  the  s.  of  the  experi- 
ment certain?;  factor  or  coefficient  of  s.  in 
engineering,  ratio  of  material's  strength  to 
strain  to  be  allowed  for) ;  (also  s.-bolt)  contriv- 
ance for  locking  gun-trigger,  gun  with  this; 
(also  s.-bicycle)  bicycle  of  usual  low-saddled 
modern  form  (opp.  ordinary) ;  s.-ftise,  that  can 
be  ignited  at  safe  distance ;  s.-lamp,  miner's  so 
protected  as  not  to  ignite  fire-damp ;  s.-match, 
only  igniting  on  prepared  surface ;  s.-pin,  with 


SAFFIAN 


751 


SAINT 


point  that  returns  to  head  &  is  caught  in  a 
guard  so  that  wearer  may  not  be  pricked  nor 
pin  come  out;  s.-razor,  kinds  with  guard  to 

Erevent  cutting  chin  &c. ;  s.-valve  in  steam- 
oiler,  opening  automatically  to  relieve  exces- 
sive pressure,  (fig.)  means  of  giving  harmless 
vent  to  excitement  &c.  (sit  on  the  s.-v.,  follow 
policy  of  repression),  [f.  F  sauveti  f.  med.L 
.salvitatem  (prec,  -I-,  -ty)] 

sa'fflan,  n.  Leather  of  goatskin  or  sheep- 
skin tanned  with  sumach  &  dyed  in  bright 
colours.    If.  Russ.  safiyanu] 

sa'fflower  (-owr),  n.  A  thistle-like  plant 
yielding  red  dye  used  esp.  in  rouge ;  its  dried 
petals;  the  dye  made  from  them.  [r.  Du.  saMoer 
f.  OF  saffleur  f.  early  It.  saffiore  etym.  dub.] 

sa'ffrbn,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Orange-coloured  stig- 
mas of  the  Autumnal  Crocus  used  for  colouring 
&  flavouring  confectionery  &  liquors  (Bastard 
S.,  the  plant  saflflower);  (a.  &  n.)  s.-colour(ed), 
whence  sa'fflronY2  a.;  s.-cake,  cake  flavoured 
with  s.,  also  tablet  of  pressed  s.;  (vb)  colour  with 
or  like  s.    [f.  F  safran  ult.  f.  Arab,  za'faran] 

sa'fpanin,  n.  Colouring-matter  of  saffron ; 
yellowish-red  coal-tar  colour,    [prec,  -in J 

sag-,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Sink  or  subside  under 
weight  or  pressure ;  hang  sideways,  be  lop- 
sided, (gate,  bridge,  sags) ;  have  downward 
bulge  or  curve  in  middle  (ceiling,  beam,  stretched 
rope,  ladder,  sags),  (trans.)  cause  to  curve  thus; 
(Commerc.)  decline  in  price ;  (of  ship)  drift  from 
course  (esp.  s.  to  leeward) ;  hence  sa'ggY  2  a. 
(N.)  amount  that  rope  &c.  sags,  distance  from 
middle  of  its  curve  to  straight  line  between 
supports;  sinking,  subsidence;  decline  in  price; 
(Naut.)  tendency  to  leeward,  [cf.  Du.  zakken 
subside,  Da.  sakke  lag;  perh.  cogn.  w.  sinkI 

sa'ga  (sah),  n.  A  medieval  Icelandic  or  Nor- 
wegian prose  narrative,  esp.  one  embodying 
history  of  Icelandic  family  or  Norwegian  king, 
(transf.)  story  of  heroic  achievement  or  adven- 
ture.   [ON,  =  narrative,  cogn.  w.  saw2] 

saga'cious  (-shus),  a.  Mentally  penetrating, 
gifted  with  discernment,  practically  wise,  acute- 
minded,  shrewd;  (of  sayings,  plans,  &c.)showing 
sagacity ;  (of  animals)  exceptionally  intelligent, 
seeming  to  reason  or  deliberate.  Henceor  cogn. 
saga*eiousLY2adv.,  sagA'ciTY  n.  [f.  hsagax 
(sagire  discern  acutely),  -aciousI 

sa'gamore,  n.  =  sachem  (1st  sense),  [f. 
Amer.-Ind.  sagamo] 

sage  1,  n.  Aromatic  herb  with  dull  greyish- 
green  leaves ;  its  leaves  used  in  cookery  (s.  & 
onions,  stuffing  used  for  goose,  duck,  pork,  &c); 
s.-brush,  growth  of  alkaline  plants  character- 
izing some  sterile  districts  of  U.S.  (s.-cock, 
-grouse,  -hare,  &c,  found  in  this) ;  s.-cheese,  fla- 
voured and  mottled  by  addition  of  s. -infusion  to 
the  curd;  s.-green,  colour  of  s. -leaves;  s,  tea, 
medicinal  infusion  of  s. -leaves.  Hence  sa'gY2 
a.    [ME  &  F  sauge  f.  L  salvia] 

sage2,  a.  &  n.  Wise,  discreet,  judicious,  hav- 
ing the  wisdom  of  experience,  of  or  indicating 
profound  wisdom,  (often  iron.) ;  wise-looking, 
solemn-faced;  hence  sa'geLY2  adv.,  sa'ge- 
ness  n.  (N.)  profoundly  wise  man  (often  iron.), 
esp.  any  of  the  ancients  traditionally  reputed 
wisest  of  their  time  (the  seven  ss.,  7  Greeks  each 
credited  with  a  notable  saying) ;  hence  sa'ge- 
ship  n.  [F,  f.  com. -Rom.  sabio  f.  pop.  L  *sapius 
(L  sapere  be  sapient)] 

sa'ggap,  n.  Case  of  baked  fireproof  clay  en- 
closing pottery  while  it  is  baked,  [perh.  contr. 
of  safeguard] 

Sagi'tta,  n.  A  northern  constellation,  the 
Arrow.    [L,  =  arrow] 

Sagittar'ius,  n.  Constellation  &  ninth  sign 
of  zodiac,  the  Archer.    [L  (prec,  -ary  j)] 


sa*gittate(d),  aa.  (hot.,  zool.).  Shaped  like 
arrow-head,    [sagitta,  -ate2] 

sa'go,  n.  (Kinds  of  palm  &  cycad  with  pith 
yielding)  kind  of  starch  used  as  food  in  puddings 
&c.    [f.  Malay  sagu] 

Sahar'a,  n.  Great  Libyan  desert;  arid 
tract  (lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  Sahar'AN,  Sahap*- 
ian,  Sahar'ic,  aa.    [f.  Arab,  cahra  desert] 

Sah'ib.n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Englishman  or  Euro- 
pean in  India  as  spoken  of  or  to  by  natives 
(mem-sahib)  ;  (appended  to  name  of  S.)  Mr,  as 
Jones  S.    [Hind.,  f.  Arab,  cafyib  friend]  ' 

said.    See  say  2. 

sai'ga  (or  si-),  n.  Antelope  of  steppes.  [Russ.] 

sail ',  n.  Piece  of  canvas  or  other  textile 
material  extended  on  rigging  to  catch  wind  & 
propel  vessel,  (collect.)  some  or  all  of  ship's  ss. 
(carry,  crowd2,  hoist,  lower,  make1,  set1, 
shorten,  strike,  s. ;  take  in  s.  fig.,  moderate 
one's  ambitions ;  take  wind  l  out  of  ss. ;  full  s. 
adv.,  with  all  s.  spread  lit.  &  fig. ;  under  s., 
with  ss.  set) ;  (collect.)  ships  (in  giving  number 
of  ships  in  squadron  or  company ;  a  fleet  of 
twenty  s.),  ship  (esp.  in  s.  ho!,  cry  announcing 
that  ship  is  in  sight) ;  wind-catching  apparatus, 
now  usu.  set  of  boards,  attached  to  arm  of  wind- 
mill ;  s. -fish's  dorsal  fin,  tentacle  of  nautilus ; 
(also  winds.)  funnel-shaped  bag  on  ship's  deck 
or  above  mine  giving  ventilation  ;  s.-arm,  arm 
of  windmill ;  s.-axle,  on  which  s.-arms  revolve ; 
s.-cloth,  canvas  for  ss.,  also  dress-material ; 
s.-fish,  kinds  with  large  dorsal  fin,  esp.  Basking 
shark.  Hence  (-)sailED  2,  sai'lLESS,  aa.  [com.- 
Teut. ;  OE  seg(e)l,  cf.  Du.  zeil,  G  segel] 

sail2,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  vessel  or  person  on 
board)  travel  on  water  by  use  of  ss.  (sailing- 
ship,  -vessel,  opp.  steamer ;  s.  close  to  or  near 
the  wind,  nearly  against  it,  also  fig.  come  near 
transgressing  a  law  or  moral  principle) ;  (of 
vessel  or  person  on  board)  travel  on  water  by 
use  of  ss.  or  engine-power,  start  on  voyage,  [we 
s.  next  week;  list  of  saihNGS  from  London; 
sailing  orders,  instructions  to  captain  for  de- 
parture, destination,  &c) ;  (of  Dird,  cloud, 
moon,  &c)  glide  in  air;  (esp.  of  women)  walk 
in  stately  manner ;  travel  over  or  along,  navi- 
gate, glide  through,  (the  sea,  Spanish  main, 
sky,  &c);  control  navigation  of  (ship;  plain 
sai'ZiNG1,  used  pred.  to  describe  task  &c.  that 
is  not  perplexing ;  sailing-master,  officer  navi^ 
gating  yacht),  set  (toy-boat)  afloat.  (N.)  voyage 
or  excursion  in  sailing-vessel  (go  for  as.); 
voyage  of  specified  duration  (is  ten  days'  s. 
from  Plymouth).   [OE  siglan,  segl(i)an,  (prec)] 

sai'lep,  n.  Ship  of  specified  sailing-power 
(fast,  good,  bad,  s.).    [-ER1] 

sai'lop,  n.  Seaman,  mariner,  esp.  one  below 
rank  of  officer  (good,  bad,  s.,  person  not,  very, 
liable  to  sea-sickness;  s.-hat,  of  straw  with 
straight  narrow  brim  &  flat  top  worn  by  women, 
also  with  turned-up  brim  in  imitation  of  sailor's 
worn  by  children  ;  s.-man,  (vulg.  &  joe  for)  s.; 
sailors'  home,  institution  for  lodging  ss.  cheaply 
ashore  ;  s.'s  knot,  way  of  tying  neck-tie.  Hence 
sai'lopiNGMD  n.,  sai'loPLESS,  sai'loPLY1, 
aa.    [var.  of  prec,  see  -er1,  -or2] 

sain,  v.t.  (archaic).  Make  sign  of  the  cross 
on,  bless,  protect  by  divine  power  or  enchant- 
ment. [OE  segnian,  cf.  G  segnen  bless,  f.  L 
signare  mark  (siGN1«m)] 

sai'nfoin,  n.  Low-growing  herb  used  as 
fodder.    [F  (sain  sane, /bin  hay  f.  L  faenum)] 

saint,a.(snt;«66r.  St,  S..inpl.  Sts,  SS.).n.,&v.t. 
Holy,  canonized  or  officially  recognized  by  the 
Church  as  having  won  by  exceptional  holiness 
a  high  place  in  heaven  &  veneration  on  earth, 
(usu.  as  prefix  to  name  of  person  or  archangel 
as  St  Paul,  St  Michael,  whence  ellipt.  names 


SAINT-SIMONIAN 


752 


SALICIONAL 


of  churches  as  St  Peter's,  &  of  towns  called 
after  their  churches  often  with  loss  of  posses- 
sive sign  as  St  Andrews  &  St  Albans,  &  many 
Christian  &  family  names  taken  either  from 
patron  s.  or  from  local  names  as  above ;  also  in 
some  names  of  churches  not  called  after  ss.,  as 
St  Saviour's,  Sepulchre's, Faith,  Cross;  St—'s 
day,  Church  festival  in  memory  of  particular 
s.;  St  valentine's  day ;  St  Monday,  Monday 
as  made  by  many  workmen  into  a  holiday  or 
s.'s-day ;  St  Lubbock's  day,  any  of  the  banks. 
holidays  instituted  1871  by  Sir  J.  Lubbock  s  Act ; 
St  Anthony's,  Elmo's,  fire*;  St  Vitus's  dance2; 
St  Bernard  dog  or  St  Bernard,  breed  kept  by 
monks  of  Hospice  on  Great  St  Bernard  pass  for 
rescue  of  travellers;  St  Leger,  horse-race  at 
Doncaster  for  three-year-olds,  f.  founder's  name; 
St  Michael,  kind  of  orange,  f.  one  of  the  Azores 
so  called).  (N.)  one  of  the  blessed  dead  or  other 
member  of  the  company  of  heaven  (departed  s., 
phr.  used  by  or  attributed  to  mourners,  =  de- 
ceased person);  canonized  person  (see  adj.  sense; 
patron  s.,  selected  as  heavenly  protector  of  per- 
son or  place,  esp.  church,  often  named  after 
him);  (bibl.,  archaic,  &  with  some  mod.  sects) 
one  of  God's  chosen  people,  member  of  the 
Christian  Church  or  speaker's  branch  of  it; 
person  of  great  real  or  affected  holiness  (would 
provoke,  try  the  patience  of,  a  s. ;  young  ss.  old 
devils  or  sinners,  early  piety  is  no  good  sign ; 
LATTER-day  ss.);  s.'s-day,  Church  festival  in 
memory  of  a  s.,  often  observed  as  holiday  at 
schools  &c;  hence  sai'ntDOM,  sai'ntHOOD, 
sai'ntSHip,  sai'ntLiNG1,  nn.,  sai'ntLiKE, 
sai'ntLV1,  aa.,  sai'ntliNESS  n.  (Vb)  canon- 
ize, admit  to  the  calendar  of  ss.;  call  or  regard 
as  a  s. ;  (p.p. )  worthy  to  be  so  regarded,  of  saintly 
life,  (of  place  &c.)  sacred,  [vb  f.  n.  f.  adj.,  OF, 
f.  L  sanctus  p.p.  of  sancire  consecrate] 
Saint-Simd'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Advocate)  of 
the  socialism  of  the  Comte  de  Saint-Simon 
(1760-1825)  with  State  control  of  property  &  dis- 
tribution of  produce.  So  Salnt-SI'mon- 
ist(2),  Saint-SrmoniTE  HI),  Saint-Sr- 
monisivi(3),    Saint-Simo*nianiSM(3),     nn. 


[IAN] 

saith. 


See  say  2. 


Sai'tlc,  a.  Of  Sais,  ancient  capital  of  Lower 
Egypt  (S.  dynasties,  26th-30th  of  Egyptian 
kings),  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Sattikos  (Saites  f.  Sals,  -ite  J)] 

sake,  n.  For  the  s.  of—,  for  —'s  or  my  &c. 
s.,  out  of  consideration  for,  in  the  interest  of, 
because  of,  owing  to,  in  order  to  please  or  ho- 
nour or  get  or  keep,  (common  n.  with  sibilant 
ending  does  not  take  the  extra  syllable  of  the 
possessive  before  s.,  but  has  usu.  the  apostro- 
phe, as  for  peace',  conscience',  goodness',  s.,  cf. 
for  Ood's,  the  children's,  Phyllis's,  s.;  for  my 
own  s.  as  well  as  yours ;  for  both,  all,  ourss.  or 
rarely  s.;  for  his  name's  s.,  because  he  bears 
the  name  he  does  or  in  the  interest  of  his  repu- 
tation ;  persecuted  for  opinion's  s. ;  for  any  s. 
in  entreaties,  for  one  reason  if  not  for  another; 
for  old  8.'s  s.,  in  memory  of  old  days).  [OE  sacu 
contention,  charge,  fault,  sake,  cf.  Du  zaak  law- 
suit, cause,  thing,  G  sache  affair,  also  OE  sacan 
to  quarrel ;  cogn.  w.  seek] 

sA'k6  (-a),  n.  Japanese  fermented  liquor  made 
from  rice.    [f.  Jap.  sake] 

sa-ker,  n.  Large  lanner  falcon  used  in  hawk- 
ing, esp.  the  female  larger  than  the  male  or 
sa-kerET1  n.;  (Hist)  old  form  of  cannon,  [f.  F 
sacre  (in  both  senses)  f.  Sp.,  Port.,  sacro  prob. 
f .  Arab,  caqr] 

sal  (sahl),  saul,  n.  Valuable  Indian  timber 
(tree).    [Hind.] 

salaam  Mahm),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Oriental 
salutation '  Peace ';  Indian  obeisance  with  this, 


low  bow  of  head  &  body  with  right  palm  on 
forehead  ;  (vb)  make  s.  (to),    [f.  Arab,  salam] 

sa'lable,  a.  Fit  for  sale,  finding  purchasers ; 
s.  price,  that  article  will  fetch.  Hence  sala- 
BI'LITY  n.    [-able] 

sala'cious  (-shws),  a.  Lustful,  lecherous. 
Hence  or  cogn.  sala'ciousLY2  adv.,  sala*- 
ciousNESS,  salA'ciTY,  nn.  [f.  L  salax  (salire 
leap),  -acious] 

sa'lad  (-ad),  n.  Cold  dish  of  uncooked  usu. 
sliced  vegetables  such  as  lettuce  or  endive  sea- 
soned with  oil,  vinegar,  &c,  &  eaten  with  or 
including  cold  fish,  meat,  hard-boiled  eggs,  &c; 
vegetable  or  herb  suitable  for  eating  raw ;  s.- 
days,  inexperienced  youth ;  s.-dressing,  mix- 
ture of  oil,  vinegar,  cream,  &c,  taken  with  s.; 
s.-oil,  superior  quality  of  olive-oil.  [f.  OF salade 
ult.  f.  L  sal  salt,  -ade(1)] 

salamander,  n.  Lizard-like  animal  sup- 
posed to  live  in  fire ;  person  who  can  endure 


^reat  heat,  fire-eating  soldier  &c;  spirit  living 
in  fire  (cf.  sylph,  gnome,  nymph);  (Zool.)  kinds 
of  tailed  amphibian,  whence  salama'ndroiD 


a.  &  n. ;  red-hot  iron  for  firing  gun-powder, 
hot  iron  plate  for  browning  omelettes  &c. 
Hence  salama'ndriAN,  salama'ndriNE1, 
aa.    [F  (-dre),  f.  L  f.  Gk  salamandra] 

sal-ammcniac,  n.  Ammonium  chloride. 
[L  sal  salt,  ammoniac] 

sa'langane  (-ngg-),  n.  Swallow  making 
edible  nest.    [F,  f.  salamga  name  in  Luzon] 

sa'lapy,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fixed  periodical  payment 
made  to  person  doing  other  than  manual  or  me- 
chanical work  (cf.  wages);  (vb;  chiefly  in  p.p.) 
pay  s.  to.  [AF  (-ie),  =  OF  salaire  f.  It  solarium 
orig.  soldier's  salt-money  (sal  salt,  -ary  l)] 

sale,  n.  E  xchange  of  a  commodity  for  money 
or  other  valuable  consideration,  selling  (on,  for, 
s.,  offered  for  purchase ;  s.  &,  or  or,  return,  ar- 
rangement by  which  retailer  takes  quantity  of 
goods  with  right  of  returning  all  that  he  fails 
to  sell),  amount  sold  (the  ss.  were  enormous) ; 
public  auction  (put  up  for  s.,  offer  at  auction) ; 
rapid  disposal  at  reduced  prices  of  shop's  stock 
at  end  or  season;  bill4  of  s.;  s.  ring,  ring  of 
buyers  at  auction ;  salesman,  -woman,  person 
engaged  in  selling  goods  in  shop  or  as  middle- 
man between  producer  &  retailer.  [OE  sala 
prob.  f.  ON  sala  cogn.  w.  sell] 

Salem,  n.  Nonconformist  chapel.  [.He6.vii.2] 

sa'lep,  n.  Nutritive  meal  from  dried  tubers 
of  some  orchidaceous  plants.  [F  f.  Turk.,  f. 
Arab,  tha'leb] 

salera'tus,  n.  (U.S.).  Impure  bicarbonate 
of  potash  or  sodium  bicarbonate  as  ingredient 
in  baking-powders,     [f.  mod.  L  sal  aeratus 

A  FTtATFcl  Sr^ltl 

Sa'llan  \  a.  Of  the  Salii  or  priests  of  Mars. 
[L  Salii  pi.  (salire  leap),  -an] 

Sa'llan2,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  Frankish  tribe 
near  Zuyder  Zee  from  which  the  Merovingians 
were  descended.    [LL  Salii  the  tribe,  -an] 

Sa'lic,  Sali'que (ek), aa.  (Form -ic)  =  prec. 
adj.  (S.  law,  Frankish  law-book  extant  in  Mero- 
vingian &  Carolingian  times);  (-ic,  -ique)  S.  law, 
law  excluding  females  from  dynastic  succes- 
sion, esp.  as  alleged  fundamentals  w  of  French 
monarchy  (based  on  a  quotation,  not  referring 
to  such  succession,  from  the  law-book  above). 
[F  (-que)  f.  Salii  (prec),  -ic] 

sa'llcin,  n.  Bitter  crystalline  principle  got 
from  willow-bark  &  used  medicinally.  So  sa*- 
IIcyl  n.,  salicy'lic  a.  (-ic  acid,  used  as  anti- 
septic &  for  rheumatism),  sali'cylATE^S)  n., 
sall*cylizE(5)  &  in  same  sense  sall'eylATE3 
vv.t,  sall*eyliSM(5)  n.,  sall'eylous  (chem.)a. 
[F  (-ine).  f.  L  salix  -ids  willow,  -in] 

sali'cional  (shon-),   s&'licet,  nn.     Organ 


SALIENT 


753 


SALT 


stop  of  soft  reedy  tone  as  of  willow  pipe.  [G,  f. 
L  salix  (prec.)  w.  suff.] 

sa'lient,  a.  &  n.  Leaping  or  dancing  (pedant., 
facet.),  (of  water  &c,  poet.)  jetting  forth,  (s. 
point  archaic,  initial  stage  or  origin  or  first 
beginning,  from  old  med.  use=heart  as  it  first 
shows  in  an  embryo) ;  (of  angle,  esp.  in  Fortif., 
opp.  re-entrant)  pointing  outwards  ;  jutting 
out,  prominent,  conspicuous,  most  noticeable, 
(s.  points,  features,  characteristics).  Hence 
sa'liENCE,  sa'liENCY,  nn.,  sa'lientLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  satire  leap,  -ent] 

sali-ferous,  a.  (geol. ).  (Of  strata)  containing 
much  salt.  [L  sal  salt,  -I-,  -ferous] 
sa-line  {or  sali'n),  a.  &  n.  (Of  natural  waters, 
springs,  &c)  impregnated  with  salt  or  salts, 
whence  salino'METER  n.;  (of  taste)  salt;  of 
chemical  salts,  of  the  nature  of  a  salt;  (of 
medicines)  containing  salt(s)  of  alkaline  metals 
or  magnesium;  hence  sali'niTY  n.,  sali'no- 
comb.  form.,  (sa).  (N.)  salt  lake,  spring, 
marsh,  &c;  salt-pan,  salt-works;  s.  substance; 
s.  purge,  [prec,  -ine  l\ 
Salique.    See  salic. 

sali'va,  n.    Colourless  liquid  given  by  mixed 
secretions  of  salivary  &  mucous  glands  dis- 
charged into  mouth  &  assisting  mastication, 
spittle.    So  sa'liVARY  *  a.    [L] 
sa'livate,  v.t.  &  i.    Produce  unusual  secre- 
tion of  saliva  in  (person)  usu.  with  mercury ; 
secrete  or  discharge  saliva  esp.  in  excess,    bo 
salivATiON  n.    [f.  L  SAUVAre,  -ate 3] 
settle  (F),  n.  Hall,  room,  (of  foreign  countries ; 
s.-d-manger,    dining-room,   coffee-room;  s.- 
(Vattente,  waiting-room  at  station). 
sa*llendei*s,  n.  pi.  Dry  eruption  inside  hock 
of  horse's  hind-leg  (cf.  malanders).    [cf.  F 
solandre ;  etym.  dub.l 

sa'llow1  (-6),  n.  Willow-tree,  esp.  of  low- 
growing  or  shrubby  kinds,  whence  sa'llowv2 
a.;  a  shoot,  the  wood,  of  this.  [OE  sealh,  cf. 
OHG  salaha,  ON  selja,  also  L  salix,  Gk  helikel 
sallow2  (-6),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  human 
skin  or  complexion  or  person  in  these  respects, 
rarely  of  foliage)  of  sickly  yellow  or  pale  brown ; 
hence  sa*llowiSHM2)  a.,  sa'UowNESS  n. 
(N.)  s.  hue.  (Vb)  make  or  grow  s.  [OE  salo, 
cf.  MDu.  salu  discoloured,  OHG  salo  dark] 
sa'lly1,  n.,  &  v.i.  Rush  of  besieged  upon 
besiegers,  sortie ;  a  going  forth,  excursion ; 
sudden  6tart  into  activity,  outburst ;  escapade 
(rare) ;  witticism,  piece  of  banter,  lively  remark 
esp.  by  way  of  attack  upon  person  or  thing  or 
of  diversion  in  argument;  s.-port,  opening  in 
fortification  for  making  ss.  from.  (Vb)  make 
military  s.  (often  out) ;  go  forth  or  out  on  a 
journey,  for  a  walk,  &c;  issue,  come  out,  sud- 
denly (rare),  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  F  saillie  (saillir  issue, 
in  OF  also  dance,  f.  L  satire  leap)l 
sa'lly  2,  n.  First  movement  of  bell  when  set 
for  ringing  (also  hand-stroke,  opp.  back-stroke), 
bell's  position  when  set;  part  of  bell-rope  pre- 
pared with  inwoven  wool  for  holding ;  s.-hole, 
through  which  bell-rope  passes,  [peril,  f.  prec. 
in  obs.  sense  swinging  motion] 
Sa'lly3,  fam.  for  Sarah  (aunt  S.;  S.  Lunn, 
sweet  light  tea-cake  served  hot,  perh.  f.  name 
of  girl  hawking  them  at  Bath  c.  1800). 
salmagu'ndi,  n.  Dish  of  chopped  meat, 
anchovies,  eggs,  onions,  &c,  &  seasoning; 
general  mixture,  miscellaneous  collection,  of 
articles,  subjects,  qualities,  &c.  [f.  F  salmi- 
gondis  etym.  dub.] 

sa'lml  (e),  n.  Ragout  esp.  of  game-birds.  [F, 
prob.  short  for  prec] 

sal'mon,  n.  (collect,  sing,  usual  for  pi.),  &  a. 
Large  silver-scaled  pink-fleshed  anadromous 
fish  much  prized  for  food  &  6port ;  s. -coloured), 


(of)  the  orange-pink  colour  of  s. -flesh ;  s.-ladder, 
-leap,  -pass,  -stair,  series  of  steps  or  other 
arrangement  for  allowing  s.  to  pass  dam  & 
ascend  stream ;  s.-steak,  fried  slice  of  s. ;  s.-trout, 
N.-Europ.  fish  resembling  s.;  hence  sa'lmon- 
oid  a.  &  n.  (Adj.)  s. -coloured,  orange-pink. 
[ AF  samoun  f.  L  salmonem  nom.  -o  prob.  cogn. 
w.  salire  leap] 

Salom6*nic,  Salomd'nian,  aa.  Of,  as  of, 
Solomon.    [L  Salomon  Solomon,  -ic,  -ian] 

salon  (F),  n.  Reception-room  in  continental, 
esp.  French,  great  house  ;  (reunion  of  notabili- 
ties in)  reception-room  of  (esp.  Parisian)  lady  of 
fashion ;  the  S.,  annual  exhibition  of  living 
artists'  pictures  in  Paris. 

saloo'n,  n.  Hall  or  large  room,  esp.  in  hotel 
or  place  of  public  resort,  fit  for  assemblies,  ex- 
hibitions, &c;  large  cabin  for  first-class  or  for 
all  passengers  on  ship ;  (also  s.-car,  -carriage) 
luxurious  railway  carriage  without  compart- 
ments furnished  as  drawing-room  &c.  (also 
sleeping,  dining,  -s.) ;  public  room(s)  or  gallery 
for  specified  purpose  {billiard,  dancing,  shav- 
ing, shooting,  &c,  -s.) ;  (U.S.)  drinking  bar ;  s.- 
deck,  reserved  for  s. -passengers ;  s.-keeper 
(U.S.),  of  bar;  s.  pistol,  rifle,  adapted  for  short- 
range  practice  in  shooting-s.  [f.  prec,  f.  It. 
salone  (sala  hall  f.  Teut.  cf.  G  saal,  -oon)] 

saloo'p,  n.  = salep:  hot  drink  of  salep  or 
sassafras  formerly  sold  as  substitute  for  coffee 
at  London  street-stalls,    [var.  of  salep] 

Salo'pian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Shropshire. 
[Salop  Shropshire  f.  AF  Sloppesberie  corrupt, 
of  OE  Scrobbesbyrig  Shrewsbury,  -ian] 

salpiglo'ssis,  n.  Herbaceous  showy-flower- 
ed garden-plant  allied  to  petunia,  lirreg.  f.  Gk 
salpigx  trumpet,  glossa  tongue] 

sa'lsify,  n.  British  &  Continental  plant  with 
long  cylindrical  fleshy  roots  eaten  as  vegetable, 
Purple  Goat's-beard.  [f.  F  salsijis  cf.  It.  sasse- 
frica  etym.  dub.] 

salt  (sawlt,  solt),  n.,  a.,  &  v.t,  (Often  common 
s. )  substance  that  gives  sea- water  its  character- 
istic taste  got  in  crystalline  forms  from  strata 
consisting  of  it  or  by  evaporation  of  brine 
pumped  from  these  or  of  sea- water  &  used  for 
seasoning  or  preserving  food  &  other  purposes, 
sodium  chloride,  (bay-salt,  seas.,  rock^-s.; 
white  8.,  refined  for  household  use  from  the 
brownish  rock-s.;  table  s..  powdered  or  easy  to 
powder  for  the  s.-cellar ;  ins.,  sprinkled  with  s. 
or  immersed  in  brine  as  preservative ;  eat  s. 
with,  be  guest  of ;  eat  one  s  s.,  be  his  guest  or 
dependant;  is  not,  any  one,  worth  his  s.,  effi- 
cient, worth  keeping ;  drop  pinch  of  s.  on  tail 
of,  capture,  w.  ref.  to  directions  given  children 
for  catching  bird  ;  take  with  a  grain  of  s.,  re- 
gard as  exaggerated,  be  incredulous  about, 
believe  only  part  of ;  am  not  made  of  s.,  can  go 
out  in  rain  without  fear  of  dissolving;  the  s.  of 
the  earth,  people  or  classes  for  whose  existence 
the  world  is  better,  moral  e"lite,  see  Matt.  v.  13) ; 
sting,  piquancy,  pungency,  wit,  (no  s.  in  such 
tears',  talk  full  of  s.\  attic1  s.);  (Old  Chem.) 
solid  soluble  non-inflammable  sapid  substance 
(obs.  exc  in  some  compd  names,  as  s.  of  lemon 
or  citric  acid,  Glauber's  salt,  SMEULing  ss., 
epsom  s.);  (Chem.)  compound  of  basic  &  acid 
radicals,  acid  with  whole  or  part  of  its  hydro- 
gen replaced  by  a  metal  ;  =s.-cellar  (chiefly  now 
in  trade  use ;  &  hist,  in  above,  beloxo,  &e.,  the 
s„  seated  at  table  among  the  family  &  their 
equals,  among  the  servants  &  dependants); 
(also  s.-marsh,  sa'ltiNG l  n.)  marsh  overflowed 
by  sea,  often  used  as  pasture  or  for  collecting 
water  for  s.-making ;  (pi.)  exceptional  rush  of 
sea- water  up  river ;  experienced  sailor  (esp.  old 
s.);  sa'lt-cat  [cat  unexpLJ,  mass  of  s.  mixed  with 


SALTARELLO 


754 


SALVER 


gravel,  urine,  &c.,  to  attract  pigeons  &  keep 
them  at  home  ;  sa'lt-cellar  [assim.  of  obs.  saler 
(I.  OF  salier  salt-box  f.  L  as  salary)  to  cellar], 
vessel  holding  s.  for  table  use  ;  s.-glaze,  glaze 
on  stone-ware  made  by  throwing  s.  into  fur- 
nace ;  s.-lick,  place  where  animals  collect  to 
lick  earth  impregnated  with  s,;  s.-mine,  yield- 
ing rock-s.;  s.-pan,  depression  near  sea,  vessel, 
used  for  getting  s.  by  evaporation  ;  s.-j)it,  pit 
yielding  s.;  s.-pond,  natural  or  artificial  for 
evaporating  sea- water;  s.-spoon,  usu.  with 
short  handle  &  roundish  deep  bowl  for  helping 
s.;  s.-well,  bored  well  yielding  brine  ;  s.-works, 
s.  manufactory;  sa'ltwort,  kinds  of  maritime 
&  s.-marsh  plants;  hence  sa'ltLESS,  sa'ltY2, 
aa.,  sa'ltiNESS  n.  (Adj.)  impregnated  with, 
containing,  tasting  of,  cured  or  preserved  or 
seasoned  with,  s.  (cf.  fresh)  ;  (of  plants)  grow- 
ing in  sea  or  s.-marshes,  (of  tears,  grief,  &c.) 
bitter,  afflicting ;  (of  wit  &c.)  pungent ;  (of 
stories,  jests,  &c.)  indecent,  spicy;  (of  bill, 
charge,  &c;  slang)  exorbitant ;  s. -horse  naut. 
slang,  s.  beef;  s.  junk1;  s.  water,  sea  water, 
tears;  s.-water,  of,  living  in,  the  sea;  hence 
sa,ltiSH1(2)  a.,  sa'ltLY2  adv.,  sa'ltNESS  n. 
( Vb)  cure  or  preserve  with  s.  or  brine  is.  down 
money  or  stock  slang,  put  it  by) ;  sprinkle  (esp. 
snow  to  melt  it  in  street)  with  s.;  make  s.,  sea- 
son, (lit.  &  fig.);  (p.p.;  of  horses  or  persons) 
proof  against  diseases  incident  to  climate  or 
special  conditions  by  habituation,  hardened; 
treat  (esp.  paper  in  Photog.)  with  solution  of  s. 
or  mixture  of  ss.;  (Commerc,  slang)  8.  an 
account  &c,  put  down  extreme  price  for 
articles,  s.  the  books,  represent  receipts  as  larger 
than  they  have  been ;  (Mining,  slang)  s.  a  mine, 
introduce  extraneous  ore  &c.  to  make  it  seem 
rich.  [com.-Teut. ;  OE  sealt(an),  cf.  Du.  zout (en), 
G  salz(en) ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  hals,  L  sal] 

sctltare'llo,  n.  Italian  &  Spanish  dance  with 
sudden  skips  for  one  couple.    [It.  &  (-elo)  Sp.] 

salta'tion,  n.  Leaping,  dancing,  a  jump; 
sudden  transition  or  movement.  So  sa'ltat- 
ory,  saltatop'i al,  aa.  [f.  L  saltatio  (saltare 
frequent,  of  salire  salt-  leap,  -ation)] 

sa'ltep,  n.  Manufacturer  of,  dealer  in,  salt; 
^DRyi-s.;  workman  at  salt-works ;  person  who 
salts  fish  &c.    [OE  sealtere  (salt  n.  &  v.,  -er1)] 

sa'ltern,  n.  A  salt-works ;  set  of  pools  for 
natural  evaporation  of  sea- water.  [OE  sealtxrn 
(salt,  aernhut)] 

sa-ltigrade,  a.  &  n.  (Spider)  with  legs 
adapted  for  jumping.  [L  saltus  -iis  leap  {salire 
salt-),  -pradus  -walking] 

sa'ltimba'nco,n.  Mountebank,  quack.  [It.] 

sa-ltire,n.  (herald.).  Ordinary  formed  by  bend 
&  bend  sinistercrossinglike  a  St  Andrew's  cross 
(in  s.,pers„  so  arranged).  Hence  sa'ltirewiSE 
adv.  [f.  OF sautoir  stile,  saltire,  f.  hsaltatorium 

(SALTATION,  -ORY)] 

saltpe'tre  (ter),  n.  Potassium  nitrate,  nitre, 
white  crystalline  salty  substance  used  as  con- 
stituent of  gunpowder,  in  preserving  meat,  & 
medicinally  (Chili  or  cubic  s.,  sodium  nitrate) ; 
s.-paper,  TOUCH-paper;  s.  rot,  white  efflores- 
cence on  new  or  damp  walls,  [earlier  &  OF 
salpetre  f.  med.  L  salpetra  prob.  for  sal  petrae 
salt  of  stone  (i.e.  found  as  incrustation)  w. 
assira.  to  salt;  petrae  f.  LL  f.  Gk  petra  rock] 

sa'ltus,  n.  (pi.  -us).  Sudden  transition,  breach 
of  continuity.    [L,  =leap] 

salu-brious  (-00-,  -u-),  a.  Healthy  (chiefly 
of  climate,  air,  &c. ;  rarely  of  food,  exercise, 
«c).  Hence  or  cogn.  salirbriousLY2  adv., 
salirbpirv  n.    [L  salubris  (foil.),  -ousl 

sa;lutapy,  a.  Salubrious  (now  rare);  pro- 
ducing good  effects,  beneficial,  [f.  L  salutaris 
(salus  -litis  health,  -ar>),  -ary2] 


saluta'tion,  n.  (Use  of)  words  spoken  or 
written  to  convey  interest  in  another's  health 
&c,  pleasure  at  sight  of  or  communication 
with  him,  or  courteous  recognition  of  his  arrival 
or  departure,  (rarely,  now  usu.  salute)  gesture 
of  similar  import,  (the  Angelic  S.,  the  Ave 
Maria).  Hence  or  cogn.  saluta'tion al,  sa- 
lu'tatORY  (-00-,  -u-),  aa.  [OF  (-don),  I.  h  salu- 
tationem  (foil.,  -ation)] 

salirte  (-oot,  -tit),  v.t.  &  i.,  &n.  Make  saluta- 
tion to,  greet;  (rare)  hail  as  (king  &c.) ;  perform 
s.  to  or  to,  perform  s. ;  (archaic)  kiss  (person, 
cheek,  hand)  esp.  at  meeting  or  parting;  accost 
or  receive  with  a  smile,  oath,  volley,  &c. ;  be- 
come perceptible  to  (eye,  ear,  person  arriving). 
(N.)  gesture  expressing  respect,  homage,  or 
courteous  recognition,  to  person  esp.  when 
arriving  or  departing,  (Mil.,  Naut.)  prescribed 
movement  or  position  of  body  or  weapons,  or 
use  of  flag(s)  or  discharge  of  gun(s)  in  sign  of 
respect,  (a  s.  of  7  guns  was  fired;  the  s.,  atti- 
tude taken  by  individual  soldier,  sailor,  police- 
man, &c,  in  saluting;  take  the 8.  esp.  of  highest 
officer  present,  acknowledge  it  as  meant  for 
him  by  gesture),  (Fenc.)  formal  performance  of 
certain  guards  &c.  by  fencers  before  engaging ; 
kiss  given,  prop,  as  greeting  (archaic  or  facet. ; 
often  a  chaste  8.).  [vb  f.  L salutare  (salus  -utts 
health) ;  n.  f.  F  salut  partly  f.  L  salutem  nom. 
-us  &  partly  f.  com. -Rom.  &  L  salutare] 

saluti'fepous,  a.  (now  rare).  Promoting 
health,    [f.  L  salutifer  (prec,  -ferous)] 

salvage  (-ij),  n.,  &  v.t.  (Payment  made  or 
due  for)  saving  of  a  ship  or  its  cargo  from  loss 
by  wreck  or  capture  (also  attrib.,  as  8.  money) ; 
rescue  of  property  from  fire  &c. ;  property  sal- 
vaged•  (vb)  make  s.  of,  save  from  wreck,  fire, 
&c.    [OF  (L  salvare  save1,  -age)] 

salva'tion,  n.  Saving  of  the  soul ;  deliver- 
ance from  sin  &  its  consequences  &  admission 
to  heaven  brought  about  by  Christ  (find  s.,  be 
converted,  also  joe.  discover  formula  that  will 
enable  one  to  abandon  one's  principles  &c); 
preservation  from  loss,  calamity  &c,  thing  that 
preserves  from  these  (esp.  be  the  s.  of);  S.  Army, 
organization  on  military  model  for  revival  of 
religion  among  the  masses,  whence  (&  w.  ref. 
to  religious  revivals  in  general)  salva'tion- 
ism(3),  salva*tioniST(2),  nn.  [OF  (-cion),  f.  L. 
salvationem  (save  1,  -ation)] 

salve  *.  n.,  &  v.t.  Healing  ointment  for  sores 
or  wounds  (now  chiefly  poet.  &  in  lip-s.);  mix- 
ture of  tar  &  grease  for  smearing  sheep;  some- 
thing that  soothes  wounded  feelings  or  uneasy 
conscience  or  (archaic)  glozes  over  discrepancy 
or  palliates  fault  (usu.  for).  (Vb)  anoint  (wound 
&c. ;  archaic  exc.  in  fig.  use  =  soothe  as  below) ; 
smear  (sheep);  smoothe  over  or  make  good 
(defect,  disgrace,  &c. ;  archaic) ;  soothe  (pride, 
self-love,  conscience,  &c);  account  for,  dispose 
of,  harmonize,  vindicate,  (difficulty,  doubt,  dis- 
crepancy, person's  honour) ;  save  (ship,  cargo) 
from  loss  at  sea  or  (property)  from  fire,  whence 
sa'lVABLE  a.  [n.  in  1st  sense  OE  sealf,  cf.  Du. 
zalf,  G  salbe,  cogn.  w.  Skr.  sarpis  clarified 
butter  &  perh.  Gk  olpe  oil-flask,  in  2nd  sense  f. 
vb  ;  vb  partly  f.  n.,  partly  f.  L  salvare  save  esp. 
as  connected  w.  salvo1,  &  in  last  sense  back- 
formation  f.  salvage] 

sa*lve2,  n.  (Also  S.  regina)  R.-C.  antiphon 
beginning  with  s.  recited  after  Divine  Office 
from  Trinity  Sunday  to  Advent,  music  for  it. 
[L  (vb  imperat.  =  hail)] 

salver,  n.  Tray  usu.  of  gold,  silver,  brass, 
or  electro-plate,  on  which  servants  hand  re- 
freshments, letters,  cards,  &c.  [f.  F  salve  tray 
for  presenting  certain  things  to  king  f.  Sp. 
salva  assaying  of  food  (salvo  safe  2)  +  -eb  j] 


SALVO 


755 


SANCTIFY 


sa'lvo1,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  Saving  clause,  reserva- 
tion, (often  of;  with  an  express  s.  of  their 
rights);  tacit  reservation,  quibbling  evasion, 
bad  excuse ;  expedient  for  saving  reputation 
or  soothing  pride  or  conscience,  ff.  L  abl.  of 
salvus  safe2 as  used  in  salvo  jure  &c.  without 
prejudice  to  the  right  &c.] 
sa'lvo2,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  Simultaneous  discharge 
of  cannon  or  other  fire-arms  esp.  as  salute; 
round  or  volley  of  applause,  [earlier  &  It.  salva 
salutation,  perh.  com.-Rom.  f.  L  salve2] 
sal  vola'tile,  n.  (Aromatic  solution,  taken 
for  faintness  &c,  of)  ammonium  carbonate, 
[mod.  L,  =  volatile  salt] 

sa'lvor,  n.  Person,  ship,  making  or  assisting 
in  salvage,  [salve1  vb,  -or2) 
Sam,  n.  (slang).  Stand  S.,  bear  the  expense 
esp.  of  drink ;  upon  my  S.,  asseveration.  [?] 
Sama'ritan,  n.  &  a.  Native,  language,  of 
Samaria  {good  S.,  genuinely  charitable  person, 
w.  ref.  to  Luke  x.  33  &c);  adherent  of  the  S. 
religious  system;  (adj.)  of  Samaria  or  the  Ss. 
(the  S.  pentateuch,  recension  used  by  Ss.  of 
which  MSS.  are  in  S.  or  archaic-Hebrew  char- 
acters). HenceSama*pitanisM(2,3,4)  n.  [f. 
LL  Samaritanus  f.  Gk  Samareites  (Samareia 
Samaria)  +  -an] 

sa'mbo,  n.  (pi.  -os,  -oes).  Half-breed  esp.  of 
negro  &  Indian  parents;  (S-;  nickname  for) 
negro.  [1st  sense  f.  Sp.  zambo  perh.  =  zambo 
bandy-legged ;  2nd  sense  etym.  dub.] 
sa'mbup,  n.  Indian  elk.  [f.  Hind.  sa(m)bar] 
same,  a.  Monotonous,  uniform,  unvarying, 
(the  life  is  perhaps  a  little  s.),  whence  sa'me- 
ness  n.;  (with  this,  these,  that,  those ;  often  w. 
depreciatory  intention)  aforesaid,  previously 
alluded  to  or  thought  of,  (what  is  the  use  of 
this  s.  patience  ?) ;  (vulg.  or  commerc.)  =  the  s. 
(pron.  &  adv.,  as  specified  below).  The  s.,  a., 
pron.,  &  adv. :  (Adj.)  identical,  not  different, 
indifferent,  unchanged,  (also  the  very  8.,  just 
the  s..  &  in  sing,  one  &  the  s.;  t.  s.  causes  pro- 
duce t  s.  effects ;  the  difference  between  a  body 
in  motion  &  t.  s.  body  at  rest;  t.  s.  observations 
are  true  of  the  others  also ;  all  planets  travel 
in  t.  s.  direction ;  belong  to  one  &  t.  s.  class ; 
say  t.  s.  thing  twice  over ;  several  of  the  very 
s.  birds ;  bigotry  is  t.  s.  in  every  age ;  she  was 
always  t.  s.  to  me ;  it  is  all,  just,  t.  s.  to  me, 
makes  no  difference;  much  t.  s„  not  appreciably 
different;  at  t.  s.  time,  often  introducing  fact 
&c.  in  apparent  conflict  with  what  precedes 
but  also  true  or  to  be  remembered;  by  t.  s. 
token)  ;  identical  with  (words  of  t.  s.  nature 
with  those  he  had  first  heard ;  expectation  of 
pleasureist.  s.  thing  with  desire);  (emphaticsub- 
stitute— before  full  or  elliptical  relative  clause 
with  that,  where  &c.,  or  esp.  as  which  often  re- 
places that  under  its  influence— for)  the,  that, 
those,  (at  t.  s.  time  that  I  am  endeavouring ; 
to  t.  s.  place  where  I  had  found  it ;  on  t.  s. 
grounds  that  he  would  defend  suicide ;  I  have 
t.  8.  bible  my  mother  gave  me ;  Rhenish  wine 
at  t.  s.  price  as  French  is  sold  at ;  sailors  re- 
ceived t.  s.  pajy  as  soldiers ;  Olympia,  t.  s.  city 
as  Pisa;  gave  t.  s.  answer  as  before);  (pron.) 
t.  s.  person  (now  rare  exc.  in  To,  From,  t.  s.  as 
heading  of  letter  or  poem  addressed  to  or 
coming  from  a  person  as  the  preceding  one), 
t.  s.  thing  (ice  must  all  say,  do,  t.  s.;  would  do 
t.  s.  again),  the  aforesaid  thing  or  person 
(archaic,  legal,  commerc,  &  vxilg. ;  somet.  in 
commerc.  &  vulg.  use  with  omission  of  the; 
grace  &  power  faithfully  to  fulfil  t.  s. ;  he  that 
shall  enaure  unto  the  end,  t.  s.  shall  be  saved ; 
&  never  met,  found,  t.  s.  again ;  to  repairing 
sleeve  of  s.  1/8);  (adv.)  in  t.  s.  manner  (think 
t.  8.  of,  feel  t.  8.  to,  remain  in  t.  s.  mind  regard- 


ing; we  take  what  pleasure  we  can  gel  t.  s.,  or 
vulg.  s.,  as  you  do ;  all  t.  8.,  nevertheless,  not- 
withstanding, even  under  different  circum- 
stances; just  t.  s.,  in  spite  of  changed  con- 
ditions). [ON,  cf.  OHG  &  Goth,  sama ;  cogn.  w. 
Skr.  sama,  Gk.  homos] 

sa*mel,  a.  (Of  brick,  tile)  imperfectly  baked, 
soft,  from  being  outmost  in  the  baking,  [perh. 
f.  OE  sam-  half,  cogn.  w.  semi-,  xlan  btirn] 

Sa'mian,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Samos  (S.  ware, 
fine  pottery  found  on  Roman  sites).  [L  f.  Gk 
Samios  (Samos),  -an] 

sa'mite,  n.  (archaic).  Rich  medieval  dress- 
fabric  of  silk  sometimes  interwoven  with  gold. 
[f.(OF  samit  or)  med.  L  samitvm  f.  late  Gk  hexa- 
mitum  (hex  six,  mitos  thread)  perh.  =  fabric  in 
which  weft-threads  are  caught  only  at  every 
sixth  warp-thread,  cf.  dimity] 

sa'mlet,  n.    Young  salmon,    [salmojc,  -let] 

Sa'mnite,  n.  &  a.  Member  of  an  ancient- 
Italian  people  at  war  with  republican  Rome ; 
(adj.)  of  the  Ss.    [f.  L  Samnites  pi.] 

Samo'an,  a.  &  n.  (Native,  language)  of  Sa- 
moa,   [-an] 

samovar*,  n.  Russian  tea-urn'with  interior 
heat-tube.    (f.  Russ.  samovaru  =  self-boilerj 

Sa'moyed  (o),  n.  Member  of  a  race  of  Si- 
berian Mongols  (also  attrib.);  their  language. 


[f.  Russ.  Samoyedu] 

&n. 


Of  the  Samoyeds ;  (n.) 


Samoye'die,  a. 

their  language,    [-ic] 

sampan,  n.  Any  small  boat  of  Chinese  pat- 
tern,   [f.  Chin,  san-pan  (san  three,  pan  board)] 

sa'mphire,  n.  Cliff  plant  with  aromatic  sa- 
line fleshy  leavesused  in  pickles,  [earlier  sam- 
pere  f.  F  (herbe  de)  St  Pierre  St  Peterfs  herb)] 

sa'mple,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  separated  part  of 
something  illustrating  the  qualities  of  the  mass 
&c.  it  is  taken  from,  specimen,  pattern,  (esp.  as 
offered  by  dealer  in  commodities  sold  by  weight 
or  measure;  also  of  immaterial  things,  as  if 
that  is  a  fair  s.  of  his  proceedings);  s.-card, 
card  with  sample(s)  of  goods  attached.  (Vb) 
take  or  give  ss.,  try  the  qualities,  get  a  repre- 
sentative experience,  of;  hence  sa'mpler1 
[-er1]  n.    [f.  obs.  essample  var.  of  example] 

sa'mplep2,  n.  Piece  of  embroidery  worked 
by  girl  as  specimen  of  proficiency  &  often  pre- 
served &  displayed  on  wall  &c;  young  tree  left 
standing  when  others  are  cut  down.  If.  OF  es- 
semplaire  f.liexemplaris(KXAMPi.E,-AB.1,  -er2)] 

Sa*mson,-pson,n.  Person  of  greatstrength 
or  resembling  S.  (Judg.  xiii-xvi)  in  some  re- 
spect; (Naut.)  S/s-post,  strong  pillar  passing 
through  hold  or  between  decks,  post  in  whaler 
to  which  harpoon  rope  is  attached.  [L,  f.  Gk 
(-pson)  f.  Heb.  Shimshon] 

sa'murai  (oori),  n.  (Jap.;  pi.  same).  Military 
retainer  of  daimios,  member  of  military  caste, 
(hist.) ;  army  officer.    [Jap.] 

sa'native,  -topy,  aa.  Healing,  tending  to 
or  concerned  with  physical  or  moral  health, 
curative,  [-ive  f.  med.L  sanativus,  -ory  mod., 
f.  L  sanare  cure,  -ive,  -ory] 

sanatorium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Establishment  for 
treatment  of  invalids  esp.  convalescents  & 
consumptives ;  place  with  good  climate  &c. 
frequented  by  invalids,     [as  prec,  -ory(2)] 

sanbeni'to  (-ne),  n.  (pi.  -6s).  Penitential 
scapular-shaped  yellow  garment  with  red  St 
Andrew's  cross  before  &  behind  worn  by  con- 
fessed &  penitent  heretic  under  Spanish  Inqui- 
sition ;  similar  black  garment  painted  with 
flames  &  devils  worn  by  impenitent  heretic  at 
auto-da-fe\  fSp.  (samb-),  f.  San  Benito  St  Bene- 
dict (shaped  like  scapular  introduced  by  him)] 

sa'nctify,  v.t.  Consecrate,  set  apart  or  ob- 
serve as  holy ;  purify  or  free  from  sin  (p.p.  often 


SANCTIMONIOUS 


756 


SANE 


iron.  =  sanctimonious ;  such  sanctified  airs) ; 
impart  sanctity  to,  make  legitimate  or  binding 
by  religious  sanction,  give  colour  of  innocence 
to,  justify,  sanction  {the  end  sanctifies  the 
means) ;  make  productive  of  or  conducive  to 
holiness.  So  sanetlFic action  n.  [f.  OF  sain- 
tifier  f.  eccl.  L  sanctificare  (L  sanctus  holy,  -f  y)] 

sanetimo'nious,  a.  Making  a  show  of  sanc- 
tity or  piety.  Hence  sanetimo'niousLY  2 
adv.,  sanctimo'niousNESS  n.    [foil.,  -ous] 

sa'nctimony  (-mo),  n.  Sanctimoniousness. 
[OF  (-ie),  f.  L  sanctimonia  sanctity  (sanctus 

SAINT,  -MONY)]  ,  ,  ■■._, 

sa'nction,  n.,  &  v.t.  Law,  decree,  (hist.; 
pragmatic  s.);  penalty  (also  vindicatory  or 
punitive  s.)  or  reward  (also  remuneratory  s.) 
for  (dis)obedience  attached  to  a  law,  clause  con- 
taining this,  (Eth.)  consideration  operating  to 
enforce  obedience  to  any  rule  of  conduct ;  con- 
firmation or  ratification  of  law  &c.  by  supreme 
authority,  express  authoritative  permission, 
countenance  or  encouragement  given  to  action 
&c.  by  custom  &c;  hence  sa'nction  less  a. 
(Vb)  ratify,  invest  with  authority,  make  bind- 
ing; authorize;  countenance  (action  &c);  at- 
tach penalty  or  reward  to  (law),  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  L 
sanctio  (sancire  sanct-  make  sacred,  -ion)] 

sa'nctitude,  n.  (now  rare).  Saintliness.  [f. 
L  sanctitudo  (saint,  -tude)] 

sa'nctity,  n.  Holiness  of  life,  saintliness, 
(odour  ofs.);  sacredness,  being  hallowed,  right 
to  reverence,  inviolability,  (pi.)  sacred  obliga- 
tions, feelings,  &c.  (the  ss.  of  the  home),  [f.  OF 
saincteU  f.  L  sanctitatem  (saint,  -ty)] 

sa-nctuary,  n.  Place  recognized  as  holy, 
church,  temple,  tabernacle,  holy  place,  holy 
of  holies.SACRARiUM,  penetralia,  inmost  recess, 
(lit.  &  fig.) ;  sacred  place  by  retiring  to  which 
fugitive  from  law  or  debtor  was  secured  by  me- 
dieval Church  law  against  arrest  or  violence, 
})lace  in  which  similar  immunity  was  estab- 
ished  by  custom  or  law,  asylum  or  place  of  re- 
fuge (London,  the  s.  ofpoliticalrefugees);  (right 
of  affording)  such  immunity  (violate  or  breaks., 
arrest  or  use  violence  to  person  in  a  a;  take, 
seek,  &c,  s.,  resort  to  a  s.;  rights  &c.  of  s.); 
(Hunt.  &c.)  close  time  or  place  for  beast,  bird, 
or  fish.  [f.  OF  sainctuarie  f.  L  sanctuarium 
(irreg.  as  saint,  -ary1)] 

sa'nctum  (sanetor'um),  n.  Holy  place 
(s.),  Holy  of  holies  (s.s.),  in  Jewish  temple  (usu. 
transf.  of  inner  retreat,  esoteric  doctrine,  &c); 
person's  private  room,  study,  den.  [L,  transl. 
of  Heb.l 

sa-nctus,  n.  The  hymn  *  Holy,  holy,  holy ' 
closing  the  Eucharistic  preface,  music  for  this ; 
.s.  bell, Tbell  in  turret  at  junction  of  nave  &  chan- 
cel, or  hand-bell,  rung  at  the  8.    [L,  =  holy] 

sand,  n.,  &  v.t.  Minute  fragments  resulting 
from  wearing  down  of  esp.  silicious  rocks  & 
found  covering  parts  of  theseashore,  riverbeds, 
deserts,  &c,  (also  pi.)  shoal  or  submarine  bank 
of  s.,  (usu.  in  pi.)  grain  of  s.,  (pi.)  expanse  or 
tracts  of  8.,  (numberless  as  the  s.  or  ss.;  rope 
ofs.;  built  &c.  on  s.,  unstable ;  plough  the  s. 
or  ss. ;  the  ss.  are  running  out  &c. ,  time  of  grace 
&c.  is  nearly  at  end,  w.  ref.  to  hourglass  &c; 
children  playing  on  the  ss.',  scour  saucepan, 
adulterate  sugar,  dry  ink  or  writing,  with  s.); 
s.-bag  n.,  filled  with  8.  for  use  (a)  in  fortification 
for  making  temporary  defences,  (b)  as  ballast 
esp.  for  boat  or  balloon,  (c)  as  ruffian's  weapon 
inflicting  heavy  blow  without  leaving  mark, 
(d)  as  support  for  engraving-plate,  (e)  to  stop 
draught  from  window  or  door;  sa'ndbag  v.t., 
barricade  or  defend,  provide  (window,  chink), 
with  s.-bag(s),  fell  with  blow  from  s.-bag;  s.- 
bank,  shoal  in  sea  or  river ;  s.-bar,  s.-bank  at 


mouth  of  harbour  or  river ;  s.-bath,  vessel  of 
heated  s.  as  equable  heater  in  chem.  processes ; 
s.-bed,  stratum  of  s.;  s.-blast,  jet  of  s.  impelled 
by  compressed  air  or  steam  for  giving  /rough 
surface  to  glass  &c.;s.-box,  castor  for  sprinkling 
s.  over  wet  ink  (hist.),  mould  of  s.  used  in  found- 
ing, box  of  8.  on  locomotive  for  sprinkling  slip- 
pery rails,  (Golf)  receptacle  for  s.  used  in  teeing ; 
s.-boy,  (prob.)  boy  hawking  s.  for  sale  (now  only 
in  jolly  as  a  s.-b.);  s.-cloud,  driving  s.  in  simoom ; 
s.-crack,  disease  of  horses'  hoofs,  crack  in  human 
foot  from  walking  on  hot  s.,  crack  in  brick  due 
to  imperfect  mixing;  s.-eel, an  eel-like  fish ;  s.- 
fly,  kind  of  midge,  kind  of  fishing-fly ;  s.-glass, 
wasp-waisted  reversible  glass  with  two  bulbs 
containing  enough  s.  to  take  a  definite  time 
(hour,  minute,  &c,  -glass)  in  passing  from  upper 
to  lower  bulb ;  s.-hill,  dune ;  s.-iron,  golf-club 
for  lifting  ball  from  s.;  s.-man,  (also  dustman) 
power  causing  children's  eyes  to  smart  towards 
bed- time ;  s.-martin,  kind  nesting  in  side  of  s.- 
pit  or  sandy  bank ;  s.-paper,  with  s.  stuck  to  it 
for  polishing,  (v.t.)  polish  with  s.-p.;  s.-piper, 
kinds  of  bird  haunting  open  wet  sandy  places ; 
s.-pump,  for  clearing  drill-hole,  caisson,  &c, 
of  wet  s.;  s.-shoes,  usu.  of  canvas  with  rubber 
or  hemp  soles  for  use  on  ss.;  s.-spout,  pillar  of 
s.  raised  by  desert  whirlwind  ;  sandstone,  rock 
of  compressed  s.  (old,  new,  red  s.-s.,  series  of 
British  rocks  below,  above,  carboniferous);  s.- 
storm,  desert  storm  of  wind  with  clouds  of  s. 
( Vb)  sprinkle  with  s. ;  overlay  with,  bury  under, 
s.;  adulterate  (sugar,  wool,  &c.)  with  s.;  polish 
with  s.    [com.-Teut. ;  OE ;  cf.  G  sand,  Du.  zand] 

sa-ndal  i  (-dl),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Sole  without 
uppers  attached  to  foot  by  thongs  passing  over 
instep  &  round  ankle  (worn  chiefly  by  ancient 
Greeks  &  Romans,  by  some  Orientals,  &  as 
modern  revival  esp.  by  children);  strap  for 
fastening  low  shoe  passing  over  instep  or  round 
ankle.  (Vb)putss.on  (feet,  person ;  esp.  in  p.p.); 
fasten  or  provide  (shoe)  with  s.  [f.  L  i.  Gk  san- 
dalion  cf.  sanbalon  etym.  dub.] 

sa'ndal  2(wood),  n.  Kinds  of  scented  wood 
(white,  yellow, red,  s.-w.);  sandal-tree,  the  Ma- 
labar white  s.-w.  tree.  [f.  med.L  sandaUnn,  cf. 
Arab,  candal] 

sa'ndarac,  n.  =  realgar;  (also  gum  s.) 
kind  of  resin  used  in  preparing  spirit  varnish  & 
pounce,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  sandarake] 

sa*nd-blind,  a.  (archaic).  Dim-sighted,  pur- 
blind,   [prob.  for  samblind  cf.  samel] 

sa'nderling-,  n.    A  small  wading  bird.    [?] 

sa'nders,  saun-,  n.  =  sandalwood  ;  red 
s.    [f.  OF  sandre  var.  of  sandle  sandal 2] 

sa'ndivep,  n.  Glass-gall,  liquid  saline  mat- 
ter given  off  in  glass-making,  [prob.  f.  F  suin 
de  verre  exhalation  (suer  sweat)  of  glass] 

sa'ndwich  (tsh),  n.,  &  v.t.  Two  slices  of 
bread  with  meat  or  other  relish  between  (ham, 
egg,  caviare,  cucumber,  Sec,  s.;  also  fig.,  as  a  s. 
of  good  &  bad);  (usu.  s.-man,  -boy.  Sec.)  man 
&c.  walking  street  with  two  advertisement- 
boards  hung  one  before  &  one  behind;  s.- 
board,  one  of  such  boards ;  s.-boat  in  bumping 
race,  boat  rowing  last  in  higher  &  first  in  lower 
division  on  same  day ;  (vb)  insert  (thing,  state- 
ment, &c.)  between  two  of  another  character, 
[perh.  f.  Earl  of  <S.  (said  to  have  eaten  slices  cf 
bread  &  toast  while  gaming  for  24  hrs)] 

sa'ndy1,  a.  In  n.  senses;  also,  (of  hair) 
yellowish-red,  (of  person)  with  such  hair.  Hence 
sa*ndiNESs  n.,  sa'ndy  ish  M2)  a.    F-y  2] 

Sa'ndy2,  n.  (Nickname  for)  Scotchman, 
[usual  Sc.  shortening  of  Alexander] 

sane,  a.  Of  sound  mind,  not  mad ;  (of  views 
&c.)  moderate,  sensible.  Hence  sa'neLY  "  adv. 
[f.  L  sanus  healthy] 


SANGAR 


757 


SAPONACEOUS 


sa*nga(p)  (ngg  ),  n.  Stone  breastwork  used 
by  Indian  hill-tribes,    [f.  Hind,  sunga] 

sangaree'  (ngg-),  n.  Cold  drink  of  wine 
diluted  &  spiced.  If.  Sp.  Sangria  (lit.  bleeding) 
drink  of  lemon  water  &  red  wine| 

sang-de-bceuf  ( F),  n.  &  a.  (Of)  a  deep  red 
colour  found  on  old  Chinese  porcelain.  [F,= 
ox's  blood] 

sang-froid  (F),  n.  Composure,  coolness,  in 
danger  or  under  agitating  circumstances.  [  F,  = 
cold  blood] 

sangpail,  -peal.    See  grail2. 

sang-uifica'tion  (-gwi),  n.  Formation  of, 
conversion  of  food  into,  blood.  [L  sanguis 
blood,  -fication] 

sa'nguinapy  (gwi),  a.  Attended  by,  de- 
lighting in,  bloodshed  or  slaughter,  bloody, 
bloodthirsty,  (of  laws)  inflicting  death  lightly  ; 
(euphem.,  substituted  in  reporting  foul  Ian- 

Suage,  or  used  orig.  as  milder  form,  for)  bloody, 
[ence  sa'nguinarii.v2  ad  v. ,  sa'nguinari- 
ness  n.  If.  L  sanguinarius  (sanguis  -inis 
blood,  -ary  ])] 

sa'nguine  (nggw),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Blood-red 
(literary,  &  in  Nat.  Hist.  =  L  sanguineus,  as  & 
ant,  sponge,  turtle) ;  of  blood  (rare ;  s.  rain), 
sanguinary  (rare;  s.  slaughter);  (hist)  of  the 
temperament  in  which  the  blood  predominates 
over  the  other  humour's,  with  ruddy  com- 
plexion &  courageous  hopeful  amorous  dispo- 
sition ;  (of  complexion)  bright,  ruddy,  florid ; 
habitually  hopeful,  confident,  expecting  thing 
to  go  well,  whence  (&  rarely  in  other  senses) 
sa'nguiner.v  2  adv.,  sa'nguineNESS  n.  (N.) 
crayon  coloured  red  with  iron  oxide ;  a  drawing 
in  red  chalk.  (Vb,  poet.)  stain  with  blood, 
stain  red.  [f.  F  sanguin  f.  L  sanguineus  (prec.)j 

sanguineous,  a.  Of  blood  (med.) ;  blood- 
coloured  (esp.  bot.) ;  full-blooded,  plethoric.  If. 
Las  prec.  -ous] 

sa'nhedrim  (ni),  n.  Highest  court  of  jus- 
tice &  supreme  council  in  ancient  Jerusalem, 
of  71  members,  [f.  late  Heb.  sanhedrin  f.  Gk 
sunedrion  (syn-,  hedra  seat)] 

sa'nicle,  n.  An  umbelliferous  plant.  [OF,  f. 
med.L  sanicula  prob.  f.  L  sanus  sane] 

sa'nify,  v.t.  Make  healthy,  improve  sanitary 
state  of,  (place),    [f.  L  sanus  healthy,  -I-,  -fy] 

sa*nitary,  a.  Of  the  conditions  that  affect 
health  esp.  with  regard  to  dirt  &  infection  ; 
free  from  or  designed  to  obviate  influences 
deleterious  to  health.  Hence  sanitAR'iAN 
(-ar -)  n.  &  a..  sa'nitariLY2  adv.,  sa'nitari- 
ness,  sa*nitapiST(2),  nn.   [f.  F  sanitaire  (L  as 

SANITY,  -ARY  ')) 

sa'nitas,  n.  (Tradename  of)  an  antiseptic  & 
disinfectant  preparation.    [L,  see  sanity] 

sanitation,  n.  Improving  of  sanitary  con- 
ditions. Hence  sanita*tioniST(2)  n.,  (by  back- 
formation)  sa'nitate  v.t.  &  i.  [irreg.  f.  sani- 
tary, -ation] 

sa'nity,  n.  Being  sane,  mental  health ;  ten- 
dency to  avoid  extreme  views,  [f.  F  sanite  f. 
L  sanitatem  (sane,  -ty)] 

sa'njak,  n.  One  of  the  administrative  dis- 
tricts of  a  Turkish  vilayet.   [Turk.] 

sank.    See  sink  '. 

sans,  prep.  Without  (as  E  wd,  pr.  sanz,  now 
chiefly  w.  ref.  to  Shaks.  A.  Y.  L.  11.  vii.  166,  s. 
teeth,  s.  eyes,  s.  taste,  s.  everything.  As  F  wd, 
pr.  as  F,  in  phrr.  &  compounds:  s.  cirimonie 
adv..  with  rude  or  hurried  or  kindly  neglect  of 
usual  formalities ;  sansculo'tte,  pr.  as  F  or  E, 
lit.=breechless,  republican  of  Parisian  lower 
classes  in  French  Revolution,  any  extreme  re- 
publican or  revolutionary,  whence  sansculo't- 
terie  [-ery(4,  5)]  n.,  sansculo'ttic  a.,  sansculo'tt- 
ism  n.;  s.  doute  adv.,  doubtless;  s.facon  adv., 


outspokenly,  unceremoniously;  s.-gene  n.,  ab- 
sence of  constraint,  familiarity,  making  oneself 
at  home ;  s.  peur  et  s.  reproche  a.,  of  chivalrous 
character,  cf.  bayard;  *.  phrase  adv.,  in  a 
word,  without  qualification  ;  s.-souci  n.,  gay 
carelessness,  unconcern).    IOF,  ult.  f.  L  sine] 

sanserif,  n.  &  a.  (Form  of  type)  without 
serifs,  [prob.  f.  prec.  +  serif,  but  found  ear- 
lier than  serif] 

Sa'nskrit,  -serit,  n.  &  a.  (Of,  in)  the 
ancient  &  sacred  language  of  India,  oldest 
known  member  of  INDO-European  family. 
Hence  Sanskpftic  a.,  Sa*nskpitiST(3)  n. 
[f.  Skr.  samskrta  composed  (saw  together, 
cogn.  w.  same,  kr  make)] 

Sa-nta  Clau's  (z),  n.  Personage  who  fills 
children's  stockings  with  Christmas  presents 
by  night.  [U.S.,  f.  Du.  Sint  Klaas  St  Nicholas] 

sa'nton,  n.  Mohammedan  monk  or  hermit. 
[Sp.  (santo  saint)] 

santo'nica,  n.  Kind  of  wormwood.  [L 
(Santones  Aquitanian  tribe.  -ic)| 

sa'ntonin,  n.  Extract  of  santonica  used  as 
anthelmintic,    [in] 

sap1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Vital  juice  circulating  in 
plants  (also  fig.,  as  the  s.  of  youth,  there  is  no  s. 
in  a  urritten  constitution) ;  (also  s.-wood)  soft 
outer  layers  of  wood,  alburnum  ;  s.-green  n.  & 
a.,  pigment  made  from  buckthorn  berries,  (of) 
colour  of  this ;  s.-lath,  made  of  s.-wood  ;  hence 
sa'pFUL,  sa'pLESS,  sa'ppY2,  aa.,  sa'ppi- 
ness  n.  (Vb)  drain  or  dry  (wood)  of  s.,  (fig.) 
exhaust  vigour  of  (his  energy,  constitution, 
belief,  had  been  sapped  by;  cf.  foil.) ;  remove 
s.-wood  from  (log).  [OE  sxp,  cf.  Du.  sap,  G 
soft ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  L  sapere  taste] 

sap2,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t  Making  of  trenches  to 
cover  assailants'  approach  to  besieged  place, 
(fig.)  insidious  or  slow  undermining  of  belief, 
resolution,  &c;  covered  siege-trench  ;  s.-head, 
front  end  of  s.;  s.-roller,  large  gabion  covering 
s.-head.  (Vb)  dig  8.,  approach  (i.  &  t.)  by  s.;  un- 
dermine, make  insecure  by  removing  founda- 
tions, (fig.)  destroy  insidiously  (cf.  prec),  (walls, 
cliffs,  sapped  by  the  stream,  tide  ;  health  sap- 
ped by  the  damp  climate ;  science  was  sapping 
old  beliefs),  [(vb  f.  F  saper)  f.  F  sappe  or  It. 
zappa  spade,  sap,  etym.  dub.] 

sap3,  v.i.,  &  n.,  (school  slang).  Be  studious, 
work  hard  at  books  or  lessons.  <N.)  studious  or 
hard-working  person  ;  fatiguing  task,  trouble, 
grind,  (it  is  such  a,  too  much,  s.).  [prob.  fig. 
use  of  prec] 

sa-pajou  (-joo),  n.  Small  S.-Amer.  monkey 
often  kept  as  pet.  [F,  earlier  iou,  said  to  be 
Cayenne  wd] 

sa- pan- wood,  -pp-,  n.  Wood  yielding  red 
or  yellow  dye  from  tropical  Asia.  [Malay 
sapan,  cf.  Tamil  shappangam] 

sa'pid,  a.  Having  (esp.  agreeable)  flavour, 
savoury,  palatable,  not  i  nsipid,  (of  talk,  writing, 
&c)  not  vapid  or  uninteresting.  So  sapi'diT  y 
n.    [f.  L  sapidus  (sapere  taste,  -id  *)] 

sa'pient,  a.  Wise  (now  rare) ;  would-be 
wise,  of  fancied  sagacity,  aping  wisdom.  Hence 
or  cogn.  sa'piENCE  n.,  sa'pientr.v  *-  adv.  [f. 
L  sapient-  part.  st.  of  sapere  be  wise] 

sapie'ntial,  a.  Of  wisdom  (esp.  the  s.  books, 
Prov.,  Eccl.,  Ecclus,  Cant,  Wisd.,  &c).  [f. 
eccl.  L  sapientialis  (L  sapientia  wisdom  as 
prec,  -al)] 

sa-pling,  n.  Young  tree,  (fig.)  a  youth ; 
greyhound  in  first  year  (s.  stakes  in  coursing). 

[SAP1,  -UNO1] 

sapodi'lla,  n.  Large  evergreen  trop.-Amer. 
tree  with  durable  wood  &  edible  fruit,  [f.  Sp. 
zapotilla  dim.  of  zapote  f.  Mex.  zapotl] 

sapona'ceous,  a.  Of,  like,  containing,  soap 


SAPONIFY 


758 


SASH 


soapy  (lit.  &,  in  joe.  use,  fig.),  [f.  L  sapo  onis 
soap,  -aceous] 

sapo'nify,  v.t.  &  i.  Turn  (t.  &  i.  of  fat  or 
oil)  into  soap  by  combination  with  alkali. 
Hence  or  cogn.  sapo'nifiABLE  a.,  saponii  i 
caption  n.    If.  F  saponijier  (prec,  -FY)] 

sa'pop  (or),  n.  Quality  perceptible  by  taste, 

e.  g.  sweetness ;  distinctive  taste  of  substance ; 
sensation  of  taste.  [L  (sapere  taste,  -ok1)] 

sa'pper,  n.  In  vol  senses  of  sap1!  2,  3 ;  aiso, 
(not  now  in  official  use)  private  of  Royal 
Engineers  (Royal  Ss.  &  Miners,  former  title  of 
R.E.).    l-ERi] 

sapperme'nt,  a  German  oath,  [corrupt,  of 
G  sakrament  sacrament] 

Sa'pphic  (saf-),  a.  &  n.  Of  Sappho  (Lesbian 
lyric  poetess  600  b.  c;  <S.  vice,  also  Sa'pphiSM 
n.,  unnatural  sexual  relations  between  women; 
S.  verse,  stanza,  in  Gk  metres  invented  by 
Sappho  &  imitated  in  L  by  Horace,  esp.  the 
four-line  stanza  with  short  fourth  line  roughly 
copied  in  E  light  verse  as  Needy  knife-grinder, 
whither  do  you  wander?);  (n.  pi.)  verse  in  S. 
stanzas,  [f.  F  saphique  f.  L  f.  Gk  Sapphikos 
(Sappho,  -ic)] 

sa'pphire  (saf-),  n.  &  a.  A  transparent  blue 
precious  stone,  (Mineral.)  any  precious  native 
crystalline  alumina  including  s.  &  ruby;  bright 
blue  of  s.,  azure;  kinds  of  humming-bird;  so 
sa*pphiriNE2a.  (Adj.)of  s.  blue.  [f.  OF safir 

f.  L  f.  Gk  sappheiros  lapis  lazuli] 
sapp(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  sapros  rotten  in 

scient.  terms:  saprae'mia,  septic  poisoning,  so 
sapraemic  a.,  [Gk  haima blood];  -ge'nic,  caus- 
ing or  produced  by  putrefaction  ;  -philea,.  &  n., 
(bacterium)  inhabiting  putrid  matter;  -phyte, 
vegetable  organism  living  on  decayed  organic 
matter. 

sap,  n.   A  fish,  the  sea-bream.  [F,  f.  L  sarpus] 

sa'raband,  n.  Slow  Spanish  dance  in  triple 
time,  piece  or  music  for  or  in  rhythm  (with 
second  note  of  measure  lengthened)  of  this. 
[F  (-de),  f.  Sp.  zarabanda  prob.  of  oriental  orig.  ] 

Sa'racen,  n.  &  a.  (General  name  among 
later  Greeks  &  Romans  for)  nomad  of  Syro- 
Arabian  desert ;  Arab  or  Moslem  of  time  of 
crusades;  S.  corn,  buckwheat;  S.'s  head,  as 
heraldic  charge  or  inn-sign ;  hence  (esp.  of  Mos- 
lem archit)Sapace*nica.  (Adj.)=Saracenic 
[f.  LLf.  late  Greek  Sarakenos  etym.  dub.] 

Sarato'ga  (trunk),  n.  Lady's  large  tra- 
velling-trunk, [prob.  f.  Saratoga  Springs,  New- 
York  watering-place] 

sap'casm,  n.  Bitter  or  wounding  remark, 
taunt,  esp.  one  ironically  worded ;  language 
consisting  of,  faculty  of  uttering,  use  of,  such 
remarks ;  so  sapca'stic  a.,  saPca'stiCALLV 
adv.  [f.  LL  f.  late  Gk  sarkasmos  (sarkazo 
gnash  the  teeth,  tear  flesh,  see  sarco-,  -asm 
corresp.  to  -ism)] 

sar'cast,  n.  (rare).  Sarcastic  person,  [as 
prec,  -ast  cf.  -ist] 

sapce'lle,  n.  Kinds  of  small  duck  or  teal, 
[f.  OF  cercelle  f.  L  querquedula] 

sarcenet.    See  sarsenet. 

sarco-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  sarx  sarkos  flesh  : 
-logy,  anatomy  of  fleshy  parts  of  body ;  -plasm, 
interfibrillar  substance  of  muscle. 

sar'code.n.  Animal  protoplasm,  [prec, -ode] 

sapeo'ma,  n.  (pi.  -ata).  Tumour  of  embry- 
onic connective  tissue.  [f.  Gk  sarkoma  (sarkoo 
see  sarco-  become  fleshy,  -m)] 

sarco-phagus,  n.  (pi.  -gi  pr.  -gl,  -ji).  Stone 
cottin  usu.  adorned  with  sculpture  or  inscrip- 
tion. [L,  f.  Gk  sarkophagos  orig.  =  flesh-con- 
suming (stone)  as  sarco-  +  -phagos  -eating] 

sap'cous,  a.  Consisting  of  flesh  or  muscle. 
Isarco-,  -ous] 


sard,  n.  Yellow  or  orange  cornelian.  [F  <-e), 
f.  L  sarda,  L  f.  Gk  sardios  (Sardis  in  Lydia)] 

Sapdanapa'lian,  a.  As  of,  like,  Sardana- 
palus  king  of  Nineveh  notorious  for  effeminate 
luxury.    r-iAN] 

sarde'lle,  n.  Fish  like  &  treated  like  sardine, 
[f.  It.  sardella  dim.  of  L  sarda  sardine] 

sap'dine J,  n.  Precious  stone  in  Rev.  iv.  3. 
[prob.  crron.;  RV  gives  sardius  (sard)] 

sapdi'ne  2  (en),  n.  Small  fish  of  herring  kind 
found offSardinia&Brittany.or  young  pilchard 
of  Cornish  coast,  cured  &  tinned  in  oil  (packed 
like  ss.,  of  crowded  company).  [F,  f.  It.  f.  L  sar- 
dina  (sarda  f.  Gk  sarde  cf.  Sardo  Sardinia)] 

Sapdi*nian,a.  &n.  (Inhabitant)of  the  island 
or  of  the  kingdom  (1720-1859,  including  also 
Piedmont  &c)  of  Sardinia.    1-an] 

sapdd'nic,  a.  Bitter,  scornful,  mocking, 
sneering,  cynical,  (of  laugh,  laughter,  affected 
merriment,  &c).  Hence  sapdo'niCALLY  adv. 
[f.  F  sardonique  (L  f.  Gk  sardonios  assim.  of 
Homeric  sardanios  etym.  dub.  to  Sardonios 
Sardinian,  owing  to  belief  that  convulsive 
laughter  ending  in  death  resulted  from  eating 
a  Sardinian  plant,  +  -icj 

sardonyx,  n.  Onyx  with  white  layers  al- 
ternating with  sard.  IL,  f.  Gk  sardonux  (sar- 
dios, onyx)] 

sarga'sso,  n.  (pi.  -os,  -oes).  (Also  gulfweed) 
kinds  of  seaweed  with  berry-like  air-vessels 
found  floating  in  island-like  masses  in  the  Gulf- 
stream  &  esp.  in  N.-Atlantic  region  called  &. 
sea.    [f.  Port,  sargaco] 

sari'ssa,  n.  (Gk  ant.;  pi.  -ae).  Long  lance  of 
ancient  Macedonians.    [Gk] 

sark,  n.  (Sc).  Shirt  or  chemise.  [OEse/'c,  cf. 
ON  serkr] 

Sarmatian  (ashn),  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of 
ancient  Sarmatia  (Russia  &  Poland);  (poet.) 
Pole,  Polish,    [an] 

sap'mentose,  -e'ntous,  aa.  (bot.).  With 
long  thin  trailing  shoots,  [f.  L  sarmentosus 
(sarnienta  pi.  twigs,  brushwood,  f.  sarpere 
prune,  -ment,  -ose  t,  -ous)] 

sapsapapi'lla,  n.  Kinds  of  tropical-Ameri- 
can smilaxesp.  the  Jamaica  s.  (so  called  as  chief 
source  of  the  medicinal  s.  for  which  Jamaica 
was  emporium);  dried  roots,  or  extract  of  these 
used  as  tonic  &c,  of  (esp.  Jamaica)  s.  [f.  Sp. 
zarzaparrilla  (zarza  bramble,  perh.  +  dim.  of 
parra  vine)] 

sap*sen,n.  Sandstoneboulderonchalkdovvns 
esp.  in  Wilts,    [prob.  f.  saracen] 

sap'senet,  -ee-,  (sn),  n.  Fine  soft  silk  ma- 
terialnow  used  chiefly  for  linings.  [AF  sarzinett 
(prob.  f.  sarzin  saracen  4-  -et1  after  OF  drap 
sarrasinois  Saracen  cloth)] 

sartop'ial,  a.  Of  tailor,  tailoring,  or  men's 
clothes,  [f.  L  sartorius  (sartor  tailor  f.  sarcire 
patch),  -al] 

Sap'um,  eccl.  name  of  Sal isbury  (S.  use.  order 
of  divine  service  used  in  diocese  of  Salisbury 
from  11th  c  to  Reformation).  [med.L,  prob.  f. 
misread  abbr.  of  L  Sarisburia  Salisbury,  cf. 
viz.  for  videlicet] 

sash1,  n.  Ornamental  scarf  worn  by  man 
usu.  as  part  of  uniform  or  insignia  over  one 
shoulder  or  round  waist  or  by  woman  or  child 
round  waist.  Hence  sashed1  [-ED'2]  a.  [earlier 
sense  turban-band,  f.  Arab,  shash  muslin] 

sash  *,  n.  Frame  usu.  of  wood  holding  pane(s) 
of  glass  &  usu.  made  to  slide  up  &  down  in 

f grooves  of  window  aperture,  glazed  sliding 
ightof  glass-house  or  garden-frame,  (opp.  case- 
ment) ;  (rare)  =  casement ;  s.-cord,  -line,  strong 
kind  attaching  s.-weights  to  s.;  s.-pocket.  space 
on  each  side  of  window-frame  in  which  s.- 
weights  run ;  s.-pulley,  for  s.-cord  to  work  over ; 


SASIN 


759 


SATRAP 


s.tool,  glazier's  brush ;  s.-weight,  attached  to 
each  end  of  s.  to  balance  it  at  any  height;  8.- 
vnndow,  with  s.  or  usu.  two  ss.  of  which  one  or 
each  can  be  slid  over  the  other  to  make  opening. 
Hence  sashed2  [ed2],  sa'shLESS,  aa.  [cor- 
rupt, of  chassis  prob.  taken  for  pi.  J 

sa'sin,  n.    Indian  antelope.    [Nepalese] 

sassa'by.n.  Large  S.-Afr.  antelope,  [native] 

sa'ssafras,  n.  (Small  N.-Amer.  tree  yield- 
ing) a  bark  used  medicinally ;  infusion  of  this. 
ISp.  (sasa),  etym.  dub.] 

Sassa'nian,  Sa'ssanid,  nn.  &  aa.  (Mem- 
ber, esp.  a  king)  of  family  of  Sa(s)san,  rulers  of 
Persian  empire  a.d.  211-651.    [ian,  -id3] 

Sa-ssenaeh  (-ch),  n.  &  a.  (Sc.  &  Ir.  for)  Eng- 
lish(man).    [thr.  Gael.  &  Ir.  f.  Saxon\ 

sat.    See  sir. 

Sa'tan,  (archaic)  Sa'tanas,  n.  The  Devil, 
Lucifer.   [L  f.  Gk,  f.  Heb.  satan  adversary] 

Sata*nic(al  rare),  a.  Of,  like,  or  befitting 
Satan,  diabolical,  hellish,  (his  S.  majesty,  Sa- 
tan ;  -S.  school,  orig.  Byron,  Shelley,  &c,  also  any 
set  of  writers  accused  of  defiant  impiety  &c). 
Hence  Sata'nieali.v- adv.    [ic, -icalj 

Sa'tanism, n.  Deliberate  wickedness,pursuit 
of  evil  for  its  own  sake,  diabolical  disposition, 
soSa*taniZE(3)v.t.;characteristicsof  Satanic 
school ;  (esp.  French  19th-c.)  professed  worship 
of  Satan.    So  Sa'tan ist(2)  n.    [-ism] 

Satano'logy,  n.  (History  or  collection  of) 
beliefs  concerning  the  Devil,    [o-,  -logv] 

satap'a,  n.  Heavy  broadcloth  with  horizon- 
tal rib.    [S.  in  India] 

sa'tchel  (tshl),  n.  Small  bag  usu.  of  leather 
&  hung  from  shoulder  with  strap  for  carrying 
books  &c.  esp.  to  &  from  school.  Hence  sa'tch- 
ellED2a.  [(.OF sachelf.  LsacceZhwMSACK^-EL)] 

sate,  v.t.  Gratify  (desire,  person  feeling  it)  to 
the  full ;  cloy*  surfeit,  weary  with  over-abun- 
dance. Hence  sa'teLESS  a.  (poet),  [earlier 
sade.OK  sadian  (sad),  assim.  to  Lsat(is)  enough] 

satee'n,  n.  Cotton  or  woollen  fabric  with 
glossy  surface,    [f.  satin  after  velveteen] 

sa'tellite,  n.  Person's  follower  or  henchman 
or  hanger-on,  member  of  great  man's  retinue, 
underling;  planet  revolving  round  another 
(often  fig.),  whence  satelli'tic  a.  [F,  f.  L  sa- 
tellitem  nom.  -Us  guard] 

sati.    See  suttee. 

sa'tiate1  (-shyat),  a.  Satiated.  ]L  satiare 
(satis),  -ate2] 

sa'tiate2  (shi),  v.t.  =  sate.  So  sa'tiABLE 
(sha-)  a.  (rare),  satiA'TiON  (sasl-,  sashi-)  n.  [as 
prec,  -ate3] 

sati'ety,  n.  Glutted  or  satiated  state,  feeling 
of  having  had  too  much  of  something,  cloyed 
dislike  of,  (to  s„  to  extent  beyond  what  is  de- 
sired); (rare)  over-abundance.  If.  F  satUU  f.  L 
satietatem  (sati&fnough,  -TV)] 

s&'tin,  n.  &  a.,  &  v.t.  Silk  fabric  with  glossy 
surfaceononesidegotby  catching  warp-threads 
only  at  intervals  (Denmark  s.,  smooth  worsted 
material  used  for  ladies'  slippers ;  white  s.,  the 
plant  Honesty,  also  kind  of  moth ;  s.  or  white  s. 
slang,  gin ;  (adj.  or  attri  b.)  smooth  as  s. ;  s.beauty, 
■carpet,  kinds  of  moth  ;  s.  cloth,  a  woollen  cloth 
woven  like  s.;  s.  finish,  polish  given  to  silver 
with  metallic  brush ;  s.-fiower.  Honesty,  also 
Greater  Stitch  wort;  s.gypsum,  fibrous  kind 
with  pearly  lustre ;  s.  paper,  fine  glossy  writ- 
ing-paper; s.  pug,  pygmy,  kinds  of  moth;  s. 
sheeting,  fabric  of  waste  silk  &  cotton ;  s.-spar, 
fibrous  carbonate  of  lime ;  s.-stitch,  giving  ap- 
pearance of  s.  in  embroidery  &  wool-work  ;  s.- 
stone,  8. -gypsum ;  s.-straw,  soft  &  flexible  for 
hats ;  s.-white.  artificial  sulphate  of  lime ;  s.- 
wood,  choice  timber  of  an  Indian  tree;  hence 
sa'tlnv2  a.,  satinETTE(2)  &  in  same  sense 


sa'tinET1  nn.  (Vb)  give  glossy  surface  to 
(paper).    [F,  prob.  ult.  f.  L  seta  silk,  -ine  l] 

sa'tire,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)  poetic  medley,  esp. 
poem  aimed  at  prevalent  vices  or  follies ;  a 
composition  in  verse  or  prose  holding  up  vice 
or  folly  to  ridicule  or  lampooning  individual(s), 
this  branch  of  literature,  (often  upon) ;  thing 
that  brings  ridicule  upon  something  (our  lives 
are  a  s.  upon  our  religion);  use  of  ridicule, 
irony,  sarcasm,  &c,  in  speech  or  writing  for 
the  ostensible  purpose  of  exposing  &  discour- 
aging vice  or  folly,  [f.  L  satira  in  1st  sense 
above,  var.  of  satura  (lanx  satura  full  dish)] 

sati'pic,  a.  Of  satires  or  satire,  containing 
satire,  writing  satires,  (s.  verse,  poem,  poet, 
xoriter,  intent,  stroke).  [F  (-ique),  f.  LL  satiri- 
cus  (prec,  -ic)] 

sati'Pical,  a.  =prec. ;  given  to  the  use  of 
satire  in  speech  or  writing  or  to  cynical  obser- 
vation of  others,  sarcastic,  humorously  critical. 
Hence  sati'ricalLY2  adv.    [prec,  -al] 

sa'tirist,  n.  Writer  of  satires ;  satirical  per- 
son.   J-ist] 

sa'tipize,  v.t.  Assail  with  satire,  write  sa- 
tire(s)  upon,  describe  satirically,  [f.  F satiriser 
(satire,  -ize)] 

sa'tis,  Latin  adv.  &  n.  =enough.used  in  phrr. 
jam  s.  already  enough,  s.  silper'que  enough  & 
too  much. 

satisfa-ction,  n.  Payment  of  debt,  fulfil- 
ment of  obligation,  atonement  (for),  thing  ac- 
cepted by  way  of  s.,  (Eccl.)  performance  of 
penance,  (Theol.)  atonement  made  by  Christ 
for  sins  of  men,  (make  «.;  in  s.  of;  enter  s.  legal, 

Elace  on  record  of  court  that  payment  ordered 
as  been  made ;  Christ  is  the  8.  for  our  sins) ; 
opportunity  of  fighting  duel  with  person  one 
complains  of  (give,  demand,  s.) ;  satisfying  or 
being  satisfied  in  regard  to  desire  or  want  or 
doubt,  thing  that  satisfies  desire  or  gratifies 
feeling,  (find  s.  in ;  give  s. ;  to  the  8.  of;  heard 
it  with  great  s.;  their  s.  at  or  with  the  results ; 
if  you  can  prove  it  to  my  s. ;  the  s.  of  not  having 
to  do  it,  it  is  a  great  8.  that  it  need  not  be  done ; 
woxdd  be  a  s.  to  me;  thinks  only  of  present  s.). 
[F,  f.  L  satisfactionem  (satisfy)] 

satisfa'ctopy,  a.  (Theol.)  serving  as  atone- 
ment for  sin ;  satisfying  expectations  or  needs, 
leaving  no  room  for  complaint,  causing  satis- 
faction, adequate,  (s.  proof,  method,  result, 
pupil,  pair  of  boots,  expedition,  marriage, 
compromise).  Hence  satisfa'ctopiL  v  2  ad  v. , 
satisfa'ctopiNESS  n.  [f.  F  satisfactoire  t. 
med.L  satisfactorius  (satisfy,  -ory)] 

sa'tisfy,  v.t.  &  i.  Pay  (debt,  rarely  creditor), 
fulfil  (obligation),  comply  with  (demand),  (of 
Christ)  make  atonement  for  sins  of  men ;  meet 
the  expectations  or  desires  of,  come  up  to  (no- 
tion, preconception,  &c),  be  accepted  by  (per- 
son, his  taste,  &c.)  as  adequate,  content,  (s.  tlie 
examiners  at  univv.,  receive  pass  without 
honours);  (pass.)  be  content  or  pleased  (withi, 
demand  no  more  than  or  consider  it  enough  to 
do,  (rest  satisfied,  make  or  take  no  further  de- 
mands or  steps);  (intr.)  give  satisfaction,  leave 
nothing  to  be  desired ;  dispose  of  (an  appetite 
or  want),  rid  (person)  of  an  appetite  or  want, 
by  sufficient  supply;  furnish  with  adequate 
proof,  convince,  (of  fact,  that  it  is  so  ;  s.  one- 
self, attain  to  practical  certainty);  adequately 
meet  (objection,  doubt,  request,  conditions). 
Hence  sa'tisfiABLE  a.,  sa'tisfyiNG2  a.,  sa*- 
tisfyingi.y  2  adv.  [f.  OF  satisfier  f.  L  satis- 
facerefact-  (-FY)] 

sa'tpap,  n.  Holder  of  provincial  governor- 
ship or  sa'tpap v  *  n.  in  ancient- Persian  em- 
pire, viceroy ;  modern  subordinate  ruler,  colo- 
nial governor,  &c.  (esp.  rhet.  with  implication 


SATSUMA ] 

of  luxury  or  tyranny),  [f.  L  f.  Gk  satrapes  f. 
OPers.  khsatra-pava  province-guardianl 

Sa'tsuma  (ware),  n.  Cream-coloured  Jap- 
anese pottery,    [name  of  province] 

sa'tupate  (or  -tsher-),  v.t.  Impregnate,  soak 
thoroughly,  imbue  with;  (Chem.  &c)  charge 
(substance,  air,  vapour,  metal)  with  or  cause 
to  combine  with  or  absorb  or  hold  the  greatest 
amount  possible  of  another  substance,  mois- 
ture, magnetism,  electricity,  &c. ,  (p.p. ,  of  colour) 
free  from  admixture  of  white,  full,  rich.  Hence 
or  cogn.  sa'tuPATE2  (at)  a.  (poet.  exc.  of  col- 
our), sa'tuPABLE  a.,  saturATioN  n.  [f.  hsa- 
turare  (satur  full  cogn.  w.  satis),  -ate3] 

Sa'turday  (di),  n.  Seventh  day  of  week 
(holy,  hospital,  S. ;  S.-to-Monday,= the  now 
usu.  WEEK-enrf).  [OE  Sxtern(es)dxg  transL  of 
L  Saturni  dies  day  of  saturn] 

Saturn,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)  Italic  god  of  agri- 
culture later  identified  with  Greek  Cronos 
father  of  Zeus,  ruler  of  the  world  in  a  golden 
age  of  innocence  and  plenty;  a  planet,  the  fur- 
thest off  of  the  7  anciently  known,  with  8  moons 
Sc  broad  flat  ring,  credited  in  astrology  with 
producing  cold  sluggish  gloomy  temperament 
in  those  born  under  its  influence,  [f.  L  Satur- 
nus  (severe  sat-  sow)] 

saturna'lia,  n.  pi.  &  (see  below)  sing.  An- 
cient-Roman festival  of  Saturn  in  December 
observed  as  time  of  unrestrained  merrymaking 
with  temporary  release  of  slaves,  predecessor 
of  modern  Christmastide  (S-);  scene  or  time  of 
wild  revelry  or  tumult  (s-,  S- ;  often  as  sing,  as 
a  s.  of  crime).  Hence  satupna'liAN  a.  [L, 
neut.  pi.  of  Saturnalis  (prec,  -al>] 

Satup'nian,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  god  or  the  planet 
Saturn ;  S.  metre,  verse,  metre  used  in  early 
Latin  poetry  before  introduction  of  Greek  me- 
tres &  generally  taken  to  have  been  an  iambic 
dimeter  catalectic  followed  by  three  trochees 
(e.g.  dabunt  malum  Metelli  Naevio  poetae). 
<N.)  inhabitant  of  Saturn  ;  (pi.)  S.  verse,    [f.  L 

SATURNtWS,  -AN] 

satur-nic,  a.  (path.).  Affected  with  lead- 
poisoning.  So  Sa*tupniSM(5)  n.  [saturn  in 
alch.  sense  lead,  -ic] 

sa'tupnine,  a.  Of  sluggish  gloomy  tempera- 
ment, (of  looks  &c.)  suggestive  of  or  produced 
by  such  temperament,  whence  sa'tupnineLY2 
adv.;  of  lead  (a  s.  poultice,  red,  &c);  of,  affect- 
ed by,  lead-poisoning  (s.  patients,  symptoms). 
[saturn  (cf.  prec),  -ine  '] 

sa'typ  (-er),  n.  One  of  a  class  of  Greek  wood- 
land deities  in  human  form  with  horse's  ears& 
tail  (or,  as  represented  by  Romans,  with  goat's 
ears,  tail,  legs,  &  budding  horns);  lustful  or 
beastly-minded  man ;  (rare)  orang-utan.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  sataros] 

saty'pic, a.  Of  satyrs  (esp.  s.  drama,  kind  of 
Greek  play  with  chorus  of  satyrs),  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
saturikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

sauce,  n.,  &  v.t.  Liquid  preparation  taken 
as  relish  with  some  article  of  food  [bread,  egg, 
mint,  parsley,  tomato,  &c,  -s.,  with  these  as 
prominent  ingredient ;  white  s.,  of  melted  but- 
ter, flour,  Sec;  hunger  is  the  best  s.;  s.for  the 
gander;  serve  with  the  same  s.,  subject  to 
same  usage),  (fig.)  something  that  adds  piquan- 
cy (us  tame  without  the  s.  of  danger);  solution 
of  salt&  other  ingredients  used  in  some  manu- 
facturing processes  ;  sauciness,  impertinent 
speech,  cheek,  (noneof  yours.!);  s.-alone,  hedge- 
weed  formerly  used  to  flavour  salads  &  ss. ; 
s.-boat,  vessel  in  which  s.  is  served ;  s.-box,  im- 
pudent person ;  saucepan  (an),  metal  vessel 
usu.  cylindrical  with  long  handle  projecting 
from  side  for  boiling  things  in  cookery ;  hence 
sau'ceLESs  a.    (Vb)  season  with  ss.  or  condi- 


SAVE 


ments  (rare),  (flg.)  make  piquant,  add  relish  to; 
"  "  e  impudent  to,  cheek,  (person),    [vb  f. 
>op.  L  salsa  fern,  of  salsus  (salere  sals- 


(vulg.)  be  impudent  to,  cheek,  (person),    [vb  f. 
n. ,  F,  f.  pop.  L  saZsi 
to  salt  f.  sal  salt)] 


sau'eer,  n.  Shallow  vessel  for  standing  cup 
on  to  Intercept  spillings  of  tea  &c  (s.  eye,  large 
&  round  as  a  s.,  whence  saucer-eyED2  a.); 
vessel  placed  under  flowerpot  to  prevent  water 
from  running  away  at  once;  any  small  shallow 
round  vessel  resembling  teas.  Hence  sau*- 
eePFUL(2)  n.,  sau'cePLESS  a.  [earlier  sense 
condiment-dish,  f.  OF  saussier  (sauce,  -arv  ')] 

sau'ey,  a.  Impudent  to  superiors,  cheeky ; 
(slang)  sprightly,  smart,  stylish.  Hence  sau*- 
eiLY2  adv.,  sau'ciNESS  n.  [earlier  sense  sa- 
voury; SAUCE,  -Y2] 

sauerkraut  (sowr'krowt),  u.  German  dish 
of  pickled  cabbage.    \G] 

saul.    See  sal. 

saunders.    See  Sanders. 

sau-nter,  v.i.,  &  n.  Walk  in  leisurely  way 
or  without  destination,  stroll,  (also  flg.,  as  .v. 
through  life);  hence  sau'ntePER1  n.,  sau'n- 
tepingLY2  adv.  (N.)  leisurely  ramble  or  gait, 
[prob.  ult.  f.  LL  *KX{adventurare  adventure)] 

saup'ian,  a,  &  n.  (One)  of  the  Sauria  or 
order  of  lizards  including  crocodiles,  alliga- 
tors, &  extinct  kinds  such  as  ichthyosaurus  & 
plesiosaurus.  Sosaupo-  comb,  form,  saup'oiD 
a.  &  n.    [Gk  sauros  lizard,  -ian] 

saup'y,  n.  A  long-billed  sea-fish.  [prob.  f. 
F  saur  sorrel] 

sausage  (so'sij),  n.  Pork  or  other  meat 
minced,  seasoned,  &  stuffed  into  long  cylin- 
drical cases  prepared  from  entrails  &  divided 
when  full  into  lengths  of  a  few  inches  by  twist- 
ing or  tying,  a  length  of  this,  (Bologna  s.,  large 
kind  made  of  bacon,  veal,  pork-suet,  &c,  &  sold 
ready  for  eating  cold ;  s.-Jiller,  -grinder,  -ma- 
chine, s. -making  appliances;  s.-meat,  used  as 
stuffing  for  turkeys  &c  instead  of  being  en- 
closed in  skins;  s.-roll,  s.-meat  enclosed  in 
pastry  &  cooked,  [f.  F  saucisse  f.  LL  salsicia 
(L  salsus  see  sauce)] 

saut6  (so"ta),  a.  (in  fern,  -ie ;  pi.  e"s,  fern.  -e"es). 
Quickly  fried  in  hot  pan  with  little  grease.  [F] 

Sautepne  (sotar'n),  n.  Kinds  of  sweet  white 
French  wine,    [place-name] 

sauve-qui-peut  (so'vkeper*),  n.  Precipitate 
flight  in  various  directions.  [F,  f.  phr.  sauve 
qui  peut  let  him  find  safety  who  can] 

sa-vag-e  (-ij),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Uncultivated, 
wild,  (archaic;  a  s.  scene) ;  uncivilized,  in  primi- 
tive state,  (s.  tribes,  life) ;  fierce,  cruel,  furious, 
(s.  persecution,  persecutor,  revenge,  criticisjn, 
blow) ;  (colloq.)  angry,  out  of  temper;  (Herald. ; 
of  human  figure)  naked  ;  hence  or  cogn.  sa*v- 
ag-eLv2adv.,  sa'vage.NEss,  sa'vagrERY^.J), 
nn.  (N.)  member  of  s.  tribe  esp.  of  one  living  by 
hunting  &  fishing,  whence  sa'vagenoM  n. ; 
brutally  cruel  or  barbarous  person.  (Vb;  of 
horse)  attack  &  bite  or  trample  (person ;  was 
savaged  by  his  horse),  [earlier  &  OF  salvage  f. 
L  silvaticus  (silva  a  wood,  -atic,  cf.  -age)] 

sava'nna(h),  n.  Treeless  plain,  great  tract 
of  meadow-like  land,  esp.  in  tropical  America, 
[f.  Sp.  sabana  perh.  of  Carib.  orig.] 

savant  (F),  n.  Man  of  learning,  esp.  dis- 
tinguished scientist,  [part,  of  F  savoir  know, 
as  sapient] 

sava'te  (-aht),  n.  French  boxing,  in  which 
feet  &  head  are  used  as  well  as  fists. 

save1,  v.t.  &L,  &  n.  Rescue,  preserve,  de- 
liver, from  or  from  danger  or  misfortune  or 
harm  or  discredit  (saved  my  life,  me  from 
drowning,  the  State ;  s.  me  or  God  s.  me  from 
my  friends  &c,  comment  upon  well-meant  in- 
opportune ofneiousness ;  s.  us!,  excl.  of  surprise ; 


SAVE 


761 


SAXIFRAGE 


a.  one's  bacon,  face1  ;  s.  the  situation,  find  or 
provide  way  out  of  difficulty,  avert  disaster ;  s. 
appearances,  put  a  good  face  on  something), 
(Footb.)  prevent  opponents  from  scoring  (n., 
such  prevention,  as  a  clever  s.) ;  bring  about  spi- 
ritual salvation  of,  preserve  from  damnation, 
(who  then  can  be  saved  ?;  the  saving  of  souls) ; 
keep  for  future  use,  husband,  reserve,  abstain 
from  expending,  lay  by  money,  live  econo- 
mically, {s.  one's  breath,  be  silent;  a  saving 
housekeeper ;  is  saving  his  strength ;  has  never 
saved,  put  by  money ;  you  may  s.  your  pains 
or  trouble,  need  not  take,  will  take  in  vain), 
whence  sa*VER](l)  n.,  sa*viNG1(2)  n.  (usu.  in 
pi.),  sa'vingLY2  adv. ;  relieve  (person)  from 
need  of  expending  (money,  trouble,  &c.)  or  from 
exposure  to  (annoyance  &c),  obviate  need  of, 
reduce  requisite  amount  of,  [that  will  s.  me  £50; 
his  secretary  saved  him  much  time  or  labour, 
many  interviews ;  s.  the  follow-on  in  cricket, 
get  enough  runs  to  prevent  it ;  stitch  in  time 
saves  nine ;  soap  saves  rubbing),  whence  -sav- 
erM2)  n.,  -saviNG2a. ;  avoid  losing,  be  in  time 
for,  succeed  in  catching,  (write  hurriedly  to  s. 
the  post ;  shall  we  s.  the  tide  ?,  get  in  or  out 
while  it  serves) ;  make  reservation  concerning, 
make  reservation,  (esp.  saving  clause,  contain- 
ing stipulation  of  exemption  &c. ;  saving  your 
reverence,  apology  for  unseemly  expression  &c, 
cf.  s.  the  mark1),  (part,  as  prep.)  except,  with 
the  exception  of,  save2;  s.-all,  pan  with  spike 
for  burning  up  candle-ends ;  savings-bank, 
receiving  small  deposits  from  the  poor  &  con- 
ducted solely  in  depositors'  interests  (Post-office 
s.-b.,  with  branches  at  local  post  offices).  Hence 
sa*  vab  le  a.  [f.  Fsauverf .  ltsalvare(salvus  saf  e)] 

save2,  prep.  &  conj.  Except,  but,  (with  n.  in 
obj.  case,  or  with  that  clause ;  archaic,  poet.,  or 
with  formal  or  pretentious  effect  in  ordinary 
writing ;  forty  stripes  s.  one ;  all  s.  him,  &  see 
conj.;  lam  well  s.  that  I  have  a  cold).  (Conj. ; 
archaic) unless, but,  (thouseest  no  beauty s.  thou 
make  it ;  all  the  conspirators  s.  only  he ;  happy 
s.  for  one  want),   If.  OF  sauf  t  L  salvo  !] 

sa'veloy,  n.  Highly  seasoned  dried  sausage, 
[earlier  &  OF  cervelatt.  It.  cervellata  (cervello 
brain  f.  L  cerebellum),  named  as  orig.  made 
of  pig's  brain] 

sa*vin,  n.  (Tree  or  shrub  with)  tops  yielding 
a  volatile  oil  used  medicinally,  [f.  L  sabina 
(herba)  sabine  (herb)] 

sa'viour,  n.  Deliverer, redeemer (the,our, S., 
Christ),  person  who  saves  a  State  &c.  from  de- 
struction &c.    [f.  OF  salveor  (save  \  -iour)] 

savoir  faire'  (-vwar),  n.  Quickness  to  see 
&  do  the  right  thing,  address,  tact.    [F] 

savoir  vi'vro  (-vwar-ve"vr),  n.  Good  breed- 
ing, being  at  home  in  society.    [F] 

sa'vopy,  n.  Herb  of  mint  family  used  in 
cookery,  [f.  OF  savereie  f.  L  satureia  prob.  w. 
assim.  in  F  to  foil.] 

sa'vour,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Characteristic  taste, 
flavour,  relish,  or  (now  rare)  smell,  power  to 
affect  the  taste  (lit.  or  fig.);  quality  suggestive, 
perceptible  admixture,  suspicion,  smack,  of  (a 
not  unpleasing  s.  of  preciosity) ;  hence  sa'- 
voupless  a.  ( Vb)  appreciate  or  perceive  the 
lit.  or  fig.  taste  of  (archaic);  give  flavour  to 
(rare);  smack,  offer  suggestion,  suggest  presence, 
of  (the  offer  savours  of  impertinence),  [t  OF 
savour(er)  f.  Lsaporem  (sapere  taste,  -OR1)] 

sa'voury  (-verl),  a.&n.  With  appetizing  taste 
or  smell;  (of  places  &c;  only  w.  neg.)  free  from 
bad  smells ;  (of  dishes  &c.)  of  salt  or  piquant  & 
not  sweet  flavour  (sweet  or  s.  omelette) ;  hence 
sa'vouriLY2  adv.,  sa'voupiNESS  n.  (N.)  s. 
dish,  esp.  one  served  at  beginning  or  end  of 
dinner  as  stimulant  or  digestive.    [-Y  2] 


savoy,  n.  Kind  of  cabbage  with  wrinkled 
leaves.    [S.  in  France] 

Savoyard,  n.  &  a.  (Native)  of  Savoy.  [F 
(Savoie  Savoy,  -ard)] 

sa'vvy,  corrupt,  of  Sp.  sabe  knows,  in  slang 
use  =do  you  understand?  (no  s.,  I  do,  he  &c. 
does,  not  know  or  understand),  also  as  n.  = 
understanding,  wits,  savoir-faire. 

saw »,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  sawn,  rarely  sawed). 
Implement  usu.  of  steel  worked  by  hand  or  me- 
chanically&  wi  th  variously  shaped  blade  or  edge 
having  teeth  of  various  forms  cut  in  or  attached 
to  it  for  dividing  wood,  metal,  stone,  &c. ,  by  reci- 
procating or  rotatory  motion  (anmdar,  crown, 
cylinder,  «.,  cylinder  with  toothed  edge  for 
making  circular  hole;  band1,  bow1,  circular, 
frame2,  fret1,  s.',  cross-cut,  rip,  s„  for  cutting 
wood  across,  along,  the  grain;  hand  -s.,  held  with 
one  hand;  jigs.,  frame-s.  worked  mechanically 
in  connexion  with  table  holding  the  wood  &c. 
(j.-s.  puzzle,  of  pieces  sawn  with  j.-s.  to  be  put 
together);  pits.,  worked  by  two  men  one  above 
&  one  in  pit;  reciprocating  s.,  worked  mechani- 
cally with  backward  &  forward  strokes;  stones. , 
toothless  f rame-s.  cutting  stone  by  friction  with 
sand  &  water);  (Zool.  &c.)  serrated  organ  or  part; 
s.-doctor,  machine  for  making  teeth  of  s.;  saw- 
dust, wood  fragments  produced  in  sawing  used 
in  packing,  pugging,  stuffing,  drying  moisture, 
&c.  (let  the  s.-d.  out  of  fig.,  expose  pretentious- 
ness or  unsubstantial  character  of,  w.  ref.  to 
doll's  stuffing) ;  s.-fish,  large  kind  with  toothed 
snout  used  as  weapon ;  s.-fly,  kinds  injurious  to 
plants  with  serrated  ovipositor;  s.-frame,  in 
which  s. -blade  is  held  taut;  s.-gate,  s.-frame; 
s.-gin,  cotton-GiN1  with  s. -teeth;  s.-horse,  rack 
supporting  wood  for  sawing;  s.-mill,  driven  by 
water  or  steam  for  mechanical  sawing ;  s.-pit,  in 
which  lower  of  two  men  working  pits,  stands; 
s.-set,  tool  for  wrenching  s. -teeth  in  alternate 
directions  to  give  kerf  wider  than  blade  &  let 
s.  work  freely ;  s.-wort,  plant  yielding  yellow 
dye  named  from  serrated  leaves;  s.-wrack,  a 
serrated  seaweed;  s.-wrest,  s.-set.  (Vb)  cut 
(wood  &c.)  with,  make  (boards  &c.)  with,  use, 
s. ;  move  (t.  &  i.)  backward  &  forward,  divide 
(the  air  &c),  with  motion  as  of  s.  or  person  saw- 
ing; (quasi-pass.)  admit  of  being  sawn  easily, 
badly,  &c. ;  (Bookbind.)  make  incisions  to  re- 
ceive binding-bands  in  (gathered  sheets) ;  saiv- 
bones  slang,  surgeon,  [vb  f.  n.,  OE  saga,  cf.  Du. 
zaag,  G  sage,  cogn.  w.  L  secare  cut] 

saw'2,  n.  Proverbial  saying,  old  maxim,  (usu. 
old  or  wise  s.).    [OE  sagu  (secgan  sa  v  2)] 

saw  3.    See  see  *. 

sawder,  n.  Soft  s.,  compliments,  flattering 
speeches,  blarney.    {= solder] 

Sawney,  n.  (Nickname  for)  Scotsman ; 
simpleton,    [prob.  as  sandy2] 

sawyer,  n.  Man  employed  in  sawing  tim- 
ber (top-s.);  (U.S.)  uprooted  tree  floating  or 
stranded  in  river  (named  as  sawing  up  &  down); 
kinds  of  wood-boring  larva,    [-yer] 

sax,  n.  Slate-cutters'  hammer  with  point  for 
making  nail-holes.  [OE  seax  knife  (see  saxon), 
cf.  Icel.  sax,  MDu.  sas] 

sa'xatfle,  a,  (nat.  hist.).  Living,  growing, 
on  or  among  rocks,    [f.  L  saxatilis  (saxtim 

rock,  -ATILEjT 

saxe,  n.  Kind  of  photographic  paper.  [F,  = 
Saxony  (where  it  is  made)] 

sa'xhopn,  n.  Instrument  of  trumpet  class. 
[A.  Sax,  inventor] 

saxi'coline, -lous,  aa.  (nat.  hist.),  -saxa- 
tile.    [L  -cola  inhabitant  of  (colere  inhabit)J 

sa*xifpag-e  (or  -Ij),  n.  Kinds  of  Alpine  or 
rock  plant  with  tufted  foliage  &  panicles  of 
white  or  yellow  or  red  flowers.    [F,  f.  L  saxi- 


SAXON 7 

fragaspleen\vovt{saxumstone,frangere  break) 
named  as  used  against  calculus] 

Sa'xon,  n.  &  a.  Member,  language  (often 
old  S.),  of  the  Teutonic  N.German  people  by 
which  England  was  conquered  in  5th  &  6th  cc; 
=  ang  lo-saxon,  whence  Sa'xon  no  m  n. ;  native 
of  modern  Saxony;  Teutonic  (opp.  Latin  or 
Romance)  elements  of  English.  (Adj.)  of  the 
Ss.  {S.  architecture,  rude  Romanesque  preced- 
ing Norman  in  England) ;  in  S.  {S.  words  in 
English,  of  Teutonic  origin),  whence  Sa'xon- 
ism(2,  4),  Sa*xoniST(2),  nn.;  S.  blue,  solution  of 
indigo  in  sulphuric  acid  asdye ;  hence Sa'xon- 
1ZE(2,  3)  v.i.  &  t.  ]f.  LL  Saxones  pi.  f.  OE 
Seaxan  pi.  {seax  knife  cogn.  w.  L  saxum  stone)] 

sa'xony,  n.  Fine  kind  of  wool,  cloth  made 
from  it.    [f.  S.  in  Germany] 

sa'xophone,  n.  Powerful  instrument  of 
clarinet  kind  used  in  military  bands,  [as  sax- 
horn, Gk  phdne  sound] 

sa'xtuba,  n.    Large  saxhorn,    [tuba] 

say  >,  n.  (now  rare).  Fine  serge-like  cloth,  [f. 
F  saie  f.  L  saga  pi.  of  sagum  military  cloak] 

say  2,  v.t.  &  i.  {said,  pr.  sed ;  archaic  3rd  sing, 
pres.,  saith  pr.  seth),  &  n.  Utter,  make  (speci- 
fied remark),  recite,  rehearse,  in  ordinary 
speaking  voice  (s.  the  word,  give  the  order  &c; 
s.  no  more,  cease  speaking;  s.  a  good  word  for, 
commend  or  excuse ;  to  be  said  or  sung ;  s.  no. 
yes,  refuse,  grant. request,  also  deny,  confirm  or 
accept,  statement;  s.out.expvess  fully  or  candid- 
ly ;  s.  one  nay,  refuse  him  something ;  has  said 
his  s„  fi  nished  what  he  had  to  s. ;  s.  lesson,  repeat 
it  to  teacher ;  s.  grace,  prayer ;  s.  something,  s. 
grace,  also  make  a  speech  ;  that  is  to  s„  in  other 
words,  as  the  whole  family,  t.  i.  t.  s.  four  per- 
sons, also=or  at  least,  as  he  never  went,  t.  i.  t.  s. 
it  is  not  recorded  that  he  did,  also  ellipt.  s.  in 
giving  sum  in  words  after  figures,  as  £500,  s. 
Jive  hundred  pounds  ;  he  said  4  You  lie ' ;  says 
or  said  he  &c,  said  I,  says  /colloq.,  forms  in- 
serted in  repeating  conversation  ;  saying  &  do- 
ing, speech  &  action;  Is.,  excl.  used  to  draw 
attention,  open  a  conversation,  or  express  sur- 
prise, as  J  s.,  who  was  that  ?,  I  s.,  what  a 
beauty  !,  or  in  same  sense  I  say  !  alone) ;  state, 
promise,  prophesy,  {he  says  all  men  or  that  all 
men  are  liars;  you  said  you  would;  dare  s.; 
they  .<?.,  it  is  said,  forms  introducing  rumour; 
it  says  in  the  Bible,  the  Bible  says ;  goes  without 
saying,  is  too  obvious  to  need  mention  ;  hear 
s.,  hear  it  reported ;  so  he  says,  he  says  so ;  you 
may  wells,  so,  your  statement  is  fully  justified); 
speak,  talk,  (rare ;  s.  away,  s.  what  you  have  to 
s.;  he  said,  &  turned  his  back,  in  narrative 
poetry  &c);  put  into  words,  express,  {that  was 
well  said) ;  adduce  or  allege  in  argument  or 
excuse  {there  is  much  to  be  said  on  both  sides; 
have  you  nothing  to  s.  for  yourself  ?) ;  form  & 
give  opinion  or  decision  as  to  or  abs.  {there  is 
no  saying,  it  is  hard  to  s.,  who  it  was;  I  can- 
not s.,  do  not  know  whether  &c.  or  abs.;  do  s. 
xvhich  you  wUl  have ;  what  s.  yon  to  a  theatre  ?, 
are  you  inclined  for  it? ;  &  sos.  all  of  us,  &  that 
is  our  opinion  too);  select  as  example,  assume, 
take  (specified  number  &c>  as  near  enough, 
{let  us  s„  or  usu.  ellipt  s.;  any  country,  let  us  s. 
Sweden,  might  do  the  same ;  xoell,  s.  it  were 
true,  what  then  ? ;  a  few  of  them,  s.  a  dozen  or 
so).  (N.) :  (opportunity  of  saying)  what  one  has 
to  s.,  share  in  decision,  is.  your  s.;let  him  have 
/its*-.;  had  no  s.  in  the  matter).  [OE  secgan,  cf. 
ON  seqja,  G  sagen] 

saying-,  n.    In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  sententious 
remark,  maxim,  adage,  {as  the  s.  is,  form  used 
in  quoting  proverb  or  phrase),    [-inq  i] 
!U  |   PP°*  "'  (Pl*  'Vi  Pr*  *6>*    Italiau  Policeman. 


2 SCALE 

scab,  n.,  &  v.i.  Dry  rough  incrustation 
formed  over  sore  in  healing,  cicatrice  ;  mange, 
itch,  or  similar  skin-disease ;  kinds  of  fungous 
plant-disease ;  mean  dirty  fellow  (archaic), 
(Trade  unionism)  workman  who  refuses  to  join 
strike  or  union  or  takes  striker's  place,  black- 
leg; s.-wort,  elecampane;  hence  scabbED2, 
sea'bbv2  aa.,  sea'bbiLY2  adv.,  sca'bbi- 
NESsn.  ("Vb;  of  sore)  form  s.,  heal  over.  [f.  Da., 
Sw.,  skabb,  cf.  OE  sceab,  scaeb,  (shabby)] 

sca'bbapd,  n.  Sheath  of  sword,  bayonet, 
&c;  s.-Jish,  silvery- white  sea-fish  shaped  like 
sword-s.  [earlier  scawberk  cf.  AF  escaubers 
pi.;  prob.  ult.  f.  Teut.  (shell,  hauberk)J 

sca'bies,  n.    The  itch.    [L  {scabere  scratch)] 

sca'bious,  a.  &  n.  Scabby,  affected  with 
mange,  itch,  &c;  (n.)  kinds  of  wild  &  cultivated 
annual  or  perennial  herb  with  blue,  pink,  or 
white,  pincushion-shaped  flowers,  [(n.  f.  sca- 
biosa  herba  named  as  specific  against  itch)  f.  L 
scabiosus  (prec,  -ose  J)J 

sca'brous,  a.  (Zool.,  Bot,  &c.)  with  rough 
surface,  scurfy  ;  (Literature;  of  subject,  situa- 
tion, &c.)  requiring  tactful  treatment,  hard  to 
handle  with  decency.  Hence  sea'brous.vESS 
n.    [f.  L  scabrosus  {scaber  rough,  cf.  prec.)] 

scad,  n.  Kind  of  fish  called  also  horse- 
mackerel,    [perh.  var.  of  shad] 

sca'ffold  n.  &  v.t.,  sea'ffblding-  n.  Elevat- 
ed platform  of  timber  usu.  for  execution  of 
criminals  {old ;  the  s.,  death  by  executioner's 
hands)  or  rarely  {old,  -ing)  for  display  of  some- 
thing or  accommodation  of  spectators  ;  (usu. 
-ing)  temporary  structure  of  poles  &  planks 
providing  workmen  with  platform(s)  to  stand 
on  while  building  or  repairing  house  &c,  {-ing) 
materials  for  this ;  (Anat.,  Embryol.;  -old,  -ing) 
framework  outlining  parts  to  bo  formed  on  it 
later  {the  s.  of  the  skull);  scaffolding-pole, 
mastlike  pole  helping  to  support  building-plat- 
form ;  (vb)  attach  scaffolding  to  (house),  [f.  OF 
escadafault  (now  ichafaud)  perh.  f.  ex-  +  It. 
catafalco  catafalque] 

scdg'Iia,  n.  Reddish  Italian  limestone.  [It.] 

scag-lio'la  (-alyo-),  n.  Imitation  stone  of 
plaster  mixed  with  glue  &  variously  coloured 
or  diversified.    [It.  {-iuola)] 

scalable,  a.  In  vbl  senses  of  scale1*  2>  3. 
[-able] 

sealaTifopm,  a.  (bot,  zool.).  Ladder-shaped 
(of  veins  in  insects  wings,  or  of  alternating 
thick  &  thin  strips  in  structure).  [L  scalaria 
staircase  (neut.  pi.  of  scalaris  f.  scala  scale  3, 
-AR1),  -form] 

scalawag,  -Ha-,  -Hy-,  n.  Undersized  or 
ill-fed  animal ;  good-for-nothing  person,  scamp, 
scapegrace.  [U.S.,  explained  as  f.  Scalloway 
in  Shetland  w.  ref.  to  Shetland  ponies] 

scald !  (aw),  v.t.,  &  n.  Injure  or  pain  (skin, 
or  person  or  animal  or  part  in  regard  to  it)  with 
hot  liquid  or  vapour  {was  scalded  to  death  by 
the  steam ;  scalding  tears,  of  bitter  grief) ; 
raise  (milk)  to  near  boiling  point  {scalded  cream, 
from  milk  scalded  &  allowed  to  stand),  whence 
sea'ldER  M2)  n.;  cleanse  (vessel ;  often  out)  by 
rinsing  with  boiling  water ;  (n.)  injury  to  skin 
by  scalding  {for  ss.  &  burns),  [t.  ONF  escaldcr 
f.  L  EX{caldare  f.  calidus  hot)] 

scald 2  (-aw-),  sk-,  n.  Ancient-Scandinavian 
composer  &  reciter  of  poems  in  honour  of  great 
men.    Hence  sea'ldrc  a.    [ON  {sk-)\ 

sca'ld-head  (a  w-),  n.  Scalp-disease  of  child- 
ren.    [SCALL, -ED2] 

scaldfno  (-e -),  n.  (pi.  -ni  pr.  -e).  Covered 
earthenware  brazier  used  in  Italy  for  warming 
the  hands  &c.    [It.] 

scale  \  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  One  of  the  thin  horny 
overlapping  plates  protecting  the  skin  of  many 


SCALE 


763 


SCANT 


fishes  &  reptiles;  plate  or  thin  outer  piece  with 
some  resemblance  to  fish-s.  in  organic  or  other 
object,  e.g.  pod,  husk,  rudimentary  leaf  or 
feather,  bract,  metamorphosed  hair  of  lepidop- 
tera,  bulb-layer,  flake  of  skin,  scab,  lamina  on 
surface  of  rusty  iron ;  (without  a)  incrustation 
inside  boiler  &c,  tartar  on  teeth ;  s.-armour, 
of  metal  ss.  attached  to  leather  &c;  s.-board, 
yery  thin  for  back  of  mirror,  picture,  &c;  s.- 
borer,  machine  for  removing  s.  from  boiler- 
tubes  ;  s.-fern,  ceterach ;  s. -insect,  kinds  that 
cling  fast  to  plants  &  secrete  a  shield-like  s.  as 
covering ;  s.-moss,  kinds  of  ^lant  with  s.-like 
leaves  resembling  moss ;  s.-winged,  lepidopter- 
ous;  s.-work,  overlapping  arrangement,  imbri- 
cation ;  hence  (-)sealED,  sea'leLESS,  sca'l  v  2, 
aa,,  sca'liNESS  n.  (Vb)  take  away  scale(s)  from 
(.<?.  ftsh,  almonds,  peas,  teeth,  iron) ;  (of  skin, 
metal,  &c.)  form,  come  off  in,  drop,  ss.;  (of  ss.) 
come  off.  If.  OF  escale  f.  OHG  scala  cf.  OE 
scealu;  cogn.  w.  shell,  &  w.  foil.] 

scale2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dish  of  simple  balance 
{throw  sword  into  s.,  back  claim  with  arms ; 
turn  the  s.  of  motive  or  circumstance,  be  de- 
cisive); (pi.)  a  simple  balance  (also  pair  ofss.) 
or  weighing- instrument  (hold  the  ss.  even,  be 
impartial  judge).  (Vb)  weigh  in  ss.  (rare) ;  (of 
thing  weighed)  show  (specified  weight)  in  the 
ss.  (scales  10  st.,  100  lb.),  [f.  OF  escale  cup  f.  ON 
skal ;  cogn.  w.  prec] 

scale3,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Series  of  degrees,  lad- 
derlike arrangement  or  classification,  graded 
system,  (is  high  in  the  s.  of  creation  or  social, 
intellectual,  &c,  s.;  sink  in  the  s.,  fall  to  lower 
rank  or  level ;  at  the  top,  bottom,  of  the s.;  slid- 
ing-s.,  see  slide1);  (Mus.)  set  of  sounds  belong- 
ing to  a  key  J  arranged  in  order  of  pitch  (dia- 

TONJC,  CHROMATIC,   MAJOK2,   MINOR,  S.',   play, 

sing,  run  over  one's,  ss.,  as  exercise  for  fingers 
or  voice) ;  (often  s.  of  notation)  basis  of  numeri- 
cal system  as  shown  in  ratio  between  units  in 
different  places  of  number  (binary,  decimal, 
Sec,  s.);  relative  dimensions,  ratio  of  reduc- 
tion &  enlargement  in  map  &c,  (philanthropy, 
armies,  on  a  vast  s.;  a  building  of  smalls,  but 
fine  proportions ;  large,  small,  -s.  map ;  the  s. 
to  be  one  to  fifty  thousand,  an  inch  to  the  mile, 
1/1000,  &c);  set  of  marks  at  measured  distances 
on  a  line  for  use  in  measuring  or  making  pro- 
portional reductions  &  enlargements,  rule  de- 
termining intervals  between  these,  piece  of  me- 
tal &c.  or  apparatus  on  which  they  are  marked 
(gunter's  s.).  (Vb)  climb  (wall,  steep  place,  or 
abs.)  with  ladder  or  by  clambering ;  represent 
in  dimensions  proportional  to  the  actual  ones, 
reduce  to  common  s.,  (s.  up,  doivn,  make  larger, 
smaller,  in  due  proportion) ;  (of  quantities  &c.) 
have  common  s.,  be  commensurable;  scaling- 
ladder,  used  in  escalades,  [f.  L  scala  ladder 
(scandere  climb)] 

scalene,  a.  &  n.  Unequal-sided  (s.  triangle, 
with  no  two  sides  equal ;  s.  cone,  cylinder,  with 
axis  inclined  to  base ;  s.  muscle,  any  of  several 
connecting  spine  &  ribs);  (n.)  s.  triangle  or  mus- 
cle,   ff.  L  f.  Gk  skalenos  cf.  skolios  crooked] 

scall  (-awl),  n.  (archaic).  Scaly  eruption  on 
skin  (dry  s.,  the  itch;  moist  s.,  eczema),  [f. 
ON  skalli  bare  head] 

seal  la  wag-.    See  scalawag. 

sca'llion,  n.  Kind  of  onion  or  shallot  [f. 
ONF  escalogne  shallot] 

sca,llop,seo-,n.,&v.t.  Bivalve  mollusc  with 
shell  divided  into  grooves  &  ridges  radiating 
from  middle  of  hinge  &  edged  all  round  with 
small  semicircular  lobes ;  (also  s.-shell)  one 
valve  of  this  (hist.)  as  pilgrim's  badge,  (mod.) 
asutensil  in  whichoysters.shredded  fish, mince, 
&c,  are  cooked  &  served,  small  shallow  pan 


similarly  used  ;  (pi.)  ornamental  edging  cut  in 
material  in  imitation  of  s.-edge.  (vb)  cook  in 
s. ;  ornament  (edge,  material)  with  ss.  or  sca'l- 
lopiNGi(6)  n.  [f.  OF  escalope  f.  Teut.  (Du. 
schelp  cogn.  w.  scale1'  2,  shell)] 

scallywag-.    See  scalawag. 

scalp,  n.,  &  v.t.  Top  of  head ;  skin  with  hair 
&c.  of  head  excluding  face,  this  or  part  of  it 
cut  as  trophy  from  enemy's  head  by  Red  Indians 
(takes.;  out  for  ss.,  on  the  war-path,  often  fig.  = 
in  aggressive  or  pugnacious  or  savagely  critical 
mood) ;  bare  rounded  hill-top ;  whale's  head 
without  lower  jaw  ;  s.-lock,  single  lock  on  Red 
Indian's  shaven  head  left  as  challenge  to  ene- 
mies; hence  sca'lpLESS  a.  (Vb)  take  s.  of; 
criticize  savagely.  [cf.  MSw.  skalp,  ON  skdlpr, 
sheath,  MDu.  schelpe  shell ;  cogn.  w.  scallop, 

SCALE1,  SHELL] 

sca*lpel,n.  Surgeon 'ssmalllightknifeshaped 
for  holding  like  pen.  [f.  L,scalpellum(scalprum 
chisel  f.  scalpere  scrape,  -el)] 

sea*lping-iron,  n.  Surgeon's  scraping  in- 
strument.   [L  scalpere  scrape,  -ing1] 

sea'lpriform,  a.  Chisel-shaped  (of  incisor 
teeth).    [L  scalprum  see  scalpel,  -i-,  -form] 

sca'mmony,  n.  (Kind  of  Asiatic  convolvu- 
lus yielding)  a  gum-resin  used  as  drastic  pur- 
gative.   [OF  (-ie),  f.  L  f.  Gk  skamm&nia] 

scamp1,  n.  Rascal,  knave,  (also  in  playful 
use  as  term  of  endearment).  Hence  sca'mp- 
ish1  a.    [prob.  of  same  orig.  as  scamper] 

scamp2,  v.t.  Do  (work  &c.)  in  perfunctory 
or  inadequate  way.    [prob.  var.  of  scant] 

sca'mper,  v.i.,  &  n.  Run  impulsively  like 
(or  of)  frightened  animal  or  playing  child ;  take 
s.  through.  (N. )  hasty  run ;  gallop  on  horseback 
for  pleasure ;  rapid  tour  or  course  of  reading 
(through  Normandy,  Dickens,  &c).  [earlier 
sense  flee  (of  army  &c),  f.  ONF  (s')escamper 
(ex-,  L  campus  field)  +  -er5]  ' 

scan,  v.t.  &  i.  Test  metre  of  (line  &c.)  by 
examining  number  &  quantity  of  feet  &  syl- 
lables, read  over  with  emphasis  on  rhythm  ;  be 
metrically  correct  (line  does  not  s.),  admit  of 
rhythmic  reading  (Zinewu7/  nots.,  scans  smooth- 
ly,badly);  look intentlyatallparts  successively 
of  (face,  horizon,  &c).  [f.  L  scandere  climb, 
perh.  with  loss  of  -d  by  confus.  w.  -ed  l] 

sca'ndal  (-dl),  n.  (Thing  that  occasions) 
general  feeling  of  outrage  or  indignation  esp. 
as  expressed  in  common  talk,  opprobrium,  (it  is 
a  s.  that  such  things  should  be  possible ;  a  grave 
s.  occurred;  gave  rise  to  s.);  malicious  gossip, 
backbiting,  whence  sea'ndalMONGERn.;  (Law) 
public  affront,  irrelevant  abusive  statement  in 
court,  (cf.  libel,  slander).  So  sea'ndalors 
a. ,  sca'n  dalousL  v  2  ad  v. ,  sca'ndalousNESs 
n.  [F  (-€),  f.  L.  f.  Gk  skandalon  snare,  stum- 
bling-block] 

sca*ndalize,v.t.  Offend  moral  feelings,  sense 
of  propriety,  or  ideas  of  etiquette,  of,  shock,  [f. 
OF  scandaliser  f.  L  f.  Gk  (-izo)  as  prec,  see  -ize] 

sca'ndalum  magna'tum,  n.  (hist.).  Of- 
fence of  defaming  magnates  of  the  realm. 
[med.L  (scandal,  magnate)] 

Scandinavian,  a.  &  n.  (Native,  family  of 
languages)  of  Scandinavia  or  the  region  includ- 
ing Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden,  Iceland,  &  ad- 
jacent islands,    [-an] 

sca'nsion,  n.  Metrical  scanning,  way  verse 
scans.    [F  (L  scandere  scans-  climb,  -ion)] 

scansop'ial,  a.  Habitually  climbing,  adapt- 
ed for  climbing,  (of  birds,  their  feet,  &c).  [L 
scansorius  (prec,  -ory).  -al] 

scant,  a.,  &  v.t.  Barely  sufficient,  deficient, 
with  scanty  supply  of,  (archaic,  poet.,  &  in  iso- 
lated phrr.  as  with  s.  courtesy,  s.  of  breath); 
hence  sea'ntLY2  adv.    (Vb;  archaic)  skimp, 


SCANTLING 


764 


SCARUS 


stint,  provide  grudgingly,  (supply,  material, 
person),  [f.  ONsfcara£short,whencealsoscAMP2] 

sea'ntling-,  n.  Specimen,  sample,  (archaic); 
modicum,  small  amount,  one's  necessary  supply 
of;  small  beam  under  5  in.  in  breadth  &  depth ; 
size  to  which  stone  or  timber  is  to  be  cut ;  set 
of  standard  dimensions  for  parts  of  structure 
esp.  in  ship-building;  trestle  for  cask.  [f.  ONF 
escantillon  (OF  esch-),  see  ex-,  cantle,  -oonJ 

sca*nty,a.  Of  small  extent  or  amount,  barely 
sufficient,  (opp.  ample).  Hence  sea'ntiLY2 
adv.,  sca'ntiNESS  n.    [y2]  j~ 

scape1,  n.,  &  v.t.  (archaic).  Escape  (still  in 
hairbreadth  ss.).    [for  escape] 

scape2,  n.  (Bot.)  radical  stem  bearing  fruc- 
tification &  no  leaves  as  in  primrose;  (Entom.) 
base  of  antenna ;  shaft  of  feather ;  spring,  usu. 
with  curve,  of  column  from  base.    [f.  L  scapus 

of    ^f^FPTR.F'l 

sca'pegoat,  n.  (O.T.)  goat  allowed  to  escape 
when  Jewish  chief  priest  had  laid  sins  of  people 
upon  it  {Lev.  xvi);  person  bearing  blame  due  to 
others,    [scape  j] 

sea'pegraee,  n.  Harebrained  person,  esp. 
child,  who  constantly  gets  into  trouble.  [  =  one 
who  gets  no  grace  (scape1)] 

seapement.    =  escapement. 

sca-phoid  (-f-),  a.  &  n.  (anat.).  Boat-shaped 
Is.  bone,  one  in  tarsus  &  one  in  carpus);  (n.)  s. 
bone.  [f.  Gk  skaphoeides  (skaphe,  skaphos, 
bowl,  boat,  -oid)] 

sca'pula,  n.  (pi.  -lae).  SHOULDER-blade.  [LL, 
sing,  of  L  scapulae] 

sea'pular,  a.  &  n.  Of  shoulder  or  shoulder- 
blade  (s.  arch,  =  sfamZder-GiRDLE1 ;  8.  feathers, 
growing  near  insertion  of  wing).  (N.)  monastic 
or  ecclesiastical  garment  of  two  strips  of  cloth 
hanging  down  breast  &  back  &  joined  across 
shoulders  (also  scapulary);  bandage  for  shoul- 
der-blade; s.  feather,  [(n.  in  first  sense  f.  F 
scapulaire)  f.  LL  scapularis  (prec,  -ar1)] 

seapulo-,  comb,  form  of  scapula,  as  -hw- 
meral,  -ra'dial,  -u'lnar,  of  scapula  &  humerus, 
&  radius,  &  ulna,    [-o] 

scar  \  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Mark  left  after  healing 
of  wound  or  burn  or  sore,  cicatrice,  (also  fig.  of 
abiding  effects  of  grief  &c);  mark  on  plant  left 
by  fall  of  a  leaf  &c.,hilum ;  hence  seapu.Ess  a. 
(Vb)  mark  with  s.  or  ss.  (esp.  in  p.p.);  heal  (i.  &  t.) 
over,  form  s.  [f.  OF  escare  t  L  eschara  scar  f. 
Gk  eskhara  hearth,  burn] 

sear2,  scaup,  n.  Precipitous  craggy  part  of 
mountain-side.  [f.  ON  sker  isolated  rock  in  sea, 
cogn.  w.  SHEAR1] 

sca'rab,  n.  Sacred  beetle  of  ancient  Egypt ; 
=  foil.;  ancient-Egyptian  gem  cut  in  form  of 
beetle  &  engraved  with  symbols  on  flat  side, 
[f.  F  scarabee  f.  L  scarabaeus] 

searabae'id,  n. Member  of  Scarabaeidae, 
family  of  beetles  including  prec,  cockchafer, 
&c.    [prec, -id 31 

searabae'oid,  a.  &  n.  Like  a  scarab  or  a 
scarabaeid ;  (n.)  counterfeit  scarab,    [-oid] 

sca'ramouch(-owtsh),  n.  (archaic).  Boast- 
ful poltroon,  braggart.  [F  (-c),  f.  It.  Scaramuc- 
cia  ajamous  Italian  buffoon] 

scarce,  a.  &  adv.  Insufficient  for  the  de- 
mand or  need,  not  plentiful,  scanty,  (usu.  pred., 
&  of  food,  money,  or  other  necessaries  of  life) ; 
whence  sean'eiTY  n.  (of,  or  abs.=dearth  of 
food);  seldom  met  with,  rare,  hard  to  find, 
(a  s.  book,  moth;  make  oneself  s.  colloq.,  re- 
tire, make  off,  keep  out  of  the  way),  whence 
scap*eeNESs  n.;  (adv.;  archaic,  poet,  rhet.) 
scarcely,  [f.  ONF  escars,  cf.  It.  scarso  perh.  f. 
LL  scarps  us  for  L  EX(cerpUis=carptus  f.  car- 
pere  pluck)  select] 

scarcely,  adv.    Hardly,  barely,  only  just, 


{is  s.  seventeen  years  old ;  had  s.  arrived  when 
he  vias  told  that—;  Is.  know  him);  surely  not, 
not  unless  the  unlikely  happens  or  is  true,  {you 
will  s.  maintain  that ;  he  can  s.  have  said  so) ; 
(mild  or  apologetic  substitute  for)  not  (/  s. 
thinkso,  know  what  to  say).    [-LY  2] 

sear-cement,  n.  Set-back  in  a  wall,  ledge 
resulting  from  this.    [?] 

scare,  v.t.,  &  n.  Strike  (esp.  child,  foolish 
person,  or  animal)  with  sudden  terror,  frighten 
(as)  with  a  bugbear,  {scared face,  expression, 
&c,  betraying  terror;  s.  away,  drive  off  by 
fright);  keep  (birds)  away  from  sown  land  &c; 
scarecroio,  figure  of  man  hung  with  old  clothes 
&  set  up  in  field  to  keep  birds  away,  bugbear, 
badly  dressed  or  grotesque-looking  or  skinny 
person.  (N.)  unreasoning  terror,  esp.  baseless 
general  apprehension  of  war,  invasion,  &c, 
whence  scare'MONGER  n.;  commercial  panic 
[prob.  f.  obs.  skerre  timid  f.  ON  skjarr] 

scarf1,  n.  (pi.  -fs,  -ves).  Long  narrow  strip 
of  material  worn  for  ornament  or  warmth 
round  neck,  over  shoulders,  or  baldric-wise ; 
man's  neck-tie  (s.-pin,  -ring,  usu.  of  gold  or 
jewelled  for  holding  ends  of  this  together) ;  .<?.- 
loom,  for  weaving  narrow  fabrics ;  s.-skin, 
outermost  layer  of  skin  constantly  scaling  off 
(esp.  of  that  adhering  to  base  of  nails);  scarf  - 
wise,  baldric-wise.  HencesearfED2a.  [f.  Du. 
scherf  shred,  shard,  cf .  G  scherbe] 

scarf2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Join  ends  of  (pieces  of 
timber,  metal,  or  leather)  by  bevelling  or 
notching  so  that  they  overlap  without  increase 
of  thickness  &  then  bolting,  brazing,  or  sewing 
them  together;  flench  (whale).  (N.)  joint 
made  by  scarfing  timber  or  leather  (also  s.- 
joint)  or  metal  (also  s.-weld) ;  notch,  groove, 
[n.  f._yb,  f.  S\v.  skarfva  join  (skarf  seam)] 

scarificator,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  surgi- 
cal instrument  for  scarifying,  in  which  several 
lancet-points  protrude  at  once  from  plane  sur- 
facejm  touching  of  trigger,    [scarify,  -or2] 

sear'ifier,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  =prec; 
agricultural  machine  with  prongs  for  stirring 
without  turning  soil,    [foil.,  -er  *] 

scar'ify,  v.t  (Surg.)  make  superficial  inci- 
sions in,  cut  off  skin  from,  (fig.)  pain  by  severe 
criticism  &c  ;  stir  (soil)  with  scarifier.  So 
seariFiCATiON  n.  [f.  F  scarifier  f.  L  scarifi- 
care  by  assim.  to  -fware  -fy  of  scarifare  f.  Gk 
skariphaomai  {skariphos  style,  cogn.  w.  L 
scribere  write)] 

scar'ious,  a.  (bot).  Thin,  dry,  &  membra- 
naceous (of  bracts  &c).  [L  scaria  (in  glossa- 
ries) thorny  shrub,  -ous] 

searlati'na  ( -to -).  n.  Scarlet  fever.  [It.  (-ft-), 
f.  scarlatto  scarlet] 

scar'let,  n.  &  a.  (Of)  brilliant  red  colour  in- 
clining to  orange ;  s.  cloth  or  clothes  {dressed 
in  s.);  s.  admiral,  kind  of  butterfly;  s.  fever, 
infectious  fever  with  s.  rash ;  s.-grain,  scale- 
insect  from  which  red  dye  is  made  in  Russia 
&  Turkey ;  s.  hat,  cardinal's,  (alius.)  cardinal- 
ate;  s.  rash,  roseola;  s.  runner,  s.-flowered 
trailing  bean-plant;  s.  woman,  whore,  pagan 
Rome,  papal  Rome,  or  the  worldly  spirit  (ace 
to  interpretation  put  on  Rev.  xvii).  [f.  OF  es- 
carlate  r.  Pers.  saqalat  s.  cloth  (also  saqlatun, 
whence  ME  ciclatoun)] 

sca'roid  (or  skar),  a.  &  n.  (Fish)  of  scarus 
genus,  resembling  scarus.    [-oid] 

scarp,  n.,  &  v.t.  Inner  wall  or  slope  (cf. 
counterscarp)  of  ditch  in  fortification  ;  any 
steep  slope ;  (vb)  make  (slope)  perpendicular  or 
steep,  provide  (ditch)  with  steep  s.  &  counters., 
(p.p.,  of  hillside  &c)  steep,  precipitous,  [f.  OF 
escarpe  t.  It.  scarpa  pern.  f.  Teut  (sharp  })] 

scar'us,  n.    Kinds  of  bright-hued  fish  with 


SCATHE 


765 


SCEPTRE 


parrotlike  beak  (also  pan-offish)  of  wrasse 
family.    [L,  f.  Gk  skaros] 

scathe  (dh),  v.t.,  &  n.  Injure  esp.  by  blast- 
ing or  withering  up  (now  rare  exc.  in  part, 
used  by  exag.  of  severe  speech,  as  scathing  sar- 
casm, ridicule,  remarks,  whence  sca'thing- 
ly  2  adv.),  (in  neg.  context)  do  the  least  harm 
to  (shall  not  be  scathed  ;  esp.  unscathed) ;  (n. ; 
rare,  &  U6U.  in  neg.  context)  harm,  injury, 
[without,  guard  from,s.),  whence  sea'theLESS 
a.  (usu.  pred.).  [n.  f.  vb,  f.  ON  skatha  cf.  OE 
sceathan,  G  &  Du.  schaden ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  aske- 
thes  unharmed,  in  which  a-  =  a- (7)] 

seato'logy,  n.  Study  of  coprolites.  [Gk 
skor  skatos  dung,  -logy] 

scato'phagous.a.  Feeding  on  dung,  [prec, 
Gk  -phagos  -eating] 

sca'ttep,  v.t.  &  i.  Throw  here  &  there  (s. 
seed),  strew  (s.  gravel  on  road,  road  with 
gravel),  sprinkle;  disperse  (t.  &  i.),  turn  (t.  &  L) 
in  dispersed  flight,  rout,  be  routed ;  dissipate 
(cloud,  hopes) ;  diffuse  (light) ;  (of  gun)  send 
charge,  send  (charge),  in  spreading  manner; 
(p.p.)  not  situated  together,  wide  apart,  sporad- 
ic, (scattered  hamlets,  garrisons,  instances) ; 
s.-brain,  heedless  person  ;  s.-brained,  heedless, 
desultory.  Hence  sea'tteringLY  2  adv.  [pro v. 
scat  scatter,  shatter,  +  -eb»;  cogn.  w.  Gk 
skedannumi  scatter,  Skr.  skhad  cut] 

scaup(-duck),  n.  Kinds  of  duck  named 
from  frequenting  mussel-scaups  or  beds  of 
mussels  exposed  at  low  tide.    [var.  of  scalp] 

scau'per,  n.  Gouge  used  by  engravers. 
[prob.=  scalper  (as  scalping-iron,  -er1)] 

scaup.    See  scar2. 

sca*vengrep,  n.,  &  v.i.  Person  employed  to 
keep  streets  clean  by  carrying  away  refuse; 
animal  feeding  on  carrion  (esp.  s.-beetle,  -crab), 
writer  &c.  delighting  in  filthy  subjects  ;  hence 
sea-venge  (by  back-formation)  v.t.  &i.,  sea*- 
veng-ERY(2,  5)  n.  (Vb)  be,  act  as,  s.  [earlier 
scavager  (cf.  messenger,  passenger)  inspector 
of  imports  (AF  scavage  inspection  f.  ONF  es- 
cauwer  inspect  f.  Teut.  cf.  show  +  -age,  -er1)] 

sca'zon,  n.  Greek  &  Latin  iambic,  ending 
with  ^  —  \j  instead  of  a  -  ~  ^,  used  in  short 
poems,  choliamb ;  other  metres  of  limping 
character,    [f.  Gk  skazon  (skazo  limp)] 

scena  (sha'nah),  n.  (mus.).  Scene  or.'portion 
of  opera  ;  elaborate  dramatic  solo  usu.  includ- 
ing recitative.    [It.] 

scenario  (shanar-),  n.  (Table  of)  scene-dis- 
tribution, appearances  of  characters,  &c,  in 
dramatic  work,  skeleton  libretto.    [It.] 

scene  (sen),  n.  Stage  of  theatre  (archaic  ; 
still  in  fig.  use  quit  the  s„  esp.=die),  place  on 
which  something  is  exhibited  as  on  the  stage 
(this  world  is  a  s.  of  strife) ;  place  in  which 
events  set  forth  in  drama  or  tale  are  supposed 
to  occur,  locality  of  event,  (the  s.  is  laid  in 
India ;  the  s.  of  the  disaster  was  the  North  Sea); 
portion  of  a  play  during  which  action  is  con- 
tinuous or  (esp.  of  French  plays)  in  which  no 
intermediate  entries  or  exits  occur,  subdivision 
(or  rarely  the  whole)  of  an  act,  (in  the  third  s.  of 
Act  II;  Act  II.  s.  III.  1.  2W ;  the  famous  duel  s.; 
carpenter-s.),  (transf.)  description  with  more 
or  less  abrupt  beginning  &  end  of  an  incident 
or  part  of  person's  life  &c.  (ss.  of  clerical  life, 
from  a  gold-field,  &c),  actual  incident  that 
"might  occasion  such  description  (distressing  ss. 
occurred),  agitated  colloquy  esp.  with  display 
of  temper  (now  don't  make  a  s.);  any  of  the 
pieces  of  painted  canvas,  woodwork,  &c,  used 
to  help  in  representing  s.  of  action  on  stage,  or 
whole  of  these  together  (behind  the  ss.,  among 
the  stage  machinery  or  the  actors  off  the  stage, 
usu.  fig.  =  having  information  not  accessible  to 


the  public;  carpenter-s.;  ss.  painted  by—; 
set  s„  made  up  of  many  parts  fitted  together; 
drop-scene),  (transf.)  landscape  or  view  spread 
before  spectator  like  s.  in  theatre  (a  silvan,  de- 
solate, s.;  as.  of  destruction ;  change  of  s.,  va- 
riety of  surroundings  esp.  secured  by  travel); 
s.-dock,  space  near  stage  where  ss.  are  stored ; 
s.-painter,  -ting,  of  theatre  ss.;  s.-shifter,  per- 
son helping  to  change  ss,  in  theatre,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
skene  tent,  stage] 

sce'nepy,  n.  Accessories  used  in  theatre  to 
make  stage  resemble  supposed  scene  of  action ; 
spectacles  presented  by  natural  features  of  a 
district  (the  s.  is  imposing,  tame),  [earl  ier  scen- 
ary  f.  L  scenarius  (prec,  -ary  x)  of  the  stage, 
assim.  to  -ery] 

scenic,  a.  Of,  on,  the  stage  (s.  performances); 
of  the  nature  of  a  show,  picturesque  in  group- 
ing; (of  picture  &c.)  telling  a  tale,  crystallizing 
an  incident;  (of  emotion  &c.)  dramatic,  affect- 
ed, put  on.  Hence  sce'niCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  skenikos  (scene,  -ic)1 

sceno'g-paphy,  n.  Drawing  or  painting  in 
perspective  (esp.  of  representing  building  not 
in  ground-plan  or  elevation,  but  as  spectator 
seesit).  Sosce*noGRAPn(l),  sceno'GRAPHER, 
nn.,  scenoGRA'PHica.,  scenogpa'phiCALLY 
adv.    [f.  Gk  skenographia  (scene,  -graphy)] 

scent  (se-),  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Discern  by  smell  (s. 
game  Sec),  (fig.)  begin  to  suspect  presence  or 
existence  of  (s.  treachery,  a  job) ;  s.  out,  dis- 
cover by  smelling  about  or  search ;  make  fra- 
grant or  rank  (rose,  carrion,  scents  the  air), 
apply  perfume  to  (handkerchief  Sec;  scented 
dames,  cigarettes) ;  exercise  sense  of  smell,  ap- 
ply this  to,  (goes  scenting  about ;  lifts  its  head 
&  scents  the  air).  (N.)  odour,  esp.  of  agreeable 
kind,  proceeding  from  or  belonging  to  some- 
thing (the  s.  of  hay),  whence  sce'ntLESs  a.; 
(Hunt.)  trail  perceptible  to  hounds'  sense  of 
smell  left  by  animal  (often  fig.;  follow  tip, 
lose,  recover,  Sec,  the  s.,  lit.,  &  of  investiga- 
tion ;  on  the  s.,  having  clue  ;  put  off  the  s.,  de- 
ceive by  false  indications;  cold*,  hot1,  s.), 
f>aper  strewn  by  paperchase  hares  (false  s., 
aid  to  deceive  about  course,  also  fig.) ;  power 
of  detecting  or  distinguishing  smells  or  of  dis- 
covering presence  of  something,  flair,  (some 
dogs  have  practically  no  s.;  keen-scented ;  has 
a  wonderful  8.  for  snobbery,  young  talent,  Sac); 
liquid  perfume  distilled  from  flowers  Sec;  s.- 
bag,  pouch  containing  special  odoriferous  sub- 
stance in  some  animals,  also  bag  of  aniseed  &c. 
as  substitute  for  fox  in  hunting;  s.-bottle,  for 
perfume;  s.-gland,  secreting  musk,  civet,  Sec; 
s.-organ,  s.-bagors. -gland ;  hence  (-)see'ntED2 
a.  (8.  caper,  kind  of  tea ;  s.  fern,  kind  smelling 
like  citron),  [n.  f.  vb,  earlier  sent,  f.  F  sentir 
perceive,  smell,  f.  L  sentire  perceive] 

scepsis  (sk-,  s£-),  sk-,  n.  Philosophic  doubt, 
sceptical  philosophy,  [f.  Gk  skepsis  inquiry 
(skeptomai  examined 

sce'ptic  (sk-,  se),  sk-,  n.  Ancient  or  modern 
holder  of  Pyrrhonism  ;  person  who  doubts 
truth  of  the  Christian  or  of  all  religious  doc- 
trines, agnostic,  (pop.)  atheist;  person  of 
sceptical  habit  of  mind,  or  unconvinced  of 
truth  of  particular  fact  or  theory,  or  who  takes 
cynical  views.  So  see*pticiSM(3)  n.  [ult.  f. 
Gk  skeptikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

sceptical  (sk-,  se),  sk-,  a.  Inclined  to 
suspense  of  judgment,  given  to  questioning 
truth  of  facts  &  soundness  of  inferences,  criti- 
cal, incredulous ;  accepting  Pyrrhonism,  deny- 
ing possibility  of  knowledge;  holding,  designed 
to  support,  inspired  by,  the  ideas  of  sceptics. 
Hence  seeptieali. v  2  adv.    [-al] 

sceptpe  (se'pter),  n.    Staff  borne  as  symbol 


SCHEDULE 


766 


SCHOOL. 


of  personal  sovereignty  ;  royal  or  imperial  au- 
thority. Hence  sce'ptPED  2  (-terd),  see'ptre- 
less,  aa.   [OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  skeptron  (skepto  prop)] 

sche-dule  (she-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Tabulated  state- 
ment of  details,  inventory,  list,  &c.,  esp.  as 
appendix  or  annexe  to  principal  document; 
(vb)  make  s.  of,  include  in  s.  [OF,  f.  L  schedula 
(scheda,  scida,  papyrus-strip,  f.  Gk  skhide 
splint  f.  skhizo  split,  -ule)J 

scheik.  =  sheikh. 

sche-ma  (sk-),  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Synopsis,  outline, 
diagram;  (Log.)  syllogistic  figure;  (Gram., 
Rhet.)  figure  of  speech ;  (Kantian  Philos.) 
general  type,  essential  form,  conception  of 
what  is  common  to  all  members  of  a  class.  So 
schematic  a.,  sehema'tiCALLY  adv.  [L, 
f.  Gk  skhema  -atos  shape  (ekho,  skh-,  hold,  be)] 

scheme  (sk-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Systematic  ar- 
rangementproposedor  in  operation  («.  of  colour, 
principle  on  which  colours  have  been  chosen  & 
grouped  in  picture  &c),  table  of  classification 
or  of  appointed  times,  outline,  syllabus;  plan 
for  doing  something ;  artful  or  underhand  de- 
sign, (vb)  make  plans,  plan  esp.  in  secret  or 
underhand  way  {to  do,  for,  or  abs.),  intrigue, 
whence  sche'mER ]  n.,  sehe'miNG2  a.;  plan 
to  bring  about,    [f.  L  schema] 

sche'me-arch  (sk-),  n.  Arch  forming  less 
than  half  of  circle,  [assim,  of  It.  (arco)  scemo 
defective  (arch)  to  prec.] 

scherza'ndo  (skarts-)*  mus.  direction.  In 
playful  manner.    [It.] 

scherzo  (skar'tso),  n.  Light  playful  passage 
or  movement  usu.  following  slow  one  in  sonata 
or  symphony.    [It.,  f.  Teut.  (G  scherz  jest)] 

Schieda'm  (skid-),  n.    Holland  gin.    [placel 

sehi*ppei»ke(sk-,sh-),  n.  Kindoflapdog.  [Du.j 

schism  (si'zm),  n.  Division  of  a  community 
into  factions  (rare  in  gen.  sense),  esp.  separation 
of  a  Church  into  two  Churches  or  secession  of 
part  of  a  Church  owing  to  difference  of  opinion 
on  doctrine  or  discipline ;  offence  of  causing  or 
promoting  such  separation,  f  f.  F  schisme  t  L 
f.  Gk  skhisma  -atos  (skhizo  split,  -M)l 

schisma'tic  a.  &  n.,  -ical  a.  Tending  or 
inclined  to,  guilty  of,  schism;  hence  schis- 
ma*tiealLY2  adv.  (N.)  holder  of  s.  opinions, 
member  of  s.  faction  or  seceded  branch  of  a 
Church,  [f.  F  schismatique  t  L  f .  Gk  skhis- 
matikos  (prec,  -ic),  -al] 

schist  (sh-),  n.  Kinds  of  foliated  rock  pre- 
senting layers  of  different  minerals  &  splitting 
in  thin  irregular  plates.  Hence  schi'stosE  i 
a.  [f.  F  schiste  f.  L  f.  Gk  skhistos  split  (schism)] 

schiza'nthus  (sk-),  n.  Kinds  of  flowering 
annual  with  handsome  white,  violet,  or  crimson 
flowers  &  much-divided  leaves.  [Gk  skhizo 
split,  anthos  flower] 

schi'zomyce'te,  n.  Any  of  the  Schizomy- 
cetae,  a  class  of  minute  often  single-cell  vege- 
table organisms  between  algae  &  fungi  includ- 
ing bacilli,  bacteria,  microbes,  &c.  [Gk  skhizo 
split,  mukes  -etos  mushroom] 

schme'lze  (-tse),  n.  Kinds  of  coloured  glass, 
or  esp.  Bohemian  glass  prepared  to  receive 
colour,  for  decorative  use.  [f.  G  schmelz  enamel, 

Cf.  SMELT1,  8MALT] 

schnap(p)s,  n.  Holland  gin.  [G  (-pps),  f. 
Du.  snaps  dram,  lit.  mouth  fill  (SNAPpen)] 

scho'lap  (sk-),  n.  Schoolboy,  schoolgirl,  (ar- 
chaic or  vulg.) ;  person's  disciple  (rhet.) ;  per- 
son who  learns  (proved  an  apt,  dull,  s.;  at  90 
lie  was  still  as.);  learned  person,  person  versed 
in  literature  esp.  that  of  ancient  Greece  & 
Rome,  (a  8.  &  a  gentleman,  person  of  good 
education  &  breeding),  whence  scho'larLY 1 
a.,  seho#larsHip(3)  n.;  (Univv.,  Pub.  Schh.) 
undergraduate  or  boy  admitted  to  foundation 


usu.  after  competitive  examination  &  receiving 
education  gratis  or  for  reduced  fees,  whence 
seho*larsHiP(l)  n.  JAF  escoler  (school,  -ek  *) 
refash.  on  L  scholans  (-ar1)] 

schola'stic,  a.  &  n.  Of  universities,  schools, 
schooling,  dons,  or  schoolmasters,  educational, 
academic,  pedantic,  formal,  (a  s.  education, 
post ;  s.  attire,  manners,  precision,  life ;  .s. 
agent,  finding  posts  for  teachers) ;  (as)  of  the 
school  'men,  dealing  in  logical  subtleties,  («. 
theology,  much  concerned  with  precise  defini- 
tion of  &  deduction  from  dogma) ;  hence  or 
cogn.  schola'stic  all  v  adv.,  schola'sticiSM 
(2,  3)  n.  (N.)  scHOOLman;  modern  theologian 
of  s.  tendencies ;  Jesuit  between  novitiate  & 
priesthood,  [f.  F  scolastique  f.  L  f.  Gk  skholas- 
tikos  (skholazd  be  at  leisure,  see  school,  -ic)] 

scho'liast,  n.  Commentator,  esp.  ancient 
grammarian  who  wrote  scholia  on  the  classics. 
Hence  scholia'stic  a.  [f.  Gk  skholiasles 
(skholiazo  write  scholia  (foil.)] 

seho'lium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Marginal  note,  ex- 
planatory comment,  esp.  one  by  ancient  gram- 
marian on  passage  in  classical  author,  [f.  med. 
L  f.  Gk  skholion  (skhole  see  foil.)] 

school1  (sk-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Institution  for  edu- 
cating children  or  giving  instruction  usu.  of 
more  elementary  or  more  technical  kind  than 
that  given  at  universities  (board  *,  boarding, 

DAY,  GRAMMAR,  MIXED,  NIGHT,  NORMAL,  PRI- 
MARY, PRIVATE,  PUBLIC,  RAGGED,  SECONDARY, 

Sunday,  s.;  national  s.,  one  founded  by  the 
National  Society  started  1811  to  promote  edu- 
cation of  the  poor;  continuation  s.,  at  which 
those  who  have  left  esp.  primary  s.  for  an  occu- 
pation can  have  further  teaching  in  leisure 
time;  evenings.,  =  night-s.;  free  s.,  open  with- 
out fees ;  high  s.,  secondary  s.,  or  chief  s.  of  a 
town  &c;  technical  s.,  giving  technical  edu- 
cation ;  keep  a  ,s.,  manage  private  s.),  buildings 
of  such  institution,  any  of  its  rooms  used  for 
teaching  in  (the  fifth-form,  chemistry,  s.),  its 
pupils  (the  whole  s.  knows),  time  during  which 
teaching  is  done  (there  will  be  no  s.  today  ;  go 
to  s.,  attend  lesson);  being  educated  in  a  s.  (go 
to,  leave,  s.,  begin,  cease,  this;  go  to  s.  to 
transf.,  imitate  or  learn  from),  (fig.)  circum- 
stances or  occupation  serving  to  discipline  or 
instruct  (in  the  s.  of  adversity;  learnt  his 
generalship  in  a  severe  s.;  the  duel  is  a  good 
s.  of  manners);  medieval  lecture-room  (the  ss., 
medieval  universities  &  their  professors  & 
teaching  &  disputations ;  the  theology  of  the  ss. ; 
8.  doctors,  schoolmen),  any  of  the  branches  of 
study  with  separate  examinations  at  university 
(the  history,  mathematical,  Greats,  s.),  hall  in 
which  university  examinations  are  held,  (pi.) 
such  examination  (in  the  ss.,  undergoing  this  ; 
in  for  his  ss.,  of  candidate) ;  disciples  or  imita- 
tors or  followers  of  philosopher,  artist,  &c, 
band  or  succession  of  persons  devoted  to  some 
cause  or  principle  or  agreeing  in  typical 
characteristics,  (left  no  8.  behind  him ;  s.  of 
Epicurus,  Raphael,  &c;  Bolognese,  Venetian, 
Roman,  British,  &c,  s.,  of  painters ;  lake,  ro- 
mantic, &c,  s.,  of  literature;  peripatetic, 
Hegelian,  &c,  8.,  of  philosophy  ;  laissez-faire, 
blue-water,  &c,  s.,  of  politics,  strategy ;  Tubin- 
gen s.,  of  rationalistic  theological  criticism ;  a, 
gentleman  of  the  old  s.,  according  to  the  older 
acceptation  of  the  word) ;  (Mus.)  manual  of 
(—8  violin  8.,  8.  of  counterpoint) ;  s.-board, 
local  education  authority  responsible  (1870-1902) 
for  providing  board l-ss.;  s.-oook,  for  use  in  ks.; 
schoolboy,  boy  at  s.  (often  attrib.,  as  s.-b.  slang, 
mischief,  spirits);  s.-dame,  keeper  of  old- 
fashioned  dame-s.;  s.-days,  time  of  being  at  s. 
esp.  as  looked  back  upon ;  s.  divine,  scholastic 


SCHOOL 


767 


SCISSORS 


theologian,  so  s.  divinity;  s.  fee(s),  amount 
periodically  paid  by  pupil  s  parent  &c.;  school- 
fellow, member  past  or  present  of  same  s.; 
schoo'lgirl  (as  s.-boy) ;  schoo'lhouse,  building 
of  esp.  village  s.;  school-howse,  headmaster's 
or  central  boarding-house  at  public  s.;  s.-in- 
spector,  reporting  on  efficiency  of  ss.  provided 
at  public  expense;  s.-ma'am,  -unarm  colloq., 
U.-S.  s. -mistress ;  schoolman,  teacher  in  medie- 
val European  university,  theologian  dealing 
with  religious  doctrines  by  rules  of  Aristote- 
lian logic;  schoo'lmaster,  head  or  assistant 
male  teacher  in  s.,  pedagogue ;  s.-mate,  con- 
temporary at  same  s. ;  s.-miss,  inexperienced  or 
bashful  girl ;  schoo'lmistress  (as  s.-master) ;  s. 
pence,  money  brought  weekly  by  elementary -s. 
child  as  fee ;  schoo'lroom,  used  for  lessons  in 
s.  or  private  house;  s.-ship,  training-ship;  s.- 
teacher,  master  or  mistress  esp.  in  elementary 
s.;  s.-time,  lesson-time  at  s.  or  home,  also=s.- 
days.  ( Vb)  send  to  s.,  provide  for  education  of, 
(rare),  whence  (in  common  use)  sehoo'liNG1 
n.;  discipline,  bring  under  control,  deliberately 
train  or  accustom  to,  induce  to  follow  advice, 
{must  8.  his  temper ;  s.  oneself  to  patience,  to 
take  an  interest  in;  will  not  be  schooled).  If. 
OF  escole  f.  L  schola  school  f.  Gk  skhole  leisure, 
philosophy,  lecture-place] 

school  2  (sk-),  n.,  &  v.i.  Shoal  of  or  of  fish  ; 
s.-fish,  kinds  that  s.,  esp.  the  menhaden  ;  (vb) 
form  ss.    [Du.,  cf.  shoal2] 

schoolable,  a.  Liable  by  age  &c.  to  com- 
pulsory education,    [-able] 

schoo'nep  (sk-),  n.  Fore-&-aft-rigged  vessel. 
[f.  Sc.  &  New-England  scun,  scoon,  skim  or  skip, 
cogn.  w.  shunt,  -er  1 ;  orig.  (c.  1713)  scooner, 
name  given  by  first  designer,  now  sch-  by  assim. 
to  its  derivative  Du.  schooner] 

schorl  (sh-),  n.  Black  tourmaline.  [F,  f .  G  (-6-)] 

schotti'sche  (sh-,  -esh),  n.  Kind  of  polka ; 
music  for  it.    IG  (-sen),  =  Scottish] 

scia'graphy  (si-),  ski-,  n.  Art  of  shading 
in  drawing  &c;  photography  by  Rontgen  rays; 
(Arch.;  also  &  usu.  -graph)  vertical  section 
showing  interior  of  house  occ;  (Astron.)  finding 
of  time  by  shadows  as  in  sundial.    So  sei'a- 

GRAPH(1,   2,    3)   n.    &    V.t.,    SCla'GRAPHER    n., 

sciaGRA'PHic  a.,  sciagrra'phiCALLY  adv. 
[f.  Gk  slciagraphia  (skia  shade,  -graph y)] 

seia'machy  (si-,  -ki),  scio-,  n.  Fighting 
with  shadows,  imaginary  or  futile  combat,  [f. 
Gk  skiamakhia  (prec,  -makhos  -fighting  f.  ma- 
khomai  fight,  -ia1)] 

scia*metpy(sl-),n.  Theory  of  eclipses,  [prec, 
-metry] 

sciathe'rie.a.  Of,  by,  sundial.  Hence  scia- 
the'PiCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk  skiatheras  sundial 
(prec,  therao  chase),  -ic] 

scia'tic  (si-),  a.  Of  the  hip  (s.  nerve,  artery, 
&c);  of,  affecting,  the  s.  nerve;  suffering  from 
or  liable  to  sciatica.  Hence  scia'tic  ally  adv. 
[f.  F  sciatique  f.  LL  sciaticus  f.  L  f.  Gk  iskhi- 
adikos  subject  to  sciatica  (iskhias  -ados  loin- 
pain  f.  iskhion  socket  of  thigh-bone)] 

scia'tiea,  n.  Neuralgia  of  hip  &  thigh,  pain 
in  sciatic  nerve.    Fmed.L,  fem.  of  LL  as  prec] 

sci'ence  (si-),  n.  Knowledge  (archaic),  whence 
(in  mod.  use)  scie'nt  i  a  l  a. ,  sciential  ly  2ad  v. ; 
systematic  &  formulated  knowledge  (moral,  po- 
litical, natural,  &c,  «.,  such  knowledge  in  re- 
ference to  these  subjects),  pursuit  of  this  or 
principles  regulating  such  pursuit  (man  ofs.); 
(also  natural  s.)  the  physical  or  natural  ss.  col- 
lectively (s.  now  shares  the  curriculum  with 
literature,  history ,  &  mathematics) ;  (with  a  & 

El.)  branch  of  knowledge,  organized  body  of  the 
nowledge  that  has  been  accumulated  on  a 
subject,  (the  s.  of  optics,  ethics,  philology;  exact 


s. ,  admitting  of  quantitative  treatment;  pure  s. , 
one  depending  on  deductions  from  self-evident 
truths,  as  mathematics,  logic ;  natural,  physi- 
cal, s.,  one  dealing  with  material  phenomena 
&  based  mainly  on  observation,  experiment,  & 
induction,  as  chemistry,  biology,  whence  esp. 
sci'entiST,  sci'entiSM,  nn. ;  the  dismal  s.,  po- 
litical economy) ;  expert's  skill  as  opp.  strength 
or  natural  ability,  esp.  in  pugilism  or  other 
fighting.    [F,  f.  L  scientia  (scire  know,  -ence)] 

scienter,  adv.  (legal).  Wittingly.  [L(prec, 
-ent,  -er  adv.  term.)]^ 

scientific,  a.  (Of  investigation  &c)  accord- 
ing to  rules  laid  down  in  science  for  testing 
soundness  of  conclusions,  systematic,  accurate; 
of,  used  or  engaged  in,  esp.  natural  science  (s. 
instruments,  books,  terminology,  men) ;  (of  act 
or  agent)  assisted  by  expert  knowledge  (a  s. 
boxer,  game ;  s.  cruelty).  Hence  seienti'fic- 
ally  adv.    [OF  (-ique),  see  science,  -fic)] 

sci'licet  (si-),  adv.  (abbr.  sc.,scil).  To  wit,  that 
is  to  say,  namely,  (introducing  word  to  be  sup- 
plied or  explanation  of  ambiguous  one).  [L,  = 
scire  licet  it  is  allowed  to  know] 

sci'metap  (si-),  n.  Oriental  curved  sword  usu. 
broadening  towards  point,  [f.  It.  scimitarra 
perh.  f.  Pers.  shimshir] 

scinti'lla  (si-),  n.  Spark,  atom,  (esp.  not  a  e. 
of  evidence  &c).   [L] 

sci'ntillate,  v.i.  Sparkle,  twinkle,  emit 
sparks.  So  sci'ntillANT  a.,  scintUlATiON  n. 
If.  L  scintillare  (prec),  -ATEa] 

sci'olist  (si-),  n.  Superficial  pretender  to 
knowledge,  smatterer.  Hence  or  cogn.  sci'O- 
1ism(2)  n.,  scioli'stic  a.  [L  sciolus  smatterer 
(scire  know),  -ist] 

sc/o'/to  (sho-),  mus.  direction.  In  free  man- 
ner, according  to  taste ;  staccato.    [It.] 

sciomachy.    See  sciamachy. 

sci'on  (si-),  n.  Shoot  of  plant,  esp.  one  cut 
for  grafting  or  planting;  descendant,  young 
member  of  (esp.  noble)  family.  [F  (earlier  also 
don),  perh.  f.  scier  saw,  cut,  f.  L  secare  cut] 

seio'pt(p)ie  (si-),  a.  Of,  by,  the  camera  ob- 
scura  or  its  use.  Hence  scio*pt(p)ics  n.  [Gk 
skia  shadow,  optic,  cf.  catoptric] 

Sci'6t(e)  (si-),  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Scio, 
the  ancient  Chios.    [-OT2] 

scip'e  fa'cias  (siri,  -shi-),  n.  Writ  to  enforce 
or  annul  judgment,  patent,  &c.  [L,  =  make 
know  (i.  e.  show  cause)] 

scipocco.    See  sirocco. 

sci'PPhus  (si-,  ski-),  n.  Hard  tumour  as  early 
stage  of  cancer.  Hence  or  cogn.  sci'PPhoiD, 
sei'pphous,  aa.,  seippho'siTY  n.  [LL,  f.  Gk 
skir(r)os  (skiros  hard)] 

sci'ssel  (si-),  n.  Waste  clippings  of  metal  or 
remainder  of  metal  plate  from  which  disks 
have  been  punched  in  coining,  [f.  OF  cisaille 
f.  ciseler  chisel,  -al(2)] 

sci'ssile  (si-),  a.  Able  to  be  cut.  [f.  L  seifsilix 
(scindere  sciss-  cut,  -il)1 

scission  (si'shn),  n.  Cutting,  being  cut,  divi- 
sion, split.    [F,  f.  LL  scissionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

sci'ssop,  v.t.  Cut  (off,  up,  into,  &c)  with 
scissors;  clip  out  or  out  (cutting  from  book 
&c),  whence  sei*ssopiNG](2)  n.    [f.  foil.] 

sci'ssops  (slz-),  n.  pL  Instrument  for  cutting 
fabrics,  paring  nails,  &c,  made  of  two  blades 
with  handles  for  thumb  &  one  finger  or  the 
fingers  &  so  pivoted  that  their  cutting  edges; 
work  by  leverage  against  each  other  (often 
pair  of  s.;  I  want  a  pair  of,  some,  s. ;  where 
are  my  s.  ?;  buttonhole  s.,  with  gaps  in  bladew 
near  pivot  so  that  cutting  begins  inside  edge 
of  cloth ;  lamp,  nail,  -s.,  of  special  shapes  for 
trimming  wicks,  nails;  s.  &  paste,  compiling 
of  books  out  of  cuttings  from  others) ;  scissor- 


SCIURINE 


768' 


SCORE 


bill,  the  bird  skimmer;  scissor-bird  or  -tail, 
kinds  of  bird  with  long  forked  tail  esp.  fork- 
tailed  flycatcher;  scissor-tooth,  tooth  in  car- 
nivora  acting  like  s.  against  one  in  other  jaw. 
Hence  sei'ssopwiSE  adv.  [ME  sisoures  f.  OF 
cisoires  f.  L  cisorium  (as  chisel,  -ory)] 

sciun'ine  (s!-),  a.  Of  the  squirrel  tribe; 
squirrel-like.  So  seiup'OiD  a.  [L  f.  Gk  ski- 
ouros  squirrel  (skia  shade,  oura  tail),  -ine1] 

Sclav,  Sclavonic,  &c.    See  Slav  &c. 

selep'a,  n.  =  sclerotic  n.  (anat.).  Hence 
scleprris,  selepo'TOMY,  nn.  [f.  fem.  of  Gk 
skleros  hard] 

scleprasis,  n.  (path.).  Hardening  of  tissue. 
[Gk  (sk-),=  induration  of  eyelid  (foil.,  -asis)] 

sclep(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  skleros  hard: 
sclere'nchyma,  hard  tissue  of  coral,  tissue  form- 
ing hard  parts  of  plants  such  as  nutshell  or 
seed-coat ;  -der'm(at)ous,  with  hard  outer  skin 
(of  reptiles,  fish,  &c);  -gen,  hard  matter  de- 
posited on  inner  surface  of  plant-cells,  e.g.  that 
lining  walnut  shell;  -me'ninx,  dura  mater; 
-ske'leton,  hard  parts  resulting  from  ossifica- 
tion of  tendons  as  in  turkey's  leg  &c. ;  scler- 
o'stequs,  of  the  nature  of  scleroskeleton. 

sclep'oid,  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  Of  hard  texture, 
[f.  Gkskleroeides  (prec.,  -oid)] 

sclepo'ma,  sclepo'sis,  nn.  (pi.  -mata,  -ses). 
Morbid  hardening  of  tissue ;  (Bot.;  -sis)  harden- 
ing of  cell- wall  by  scLEROgen.  Hence  sclep*- 
osedJ  a.   [Gk  (sk-),  see  sclero-,  -m,  -osis] 

sclepd'tic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  with,  sclerosis ;  of  the 
s.  (N.)  membrane  coating  eye  round  iris,  white 
of  eye_;  hence  selePOtrTis  n.  [sclero-,  -otic] 

sclep'ous,  a.  (path.,  anat.,  bot.).  Indurated, 
bony.    [Gk  skleros  hard,  -ous] 

scobs,  n.  Sawdust,  shavings,  filings,  dross. 
So  scd'biFORM  a.  (bot.,  of  seeds).    [L] 

scoff,  n.,  &  v.L  Mocking  words,  taunt,  gibe ; 
object  of  ridicule,  laughing-stock.  (Vb)  speak 
derisively  esp.  of  religion  or  object  of  respect ; 
aim  88.  or  mockery  at;  hence  seo'ffER1  n., 
seo'fflngLY2  adv.  [f.  MDa.  skof,  cf.  MDu. 
schobben,  -ppen,  vb ;  prob.  cogn.  w.  shove] 

scold,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.    Find  fault  noisily,  rail 


rate,  rebuke,  (chiefly  of  parent,  employer,  speak 
servant),  whence  sco'ldiNG  Ml)  n 

.schelden,  G  schelten] 


ing  to  child,  servant),  whence  seo'ldiNGMD i 
(N.)  railing  or  nagging  woman,  [n.  f.  vb,  cf.  Du. 


scd'lex,  n.  (pi.  -e'ces).  Tape-worm  in  em- 
bryonic stage,    [f.  Gk  skolex  worm] 

scdlio'sis,  n.  Lateral  curvature  of  spine. 
Hence  scoliotic  a.  [Gk  (sk-),  f.  skolioo  make 
crooked  (skolios),  -osis] 

scollop.    See  scallop. 

sc61opa*ceous,scol6*pacine,scol6*pa- 
coid,  aa.  Of,  like,  the  snipes.  [Gk  skolopax 
■akos  perh.  =  woodcock,  -aceous,  -ine  1,  -oid] 

scolopcndpine,  a.  Of,  like,  related  to,  cen- 
tipede^). [L  f.  Gk  skolopendra  millepede,  -ine1] 

scolope'ndpium,  n.  Kinds  of  tern,  hart's- 
tongue  &c.     [L,  f.  Gk  skolopendrion  (prec.)] 

sco'mbep,  n.  Mackerel  or  kinds  of  fish  allied 
to  it.  Hence  sco'mbriD  3(1)  n.,  sco'mbPOiD 
a.  &  n.    [L,  f.  Gk  skombros] 

scon.    See  scone. 

sconce,  n.,  &  v.t.  Lantern  ;  movable  or  fixed 
candlestick  hung  or  attached  to  wall ;  socket  of 
candlestick ;  a  shelter,  screen,  penthouse,  (ar- 
chaic); (Fortif.)  small  detached  fort,  block- 
house, bulwark;  (colloq.)  person's  head  (f.  obs. 
sense  helmet) ;  fine  imposed  at  university  for 
trivial  offence  esp.  at  table  (vb,  fine  thus ;  orig. 
of  sense  doubtful);  fragment  of  ice-floe.  [f.  OF 
csconse  hiding-place  (cf.  ensconce),  dark  lan- 
tern_  f.  L  absconsa  var.  of  ABSCONm'ta  fem.  p.p.] 

sedn(e),  n.  Soft  cake  of  barley-meal  or  wheat- 
flour  of  size  for  single  portion  &  usu.  triangular 


cooked  on  griddle,  [f .  MDa.  skon(roggen)  muffin 
of  bolted  ryeflour  (LG  schbn  fine)] 
scoop,  n.,  &  v.t.    Short-handled  deep  shovel 
for  taking  up  &  transferring  such  things  as 

fjrain,  sugar,  coal,  specie;  large  long-handled 
adle-shaped  dipping- vessel  for  liquids ;  gouge- 
like instrument  e.g.  for  surgical  use  or  for  help- 
ing cheese ;  coal-scuttle ;  motion  as  of,  act  of, 
scooping  (with  a,  at  one,  s.),  (slang)  large  profit 
made  quickly  or  by  anticipating  competitors  ; 
s.-net,  formed  for  sweeping  river-bottom,  also 
hand-net  for  catching  bait;  s.-wheel,  with 
buckets  on  circumference  raising  water  for  ir- 
rigation&c.  (Vb)lift(usu.wp),  hollow  (usu.  out), 
(as)  with  s.;  (slang)  secure  (large  profit  &c.)  by 
sudden  action  or  stroke  of  luck.  [f.  OF  escope 
f.  Sw.  skopa,  cf.  G  schopfen  draw  (water)] 

scoo'per,  n.  In  vbl senses ;  esp.:  engraver's 
tool ;  kind  of  avocet.    [-er  l] 

scoot,  v.i.  (slang).  Run,  dart,  make  oft  [var. 
of  shoot  ]] 

sco*pa,sc6*pula,nn.  (entom.;  pl.-ae).  Small 
brushlike  tuft  of  hairs  esp.  on  bees'  legs.  Hence 

SCO'PATE2,  SCO'pulATE2,  SCO'plFORM,  SCO*- 

puliFORM,  scopi'FEROUS,  aa.  [scopa  L.= 
twigs,  broom,  -la  mod.  sing,  of  L  scopulae  pi.] 

scope,  n.  End  aimed  at,  purpose,  intention, 
(now  rare);  outlook,  purview,  sweep  or  reach 
or  8phereofobservationoraction,  tether,  extent 
to  which  it  is  permissible  or  possible  to  range, 
opportunity,  outlet,  vent,  (mind,  undertaking, 
of  wide  s.;  is  beyond  my  s.;  gives  no,  ample, 
s.  for  expatiating,  to  ability;  seeks  s.  for  his 
energies);  (Naut.)  length  of  cable  out  when  ship 
rides  at  anchor,  [earlier  sense  target  (perh.  thr. 
It.  scopo)  f.  Gk  skopos  mark  to  shoot  at,  watcher, 
(skeptomai  look  at,  cf.  L  specere)] 

-scope,  suf.  repr.  Gk  skopos  watcher  (prec). 
Horoscope  is  f.  Gk  horoskopos  (watcher  of)  a 
nativity.  Telescope  is  f.  Gk  teleskopos  far-see- 
ing. In  wds  of  mod.  formation  the  suf.  usu.  has 
the  sense  instrument  for observing  or  showing, 
as  stetho-,gyro;laryngo-,  and  the  hybrid  muto-. 
Hence  -sco'pic,  adj.  suf.,  pertaining  to  the -scope, 
somet.  w.  extended  meaning  also,  as  in  tele- 
scopic, microscopic;  -scopy,  n.  suf.,  use  of  or 
examination  by  the  -scope,  as  laryngoscopy. 

scopbu'tic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  like,  (person)  affected 
with,  scurvy.  Hence  seopbirtiCALLY  adv. 
[med.L  scorbutus  scurvy  prob.  f.  scurf  or  cogn. 
wd  in  other  lang.,  -ic] 

scopch,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Burn  surface  of  with 
flame  or  heat-rays  so  as  to  discolour  or  injure 
or  pain,  affect  with  sensation  of  burning  (a 
wit  that  scorch.es),  whence  seop'chiNG2  a., 
seop,ching'LY2adv.;  become  discoloured  &c. 
with  heat ;  (of  motorist  or  cyclist ;  slang)  go  at 
utmost  speed  (n. ,  spell  of  such  driving  or  riding), 
[f.  OF  escorcher  flay  f.  LL  KX(corticare  t.  L  cor- 
tex -ids  bark)] 

scop'chep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also,  (slang) 
fine  specimen  of  its  kind,    [-er  '] 

scope,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Notch  cut  or  line  cut  or 
scratched  or  drawn  (rocA;  covered  with  ss.  or 
striations ;  the  ss.  of  the  whip  showed  on  his 
back ;  made  a  s.  in  the  tally ;  lightning  had 
made  ss.  in  the  mountainside),  mark  showing 
starting-point  in  race  or  standing-place  in  shoot- 
ing-match (now  rare ;  hence  pern,  go  off  at  s., 
start  off  vigorously  esp.  to  discourse  on  pet  sub- 
ject), (Naut.)groove  in  block  ordead-eye  to  hold 
strap ;  running  account  kept  by  ss.  against  cus- 
tomer's name  esp.  for  drink  in  old  inns,  reckon- 
ing esp.  for  entertainment,  (pay  one's  s.,  settle 
reckoning  ;  death  pays  all  ss.;  pay  off  old  ss. 
fig.,  pay  person  out  for  past  offence ;  so  quit  ss. 
with) ;  number  of  points  made  by  player  or  side 
in  some  games,  register  of  items  of  this,  (make 


SCORIA J 

a  good  s.;  what  is  the  s.  now  ? ;  s.-book,  -card, 
-sheet,  prepared  for  entering  esp.  cricket-s.  in  ; 
keep  8.,  register  it  as  it  is  made);  (Mus.)  copy  of 
a  composition  on  set  of  staves  braced  &  barred 
together  (named  from  bar  drawn  through  all 
staves ;  full  «.,  with  separate  staff  for  each 
part ;  compressed,  close,  short,  s.  in  vocal  music, 
with  treble  &  alto  on  one  staff,  tenor  &  bass  on 
another ;  ins.,  with  parts  arranged  below  each 
other  &  corresponding);  twenty,  set  of  twenty, 
(for  use  of  s.,ss.,  see  dozen  ;  three  s.  &  ten,  phr. 
for  normal  length  of  human  life ;  ss.  of  people, 
great  numbers);  category,  head,{rcjected  onthe 
s.  of  absurdity,  as  being  absurd ;  you  may  be 
easy  on  that  s.,  so  far  as  that  matter  is  con- 
cerned); (slang)  remark  or  act  by  which  per- 
son scores  off  another  {given  to  making  cheap 
ss.),  piece  of  good  fortune  {what  a  s.!).  (Vb) 
mark  with  notches  or  incisions  cr  lines,  slash, 
furrow,  make  (line  &c.)  with  something  that 
marks,  {s.  out  words,  draw  line  through  them  ; 
8.  under,  underline);  mark  upin  inn-score,  enter 
(item  of  debt  against  or  to  customer ;  often  up), 
(fig.)  mentally  record  (offence  against  or  to  of- 
fender), record  (point  in  cricket  &c.  s.;  abs., 
keep  the  s.,  whence  scop'er1  n.);  win  &  be 
credited  with  {has  scored  a  success,  a  century 
at  cricket),  make  points  in  game  {failed  to  s.), 
secure  an  advantage  or  have  good  luck  {that  is 
where  he  scores ;  we  shall  s.  by  it);  s.  off  slang, 
worst  in  argument  or  repartee,  inflict  some 
humiliation  on;  (Mus.)  orchestrate,  whence 
scop*ing1(6)  n.,  arrange  for  another  instru- 
ment, write  out  in  s.  [OE  scoru  twenty  f.  ON 
skor  twenty,  notch;  cogn.  w.  shear;  sense 
twenty  perh.  from  twentieth  notch's  larger  size] 

sccp'ia,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Cellular  lava  or  frag- 
ments of  it.  Hence  scopIa'CEOUS  a.  [L,  f.  Gk 
skoria  refuse  {skor  dung)] 

seop'ify,  v.t.  Reduce  to  dross,  assay  (pre- 
cious metal)  by  scorifying  a  portion  of  its  ore 
fused  with  lead  &  borax.  Hence  scopIfica*- 
TION,  scop'ifiKit  M2),  nn.    [prec,  -fv] 

scorn,  n.,  &  v.t.  Disdain,  contempt,  derision, 
{think  s.  of,  despise;  laugh  to  s.),  whence 
scop*nFUL  a.,  seoprifulLY2  adv.,  scop'n- 
fulxESS  n.;  object  of  contempt,  (usu.  a  s.  to, 
the  s.  of,  persons  &c).  (Vb)  hold  in  contempt, 
consider  beneath  notice, abstain  from  or  refuse 
to  do  as  unworthy  {scorns  lying,  a  lie,  to  lie) ; 
hence  scop'iier1  n.  (archaic  exc.  w.  of),  [vb 
f.  n.,  f.  OF  escorne  {escorner  humiliate,  orig. 
dishorn,  f.  ex-,  L  cornu  horn)] 

Seop'pio,  n.  Zodiacal  constellation  &  eighth 
sign  of  zodiac,  the  Scorpion.  [L,  also  scorpius 
f.  Gk  skorpios  scorpion,  skorpion  ballista] 

scop'pioid,  n.  &  a.  (bot.).  (Inflorescence) 
curled  up  at  end  like  scorpion's  tail  &  uncurl- 
ing as  flowers  develop,  [f.  Gk  skorpioeides 
(prec,  -oid)] 

scop'pion,  n.  Insect  with  lobster-like  claws 
&  jointed  tail  that  can  be  bent  over  to  inflict 
poisoned  sting  on  prey  held  in  claws,  falsely 
reputed  to  sting  itself  to  death  if  encircled  with 
fire  &  to  contain  a  substance  serving  as  anti- 
dote for  its  poison;  (bibl.;  prob.)  whip  armed 
with  metal  points  (1  Kings  xii.  11);  =  scorpio; 
kind  of  ballista ;  s.-broom,  kind  of  genista  ;  s.- 
fish,  kind  with  spines  on  head  &  fins ;  s.-plant, 
Javan  orchid  with  creamy-white  flower,  also 
s. -broom ;  s. -shell,  kind  of  shell-fish  with  long 
spines  fringing  outer  lip  of  aperture  ;  s.-thom, 
8. -broom,    f F,  f.  L  scorpionem  scorpio] 

scot1,  n.  (hist.).  Payment  corresponding  to 
modern  tax,  rate,  or  other  assessed  contribu- 
tion {pay  s.  &  lot,  share  pecuniary  burdens  of 
borough  &c);  s.-free  (in  mod.  use),  not  having 
to  pay  (rare),  (usu.)  unharmed,  unpunished, 
F.D. 


; scourge: 

safe,  (esp.  go  s.-f).  Jf.  OF  escot  f.  ON  skot  shot, 
contribution,  cf.  OE  sceot  whence  shot3] 

Scot2,  n.  (PI.)  Gaelic  tribe  that  migrated  from 
Ireland  to  Scotland  about  6th  c.  (often  picts  & 
Ss.) ;  native  of  Scotland.    IOE  Scottas  pi.] 

Scotch !,  a.  &  n.  Of  Scotland  or  its  inhabit- 
ants, in  thedialect(s)of  English  spoken  in  Low- 
lands of  Scotland,  (the  S.  themselves  usu.  pre- 
fer the  form  Scottish  also  used  by  the  English 
esp.  in  dignified  style  or  context,  or  Scots  rare 
in  Engl,  use  exc.  in  compliment  to  S.  hearers ; 
the  S.,  S.  people  or  nation  ;  S.  fir,  kale,  mist  ; 
pound  Scots ;  S.  catch  or  snap  in  music,  short- 
ening of  first  of  two  tones  played  to  same  beat; 
S.  cap,  of  shapes  worn  with  Highland  costume, 
Glengarry,  Tam-o'-Shanter,  &c. ;  S.  whisky,  kind 
with  smoky  flavour  orig.  made  in  Scotland ;  S. 
pebble,  kinds  of  agate  &  jasper,  cairngorm,  &c: 
S.  collops,  see  foil. ;  S.-dt-English,  prisoners' 
base) ;  Scotchman,  -woman,  Scotsman  (Sc), 
Scotswoman  (Sc),  natives  of  Scotland  {flying 
Scotchman,  a  northern  express  train).  (N.)  the 
S.  dialect  of  English  (Sc.  Scots ;  also  Lowland  S. ; 
broad  S.) ;  S.  whisky  {S.  &  soda,  glass  of  this 
with  soda-water),   [contr.  of  Scottish] 

scotch2,  v.t,  &  n.,  (archaic).  Make  incisions 
in,  score,  wound  without  killing,  slightly  dis- 
able, (esp.  'We  have  scotch'd  the  snake,  not 
killed  it  ,  see  Macbeth  in.  ii.  13) :  scotched  col- 
lops {erron.  Scotch), beef  cut  small  &stewed  with 
seasonings;  (n.)  slash,  mark  on  ground  for 
hop2-s.    [prob.  var.  of  score  or  scorch] 

sco'tep,  n.  Large  sea-duck.  [perh.  f.  ON  skoti 
shooter] 

sco'tia  (-t-),  n.  Concave  moulding  esp.  in  base 
of  column,  [f.  Gk  skotia  darkness  (scoto-)  w. 
ref.  to  shadow  produced] 

Seo'tism,  n.  (hist).  Metaphysical  doctrines 
of  Duns  Scotus  (d.  1308).  So  SeotiST(2)  n.  [L 
Scotus  the  Scot,  -ism] 

scoto-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  skotos  darkness : 
-di'nia,  giddiness  [Gk  dine  whirl];  -graph, 
machine  for  writing  in  dark  or  by  the  blind. 

Scots.    See  scotch1.   [ME  Scottis  Scottish] 

Seo-t(t)ice(-e),adv.  In  Scotch.  [mod.L(LL 
Scot(t)icus  Scotch)  after  gallice  &c] 

Sco-tticism ,  - 6ti-,  n.  Scotch  phrase,  word, 
or  idiom,    [as  prec,  -ism (4)] 

Sco'tticize,  -6ti-,  v.i.  &  t  Imitate  the 
Scotch  in  idiom  or  habits  ;  imbue  with,  model 
on,  Scotch  character  or  methods,    [prec,  -ize] 

Sco'ttish,  a.    See  scotch  ».    [scot2,  -ish  l) 

scou'ndpel  (-ow-),  n.  Unscrupulous  person, 
villain,  rogue,  rascal.  Hence scou'ndpelDOM, 
scou*ndpeIiSM(3),  nn.,  seoirndpeli.v  l  a.  [f. 
prov.  E  &  Sc.  scunner  (OE  scunian shun,  -er6) 
feel  or  stir  disgust,  -rel  ;  -d-  as  in  thunder] 

scoup  1  (owr),  v.t,  &  n.  Cleanse  or  brighten 
by  friction  {s.  metal,  with  sand  &c;  s.  clothes 
&c,  with  soap  or  chemicals);  (of  water,  or  per- 
son with  water)  clear  out  (channel,  harbour, 
pipe,  &c)  by  flushing  or  flowing  through  or 
over;  (of  drug,  physician,  &c)  purge  (bowels) 
drastically  («.  worms,  purge  them  by  placing  in 
damp  moss  &c  to  fit  them  for  bait);  clear  (rust, 
stain,  &c)  away,  off,  by  rubbing  &c  (also  fig.); 
scouring-rush,  kind  of  HORSE^-tail  with  sili- 
cious  coating  used  for  polishing  wood  &c  ; 
hence  (-)scouper  ](1, 2)  n.  (N.)  clearing  action 
of  swift  current  on  channel  &c  {the  s.  of  the 
tide);  diarrhoea  in  cattle  ;  substance  used  for 
scouring  fabrics,  [f.  med.L  scurare  (L  Excwra- 
tus  taken  good  care  of,  6ee  cure2)] 

scoup2  (owr),  v.i.  &  t  Rove,  range,  go  along 
hastily,  esp.  in  search  or  pursuit ;  hasten  over 
or  along,  search  rapidly,  {s.  the  plain,  coast* 
woods),    [f.  OF escourrc  f.  L  RX{cnrrere  run)] 

scourge  (skerj),  n.,  &  v.t     Whip  for  chas- 

25 


SCOUT 


770 


SCRAWL 


tising  persons  (archaic);  person  or  thing  regard- 
ed as  instrument  or  manifestation  of  divine  or 
Other  vengeance  or  punishment  (e.g.  barbarian 
fconqueror,  pestilence,  war).  (Vb)  use  whip  on 
{archaic);  chastise,  afflict,  oppress,  harass,  [vb 
t.  n;,  AF  escorge  cf.  It.  scoria  n.,  scoriare  vb,  f. 
L  ~EX(coriare  f.  corium  skin)  flay] 
scout1  (-owt),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Mil.  &c.)  man  sent 
"out  to  get  information  about  enemy  or  sur- 
roundings (boys.,  member  of  organization  re- 
tently  founded  for  instilling  spirit  of  military 
discipline  &c);  (Oxf.)  college  servant  (cf.  gyp, 
skip2);  (Crick.;  archaic) fielder ;  act  of  seeking 
(esp.  mil.)  information  (onthe  s.);  kinds  of  bird, 
auk,  guillemot,  puffin ;  s.-master,  officer  direct- 
ing ss.  ( Vb)  act  as  s.  (esp.  out  scouting),  [vb  f. 
n.,  f.  OF  escoute  spy,  eavesdropper,  (escouter 
-listen  f.  L  as  auscultation)] 
•scout2  <-0wt),  v.t  Reject  (proposal,  notion) 
^vith  scorn  or  ridicule,  [cf.  ON  skuti  a  taunt, 
Sw.  skjuta  to  shoot;  prob.  cogn.  w.  shoot] 
scow,  n.  Kind  of  flat-bottomed  boat  (esp. 
U.S.).  If.  Du.  schouw  ferry-boat] 
scowl,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Wear  sullen  look,  look 
sour,  frown  ill-temperedly ;  s.  down,  master  or 
overbear  (person,  opposition,  &c. )  with  s. ;  hence 
scowling-LY  2  adv.  (N.)  scowling  aspect,  an- 
gry frown,  [f.  Da.  skulc  look  down,  cf.  ON  skolla 
to  skulk  (skjol  a  cover)] 

scra'bble,  v.i.  Scrawl,  scribble,  (bibl.); 
scratch  or  grope  about  to  find  or  collect  some- 
thing (usu.  about).  [SCRAPE,  -LE(3)] 
scrag\n.,&  v.t.  Lean  skinny  person,  animal, 
plant,  &c;  bony  part  of  animal  s  carcase  as  food, 
esp.  neck  of  mutton  or  inferior  part  of  it,  (slang) 
person's  neck ;  hence  scpa'ggrv2  a.,  sera'g-- 
«1ly2  adv.,  scpa'firg-iNESS  n.  (Vb)  put  to 
death  by  hanging,  garotte,  wring  neckof.(slang); 
( Footb.  )tackle  by  the  neck;  (school  slang)  so  ueeze 
neck  of  with  arm  by  way  of  torture,  [cf.  Norw. 
skragg  weak  creature,  Da.  skrog  carcase] 
scra'mble,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Make  way  as  best 
one  can  over  steep  or  rough  ground  by  clam- 
bering, crawling,  &c;  take  part  in  physical  or 
other  struggle  to  secure  as  much  as  possible  of 
something  from  competitors  (usu.  for-,  s.  for 
pennies,  of  children  &c.  among  whom  coin  is 
thrown  ;  s.for  place,  wealth,  a  living)-,  throw 
(coins  &c.)  to  be  scrambled  for;  cook  (eggs)  by 
breaking  into  pan  with  butter,  milk,  &c,  stir- 
ring slightly,  &  heating ;  hence  scpa,mbling>- 
ly  2adv.  (N.)  climb  or  walk  over  rough  ground 
&c. ;  eager  struggle  or  competition  for  or  for 
something,  [perh.  as  scrabble] 
scra'nnel,  a.  (archaic).  (Of  sound)  weak, 
reedy,  feeble,  (chiefly  w.  alius,  to  Milton,  Lyci- 
das  124).  [cf.  Norw.  skran  thin,  lean,  dry] 
scrap1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  detached  piece  of 
something,  fragment,  remnant,  (pi.)  odds  & 
ends,  useless  remains,  whence  sera'ppy2  a., 
sera*ppiLY  2  adv.,  scra'pplNESS  n. ;  picture, 
paragraph,  &c,  cut  from  book  or  newspaper 
for  keeping  in  a  collection  (s.-book,  for  pasting 
these  into);  (collect)  rubbish,  waste  material, 
clippings  &c.  of  metal  collected  for  reworking 
(also  s.  -iron,  metal),  {s.  -heap,  collection  of  waste 
stuff,  also  fig.;  s.-h.  policy,  practice  of  discard- 
ing promptly  what  is  past  its  prime);  (sing,  or 
pi.)  residuum  of  melted  fat  or  of  fish  with  the 
oil  expressed  (s.-cake,  compressed  fish  s.).  (Vb) 
consign  to  s.-heap,  condemn  (ships,  supplies,&c.) 
as  past  use,  discard,  [f.  ON  skrap  (scrape)] 
scrap  2  n.  (slang).  Fight,  scrimmage,  esp.  of 
un  premed  itated  kind  (had  a  bit  of  a  s.  with).  [?] 
scrape,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Level  surface  of,  clear 
of  projections,  abrade,  smooth,  polish,  shave, 
or  graze,  by  drawing  sharp  or  angular  edge 
breadthwise  oyer  or  oy  causing  to  pass  over 


such  edge  (s.  ship's  bottom,  clear  of  barnacles 
&c;  s.  one's  chin,  shave  ;  s.  one's  boots,  remove 
dirt  from  soles  by  drawing  over  scraper ;  s.  one's 
plate,  leave  no  food  on  ;  ship  scraped  her  side, 
paint,  against  the  pier ;  s.  away,  reduce  by 
scraping ;  s.  down,  s.  away,  also  s.  all  over,  & 
see  below);  take  (projection,  stain,  &c.)  off,  out, 
or  away,  by  scraping  (s.  offthepaint);  excavate 
(hollow)  by  scraping  (often  out);  draw  along 
with  scraping  sound,  produce  such  sound  from, 
emit  such  sound,  (s.  one's  feet,  in  restlessness  or 
to  drown  speaker's  voice,  also  s.  abs.,  esp.  = 
draw  back  foot  in  making  clumsy  formal  bow ; 
s.  down,  silence  by  scraping  feet ;  s.  bow  across 
fiddle-strings,  s.  fiddle,  also  s.  abs.  =  play  fiddle 
&c;  branches  scraping  against  the  window); 
pass  along  something  so  as  to  graze  or  be  grazed 
by  it  or  just  avoid  doing  so  (scraped  against, 
along,  the  wall;  s.  through  adv.  or  prep.,  get 
through  with  a  squeeze  or  narrow  shave,  often 
fig.  of  passingexamination&c);  amass  by  scrap- 
ing  or  with  difficulty  or  by  parsimony,  contrive 
to  gain,  (usu.  up,  together ;  must  s.  up  enough 
for;  s.-penny,  miser;  s.  acquaintance  with, 
thrust  one's  acquaintance  on),  (abs.)  practise 
economy  (work  &  s.  as  one  may);  hence  sera'p- 
ing1  (esp.  2),  scra*pERMl,2),  nn.  (N.)  Actor 
sound  of  scraping  (a  s.  of  the  pen,  writing  of  a, 
esp.  important,  word  or  two  e.g.  signature); 
scraping  of  foot  in  bowing ;  awkward  predica- 
ment esp.  resulting  from  escapade,  [f.  ON  skra- 
pa ;  cogn.  w.  OE  screpan  scratch] 

scratch *,  v.t.  &  i.,  n.,  &  a.  Score  surface  of, 
make  long  narrow  superficial  wounds  in,  with 
nail,  claw,  or  something  more  or  less  pointed 
(threatened  to  s.  my  face ;  s.  the  surface  of, 
not  penetrate  far  into ;  stones  scratched  with 
rude  letters  or  pictures ;  much  scratched  with 
thorns),  get  (some  part  of  one)  scratched  (have 
scratched  my  hands  badly) ;  form  (letters,  re- 
presentation), excavate  (hole),  by  scratching, 
scribble  (afewlines  &c);  scrape  without  mark- 
ing esp.  with  nails  to  relieve  itching  (s.  one's 
head,  esp.  as  sign  of  perplexity),  (abs.)  s.  one- 
self, s.  ground  &c.  in  search  (s.  about  for  stray 
seeds,  evidence,  &c);  scrape  together  or  up; 
score  (written  words  &c.)  out  or  throxigh,  strike 
off  with  pencil  &c,  erase  (horse's  name  in  list 
of  entries  for  race,  competitor's  name),  with- 
draw (horse,  candidate,  or  intr.  for  refl.)  from 
competition ;  s.  along  slang,  manage  to  live 
&c.  (N.)  mark  or  sound  made  by  scratching; 
spell  of  scratching  oneself ;  slight  wound  (got 
off  with  a  s.  or  two) ;  line  from  which  competi- 
tors in  race  start  (toe,  come  to  or  up  to,  the  s., 
put  in  appearance  at  right  time,  not  shirk, 
often  transf. ;  s.race,  with  all  on  equal  terms, 
opp.  handicap;  s.  man  or  s.,  competitor  in 
handicap  receiving  no  start) ;  (pi.)  horse-disease 
with  dry  chaps  above  heel;  (also  s.-wig)  wig 
covering  part  only  of  head;  s.-work,  graffito 
decoration.  (Adj.)  collected  by  haphazard, 
scratched  together,  heterogeneous,  (a  s.  crew, 
collection,  team),  [perh.  mixture  of  ME  scratten 
(perh.  f.  Sw.  kratta  scrape  w.  AF  pref.  es-  ex-) 
with  ME  cracchen  f.  MDu.  kratsen] 

Scratch  2,  n.    Old  S.,  the  devil.    [?] 

scra'tchy,  a.  (Of  drawing  &c.)  done  in 
scratches,  careless  or  unskilful;  (of  pen)  making 
sound  of  scratching  or  given  to  catching  in 
paper;  (of  crew  &c.)  of  scratch  character,  not 
well  matched  or  working  well  together.  Hence 
scra'tchiL y  2  adv.,  scra'tchlNESS  n.    [- y  2] 

scrawl,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Write  (t.  &  1.)  in 
hurried  more  or  less  illegible  way;  mark  (paper 
&c.)  over,  all  over,  with  bad  writing  or  lines 
like  writing;  (n.)  piece  of  bad  writing,  hurried 
note  or  letter,    [perh.  contr.  of  scrabble] 


SCRAY 


771 


SCRIBE 


seray,  n.  Common  tern,  sea-swallow,  [f.  W 
yscraen  f.  F  screau  small  gull] 

scream,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Utter  piercing  cry 
expressing  terror,  pain,  or  pretence  of  these, 
(of  steam-engine  &c.)  whistle  or  hoot  shrilly ; 
iaugh  uncontrollably  (usu,  s.  with  laughter; 
screa'miXG l  farce,  fun,  &c,  causing  spectators 
to  s.,  intensely  funny);  utter,  say,  in  screaming 
tone  (usu.  out;  screamed  that  she  did  not 
dare  jump ;  s.  out  a  curse,  order,  &c.) ;  hence 
serea'ming-LY 2  adv.  (N.)  screaming  cry  or 
sound  {ss.  of  pain,  laughter);  (without  article) 
violent  over-emphasis  in  style  or  sentiment, 
whence  Iserea'mY2  a.,  serea'miLY2  adv., 
screainiNEss  n.    If.  ON  skrxma  scare] 

screa'mer,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
kinds  of  bird,  e.g.  the  swift;  (slang)  tale  &c. 
that  raises  screams  of  laughter,  extraordinarily 
fine  specimen  of  anything,    [-er  x] 

scree,  n.  (Mountain  slope  covered  with) 
small  stones  that  slide  down  when  trodden  on 
(often  pi.  in  same  sense),  [f.  ON  skritha  (skritha 
glide,  cogn.  w.  G  schreiten  stride)] 

screech,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Scream  (vb  &  n.) 
with,  of,  fright  or  pain  or  anger,  or  in  harsh  or 
uncanny  tones  (usu.  contempt,  or  facet.,  &  esp. 
w.  ref.  to  disagreeable  nature  of  sound);  s.-owl, 
kinds  that  s.  instead  of  hooting,  esp.  the  barn- 
owL  (ME  scrikcn,  schrichen,  schriken,  f.  ON 
skrxkja,  cf.  Gk  krizo] 

screed,  n.  Long  tiresome  harangue,  esp. 
list  of  grievances  &c.  reeled  off;  one  of  the 
fillets  or  mortar  or  strips  of  wood  by  which  a 
surface  to  be  plastered  is  divided  into  compart- 
ments,   [northern  var.  of  shred] 

screen,  n.,  &  v.t.  Partition  of  wood  or  stone 
separating  without  completely  cutting  off  one 

Eart  of  church  or  room  from  another,  esp.  that 
etween  nave  &  choir  of  cathedral  &c.  (rood- 
s.),  decorated  wall  enclosing  court  &c,  facade 
of  church;  movable  piece  of  furniture  designed 
to  shelter  from  excess  of  heat,  light,  draught, 
&c.,or  from  observation  (fire,  window,  folding, 
&,c,  -j?.);  any  object  utilized  as  shelter  esp.  from 
observation,  expression  of  face  or  measure  a- 
dopted  for  concealment,  protection  afforded  by 
these,  (prepared  the  attack  behind  a  s.  of  trees; 
put  on  as.  of  indifference;  a  cavalry  s.,  cavalry 
thrown  out  to  keep  enemy's  scouts  from  getting 
in  touch  with  main  body ;  under  s.  of  night) ; 
board,  often  with  wire-netting  cover,  on  which 
notices  are  posted ;  sheet  on  which  lantern  or 
shadow  pictures  are  thrown;  body  proof  against 
electric  or  magnetic  induction  or  having  pro- 
perty of  interrupting  other  such  physical  pro- 
cesses; large  sieve  or  riddle  esp.  for  sorting  coal 
&c.  into  sizes.  (Vb)  afford  shelter  to,  hide 
partly  or  completely,  (often  fig.  of  protecting 
another  from  deserved  censure  &c.  by  taking 
blame  upon  oneself  or  diverting  it);  riddle 
(coal  &c. ;  screened  coal,  from  which  dust  &c. 
has  been  removed;  screenings,  refuse  separated 
by  sifting),  [f.  OF  escren  prob.  f.  OHG  skrank 
(G  schranke)  barrier,  limit] 
screw1,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Cylinder  with  spiral 
ridge  called  the  thread  running  round  it  out- 
side (male  or  exterior  8.)  or  inside  (female  or 
interior  8.),  metal  male  8.  with  slotted  head  & 
sharp  point  for  fastening  pieces  of  wood  to- 
gether with  more  security  than  nail  (also  wood-, 
common,  s.)  or  with  blunt  end  to  receive  nut  & 
bolt  things  together  (also  s.-bolt),  wooden  or 
metal  male  or  female  s.  as  part  of  appliance 
or  machine  acting  as  one  of  the  mechanical 
powers  to  exert  pressure  in  various  ways, 
(Archimedean  8. ;  endless  or  perpetual  s., 
threaded  revolving  shaft  engaging  with  & 
working  cogwheel ;  differential  or  Hunter's  s., 


arrangement  of  ss.  with  threads  of  different 

{ritch  working  inside  each  other  giving  great 
ifting-power;  left-handed  s„  advanced  by  turn- 
ing leftwards  contrary  to  usu.  arrangement; 
right-&-left  s.,  cylinder  with  threads  in  oppo- 
site directions  at  the  two  ends;  interrupted  s.t 
with  parts  of  thread  cut  away ;  have,  there  is, 
a  s.  loose,  phrr.  suggesting  that  something,  esp. 
person's  brain,  is  out  of  working  order;  put  the 
s.  on,  exert  pressure  esp.  in  way  of  extortion 
or  intimidation);  (also  s.-projpeller)  revolving 
shaft  with  spiral  blades  projecting  from  ship 
or  airship  at  stern  &  propelling  it  by  acting  on 
s.  principle  upon  water  or  air;  (also 8. -steamer , 
abbr.  s.s.)  steamer  propelled  by  8.  or  ss. ;  one 
turn  of  a  s.  (give  it  another  s.);  oblique  curling 
motion  or  tendency  as  of  billiard-ball  struck 
sideways;  small  t  wisted-up  paper  of  tobacco  &c. ; 
miser,  stingy  or  extortionate  person;  (slang) 
amount  of  salary  or  wages;  s.-coupling,  right- 
&-left  female  s.  for  joining  ends  of  pipes  or 
rods;  s.-cutter,  hand-tool  for  cutting  ss. ;  s.- 
driver,  tool  like  blunt  chisel  for  turning  ss.  by 
the  slot ;  s.-eye,  s.  with  loop  for  passing  cord 
&c.  through  instead  of  slotted  head;  s.-gear, 
endless  s.  with  cogwheel  or  pinion ;  8.-hook, 
hook  to  hang  things  on  with  s.  at  end  of  shank 
to  fasten  it  in  with ;  s.-jack,  dentist's  imple- 
ment for  regulating  distance  between  crowded 
teeth  ;  s.-pue,  with  s.  at  lower  end,  &  sunk  by 
rotation ;  s.-pine,  plant  with  leaves  arranged 
spirally  &  resembling  those  of  pine-apple ;  s.  ■ 
plate,  metal  plate  for  holding  s. -cutting  dies, 
also  steel  plate  with  threaded  holes  for  making 
male  ss. ;  s.-pod,  kind  of  mesquit  with  spirally 
twisted  pods ;  s.-press,  press  worked  by  simple 
s.  used  esp.  by  printers  &  binders ;  s.-tap,  tool 
for  making  female  ss.;  s.-valve,  stopcock  opened 
&  shut  by  s. ,  valve  moved  by  s. ;  s. -wheel,  worked 
by  endless  s. ;  s.-wreneh,  for  turning  ss.  with 
angular  head  or  nuts,  also  wrench  with  jaws 
worked  by  s.  (Vb)  fasten,  tighten,  &c,  by  use 
of  s.  or  ss.  (8.  t/jo  door,  make  fast,  esp.  as  prac- 
tical joke  at  university ;  s.  up  person,  s.  up  his 
door;  boards  are  screwed  doum);  turn  (s.),  twist 
round  like  s.,  (w.  ref.  to  twisting  pegs  of  fiddle; 
usu.  up)  make  tenser  or  more  efficient  (s.  one's 
courage  to  the  sticking-point,  s.  up  one's  cour- 
age, gather  resolution ;  he,  the  management, 
wants  screwing  up);  put  the  8.  upon,  press 
hard  on,  oppress;  be  miserly;  squeeze,  extort, 
(consent,  money,  &c.)  out  of;  contort,  distort, 
contract,  (s.  one's  face  into  wrinkles;  s.  up 
one's  eyes) ;  (of  s.)  revolve  (s.  stiffly,  to  tfie  right, 
Sec);  (of  rolling  ball,  also  of  person  &c.)  take 
curling  course,  swerve;  hence  serew'ABLE  a. 
[f.  OF  escro(u)e  etym.  dub. ;  cf.  scroll] 

screw2,  n.  Vicious,  unsound,  or  worn-out 
horse.    Hence  screw'Y  «  a.    [var.  of  shrew] 

screwed,  a.  (slang).  Drunk,  drunken,  [prob. 

f.  SCREW  !,  -ED  !] 

scri'bble1,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Write  (t.  &  i.)  hur- 
riedly or  carelessly  in  regard  either  to  hand- 
writing or  composition ;  be  a  journalist  or 
author  (w.  implication,  often  mock-modest,  of 
inferiority),  write  poetry  &c,  whence  seri'b- 
bler1  T-ER1]  n.;  scribbling-paper,  -diary,  for 
casual  jottings;  hence  scri'bbleMENTn.  (rare). 
(N.)  careless  handwriting  or  thing  written  in  it, 
scrawl,  hasty  note,  &c.  [t  scribe,  or  Lscri&ere 
write,  +  -le(3)J 

scri'bble2,  v.t.  Card  (wool,  cotton) coarsely, 
pass  through  scribbling-machine  or  seri'b- 
bler2  [-ERiJn.  if.  Sw.  skrubbla  frequent,  of 
skrubba  scrub  vb] 

scribe,  n.,  &  v.t.  Person  who  writes  or  can 
write  (rare  ;  am  no  great  s.,  do  not  write  well); 
(bibL)  ancient- Jewish  maker  &  keeper  of  re- 


SCRIM 


772 


SCRUTINY 


cords  &c,  also  Jewish  theologian  &  jurist  of 
type  prevalent  in  time  of  Christ ;  hence  seri*- 
bAL  a.  (Also  s.-awl)  pointed  instrument  for 
marking  lines  on  wood,  bricks,  &c,  to  guide  saw 
&c,  or  writing  words  on  barrel  &c.  (vb,  mark 
with  s.;  scribing-compass,  for  scratching  cir- 
cles &c. ;  scribing-iron,  seribrcR1  n.,  =  s.  n.). 
[vb  f.  n.,  f.  L  scriba  {scribere  write)] 

scrim,  n.    Lining-cloth  in  upholstery  &c.   [?] 

scrimmage,  seru-,  ( -ij),  n.  Tussle,  con- 
fused struggle,  row,  brawl,  skirmish,  (usu.  scri-); 
(Rugby  footb.;  usu.  sent-;  also  abbr.  scrum) 
tight  mass  of  all  the  forwards  with  ball  on 
ground  in  middle,    [varr.  of  skirmish] 

scrimp,  v.t.&i.  Skimp.  Hence  serPmpY2 
a.    [f.  OE  scrimnian  shrink,  cf.  shrimp] 

seri'mshaw,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Adorn  (shells, 
ivory,  &c),  adorn  shells  &c,  with  carved  or 
coloured  designs  (as  sailors'  amusement  at  sea); 
(n.)  piece  of  such  work.  [perh.  f.  person's  name] 

scrrnium,  n.  (Rom.  ant;  pi.  -ia).  Cylindri- 
cal or  other  box  for  rolled  MSS.   [L,  see  shrine] 

scrip  \n.  (archaic).  Beggar's  or  traveller's  or 
pilgrim's  wallet,  satchel.  [OE  scripp,  cf.  ON 
skreppa ;  cogn.  w.  scrap  l] 

scrip2,  n.  Provisional  certificate  of  money 
subscribed  to  bank  or  company  entitling  holder 
to  formal  certificate  in  due  time  &  to  dividends 
&c,  (collect.)  such  certificates,  [earlier  sense 
piece  of  writing,  schedule ;  shortened  f.  foil.] 

script,  n.  (Law)  original  document  (opp. 
copy) ;  handwriting,  written  characters  (opp. 
print);  printed  cursive  characters,  imitation  of 
handwriting  in  type.  [f.  OF  escript  f.  L  scrip- 
turn  thing  written  (scribere  script-  write)] 

scri  ptor'ium,  n.  (pi.  -s,  -ia).  Room  set  apart 
for  writing  esp.  in  monastery.  [LL  (prec,  -ory)] 

scri'ptural  (-tshdb),  a.  Founded  on,  recon- 
cilable with,  laying  stress  on,  appealing  to,  doc- 
trines contained  in  the  Bible,  whence  seri'p- 
turaliSM(3),  scri'ptural ist(2),  nn.;  of,  taken 
from,  the  Bible  (rare ;  usu.  now  scripture  at- 
trib.).  Hence  scri*pturalLY2adv.,  scri'p- 
turalNESS  n.    [foil.,  -al] 

seri'pture  (tsher),  n.  The  Bible  with  or 
without  the  Apocrypha  (usu.  without  article ; 
also  Holy  S.  or  the  Ss.;  a  doctrine  not  found  in 
S.  or  the  Ss.);  a  or  the  quotation  from  the  Bible ; 
(attrib.)  taken  from  or  relating  to  the  Bible  (a 
s.  text,  lesson;  cf.  scriptural);  sacred  book 
of  non-Christian  community;  (archaic)  inscrip- 
tion ;  s.-reader,  person  who  reads  Bible  to  the 
poor  in  their  homes,  [f.  OF  escripture  f.  L  scrip- 
tura  (script,  -ure)] 

scri*vener,  n.  (hist).  "Writer,  drafter  of  docu- 
ments, notary,  broker,  moneylender ;  (in  mod. 
use)  s.'s-palsy,  WRiTER's-cramp.  [f.  OF  escri- 
vain  f.  LL  scribanus  (scribe,  -an)  +-ER1] 

scrobi'culate  (-at),  -ated,  aa.  (bot,  zool.). 
Pitted,  furrowed.  [L scrobiculus (scrobis  ditch, 

-CULE),  -ATE2] 

scrd'fula.  n.  Morbid  constitutional  condi- 
tion with  glandular  swellings  &  tendency  to 
consumption.  Hence  sero'fulous  a.,  sero*- 
fulousLY 2  adv.,  scro'fulousNESS  n.  [L,  =  a 
scrofulous  swelling,  orig.  dim.  of  scrofa  a  sow] 

scroll,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Roll  of  parchment  or 
paper,  book  or  volume  of  the  ancient  roll  form, 
(archaic)  schedule  or  list ;  ornamental  design 
esp.  in  architecture  carved  or  drawn  or  other- 
wise made  to  imitate  s.  of  parchment  more  or 
less  exactly,  volute  of  Ionic  capital  or  of  chair 
&c,  head  of  fiddle,  flourish  in  writing,  ribbon 
bearing  heraldic  motto,  &c. ;  any  tracery  of 
spiral  or  flowing  lines ;  s.-bone,  turbinated  ;  s. 
gear,  with  s. -wheel ;  s.-head,  volute  at  ship's 
bow  ;  s.-lathe,  for  spiral  work ;  s.-saw,  fretsaw ; 
s.-wheel,  cogwheel  in  shape  of  disk  with  cogs  in 


spiral  lines  on  one  side  causing  variation  of 
pace  according  as  outer  or  inner  parts  are  in 
action  ;  s.-work,  ornament  of  spiral  lines  esp. 
as  cut  by  s.-saw.  ( Vb)  curl  up  (t  &  i. ;  rare)  like 
paper ;  adorn  with  ss.  (chiefly  inp.p.).  [earlier 
scrowl  dim.  of  ME  scrowe  f.  OF  escro(u)e  (cf. 
screw  !)  f.  Teut  (MDu.  schroode  strip, shred)] 

scro'tum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Bag  containing  testi- 
cles. Hence  sero*tAL  a.,  scroti  tis,  scro'to- 
cele,  nn.    [L  (perh.  var.  of  scortum  skin)] 

scrub,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Ground  covered  with) 
brushwood  or  stunted  forest  growth ;  worn 
broom  or  brush;  stunted  or  insignificant  per- 
son, animal,  or  plant ;  scrubbing  or  being 
scrubbed  (give  it,  lie  wants,  a  good  s.);  s.-oak, 
American  dwarf  kinds ;  hence  scru'bbY  2  a., 
scru'bbiNESS  n.  (Vb)  rub  hard  for  purpose 
of  cleaning  or  brightening  esp.  with  soap  & 
waterapphed  with  scrubbing-brush ;  use  scrub- 
bing-brush (would  rather  s.  for  my  living) ; 
scrubbing  board,  corrugated  board  used  in 
wash-tub  for  rubbingclotheson ;  hence  scru'b- 
biNGMD  n.  [f.  MDa.  skrubbe  n.  &  v. ;  n.  =shrub'; 
vb  prob.  connected,  cf.  senses  of  broom,  brush] 

scru*bber,n.  In vbl senses:  also, apparatus 
for  purifying  coal-gas  from  ammonia  &  tar  by 
spraying  with  water.    [-erML  2)] 

scruff,  n.  Back  of  the  neck  as  used  to  grasp 
&  lift  or  drag  animal  or  person  by  (take  by  the  s. 
of  the  neck),  [earlier  also  scuft,  f.  ON  skopt  hair 
of  head,  &  cf.  scut] 

scrummage.    See  scrimmage. 

scru*mptious(-shus),a.  (slang).  Delightful, 
delicious,  first-rate,  [arbitrary;  cf.  goluptious] 

scrunch.   =crunch.    [s-as  in  smash  &c] 

scru'ple  (-00-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t  Weight-unit 
(in  apothecaries'  wt)  of  20  grains  ;  very  small 
quantity  (archaic) ;  feeling  of  doubt  or  hesita- 
tion on  grounds  of  morality  or  propriety  ab6ut 
acting  or  approving  of  action,  conscientious  ob- 
jection, (makeno  s.  to  do,  do  without  such  hesi- 
tation or  with  easy  conscience  ;  have  ss.  about 
doing ;  man  of  no  ss.,  unscrupulous ;  did  it 
without  s.).  (Vb)  feel  or  be  influenced  by  ss. 
(rare);  be  deterred  from  or  hindered  in  (doing 
or  n.  of  action  ;  archaic ;  would  s.  lying  or  a  lie) 
by  ss. ;  hesitate  owing  to  ss.  to  do  (esp.  w.  neg.; 
does  not  s.  to  say),  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  F  scruptile  f.  L 
scrupulus  (scrupus  sharp  stone,  -ule)J 

scru*pulous,a.  Careful  to  offend  in  nothing, 
conscientious  even  in  small  matters,  not  ne- 
glectful of  details,  punctilious,  marked  by  ex- 
treme thoroughness,  unfailing,  (s.  persons;  s. 
honesty,  cleanliness,  care,  methods,  respect,  at- 
tention, &c);  over-attentive  to  details,  esp.  to 
small  points  of  conscience,  whence  scrupulo*- 
siTYn.  Hence  seru'pulousLY2  adv.,  scru*- 
pulousNESS  n.  [f.  OF scrupuleux  f.  L  scrupu- 
losus  (prec,  -ose')] 

scruta'tor,  n.  Person  given  to  scrutiny 
(chiefly  as  signature  to  newspaper  letters  &c). 

[L  (SCRUTINY,  -OR2)] 

scrutin  (F),  n.  <S.  d'arrondissement,  de  liste, 
contrasted  methods  by  which  voter  votes  for  one 
or  more  representatives  of  small  district  only, 
or  for  large  number  representing  wide  area. 

scrutineer*,  n.  Person  examining  ballot 
papers  for  irregularities,    [scrutiny,  -eer] 

scrutinize,  v.t  Look  closely  at,  examine  in 
detail.  Hence  scru'tinizingLY  2  adv.  [foil., 
-ize] 

scru'tiny  (-oo-),  n.  Critical  gaze,  close  in- 
vestigation, examination  into  details ;  official 
examination  of  votes  cast  in  election  to  test 
their  validity  when  closeness  of  contest  or  sus- 
picion of  irregularity  makes  it  desirable  (de- 
mand a  «.).  [F.  L  scrutinium  (scrutari  search 
f.  scruta  broken  pieces,  cogn.  w.  shred)] 


SCUD 


773 


SCYTHIAN 


scud,  v.i.,  &  n.  Run  or  fly  straight  &  fast 
esp.  with  smooth  or  easy  motion,  skim  along ; 
(Naut)  run  before  the  wind.  (N.)  spell  of  scud- 
ding ;  vapoury  driving  clouds,  [f.  Norw.  skudda 
push,  cogn.  w.shoot,  scoot] 

scu'do  (or  -oo-),  n.  (pi.  -di  pr.  -e).  Old  Italian 
silver  coin  of  about  4/- ;  Italian  five-franc  piece. 
[It.,  f.  L  scutum  shield] 

scuff,  v.i.  Walk  with  dragging  feet,  shuffle 
with  the  feet.    [f.  Sw.  skuffa  shove] 

scu'ffle,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Engage  in)  confused 
mts  ch" 


struggle  in  which  disputar 


liefly  push  each 


other  about,  disorderly  fight,    [prec.,  -le(3)] 

scull,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  One  of  pair  of  small 
oars  used  by  single  rower  each  with  one  hand ; 
oar  resting  in  nick  on  boat's  stern  &  worked 
with  twisting  strokes  to  propel  like  ship's 
screw ;  (vb)  propel  (boat),  propel  boat,  with 
scull(s).  [different,  f.  skull;  named  w.  ref.  to 
hollow  shape  of  blade] 

scu'ller,  n.  User  of  scull(s) ;  boat  intended 
for  sculling,    [-er  l] 

seu'llepy,  n.  Back  kitchen,  room  for  wash- 
ing-up dishes  &c.  [OF  escuelier  dish-keeper  f. 
L  scutellarius  (scuttle1,  -ary  *),  -ery] 

scu'llion,  n.  (archaic,  poet.,  rhet.).  Cook's 
boy,  washer  of  dishes  &  pots.  [f.  OF  escouillon 
dishclout=Sp.  escobillon  gun-sponge  (escobilla 
brush,  dim.  of  escoba  f.  L  scopa  broom,  -oon)] 

sculp,  v.t.  (Colloq.  for)  sculpture,  [f.  L 
sculpere  ;  now  regarded  as  abbr.] 

scu'lpin,  n.  Kinds  of  small  American  sea- 
fish  with  large  spiny  head.  [perh.  corrupt,  of 
scorpene  f.  It.  scorpinaj.  L  scorpaena] 

scw/psit,  scu/pser'unt,  (abbr.  sc.  or 
sculps.),  v.  sing.  &  pi.  3rd  pers.  (So-&-so)  carved 
or  sculptured  or  engraved  (this  work ;  used 
with  artist's  signature).    [L,  see  sculpture] 

scu'lptop,  n.  One  who  sculptures.  Hence 
scu'lptPESs l  n.    [L  (foil.,  -or2)] 

sculpture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Art  of 
forming  representations  of  objects  in  the  round 
or  in  relief  by  chiselling  stone,  carving  wood, 
modelling  clay,  casting  metal,  or  similar  pro- 
cesses ;  a  work  of  s.;  (Zool.,  Bot.)  raised  or  sunk 
markings  on  shell  &c;  hence  scu'lptuPAL, 
sculptuPE-SQUE,  aa.,  seu'lptupalLY 2  adv. 
(Vb)  represent  in  s.;  adorn  with  s.;  be  a  sculp- 
tor, do  s.;  (p.p.,  Zool.  &  Bot.)  having  s.  [vb  f. 
n.,  F,  f.  L  sculptura  (sculpere  sculpt-,  perf. 
sculpsi,  -ure)] 

scum,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Impurities  that  rise  to 
surface  of  liquid  esp.  in  boiling  or  fermentation, 
floating  film  ;  (fig.)  worst  part,  refuse,  offscour- 
ing,  (of);  hence  seu'mmY2  a.  (Vb)  take  s. 
from,  skim ;  be  or  form  a  s.  on  ;'  (of  liquid)  de- 
velop s.  [f.  Da.  skum,  cf.  Gschaum  &  see  skim] 

scu'mble,  v.t.,  &  n.  Soften  (oil-painting)  by 
covering  with  very  thin  coat  of  opaque  colour; 
(n.)  softening  of  tints  produced,    [prec,  -le(3)] 

scu'ncheon  (-tshn),  n.  Stones  or  arches 
across  angles  of  square  tower  supporting  alter- 
nate sides  of  octagonal  spire,    [sconce,  -oon] 

scu'ppep,  n.  Hole  in  ship's  side  to  carry 
off  water  from  deck.  [f.  OF  escope  f.  Sw.  scopa 
scoop] 

scupf,  n.  Flakes  on  surface  of  skin  cast  off 
as  fresh  skin  develops  below,  esp.  those  of 
head  (also  dandruff) ;  any  scaly  matter  on  a 
surface.  Hence  seup'fY2  a.,  seup*flNESS  n. 
[OE,  cogn.  w.  sceorfan  scarify,  cf.  Sw.  skorf] 

scu'ppilous,  (archaic)  scu'ppil(e),  aa. 
Grossly  or  obscenely  abusive  (of  person  or  lan- 
guage), given  to  or  expressed  with  low  buffoon- 
ery. Hence  or  cogn.  scu'ppIIously  2  adv., 
seuppi'liTV  n.  [f.  obs.  scurril  f.  L  scurrilis 
[scurra  buffoon,  cogn.  w.  scorn),  -ous] 

scu'ppy,  v.i.,  &  n.    Run  hurriedly  esp.  with 


short  quick  steps,  scamper,  (the  scurrying 
mice);  (n.)  act  or  sound  of  scurrying,  [length- 
ened f.  SCOUR2] 

scup'vy,  a.  &  n.  Paltry,  low,  mean,  dis- 
honourable, contemptible,  (a  s.  trick,  fellow) ; 
hence  scup'vIly  2  adv.  (N.)  diseased  state  of 
blood  with  swollen  gums,  livid  spots,  &  pros- 
tration, attacking  sailors  &  any  who  feed  on 
salt  meat  &  lack  vegetables;  s.-grass  [corrupt, 
of  -cress],  plant  of  mustard  family  used  against 
s.;  hence  scup*v!ed2  a.  [n.  (expressing  piti- 
ful state)  f.  adj.  orig.  =  scurfy  (scurf,  -v  2)] 

scut,  n.  Short  tail  esp.  of  hare,  rabbit,  or 
deer.    [etym.  dub.;  cf.  ON  skott  fox's  tail] 

scu'tag-e  (ij),  n.  (hist.).  Money  paid  by  feu- 
dal landowner  in  lieu  of  personal  service,  [f. 
med.L  scutagium  (scutum  shield,  -age)] 

scutch,  v.t.,  &  n.  Dress  (fibrous  material, 
esp.  retted  flax)  by  beating;  s.-blade,  scutch- 
ing-sword,  scu'tchER *(2)  n.,  implements  for 
scutching  flax.  (N.)  scutcher;  coarse  tow 
separated  in  scutching  flax.  Iperh.  f.  OF  es- 
cousser  f.  L  EX(cussare=quassare  frequent,  of 
quatere  quass-  shake)] 

scu'tcheon  (-tshn),  n.  =  escutcheon  ;  pivot- 
ed cover  of  keyhole ;  plate  for  name  or  inscrip- 
tion,   [short  for  escutcheon] 

scute.    See  scutum. 

scute'llum,  n.  (nat.  hist;  pi.  -lla).  Small 
shield,  plate,  or  scale,  in  plants,  insects,  birds, 
&c,  esp.  one  of  the  horny  scales  on  birds'  feet. 
Hence  scu*tellATE2(d),  scute'llAR1,  aa., 
seutellATioN  n.    (mod.L,  dim.  of  scutum] 

scu'ttep,  v.i.    Scurry,    [var.  of  scuttle3] 

scu'ttle  K  n.  (Usu.  coal-s.)  metal  or  other 
vessel  in  which  small  supply  of  coal  esp.  for 
single  fireplace  is  brought  &  kept,  [OE  scutel 
dish  f.  L  scutella  salver,  dim.  of  scutra  tray] 

scu'ttle2,  n.,  &  v.t  Hole  with  lid  in  wall  or 
roof  of  house  or  ship's  deck,  side,  or  hatchway- 
covering;  s.-butt,  -cask,  water-butt  usu.  on 
deck  with  hole  in  top  for  dipping  from ;  (vb) 
make  hole(s)  in  (ship)  esp.  for  purpose  of  sink- 
ing, [f.  OF  escoutilles  pi.  hatches,  f.  Sp.  escotilla 
(escotar  make  neck-hole  in  garment,  f.  escote 
tucker,  f.  Teut,  cf.  G  schoos  bosom)] 

scu'ttle3,  v.i.,  &  n.  Hurry  along,  scurry, 
run  away,  make  off,  fly  from  danger  or  diffi- 
culty ;  (n.)  hurried  gait,  precipitate  flight  or 
departure,  [earlier  also  scuddle,  f.  scud,  -le(3)] 

scu'tum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  (Rom.  Ant)  legionary's 
shield  of  oblong,  oval,  or  semi -cylindrical 
shape;  (Anat)  knee-pan;  (Zool.  &c;  also 
scute)  shield-like  plate  or  scale,  piece  of  bony 
armour  in  crocodile,  sturgeon,  turtle,  armadillo, 
&c,  whence  scu'tAL,  scu'tATE2,  aa.  Hence 
scu'tiFORM  a.  [L,  cogn.  w.  Gk  skutos  hide, 
sky,  scum,  &c] 

Seylla  (si-),  n.  S.  &  Charybdis,  six-headed 
monster  living  on  a  rock,  &  whirlpool,  so  placed 
on  opposite  sides  of  Straits  of  Messina  that  it 
was  hard  to  steer  clear  of  one  without  being 
caught  by  the  other  (see  Homer,  Od.  xii). 

scy'phus  (si-),  n.  (pi.  -phi).  (Gk  Ant.)  footless 
drinking-cup  with  two  handles  not  higher  than 
rim;  (Bot.)  cup-shaped  part  as  in  narcissus 
flower  or  in  lichens,  whence  scyphosE  x  a. 
Hence  scyphlFORM  a.    [L,  f.  Gk  skvphos) 

scythe  (sldh),  n.,  &  v.t.  Mowing  &  reaping 
implement  of  long  slightly  curved  blade  swung 
over  ground  by  usu.  crooked  pole  about  5  ft. 
long  with  two  short  handles  projecting  at  right 
angles  from  it ;  blade  continuing  axle  of  ancient 
war-chariot  at  each  end,  whence  scythED  2  a. ; 
(vb)  cut  with  s.  [OE  sithe,  cf.  Du.  zeis,  ON 
sigdhr  ;  cogn.  w.  L  secare  cut,  sickle] 

Scythian  (sidh-,  -th-),  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant) 
of  ancient  Scythia,  the  region  north  of  the 


'BDBATH 774 

Black  Sea;   =turanian.     [L  f.  Gk  Skuthia 
(Skuthes  a  S.),  -an] 

'sdeath,  int.  (archaic)  expressing  anger, 
surprise,  &c.  [short  for  God's  death] 
se-,  L  pref.  =  apart,  without. 
sea,  n.  Expanse  of  salt  water  that  covers 
most  of  earth's  surface  &  encloses  its  continents 
&  islands,  the  ocean,  any  part  of  this  as  opposed 
to  dry  land  or  fresh  water,  (by  s.  &  land ;  at 
the  bottom  of  the  s.;  jumped  into  the  s.;  on  the 
s.,  in  ship  &c,  also  situated  on  s. -shore  ;  go  to 
s.,  become  sailor ;  follow  the  s.,  be  sailor;  put 
to  s.,  leave  port  or  land  ;  arm  of  the  s.,  deep 
gulf ;  at  s.,  away  from  &  esp.  out  of  sight  of 
land,  also  fig.  =  perplexed,  not  knowing  condi- 
tions &c.  or  what  to  do ;  between  devil  »  & 
deep  s.\  as  good  fish1  in  the  s.;  when  the  s. 
gives  up  its  dead,  at  the  resurrection ;  also  pi. 
in  same  sense,  as  beyond,  over,  s.  or  ss.,  to  or  in 
countries  separated  by  s.;  the  high  ss.,  the  open 
s.  outside  the  three-mile  limit  to  which  nearest 
country's  jurisdiction  extends ;  mistress  of  the 
s.  or  ss.,  chief  naval  power  at  any  time) ;  par- 
ticular tract  of  s.  partly  or  sometimes  wholly 
enclosed  by  land  &  usu.  distinguished  by  special 
name  (the  North,  Mediterranean,  Caspian, 
Dead,  S.;  inland  s.,  entirely  landlocked  as  the 
Caspian,  also  rarely  of  great  fresh-water  lakes ; 
closed  s.,  =  mark  l  clausum ;  the  four  ss.,  those 
enclosing  Great  Britain) ;  local  motion  or  state 
of  the  s.,  swell,  great  billow,  (a  heavy  s.,  with 
great  waves ;  ss.  mountains  high ;  of  boat  &c. 
ship  a  s.,  be  flooded  by  a  wave ;  long  s.,  with 
long  regular  waves;  short  s.,  choppy  &  ir- 
regularly agitated ;  half  ss.  over,  having 
drunk  too  much) ;  vast  quantity  or  expanse  of 
{a  s.  of  troubles,  care,  flame,  upturned  faces  ; 
also  pi.,  as  ss.  of  blood,  ruthless  bloodshed) ; 
(bibl.)  brazen  or  molten  s.,  =  laver2;  (attrib.  & 
in  comb.)  living  or  used  in  or  on,  of,  near,  like, 
the  s.  (often  prefixed  to  name  of  animal,  fruit, 
&c,  to  form  name  of  marine  thing  with  merely 
superficial  resemblance  to  what  it  is  named 
after,  as  s.-canary,  -cucumber,  -fox,  -raven,  be- 
low) ;  s.-acom,  barnacle ;  s.-air,  air  at  s.-side 
esp.  asrecommended  for  invalids  &c. ;  s.-anchor, 
DRAG2-anchor ;  s.-anemone;  s.-angel,  angel- 
fish ;  s.-arrow,  flying  squid ;  s.-asparagus,  kind 
of  soft-shelled  crab;  s.-barroio,  skate's  egg- 
case  ;  s.-bathing,  in  s.;  s.-bear,  polar  bear,  also 
kind  of  fur-seal;  s.-bells,  seashore  bindweed: 
s.-belt,  sweet  fucus,  a  seaweed  with  belt-like 
fronds ;  seaboard,  sea-shore,  coast  region,  line 
of  coast;  s.-boat,  ship  &c.  of  specified  seagoing 
qualities  (is  a  good,  bad,  &c,  s.-b.) ;  s.-born, 
born  of  the  s.  (poet.,  esp.  of  Aphrodite) ;  s.-borne, 
conveyed  by  s.  (s.-b.  commerce,  goods) ;  s.-bow, 
rainbow  effect  in  s. -spray ;  sea'- breeze,  blowing 
landward  from  s.  esp.  during  day  in  alternation 
with  land-breeze  at  night ;  s.-bree'ze,  any  breeze 
at  s.;  s.-calf,  common  seal;  s.-canary,  white 
whale  (from  its  whistling);  s.-captain,  (poet, 
rhet.)  great  sailor  or  commander  at  sea,  (in  ord. 
use,  chiefly  where  army-captain  is  to  be  exclud- 
ed) past  or  present  captain  of  ship  in  navy  or 
merchant  service ;  s.-change,  transformation 
(w.  ref.  to  Tempest  I.  n.  400) ;  s.-chestnut,  s.- 
urchin;  s.-cloth,  used  in  theatre  to  represent 
shore ;  s.-coal  archaic,  coal  (orig.  of  coal  brought 
from  Newcastle  by  sea,  opp.  charcoal  &c.) ;  s.- 
coast ;  s.-colander,  brown  seaweed  with  fronds 
perforated  like  colander;  8.-cook,  naut  term 
of  abuse ;  s.-cow,  sirenian,  also  walrus ;  s.-crow, 
kind  of  gull;  s.-cucumber,  any  holothurian, 
esp.  biche-de-mer;  s.-devil,  kinds  of  flsh ;  s.-dog, 
kinds  of  seal,  also  dogfish,  also  old  sailor  (esp. 
of  the  Elizabethan  sea-captains),  &  see  sea- 
oog1;    s.-eagle,    kinds  of  fishing  eagle,  also 


SEA 

osprey ;  s.-ear,  ormer ;  s.  elephant,  large  kind  of 
seal  with  proboscis  ;  s.-fan,  kind  of  coral ;  sea'- 
faring  a.  &  n.,  traversing  the  s.  esp.  habitually 
(s.-f.  man,  sailor),  so  sea*fai>ER l  n.  (rare) ;  s.- 
fennel,  samphire  ;  s.-jight,  between  war-ships  ; 
s.-Jlower,  s.-anemone  ;  s.-fog,  caused  by  differ- 
ence of  land  &  8.  temperature  &  extending  only 
short  way  inland;  s.-fowl;  s.-fox,  long-tailed 
shark;  s.-front,  part  of  town  facing  s.;  s.-fur- 
below,  kinds  of  brown  seaweed ;  s.-gauge,  ship's 
draught,  also  kind  of  sounding-instrument ;  s.- 
gherkin,  s. -cucumber ;  s.-gilliflower,  s.-pink  ; 
s.-girt,  surrounded  by  sea  (poet.,  rhet.,  of  island 
&c.) ;  s.-god(dess) ;  sea'going,  (of  ship)  for  cross- 
ing s.  not  coasting,  (of  person)  seafaring ;  s.- 
grape,  shrub  allied  to  firs,  also  gulf- weed,  also 
(pi.)  cuttle-fish-eggs ;  s.-green  a.  &  n.,  (of)  bluish 
green  as  of  s.;  s.-gull;  s.-htdgehog,  s.-urchin ; 
s.-hog,  porpoise  ;  s.-horse,  creature  harnessed 
to  s. -god's  chariot  having  horse's  head  &  fish's 
tail,  also  walrus,  also  hippocampus ;  s.-kale, 
kind  of  colewort  with  young  shoots  used  as 
table  vegetable ;  s.-kidney,  kidney-shaped  poly- 
pidom;  s.-king,  medieval  Scandinavian  pirate 
chief ;  s.-lace,  kind  of  seaweed  with  long  cord- 
like fronds;  s.-lawyer,  (naut.  term  of  contempt 
for)  captious  person  ;  s.-legs,  ability  to  walk  on 
deck  of  rolling  ship  (has  not  yet  got  his  s.-l.) ;  «.- 
lemon,  a  yellow  oval  mollusc ;  s.-leopard,  kinds 
of  spotted  seal ;  s.-level,  level  continuous  with 
that  of  s.  half-way  between  high  &  low  water 
(also  mean  s.-l.)  as  used  in  reckoning  height  of 
hills  &c.  &  for  barometric  standard  (corrected 
to  s.-l.) ;  s.-lily,  crinoid  ;  s.-line,  horizon  at  s. ; 
s.-lion,  kinds  of  large  eared  seal,  esp.  one  with 
mane  ;  sea'man  (pi.  -men),  sailor,  (Nav.)  sailor 
below  rank  of  officer  ( ABL.K-bodied  s.-m. ;  ordin- 
ary s.-m.,  below  rating  of  A.B.),  person  expert 
in  practical  management  of  ship,  good,  bad,  no, 
&c,  navigator,  whence  sea'manLiKE,  sea*- 
maniA' ',  aa.,  sea*mansHip(3)  n.;  s.-mark, 
beacon,  lighthouse,  &c,  or  elevated  conspicu- 
ous object,  used  to  direct  course  at  s.;  s.-mat, 
polyzoan  forming  flat  matted  coralline ;  s.- 
melon,  kind  of  holothurian ;  s.-mew,  gull ;  s.- 
mile,  geographical  mile;  s.-monster,  any  huge, 
terrible,  or  strange  s. -animal ;  s.-moss,  mosslike 
polyzoan  or  seaweed ;  s.-mouse,  an  iridescent 
s.-worm ;  s.-mud,  saline  deposit  of  salt  marshes 
&c.  used  as  manure ;  s.-necklace,  string  of 
whelk  egg-cases;  s.-needle,  garfish;  s.-nettle, 
jellj-fish ;  s.-nymph ;  s.-oak,  kind  of  seaweed  ; 
s.-ooze,  s.-mud ;  s.-orange,  globose  orange- 
coloured  holothurian  ;  s.-orb, globe-fish  ;  s.-oicl, 
=  lump2;  s.-ox,  walrus;  s.-pad,  starfish;  s.- 
parrot,  puffin  ;  s.-pass,  neutral  ship's  passport 
in  time  of  war;  s.-pay,  for  active  service  at  s.; 
s.-peach,  -pear,  kinds  of  ascidium ;  s.-pe7i, 
feather-shaped  polyp;  s.-pie,  sailors'  pie  of  salt 
meat  &c,  also  a  shore-bird,  the  oyster-catcher ; 
s.-piece,  picture  of  scene  at  s.;  s.-pi'ct,  8. -pic 
(bird);  s.-pig,  porpoise,  also  dugong;  s.-ptke, 
garfish,  hake,  &  other  fish  ;  s.-pilot,  s.-pic  (bird) ; 
s.-pincushion,  skate's  egg-case ;  s.-pink,  com- 
mon coast-flower,  thrift;  s.-poacher,  a  small 
flsh ;  sea'port,  town  with  harbour ;  s.-pumpkin, 
8. -melon;  s.-purse,  skate's  egg-case;  s.-raven, 
sculpin  ;  s.-robin.  red  gurnard  ;  s.-room,  clear 
space  at  8.  allowing  ship  to  turn  &c;  s.-rover, 
pirate  or  piratical  ship ;  s.-salt,  got  by  evapor- 
ating 8.-water;  s.-scape,  s. -piece;  s.-serpent, 
kinds  of  snake  living  in  sea,  also  (the  s.-s.)  enor- 
mous serpentine  s. -monster  occasionally  report- 
ed as  seen  but  disbelieved  in  by  naturalists; 
s.-shore,  land  close  to  s.,  (Law)  space  between 
high  &  low  water  marks ;  sca'sick,  vomiting  or 
inclined  to  vomit  from  motion  of  ship  &c, 
whence  sea'sickNES.s  n.;  seasi'de,  places  or 


SEAL 


775 


SEASON 


some  unspecified  place  close  to  s.  as  permanent 
or  esp.  as  holiday  residence  (do  you  like  the  s.- 
s.?;  must  go  to  the  s.-s.);  s.-sleeve,  cuttlefish; 
s.-snail,  small  slimy  fish,  the  unctuous  sucker, 
also  periwinkle  or  similar  shellfish ;  s.-snipe, 
the  dunlin,  also  the  snipe-fish ;  s.-squirt,  any 
ascidium ;  s.-straxvberry,  kind  of  polyp  ;  s.-sun- 
jtower,  s.-a.nemone ;  s. -swallow,  tern ;  s.-tang(le), 
kinds  of  seaweed ;  s.-toad,  the  angler ;  s.-urchin, 
echinus ;  s.-wall,  wall  or  embankment  made 
to  check  encroachment  of  s.;  s.-ware,  seaweed 
collected  for  manure  or  other  uses  ;  s.-water ; 
s.-way,  ship's  progress,  also  place  where  ship 
lies  in  rough  water  (in  a  s.-w.) ;  sea' weed,  any 
alga  or  other  plant  growing  in  s.;  s.-whip,  whip- 
shaped  coral ;  s.-whipcord,  kind  of  seaweed  ; 
s.-wife,  fish  allied  to  wrasse ;  s.-wind,  s. -breeze 
(1st  sense) ;  s.-wing,  a  bivalve  mollusc ;  sea'- 
withwind,  s. -bells ;  s.-wolf,  s. -elephant,  also 
kinds  of  fish,  also  viking  or  pirate ;  sea'worthy, 
(of  ship)  in  fit  state  to  put  to  s.,  strong  &  well 
rigged &c, whence sea^worthiNESS n.  Hence 
sea' ward  a.,  adv.,  &  n.,  sea'WARDS  adv. 
IOE  sx,  cf.  Du.  zee,  G  see] 

seal1,  n.,  &  v.i.  Kinds  of  carnivorous  am- 
phibious marine  mammal  with  short  limbs 
modified  to  serve  chiefly  for  swimming  but 
having  fur  or  hair  &  beastlike  face,  feeding 
on  fish  &  hunted  for  their  oil  &  skin  &  the 
valuable  fur  of  some  species  (eared  s.  or  otary, 
kinds  distinguished  from  common  s.  by  having 
visible  external  ears,  &  including  the  larger 
kinds,  as  sea-bear,  sea-lion,  sea-elephant,  & 
the  fur-ss.);  s.-fishery;  s.-rookery,  sea'lKKV  n., 
seals'  breeding-place ;  sea'lskin,  skin  of  s.,  or 
usu.  prepared  fur  of  ss.  as  material  for  women's 
jackets  &c,  jacket  of  this;  (vb)  hunt  ss.  [OE 
seolh,  cf.  ON  selr,  Da.  sxl] 

seal2,  n.,  &  v.t  Piece  of  wax,  lead,  or  other 
such  materia],  impressed  with  device  &  at- 
tached in  some  way  to  document  usu.  in  addi- 
tion to  signature  as  guarantee  of  authenticity 
(given  under  my  hand  &  s.,  signed  &  sealed  by 
me ;  set  one's  s.  to,  authorize  or  confirm)  or  to 
envelope  or  to  any  receptacle  such  as  box  or 
room  or  house  to  prevent  its  being  opened  with- 
out knowledge  of  owner  &c.  (leadens.,  stamped 
piece  of  lead  holding  ends  of  a  wire  used  as 
fastening ;  under  s.  of  confession,  confidence, 
silence,  &c,  fig.  of  communications  for  which 
secrecy  is  stipulated  or  obligatory),  impression 
stamped  on  or  paper  disk  stuck  to  document 
as  symbol  equivalent  to  wax  s. ;  (fig.)  signifi- 
cant or  prophetic  mark  (has  the  s.  of  death  in 
his  face) ;  gem,  piece  of  metal,  &c,  serving  as 
stamp  to  produce  8.  on  wax  &c.  or  paper  (s.- 
ring,  finger-ring  with  s.;  Great  S.,  8.  in  charge 
of  Lord  Chancellor  or  Lord  Keeper  used  in 
sealing  Parliament-writs,  treaties,  &  impor- 
tant State  papers;  privy  &  ;  Fisher's  S.,  papal 
s.  with  St  Peter  fishing  as  device);  act  done, 
thing  given,  event  regarded,  as  confirmation 
or  guarantee  of  (s.  of  love,  kiss,  birth  of  child, 
&c. ;  baptism  &  the  Lord's  Supper  are  ss.  of 
Ood's  covenant  with  us);  substance  used  to  close 
aperture  &c,  esp.  water  standing  in  drain-trap 
to  prevent  ascent  of  foul  air  (s.-pipe,  DiP^pipe); 
s.-wort,  Solomon's  s.  (Vb)  affix  s.  to,  stamp  or 
fasten  with  s.,  certify  as  correct  with  s.  or  stamp 
(Sealed  Book,  one  of  perfect  copies  of  Book  of 
Common  Prayer  certified  by  Great  S.  under 
Charles  II),  show  genuineness  of  (devotion  &c.) 
with  one's  life  Sec;  close  securely  or  hermeti- 
cally, stop  up  or  up,  (my  lips  are  sealed,  I  must 
not  speak ;  sleep  sealed  his  eyes ;  is  a  sealed 
book  to  me,  is  something  of  which  I  have  &  can 
get  no  knowledge ;  windows  must  be  sealed  up, 
e.  g.  by  pasting  paper  along  all  crevices ;  s.  up 


tin,  solder  it  so  that  air  has  no  access ;  s.  pipe 
Sec,  provide  it  with  water-s.  by  means  of  trap 
&c);  set  significant  mark  on,  set  apart,  destine, 
decide  irrevocably,  (death  has  sealed  her  for 
his  own ;  is  sealed  to  or  for  salvation,  damna- 
tion, &c. ;  his  fate  is  sealed),  (of  Admiralty,* 
officially  adopt  (design);  confine  securely  (often 
up);  fix  (staple  &c.)  into  wall  &c.  with  cement 
&c. ;  sealing-wax,  mixture  of  shellac  &  rosin 
with  turpentine  &  pigment  used  for  ss.  [vb  f. 
n.,  f.  OF  seel  f.  L  sigillum  see  sigillate] 

sea'ler,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  seal1'2;  esp., 
ship  or  man  engaged  in  seal-hunting,    [-er  if 

seam,  n.,  &  v.t.  Line  of  junction  between 
two  edges  esp.  those  of  two  pieces  of  cloth  &c. 
turned  back  &  sewn  together  or  of  boards 
fitted  edge  to  edge,  fissures  left  by  gaping  of 
parallel  edges  (ship's  ss.  want  caulking) ;  scar, 
cicatrice ;  line  of  separation  between  two  stra- 
ta ;  thin  stratum  of  coal  &c.  between  thicker 
strata;  (Anat.)  suture;  s.-lace,  seaming-lace ; 
s.-presser,  agricultural  implement  for  flatten- 
ing down  furrow-ridges  after  the  plough,  also 
tailor's  goose ;  hence  sea'ixiLESS  a.  ( Vb)  unite 
with  s.  (rare) ;  mark  or  score  with  s.,  Assure,  or 
scar  (ch  iefly  in  p.p. ;  seamed  with  wounds,  cracks, 
Sec);  (Knitting)  make  ridges  in  (stocking  &c); 
seaming-lace,  galloon  or  other  trimming  sewn 
over  ss.  in  upholstery  &c.  [OE  seam,  cf.  Du. 
zoom,  G  saum ;  cogn.  w.  sew] 

sea'mstress  (sem-),  semp-,  n.  Sewing- 
woman.    [OE  siamestre  (prec,  -ster)  +  -ess  JJ 

sea'my,  a.  Showing  seams  (s.  side,  inside  of 
garment  &c.  where  turning-back  of  seams  is 
visible,  chiefly  fig.  of  the  less  presentable  or 
attractive  aspect  of  life  &c).    [-Y  2] 

stance  (F),  n.  Sitting  of  a  society  or  delibera- 
tive body;  meeting  held  for  exhibition  or  in- 
vestigation of  spiritualistic  phenomena. 

sear1  a.  &  v.t.,  sere  a.  (Of  leaves,  flowers, 
&c,  &  fig.  of  age  &c.)  withered,  dried  up.  (Vb) 
wither  up,  blast,  (rare) ;  scorch  surface  of  esp. 
with  hot  iron,  cauterize,  brand ;  make  callous 
(a  seared  conscience) ;  searing-iron,  for  cauter- 
izing, [vb  f.  adj.,  OE  sear,  cf.  ODu.  sore  dry; 
cogn.  w.  Gk  auos  dry,  &  austere] 

sear2.    See  sere1. 

search  (sertsh),  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  Look  or  feel 
or  go  over  (person  or  his  face  or  pockets,  recep- 
tacle, place,  book)  for  what  may  be  found  or  to 
find  something  of  which  presence  is  suspected, 
probe  (lit.  &  fig. ;  8.  a  wound,  men's  hearts) ; 
(archaic)  look  for,  seek  out;  make  s.  or  inves- 
tigation (for  or  abs.) ;  (part,  of  examination 
&c.)  thorough,  leaving  no  loopholes,  whence 
sear'ehlngLY2  adv.;  hence  sear,ehER1(l,2) 
n.,  sear'chLESS  a.  (poet).  (N.)  act  of  search- 
ing, investigation,  quest  (am  in  s.  of,  trying 
to  find ;  the  s.  for  or  of;  right  of  8.  in  internat 
law,  belligerent's  right  to  stop  neutral  vessel  & 
s.  it  for  contraband ;  s.-light,  electric  arc-light 
with  concentrated  beam  that  can  be  turned  in 
any  direction  for  use  esp.  on  ships  for  discover- 
ing enemy  or  lighting-up  channel;  s.-party,  per- 
sons going  out  to  look  for  lost  or  concealed 
person  or  thing;  s.-warrant,  granted  by  justice 
of  peace  to  enter  premises  of  person  suspected 
of  concealing  stolen  property  Sec.  [ME  serchei*^ 
cerchen,  f.  OF  cercher  (F  chercher)  f.  L  circttre- 
go  round  (circus)] 

sear*ching\n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  ss.  of  heart, . 
misgivings  caused  by  guilt  or  otherwise,  [-ing1}' 

sea'son  (-zn),  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Proper  time, 
favourable  opportunity,  time  at  which  some, 
thing  is  plentiful  or  in  vogue  or  active,  (a  woroJ 
in  «.,  advice  given  when  it  is  likely  to  be  taken,, 
or  is  needed;  in  s.  &  out  of  s.,  at  all  times  withr 
out  selection;  oysters,  venison,  strawberries, 


SEASONABLE 


776 


SECOND 


are  in  8.,  to  be  had  in  good  condition  &  without 
special  difficulty;  the  holiday  s.,  any  of  the 
times  when  most  people  keep  holiday,  esp. 
Christmas,  Easter,  Whitsuntide,  or  August; 
the  London,  Brighton,  Parisian,  s.,  when  so- 
ciety is  busy  or  visitors  many  there ;  London 
in  the  s. ;  the  theatrical,  publishing,  cricket,  s.: 
close,  open,  s.,  when  hunting  &c.  of  some  animal 
is  prohibited,  permitted);  period  of  indefinite 
or  various  length  (may  endure  for  as.;  as.  of 
inaction ;  s.-ticket,  issued  at  reduced  rates  for 
any  number  of  journeys  taken,  performances 
attended,  &c,  within  a  year,  six  months,  or 
other  period);  one  of  the  divisions  of  the  year 
with  distinguishable  characteristics  of  tem- 
perature, rainfall,  vegetation,  &c.  (the  four  ss., 
spring,  summer,  autumn,  winter,  beginning 
astronomically  each  at  an  equinox  or  solstice 
but  popularly  having  different  dates  in  differ- 
ent countries;  the  dry,  rainy,  s.,  two  ss.  recog- 
nized in  the  tropics  instead  of  the  four  of  tem- 
perate countries);  hence  sea*son.\L,sea*son- 
less,  aa.,  sea*sonalLY2adv.  (Vb)  bring  into 
efficient  or  sound  condition  by  habituation, 
acclimatization,  exposure,  special  preparation, 
use,  or  lapse  of  time,  inure,  mature,  (seasoned 
soldiers,  timber,  wine) ;  make  palatable  or  pi- 
quant by  introduction  of  salt,  condiments,  wit, 
jests,  &c,  give  zest  to,  flavour,  (highly  seasoned 
dishes ;  conversation  seasoned  with  humour), 
whence  sea'sonER1^),  sea'soniNGMD,  nn.; 
temper,  moderate,  (let  mercy  s.  justice);  become 
fit  for  use  by  being  seasoned,  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  OF 
seson,  t.  L  sationem  (serere  sat-  sow,  -ion)  in 
LL  sense  season] 

sea'sonable,  a.  Suitable  to,  of  the  kind 
usual  at,  the  season  (esp.  s.  weather,  frost  &c. 
in  winter);  opportune,  meeting  the  needs  of  the 
occasion,  is.  aid,  caution,  &c;  thes.  arrival  of). 
Hence  sea'sonableNESS  n.,  sea'sonabLv2 
adv.    [prec.  n.,  -able] 

seat,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thing  used,  esp.  one  made, 
for  sitting  on,  chair,  throne,  stool,  bench,  or 
other  sitting-accommodation,  (the  ss.  are  un- 
comfortable), occupation  Of  a  s.  (took  his  s.  on 
the  throne,  a  rock;  pray  take  a  s.,  sit  down), 
whence  sea*tiN01(6)  n.;  part  of  chair  &c.  on 
which  sitter's  weight  directly  rests,  part  of 
machine  that  supports  another  part  (s.  of  valve, 
surface  &c.  on  which  it  slides  or  works) ;  the 
buttocks,  part  of  trousers &c.  covering  them; 
site  or  location,  temporary  or  permanent  scene, 
abiding-place,  of  (the  liver  is  the  s.  of  disease  ; 
the  disease  has  its  s.  in  the  liver ;  the  8.  of  war 
is  mountainous ;  an  ancient  s.  of  learning) ; 
country  mansion  esp.  with  park  or  large  grounds 
{has  as.  in  Norfolk;  the  country -ss.  of  England); 
right  to  sitting-accommodation  ortositas  mem- 
ber of  board  or  esp.  House  of  Commons  (have 
taken  two  ss.  for  Macbeth ;  has  a  s.  on  the 
Board;  lost  his  or  the  s.,  failed  to  secure  re- 
election to  Parliament);  manner  of  sitting 
horse,  bicycle,  &c.  (has  a  good,  firm,  graceful, 
s.);  hence  sea'tLESS  a.  (Vb)  make  sit,  place 
oneself  in  sitting  posture,  (p.p.)  sitting,  (took  up 
the  child  <&  seated  him  on  the  bookcase ;  s.  can- 
didate, elect  him  to  Parliament ;  seated  himself 
in  state ;  found  him  seated  on  a  reversed  bucket; 
pray  be  seated,  sit  down);  fit  or  provide  (church, 
room.  &c.)  with  ss.  (is  seated  for  5000);  (of  room 
&c.)have  ss.  for  (number);  mend  s.  of  (chair, 
trousers);  establish  in  position,  fix  in  particular 
place,  (s.  machinery,  put  it  on  its  supports  ;  the 
seated  hills  poet. ;  a  deep-seated  disease ;  the 
Turks  seated  themselves  on  the  Bosporus),  [vb 
f.  n.,  f.  ON  sxti,  cogn.  w.  sit] 
seba-eeous  (-shus),  a.  Of  tallow  or  fat,  fatty, 
8.  gland  follicle,  duct,  secreting  or  conveying 


oily  matter  or  s.  humour  to  lubricate  hair  & 
skin).  [L  sebaceus  (sebum  tallow,  -acea),  -ousJ 

sebe'stan,  -en,  n.  The  Assyrian  plum(-tree) 
used  medicinally  in  the  East  &  formerly  in 
Europe.    [Arab,  (-an)] 

sec,  a.    (Of  wine)  dry.    [F] 

se'eant,  a.  &  n.  (math.).  Cutting ;  (n.)  s.  line, 
esp.  radius  of  circle  produced  through  end  of 
arc  to  meet  tangent  to  other  end,  ratio  of  this 
to  radius,  s.  of  angle,  ratio  of  greater  to  less  of 
its  containing  lines  as  bounded  by  a  perpendi- 
cular to  either  (abbr.  sec ;  sec  G0°=2).  [L  secare 
cut,  -ant] 

se'eco,  n.    Tempera-painting.    [It. J 

sece'de,  v.t  Withdraw  formally  from  mem- 
bership of  some  body,  esp.  a  Church  or  federal 
or  other  State.  Hence  sece'dER x  n.  [f.  L  se- 
(cedere  cess-  go)] 

secer'nent,  a.  &  n.  (physiol.).  That  secretes 
or  can  secrete.  (N.)  secreting  organ  ;  drug  that 
promotes  secretion,    [as  secrete,  -entJ 

sece'ssion,  n.  Act  of  seceding  ( War  of  S., 
American  civil  war  of  1861-5  caused  by  s.  of 
eleven  Southern  States).  Hence  seee'ssion- 
ism(3),  seee*ssioniST(2),  nn.  [OF,  f.  L  seces- 
sionem  (secede,  -ion)] 

seclu'de,  v.t.  Keep  (person,  place,  esp.  one- 
self)  retired  or  away  from  company  or  resort 
(s.  oneself  from  society ;  a  secluded  spot,  life, 
&c).  Hence  seelirdedLY2  adv.  [f.  L  se- 
(cludere  -clus-  =  claudere  shut)] 

seclu'sion  (-zhn),  n.  Secluding  or  being  se- 
cluded, retirement,  privacy,  avoidance  of  in- 
tercourse, whence  seelu*sioniST(2)n.;  seclud- 
ed place,    [f.  med. L  seclusionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

se'eond,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Next  after  first  (the, 
a,  s.,  often  as  n.  with  ellipse  of  n.,  esp.  =  s.  day 
of  month ;  often  further  defined,  as  the  s.  man 
you  meet,  was  the  s.  to  come ;  in  the  s.  place, 
secondly ;  s.  class  ;  s.  cabin,  s. -class  accommo- 
dation in  passenger-ship  ;  come  in,  finish,  s.,  be 
s.  in  race;  s.  floor,  that  two  floors  above  ground- 
floor;  s.  distance,  space  in  landscape  between 
foreground  &  background);  other  besides  one 
or  the  first,  additional,  supplementary,  (s.  ad- 
vent, return  of  Christ  esp.  as  preliminary  to  His 
expected  personal  reign  on  earth,  whence  se- 
eond-a'dventiSTn. ;  s.  chamber,  upper  House 
in  bicameral  parliament ;  s.  coming,  s.  advent ; 
s.  nature,  acquired  tendency  that  has  become 
instinctive,  as  habit  iss.n.,  self-sacrifice  is  now 
s.  n.  with  him ;  s.  self  ;  s.  teeth,  those  of  adults, 
cf.  MiLKMeeiA.;  s.  thoughts, ,  opinion  or  resolu- 
tion formed  on  reconsideration  ;  s.  wind  *);  of 
secondary  kind,  subordinate,  derived,  unori- 
ginal, imitative,  metaphorical,  (s.  cause,  that 
is  itself  caused ;  s.  childhood,  cousin  ;  s.  Da- 
niel, Solomon,  &c,  person  comparable  to  these ; 
8.  fiddle,  taking  s.  part,  esp.  fig.  in  play  s.  fiddle, 
be  of  only  secondary  importance,  often  to  other 
person  ;  at  s.  hand,  by  hearsay,  not  actual  ob- 
servation &c;  8.  intention,  sight1);  s.-best,ot 
s.  quality  (come  off  s.-b.,  get  the  worst  of  it) ; 
s.-class,  of  s.  or  or  inferior  position  or  quality 
(s.-c.  passenger,  ticket,  using,  entitling  to  use 
of,  s.-c.  railway-carriage  &c.);  s.-hand,  (of 
clothes,  books,  furniture,  &c.)  bought  after  use 
by  a  previous  owner,  (of  information  &c.)  taken 
on  another's  authority  &  not  got  by  original 
observation  or  research ;  s.-pair  back,  front, 
room  on  s.  floor  in  back,  front,  of  house  (up  two 
pairs  or  flights  of  stairs);  s.-rate,  not  of  superior 
quality,  (of  ship,  also  as  n.)  rated  in  8.  class. 
(N.)  s.  person  &c.  in  race  &c.  (a  good  s.,  close 
up) ;  s.  class  in  examination  for  honours,  person 
who  takes  this ;  another  person  or  thing  besides 
the  previously  mentioned  or  principal,  whether 
regarded  as  next,  inferior,  or  equal ;  (Mus.)  next 


SECONDARY 

tone  to  given  one  in  diatonic  series,  interval 
between  or  combination  of  these  two,  second 
tone  in  scale,  s.  voice  or  instrument  or  part  in 
harmony  with  the  air;  (pi.)  goods  of  s.  quality, 
esp.  coarse  flour  or  bread  made  from  it ;  sup- 
porter chosen  by  principal  in  duel  or  pugilism 
to  see  fair  play  &c;  sixtieth  part  of  a  minute 
of  time  or  angular  measurement  (see  etym.), 
(loosely)  short  time  (wait  a  s. );  s.  of  exchange  « ; 
s.-hand,  extra  hand  in  some  watches  &  clocks 
recording  ss.;  s.-mark,  mark  (")  used  with  s.- 
figures  in  statements  of  angular  measurement 
or  time  (1°  6"  UO"  ;  1  h.  37'  15").  ( Vb)  supplement, 
support,  back  up,  (s.  words  xoith  deeds ;  will  you 
g.  me  if  I  ask  him  ?);  (of  member  of  debating 
body)  give  the  necessary  formal  support  to  (mo- 
tion &c.  or  its  proposer)  by  rising  with  or  with- 
out speech  to  show  that  mover  is  not  isolated, 
whence  se'condER1  n.;  (Mil.;  usu.  seco'nd) 
put  (officer)  into  temporary  retirement  with 
a  view  to  staff  or  other  extra-regimental  ap- 
pointment. [F,  f.  L  secundus  (sequi  follow) ; 
s.  of  time  &c.  f.  F  seeonde  f.  med.L  (minuta) 
secunda  secondary  minute,  i.  e.  minute  of  a 
minute] 

se'eondary,  a.  &  n.  Next  below,  coming  in 
place  or  time  after,  depending  on  or  derived 
from,  of  less  importance  or  originality  than, 
what  is  primary,  of  the  second  rank  &c,  sup- 
plementary, of  inferior  rank  or  importance  to, 
(s.  colour  *;  s.  education,  school,  for  those  who 
have  received  elementary  or  primary  instruc- 
tion but  not  yet  proceeded  to  university  or  oc- 
cupation, esp.  boys  &  girls  of  13-19 ;  s.  planet, 
planet's  satellite);  (Geol.)  =  MESOzoic;  hence 
se'condariLY2  adv.  (N.)  deputy  or  delegate ; 
minor  cathedral  dignitary  ;  s.  planet ;  feather 
growing  on  second  joint  of  wing ;  insect's  hind 
wing;  8.  strata,  [f.  OF  secondaire  f.  L  secun- 
darius  (prec,  -ary  j)] 

seeo'nde,  n.  Fencing-position.  [F  (second)] 

se'condly,  adv.  In  the  second  place  (in  enu- 
merations).   [-LY  2] 

seco'ndo,  n.  Second  performer  or  lower  part 
in  duet  (cf.  primo).    [It.  (as  second)] 

se'ereey,  n.  Keeping  of,  ability  to  keep  or 
habit  of  keeping,  secrets  (he  promised  s. ;  can 
rely  on  his  s. ;  the  gift  of  s. ;  done  with  great  s.); 
tendency  to  concealment,  secretiveness ;  unre- 
vealed  state,  being  kept  secret,  (there  tan  be 
no  s.  about  it ;  in  s.,  in  secret).    [foll.^-CY]' 

se'cret,  a.  &  n.  (To  be)  kept  private,  not  (to 
be)  made  known  or  exposed  to  view,  privy,  (s. 
treaty,  understanding,  errand,  door,  passage, 
sin,  process,  arrival,  influence ;  the  s.  parts, 
parts  of  body  of  which  exposure  is  avoided 
esp.  the  genitals;  s.-service  money,  applied  by 
Government  to  securing  information  &c.  with- 
out obligation  to  state  details  of  expenditure), 
whence  se'eretLY2  adv.;  given  to  or  having 
faculty  of  secrecy,  secretive,  close,  reticent,  not 
leaky;  (of  place  &c.)  secluded,  retired.  (N.) 
thing  (to  be)  kept  s.  (keep  a  or  the  s„  abstain 
from  revealing  it) ;  thing  known  only  to  a  limit- 
ed number  (open  s.,  thing  s.  only  to  those  who 
do  not  trouble  to  learn  it) ;  mystery,  thing  of 
which  explanation  is  sought  in  vain,  (the  ss.  of 
nature);  true  but  not  generally  recognized  me- 
thod for  attainment  of  (the  s.  of  health,  success, 
happiness,  salvation,  is  temperance,  to  try 
again,  &c);  secrecy  (only  in  in  s..  secretly); 
(R.-C.  Ch.)  celebrant's  private  prayer  in  Mass  ; 
(pi.)  s.  parts  of  body.  [OF,  f.  L  secretus  f.  se- 
(cernere  cret-  sift)  put  apart] 

secretaire*,  n.   Escritoire.  [F  (-ere-),  as  foil.] 

secretary,  n.  Person  employed  by  another 
to  assist  him  in  correspondence,  literary  work, 
getting  information,  &  other  confidential  mat- 


rn section 

ters  (often  private  s.;  unpaid  s.,  esp.  of  person 
acting  as  s.  to  prominent  politician  for  sake  of 
experience) ;  official  appointed  by  society  or 
company  or  corporation  to  conduct  its  corre- 
spondence, keep  its  records,  &  deal  in  the 
first  instance  with  its  business  (honorary  s., 
abbr.  hon.  sec,  unpaid  s.  usu.  of  society  not 
conducted  for  profit) ;  minister  in  charge  of  a 
Government  (the  S.  of  State  for  the  Home  De- 
partment, Foreign  Affairs,  War,  the  Colonies, 
India,  or  Home,  Foreign,  War,  Colonial,  In- 
dian, S.;  the  Chief  S.  for  Ireland  ;  the  S.  for 
Scotland ;  under-s.,  one  of  two  attached  to  each 
S.  of  State,  one  as  permanent  manager  of  the 
connected  office,  the  other  usu.  as  representa- 
tive in  other  House  of  the  S.  of  State ;  per- 
manent s„  under-s.  as  above  ;  s.  of  legation  or 
embassy,  ambassador's  chief  subordinate  &  de- 
puty); secretaire,  escritoire ;  (Print.)  script  type 
imitatingengrossing-hand;  s.-bird,  African  bird 
preying  on  snakes,  with  crest  likened  to  pen 
stuck  over  writer's  ear.  Hence  seeretar'iAL 
a.,  seeretar'iATE^l),  se*eretarysHip(l),  nn. 
[earlier  sense  confidant ;  f.  F  secretaire  t.  LL 
secretarius  (secret,  -ary1)] 

secre'te,  v.t.  Put  (object,  person,  oneself) 
into  place  of  concealment ;  (Physiol.;  of  gland 
or  organ  or  the  person  &c.  of  which  it  is  part) 
produce  by  secretion,  whence  seere*tOR2(2)  n., 
seere'toRY  a.    [f.  L  secretws] 

secretion,  n.  Act  of  concealing  (the  s.  of 
stolen  goods);  (Physiol.)  process  by  which 
special  substances  are  separated  from  blood  or 
sap  for  service  in  the  organism  or  for  rejection 
as  excretions,  any  substance  produced  by  such 
process,  as  saliva,  urine,  resin.  [OF,  f.  L  secre- 
tionem  (secret,  -ion)] 

secretive,  a.  Given  to  secrecy,  uncommuni- 
cative, needlessly  reserved,  (se'krl-,  sikre*-), 
whence  seeretiveLY2  adv.,  secretive n ess 
n.;  (sikre'-)  of,  aiding,  physiological  secretion. 
[(1st  sense)  secret,  (2nd)  secrete, -f  -ive] 

sect,  n.  Body  of  persons  agreed  upon  reli- 
gious doctrines  usu.  different  from  those  of  an 
established  or  orthodox  Church  from  which 
they  have  separated  &  usu.  having  distinctive 
common  worship,  nonconformist  or  other 
Church  as  described  by  opponents,  party  Ol- 
faction in  a  religious  body,  religious  denomina- 
tion, so  sectAR'iAN  a.  &  n.,  sectarian  ism 
(2,  3)  n.,  sectarian i ze(3)  v.t.;  followers  of  a 
particular  philosopher  or  philosophy  or  school 
of  thought,  [f.  OF  secte  f.  med.L  secta  suite, 
suit,  f.  L  secta  faction,  following,  perh.  f.  secare 
sect-  cut  (secta  via  beaten  track),  or  perh.  f.  st. 
of  sequi  secut-  follow] 

se'etary,  n.  (archaic).  Member  of  a  sect, 
esp.  of  the  Independents,  Presbyterians,  &c, 
at  time  of  the  Civil  War.  [f.  F  sectaire  f.  med. 
L  sectarius  (prec,  -ary  !)] 

se'etile,  a.  Able  to  be  cut  (esp.  of  soft 
minerals  such  as  talc),  [f.  L  sectilis  (secare 
sect-  cut,  -il)] 

se'etion,  n.,  &  v.t.  Separation  by  cutting  ; 
part  cut  off  from  something,  one  of  the  parts 
into  which  something  is  divided  arbitrarily  or 
may  naturally  be  considered  as  divided  (e.g. 
length  of  cane-stem  between  two  rings),  one 
part  of  a  structure  such  as  boat  or  wooden* 
house  that  is  made  in  parts  for  transportation^ 
one  of  the  minor  subdivisions  of  a  book  usu. 
indicated  by  the  s.-mark  (§ ;  §20),  (Mil.)  sub- 
division of  half-company,  part  of  community 
having  separate  interests  or  characteristics 
(whence  se'ctionalisM  n.,  se'ctionalizE 
v.t.),  (microscopic  s.,  thin  slice  cut  from  some- 
thing for  examination  with  microscope;  sub- 
ject falls  into  five  ss. ;  last  s.  of  the  journey  \ 

25* 


SECTOR 


778 


SEDULOUS 


conveyed  to  Tanganyika  in  ss.;  ss.  have  been 
preferred  to  chapters  ;  s.-commanders  will  be 
responsible ;  popular  with  all  ss.  &  classes) ; 
cutting  of  solid  by  plane  (conic  ss.,  study  of 
curves  of  intersection  produced  by  allowing 
plane  to  cut  cone  at  various  angles),  represen- 
tation of  internal  structure  of  something  sup- 
posed to  be  cut  thus  (vertical,  horizontal,  longi- 
tudinal, oblique,  &c,  s.,  according  to  position 
chosen  for  plane) ;  (Nat.  Hist.)  group,  esp.  sub- 
genus ;  the  s.  mark  (see  above)  used  as  mark  of 
marginal  reference  or  with  or  without  number 
to  indicate  beginning  of  s.;  hence  se'etionAL 
a.,  se'ctionalLY  2  adv.  (Vb)  arrange  in,  di- 
vide into,  ss.    [OF,  f.  L  sectionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

sector,  n.  Plane  figure  enclosed  between 
two  radii  of  circle,  ellipse,  &c,  &  the  arc  cut 
off  by  them  (s.  of  sphere  &c,  solid  generated 
by  revolution  of  plane  s.  round  one  radius) ; 
mathematical  rule  of  two  flat  pieces  working 
on  rule-joint  with  lines  representing  sines,  tan- 
gents, &c,  radiating  from  centre  of  joint  for 
use  in  making  diagrams  &c.  Hence  se'etor- 
al  a.    [LL, =sector  f.  L=cutter  (prec,  -or2)] 

sectorial,  a,  &  n.  (Carnivore's  tooth)  acting 
with  tooth  in  opposite  jaw  like  scissors  (of 
specialized  molar  or  premolar),    [prec,  -ial] 

se'cular,  a.  &  n.  Occurring  once  in  or  last- 
ing for  an  age  or  a  century  (s.  games,  ancient- 
Roman  festival  held  at  long  intervals ;  s.  hymn, 
composed  for  this;  the  s.  bird,  phoenix) ;  lasting 
or  going  on  for  ages  or  an  indefinitely  long 
time  (opp.  periodical,  cyclic ;  s.  change,  going 
on  slowly  but  persistently ;  s.  cooling  or  re- 
frigeration, that  of  the  earth  from  fluid  state ; 
s.  acceleration,  slow  increase  in  motion  of 
heavenly  body ;  s.  fame,  enduring ;  the  s. 
rivalry  between  France  &  England,  Church  & 
State,  &c) ;  concerned  with  the  affairs  of  this 
world,  worldly,  not  sacred,  not  monastic,  not 
ecclesiastical,  temporal,  profane,  lay,  (s.  af- 
fairs, education,  music ;  the  s.  clergy,  parish 
priests  &c,  opp.  regular  ;thes.  arm  hist.,  civil 
jurisdiction  to  which  criminal  was  transferred 
by  ecclesiastical  courts  for  severer  punish- 
ment) ;  sceptical  of  religious  truth  or  opposed 
to  religious  education  &c,  whence  secular- 
ising) n.,  se'cular ist(2)  n.  &  a.,  se'cular- 
ize(3)  v.t.,  se'culariz.vi  iox  n.;  hence  secu- 
laTixv  n.,  se'cularLV-  adv.  (N.)  s.  priest, 
[f.  OF  secidier  f.  L  saecidaris  (saeculum  genera- 
tion, age,  perh.  f.  st.  of  serere  sat-  sow)] 

se'eund,  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  Arranged  on  one 
side  only  (as  flowers  in  lily-of-the-valley). 
Hence  se'cundLV  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  second] 

aecunctum,  L  prep.  =  according  to :  s.  artem, 
artificially,  also  skilfully  or  scientifically ;  s. 
naturam,  naturally,  not  artificially ;  s.  quid,  in 
some  respect  only,  not  absolutely  or  generally, 
with  limitations. 

secure*,  a.,  &  v.t  Untroubled  by  danger  or 
apprehension  (a  quiet  s.  existence;  dwell  s.), 
(archaic)  confident  or  unsuspecting  (a  s.  fool, 
dupe  &c;  the  s.  hope  of  salvation) ;  safe  against 
attack,  impregnable ;  reliable,  certain  not  to 
v"1,?'  5ive  way»  <a  8'  foundation,  fastening, 
Joothold,  grasp) ;  (usu.  pred.)  in  safe  keeping, 
firmly  fastened,  (have  got  him  s.;  are  you  sure 
it  is  s.  ?) ;  having  sure  prospect  of,  safe  against 
or  Jrom,  (s.  of  victory ;  s.  against  assault ;  s. 
J ™m  interruption) ;  hence  seeure'LY2  adv. 
,( v  b)  fortify  (town,  harbour,  &c,  usu.  with  wall 
«c);  confine,  enclose,  fasten,  or  close,  securely 
(s.  prisoner,  valuables,  buckle,  window ;  s.  vein 
«c  in  surgery,  compress  to  prevent  bleeding ; 
s.  arms  mil.,  hold  rifles  with  lock  in  armpit  to 
i  guard  from  rain);  guarantee,  make  safe  against 
joss,  (loan  secured  on  landed  property  &c; 


how  can  Is.  myself  against  the  consequences?; 
to  s.  the  labourer  the  or  in  the  fruits  of  his 
labour);  succeed  in  getting,  obtain,  (esp.  some- 
thing coveted  or  competed  for,  as  have  secured 
front  places,  a  first-class  cook,  the  prize,  my 
ends) ;  hence  secur'ABLE  a.  [vb  f.  a.,  f.  L  SE- 
(curusi.  cura  care)] 

secur'iform,  a.  (esp. nau  hist.).  Axe-shaped. 
[L  securis  axe  (secare  cut),  -1-,  -form] 

seeur'ity,  n.  In  adj.  senses;  also  or  esp.: 
over-confidence  ;  thing  that  guards  or  guaran- 
tees ( pride  sho  uld  at  least  be  as.  against  mean- 
ness; in  s.  for,  as  guarantee  for),  thing  deposit- 
ed or  hypothecated  as  pledge  for  fulfilment  of 
undertaking  or  payment  of  loan  to  be  forfeited 
in  case  of  failure,  document  as  evidence  of  loan, 
certificate  of  stock,  bond,  exchequer  bill,  &c. 
[f.  F  security  f.  L  securitatem  (secure,  -ty)] 

seda-n(-chair),  n.  17th  &  18th  c.  vehicle 
seated  for  one  &  carried  by  two  chairmen  with 
poles;  =LADY-chair.    [S.  in  France] 

seda'te,  a.  (Of  person  or  his  manner,  look, 
speech,  or  writing)  tranquil,  equable,  composed, 
settled,  not  impulsive  or  lively.  Hence  se- 
da'teLY2  adv.,  seda'teNESS  n.  [L  sedare 
settle  (sedere  sit),  -ate  2] 

se'dative,  a.  &  n.  (Drug,  influence,  &c) 
tending  to  soothe.    [OF  (-if),  as  prec.  +  -ive] 

se  defende'ndo,  adv.  In  self-defence  (as 
plea  in  cases  of  homicide).    [L] 

sedentary  (-dn-),  a.  &  n.  Sitting  (.5.  posture, 
statue) ;  (of  person)  inclined  by  nature  or  driven 
by  occupation  to,  (of  occupation)  involving, 
(of  life  &c)  characterized  by,  much  sitting, 
whence  se'dentariLY 2  adv.,  se'dentari- 
ness  n.;  (Zool.  &c)  not  migratory,  free-swim- 
ming, &c,  (of  spider)  lying  in  wait  till  prey  is  in 
web.  (N.)  s.  person;  s.  spider,  [f.  OF  seden- 
taire  th  sedentarius  (sedere  sit,  -ent,  -ary  ])] 

seder "unt,  L  vb  3rd  pi.  perf.,  &  n.  There 
sat  (such  &  such  members  at  meeting  of  court, 
board,  &c);  (it.)  sitting  of  such  body  or  of  social 
gathering  &c  (had  a  long  s.).    [f.  L  sedere  sit] " 

sedge,  n.  Kinds  of  grass-like  plant  with 
jointless  stems  growing  in  marshes  or  by  water- 
side, bed  of  such  plants;  s.-warbler,  -wren, 
kind  of  warbler  frequenting  s.  Hence  se'dgv  2 
a.  [OE  secg,  cf.  LG  segge;  cogn.  w.  saw  1,  sec- 
tion, prob.  w.  ref.  to  swordlike  blades] 

sedi'lia,  n.  pi.  (sing.  sedi'lS,  rare).  Set  of 
usu.  three  stone  seats  for  priests  in  S.  wall  of 
chancel  often  canopied  &  otherwise  decorated, 
[f.  L  sedile  seat  (sedere  sit)] 

sediment,  n.  Matter  that  settles  to  bottom 
of  liquid,  lees,  dregs.  Hence  sedime'ntARY l 
a.    [OF,  f.  L  sedimentum  (prec,  -ment)] 

sedrtion  (shn),  n.  Agitation  directed 
against  the  authority  of  a  State's  executive, 
conduct  or  speech  tendingto  rebellion  or  breach 
of  public  order.  Sosedi'tiousa.,  sedi'tious- 
LY2adv.,  sedl'tiousNESS  n.  [OF,  f.  L  sedi- 
tionem  (sed-  =  SE-,  ire  it-  go,  -ion)] 

sedu'ee,  v.t.  Lead  astray,  tempt  into  sin  or 
crime,  corrupt ;  persuade  (woman)  into  surren- 
der of  chastity,  debauch.  Hence  sedu'ciBLE 
a.,  sedu'cing-LY 2  adv.,  sedu'ceMENT  (rare), 
sedu'CER !,  nn.    [f.  L  SK(ducere  duct-  lead)] 

sedu'etion,  n.  Seducing  or  being  seduced  ; 
thing  that  tends  to  seduce,  tempting  or  attrac- 
tive quality  of  (often  with  merely  playful  or  no 
imputation  of  blame),  (the  ss.  of  a  great  capi- 
tal, beauty,  the  country,  &c),  so  sedu'etivE 
a.,  sedu'etivei.Y-  adv.,  sedu'ctiveNESS  n. 
[OF,  f.  L  seductionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

se'dulous,  a.  Diligent,  persevering,  assid- 
uous, (of  action  Sec.)  deliberately  &  consciously 
continued,  painstaking, (with  s.  care ;  s.  flattery, 
attentions).    Hence  or  cogn.  se'dulousLY2 


SEE  7' 

adv.,  sedu'liTY,  se'dulousxESS  n.  [L  sedu- 
lus,  perh.  f.  sedere  sit,  -ous] 
see1,  v.i.  &  t.  (saw,  seen).  Have  or  exercise 
the  power  of  discerning  objects  with  the  eyes 
(sees  best  at  night ;  cannot  s.  till  the  ninth  day; 
s.  into  millstone,  through  brick  wall,  fig.  of  pre- 
ternatural-acuteness  of  intelligence  ;  seeing  is 
believing,  one's  own  observation  is  the  best 
evidence ;  s.  double1  adv. ;  seeing  ye  shall  s.  & 
shall  not  perceive ;  s.  through  fig.,  not  be  de- 
ceived by,  penetrate,  detect  nature  of);  descry, 
discern  by  sight,  observe,  look  at  or  over,  {come 
where  we  cannot  be  seen ;  s.  the  light,  be  born 
or  alive ;  things  seen,  not  imaginary  &c. ;  s. 
visions,  be  a  seer  &c;  s.  things,  have  halluci- 
nations &c. ;  s.  stars,  have  dancing  lights  before 
eyes  from  blow  on  head ;  was  seen  to  fall  or  fall- 
ing; saw  him  fall  or  falling;  s.  the  back,  be 
quit  of  visitor,  invader,  &c.;  cannot  see  my 
way ;  s.  one's  way  to  do  or  to  doing,  manage, 
contrive;  s.  the  sights,  town,  &c,  as  sight x- 
seer;  s.  over  house  &c,  go  round  examining; 
8.  thing  done,  supervise  doing  of  it) ;  discern 
mentally,  attain  to  comprehension  of,  appre- 
hend, excogitate,  ascertain  by  search  or  inquiry 
or  reflection,  consider,  (cannot  s.  a  or  the  joke, 
point ;  do  you  s.  what  I  mean  ?,  also  s.  ?  ellipt. 
in  same  sense  colloq.;  you  s.  parenth.,  as  you 
no  doubt  understand,  also=I  must  explain;  as 
far  as  I  can  s.,  to  the  best  of  my  understand- 
ing or  belief ;  must  s.  what  can  be  done ;  do  not 
s.  the  good,  fun,  advantage,  &c,  of  doing; 
please  s.  whether  it  is  there,  where  it  is ;  do  not 
s.  fiow  to  do  it ;  you  s.  what  it  is  to  have  faith), 
(part,  as  prep,  or  conj.)  considering  or  inasmuch 
as  (seeing  that  you  do  not  know  it  yourself ;  s. 
no  other  course  is  open  to  us);  experience,  go 
through  more  or  less  observantly,  have  pre- 
sented to  one's  attention,  contemplate  &  ab- 
stain from  interference  with,  (shall  never  s. 
death ;  have  seen  five  reigns  ;  s.  lije,  gain  ex- 
perience of  men  &  manners  esp.  by  dissipation 
&c;  so  perh.  well  seen  archaic,  accomplished 
in,  as  intr.  p.p.;  have  seen  the  day  when,  in 
drawing  attention  to  past  state  of  affairs ; 
never  saw  such  doings  ;  has  seen  service,  is  ex- 
pert or  worn ;  has  seen  better,  or  its  &c.  best, 
days,  has  declined ;  you  will  not  s.  me  shot  like 
a  dog  ? ;  s.  person  or  thing  blowed  or  damned, 
before  one  will  do  what  he  asks  or  trouble 
about  it ;  s.  thing  through  or  out,  not  abandon 
undertaking  before  it  is  completed);  grant  in- 
terview or  be  at  home  to,  pay  visit  to,  secure 
interview  with,  (refused  to  s.  me  ;  can  Is.  you 
on  business?;  when  will  you  come  &  s.  us?; 
must  s.  the  lawyer,  doctor,  &c. ;  can  s.  you  for 
five  minutes);  call  up  picture  of,  imagine,  (can- 
not s.  myself  submitting  to  it) ;  recognize  as 
tolerable,  consent  willingly  to,  (do  not  s.  being 
made  use  of) ;  escort,  conduct,  stand  by  & 
countenance,  (may  Is.  you  home  ?  ;  mind  you 
s.  him  off  the  premises ;  saw  him  off  by  the 
Mauretania ;  will  you  s.  me  through  the  diffi- 
culty ?) ;  take  view  of,  have  opinion,  (/  s.  life, 
things,  it,  differently  now  ;  s.  good,  consider  it 
right  or  expedient  to  do ;  s.  eye1  to  eye) ;  make 
provision,  take  care,  give  attention,  make 
sure,  (s.  that  it  is  done  ;  s.  you  don't  catch  your 
foot ;  s.  to  one's  business ;  will  s.  about  it,  & 
see  below ;  s.  after,  take  care  of ;  s.  to  it  that, 
take  care  that);  make  examination,  hold  in- 
quiry, (must  8.  into  it) ;  reflect,  take  time  to 
consider,  (esp.  let  me  s.,  appeal  for  time  to 
think  before  making  answer  or  giving  particu- 
lars, or  confession  that  coming  statement  may 
need  reconsideration  ;  will  s.  about  it,  form  for 
declining  to  act  at  once,  &  see  above) ;  (Gamb- 
ling &c.)  accept  or  take  on  (challenge  to  bet  or 


\ SEEM 

competition,  person  offering  it);  s.-bright,  the 
plant  clary  (w.  ref.  to  use  as  eye-salve  founded 
on  pop.  etym.  of  clary  as = clear-eye).  Hence 
se'EK  i  n.    IOE  seon,  cf.  Du.  zien,  G  sehen] 

see2,  n.  What  is  committed  to  (arch)bishop, 
(archi-)episcopal  unit,  (usu.  the  s.  of  Norwich, 
Canterbury,  Rome,  &c;  Holy  S.,  IS.  of  Borne, 
the  Papacy  or  Papal  court;  cf.  bishopric, 
diocese  ;  several  new  ss.  were  created).  [I.  OF 
se(d)  f.  L  sedes  seat  (sedere  sit)] 

seed,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Flowering  plant's  unit 
of  reproduction  or  germ  capable  of  developing 
into  another  such  plant,  (collect.)  ss.  in  any 
quantity  esp.  as  collected  for  sowing,  (its  ss. 
are,  s.  is,  black;  is  full  of  s.;  drops  its  ss.  or  s. 
everywhere  ;  to  be  kept  for  or  as  s.;  go,  run,  to 
s.,  cease  flowering  as  s.  comes,  fig.  grow  shabby 
&c);  male  fecundating  fluid,  semen,  milt; 
(bibl.)  offspring,  progeny,  (raise  up  s.,  beget 
children  ;  the  s.  of  Abraham,  Hebrews);  germ, 
prime  cause,  beginning,  of  (ss.  of  strife,  vice  ; 
sow  the  ss.  of,  initiate);  s.-cake,  containing 
whole  ss.  esp.  caraway  as  flavouring ;  s.coral, 
in  small  s.-hke  pieces;  s.-corn,  reserved  for  s.; 
s.-drill,  drill2;  s.-eater,  kind  of  bird;  s.-fish, 
ready  to  spawn  ;  s.-leaf,  primary  leaf  or  devel- 
oped cotyledon  ;  s.-lobe,  cotyledon  ;  s.-oysters, 
young  ones  for  planting ;  s.-pearl,  small ;  s.- 
plot,  piece  of  nursery -ground,  (fig.)  hotbed  of 
sedition  Sec;  seedsman,  dealer  in  ss.;  s.-time, 
sowing  season;  s. -vessel,  pericarp;  s.-wool,  raw 
cotton  before  ss.  have  been  removed  from  fibre ; 
hence  see'dLESS  a.  (Vb)  go  to  s.,  produce  or 
let  fall  s.;  sprinkle  (as)  with  s.;  remove  ss.  from 
(fruit  &c);  seeding-machine,  mechanical  s.- 
sower ;  seeding-plough,  with  hopper  depositing 
s.  in  furrow  as  made.  [OE  sxd,  cf.  Du.  zaad, 
G  saat ;  cogn.  w.  sow J] 

see'dep,  n.  Seed-drill ;  apparatus  for  seeding 
raisins  &c. ;  spawning  fish,    [-er  j] 

seedling-,  n.  Plant  raised  from  seed  &  not 
from  cutting  &c. ;  young  tender  plant,  [-ling  x] 

see'dy,  a.  Full  of  seed,  going  to  seed ;  (of 
brandy)  having  flavour  attributed  to  weeds 
among  the  vines;  (colloq.)  shabby-looking,  in 
worn  clothes,  out  of  sorts,  feeling  ill,  whence 
see*diLY2adv.;  s.-toe,  disease  of  horse's  foot. 
Hence  see*diNESS  n.    [-v  2] 

seek,  v.t.  &  i.  (sought,  pr.  sawt).  Make 
search  or  inquiry  for,  try  or  be  anxious  to  find 
or  get,  ask  (thing  of  person),  aim  at,  pursue  as 
object,  endeavour  to  do,  make  for  or  resort  to 
(place,  person,  for  advice,  health,  &c),  (what 
are  you  seeking?;  seeks  a  situation  as  cook, 
tvealth,  scope  for  his  energies,  &c;  sought  of 
him  a  sign ;  seeks  my  aid  ;  seeks  my  life  or  to 
kill  me ;  came  seeking  advice  ;  sought  his  bed, 
a  fortune-teller,  the.  shore  ;  s.  dead.',  order  to 
retriever  to  find  killed  game ;  s.  out,  single  out 
for  pursuit  &c,  esp.  make  special  efforts  to 
secure  society  of);  search  (place,  receptacle) 
through  ;  make  search  or  inquiry  after  or  for 
(sought-after,  much  in  demand,  generally  de- 
sired or  courted) ;  (archaic)  resort  in  numbers 
to  (person,  place) ;  is  &c.  to  s.  or  much  to  s.,  is 
deficient,  wanting,  or  not  yet  found  (politeness 
is  much  to  s.  among  them ;  is  to  8.  in  intelli- 
gence, grammar ;  an  efficient  leader  is  yet  to  s. ). 
Hence  (-)seekER1  n.  [OE  sican,  cf.  Du.  zoeken, 
G  suchen ;  cogn.  w.  L  sagire  perceive,  Gk 
hegeomai  consider] 

seel,  v.t.  (archaic).  Close  (eye),  close  eyes  of 
(hawk),  by  sewing  up  lids,  (fig.)  hoodwink,  [f. 
OF  siller,  c-,  (cil  eyelid  f.  L  as  cilia)] 

seem,  v.i.  Have  the  air  or  appearance  or 
sensation  of  being,  appear  or  be  apparently 
perceived  or  ascertained  to  do  or  have  done,  (be 
what  you  s.  to  be  or  s.;  the  man  who  seemed  the 


SEEMLY 


780 


SEJUGOUS 


ringleader',  seems  to  be  tired,  a  hopeless  ab- 
surdity ;  seems  to  be  a  good  fellow,  saint,  &c ;  I 
s.  to  be  or  8.  deaf  today,  s.  to  see  him  still ;  do  not 
s.  to  slang,  somehow  do  not,  as  I  do  not  s.  to 
like  him,  fancy  it ;  s.  good  to,  be  adopted  as 
best  course  by ;  what  seemeth  him  good  ar- 
chaic, what  he  chooses ;  seems  to  have  died  at 
35) ;  appear  to  be  true  or  the  fact  (with  antici- 
patory it  &  following  Mat-clause,  or  parenth. 
with  it  only,  often  with  implication  of  anger  or 
remonstrance ;  it  seems  to  me  that  it  will  rain, 
such  talk  is  absurd,  we  had  better  make  up  our 
minds  to  it ;  so  we  are  to  get  nothing,  it  seems ; 
it  seems  you  were  lying ;  also  it  should  or  would 
s.  in  same  senses;  me  seems,  -seemeth,  -seemed, 
archaic,  it  seems,  seemed  to  me) ;  (part.)  ostensi- 
ble, apparent  only,  apparent  but  perhaps  not 
real,  apparent  &  perhaps  real,  (the  seeming &the 
real ;  a  seeming  friend ;  with  seeming  sincerity; 
seeming-virtuous  &c,  usu.  with  suggestion  of 
falsity),  whence  see'mingLY2  adv.  [OE  si- 
man  conciliate,  make  agree,  cogn.  w.  same] 
seemly,  a.  &  adv.  Decent,  decorous,  becom- 
ing; hence  see'mliNESS  n.  (Adv.;  rare)  de- 
corously, [f.  ON  ssemiligr  (sxmr  becoming  f. 
samr  same,  -ly  l)\ 
seen.    See  see  K 

seep,  n.  Prophet,  person  who  sees  visions, 
person  of  preternatural  insight  esp.  as  regards 
the  future,  [different,  in  sense  &  pronunc.  of 
se'er  (see1,  -er1)] 

seep'hand,  n.    Kind  of  Indian  muslin.    [?] 
seer 'sucker,  n.  Indian  blue-&- white-striped 
linen.    [?] 

see'saw,  a.,  adv.,  n.,  &  v.i.  With  backward 
&  forward  motion  as  of  a  saw  (s.  motion  ;gos., 
vacillate  or  alternate).  (N.)  game  in  which  two 
persons  sit  one  at  each  end  of  long  board  bal- 
anced on  central  support  &  move  each  other 
up  &  down  alternately,  board  thus  balanced. 
(Vb)  play  at  s. ;  move  up  &  down  as  in  s.;  vacil- 
late in  policy  &c.  [redupl.  of  saw  j] 
seethe  (-dh),  v.t.  &  i.  (seethed ;  archaic  past 
sod ;  archaic  p.p.  sodden).  Cook  (t.  &  i.)  by 
boiling  (archaic  ;  prov.  thou  shalt  not  s.  a  kid 
in  his  mother's  milk);  (fig.)  boil,  bubble  over,  be 
agitated,  (the  seething  waters ;  India  was  seeth- 
ing with  discontent;  madness,  enthusiasm, 
seething  in  his  brain).  [OE  se"othan,  cf.  Du. 
zieden,  G  sieden] 
segar.  (Incorrect  for)  cigar. 
segment,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Part  cut  off  or  se- 
parable or  marked  off  as  though  separable  from 
the  other  parts  of  something  (e.g.  one  ring  of  a 
worm,  one  division  of  a  limb  or  the  skull,  one 
wedge  of  orange-pulp);  (Geom.)  part  cut  off  by 
line  or  plane  from  any  figure  (s.  of  circle,  part 
enclosed  between  arc  &  chord  ;  8.  of  sphere, 
part  cut  off  by  any  plane  not  passing  through 
centre),  s.  of  line,  part  included  between  two 
points;  s.-gear,  -rack,  -wheel,  with  cogs  occupy- 
ing arc  of  circle  only ;  s.-saw,  with  teeth  ex- 
tending over  s.  of  circle,  also  circular  saw  made 
up  of  segmental  saw-plates,  also  saw  for  cut- 
ting into  segmental  shapes ;  s.-shell,  having  be- 
tween explosive  within  &  lead  casing  without 
a  case  of  iron  made  in  ss.  to  facilitate  bursting; 
s.-valve,  closed  by  slide  turning  radially  across 
seat;  hence  segme'ntAL,  segmeritARY ', 
aa.,  segrme-ntali.v  2  adv.  (Vb)  divide  (i.  &  t.) 
into  ss.,  (of  embryo)  undergo  cleavage  or  di- 
vide into  parts;  (Physiol.)  reproduce  by  gem- 
mation ;  hence  segmentATiON  n.  [f.  L  seg- 
ment um  (secare  cut,  -mentM 
segregate  \  v.t.  &  i.  Put  apart  from  the 
rest,  isolate;  (intr.;  Crystallog.)  separate  from 
a  mass  &  collect  about  centres  or  lines  of  frac- 
ture.   Hence  or  cogn.  segregA'Tiox  n.,  se*- 


gregATivE  a.  [f.  L  SE(gregare  f.  grex  gregis 
nock),  -ATE3] 

segregate 2  (-at),  a.  Set  apart,  separate, 
(archaic);  (Zool.)  simple  or  solitary,  not  com- 
pound ;  (Bot.)  s.  polygamy,  inflorescence  in 
which  each  floret  within  common  calyx  has  its 
own  perianth  also,    [prec,  -ate  2J 

Se'id  (sa-,  or  sed),  n.  Descendant  of  Moham- 
med through  Fatima  &  Ali.  [f.  Arab,  seyid 
prince] 

Sei'dlitz  powder  (sed-),  n.  Aperient  medi- 
cine of  two  powders  mixed  separately  with 
water  &  then  poured  together  giving  efferves- 
cence, [named  as  substitute  for  mineral  water 
of  Seidlitz  in  Bohemia] 

seigneur  (sanyer-),  seig*nior(se-),n.  Feudal 
lord,  lord  of  manor,  whence  seignior'i al  a. ; 
grand  seigneur  (F),  person  of  high  rank  or 
whose  demeanour  &c.  correspond  to  popular 
ideal  of  great  nobleman ;  the  Grand  Seignior, 
=  grand  Signior.    [OF  (-eur),  as  senior] 

seig'niorage  (se-),  n.  Something  claimed  by 
sovereign  or  feudal  superior  as  prerogative, 
esp.  Crown's  right  to  percentage  on  bullion 
brought  to  mint  for  coining  ;  royalty  payable 
to  author  &c.    [-age] 

seig'niory,  n.  Lordship,  sovereign  autho- 
rity ;  seignior's  domain ;  municipal  council  of 
medieval  Italian  republic,     [f.  OF  seigneurie 

(SEIGNEUR,  -Y  J)] 

seine  (san,  sen),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Fishing-net 
for  encircling,  with  floats  at  top  &  weights  at 
bottom  edge  ;  s.-gang,  set  of  men  working  s.; 
s.-needle,  for  netting  ss. ;  s.-roller,  cylinder  over 
which  s.  is  hauled.  (Vb)  fish,  catch,  with  s., 
whence  sei'nER 1  n.    [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  sagene] 

seise,  seisin.    Sec  seiz-. 

sei'smic, sersmal  (rare),  (siz-),  aa.  Of  earth- 
quake^). [Gk  seismos  earthquake  (seio  shake), 
-ic] 

sei'smo-,  comb,  form  [prec,  -o-]  =  earth- 
quake- :  -gram,  record  given  by  sei'smoGRAPH 
(2)  or  seismo'METER  or  seivsmoscoPE,  instru- 
ments showing  force,  place,  &c,  of  earthquake ; 
so  -graphy,  -grapher,  -graphic(al),  -metry,  me- 
trical), -sco'pic;  -logy,  -logist,  -lo'gicaldy). 

seize  (sez),  v.t.  &  i.    (Law ;  also  seise)  put  in 

Eossession  of  (chiefly  in  p.p.  seized  or  seised  of, 
aving  in  legal  possession  ;  often  stand  seized 
of);  take  possession  of  (contraband  goods,  docu- 
ments, &c.)  by  warrant  or  legal  right,  confis- 
cate, impound,  attach,  whence  sei'zoR2  n.  (le- 
gal), sei'ZABLE  a. ;  lay  hold  of  forcibly  or  sud- 
denly, snatch,  grasp  with  hand  or  mind,  com- 
prehend quickly  or  clearly,  (s.  fortress,  sceptre, 
person  by  the  neck  &c,  person's  hand,  oppor- 
tunity or  occasion,  an  idea,  a  distinction,  the 
point,  the  essence  of  the  matter ;  was  seized  by 
apoplexy,  with  remorse  or  panic);  lay  hold 
eagerly  upon  (s.  upon  a  chance  or  pretext) ; 
(Naut.)  lash,  fasten  with  several  turns  of  cord, 
(s.  one  up,  lash  him  to  rigging  for  flogging; 
s.  ropes  together),  whence  sei*ziNG1(4)  n.  (usu. 
pi.),  [f.  OF  seisir,  sai-,  give  seizin,  f.  LL  sacire 
take  possession  of  perh.  f.  Teut.  (OHG  sazzan 
put,  settle,  cogn.  w.  set1)] 

sei'zin,  sei'sin  (-z-),  n.  (legal).  Possession  of 
land  by  freehold ;  act  of  taking  such  possession  ; 
what  is  so  held.  [f.  OF seisine,  sai-  (prec,  -ine4)] 

sei'zure  (-zher),  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.,  sud- 
den attack  of  apoplexy  &c,  stroke,  [f.  Fsaisir 
seize  w.  assim.  to  -ure  cf.  pleasure] 

sejant,  a.  (herald.).  Sitting  with  forelegs 
upright.  [AF  seiant  (seier  var.  of  OF  seoir  f.  L 
sedere  sit,  -ant)] 

sejugous  (-jdb-),  a.  (bot).  With  six  pairs  of 
leaflets.  [L  sejugis  team  of  six  (sex  six,  jugum 
yoke),  -ousl 


SEJUNCTION 


781 


SELF- 


sejirnetion,  n.  (archaic).  Disjoining,  sepa- 
ration,   [f.  L  se(j unctio  JUNCTION)] 

se'kos,  n.  (archaeol.).  Sacred  enclosure  esp. 
of  ancient  temple,  adytum.    {Gk  (se-)] 

sela'chian  (-k-),  n.  &  a.  Any  fish  of  shark  or 
dogfish  kind ;  of  or  like  such  fishes.  So  se*- 
lachoiD  a.  &  n.    [Gk  selakhos  shark,  -ian] 

se'lah,  Hebrew  word  of  unknown  meaning 
retained  in  Bible  version  of  Psalms  &  supposed 
to  be  a  musical  direction. 

sela'mlik  (-ah-),  n.  Men's  part  of  Mohamme- 
dan house.    [Turk.] 

se'ldom  (-om),  adv.  (rarely  -er,  -est).  Rarely, 
not  often,  (s.  or  never ;  verys.;  nots.).  [OE  sel- 
dan,  -don,  -dum  (seld  rarely,  -um  dat.  pi.  term.), 
cf.  Du.  zelden,  G  selten] 

sele*et,a.,&v.t.  Chosen  for  excellence,  choice, 
picked,  got  by  rejection  or  exclusion  of  what  is 
inferior ;  (of  society  &c.)  exclusive,  cautious  in 
admitting  members;  hence  sele'ctNESSn.  (Vb) 
pick  out  as  best  or  most  suitable ;  hence  se- 
le'ctiVE  a.,  sele'ctiveLY 2  adv.,  sele'etoR2 
n.    fvb  f.  adj.,  f.  L  SK(ligere  led-  =  legere  pick)] 

selection,  n.  Selecting,  choice ;  what  is  se- 
lected {a  fine  s.  of  summer  goods ;  what  is  your 
s.  for  the  Derby  ? ;  the  new  head-master  is  a 
good  s.);  (Biol.)  sorting  out  in  various  ways  (na- 
tural, sexual,  physical,  artificial,  methodical, 
unconscious,  s.)  of  the  types  of  animal  or  plant 
better  fitted  to  survive  or  multiply  regarded  as 
a  factor  in  evolution,  [f.  L  selectio  (prec,  -ion)] 

seleni te,  n.  Crystallized  or  foliated  sulphate 
of  lime  often  in  transparent  thin  plates  (se*-) ; 
(Chem.)  salt  of  selenium  (se'-) ;  (S-;  sile'-)  in- 
habitant of  moon.  Hence  se*leni*tic  a.  [f. 
Gkselenites  (lithos)  moon(-stone)  f.  Selene,-\TE J] 

sele'nium,  n.  Non-metallic  element  grouped 
with  sulphur  &  tellurium  &  with  special  uses 
due  to  difference  in  its  electric  resistance  under 
light  &  darkness.  Hence  sele'nic  a.,  se'len- 
atej(3)  n.,  sele'nious  (chem.)  a.  [Gk  Selene 
moon,  -ium;  named  w.  ref.  to  tellurium] 

selen(o)-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  selene  moon  ; 
-ce'ntric,  as  seen  &c.  from  centre  of  moon ;  se- 
le'nodont,  (mammal)  with  crescent-ridges  on 
crowns  of  teeth ;  -graphy,  study  or  mapping 
of  the  moon,  so  -graph(I),  -grapher,  -gra'phic ; 
-logy,  -logist ;  -trd'pic,  curving  towards  the 
moon  (of  plant-organs  influenced  in  growth 
thus),  so  -tropism,  -tropy 1. 

Seleu'cid,  n.  (pi.  -ids,  -idae).  One  of  the 
dynasty  founded  by  Seleucus  that  governed 
Syria  c.  312-64  B.  C.    [-id  3] 

self,  n.  (pi.  -ves).  Person's  or  thing's  own 
individuality  or  essence,  person  or  thing  as 
object  of  introspection  or  reflexive  action,  {the 
study  of  the  s. ;  the  consciousness  of  s. ;  one's 
second  s.,  intimate  friend,  right-hand  man ; 
chiefly  his,  its,  &c,  own  or  very  s.  as  form  of 
himself  &c.  when  divided;  Caesar's,  pity's, 
&c.  s.,  rhet.  for  Caesar  himself,  pity  itself); 
one's  own  interests  or  pleasure,  concentration 
on  these,  (cares  for  nothing  but,  refers  every- 
thing to,  s.;  s.  is  a  bad  guide  to  happiness) ; 
flower  of  uniform,  or  of  the  natural  wild,  co- 
lour; HERSELF,  HIMSELF,  ITSELF,  MYSELF, 
ONES.,  OURSELF,  THEMSELVES,  YOURSELF.  [OE, 

cf.  Du.  zelf,  G  selbe ;  etym.  dub. ;  orig.  appended, 
as  adj.  or  in  apposition,  to  pronoun  &  declined 
with  it,  he  self,  his  selfes,  dat.  him  selfum,  ace. 
hine  selfne ;  in  ME  also  adj.  =  same,  very] 

self-,  pref.  (prec.)  expr.  direct  or  indirect 
reflexive  action,  automatic  or  independent 
action,  or  sameness;  freely  used  as  living  pref.; 
the  more  established  wds  are  given  alphabeti- 
cally with  references  to  the  numbered  classes 
following : 

1.  Expressing  direct  reflexive  action  with  part. 


of  any  vb  that  can  have  self  for  object,  &  hence 
with  the  p.p.  in  sense  by  oneself  or  itself,  & 
with  vbl  nn.  &  adjj.  &  advv.  in  sense  of  -self; 
so  from  4I  accuse  myself  come  s.-accusing, 
•accused,  aa.,  -accuser,  -accusation,  nn.,  -accu- 
satory a.,  -accusingly,  -accusatorily,  advv. 

2.  By  extension  it  is  prefixed  also  to  any  word, 
whether  participle  or  other  vbl  deriv.  or  not, 
to  which  self  might  be  attached  by  a  preposi- 
tion ;  in  a  large  class  (2a)  the  sense  is  without 
external  agency  or  assistance;  so  from  'acts 
by  or  of  itself  come  s.-acting,  s.-action,  s.-ac- 
tivity;  from  'evident  of  itself '  comes  s.-evident; 
in  other  wds  (2b)  the  relation  expressed  is 
various ;  so  from  '  conceited  about  oneself '  s.- 
conceited  &  s.-conczit,  from  'be  absorbed,  con- 
fide, in  oneself '  s.-absorbed,  -absorption,  -confi- 
dence, from  'inflict  on  oneself '  s.-infiicted,  from 
'be  conscious,  despair,  of  oneself  s.-conscious- 
ness,  -despair,  from  'depend  on  oneself  s.- 
dependence,  from  'righteous  as  seen  by  oneself ' 
s.-righteous,  from  'seek  things  for  oneself 
s.-seeker,  -seeking  a.  &  n.,  from  'suffice,  use 
violence,  to  oneself  s.-sufficing,  -sufficient,  s.- 
violence. 

3.  To  a  few  nn.  &  their  derivv.  in  -ed2  self-  is 
prefixed  with  sense  uniform,  or  natural  &  not 
artificially  produced. 

s.-abanaonment,  s.-abasement,  s.-abhorrence, 
1;  s.-absorbed,  s.-absorption,  2b;  s.-abuse  1, 
onanism;  s.-accusation,  s.-accusatory,  &c,  1; 
s.-acting,  s.-action,  s.-activity,  2a,  automatic 
(action);  s.-adjusting,  s.-adjustment,  1,  of  ma- 
chinery &c;  s.-admiration,  s.-aggrandize- 
ment,  -appointed,  -appreciation,  -approval, 
-approbation,  1;  s.-ASSERTiwgr,  -assertive,  -asser- 
tion, &c,  1;  s.-assumed  2b,  of  title  &c.  not  con- 
ferred but  taken  esp.  without  right ;  s.-begotten 
1,  by  exag.  for  not  begotten  by  another;  s.-be- 
trayal  1;  s.-binder  2a,  reaping-machine  with 
automatic  arrangement  for  binding  sheaves ; 
s.-blinded  1;  s.-born  1,  as  s.-begotten ;  s.-centred- 
(ness)  2b,  preoccupied  with  one's  own  person- 
ality or  affairs;  s.-closing  1;  s.-cocking  1,  of  gun 
in  which  hammer  is  raised  by  trigger,  not  by 
hand ;  s.-collected  2b,  having  or  showing  pre- 
sence of  mind  or  composure;  s.-colour(ed)  3,  of 
flower  or  material  in  which  colour  is  \iniform 
throughout,  or  flower  whose  colour  has  not  been 
changed  by  cultivation  &c. ;  s.-command  1, 
power  of  controlling  one's  emotions;  s.-com- 
munion  2b,  meditation  esp.  upon  one's  own 
character  or  conduct;  s.-complacent,  -com- 
placency, 2b,  of  person  too  easily  pleased  with 
himself;  s.-conceit(ed)  2b;  s.-condemned,  -con- 
demnation, 1 ;  s.-confidence,  -confidently),  2b ; 
s.-congratulation,  -conquest,  1;  s.-conscious- 
iness)  2b,  esp.  of  person  embarrassed  or  made 
theatrical  by  inability  to  forget  himself  in 
society,  also  philos.  &c.  of  man  as  having 
faculty  of  self-contemplation;  s.-consistent,  -con- 
sistency, 2b;  s.-constituted  1,  esp.  of  person  who 
assumes  function  without  right  to  it;  s.-con- 
suming  1;  s.-contained  1,  not  communicative, 
also  compact  or  complete  in  itself;  s.-contempt, 
-contemptuously),  1 ;  s.-content  n.,  -contented, 
2b;  s.-contradiction,  -contradictory,  -control, 
-convicted,  1 ;  s.-created,  -creation,  1,  as  s.-begot- 
ten; s.-critical,  criticism,  -culture,  -deceiving, 
-deceiver,  -deceit,  -deception,  1 ;  s.-defence  1  (in 
s.-d.,  not  by  way  of  aggression;  art  of  s.-d., 
boxing);  s. -delusion  1;  s.-HKHYing  (s.-d.  ordin- 
ance, resolution  of  Long  Parliament  1645  de- 
priving members  of  Parliament  of  civil  & 
military  office;  also  often  used  allusively), 
-denial,  1;  s.-dependent,  -ence,  2b;  s.-deprecia- 
tion,  -depreciative,  1;  s.-despair  2b;  s.-destroy- 
ing,  -destruction,  Sec,  1;  s.-aetermining,  -deter- 


SELF- 


782 


SEME 


mination,  Szc,  1,  esp.  w.  ref.  to  free  will  as  opp. 
fatalism  &c. ;  s. -development  1;  s.-devotion  1, 
devoting  of  oneself  to  person  or  cause;  s.-dis- 
cipline,  -disparagement,  -display,  -dispraise, 
-aistrust(ful),  -educated,  -education,  -efface- 
nient,  1 ;  s.-elective  1,  esp.  =  proceeding  &c.  by 
cooptation  ;  s.-esteem  1 ;  s.-evident(ly)  2a,  with- 
out need  of  demonstration;  s.-examination  1; 
s.-executing  1,  not  needing  legislation  &c.  to 
enforce  it;  s.-existent  2a;  s. -explaining,  -ex- 
planatory, 1 ;  s.-faced  3,  (of  stone)  unhewn,  un- 
dressed ;s.-feeding, -feeder,  1,  (furnace,  machine, 
&c.)  that  renews  its  own  fuel  or  material  auto- 
matically; s.- fertilizing,  -fertilized,  1,  -fertile, 
-fertility,  2a,  of  plants  fertilized  by  their  own 
pollen,  not  from  others;  s.-flattering,  -flattery, 
1 ;  s.-forgetful(ness)  1,  unselflsh(ness) ;  s.-generat- 
ing  1 ;  s.-glazed  3,  (of  porcelain)  covered  with 
glaze  of  one  tint;  s.-glorificationl;  s.-governing 
(esp.  the  s.-g.  colonies  opp.  crown  ^-colony), 
-government,  1;  s.-gratulation  1;  s.-heal  1,  kinds 
of  plant  named  as  enabling  patient  to  do  with- 
out doctor;  s.-help  1,  working  for  oneself  with- 
out waiting  for  external  aid;  s.-humiliation, 
-immolation,  1 ;  s.-important,  -importance,  2b, 
in  one's  own  eyes,  &  hence  pompous  &c;  s.-im- 
posed  2b,  of  task  &c;  s.-impotent  2a,  opp.  s.- 
fertile;  s.-improvement  1;  s.-inductive,  -induc- 
tion, 2a,  (Elect.)  (capable  of)  production  of 
extra  current  in  circuit  by  variation  of  current 
in  thatcircuit ;  s.-indulgent,  -indulgence,  Sec,  1, 
yielding  to  temptations  of  ease  or  pleasure; 
s.-infiicted  2b;  s.-interest(ed)  2b,  (acUiated  by 
or  absorbed  in)  what  one  conceives  to  be  for 
one's  own  interests ;  s.-invited  1,  having  had  to 
ask  for,  having  come  without,  an  invitation ; 
s.-involved  2b,  wound  up  in  oneself;  s.-justifica- 
tion,  -kindled,  -knowledge,  -laudation,  1;  s.-lovz 
1,  selfishness,  impulse  towards  s. -indulgence, 
vulnerable  conceit,  also  rarely  desire  of  s.-de- 
velopment &c;  s.-luminous  2a;  s.-made  1,  of 
person  who  has  risen  by  his  own  exertions, 
often  with  implication  of  vulgarity  &c. ;  *.- 
mastery,  -mortification,  1 ;  s.-moving,  -motion, 
-murder(er),  1;  s.-opinion,  -opinioned,  -opinion- 
ated, 2b,  of  stubborn  adherence  to  one's  own 
opinions;  s.-partial(ity)  2b;  s.-pity,  -pleasing  a. 
&  n.,  1 ;  s.-poised  2a ;  s.-pollution  1,  s. -abuse ;  s.- 
-possessea,  -possession,  1,  cool(ness),  composed, 
composure,  in  agitating  circumstances  &c. ; 
s.-praise  1 ;  s.-preservation  1,  esp.  the  primary 
instinct  impelling  conscious  beings  to  go  on 
living  &  avoid  injury;  s.-profit  2b;  s.-propagat- 
ing  1 ;  s.-raker  2a,  reaping-machine  with  set  of 
rakes  automatically  preparing  corn  for  bind- 
ing ;  s.-realization  1,  development  of  one's  fa- 
culties esp.  as  ethical  first  principle;  s.-record- 
ing  2a,  of  scientific  instrument  &c;  s.-regard- 
ing,  -regard,  1,  opp.  altruism  &c.  without  the 
censure  implied  in  selfish  Sec;  s.-registering  2a, 
as  s.-recoraing ;  s.-regulating  1,  of  machinery; 
s.-reliant,  -ance,  2b;  s.-renunciation  1,  unselfish- 
ness ;  s.-repression,  -reproach(ful),  1 ;  s.-re- 
pngnant  2b,  inconsistent;  s.-respecting,  -respect, 
respectful,  1,  of  person  who  has  &  acts  up  to 
a  standard  of  worthy  conduct;  s.-restrained, 
-restraint,  -revealing  a.,  -revelation,  1;  s.-rever- 
ent,  -reverence,  1,  rhet.,  poet.,  theol.,  &c,  for 
s.-respect  Sec;  s.-righteous(ness)  2b;  s.-righting 
a.  1,  of  boat;  s.-sacrificing  a.,  -sacrifice,  1,  post- 
poning private  interest  &  desires  to  those  of 
others ;  selfsame  3,  emphatic  form  of  same;  s.- 
satisfied,  -satisfaction,  2b,  conceit(ed);  s.-scoml; 
s.-seeking  a.  &  n.,  -seeker,  2b;  s.-slaughter  1; 
s.sown  1,  sprung  from  seed  that  has  dropped 
without  human  agency;  s.-sterile,  -sterility,  2a, 
as  s.-xmpotent ;  s.-styled  1,  having  taken  the 
name  without  right  &c,  pretended,  would-be : 


s.-sufficing  2b,  requiring  nothing  from  outside, 
independent;  s. -sufficient,  -ency,  2b,  =  s.-sufficing, 
also  &  usu.  sufficient  in  one's  own  opinion,  pre- 
sumptuous ;  s.-suggestion  2b,  reflexive  sugges- 
tion of  the  mesmeric  or  hypnotic  kind ;  s.-sup- 
port(ing),  -surrender,  -sustaining,  -sustained, 
-taught,  -tormenting  Sec,  -torture  Sec,  1 ;  s.- 
violtnce  2b,  esp.  suicide;  s.-will(ed)  2b,  as  s.- 
opinion  Sec  ;  s.-winding  1,  of  clock  with  auto- 
matic winding  apparatus ;  s.-worship  1. 

se'lfhood,  n.  (rare).  Personality,  separate  & 
conscious  existence,    [-hood] 

se'lfish,  a.  Deficient  in  consideration  for 
others,  alive  chiefly  to  personal  profit  or  plea- 
sure, actuated  by  self-interest,  (of  motives  &c.) 
appealing  to  self-interest  (s.  theory  of  morals, 
that  pursuit  of  pleasure  of  one  kind  or  another 
is  the  ultimate  spring  of  every  action).  Hence 
se'lflshLY  2  adv.,  se*lflsh\KSs  n.    1-ish  j] 

se'lfless,  a.  Oblivious  of  self,  incapable  of 
selfishness.    Hence  se'lflessxESS  n.    [-less] 

se'lfness,  n.  (rare).    =  selfhood,    [-ness] 

Selju'k  (-ook),  n.  Member  of  llth-13th-c. 
Mohammedan  dynasties  in  central  &  Western 
Asia  descended  from  the  chieftain  Seljuk. 
Hence  Selju'ki an  a.  &  n. 

sell,  v.t.  &  i.  (sold),  &  n.  Make  over  or  dis- 
poseof  in  exchange  for  money  (cf.  buy,  barter; 
8.  one's  life  dearly  fig.,  kill  or  wound  assailants 
before  being  killed ;  selling  race,  handicap,  &c. , 
in  which  winning  horse  must  be  sold  to  highest 
bidder);  keep  stock  of  for  sale  or  be  a  dealer  in 
(do  you  .9.  candles  ? ;  bookselling  See) ;  betray 
formoney  or  other  reward  (.<?.  one's  country  Sic)', 
prostitute  for  money  or  other  consideration, 
make  a  matter  of  corrupt  bargaining,  (s.  jus- 
tice, oneself,  one's  honour  or  chastity) ;  (slang) 
disappoint  by  not  keeping  engagement  &c,  by 
failing  in  some  way,  or  by  trickery  (sold  again .', 
excl.  used  by  or  to  disappointed  person ;  n.,  such 
disappointment,  as  what  a  s.  !) ;  (of  goods)  find 
purchasers  (will  never  s.;  selling  like  wildfire) ; 
8.  off,  s.  remainder  of  (goods),  clear  out  stock, 
at  reduced  prices ;  s.  out,  leave  army  by  selling 
commission  (hist.),  s.  (all  or  some  of  one  s  shares 
in  company,  whole  stock-in-trade,  &c,  or  abs.) ; 
.<?.  up,  s.  goods  of  (debtor)  by  distress  or  legal 
process.  Hence  (-)sellER1  n.  [OK  sellan.  cf. 
ON  selja,  OHG  saljan;  cogn.  w.  sale] 

sellanders.    See  sallenders. 

se*ltzer(- water),  n.  Medicinal  mineral  wa- 
ter from  Setters  in  Germany. 

se'ltzog-ene,  n.  =  gazogene,  [f.  F  selzogene 
(prec,  -gen)] 

se-lvage  (-ij),  -edge,  n.  Edge  of  cloth  so 
woven  that  it  cannot  unravel,  border  of  differ- 
entmaterialor  finish alongedgeof  cloth  intend- 
ed to  be  torn  off  or  hidden,  list ;  edge-plate  of 
lock  with  opening  for  the  bolt.  Hence  se'l- 
vagED2  a.    [f.  MDu.  selfegge  (self,  edge)] 

selves.    See  self. 

semaphore,  n.  Signalling  apparatus  of 
post  with  oscillating  arms,  arrangement  of  lan- 
terns, &c,  for  use  (esp.  now  on  railways)  by  day 
or  night.  Hence  semaphd'pic  a.,  sema- 
pho'PiCALLV  adv.  [F  (s^-),  irreg.  f.  Gk  sema 
-atos  sign,  phero  bear] 

sema'tic,  a.  (nat.  hist.).  (Of  colour  or  mark- 
ings in  animals)  significant,  serving  to  warn  off* 
enemies  or  attract  attention,    [prec,  -ic] 

se'mblable,  a.  (archaic).  Having  semblance 
of  something,  seeming.    [OF  (foil.,  -able)] 

semblance,  n.  What  looks  like,  the  out- 
ward appearance  of,  something  (put  on  a  8,  of 
anger";  bears  the  s.  of  an  angel  &  the  heart  of 
a  devil).  [OF  (sembler  f.  Las  simulate,  -ance)1 

se*m£  (-ma),  a.  (herald.).  Covered  with  small 
1  bearings  of  indefinite  number  (e.g.  stars,  fleurs- 


SEMEIOLOGY 


783 


SEND 


de-lis)  arranged  over  field.  [F,  p.p.  of  semer  f. 
L  seminare  sow  (semen)] 

semeiology,  semeiotics.    See  semio-. 

se'men,  n.  Generative  fluid  of  male  ani- 
mals. IL,  genit.  -inis,  =  seed  (severe  sow,  -men)] 

seme'ster,  n.  Half-year  course  or  term  in 
German  &  other  universities,  [f.  F  semestre  f. 
hsemestris  six-monthly  (sex  six,  mensis  month)] 

semi-,  pref.  =  L  semi-  half-  [cf.  Gk  hemi-,  OE 
sam-,  Skr.  sami,  perh.  cogn.  w.  same],  attached 
to  any  E  wd  as  living  pref.  (cf.  BI-,  di-2,  DEMI-, 
hemi-);  the  more  established  cr  illustrative  wds 
are  given  alphabetically  w.  refT.  to  the  follow- 
ing numbered  senses:  1.  the  half  of  (-circle); 

2.  on  one  of  two  sides  (-detached),  in  one  of  two 
directions  (-infinite),  in  some  particular  (-vowel); 

3.  little  more  or  better  than  (-barbarism) ;  4. 
rather  less  than  (-official),  in  low  degree  (-civi- 
lized), not  quite  deserving  the  description 
(-smile) ;  5.  imperfect(ly)  (-bull,  -double) ;  6.  oc- 
curring, published,  &c,  each  half  — or  twice 
in  a  —  (annual ;  cf.  bi-  le):  s.-annual(ly)  6  ;  .<?.- 
barbarian,  -barbarism,  3;  se'mibrevel,  whole 
note  or  time  occupied  by  it  (see  breve);  s.-bull  5, 
issued  by  Pope  after  election  &  before  corona- 
tion with  one  side  of  seal  left  blank ;  s.-centen- 
nial  6,  occurring  &c.  every  fifty  years ;  s.- 
chorus  1,  half  or  part  of  choir,  passage  per- 
formed by  it;  s.-cirtie,  -circular  a.,  1,  (amount- 
ing to,  arranged  as  or  in,  shaped  like)  half  of  a 
circle  or  of  its  circumference,  set  of  objects 
ranged  in  or  object  forming  a  s.-c,  instrument 
for  measuring  angles ;  semico'lon  4,  punctua- 
tion-mark (;)  now  used  as  the  chief  stop  (the 
colon  being  mostly  reserved  for  special  uses)  of 
intermediate  value  between  comma&  full-stop; 
s.-cylinder,  -cylindrical,  1,  (of,  forming,  &c.) 
half  of  a  cylinder  cut  longitudinally;  s.-demi- 
semiquaver  1 ;  s.-detached  2,  (of  house)  joined 
to  another  by  party- wall  on  one  side  only ;  s.- 
dome  1,4,  half-dome  formed  by  vertical  section, 
part  of  structure  more  or  less  resembling  dome ; 
s.-double  5  (bot.),  having  outer  stamens  only 
converted  to  petals ;  s.-fluid  a.  &  n.  4,  viscous 
(fluid);  s.-fusedo;  s.-infidel3;  s.-infinite2,  limit- 
ed in  one  direction  &  stretching  to  infinity  in 
the  other;  semilu'nar  1,4,  halfmoon-shaped, 
crescent-shaped,  (esp.  in  anat.  names,  as  s.-l. 
bone,  cartilage,  fold,  fossa,  lobe,  valve);  s.- 
monthly  6;  s.-mute  a,  &  n.3,  (person)  practically 
dumb  owing  to  (esp.  congenital)  deafness  ;  s.- 
official(ly)  4,  esp.  of  communications  made  to 
newspapers  by  official  with  stipulation  that 
they  shall  not  be  formally  attributed  to  him  ; 
s.-plume  2,  feather  with  Arm  stem  but  downy 
web ;  s.-precious  4,  of  stones ;  semiquaver  mus. 
1,  note  with  double-hooked  shaft ;  s.-smile  4  ; 
se'mitone  mus.  1,  interval  approximately  equal 
to  half  a  tone  on  the  scale  (chromatic  s.-L;  dia- 
towics.-^.  .between  7th  &  8th  note  of  major  scale); 
s.-transparent  4  ;  s.-tropical  4,  (as)  of  regions 
bordering  on  the  tropics ;  s.-tubxdar  1,  shaped 
like  half  a  tube  cut  longitudinally ;  s.-uncialo, 
between  uncial  &  minuscule;  semivowel,  -vo'- 
cal  a.,  2,  sound,  or  letter  representing  it,  inter- 
mediate between  vowel  &  consonant  (e.g.  y,  w), 
consonant  that  is  not  mute  (e.g.  I,  m,  z) ;  s.- 
weekly  6. 

se'minal,  a.  Of  seed  or  semen  or  reproduc- 
tion, germinal,  reproductive,  propagative,  (.<?. 
fluid,  semen  ;  in  the  s.  state,  rudimentary,  still 
undeveloped  ;  s.  principles,  pregnant  with  con- 
sequences). Hence  se'minalLY2  adv.  [OF, 
f.  L  seminalis  (semen,  -al)] 

se'minary,  n.  Place  of  education  (formerly 
in  pretentious  use  for  school, cf.  academy;  now 
rare  exc.  either  fig.  as  a  s.  of  vice  &c,  or  of 
foreign  R.-C.  &  esp.  Jesuit  schools,  whence 


se'minariST  n.).    [f.  OF  seminaire  f.  L  semi- 
narium  seed-plot  (semen,  -ary  ])] 
semination,  n.  (bot.).  Process,  plant's  man- 
ner, of  seeding,    [f.  L  seminatio  (seminare  £. 

SEMEN,  -ATION)! 

seminiferous,  a.  Bearing  seed ;  conveying 
semen,    [semen,  -i-,  -ferous] 

semiology,  semio'ties,  -meio-  (mio), 
nn.  Branch  of  pathology  concerned  with  symp- 
toms. [Gk  semeion  sign  (sema  mark),  semeio- 
tikqs  of  signs,  -logy,  -ics] 

Se'mite,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  any  of  the 
races  supposed  to  be  descended  from  Shem 
(Gen.  x.  21  foil.)  including  esp.  the  Hebrews, 
Arameans,  Phoenicians,  Arabs,  &  Assyrians. 
SoiSemi*tic  a.  (also  n.  =  S.  languages),  S©*- 
mitisM(2, 4),  Se*mitiST(3),  nn.,  Se*mitiZE(3) 
v.t.    [LL  f.  Gk  Sim  Shem,  -ite  i] 

semoli'na  (le),  se'mola,  n.  Hard  grains 
left  after  bolting  of  flour,  used  in  puddings  &c. 
[-ina  f.  It.  semolino  dim.  of  semola  bran  f.  h> 
simila  fine  flour  1 

sempiter'nal,  a.  (Rhet.  for)  eternal ;  ever- 
lasting, never  to  end,  (rare).  [OF  (-net)  f.  L  sem- 
piternus  (sempi-  for  semper  always,  w.  suf.  as 
in  aetcmus  eternal)+  -al] 

se'mplice  (-etsha),  mus.  direction.  Without 
embellishments  or  liberties.    [It.,  =  simple] 

se'mpre  (-a),  mus.  direction.  Throughout 
(with  other  direction,  as  s.  piano).    [It] 

sempstress.    See  seamstress. 

sen,_n.    Japanese  copper  coin,  1/100  of  yen. 

senar-ius,  n.  (pi.  -ii).  Latin  verse  of  six  feet, 
esp.  iambic  trimeter,  [f.  L  (versus)  senarius 
(seni  six  each,  -ary  j)] 

se'nary,  a.  On  basis  of  six,  by  sixes,  (s. 
scale  3,  cf.  binary),    [f.  L  as  prec] 

se'nate  (at),  n.  State-council  of  the  ancient- 
Roman  republic  &  empire  dividing(  with  fluctu- 
ationsat  various  periods)  legislati  ve  power  with 
the  popular  assemblies,  administrative  power 
with  the  magistrates,  &  judicial  power  with 
the  equites ;  council  of  ancient  Athens  &  Sparta ; 
upper  or  second  chamber  in  some  parliaments, 
e.g.  those  of  France  &  U.S.;  (rhet.)  any  legisla- 
ture or  its  proceedings  or  members  (the  s.,  the 
Sulpit,  <&  the  press) ;  governing  body  of  Cam- 
ridge  Univ.  &  other  institutions,  [f.  OF  scnat 
f.  L  senatus  (sen-  old,  -ate1)] 

senator,  n.  Member  of  senate.  Hence  or 
cogn.  senators  al  a.,  senator-ialr.v  2  adv., 
senators m i>  n.  [OF  (our),  f.  L  senatorem, 
nom.  -or  (prec,  -or2)] 

sena'tus,  n.    The  ancient-Roman  senate  (s. 

Sopulusque  Rcmanu^s  the  senate  &  people  cf 
ome,  abbr.  S.P.Q.R.,  official  designation  of 
ancient  Rome  as  a  State ;  s.-consult(um),  de- 
cree of  the  8.).  [L, =senate] 
send,  v.t.  &  i.  (sent).  Bid  go,  secure  convey- 
ance of,  to  some  destination  (destination  given 
by  to  or  other  prep,  or  by  ind.  obj.  of  person,  or 
merely  implied  ;  s.  message  or  messenger  to ; 
sent  me  a  book ;  will  send  an  army ;  s.  goods  all 
over  or  round  the  world ;  s.  coals  to  Newcastle ; 
s.  word,  have  message  taken  that,  to  do,  &c; 
s.  up  or  in  one's  name,  an  exhibit,  &c,  enter 
oneself  or  it  for  competition) ;  (of  God,  provi- 
dence, &c.)  grant,  bestow,  inflict,  bring  about, 
cause  to  be  so-&-so,  (.<?.  rain,  a  judgment,  pesti- 
lence ;  God  s.  it  may  not  be  so!;  s.  him  victor- 
ious!); propel,  cause  to  move,  (s.  bullet;  sent 
his  temperature  up,  doicn ;  s.  out  or  forth 
leaves,  steam,  odour) ;  dismiss,  with  or  without 
force  (with  off,  away,  or  compl.  or  adv.  phr.; 
sent  him  away,  packing,  flying,  about  his 
business,  to  the  rightabout ;  s.  to  Coventry ; 
s.  down,  rusticate  or  expel  from  university ;  s. 
off  letter,  parcel,  &c,  get  it  off  one's  own  hands 


SENDAL 


784 


SENSIBLE 


&  started  on  its  way ;  s.  off  person,  witness  his 
departure  as  sign  of  respect  &c.);  drive  mad  or 
crazy ;  s.  message  or  letter  (sent  to  warn  me,  de- 
pose him,  to  me  to  take  care ;  s.for  him,  telling 
him  to  come ;  s.  for  the  book,  ordering  it  as 
purchase).  Hence  se'ndER l  n.  [OE  sendan, 
cf.  Du.  zenden,  G  senden] 

se'ndal,  n.  Medieval  silken  fabric  used  for 
rich  dresses,  pennons,  &c.  [OF,  f.  med.L  cen- 
dalum  (Skr.  sindhu-  of  the  Indus  or  Scinde)] 

send-off,  n.  Friendly  or  admiring  demon- 
stration at  or  before  person's  departure. 

se'nega,  -ka,  n.  (Drug,  used  in  cough-mix- 
tures, made  from  root  of)  American  plant  called 
also  S. -snake-root,  [f.  name  of  Seneca  Indians! 

se'negal,  n.  Small  crimson  bird, the  African 
bloodfinch,  often  caged.    [S.,  W.-Afr.  river] 

sene'scent,  a.  Growing  old.  Hence  sene's- 
eENCE  n.    [f.  h  senescere  (senior,  -escent)] 

se'nescnal  (-shl),  n.  Steward  or  majordomo 
of  medieval  great  house.  [OF,  f.  Teut.  (Goth. 
*sins  old,  found  in  sinista  oldest,  cogn.  w.  L 
senex,  skalks  servant,  cf.  marshal)] 

se-ngreen  (n-g-),  n.  =HOUSE1-Zeefc.  [OE 
sin-grene  (sin-  very,  green)] 

senhor-  (-nyor),  used  of  or  to  Portuguese  as 

SIGNOR. 

se'nlle,  a.    Showing  the  feebleness  &c.  of, 


incident  to,  old  age  (s.  atrophy,  apathy,  gar- 
rulity, dementia,  &c).     Hence  seni'lu 
[OF,  f.  L  senilis  (foil.,  -il)] 


se'niop  (-er),  a.  &  n.  More  advanced  in  age 
or  older  in  standing,  superior  in  age  or  standing 
to,  of  higher  or  highest  degree,  (opp.  junior  ; 
the  s.  members  of  the  family,  university,  &c. ; 
the  s.  partner,  head  of  firm;  s.  optime,  see 
wrangler  ;  s.  classic,  competitor  placed  high- 
est in  classical  tripos  when  names  were  arrang- 
ed according  to  merit;  s.  wrangler;  s.  man 
at  university,  opp.  FRESHman  ;  is  two  years  s. 
to  me),  so  senio'PiTV  n.;  (appended  to  name 
for  distinction  ;  abbr.  sen.,  sr;  opp.  junior)  s. 
to  another  of  same  name  (esp.  with  father's 
Christian  name  &  surname  when  son  has  same, 
as  John  Smith  sen.,  or  at  school  with  surname 
when  two  or  more  boys  have  same,  as  Smith 
sen.).  (N.)  person  of  advanced  age  or  compara- 
tively long  service  &c;  one's  elder  or  superior 
in  length  of  service,  membership,  &c.  (is  my  s.); 
s.  wrangler,  classic,  or  man.  [L, = older,  old(ish) 
man,  compar.  f.  st.  of  senex  senis  old  (man)] 

sen/or'es  prior'es,  L  sentence  (= elders 
first)  used  in  reminding  the  young  of  precedence 
due  to  seniority. 

se'nna,  n.  (Dried  leaflets,  used  as  laxative, 
of)  kinds  of  cassia,    [f.  It.  sena  f.  Arab,  sand] 

se-nnet,  n.  (hist.).  Signal  call  on  trumpet 
(in  stage-directions  of  Shaksperian  &  other 
plays),    [f.  OF  segnet  (seing  f.  L  signwth,  -et1)] 

se'nnig-ht  (it),  n.  (archaic).  Week  (esp. 
Tuesday  &c.  s.).    [for  seven-night] 

se'nnit,  si'nnet,  n.  (naut.).  Braided  cord- 
age made  in  flat  or  round  or  square  form  from 
3-9  cords  (common  i.e.  flat,  round,  square,  s.). 
[perh.  for  seven-knit,  cf.  prec.  &  dimitv,  samite] 

senor;  scnora,  senorita  (re),  (ny), 
used  of  or  to  Spaniards  as  signor  &c. 

Senou-s(s)i  (-60),  n.  Religious  &  political 
Mohammedan  fraternity  in  N.  Africa  named 
after  founder  (usu.  the  S.  as  sing,  or  pi.). 

sensa'tion,  n.  Consciousness  of  perceiving 
or  seeming  to  perceive  some  state  or  affection 
of  one  s  body  or  its  parts  or  senses  or  of  one's 
mind  or  its  emotions,  contents  of  such  con- 
sciousness, (had  a  s.  of  giddiness,  heat,  pain, 
comfort,  thirst,  falling,  sourness,  deafness, 
pride,  stupidity ;  pressing  the  eyeball  in  the 
dark  will  produce  the  s.  of  light  or  of  seeing 


light ;  in  search  of  a  new  s.),  whence  sensa*- 
tionARY !  a.  (rare) ;  stirring  of  the  emotions 
common  to  many  people  or  of  eager  interest 
among  them,display  of  intense  common  emotion 
or  interest,  literary  or  other  use  of  material 
calculated  to  excite  it,  (made  a  great  s.,  was 
eagerly  discussed  or  viewed;  s.  among  the 
audience,  shown  by  deep  silence,  applause,  or 
other  general  manifestation  ;  a  three-days  s.; 
what  is  the  latest  s.  ? ;  the  essence  of  melodrama 
is  s. ;  deals  largely  in  s.).  Hence  sensa'tion- 
al  a.,  sensa'tionalLV.2 adv.  [OF  (L  sensatus 
having  sense  f.  sensus  sense,  -ate2,  -ion)] 

sensa'tionalism,  n.  (Philos.)  theory  that 
ideas  are  derived  solely  from  sensation ;  pursuit 
of  the  sensational  in  literature,  political  agita- 
tion, &c.    So  sensa*tionaliST(2)  n.    [-ism] 

sense,  n.,  &  v.t.  Any  of  the  special  bodily 
faculties  by  which  sensation  is  roused  (the  five 
ss.,  sight,  hearing,  smell,  taste,  &  touch ;  sixth 
or  muscular  s.,  producing  sensation  of  muscu- 
lar effort;  has  quick,  keen,  ss.,  a  dulls,  of  smell), 
(pi.)  person's  sanity  or  ordinary  state  of  mind 
regarded  as  secured  by  possession  of  these 
(have  you  taken  leave  of,  are  you  out  of,  your 
ss.  ?,  are  you  mad  ? ;  he  will  soon  come,  we  must 
bring  him,  to  his  ss.,  out  of  mad  folly  ;  fright- 
ened out  of  his  ss.,  into  loss  of  faculties;  in 
one's  ss.,  sane) ;  ability  to  perceive  or  feel  or  to 
be  conscious  of  the  presence  or  properties  of 
things,  sensitiveness  of  all  or  any  of  the  ss.,  fa- 
perception;  errors  of  s„  mistakes  in  percep- 
tion;  the  pleasures  of  s.,  those  depending  on 
sensation ;  has  a  plant  .<?.?);  consciousness  of  (a 
or  the  s.  of  pleasure,  pain,  gratification,  having 
done  well,  one's  own  importance,  shame,  re- 
sponsibility ;  labouring  tinder  a  s.  of  wrong, 
feeling  wronged) ;  quick  or  accurate  apprecia- 
tion of,  instinct  regarding  or  insight  into  speci- 
fied matter  or  habit  of  squaring  conduct  to 
such  instinct,  (s.  of  locality,  distance,  the  ri- 
diculous, humour,  duty,  beauty,  gratitude ;  a 
keen  s.  of  honour;  the  religious,  moral,  aesthe- 
tic, s.) ;  practical  wisdom,  judgment,  common 
sense,  conformity  to  these,  (sound,  good,  com- 
mon l,  s.;a  man  ofs.,  sagacious ;  had  not  the  s. 
to  do ;  has  plenty  ofs.;  what  is  the  s.  of  talking 
like  that?;  lias  more  s.  than  to  do;  now  you 
are  talking  s.);  meaning,  way  in  which  word 
&c.  is  to  be  understood,  intelligibility  or  co- 
herence or  possession  of  a  meaning,  (in  what 
exact  s.  we  shall  rise  again  is  doubtful ;  the  s. 
of  the  word  is  clear ;  does  not  make  s„  is  un- 
intelligible ;  in  the  strict,  limited,  literal,  figur- 
ative, moral,  metaphorical,  legal,  Pickwick- 
ian, proper,  full,  s.;  in  a  vague,  in  every,  s.; 
make  s.  out  of  nonsense);  prevailing  sentiment 
among  a  number  of  people  (take  the  s.  of  the 
meeting,  ascertain  this  by  putting  question 
&c);  s.-body,  -capsule,  -cavity,  -cell,  -centre, 
-organ,  parts  of  animals  concerned  in  producing 
sensation ;  hence se'nseLESS  a.  (esp.  =  foolish; 
knock  s.,  stun),  se'nselessLY2  adv.,  se'nse- 
lessNESS  n.  ( Vb)  perceive  by  s.  ff.  F  sens  f.  L 
sensus  -us  (sentire  sens-  feel)] 

sensibi'lity,  n.  Capacity  to  feel  (skin  lost 
its  s.) ;  exceptional  openness  to  emotional  im- 
pressions (sense  &  s.),  delicacy  of  feeling,  sus- 
ceptibility (s.  to  kindness  &c),  over-sensitive- 
ness, (pi.)  susceptibility  in  various  directions. 
[OF  (-te),  f.  LL  sensibilitatem  (foil.,  -TV)] 

sensible  (-si-),  a.  Perceptible  by  the  senses 
(s.  phenomena,  things) ;  great  enough  to  be  per- 
ceived, appreciable,  (a  s.  difference,  increase); 
(archaic)  sensitive  (to);  aware,  not  unmindful, 
of,  (was  s.  of  his  peril,  your  kindness) ;  of  good 
sense,  reasonable,  judicious,  moderate,  practi- 
cal, (a  s.  man,  course,  compromise ;  that  is  very 


SENSITIVE 


785 


SEPIMENT 


s.  of  him).  Hence  se'nsibLY2  adw.se'nsible- 
ness  n.    [OF,  f.  L  sensibilis  (sense,  -ble)] 

se'nsitive,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  senses,  sensory, 
(rare) ;  having  sensibility  to,  very  open  to  or 
acutely  affected  by  external  impressions  esp. 
those  made  by  the  moods  or  opinions  of  others 
in  relation  to  oneself;  (of  instrument&c.)readily 
responding  to  or  recording  slight  changes  of  con- 
dition (s.  market,  liable  to  quick  changes  of 
price);  (Chem.)  readily  affected  by  or  responsive 
to  appropriate  agent,  (Photog.)  s.  paper,  pre- 
pared to  receive  impressions  from  light,  whence 
se*nsitizE(3)  v.t.,  sensitizATiON,  sensi- 
tizER1^),  sensito'METER,  nn.;  s.  plant,  kind 
of  mimosa  whose  leaves  curve  downwards  & 
leaflets  fold  together  at  nightfall  or  when 
touched ;  hence  se'nsitiveLY  2  adv.,  se'nsi- 
tiveNESS,  sensiti'viTY  (chem.,  photog.,  phy- 
siol. ,  psychol. ),  n n.  (N. ;  Hypnotism  &c. )  person 
s.  to  hypnotic  &c.  influences.  [OF  (-if,  -ive), 
irreg.  f.  L  sentire  sens-  feel,  -ive  J 

sensor'ium,  n.  (pi.  -ia,  -s).  The  seat  of 
sensation,  the  brain,  brain  &  spinal  cord,  orgrey 
matter  of  these ;  (Biol.)  whole  sensory  apparatus 
including  nerve-system  &c.    [F  f.  LL  (foil.)] 

se'nsopy,  sensorial,  aa.  Of  the  sensorium 
or  sensation  or  the  senses,    [sense,  -ory,  -al] 

se'nsual  (or  -shoo-),  a.  Of  sense  or  sensation, 
sensory,  (rare) ;  of  or  depending  on  the  senses 
only  &  not  the  intellect  or  spirit,  carnal,  fleshly, 
(s.  pleasures) ;  given  to  the  pursuit  of  s.  plea- 
sures or  gratification  of  the  appetites,  self- 
indulgent  in  regard  to  food  &  sexual  enjoyment, 
voluptuous,  licentious;  (Philos.)  holding  the 
doctrine  of,  according  to,  of,  sensationalism. 
Hence  or  cogn.  se*nsualizE(3)  v.t.,  se*n- 
sualizATiON,  se*nsualiSM(2, 3),  se'nsual- 
ist(1,2),  sensua'liTY,  nn.,  se*nsualLY2adv. 
[f.  LL  sensualis  (sense,  -al)] 

sensuous,  a.  Of,  derived  from,  affecting, 
the  senses  (chiefly  as  substitute,  free  of  implied 
censure,  for  prec;  cf.  non-moral  &  immoral). 
Hence  se'nsuousLY2  adv.,  se'nsuousNESS 
n.    [sense,  -ous] 

sent.    See  send. 

sentence,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Archaic)  one's  opinion 
for  or  against  some  course  or  conclusion  (my 
s.  is  for  war) ;  (archaic)  pithy  saying,  briefly 
expressed  thought,  maxim,  proverb,  so  (in 
common  use)  sententious  a.,  sente'nti- 
ously2  adv.,  sente'ntiousNESS  n.;  verdict 
(rare),  (declaration  of)  punishment  allotted  to 
person  condemned  in  criminal  trial  (also 
transf.):  (Gram.) set  of  words  complete  in  itself, 
containing  subject  &  predicate  (either,  or 
part  of  either  or  both,  somet.  omitted  by 
ellipsis),  &  conveying  a  statement,  question,  or 
command  (e.g.  I  go,  will  you  go  7,  go  =  go  thou 
or  you,  what ?  =  what  did  you  say?,  hearts 
trumps  =  hearts  are  trumps ;  simple  s.,  with 
single  subject  &  predicate ;  compound  s.,  with 
more  than  one  of  either  or  both ;  complex  s., 
with  subordinate  clause  or  clauses),  so  sen- 
te'ntiAL  a.  (rare);  (loosely  in  Gram.;  \isu. 
subordinate  s.)  subordinate  clause;  small 
amount  of  speech,  usu.  that  between  two  full 
stops  often  including  several  grammatical 
sentences  (e.g.  I  went  &  he  came).  (Vb)  state 
s.  of  (condemned  criminal,  or  transf.),  declare 
condemned  to.  [OF,  f.  L  sententia  (for  sentie-) 
f.  sentire  be  of  opinion,  -ence] 

se'ntient  (shnt),  a.  Having  the  power  of 
sense-perception.  Hencese'ntiENCE n.,  se*n- 
tientLY  2  adv.    [L  sentire  feel,  -ent] 

se'ntiment,  n.  A  mental  feeling,  the  sum  of 
what  one  feels  on  some  subject,  a  tendency  or 
view  based  on  or  coloured  with  emotion,  such 
feelings  collectively  as  an  influence,  (the  s.  of 


pity,  patriotism ;  animated  by  noble  ss. ;  my  s. 
towards  him  is  one  of  respect ;  s.  unchecked  by 
reason  is  a  bad  guide ;  these  are,  often  facet. 
them's,  my  ss.,  that  is  what  I  think  about  it); 
(Art)  moving  quality  resulting  from  artist's 
sympathetic  insight  into  what  is  described  or 
depicted;  tendency  to  be  swayed  by  feeling 
rather  than  by  reason,  emotional  weakness, 
mawkish  tenderness  or  the  display  of  it,  nursing 
of  the  emotions,  whence  sentime'nt.u,  a., 
sentime'ntalLY 2  adv.,  sentimental  it  v. 
sentime'ntaliSM,  sentime*ntaliST,  nn., 
sentime*ntalizE(2, 3)  v.i.  &  t. ;  (sense  intended 
to  be  conveyed  by)  the  expression  of  some  desire 
or  view  esp.  as  formulated  for  a  toast  &c.  (the 
s.  is  good  though  the  words  are  in  judicious  &c. ; 
conclude  one's  speech  with  a  s.;  I  call  upon 
Mr  Jones  for  a  song  or  a  s.).  [OF,  f.  med.L 
sentimentum  (L  sentire  feel,  -ment)] 

se'ntinel  (-nl),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Soldier  posted 
to  keep  guard  (cf.  foil.);  (also  s.-crab)  Indian- 
Ocean  crab  with  long  eye-stalks.  (Vb)  keep 
guard  over  or  in  (poet.);  station  ss.  at  or  in 
(rare),  [f.  OF  sentinelle  perh.  double  dim.  of 
sente  path  f.  L  semita  (se-,  meare  go)  w.  change 
of  sense  f.  beat  to  sentry] 

se'ntry,  n.  (Term  in  ordinary  mil.  use  for) 
sentinel ;  s.-board,  platform  for  s.  outside  ship's 
gangway ;  s.-box,  wooden  cabin  large  enough  to 
hold  s.  standing;  s.-go,  duty  of  pacing  up  & 
down  as  s.  [perh.  f.  OF  senteret  f.  sentier  path 
f.  med.L  semitariris  (prec,  -ary  ]),  -et1] 

se'nxa  (-tsa),  It.  prep.  =  without,  in  mus. 
directions  as  s.  tempo  not  in  strict  time. 

sepal,  n.  One  of  the  divisions  of  the  calyx, 
calyx-leaf,  (cf.  petal),  [assim.  of  L  separ  sepa- 
rate to  term,  of  petal] 

separate  *  (at),  a.  &  n.  Physically  dis- 
connected, forming  a  unit  that  is  or  may  be 
regarded  as  apart  or  by  itself,  distinct,  indi- 
vidual, of  individuals,  (from  or  abs.;  the  s. 
members  of  the  body ;  the  s.  volumes  may  be  had 
singly ;  live  ins.  rooms ;  live  s. ;  the  two  questions 
are  essentially  s. ;  one  is  quite  s.from  the  other ; 
s.  &  corporate  or  common  ownership ;  s.  estate, 
married  woman's  property  when  not  subject  to 
husband's  control ;  s.  maintenance,  husband's 
allowance  to  wife  from  whom  he  lives  s.  by 
consent,  cf.  alimony;  hence  separately  - 
adv.,  se'parateNESS  n.,(esp.  w.  ref.  to  political 
or  ecclesiastical  independence,  opp.  unionism, 
-ist)  se*paratiSM(3)  n.,  se*paratiST(2)  n.  &  a. 
(N.)  copy  of  single  article  &c.  reprinted  from 
proceedings  of  society,  magazine,  &c,  for  s. 
distribution,    [f.  L  SFAparare  arrange),  -ate2] 

se'parate2,  v.t.  &  L  Make  s.,  sever,  dis- 
unite, keep  (trans.)  from  union  or  contact,  part 
(t.  &  i.),  seced e/rom,  go  different  ways,  disperse 
(intr.) ;  sort  or  divide  (milk,  grain,  ore,  fruit, 
light,  &c.)  into  constituent  parts  or  sizes,  get 
(cream  &c.)  by  such  process  for  use  or  rejection, 
whence  se'paratOR  2(2)  n.  Hence  se'par- 
able,  se*par»ATivE,  se'paratORY  (rare),  aa., 
se*parabLY  *  adv.,  separaBixiTY,  separ- 
able Ness,  nn.    [as  prec,  -ate3] 

separation,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp.  partial 
divorce,  divorce  from  bed  &  board  without  dis- 
solution of  marriage  tie  (judicial  s.,  ordered  by 
court).    [OF,  f.  L  separationcm  (prec,  -ion)] 

separatum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  =  separate  «  n. 
[L  neut.  p.p.] 

sepia,  n.  Black  fluid  of  cuTTLE-fish  ;  brown 
pigment  prepared  from  this  used  in  monochrome 
drawing  &  in  water-colours  (warm  s.,  mixture 
of  this  with  some  red),  dark  reddish-brown  co- 
lour, (also  s.-drawing)  a  drawing  done  in  s.  [L 
f.  Gk  (se-),  =  cuttle  or  its  ink] 

sepiment,  n.    (Rare  for)  dissepiment. 


SEPOY 7 

se'poy,  n.  Native  Indian  soldier  disciplined 
by  European  methods,  esp.  one  of  those  serving 
in  British-Indian  army  (s.  mutiny,  =  Indian 
mutiny),  [f.  Hind,  sipahi  native  soldier  f.  Pers. 
sipahi  soldier  (sipah  army)) 

seps,  n.  Kinds  of  skink,  serpent-lizard.  [Gk 
(.se-),  f.  sepo  rot,  w.  ref.  to  effect  of  bite] 

se'psis,  n.  (med.).  Putrefaction,  contamina- 
tion from  festering  wound  &c,  blood-poisoning. 
IGk  (se-),  as  prec] 

sept,  n.  Clan,  esp.  in  Ireland,  [f.  OF  septe 
v&r  of  SECT61 

sept-,  septem-,  septi-,  comb,  forms  of  L 
septem  seven :  se'ptan,  (of  fever  &c)  recurring 
every  7th  day;  septangle,  -a'ngidar,  hepta- 
gon(al)j_  septempar'tite,  divided  into  7  parts ; 
septenar'ius,  verse  (esp.  Latin)  of  7  feet  esp. 
trochaic  tetrameter  catalectic ;  septe'nai*y  a.  & 
n.,  of  or  involving  the  number  7,  on  basis  of  7, 
by  sevens,  septennial,  set  of  7;  se'ptenate  (bot.), 
having  7  parts ;  septe'nnate,  (arrangement  made 
for)  period  of  7  years ;  septe'nnial(ly),  of,  for, 
(recurring)  every,  7  years ;  septe'nnium(\>\.  -ia), 
period  of  7  years ;  septe't(te),  (musical  work  for) 
7  voices,  singers,  instruments,  or  players,  in 
combination,  (transf.)  any  set  of  7;  se'ptfoil, 
the  plant  tormentil,  seven-lobed  figure  esp.  as 
R.-C.  symbol  of  the  7  sacraments ;  scptild'teral, 
seven-sided ;  septi'llion,  seventh  power  of  a 
million,  1  with  42  ciphers  ;  septisyllable,  word 
of  7  syllables  ;  septuple  a.  &  n.  &  v.t.  &  i.,  seven- 
fold (amount),  multiply  by  7,  increase  sevenfold. 

septa.    See  septum. 

se'ptal,  a.   Of  sept(s),  septum,  or  septa,  [-al] 

se'ptate,  a.  (bot.,  zool.,  anat.).  Having  sep- 
tum or  septa,  partitioned.  Hence  septA'Tiox 
n.    [f.  L  s(a)eptatus  (septum,  -ate2)] 

Septe'mber,  n.  Ninth  month  of  year.  [OF 
(■bre),  f.  L  September  (sept-,  cf.  December)] 

Septe'mbrist,  n.  Participator  in  the  mas- 
sacres in  Paris  Sept.  2, 3, 1792.    [F  (-e),  see  -ist] 

se'ptic,  a.  &  n.  (med.).  Of  or  involving  sepsis, 
not  aseptic;  hence  se'ptiCALLY  adv.,  sep- 
ti'eiTY  n.  (N.)  s.  substance,  [f.  Gk  septikos 
(septos  f.  sepo  rot,  -ic)] 

se'ptimal,  a.  Of  the  number  7.  [f.  L  septem 
seven  after  decimal\ 

se'ptime  (-em),  n.  Fencing-position,  [f.  L 
septimus  seventh  (septem  seven)] 

septuagenarian,  a. &  n.  (Person)between 
69  &  80.    [foil.,  -an] 

septuage-nary,  a.  Of  seventy,  [f.  L  scp- 
tuagenarius  (septuageni  seventy  each  f.  sep- 
tuaginta  seventy,  -ary  ')] 

Septuage'sima,  n.  (Also  S.  Sunday)  Sun- 
day before  Sexagesima.  [L,=  seventieth  (day), 
prob.  named  loosely  as  before  sexagesima] 

se'ptuagint,  n.  Greek  version  of  O.T.  in- 
cluding the  apocrypha  said  to  have  been  made 
about  270  B.c.  by  seventy  translators,  [f.  L 
septuaginta  seventy] 

se'ptum,  n.  (anat,  bot,  zool.;  pi.  -ta).  Par- 
tition such  as  that  between  the  nostrils  or  the 
chambersof  a  poppy-fruit,  dissepiment  [L  (also 
sac-),  =  fence  {saepire  saept-  f.  saepes  hedge)] 

sepulchral,  a.  Of  sepulchre(s)  or  sepulture 
(s.  mound,  pillar,  &c;  s.  customs) ;  suggestive 
of  the  tomb,  funereal,  gloomy,  dismal,  (a  s.  look, 
voice).  Hencesepu*lehralf.Y2adv.  [OF,f.  L 
sepulcralis  (foil.,  -ai.)] 

se'pulchre  (-ker),  n.,  &  v.t.  Tomb  esp.  cut 
in  rock  or  built  of  stone  or  brick,  burial  vault 
or  cave,  (the  Holy  S.,  in  which  Christ  was  laid ; 

waited  s.,  hypocrite,  w.  ref.  to  Matt,  xxiii.  27); 

(vb)  lay  in  s.   [OF  (-ere),  f.  L  sepulcrum  (sepelire 

sepult-,  suf.  -crum  cf.  simulacrum)\ 


5 SERAI 

se'pulture  (-tsher),  n.  Burying,  putting  in 
the  grave.    [OF,  f.  L  sepultura  (prec,  -ure)J 

sequa'cious,  a.  (pedant).  Inclined  to  follow, 
lacking  independence  or  originality,  servile ;  (of 
reasoning  or  reasoner)  not  inconsequent  coher- 
ent Hence  sequa'ciousi.v'-'  adv.,  sequA- 
city  n.    [L  sequax  (sequi  follow),  -acious] 

se'quel,  n.  What  follows  after,  continuation 
or  resumption  of  a  story  or  process  or  the  like 
after  a  pause  or  provisional  ending,  (in  the  s., 
as  things  developed  afterwards) ;  after  effects, 
upshot;  (rare)  result  of  a  chain  of  argument, 
logical  inference,  conclusion.    IOF  (-e),  as  foil.] 

sequc'fa,  n.  (path.;  usu.  in  pi.  -ae).  Morbid 
condition  or  symptom  following  upon  some  dis- 
ease (heart-disease  is  one  of  the  sequelae  of 
rheumatic  fever).    [L  (sequi  follow)] 

sequence,  n.  Succession,  coming  after  or 
next,  set  of  things  that  belong  next  each  other 
on  some  principle  of  order,  series  without  gaps, 
(shall  folloio  the  s.  of  events,  give  the  facts  in 
historical  s.;  calamities  fall  in  rapid  s.;  a  s.  of 
clubs  &c.  in  cards,  three  or  more  next  each  other 
in  value ;  the  s.  spring,  summer,  autumn,  win- 
ter); mere  succession  without  implication  of 
causality  (s.  is  related  to  consequence  as  post 
hoc  to  propter  hoc  ;  is  causality,  is  a  law  of  na- 
ture, anything  beyond  invariable  s.?),  so  (& 
rarely  in  other*senses)se*quENT,seque*nti at. 
(-shl),  aa.,  sequential LYa  adv.,  sequen- 
tia'liTY  (-shl-)  n. ;  (Mus.)  succession  of  similar 
melodic  phrases  at  different  pitches;  (Gram.) 
s.  of  tenses,  accommodation  of  subordinate  vb 
in  tense  or  mood  according  to  certain  rules  to 
tense  or  mood  of  principal  verb  (e.g.  /  should 
think  you  were  satisfied  noiv).  [OF  (in  cards), 
f.  L  sequentia  (prec,  -ence)] 

seque'ntes,  seque'ntia,  (abbr.  seq.  or 
seqq.),  L  wds  =  (&)  the  following  lines,  (&)  what 
follows,  appended  (with  or  without  a  preceding 
et  and)  to  the  numbers  of  lines  or  pages  men- 
tioned in  referring  to  a  passage,  [masc.  &  neut 
pi.  part  of  L  sequi  follow] 

sequester,  v.t.  &  i.  Seclude,  isolate,  set 
apart,  (s.  oneself  from  the  world;  esp.  in  p.p., 
as  a  sequestered  life,  retreat,  cottage) ;  (Law ; 
also  seque'str ate 3,  or  se--,  v.t)  seize  tem- 
porary possession  of  (debtor's  estate  &c),  re- 
move (debatable  property)  from  control  of  party 
to  lawsuit,  (intr.;  of  widow)  renounce  concern 
in  husband's  estate;  (also  sequestrate)  confis- 
cate, appropriate;  hence  or  cogn.  sequestr \- 
tion,  se'questratOR2,  nn.,  seque'strABLE 
(or  se'-)  a.  [f.  OF  sequestrer  f.  LL  sequestrare 
commit  for  safe-keeping  (L  sequester  trustee, 
agent,  perh.  f.  sequi  follow)] 

seque'strum,  n.  (pi.  -ra).  Piece  of  dead 
bone  detached  from  living  bonebut  remaining 
in  place.  Hence  seque'strAL  a.,  seques- 
tro'TOMY  n.    [med.L,=  sequestrated  thing] 

se'quin,  n.  (Hist)  Venetian  gold  coin  of 
about  9/4;  coinlike  ornament  of  silver,  jet,  &c, 
sewn  on  to  dresses  &c  [F,  f.  It.  zecchino  (zecca 
mint  f.  Arab,  sikka  die)] 

sequoi'a,  n.  Kinds  of  Californian  coniferous 
tree  sometimes  over  300  ft  in  height,   [native] 

seVa'e  (se),  n.  One  of  the  castellated  masses 
into  which  a  glacier  is  divided  at  steep  points 
by  the  crossing  of  crevasses  (usu.  in  pi. ).  [Swiss 
F,  orig.  name  of  a  cheese] 

seragrlio  (-ahlyo),  n.  Walled  palace,  esp.  that 
of  Sultan  with  government  offices  &c  at  Con- 
stantinople ;  harem,  [f.  It  serraglio  enclosure 
(serrare  lock,  f.  LL  serare  t.  L  sera  bolt  f.  sc- 
rere  join,  -aglio  =  L  -aculum)] 

serai*  (-ri,  -ra,  -rah'I),  n.    =  caravanserai. 


For  words  in  sept-  not  given  see  sept-. 


SERAPH 


187 


SERIPH 


se'raph,  n.  (pi.  -phim,  -phs).  Celestial  being ; 
one  of  the  highest  order  *  of  nine-fold  celestial 
hierarchy  gifted  esp.  with  love  &  associated 
with  light,  ardour,  &  purity;  {Order  of  the  Sera- 
phim, Swedish  order  of  knighthood).  Hence 
sera'phic  a.  [the  S.  Doctor,  St  Bonaventura), 
sera'phiCALLY  adv.  [earlier  -in  &c.  as  with 
cherub  ;  f. Meb.  seraphim  pi.,  seraphs,  exalted 
ones,  cf.  Arab,  sharaf  high  J 

seraphi'na  (e),  se'raphine  (en),  n.  Early 
form  of  harmonium.    Iprec,  -ine4] 

seraskier',  n.  Turkish  general  command- 
ing, commander-in-chief,  or  minister  of  war 
{seraskier' at,  war  office).    [Turk.  (-Arer)J 

Serb,  a.  &  n.  =  Servian  K  Hence  Serbo- 
comb.  form.    [Serv.,  see  Servian  l] 

Serbo'nian  bog-,  n.  Treacherous  bog  for- 
merly existing  between  delta  of  Nile  &  isthmus 
of  Suez,  (fig.)  situation  from  which  escape  is 
difficult.    IL  Serbonis,  -ianJ 

sere  *,  sear,  n.  Catch  of  gun-lock  holding 
hammer  at  half  or  full  cock.  If.  OF  serre  lock 
{serrer  f.  LL  serare  see  seraglio)] 

sere2.    See  sear1. 

serein  (F),  n.  Fine  rain  falling  in  tropical 
climates  from  cloudless  sky. 

serenade,  n.,  &  v.t.  Evening  song  or  in- 
strumental piece  sung  or  played  by  lover  at 
his  lady's  window ;  =  foil.  <Vb)  sing  or  play  s. 
to ;  hence  serena'dEK *  n.  [OF,  f.  It.  serenata 
orig.  fern.  p.p.  of  screnare  make  serene] 

serena'ta  (nah),  n.  (mus.).  Cantata  with 
pastoral  subject  for  open-air  performance; 
simple  form  of  symphony.    [It.  (prec.)] 

sere'ne,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.t.  (Of  sky,  air,  &c.)  clear 
&  calm,  (of  sea  &c.)  unruffled ;  placid,  tranquil, 
unperturbed,  (a  s.  temper,  look,  life) ;  (slang) 
all  s., all  right;  His,  Her,  Their,  Your,  S.  High- 
nesses), abbr.  H.S.H.,  T.S.H.,  titles  used  of  or 
to  certain  continental  princes ;  hence  or  cogn. 
sere'neLY2  adv.,  sere'niTV  n.  {your  &c.  SL, 
Your  &c  Serene  Highness).  <N.)  s.  expanse  of 
sky,  sea,  &c.  (Vb ;  poet.)  make  (sky,  brow,  &c.) 
s.    [f.  L  serenus] 

serf,  n.  Villein,  person  whose  service  is  at- 
tached to  the  soil  &  transferred  with  it  (cf. 
slave);  oppressed  person,  drudge.  Hence 
ser*fAGE,  sep*fbOM,  ser*fHOOD,  nn.  [F,  f.  L 
servus  slave] 

serge,  n.  Kind  of  durable  twilled  worsted 
fabric  used  esp.  for  rough  wear  {silk  s.,  used 
for  tailors'  linings),  [orig.  a  silk  stuff;  F,  f.  L 
s  rica  fern,  of  serious  silken  {Sericus  Chinese 
f.  Gk  Seres  pi.  the  Chinese,  -ic)l 

sergeant,  -j-,  (sar'jnt),  n.  (Hist.)  lawyer  of 
high  rank  {-j);  (Mil.;  -g-;  abbr.  Sergt)  non- 
commissioned officer  above  corporal,  one  of 
four  to  the  company,  employed  to  teach  drill, 
command  small  detachments,  &c.  {colours., 
senior  s.  of  company  ;  s.-major,  highest  N.C.O. 
of  regiment  with  special  duties);  police  officer 
ranking  between  inspector  &  constable ;  ser- 
jeant-at-arms, title  of  certain  court,  parlia- 
mentary, &city  officials  with  ceremonial  duties; 
common  Serjeant,  officer  of  City  of  London ;  s.- 
Jish  (-g),  sea-fish  with  lateral  stripes  suggesting 
chevron.  Hence  ser'geantSHip  n.  [f.  OF 
sergantf.  LL  servientem  nova,  -ens  servant 
(L  servire  serve,  -ent)] 

serge'tte,  n.  Thin  serge.  [F  (serge,  -ette)] 

ser'ial,  a.  &  n.  Of,  in,  forming,  a  series, 
whence  seriaiiTY  n. ;  (of  story  &c)  issued  in 
instalments  (s.  rights,  copyright  in  regard  to 
story  &c.  so  issued) ;  (of  publication)  periodical ; 
hence  ser'ialLY  2  adv.  (N.)  s.  story ;  a  s.  publi- 
cation, periodical,  (rare),    [series,  -al] 

ser'iate  (at),  -ated,  aa.,  ser'iate  v.t.  (Ar- 
range) in  the  form  of  a  series,  in  orderly  se- 


quence.   Hence  seriA'Tio.v  n.   [f.  med.L  seria- 
tus  (scriare  f.  L  series),  -ate  2>  a] 
seria'tim  (or  ser-),  adv.     Point  by  point, 
taking  one  subject  &c.  after  another  in  regu- 
lar order,  (consider,  examine,  discuss,  take, 
&c.^j?.).    [med.L  (prec,  -im  advl  term.)] 
Ser'ie,  a.(rhet.  &c).  Chinese.  If.  Las  serge] 
se'ricate  (-at),  -ated,  seri'eeous  (shi), 
aa.  (esp.  bot.,  zool.).    Of  silky  or  satiny  surface, 
soft  &  shiny,  covered  with  glossy  down,  [(-eous 
f.  LL  sericeus  silken,  -ous)  f.  L  sericum  silk  see 

SERGE,  -ATE2] 

se*ri(ei)euiture,  n.  Silkworm-breeding, 
production  of  raw  silk.  Hence  seri(ci)cu*l- 
turAL  a.,  seri(ci)cu'lturisT(3)  n.  IF  (-ci-), 
see  prec,  -i-,  culture] 

serie'ma,  n.  Sonorous- voiced  Brazilian  bird 
of  heron  size  preying  on  serpents,    [native] 

ser'ies  (-z),  n.  (pi.  same).  Number  of  things 
of  which  each  is  similar  to  the  preceding  or 
related  to  it  as  it  to  its  predecessor,  sequence, 
succession,  order,  row,  set,  (a  s.  oj  kings,  mis- 
fortunes ;  in  s„  in  ordered  succession ;  s.  of 
stamps,  coins,  &c,  of  different  denominations 
but  issued  at  one  time,  in  one  reign,  &c. ;  the 
whole  s.  of  reform  acts);  (Bibliog.)  set  of  suc- 
cessive issues  of  a  periodical,  of  articles  on  one 
subject  or  by  one  writer,  &c,  esp.  {first,  second, 
&c  s.)  when  numbered  differently  from  a  pre- 
ceding or  following  set,  also  set  of  independent 
books  in  common  format  or  under  common 
title  or  supervised  by  common  editor-in-chief, 
(Guesses  at  Truth,  2nd  s.;  the  Men-of- Letters 
.<?.);  (Geol.)  set  of  strata  with  common  charac- 
teristic ;  (Chem.)  set  of  elements  with  common 
properties  or  of  compounds  with  common  radi- 
cal ;  (Math.)  set  of  terms  constituting  a  pro- 
gression or  having  the  several  values  deter- 
mined by  a  common  relation  (arithvu  tical,  geo- 
metrical, s.,  one  in  arithmetical,  geometri- 
cal, progression);  (Elect.)  set  of  batteries  &c 
having  positive  electrode  of  each  connected 
with  negative  of  next;  (Zool.)  number  of  con- 
nected genera,  families,  &c  (used  vaguely  like 
group).    [L  (serere  join,  cf.  Gk  eiro  bind)] 

serif.    See  ceriph. 

se'rin,  n.  Central-Europ.  finch  related  to 
canary.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

serine'tte,  n.  Instrument  for  training  song- 
birds.   [F  (seriner  teach  to  sing  f.  prec,  -ette)] 

seri'ng-a  (ngga),  n.  Kinds  of  Brazilian 
rubber-tree.   [Port.,  =  (rubber  for)  syringe(s)] 

serio-eo'mie.a.  Combining theserious& the 
comic,  jocular  in  intention  but  counterfeiting 
seriousness  or  vice  versa.  Hence  serio- 
eo'miCALLY  adv.    [o] 

serio'so,  mus.  direction.  Withsolemnity.  [It] 

serious,  a.  Thoughtful,  earnest,  sober, 
sedate,  responsible,  not  frivolous  or  reckless 
or  given  to  trifling,  (has  as.  look,  air;  as.  young 
person;  s.  poZifa'cian, whogiveshisbestenergies 
to  politics ;  s.  thought,  real  deliberation ;  im- 
portant, demanding  consideration,  not  to  be 
trifled  with,  not  slight,  (this  is  a  s.  matter, 
question,  step;  made  a  s.  alteration;  have  a  s. 
rivalin  her  affections ;  s.  illness, danger,  wound, 
damage,  accident,  defeat) ;  sincere,  not  ironical 
or  jesting,  in  earnest,  (are  you  s.?,  do  you 
mean  what  you  say  ? ;  made  a  s.  attempt,  not 
merely  perfunctory ;  &  now  to  be  s.);  concerned 
with  religion  or  ethics,  not  worldly  or  secular, 
(s.  subjects  &c);  (now  chiefly  joe)  religious- 
minded,  with  thoughts  concentrated  on  salva- 
tion. Hence  ser'iousLY2  adv.  (esp.  as  preface 
to  sentence  implying  that  irony  &c  is  now  to 
cease),  ser*iousNESS  n.  [f.  OF  serieux  f.  LL 
seriosus  (L  serius  etym.  dub.,  -ose  l)\ 

se*riph,  n.    =  ceriph. 


SERJEANT 


788 


sepjeant.    See  sergeant. 
ser'mon,  n.,  &  v.t.    Extempore  or  written 
discourse  delivered  from  the  pulpit  by  way  of 
religious  instruction  or  exhortation,  similar 
discourse  (often  lay  s.)  on  religious  or  moral 
subject  delivered  elsewhere  or  published,  (S.  on 
the  Mount,  discourse  of  Christ  reported  Matt. 
v-vii) ;   moral  reflection  suggested  by  natural 
objects  &c.  (esp.  ss.  in  stones);  piece  of  ad- 
monition or  reproof,  lecture,  (vb,  administer 
such  s.  to).    Hence sermonEHE, sep'mon- 
et1,  nn.,ser*monizE(l,2)  v.t.  &  L,  ser'mon- 
Izer  1  n.    [OF,  f.  L  sermonem  nom.  -o  speech] 
sei»o-,  comb,  form  of  serum  :  -pur'ulent,  of 
serum  &  pus  ;  -sangui'nolent,  &  blood, 
se'potine,  n.    Chestnut-coloured  European 
bat.    [F  (s<£-).  f.  L  serotinus  late  {serus  late)] 
sero'tinous,  a.  (bot.).    Appearing  late  in 
season,    [prec,  -ousj 

ser'ous,  a.  Of  or  like  serum,  watery,  whey- 
like. Hence  sero'siTY  n.  [-ous] 
ser'pent,  n.  Scaly  limbless  reptile,  snake 
esp.  of  the  larger  kinds,  (preferred  to  snake 
chiefly  in  rhet.  use ;  the,  the  old,  S.,  the  devil,  w. 
ref.  to  Gen.  iii,  Rev.  xx),  (fig.)  treacherous  person 
esp.  one  who  worms  himself  into  favour  forbase 
ends  ;  theS.,  a  northern  constellation  ;  wind- 
instrument  now  little  used,  a  wooden  tube  with 
several  bends  giving  powerful  note ;  Pharaoh's 
.<?.,  chemical  toy  of  small  cone  that  when  ignited 
issues  in  long  coiling  serpentlike  ash ;  s.- 
charmer,  person  who  charms  ss.  esp.  by  music ; 
s.-eater,  SECRETARY-bird ;  s.-prass,  Alpine  bis- 
tort;  s.-lizard,  seps;  s.'s-tongue,  adder's- 
tongue.  Hence  seppe'ntiFORM,  sep'pent- 
like,  aa.  [F,  f.  L  serpentem  nom.  -ens,  orig. 
part,  of  serpere  creep,  cogn.  w.  Gk  herpo  creep, 
Skr.  sarpa-  snake] 

sep'pentine,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.i.  Of  or  like  a 
serpent  lit.  or  fig.,  writhing,  coiling,  tortuous, 
sinuous,  meandering,  cunning,  subtle,  treacher- 
ous, (s.  windings,  of  stream,  road,  &c,  or  of 
insinuation;  s.  motion;  s.  wisdom,  profound, 
w.  ref.  to  Matt.  x.  16;  s.  dance,  with  sinuous 
movements  enhanced  by  special  drapery;  s. 
verse,  line  beginning  &  ending  with  same  word ; 
the  S.,  ornamental  water  in  Hyde  Park).  (NT.) 
kinds  of  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  soft 
rocks  of  dark  green  &  other  colours  sometimes 
mottled  or  spotted  like  serpent's  skin,  taking 
high  polish  &  used  as  decorative  material.  (Vb) 
move  sinuously,  meander,  [f.  OF  serpentin  a., 
serpentine  n.,  f.  L  serpentinus,  -a,  (prec,  -ine  ])j 
serpiginous,  a.  (path.).  Affected  with 
herpes;  (of  skin-disease  &c.)  creeping  from  one 
part  to  another,  [obs.,  &  med.L,  serpigo  -ginis 
ringworm  (L  serpere  creep),  -ous] 
sep'pula,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Kinds  of  marine  worm 
inhabiting  beautifully  coloured  tortuous  cal- 
careous tubes  often  massed  together.  [mod.L 
(L  serpere  creep)] 

se'ppa,  n.  (anat.,  bot.,  zool. ;  pi.  -ae).  Serrated 
organ,  structure,  or  edge.  [L,  =  saw,  perh.  f. 
secare  cut] 

seppadi'lla,  n.    Kind  of  clover  grown  as 
fodder.    [Port,  {serrado  serrate  a.  )j 
se'ppate  a.,  serra'te  v.t.,  (chiefly  anat, 
bot.,  zool.).    Notched  like  saw ;  (vb,  usu.  in  p.p. 
as  adj.)  provide  with  saw-like  edge.     Hence 
S6PPA  -tion  n.    [f.  L  serra^s  (-ate  2),  -ate  3] 
serri-,  comb,  form  (-I-)  of  serra:  -corn,  (beetle) 
with  serrate  antennae ;  -ferous;  -form  ;  -ros- 
trate, (of  bird)  with  serrated  bill. 
se'PPied,  a.    (Of  ranks  of  soldiers,  rows  of 
trees,  &c.)  shoulder  to  shoulder,  without  gaps, 
close,    [angliciz.  of  F  serri.  p.p.  of  serrer  close 
f.  LL  serare  see  seraglio] 
se'ppomotop,   n.     Steam    reversing  •  gear 


SERVE 

attached  to  marine  engine,    [serra  (in  sense 
cog),  -o-,  motor] 

se'ppulate  (-rob-),  -ated,  aa.  Finely  serrate, 
with  series  of  small  notches.  Hence  serrul.\  ■ 
tion  n.  [L  serrula  (serra,  -ule),  -ate2] 
sep'um,  n.  Whey ;  thin  transparent  part  of 
the  blood ;  chyle,  lymph,  watery  animal  fluid. 
[L,  cf.  Gk  oros  whey,  Skr.  sara{s)  flowing] 
sep-val,  n.  Tawny  black-spotted  African 
tiger-cat.    [native] 

ser'vant,  n.  Person  who  has  undertaken 
usu.  in  return  for  stipulated  pay  to  carry  out 
the  orders  of  an  individual  or  corporate  em- 
ployer, esp.  one  who  lives  in  house  of  master  or 
mistress  receiving  board  &  lodging  &  wages  & 
performing  domestic  duties  {public  ss.,  State 
officials ;  railway  company's  ss.,  its  employees ; 
civil  s.,  member  of  the  civil  service;  outdoor  s., 
groom,  gardener,  &c;  indoor  s.,  cook,  butler, 
footman,  housemaid,  &c;  domestic,  general, 
liver v,  s.;s.-girl,  -maid ;  thes.  question,  prob- 
lem of  getting  &  controlling  ss. ;  keeps  three  ss. ; 
servants'  hall,  room  in  which  ss.  of  large  house- 
hold have  meals  &c;  s.  ofss.,  lowest  of  depen- 
dants, esp.  as  title  assumed  by  Popes,  transl.  of 
servus  servorum  Dei;  a  good  s.  but  a  bad 
master,  of  things  that  should  be  treated  as 
means  &  not  ends) ;  devoted  follower,  person 
willing  to  serve  another,  (a  s.  of  Jesus  Christ; 
your  humble  s.  archaic,  form  of  ironical  cour- 
tesy ;  your  obedient  s.,  epistolary  form  preced- 
ing signature  now  used  only  in  letters  of  official 
type).  [OF  (SERVE,  -ANT)] 
serve,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Be  servant  (to),  do  ser- 
vice (to),  be  useful  (to),  (s.  two  masters,  be  di- 
vided between  two  conflicting  principles  &c; 
s.  the  Lord  or  God,  be  religious  or  virtuous ;  s. 
the  devil,  be  wicked;  s.  at  table,  act  as  waiter; 
has  served  his  generation ;  would  do  much  to 
s.  you ;  indiscretion  sometimes  serves  us  well ; 
s.  in  army,  navy,  Sec.,  be  employed  in  it ;  has 
served  in  India,  been  employed  esp.  as  soldier); 
meet  needs  (of),  avail  (t.  &  i.),  suffice  (t.  &  i.). 
satisfy,  perform  function,  be  suitable,  do  what 
is  required  for,  (.s.  a  purpose;  s.  the  purpose  of, 
take  place  of,  be  used  as ;  to  s.  some  private 
ends;  serves  the  or  one's  turn  or  need,  does 
well  enough ;  it  will  s.,  do  what  is  absolutely 
necessary ;  that  excuse  will  not  s.  you ;  it  serves 
to  show  the  folly  of;  1  lb.  serves  him  for  a  week ; 
nothing  would  s.  him  or  s.  but  absolute  submis- 
sion ;  a  sofa  serving  him,  or  serving,  as  or  for 
a  bed ;  as  memory  serves,  whenever  one  re- 
members ;  as  occasion  serves,  when  it  is  favour- 
able ;  the  tide  serves,  is  suitable  for  getting  out 
of  harbour  &c;  curate  serves  two  parishes. 
does  the  work ;  s.  an  office,  go  through  a  tenure 
of  it ;  s.  one's  apprenticeship,  go  through  train- 
ing ;  s.  a  sentence,  undergo  it  for  the  full  time; 
s.  one's  time,  hold  office  for  normal  period,  also 
s.  a  sentence  ;  s.  time,  undergo  imprisonment 
&c;  8.  gun,  battery,  keep  it  firing;  s.  mare 
Sec.,  cover,  esp.  of  stallion  &c.  hired  for  pur- 
pose ;  s.  rope  &c.  naut.,  bind  with  small  cord 
to  save  fraying) ;  dish  up,  set  (food)  on  table, 
set  out  ready,  distribute  (trans.  &  abs.),  supply 
(person  with),  make  legal  delivery  of  (writ  Sec.), 
set  ball  or  set  (ball)  in  play,  {fish  served  up 
nearly  cold ;  asparagus  served  with  bxdter  ;  s. 
up  dinner;  dinner  is  served,  servant's  an- 
nouncement that  it  is  ready;  s.  ammunition,  ra- 
tions, &c,  out  or  round;  was  serving  a  cus- 
tomer with  stockings,  serving  in  the  shop ;  have 
them  served  with  soup ;  s.  with  the  same  sauce 
fig.,  retaliate  upon ;  s.  person,  the  town,  &c, 
with  gas,  water ;  s.  with  writ  &c, =s.  writ  &c. 
on ;  8.  warrant,  writ,  notice,  process,  attach- 
ment, &c,  usu.  on  person,  deliver  document  to 


SERVIAN 7 

person  concerned  in  legally  formal  manner; 
tennis,  racquet,  &c,  player  serves  a  ball,  serves 
well,  badly,  &c,  sends  ball  to  opponent  in  first 
stroke  of  round) ;  treat,  treat  to,  pay  (person) 
out,  (has  served  me  shamefully ;  you  may  s. 
me  as  you  mill ;  served  them  a  trick,  played  it 
on  them ;  s.  or  serves  him  right!,  excl.  of  satis- 
faction at  sight  of  offender  getting  his  deserts; 
shall  manage  to  s.  him  out,  retaliate) ;  serving- 
man,  male  servant;  hence  Hsep'VERMl.  2)  n. 
(N.;  tennis  &c.)  first  stroke  of  round,  turn  for 
delivering  this  (whose  s.  is  it  ?).  [f.  OF  servir  f . 
L  servire  (servus  slave)} 

Sep'vlan  1i  a.  &  n.  Of  Servia  or  its  people 
or  language.  (N.)  native  of  Servia;  Slavonic 
languagespokeninServia,Bosnia,Herzegovina, 
Montenegro,  &c.    [mod.  L  Servia  (serb),  -an] 

Sep'vian2,  a.  (Rom.  Ant,).  Of  Servius  Tul- 
lius  sixth  king  of  Rome  (S.  wall,  built  by  him  & 
still  existing  in  parts),    [-an] 

sep'viee  \  n.  Being  servant,  servant's  status, 
master's  or  mistress's  employ,  (girl  &c.  goes  out 
to,  goes  into,  tries,  is  in,  s. ;  take  s.  vrith,  become 
servant  to;  take  into  one's  s.,  employ);  depart- 
ment of  royal  or  public  employ  or  of  work  done  to 
meet  some  general  need,  persons  engaged  in  it, 
employment  in  it,  (the  fighting  or  the  ss.,  navy  & 
army;  the  public  ss.;  the  civil,  covenanted, 
consular,  secret,  omnibus,  railway,  &c,  s. ; 
the  preventive  s.,  coastguards,  customhouse, 
&c;  is  on  s.,  in  active  s.,  actually  engaged  in 
such  employ;  see  s.,  have  experience  esp.  as 
soldier  or  sailor) ;  person's  disposal  or  behalf  (at 
your  &c.  s.,  ready  to  obey  orders  or  be  used ; 
on  his,  her,  Majesty's  s.,  abbr.  O.H.M.S.,  frank 
stamped  on  official  letters  &c);  what  employee 
or  subordinate  is  bound  to,  work  done  or  doing 
of  work  on  behalf  of  employer,  benefit  conferred 
on  or  exertion  made  on  behalf  of  someone,  ex- 
pression of  willingness  to  confer  or  make  these, 
(personal  s.,  feudal  obligation  of  homage  &c; 
feudal,  menial,  willing,  yeoman's,  s.;  has  a 
right  to  my  s.;  asks  for  my  ss.;  will  you  do  me 
as.?;  exaggerates  his  own  ss. ;  has  seen  s. ,  been 
much  used,  shows  signs  of  wear ;  my  s.  to  him, 
form  of  respectful  message) ;  use,  assistance, 
(can I,  will  it,  be  of  s.  to  you  ?);  liturgical  form 
or  office  appointed  for  use  on  some  occasion, 
(whole  proceedings,  usu.  including  one  such  s. 
or  more,  of)  single  meeting  of  congregation  for 
worship,  musical  setting  of  all  or  several  of  the 
invariable  parts  of  a  liturgy  adapted  for  such 
treatment,  (the  communion,  burial,  &c,  s.; 
special  ss. ;  divine  s.  usu.  without  a,  meeting 
for  worship ;  holds  four  ss.  every  Sunday ;  are 
you  going  to  s.  or  the  s.?;  —  's  s.,  setting  by  par- 
ticular composer ;  full  s.,  performed  by  choir 
without  solos,  also  s.  with  music  wherever 
possible ;  plain  s.,  read  or  monotoned  ;  s.-book, 
book  of  offices  of  a  Church,  e.g.  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer;  church  ^-service) ;  legal  serv- 
ing of  or  of  writ  &c.  (personal  s.,  delivery  with 
announcement  of  contents  to  person  affected  ; 
s.  by  publication,  substitution,  publishing  of 
writ  &c.  by  posting  up  or  insertion  in  news- 
paper or  by  handing  to  neighbour  &c.  recogniz- 
ed as  sufficient  under  some  conditions ;  accept 
s.);  set  of  dishes,  plates,  &c,  required  for  serv- 
ing meal  (dinner,  dessert,  tea,  &c,  s.) ;  (single 
act  of)  serving  in  tennis  &c,  serve,  manner  of 
serving,  person's  turn  to  serve,  (his  s.  is  weak, 
terrific ;  whose  s.  is  it?;  s.-line,  marking  limit 
short  of  which  serve  must  fall) ;  s.-pipe,  con- 
veying house's  water  from  the  main.  [OF,  f.  L 
servitium  (servus  slave)] 

sep'viee2,  n.  (Usu.  s.-tree)  European  tree 
rare  in  England  with  leaves  like  those  of  moun- 
tain-ash &  small  pear-shaped  fruit  (s.-berry  or 


9 SESSION 

s.)  eaten  when  over-ripe.  [f.  serves  pi.  of  obs. 
serve  f.  L  sorbum  berry  of  the  sorbus  taken  as 
sing.  &  assimilated  to  prec] 

serviceable  (sa-),  a.  Of  use,  useful,  will- 
ing &  able  to  render  or  capable  of  rendering 
service,  (a  s.  person,  reminder,  instrument) ; 
durable,  suited  for  rough  use  or  ordinary  wear 
rather  than  for  ornament.  Hence  sep'vice- 
abLY  2  adv.,  sep*viceablexEss  n.    [-able] 

sepvie'tte,  n.  Table-napkin  (chiefly  used  by 
&  to  waiters  or  servants).    [F] 

sep'vile  (or  -II),  a.  Of,  being,  a  slave  or 
slaves,  slave-,  (s.  war,  between  revolted  slaves 
&  their  owners  ;  s.  class,  labour ;  s.  letter  fig., 
having  no  other  function  than  to  indicate  pro- 
nunciation of  another,  as  e  in  manageable, 
saleable);  as  of  a  slave,  slavish,  cringing,  mean- 
spirited,  menial,  completely  dependent,  (s. 
spirit,  creature,  submission,  flattery,  fear,  imi- 
tation), so  sepvi'liTY  n.  Hence  sep*vlleLY  2 
adv.    [OF,  f.  L  servilis  (servus  slave,  -il)] 

sep*vitoP,n.  Attendant, henchman, servant, 
(archaic,  poet.) ;  (Oxf.  Univ.;  hist.)  undergradu- 
ate assisted  from  college  funds  &  performing 
menial  duties  in  return,  whence  sep'vitop- 
ship  n.  [OF  (our),  f.  LL  servitor  (serve,  -or2)] 

sep'vitude.n.  Slavery  lit.  or  fig.,  subjection 
esp.  involuntary  to  a  master,  bondage  (penal 
s.);  (Law)  subjection  of  tenement  to  an  ease- 
ment.  [OF,  f.  L  servitudo  (servus  slave,  -tude)] 

Servo-,  comb,  form  of  Servian  *,  Serbo-,  as 
S.-Croatian.    [-o-] 

se'same  (-1),  n.  Annual  herbaceous  tropical 
&  subtropical  plant  with  seeds  used  in  various 
ways  as  food  &  yielding  an  oil  used  in  salads  & 
as  laxative  ;  its  seeds  ;  oren  s.,  (w.  ref.  to  Ara- 
bian-Nights tale)  magical  or  mysterious  means 
of  commanding  access  to  what  is  usu.  inacces- 
sible.  [OF,  f.  L  f.  Gk  sesame] 

sesamoid,  a.  &  n.  Shaped  like  a  sesame- 
seed,  nodular,  (esp.  of  small  independent  bones 
developed  in  tendons  passing  over  angular 
structure,  as  the  knee-pan  &  the  navicular  bone); 
(n.)  such  bone.    [f.  Gk  sesamoeides  (prec,  -oid)] 

se'seli,  n.  Genus  of  white-flowered  umbel- 
liferous perennial  plant,    [OF,  f.  L  (-is)  f.  Gk] 

sesqui-,  L  pref.  (perh.  f.  semis-que  &  a  half), 
=one  &  a  half  (sesquipedalis  a  foot  &  a  half 
long),  proportioned  as  1£  :  1  or  3  : 2  (sesquialter), 
proportioned  as  n  + 1 :  n  (-tertius,  -quartus,  &c, 
in  ratios  4 :  3,  5  :  4,  &c).  Hence  in  E  (1)  chem. 
wds  for  compounds  in  which  there  are  three 
equivalents  of  the  named  element  to  two  others, 
as  sesquioxide,  -sulphide ;  -basic  (of  salt),  with 
three  of  base  to  two  of  acid ;  (2)  math,  wds  ex- 
pressing ratios  as  above,  -alteral  3  :  2,  -tertial 
4 :  3,  -quartal,  -quintal,  -sextal,  -septimal,  -oc- 
taval,  -nonal  10  : 9 ;  (3)  mus.  wds  in  -a  corre- 
sponding to  the  above  &  expressing  intervals 
(-altera  interval  having  ratio  2  :  3,  -tertia  3  :  4, 
&c);  (4)  miscellaneous  wds,  as  -ocellus  entom., 
large  spot  with  smaller  one  within  it  (also  ses- 
quialter); -pedalian  (of  word)  lift  long,  cum- 
brous &  pedantic ;  -plicate,  in  ratio  of  cube  to 
square  ;  -tone,  musical  interval  of  U  tone. 

sess.„  See  cess. 

sessile,  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  (Of  flower,  leaf,  eye, 
&c.)  attached  directly  by  the  base  without  stalk 
or  peduncle,    [f.  hsessilis  (sedere  sess-  sit,  -il)] 

session  (se'shn),  n.  Being  seated,  sitting 
posture,  (rare) ;  being  assembled  esp.  for  trans- 
action of  deliberative  or  judicial  business,  sin- 
gle uninterrupted  meeting  for  such  purpose, 
period  during  which  such  meetings  are  held 
daily  or  at  short  or  regular  intervals,  period 
(usu.  one  in  a  year)  between  meeting  &  proro- 
gation of  Parliament,  (in  s. ,  sitting  or  assembled 
for  business,  not  keeping  vacation ;  had  a  long 


SSSTERCE 790 

s.,  sat  assembled  a  long  time,  autumn  s.,  in- 
correctly for  autumn  sitting,  resumption  of  s. 
of  Parliament  sometimes  required  by  pressure 
of  business  after  long  adjournment  in  summer 
without  prorogation ;  quarter-ss.  ;  bre  wster- 
sessions;  petty  ss.,  meeting  of  two  or  more 
justices  of  the  peace  for  summary  trying  of  cer- 
tain offences  ;  Court  of  S.,  supreme  civil  court 
of  Scotland ;  kirk-.s.).  Hence  se'ssionAL  a. 
(s.  order  Pari.,  valid  only  for,  renewable  each, 
session).    [OF,  f.  L  sessionem  (prec,  -ion)] 

se'sterce,  sester'tius  (-sIims  ;  pi.  -il),  nn. 
Ancient-Roman  silver  (&  later  bronze)  coin  & 
money  of  account  -k  denarius  or  2^  asses  (about 
2d.),  [(-ce  F)  f.  L  (-ius)  orig.  adj.  with  numus 
coin  =  2\  Csemistertius  half-third)] 

sestep'tium  (-shm),  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Ancient- 
Roman  money  of  account  =  1000  sesterces,  [orig. 
gen.  pi.  of  prec.  after  millia  thousands] 

seste't,n.  =  sextet;  last  six  lines  of  sonnet, 
[f.  It.  sestetto  (sesto  i.  L  sextus  sixth,  -et  1)] 

sesti'na  (te  ),  n.  Form  of  rhymed  or  un- 
rhymed  poem  with  six  stanzas  of  six  lines  & 
final  triplet,  each  stanza  having  same  words  as 
the  others  ending  its  lines  but  in  different  order. 
[It.  (prec,  -INE4)] 

set1,  v.t.  &  i.  (set).  Put,  lay,  stand  (trans.), 
(usu.  with  adv.  or  advl  phr.;  s.  load  or  passen- 
ger do  wn,  statue  up,  meat  before  person,  jloivers 
in  water,  one  brick  on  another,  his  bow  in  hea- 
ven; s.  foot,  tread  on;  s.  thing  against  another, 
balance,  reckon  as  counterpoise  or  compensa- 
tion ;  s.  apart,  reserve,  separate ;  s.  aside,  re- 
serve, reject,  disregard,  annul ;  s.  by,  reserve, 
save  for  future  use ;  s.  stone  out,  lay  it  with 
edge  projecting  beyond  one  below  ;  s.  person 
over  others  or  thing,  put  in  authority) ;  apply 
(thing)  to  {s.  pen  to  paper,  bugle  to  one's  lips, 
spurs  to  horse;  s.  one's  hand,  seal,  to  docu- 
ment, sign,  seal ;  s.  one's  hand  to  task,  begin  ; 
s.fire  to,  kindle  ;  s.  the  axe  to,  begin  to  cut  down 
or  destroy ;  s.  one's  wits  to  question,  try  to  solve; 
s.  one's  wits  to  another's,  argue  with  him ;  s. 
shoulder  to  wheel);  station,  place  ready,  place 
or  turn  in  right  or  specified  position  or  direc- 
tion, dispose  suitably  for  use  or  action  or  dis- 
play, (s.  a  or  naut.  the  watch,  put  sentinels  &c. 
in  place  ;  s.  chairs,  for  visitors  &c. ;  s.  clock  or 
watch,  put  hands  to  right  time ;  s.  alarum,  pro- 
vide for  its  sounding  at  desired  time ;  s.  hen, 
cause  to  sit  on  eggs ;  s.  eggs,  place  for  hen  to  sit 
on  ;  s.  seed,  plant,  put  in  ground  ;  quicks.  ;  s. 
butterfly  &c. ,  arrange  as  specimen ;  s.  sail,  hoist, 
also  =  start  on  voyage ;  s.  trap ;  s.  razor,  give 
even  edge  to  after  grinding ;  s.  saw,  give  teeth 
alternate  outward  inclination ;  s.  table,  lay  for 
meal ;  s.  or  s.  up  type,  arrange  it  in  words  &c. ; 
s.  up  MS.,  put  it  in  type;  s.  close,  wide,  &c, 
print  with  small,  large,  spaces  between  words 
or  letters;  s.  out,  s.  wide;  s.  one's  cap1  at); 
join,  attach,  fasten,  fix,  determine,  decide,  ap- 
point, settle,  establish,  (s.  leg,  bone,  joint,  put 
parts  into  right  relative  position  after  fracture 
or  dislocation,  also  by  extension  tt.  fracture  or 
dislocation ;  s.  eyes  on,  catch  sight  of ;  s.  dia- 
mond &c,  insert  in  gold  &c.  as  frame  or  foil ; 
s.  stake  in  ground;  closes.,  inserted  with  little 
interval ;  s.  one's  heart,  mind,  hopes,  &c,  on, 
aspire  confidently  to,  expect,  be  resolved  to  get ; 
s.  one's  life  on  a  chance  &c.  metaph.  from  gam- 
bling, risk  it ;  s.  price  on,  announce  salable  va- 
lue of ;  s.  person  against  another  or  a  thing,  fill 
with  settled  dislike  for ;  s.  price  on  one's  life  or 
head,  offer  specified  reward  for  his  killing;  s. 
store  or  much  by.  &  ellipt.  s.  by,  estimate  or 
\  P«e  hi£hly '  8-  one's  face  or  oneself  against, 
stedfastly  oppose  or  discountenance;  s.  one's 
teeth,  clench  them,  esp.  fig.  =  make  up  one's 


SET 


mind  inflexibly;  often  in  p.p.,  =  unmoving, 
fixed,  as  s.  smile,  eyes,  look,  purpose ;  ofs.  pur- 
pose, intentionally,  deliberately ;  s.  time,  pre- 
arranged ;  s.  scene,  built  up  of  more  or  less  solid 
material ;  s.  piece  in  fireworks,  built  up  on  scaf- 
folding; s.  forms  of  prayer  &c,  not  extempore; 
s.  speech,  composed  beforehand  ;  s.fairol  wea- 
ther, fine  without  bign  of  breaking ;  s.  on  or 
upon,  determined  to  get,  absorbed  in  ;  batsman 
is  s.,  has  got  his  eye  in) ;  bring  by  placing,  ar- 
ranging, impelling,  or  other  means,  into  speci- 
fied state  (s.  things  right,  to  rights,  in  order,  in 
motion;  s.  one's  house  in  order,  often  fig.,  in- 
troduce reforms ;  s.  question,  person's  heart,  at 
rest ;  s.  machine  going,  cask  abroach ;  s.  person 
on  his  feet  lit.  &  fig.,  box  on  its  end ;  s.  one  in 
the  way,  direct  him ;  s.  one  on  his  way  archaic, 
go  part  way  with  him ;  s.  one  right,  disabuse 
him  of  error,  correct,  often  with  implication  of 
officiousness  &c. ;  s.  one  at  ease,  relieve  his 
anxieties  or  bashfulness ;  s.  at  liberty,  release ; 
s.  persons  by  the  ears,  at  variance  or  logger- 
heads, produce  quarrel ;  s.  on  fire,  kindle ;  s. 
Thames  on  fire1;  s.  movement  &c.  on  foot, 
start  it ;  s.  table,  company,  Sec,  laughing  or  on 
or  in  a  roar,  stir  laughter ;  s.  teeth  on  edge  l) ; 
s.  at  defiance,  defy  ;  s.  at  naught,  mock,  dis- 
regard ;  make  sit  down  to  task,  order  to  apply 
energies  to  doing,  cause  to  work,  apply  oneself 
to  xvork,  (s.  him  to  dictation,  wood-chopping, 
work  at  his  Greek ;  shall  s.  to  work  now,  begin ; 
s.  oneself  to  do,  make  up  one's  mind,  resolve  or 
undertake);  exhibit  or  arrange  as  pattern  or  as 
material  to  be  dealt  with  (often  w.  ind.  obj.;  .9., 
s.  person,  an  example,  task,  problem,  &c,  to  be 
followed,  done,  solved,  by  him ;  s.  the  fashion, 
the  pace,  determine  it  by  leading;  s.  paper,  draw 
up  questions  to  be  answered  by  examinees  ;  s. 
the  temperament  in  piano-tuning,  arrange  in- 
tervals of  one  octave  as  standard  for  the  rest) ; 
8.  (to  music),  provide  (song,  words)  with  music 
usu.  composed  for  the  purpose;  make  inser- 
tions in  (surface)  with  (gold,  field,  sky,  s.  ivith 
gems,  daisies,  stars ;  shall  s.  top  of  wall  with 
broken  glass,  this  bed  with  geraniums) ;  turn 
(i.,  rarely  t.)  to  solid  or  hard  or  rigid  from  liquid 
or  soft  or  mobile  state,  curdle,  solidify,  harden, 
take  shape,  develop  (usu.  intr.)intodefiniteness 
or  maturity,  (egg sets,  by  cooking  or  incubation ; 
hard-s.;  blossom  sets,  forms  into  fruit ;  fruit 
sets,  develops  out  of  blossom ;  tree  sets,  deve- 
lops fruit;  plaster  of  Paris  sets  quickly;  the 
jelly,  junket,  has  or zs  s.;  when  his  body,  cha- 
racter, has  s.;  thicks.;  over-exercise  sets  aboys 
muscles  prematurely ;  face  sets,  takes  hard  ex- 
pression; eyes  s.,  become  motionless  in  death, 
swoon,  &c);  sink  below  horizon  (sun,  moon, 
sets ;  the  star  of  Rome,  his  star,  has  or  is  s., 
greatness  is  departed);  (of  tide,  current,  &c,  & 
transf.  of  feelings,  customs,  &c.)  have  motion, 
gather  force,  sweep  along,  show  or  feel  ten- 
dency, (tide  sets  in,  out;  current  sets  strongly, 
eastwards;  ovinion  is  setting  against  it ;  his 
soul  s.  to  grief);  (of  sporting  dog)  take  rigid  at- 
titude indicatingpresence  of  game ;  (of  dancers) 
take  position  facing  partners  (often  s.  to  part- 
ners) ;  (of  garment)  adapt  itself  to  figure,  sit, 
well,  badly,  &c. ;  sharp l-s.  Special  senses  with 
advv.  &  prepp.:  s.  about,  begin,  take  steps  to- 
wards, (task,  doing);  s.  back,  impede  or  reverse 
progress  of ;  s.  down,  put  in  writing,  attribute 
to,  explain  or  describe  to  oneself  as;  s.  forth, 
make  known,  declare,  expound,  adorn,  begin 
journey  or  expedition  ;  s.  forward,  assist  pro- 
gress of,  begin  going  forward  (archaic);  s.  in, 
arise,  get  vogue,  become  established,  (reaction, 
rain,  s.  in  ;  it  s.  in  to  rain) ;  s.  off,  act  as  adorn- 
ment or  foil  to,  enhance,  make  more  striking, 


SET 791 

start  (person)  laughing  or  talking  on  pet  sub- 
ject, begin  journey  ;  s.  on  adv.,  instigate,  ad- 
vance to  the  assault ;  s.  on  prep.,  urge  (dog  &c.) 
to  attack  (person  &c),  attack;  s.  oat, embellish, 
demonstrate,  exhibit,  declare,  begin  journey ; 
s.  to  adv.,  begin  doing  something  vigorously, 
esp.  (usu.  w.  pi.  subj.)  fighting  or  arguing ;  s.  up, 
develop  figure  of  by  physical  training  (esp.  in 
p.p.,  as  a  well  s.-u.  man),  start  (institution,  busi- 
ness, one '8 carriage,  &c),  occasion  (soreness  &c.), 
establish  (person)  or  provide  with  means  of  es- 
tablishment or  establish  oneself  in  some  capa- 
city (his  father,  £50, s.  him  up  as  a  tobacconist 
or  in  the  tobacco  trade ;  shall  s.  up  as  a  dentist), 
provide  adequately  in  or  with  some  article  (am 
s.  up  with  no  velsfor  the  winter),  place  (standard, 
notice,  &c.)  in  view,  begin  uttering  (protest, 
shriek,  &c.)  loudly,  propound  (theory),  restore 
from  ill-health  or  depression  ;  s.  tip  for,  make 
pretensions  to  the  character  of  (sets  up  for  a 
scholar,  moralist,  &c);  s.  upon,  =  s.  on  prep. 
[OE  settan  (sittan  sit),  cf.  Du.  zetten,  G  setzen] 

set2,  n.  Number  of  things  or  persons  that 
belong  together  as  essentially  similar  or  as 
complementary  to  each  other,  group,  clique, 
collection,  (s.  of  studs,  chairs,  golf -clubs,  fire- 
irons,  lectures ;  s.  of  teeth,  natural  or  artificial ; 
a  fines,  of  men,  players,  officers,  &c. ;  dinners., 
dinner  service  * ;  toilet  s.,  vessels  of  wash-hand- 
stand ;  the  fast,  best,  racing,  smart,  literary, 
political,  &c,  s.,  sections  of  society  consorting 
together;  s.  of  quadrilles  or  s.,  figures  that 
make  up  a  quadrille ;  s.  of  dancers  or  s.,  number 
needed  to  make  up  square  dance  ;  a,  the  first, 
Scc.,s.  in  tennis  &c, group  of  games  counting  as 
unit  to  side  that  wins  more  than  half  the  games 
in  it;  s.  of  exchange,  first  &c.  of  exchange1 
collectively) ;  slip  or  shoot  for  planting ;  young 
fruit  just  s. ;  setting  o/sun  or  day  (poet.) ;  way 
current  or  wind  or  opinion  &c.  sets,  drift  or 
tendency  of,  (the  s.  of  the  current,  public  feeling, 
&c. ;  the  s.  of  his  mind  is  towards  intolerance) ; 
configuration,  conformation,  habitual  posture, 
way  head  &c.  is  set  on  or  carried,  way  dress  &c. 
sits  or  flows,  (usu.  of;  the  s.  of  the  hills,  his  head, 
the  drapery),  warp  or  bend  or  displacement 
caused  by  continued  pressure  or  position  (has 
got  as.  to  the  right) ;  (amount  of)  alternate  de- 
flection of  saw-teeth ;  last  coat  of  plaster  on 
wall ;  timber  frame  supporting  gallery  &c.  in 
coal-mine ;  amount  of  margin  in  type  causing 
letters  to  be  close  or  wide  s. ;  number  of  eggs  in 
nest,  or  number  laid  before  bird  sits,  clutch ; 
setter's  pointing  in  presence  of  game  (often 
dead  s. ;  make  dead  s.  at  transf.,  combine  to 
attack  esp.  by  argument  or  ridicule) ;  kinds  of 
wrench  &  punch ;  (Theatr.)  s.  scene ;  s.-back, 
reversal  or  arrest  of  progress,  relapse ;  s.-down, 
rebuff;  snub ;  s.-off,  thing  s.  off  against  another, 
thing  of  which  the  amount  or  effect  may  be 
deducted  from  that  of  another  of  opposite  ten- 
dency, counterpoise,  counter-claim,  thing  that 
embellishes,  adornment  to  something,  (Arch.) 
sloping  or  horizontal  member  connecting  lower 
and  thicker  partof  wall  &c.  with  upper  receding 
part ;  s.-out,  commencement  or  start  (esp.  at  the 
first  s.-o.),  things  s.  out,  equipment,  display  of 
food  or  utensils  or  goods ;  s.-to.  combat  esp.  with 
fists ;  s.-up,  erectness  or  carriage  of  body,  [in 
lstsense  prob.  corrupt,  of  sect  ;  in  othersf.  prec.] 

seta'ceous  (-sh?ts),  a.  Bristly,  having  bris- 
tles, shaped  like  a  bristle.  Hence  seta'ceous- 
lv2  adv.    [f.  L  seta  bristle,  -aceous] 

seti'ferous,  seti'g-erous,  seto'se,  aa. 
Having  bristles.  [L  seta  bristle,  setiger,  setosios, 
bristly,  -ferous,  -gerous,  -ose1] 

se'ton,  n.  (surg.).  Skein  of  cotton  or  the  like 
passed  below  skm  and  left  with  ends  protruding 


SETTLE 

to  maintain  an  artificial  issue  as  counter-irri- 
tant &c.  esp.  in  veterinary  practice ;  s.-ncedle, 
for  inserting  s.   [F  (se-),  f.  L  seta  bristle,  -oon] 

sett,  arbitrary  var.  of  set2  in  some  of  its 
more  technical  senses. 

settee*  \  n.  Long  seat  variously  constructed 
to  seat  more  than  one  person,  esp.  kind  of  double 
arm-chair  or  short  sofa  with  ends  alike  for  tete- 
a-tete,    [perh.  irreg.  dim.  f.  settle  l ;  see  -ee] 

settee*2,  n.  Mediterranean  sharp-pro  wed 
lateen-sailed  vessel  with  two  or  three  masts, 
[f.  F  s(c)Uie  f.  It,  saettia  (saetta  f.  L  sagitta)] 

se'tter,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  breeds 
(English,  Irish,  Gordon,  s.)  of  long-haired  dog 
trained  to  stand  rigid  on  scenting  game  ;  s.-o?i, 
instigator,  [set  a,  -er1  ;dog  named  from  native 
habit  of  crouching  on  same  occasion] 

se'tterwort  (-ert),  n.  A  plant,  Bear's-foot 
or  Fetid  Hellebore,  [perh.  corrupt,  f.  seton, 
the  roots  having  formerly  been  used  as  seton 
in  dewlap  of  oxen] 

setting-,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  the  music 
of  a  song  &c;  the  metal  or  other  frame  in 
which  a  gem  is  set,  (transf.)  surroundings  of 
any  object  regarded  as  its  framework  or  as 
accessories  setting  it  off,  environment,  (Theatr. ) 
way  a  play  is  put  on  the  stage,  scenery,  proper- 
ties, costumes,  &c;  s.-board,  on  which  entomo- 
logical specimens  are  set;  s.-box,  in  which  s.- 
boards  are  kept  like  shelves  or  drawers;  s.- 
needle,  needle  in  wooden  handle  used  in  setting 
specimens ;  s.-rule,  brass  or  steel  plate  with 
which  type  is  kept  temporarily  in  place  as  it  is 
set  up ;  s.-stick,  used  in  setting  type,    [-ing  j] 

se'ttle1,  n.  Bench  with  high  back  &  arms 
&  often  with  chest  from  seat  to  floor.  [OE 
setl,  cf .  Du.  zetel,  G  sessel ;  cogn.  w.  sit,  set  l] 

se'ttle2,  v.t.  &  i.  Establish  or  become  estab- 
lished in  more  or  less  permanent  abode  or  place 
or  way  of  life  (often  down),  (cause  to)  sit  down 
or  down  to  stay  for  some  time,  cease  from 
wandering  or  motion  or  change  or  disturbance 
or  turbidity  (often  down),  bring  to  or  attain 
fixity  or  composure  or  certainty  or  clarity  or 
decision,  determine,  agree  upon,  decide,  ap- 
point, (he  settled  detachments  of  Jews  in  As- 
syria ;  shall  s.  in  London,  Australia ;  s.  feet 
in  stirrups,  plant's  root  well  down  in  ground, 
invalid  among  pillows,  oneself  in  chair ;  s. 
down  to  dinner,  whist,  reading,  married  life  ; 
settled  down  to  defensive  play,  a  series  of  skir- 
mishes ;  marry  &  s.  down ;  cannot  s.  to  work, 
to  anything,  of  restless  or  excited  or  desultory 
person ;  bird  settles  on  tree,  alights ;  stand  beer 
to  s.,  get  clear;  let  the  excitement  s.  down; 
things  will  soon  s.  into  shape  ;  must  get  it  set- 
tled up,  finally  arranged ;  s.  coffee,  soup,  with 
white  of  egg,  clarify ;  man,  expression,  of  set- 
tled convictions,  melancholy;  settled  order, 
state,  habitation,  government,  weather ;  a 
liqueur  tos.  one's  dinner,  facilitate  digestion ;  s. 
the  day,  fix  date  ;  s.  quarrel,  question,  doubts, 
the  pattern  of,  waverers ;  what  have  you  settled 
on  or  settled?;  s.  the  succession,  determine  who 
shall  succeed ;  that  settles  the  matter  or  ques- 
tion, there  is  no  more  to  be  said ;  s.  one's  af- 
fairs, esp.  before  death  by  making  will  &c); 
colonize,  establish  colonists  in,  s.  as  colonists 
in,  (country);  subside,  sink  to  bottom  of  liquid 
or  into  lower  position,  (the  solid  matter  soon 
settles;  soil,  house,  foundation,  settles,  comes 
gradually  to  lower  level  by  gravitation  &  giv- 
ing way  of  what  is  below  ;  ship  settles,  shows 
loss  of  buoyancy,  tends  to  sink);  deal  effectual- 
ly with,  dispose  or  get  rid  of,  do  for,  pay  (bill), 
pay  bill,  (s.  person,  get  rid  of  his  importunity 
or  obstruction  by  argument  or  conflict  or  kill- 
ing ;  let  us  s.  up  our  accounts  or  s.  up,  draw 


SETTLEMENT 


792 


SEX 


■up  &  liquidate  balance ;  s.  person's  hash  2  or 
business ;  settled,  written  on  paid  bill  in  ac- 
knowledging payment;  will  you  s.  for  me?, 
pay  the  bill ;  s.  with  creditors,  pay  their  bills  or 
such  proportion  as  they  will  agree  to  accept ; 
settling-day,  esp.  fortnightly  account  day  at 
Stock  Exchange);  bestow  legally  for  life  on 
(settled  an  annuity  on  him ;  settled  all  his  pro- 
perty on  his  wife ;  settled  estate,  held  by  tenant 
for  life  under  specified  conditions).  [OE  set- 
Ian  (prec),  perh.  with  admixture  of  OE  sahtlian 
reconcile  (saht  reconciliation  f.  ON  sxtt}] 
settlement,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  (Law) 
conveyance  of,  or  creation  of  estate(s)  in,  pro- 
perty to  make  provision  for  one  or  more  bene- 
ficiaries differing  from  what  would  result  from 
simple  conveyance  or  statutory  inheritance 
(marriage  s.,  usu.  made  in  favour  of  wife,  her 
children,  &c.) ;  newly  settled  tract  of  country, 
colony ;  subsidence  of  wall,  house,  &c;  Act  of 
S.,  statute  of  1701  vesting  crown  in  Sophia  of 
Hanover  &  her  heirs,  [ment] 
se*ttler,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  one  who 
settles  in  new  colony,  early  colonist;  (slang) 
decisive  blow,  argument,  or  event,  [-er1] 
se'twall,  n.  Kind  of  valerian  formerly  in 
medicinal  use.  [AF  cetewale  f.  OF  citoual  f. 
med.L  zedoaria  f.  Pers.  zadwar] 
se'ven,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  six,  7,  VII, 
(often  agreeing  with  understood  n.,  as  s.  of  the 
men,  s.  of  them,  s.  o'clock  or  s. ;  one  &  s.,  1/7 ;  s. 
&  six,  7/6 ;  txoenty-s.  or  s.-&-twenty,  &  so  on  to 
B.-&-ninety ;  was  s.  last  birthday,  years  old ; 
one-&-sevenpenny  &c,  costing  1/7  &c;  the  s. 
sage2s  or  wise  men ;  the  s.  sleepers,  Christians 
who  fell  asleep  in  a  cave  while  hiding  from 
Decian  persecution  &  woke  200  years  later  when 
Roman  Empire  was  Christian ;  the  s.  virtues, 
deadly  sins,  wonder1*  of  the  world;  s.-league 
boots,  giving  wearer  power  of  going  7  leagues 
at  each  stride  ;  seventy  times  s.,  large  indefinite 
number,  w.  ref.  to  Matt,  xviii.  22);  s.-gills,  kind 
of  shark;  hence  se'venFO'LD  a.  &  adv., 
se'venTEE'N  a.  &  n.  (sweet  s.,  age  of  girlish 
beauty),  seventee'nra 2  a.  &  n.  (N.)  the 
number  7,  the  symbol  7,  set  of  7  persons  or 
things  esp.  7-pipped  card,  (twice  s.  is  Ik ;  make 
a  large  s.;  by  ss.,  in  sets  of  7 ;  at  sixes  &  ss.). 
[Aryan :  OE  seofon,  cf.  Du.  zeven,  G  sieben,  L 
septem,  Gk  hepta,  Skr.  saptan] 
se'venth,  a.  &  n.  Next  after  sixth  (the,  a,  s., 
often  as  n.  with  ellipse  of  n.,  esp.  the  s.  =7th 
day  of  month;  s.  day,  Saturday  in  quaker 
speech  &  with  sects  keeping  Saturday  instead 
of  Sunday  as  sabbath ;  in  the  s.  heaven,  in  the 
greatest  happiness  or  satisfaction ;  s.  part,  one 
of  7  equal  parts  into  which  thing  may  be  di- 
vided). (N.)  =s.  part;  (Mus.)  tone  7  diatonic 
degrees  from  given  tone,  this  interval,  harmonic 
combination  between  tone  &  its  s.  [-th2] 
seventhly,  adv.  In  the  7th  place  (in  enu- 
merations).   [-LY  2J 

se'venty,  a.  &  n.  Seven  times  ten,  70,  LXX, 
(s.-one  &c,  or  one-dt-s.  &c. ;  s.-Jirst  &c. ;  the  s., 
the  disciples  of  Luke  x,  also  the  sanhedrim, 
also  the  Septuagint  translators) ;  s.-four  hist, 
war-ship  with  71  guns ;  hence  se'ventiETH  a. 
&  n.  (N.)  the  number  or  symbol  70;  the  ss., 
years  between  69  &  80  in  life  or  century,  [-ty  2] 
se'ver,  v.t.  &  i.  Separate,  divide,  part,  dis- 
join, disunite,  (t.  &  rarely  i. ;  s.  husband  &  wife, 
friends  or  friendship,  rope,  neck,  connexion', 
sea  severs  England  &  or  from  France ;  the 
rope  severed  under  the  strain) ;  cut  or  break 
off,  take  away,  (part)  from  or  from  whole 
(severed  his  head,  his  head  from  his  body ;  s. 
oneself  from  the  Church);  (Law ;  of  person  in 
joint  action)  conduct  case  independently  of 


the  rest.  Hence  server  able  a.,  se'ver ance 
n.  [f.  OF  sevrer  f.  L  as  separate] 
se'veral,  a.  &  pron.  Separate,  diverse,  dis- 
tinct, individual,  respective,  (all  of  us  in  our 
s.  stations ;  each  has  his  s.  ideal ;  went  their  s. 
ways;  indictment  of  three  s.  counts;  the  s.  mem- 
bers of  the  Board ;  each  s.  ship  sank  her  op- 
ponent ;  collective  it  s.  responsibility,  of  per- 
sons as  a  body  &  as  individuals;  joint  &  s.  bond 
&c,  signed  by  more  than  one  person,  of  whom 
each  is  liable  for  whole  sum;  s.  estate,  not 
shared  with  others),  whence  se'veralLY2 
adv. ;  a  few,  more  than  two  but  not  many, 
(have  called  s.  times;  myself  &  s.  others). 
(Pron.)  a  moderate  number,  more  than  two  but 
not  many,  of  the  previously  mentioned  or  im- 
plied persons  or  things  (s.  of  you  have  seen  him; 
went  mushroom-hunting  &  found  s.).  [OF,  f.  L 
separate  separate  thing  (separate,  -al)] 
se'veralty,  n.  Individual  or  unshared  ten- 
ure of  estate  &c.  (usu.  in  s.).  [-ty] 
severe*,  a.  (-er,  -est).  Austere,  strict,  harsh, 
rigorous,  unsparing,  (s.  look,  discipline,  critic, 
master,  sentence,  inspection,  self-control) ;  vio- 
lent, vehement,  extreme,  (s.  weather,  very  cold 
or  stormy;  a  s.  winter;  s.  attack  of  gout);  trying, 
making  great  demands  on  endurance,  energy, 
skill,  or  other  quality,  (s.  test,  pain,  competi- 
tion, requirements);  unadorned,  stripped  of  all 
that  is  unessential,  without  redundance,  re- 
strained, terse,  (s.  architecture,  beauty,  sim- 
plicity, style);  sarcastic  or  satirical  (s.  remarks; 
you  are  pleased  to  be  s.).  Hence  or  cogn.  se- 
vere'LY2  adv.,  seve'riTY  n.  (w.  pi.  =  severe 
treatment).  [OF,  f.  L  severus  etym.  dub.] 
Sevres  (sa'vr),  n.  Porcelain  made  at  S. 
sew  (so),  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  sewn,  sewed).  Fasten 
(material,  pieces)  by  passing  thread  again  & 
again  through  hoiesmade  with  threaded  needle 
or  with  awl  &c.  (s.  cloth,  calico,  leather,  pieces 
together,  sheets  of  book),  whence  sowing  ](5) 
n.;  make  by  sewing  (s.  seam,  pleat,  shirt,  book, 
boot,  buttonhole);  fasten  on  or  in,  attach,  by 
sewing  (s.  on  a  button ;  can  you  s.  buttons  ? ; 
s.  in  a  patch,  band,  gusset,  rib,  &c.) ;  close  up 
(hole,  rent,  wound,  bag)  by  sewing ;  enclose, 
fasten  up,  by  sewing  receptacle  (s.  up  money 
in  a  bag ;  s.  money  into  one's  belt) ;  s.  one  up 
slang,  utterly  exhaust,  (esp.  in  p.p.)  intoxicate; 
use  needle  &  thread  or  sewing-machine ;  sew- 
ing-machine, apparatus  in  which  needle  is 
worked  mechanically  by  crank  or  treadle ; 
sewing-press,  apparatus  for  sewing  books. 
Hence  sewer1  [-er1]  n.  [Aryan :  OE  shvian, 
OHG  siwan,  L  suere,  Gk  (kas)suo,  Skr.  siv] 
sewage  (-ij),  n.,  &  v.t.  Matter  conveyed  in 
sewers ;  s.-farm,  on  which  s.  is  used  as  manure, 
esp.  one  that  utilizes  &  disposes  of  a  town's  s. ; 
s.-grass,  grown  on  se waged  land;  (vb)  manure 
with  s.  [r.  obs.  sew  drain  dry  f.  OF  essuier  f.  L 
EX(succare  f.  succus  juice),  -age] 
sewer2  (for  s.1  see  sew),  n.  (hist).  Person 
who  set  out  table,  placed  guests,  carried  & 
tasted  dishes,  &c.  [f.  OF  asseoxir  f.  asseoir  to 
seat,  set,  f.  L  AS(sidere  =  sedere  sit)  sit  beside] 
sewer3,  n.,  &  v.t.  Conduit  or  channel  usu. 
covered  over  for  carrying  off  the  drainage  & 
excrementitious  matter  ofa  town,  public  drain; 
s.-gas,  foul  air  of  ss. ;  s.-rat,  common  brown  or 
Norway  rat;  hence  sewer age(1)  n.  ( Vb)  drain, 
provide,  with  ss.  [f.  OF  seuwiere  sluice  f.  L 
*EXaquaria  (aqua  water,  -ary  *) ;  cf.  ewer] 
sewin,  -en,  n.  Kind  of  salmon-trout.  [W(-yn)] 
sewn,    See  sew. 

sex,  n.  Being  male  or  female  or  hermaphro- 
dite (what  is  its  s.  ? ;  s.  does  not  matter ;  with- 
out distinction  of  age  or  .v.),  whence  se'XLESS 
a.,  se'xlessNESS  n.;  males  or  females  collec- 


SEX- 


793 


SHADOW 


tively  (all  ranks  &  both  ss. ;  the  fair,  gentle, 
softer,  weaker,  s.,  &  facet,  the  s.,  women ;  the 
sterner  s.,  men  ;  is  thz  fairest  of  her  s.).  [f.  F 
sexe  f.  L  sexus  -us  pern.  cogn.  w.  secare  cut] 

sex-,  sexi-,  coinb.  forms  of  L  sex  six,  in  deri- 
vatives of  L  compds  &  in  mod.  formations : 
se'xangle,  hexagon ;  sexangular(ly),  hexagon- 
al(ly) ;  sexcente'nary  {or  -se--)  a.  &  n.,  of  600, 600- 
year,  600th  anniversary;  sexdigitate,  six-fin- 
gered ;  sexennial(ly),  lasting,  (occurring)  once 
in,  six  years;  sexjid  bot.,  cleft  in  6;  sexfoil,  6- 
lobed  figure  in  architectural  or  other  decora- 
tion, also  6-leaved  plant ;  sexillion,  6th  power  of 
a  million,  1  with  36  ciphers ;  sexisylla'bic,  -able, 
(word)  of  6  syllables ;  sex(i)valent  chem.,  com- 
bining with  6  atoms  of  hydrogen,  having  6  com- 
bining equivalents ;  sexpar'tite,  divided  in  6 ; 
sextuple  a.  &  n.  &  v.t.  &  L,  sixfold  (amount), 
multiply  by  6. 

sexagenarian,  a.  &  n.    (Person)  between 

59  &  70.    _[L  sexagenarius  (foil.),  -an] 
sexage'nary,  a.    Of  60,  going  by  sixties. 

[f.  OF  sexagenaire  f.  L  sexagenarius  (sexageni 

60  each  f.  sexaginta  60,  -ary  *)] 
Sexage'sima,  n.    (Also  S.  Sunday)  Sunday 

before  Quinquagesima.  [L,  fern.  adj.  ■  60th 
(day),  prob.  named  loosely  as  preceding  quin- 
quagesima] 

sexagesimal,  a.  &  n.  Sixtieth,  of  60,  pro- 
ceeding by  sixties,  (s.  fractions,  or  ss.  n.,  with 
denominators  proceeding  in  ratio  of  60  as  in  the 
divisions  of  the  circle  &  hour).  Hence  sexa- 
ge'simalLY2  adv.  [f.  L  sexagesimus  60th 
(sexaginta  60),  -al] 

sext,  sexte,  n.  (eccl.).  The  office  of  the  6th 
hour,  recited  at  noon,  [f .  F  sexte  I.  med.  L  sexta 
(L  sextus  sixth)] 

se'xtain,  n.  Stanza  of  6  lines.  [L  sexttis 
sixth,  -an  ;  cf.  quatrain] 

se'xtan,  a.  (Of  fever  &c.)  recurring  every 
sixth  day.   [as  prec] 

se'xtant,  n.  Sixth  part  of  circle ;  instrument 
including  a  graduated  s.  used  in  navigation  & 
surveying  for  measuring  angular  distances, 
[f.  L  sextans  -ntis  sixth  of  an  as  (sextus  sixth, 
-ant,  as  if  f.  *sextare  divide  by  6)j 

sexte*t(te),  n.  (Musical  work  for)  6  voices, 
singers,  instruments,  or  players,  in  combina- 
tion ;  (transf.)  any  set  of  6.  [f.  L  sextus  sixth, 
as  quartette] 

sexti'llion,  n.  =  SEXi'ZZtort.    [prec,  billion] 

se'xto,  n.  (pi.  -os).  Book  formed  by  folding 
sheets  in  six.    [f.  L  sextus  sixth,  as  quarto] 

sextodecimo,  n.  (abbr.  16mo  usu.  read  six- 
teenmo). Sheet  of  paper  folded  in  16  leaves ; 
this  way  of  folding  (in  s. ) ;  book  made  by  folding 
thus.    [orig.  in  s.  L  (in5,  sextus  decimus  16th)] 

se'xton,  n.  Officer  charged  with  care  of 
church,  its  vessels,  vestments,  &  churchyard, 
&  often  with  duties  of  parish  clerk  &  grave- 
digger;  s.-beetle,  kinds  that  bury  carrion  to 
serve  as  nidus  for  eggs.  [ME  sekesteyn  &c, 
corrupt,  of  sacristan] 

se'xual  (or  -kshdb-),  a.  Of  sex,  a  sex,  or  the 
sexes  (s.  organs,  genitals ;  s.  intercourse  or 
commerce,  copulation ;  8. affinity,  mutual  attrac- 
tion of  two  individuals  of  opposite  sexes;  s. 
selection;  s.  appetite,  indulgence,  for,  in,  s. 
intercourse) ;  (Bot. ;  of  classification)  based  on 
the  distinction  of  sexes  in  plants,  whence 
se*xualiST(2)  n.  Hence  sexua'liTV  n.,  se'x- 
ual ly  2  adv.    [f.  L  sexualis  (sex,  -al)] 

se'xualize,  v.t.  Attribute  sex  to.  Hence 
sexualizATiONn.    [-ize] 

sforza'ndo  (ts-),  mus.  direction.  With  sud- 
den emphasis.    [It.] 

sTuma'to  (-oomah-),  a.  (paint.).  With  in- 
distinct outlines.    [It,  lit.  smoked] 


sha'bby,  a.  Scurvy,  contemptible,  paltry, 
dishonourable,  ( played  me  a  s.  trick) ;  close- 
fisted,  mean  ;  worn,  threadbare,  dilapidated, 
seedy,  in  bad  repair  or  condition  ;  s.-genteel,  re- 
taining traces  of  better  days,  attempting  to 
keep  up  appearances.  Hence  sha'bbiLV  2  ad  v. , 
sha'bbiNESs  n.,  sha'bby ish  i(2)  a.  [OE 
sceab,  sexb,  scab,  +  -y  2] 

sha/braek,  n.  Cavalry  saddlecloth,  [f.  G 
schabracke  ult.  f.  Turk,  chaprak] 

sha-ckle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Metal  loop  or  staple, 
bow  of  padlock,  link  closed  by  bolt  for  connect- 
ing chains  &c,  coupling  link ;  long  link  joining 
pair  of  wrist  or  ankle  rings,  (pi.)  fetters,  im- 
pediments, or  restraints  (the  ss.  of  convention) ; 
kind  of  insulator  for  telegraph  wires ;  s.-bolt, 
for  closing  s.,  also  bolt  with  s.  at  its  end ;  s.- 
joint,  in  some  fishes,  formed  by  bony  ring  pass- 
ing through  hole  in  other  bone ;  (vb)  fetter,  im- 
pede, trammel.  [OE  sceacul  loose  bond  (shake)] 

shad,  n.  Kinds  of  anadromous  deep-bodied 
fish,  of  which  the  American  or  White  S.  is 
much  esteemed  as  food.  [OE  sceadd,  cf.  Ir.  & 
Gael,  sgadan,  W  ysgadan,  herrings] 

sha'ddock,  n.  (Fruit,  sometimes  weighing 
15  lb.,  of)  orig.  Malayan  &  Polynesian  tree  of 
orange  kind.    [&.,  intrtxlucer  to  W.  Indies] 

shade1,  n.  Comparative  darkness  (&  usu. 
coolness)  caused  by  interception  of  light  (& 
usu.  heat)  rajs,  (fig.)  comparative  obscurity 
(throw  into  the  s.,  outshine);  (often  pi.)  place 
sheltered  from  sun,  cool  or  sequestered  retreat ; 
(pi.)  darkness  of  night  or  evening;  darker  part 
of  picture  (without  light  &  s.,  of  paintings,  also 
fig.  of  descriptions  or  characters,  monotonous, 
uniformly  glaring  or  sombre);  a  colour  esp. 
with  regard  to  its  depth  or  as  distinguished 
from  one  nearly  like  it,  gradation  of  colour,  ma- 
terial so  coloured,  (in  all  ss.  of  purple  ;  I  want 
the  same  colour  in  a  lighter  s.;  all  the  newest 
ss.  in  stock;  also  fig.,  as  people  of  all  ss.  of 
opinion,  delicate  ss.  of  meaning) ;  slight  differ- 
ence, small  amount,  (am  a  s.  better  today) ;  un- 
substantial or  unreal  thing  (is  the  shadow  of  a 
s.,  delusive) ;  soul  after  death  (spoke  with  the  s. 
of  Homer ;  went  down  to  the  ss.,  died,  visited 
Hades ;  S.  of  Priscian  &c./,  exclamation  at 
blunder,  crime,  &c,  that  would  have  outraged 
person  invoked) ;  screen  excluding  or  moderat- 
ing light,  heat,  &c.  (usu.  in  comb.,  as  sun, 
candle,  lamp,  -s.),  eye-shield,  glass  cover  for 
object.  Hence  sha'deLESS  a.  [Aryan ;  = 
shadow  ;  OE  sexd,  sceadu,  cf.  Du.  schaduw, 
G  schatten,  Gk  skotos ;  cogn.  w.  sky  &  Gk  skia 
shade  (ska-  cover)] 

shade2,  v.t.  Screen  from  excessive  light 
(shaded  his  eyes  with  his  hand ;  trees  s.  the 
street) ;  cover,  keep  off,  or  moderate  power  of 
(luminous  object,  light)  with  or  as  intervening 
object;  make  dark  or  gloomy  (a  sullen  look 
shaded  his  face) ;  (Drawing)  darken  (parts  of 
object  represented)  esp.  with  parallel  pencil 
lines  to  give  effects  of  light  &  shade  or  grada- 
tions of  colour,  whence  sha'diNG^)  n.;  (of 
colour  or  light,  &  fig.  of  opinion,  practice,  &c.) 
pass  O.JT  by  degrees  into  (or  into)  other  colour 
or  variety,  make  (colour  &c.)  pass  thus  into  an- 
other ;  modify  pitch  of  (organ-pipe),    [f.  prec] 

shadoo'f,  n.  Pole  with  bucket  &  counter- 
poise used  esp.  in  Egypt  for  raising  water,  [f. 
Arab,  shaduf] 

sha'dow1  (-6),  n.  Shade  (sitting  in  the  s.; 
the  s.  of  death  is  on  his  face  ;  valley  of  the  s. 
of  death ;  the  ss.  of  night ;  under  the  s.  of  mis- 
fortune), dark  part  of  picture,  room,  &c;  patch 
of  shade,  dark  figure  projected  by  body  that 
intercepts  light  rays,  this  regarded  as  person's 
or  thing's  appendage  (may  your  s.  never  grow 


SHADOW 


791 


SHALL. 


less  !,  nor  consequently  you  thin),  (fig.)  one's  in- 
separable attendant  or  companion  ;  reflected 
image ;  type,  faint  representation,  adumbra- 
tion, premonition  (coming  events  cast  their  ss. 
before) ;  slightest  trace  (without  a  s.  of  doubt) ; 
unsubstantial  or  unreal  thing  or  counterfeit 
(what  ss.  we  are ! ;  catch  at  ss. ;  having  only 
the  s.  of  freedom),  phantom,  ghost,  (is  but  the  s. 
of  his  former  self;  worn  to  a  s.;  a  terrible  s. 
with  uplifted  hand);  privacy,  obscurity,  (con- 
tent to  live  in  the  s.);  shelter,  protection,  (under 
the  s.  of  the  Almighty);  (Yacht.)  kind  of  light 
sail  used  in  fair  winds ;  s.-stitch.  kind  of  ladder- 
work  in  lace-making.  Hence  sha'dowLESS, 
sha'dowY2,  aa.,  sha'dowiNESS  n.  [OE 
sceadu,  see  shade  fl 

sha'dow2,  v.t.  Overspread  with  s.  (chiefly 
poet.);  set  forth  dimly,  in  outline,  allegorically, 
or  prophetically ;  dog,  secretly  watch  all  move- 
ments of.  [f.  prec] 
sha'dy,  a.  Giving,  situated  in,  shade;  (of 
actions,  conduct,  &c.)  shunning  the  light,  dis- 
reputable, of  dubious  honesty ;  on  thes.  side  of 
forty  &c. ,  more  than.  Hence  sha'diL  y  2  ad  v. , 
sha'diNESSn.    [-Y2] 

shaft,  n.  (Slender  pole  of)  lance  Or  spear ; 
long-bow  arrow  (often  cix>TH-yard  s.%  also  fig., 
as  ss.  of  satire,  ridicule,  envy) ;  ray  of  light, 
bolt  or  stroke  o/lightning ;  stem,  stalk,  column 
between  base  &  capital,  one  of  group  of  clus- 
tered columns,  spire,  part  of  chimney  above 
roof,  rib  of  feather,  part  more  or  less  long  & 
narrow  &  straight  supporting  or  connecting 
part(s)  of  greater  thickness  &c;  (Mech.)  large 
axle,  revolving  bar  transferring  force  by  belts 
or  cogs,  whence  sha*ftiNG1(3,  6)  n.;  handle  of 
tool  &c;  one  of  pair  of  bars  between  which 
horse  of  vehicle  is  harnessed  (s.-horse,  so 
placed,  opp.  leader  in  tandem);  vertical  or 
inclined  excavation  giving  access  to  mine; 
tunnel  of  blast-furnace ;  (also  ventilating  s.)  up- 
ward vent  for  smoke  or  bad  air  from  tunnel, 
drain,  &c.  [OE  sceaft  spear-shaft,  orig.  shaven 
rod  (shave,  suf.  -t),  cf.  Du.  schacht,  G  schaft] 
shag1,  n.  Rough  growth  or  mass  of  hair 
&c,  whence  sha'ggED2  a.  (rare);  (archaic) 
long-napped  rough  cloth;  coarse  kind  of  cut 
tobacco.  [OE  sceacga,  cf.  ON  skegg  beard 
(skaga  jut  out)] 

shag2,  n.  Crested  cormorant,  [prob.f.prec] 
sha'g-g-y,  a.  Hairy,  rough-haired,  (of  hair) 
coarse,  wildly  abundant,  unkempt,  (of  land  &c) 
overgrown  with  forest  or  rough  vegetation,  (of 
trees  &c.)  with  rough  branches  or  twigs,  (Bot., 
Biol.)  villous.  Hence  sha'g-glLV^ad v.,  sha'g- 
givESsn.    [-y2] 

shagree-n,  n.  Kind  of  untanned  leather 
with  artificially  granulated  surface  made  from 
skin  of  horse,  ass,  camel,  &c,  &  usu.  dyed 
green  ;  shark-skin  rough  with  natural  papillae 
used  for  rasping  &  polishing,  [as  chagrin, 
which  is  differentiated  in  sense] 
shah,  n.  King  of  Persia,  padishah.  [Pers., 
=  ruler;  cf.  check1] 

shake1,  v.t.  &  i.  (shdbk,  shaken).  Move 
(thing,  person)  violently  or  quickly  up  &  down 
or  to  &  fro  with  the  hand(s)  &c.  (like  a  terrier 
shaking  a  rat;  deserves  a  good  sha*kiNG1(l) 
n. ;  .<?.  hands,  clasp  right  hands  with  or  without 
shaking  at  meeting  or  parting,  in  reconciliation 
or  congratulation,  or  over  concluded  bargain ; 
s.  a  carpet) ;  (make)  tremble  or  rock  or  quiver 
or  vibrate  or  wave,  jolt,  jar,  brandish,  (.<?.  the 
hou*e;  the  earth  shook;  hand  shakes,  is  un- 
steady ;  s.  one's  fist,  stick,  &c,  in  person's  face 
or  at,  threaten  with  fist  &c;  s.  a  leg  ;  s.  one's 
head,  move  it  from  side  to  side  in  refusal, 
denial,  disapproval,  or  concern  over  or  at  or 


an 
art 


abs.;  s.  with  fear,  cold,  &c,  tremble  violently); 
agitate,  shock,  disturb,  (was  much  shaken  by, 
with,  at,  the  news ;  s.  him  out  of  his  lethargy  ; 
shook  my  composure) ;  weaken,  impair,  make 
less  convincing  or  firm  or  stable  or  courageous, 
(the  firm's  credit  was  shaken ;  shook  the  wit- 
ness s  evidence  ;  his  faith  in  Providence  was 

reatly  shaken ;  the  ranks  were  shaken  but  not 
vken) ;  (of  voice,  musical  note,  singer,  &c.) 
make  tremulous  sounds,  change  pitch  or  power 
with  rapid  alternations,  trill,  [his  voice  shook 
with  emotion;  must  learn  to  s.);  (imperat.; 
colloq.,  chiefly  U.S.)  s.  hands ;  s.  down,  fetch  or 
send  down  by  shaking  (fruit  from  tree  ;  straw 
or  blankets  &c.  on  floor  for  bed,  whence 
sha'kedown  n.;  grain  &c.  in  vessel  into 
least  compass),  (intr.)  become  compact,  get 
comfortably  settled  or  into  harmony  with  as- 
sociates or  circumstances;  s.  off,  get  rid  of 
(dust  &c,  &  fig.  undesirable  companion  or 
worry)  by  shaking  (.9.  o..the  dust1  from  one's 
feet);  s.  out,  empty  (vessel,  garment,  &c.)  of 
contents  or  dust,  (contents)  from  vessel  &c, 
spread  or  open  (sail,  flag,  reef) ;  s.  up,  mix  (in- 
gredients), restore  (pillow  &c.)  to  shape,  by 
shaking,  rouse  from  stagnant  or  lethargic  or 
convention-ridden  state.  Hence  sha'kABLE 
a.    |OE  sceacan,  cf.  ON  &  Sw.  skaka] 

shake2,  n.  Shaking  or  being  shaken  (see 
prec. ;  with  a  s.  of  the  head ;  give  it,  had,  a  8. ; 
all  of  a  s.,  trembling;  the  ss.,  ague),  jolt,  jerk, 
shock;  trill,  quick  alternation  of  two  notes 
with  voice  or  on  instrument ;  moment  (in  two 
&c.  ss.  of  a  lamb's  tail  &c.  or  ss.,  very  quickly, 
in  no  time) ;  crack  in  growing  timber ;  (slang) 
is  no  great  ss.,  not  very  good  or  efficient ;  s.-upt 
shaking  or  being  shaken  up.    [f.  prec] 

sha'kep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  (S-)  member 
of  religious  sect  founded  in  Manchester,  &  still 
existing  in  U.S.,  holding  that  Christ's  second 
coming  has  taken  place  (named  from  religious 
dances),  whence  Sna'kePESS  *,  Sha'keriSM 
(3),  nn.    [-ER1] 

Shak(e)spe(a)r*ian  (-per-),  a.  (In  the  style) 
of  Shakspere.    So  Shak(e)spe(a)piA,NA  n. 

pL     [-IANJ 

sha'ko,  n.  Form  of  military  hat,  more  or 
less  cylindrical  with  peak  &  upright  plume  or 
tuft.    [F,  f.  Hung,  csako] 

sha'ky,  a.  Unsteady,  apt  to  shake,  tremb- 
ling, unsound,  infirm,  unreliable,  tottering, 
wavering,  (a  s.  hand,  table,  old  man,  house ;  s. 
credit,  voters,  courage;  feel,  look,  s.).  Hence 
sha'kiLY 2  adv.,  sha'kiNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

shale,  n.  Kinds  of  clay  splitting  readily  in- 
to thin  plates  &  resembling  slate  but  softer  & 
less  solid;  s.-oil,  kind  of  naphtha  got  from 
bituminous  s.  Hence  sha'lY  2  a.  [f.  G  schale 
shell,  cf.  obs.  shale  shell  var.  of  scale  l\ 

shall,  v.  aux.  (pres.  I,  he,  we,  you,  they,  s., 
thou  shalt ;  past  &  condit.  I,  he,  we,  you,  they, 
should  pr.  shdbd,  thou  shouldst  pr.  shdodst,  or 
shoul'dest  pr.  shoo- ;  neg.  forms  shall  not  or 
shan't  pr.  -ah-,  should  not  or  shouldn't;  no 
other  parts  used).  S.  &  should  are  used  (1)  in 
first  person  (the  others  having  will,  would)  to 
form  a  plain  future  or  conditional  statement 
or  question  (we  s.  hear  about  it  tomorrow ;  I 
should  have  been  killed  if  I  had  let  go ;  s.  I  hear 
from  you  soon  ?);  (2)  in  2nd  &  3rd  persons  (1st 
having  will,  would)  to  form  a  future  or  condi- 
tional statement  expressing  speaker's  will  or 
intention  (you  s.  not  catch  me  again ;  he  should 
not  have  gone  if  I  could  have  prevented  it) ;  (3) 
alternatively  with  will,  would,  in  sentences  of 
type  1  changed  in  reporting  from  1st  to  other 
person  (he  says  or  said,  you  say  or  said,  that 
he,  you,  s.  or  should  never  manage  it ;   now 


SHALLOON 


795 


SHAPE 


more  usu.  will,  would)  or  from  other  person  to 
1st  (he  3ays  I  s.  or  will  never  manage  it,  report- 
ing youwill  never  ;  will  now  rare);  (4)in  report- 
ing sentences  of  type  2  that  contained  8.  or 
should  (you  promised  I,  he,  should  not  catch 
you  at  it  again);  (5)  in  2nd-person  questions  cor- 
responding to  type  1,  by  attraction  to  expected 
answer  (shall  you  be  going  to  church  ?) ;  (6)  in 
any  person  to  form  statements  or  questions  in- 
volving the  notions  of  command  &  future  or 
conditional  duty,  obligation,  &c.  (thou  shalt 
not  steal ;  7,  you,  he,  should  really  have  been 
more  careful ;  s.  I,  he,  open  the  door  t ;  why 
should  I,  you,  he,  obey  ?) ;  (7)  in  all  persons  to 
form  conditional  protasis  or  indefinite  clause 
(if,  when,  we  s.  be  defeated  or  defeats,  overtake 
us  ;  any  one  who  should  say ;  if  you  shoidd 
happen  to  be  there ;  &  with  inversion  should  I, 
you,  he,  be  there,  it  would  be  talked  about) ;  (8) 
alternatively  with  may,  might,  in  all  persons 
in  final  clauses  (to  the  end  that  I,  you,  he,  8.  or 
should  not  be  able);  (9)  in  some  miscellaneous 
idioms  (it  should  seem,  it  seems ;  you  shall  find 
archaic,  be  sure  you  will  find ;  it  is  surprising 
&c.  that  J,  you,  he,  should  be  or  have  been  so 
foolish).  [OE  sceal,  past  of  sculan  owe,  cf.  Du. 
zal,  G  soil,  cogn.  w.  G  schuld  debt,  guilt,  &  prob. 
w.  L  scelus  guilt  &  Skr.  skhal  errj 

shalloo-n,  n.  Light  cloth  for  coat-linings 
&  women's  dresses,    [f.  Chalons  in  France] 

sha'llop,  n.  Light  open  boat.  [f.F  chaloupe 
f.  Du.  sloep  sloop] 

shal(l)o't,  n.  Plant  of  onion  kind  with  cloves 
like,  but  of  milder  flavour  than,  those  of  garlic, 
[f.  OF  eschalote  var.  of  escalogne  i.  hascalonia 
orig.  fem.  adj.  f.  A scalon  in  Palestine] 

shallow  (-6),  a.  <-er,  -est),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Of 
little  depth  (lit.  &  fig. ;  s.  water,  a  s.  stream, 
dish ;  a  s.  mind,  argument,  love,  man,  super- 
ficial, trivial ;  so  s.-brained,  -hearted,  -pated) ; 
hence  sha,llowLY2adv.,  sha'llowNESS  n.; 
(n.)  s.  place,  shoal;  (vb)  become  shallower,  make 
s.  (f.  ON skjdlgr  oblique, cf.  shoal1, shelve2] 

shalt.    See  shall. 

sham,  v.t.  &  i.,  n.,  &  a.  Feign,  simulate,  (s. 
illness,  sleep,  a  faint,  fear;  is  only  shamming) ; 
pretend  to  be  (shammedill,  dead,  asleep);  hence 
sha'mmER1  n.  (N. )  imposture,  pretence,  hum- 
bug, (this  age  ofss.) ;  person  or  thing  pretend- 
ing or  pretended  to  be  something  that  he  or  it 
is  not;  (also  sheet,  pillow, -s.)  embroidered  linen 
laid,  on  bed  in  day  for  show.  (Adj.)  pretended, 
counterfeit,  (s.-fight,  imitation  battle  for  train- 
ing troops ;  8.  plea  &c.  in  law,  advanced  only 
to  gain  time),  [adj.  f.  n.,  n.  f.  vb  orig.  =  delude 
(person),  var.  of  shame  2] 

Sha'manism,  n.  Religion  of  Siberian  tribes 
involving  belief  in  secondary  gods  &  in  power 
of  shamans  or  priests  to  influence  these,  [f. 
Pers.  shaman  idolater,  -ism] 

sha'mble,  v.i.,  &  n.  Walk  or  run  in  shuf- 
fling or  awkward  or  decrepit  way  (shambling 
gait,  of  person  who  shambles);  (n.)  shambling 
gait.  [f.  ODu.  schampelen  stumble,  decamp, 
r.  OF  escamper  t.  It.  scampare  escape  (L  ex  out 
of,  campus  field) ;  cf.  scamper] 

sha-mbles,  n.  pi.  (often  w.  sing,  constr.). 
Butchers'  slaughter-house ;  scene  of  carnage 
(the  place  became  a  s.).  [pi.  of  obs.  shamble 
bench,  OE  scamel  f.  L  scamellum  cf.  scamnum, 
cogn.  w.  Gk  skepto  to  prop] 

shame1,  n.  Feeling  of  humiliation  excited 
by  consciousness  of  guilt  or  shortcoming,  of 
having  made  oneself  or  been  made  ridiculous, 
or  of  having  offended  against  propriety,  mo- 
desty, or  decency,  (flushed  with  8. ;  begin  with 
s.  to  take  the  lowest  room);  restraint  imposed 
by,  desire  to  avoid,  such  humiliation  (for  «./, 


appeal  to  person  not  to  disregard  or  reproof  for 
disregarding  this;  cannot  do  it  for  very  s.;  is 
quite  without  or  lost  to  s.),  whence  sha'me- 
less  a.,  sha'melessLY  2  adv.,  sha-meless- 
NE88  n.;  state  of  disgrace  or  ignominy  or  dis- 
credit (s.  on  you! ;  put  one  to  s.,  disgrace  him 
esp.  by  exhibiting  superior  qualities  &c),  per- 
son or  thing  that  brings  disgrace  (is  a  s.  to  his 
parents ;  would  think  s.  to  do  it;  is  a  sin  &as.), 
whence  sha'meFUL  a.,  sha*mefulLY2adv., 
sha*mefuL\ESSn.  [OEsc(e)amw,cf.  Da.  skam, 
G  scham,  perh.  cogn.  w.  scathe] 

shame2,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  ashamed,  refuse  from 
s.,  to  (archaic ;  usu.  with  negative,  as  he  shamed 
not  to  say);  bring  s.  on,  be  a  s.  to,  make  ashamed ; 
put  (superior)  to  the  blush  by  outdoing  (a  dog's 
fidelity  shames  us);  frighten  by  s.  into  or  out  of 
doing,  conduct,  &c.    [OE  sc(e)amian  (prec.)] 

sha-mefaeed  (-ast),  a.  Bashful,  shy ;  (poet., 
of  virtue,  flowers,  &c.)  modest,  retiring,  incon- 
spicuous. Hence  sha'mefacedi.v  -  adv., 
sha'mefacedxESS  (-asid-,  -ast-)  n.  [f.  obs. 
shamefast,  OE  scamfxst  (shame1,  fast)  by 
confusion  w.  -/acED2] 

sha'mmy,  sha'moy,  n.  -  chamois(2). 

shampoo*,  v.t.,  &  n.  Subject  (body  &c.)  to 
kneading  or  massage  after  hot  bath  (orig.  sense, 
now  rare);  lather,  wash,  &  rub  (head,  hair);  (n.) 
a  shampooing  of  the  head.  [f.  Hind,  chdmpnd 
press,  shampoo] 

sha'mrock,  n.  Kinds  of  trefoil  or  clover 
serving  as  national  emblem  of  Ireland  (cf.  rose, 
thistle,  leek),    [f.  Ir.  seamrog  trefoil] 

shandrydan,  n.  Light  two-wheeled  Irish 
cart ;  old  rickety  vehicle.    [?] 

sha-ndyg-aflT,  n.  Mixed  drink  of  beer  & 
ginger-beer.    [?] 

shanghai*  (-hi),  v.t.  (naut.  slang).  Drug  & 
ship  as  sailor  while  unconscious.   [S.  in  China] 

shank,  n.,  &  v.i.  Leg  (Shanks's  mare,  one's 
own  legs  asopp.  riding  &c);  leg  from  knee  to 
ankle;  shin-bone;  upright  part  of  bird's  foot; 
footstalk  of  flower ;  leg  of  stocking ;  shaft  of 

Eillar  &c,  shaft  of  tool  between  head  &c.  & 
andle,  stem  of  key,  spoon,  anchor,  &c,  straight 
part  of  fish-hook,  narrow  middle  of  boot-sole ; 
hence  (-)shankED2  a.  (Vb)  s.  off  (of  flowers) 
fall  off  by  decay  of  s.  TOE  sc(e)anca,  cf.  Du. 
schonk  bone,  G  schinken ham  ;  cogn.  w.  shake] 

sha'nny,  n.  Oblong  olive-green  European 
sea-fish,  the  smooth  blenny.   [?j 

shan't.    See  shall. 

sha'nty,  n.    Hut,  cabin,  mean  dwelling.    \1] 

shape1,  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  -ed,  archaic  -en).  Cre- 
ate, form,  construct;  model,  mould,  fashion, 
bring  into  desired  or  definite  figure  or  form 
(p.p.,  having  such  figure,  as  shaped  like  a  pear); 
adapt,  make  conform,  to  ;  plan,  devise :  direct, 
aim,  (one's  course  &c);  frame  mentally,  ima- 
gine, call  up  image  of ;  assume  form,  develop 
into  s.,  give  signs  of  future  s.  (shapes  well,  is 
promising).  Hence  sha'pABLE  a.  [OE  sc(e)a- 
pan,  cf.  G  schaffen  create,  prob.  cogn.  w.  shave, 
also  w.  -ship  &  (land)scape] 

shape  2,  n.  Configuration,  form,  total  effect 
produced  by  thing's  outlines,  (spherical  in  s. ; 
has  the  s.  of  a  boat);  appearance,  guise,  (mon- 
ster in  human  «.);  concrete  presentment,  em- 
bodiment, (intention  took  s.  in  action ;  showed 
mepolitenes8  in  the  8.  of  an  invitation) ;  kind, 
description,  sort,  (made  no  overtures  in  any  s. 
or  form);  symmetrical  or  definite  form,  orderly 
arrangement,  proper  condition,  get  one's  ideas 
intos.;  lick intos.;  give s. to), whence  sha'pe- 
less  a.,  sha'pelessLY 2  adv.,  sha'peless- 
NESSn.;  person  considered  as  impressing  the 
sight,  &  esp.  as  indistinctly  seen  or  imagined, 
apparition,  ghost,  (a  s.  loomed  through  the  mist; 


SHAPELY 


796 


SHE 


a  ffrim  mysterious  s.  stalked  towards  vie) ;  pat- 
tern for  workman  &c,  mould  for  shaping  hats 
&c. ;  jelly,  blancmange,  &c.,  shaped  in  mould  ; 
padding  worn  by  actor.  Hence  (-)shapED 2  a. 
[OE  gesceap  (Y-,  prec)] 

sha'pely,  a.  Well  formed  or  proportioned, 
of  the  right  or  a  pleasing  shape.  Hence 
sha'peliNESS  n.    [-ly  *] 

sha'per,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  kinds  of 
machine  for  turning,  planing,  stamping,  mould- 
ing, &c.    [-er l] 

shard,  sherd,  n.  (archaic).  Potsherd  (still 
used  by  gardeners  of  fragment  put  over  hole  of 
flowerpot) ;  beetle's  wing-cover.     [OE  sceard 

(SHEAR,  SHARE)] 

shape  *,  n.  Portion  detached  for  individual 
from  common  amount  (must  get  a  s.  of  the 
plunder) ;  part  one  is  entitled  to  have  or  bound 
to  contribute,  equitable  portion,  (that  is  your 
fair  s. ;  took,  bore,  my  or  more  or  less  than  my 
s.  of  the  burden;  go  ss.,  make  equitable  divi- 
sion with  others ;  s.  &  s.  alike,  with  equal  di- 
vision ;  lion's  s.)  ;  part  one  gets  or  contributes 
(had  a  large  s.  in  bringing  it  about,  but  no  s. 
of  the  credit) ;  part-proprietorship  of  property 
held  by  joint  owners  (has  a  s.  in  the  bank,  es- 
tate, &c),  esp.  one  of  the  equal  parts  into 
which  company's  capital  is  divided  entitling 
holder  to  proportion  of  profits  (holds  50  ss.  in ; 
an  issue  of  10,000  ss.;  deferred  ss.,  on  which 
lower  dividend  or  none  is  to  be  paid  till  fixed 
date  or  contingent  event ;  preference  or  pre- 
ferred ss.,  on  which  fixed  dividend  is  guaran- 
teed before  payment  begins  on  ordinary  ss.; 
shareholder,  owner  of  ss.;  s.-list,  of  current 

{)rices  of  ss.  in  various  companies).  [OE  scearu 
sceran  shear)] 

shape2,  v.t.  &  i.  Apportion  (food,  property, 
task,  &c.)  among  others,  give  each  a  s.  of ;  give 
away  part  of  (would  s.  his  last  crust) ;  get  or 
have  s.  of,  possess  or  use  or  endure  jointly  with 
others  ;  have  share(s),  be  sharer(s),  (will  s.  with 


you  in  the_xvndertaking ;   we  must  s.  alike). 
Hence  shap'ER1  n.    [f.  prec] 
shape  3,  n.    Plough-share  ;  "blade  of  seeding- 


machine  or  cultivator;  s.-beam,  part  of  plough 
in  which  s.  is  fixed.  [OE  scear  (sceran  shear1)] 

shark,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Kinds  of  long-shaped 
lateral-gilled  inferior-mouthed  sea-fish  many 
species  of  which  are  large  &  voracious  (Bask- 
ing, Man-eating,  White,  Blue,  Dusky,  Bonnet- 
headed,  &c,  S.);  rapacious  person,  swindler, 
(land-s.)  ;  s.-moth,  kinds  of  moth  named  from 
shape;  s.-oilf  got  f.  s.'s  liver  &  tused  like 
cod-liver  oil;  s.'s-mouth,  opening  in  awning 
for  mast  &c.  (Vb)  play  the  swindler,  adventur- 
er, &c.  (sharks  for  a  living),  whence  shap'k- 
ing2  a. ;  gather  up  by  dishonest  or  dishonour- 
able means  ;  swallow  voraciously,  [perh.  f.  L 
carcharus  f.  Gk  karkharias  kind  of  shark 
(karkharos  jagged)  named  f.  its  teeth] 

sharp1,  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  With  fine  edge  or 
point,  not  blunt;  peaked,  pointed,  edged,  (s. 
gable,  summit,  ridge) ;  well-defined,  clean-cut, 
(s.  outline,  distinction,  impression,  features; 
so  s.-cut) ;  abrupt,  angular,  (s.  turn,  incline) ; 
keen,  pungent,  acid,  tart,  shrill,  piercing,  bit- 
ing, harsh,  acrimonious,  severe,  intense,  pain- 
ful, (s.  flavour,  wine,  voice,  cry,  frost,  air, 
words,  tongue,  temper,  reproof,  contest,  attack 
of  gout) ;  acute,  sensitive,  quick  to  see  or  hear 
or  notice,  keen-witted,  vigilant,  clever,  (s.  eyes, 
ears,  intelligence,  attention ;  s.-sighted,  -witted, 
&c;  keep  a  s.  look-out ;  a  s.  remark,  child  ;  as 
s.  as  a  needle,  very  intelligent) ;  quick  to  take 
advantage,  bent  on  winning,  artful,  unscrupu- 
lous, dishonest,  (was  too  s.  for  me,  overreached 
m3  j  s.  practice,  barely  honest  dealings) ;  vigor- 


ous, speedy,  not  loitering,  impetuous,  (take  a 
s.  walk ;  s.'s  the  word,  exhortation  to  be  quick ; 
s.  work,  said  of  matter  quickly  dispatched  or 
fight  &c.  that  takes  all  one's  energy) ;  (Phonet., 
of  njutes)  unvoiced,  hard ;  (Mus.,  opp.  flat) 
above  true  pitch  (piano  is  s.;  B,  D,  &c,  8.,  a 
semitone  higher  than  B,  D,  &c),  (of  key)  hav- 
ing sharp(s)  in  signature ;  shar'pshooter,  skilled 
shot  posted  where  marksmanship  is  required ; 
henceshap*pEN6v.t.  &i.,  (-)shappenERMl,2) 
n.,  shap'pLY2  adv.,  shap'pNESS  n.  (N.)  sew- 
ing-needle of  slender  make;  (Mus.)  note  raised 
a  semitone  above  pitch,  symbol  indicating  this 
raising,  ss.  &  flat2s;  s.  consonant.  (Adv.) 
punctually  (at  six  o'clock  s.) ;  (Mus.)  above  true 
pitch  (is  singing  s. ) ;  look  *  s. ;  s.-set,  hungry  ; 
s.-shod,  calked.  [OE  scearp,  cf.  Du.  scherp,  G 
scharf,  cogn.  w.  L  scalpere,  sculpere,  cut,  Gk 
skorpios  scorpion,  &  Skr.  kripana  sword] 

sharp2,  v.t.  &  i.  Sharpen,  whet,  (archaic 
orvulg.);  raise  pitch  of  (note)  or  mark  as  s.; 
play  unfairly,  swindle,  at  cards  &c,  whence 
shap'pER1  n.    [f.  prec] 

sha'tter,  v.t.  &  i.  Break  (t.  &  L)  suddenly  & 
violently  in  pieces ;  utterly  derange,  destroy, 
dissipate,  (shattered  nerves,  constitution, 
hopes),    [var.  of  scatter  w.  changed  sense] 

shave1,  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  -ed  &,  chiefly  as  adj., 
-en).  Remove  (hair),  free  (chin  &c)  of  hair,  re- 
lieve (person)  of  hair  on  chin  &c,  with  razor 
(has  shaved  off  or  shaved  his  beard,  now  wears 
none ;  a  shaven  chin) ;  (intr.)  s.  oneself  (he  does 
not  s.  every  day) ;  pare  surface  of  (wood  &c) 
with  spokeshave,  plane,  &c,  whence  sha*v- 
ing  1(2)  n.;  pass  close  to  without  touching,  skirt, 
miss  narrowly,  nearly  graze ;  s.-hook,  tool  for 
scraping  surface  of  metal  before  soldering; 
shaving-brush,  for  lathering  chin  &c.  before 
shaving ;  shaving-horse,  bench  with  clamp  for 
holding  wood  to  be  shaved.  [OE  sc(e)afan,  cf. 
Du.  schaven,  G  schaben,  cogn.  w.  lj  scabere 
scratch,  Gk  skapto  dig] 

shave2,  n.  Having  one's  beard  &c  shaved 
(must  have  a  s.;  a  penny  s.) ;  close  approach 
without  contact,  narrow  miss  or  escape  or 
failure,  (had  a  close  s.  of  it) ;  knife-blade  with 
handle  at  each  end  for  shaving  wood  &c;  trick, 
deception,  hoax.    [f.  prec] 

sha'veling,  n.  (archaic).  Shaven  person, 
monk,  friar,  priest,    [-ling1] 

sha*vep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  (colloq. )  lad, 
youngster,  (usu.  yo u ng  s.).    [-er1] 

shaw,  n.  (archaic  &  poet.).  Thicket,  wood. 
[OE  scaga,  cf.  Da.  skov ;  cogn.  w.  sky] 

shawl,  n.,  &  v.t.  Rectangular  garment,  often 
square  to  be  folded  into  triangle,  chiefly  worn 
by  women  as  outer  covering,  for  shoulders ;  s.- 
dance,  in  which  dancer  waves  a  s.;  s.-pattem, 
variegated  design  like  that  of  Oriental  S3.;  (vb) 
put  s.  on  (person),    [f.  Pers.  shal] 

shawm,  n.  Obsolete  musical  instrument  with 
reed.  [f.  OF  chalemie  (chaume  straw  f.  L  f.  Gk 
kalamos  reed)] 

shay,  n.  (Archaic,  facet.,  or  vulg.,  for) 
chaise,    [back-form.  f.  chaise  taken  for  pi.] 

she,  pron.  (obj.  her1,  possess,  her2,  her2s, 
pi.  they  &c),  n.,  &  a.  The  female  (or  thing  per- 
sonified as  female,  e.  g.  ship  or  train)  previously 
mentioned  or  implied  or  easily  identified  ;  (n.) 
female,  woman,  (the  not  impossible  s.,  woman 
one  might  love ;  is  the  child  a  he  or  a  s.  ? ;  had 
a  litter  of  two  shes  <Sr  a  he,  two  bitches  &  a 
dog) ;  (adj.,  usu.  hyphened)  female  (s.  goat,  -ass, 
-bear,  See;  s.-devil,  -cat,  malignant  or  spiteful 
woman ;  s.-oak,  kinds  of  Australian  shrub,  esp. 
BERTwood  ;  s.-pine,  Australian  conifer).  [OE 
seo  fern,  of  def.  art.,  orig.  demonstr.  pron.,  se ; 
cf.  Du.  zij,  G  sie,  Gk  he] 


SHEA  797 


SHEET 


she'a,  n.  W.-Afr.  tree  yielding  a  vegetable 
butter  (s.-butter).    [native J 

shea-ding-  (-ed-),  n.  Administrative  division 
(six)  of  I.  of  Man.    [shed  \  -ing  j] 

sheaf,  n.  (pi.  -ves),  &  v.t.  Bundle  of  things  laid 
lengthwise  together  &  usu.  tied  (s.  of  papers, 
arro U/S,.&c.),esp.  armful  of  corn-stalks  tied  after 
reaping  (s.-binder,  tool  for  tying  these) ;  (vb) 
make  into  ss.,  sheave.  IOE  sceaf,  cf.  Du.  schoof, 
G  schaub  ;  cogn.  w.  shove] 

shear1,  v.t.  &  i.  (past  -ed  &  archaic  shore; 
p.p.  shorn,  rarely  sheared).  Cut  with  sword 
&,c.  (poet.;  t.  &  i.;  shore  off  his  plume;  shore 
through  the  bone) ;  clip,  cut  with  scissors  or  ss., 
(trans.;  s.  sheep,  clip  its  wool ;  also  abs.,  shall 
be  shearing,  i.  e.  my  sheep,  tomorrow ;  s.  cloth, 
remove  or  reduce  nap  by  clipping),  (tig.)  fleece, 
strip  bare,  (come  home  shorn);  (of  structure, 
material,  &c.)  suffer  the  strain  called  a  s.; 
shearwater,  kinds  of  low-flying  sea-bird.  Hence 
shear *kk  l  n.  [OE  sceran,  cf.  Du.  &  G  scheren, 
Gk  keiro,  L  curtus  short;  cogn.   w.   short, 

SHARE,  SCAR,  &C.1 

shear2,  n.  (PI.)  clipping-instrument  with 
two  meeting  blades  pivoted  as  in  scissors  or 
connected  by  spring  &  passing  close  over  each 
other  edge  to  edge  {hand  me  the  ss.;  want  a 
pair  of  ss.;  shear  in  comb,  or  attrib.,  as  shear- 
bill,  the  bird  scissorbill  or  skimmer ;  s.-grass, 
kind  with  sharp-edged  leaves ;  s.-legs,  sheer  4s; 
s.  steel,  of  special  quality  fit  for  ss.  &  other  cut- 
ting tools ;  sheartail,  humming-bird  with  tail 
like  ss.) ;  (Mech.)  kind  of  strain  produced  by 
pressure  in  structure  of  a  substance,  its  suc- 
cessive layers  being  shifted  laterally  over  each 
other.  [OE  sceara  sing,  (prec.)] 
shear'ling-,  n.  Sheep  once  shorn,  [-ling  i] 
shea't-flsh,  n.  Largest  European  fresh- 
water fish.  [cf.  OE  sceota  trout,  &  shoot] 
sheath  (-th),  n.  (pi.  pr.  -dhz).  Close-fitting 
cover,  esp.  for  blade  of  weapon  or  tool ;  (Bot., 
Zool.,  Anat.)  investing  membrane,  tissue,  skin, 
horny  case,  &c;  structure  of  loose  stones  for 
confining  river  within  banks.  Hence  shea'th- 
less  a.  [OE  scxth,  cf.  Du.  scheede,  G  scheide ; 
cogn.  w.  SHED1] 

sheathe  (-dh),  v.t.     Put  into  sheath  (s.  the 
sword,  cease  from  war,  &  fig.) ;  incase,  protect 
with  casing  or  shea*  th  ing  ](3)  n.    [f.  prec] 
sheave  i,  n.    Grooved  wheel  in  pulley  &c.  for 
rope  to  run  on.    [cf.  G  scheibe  slice,  disk,  ON 
ski/a  slice  n.  &  v.;  cogn.  w.  shift] 
sheave 2,  v.t.  Gather  (corn  &c.)  into  sheaves, 
sheaf,    [f.  sheaf] 
sheaves.    See  sheaf. 

shebee'n,  n.  (Ir.).  Pot-house,  unlicensed 
house  selling  drink,  fir.] 
shed1,  v.t.  (shed).  Part  with,  let  fall  off, 
(tree,  stag,  snake,  crab,  prime  minister,  sheds 
leaves,  horns,  skin,  shell,  colleagues) ;  drop 
(.<?.  tears,  weep ;  s.  one's  blood  for  one's  country, 
be  wounded  or  killed) ;  cause  (others'  blood)  to 
flow ;  disperse,  diffuse,  spread  abroad,  (s.  light 
on,  illuminate,  esp.  fig. ;  s.  love,  radiance,  per- 
fume, &c,  around  one).  Hence  she'ddER x  n. 
[OE  sc(e)ddan  part,  cf.  G  scheiden] 
shed2,  n.  One-storeyed  shelter  for  storing 
goods  or  vehicles  or  keeping  cattle  &c.  or  for 
use  as  workshop  &c.  &  consisting  of  roof  with 
some  or  all  or  no  sides  open.  Hence  she'd- 
diNG  M3)  n.  [var.  of  shade] 
sheen,  n.  Splendour,  radiance,  brightness. 
Hence  shee'nY  2  a.  (poet.),  [f.  obs.  adj.  sheen 
beautiful,  OEsctne,  cf.  G  schon ;  sense  affected 
by  confusion  with  unrelated  shine] 
sheep,  n.  (pi.  the  same).  Kinds  of  wild  or 
domesticated  timid  gregarious  woolly  some- 
times horned  ruminant  mammal  of  which  male 


is  muned  ram,  female  ewe,  &  young  lamb 
(s.  dt  goats,  the  good  &  the  bad,  see  Matt. 
xxv.  33  ;  black  !  s. ;  cast  s.'s  eyes,  glance  amor- 
ously at ;  Jollow  like  s.,  said  of  persons  with  no 
initiative  or  independence ;  as  well  be  hanged 
for  a  s.  as  a  lamb1  ;  s.  that  have  no  shepherd, 
helpless  crowd  &c. ;  wolf  in  s.'s  clothing); 
bashful  embarrassed  person  (so  shee'piSH1 
a.,  shee'pishLV2  adv.,  shee'pishNESs  n.) ; 
(usu.  pi.,  now  chiefly  facet.)  member(s)  of  minis- 
ter's flock,  parishioners  &c. ;  =  sheepskin  lea- 
ther ;  s.-bot,  fly  &  larva  injurious  to  s. ;  s.-cote 
(archaic),  -fold,  -pen  (rare),  enclosure  for  pen- 
ning s. ;  s.-dip,  -wash,  preparation  for  freeing 
s.  of  vermin  or  preserving  their  wool ;  s.-dog, 
collie,  also  breed  of  rough-coated  short-tailed 
dog  used  by  shepherds;  s.-farmer,  -master, 
breeder  of  s. ;  s.-hook,  shepherd's  crook ;  s.- 
louse,  -tick,  kinds  of  parasite  on  s. ;  s.-pox, 
s. -disease  resembling  smallpox ;  s.-run,  ex- 
tensive s.-walk,  esp.  in  Australia;  s.'s-bit,  plant 
resembling  scabious;  s.'s-fescue,  a  pasture 
grass ;  sheepshank,  kind  of  hitch  used  to  short- 
en rope's  length  temporarily ;  s.'s-head  lit.,  also 
kind  of  sea-fish  used  for  food ;  s.-shearing,  (fes- 
tival at)  shearing  of  s. ;  sheepskin,  garment  or 
rug  of  s.'s  skin  with  wool  on,  also  leather  of 
s.'s  skin  used  in  bookbinding  &c,  also  parch- 
ment of  it  or  deed  or  diploma  engrossed  on 
this  ;  s.-walk,  tract  of  land  on  which  s.  are  pas- 
tured ;  s.-wash,  lotion  for  killing  vermin  or 
preserving  wool  on  s.  [OE  scedp,  cf.  Du. 
schaap,  G  schaf,  etym.  dub.] 

sheer2,  a.  &  adv.  Mere,  simple,  unassisted, 
undiluted,  uncompounded,  neither  more  nor 
less  than,  absolute,  {did  it  by  s.  force;  is  s. 
waste,  nonsense,  folly ;  a  s.  impossibility) ;  (of 
rock,  fall,  ascent,  &c.)  perpendicular,  unre- 
lieved by  slope ;  (Commerc,  of  cambric  &c.) 
diaphanous ;  (adv.)  plumb,  perpendicularly, 
outright,  {fell  8000ft  s. ;  torn  s.  out  by  the  roots ; 
rises  s.  from  the  water),  [f.  ON  skxrr  bright 
\skina  shine  v.),  cogn.  w.  OE  scir  bright] 

sheer2,  v.i.  (Naut.)  deviate  from  course; 
(also  in  gen.  use)  s.  off,  part  company,  depart, 
esp.  from  person  one  dislikes  or  fears  or  is 
offended  by.    [f.  Du.  scheren  shear  !] 

sheer3,  n.  Upward  slope  of  ship's  lines  to- 
wards bow  &  stern ;  deviation  of  ship  from 
course,    [f.  precj 

sheer*,  n.  (Pi.;  also  s.-legs  or  shear-legs) 
hoisting-apparatus  of  two  poles  attached  at  or 
near  top  and  separated  at  bottom  for  masting 
ships  or  putting  in  engines  &c,  used  in  dock- 
yards or  on  s.-hulk,  dismasted  ship  used  for  the 
Eurpose.  [var.  of  shear  2 ;  named  from  resem- 
lance  to  pair  of  shears] 

sheet !,  n.  Rectangular  piece  of  linen  used 
in  pairs  as  inner  bed-clothes  {between  the  ss.,  in 
bed),  whence  shee'tiNG  J(3)  n. ;  broad  more  or 
less  flat  piece  of  some  thin  material  (a  s.  oj  iron, 
glass,  &c.) ;  wide  expanse  of  water,  snow,  ice, 
flame,  colour,  &c. ;  complete  piece  of  paper  of 
the  size  in  which  it  was  made  {book  is  in  ss., 
printed  but  not  bound  ;  s.  of  notepaper,  usu. 
folded  once  for  writing  on;  s.  of  quarto  &c, 
the  four  &c.  leaves  given  by  folding  a  s.  twice 
&c);  newspaper  {a  penny,  scurrilous.  Sec,  s.); 
rope  or  chain  at  lower  corner  of  sail  for  regu- 
lating its  tension  &c.  (flowing  s.,  not  close- 
hauled,  eased  for  free  wind  ;  a  s.,  three  ss.,  in 
the  wind  slang,  rather,  very,  drunk) ;  s.-anchor 
[see  etym.],  carried  outside  waist  of  ship  for  use 
in  emergencies,  (fig.)  last  dependence  or  secu- 
rity; s.-copper,  -iron,  -metal,  &c,  spread  by 
rolling,  hammering,  &c,  into  thin  ss.  ;  s.-glass, 
kind  made  first  as  hollow  cylinder,  which  is  cut 
open  &  flattened  in  furnace;  s.-lightning. 


SHEET 


798 


SHIFT 


[OE  sc&te,  scyte,  linen  cloth,  with  mixture  of 
sense  of  OE  sceat  corner,  fold,  all  cogn.  w. 
shoot  ;  orig.  sense  projection  ;  s.- anchor  was 
earlier  shoot-anchor  (to  be  shot  out)] 

sheet2,  v.t.  Furnish  with  ss.;  cover  with  s. 
(the  sheeted  dead);  form  into  ss.  (sheeted  rain); 
secure  (sail)  with  s.  (esp.  s.  home),    [f.  prec] 

sheik(h)  (-ek,  -ak),  n.  Chief,  head  of  Ara- 
bian or  Mohammedan  tribe,  family,  or  village ; 
S.  ul  Islam,  grand  mufti  at  Constantinople, 
chief  authority  on  sacred  law  in  Turkish  em- 
pire.   [Arab,  (-h),  =  elder,  chief] 

shekarry.    See  shikaree. 

she'kel  (-kl),  n.  Jewish  weight  &  silver  coin ; 

pi. )  money,  riches,  pelf.  [f.  Heb.  sheqel  (shaqal 
weigh)] 

Sheki'nah,  -ch-,  n.  Visible  glory  of  Jeho- 
vah resting  over  mercy -seat.  [Heb.  (-k-)  f.  sha- 
kan  dwell] 

she'ldrake,  n.  (fern,  somet.  shelduck).  Kinds 
of  bright-plumaged  wildduck.  [shield,  drake, 
w.  rer.  to  ornamental  patterns  on  shields  (cf.  G 
schildern  depict  f.  schild  shield)] 

shelf,  n.  (pi.  -ves).  Projecting  slab  of  stone  or 
board  let  into  or  hung  on  wall  to  support  things, 
one  of  the  boards  in  cabinet,  bookcase,  &c,  on 
which  books  &c.  stand,  (on  the  s.,  put  aside, 
done  with,  esp.  of  person  past  work) ;  ledge, 
horizontal  step-like  projection  in  cliff  face  &c. : 
reef  or  sandbank  under  water.  Hence  shelvED2 
a.,  she*lfFUL(2)  n.  [OE  scylfe  plank,  cf.  G 
schelfe  husk ;  cogn.  w.  shell,  scale  l) 

shell  K  n.  Hard  outer  case  enclosing  nuts, 
kinds  of  seed  or  fruit,  eggs,  some  animals  or 
parts  of  them,  &c,  husk,  crust,  pod,  carapace, 
scale,  conch,  wing-case,  pupa-case,  (come  out  of 
one's  s.,  throw  off  reserve,  become  communi- 
cative); walls  of  unfinished  or  gutted  house, 
ship,  &c;  outline  of  plan  &c;  inner  coffin;  light 
racing-boat ;  hollow  metal  or  paper  case  to  con- 
tain explosives  for  fireworks,  cartridges,  &c. ; 
explosive  projectile  or  bomb  for  use  in  cannon 
ormortar,  whence  she'll-PROOF2  a. ;  handguard 
of  sword ;  (poet.) lyre ;  (at  schools)  intermediate 
form ;  outward  show,  mere  semblance ;  s.-back 
(naut  slang),  old  sailor ;  s.-bark,  kinds  of  hick- 
ory ;  s.-bit,  gouge-shaped  boring-bit ;  s.-button, 
made  of  two  metal  disks  enclosed  in  cloth  &c; 
s.-fish,  aquatic  shelled  mollusc  (oyster  &c.)  or 
crustacean  (crab,  shrimp,  &c);  s.-gun,  cannon 
throwing  ss.  horizontally  (cf.  mortar1);  s.-heap 
or  -mound,  kitchen-MiDDEN;  s.-jacket,  army 
officer's  fatigue  or  undress  jacket ;  s.-marble, 
kinds  containing  fossil  ss.;  s.-work,  ornamen- 
tation of  ss.  cemented  on  wood  &c.  Hence 
<->shellED2,  she'll-LESs,  she'll  v  2,  aa.  10E 
scell,  cf.  Du.  schel;  cogn.  w.  scale1] 

shell  %  v.t.  &  i.  Take  out  of  s.,  remove  s.  or 
pod  from,  (s.  peas);  provide,  cover,  or  pave,  with 
shell (s) ;  bombard  (town  &c),  fire  at  (troops), 
with  ss.,  whence  she'll  1  ng  !(l)  n. ;  (of  metal  &c. ) 
come  off  in  scales  ;  s.  out  slang,  pay  up  (t.  &  i.), 
hand  over  required  sum.    [f.  prec] 

shella'c,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-eking,  -eked),  lac1 
melted  into  thin  plates,  used  for  making  var- 
nish ;  (vb)  varnish  with  s.    [shell  »,  lac  *] 

she-lter l,  n.  Thing  serving  as  shield  or  bar- 
rier against  attack,  danger,  heat,  wind,  &c. ; 
screen  or  cabin  built  to  keep  off  wind  &  rain 

(cabman s  s.);  place  of  safety  or  immunity; 

shielded  condition  (find,  take,  s.).  Hence  she'l- 

tePLESS    a,      [OE    scild-truma    guard-troop 

(shield,  truma  band,  perh.  f.  trum  firm)] 
she'lter  2,  v#t.  &  ^  ^C£  or  8erve  ag  &  ^0<  pro_ 

tect,  conceal,  harbour,  defend  from  blame, 

screen,  shield ;  s.  oneself  under,  beneath,  be- 
hind, &c,  use  the  protection  afforded  by ;  take 

s.  under,  in,  from.    [t.  prec] 


she'lty a, -tie,  n.  (Sc).  Shetland  pony.  [Shet- 
land, -  Y  3] 

she'lty  2,  n.  (Sc).  Rude  cabin  or  hut.  [cf.  Sc. 
sheading)  in  same  sense,  &  ON  skali  hut,  skjol 
shelter  ;  cogn.  w.  sky] 

shelve  \  v.t.  Put  on  shelf  (books  &c),  (fig.) 
abandon  or  defer  consideration  of  (plan  &c), 
cease  to  employ  (person);  fit  (cupboard  &c)  with 
shelves,  whence  she'lviNG  J(3)  n.    [f.  shelf] 

shelve2,  v.i  Slope  gently,  [cogn.  w.  ON 
skelgjask  come  askew  (skjdlgr  oblique),  &  w. 
shoal1,  shallow  ;  unconnected  w.  shelf J 

shelves.    See  shelf. 

She'ol,  n.  Hebrew  Hades,  place  of  the  dead, 
the  grave.    [Heb.  (sha'al  dig)] 

shepherd  (-nerd),  n.,  &  v.t.  Man  who  tends 
sheep  at  pasture,  pastor  (lit.  &  fig.,  esp.  of  minis- 
ter in  relation  to  his  flock ;  the  good  S.,  Christ); 
s.'s-club,  -joy,  -knot,  -purse,  -rod,  &c,  plants; 
s.'s  crook,  staff  with  hook  at  one  end  used  by  ss. ; 
hence  she'pherdESS x  n.  (Vb)  tend  (sheep, 
also  fig.)  as  s.    [sheep,  herd2] 

she'ppy,  n.    Sheep-cote.    [f.  sheep] 

sher*bet  (-et),  n.  Eastern  cooling  drink  of 
diluted  fruit-juices  (in  pop.  Engl,  use,  made 
effervescent),  [f.  Pers.  sharbat,  allied  to s vrup] 

sherd.    See  shard. 

sherl'f  (-ef),  -eef,  n.  Descendant  of  Moham- 
med through  Fatima,  entitled  to  wear  green 
turban  or  veil ;  chief  magistrate  of  Mecca,  [f. 
Arab,  sharif  lofty] 

she'riff,  n.  Chief  officer  of  crown  in  county 
or  shire,  charged  with  the  keeping  of  the  peace, 
administering  justice  under  direction  of  the 
courts,  executing  writs  by  deputy,  presiding 
over  elections,  &c  [OE  scir-gerefa  (shire, 
reeve)] 

sheriffalty  ,she*riffdom,she*riffhood, 
sheriffship,  nn.  Shrievalty,  office  of  sheriff. 
[-alty  after  shrievalty;  -dom,  -hood,  -ship] 

she'rry,  n.  White  wine  of  Xeres  or  of  South 
Spain  (browns.,  dark  varieties);  s.-glass,  wine- 
glass containing  about  four  table-spoons  ;  s.- 
cobbler.  [earlier sherris  f.  Xeres  t  L  Caesaris 
gen  it.  of  Caesar] 

Shetland,  n.  Group  of  islands  NNE  of  Scot- 
land (S.  lace,  openwork  woollen  trimming;  & 
pony,  small  hardy  breed ;  S.  wool,  fine  kind). 

shew.    See  show  l ;  shew'bread,  see  show  K 

Shi'ah,  Shi'ite,  <-e-),  nn.  Member  of  the 
Mohammedan  sect  (cf.  Sunni,see  sunn  ah)  that 
regards  Ali  as  first  imam  or  successor  of  Mo- 
hammed &  rejects  first  three  Sunni  Caliphs. 
[Arab.,  =  sect] 

shi'bboleth,  n.  Test  word  or  principle  or 
behaviour  or  opinion,  the  use  of  or  inability  to 
use  which  betrays  one's  party,  nationality,  &c. 
(see  Judg.  xii.  6) ;  old-fashioned  &  generally  a- 
bandoned  doctrine  once  held  essential.    [Heb.l 

shield,  n.,  &  v.t.  Variously  shaped  &  sized 
detached  piece  of  armour  made  of  leather,  wood, 
or  metal,  for  wearing  on  left  arm  to  receive 
thrust  or  stroke,  esp.  (cf.  buckler,  target)  one  of 
elongated  form  large  enough  to  cover  most  of 
body ;  protective  plate  or  screen  in  machinery 
&c;  person  or  thing  that  protects  one ;  s.-like 
part  in  animal  or  plant;  (Her.)  drawing  &c  of. 
s.  used  for  displaying  person's  coat  of  arms ; 
s.-fern,  common  handsome  fern  with  s. -shaped 
covers  to  fruit-dots ;  s.-hand  archaic,  left  hand ; 
hence  shie'ldLESS  a.  ( Vb)  protect,  screen,  esp. 
from  censure  or  punishment  (often  with  im- 
plication of  illegitimate  concealment  of  facts). 
[OE  scild,  cf.  Du.  &  G  schild ;  perh.  cogn.  w. 

SHELL,  SCALE  x] 

shi*er,  -est.    See  shy  *. 
shift  1.  v.t.  &  i.  Change  or  move  (t.  &  i.)  from 
one  position  to  another,  substitute  one  speci- 


SHIFT 


799 


-SHIP 


men  of  for  another,  undergo  such  substitution, 
change  form  or  character,  (s.  one's  ground,  take 
up  new  position  in  argument  &c;  s.  one's  lodg- 
ing ;  s.  load  into  other  hand ;  s.  the  scene,  the 
scene  shifts,in  theatre,  novel,  &c;  s.  one's  shirt 
&c.  archaic,  change  it;  cargo  shifted,  got  shaken 
out  of  place ;  often  s.  about;  s.  off  responsibility 
&c,  get  rid  of,  transfer  to  another;  wind  shifts 
round  to  the  E.);  use  expedients,  take  whatever 
course  is  available,  contrive  to  do  something, 
manage  or  get  along  or  make  a  livelihood,  {must 
s.  as  I  can,  for  himself);  equivocate,  practise 
evasion,  (rare;  shifts  &  prevaricates).  [OE 
sciftan,  divide,  cf.  Du.  schiften  divide,  ON 
skipta  divide,  shift ;  cogn.  w.  sheave  l\ 

shift 2,  n.  Change  of  place  or  character,  sub- 
stitution of  one  thing  for  another,  vicissitude, 
rotation,  (rare ;  the  ss.  &  changes  of  life ;  s. 
of  crops,  rotation) ;  relay  of  workmen,  time  for 
which  it  works  ;  new  device,  expedient,  re- 
source, whence  shi'ftLESS  a.,  ■lll'lll— l.Y* 
adv.,  shi'ftlessNESS  n.;  dodge,  trick,  artifice, 
piece  of  evasion  or  equivocation,  whence 
shi'ft y  2  a.  (s.  eyes,  deceitful),  shi'f ti l y  2  adv. , 
shi'ftiNESS  n. ;  make  s.ov  a  s.,  manage  or  con- 
trive (to  do,  or  abs.),  get  along  somehow  (must 
makes,  without  it);  (archaic)  chemise ;  arrange- 
ment by  which  joints  of  successive  tiers  in 
brickwork  &c.  do  not  coincide,    [f.  prec] 

Shiite.    SeesHiAH. 

shikar*,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).   Hunting.  [Hind.] 

shikap'ee,  -i,  sheka-ppy,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.). 
Hunter;  native  attendant  of  sportsman. 
[Hind.(-i),  f.  prec] 

shillelagh  (ala),  -alah,  -elah,  -aly,  n. 
Irish  cudgel  of  blackthorn  or  oak.  [Shillelagh 
in  Ireland] 

shi'lling-,  n.  (abbr.  .<?.,  as  3s.).  British  silver 
coin  &  money  of  account  =  1/20  of  sovereign  or 
twelve  pence  (1/6,  a  s.  &  sixpence;  £1  Is.  Id.; 
take  King's  or  Queen's  s.,  enlist  as  soldier,  w. 
ref.  to  now  obs.  method  of  recruiting ;  cut  off 
one's  heir  &c  with  a  s.,  leave  one's  property  to 
others).  [OE  scilling,  cf.  Du.  schelling,  G  schil- 
ling ;  perh.  =  thin  slice  (skill,  -ling  *)] 

shl'lly-shally,  n.,  &  v.i.  Inability  to  make 
up  one  s  mind,  indecision,  vacillation  ;  (vb) 
vacillate,  be  undecided,  hesitate  to  act  or 
choose  one's  course,    [f.  shall  I?vr.  redupl.] 

shily.    See  shy i. 

shim,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thin  slip  or  wedge  used  in 
machinery  &c  to  make  parts  fit ;  (vb)  fit  or  fill 
up  thus.    [?] 

shi'mmer,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Shine  with)  tremulous 
or  faint  diffused  light,  [OE  scymrian(sciman 
shine,  -er5),  cf.  G  schimmem] 

shi'mmy,  n.    (Colloq.,   nursery,   &c,   for) 

CHEMISE. 

shin,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Front  of  leg  below  knee 
(s.-bone,  tibia ;  s.  of  beef,  ox's  shank) ;  s.-guard, 
worn  at  football.  (Vb)  climb  up  (tree,  wall, 
ladder,  &c;  or  with  up  adv.) ;  kick  ss.  of,  hack. 
[OE  scina,  cf.  Du.  scheen,  G  schiene ;  pern, 
orig.  =  thin  slice,  &  cogn.  w.  skin] 

shi'ndy,  n.  Brawl,  disturbance,  row,  noise, 
(often  kick2  up  a  s.).  [perh.  f.  Sc.  shinny  or 
shinty  kind  of  hockey] 

shine  h,  v.i.  &  t,  (shone,  pr.  -on).  Emit  or  re- 
flect light,  be  bright,  glow,  (lit,  &  fig.;  face  shone 
with  soap  or  with  gratitude  &c.) ;  be  brilliant, 
be  a  luminary,  excel,  in  some  respect  or  sphere 
(does  not  s.  in  conversation,  society ;  is  a  shin- 
ing example);  (colloq.)  make  bright,  polish, 
(boots,  fireplace,  brass,  &c).  [OE  scinan,  cf. 
Du.  schijnen,  G  scheinen] 

shine  2,  n.  Light,  brightness,  (chiefly  colloq. ; 
rain  or  s.,  whatever  the  weather;  put  a  good 
s.  on  boots  &c;  take  the  s.  out  of,  impair  brilli- 


ance or  newness  of,  also  throw  into  the  shade 
by  surpassing) ;  (slang)  disturbance,  shindy, 
sensation,    [f.  prec] 

shi'ner,  n.  (slang).  A  coin,  esp.  sovereign, 
(pi.)  money,    [shine  l,  -er  1] 

shi-ngle  •  (-nggl),  n.,  &  v.t.  Rectangular  slip 
of  wood  used  like  roof-tile  on  roofs,  spires,  &c; 
(vb)  roof  with  ss.  [corrupt,  of  shindle,  cf.  G 
schindel,  f.  L  scindula  (scindere  split)] 

shrngle-  (-nggl),  n.  Small  rounded  pebbles 
lying  on  sea-shore.  Henceshl*ngrlY2a.  [prob. 
f.  Norw.  singling)  cf.  singla  to  ring,  rattle] 

shi'ng-les  (-ngg-),  n.  pi.  Skin-disease  forming 
inflamed  band  often  round  right  half  of  body 
at  waist,  [f.  OF  cengle  girth  f.  L  cingulum 
(cingere  gird)] 

Shi'nto,  n.  Japanese  religion  partly  ousted 
by  Buddhism.  Hence  Shi*ntoiSM,  Shi'nto- 
ist,  nn.    [f.  Chin,  shin  tao  way  of  the  gods] 

shi*ny,a.  Glistening,  polished,  rubbed  bright, 
(s.  hat,  boots,  &c. ;  s.  coat,  seams,  with  nap  worn 
ofi).    Hence  shi*niNESS  n.    [-y2] 

ship  l,  n.  (regarded  as  fern.,  w.  pron.  she,  her). 
Vessel  with  bowsprit  &  three,  four,  or  five 
square-rigged  masts  (cf.BAKQUE.BRiG,  schoon- 
er, sloop);  any  sea-going  vessel  of  considerable 
size  (battle  l-s.,  s.  of  the  line2,  merchant  s., 
SAiL2infir  s.,  war1-.?.;  sister  s.,  built  on  same 
plan  as  another;  about2*.;  pump-s.;  take  s., 
embark ;  on  board  *  s.) ;  on  shipboard,  on 
board  s,;  s.-biscuit,  hard  coarse  kind  made  for 
keeping  used  on  boards.;  s.-breaker,  contractor 
who  breaks  up  old  ss.;  s.-broker,  agent  trans- 
acting s.'s  business  in  port,  dealer  in  ss.,  marine- 
insurance  agent ;  s.-builder, -building  ys.-canal, 
for  conveying  ss.  inland ;  s.-chandler(i/)  ;  s.- 
fever,  typhus  ;  s.-letter,  conveyed  by  other  than 
mail-s.;  shipload,  quantity  of  something  form- 
ing whole  cargo ;  shipmate,  person  belonging  to 
or  sailing  on  same  s.  as  another,  esp.  fellow  sail- 
or; s. -money  hist.,  impost  for  providing  ss.  for 
navy,  revival  of  which  by  Charles  I  was  a  cause 
of  Great  Rebellion  ;  shipowner,  person  owning 
(shares  in)  ship(s) ;  s.-railway,  for  transporta- 
tion of  ss.  overland  from  water  to  water ;  s.- 
rigged,  as  s.  in  first  sense  ;  s.'s  company  i ;  s.'s 
corporal3;  shi'pshape  adv.  or  pred.  a.,  in 
good  order,  well  arranged ;  s.'s-husband,  s. -brok- 
er in  first  sense ;  s.'s  papers,  documents  estab- 
lishing ownership,  nationality,  nature  of  cargo, 
&c,  of  s.;  s.-way,  inclined  structure  on  which 
s.  is  built  &  down  which  it  slides  to  be  launch- 
ed -}  s.-worm,  mollusc  boring  into  s.  timbers; 
shiptoreck  n.,  destruction  or  s.  by  storm,  foun- 
dering, stranding,  striking  rock,  &c,  (fig.)  ruin 
(make  shipwreck,  be  ruined  ;  make  or  suffer  ship- 
wreck of  one's  hopes  &c.) ;  shipwreck  v.t.  &  L, 
inflict  s.-w.  lit.  or  fig.  on  (person,  hopes,  &c,  rare- 
ly ship),  suffer  s.-w. ;  s.-wright,  s.-builder;  s.- 
yard,  s. -building  establishment.  Hence  shi'p- 
less  a.  [OE  sap,  cf.  Du.  schif,  G  schiff;  perh. 
cogn.  w.  shave,  shape,  &  Gk  skaphos] 

ship2,  v.t,  &  i.  Put,  take,  or  send  away, 
(goods,  passengers,  sailors)  on  board  s.;  (Com- 
merc.)  deliver  (goods)  to  forwarding  agent  for 
conveyance  by  land  or  water ;  fix  (mast,  rudder, 
&c.)  in  its  place  on  s.  (s.  oars,  take  from  row- 
locks &  lay  inside  boat) ;  (of  s.  or  boat)  s.  a  sea, 
be  flooded  by  wave  ;  take  s.,  embark,  (of  sailor) 
take  service  on  s.    [f.  prec] 

-ship,  suf.  f.  OE  -scipe  (cf.  Du.  -schap,  G  -schaft) 
t.  Teut.  root  s&ap  form,  make,  forming  abstract 
nn.  on  adjj.  as  hardship,  worship  (worth  adj.), 
&  on  nn.  as  lordship,  friendship,  scholarship, 
apprenticeship  ;  in  the  latter  use  it  is  a  living 
suf.;  meaning,  (1)  being  so-&-so,  status,  office, 
honour,  (2)  tenure  of  office,  (3)  skill  in  certain 
capacity.    Landscape  also  contains  the  suf. 


SHIPMENT 


800 


SHOOT 


shi'pment,  n.  Putting  of  goods  &c.  on  ship  ; 
amount  shipped,  consignment,  [ship2,  -ment] 
shi'pper,  n.  Merchant  &c.  who  sends  or 
gets  goods  by  ship,  [-ek1] 
shi'pping-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  ships,  esp. 
the  ships  of  a  country,  port,  &c;  s.-agent,  per- 
son acting  for  ship  or  line  of  ships  at  a  port  &c. ; 
s.-articles,  agreement  between  captain  &  sea- 
men as  to  wages  &c;  s.-bill,  manifest  of  goods 
shipped ;  s.-master,  official  in  whose  presence 
s. -articles  are  signed,  paying  off  is  done,  &c; 
s.-offlce,  s. -agent's  or  s.-master's.  [-ing  1] 
shire  (as  suf.  pr.  -sher),  n.  County  (chiefly 
now  as  suf.  in  names  of  certain  counties,  as 
Hampshire,  with  some  of  which  it  is  omissible, 
as  Devonshire  or  Devon,  &  in  pi.  the  ss.,  band 
of  counties  stretching  NE  from  Hampshire  & 
Devonshire  ending  in  -shire,  also  loose  term 
for  the  midland  counties ;  s.-horse,  largest 
breed  of  draught  horse  raised  esp.  in  Lincoln- 
shire &  Cambridgeshire  ;  knight  of  the  s.).  [OE 
scir  business,  administration,  province,  etym. 
dub. ;  not  connected  w.  shear,  share] 
shirk,  v.t.,  &  n.  Avoid  meanly,  get  out  of, 
shrink  selfishly  from,  (duty,  responsibility, 
fighting,  &c;  also  abs.);  hence  shir'kER1  n. 
(N.)  shirker,  [prob.  var.  of  shark  v.] 
shirt,  n.  Man's  sleeved  under-garment  worn 
under  cloth  clothes,  extending  from  neck  to 
thighs,  usu.  visible  at  collar  &  wristbands,  & 
made  of  linen,  cotton,  flannel,  or  silk  (night-.*?.; 
stripped  to  the  s.,  in  one's  s.-sleeves,  without 
coat  &  waistcoat,  coat ;  near  is  my  s.,  but  nearer 
is  my  skin,  self  is  the  first  consideration) ;  wo- 
man's blouse  with  stiff  collar  &  cuffs;  s.-front, 
breast  of  s.,  usu.  stiffened  &  starched,  also 
dicky.  Hence  -shirtED2,  shiirtLESS,  aa., 
shir*tiNQi(3)  n.  [f.  ON  skyrta  kirtle,  cf.  G 
schiirze  apron,  cogn.  w.  short,  skirt] 
shit,  v.i.,  &  n.,  (not  decent).  Evacuate 
bowels.  (N.)  ordure  (also  of  or  to  person  as 
term  of  abuse).  [OE  scitan,  cf.  ON  skita ;  cogn. 
w.  Gk  skor  skatos  ordure] 
shi'ver1,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Experience  or  show) 
quick  slight  vibrating  movement  (such  as  is) 
caused  by  sensation  of  cold,  tremble  with  cold ; 
shivering-fit,  as  in  ague ;  hence  shi'vering"- 
lv  2  adv.  (N.)  momentary  shivering  movement 
(of  ten  pi. ,  as  gives  me  the  ss. ),  whenceshi'ver  Y2 
a.  {yiEchiveren,  perh.  f.  Scand.  form=QUiVER, 
cf.  Norw.  kippa  snatch,  quiver] 
shi'ver  2,  n.  (usu.  pi.),  &  v.t.  &  i.  (One  of)  the 
many  small  pieces  into  which  thing  is  shatter- 
ed by  blow  or  fall ;  (vb)  break  (t.  &  i.)  into  ss. 
(s\  my  timbers,  reputed  naut.  imprecation), 
[dim.  of  obs.  shive  slice,  see  sheave  K  shift] 
shoal !,  a.,  n.,  &  v.i.  Shallow,  not  deep,  (only 
lit.,  of  water) ;  (n.)  shallow  place,  submerged 
sand-bank  esp.  one  that  shows  at  low  water, 
(fig. ,  usu.  pi. )  hidden  danger(s)  or  impedimen  t(s), 
whence  shoa'lY2  a.,  shoa'liNESS  n.;  (vb)  get 
shallower,  [var.  of  shallow] 
shoal2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Multitude,  crowd,  great 
number,  esp.  of  fish  swimming  in  company 
(also  school2),  (ss.  of  people ;  gets  letters  in  ss. ) ; 
(vb,  of  fish)  form  ss.  [OE  scolu,  cf.  OSax.  skola] 
shock »-  n.  Violent  collision,  concussion,  or 
impact,  (three  ss.  of  earthquake  were  felt; 
clashed  with  a  mighty  s.;  s.  tactics,  use  of 
cavalry  to  charge  in  masses) ;  sudden  &  dis- 
turbing physical  or  mental  impression  (news 
came  upon  me  with  a  s„  was  a  great  s. ;  electric 
s.,  stimulation  of  nerves  by  passage  of  current 
through  body),  (Path.)  state  of  prostration  fol- 
lowing overstimulation  of  nerves  by  sudden 
pain  as  of  wound  &c.  or  violent  emotion  (died 
of  s.;  the  s.  is  more  dangerous  than  the  loss  of 
blood) ;  injury  inflicted  on  credit,  stability,  &c, 


great  disturbance  of  organization  or  system. 
If.  F  choc  f.  OHG  scoc ;  cogn.  w.  shake] 

shock2,  v.L  &  i.  Affect  with  indignation, 
disgust,  or  horror,  appear  improper  or  out- 
rageous or  scandalous  to,  whence  sho'ckiNG2 
a.  &  adv.  (shocking  bad  &c.  colloq.),  sho'ek- 
ingLY2  adv.,  sho'ckingNESS  n.;  collide  vio- 
lently (poet.),    [f.  prec] 

shock3,  n.,  &  v.t.  Group  of  usu.  twelve 
corn-sheaves  stood  up  close  together  in  held ; 
(vb)  arrange  (corn)  in  ss.  [cf.  ODu.  schocke,  Sw. 
skock  heap;  prob.  cogn.  w.  prec,  cf.  sheaf] 

shock4,  n.  Unkempt  or  shaggy  mass  of 
hair;  s.  head,  rough  head  of  hair,  whence 
shock-headED2  a.    [perh.  var.  of  shag  l] 

sho'cker,  n.  (colloq.).  Very  bad  specimen  of 
anything ;  sensational  cheap  novel  (esp.  shil- 
ling s.).    1-er1] 

shod.    See  shoe2. 

sho'ddy,  n.  &  a.  Fibre  made  from  old  cloth 
&c.  shredded;  inferior  cloth  made  partly  of 
such  fibre ;  anything  of  worse  quality  than  it 
claims  or  seems  to  have ;  (adj.)  counterfeit,  pre- 
tentious, trashy,    [prob.  f.  OE  sceddan  shed1] 

shoe l  (-00),  n.  Outer  foot-covering,  esp.  not 
reaching  above  ankle  (that's  another  pair  of 
ss.,  another  matter;  dead  men's  ss.,  property 
or  position  as  looked  forward  to  by  expectant 
successor ;  be  in  person's  ss.,  in  his  plight ;  die 
in  one's  ss.,  by  violence,  esp.  hanging ;  where 
the  s.  pinches,  hardships  of  one's  own  lot ;  put 
the  s.  on  the  right  foot,  apportion  blame  &c. 
truly) ;  metal  rim  nailed  to  hoof  of  horse  &c. ; 
thing  like  s.  in  shape  or  use,  e.g.  wheel-drag, 
socket,  ferrule,  mast-step ;  ss.  &  stockings, 
bird's-foot  trefoil ;  shoeblack,  boy  or  man  who 
blacks  ss.  of  passers-by ;  s.-buckle,  for  fastening 
s.  over  instep  (now  usu.  worn  only  as  orna- 
ment); shoehorn,  instrument  of  horn,  metal, 
&c,  for  helping  s.  on  to  foot ;  s.-lace,  -string, 
for  lacing  up  s. ;  s.-latchet  (bibl.  >,  fastening  of  s. ; 
s.-leather,  leather  for  ss.,  ss.  (as  good  a  man  as 
ever  trod  s.-L,  lived) ;  s.-maker,  maker  of  boots 
&  ss.  Hence  shoe'LESS  a.  [OE  seed,  cf.  Du. 
schoen,  Gschuh;  perh.  cogn.  w.  shade,  sky] 

shoe2,  v.t.  (shod;  part,  shoeing).  Fit  with 
shoe(s)  (esp.  with  horse  &c.  as  obj.,  or  in  p.p.  as 
neatly  shod  feet,  pole  shod  with  iron),  [f.  prec.  ] 

shogu-n  (-0011),  n.  (hist).  Japanese  heredi- 
tary commander-in-chief  &  virtual  ruler  for 
some  centuries  until  the  office  was  abolished 
1868.  Hence  sho'gunATE 1  n.  [Jap., = general] 

shone.    See  shine  ** 

shoo,  int.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Utter)  sound  used  to 
frighten  birds  away ;  drive  away  thus,    [imit.] 

snook1.    See  shake1. 

shook2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Set  of  staves  &  headings 
for  cask  ready  for  putting  together ;  (vb)  pack 
in  ss._  [perh.  var.  of  shock3] 

shoot1,  v.L  &  t.  (shot).  Come  vigorously  or 
swiftly  out,  forth,  along,  up,  &c,  or  abs., 
sprout,  dart,  (boat  shot  out  from  the  creek  ; 
shooting  star  l ;  flash  shoots  across  sky ;  s. 
ahead,  come  quickly  to  front  of  competitors 
&c;  buds  are  shooting ;  tree  shoots,  puts  forth 
buds  ;  fountain,  flame,  shoots  up ;  prices  shot 
up,  rose  suddenly ;  cricket-ball  shoots,  darts 
along  ground  when  it  touches,  instead  of  bounc- 
ing ;  child  is  shooting  up,  growing  tall ;  pain 
shoots  through  nerves  &c. ;  corn,  tooth,  shoots, 
inflicts  intermittent  pain) ;  project  abruptly 
out  (mountain-spur,  cape,  shoots  out) ;  send 
out,  discharge,  propel,  emit,  violently  or  swift- 
ly (s.  rubbish  &c,  let  it  slide  from  cart  or  recep- 
tacle ;  bow,  gun,  shoots  arrow,  shell ;  passen- 
gers were  shot  out  of  coach ;  sun  shoots  its  rays; 
8.  out  one's  lips  bibl.,  protrude  in  scorn  ;  s.  .fish- 
ing-net, extend  it  across  river  &c;  s.  bolt  of 


SHOOT 


801 


SHORTEN 


door,  send  it  home ;  tree  shoots  out  branches) 
discharge  (bullet  &c.)  from  gun  &c.,  cause 
(bow,  gun,  &c.)  to  discharge  missile,  discharge 
gun  &c,  make  use  well  &c.  of  gun  &c,  kill  or 
wound  (person,  animal)  with  missile  from  gun 
&c.,huntgame&c.  habitually  or  on  one  occasion 
with  gun,  s.  the  game  over  estate  &c,  s.  game 
on  (estate  &c),  (of  gun  &c.)  go  off,  send  missile 
straight  Sec,  (fools  bolt  *  %s  soon  shot ;  I'll  be 
shot  if — ,  form  of  negative  asseveration  ;  can 
army  or  sportsman,  does  gun,  s.  straight  ? ; 
was  shot  for  a  spy ;  had  his  arm  shot  off,  torn 
off  by  cannon-ball  &c;  s.  a  match,  engage  in 
shooting-match  ;  will  s.  the  coverts  tomorrow  ; 
neither  rides  nor  shoots;  was  out  shooting; 
have  shot  away  all  our  ammunition) ;  be,  have 
one's  boat,  swept  swiftly  under  or  down  (bridge, 
rapid  fall ;  s.  Niagara,  attempt  desperate  en- 
terprise) ;  (p.p.,  of  coloured  material)  so  woven 
&c.  as  to  show  different  colours  at  different 
angles  (shot  silk ;  crimson  shot  with  maize- 
colour)  :  shooting-box,  sportsman's  lodge  for 
use  in  shooting-season ;  shooting-coat,  -jacket, 
-boots,  of  patterns  useful  in  shooting  game ; 
shooting-iron  slang,  fire-arm  ;  shooting-range, 
ground  with  butts  for  rifle  practice.  Hence 
shoo'tABLE  a.  [OE  scotian  dart  intr.  (sceotan), 
cf.  Du.  schieten,  G  schiessen] 
shoot2,  n.  Young  branch  or  sucker ;  rapid 
in  stream ;  inclined  plane  down  which  water 
&c.  may  flow  or  things  slide,  chute ;  shooting 
party  or  expedition  or  practice,  [f.  prec.1 
shoo'ter,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  ball  that 
shoots  at  cricket;  (in  comb.)  shooting-imple- 
ment (pea-s.;  six  Sec.  -s.,  revolver  firing  six&c. 
shots).     [-ER1] 

shoo'ting,  n.  In  vbl  senses  (for  s.-  see  shoot1); 
esp. :  right  of  s.  over  particular  land ;  estate  &c. 
rented  to  shoot  over.  1-ing  l] 
shop,  n.,  &  v.i.  Building,  room,  &c,  for  re- 
tail sale  of  some  commodity  (chemist's,  butch- 
er's, fruit-,  s.),  or  in  which  manufacture  or  re- 
pairing is  done  (engineerings.;  fitting, pattern. 
Sec,  -s.,  departments  of  manufactory):  (slang) 
institution,  establishment,  &c.  (e.g.  one  s  school, 
university,  &c;  esp.  of  R.M.  A., Woolwich;  the 
other  s.,  rival  institution);  one's  profession, 
trade,  or  business,  things  connected  with  it,  or 
talk  about  it,  (shut  up  s.,  cease  doing  some- 
thing; talk  8.;  sink  the  s.,  refrain  from  talk- 
ing s.,  also  conceal  one's  occupation),  whence 
sho'ppv2  a.;  s.-bell,  on  door  to  give  notice  of 
customer's  entrance ;  s.-boy,  -girl,  assistants  in 
s. ;  shopkeeper,  owner  of  s.  (nation  of  shop- 
keepers, the  English);  s.-lifter,  pretended  cus- 
tomer who  steals  goods  in  s.;  shopman,  shop- 
keeper or  his  assistant ;  shopwalker,  attendant 
in  large  s.  who  directs  customers ;  s.-window, 
window  of  s.  used  for  display  of  wares;  s.-worn, 
soiled  or  faded  by  being  shown  in  s. ;  (vb)  go  to 
shop(s)  to  make  purchases,  whence  sho'ppmo 1 
n.  [OE  sceoppa  booth,  cf.  LG  schup  shed ;  perh. 
cogn.  w.  skv] 

shore J,  n.  Land  that  skirts  sea  or  large  body 
of  water  (in  «.,  on  the  water  near  or  nearer  to 
s.) ;  (Law)  land  between  ordinary  high-  &  low- 
water  marks.  Hence  shore'LESS  a.,  shore*- 
ward a.  &ad v:  (OE  score  (scoren p.p.,  shear *)] 
shore2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Prop,  beam  set  obliquely 
against  ship,  wall,  tree,  &c„  as  support ;  (vb) 
support,  hold  up,  with  shore(s).  Hence  shor*- 
ing  M3)n.  [f.  ON  skortha  t.  p.p.  otskera  shear1  ; 
orig.  sense,  piece  of  cut  wood ;  cf.  Du.  schoor] 
shore3,  shorn.  See  shear  1. 
short,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  Measuring  little  from 
end  to  end  in  space  or  time,  coon  traversed  or 
finished,  (a  s.  way  off;  as.  time  ago ;  s.  story, 
of  the  character  of  a  novel  but  less  length ;  s. 


cut1;  8.  circuit  in  electr.,  part  of  current's  path 
offering  less  resistance  &  practically  shorten- 
ing circuit,  so  short-eir'euit  v.t.,  introduce 
s.  circuit  into;  s.  division  ;  shorter  catechism  ; 
s.  rib,  =  false  rib  ;  s.  shrift  ;  s.  whist3;  a  s. 
sea,  s.  broken  waves ;  make  s.  work  of,  dispose 
of  or  destroy  or  consume  quickly ;  he,  his  joy 
Sec,  had  but  a s.  UJe,  whence  shortlivEn  -  a.; 
s.  temper,  self-control  that  is  soon  or  easily  lost, 
whence  short- temperED 2  a. ;  s.  waist  in 
dress,  made  high  up,  whence  short- waistED2 
a.;  s.  wind,  easily  exhausted  breathing-power, 
inability  to  run  long  or  fig.  to  talk  or  write 
at  any  length,  whence  short-windED2  a., 
short- wi'ndedNESS  n.;  s.  clothes  or  coats, 
dress  of  child  too  old  for  long-clothes,  whence 
short-coat  v.t.) ;  of  small  stature,  not  tall, 
(usu.  of  human  beings,  or  of  upright  things,  as 
chimney,  tower,  tree);  not  far-reaching,  acting 
near  at  hand,  deficient,  scanty,  in  want  of,  be- 
low the  degree  of,  abruptly  finished,  (s.  sight, 
not  seeing  clearly  at  distance  or  fig.  into  the 
future,  whence  short-sigh tED 2  a.,  short- 
sig-h'tedLV  2  adv.,  short-sigh'tedNESs  n.; 
at  s.  range ;  take  s.  views,  consider  the  present 
only  ;  s.  date,  early  date  for  maturing  of  bill 
&c,  whence  short-datED  2  a. ;  s.  bill,  paper, 
Sec,  dated  for  early  payment;  s.  leg,  slip,  in 
cricket;  has  a  s.  memory;  are  s.  of  hands, 
have  not  enough  workmen,  whence  short- 
handED2  a.;  s.  commons;  s.  weight,  less  than 
it  is  represented  to  be ;  a  s.  ten  miles,  mile, 
hour,  Sec,  less  or  seeming  less  than  that ;  cut s., 
bring  to  end  before  natural  time ;  come  s.,  dis- 
appoint expectations  &c,  fail  of  one's  duty  or 
proper  development,  whence  shor'tcomiNG1 
n.;fall «.,  be  insufficient  or  inadequate  ;  run  s., 
have  or  be  too  little,  as  our  tea  ran  s.,  we  ran 
s.  of  tea;  an  escape  nothings,  of  marv*  llous); 
concise,  brief,  curt,  sullenly  or  snappishly  re- 
ticent, (the  long1  &  the  s.  of  it;  in  s.,  to  use 
few  words,  without  circumlocution,  to  give  the 
conclusion  briefly ;  is  called  Bob  for  s.,  by  way 
of  s.  name ;   was  very  s.  with  me,  uncivil) ; 
(Phonet,  Pros. ;  of  vowel  or  syllable)  (prop.) 
having  the  less  of  the  two  recognized  duratior/s, 
(pop.)  unstressed,  (also,  of  vowel)  having  the 
or  an  other  sound  than  that  called  long  l  (e.g. 
those  in  met,  pull,  but) ;  (of  pastry,  clay,  &c.) 
friable,   crumbling,  not  tenacious,  (cf.  cold- 
short) ;  (St.  Exch.  &c;  of  stocks,  stockbroker, 
crops,  &c.)  sold,  selling,  &c,  when  the  amount 
is  not  in  hand  in  reliance  on  getting  the  deficit 
in  time  for  delivery  ;  something  s.,  a  drink  of 
strong  liquor,  esp.  spirits;  shortbread,  short- 
cake, brittle  dry  cake  made  with  flour  &  much 
butter  &  sugar;  shorthand,  methods  of  com- 
pendious writing  used  for  taking  verbatim  re- 
ports of  speeches  &c,  stenography ;  shorthorn, 
name  of  s. -horned  breed  of  cattle;  hence  short- 
ish  M2)  a.,  shor*tNESS  n.    (Adv.)  abruptly,  be- 
fore the  natural  or  expected  time,  in  s.  manner, 
(took  him  up  s.,  interrupted  him;  stop  s.,  sud- 
denly cease,  not  go  on  to  the  end ;  bring,  or  pull, 
up  s.,  check  or  pause  abruptly ;  be  taken  s.,  have 
sudden  motion  of  bowels  ;  s.spoken,  given  to 
brevity  of  speech  ;  sell  s.,  when  one  has  not  the 
articles  in  hand,  see  the  adj.) ;  s.  of,  except,  put- 
ting out  of  the  question,  (s.  of  commuting  sui- 
cide he  does  his  best  to  keep  out  of  the  way). 
(N.,  pros.)  s.  syllable  (long's  &  ss.)  or  vowel ; 
mark  indicating  that  vowel  is  s.,  as  a.    [OE 
sceort,  cogn.  w.  shear  >,  curt,  &  Gk  keiro  cut! 
shortage  (-Ij),  n.    (Amount  of)  deficiency 
(there  is  no  s„  a  s.  of  100  tons),   [-age] 
shorten,  v.i.  &  t.   Become  or  make  actually 
or  apparently  shorter  or  short,  curtail ;  reduce 
the  amount  of  sail  spread,    [-en  b] 


SHORTLY      8 

shortly,  adv.  Before  long ;  in  few  words, 
briefly  ;  curtly,    [-ly  2] 

shot1,  n.  (pi.  -s,  also  shot  see  below),  &  v.t. 
Single  missile  for  cannon  or  gun,  non-explosive 
projectile,  (usu.  with  qualification  or  in  comb., 
as  round,  solid,  chain-,  grape-,  case2-,  buck  j-, 
s. ;  chilled  s.,  case-hardened  for  armour-pierc- 
ing ;  a  s.  in  the  locker)  ;  (pi.  usu.  shot)  small 
lead  pellet  of  which  a  quantity  is  used  for  single 
charge  or  cartridge  esp.  in  sporting  guns,  such 
pellets  collectively,  (s.  does  or  do  well  for 
cleaning  decanters ;  put  threes,  or  ss.  of  differ- 
ent sizes  on  the  aid ;  s.  is  made  in  various 
ways ;  about  a  dozen  n°  10  s.  were  extracted 
from  his  leg);  discharge  of  cannon  or  gun 
(several  ss.  were  fired,  heard,  &c),  attempt  to 
hit  with  projectile  or  missile  or  fig.  to  make 
stroke  in  game  or  guess  or  do  something  (a£ 
each  s.  he  was  nearer  the  bulVs-eye ;  a  beautiful 
s.  from  cover-point  took  off  the  bails  ;  made  a 
bad  s.,  guessed  wrong ;  am  going  to  have  a  good 
s.  at  winning ;  snap  s.,  discharging  of  rifle  &c. 
with  momentary  aim;  flying  s„  at  bird  on 
wing  or  moving  object ;  parthian,  random,  s. ; 
-s„  range,  reach,  distance  to  or  at  which  thing 
will  carry  or  act,  as  bow,  rifle,  ear,  -s.) ;  pos- 
sessor of  specified  skill  with  rifle,  gun,  pistol, 
&c.  (is  a  good,  bad,  crack,  or  firstclass,  or  no, 
s.) ;  s.-tower,  in  which  s.  is  made  from  molten 
lead  poured  through  sieves  at  top  &  falling 
into  water  at  bottom;  hence  sho'tPROOF2  a. 
(Vb)  load,  weight,  &c,  with  s.  [OE  gesceot 
(Y-,  sceotan  shoot1)] 
shot 2.    See  shoot  i. 

shot 3,  n.    Reckoning,  (one's  share  of)  tavern- 
bill,  (usu.  pay  one's  s.).    [var.  of  scot  j] 
should.    See  shall. 

shou'ldep  (-61-),  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Part  of  body 
at  which  arm  or  foreleg  or  wing  is  attached, 
either  lateral  projection  below  or  behind  neck, 
(also  s.-joint)  combination  of  end  of  upper  arm 
with  those  of  collarbone  &  blade-bone,  (pi.) 
upper  part  of  back,  (pi.)  body  regarded  as  bear- 
ing burdens,  (of  slaughtered  animal)  foreleg 
with  parts  usu.  kept  with  it  in  dismembering, 
(head1  &  ss. ;  dislocate  one's  s. ;  s.  to  s.,  with 
closed  ranks  or  united  effort ;  has  broad  ss.,  is 
strong,  can  bear  much  weight  or  responsibility ; 
put,  set,  s.  to  wheel,  make  effort ;  s.-of-mutton 
sail,  triangular  fore-&-aft  sail  with  point  up- 
ward ;  cold  1  s. ;  cold  i-a.  v.t. ;  lay  the  blame, 
burden,  &c,  on  the  right  ss.);  part  of  mountain, 
bottle,  tool,  &c,  projecting  like  human  s.;  (Mil.) 
position  of  soldier  who  has  shouldered  arms 
(see  vb) ;  s.-belt,  baldric,  bandolier,  or  other 
band  passing  over  one  s.  &  under  opposite  arm ; 
s.-blade,  either  large  flat  bone  of  upper  back, 
scapula ;  s.-brace,  contrivance  for  flattening 
round  back  of  child  &c. ;  s.-knot,  of  ribbon  or 
metal  lace  worn  on  s.  by  livery  servant ;  s.- 
pegged  of  horse,  stiff  in  ss. ;  s.-strap,  band  from 
s.-tip  to  neck  in  soldier's  uniform,  keeping  s.- 
belts  in  place  &  bearing  name  or  number  of 
regiment  &c. ;  hence  (-)shouldePED2-a.  (Vb) 
push  (t.  &  i.)  with  s.,  jostle,  make  way  thus  ; 
take  (burden  lit.  or  fig.)  on  one's  ss. ;  (Mil.)  s. 
arms,  hold  rifle  vertical  supported  by  right 
hand  at  lock.  [OE  sculder,  cf.  Du.  schouder, 
G  schulter,  etym.  dub.] 

shout  (-owt),  v.i.  &  t„  &  n.  Make  loud  arti- 
culate or  inarticulate  cry  or  vocal  sound,  speak 
loudly,  (shoided  with  laughter ;  s.  for  joy ;  s.  at, 
speak  loudly  to  &c. ;  allis  overbutthe  shouting, 
contest  is  virtually  decided);  say  loudly,  call 
out,  express  in  loud  tones,  (s.  approbation; 
shouted  that  the  coast  was  clear ;  shouted  to  or 
for  me  to  come;  '  Oo  back'  he  shouted).  (N.) 
Loud  utterance  or  vocal  sound  from  individual 


2 SHOW 

or  company  expressing  joy,  (dis)approval,  defi- 
ance, &c,  or  calling  attention.  [?] 
shove  (-iiv),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Push  (t.  &  i.) 
vigorously,  move  (t.)  along  by  hard  or  rough 
pushing ;  make  one's  way  along,  past,  through, 
&c,  by  pushing,  jostle  (person) ;  (colloq.)  put 
somewhere  (s.  it  in  the  drawer) ;  s.  off,  start 
from  shore  in  boat.  (N.)  push  (give  one  a  s.  off, 
help  him  to  start) ;  woody  centre  of  flax-stem. 
[OE  scufan,  cf.  Du.  schuiven,  G  schieben] 
sho*vel  (-uvl),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Scooping  imple- 
ment for  shifting  coal,  earth,  &c,  often  in 
form  of  spade  with  sides  of  blade  turned  up ; 
s.-hat,  broad-brimmed  as  worn  by  Anglican 
dignitaries;  s.-head,  kinds  of  sturgeon  & 
shark,  also  s.-nose  ;  hence  sho*velFUL(2)  n. ; 
(vb)  shift  (coal  &c.)  with  or  as  with  s.  (s.  food 
into  one's  mouth,  eat  greedily),  [as  prec,  -le(1)] 
sho'velboard  (-uvl-),  n.  Game  played  (now 
esp.  on  ship's  deck)  by  impelling  disks  (form- 
erly coins)  with  hand  or  mace  over  marked 
surface,  [earlier  shoveboard,  -groat,  (shove)] 
sho*  veller,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  the  spoon- 
bill duck.    [-ER l] 

show1,  shew,  (-6),  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  -n,  rarely 
-ed).  Let  be  seen,  disclose,  manifest,  offer 
(thing,  person  thing,  thing  to  person)  for  in- 
spection, exhibit,  produce,  give  (treatment, 
person  treatment,  treatment  to  person),  reveal, 
(clothes  s.  signs  of  wear  ;  an  aperture  shows 
the  inside ;  showed  neither  joy  nor  anger,  that 
he  was  annoyed,  how  much  he  felt  it,  &c;  s.  one- 
self, be  seen  in  public ;  s.  me,  I  was  shown,  a 
specimen;  s.  your  tickets,  please;  got  prizes 
for  all  the  dogs  he  showed  ;  s.  cause  1 ;  s.  fa- 
vour, mercy,  to ;  showed  me  kindness  ovunkind- 
ness ;  s.  fight,  not  yield  tamely ;  s.  one's  co- 
lour  !« ;  s.  one's  hand  orig.  in  cards,  let  out 
one's  designs ;  s.  the  hoof  or  cloven  hoof,  see 
cleave1;  s.  white  feather1;  s.  clean1  pair 
of  heels ;  s.  a  leg,  get  out  of  bed ;  s.  thing  the 
fire,  slightly  heat  it) ;  be  visible  or  noticeable, 
come  into  sight,  appear  in  public,  have  some 
appearance,  (the  blood  shows  through  her  skin ; 
stain  will  never  s.;  buds  are  just  showing ;  her 
husband  never  shows  at  her  at-homes  colloq. ; 
shows  white,  like  a  disk,  from  here) ;  demon- 
strate, prove.expound,  point  out,  cause  (person) 
to  understand  (thing),  (has  shown  the  falsity 
of  the  tale,  that  it  is  false,  how  false  it  is,  it  to 
be  false ;  s.  one  the  way,  by  words,  pointing,  or 
going  with  or  before  him,  also  encourage  by 
doing  thing  first ;  s.  person  how  to  write,  what 
to  do,  &c;  s.  person  the  door;  it  only  shows 
hoxo  little  you  know;  on  your  own  showing, 
even  according  to  your  own  admission  or  con- 
tention) ;  conduct  (showed  us  round  the  house ; 
s.  one  out  or  in,  esp.  open  door  for  his  exit  or 
entrance) ;  s.  forth  archaic,  exhibit,  expound ; 
s.  off  trans.,  display  to  advantage,  intr.,  try  to 
make  impression  by  exhibiting  one's  wealth  or 
skill ;  s.  up,  make  or  be  conspicuous  or  clearly 
visible,  expose  (fraud,  impostor) ;  shew-bread, 
twelve  loaves  displayed  in  Jewish  temple  &  re- 
newed each  sabbath ;  show-case,  glazed  case 
for  exhibiting  goods,  curiosities,  &c;  show- 
room, -window,  in  which  wares  are  kept,  hung 
up,  for  inspection ;  [s.-place,  that  tourists  &c. 
go  to  see.  [OE  sciawian  see,  make  see,  cf.  Du. 
skue  behold,  G  schauen ;  cogn.  w.  L  cavere  be 
cautious,  Gk  koeo  observe] 
show2,  n.  Showing  (voted  by  s.  of  hands; 
dumb1  s.) ;  spectacle,  exhibition,  pageant,  dis- 
play, collection  of  things  shown  esp.  for  money 
to  entertain,  (flower,  horse,  &c,  -s.;  Lord 
Mayor's  .<?.,  procession  of  symbolic  cars  &c;  a 
ne  s.  of  blossom) ;  outward  appearance,  sem- 
lance,  impression  produced,  parade,  ostenta- 


SHOWER 


803 


SHUNT 


tion,  pomp,  display,  (pierce  beneath  the  ss.  of 
things ;  there  is  a  s.  of  reason  in  it ;  good 
enough  in  outward  s.;  did  it  for  s.;  is  fond  of 
s. ;  S.  Sunday,  that  before  Commemoration  at 
Oxford),whenceshoWY2a.,show*iLY2adv., 
showiNESS  n.;  (slang)  concern,  undertaking, 
organization,  (run  i  or  boss3  the  s.;  give  away 
the  s.,  betray  its  inadequacy  orpretentiousness); 
(slang)  opportunity  of  acting,  defending  one- 
self, &c.  (had  no  s.  at  all ;  give  him  a  fair 
s.);  (Obstetr.)  discharge  indicating  approach 
of  labour;  showman,  proprietor  or  manager 
of  menagerie  or  other  such  s.  [f.  prec] 
shower  (-owr),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.    Brief  fall  of 


rain,  or  of  hail,  arrows,  bullets,  dust,  stones, 
&c.  (also  fig.,  as  a  s.  of  gifts,  honours;  letters 
come  in  ss.) ;  s.-bath,  in  which  water  descends 
from  above  through  perforated  plate  ;  hence 
shower* y 2 (owri) a.,  shower'iNESS n.  (Vb) 
discharge  (water,  missiles,  &c.)  in  a  s.,  bestow 
(gifts  &c.  usu.  upon) ;  descend  or  come  in  a  s. 
[OE  scur,  cf.  Du.  schoer,  G  schauer] 

shrank.    See  shrink. 

shra'pnel,  n.  Bullets  contained  in  shell 
timed  to  burst  slightly  short  of  objective  &  let 
them  fly  on  in  shower,    [inventor's  name] 

shred,  n.,  &  v.t.  (shredded,  archaic  shred). 
Scrap,  fragment,  rag,  strip,  torn  or  broken 
piece,  small  remains,  least  amount,  (tore  it  to 
ss.;  without  a  s.  of  clothing  on  him ;  not  a  s.  of 
evidence,  reputation,  &c.) ;  (vb)  tear  or  cut  into 
ss.  [OE  scrtade  n.,  scre'adian  vb,  cf.  G  schrot; 
cogn.  w.  shroud,  doublet  of  screed] 

shrew,  n.  Scolding  woman,  whence 
shrewiSH1a.,shrew,ishLY2adv.,shrew- 
ishNESS  n.;  (also  s. -mouse)  small  mammal  like 
long-snouted  mouse  feeding  on  insects,  [OE 
screawa  s. -mouse] 

shrewd,  a.  (Of  pain,  cold,  &c.)  sharp,  biting, 
(archaic) ;  sagacious,  sensible,  discriminating, 
astute,  judicious,  (can  make  a  s.  guess ;  a  s.  ob- 
server ;  s.  face  &c,  sagacious-looking).  Hence 
shrewdLY2  adv.,  shrew'dNESS  n.  [ME 
shrewed  p.p.  of  shrewen  curse  (prec.)] 

shriek  (rek),  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  (Utter)  shrill  & 
usu.  inarticulate  cry  of  terror,  pain,  &c,  screech, 
scream ;  laugh  uncontrollably  (usu.  s.  with 
laughter) ;  s.  out,  say  in  shrill  agonized  tones, 
[var.  of  screech] 

shrievalty  (-re-),  n.  Sheriff's  office  or  juris- 
diction, tenure  of  this,  [as  sheriff  w.  F  suf. 
as  commonalty] 

shrift,  n.  (Archaic)  confession  to  priest,  con- 
fession &  absolution,  (now  only  in  short  s.,  little 
time  between  condemnation  &  execution  or 
punishment).    [OE  scrift  (shrive)] 

shrike,  n.  Kinds  of  bird  called  also  butcher- 
bird with  strong  hooked  &  toothed  bill  &  habit 
of  impaling  its  prey  of  small  birds  &  insects  on 
thorns,    [f.  its  cry  ;  cogn.  w.  shriek] 

shrill,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Piercing  &  high-pitched 
in  sound ;  (fig.)  importunate,  insisting  on  being 
heard  esp.  in  complaint  or  accusation  ;  hence 
shri'lLY  2  (-1-11)  ad  v.,  shri'llNESS  n.  (Vb,  poet, 
or  rhet.) :  (of  cry  &c.)  sound  shrilly ;  (of  person 
&c.)  utter,  send  out,  (song,  complaint,  &c.)  shril- 
ly,   [cf.  Sc.  skirl,  LG  schrell] 

shrimp,  n.,  &  v.i.  Kinds  of  long- tailed  ten- 
footed  saltwater  crustacean  of  which  the  com- 
mon British  species  is  about  two  inches  long  of 
translucent  greenish-grey  while  alive  &  brown 
whencooked;  diminutive  person.  (Vb)gocatch- 
ing  ss.;  hence  shri'mpER1  n.  [cogn.  w. 
shrink,  cf.  OE  scrimman  shrink] 

shrine,  n.,  &  v.t.  Casket,  esp.  one  holding 
sacred  relics ;  tomb  usu.  sculptured  or  highly 
ornamented  of  saint  &c;  altar  or  chapel  of 
special  associations ;  place  hallowed  by  some 


memory ;  (vb)  enshrine.  [OE  serin  f.  L  scrini- 
um  chest  for  writing-materials  (scribere  write)] 

shrink,  v.i.  &  t.  (shrank;  shrunk  &  rarely 
in  vbl,  commonly  in  adj.,  use  shrunken),  &  n. 
Become  of  less  dimensions,  grow  smaller, 
whence  shri*nkAGE(3)  n.;  recoil,  retire  from 
observation,  (s.  into  oneself,  become  reserved), 
flinch  from,  whence  shri'nking-LY  2  adv.;  be 
averse  from  doing ;  make  smaller  (esp.  in  pass. ; 
his  face  has  a  shrunken  look),  make  s.  (flannel 
&c,  in  order  that  it  may  not  do  so  later ;  s. 
wheel-tire  &c.  on,  slip  it  on  while  expanded 
with  heat  &  let  it  tighten  as  it  cools),  whence 
shri'nkABLE  a.;  (n.;  rare)  shrinking  (how 
much  must  we  allow  for  the  s.  ?).  [OE  scrincan, 
cf.  MDu.  schrinken] 

shrive,  v.t.  (archaic  ;  shrove,  shriven).  Hear 
confession  of,  assign  penance  to,&  absolve  ;  (of 
penitent)  submit  oneself  to  priest  for  this  pur- 
pose.   [OE  scrifan  prob.  f.  L  scribere  write] 

shrrvel,  v.i.  &  t.  (-11-).  Contract  or  wither 
(i.  &  t.)  into  wrinkled,  folded,  rolled-up,  con- 
torted, or  dried-up  state,  [cf.  Sw.  dial,  skryvla] 

shroud  (-owd),  n.,  &  v.t.  Winding-sheet, 
garment  for  the  dead,  whence  shrou'dLESS 
a. ;  concealing  agency  (wrapped  in  a  s.  of  mys- 
tery); (pi.)  set  of  ropes  from  ship's  side  to  mast- 
head supporting  mast.  (Vb)  clothe  (corpse)  for 
burial ;  cover  &  conceal  or  disguise.  [OE  scrud 
garment,cf.ON«A:rtid/iship,sss.,cogn.w.SHRED] 

Shrove  Tue'sday,  n.  Day  before  Ash 
Wednesday,  on  which  &  the  preceding  days  or 
Shrovetide  it  was  customary  to  be  shriven. 
[shrove  formed  f.  shrive  (cf.  abode), = shrift] 

shrub1,  n.  Woody  plant  of  less  size  than 
tree  &  usu.  divided  into  separate  stems  from 
near  the  ground.  Hence  shru'bbY2  a., 
shru*bbERY(3)  n.  [OE  scrybb,  cf.  Norw.  skrub- 
ba  dwarf  cornel] 

shrub2,  n.  Cordial  made  of  fruit-juice  & 
spirit  (usu.  rum-s.).    [f.  Arab,  sharab  ;  cogn.  w. 

SHERBET,  SYRUP] 

shrug-,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Slightly  &  momen- 
tarily raise  (shoulders),  raise  shoulders,  to  ex- 
press indifference,  helplessness,contempt,  vexa- 
tion, &c;  (n.)  this  motion  (of  the  shoulders,  or 
abs.).  [cogn.  w.  shrink  ;  cf.  Da.  skrugge  to  stoop] 

shrunk(en).    See  shrink. 

shuck,  n.,  &  v.t.  Husk,  pod ;  (vb)  remove  ss. 
of,  shell.    [?J 

shu'dder,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Experience)  sudden 
shivering  due  to  fear,  horror,  repugnance,  or 


cold  ;  feel  strong  repugnance  &c.  (/  s.  to  think 

what  might  happen).    Hence  shu'd 

ly  2  adv.    [cf.  MDu.lschudden,  G  schuttem\ 


shu-ffle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Move  (t.  &  L)  with 
scraping  or  sliding  or  dragging  or  difficult  mo- 
tion (shuffles  along  rjieumatically ;  shuffles  his 
or  with  his  feet ;  s.  cards,  slide  them  over  one 
another  so  as  to  change  their  relative  positions ; 
so  s.  things  of  any  sort,  intermingle,  confuse  ; 
s.  the  cards  fig. ,  change  the  parts,  try  new  policy, 
&c);  slip  (clothes,  burden)  off  or  on  (s.  off  re- 
sponsibility upon  others ;  shuffled  on  his  clothes); 
keep  shifting  one's  position  lit.  or  fig.,  fidget, 
vacillate,  prevaricate,  whence  shu'mER1^  ; 
hence  shu*ffling-LY2  adv.  (N.)  shuffling  move- 
ment ;  shuffling  of  cards,  general  change  of  re- 
lative positions  ;  piece  of  equivocation  or  sharp 
practice ;  quick  scraping  movement  of  feet  in 
dancing  (double  s.,  executed  twice  with  one  & 
then  the  other  foot),    [var.  of  scuffle] 

shun,  v.t.  Avoid,  keep  clear  of,  eschew. 
Hence  shu'ni.ESS  a.  (poet.).    [OE  scunian] 

shunt,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Divert  (train  &c),  (of 
train  &c.)  diverge,  on  to  a  side  track,  esp.  to 
clear  line  for  more  important  traffic,  whence 
shu'ntER1  n.;  postpone  or  stifle  discussion  of 


SHUT 


804 


SICK 


(subject),  lay  aside  (project),  leave  (person)  in- 
active. (N.)  turning  or  being  turned  on  to  side 
track;  (Electr.)  conductor  joining  two  points 
of  circuit,  over  which  more  or  less  of  current 
may  be  diverted.  [OE  scyndan  hasten,  ME 
shunten  turn  aside  ;  recovered  f.  prov.  E  at  in- 
troduction of  railways! 

shut,  v.t.  &  i.  (shut).  Close  (receptacle  or 
aperture)  by  pushing  or  pulling  lid  or  door  into 
place  (s.  your  eyes ;  s.  one's  eyes  or  by  exten- 
sion ears  to,  pretend  not  or  refuse  to  see  or  hear); 
push  or  pull  (door,  gate,  window-sash,  &c.)  to 
or  home  so  as  to  close  aperture  (s.  the  door  upon, 
refuse  to  consider,  make  impossible) ;  become 
or  admit  of  being  closed,  swing  or  fall  or  con- 
tract into  closed  position,  (the  door  s.  with  a 
bang ;  lid  shuts  automatically ;  pimpernels  s. 
in  rainy  weather)',  keep  (person,  sound,  &c.) 
out  or  xn  by  shutting  door  &c,  send  (person) 
into  or  out  of  room  &c.  &  fasten  door  &c.  a- 
gainst  him,  bar  (person)  out  from  hope  &c; 
catch  or  pinch  (finger,  dress,  &c)  by  shutting 
something^  on  it  (s.  his  finger  into  the  door- 
hinge)  ;  bring  parts  of  together  (s.  his  teeth,  a 
knife,  Sec);  s.  aoww,  push  or  pull  (window-sash 
&c.)  down  into  closed  position,  (intr.,  of  mill 
&c.)  cease  working;  s.  in,  (of  hills,  houses, 
sea,  &c.)  encircle,  prevent  free  prospect  or 
egress  from  or  access  to  ;  s.  off,  check  flow  of 
(water,  gas,  &c.)  by  shutting  valve,  separate 
from  society  &c;  s.  out,  exclude  (landscape &c.) 
from  view,  prevent  (possibility  &c);  .«?.  to  adv., 
close  (door  &c. ,  or  intr.  of  door  &c. )  tight ;  8.  up, 
close  all  doors  &  windows  of  or  bolt  &  bar 
(house  ;  s.  up  shop,  cease  business  for  the  day 
or  permanently),  close  (box  &c.)  securely  or  de- 
cisively or  permanently,  imprison  (person),  put 
(thing)  away  in  box  &c,  desist  (colloq.;  esp. 
8.  up  imperat.),  reduce  to  silence  by  rebuke  or 
refutation.  [OE  scyttan  cogn.  w.  SHOOT  (f. 
shooting  of  bolt)] 

shvrtter,  n.,&  v.t.  In  vbl  senses  of  prec.; 
esp.:  one  of  a  set  of  wooden  panels  or  iron 
plates,  hinged,  sliding,  folding,  or  detachable, 
placed  inside  or  outside  glass  of  window  to  keep 
out  light  or  burglars ;  structure  of  jointed  laths 
or  metal  slats  on  rollers  serving  same  purposes ; 
blind  of  swell-box  in  organ  for  regulating  loud- 
ness ;  piece  that  opens  &  closes  lens  of  photo- 
graphic camera ;  hence  shvrtterLESs  a.  ( Vb) 
provide  with  ss.,  put  up  ss.  of.    [-er  *] 

shu'ttle,  n.  Weaving-implement  shaped  like 
cigar  with  two  pointed  ends  by  which  weft- 
thread  is  carried  or  shot  across  bet  ween  threads 
of  warp ;  carrier  of  lower  thread  in  lock-stitch 
sewing-machine ;  shtdtlecock,  cork  stuck  with 
feathers  &  struck  to  &  fro  in  battledore  &  s. 
[-cock  prob.  f.  flying  motion].  [OE  scyttel  bolt, 
cogn.  w.  shoot,  shut,  see  -le(1)] 

shy  K  a.  (shyer,  -est,  rarely  shi-).  (Of  beasts, 
birds,  fish,  &c.)  easily  startled,  timid,  avoiding 
observation ;  bashful,  coy,  uneasy  in  company ; 
avoiding  company  of  person,  chary  of  doing, 
(fight1  s.  of);  elusive,  hard  to  find,  catch,  in- 
terpret, &c.  Hence  shy'LY2  adv.,  shy'NESS 
n.    [f.  Da.  sky,  cf.  Du.  schuw,  G  scheu] 

shy 2,  T.i.,  &  n.  Start  suddenly  aside  (at 
object  or  noise,  or  fig.  at  proposal  &c.)  in  alarm 
(usu.  of  horse,  or  fig.  of  person).  Hence  shy- 
ERi  n.    [f.  prec] 

shy:»,  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.,  (colloq.).  Fling,  throw, 
(stone  &c,  or  abs.) ;  (n.)  act  of  shying  (have  a  s. 
at,  try  to  hit  with  missile,  jeer  at,  make  an  at- 
tempt to  get).    [?] 

Shylock,  n.     Hard-hearted  money-lender. 

(character  in  Merchant  of  Venice] 

sj  (Re),  n.  (mus.).     Seventh  note  of  octave. 

[added  perh.  c.  1600  to  names  of  hexachord  ;  see 


gamut  ;  perh.  f.  initials  of  Sancte  Johannes  in 
sapphics  given  under  gamut] 

sramang"  (or  se-),  n.  Kind  of  gibbon  from 
Sumatra  &  Malay  peninsula.    [Malay] 

Siame'se,  a.,  &  n.  (pL  -e.se).  (Native,  lan- 
guage) of  Siam ;  S.  twins,  two  S.  (d.  1874)  joined 
by  cartilaginous  band  from  ones  right  to  other's 
left  side,  (fig.)  inseparable  friends  &c.    [-ese] 

sib, a. (archaic &Sc).  Related, akin, (to).  [OE, 
f.  sib  n.  peace ;  cf.  ON  sif,  G  sippe,  affinity] 

Siber'ian,  a.  &  n.    (Inhabitant)  of  Siberia 


(S.  dog,  of  breed  much  used  for  sledging),  [-an] 
si'bilant,  a.  &  n.  Hissing,  sounded  with  a 
hiss  (esp.  of  letter  or  set  of  letters,  as  s,  sh) 


hence  si'bilANCE,  si'bilANCY,  nn.  (N.)  s.  let- 
ters), [f .  L  sibilare  hiss  (sibilus  a  hissing),  -a nt] 

si'bilate,  v.t.  &  i.  Pronounce  with  hissing 
sound.    Hence  sibil a tion  n.    [as  prec, -ate2] 

si'byl,  n.  One  of  the  women  who  in  ancient 
times  acted  at  various  places  (Cumaean,  Ery- 
thraean, &c,  s.)  as  mouthpiece  of  some  god,  & 
to  whom  many  collections  of  oracles  &  prophe- 
cies were  attributed,  pagan  prophetess;  old 
fortune-teller,  sorceress,  or  hag.  If.  L  f.  Gk 
Sibulla  perh.  cogn.  w.  L  sapere  bo  wise,  cf.  L 
persibus  very  wise] 

sibylline,  a.  Issuing  from  an  ancient  sibyl, 
oracular,  mysteriously  prophetic  ;  the  s.  books, 
collection  of  oracles  belonging  to  ancient- 
Roaian  State  &  often  consulted  by  magistrates 
for  guidance,  (fig.,  with  ref.  to  story  of  their  ac- 
quisition) thing  that  one  refuses  &  is  after- 
wards glad  to  get  on  worse  terms,  [f.  L  Sibyl- 
linus  (prec,  -ine1)] 

sic,  Latin  adv.  =  so,  appended  in  brackets 
after  a  word  or  expression  in  a  quoted  passage 
as  guarantee  that  it  is  quoted  exactly,  though 
its  incorrectness  or  absurdity  would  suggest 
that  it  was  not.  Also  in  the  phrr.  8.  volo  s. 
jubeo  (such  is  my  will  &  command)  used  as  n. 
= arbitrary  order,  s.  vos  non  vobis  (so  ye  not  for 
yourselves)  used  w.  ref.  to  work  of  which  the 
credit  &c  falls  to  another  than  the  doer. 

Sica'nian,  n.  &  a.  Aboriginal  inhabitant  of 
Sicily  (cf.  Sicel,  Siceliot,  Sicilian) ;  (adj.)  of  the 
Ss.    [f.  L  Sicanius  (L  f.  Gk  Sikanoi  pi.),  -an] 

si'ccative,  a.  &  n.  (Substance  &c)  of  drying 
properties,  esp.  one  mixed  with  oil-paint  to  dry 
it.    [f.  LL  siccativus  (desiccate,  -ative)] 


sice  K  n.    The  six  on  dice.    [f.  OF  six  six] 
sice2,  syce,  n.  (Anglo- Ind.).     Groom. 


[f. 


Hind.  f.  Arab.  sais\ 

Si'cel,  Si'kel,  Sicu'lian,  nn.  &  aa.  Mem- 
ber of  race  that  immigrated  into  Sicily  perh.  c 
11th  c  B.C.,  native  as  opposed  to  Greek  ancient 
Sicilian  (cf.  foil.) ;  (adj.)  of  the  Ss.  [f.  Gk  Sikeloi 
pi.,  &  L  Siculi  pi.,  -an] 

Slee'liot,  SIR-,  n.  &  a.  Ancient-Greek  set- 
tler in  Sicily  ;  (adj.)  of  the  Ss.  [f.  Gk  Sikeliotes 
(Sikelia  Sicily,  -OT2)] 

Sicilian,  a.  &  n.  Of  Sicily  or  its  inhabitants 
(S.  Vespers,  massacre  of  French  residents  by 
natives  in  1282,  with  vesper  bell  as  signal) ;  (n.) 
native  of  Sicily,    [f.  L  Stcilia  Sicily  +  -an] 

sick,  a.  Ill,  incapacitated  by  illness,  feeling 
effects  o/some  disease,  (a  s.  man ;  the  S.  Man, 
Turkish  Empire;  s.  of  a  fever;  the  «.,  those 
who  are  ill :  be,  feel,  make,  s.  in  mod.  use,  vomit, 
be  disposed  or  cause  to  vomit;  turn  s.,  feel  or 
make  feel  as  if  about  to  vomit) ;  disordered, 
perturbed,  suffering  effects  of,  disgusted,  pin- 
ing for,  (am  s.  at  heart ;  s.  of  love,  lovesick  ; 
makes  me  s.  to  think  of  ii ;  is  awfully  8.  at  be- 
ing beaten ;  s.  for  a  sight  of  home) ;  surfeited  & 
tired  of  (s.  of  flattery,  rain,  waiting) ;  (of  ship) 
needing  repair  (esp.  of  specified  kind,  as  nail-s., 
paints.) ;  s.-bay5;  s.-lted,  invalid's  bed,  in- 
valid state ;  s.-call,  military  summons  on  bugle 


SICKEN 


805 


SIEGE 


&c.  for  s.  men  to  attend  ;  s.-flag,  yellow,  indi- 
cating presence  of  disease  at  quarantine  station 
or  on  ship ;  s.-headache,  due  to  biliousness  ;  «.- 
leave,  leave  of  absence  granted  for  reason  of 
health  ;  s.-list,  of  the  s.  esp.  in  regiment,  ship, 
&c.  (on  the  s.-L,  laid  up) ;  s.-room,  occupied  by 
s.  person,  or  kept  ready  for  the  s.  Hence 
si'ckiSH  i(2)  a.   [OE  sioc,  cf.  Du.  ziek,  G  siech] 

si'cken,  v.i.  &  t.  Begin  to  be  ill,  show  symp- 
toms of  illness  (child  is  sickening  for  some- 
thing); feel  nausea  or  disgust  at,  to  see,  &c; 
affect  with  inclination  to  vomit,  loathing,  or 
disgust  (a  sickening  sight)  or  with  weariness  or 
despair  of  (ivas  sickened  of  trying  to  make 
peace),  whence  si'ekenER1^)  n.,  si'cken- 
uig-LY2adv.    [-EN6J 

si'ckle,  n.  Reaping-hook,  short- handled 
semicircular-bladed  implement  now  chiefly 
used  for  lopping  &  trimming,  formerly  for  cut- 
ting corn ;  sicklebill,  kinds  of  bird  with  s.- 
shaped  bill ;  s.-feather,  one  of  long  middle 
feathers  of  cock's  tail ;  s.-wort,  the  plant  Heal- 
all.    [OE  sicol  f.  L  secula  (secare  cut)] 

si'ekly,  a.  Apt  to  be  ill,  chronically  ailing, 
of  weak  health ;  suggesting  sickness,  as  of  sick 
person,  languid,  faint,  pale,  (s.  look,  smile,  com- 
plexion) ;  causing  ill  health,  inducing  or  con- 
nected with  nausea,  (s.  climate,  smell,  taste) ; 
mawkish,  weakly  sentimental.  Hence  si'ck- 
Hness  n.    [-LY  !] 

si'ckness,  n.  Being  ill,  disease ;  a  disease 
(fall H'nfir  s. ;  sleep 2mg  s.);  vomiting  or  in- 
clination to  vomit,    [-ness] 

Siculian.    See  sicel. 

Si'culo-,  comb,  form  of  L  Siculi  Sicilians,  as 
'Arabian,  Arabian  as  modified  in  Sicily,   [-o-l 

side J,  n.  One  of  the  flat(tish)  surfaces  bound- 
ing an  object  (cube  has  six  ss.),  esp.  a  more  or 
less  vertical  outer  or  inner  surface  (s.  of  house, 
cave,  mountain,  &c. ;  so  perh.  country-s.)  ; 
such  surface  as  distinguished  from  top  & 
bottom,  or  front  &  back,  or  ends  (four,  or  two, 
ss.  of  box ;  two  ss.  of  house) ;  either  surface  of 
thing  regarded  as  having  only  two  (two  ss.  of 
sheet  of  paper,  board,  &c. ;  sent  him  six  ss.  of 
argument,  pages  of  notepaper  so  filled;  the 
inside  &  outside  of  a  bowl ;  right,  wrong,  s. 
of  cloth  &c,  surface  meant,  not  meant,  to  be 
visible;  BACK^side;  shady,  seamy,  silver1, 
s.) ;  (Math.)  bounding  line  of  superficial  figure 
(opposite  ss.  of  a  parallelogram) ;  part  of  per- 
son or  animal  that  is  on  his  or  its  right  or  left, 
esp.  that  of  it  which  extends  from  armpit  to 
hip  or  from  foreleg  to  hindleg  (s.  of  mutton, 
bacon,  &c,  this  part  of  carcase  ;  blind1  s.  ;  s. 
by  s.,  standing  close  together,  esp.  for  mutual 
support ;  shake  one's  ss.,  laugh  heartily ;  s.- 
sphtting,  causing  violent  laughter,  amusing) ; 
part  of  object  turned  in  same  direction  as  ob- 
server's right  or  left  &  not  directly  towards  or 
away  from  him,  or  turned  in  specified  direc- 
tion (right,  left,  s. ;  debit,  credit,  s.,  in  account 
book;  epistle,  gospel,  s.,  south,  north,  end  of 
altar;  decani,  cantoris,  s.  ;  the  north,  land- 
ward, s.) ;  part  or  region  near  margin  and  re- 
mote from  centre  or  axis  of  thing,  subordinate 
or  less  essential  or  more  or  less  detached  part. 
(s.  of  room,  road,  table,  &c.) ;  region  external 
but  contiguous  to,  specified  direction  with  re- 
lation to,  person  or  thing  (on  one  s.,  aside; 
look  on  all  ss. ;  came  from  all  ss.  or  every  s. ; 
standing  at  my  s. ;  on  the  north  s.  of) ;  partial 
aspect  of  thing,  aspect  differing  from  or  op- 
posed to  other  aspects  (study  all  ss.  of  the  ques- 
tion ;  has  many  ss.  to  his  character;  the  s.  of 
the  moon  visible  to  us) ;  (cause  represented  by, 
position  in  company  with)  one  of  two  sets  of 
opponents  in  war,  politics,  games,   &c.   (the 


Lord  is  on  my  s. ;  there  is  much  to  be  said, 
there  are  faults,  on  both  ss. ;  take  ss.,  decide  to 
espouse  one  or  other  cause ;  join  the  winning  s. ; 
ON  l,  off,  s. ;  Cambridge  has  a  strong  s.,  team 
for  cricket,  football,  &c.) ;  position  nearer  or 
farther  than,  right  or  left  of,  dividing  line  (on 
this  s.  of,  or  on  thus  s.,  the  Alps  ;  on  this  s.  the 
grave,  in  life  ;  on  the  right,  wrong,  s.  of  forty, 
below,  above,  40  years  of  age ;  on  the  wrong 
s.  of  the  door,  shut  out;  on  the  wrong  s. 
of  the  blanket  x) ;  line  of  descent  through 
father,  or  mother  (well  descended  on  the  mo- 
ther's or  maternal  s.  ;  distaff  or  spindle, 
spear,  s.) ;  (Billiards)  spinning  motion  given 
to  ball  by  striking  it  on  s.;  (slang)  assumption 
of  superiority,  swagger,  (puts  on,  has  too  much, 
s.).  S.-arms,  swords  or  bayonets  ;  si'deboard, 
table  or  flat-topped  chest  at  s.  of  dining-room 
for  supporting  and  containing  dishes,  de- 
canters, &c. ;  si'de-bone,  (in  carving  fowls) 
either  small  forked  bone  under  wing;  s.-chapel, 
in  aisle  or  at  side  of  church ;  s.-dish,  extra 
dish  often  of  elaborate  kind  at  dinner  &c;  s.- 
drum,  small  double-headed  drum  in  military 
band  hung  at  drummer's  s. ;  si'delight,  light 
from  s.,  (fig.)  incidental  illustration  &c. ;  s.- 
note,  marginal  note  ;  s.-saddle,  for  rider,  usu. 
woman,  with  both  feet  on  same  s.  of  horse  ;  s.- 
seat  in  vehicle  &c,  in  which  occupant  has 
back  against  s.  of  vehicle ;  s.-show,  minor  show 
attached  to  principal  one ;  s.-slip,  skidding, 
also  shoot  of  tree  &  (fig.)  illegitimate  child,  also 
(theatr.)  division  at  s.  of  stage  for  working 
scenery  ;  si'desman,  deputy  churchwarden  ;  s.- 
step,  step  taken  sideways,  step  for  getting  in 
&  out  of  carriage  &c. ;  s.-stroke,  stroke  towards 
or  from  as.,  incidental  action  ;  s.-track,  siding, 
(v.t.)  turn  into  siding,  shunt,  postpone  treat- 
ment or  consideration  of,  (chiefly U.S.);  s.-view, 
view  obtained  sideways,  profile ;  s.-walk,  pave- 
ment at  s.  of  road  for  foot-passengers  (chiefly 
U.S.) ;  s.-wind,  wind  from  a  s.,  indirect  agency 
or  influence.  Hence  -sidED2  a.,  -si'dedi.v  2 
adv.,  -si'dedNESS  n.,  si'deLESS  a.  [OE  side, 
cf.  Du.  zijde,  G  seite,  &  prob.  OE  sid  spacious] 

side2,  v.i.  Take  part,  be  on  same  s.,  with 
disputant  &c.    [f.  prec] 

si'delong-,  adv.  &  a.  Inclining  to  one  side, 
oblique(ly),  (move  «.;  as.  glance),   [-long] 

sider'eal,  a.  Of  the  constellations  or  the 
fixed  stars  (s.  day,  time  between  successive 
meridional  transits  of  star,  esp.  of  first  point  in 
Aries;  about  4'  shorter  than  solar  day ;  s.  year, 
time  in  which  earth  makes  one  complete  revo- 
lution round  sun,  longer  than  tropical  year  by 
difference  due  to  precession ;  s.  time,  measured 
by  apparent  diurnal  motion  of  stars),  [f.  L  si- 
dereus  (sidus  -eris  star),  -al] 

sidero'g-raphy,  n.  A  process  of  engraving 
on  steel,    [t.  Gk  sideros  iron,  -graph y] 

si'deward(s),  adv.  &  a.  Lateral(ly),  to  or 
from  a  side,  (moved  s.;  s.  motion),    [-ward(s)] 

srdeways,  adv.  &  a.    =prec.    [-ways] 

si'ding",  n.  Short  track  by  side  of  railway 
line  &  opening  into  it  at  one  end  or  both  for 
shunting  purposes.    [-ING  l] 

si'dle,  v.i.  Walk  obliquely,  esp.  in  timid  or 
cringing  manner  (often  along,  up),  [back-for- 
mation f.  obs.  sideling  (now  sidelong)] 

Sido'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Sidon. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Sidonios  (Sidon),  -an] 

siege  (sej),  n.,  &  v.t.  Operations  of  encamped 
attacking  force  to  take  or  compel  surrender  of 
fortified  place,  period  during  which  these  last, 
besieging  or  being  besieged,  (often  fig.;  p'ush 
the  s.,  continue  it  vigorously ;  raise  the  s.  of, 
abandon  attempt  to  take ;  lay  s.  to,  begin  be- 
sieging •  s.  lasted  100  days  ;  stood  a  long  s.,  be- 


SIENESE « 

fore  or  without  surrendering) ;  persistent  at- 
tempt to  force  or  persuade  reluctant  person  to 
do  something;  s.-basket,  gabion  ;  s.-gun,  used 
in  ss.,  too  heavy  for  field  use  ;  s.-train,  artillery 
&  other  appliances  for  besieging;  s.-works, 
trenches,  shelters,&c,  of  besiegers;  (vb;  archaic) 
besiege.  [OF,  orig.  =seat,  ult.  f.  L  sedes] 
Siene'se,  -nnese,  (see-),  a.,  &  n.  (pi.  -ese). 
(Inhabitant)  of  Sienna  (S.  school,  of  13th-lith-c. 
painters),  [-ese] 
Sie'nna,  n.  Ochrous  earth  used  raw  or  burnt 
as  pigment  of  brownish-yellow  (raw  s.)  or  red- 
dish-brown {burnt  s.)  colour,  [f.  It.  {terra  di) 
Siena  (earth  of)  Sienna] 

sie'pra,  n.  Long  jagged  mountain-chain ; 
Spanish  mackerel.  [Sp.,  f.  L  serra  saw] 
sie'sta,  n.  Mid-day  nap  or  rest  in  hot  coun- 
tries. [Sp.,  f.  L  sexta  (hora)  sixth  hour] 
sieve  (siv),  n.,  &  v.t.  Utensil  for  separating 
finer  from  coarser  particles  by  letting  finer  pass 
when  shaken  through  holes  toosmall  for  coarser, 
usu.  a  shallow  wooden  cylinder  with  cross 
wires  or  hairs  stretched  across  bottom ;  coarsely 
plaited  basket  often  used  as  measure ;  person 
who  cannot  keep  secrets;  (vb)  put  through, 
sift  with,  s.  [OE  sife,  cf.  Du.  zeef,  G  sieb] 
sift,  v.t.  &  i.  Separate  into  finer  &  coarser 
parts  with  sieve,  separate  (finer  parts)  from 
material  or  its  coarser  parts  or  out,  sprinkle 
(sugar  &c.)  from  perforated  spoon  &c;  closely 
examine  details  of  (evidence,  facts,  &c.)  with 
regard  to  credibility  or  authenticity  or  rele- 
vance, analyse  character  of ;  (of  snow,  light, 
&c.)  fall  as  from  sieve.  Hence  (-)siftER  Ml,  2) 
n.  [OE  si/tan  {sife  sieve)] 
sigh  (si),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Draw  deep  audible 
breath  expressive  of  sadness,  weariness,  aspira- 
tion, relief  from  tension,  cessation  of  effort,  &c. ; 
yearn  for  (person  or  thing  desired  or  lost) ;  ut- 
ter or  express  with  ss.  (usu.  out) ;  (of  wind  &c.) 
make  sound  like  sighing ;  hence  sigh'ingLY2 
adv.  (N.)  act  of,  sound  made  in,  sighing  {a  s.  of 
relief).  [OE  sican,  cf.  Da.  sukke ;  prob.  imit.] 
sight1  (sit),  n.  Faculty  of  vision  {long,  short 
or  near,  s.,  requiring  objects  to  be  unusually 
far,  near,  for  clear  definition  ;  shorts,  fig.,  lack 
of  discernment  or  foresight ;  has  good,  bad,  s.; 
know  by  s.,  be  familiar  with  appearance  only 
of  ;  loss  ofs.,  becoming  blind;  second  s.,  power 
of  internal  vision  by  which  future  or  distant 
occurrences  are  presented),  whence  -sightED2 
a.,  -sigh*tedLY2adv.,  -sig-h'tedNESsn.;  see- 
ing or  being  seen,  way  of  looking  at  or  consider- 
ing thing,  {catch,  lose,  s.  of,  begin,  cease,  to  see ; 
have  lost  s.  of  Jones,  no  longer  know  his  move- 
ments &c;  get  a  s.  of,  manage  to  see ;  at,  on,  s., 
as  soon  as  person  or  thing  has  been  seen ;  plays 
music  at  s.,  without  preliminary  study  or  prac- 
tice of  piece;  payable  at  s.,  of  draft  &c;  at 
first  s.,  prima  facie ;  the  s.  of  her  distress  un- 
manned him  ;  shz  found  favour  in  his  s.;  do 
what  is  right  in  one's  own  s.) ;  range  or  unob- 
structed space  within  which  person  &c.  can  see 
or  object  be  seen  {is  in,  out  of,  s.,  visible,  not 
visible ;  heave  1  ins.;  the  millennium  is  in  s., 
clearly  near  at  hand  ;  put  out  of  8.,  hide,  ignore ; 
came  in  s.  of  the  fort,  so  as  to  see  it  or  be  seen 
from  it;  out  of  s.  out  of  mind,  we  forget  the 
absent;  out  of  my  s.!,  rhetorical  order  to  de- 
part) ;  thing  seen,  visible,  or  worth  seeing,  dis- 
play, show,  spectacle,  (a  sad  s.  awaited  us ;  a 
s.  for  sore  eyes,  person  or  thing  one  is  glad  to 
see,  esp.  welcome  visitor ;  went  to  see  the  ss., 
noteworthy  features  of  town  &c,  whence 
sigh'tseERi,  sigh'tseeixo  ',  nn.;  the  daffo- 
dils were  a  s.  to  see  or  a  s. ;  his  face  is  a  perfect 
8.,  disfigured  with  wounds  &c;  make  a  s.  of 
oneself,  dress  in  bizarre  fashion  &c);  (colloq.) 


5 SIGN 

great  quantity  (will  cost  a  s.  of  money  ;  is  a 
long  s.  better) ;  (kinds  of  device  for  assisting) 
precise  aim  with  gun  or  observation  with  opti- 
cal instrument  {forgot  to  put  up  the  leaf  ofhis 
back  s.,  in  rifle-shooting  ;  took  a  careful  s.  be- 
fore firing ;  the  ss.  of,  a  s.  with,  quadrant  or 
compass) ;  sigh'tworthy,  worth  seeing.  [OE 
gesihth  (Y-,  see,  -th1),  cf.  G  sicht] 
sight2,  v.t.  Get  s.  of,  esp.  by  coming  near  {s. 
land,  game);  take  observation  of  (star  &c.) 
with  instrument ;  provide  (gun,  quadrant,  &c.) 
with  ss.;  adjust  ss.  of  {sighting  shot,  experi- 
mental one  to  guide  rifleman  &c.  in  this) ;  aim 
(gun  &c.)  with  ss.  [f.  prec] 
sigh*tless,a.  Blind;  (poet.) invisible,  [-less] 
sigh'tly,  a.  Not  unsightly.  Hence  sigh't- 
Hness  n.    [-LY  x] 

si'gillate,  a.  (Of  pottery)  with  impressed 
patterns ;  (Bot.)  having  seal-like  marks,  [f.  L 
sigillatus  (sigillum  seal  dim.  of  siGNwm,  -ate2)] 
si'gma,  n.  Greek  letter  (2,  C )  corresponding 
to  s.  [Gk,  perh.  f.  sizo  hiss,  -m] 
si'gmateU.  Sigma-shaped;S-shaped.  [-ate2] 
si'gmate 2,  v.t.  Add  sigma  or  s  to.  Hence 
sigmATTON  n.  [-ate3] 
sigma*tic,  a.  Formed  with  sigma  (esp.  s. 
aorist).  [sigma  -atos,  -ic] 
si'gmoid,  a.  &  n.  (Chiefly  anat.)  curved  like 
either  form  of  sigma,  or  (now  usu.)  like  S  ;  (n.) 
reversed  or  inverted  curve,  [-oid] 
sign1  (sin),  n.  Mark  traced  on  surface  &c. 
(esp.  the  s.  of  the  cross,  made  by  Christian 
priests  in  blessing  or  laymen  in  reverence  with 
finger  on  forehead  or  breast;  s.  manual,  signa- 
ture written  with  person's  own  hand) ;  written 
mark  conventionally  used  for  word  or  phrase, 
symbol,  thing  used  as  representation  of  some- 
thing, (positive  or  plus  s.,  +  ;  negative  or  minus 
s.,  — ;  words  are  the  ss.  of  ideas ;  a  sacrament 
is  an  outward  &  visible  s.  of  an  inward  & 
spiritual  grace) ;  (thing  serving  as)  presump- 
tive evidence  or  indication  or  suggestion  or 
symptom  of  or  that,  distinctive  mark,  token, 
guarantee,  password,  miracle  evidencing  su- 
pernatural power,  portent,  (violence  is  a  s.  of 
weakness  or  that  one  is  weak ;  shows  all  the  ss. 
of  decay ;  gave  earth  &  water  in  s.  of  submis- 
sion ;  by  this  s.  ye  shall  know  them ;  did  ss.  & 
wonders;  s.  &  countersign,  secret  sentences  &c. 
by  which  confederates  recognize  each  other  ; 
ss.  of  the  times,  things  showing  the  tendency 
of  affairs) ;  (often  signboard)  fanciful  device 
usu.  painted  on  a  board  displayed  formerly  by 
traders  of  any  sort  &  still  by  many  taverns  & 
some  barbers  &c.  as  advertisement  of  their 
business  (at  the  s.  of  the  White  Hart  Sec.  ar- 
chaic, formerly  used  as  address) ;  natural  or 
conventional  motion  or  gesture  used  instead  of 
words  to  convey  information  &  esp.  order  or 
request  (gave  him  a  s.  to  withdraw ;  deaf-&- 
dumb  ss.,  those  used  in  finger-talk ;  make  no  s., 
seem  unconscious,  not  protest,  &c.) ;  any  of 
twelve  divisions  of  zodiac  named  from  constel- 
lations formerly  situated  in  them ;  s.-painter, 
of  sign-boards,  shop-front  inscriptions,  &c. ; 
sig'npost,  at  cross-roads  &c.  with  names  of 
places  on  each  road.  [f.  OF  signe  f.  L  signum] 
sign2,  v.t.  &  i.  Mark  with  s.  (esp.  s.  infant 
Sec.  with  the  s.  of  the  cross  in  baptism);  acknow- 
ledge or  guarantee  (letter,  deed,  picture,  book, 
article,  petition,  &c,  or  abs.)  as  one's  own  pro- 
duction or  as  having  one's  authority  or  consent 
by  affixing  or  having  affixed  one's  name  or  ini- 
tials or  recognized  mark  (the  will  had  never 
been  signed ;  a  signed  masterpiece  of  Turner's ; 
signed  as  usual  with  a  dicky-bird  ;  does  not  s. 
his  contributions  to  the  press ;  nothing  shall 
induce  metos.),  whence  sig*nABLE  a.;  write 


SIGNAL 


807 


SILK 


(one's  name)  as  signature ;  convey  (right,  pro- 
perty, &c.)  away  by  signing  deed  &c;  take,  ac- 
knowledge being  taken,  on  for  some  employ- 
ment to  which  employee  binds  himself  by  sig- 
nature; communicate  by  gesture  (s.  assent), 
give  order  or  make  request  by  gesture  to  per- 
son to  do  (signed  to  me  to  come),    [f.  prec] 

si'gnal J,  a.  Remarkably  good  or  bad,  con- 
spicuous, noteworthy,  exemplary,  condign,  (s. 
victory,  defeat,  reward,  punishment,  virtue, 
example).  Hence  si'gnalL y  2  adv.  [f.  L  sig- 
num  sign  i,  -AL)J 

si'gnal2,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Preconcerted  or 
intelligible  signconveying  information  ordirec- 
tion  esp.  to  person(s)  at  a  distance,  message 
made  up  of  such  signs,  (the  s.  was  to  be  the  drop- 
ping of  a  handkerchief',  ss.  are  made  by  day 
with  flags  &  by  night  with  lights ;  gave  the  s. 
for  advance ;  fog^s.;  s.  of  distress,  appeal  for 
help,  esp.  from  ship  made  by  firing  guns ;  storm- 
s.,  cone  &c.  hoisted  at  meteorological  station ; 
code  of  ss.,  s.-book,  body  of  ss.  arranged  for 
sending  complicated  messages  esp.  in  naval  & 
mil.  use) ;  immediate  occasion  for  some  general 
movement  (the  earthquake  was  the  8. for  an 
outbreak  of  the  primitive  instincts);  s.-box,  hut 
on  railway  with  signalling-apparatus ;  s.-man, 
signaller.  (Vb)  make  signal(s),  make  signal(s) 
to,  transmit  (order,  information) by  s., announce 
(event,  that)  by  s.,  direct  (person  to  do)  by  s. 


hence  si'gnallER 


[F,  f.  med.L  signale 


(orig.  neut.  adj.  as  prec.)] 

si'gnalize,  v.  t.  Make  noteworthy  or  remark- 
able, lend  distinction  or  lustre  to,  (his  accession 
was  signalized  by  an  amnesty),  [signal1,  -ize] 

signatory,  a.  &  n.  (Party,  esp.  State)  that 
has  signed  an  agreement  esp.  a  treaty  (the  ss. 
or  s.  poxcers  to  the  treaty  of  Berlin),  [f.  L  sig- 
natorius  of  sealing  (sigriare  mark,  -tory)] 

signature  (-tsher,  -tur),  n.  (Archaic)  signi- 
ficant appearance  or  ma.rk(hasthe  s.  of  passion, 
of  early  death,  in  his  face ;  herb's  yellow  flowers 
are  a  s.  indicating  that  it  will  cure  jaundice) ; 
person's  name  or  initials  or  mark  used  in  sign2- 
ing ;  letter  or  figure  placed  by  printer  at  foot 
of  first  page  of  each  sheet  of  book  as  guide  in 
making  up  for  binding,  such  sheet  after  fold- 
ing; (Mus.)  signs  placed  at  beginning  of  staff 
to  indicate  key  &  rhythm,  consisting  of  clef, 
key-s.  or  sharps  &  flats,  &  rhy  thm-s.  or  numerals 
stating  number  &  length  of  beats  in  measure. 
[F,  f.  med.L  signatura  (prec,  -ure)] 

si'gnet,  n.  Private  seal  for  use  instead  of  or 
with  signature  as  authentication  (the  s.,  royal 
seal  formerly  used  forspecial  purposes ;  writer 
to  the  s.);  s.-ring,  finger-ring  with  seal  set  in  it. 
[F  (sign  J,  -ET1)] 

significance,  n.  Being  significant,  expres- 
siveness, (there  is  no  s.  in  his  eyes ;  with  a  look 
of  deeps.);  covertorreal  import,  what  is  meant 
to  be  or  may  be  inferred,  (those  were  the  words, 
but  what  is  their  s.  ?) ;  importance,  noteworthi- 
ness,  (what  he  thinks  about  it  is  of  no  s.).  [OF, 
f.  L  significantia  (signify,  -ance)] 

significant,  a.  Having  a  meaning,  (-kin  is 
a  s.  termination);  expressive,  suggestive,  with 
pregnant  or  secret  sense,  inviting  attention  esp. 
from  part  only  of  company ;  noteworthy,  of  con- 
siderable amount  or  effect  or  importance,  not 
insignificant  or  negligible,  (usu.  in  negative 
contexts,  as  the  only  s.  event  was  —).  Hence 
signi'flcantLY  2  adv.    [as  signify,  -ant] 

signification,  n.  Act  of  signifying  (rare) ; 
exact  meaning  or  sense  (usu.  o/something,  esp. 
of  a  word  or  phrase).  [OF,  f.  L  significationem 
(signify,  -ation)] 

significative, a.  Offering  signs  or  presump- 
tive evidence  of.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  see  foil.,  -ative] 


si'gnify,  v.t.  &  i.  Be  a  sign  or  indication  or 
presage  of  (a  long  upper  lip  signifies  obstinacy ; 
a  halo  signifies  rain);  mean,  have  as  meaning, 
(D.D.  signifies  doctor  of  divinity);  communi- 
cate, make  known,  (he  signified  his  reluctance, 
that  he  could  not  consent) ;  be  of  importance, 
matter,  (esp.  in  negative  contexts,  as  it  does 
nots.).  [f. F signifierf.  hsignificare  (sign  Vfy)] 

Signior.    See  grand. 

Signor,  Signor'a,  Signori'na  (ena),  (se- 
ny-),  nn.  Titles  used  of  or  to  Italians  cor-rc^ 
sponding  to  Sir  &  Mr,  Madam  &  Mrs,  Miss.   [It.] 

Sikh  (sek),  n.  Member  of  Hindu  community 
founded  as  monotheistic  sect  c.  1500  in  Punjab 
&  after  achieving  independence  annexed  1S49 
to  British  India.    [Hind.,  =  disciple] 

si'lage  (-ij),  n.,  &  v.t.  =  ensilage  ;  (vb)  put 
into  silo,    [silo,  -age] 

srlence,  n.,  &  v.t.  Abstinence  from  speech 
or  noise,  being  silent,  taciturnity,  non-betrayal 
of  secret  &c,  fact  of  not  mentioning  a  thing 
(the  s.  of  Scripture  on  the  subject) ;  absence  of 
sound,  stillness ;  oblivion,  state  of  not  being 
mentioned,  (have  passed  into  s.).  (Vb)  make 
silent  by  force,  superior  argument,  &c.  (silenced 
the  enemy's  batteries,  the  best  debaters  in  the 
House,  the  voice  of  conscience),  [vb  f.  n.,  F,  f.  L 
silentium  (silere  be  silent)] 

srlent,  a.  Not  speaking,  not  uttering  or 
making  or  accompanied  by  any  sound,  (s.  letter, 
one  written  but  not  pronounced,  e.g.  b  in  doubt; 
s.  partner,  with  no  voice  in  management  of 
business;  the  s.  system  in  prisons,  by  which 
prisoners  are  never  allowed  to  speak);  taciturn, 
speaking  little ;  saying  nothing  on  some  subject 
(history  is  s.  upon  it).  Hence  si'lentLY  2  adv. 
[f.  L  silere  be  silent,  -ent] 

Sile'nus,  n.  Rollicking  drunken  bloated  old 
man.  [L,  f.  Gk  Seilenos  name  of  one  of  Bac- 
chus's  attendants] 

slle'sia  (-sha),  n.  Kinds  of  thin  cloth  used 
for  blinds  &  dress-linings,  [orig.  made  in  Silesia] 

silhouette  (sildbe't),  n.,  &  v.t.  Portrait  of 
person  in  profile  showing  outline  only,  all  inside 
the  outline  being  usu.  black  on  white  ground 
or  cut  out  in  paper ;  appearance  of  person  or 
object  as  seen  against  light  so  that  outline  only 
is  distinguishable  {in  s.,so  seen  or  placed);  (vb) 
represent  or  (usu.  pass.)  exhibit  in  s.  [named 
after  French  minister  of  finance  1759  w.  ref.  to 
his  parsimony] 

si'lica,  n.  Silicon  dioxide,  a  hard  white  or 
colourless  widely  distributed  mineral  present 
in  many 'precious  &  other  stones  &  esp.  in 
quartz  &  sand.  Hence  sili'eic,  silici'FEROUS, 
sili'cious  or  sili'CEOUS  (-shws),  aa.,  si'lic- 
ate](3)  n.,  silici-,  silico-,  comb,  forms,  [f. 
L  silex  -ids  flint] 

si'licated,  a.  Coated,  mixed,  combined,  or 
impregnated,  with  silica,    [prec,  -ate3,  -eo1] 

sili'eify,  v.t.  &  i.  Impregnate  with  silica, 
turn  (t.  &i.)into  silica,  petrify.  Hence  sili*- 
ciFiCATiON  n.    [prec,  -rv] 

si'licon,  n.  A  non-metallic  element  found 
only  in  combination,    [as  silica] 

si'liqua  (pi.  -ae).  sili'que  (-ek),  n.  Pod  of 
plants  of  mustard  family.  Hence  si'liquosE i, 
si'liquous,  (-kw-),  aa.    IL]. 

silk,  n.  Fine  soft  thread  produced  in  making 
cocoon  by  silk-worm  or  larva  of  .kinds  of  moth 
feeding  esp.  on  mulberry  leaves  {spun  s.,  see 
spin  ;  thrown  s.,  organzine)  ;  similar  thread 
spun  by  some  spiders  &c;  cloth  woven  of  8. 
(take  s.,  become  K.C.  or  Q.C.  &  exchange  stuff 
for  s.  gown),  (pi.)  kinds,  or  garments  made,  of 
such  cloth ;  peculiar  lustre  seen  in  some  sap- 
phires &  rubies ;  (attrib.,  now  usu.  preferred  to 
si'lkEN5  a.)  made  of  s.  (s.  stockings  Sec.) ;  s.- 


SILKY a 

fowl,  breed  with  silky  plumage ;  8.-g!and,  se- 
creting the  substance  produced  as  s.;  s.-reel, 
-winder,  for  unwinding  s.  from  cocoon  &  wind- 
ing it  as  thread.  [OE  seolc  f.  L  sericum  neut. 
adj.  (L  f.  Gk  Seres  prob.  the  Chinese,  -ic)] 
srlky,  a.  Like  silk  in  smoothness,  softness, 
fineness,  orlustre  (s.  manner  &c,  suave).  Hence 
si-lkixESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

sill,  n.  Shelf  or  slab  of  stone  or  wood  at  foot 
of  door  or  esp.  window,  [cf.  Icel.  syll,  svill,  Da. 
syld,  G  schioelle] 

si'llabub,  n.  Dish  made  of  cream  or  milk 
mixed  with  wine&c.  into softcurd  &  sometimes 
whipped  or  solidified  with  gelatine,  [earlier 
siUibouk,  perh.  f.  silly  in  sense  merry  &  bouk 
dial. = belly] 

si'ller, n.  (Sc).    Silver;  money.   [=silver] 
Si'llepy,  n.    Kinds  of  sparkling  &  still  cham- 
pagne,   [place-name] 

si'lly,  a.  &  n.  Innocent,  simple,  helpless,  (ar- 
chaic) ;  foolish,  weak-minded,  imprudent,  un- 
wise, imbecile ;  (n.,  chiefly  in  childish  talk)  s. 
person  (don't  be  a  s.).  Hence  si'lliLY2  adv., 
si'lliNESS n.  [earliersense/ortunate ;  OE s&lig, 
cf.  Du.  zalig,  G  selig,  blessed] 
si'lo,  n.,  &  v.t,  Pit  or  airtight  structure  in 
which  green  crops  are  pressed  &  kept  for  fod- 
der, undergoing  fermentation ;  (vb)  preserve 
thus,  make  ensilage  of.  [Sp.,  f.  L  f.  Gk  siros] 
silt,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Sediment  deposited  by 
water  in  channel,  harbour,  &c;  (vb)  choke  or 
be  choked  with  8.  (usu.  up ;  the  passage  has  or 
is  silted  up),  [cf.  MS  w.  sylta  mud,  Da.  sylt  salt 
marsh,  Gsiilze  brine;  cogn.  w.  salt] 
Silup'ian,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  Silures,  a  people 
of  ancient  Britain ;  (of)  a  series  of  rocks  form- 
ing the  lowest  subdivision  of  the  Palaeozoic  & 
underlying  the  Devonian,  (named  as  first  in- 
vestigated in  district  once  occupied  by  Silures. 
If.  L  Silures,  -ian] 

s'rlvan,  sy-,  a.  Of  the,  having,  woods ;  ru- 
ral, [f.  lisilvanus  (silvawood,  -an)] 
si'lvep  K  n.  A  white  lustrous  precious  metal 
used  chiefly  with  alloy  of  harder  metals  for 
coin,  plate,  &  ornament,  &  in  chem.  combina- 
tions for  photography  &c.  (German  s.,  nickel 
s.,  &c,  white  alloys  used  as  substitutes  for  s.  in 
table  articles  &c,  or  for  coating  with  s. ;  f  ulmin- 
ating  s.,  an  explosive  powder;  oxidizer  s.)  ; 
s.  coins  (have  you  any  s.  on  you  ?) ;  s.  vessels  or 
implements  or  articles  of  furniture  (melteddown 
all  his  s.  in  the  king's  service) ;  any  of  the  salts 
of  s.  used  in  sensitizing  photographic  paper ; 
(attrib.;  usu.  now  preferred  to  si'lvenn  a.  ar- 
chaic see  -en  6)  made  of  s.,  second-best,  (the  s. 
age,  see  brazen  *,  also  spec,  the  period  of  Latin 
literature  that  followed  the  Augustan ;  so  s. 
Latin ;  a  s.  cup ;  speech  is  s.  or  silvern,  but  si- 
lence is  golden,  better  be  silent  than  speak),  (as 
substitute  for  si'lvePY2  a.,  whence  srlveri- 
ness  n.)  resembling  s.  in  whiteness,  lustre,  ring- 
ing sound,  &c.  (s.  hair,  white  &  lustrous ;  has 
a  s.  or  silvery  tone  ;  has  a  s.  tongue,  is  eloquent, 
whence  silver- tongxiED2  a.;  every  cloud  has 
as.  lining,  misfortune  has  its  consolations) ;  s.- 
bath,  (tray  for  holding)  solution  of  s.  nitrate 
used  for  sensitizing ;  s.  fir,  kind  with  two  s. 
lines  on  under  side  of  leaves  ;  s.-fish,  kinds  of 
flsh,  esp.  a  colourless  variety  of  gold-flsh ;  s.- 
foi  L  i ;  8.  -fox,  variety  of  common  fox  with  black 
grey-tipped  fur ;  s.-gilt,  s.  gilded  over,  also  imi- 
tation gilding  of  yellow  lacquer  overs. -leaf ;  s.- 
grey,  lustrous  grey;  s.-leaf;  s.-paper,  fine 
white  tissue-paper,  (loosely)  tin-foil;  s.  plate, 
ware  coated  with  s. ;  s.-point,  (process  of  sketch- 
Vng  °"PrePared  paper  with)  s. -pointed  style  (a 
head  xn  s.-p.) ;  s.-print,  photographic  positive 
on  paper  sensitized  by  a  salt  of  s.;  s.-side,  best 


! SIMPLE 

side  of  round  of  beef ;  si'lversmith,  worker  in 
s.,  manufacturer  of  s.  articles ;  s.  solder,  solder 
for  joining  s.;  s.  standard,  use  of  s.  money 
alone  as  full  legal  tender ;  s.-stick,  field-officer 
of  Life-guards  on  palace  duty ;  s.-top,  a  disease 
in  grasses  ;  s.-weed,  yellow-flowered  roadside 
plant  with  silvery  lower  leaf-surfaces.  [OE 
seolfor,  cf.  Du.  ziiver,  G  silber,  etym.  dub.] 

si'lvep  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Coat  or  plate  with  s. ;  pro- 
vide (mirror-glass)  with  backing  of  tin-foil, 
mercury,  &c;  (of  moon  or  white  light)  give 
silvery  appearance  to ;  (with  hair  as  obj.  or 
subj.)  turn  (t  &  i.)  grey  or  white,    [f.  prec] 

si'mian,  a.  &  n.  (Zool.)  (of)  one  of  the  Simi- 
idae  or  anthropoid  apes  ;  (Gen.)  ape(-like),  mon- 
key(-like).   So  si'mioiD  a.   [f.  L  simia  ape,  -an] 

srmilap,  a.  &  n.  Like,  alike,  having  mutual 
resemblance  or  resemblance  to,  of  the  same 
kind;  (Geom.)  shaped  alike;  hence  or  cogn. 
simila'PiTY  n.,  si*milaPLY2adv.  (N.)  thing 
resembling  another,  (pi.)  a  things,  [f.  F  simi- 
laire  (L  similis  like,  -ar1)] 

si'mile,  n.  The  introduction,  esp.  in  poetry 
or  poetical  style,  ostensibly  for  explanatory  or 
illustrative  purposes  but  often  in  fact  for  orna- 
ment only,  of  an  object  or  scene  or  action  with 
which  the  one  in  hand  is  professedly  compared 
&  usu.  connected  by  a  comparative  conjunction 
such  as  as  (a  style  rich  in  s.  &  metaphor) ;  a 
comparison  of  tnis  kind  (the  s.  of  the  dome  of 
many-coloured  glass ;  cf.  metaphor,  alle- 
gory, parable),    [f.  L  neut.  of  similis  like] 

similitude,  n.  Likeness,  guise,  outward 
appearance,  [(in,  assume,  the  s.  of) ;  simile, 
comparison,  (talks  in  ss.);  counterpart,  facsi- 
mile, (rare  ;  is  the  very  s.  of),  [f.  L  similitudo 
(prec,  -tude)] 

srmilize,  v.i.  &  t.  Use  simile ;  illustrate  by 
simile(s).    [simile,  -ize] 

si'mmer,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Be,  keep  (trans.), 
on  the  point  of  boiling,  boil  (t.  &  i.)  very  gently ; 
(fig.)  be  in  a  state  of  suppressed  anger,  indigna- 
tion, or  laughter ;  (n.)  simmering  state  (esp.  at 
a  or  on  the  s.).    [cf.  G  summen  hum ;  -er  5] 

si'mnel-cake,  n.  Rich  ornamental  boiled 
cake  made  esp.  at  Easter,  Christmas,  and  Mid- 
Lent,  [f.  OF  simenel  f.  LL  siminellus  fine  bread 
(L  simila  finest  flour,  cf.  Gk  semidalis)] 

simd'niac,  n.  Person  guilty  of  simony,  [f. 
OF  simoniaque  (simony,  -AC)] 

simonracal,  a.  Guilty,  of  the  nature,  of 
simony.    Hence  simoni'aealLY  2  adv.  [-al] 

Srmon  Pure,  n.  The  real  or  genuine  person 
or  article  (usu.  the  real  S.P.).  [character  in 
Centlivre's  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife] 

sf'mony,  n.  Buying  or  selling  of  ecclesias- 
tical preferment,  [f.  F  simonie  f.  LL  simonia 
f.  Simon  (Magus),  see  Acts  viii.  18,  -Y J] 

simoo'm,  n.  Hot  dry  suffocating  dust-laden 
wind  moving  in  straight  narrow  track  and 
passing  in  a  few  minutes,  chiefly  in  Arabian 
desert,  [f.  Arab,  samum  (samma  he  poisoned)] 

si'mpep,  v.i.  &  t.,  and  n.  Smile  affectedly, 
smirk ;  express  by  or  with  simpering  (simpered 
consent) ;  hence  si'mpepingfLY 2  adv.,  si'm- 
pePER1  n.  (N.)  affected  smile,  [cf.  Norw.  semper 
smart,  Sw.  &  LG  sipp  prim] 

si'mple,  a.  &  n.  Not  compound,  consisting 
of  one  element,  all  of  one  kind,  involving  only 
one  operation  or  power,  not  divided  into  parts, 
notanalysable,(s.  sentence,  withoutsubordinate 
clauses ;  s.  interest l;  a  s.  quantity,  expres- 
sible by  single  number ;  induction  by  s.  enu- 
meration, based  merely  on  random  examples 
without  selection  or  tests;  s.  addition,  of 
numbers  of  one  denomination  ;  s.  equation,  not 
involving  the  second  or  any  higher  power  of 
unknown  quantity,  cf.  quadratic  ;  s.  machine, 


SIMPLETON         8 

any  of  the  mechanical  powers  ;  s.  leaf,  of  one 
blade  ;  s.  pistil,  of  one  carpel ;  s.  eye  of  insect, 
ocellus  ;  s.  fracture,  breaking  of  bone  only, 
cf.  compound2;  8.  idea,  that  cannot  be  analysed 
into  elements) ;  not  complicated  or  elaborate 
or  adorned  or  involved  or  highly  developed 
(the  style  is  s.  and  devoid  of  ornament ;  s.  diet ; 
the  s.  life,  practice  of  doing  without  servants 
&  luxuries,  attempt  to  return  to  more  primi- 
tive conditions;  the  greatest  works  of  art  are 
the  simplest ;  in  s.  beauty,  unadorned ;  a  s. 
form  of  pump ;  8.  forms  of  life,  creatures  low 
in  scale  of  evolution);  absolute,  unqualified, 
mere,  neither  more  nor  less  than,  just,  {to  give 
an  infant  alcohol  is  s.  murder  or  madness ; 
his  8.  word  is  as  good  as  an  oath ;  pretends  to 
be  no  more  than  a  8.  gentleman ;  fee  s.)  ;  plain 
in  appearance  or  manner,  unaffected,  un- 
sophisticated, ingenuous,  natural,  artless,  (a  8. 
person ;  s.  attire ;  a  s.  heart  or  mind,  whence 
sim  pie- heart  ED -,  simple-mindED2,  aa., 
simple-mi'ndedNESS  n.) ;  foolish,  ignorant, 
inexperienced,  (am  not  so  s.  as  to  suppose); 
easily  understood  or  done,  presenting  no  diffi- 
culty, (gave  a  s.  explanation ;  the  problem  is 
very  s. ;  can  be  cured  by  a  s.  device) ;  of  low 
rank,  humble,  insignificant,  trifling,  (gentle 
&  s. ;  her  s.  efforts  to  please) ;  hence  or  cogn. 
si'mpleNESS  (rare),  simpli'ciTY,  nn., 
si'mpLY  2  adv.  (N.)  a  herb  used  medicinally, 
the  medicine  made  from  it.  [F,  f.  L  simplic- 
st.  of  simplex  onefold  (sim-  one-,  cf.  semel  once, 
simul  at  once,  singuli  one  by  one,  +  -plic-,  cf. 
plicare  to  fold)] 

si'mpleton,  n.  Foolish,  gullible,  or  half- 
witted person,   [f.  F  simplet  (prec,  -et  l),  -oon] 

simplreiter,  adv.  Absolutely,  universally, 
without  limitation,  not  relatively  or  in  certain 
respects  only  (cf.  secundum  quid).    [L] 

simplify,  v.t.  Make  simple,  make  easy  to 
do  or  understand.  So  simpliFiCATiON  n. 
[irreg.  f.  simple,  -fv] 

si'mplism,  n.    Affected  simplicity,    [-ism] 

simula'crum,  n.  (pi.  -era).  Image  of  some- 
thing ;  shadowy  likeness,  deceptive  substitute, 
mere  pretence.    [L  (simulate)] 

si'mulant,  a.  Having  the  appearance  of 
(esp.  biol.,  as  stamens  s.  of  petals),   [foil.,  -ant] 

srmulate,  v.t.  Feign,  pretend  to  have  or 
feel,  put  on,  (s.  virtue,  indignation,  &c.) ;  pre- 
tend to  be,  act  like,  resemble,  wear  the  guise 
of,  mimic,  (of  word)  take  or  have  an  altered 
form  suggested  by  (word  wrongly  taken  for  its 
source),  (actor  simulates  king  See;  chameleon 
simulates  its  surroundings ;  amuck,  for  amok, 
simulates  the  English  muck).  So  simulA- 
tion  n.    [f.  L  simxdare  (similis  like),  -ate3] 

simultaneous,  a.  Occurring  or  operating 
at  the  same  time  (with).  Hence  simu'I- 
tane'iTY,  simulta*neousNESS,nn.,simul- 
ta'neousLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  simultaneus  (simul- 
tim  f.  L  simul  together,  -aneous),  -ous] 

simup'g,  n.  Monstrous  bird  of  Persian  myth. 
If.  Pers.  stmurgh] 

sin,  n.,  &  v.i.  Transgression,  a  transgression, 
against  divine  law  or  principles  of  morality 
(original  s. ;  living  in  open  s. ;  deadly  or 
mortal  s.,  such  as  kills  the  soul  or  is  fatal  to 
salvation ;  the  seven  deadly  ss.,  pride,  covet- 
ousness,  lust,  anger,  gluttony,  envy,  sloth; 
one's  besetting  s.,  to  which  one  is  especially 
tempted  ;  the  unpardonable  s..  that  described 
Matt.  xii.  31-2;  man  of  s.  archaic  or  joe,  re- 
probate, also  Antichrist ;  like  s.  adv.  slang, 
vehemently) ;  offence  against  good  taste,  pro- 
priety, &c. ;  s.-offering,  sacrifice  &c.  in  expia- 
tion of  s. ;  hence  si'nFUL,  si'nLESS,  aa.,  si*n- 
fulLY2,   si'nlessLY2,    advv.,   si'nfulNESS, 


I SING 

si'nlessNESS,  nn.  (Vb)  commit  s. ;  offend 
against ;  hence  si'nnER l  n.  [vb  f.  n.,  OE  synn, 
cf.  Du.  zonde,  G  siinde  ;  cogn.  w.  L  sons  sontis 
guilty,  perh.  participial  form  of  es-  be] 

Slnai'tic  (-na-),  a.  Of  Mount  Sinai  or  the 
peninsula  of  Sinai,    [f.  mod.  L  Sinaiticus] 

si'napism,  n.  Mustard  plaster,  [f.  F  sina- 
pisme  f.  L  f.  Gk  sinapismos  (sinapizo  cover 
with  sinapi  mustard)] 

since,  adv.,  prep.,  &  conj.  After  specified  or 
implied  past  time,  throughout  (usu.  ever  s.)  or 
at  some  or  any  point  in  the  period  between 
such  time  &  that  which  is  present  or  being 
dealt  with,  (has  or  had  been  healthy  ever  s.; 
then  more  flourishing  than  ever  before  or  s. ; 
has  s.  been  cut  down ;  have  or  had  not  seen 
him  s.);  ago  (happened  many  years  8.;  hew 
long  s.  is  it  ? ;  saw  him  not  long  8. ).  (Prep. )  after 
(specified  past  time  or  event),  through  or  in 
period  between  time  present  or  being  dealt 
with  &  (such  time),  has  or  had  been  going  on, 
has  happened,  8. 1900  or  Christmas;  have  eaten 
nothings,  yesterday ;  8.  seeing  you  I  have  or  had 
heard  —).  (Conj.)  from  the  past  time  when, 
through  or  in  the  period  between  time  present 
or  being  dealt  with  &  that  when  (what  have 
you  done  s.  we  met  ? ;  nothing  has  happened, 
there  had  been  a  disturbance,  s.  we  parted) ; 
seeing  that,  inasmuch  as,  (s.  that  is  so,  there  is 
no  more  to  be  said) ;  (ellipt.)  as  being  (a  more 
dangerous,  s.  unknown,  foe),  [earlier  sithence 
f.  OE  siththan  after  that  (sith  after,  cf.  G  seit, 
thon  instr.  case  of  demonst.  pron.)  +  -es] 

sincere*,  a.  Free  from  pretence  or  deceit, 
the  same  in  reality  as  in  seeming  or  profes- 
sion, not  assumed  or  put  on,  genuine,  honest, 
frank.  Hence  or  cogn.  sinee'imv  n.,  sin- 
cere'LY  2  adv.  (esp.  in  yours  s.  before  signature 
of  letter).    [OF,  f.  L  sincerus  etym.  dub.] 

si-nciput,  n.  Head  from  forehead  to  top  (cf. 
occiput).    [L  (semi-  half,  capxd  head)] 

sine  \  n.  (trigon.).  (S.  of  arc)  line  drawn  from 
one  extremity  of  arc  perpendicularly  to  radius 
at  other  extremity  ;  (s.  of  angle)  ratio  of  above 
line  to  radius,  (abbr.  sin,  as  sin  A,  ratio  of  the 
perpendicular  subtending  the  angle  A  to  the 
hypotenuse  ;  versed  s.,  abbr.  vers,  unity  minus 
the  cosine),    [f.  L  sinus  curve] 

sf'nd2,  L  prep.  Without  (s.  die,  without 
date,  of  business  indefinitely  adjourned  ;  s.  qua 
non,  indispensable  condition  or  qualification). 

sl'necure,  n.  Office  of  profit  or  honour  with- 
out duties  attached,  esp.  benefice  without  cure 
of  souls.  Hence  si*neeuriSM(3),  si'neeur- 
ist(2),  nn.    [f.  L  sine  cura  without  care] 

si'new,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Piece  of)  tough  fibrous 
tissue  uniting  muscle  to  bone,  tendon ;  (pi., 
loosely)  muscles,  bodily  strength,  wiriness, 
(fig. )  what  forms  the  strength  of  or  sustains  or 
holds  together,  framework,  resources,  (esp.  the 
ss.  of  war,  money) ;  hence  si'newLESS,  si*- 
newv  2,  aa.,  si'newiNESS  n.  (Vb,  poet.)  serve 
asss.  of,  sustain,  hold  together.  [OE  sinu,  cf. 
Du.  zenuw,  G  sehne)] 

sing-,  v.i.  &  t.  (sang  or,  now  rare,  sung ;  sung). 
Utter  words,  utter  (words),  in  tuneful  succes- 
sion, esp.  in  accordance  with  a  set  tune  (s.  one's 
praises,  be  always  praising  him),  whence 
si'ng-ABLE  (-ng-)  a.  ;  produce  vocal  melody, 
utter  (song,  tune),  (birds  were  singing  ;  s.  an- 
other song  or  tune,  s.  small,  become  more  hum- 
ble, be  crestfallen) ;  make  inarticulate  melodi- 
ous or  humming  or  buzzing  or  whistling  sounds 
(wind,  kettle,  bee,  sings),  (of  ears)  be  affected  as 
with  buzzing  sound  (also  have  a  singing  in 
one's  ears) ;  compose  poetry,  celebrate  (hero, 
beauty,  great  event,  &c.)  in  verse ;  usher  (esp. 
old  or  new  year)  oxd  or  in  with  singing ;  put  ta 

26* 


SINGE 


810 


SINK 


8.    OUC   U 

man    [i> 
r-iNGM,    i 

[-ING1],  V( 


sleep,  into  good  humour,  Sec,  with  singing; 
8.  out  t.  &  i.,  call  out  loudly,  shout ;  singing- 
~ing2J,  paid  singer;  singing-master 
teacher  of  singing;  singing -voice 
„  oice  as  modulated  in  singing.  Hence 
si'ngER ]  (-ng-)  n.   [cf.  Du.  zingen,  G  singen] 

singe  (-j),  v.t.  &  i.  {singeing),  Se  n.  Burn  (t. 
&  i.)  superficially  (s.  persons  hair,  burn  off 
tips  as  hairdressing  operation ;  s.  pig,  fowl, 
burn  off  bristles,  down,  after  killing  or  pluck- 
ing ;  s.  King  of  Spain's  beard,  harry  his  coasts ; 
your  dress  is  singeing ;  his  reputation  is  a  little 
singed  ;  s.  one's  feathers  or  wings,  take  some 
harmesp.  in  venturesome  attempt) ;  (n.)  super- 
ficial burn  (rare).  [OE  sengan  causal  of  prec. 
w.  ref.  to  hissing  sound  made  in  burning  ;  cf. 
Du.  zengen,  G  sengen] 

Singhalese.    ^Cingalese. 

si'ngle J  (-nggl),  a.  &  n.  One  only,  not  double 
or  multiple,  united,  undivided,  designed  for  or 
used  or  done  by  one  person  &c.  or  one  set  or 
pair,  {s.  combat,  entry,  file3:  s. flower,  that 
grows  one  on  a  stem,  also  that  has  not  double 
corolla ;  s.  game,  with  one  player  on  each  side ; 
s.  court  in  lawn-tennis,  fives,  &c,  of  size  &c. 
for  s.  game ;  s.  bed,  room,  for  one  person ;  s. 
eye-glass,  for  one  eye,  monocle :  a  multitude 
inspired  with  a  s.  purpose) ;  solitary,  lonely, 
unaided,  (a  8.  tree  stands  on  the  ridge ;  paid 
either  by  instalments  or  in  a  s.  sum ;  s.  life, 
state,  man,  woman,  unmarried ;  s.  blessedness 
facet.,  unmarried  state)  j  (in  negative  contexts) 
not  to  speak  of  more  (did  not  see  a  s.  one,  a  s. 
person ;  can  a  s.  argument  be  advanced  for 
it  ?) ;  free  from  duplicity,  sincere,  consistent, 
guileless,  ingenuous,  (a  s.  eye,  devotion  to  one 
purpose,  whence  single-eyed2  a. ;  s.  heart 
or  mind,  simplicity  of  character,  whence  sin- 
gle- heartHD  2,  single-mind e d  2,  aa.,  sin- 
gle-mi*ndedNESSn.);s.-ac£i'?tfirof  engine  &c, 
with  steam  admitted  only  to  one  side  of  piston ; 
s.-breasted  of  coat  &c,  with  only  one  set  of 
buttons  and  buttonholes,  not  overlapping  & 
buttoning  either  way ;  s.-cut  of  file,  with 
grooves  cut  in  one  direction  only,  not  crossing ; 
s.-fire  of  cartridge,  not  meant  to  be  recharged 
after  use ;  s.-handed  a.  &  adv.,  (done  Sec.)  with- 
out help  from  other  persons  (by  his  s.-handed 
efforts  ;  cannot  be  done  s.-handed),  also  with  or 
for  one  hand  (themenplayeds.-handedagainst 
the  women  with  both  hands ;  two-handed  Se  s.- 
handed  swords)  ;  s.-loader,  breechloading rifle 
without  magazine ;  singlestick,  (fencing  with) 
long  stick  formerly  used  in  kind  of  fencing ; 
hence  si'nglexF.ss  n.,  si'ngLY2  adv.  (N.)  s. 
game ;  hit  for  one  in  cricket;  (pi.)  twisted  s. 
threads  of  silk.  [f.  LL  singulus  (h  singuli  one 
by  one,  cf.  simple)] 

si'ngle  -,  v.t.  Choose  out  as  an  example  or 
as  distinguishable  or  to  serve  some  purpose. 


If.  prec] 
si'ni  " 


iglet(-ngg  ),n.  Garment  worn  below  shirt, 
vest,  [single  r,  -et  l ;  prob.  orig.  =  unlined  gar- 
ment on  anal,  of  doublet] 

si'ngle  ton,  n.  Whist-hand  with  a  one-card 
suit  (s.  lead,  playing  of  such  card  as  lead),  [f. 
single  on  anal,  of  simpleton] 

si-ngsong,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  In,  recited 
with,  monotonous  rhythm.  (N.)  monotonous 
rhythm ;  monotonous  cadence  in  speaking ;  im- 
promptu vocal  concert,  meeting  for  amateur 
singing.  (Vb)  recite  (verse  &c),  speak,  in  s. 
manner,    [sing,  song] 

si'ngulap(-ngg-),  a.  &  n.  (Gram.)  of  the  form 
used -in  speaking  of  a  single  person  or  thing, 
not  dual  or  plural,  (n.,  the  s.  number  i,  a  word 
in  the  s.  number) ;  single,  individual,  (esp.  all 
<^s.t  all  whether  taken  together  or  separately)  ^ 


unexampled,  unique,  (now  rare) ;  unusual,  re- 
markable from  rarity,  much  beyond  the  average 
in  degree,  extraordinary,  surprising ;  eccentric, 
unconventional,  strangely  behaved.  Hence 
si-ngulaPLY  2  adv.  [f.  F.  singulier  f.  L  singu- 
laris  (singuli  one  by  one,  -ar')] 

singularity,  n.  In  adj.  senses;  esp.,  un- 
commonness,  being  remarkable,  odd  trait  or 
peculiarity,  [f.  F  singularity  f.  L  singulari- 
tatem  (prec,  -ty)] 

si'ngularize,  v.t  Strip  (word)  of  termina- 
tion mistaken  for  that  of  plural  (pease  & 
Chinese  are  singularized  into  pea,  Chinee). 
Hence  si'ngularizA'TiON  n.    [-ize] 

Sinhalese.    =  Cingalese. 

sinister,  a.  (Herald.)  on  left  side  of  shield 
&c  (i.  e.  on  right  as  seen  by  observer ;  bend  *, 
bar!,s.;  cf.  dexter);  (facet.)  left;  of  evil  omen ; 
(usu.  of  person  in  regard  to  his  appearance,  or 
of  his  face  or  look)  ill-looking,  of  malignant  or 
villanous  aspect ;  wicked,  flagitious,  (a  s.  de- 
sign). Hence  si'nlstePLY2  adv.  [f .  F  sinist re 
f.  h  sinistrum  nom.  -ter  left] 

sinistral,  a.  Of,  on,  the  left  (rare);  (of  spiral 
shells)  with  whorls  going  to  left  &  not  as  usu.  to 
right,   Hence  sinl'stralLY  2  ad  v.    [prec,  -a  l] 

sini'stpo-,  comb,  form  of  L  sinister  left,  as 
-ce'rebral  of  the  left  hemisphere  of  the  brain  ; 
si'nistrorse,  with  leftward  motion  or  aspect 
(esp.  in  Bot.  of  climbing  plants  &c). 

sink1,  v.i.  &  t.  (sank  or  now  rarely  sunk; 
sunk  or  in  adj.  use  usu.  sunken).  Fall  slowly 
downwards,  decline,  disappear  below  surface 
of  liquid  or  below  horizon,  come  gradually  to 
lower  level  or  pitch,  droop,  despond,  subside, 
settle  down,  gradually  expire  or  perish  or 
cease,  (sun  is  sinking,  sank ;  my  heart,  spirits, 
sank ;  ship  sinks,  goes  to  the  bottom ;  her  eyes 
sank,  were  turned  downwards ;  his  head,  chin, 
sank  on  his  shoulder,  chest ;  voice  sinks,  be- 
comes lower-pitched,  or  quieter ;  sick  man,  life, 
is  sinking,  becoming  weaker,  dying ;  prices  s., 
become  lower;  storm,  river,  sinks,  subsides; 
ground  sinks, .slopes  down,  also  comes  to  lower 
level  by  subsidence ;  darkness  sank  upon  the 
scene,  descended ;  s.  into  feebleness,  degrada- 
tion, the  grave,  a  quicksand,  a  chair;  s.  in 
one's  estimation,  lose  credit  with  him ;  his  eyes, 
cheeks,  have  sunk  in  or  sunk,  fallen  inwards, 
become  hollow ;  so  sunken  cheeks,  eyes ;  here 
goes,  8.  or  swim,  said  in  running  risks  and 
taking  chances) ;  penetrate  (intr.),  make  way, 
in  or  into  (bayonet  sank  in  to  the  hilt ;  im- 
pression, lesson,  sinks  into  the  mind  or  memory, 
becomes  fixed;  dye  sinks  in,  is  absorbed); 
cause  or  allow  to  s.,  send  below  surface  of 
liquid  or  ground,  lower  level  of,  keep  (trans.) 
in  obscurity  or  background,  conceal,  put  out 
of  sight,  make  no  reference  to,  excavate,  make 
by  excavating,  engrave,  (would  sooner  s.  the 
ship  than  surrender ;  s.  shaft,  well,  dig  or  bore 
it ;  s.  one's  head  on  one's  chest,  let  it  droop ; 
drought  had  sunk  the  streams ;  s.  one's  title, 
name,  office,  &c,  keep  it  temporarily  secret, 
not  obtrude  it ;  s.  the  shop  ;  s.  a  fact,  keep  it 
quiet;  8.  oneself  or  one's  own  interests,  be 
altruistic ;  sinking-/mw^  ;  s.  a  die,  engrave  it ; 
s.  money,  invest  it  in  undertaking  from  which 
it  cannot  be  readily  withdrawn,  also  lose  it 
by  such  investment;  sunk  fence1).  Hence 
srnkABLE  a,  [OE  sincan,  cf.  Du.  zinken,  G 
sinken,  also  Skr.  sich  sprinkle] 

sink2,  n.  Place  in  which  foul  liquid  collects 
(now  usu.  fig.;  the  Chinese  quarter  is  a  s.  of 
iniquity) ;  basin  or  box  usu.  of  lead  or  porcelain 
with  outflow  pipe  into  which  slops  are  thrown 
hVkitchens  Sec;  pool  or  marsh  in  which  river's 
water  disappears  by  evaporation  or  percola- 


SINKER 


811 


SISTER 


tion ;  opening  in  stage  through  which  scenery 
is  raised  and  lowered,    [f.  prec] 

si'nker,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  weight  used 
to  sink  fishing  or  sounding  line  ;  die  l-s.  [-ER1] 

si'nking1,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also:  internal 
bodily  sensation  caused  by  hunger  or  appre- 
hension ;  s.-fund,  moneys  set  aside  for  the 
purpose  of  sinking  or  wiping  out  a  state's  or 
corporation's  debt  by  degrees  (the  s.-f,  surplus 
of  revenue  over  expenditure,  devoted  to  pay- 
ment of  national  debt ;  raid  the  s.-f.,  use  such 
surplus  in  any  year  for  other  purposes),  [-ing  x] 

sino'log-ue  (-6g,  -6g),  n.  Person  versed  in 
sinology.    [F  (foil.,  -logue] 

sino'logry,  n.  Knowledge  of  the  Chinese 
language,  history,  customs,  &c.  Hence  sino*- 
logist  n.    [f.  Gk  Sinai  the  Chinese,  -o-,  -logy] 

si'ntep,  n.  Siliceous  or  calcareous  rock 
formed  by  deposit  of  springs.    [G,  cf.  cinder] 

si'nuate  (-at),  'a.  (esp.  bot.).  Wavy-edged, 
with  distinct  inward  &  outward  bends  along 
edge.  Hence  si'nuateLY2  adv.,  sinuATiON 
n.    [f.  L  sinuare  (sinus)  bend,  -ate  2] 

;  at) 


end,  esp. 


sinud'sity,  n.    Being  sinuous 
in  a  stream  or  road,    [foil.,  -ity] 

srnuous,  a.  With  many  curves,  serpentine, 
tortuous,  undulating.  Hence  si'nuousLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  sinuosus  (sinus,  -ous)] 

srnus,  n.  (pi.  -uses,  -us).  (Anat.,  Zool.)  cavity 
of  bone  or  tissue,  pouch-shaped  hollow ;  (Path.) 
fistula ;  (Bot.)  curve  between  lobes  of  leaf.  [L, 
= bosom,  recess] 

-sion  (shn,  -zhn),  guf.  forming  nn.  of  action 
or  condition  (=  -s-  of  L  p.p.  8t.  +-ION,  &  see 
-ation),  as  tension  (tendere  tens-). 

Sioux  (soo,  su),  n.  (pi.  the  same,  pr.  sob,  su, 
sooz,  suz),  &  a.  Member  of  a  N.-Amer.-Indian 
tribe ;  (adj.)  of  the  S.    [F,  f.  native  name] 

sip,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Drink  (t-  &  i.)  in  repeated 
tiny  mouthfuls  or  by  spoonfuls ;  (n.)  small 
mouthful  of  liquid  imbibed  (a  s.  of  brandy).  [OE 
sypian,  cf.  MDu.  sippen ;  cogn.  w.  sup,  SOpJ 

si'pahee  (se-),  n.  =  sepoy. 

si'phon,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Pipe  or  tube  shaped 
like  inverted  V  with  unequal  legs  for  conveying 
liquid  over  edge  of  vessel  &  delivering  it  at 
lower  level  by  utilizing  atmospheric  pressure  ; 
(also  s.-bottle)  aerated- water  bottle  from  which 
liquid  is  forced  out  by  pressure  of  gas  through 
s.-tube ;  (Zool.;  also  siphuncle)  canal  or  conduit 
esp.  in  molluscs  or  shells,  sucking- tube  of  some 
insects,  &c;  s. -barometer,  with  tube  bent  at 
bottom  like  inverted  s.;  s.-cup,  lubricating  ap- 
paratus with  oil  led  over  edge  of  reservoir  by 
capillary  action  through  wick ;  s.-gauge,  glass 
s.  attached  to  reservoir  &  containing  mercury 
for  indicating  pressure  &c.  inside  reservoir; 
hence  si'phonAL,  sipho'mc,  aa.  (Vb)  con- 
duct or  flow  (as)  through  s.  (water  is  siphoning 
from  the  vase  on  to  the  tablecloth) ;  hehce  si'- 
phon age(3)  n.    [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  siphon  tube] 

si'phonet,  n.  One  of  two  tubes  through 
which  aphides  exude  honeydew.    [prec,  -eti] 

si'phuncle,  n.  See  siphon,  [f.  L  siphun- 
culus  (SIPHON,  -uncle)] 

si'ppet,  n.  Small  piece  of  bread  &c.  soaked 
in  liquid ;  one  of  the  pieces  of  toast  or  fried 
bread  served  round  mince  &c.    [sip,  -et  l] 

sip,  n.  (also  v.t.,  see  below)  used  (1)  as  vocative 
in  addressing  a  master  or  superior,  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  either  in  his  own 
person  on  points  of  order  or  as  embodiment  of 
the  House  in  ordinary  debate,  any  male  whose 
name  is  or  is  to  be  understood  to  be  unknown 
to  speaker,  or  boy  &c.  who  is  to  be  rebuked  (pi. 
sirs,  for  which  gentlemen  is  usu.  substituted) ; 
(2)  as  titular  prefix  to  name  of  knigh  t  or  baronet, 
al  ways  followed  by  Christian  name,  or  its  initial 


&  surname,  or  the  whole  name  (Sir  John 
Moore,  Sir  J.  Moore,  or,  in  familiar  use  esp.  as 
vocative  Sir  John) ;  (vb)  address  as  sir  (don't  s. 
me),    [shortened  f.  sire] 

sip'eap,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  The  Government  of 
India;  head  of  government  or  household; 
house-steward ;  native  accountant,  [f.  Hind.  f. 
Pers.  sarkar  (sar  head,  kar  work)] 

sip*dap,n.  (In  India  &c.)  person  in  command, 
leader;  (in  Egypt)  commander-in-chief  (since 
1882  a  British  officer)  of  army.  [f.  Hind.  f.  Pers. 
sardar  (prec,  -dar  holding)] 

sire,  n.  Father  or  male  ancestor  (poet. ) ;  male 
parent  of  beast,  esp.  stallion  kept  for  breeding; 
(voc)  Your  Majesty  (in  addressing  king  or  sove- 
reign prince),    [f.  OF  senre  f.  L  senior] 

sip'en,  n.  (Gkmyth.;  pi.)  women,  or  half  wo- 
men &  half  birds,  living  on  a  rocky  isle  to  which 
they  lured  unwary  seafarers  with  enchanting 
music  ;  sweet  singer ;  dangerously  fascinating 
woman,  temptress,  tempting  pursuit  &c;  (at- 
trib.)  irresistibly  tempting,  as  of  a  s.;  =siren- 
ian  ;  instrument  used  in  acoustic  experiments 
&  for  making  loud  sound  as  warning  &c  by  revo- 
lution of  perforated  disk  over  jet  of  compressed 
air  or  steam.    [L,  f.  Gk  seiren  etym.  dub.] 

sipe'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  the  Sirenia, 
an  order  of  fish-like  mammals  resembling  ceta- 
ceans, including  manatee  &  dugong.  [mod.L 
Sirenia  (prec),  -an] 

sip'gang,  n.  Bright-green  Asiatic  bird,  the 
green  jackdaw.    [E.-Ind.] 

sirrasis,  n.  Sunstroke ;  sun-bath  as  medical 
treatment.    [Gk  (set-),  f.  seiriao  be  hot,  -asis] 

Si'pius.    See  dog  K    [f.  Gk  Seirios,  cf.  prec] 

sip'kap.    =  sircar. 

sir-loin,  n.  Upper  part  of  loin  of  beef,  with 
meat  both  above  &  (undercut  or  fillet)  below 
the  bone,    [corrupt,  of  surloin  f.  F  surlonge 

(SUR-2,  LOIN)] 

siro'cco,  sei-,  n.  (Italian  name  for)  Sahara 
wind  or  simoom  when  it  reaches  Italy,  (also 
for)  warm  sultry  rainy  wind  prevailing  in  win- 
ter.   [It.,  f.  Arab,  sharq  the  East] 

si'ppah,  n.  voc.  (archaic).  Fellow,  sir  (con- 
tempt, or  imperious),    [f.  Pr.  sira  f.  F  sire] 

sirup.    See  syrup. 

sirvente  (F),  n.  Medieval  usu.  satirical  lay 
of  special  metrical  form.  [orig.  sense  service- 
song  (i.  e.  not  love-song),  F,  f.  Pr.  sirventes  (L 
servire  serve,  -ent,  -ese)] 

Si'sal-grass,  -hemp,  nn.  Prepared  fibre 
of  American  aloe  used  for  cordage.  [Sisal, 
port  of  Yucatan] 

si'skin,  n.  Olive-green  songbird,  kind  of 
finch,  often  kept  in  cage.  [f.  MDu.  cijsken  f. 
LG  zieske  f.  Pol.  czyzik] 

si'step,  n.  Daughter  of  same  parents  (also 
s.-german)  or  (strictly  half-s.)  parent  as  another 
person  (the  latter  usu.  specified  by  my  &c  or 
possessive  case ;  the  Fatal  Ss.  or  &s.  three  or 
three  Ss.,  the  Fates);  (prop,  s.-in-law)  one's 
husband's  or  wife's  s.  or  brother's  wife :  close 
female  friend,  female  fellow-member  of  class 
or  sect  or  human  race ;  member  of  religious 
community  of  women  (s.  of  charity;  s.  of 
mercy,  member  of  nursing  sisterhood,  esp.  of 
R.-C.  one  founded  in  Dublin  1827 ;  little  Ss.  of 
the  poor,  French  R.-C.  charitable  sisterhood ; 
lay2  s.) ;  hospital  nurse  in  authority  over 
others ;  personified  quality  or  thing  regarded 
as  female  that  closely  resembles  another  (prose, 
younger  s.  of  verse ;  s.  ships,  built  on  same  de- 
sign) ;  s.-hook,  double  hook  that  opens  to  admit 
rope  &c  &  closes  into  a  figure  8.  Hence  si*s- 
tePLESs,  si'stePLY1,  aa.,  si'stepliNESS  n. 
[Aryan ;  OE  swuster,  cf.  Du.  zuster,  G  schwes- 
ter,  L  soror,  Skr.  svasa] 


SISTERHOOD 


812 


SIZE 


si'stephdbd  (-r-h-),  n.  Being  a  sister  or  sis- 
ters, relation  between  sisters ;  society  of  women 
bou  nd  by  monastic  vows  or  devoting  themselves 
to  religious  or  charitable  work,    [-hood] 

Si'stine,  a.  Of  one  of  the  popes  called  Sixtus 
(S.  chapel,  in  Vatican,  with  frescoes  by  Michel- 
angelo ;  S.  Madonna,  picture  by  Raphael  re- 
moved from  church  of  San  Sisto  in  Piacenza). 
[f.  It.  Sistino  (Sisto  Sixtus,  -ine1)] 

si'strum,  n.  (pi.  -tra).  Jingling  instrument 
or  rattle  used  by  ancient  Egyptians  esp.  in  rites 
of  Isis.    [L,  f.  Gk  seistron  (seio  shake)] 

Sisyphe'an,  a.  As  of  Sisyphus,  Greek  con- 
demned in  Tartarus  to  push  a  stone  up  hill  &  be- 
§in  again  when  it  rolled  down,  everlastingly  la- 
orious.    [f.  Gk  Sisupheios  (Sisuphos),  -an] 

sit,  v.i.  &  t.  (sat).  Take  or  be  in  position  in 
which  body  is  supported  more  or  less  upright 
by  buttocks  resting  on  ground  or  raised  seat 
litis  well,  has  good  seat  in  riding ;  s.  tight  col- 
loq., remain  firmly  in  one's  place,  not  be  shaken 
off  or  move  away  or  yield  to  distractions),  be 
engaged  in  some  occupation  in  which  this  posi- 
tion is  usual  (s.  in  judgment,  assume  right  of 
judging  others,  be  censorious ;  s.  for  one  s  por- 
trait, give  painter  interviews  or  sittings ;  s./or 
fellowship  &c,  undergo  examination  for  it ;  s. 
for  borough  &c,  represent  it  in  Parliament; 
Parliament,  Courts,  are  sitting,  in  session  ;  s. 
at  home,  be  inactive) ;  (of  birds  &  some  ani- 
mals) rest  with  legs  bent  &  body  close  to  ground 
or  perch  (shoot  bird,  hare,  sitting,  when  not  on 
wing  or  running),  remain  on  nest  to  hatch  eggs 
(sitting  hen,  engaged  in  hatching ;  wants  to  s., 
is  broody) ;  (chiefly  of  inanimate  things)  be  in 
more  or  less  permanent  position  (sits  the  wind 
there  ?,  is  it  in  that  quarter?,  is  that  the  state  of 
affairs  ?;  food  sits  heavy  on  the  stomach,  is  not 
soon  digested;  her  dress,  imperiousness,  &c, 
sits  well  on  her,  suits,  fits ;  sitting  tenant,  one 
in  present  occupation  ;  his  principles  s.  loosely 
on  him,  do  not  bind  him  much);  keep  one's  seat 
on  (horse  &c. ;  he  could  not  s.  his  mule);  s.  down, 
take  seat  after  standing  (also  refl.  archaic,  as 
sat  him,  pray  s.  you,  d.),  (Mil.)  encamp  before 
place  to  besiege  it ;  s.  on  or  upon,  (of  jury  &c.) 
hold  session  concerning,  (slang)  repress  or  re- 
buke or  snub  (he  wants  sitting  upon) ;  s.  out, 
take  no  part  in  something,  esp.  in  particular 
dance  (also  trans,  as  sat  out  the  next  dance), 
also  s.  outdoors,  (trans.)  outstay  (other  visitors) 
or  stay  till  end  of  (performance) ;  s.  under,  be 
one  of  congregation  preached  to  by  (minister) ; 
s.  up,  rise  from  lying  to  sitting  posture,  remain 
(late,  nursing,  &c.)  out  of  bed,  s.  erect  without 
lolling  (make  one  s.  up  colloq.,  subject  him  to 
hard  work,  pain,  surprise,  &c);  sitfast,  horny 
sore  on  horse's  back.  [Aryan :  OE  sittan,  cf.  Du. 
zitten,  G  sitzen,  L  sedere,  Gk  hezomai,  Skr.  sad] 

site,  n.  Ground  on  which  town  or  building 
stood,  stands,  or  is  to  stand.    [f.  L  situs] 

sith,  conj.  (archaic,  bibl.).   Since,   [see  since] 

sit(i)o-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  sitos,  sition,  food, 
as  sit(i)o'logy  dietetics,  sit(i)opho'bia  morbid 
aversion  to  food. 

si'ttep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  person  sitting 
for  portrait;  good,  bad,  s.,  hen  that  sits  well 
&c. ;  (slang,  from  to  shoot  bird  sitting)  easy 
shot,  thing  easily  done,    [-er  '] 

si'tting*,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  time  during 
which  one  sits  continuouslv  (wro*e  the  whole 
poem  at  as.;  all-night  s.  of  Ho  use  of  Commons ; 
can  you  give  me  six  ss.  ?,  for  portrait) ;  clutch 
of  eggs  ;  seat  in  church  appropriated  to  a  per- 
son ;  s.-room,  space  enough  to  accommodate 
seated  persons,  also  a  room  used  for  sitting  in 
(opp.  bedroom),     [-ino  '] 

srtuated,  situate  (-at ;  archaic),  aa.    In 


specified  situation  (situated  on  the  top  of  the 
hill ;  awkwardly  situated,  in  a  difficulty).  Lf. 
LL  situatus  (L  situs  position,  -ate  *)] 

situa'tion,  n.  Place,  with  its  surroundings, 
occupied  by  something  (house  stands  in  a  fine  s. ; 
unrivalled  for  s.) ;  set  of  circumstances,  posi- 
tion in  which  one  finds  oneself,  (came  out  of  a 
difficult  s.  with  credit) ;  critical  point  or  com- 
plication in  drama  (curtain  falls  on  a  strongs.); 
employee's,  esp.  domestic's,  place  or  paid  office 
(cannot  find  a  s.).    [F  (prec,  -ation)] 

Si'va  (se-),  n.  Hindu  god  held  supreme  by  his 
special  votaries,  &  by  others  associated  as  prin- 
ciple of  destruction  with  Brahma  &  Vishnu  in 
a  triad.  Hence  Sivai'stic  [-ist,  -ic]  a.,  Si'va- 
ite  1(l)  n.  &  a.    [Hind.,  f.  Skr.  civa  propitious] 

six,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  five,  6,  vi,  (often 
agreeing  with  understood  noun,  ass.  of  the  men, 
s.  of  them,  s.  o'clock  or  s.;  s.  to  one,  long  odds  ; 
two  &  s.,  half-a-crown  ;  s.  &  s„  6/6 ;  it  is  s.  of 
one  &  half-a-dozen  of  the  other,  difference  is 
merely  nominal ;  twenty-s.  ovs.S-twenty,  &  so 
on  to  s.-&-ninety ;  am  not  s.  yet,  years  old) ;  s.- 
footer,  person  6  ft  in  height,  thing  6  ft  long ; 
sixpence,  (silver  coin  worth)  6d.  (have  not  got 
a  sixpence) ;  si'xpenny  a.,  costing  or  worth  6a*. 
(sixpenny  bit,  or  sixpenny  as  n.,  the  coin  six- 
pence ;  seven-dt-sixpenny  &c,  costing  7/6  &c.) ; 
s.-shooter,  s. -chambered revolver;  hence  si'x- 
fold  a.  &  adv.  (N.)  the  number  s.  (twice  s.  is 
twelve ;  at  ss.  &  sevens,  in  confusion) ;  card  or 
die-face  of  s.  pips  (the  s.  of  spades ;  double  ss., 
die-throw  of  two  ss.) ;  (pi.)  candles  made  s.  to 
the  lb.  [Aryan ;  cf.  Du.  zes,  G  sechs,  L  sex,  Gk 
hex,  Skr.  shash] 

si'xain,  n.    Six-line  stanza.    [F  (six  f.  L  sex)] 

si'xep,  n.    Hit  for  six  in  cricket,    [-er  j] 

sixte,  n.  One  of  the  positions  in  fencing.  [F, 
f.  L  sextus  sixth] 

sixtee'n,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  fifteen,  16, 
xvi;  sixteenmo  or  16mo,  =  sextodecimo  ;  hence 
sixtee*nTH2a.  &  n.;  (n.)  the  number  s.  (twice 
s.  is  thirty-two),    [-teen] 

sixth,  a.  &  n.  Next  after  fifth  (the,  a,  s.,  often 
as  n.  with  ellipse  of  noun,  esp.  the  s.  =6th  day 
of  month  ;  s.  form  l) ;  s.  part,  one  of  six  equal 
parts  into  which  thing  may  be  divided.  (N.)  = 
s.  part;  =s.  form;  (Mus.)  tone  six  diatonic  de- 
grees above  or  below  given  tone,  this  interval, 
harmonic  combination  of  tone  &  its  s.  [OE 
sixta,  w.  assim.  to  fourth,  see  -th  2] 

si'xthly,  adv.  In  the  sixth  place  (in  enu- 
merations).   [-LY  21 

si'xty,  a.  &  n.  Six  times  ten,  60,  lx,  (s.-one, 
-eight,  &c;  s.-first,  -fourth,  &c);  s.-four-mo, 
(size  of)  book  or  page  given  by  folding  sheet  six 
times  into  64  leaves  (for  L  in  quarto  et  sexa- 

Sesimo);  hence  si'xtiETH  a.  &  n.  (N.)  the  num- 
er  s.;  the  ss.,  years  between  59  &  70  in  life  or 
century.  [OE  sixtig  (-T v  2)] 
si'zable,  a.  Of  large  size,  [size  1,  -able] 
si'zap,  n.  Student  at  Cambridge  or  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  paying  reduced  fees&  formerly 
charged  with  certain  menial  offices.  Hence 
si'zaPSHip  n.  [foil.  =  ration,  -er  *  (cf.  scholar)] 
size  1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &i.  (Hist)  standard  of  weight 
or  measure  for  some  article  esp.  of  food  or  drink; 
(Camb.  Univ.;  alsosi'ziNG1  n.)  ration  of  food 
or  drink  from  buttery ;  dimensions,  magnitude, 
(is  of  vast,  diminutive,  s„  very  large  or  small ; 
s.  matters  less  than  quality ;  that 's  about  the  s. 
of  it  colloq.,  a  true  account  of  the  matter);  one 
of  the  usu.  numbered  classes  into  which  things, 
esp.  garments,  otherwise  similar  are  divided  in 
respect  of  s.  (is  made  in  several  ss. ;  takes  s.  7  in 
gloves ;  is  quite  a  s.,  three  ss.,  too  big ;  out  s.)  ; 
implement  for  sizing  pearls ;  s.-stick,  shoemak- 
er's measure  for  taking  length  of  foot ;  hence 


SIZE 


813 


SKIMMER 


-siZED2a.  <Vb):  (Camb.Univ.) orders.;  group 
or  sort  in  ss.  or  according  to s.,  whence  si*ZER<  (2) 
n.;  *.  up.  estimate  a  of.  (colloq.)  form  judgment 
of  (person  &c).    [shortened  f.  assize] 

size-,  n.,  &  v.t.  Gelatinous  solution  used  in 
glazing  paper  &  stiffening  textiles  &  in  many 
manufacturing  processes;  hencesl*zv2a.  (Vb) 
glaze  or  stiffen  or  treat  with  s.  If.  It.  sisa  for 
assisa  painter's  glue  (L  assidere  sit  near)] 

si*zzle,  v.L  &  n.  (colloq.).  Make  sputtering 
sound  as  in  frying ;  (n.)  such  noise.    [imiL] 

sja'mbok  (zh->,  n.  Rhinoceros-hide  whip. 
[S.-Afr.  Du.  f.  Malay  chabok  f.  Pers.  chabuk  a. 
ec  n.  alert,  whip] 

skald.    See  scald2. 

skate1,  n.  Kinds  of  ray-fish,  esp.  {Blue.  Grey, 
S. >  rhomboidal  long-tailed  kind.    [f.  OX  skata] 

skate-,  n..  <2c  v.L  &  t.  ©ne  of  pair  of  imple- 
ments, each  with  steel  blade  or  set  of  rollers, 
attached  beneath  boots  &  enabling  wearer  to 
glide  in  curves  over  ice  or  (rollers.)  hard  floor. 
( Vb)  move,  perform  (specified  figure),  on  ss.  (.<. 
over  thin  tee,  talk  on  subject  needing  tactful 
treatment) ;  skating-rink,  piece  of  ice  artificial- 
ly made,  or  floor  reserved,  for  skating ;  hence 
skatER1  n.  [earlier  scotch  f.  Du.  schaatsen 
pi.  f.  OF  eschase  stilt  f.  LG  [schake  shank)] 

skean,  Skene,  skain,  n.  Gaelicdagger 
used  in  Ireland  &  Scotland ;  s.-dhu  <-doo),  dag- 
ger stuck  in  stocking  as  part  of  Highland  cos- 
tume,   [f.  Gael,  sffian  knife,  dubh  black] 

skeda'ddle,  v.L,  &n.,  (colloq.).  Runaway, 
disperse™  flight ;  (n.)  hurried  flight  ordispersal. 
[U.S.  sense  of  prov.  E  wd  =  spill ;  etym.  dub.] 

skee.    See  skl 

skein  (an),  n.  Bundle  of  yarn  or  thread  or 
silk  made  by  coiling  it  many  times,  drawing 
it  out  to  the  coil's  length,  &  folding  it ;  flock  of 
wild  geese  &c  in  flight ;  (fig.)  tangle,  confusion, 
[f.  OF  escaigne  prob.  f.  Celt.,  cf.  Ir.  sgainne] 

skeleton,  n.  Hard  internal  or  external  frame- 
work of  bones,  cartilage,  shell,  woody  fibre,  &c 
supportingorcontainingan  animal  or  vegetable 
body,  whence  ske'let  \r.  a.,  ske'leto-  comb, 
form,  skeleto'GRAPHV  n.,  &c;  dried  bones  of 
human  beingor  other  animal  fastened  together 
in  same  relative  positions  as  in  life  (s.  at  the 
feast,  something  that  alloys  pleasure,  intrusive 
care  ;  s.  in  the  cupboard,  family  &,  discredit- 
able or  humiliating  fact  concealed  from  stran- 
gers), part  of  anything  that  remains  after  its 
life  or  usefulness  is  gone ;  framework  or  essen- 
tial part  of  anything  (s.  crew,  regiment.  Sec, 
permanent  nucleus  ready  for  filling  up,  cadre ; 
s.-drill,  with  companies  &c,  represented  by  two 
men  separated  by  longrope ;  s.  key,  fitting  many 
locks  by  having  interior  of  bit  hollowed ;  s.  or 
s.-face  type,  with  thin  strokes) :  outline  sketch, 
epitome,  abstract ;  (by exag.)  thin  person.  fGk, 
orig.  neut.  of  skeletos  dried-up  (skello  parch)] 

skeletonize,  v.t.  Reduce  to  skeleton  or 
abstract  by  destroying  flesh  &c  or  omitting 
details,   [-ize] 

skene.    See  skean-. 

skep,  n.  Kinds,  varying  locally,  of  wooden 
or  wicker  basket ;  straw  or  wicker  beehive. 
[OE  seep  grain-basket  f.  ON  skeppa  f.  L  f.  Gk 
skaphion  {skaphos  vessel)] 

skepsis,  skeptic,  &c.    See  see-. 

sketch,  n..  &  v.t.  8z  L  Preliminary,  rough, 
slight,  merely  outlined,  or  unfinished  drawing 
or  painting  often  as  experiment  for,  or  memo- 
randum foruse  in.  regular  picture ;  brief  account 
without  many  details  conveying  general  idea 
of  something,  rough  draft,  general  outline; 
slight  play  often  of  musical  kind  or  short  de- 
scriptive article  :  musical  composition  of  single 
movement ;  s.-block,  -book,   arrangements  of 


drawing-paper  leaves  for  doing  series  of  ss.  on  ; 
s.-map.  with  outlines  but  little  detail ;  hence 
sketchv  2 a..  sketchiLv^adv..  sketchi- 
ness  n.  (Vb)  make  or  give  s.  of;  make  ss. 
esp.  of  landscape  {went  out  sketching) ;  hence 
sketch er1  n.  [f.  Du.  skets  f.  It.  sehizzo  f.  L 
f.  Gk  skhedios  off  hand,  extempore  {skhedon 
near  cf.  eskhon  I  held)] 

skew,  a.  &  n.  Oblique,  slanting,  sideways. 
distorteiTinow  chiefly  in  Arch.,Meeh.,  &  Math.; 
s.  bridge,  with  line  of  arch  not  at  right  angles 
to  abutment ;  s.  chisel,  with  oblique  edge ;  s. 
wheel,  bevel  wheel  with  oblique  teeth  ;  s.  curve, 
in  three  dimensions),  (Math.)  having  symmetry 
distorted  by  reversal  of  some  element  on  oppo- 
site sides  ;  sketcbald,  (esp.  of  horse)  with  irre- 
gular patches  of  white  &  some  colour  (prop, 
not  black,  cf.  piebald) ;  8,-eyed,  squinting.  (X. ) 
sloping  top  or  buttress  ;  coping  of  gable ;  stone 
built  into  bottom  of  gable  to  support  coping, 
[f.  obs.  skew  vb  sidle,  shy,  f.  MDu.  schouwen 
avoid,  cf.G  scheuen ;  cogn.  w.  siiv  l.  eschew] 

skewer,  n.,  &  v.t.  Pin  of  wood  or  iron  for 
holding  meat  compactly  together  while  cook- 
ing ;  (joe)  sword  &c;  (vb)  fasten  together, 
pierce,  (as)  with  s.    [var.  of  shiver  -] 

ski  (she),  n.  (pL  skis),  8c  v.L  {ski'd,  skiing). 
One  of  pair  of  wooden  runners  about  8  ft  long 
&  1  in.  broad  fastened  under  feet  for  travelling 
over  snow  esp.  in  Scandinavia.  [Xorw.,  f.  OX 
skidh  billet,  snow-shoe,  whence  also  skid] 

skiagraphy  &c    See  scia-. 

skid,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  L  Piece  or  frame  of  timber 
serving  as  buffer,  support,  inclined  plane,  &c,; 
wooden  or  metal  shoe  preventing  wheel  from 
revolving  used  as  drag  (also  s.-pan),  other 
kinds  of  wheel-locking  contrivance ;  slip  or  slide 
of  wheel  on  muddy  ground.  (Vb)  support  or 
move  or  protect  or  check  with  s. ;  (of  wheel  or 
vehicle)  slide  forwards  or  backwards  or  side- 
ways on  slippery  ground,  [f.  OX  skidh  billet, 
cf.  ME  shide  slip  of  wood,  8c  sheath] 

skiff,  n.  Light  rowing  or  sculling  boat.  [f. 
F  esquifi.  It.  schifo  f.  OHG  skifsnip] 

ski'lful,  a.  Having  or  showing  skill,  prac- 
tised, expert,  adroit,  ingenious.  Hence  ski'l- 
fulLv2adv.    [folL,  -FUL] 

skill,  n.  Expertness,  practised  ability,  faci- 
lity in  doing  something,  dexterity,  tact,  [f.  OX 
skil  discernment  {skiija  to  separate),  cf.  Sw. 
skdl  reason  ;  cogn.  w.  shell,  scale  l) 

skilled,  a.  Having  or  showing  skill,  skilful, 
(rare  exc.  in  phrr.  s.  labour,  workman,  &c,= 
trained,  or  followed  by  in),    [-ed2] 

ski-lless  (-1-I-),  a.  (rare).  Without  skill, 
knowing  nothing  of.    [-less] 

ski'llet,  n.  Small  metal  pot  with  long  handle 
&  usu.  legs  used  in  cooking,  [f.  OF  escuellette 
iescuelle  dish  f.  L  scutella  dim.  of  scuta  dish)] 

skills,  v.L  3rd  sing,  impers.  (archaic).  It  8. 
not,  makes  no  difference,  is  of  no  use,  (usu.  to 
do),    [f.  OX  skiija  see  skill] 

ski'lly,  n.  Thin  broth  or  soup  or  gruel  usu. 
of  oatmeal  &  water  flavoured  with  meat  often 
served  out  in  prisons,  work-houses,  &c.  [earlier 
skillygalee,  -golee,  etym.  dub.] 

skim,  v.t.  &  L.  &  a.  Take  scum  or  cream  or 
floating  layer  from  surface  of  (liquid),  take 
(cream  &c.)  from  surface  of  liquid,  is.  the  cream 
off  often  fig.,  take  best  part  of) :  keep  touching 
lightly  or  nearly  touching  (surface)  in  passing 
over,  (intr.)  go  thus  orer  or  along  surface,  glide 
along  in  air;  read  (t.  &  L)  superficially,  look 
over  cursorily,  gather  salient  facts  contained 
in  ;  (adj.)  s.  milk,  from  which  cream  has  been 
skimmed,  [f. scvM.cf.fill  Lfull,  &  G schdumen 
f.  schaum  scum] 

ski-mmer,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp. :  ladle  &c. 


SKIMP 


814 


SKY 


for  skimming  liquids  ;  kinds  of  water-bird,  esp. 
Black  S. ,  with  flat  mandibles,  [-er  *] 
skimp,  v.t.  &  i.  Supply  (person  with  or  in 
food,  money,  &c  ;  material,  expenses,  &c.) 
meagrely,  stint ;  be  parsimonious.  Hence 
ski'mpv  2  a. ,  skPmplngL y  2  adv.  [cf.  Icel. 
skemma  shorten] 

skin  \  n.  Flexible  continuous  covering  of 
human  or  other  animal  body  (with  a  whole  s., 
unwounded;  save  one's  s.,  get  off  safe  ;  change 
one's  s.,  undergo  impossible  change  of  charac- 
ter &c, ;  would  not  be  in  his  s.,  should  not  like 
to  be  he;  is  only  s.  &  bone,  very  thin,  &  so 
ski'nnv 2a., ski'nniNESS n. ;  escape withthe 
s.  of one's  teeth,  narrowly;  thick,  thin,  s.,  im- 
perviousness,  sensitiveness,  to  affront  or  criti- 
cism ;  fair,  dark,  &c,  s„  complexion ;  near  is 
my  shirt,  nearer  my  s.) ;  hide  of  flayed  animal 
with  or  without  the  hair  &c. ;  material  pre- 
pared from  ss.  esp.  of  smaller  animals  (cf.  hide) ; 
vessel  for  wine  or  water  made  of  animal's 
whole  s. ;  outer  coating  of  plant,  fruit,  &c, 
rind ;  planking  or  plating  of  ship  or  boat  inside 
or  outside  ribs ;  QOhv-beaters  s. ;  s.-bound, 
with  s.  tightly  stretched  over  flesh ;  s.-deep,  (of 
wound,  also  of  emotion,  impression,  &c.)  super- 
ficial, not  deep  or  lasting ;  s.-friction,  lateral 
resistance  to  way  of  ship  &c.  passing  through 
water ;  skinful  (of  wine  &c,  or  abs.),  as  much 
liquor  as  one  can  hold ;  s.-grafting,  surgical 
substitution  of  s.  cut  from  another  part  or  per- 
son for  damaged  part.  Hence  -skinnED2, 
ski'nLESS,  aa.  [f.  ON  skinn,  cogn.  w.  G  schin- 
den  flay] 

skin  2,  v.  t.  &  i.  Cover  (sore  &c. ,  usu.  over)  as 
with  s.,  (of  wound  &c.)  form  or  become  covered 
with  new  s.,  cicatrize,  (usu.  over) ;  strip  of  s., 
withdraw  s.  from,  flay,  (keep  your  eyes  skinned 
slang,  be  watchful  or  cautious),  (colloq.)  strip 
oneself,  strip  (another),  of  tight  garment  such 
as  jersey ;  skinflint,  niggard,  miser,    [f.  prec] 

skink,  n.  Kinds  of  small-limbed  lizard.  If. 
Gk  skigkos] 

ski'nner,  n.  In  vbl  senses:  esp.,  (now 
chiefly  in  name  of  a  city  company)  dealer  in 
skins,  furrier,    [-er  l] 

skip  \  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  (Of lambs,  kids,  children, 
&c.)  jump  about,  gambol,  caper,  frisk,  move 
lightly  from  one  foot  on  to  the  other ;  (of  chil- 
dren, esp.  girls)  use  skipping-rope;  shiftquickly 
from  one  subject  or  occupation  to  another,  be 
desultory,  (usu.  off,  from,  &c.) ;  (slang)  make 
off,  disappear ;  omit,  make  omissions,  in  deal- 
ing with  a  series  or  in  reading  (do  them  all 
without  skipping  any  or  skipping;  always  s. 
the  descriptions ;  skips  as  he  reads ;  &  every 
tenth  row);  skipjack,  jumping  toy  made  of 
bird's  merrythought,  also  kinds  of  fish  and 
butterfly  and  beetle  named  from  their  move- 
ments ;  skipping-rope,  length  of  rope  with  two 
wooden  handles  used  in  girls' game  of  skipping; 
hence  ski'pping'LY 2  adv.  (N.)  skipping 
movement,  esp.  quick  shift  from  one  foot  to 
other  (hop  3,  s.,  &  jump),  [f.  Scand.,  cf.  Norw. 
skopa  skip  away,  ON  skoppa  spin  like  top] 

skip2,  n.  College  servant,  scout,  esp.  at 
Dublin,  [perh.  f.  obs.  skip-kennel  lackey  (prec.)J 

skip  3,  n.  Captain  or  director  of  side  at  bowls 
&  curling,    [perh.  for  skipper2] 

ski'pper1,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.,  (Zool.) 
= sk  I  p  fjack.    [-ER |  ] 

ski'pper2,  n.  Sea-captain,  esp.  master  of 
small  trading  vessel ;  s.'s  daughters,  (with  pun 
on  prec.)  tall  white-crested  waves,  [f.  Du. 
schipper  (schif  ship1,  -er1)) 

ski*ppet,n.  (hist.).  Small  cylindrical  wooden 
box  used  to  enclose  and  protect  large  seal  at- 
tached by  ribbon  to  deed.    [skep.  -et  J] 


skirl,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Make)  sound  characteristic 
of  bagpipes.  [Sc.  var.  of  shrill] 
skir'mish,  n.,  &  v.i.  Piece  of  irregular  or 
unpremeditated  fighting  esp.  between  small  or 
outlying  parties,  slight  engagement;  encoun- 
ter of  wit,  argument,  &c.  ( V  b)  fight  in  small 
parties,  loose  order,  or  unpremeditated  way  ; 
hence  skiP'mishER l  n.  [n.  f.  vb,  f.  OF  esker- 
mir  (-ISH2)  fence,  f.  OHG  scirman  (scirm, 
whence  G  schirm  shelter) ;  cf.  scrimmage] 
ski'ppet,  n.  Kind  of  water-parsnip  formerly 
much  used  as  table-vegetable,  [prob.  f.  OF  es- 
chervisf.Sj).chiriviaf.Ar8Lb.karawiaCARA*WAY\ 
skirt,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Part  of  coat  or  shirt  that 
hangs  below  waist;  woman's  outer  garment 
shaped  like  petticoat  from  waist  downwards 
(divided  s.,  loose  trousers  resemblings.),  whence 
skir'tiNG  ](3)  n.;  edge,  border,  extreme  part, 
(often  pi.;  on  the  ss.  of  London,  just  inside  or 
outside  of  it);  s.-dance(r),  -cing,  with  full  s. 
waved  about  giving  graceful  effects;  hence 
-skirtED  2,  skir'tLESS,  aa.  ( Vb)  go  along  or 
round  or  past  the  edge  of,  be  situated  along ; 
go  along  coast,  wall,  &c. ;  skirting-board,  along 
bottom  of  room- wall.  [f.  ON  skyrta ;  cogn.  w. 
short,  &  doublet  of  shirt] 

skit,  n.  Light  piece  of  satire,  burlesque,  li- 
terary squib,  (often  upon),  [f.  obs.  skit  shoot, 
dart,  jump,  f.  Scand.,  ct  Sw.  skjuta  shoot, 
skytt  marksman] 

ski'ttep,  v.i.  (Of  wild-fowl)  go  splashing  a- 
long  water  in  rising  or  settling ;  fish  by  draw- 
ing bait  along  surface,    [as  prec,  -er 5] 

SKi'ttish,  a.  (Of  horses  &c. )nervous,  inclined 
to  shy,  excitable,  playful,  fidgety ;  (chiefly  of 
women)  capricious,  coquettish,  flirting,  lively, 
given  to  amusement,  gadding  about,  affecting 
youthfulness,  wanton.  Hence  skPttishLY2 
adv.,  skPttishNESS  n.    [as  skit,  -ish  x] 

ski'ttle,  n.  Ss.,  game  played  with  nine  pins 
(ss.  or  s.-pins)  set  up  at  end  of  s.-alley  or  #.- 
ground  to  be  bowled  down  with  s.-ball  (beer  & 
ss.  .amusement,  as  life  is  not  all  beer  &  ss.). 
[f.  Da.  skyttel  child's  earthen  ball ;  doublet  of 
shuttle  ;  the  skittle  was  prob.  orig.  the  ball] 

skive,  v.t.  Split  or  pare  (hide,  leather);  grind 
away  surface  of  (gem),  [perh.  cogn.  w.  obs. 
shive  slice,  cf.  G  scheibe  disk] 

ski'vep,  n.  Knife  for  skiving  leather ;  thin 
leather  got  by  skiving,    [-er  J] 

sku*a,  n.  Kinds  of  gull,  esp.  the  Great  S., 
largestofgull  kind,  chiefly  dark-coloured,  [prob. 
f.  ON  skufr,  skumr,  cf.  skumi  shade] 

skulk,  v.i.  Lurk,  keep  oneself  concealed  esp. 
in  cowardice  or  with  evil  intent,  stay  or  sneak 
away  in  time  of  danger,  shirk  duty,  avoid  ob- 
servation. Hence  sku'lkER 1  &(in  same  sense) 
skulk  mi. .  sk u'lking-L v  2 adv.  [f.  Da.  skulke, 
cf.  Du.  schuilen] 

skull,  n.  Bony  case  of  the  brain,  frame  of 
the  head,  cranium,  (s.  &  cross-bones,  represen- 
tation of  bare  s.  with  two  thigh-bones  crossed 
below  it  as  emblem  of  death) ;  s.-cap,  close- 
fitting  cap  usu.  of  velvet  worn  indoors  chiefly 
by  old  men,  also  kinds  of  plant  with  helmet- 
shaped  flower.  Hence  -skullED2  a.  [f.  Sw. 
dial,  skulle  (ON  skal  scale2)] 

skunk,  n.  Black  white-striped  bushy-tailed 
American  carnivorous  animal  about  size  of  cat 
able  to  omit  powerful  stench  from  liquid  se- 
creted by  anal  glands  as  defence ;  stinking  or 
contemptible  fellow,    [f.  Algonquin  segongw] 

Skupshti'na  (-ob-,  -te-),  n.  Servian  parlia- 
ment.   [Serv.,=  assembly] 

sky,  n.,  &  v.t.  (The  vault  of)  heaven  (blue, 
clear,  cloudy,  overcast,  &c,  s.;  if  the  s.fall  we 
shall  catch  larks,  unlikely  cataclysms  are  not 
worth  providing  against;  under  the  open  s., 


SKYE  815 


SLAUGHTER 


out  of  doors ;  often  pi.,  as  laud  to  the  ss.,  highly ; 
was  raised  to  the  ss.,  taken  up  to  heaven);  cli- 
mate, atmosphere,  {try  what  a  warmer  s., 
warmer  ss.,  will  do  for  you) ;  s.-blue  a.  &  n., 
colour(ed)  like  clear  sky ;  s.-born  poet.,  of  divine 
birth ;  s.-clad  facet.,  naked  ;  s.-high  adv.  &  a., 
so  as  to  reach,  reaching,  the  s.;  skylark  n.,  lark 
that  flies  spirally  upwards  singing,  v.i.  (with 
pun  on  lark  *> 2,  &  perh.  of  naut.  orig.,  w.  ref. 
to  clambering  about  rigging),  frolic,  play  tricks 
or  practical  jokes,  ballyrag,  &c;  skylight,  win- 
dow set  in  plane  of  roof  or  ceiling ;  s.-line,  out- 
line of  hill  &c.  defined  against  s.  {is  on  the  8.4., 
seen  outlined  on  s.);  s.-pilot  slang,  priest ;  s.- 
rocket,  discharged  upwards ;  skysail,  light  sail 
above  royal  in  square-rigged  ship;  skyscape, 
picturechiefly  representing  s.  ;s.  -scraper  facet., 
=  skysail,  also  building  of  many  storeys,  tall 
chimney,  &c;  hence  sky'ev2,  sky'LESS,  aa., 
skywARD(s)  adv.  &  a,  (Vb)  hit  (cricket-ball) 
high  up ;  hang  (picture)  high  on  wall,  [earlier 
sense  cloud ;  f.ONskp  cloud,  cf.  OE  scio ;  cogn. 
w.  scum,  shower,  &  L  obscurus] 

Sky  e  (terrier),  n.  Small  long-bodied  short- 
legged  long-haired  slate  or  fawn  coloured  va- 
riety of  Scotch  terrier,  named  from  Skye. 

slab ],  n.,  &  v.t.  Thin  flat  usu.  square  or  rect- 
angular piece  of  stone  or  other  rigid  material ; 
(of  timber)  outer  cut  sawn  from  log ;  s.-stone, 
kinds  of  stone  that  split  readily  into  ss.  (Vb) 
remove  ss.  from  (log,  tree)  to  prepare  it  for  saw- 
ing into  planks ;  slabbing-gang,  set  of  saws  for 
doing  this,  f f.  OF  csclape  perh.  f.  es-  ex-  +  LG 
klappen  explode  cf.  G  klaffen  split] 

slab  2,  a.  (archaic).  Viscous,  (of  liquid)  thick 
&  sticky,  (chiefly  w.  ref.  to  Macbeth  iv.  i.  32). 
[f.  pro  v.  E  slab  puddle  f.  ON  slabb  mud] 

slabber.    =  slobber. 

slack,  a.,  adv.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Sluggish,  re- 
miss, relaxed,  languid,  loose,  inactive,  negli- 
gent, (s.  water,  about  turn  of  tide,  esp.  low  tide ; 
s.  in  stays  naut,  slow  in  going  about ;  a  s.  rope, 
not  taut ;  keep  a  s.  hand  or  rein,  ride,  or  fig. 
govern,  carelessly  ;  s.  trade,  business,  market, 
with  little  doing ;  8.  weather,  inclining  to  in- 
dolence); hence  sla'ckEN^  v.t  &  i.,  sla'ck- 
ly2  adv.,  sla'ckNESS  n.  (Adv.,  in  comb. 
w.  dry,  bake,  &c.)  slowly,  insufficiently,  {s.- 
dried  hops;  to  s.-bake  bread).  (N.)  s.  part 
of  rope  {haul  in  the  s.);  s.  time  in  trade  &c; 
[perh.  f.  G  schlacke  slag]  coal-dust  used  chiefly 
for  making  briquettes  &c.  ( Vb)  slacken ;  make 
loose  (rope ;  often  off,  away) ;  (colloq.)  take  a 
rest,  be  indolent  whencesla'ekERin.;  =  slake 
(lime) ;  s.  off,  abate  vigour;  8.  up,  reduce  speed 
of  train  &c.  before  stopping.  [OE  sleac,  cogn. 
w.  lag,  lax  ;  &  cf.  ON  slakr] 

slag,  n.,  &  v.i.  Dross  separated  in  fused  state 
in  reduction  of  ores,  vitreous  smelting-refuse, 
clinkers;  volcanic  scoria ;  hence  sla*g,g,v2a. 
(Vb)  form  s.,  cohere  into  s.-like  mass.  [f.  Sw. 
slagg,  cf.  G  schlacke,  cogn.  w.  prec] 

slain.    See  slay. 

slake,  v.t  Assuage,  satisfy,  (thirst,  &  rhet 
revenge  &c),  whence  sla'keLESS  a.  (poet); 
(also  slack)  combine  (lime)  chemically  with 
water,    [var.  of  slack] 

slam,  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  Shut  (t  &  L,  of  door  &c; 
often  to  adv.)  with  loud  bang ;  put  down  (object) 
with  similar  sound ;  (slang)  hit,  beat,  gain  easy 
victory  over.  (N.)  sound  (as)  of  slammed  door ; 
gaining  of  every  trick  in  whist  or  euchre,  [f. 
Norw.  slemba,  imit;  cogn.  w.  slap] 

sla*nder,  n.,  &  v.t.  False  report  maliciously 
uttered  to  person's  injury ;  uttering  of  such 
reports,  calumny ;  (Law)  false  oral  defamation 
(cf.  libel,  scandal)  ;  hence  or  cogn.  sla'n- 
derous  a. ,  sla'nderousL  y  2  adv. ,  sla'nder- 


ousness  n.  (Vb)  utter  s.  about,  defame  falsely ; 
hence  sla'nderER  *  n.    [f.  OF  esclandre  f.  L» 

SCANDALWWl] 

slang,  n.,  &  v.t  Words  &  phrases  in 
common  colloquial  use,  but  generally  con- 
sidered in  some  or  all  of  their  senses  to  be  out- 
side of  standard  English;  words  &  phrases 
either  entirely  peculiar  to  or  used  in  special 
senses  by  some  class  or  profession,  cant, 
{racing,  thieves',  artistic,  schoolboy,  &c,  s.); 
(vb)  use  abusive  language  to.  [perh.  f.  Norw. 
{sleng  slinging ;  slengjenamn  nickname ;  sleng- 
jeord  insult,  neologism),  cogn.  w.  sling] 

sla-ng-y  (ngi),  a.  Of  the  character  of,  given 
to  the  use  of,  slang.  Hence  sla'nglLY  2  adv., 
sla'nglNESs  n.    [-y2] 

slant,  v.i.  &  t ,  a.,  &  n.  Slope  (i.  &  t ),  diverge 
from  a  line,  lie  or  go  obliquely  to  a  vertical  or 
horizontal  line;  hence  sla'nting-LV  2  adv., 
(facet,  on  perpendicular)  slantingdicular 
or  slantendi'cular  a,  (Adj.,  chiefly  poet) 
sloping,  inclined,  oblique.  (N.)  slope,  oblique 
position,  {on  the  or  as.,  aslant),  whence  sla*nt~ 
wise  adv. ;  (archaic)  indirect  censure,  dis- 
paraging remark  ;  (Naut.)  a  s.  of  wind,  favour- 
able breeze,    [f.  Norw.  slenta  fall  aside] 

slap,  v.t,  n.,  &  adv.  Strike  with  palm  of 
hand,  smack.  (N.)  such  stroke  (.s.  in  the  face 
lit,  also  fig.  rebuff,  insult).  (Adv.)  with  the 
suddenness  or  effectiveness  or  true  aim  of 
a  blow,  suddenly,  just,  quite,  full,  {ran  s.  into 
him;  hit  me  8.  in  the  eye);  8.-bang,  violently, 
noisily,  headlong;. sla'paa'shadv.,  vehemently, 
recklessly;  sla'pdash  a.,  impetuous,  random, 
happy-go-lucky,  n.,  such  action  or  work,  also 
=  ROUGHcas£,  (v.t)  =  ROVGUcast ;  s.-up  a. 
vulg.,  quite  up  to  date,  in  the  latest  fashion, 
with  all  modern  appliances,  [imit ,  cf.  LG  slapp 
sounding  blow] 

slash,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Make  sweeping  or 
random  cut(s)  with  sword,  knife,  whip,  &c. 
{slashing  criticism,  with  outspoken  condemna- 
tion) ;  make  long  narrow  gashes  in  {slashed 
sleeve  &c,  with  slits  cut  to  show  lining  or 
puffing  of  other  material);  lash  (person  &c.) 
with  whip,  crack  (whip) ;  (Mil.)  fell  (trees)  to 
form  abatis ;  (n.)  (wound  or  slit  made  by)  slash- 
ing cut.  [f.  OF  esclachier  break  in  pieces  (ex-, 
MHG  klecken  break  with  noise) ;  perh.  w. 
mixture  of  OF  esclicier  slice] 

slat,  n.  Thin  narrow  piece  or  wood,  esp.  used 
in  sets  in  Venetian  blinds,  lath.    [var.  of  foil.  J 

slate ',  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  grey, green,  or 
bluish-purple  rock  easily  split  into  thin  flat 
smooth  plates ;  piece  of  such  plate  used  as 
roofing-material;  piece  of  it  usu.  framed  in 
wood  used,  by  school-children,  small  shop- 
keepers, &c.  for  writing  on  with  s.-pencil  or 
small  rod  of  soft  s.  {clean  the  s.,  rid  oneself  of 
or  renounce  obligations);  s.-black,  -blue,  -grey, 
modifications  of  these  tints  such  as  occur  in  s. ; 
s.-club,  mutual  benefit  society  with  small 
weekly  contributions;  s.-colour(ed),  (of)  dark 
bluish  or  greenish  grey ;  hence  sla'tv 2  a. 
(Vb)  cover  with  ss.  esp.  as  roofing ;  hence 
sla'tERi  n.  IME  s(c)lat  f.  OF  esclat  (now 
iclat)  f.  esclater  shiver  in  pieces  (LL  *ex- 
clapitare  break  with  noise  f.  LG  klappen  clap)] 

slate2,  v.t  (colloq.).  Criticize  severely  (esp. 
author  in  reviews),  scold,  rate.  Hence  sla't- 
ing](1)  n.  [earlier  sense  bait  with  dogs;  OE 
sl&tan  causative  of  slit] 

sla*ttern,n.  Sluttish  woman.  Hence  sla't- 
ternLV  1  a.,  sla'tternliNESS  n.  [perh.  for 
slattering  (obs.  slatter  be  wasteful  r.  obs.  slat 
to  splash,  cf.  ON  sletta  to  dab,  -er6)] 

slaugh'ter,  n.,  &  v.t  Slaying,  esp.  of  many 
persons  or  animals  at  once,  carnage,  massacre, 


SLAV 


816 


SLENDER 


(s.  or  massacre  of  the  innocents);  s.-house, 
shambles,  place  for  killing  cattle  or  sheep, 
place  of  carnage ;  hence  slaughterous  a. 
(rhet.),  slaughterous i. y  2  adv.  (Vb)  kill 
(people)  in  ruthless  manner  or  on  great  scale ; 
butcher,  kill  for  food ;  hence  slaugh'tePER l 
n.    [f.  ON  sldtr  meat,  cogn.  w.  slay] 

Slav  (ahv),  n.  &  a.  One  of  a  race  spread 
over  most  of  Eastern  Europe  and  including 
Russians,Bulgarians,  Ulyrians,  Poles,  Silesians, 
Pomeranians,  Bohemians,  &c;  hence  Sla'vo- 
phil,  Sla*voPHOBE,  nn.  &  aa.,  Sla#viSM(2, 3) 
n.  (Adj.)  of  the  Ss.,  Slavonic,  Slavonian,  [f. 
G  Sklave  f.  late  Gk  Sklabos,  Sklabenos,  f. 
Slavonic  (OBulg.  Slovieninu)] 

slave,  n.,  &  v.i.  Person  who  is  the  legal 
property  of  another  or  others  and  is  bound  to 
absolute  obedience,  human  chattel ;  helpless 
victim  to  or  of  some  dominating  influence  (is 
a  s.  to  drink,  the  s.  of  his  wife's  caprices,  &c. ; 
the  ss.  of  fashion) ;  drudge,  person  of  no  leisure ; 
mean  contemptible  person ;  s.-born,  in  slavery, 
of  s.  parents ;  s.-driver,  overseer  of  ss.  at  work, 
(transf.)  hard  taskmaster;  s.-grown,  (of  com- 
modities) produced  by  s. -labour;  s.-holder, 
owner  of  ss. ;  s.-hunter,  person  who  hunts  esp. 
negroes  to  sell  them  as  ss. ;  s.-ship,  employed 
in  s. -trade;  s.  States,  southern  States  of  N. 
America  in  which  slavery  prevailed  before 
civil  war;  s.-trade,  procuring,  transporting, 
&  selling  as  ss.,  of  human  beings,  esp.  African 
negroes;  so s. -trader.  (Vb)  work  like  s., drudge, 
[f.  F  esclave  f.  LL  sclavus  Slavonian  captive  f. 
late  Gk  Sklabos  slav] 

sla'vep  1,  n.  Ship  or  person  engaged  in  slave- 
trade.    [-ER  *] 

sla'vep 2,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Let  spittle  flow  from 
mouth ;  let  one's  spittle  fall  upon  (garment  Sec, 
or  another's  cheek  in  kissing).  (N.)  spittle 
running  from  mouth,  (fig.)  fulsome  or  servile 
flattery;  hence  sla'vepy1  [-Y2]  a.  [f.  ON 
slafra,  cf.  LG  slabbern] 

sla'vepy2  (for  s.1  see  prec),  n.  Condition  of 
a  slave;  slave-holding;  exhausting  labour, 
drudgery,    [-ery] 

sla'vey,  n.  (slang).  Maid-servant,  esp.  in 
lodgings  or  boarding-house.    [-Y3] 

Sla'vle  (-ah-),  a.  &  n.  (.Language)  of  the 
Slavs,  Slavonic,    [-ic] 

sla'vish,  a.  As  of,  having  the  characteristics 
of,  slaves,  abject,  servile,  base.  (s.  imitation, 
without  any  attempt  at  development  or  origin- 
ality).   Hence  sla'vlshLY2  adv.,  sla'vish- 

NESS  n.     [-ISH  *] 

Slavd'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Language,  member)  of 
the  Slav  race ;  (inhabitant)  of  the  Austrian 
district  Slavonia.  [f.  med.  L  S(c)lavonia  country 
of  Slavs,  -an] 

Slavd'nie,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  the  Slavs. 
Hence  Slav6*niciZE(3)  v.t.    [as  prec,  -ic] 

slay,  v.t.  (slew  pr.  -00,  slain).  Kill  (chiefly 
poet.,  rhet,  or  facet. ;  often  abs.,  as  went  forth 
slaying  &  spoiling).  Hence  (-)slayER1  n. 
[OE  slean,  cf.  Du.  slaan,  G.  schlagen,  strike] 

sled,  sledge ',  sleigh  (a),  nn.,  &  vv.i.  &  t. 
"Vehicle  on  runners  instead  of  wheels  for  con- 
veying loads  or  passengers  esp.  over  snow 
drawn  by  horses  or  dogs  or  reindeer  or  pushed 
or  pulled  by  hand,  toboggan,  (sled  now  little 
used  in  England  except  of  structure  on  runners 
for  dragging  loads  in  agriculture ;  sleigh  chiefly 
of  runner-carriage  for  driving  over  snow; 
sledge  in  all  senses) ;  sleigh-bell,  one  of  the  tink- 
ling bells  often  attached  to  harness  of  s.-horse 
Sec;  (vv.)  travel,  go,  convey,  in  s.  [(sled)  ME 
slede  f.  MDu.  sledde  cogn.  w.  slide  ;  sledge 
perh.  by  assim.  to  foil.;  sleigh  (-gh  arbitrary) 
shortened  f.  sled,  cf.  Du.  slee  for  slede] 


sledge^-hammep),  n.  Blacksmith's  large 
heavy  hammer.  [OE  slecg  (slean  smite,  slay), 
cf.  Du.  slegge)] 

sleek,  a.,  &  v.t.  Smooth  &  soft  &  glossy  (of 
hair,  fur,  skin,  or  animal  or  person  with  such 
hair  &c);  hence  slee'ki.Y2  adv.,  slee'kNESs 
n.;  (vb)  make  s.  esp.  by  stroking  or  pressing 
down.  [f.  ON  slikr,  cf.  Du.  slijk,  G  schlick, 
grease,  &  slick] 

sleep ',  n.  Bodily  condition,  normally  recur- 
ring every  night  &  lasting  several  hours,  in 
which  nervous  system  is  inactive,  eyes  are 
closed,  muscles  relaxed,  &  consciousness  nearly 
suspended,  prolonged  similar  condition  of  hi- 
bernating animals,  (beauty  .<?.;  the  s.  of  the 
just,  sound ;  s.  that  knoios  not  breaking,  death ; 
broken  s.,  with  disturbed  intervals;  go  to  s., 
fall  asleep ;  fall  on  s.  archaic,  go  to  s.,  fig.  die) ; 
a  period  of  or  single  indulgence  in  s.  (shall  try 
to  get  a  s.) ;  (fig.)  rest,  quiet,  negligence,  death, 
Sec;  s.-walker,  -walking,  somnambulist,  -ism. 
Hence  slee'pLESS  a.,  slee'plessLv 2  adv., 
slee'plessNESS  n.  [OE  slxp,  cf.  Du.  slaap,  G 
schlaf,  cogn.  w.  LG  slap,  G  schlaff,  loose] 

sleep2,  v.i.  &  t.  (slept).  Be  immersed  in  s., 
fall  or  be  asleep,  (let  sleeping  dogs  lie,  avoid 
stirring  up  trouble ;  8.  on,  upon,  over,  a  ques- 
tion, leave  it  till  tomorrow ;  s.theclock  round3); 
spend  in  or  affect  by  sleeping  (s.  the  hours 
away;  slept  off  his  vexation,  headache,  de- 
bauch) ;  be  inactive  or  dormant  (sword  sleeps  in 
the  scabbard ;  top  sleeps,  spins  so  steadily  as  to 
seem  motionless;  sleeping  partner ,  not  sharing 
management) ;  lie  in  the  grave;  provide  sleep- 
ing accommodation  for  (lodging-house  sleeps 
300  men) ;  sleeping-bag,  for  sleeping  out-of-doors 
in  ;  sleeping-car  (riage),  railway  wagon  provid- 
ed with  beds ;  sleeping-draught,  opiate ;  sleep- 
ing-sickness, W.-Afr.  disease  with  headache, 
drowsiness,  &  emaciation,  usu.  fatal;  sleeping- 
suit,  pyjamas.  [OE  slxpan,  cf.  Du.  slapen,  G 
schlaf  en,  Se  see  prec] 

slee'pep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also,  wooden 
beam  or  piece  of  other  material  used  as  support 
for  rails  &c. ;  =  sleep  ^ing-car.    [-er  *] 

slee'py,  a.  Drowsy,  ready  for  sleep ;  habitu- 
ally indolent,  unobservant,  &c;  without  stir  or 
bustle  (a  s.  little  town);  (of  fruit,  esp.  pears)  in- 
sipid &  dry  with  incipient  decay ;  sleepyhead, 
s.  or  inattentive  person  (esp.  in  voc).  Hence 
slee'piLY2  adv.,  slee'piNESS  n.    [-Y2] 

sleet,  n.,  &  v.i.  impers.  Hail  or  snow  falling 
mixed  with  rain ;  (vb)  it  sleets  Sec,  s.  falls. 
Hence  slee'tv  -  a.,  slee'tiNESS  n.  [cf.  EFris. 
slaite  hail,  G  schlosse  hailstone] 

sleeve,  n.  Part  of  garment  that  covers  arm 
(lawn1  ss.;  LEG-of-mutton  s.;  mandarin  s., 
loose  &  open  below  elbow;  laugh  in  one's  s., 
slyly,  secretly;  have  card,  plan.  Sec,  up  one's 
s.,  in  reserve,  concealed  but  ready  for  use ;  wear 
one's  heart  upon  one's  s.) ;  tube  enclosing  rod 
or  smaller  tube  ;  s.-coupling,  tube  for  connect- 
ing shafts  or  pipes ;  s.-fish.  kind  of  cuttlefish, 
squid ;  s.-link,  two  buttons  linked  for  fastening 
wristband ;  s.-nut,  long  nut  with  right-hand  & 
left-hand  screw-threads  for  drawing  together 
pipes  or  shafts  conversely  threaded.  Hence 
(-)sleevED2,  slee'veLESS,  aa.  [OE  slyf,  cogn. 
w.  slip  ;  cf.  G  schlaube  husk] 

sleigh.    See  sled. 

sleight  (-it),  n.  Dexterity,  cunning,  decep- 
tive trick  or  device  or  movement,  (archaic) ;  s.- 
of-hand,  juggling,  legerdemain,  prestidigita- 
tion, Quickness  of  hand  in  fencing  &c  [f.  ON 
slxgdh  (slxgr  sly,  -th  j)] 

sle'ndep,  a.  Of  small  girth  or  breadth,  slim, 
not  stout,  (.9.  stem,  waist,  pillar,  girl,  hand); 
scanty,  slight,  meagre,  inadequate,  relatively 


SLEPT 


817 


SLIP 


small,  (s.  hopes,  means,  store,  income,  acquain- 
tance with,  subject,  foundations  J  or  belie/). 
Hence  sle'ndePLV*  adv.,  sle'nderNESs  n. 
It  OF  esclendre  f.  MDu.  slinaer,  prob.  cogn.  w. 
slide,  cf.  G  schlendern  loiterj 

slept.    See  sleep*. 

sleuah-hound  (-loo-,  -lu-),  n.  Blood-hound 
(lit.  fit  fig.),    [sleuth  var.  of  slot2] 

slew1,  slue,  (-00),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Turn  or 
swing  forcibly  or  with  effort  out  of  the  forward 
or  ordinary  position  (often  round,  to  the  lejt, 
6cc.) ;  (n.)  such  change  of  position.    |?J 

slew2.    See  slay. 

slice,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Thin  broad  piece  or 
wedge  cut  off  or  out  esp.  from  meat,  bread,  or 
cake;  share,  part  taken  or  allotted,  (a  s.  of 
territory,  of  the  profits,  &c.) ;  kinds  of  imple- 
ment with  thin  broad  blade  e.g.  {also fish-s.)  for 
helping  fish,  (also  s.-bar)  for  clearing  furnace- 
bars  of  clinker,  or  for  lifting  things  out  of  fry- 
ing-pan &c.  (Vb)  cut  (often  up)  into  ss.,  cut 
(piece)  o#adv.  or  prep.,  go  through  (air  &c.) 
with  cutting  motion ;  make  incorrect  slicing 
motion  with  oar  (also  trans,  s.  the  water)  or 
golf-club  (also  trans,  s.  the  ball),  [vb  f.  n.,  f. 
OF  esclice  splinter  (esclicier  f.  Teut,  cf.  slit)] 

slick,  a.  &  adv.  (colloq.).  Dextrous,  not  mar- 
red by  bungling,  carried  smoothly  through ; 
simple,  absolute,  unqualified,  mere,  (did  it  out 
of  s.  perversity) ;  (adv.)  directly,  exactly,  com- 
pletely, (came  s.  into  the  middle  of  them ;  hit 
him  s.  in  the  eye ;  bowled  his  middle  stump  s. 
out  of  the  ground),    [var.  of  sleek] 

slide  *,  v.i.  &  t.  (slid).  Progress  along  smooth 
surface  with  continuous  friction  on  same  part 
of  object  progressing  (cf.  roll;  slid  sitting 
down  a  grass  slope ;  piston  slides  noiselessly  up 
&  down),  make  move  thus  (s.  the  drawer  into 
its  place)',  glide  over  ice  on  both  feet  without 
skates  with  momentum  got  by  running  (s.  over 
delicate  subject,  barely  touch  upon  it) ;  glide, 
go  smoothly  along;  go  without  interference 
(let  things  .<?.,  be  negligent);  go  unconsciously 
or  by  imperceptible  degrees  (slides  into  sin  ;  s. 
from  one  note  to  another  in  music) ;  sliding- 
door,  drawn  across  aperture  on  8.  instead  of 
turning  on  hinges ;  sliding-keel,  CENTRE-board ; 
sliding,  s.,  -rule,  graduated,  with  sliding  part 
for  doing  certain  mathematical  processes  auto- 
matically ;  sliding-scale,  schedule  for  automati- 
cally varying  one  thing  (esp.  tax,  wages,  prices) 
in  direct  or  inverse  proportion  to  fluctuations 
of  another ;  sliding-seat,  mounted  on  runners 
esp.  in  racing  boats  to  lengthen  rower's  or  scul- 
ler's stroke.  Hence  sli'dER](l,  2)  n.,  sli*dABLE 
a.    [OE  -slidan,  cf.  foil.] 

slide2,  n.  Track  on  ice  made  by  persons' 
sliding;  slope  prepared  with  snow  or  ice  for 
tobogganing  ;  act  of  sliding  ;  inclined  plane 
down  which  goods  &c.  s.  to  lower  level,  shute  ; 
(also  s.-wap)  part(s)  of  machine  on  or  between 
which  sliding  part  works ;  part  of  machine  or 
instrument  that  slides,  (also  s.-valve)  sliding 
piece  that  opens  and  closes  aperture  by  sliding 
across  it ;  thing  slid  into  place,  esp.  glass  hold- 
ing object  for  microscope  or  magic-lantern  pic- 
ture, [in  most  senses  f.  prec;  also  OE  slide  a 
slip  ;  cf.  G  schlitten  sledge] 

slight  1  (-it),  a.  Slender,  slim,  frail-looking, 
(saw  a  s.  figure  approaching  ;  supported  by  a 
s.  framework) ;  a  or  some  inconsiderable  (has 
a  s.  cold  ;  took  a  s.  repast ;  have  made  a  s.  in- 
quiry, some  s.  inquiries,  into  it) ;  not  much  or 
great  or  thorough,  inadequate,  scanty,  not  even 
the  smallest,  (after  s.  inquiry ;  did  it  with  s. 
inconvenience  to  himself;  there  is  not  the 
slightest  excuse  for  it ;  a  conclusion  based  on 
very  s.  observation ;  a  structure  raised  on  s. 


foundations ;  paid  him  s.  attention).  Hence 
sliglrtiSH  i(2)  a.,  sligh'tLv2  adv.,  sligh-t- 
ness  n.  [f.  MDu.  slicht  plain,  even  ;  cf.  G 
schlecht  bad,  schlicht  smooth] 

slight 2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Treat  or  speak  of  (person, 
branch  of  study,  &c.)  as  not  worth  attention, 
fail  in  courtesy  or  respect  towards,  markedly 
neglect;  hence  sligh'tingLY 2  adv.  (N.) 
marked  piece  of  neglect,  omission  of  due  re- 
spect &c,  (put  a  s.  upon,  s.).    [f.  prec] 

sli'ly,  var.  of  slyZj/. 

slim,  a.  Of  small  girth  or  thickness,  slender- 
ly built,  of  slight  shape ;  (f.  S.-Afr.  Du.)  clever 
in  stratagem,  crafty,  unscrupulous.  Hence 
sli'mLY  adv.,  sli'mmiSH  ](2)  a.,  sli'mNESS  n. 
[earlier  sense  sly,  cf.  G  schlimm  bad,  cunning] 

slime,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Fine  oozy  mud  or  other 
substance  of  similar  consistency,  e.g.  liquid 
bitumen  or  mucous  exudation  of  fish  &c;  s.- 

f'land  in  molluscs  &c.  secreting  s. ;  s.-pit,  of 
iquid  bitumen.  (Vb)  cover  with  s.  (esp.  of 
snake  preparing  prey  for  gorging;  (slang)  get 
through,  away,  past,  out  of  it.  See,  by  physical 
or  moral  slipperiness.  [OE  slim,  cf.  Du.  slijm, 
G  schleim,  also  L  limus  mud] 

sll'my,  a.  Of  the  consistency  of  slime ; 
covered  or  smeared  with  or  full  of  slime  ;  slip- 
pery, hard  to  hold ;  cringingly  dishonest ;  re- 
pulsively meek  or  flattering.  Hence  sli'mi  1  .\  2 
adv.,  sli'miNESS  n.    [-y2J 

sling- 1,  v.t.  &  i.  (slung),  &  n.  Throw  (rare; 
s.  ink  slang,  be  an  author  or  journalist,  write) ; 
hurl  (stone  &c.)  from  s.,  use  s.,  whence  sli'ng- 
er1  (-ng)  n. ;  suspend  with  s.,  allow  to  swing 
suspended,  arrange  so  as  to  be  supported  from 
above,  hoist  or  transfer  with  s. ;  s.-cart,  in 
which  load  is  slung  from  axletree ;  slung-shot, 
metal  ball  attached  by  thong  &c.  to  wrist  & 
used  esp.  by  criminals  as  weapon.  (N.)  strap 
or  string  used  with  the  hand  to  give  impetus 
to  small  missile ;  kinds  of  apparatus  used  to 
support  hanging  weight,  e.g.  injured  arm,  rifle, 
ship's  boat,  goods  being  transferred ;  s.-dog, 
one  of  pair  of  hooks  used  to  grapple  goods  for 
hoisting,  [n.  f.  vb,  f.  ON  slyngva,  cf.  Gschlingen 
entwine,  twist] 

sling  \  n.  (chiefly  U.S.).  Kind  of  toddy  (esp. 
gin-s.).    [perh.  f.  G  schlingen  swallow] 

slink1,  v.i.  (slunk  or  rarely  slank,  slunk). 
Go  in  secretive  manner  or  with  guilty  or 
ashamed  or  sneaking  air  (usu.  off,  away,  by, 
&c).    [OE  slincan,  cf.  G  schleichen] 

slink2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Of  animal)  miscarry, 
produce  (young,  or  abs.)  prematurely.  (N.) 
animal,  esp.  calf,  so  born  ;  its  flesh  ;  s.-butcher, 
who  deals  in  8.    [perh.  var.  of  sling  *] 

slip1,  v.i.  &  t.  Slide  unintentionally  for 
short  distance,  lose  footing  or  balance  or  place 


by  unintended  sliding,  (slipped  in  the  mud  or 

nket  slippe 
foot  slips  out  of  stirrup,  ring  off  finger) ;  go 


over  the  edge  and  fell ;  blanket  slipped  off  bed  ; 


with  sliding  motion  (as  the  door  closes  the  catch 
slips  into  place ;  s.  along  slang,  go  at  great 
speed) ;  escape  restraint  or  capture  by  being 
slippery  or  hard  to  hold  or  by  not  being  grasped 
(eel,  opportunity,  slipped  through  his  fingers  ; 
let  reins  s.  out  of  his  hands  ;  let  s.  the  dogs  of 
war  poet.,  begin  war) ;  make  way  unobserved 
or  quietly  or  quickly  (how  time  slips  away  ! ;  s. 
out  of  the  room ;  s.  off 'or  away,  depart  without 
leave-taking  &c. ;  just  s.  across  to  the  baker's ; 
errors  will  s.  in) ;  make  careless  mistake  (slips 
now  &  then  in  his  grammar);  let  go  from  re- 
straint of  some  kind  (s.  greyhounds,  from 
leash ;  s.  anchor,  detach  ship  from  it ;  cow 
slips  its  calf,  produces  it  prematurely) ;  pull 
(garment  &c.)  hastily  on,  off;  insert  stealthily 
or  casually  or  with  gliding  motion  (slipped 


SLIP 


818 


SLOPPY 


half-a-crown  into  the  porter's  hand,  a  white 
powder  into  her  glass,  the  papers  into  his 
pocket,  a  marker  between  the  pages) ;  escape 
from,  give  the  s.  to,  {dog  slips  his  collar,  pri- 
soner his  guard  ;  the  point  had  slipped  my  at- 
tention). [ME  slippen ;  cogn.  w.  OE  slupan, 
also  w.  G  schleifen  polish  &  tschliipf  en  slip,  &L 
lubricus  slippery] 

slip  2,  n.  Act  of  slipping,  blunder,  accidental 
piece  of  misconduct,  (a  s.  on  apiece  of  orange- 
peel  may  be  fatal ;  there's  many  a  s.  twixt  the 
cup  &the  lip,  nothing  is  certain  till  it  has  hap- 
pened ;  give  one  the  s.,  escape  from  him  ;  s.  of 
the  tongue,  pen,  thing  said  or  written  accident- 
ally for  something  else ;  a  few  ss.  in  youth  are 
inevitable) ;  kinds  of  loose  covering  or  garment, 
e.g.  pillow-case,  under-bodice,  petticoat,  pina- 
fore ;  leash  for  slipping  dogs,  device  for  sud- 
denly loosing  clip  or  attachment ;  inclined 
f)lane  on  which  ships  are  built  or  repaired; 
ong  narrow  strip  of  wood,  paper,  &c,  printer's 
proof  on  such  paper ;  cutting  taken  from  plant 
for  grafting  or  planting,  scion,  (a  s.  of  a  boy, 
slim  boy) ;  one  of  the  fielders  (short,  long,  s.) 
stationed  for  balls  glancing  off  bat  to  off  side 
behind  batsman,  (sing,  or  pi.)  this  part  of 
ground  (was  caught  in  the  ss.  or  at  8.) ;  (with- 
out pi.  or  article)  semifluid  clay  for  coating  or 
making  pattern  on  earthenware ;  (Theatr. ;  pi.) 
part  from  which  scenes  are  slipped  on,  part 
where  actors  stand  before  entering,    [f.  prec] 

slip-,  comb,  form  of  slip  l>  2.  S.-carriage, 
railway  carriage  on  express  for  casting  loose  at 
station  where  rest  of  train  does  not  stop;  s.- 
cover,  of  calico  &c.  for  furniture  out  of  use ;  s.- 
dock,  dock  with  sloping  floor ;  s.-galley,  long 
narrow  tray  for  holding  composed  type;  s.-hook, 
with  contrivance  for  loosing  it  readily  at  need; 
s.-knot,  that  can  be  undone  Dy  a  pull,  also  knot 
that  slips  up  &  down  string  &  tightens  or  loosens 
loop  ;  s.-rope,  with  both  ends  on  board  so  that 
casting  loose  either  end  frees  ship  from  moor- 
ings ;  slipshod,  having  shoes  down  at  heel, 
slovenly,  (fig.,  of  speech,  writing,  speaker, 
writer,  method  of  work,  &c.)  negligent,  care- 
less, unsystematic,  casual,  loose  in  arrange- 
ment; si ipslop,= slipshod  (fig.),  (as  n.)  slipshod 
writing  &c,  also  (as  redupl.  of  slop)  washy  stuff 
lit.  or  fig.,  weak  drink,  slops,  sentimental  talk 
or  writing ;  slipway,  inclined  plane  in  s.-dock. 

sli'ppep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Loose  comfortable  indoor 
shoe  (HVST^-the-s.;  beds.,  s. -shaped  BED^pan), 
whence  sli'ppePED2  a.;  skid  or  shoe  placed 
under  wagon-wheel  as  drag ;  person  who  slips 
greyhounds  in  coursing-match ;  s.-bath,  shaped 
like  s.,  with  covered  end  ;  slipperwort,  calceo- 
laria. (Vb)  chastise  (child  &c.)  with  s.;  hence 
sli-pperi  no  Hi)  n.    [-er  l] 

sli-ppepy,  a.  (Of  ground)  hard  to  stand  on, 
causing  slips  by  its  smoothness  or  muddiness, 
(fig.,  of  subject)  requiring  tactful  handling ;  (of 
object  or  person)  hard  to  hold  firmly  owing  to 
polish  or  sliminess  or  elusive  motion,  (fig.)  un- 
reliable, incalculable,  shifty,  unscrupulous. 
Hence  sli'pperiLY2  adv.,  sli'pperiNESS  n. 
[f.  OE  sliper  slippery  (cf.  slip1),  -v2J 

sli'ppy,  a.  Slippery  (vulg.);  look  or  be  s. 
slang,  look  sharp,  make  haste.    [- v  2] 

slit,  v.t.  &  i.  (slit),  &  n.  Cut  or  (t.  &  i.)  tear 
lengthwise,  make  long  incision  or  rent  in,  cut 
into  strips,  (threatened  to  s.  his  nose,  tongue, 
&c.;  s.  one's  weasand,  cut  his  throat ;  s.  hide 
into  thongs,  sheet  of  metal  into  strips  or  rods ; 
i/  you  strain  it  too  hard  it  will  s.;  has  s.  my 
coat-sleeve  from  shoulder  to  wrist) ;  slitting- 
rollers,  ribbed  pair  fitting  into  each  other  & 
slitting  metal  sheet  by  pressure.  (N.)  long  in- 
cision ;  long  narrow  opening  comparable  to  cut 


(a  s.  is  provided  for  the  coin  to  drop  through  ; 
the  windows  are  mere  ss.;  the  ss.  on  the  neck 
are  gill-openings).  [ME  slitten  (w.  change  of 
vowel)  f.  OE  slitan,  cf.  Du.  slijten  wear  out,  G 
schleissen  &  schlitzen  slit ;  cogn.  w.  slice] 

sli'ther  (-dh-),  v.i.  (colloq.).  Slide  unsteadily, 
go  with  irregular  slipping  motion,  [var.  of 
obs.  slidder  cf.  slide  &  OE  slidor  slippery] 

sli'vep,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Piece  of  wood  torn 
from  tree  or  timber,  splinter,  (vb,  break  t.  &  i. 
off  as  s.,  break  t.  &  i.  up  into  ss.) ;  (in  fishing  ; 
pr.  sli-)  side  of  small  fish  cut  off  as  bait  (vb,  cut 
ss.  from),    [f.  obs.  slive  vb  f.  OE  slifan  +  -er  5] 

slo'bber,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Run  at  the  mouth  in 
infantile  helplessness  or  maudlin  emotion  ;  wet 
(clothes,  other  person  in  kissing)  with  saliva ;  do 
(task)  badly,  botch,  bungle.  (N.)  running  saliva ; 
maudlin  talk,  emotion,  or  kisses ;  hence  slo'b- 
ber y  2  a.,  slo-bberi.N  ess  n.  [var.  of  slubber] 

sloe,  n.  (Small  bluish-black  plum,  fruit  of) 
black  Hhorn  (s.-gin,  liqueur  of  ss.  steeped  in 
gin).  [OE  sld,  cf.  Du.  slee ;  pern,  cogn.  w.  L 
lividus] 

sloe-worm.    Corrupt  of  slow- worm. 

slog*,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Hit(i.  &  t)  hard  &  wildly 
esp.  in  boxing  &  at  cricket ;  hence  slo'ggKH  l 
n.  (N.)  hard  random  hit.  [perh.  cogn.  w.  slay] 

slo'gran,  n.  (Sc).   Highland  war-cry.  [f.  Gael. 


sUiaghghairm  (sluagh  hostfj/airm  outcry] 

ip.     . 
in  schools,  [f.  Sw.  slbjd  skill,  cogn.  w.  sleight] 


igngaa 

sloid,  n.   A  system  (orig.  Finnish)  of  manual 
training,  esp.  by  means  of  wood-carving,  used 


sloop,  n.  Small  one-masted  f  ore-&-af  t-rigged 
vessel  with  mainsail  &  jib,  &  usu.  gaff-topsail 
&  fore-staysail ;  s.-rigged,  rigged  like  s.  [f.  Du. 
sloep  f.  LG  sluup  (slupen  glide  along,  cogn.  w. 
slip  *) ;  doublet  of  shallop] 

slop  i,  n.  (in  pi.  only),  &  v.i.  &  t  (PI.)  dirty 
water  or  liquid,  waste  contents  of  kitchen  or 
bedroom  vessels;  (pi.)  liquid  food,  as  broth, 
gruel,  &c,  non-alcoholic  drinks ;  s.-basin,  for  re- 
ceiving dregs  of  cups  at  table;  s.-pail,  for  re- 
moving bedroom  ss.  (Vb)  spill  (i.  &  t),  (allow 
to)  flow  over  edge  of  vessel,  (often  over,  out) ; 
make  mess  with  ss.  (or  with  ss.  as  subj.)  upon 
(clothes,  floor) ;  s.  over  fig.,  gush,  be  maudlin, 
[earlier sense  in  sing,  puddle;  OE  -sloppe  liquid 
droppings,  cogn.  w.  slip] 

slop2,  n.  (in  pi.  only).  (Archaic)  wide  knicker- 
bockers; ready-made  clothing,  clothes  &  bed- 
ding supplied  to  sailors  in  navy;  s.-room,  from 
which  ss.  are  issued  on  man-of-war;  s.-seller, 
-shop,  of  ready-made  clothes,  [f.  ON  sloppr 
gown,  cogn.  w.  slip] 

slope,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t  Inclined  position  or  di- 
rection, the  having  of  one  end  or  side  at  higher 
level  than  the  other,  difference  in  level  between 
two  ends  or  sides  of  thing,  the  lying  in  a  line 
neither  parallel  nor  perpendicular  to  level 
ground  or  a  line  serving  as  standard,  (there  is 
always  a  certain  s.  in  a  ship's  deck  ;  cut  this 
side  straight  &  the  other  with  a  s.  to  the  right ; 
the  whole  s.  may  amount  to  2  ft) ;  piece  of  rising 
or  falling  ground,  incline ;  position  of  soldier 
with  rifle  sloped  (come  to  the  s.);  hence  slo'pe- 
wise  adv.  (Vb)  have  or  show  s.,  lie  or  tend 
obliquely  esp.  to  ground  level,  slant  esp.  up  or 
down,  whence  slo'ping-LY  2  adv.;  place  or  ar- 
range or  make  in  or  at  a  s.  (s.  arms,  place  rifle 
at  a  s.  over  shoulder ;  must  s.  the  sides  of  the 
pit) ;  (slang)  make  off,  go  away,  also  saunter, 
walk  about,    [cogn.  w.  slip] 

slo'ppy,  a.  (Of  road)  wet  with  rain,  full  of 
puddles;  (of  floor,  table,  &c.)  wet  with  slops, 
having  water  &c.  spilt  on  it ;  (of  work)  unsyste- 
matic, not  thorough ;  (of  sentiment  or  talk) 
weakly  emotional,  maudlin.  Hence  slo'ppi- 
ly  2  adv.,  slo'ppiNESS  n.    [slop »f  -y  2] 


SLOSH 


819 


SLUT 


slosh  &c.    See  slush  &c. 

slot J,  n.,  &  v.t.  Groove,  channel,  slit,  or  long 
aperture,  made  in  machine  &c.  to  admit  some 
other  part,  esp.  slit  for  penny  or  other  coin  that 
sets  working  a  s.-machine  or  automatic  retailer 
of  small  wares ;  stage  trapdoor ;  (vb)  provide 
with  slot(s).     [perh.  f.  Du.  sloot  ditch] 

slot 2,  n.  Track  of  deer  esp.  as  shown  by  foot- 
prints. [ME  slooth  (cf.  Sc.  sleuth)  t  ON slodh 
trail  in  snow  &c] 

sloth,  n.  Laziness,  indolence, whence  slo'th- 
ful  a.,  slo'thfulLY  2  adv.,  slo'thfulNESS  n.; 
kinds  of  S.-Amer.  mammal  with  curved  long- 
clawed  feet  living  entirely  in  trees  &  capable 
only  of  very  slow  motion  on  ground ;  s.-bear, 
large-lipped  black  shaggy  honey-eating  bear  of 
India  &  Ceylon ;  s.-monkey,  kind  of  loris.  [ME 
slouthe  (slow,  -th  *)] 

slouch  (-owtsh),  v.L  &  t.,  &  n.  Droop,  hang 
down  negligently ;  go  or  stand  or  sit  with  loose 
ungainly  attitude ;  bend  one  side  of  brim  of 
(hat)  downwards  (opp.  cock) ;  hence  sloirch- 
ing-LY  2  adv.  (N.)  slouching  attitude  or  walk, 
stoop,  downward  bend  of  hat-brim  (opp.  cock) ; 
(slang)  incompetent  or  slovenly  worker  or  opera- 
tor or  performance  (esp.  is  no  s.  at,  this  show 
Sec.  is  nos.);  s.-hat,  with  slouched  brim.  [f.  ON 
slokr  slouching  fellow,  cogn.  w.  slack] 

slough  *  (-ow),  n.  Quagmire,  swamp,  miry 
place,  (the  S.  ofVespond,  state  of  hopeless  floun- 
dering in  sin).  Hence  slough'y1  [-Y2]a.  [OE 
sloh,  cogn.  w.  G  schlingen  swallow  up] 

slough2  (-uf),  n.,  &  v.L  &  t.  Snake's  cast 
skin,  any  part  that  an  animal  casts  or  moults ; 
dead  tissue  that  drops  off  from  living  flesh  &c; 
hence  slou'ghy  2  [- v  2]  a.  ( Vb)  drop  off  (t.  &  i. ; 
often  off,  away,  esp.  in  intr.  sense)  as  s.;  cast 
off  s.  [cogn.  w.  Da.  slug  gullet,  cf.  G  schlucken 
swallow,  schlauch  skin,  bag] 

Slova'k,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  a  North-Hun- 
garian Slav  race.    [Boh.] 

slo'ven  (-u),  n.  Personally  untidy  or  dirty, 
careless  &  lazy,  or  unmethodical  person.  Hence 
slo'venLV 1  a.,  slo'venliNESs  n.,  slo'venLY2 
adv.  (archaic),   [f.  MDu.  slof  sloven  +  -ain  -an] 

Slove-ne,  n.,  Slovenian,  a.  &  n.  (Mem- 
ber) of  Slav  race  in  Stvria,  Carinthia,  &c. ;  (-ian) 
language  of  the  Ss.    If.  Gk  Sklabenos  slav] 

slow  (-6),  a.,  adv.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Not  quick,  de- 
ficient in  speed,  taking  a  long  time  to  traverse 
a  distance  or  do  a  thing,  (s.  &  steady  wins  the 
race ;  s.  &  sure,  haste  is  risky ;  s.  march,  of 
troops  in  funeral  procession  &c. ;  s.  music),  gra- 
dual (s.  growth,  progress),  whence  sIowly2 
adv.;  tardy,  reluctant,  lingering,  (was  not  s.  to 
defend  himself),  not  hasty  or  easily  moved  {is  s. 
to  anger);  (of  clock  &c,  usu.  pred.)  behind  cor- 
rect time  (is  2(?  s.);  dull-witted,  stupid,  (iss.  of 
speech,  of  wit,  whence  slow-wittED2  a.,  &c); 
deficient  in  interest  or  liveliness,  dull,  tedious, 
(entertainment  wax  voted  s.);  slowcoach,  per- 
son s.  in  action,  dull  of  wit,  or  behind  the  times 
in  opinions  &c;  s.-match,  s. -burning  for  ignit- 
ing explosives ;  s.-worm,  see  foil.;  hence  slow- 
ness  n.  (Adv.,  compar.  -er,  sup.  -est)  at  s.  pace, 
slowly,  (being  ousted  by  slowly,  but  still  com- 
mon when  the  adv.  &  not  the  vb  gives  the  es- 
sential point,  as  how  s.  he  climbs  !,  please  read 
or  go  s.  or  sloicer,  xcatch  goes  s.,  cf.  I  saw  a  man 
climb  slowly  up ;  placed  always  after  vb  exc. 
in  excl.  with  how  or  in  comb,  with  part,  as  s.- 
going,  -moving).  (Vb)  reduce  one's  speed,  re- 
duce speed  of  (train,  ship,  &c),  (usu.  down,  up, 
off).    [OE  slow,  cf.  Du.  sleeuw] 

slow-worm  (-6-),  n.  Small  harmless  reptile 
between  snakes  &  lizards,  blind-worm.  [OE 
sld-wyrm.  prob.  f.  st.  of  slay,  worm,  orig.  sense 
being  striking  ivormvr.  ref.  to  supposed  venom] 


slu b,  n. ,  &  v. t.    Wool  slightly  twisted  as  pre- 


paration for  spinning ;  (vb)  twist  thus.  [?] 
slu'bber,  v.t.  &  i.    Do  carelessly  or  bi 

lingly ;  slaver,  slobber,  [f.  Da.  slubbre  slai 
sludge,    n.      Thick  greasy    mud.      Hence 


slu'dg-Y2  a.    [ME  sluche,  cogn.  w.  sleek] 

slue.    See  slew  K 

slug,  n. ,  &  v. i.  1.  Kinds  of  shell-less  snail  de- 
structive to  small  plants ;  (vb)  collect  &  destroy 
ss.  in  garden  &c.  2.  Bullet  of  irregular  shape ; 
roundish  lump  of  metal,  [sense  1  f.  obs.  n.  = 
sluggard  ;  sense  2  either  f.  1  w.  ref.  to  shape, 
or  as  1  w.  ref.  to  weight,  or  f.  obs.  slug  =  slog] 

slu'g-abed,  n.  (archaic).  Person  who  lies 
late  in  bed.    [as  foil.,  abed] 

slu'ggard,  n.  Lazy  sluggish  person,  [f.  obs. 
slug  be  slothful  f.  Da.  slug,  S w.  sloka,  droop,  + 
-ard  ;  cogn.  w.  slouch] 

slu'ggish,  a.  Inert,  inactive,  torpid,  indo- 
lent, slow-moving,  (a  s.  stream,  circulation, 
temper,  person).  Hence  slu*ggishLY2adv., 
slu'g-gishNEss  n.  [obs.  slug  sluggard,  -ish  *] 

sluice  (sloos),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.     (Also  s.-gate, 


valve)  sliding  gate  or  other  contrivance  for 
shanging  level  of  a  body  of  water  by  controlling 
flow  into  or  out  of  it,  floodgate ;  water  above 


or  below  or  issuing  through  floodgate ;  (also 
s.-way)  artificial  water-channel.  (Vb)  provide 
with  sluice(s) ;  flood  with  water  from  s.;  rinse ; 
pour  or  throw  water  freely  upon ;  (of  water) 
rush  out  &c.  (as)  from  s.  [f.  OF  escluse  f.  LL 
exclusa  floodgate  (orig.  fern.  p.p.  see  exclude)] 

slum,  n.,  &  v.i.  Dirty  back  street  or  court  or 
alley  in  city.  (Vb)  go  about  the  ss.  to  visit 
or  examine  condition  of  inhabitants;  hence 
slu'mmERi  n.  [perh.  cogn.  w.  dial,  slump 
muddy  place,  cf.  slump] 

slu-mber,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Sleep  (distinguished 
in  sense  only  by  an  implication  of  comfort  or 
ease,  which  is  not  invariable,  e.g.  fell  into  a 
troubled  s.;  &  in  use  by  a  rhet.  or  poet,  tinge  ; 
the  n.  is  often  in  pi.,  as  his  ss.  were  interrupted 
by  a  knock) ;  s.  away,  waste  (time)  in  s.  Hence 
slu*mb(e)pous  a.,  slu'mb(e)rousLY2  adv., 
slu'mbePER l  n.  [earlier  sense  doze ;  n.  f.  vb, 
f.  ME  slumen  (slume  n.  f.  OE  sluma)  +  -er5; 
-b-  as  in  number  ;  cf.  G  schlummern] 

slump,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (slang).  Sudden  or  rapid  or 
great  fall  in  prices  or  diminution  of  demand  for 
commodity  or  interest  taken  in  subject  or  un- 
dertaking; (vb)  undergo  s.,  fall  in  price,  fall 
through,  fail  utterly,  [f.  obs.  or  dial,  vb  =  fall 
through  ice  or  into  bog  (&  see  slum)  ;  imit.] 

slung-.    See  sling1. 

slunk.    See  slink. 

sIup,  v.t.  &  i.  (part,  slur'ring),  &  n.  Write 
(t.  &  i.)  or  pronounce  (t.  &  i.)  indistinctly  with 
letters  or  sounds  running  into  one  another; 
(Mus.)  sing  one  syllable,  sing  (syllable),  to  more 
than  one  note,  also  sing  or  play  legato,  also 
mark  s.  over  two  or  more  notes  in  MS. ;  pass 
(fault,  fact,  &c.)  lightly  over,  conceal  or  mini- 
mize ;  (archaic)  put  s.  upon  (person,  character), 
make  insinuations  against.  (N.)  imputation, 
blame,  stigma,  (he  put  a  s.  upon  me ;  it  is  no  s. 
upon  his  reputation  that  he  should  have  or  to 
say  that) ;  piece  of  slurring  in  handwriting, 
pronunciation,  or  singing ;  curved  mark  used 
in  music-writing  to  show  that  two  or  more 
notes  are  to  be  sung  to  one  syllable  or  played 
or  sung  legato,    [f.  MDu.  sleuren  trail] 

slush,  n.  Watery  mud  or  thawing  snow  (cf. 
sludge).  Hence  slu'shY2  a.  [perh.  var.  of 
sludge  ;  cf.  Norw.  slusk  mud,  dirty  weather] 

slut,  n.  Slovenly  woman,  slattern  ;  (joe.)  girl. 
Hence  slu*ttERY(4)  n.,  slu'ttiSH1  a.,  slu't- 
tlshLY2  adv.,  slu*ttishNESS  n.  [f.  Sw.  diaL 
slata,  cf.  Norw.  slott  idler ;  cogn  w.  slant] 


SLY 


820 


SMELL. 


sly,  a.  (slyer,  slyest).  Cunning,  wily,  hypo- 
critical ;  practising  concealment  (s.  dog,  person 
who  keeps  his  peccadilloes  or  pleasures  quiet), 
done  &c.  in  secret  (on  the  s.,  privately,  without 
publicity) ;  knowing,  arch,  bantering,  insinuat- 
ing, ironical ;  slyboots,  s.  person  (in  playful  use, 
esp.  to  or  of  child  or  animal).  Hence  sly* ly  2 
adv.,  sly'NESS  n.  IME  sleigh  f.  ON  slxgr,  perh. 
cogn.  w.  slay] 

slype,  n.  Passage  from  cathedral  transept 
to  chapter-house  or  deanery,  [var.  of  slip2] 
smack  »,  n.,  &  v.i.  Flavour,  taste  that  sug- 
gests presence  of  something;  barely  discernible 
amount  o/some  food-material  &c.or  o/a  quality 
&c.  present  in  dish  or  person's  character,  tinge, 
tincture,  spice,  dash,  of,  (has  a  s.  of  ginger,  of 
the  cask,  in  it,  of  recklessness,  of  the  old  Adam, 
in  him).  (Vb)  have  a  slight  curious  or  unex- 
pected or  secondary  taste  (rare) ;  taste  slightly 
of,  suggest  by  taste  or  otherwise  the  presence 
or  effects  of,  (wine  smacking  of  the  cork ;  his 
manner  smacked  of  superciliousness),  [vb  f. 
n.,  OE  smxc,  cf.  G  geschmack  n.,  schmecken  vb] 
smack2,  n.,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  adv.  Slight  explosive 
report  as  of  surface  struck  with  palm,  of  lips 
parted  suddenly,  or  of  whip  cracked ;  blow  with 
palm,  slap;  loud  kiss  (gave  her  a  hearty  s.). 
(Vb)  slap  (person's  face  &c.)  with  palm;  part 
(t.  &  i.  of  lips)  noisily  in  eager  anticipation  or 
enjoyment  of  food  or  other  delight ;  crack  (t.  &  i. 
of  whip).  (Adv.,  colloq.)  with  a  s.,  in  sudden 
direct  violent  way,  outright,  exactly,  (went  s. 
through  windows,  into  duch ;  hit  him  s.  on  the 
nose),  [prob.  imit.,  &  unconnected  w.  prec;  cf. 
S  w.  smacka  vb,  Da.  smxkke  to  slam,  Du.  sniak- 
ken  fling  down] 

smack  3,  n.  Sloop  esp.  for  fishing ;  smacks- 
man,  sailor  on  s.  [f.  MDu.  smacke ;  perh.  cogn. 
w.  snake,  cf.  OE  snacc,  ON  sneklcja,  smack] 
sma'eker,  n.  (slang).  Loud  kiss ;  sounding 
blow ;  large  or  remarkable  specimen  of  any- 
thing.   [smack2, -ER1] 

small  (-awl),  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Not  large,  of  de- 
ficient or  comparatively  little  size  or  strength 
or  power  or  number,  (of  agent)  not  doing  thing 
on  large  scale,  (usu.  without  emotional  implica- 
tions of  little,  e.g.  not  a  dear  s.  pony  or  a 
dirty  s.  scoundrel ;  s.  farmer,  shopkeeper,  on  s. 
scale ;  has  a  s.  voice  ;  s.  fry  1 ;  s.  hour?  ;  s.  & 
early,  party  with  few  guests  &  not  kept  up 
late ;  the  still  s.  voice,  conscience ;  coat  is  s.  or 
too  s.  for  me  ;  s.  craft,  boats  ;  came  in  s.  num- 
bers ;  this  beer  is  very  s.,  weak,  watery) ;  (as 
distinctiveepithet)ofthesmallerkind(.?.-sw?ord, 
rapier  or  sword  for  thrusting  only ;  s.-beer  ar- 
chaic, of  light  kind) ;  think  no  s.  beer  of  one- 
self, be  conceited ;  chronicle  s.  beer,  talk  of 
trifles  as  important;  s.  gross,  ten  dozen;  s.- 
arms,  fire-arms  other  than  cannon  ;  s.  letters, 
not  capitals ;  s.  capitals,  of  less  height  than  the 
fount's  regular  capitals ;  s.  pica,  size  of  type  ; 
s.  hand,  ordinary  writing,  opp.  text-hand ;  s. 
debt,  below  largest  amount  recoverable  in 
county  court ;  s.-clothes archaic,  knee-breeches); 
not  much  of  (&  s.  blame  to  him,  &  s.  wonder, 
comments  on  conduct  &c.  just  described  ;  there 
was  no  s.  excitement  about  it ;  has  s.  Latin, 
knows  little  of  it) ;  unimportant,  trifling,  (s. 
talk,  ordinary  society  conversation ;  thes.  wor- 
ries of  life  ;  is  great  in  s.  matters) ;  socially  un- 
distinguished, poor,  obscure,  humble,  (great  & 
s.,  all  classes ;  lives  in  a  s.  way,  unpretentious- 
ly ;  have  experimented  with  radium  in  a  s. 
way ;  s.  people  love  to  talk  of  great) ;  morally 
mean,  ungenerous,  petty,  paltry,  (his  s.  spiteful 
nature  ;  only  a  s.  man  would  think  of  that  at 
such  a  time  ;  I  call  it  s.  of  him  to  remind  me  of 
it),  whence  small-mindED 2  a.;  sma'llpox, 


highly  contagious  &  fatal  disease  with  fever  & 
pustules ;  hence  sma'lliSHM^)  a.,  sma'llNKss 
n.  (N.)  the  slenderest  part  oj  something,  esp. 
s.  oj  the  back,  hinder  part  of  waist ;  (pi.,  at  Ox- 
ford) responsions.  (Adv.)  sing  s.  |OE  smxt, 
cf.  Du.,  Da.,  &  Sw.  smal,  G  schmal,  thin] 

sma'llag-e  (-awlij),  n.  Wild  celery.  Lprec, 
F  acne  r.  L  apium  parsley] 

smalt  (-awlt),  n.  Glass  coloured  blue  with 
cobalt ;  pigment  made  by  pulverizing  this.  [r. 
It.  smalto  r.  G  schmalz grease,  cogn.  w.  smelt  *J 

smart l,  v.i.  &  n.  (Of  person  or  part  of  him, 
or  of  wound  lit.  or  fig.  or  the  missile  or  insult 
&c.  that  has  infiicted  it)  feel  or  give  acute  pain, 
rankle,  (my  finger  smarts ;  rushed  off  smarting 
with  nettle-stings,  under  disappointment,  &c. ; 
with  the  gibe  yet  smarting  in  his  brain  ;  s.  for, 
be  paid  out  for,  suffer  consequences  of,  esp.  as 
threat  you  shall  s.for  this) ;  (n.)  bodily  or  men- 
tal sharp  pain,  stinging  sensation  ;  s.-money, 
paid  or  exacted  as  penalty  or  compensation ; 
smartweed,  the  Water  Pepper.  10  E  smeortan, 
cf.  Du.  smarten,  G  schmerzen ;  cogn.  w.  L  mor- 
dere  bite,  Gk  smerdaleos  terrible] 

smart2,  a.  Severe,  sharp,  vigorous,  lively, 
brisk,  (gave  him  a  s.  rap  over  the  knuckles ;  had 
a  s.  skirmish,  walk,  bout  of  toothache ;  went  off 
at  a  s.  pace) ;  clever,  ingenious,  showing  quick 
wit  or  ingenuity,  keen  in  bargaining,  quick  to 
take  advantage,  (a  s.  talker,  retort,  saying,  de- 
vice, invention ;  a  s.  officer,  servant,  lad,  ready 
&  intelligent;  s.  dealing,  selfishly  clever  to 
verge  of  dishonesty);  bright  &  fresh  in  appear- 
ance, spruce,  in  perfect  order  or  repair,  in  gay 
or  fashionable  clothes,  well  groomed,  showing 
bright  colours  or  new  paint,  (s.  clothes,  a  s.  gar- 
den; person,  house,  ship,  looks  quite  s.) ;  con- 
spicuous in  society,  leading  the  fashion,  stylish, 
(s.  people ;  the  s.  set).  Hence  smap'tEN6  v.t.  & 
i.,  smar'tLY 2  adv.,  smartNESS  n.   [f.  prec] 

smash,  v.t.  &  i.,  n.,  &  adv.  Break  (t.  &  i.) 
utterly  to  pieces  (often  up),  shatter,  bash  in 
with  crushing  blow,  (a  smashing  blow,  of  irre- 
sistible force);  utterly  rout  &  disorganize 
(enemy);  hit  (lawn-tennis  ball)  downwards 
over  net  with  great  force ;  (of  business  firm) 
break,  go  bankrupt,  come  to  grief ;  (of  vehicle 
&c.)  crash  into  another  or  an  obstacle ;  (slang) 
utter  false  coin.  (N.)  breaking  to  pieces ;  vio- 
lent fall  or  collision  or  disaster  (go  to  s.,  be 
spoilt  or  disorganized  or  ruined) ;  bankruptcy, 
series  of  commercial  failures ;  drink  of  spirit  & 
water  iced  &  flavoured  (usu.  brandy-s.) ;  s.-up, 
complete  s.  (Adv.,  with  vbs  of  motion)  with  a 
s.  (went  s.  into  a  luggage  train),  [perh.  =  mash 
with  s-  (ex-)  prefixed,  cf.  slash] 

sma'sher,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.  (slang), 
convincing  argument  or  smashing  blow  or 
heavy  fall,    [-er  2] 

sma'tteping1,  n.  Slight  superficial  know- 
ledge of  a  language  or  subject.  So  sma'tter- 
ER*n.  [f.  obs.  smatter  talk  ignorantly,  prate, 
f.  Sw.  smattra  clatter,  cf.  G  schmettern  blare] 

smear,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Daub  with  greasy  or 
sticky  substance  or  with  something  that  stains, 
(of  grease  &c.)  make  marks  on,  make  a  s. ;  blot, 
obscure  outline  of,  (writing,  drawing).  (X.) 
blotch  made  by  smearing ;  hence  smeap'Y2  a., 
smeap*iNESS  n.  [OE  smerian  (smern  n.,  fat, 
cf.  G  schmeer) ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  muron  ointment] 

smectite,  n.  Kind  of  whitish  clay  used  for 
taking  out  grease  from  cloth  &c.  [f.  Gk  smekt  is 
fuller's  earth  (smao  wipe),  -iteM2)] 

smegma,  n.  Sebaceous  soaplike  secretion 
in  folds  of  the  skin,  esp.  of  the  prepuce.  Hence 
smegmatic  a.  [f.  Gk  smegma  -atos  soap 
(smekhd=smao  see  prec,  -m)] 

smell,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (smelt  or  rarely  smellcd). 


SMELLER 


821 


SMOKE 


Nasal  sense  by  which  odours  are  perceived  (s. 
is  less  acute  in  man  than  in  most  animals ;  has 
a  fine  sense  ofs.;  is  perceptible  to  s.  as  well  as 
sight) ;  quality  in  substances  that  affects  this 
sense,  odour,  (has  no,  a  sweet,  pungent,  dis- 
gusting, peculiar,  close,  s.;  the  s.  of  thyme,  car- 
rion) ;  bad  odour,  whence  sme'llY  2  a.  (colloq.) ; 
act  of  inhaling  in  order  to  ascertain  s.  (take  a  s.  at 
it) ;  hence  sme*ll-LESS  a.  (Vb)  perceive  s.  of, 
detect  presence  of  by  s.,  (am  sure  I  s.  gas ; 
horses  smelt  the  water  a  mile  off;  s.  a  rat  fig., 
suspect  foul  dealing  &c),  whence  sme'llABLE 
a.;  inhale  s,  of?  set  one's  sense  of  s.  to  work  at 
(smelt  it  or  at  it  to  see  if  it  was  high ;  came  up 
dt  smelt  at  my  calves) ;  (of  dog)  hunt  out  by  s., 
(fig.  of  person)  find  out  (secret,  plotter,  &c.)  by 
investigation,  (of  dog  or  fig.  of  person)  sniff  or 
search  about ;  perceive  ss.,  have  sense  of  s. 
(can,  do,  fishes  s.?) ;  emit  s.  usu.  of  kind  speci- 
fied by  adi.  or  adv.,  suggest  or  recall  the  s.  of, 
(flowers  that  do  not  s.;  smells  sweet,  nice,  dis- 
gustingly, of  garlic,  of  brandy;  s.  of  the  lamp, 
seem  to  have  been  composed  laboriously  at 
night;  s.  of  jobbery,  nepotism,  &c,  suggest 
these) ;  stink,  be  rank ;  seem  from  the  s.  to  be 
(dish,  milk,  smells  good,  sour) ;  smelling-bottle, 

Socket  phial  of  smelling-salts,  ammonium  car- 
onate  mixed  with  scent  to  be  sniffed  as  cure 
for  faintness  &c.  [ME  smel(len),  cf.  Du.  smeu- 
len  smoulder] 

sme'ller,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  (slang) :  the 
nose ;  severe  blow  esp.  on  the  nose,    [-er  ]] 

smelt1,  v.t.  Extract  metal  from  (ore)  by 
melting ;  extract  (metal)  from  ore  by  melting, 
[prob.  f.  Da.  smelte,  cf.  G  schmelzen,  MDu. 
smalt  grease,  OHG  smalz  fat] 

smelt',  n.  Small  fish  allied  to  salmon  & 
prized  as  food.  [OE,  prob.  cogn.  w.  smeolt 
smooth  (nrec.)] 

smelts    See  smell. 

smew,n.  Kind.of  fishing  duck,  [also smee(th), 
perh.  cogn.  w.  smooth] 

smi'lax,  n.  Genus  of  climbing  shrubs  some 
of  which  yield  sarsaparilla ;  a  Cape  vine  much 
used  in  decoration.    [Gk] 

smile,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Kelax  features  often 
by  parting  lips  into  pleased  or  kind  or  gently 
amused  or  indulgently  contemptuous  or  scepti- 
cal expression  or  forced  imitation  of  these,  look 
(up)on  or  at  with  such  expression,  (s.  sweetly, 
indulgently,  cynically,  bitterly ;  s.  at  the  claims 
of,  ridicule  or  show  indifference  to  them), 
whence  smi*lingLY2adv.;  express  by  smiling 
(s.  welcome,  consent,  appreciation,  &c);  give 
a  s.  of  specified  kind  (smiled  an  ironical,  a 
curious,  s.);  drive  (person's  vexation  &cc.)away, 
bring  (person)  into  or  out  of  a,  mood,  by  smiling ; 
be  or  appear  propitious,  have  bright  aspect, 
seem  to  look  propitiously  (up)on,  {fortune,  oc- 
casion, smiles  on  us ;  all  nature  looks  smiling 
<£"  gay).  (N.)  act  of  smiling,  smiling  expression 
or  aspect ;  hence  smi'leLESS  a.  [f.  Sw.  smila 
vb,  cf.  MHG  smielen;  cogn.  w.  L  mirari  wonder 
at,  Gk  meidao  smile] 

smirch,  v.t.,  &  n.  Stain,  soil,  smear,  spot, 
(lit.,  &  fig.  as  a  smirched  reputation),  [exten- 
sion of  smear] 

smirk,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Put  on  or  wear)  affected 
or  silly  smile,  simper.  [OE  smercian,  cf.  MHG 
smieren  var.  of  smielen  smile] 

smite,  v.t.  &  i.  (smote  &  archaic  smit,  smitten 
&  archaic  smit),  &  n.  Strike,  hit,  (chiefly  ar- 
chaic or  joe;  whosoever  shall  s.  thee  on  thy 
right  cheek ;  smote  his  hands  together ;  smote 
the  harpstrings ;  s.  off  his  head ;  smote  the  first 
ball  for  four;  an  idea  smote  him,  suddenly 
came) ;  inflict  severe  defeat  on  (s.  them  hip  <& 
thigh,  utterly  defeat  them ;  we  hope  to  s.  them); 


chastise  (God  shall  s.  thee  ;  his  conscience  smote 
him);  (chiefly  in  p.p.)  strike  or  seize  or  infect  or 
possess  with  disease  or  desire  or  fascination 
(city,  person,  smitten  with  plague,  palsy ;  am 
smitten  with  her  charms  or  ner  or  abs. ;  smitten 
with  a  desire  to;  come  forcibly  or  abruptly 
(up)on  (wave  smote  upon  the  cliff;  sun's  rays 
smiting  upon  him;  sound  smites  upon  the 
ear);  hence smitER 1  n.  (N.)  blow,  stroke,  at- 
tempt, (colloq.).  [OE  smitan,  cf.  Du.  smijten, 
G  schmeissen  (OHG  smizan  to  stroke,  smear)] 

smith,  n.  Worker  in  metal  esp.  one  who 
forges  iron,  blacksmith,  (the  gen.  sense  chiefly 
in  comb.,  as  gold,  silver,  tin,  white,  -s.).  [OE, 
cf.  Du.  smid,  G  schmied] 

smitheree-ns  (-dh-),  n.  pi.  Small  fragments 
(smash  &c.  to  or  into  s.).    [?] 

smi'thy  (-dhi),  n.  Blacksmith's  workshop, 
forge.  [OHsmiththe,ct  D\i.smidse,QN  smidhja] 

smitten.    See  smite. 

smock,  n.  Chemise  (archaic);  child's  overall ; 
s.-frock,  field-labourer's  outer  linen  garment  of 
shirtlike  shape  &  with  upper  part  closely  ga- 
thered ;  s.-mill,  windmill  of  which  the  cap  only 
&  not  the  body  revolves.  [OE  smoc  (smugan 
creep  into,  cf.  MSw.  smog  round  hole  for  head); 
cogn.  w.  smuggle] 

smo'eking.  n.  Honeycomb  ornamentation 
on  garment  of  which  the  basis  is  close  gathers 
as  on  smock-frock,    [-ing  *] 

smoke1,  n.  Volatile  products  of  combus- 
tion, esp.  visible  vapour  with  carbon  &c.  in  sus- 
pension emitted  by  burningsubstanae(aco/«mn, 
cloud,  of  8.;  end  in  s.,  come  to  nothing;  no  s. 
without  fire  !  ;  from  s.  into  smother,  from  one 
evil  to  another  or  a  worse :  like  8.  slang,  with- 
out check  or  difficulty,  rapidly,  easily);  spell  of 
tobacco-smoking  (must  have  as.);  (slang)  cigar ; 
s.-ball,  projectile  filled  with  material  emitting 
dense  smoke  used  to  conceal  military  opera- 
tions &c,  also  ball  used  in  trap-shooting  &  giv- 
ing puff  of  s.  when  struck,  also  medical  appli- 
ance for  inhaling  vapour  from  in  asthma  &c; 
s.-bell,  suspended  over  lamp  &c.  to  protect  ceil- 
ing; s.-consumer,  apparatus  for  utilizing  in- 
stead of  releasing  s.  of  furnace  or  fireplace,  & 
so  s.-consuming a.;  s.-dried,  cured  in  s.;  s.-jack, 
machine  for  turning  roasting-spit  by  use  of  cur- 
rent of  hot  air  in  chimney ;  8.-plant,  -tree,  orna- 
mental shrub  with  feathery  s. -like  fruit-stalks ; 
s.-rocket,  contrivance  for  injecting  s.  into  drain 
to  discover  leak ;  s.-stack,  funnel  &  steam  es- 
cape pipes  of  steamer;  s.-stone,  cairngorm. 
Hence  smo'keLESsa.,  smo'kelessLY^adv., 
smo'kelessNESS  n.  [OE  smoca,  cf.  smeocan 
to  smoke  ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  smukho  smoulder] 

smoke  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Emit  s.  or  visible  vapour, 
reek,  steam,(aWarss. ;  his  smoking  blade,  steeds; 
meat  smoking  on  the  board ;  lamp  is  smoking, 
not  burning  clear),  (of  chimney  or  fire)  discharge 
s.  into  room ;  colour  or  darken  or  obscure,  spoil 
taste  of  in  cooking,  preserve  or  cure,  suffocate, 
rid  of  insects  &c,  with  s.  (lamp  smokes  ceiling; 
smoked  wood,  fumed  ;  smoked  glass,  darkened 
with  s.  for  looking  at  sun  &c;  the  porridge  is 
smoked ;  smoked  ham,  haddock,  &c;  s.  insects, 
plants,  kill,  cleanse,  them  by  fumigation ;  s.  out 
wasps,  wasps'-nest,  &c,  destroy  by  injecting  s.); 
inhale  &  exhale  s.  of  (tobacco-pipe,  cigar,  cigar- 
ette, tobacco,  opium,  stramonium,  cane,  brown 
paper ;  put  that  in  your  pipe  &  s.  it,  reflect 
upon  what  has  been  said,  esp.  some  admonition 
or  rebuke),  whence  smo'kABi.E  a.;  s.  tobacco 
(smokes  too  much  ;  will  you  s.?;  swoAting1  to- 
bacco, for  smoking  in  pipe),  bring  one-se/finto 
specified  state  by  smoking  (has  smoked  himself 
ill,  sick,  stupid-,  into  tranquillity) ;  (schoolboy 
slang)  blush ;  get  inkling,  become  suspicious  or 


SMOKER i 

aware,  of;  smoking-cap,  -jacket,  of  ornamental 
kind  worn  while  one  smokes;  smoking  car- 
riage), reserved  for  smokers  on  railway-train ; 
smoking-mixture,  blend  of  tobaccos  forsmoking 
in  pipe ;  smoking-room,  in  hotel  or  house  kept 
for  smoking  in  (s.-r.  talk  &c,  esp.  such  as  is 
suited  for  men  only).    [OE  smocigan  (prec.)] 

smo'kep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp.:  per- 
son who  habitually  smokes  tobacco  (*.'*  heart, 
affection  of  heart  attributed  to  tobacco);  smok- 
ing-carriage on  train.    [er1] 

smo-ky,  a.  Emitting,  veiled  or  filled  with, 
obscure  (as)  with,  stained  with  or  coloured  like, 
smoke  {a  s.  fire,  city,  room,  hue,  ceiling).  Hence 
smo'kiLY2  adv.,  smo'kiNESS  n.    [- y  2] 

smolt,  n.  Second-year  salmon  at  stage  be- 
tween parr  &  grilse  after  development  of  sil- 
very scales,    [f.  OE  smolt  serene] 

smooth x  (dh),  a.  Of  relatively  even  &  po- 
lished surface,  free  from  perceptible  projec- 
tions or  lumps  or  indentations  or  roughness  or 
(of  liquid)  undulations,  not  wrinkled  or  pitted 
or  scored  or  hairy,  that  can  be  traversed  with- 
out check,  (s.  skin,  surface,  morocco,  brow,  chin; 
am  now  in  s.  water,  have  passed  obstacles  or 
difficulties ;  bring  the  paste  to  a  s.  consistence ; 
had  a  8.  passage,  across  sea ;  course  of  true  love 
never  did  run  s.;  s.  hair,  esp.  flattened  down 
on  head);  free  from  harshness  of  sound  or  taste 
(.<?.  verse,  with  easy  &  correct  rhythm ;  s.  claret, 
spirit,  &c;  8.  breathing  in  Gk  Gram.,  unas- 
pirated  sound  of  initial  vowel,  also  symbol  of 
this);  equable,  unruffled,  polite,  conciliatory, 
complimentary,  flattering,  (s.  temper,  manners; 
s.  face,  esp.  hypocritically  friendly,  whence 
smoothfacKD-  a. ;  s.  things,  esp.  flattery  or 
insincere  encouragement,  whence  smooth- 
spoken,  smooth-tonguKO2,  aa.);  s.-bore, 
gun  with  unrifled  barrel.  Hence  smoo'thr.v  - 
adv.,  smoo'th.VESS  n.  [OE  smithe,  cogn.  w. 
MHG  smant  cream,  Skr.  manth  to  churn] 

smooth(e)2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Make  s.  (oltenjout, 
over,  down,  away  ;  s.  over  or  away  differences, 
perplexities,  difficulties,  Sec,  reduce  or  get  rid 
of  in  fact  or  appearance) ;  free  from  impedi- 
ments or  discomfort  {s.  the  way ;  wills,  his  de- 
clining years) ;  cloak  over  faults  &c. ;  become 
s.  (usu.  down ;  sea  presently  smoothed  down) ; 
smoothing-iron,  implement  usu.  heated  to  s. 
linen  &c. ;  smoothing-plane,  small  plane  for 
finishing  the  planing  of  wood.    [f.  prec] 

smote.    See  smite. 

smo'ther  (-Qdh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Smoulder- 
ing ashes  &c.  (archaic  ;  from  the  smoke  i  into 
the  s.);  cloud  of  dust,  spray,  smoke,  &c,  or 
obscurity  caused  by  it  (rare).  (Vb)  suffocate, 
stifle,  kill  by  stopping  breath  of  or  excluding 
air  from,  {smothered  mate  in  chess,  when  king 
having  no  vacant  space  to  move  to  is  checked 
by  knight) ;  overwhelm  with  kisses,  gifts,  kind- 
ness, &c. ;  put  out  or  keep  down  (Are)  by  heap- 
ing with  ashes  &c;  suppress,  conceal  or  secure 
concealment  of,  keep  from  notice  or  publicity, 
burke,  (often  up ;  s.  a  yawn ;  with  smothered 
curses;  the  facts,  the  recommendations  of  the 
committee,  were  smothered  up) ;  cover  entirely 
in  (strawberries  smothered  in  cream) ;  (rare) 
perish  of  suffocation,  have  difficulty  in  breath- 
ing. Ivb  f.  n.,  ME smorlher  (OE  smorian stifle, 
of.  Du.  smoren  stifle,  stew,  G  schmoren  stew, 
+  agent-suf.  -ther);  cogn.  w.  smoke  & 
smoulder] 

smo-thepy.a.    Stifling.    [y2] 

smou-ldep  (-6),  v.i.,  &  n.  Burn  without 
name,  burn  inwardly  or  in  suppressed  way  or 
unseen;  (of  feelings  &c.)  exist,  operate,  be 
nursed,  undetected  or  without  conspicuous 
effects  [smouldering  discontent,  hatred,  rebel- 


2 SNAKE 

lion) ;  (n.)  smouldering  combustion  (the  s.  will 
soon  be  aflame),  [n.  f.  vb,  ME  smolderen  (obs. 
smolder  n.  smoke) ;  cogn.  w.  smell  &  smother] 

smudge l,  smutch  (archaic),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n. 
Smear  or  blot  or  blur  lines  of  (writing,  drawing); 
make  dirt-mark  or  confused  blot  or  smear  on 
(face,  paper,  surface) ;  (usu.  -tch)  defile,  sully, 
stain  with  disgrace,  impair  purity  of,  (person's 
record,  fame,  Sec);  (of  ink,  drawing,  &c.)  be- 
come blurred  (smudges  easily).  (N.)  dirt-mark 
lit.  or  (esp.  -tch)  fig.,  blotted  line,  blurred  mark ; 
hence  smu'dgY13  a.,  smu'dgii.v-  adv., 
smu'dgiNESS  n.   [ME  smogen,  cogn.  w.  sm ut] 

smudge-,  n.  Outdoor  fire  with  dense  smoke 
made  to  keep  off  insects  &c.    [perh.  f.  prec] 

smug,  a.  Sc  n.  Of  commonplace  respectable 
narrow-minded  self-satisfied  comfortable  un- 
ambitious unimaginative  character  or  appear- 
ance ;  hence  smu*g.\ESS  n.  (N.,  chiefly  uni- 
versity slang)  person  ill-fitted  for  society  or 
without  athletic  pursuits  or  interests.  IMDa., 
= smooth,  cf.  G  schmuck  spruce;  cogn.  w.  OE 
smugan  see  smock] 

smu'ggle,  v.t.  Import  or  export  (goods,  ®r 
abs.)  illegally,  esp.  withoutpayment  of  customs 
duties  (often  in,  out,  over),  whence  smu'g- 
£1eri,  snurggliNG1,  nn. ;  convey  secretly 
in,  out,  &c,  or  put  away  Sec.  into  concealment, 
[f.  LG  smuggeln,  cf.  Da.  smoge  secret  passage, 
Sw.  smuga  lurking-hole ;  cogn.  w.  smock] 

smut,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Spot  or  smudge  made 
by)  small  flake  of  soot ;  obscene  talk  or  words 
or  stories  ;  disease  of  corn  by  which  parts  of 
the  ear  change  to  black  powder  ;  s.-ball,  kinds 
of  fungus ;  s.-mill,  machine  for  cleansing  grain 
froms. ;  hencesmu*ttY2a.,simrttiLY2adv., 
smu'ttiNESS  n.  (Vb)  mark  with  s.  or  ss. ;  in- 
fect (corn)  with,  (of  corn)  contract,  s.  [f.  Sw. 
smuts  dirt,  cf.  G  schmutz  dirt] 

smutch.    See  smudge. 

Smyp*niot(e),  a.  &  n.  (Native  or  inhabit- 
ant) of  Smyrna.    T-ot  2] 

snack,  n.  Slight  or  casual  or  hurried  meal ; 
go  ss.,  go  shares  (ss. !,  claim  to  share),  [orig. 
sense  portion,  thing  snatched  (snatch)] 

sna'cot,  n.  Garfish,  [prob.  corrupt,  of  mod. 
L  syngnathus  close-jawed,  name  of  the  genus 
(Gk  sun  with,  gnathos  jaw)] 

sna'ffle,  n.  Bridle  consisting  of  s.-bit,  or 
plain  slender  jointed  bit  without  curb,  &  single 
rein.  Hence  sna'fflED2  a.  [f.  Du.  snavel 
horse's  muzzle,  cf.  G  schnabel  bill] 

snag,  n.,  &  v.t.  Jagged  projecting  point,  e.g. 
irregular  or  broken  tooth,  stump  of  branch  re- 
maining on  tree,  pointed  root  or  stump  poking 
out  of  ground,  piece  of  rough  timber  or  rock 
embedded  in  river  or  sea  bottom  &  impeding 
navigation ;  hence  snaggED2,  sna'ggv  2,  aa. 
(Vb)  run  (ship)  on  s. ;  clear  (land,  waterway, 
tree-trunk)  of  ss.    [Norw.,  =  spike ;  cf.  knag] 

snail,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Kinds  of  slimy  slow- 
creeping  gasteropod  mollusc,  most  of  them 
with  spiral  shell  &  horns  or  retractile  eye- 
stalks,  some  used  as  food  esp.  in  France,  whence 
snai*lERY(3)  n.,  &  many  destructive  in  gar- 
dens (Roman  s.,  the  chief  edible  kind  ;  s.'sgal- 
lop,pace,  very  slow  locomotion) ;  (also  s.-wheel) 
notched  wheel  in  clock  resembling  s.  in  outline 
determining  number  of  strokes  in  striking  the 
hours ;  (also  s.-clover,  -trefoil)  kinds  of  legumi- 
nous plant  including  lucerne  with  spiral  pods  ; 
s.-fish,  with  ventral  sucker  for  clinging ;  *.  -slow, 
slow  as  a  s. ;  hence  snai'lLiKE  a.  (Vb)  rid 
(garden)  of,  hunt  for,  ss.  [OE  snxgl,  dim.  of 
snaca  snake,  cf.  ME  snegge,  G  schnecke] 

snake,  n.  Serpent  (commoner  in  ordinary 
speech,  more  loosely  applied  so  as  to  include  s.- 
like  lizards  &c,  &  specially  used  of  the  com- 


SNAP 


823 


SNIFFY 


mon  British  harmless  kind ;  s.  in  the  grass, 
hidden  danger  or  secret  enemy;  xcarm,  cherish, 
&c.,  a  s.  in  one's  bosom,  meet  with  ingratitude 
or  receive  evil  for  good  ;  scotch  2  the  s ;  see  ss., 
have  delirium  tremens;  raise  or  wake  ss., 
make  disturbance,  start  violent  quarrel ;  Ss.  !, 
int.  of  anger) ;  treacherous  cold-hearted  per- 
son; s.-charmer,  -ming,  see  serpent  ;  s.-lizard, 
kinds  of  lizard  with  rudimentary  or  no  legs ; 
s.locked,  with  ss.  instead  of  hair ;  snakeshead, 
the  fritillary  plant;  s.-stone,  ammonite;  a.- 
weed,  bistort.  Hence  sna*kY2a.,  sna'ki- 
ness  n.  [OE  snaca,  cf.  MHG  snahhan  creep, 
MDu.  snake ;  cogn.  w.  sneak] 
snap,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Make  sudden  audible 
bite  (dog  snapped  viciously ;  s.  at,  try  to  bite, 
also  speak  irritably  to  ;  s.  at  bait,  offer,  chance. 
Sec,  accept  eagerly),  (fig.)  say  ill-tempered  or 
spitefulthings.whencesna'ppiSF^a^sna'p- 
pishLY^adv.,  sna'ppishNESS  n.;  bite  off(s. 
off  one's  nose,  esp.  fig.  interrupt  him  angrily  or 
rudely) ;  pick  up  (scraps,  or  fig.  bargain  &c.) 
hastily,  whence  sna'ppER'-up  n.;  take  up 
(interlocutor)  without  letting  him  finish ;  break 
(t  &  i.)  with  sharp  crack  (s.  the  string,  a  stick ; 
oar,  wire,  snaps) ;  produce  report  from,  emit 
report  or  crack,  (s.  pistol,  whip ;  s.  one's  fingers, 
make  audible  fillip  esp.  at  person  &c.  in  con- 
tempt ;  pistol  snaps,  either  in  going  off  or  in 
missing  fire),  close  (t  &  i.)  &c.  with  snapping 
sound  (s.  the  clasp,  one's  teeth  together;  the 
door  snapped  to) ;  take  instantaneous  photo- 
graph of  (esp.  unconscious  orunwillingsubject); 
snapping  turtle,  ferocious  American  fresh- 
water kind.  (N.)  act  or  sound  of  snapping; 
spring-catch  fastening  bracelet  &c;  kinds  of 
small  crisp  cake  ;  (usu.  cold  s.)  sudden  spell  of 
frost ;  crispness  of  style,  fresh  vigour  or  liveli- 
ness in  action,  go,  dash,  spring,  whence  sna'p- 
p\'2  a.;  =  snapshot  n.  (see  helow);  (Theatr.) 
short  engagement  as  actor;  (attrib.,  esp.  of 
parliamentary  or  other  deliberative  proceed- 
ings) taken  by  surprise,  brought  on  without 
notice,  &c.  (a  8.  division,  debate,  crisis,  Sec); 
s.-bolt,  -lock,  going  home  automatically  with 
spring  on  closing  of  door  &c;  snapdragon, 
kinds  of  plant  with  bag-shaped  flower  that  can 
be  made  to  gape  like  largo  mouth,  also  Christ- 
mas game  of  plucking  raisins  from  dish  of 
burning  brandy  ;  s.-hook,  -link,  with  spring  al- 
lowing entrance  but  barring  escape  of  cord, 
link,  Sec;  snapshot  n.,  shot  taken  with  little 
or  no  delay  in  aiming  (better  s.  shot),  also  in- 
stantaneous photograph  taken  with  hand 
camera,  (v.t.,  also  -shoot)  take  such  photograph 
of.  [f.  Du.  snappen,  cf.  G  schnappen ;  cogn.  w. 

SNAFFLE] 

snare,  n.,  &  v.t.  Trap  for  catching  birds  or 
animals,  esp.  one  made  with  cord ;  device  for 
tempting  enemy  or  dupe  to  expose  himself  to 
capture,  defeat,  failure,  disgrace,  loss,  &c; 
thing  that  acts  as  a  temptation  (popularity  is 
often  a  s.) ;  (pi.)  twisted  strings  of  gut  or  hide 
stretched  across  lower  head  of  side-drum  to 
produce  rattling  sound.  (Vb)  catch  (bird  &c.) 
in  s.,  whence  -snaPER1  n.;  get  (person)  into 
s.  (less  common,  &  with  more  of  the  lit.  sense, 
than  ensnare).  [OE  snear  cord,  cf.  Du.  snaar 
string ;  cogn.  w.  L  nere  spin,  G  schnur  string] 

snarl1,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  (Of  dog)  make  high- 
pitched  quarrelsome  growl ;  (of  person)  speak 
cynically,  make  ill-tempered  complaints  or 
criticisms ;  s.  out,  utter  in  snarling  tone ;  ex- 
press (discontent  &c.)  by  snarling;  hence 
snar'lER1  n.,  snairling-LY  2  adv.  (N.)  act  or 
sound  of  snarling;  hence  snar'lY2  a.  [fre- 
quent, of  earlier  snar,  cf.  MDu.  snarren  brawl, 
G  schnarren speak  gutturally :  cogn.  w.  sneer] 


snarl 2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Archaic)  entangle,  be- 
come entangled,  (a  snarled  skein,  intricate 
business) ;  adorn  exterior  of  (narrow  metal  vase) 
with  raised  work  made  by  indirect  internal 
hammering  with  snarling-iron ;  (n.,  archaic) 
tangle,    [frequent,  of  snareJ 

snatch,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Seize  quickly,  eagerly, 
or  unexpectedly,  esp.  with  suddenly  outstretch- 
ed hand(s),  rescue  narrowly  from,  secure  with 
difficulty,  carry  suddenly  away  or  from, 
(snatched  his  gun  up,  down ;  wind  snatched 
my  cap  off;  child  snatches  its  food;  s.  kiss, 
opportunity,  Sec;  was  snatched  from  thejaivs 
of  death  ;  s.  a  half-hour's  repose ;  s.  victory  out 
of  defeat ;  snatched  away,  from  us,  by  prema- 
ture death) ;  shoot  out  hand(s)  at  to  seize  (also 
fig.,  as  s.  at  offer,  take  it  eagerly).  <N.)  act  of 
snatching  (made  a  s.atit);  (usu.  pl.)fragment(s) 
or  short  burst(s)  of  song  or  recitation  or  talk, 
short  spell(s)  of  action  (only  works  by  ss.,  fits  & 
starts),  whence  sna'tchv2  a.,  sna'tchlLY2 
adv.  [ME  snacchen,  cf.  Du.  snakken  gasp; 
cogn.  w.  snack,  sneck] 

sneak,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Slink,  go  furtively, 
(often  in,  out,  past,  round,  about,  off,  away, 
Sec) ;  (part.)  furtive,  not  avowed,  (have  a  sneak- 
ing kindness  for  him,  an  affection  that  one  can- 
not justify  by  reason);  (schoolboy  slang)  peach, 
tell  tales ;  (slang)  make  off  with,  steal ;  hence 
snea-kingi.v  2  adv.  (N.)  mean  cowardly  un- 
derhand person ;  (schoolboy  slang)  informer, 
telltale ;  (Cricket) ball  bowled  along  the  ground; 
s.-thief,  who  avails  himself  of  open  doors  or 
windows  to  steal.  [OE  snican  creep,  cf.  ON 
snikja  hanker  after ;  cogn.  w.  snake,  snail] 

sneck,  n.,  &  v.t.  (chiefly  Sc).  Latch.  [ME 
(n.),  cogn.  w.  snack,  snatch] 

sneer,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Smile  derisively  (often 
at);  utter  derisive  words  esp.  of  a  covert  or 
ironical  kind  (usu.  at) ;  put  (person)  down,  out 
of  countenance,  Sic,  take  away  (person's  repu- 
tation, happiness,  &c),  by  sneering ;  hence 
sneer'ERi  n.,  sneer'ingr.Y-  adv.  (N.)  sneer- 
ing look  or  remark.  [ME  sneren  deride,  f.  Da. 
snxrre  grin  like  a  dog,  cogn.  w.  snarl1] 

sneeze,  v.i.,  Sc  n.  Make  explosive  sound  in 
involuntarily  expelling  anything  that  irritates 
interior  of  nostrils  (not  to  be  sneezed  at,  pass- 
able, not  contemptible);  (n.)  act  or  sound  of 
sneezing.  IME  snesen,  var.  of  fnesen  f.  OE 
fne'osan  cogn.  w.  fnxst  blast,  cf.  ON  fnasa, 
Du.  fniezen,  sneeze;  cogn.  w.  Gk pneo  breathe] 

snell,  n.  Short  piece  of  gut  attaching  fish- 
hook^) to  thicker  line.    [?] 

snick,  v.t,  &  n.  Cut  small  notch  or  make 
small  incision  in ;  (Cricket)  slightly  deflect 
course  of  (ball)  with  bat.  (N.)  slight  notch  or 
cut ;  (Cricket)  snicking  touch  with  bat.  [f.  ON 
snikka  to  cut] 

sni'ekersnee*,  n.  (facet).  Knife,  esp.  one 
usable  as  weapon,  [perh.  f.  obs.  snick-dt-snee  a 
fight  with  knives  (prec,  obs.  snee  knife  f.  Du., 
cf.  snijden,  G  schneiden,  cut)] 

Snl'der,  n.  (Also  S.-rifle)  early  pattern  of 
breechloading  rifle,    [inventor] 

sniff,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Draw  up  air  audibly 
through  nose  to  stop  it  from  running  or  as  ex- 
pression of  contempt  (s.  at,  try  the  smell  of, 
also  show  contempt  for  or  discontent  with,  also, 
of  dog,  show  disposition  to  bite  person's  calves) ; 
draw  up  or  up  (air,  liquid,  scent),  draw  up  scent 
of  (flower,  brandy,  meat,  &c),  into  nose;  (n.) 
act  or  sound  of  sniffing,  amount  of  air  &c.  sniff- 
ed up.  [ME  sneven,  cf.  Da.  snive,  ON  snippa  ; 
also  obs.  snift  f.  MDa.  snifte] 

sni'ffy.  a,  (colloq.).  Disdainful,  contemp- 
tuous; (of  thing  that  should  be  odourless) 
slightly  malodorous.    [-Y2] 


SNIFTING-VALVE 


824 


SNUPP 


sni'ftingr-valve,  n.  Air-escape  valve  in 
steam-engine  cylinder,  [f.  obs.  snijt  see  sniff] 
sni'g'ger,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Give)  half-suppressed 
secretive  laugh  esp.  of  cynical  kind  or  of  amuse- 
ment at  obscenity  or  indecency,  [var.  of  obs. 
snicker  perh.  cogn.  w.  neigh] 
snaggle,  v.i.  Fish  for  eels  by  pushing  bait 
into  hole.  [f.  dial,  snig  eel,  cogn.  w.  snake] 
snip,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Cut  with  scissors  or  shears 
esp.  in  small  quick  strokes  (s.  cloth,  a  hole  ;  s. 
off  the  ends ;  s.  at,  make  snipping  strokes  at), 
whence  sni'ppiNG  M2)  n.  (N.)  act  of  snipping  ; 
piece  snipped  off;  (colloq.)  tailor,  [f.  Du.  snip- 
pen,  cogn.  w.  snap] 
snipe,  n.  (collect,  sing.  usu.  for  pi.),  &  v.i.  & 
t.  Kinds  of  gamebird  with  long  straight  bill 
&  angular  flight  frequenting  marshes  (common 
or  whole,  great  or  double  or  solitary,  small  or 
half  or  jack,  s.,  British  kinds) ;  s.-eel,  -fish,  &c, 
kinds  with  long  slender  snout;  hence  snrpY2 
a.  (Vb)  go  s. -shooting ;  (Mil.)  fire  shots  from 
hiding  esp.  at  night  into  enemy's  camp,  kill  or 
hit  thus,  whence  snl'pER l  n.  [f.  ON  snipa,  cf. 
Da.  sneppe,  G  schnepfe  ;  cogn.  w.  snap] 
sni*ppe€,  n.  Small  piece  cut  off,  snipping ; 
(pi.)  detached  fragments  of  knowledge  or  infor- 
mation, odds  &  ends,  whence  sni'ppetY  2  a., 
sni'ppetiNESS  n.  F-et  *] 
sni'vel,  v.i.  (-11-),  &  n.  Run  at  the  nose  ;  be 
lachrymose,  affect  contrition,  show  maudlin 
emotion ;  hence  sni'vellER 1  n.,  sni*velliNG2 
a.  (N.)  running  mucus  ;  whining  &  weeping ; 
hypocritical  talk,  cant.  [ME  snevelen  (OE  snofl 
mucus) ;  cogn.  w.  snuff(le)] 
snob,  n.  Man  of  low  birth  or  breeding  or 
social  position  (archaic);  (at  universities  &  pub- 
lic schools ;  archaic)  townsman  ;  person  with 
exaggerated  respect  for  social  position  or  wealth 
&  a  disposition  to  be  ashamed  of  socially  infe- 
rior connexions,  behave  with  servility  to  social 
superiors,  &  judge  of  merit  by  externals,  whence 
sno'bbiSH1  a.,  sno'bbishLY2  adv.,  sno'b- 
bishNESS,  sno*bbERY(4, 5),  sno*bLiNG1(2), 
snobo'CRACY,  nn.  [earlier  sense  in  dial,  cob- 
bler's man,  cf.  dial,  snap  lad,  f.  Da.  dial,  snopp 
silly,_cf.  ON  sndpr  dolt ;  cogn.  w.  snub] 
snood,  n.  (Sc.  &  literary).  Fillet  worn  by 
maidens  in  Scotland  to  confine  hair;  hence 
snoq'dED2  a.  [OE  snod,  cogn.  w.  snare] 
snook  *,  n.  Kinds  of  fish  esp.  the  sea-pike, 
[f.  Du.  snoek] 

snook  2,  n.  (slang).  Contemptuous  gesture 
with  thumb  to  nose  &  fingers  spread  out  (cock, 
cut,  make,  a  s.  or  ss. ;  Ss. !,  int.  of  contempt).  [?] 
snooze,  v.i.  &  t. ,  &  n.  (Take)  short  sleep  esp. 
in  day-time  ;  pass  time  in  lazy  indifference ;  s. 
time  &c.  away,  spend  it  indolently,  [prob. 
cogn.  w.  foil.] 

snore,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  hoarse  rattling 
or  grunting  noise  in  breathing  esp.  during 
sleep ;  pass  time  away  in  snoring ;  bring  one- 
self  awake,  into  a  nightmare,  Sec,  by  snoring. 
Hence  snor*ER  i  n.  [for  fnoren,  cf.  OE  fnora 
sneeze  (fneosan  sneeze)] 
snopt,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  explosive  noise 
due  to  sudden  forcing  of  breath  through  nose 
&  usu.  expressing  anger  or  indignation  or  in- 
credulity, or  (of  steam-engine  &c.)  noise  resem- 
bling this;  express  (defiance  &c.)  by  snorting 
(often  oid),  throw  out  (words)  with  snorting, 
[cf.  LG  snurten,  Du.  snorken,  G  schnarchen) 
snop'tep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  (slang) :  boi- 
sterous gale ;  performance  &c.  conspicuous  for 
vigour  or  violence,  [-er  *] 
snot,  n.  (not  in  decent  use).  Mucus  of  the 
nose  (also  of  person  as  low  term  of  abuse) ;  s.- 
rag.  handkerchief.  [OF  gesnot,  cf.  Du.  &  Da. 
snot ;  cogn.  w.  SNOUT] 


sno'tter,  n.  Turkey-cock's  wattles,  [prob. 
cogn.  w.  prec] 

sno'tty,  a.  &  n.  (not  in  decent  use).  Running 
or  foul  with  snot  (also  as  low  abusive  epithet) ; 
hence  sno'ttiLY2  adv.,  snottiNESS  n.  (X., 
naut.  slang)  midshipman.    [-Y2] 

snout  (-owt),  n.  Nose  (&  mouth)  of  animal  or 
(contempt.)  human  being;  pointed  frontof  some- 
thing, nozzle,  (s.  of  glacier,  of  battleship's  ram, 
&c);  s.-beetle,  kinds  with  beaked  head ;  s.-ring, 
inserted  in  pig's  s.  to  prevent  rooting.  Hence 
(-)snoutED 2  a.  [cf.  Du.  snuit,  G  schnauze ; 
cogn.  w.  OE  snytan  blow  the  nose] 

snow  (-6),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Atmospheric  vapour 
frozen  into  ice  crystals  &  falling  to  earth  in 
white  flakes  or  spread  on  it  as  a  white  layer 
(red  s„  s. -plant,  see  below),  (pi.)  falls  or  accu- 
mulations of  s.  (where  are  the  ss.  of  last  year  ?); 
substance  &c.  resembling  s.  esp.  in  whiteness 
(her  breast  ofs.;  the  ss.  of  seventy  years,  white 
hair ;  apple,  chestnut,  Sec,  s.,  kinds  of  pudding); 
snowball  n.,  mass  of  s.  pressed  into  hard  ball 
esp.  for  use  as  missile,  fund  each  subscriber 
to  which  finds  n  others,  kinds  of  pudding  e.  g. 
apple  enclosed  in  rice,  (v.t.  &  L)  pelt  or  have 
pelting-match  with  snowballs ;  snowball-tree, 
guelder-rose ;  s.-berry,  garden  shrub  with  white 
berries ;  s.-bird,  kinds  of  white  or  partly  white 
finch,  esp.  the  s.-bunting ;  s.-blind(ness),  unable, 
inability,  to  see  owing  to  exhaustion  of  retina 
by  reflection  of  light  endured  in  traversing  s.- 
fields  &c;  s.-blink,  reflection  in  sky  of  snow  or 
ice  fields  ;  s.-boots,  over-boots  of  rubber  &  cloth; 
s.-bound,  kept  from  going  out  or  travelling  by 
s.;  s.-cap,  white-crowned  humming-bird  ;  ».- 
capped,  (of  mountain)  covered  at  top  with  s. ; 
s.-drift,  bank  of  s.  heaped  by  wind  ;  snowdrop, 
early  spring  white-flowered  plant ;  s.-fall,  esp. 
amount  of  s.  that  falls  on  one  occasion  or  in  a 
year  at  any  place  as  measured  by  s.-gauge  ;  s.- 
field,  esp.  permanent  wide  expanse  of  snow  in 
mountainous  or  polar  regions ;  s.-flake,  one  of 
the  small  collections  of  crystals  in  which  s.  falls; 
s.-goggles,  darkened  spectacles  worn  by  moun- 
taineers &c.  to  prevent  s. -blindness;  s.-goose, 
arctic  white  goose  with  black-tipped  wings, 
the  wavy ;  s.-grouse,  ptarmigan  ;  s.-ice,  opaque 
white  ice  formed  from  s. -slush ;  s.-leopard, 
ounce;  s.-line,  level  above  which  s.  lies  per- 
manently at  any  place ;  s.-on-the-mountain, 
kinds  of  white-flowered  garden  plant;  8.,  or 
usu.  snowy,  -owl,  the  great  white  owl ;  s.-plant 
or  red  s.,  microscopic  alga  growing  in  s.  &;  col- 
ouring it  red  ;  s.-plough,  contrivance  drawn  by 
horses  or  attached  to  front  of  locomotive  for 
clearing  track  by  pushing  s.  aside ;  s.-shoes, 
racket-heads  or  (also  ski)  long  narrow  boards 
attached  to  feet  &  enabling  wearer  to  traverse 
s.  without  sinking  in ;  s.-shovel,  large  wooden 
shovel  for  s. ;  8,-slip,  avalanche ;  s.-storm,  heavy 
fall  of  s.  esp.  with  wind  ;  s.-white,  white  as  s.; 
hence  snoWLESS,  snoWY2,  aa.,  snowiLY  2 
adv.,snow*iNESSn.  (Vb):  (impers.)  it  snows, 
will  8.,  Sec,  s.  falls,  &c;  sprinkle  or  scatter, 
come,  like  s.;  snowed  up,  in,  s. -bound,  blocked 
up  with  s.  [Aryan  ;  OE  sndw,  cf.  Du.  sneeuw, 
G  schnee,  L  nix  nivis,  Gk  nipha  accus.] 

snub  *,  v.t.,  &  n.  Rebuff,  reprove,  put  down, 
humiliate,  with  sharp  words  or  marked  want 
ofcordiality,whencesnu*bbiNG1(l)n.,snu*b- 
bingLY  2  adv. ;  check  way  of  (ship)  esp.  by  rope 
wound  round  snub(bing)-post  or  bollard ;  (n.) 
snubbing,  rebuff.  [ME  snibben  f.  Da.  snubbe 
nip  off,  snibbe  scold,  cf.  ON  snubba  chide] 

snub2,  a,  &  n.  (Of  nose)  short  &  stumpy  or 
turned  up,  whence  s.-nosED-  a.;  (n.,  rare)  s. 

nose.    [cogn.  w.  prec] 

snuff1,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  =  (the  now  more  usu.) 


SNUFF 


825 


SOAP 


sniff  vb;  also,  take  s.,  whence  smrffER1  n. 
(N.):   =(the  now  more  usu.)  sniff  n.;   also: 

f)owdered  tobacco  taken  by  sniffing  as  stimu- 
ant  or  sedative  (take  thing  in  s.  archaic,  take 
offence  at  it ;  up  to  s.  slang,  not  childishly  igno- 
rantor  innocent),  whence  snu'ffY2  a.,  snu'ffl- 
ness  n.;  medicinal  powder  taken  by  sniffing; 
s.-box ;  s.-colour(ed),  (of)dark  yellowish-brown ; 
s.-mill,  for  grinding  s.,  also  s.-box ;  s.-taker, 
■king.  fn.  f.  vb,  f.  MDu.  snuff  en  clear  the  nose, 
cf.  G  schnauben  snort,  schnupfen  a  cold] 

snuff2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Trim  s.  from  (candle 
or  its  wick)  with  fingers  or  scissors  or  esp. 
snu'ffers  n.  pi.,  kind  of  scissors  with  box  to 
catch  s.  (s.  out  v.t.,  extinguish  by  trimming, 
also  fig.  as  I  was  nearly,  his  hopes  were,  snuffed 
out',  s.  out  v.i.  slang,  die ;  can  s.  a  candle  with 
a  pistol,  shoot  off  top  of  wick  without  putting 
flame  out);  snuffer-tray,  holding  snuffers.  (N.) 
charred  part  of  candle-wick,  esp.,  in  bad  wick, 
black  excrescence  obscuring  I  ight;  s.-dish,  snuf- 
fer-tray, [n.  f.  vb ;  cf.  dial,  snop  eat  offshoots 
<5f ;  cogn.  w.  snub] 

snu'ffle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Sniff  (intr.),  make 
sniffing  sounds;  speak  nasally,  whiningly,  or 
like  one  with  a  cold,  esp.  as  form  of  religious 
affectation  ascribed  to  puritans  &  dissenters, 
whence  snu'fflKK 1  n.;  s.  out,  utter  with  snuf- 
fling; hence  snu*ffling-Lv2  adv.  (N.)  sniff; 
snuffling  sound,  tone,  or  talk,    [snuff  l,  -le(3)] 

snugr,  a.  Sheltered  from  weather  &  cold,  well 
enclosed  or  packed  in  or  fixed  in  place,  com- 
fortably situated,  cosy;  (of  income,  dinner,  &c.) 
good  enough  for  modest  requirements.  Hence 
snu'g-LV  2  adv.,  snu'gw  i:ss  n.  (cf.  ON  snoggr 
smooth  (of  hair),  Sw.  snygg  neat] 

snu'grg-eny,  n.  Snug  place,  esp.  person's  pri- 
vate room  or  den.    [-erv] 

snu*g;g;le,  v.i.  &  t.  Shift  one's  position  or  lie 
close  tip  to  for  warmth ;  draw  (child  &c. )  close  to 
one,  cuddle,    {f.  obs.  snug  vb  (snug)  +  -le(3)] 

so,  adv.,  conj.,  int.,  &  pron.  To  the  extent  or 
in  the  manner  set  forth  by  preceding  or  fol- 
lowing as  clause  or  implied  in  context,  thus, 
equally,  similarly,  analogously,  (now  used  to 
express  degree  before  a.s-clause  only  with  ne- 
gative, as  /  am  not  so  eagzr,  but  J  am  as  eager, 
as  you ;  as  the  tree  falls,  so  must  it  lie ;  as  bees 
love  sweetness,  so  flies  love  rottenness ;  rarely 
used  twice  correlatively,  as  so  many  men  so 
many  minds ;  when  he  saw  her  so  frightened  ; 
why  are  you  panting  so  ?;  so  &  so  only  can  it 
be  done  ;  stand  just  so;  did  not  expect  to  live  so 
long ;  did  not  get  it  by  force  &  ought  not  to  be 
so  deprived  of  it ;  often  in  sentence  appended 
as  explanation,  as  I  paid  him  double,  Iwas  so 
pleased;  ever  or  never  so  bad  &c.  in  condit. 
clause,  as  bad  &c.  as  possible ;  so  far,  up  to  this 
time  or  point  or  extent,  as  so  far  it  has  not 
happened,  so  far  you  are  right ;  so  or  in  so  far 
as  or  archaic  so  far  forth  as,  to  whatever  ex- 
tent ;  &  so  forth,  &  so  on,  et  cetera,  &  the  like ; 
so  long  as,  with  the  proviso,  on  the  condition, 
that ;  so  be  it,  form  of  acceptance,  resignation, 
&c. ;  so-r,ONG ;  so  much  for,  that  is  all  that  need 
be  done  or  said  about ;  is  only  so  much  rubbish, 
all  rubbish  ;  at  so  much  a  week,  a  head,  &c,  a 
definite  but  \inspecified  sum  &c;  similarly  .so 
much  of  one  ingredient  &  so  much  of  another ; 
not  so  much  as,  less  than,  not  even  ;  is  not  so 
much  discontented  as  unsatisfied) ;  to  the  de- 
gree or  in  the  manner  or  with  the  intent  or  re- 
sult set  forth  by  following  that-c\a.use  or  Sub- 
clause or  as  to  (so  high  that  you  cannot  reach 
it ;  so  run  that  ye  may  obtain ;  warned  him  so 
that  he  might  avoid  the  danger ;  all  precautions 
have  been  taken,  so  that  we  expect  to  succeed ; 
not  so  deaf  but  he  can  hear  a  cannon ;  was  so 


fort  unate  as  to  escape  ;put  it  so  as  not  to  offend 
him ;  it  so  happens  that  he  was  not  there);  to  a 
degree  that  demands  exclamatory  emphasis 
{so  many  worlds,  so  much  to  do  !;  I  am  so  glad, 
tired  ! ;  she  is  so  beautiful! ;  so  kind  of  you! ; 
also  colloq.  or  vulg.  with  ever,  as  that  is  ever 
so  much  better,  he  is  ever  so  angry !) ;  on  con- 
dition that  or  that,  on  condition  set  forth  in 
as-clause  or  implied,  (so  that  or  .so  it  is  done,  it 
matters  not  how ;  so  may  you  find  forgiveness 
as  now  you  forgive  me  !;  so  help  me  God !,  form 
of  asseveration) ;  accordingly,  consequently, 
therefore,  as  appears  or  results  from  preceding 
or  implied  statement  or  fact,  (he  says  he  teas 
not  there,  so  he  doubtless  was  not ;  so  or  and  so 
I  cannot  come ;  so  you  are  back  again ;  so  look 
to  yourself);  (accompanying  emphasis  on  some 
later  word)  moreover,  also,  as  well,  in  actual 
fact,  (well,  so  I  did ;  you  said  it  teas  good,  &  so 
it  is ;  yes,  I  denied  it,  but  or  &  so  did  you ; 
1  your  birthday  ?  yes,  so  it  is ') ;  (as  substitute, 
often  preceding  vb,  for  obj.  of  say,  call,  speak, 
tell,  think,  hope,  suppose,  do,  &c.)  it,  this,  that, 
the  same,  this  is  what,  (so  he  said ;  so  spake 
Achilles,  i.e.  what  precedes,  &  Patroclus  so, 
i.e.  whatfollows;  also  ellipt.,  as  So  Satan,  whom 
the  archangel  thus  rebukes ;  do  you  thinlc  so?; 
&  so  say  all  of  us ;  I  suppose  so,  form  of  agree- 
ment ;  I  told  you  so,  warned  you  in  vain  ;  she 
is  ill  &  he  thinks  himself  so ;  so-called,  epithet 
questioning  accuracy  of  description  ;  so  to  say 
or  speak,  apology  for  exaggeration,  metaphor, 
neologism,  &c. ;  you  don't  say  so  ?,  formula  of 
surprise) ;  in  that  state  or  condition,  actually 
the  case,  (he,  it,  it  better  so ;  God  said  Let  there 
be  light,  &  it  was  so ;  must  it  be  so  ? ;  but  per- 
haps it  is  not,  even  if  it  were,  so ;  though  it  was, 
or  things  were,  ever  or  never  so  vulg.,  however 
bad  the  state  of  things ;  also  with  omission  of 
it  is  &c,  as  hoio  so  ?,  why  so  ?,  if  so,  not  so ;  also 
ellipt.  for  is  that  so  ?  chiefly  in  unit,  of  German, 
as  *  He  went  off  yesterday  *  So  ?';  quite  so,  just 
so,  forms  of  agreement) ;  (archaic)  and  so,  after 
which  I,  they,  &c, proceeded  (&so  to  dinner,  a 
division,  &c);  (ellipt.  after  conditional  clause ; 
archaic)  let  it  be  so,  very  well,  (if  you  are  con- 
tent, so);  (as  int,  also  son)  that  will  do,  stay  as 
you  are,  stand  still,  be  quiet ;  (in  comb,  with 
relative  words)  -ever  (also  with  -ever  appended, 
as  whoso,  whosoever);  so-&-so,  particular  per- 
son or  thing  not  needing  to  be  specified  (never 
mind  what  so-dt-so  says ;  tells  me  to  do  so-&-so); 
so  so,  pred.  adj.  or  adv.,  not  more  than  passable, 
-bly ;  or  so,  or  thereabouts  (after  expressions 
of  quantity  or  numbers  ;  send  me  half-a-dozen 
or  so;  lib.  or  so  will  do).  [OE  swd,  cf.  Du.  zoo, 
G  so,  Gk  hos ;  orig.  oblique  case  of  pronominal 
st.  of  \jSuus,  Gk  hos,  Skr.  sva,  one's  own] 
soak,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Of  absorbent  substance) 
take  up  or  suck  in  (liquid) ;  place  or  leave  or 
lie  in  or  in  liquid  for  saturation,  steep  t.  &  i., 
make  or  be  wet  through,  (of  rain  &c.)  drench, 
whence  soa'kiNG^l)  n.;  (of  moisture)  make 
way  in(to)  or  through,  make  its  way,  by  satura- 
tion, whence  soa*KAGE(3)  n.;  drink  persistent- 
ly, booze.  (N.)  soaking;  drinking-bout;  hard 
drinker.  [OE  socian  (sucan  suck)] 
soa'ker,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  hard  drinker; 
drenching  shower,  [-er  '] 
soap,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Compound  of  fatty  acid 
with  soda  or  potash  or  (insoluble  ss.)  with  an 
earth  or  metallic  oxide,  of  which  the  soluble 
kinds  yield  when  rubbed  in  water  a  lather  used 
in  washing  (soft  s.,  made  with  potash  &  remain- 
ing liquid,  also  fig.  flattery) ;  s.-berry,  -nut, 
-plant,  pod,  -root,  -wort,  kinds  of  plant  yielding 
substances  serving  purpose  of  s.;  s.-boiler,  -ling, 
manufacture(r)  of  8.;  s.-bubble,  iridescent  globe 


SOAPY 


826 


SOCKET 


of  air  enclosed  in  film  of  soapy  water  made  by 
blowing  through  pipe  dipped  in  s.-suds ;  s.- 
earth,  s.-stone,  steatite ;  s.-suds  ;  s.-works,  s. 
manufactory  ;  hence  soa'pLESS  a.  (Vb)  apply 
s.  to,  scrub  or  rub  with  s.;  use  s.  upon  oneself. 
[OE  sdpe,  cf.  Du.  zeep,  G  seife ;  perh.  cogn.  w. 
L  sebum  tallow] 

soa'py,  a.  Like,  smeared  or  impregnated 
with,  suggestive  of,  soap;  (of  person  or  his 
manners  or  talk)  unctuous,  flattering.  Hence 
soa-piLY  2  adv.,  soa'piNESS  n.    [- y  2] 

soap,  v.i.  Fly  high  (lit.  &  fig.),  mount  to  or 
be  at  a  great  height  above  earth,  hover  or  sail 
in  the  air  without  flapping  of  wings,  (soaring 
eagle,  spire,  thoughts,  ambition,  ideals).  Hence 
soar'ingTLY2  adv.  [f.  F  essorer  f.  LL  ex- 
(aurare  f.  aura  breeze)] 

soct've,  sbaveme'nte,  (-ah-),  mus.  direction. 
With  tenderness.    [It.] 

sob,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Draw  breath  in  convulsive 
gasps  usu.  with  weeping  under  mental  distress 
or  physical  exhaustion ;  s.  out,  utter  with  ss.; 
hence  so'bbingLY2  adv.  (N.)  convulsive 
drawing  of  breath  esp.  in  weeping,  [cogn.  w. 
sup,  &  w.  OE  siofian  lament,  G  seufzen  sigh] 

so'ber,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Not  drunk  (as  s.  as  a 
judge  ;  appeal  from  Philip  drunk  to  Philip 
s.,  suggest  that  opinion  &c.  represents  passing 
mood  only) ;  temperate  in  regard  to  drink  (is  a 
s.  man) ;  moderate,  well-balanced,  sane,  tran- 
quil, self-controlled,  sedate,  not  vehement  or 
passionate  or  excited  or  wayward  or  fanciful 
or  exaggerated,  (of  colour)  quiet  &  inconspicu- 
ous, (in  s.  fact,  in  fact  as  opp.  fancy ;  a  s.  esti- 
mate; s.-minded;  s.-sides,  sedate  person;  s.- 
suited  poet.,  clad  in  s.  colours),  whence  so'ber- 
ly  2  adv.  ( Vb)  make  or  become  s.  or  less  wild, 
reckless,  enthusiastic,  visionary,  &c.  (often 
doivn).  [f.  F  sobre  t  L  sob?'ius  perh.  f.  so-,  se-, 
apart  from,  ebrius  drunk,  etym.  dub.] 

Sobra'nje  (-ahnye),  n.  Bulgarian  national 
assembly.    [Bulg.] 

sobri'ety,  n.  Being  sober,  [f.  F  sobrUte  f. 
L  sobrietatem  (sober,  -ty)] 

soubriquet,  sou-  (soo-),  (-ka),  n.  Nickname, 
assumed  name.    [F,  etym.  dub.] 

s6*e(c)ag,e  (-ij)»  n.  Feudal  tenure  of  land  in- 
volving payment  of  rent  or  other  service  to 
superior,  [f.  OE  soc  jurisdiction  (sacan  con- 
tend, cogn.  w.  seek)  +  -age] 

soccer.    (Anomalous  spelling  of)  socker. 

so'ciable  (-sha-),  a.  &  n.  Fitted  for  com- 
panionship, ready  &  willing  to  converse,  not 
averse  to  society,  communicative,  liking  com- 
pany; (of  meeting  &c.)  marked  by  friendliness, 
not  stiff  or  formal ;  hence  sociaBrLiTY  n., 
so'ciabLY  a  adv.  (N.)  open  carriage  with  fac- 
ing side-seats ;  tricycle  for  two  riders  side  by 
side ;  S-shaped  couch  allowing  two  occupants 
to  face  each  other.  [F,  f.  L  sociabilis  (sociare 
f.  sochis  fellow  cogn.  w.  sequi  follow,  -able)] 

sd'cial  (-shl),  a.    Living  in  companies,  gre- 

f;arious,  not  fitted  for  or  not  practising  solitary 
ife,  interdependent,  cooperative,  practising 
division  of  labour,  existing  only  as  member  of 
compound  organism,  (man  is  a  s.  animal; 
s.  bees,  wasps,  kinds  having  common  nests  &c; 
s.  birds,  building  near  each  other  in  communi- 
ties ;  s.  plants,  kinds  that  grow  thickly  together 
&  monopolize  ground  they  grow  on ;  s.  polyp 
&c.) ;  concerned  with  the  mutual  relations  of 
men  or  classes  of  men  (s.  problems,  science, 
morality,  students,  philosophers ;  the  s.  con- 
tract or  rarely  compact,  agreement  among  men 
to  exchange  the  individual  freedom  of  the  state 
of  nature  for  legal  restriction,  assumed  by 
18th-c.  thinkers  as  basis  of  political  society  ;  s. 
democrat,  politician  aiming  at  improving  con- 


dition of  lower  classes  by  gradual  advance  to- 
wards socialism  ;  the  s.  evil,  prostitution) ;  of 
or  in  or  towards  society  (s.  intercourse,  life, 
code,  etiquette,  pleasures,  duties;  one's  *.  su- 
periors Sc  inferiors  ;  s.  rank,  position,  distinc- 
tions; has  s.  tastes;  a  s.  evening,  gathering); 
of  or  with  allies  (the  S.  war  in  Rom.  Hist.). 
Hence  or  cogn.  soeia'liTY  (-shl-)  n.,  sccialLY^ 
adv.    [f.  L  socialis  (socius  see  prec,  -al)J 

socialism,  n.  Principle  that  individual 
freedom  should  be  completely  subordinated  to 
interests  of  community,  with  any  deductions 
that  may  be  correctly  or  incorrectly  drawn 
from  it,  e.g.  substitution  of  cooperative  for 
competitive  production,  national  ownership  of 
land  &  capital,  state  distribution  of  produce, 
free  education  &  feeding  of  children,  abolition 
of  inheritance  (Christian  s.,  attempt  to  apply 
Christian  precepts  in  ordinary  life  resulting  in 
some  approximation  to  the  aims  of  s.).  Hence 
so*cialisx(2)  n.  &  a.,  socialistic  a.,  social- 
i'stiCALLY  adv.    [-ISM] 

•  socialize,  v.t.  Make  social ;  arrange  so- 
cialistically.    Hence  socialize  tiox  n.    [-ize] 

soci'ety,  n.  Social  mode  of  life,  the  customs 
&  organization  of  a  civilized  nation,  (the  pro- 
gress ofs.  is  an  evolution;  pests  of  s.,  persons 
who  prey  on  the  community) ;  any  social  com- 
munity (no  s.  can  retain  members  who  flout  its 
principles) ;  the  upper  classes  of  a  community 
whose  movements  &  entertainments  &  other 
doings  are  more  or  less  conspicuous,  the  socially 
distinguished,  fashionable  &  well-to-do  &  well- 
connected  people,  (was  welcomed  by  s.;  the 
customs  of  polites. ;  s.  does  not  approve ;  leaders 
of  s.\  often  attrib.,  as  s.  lady,  people,  gos- 
sip, news,  journal ;  s.  verse,  of  light  topical 
witty  kind);  participation  in  hospitality,  other 
people's  houses  or  company,  (goes  a  great  deal 
into,  avoids,  is  at  his  best  or  embarrassed  in, 
s.);  companionship,  company,  (s.  &  solitude  ; 
always  enjoy  his  s.;  seek,  avoid,  the  s.  of);  as- 
sociation of  persons  united  by  a  common  aim 
or  interest  or  principle  (S.  of  Friends,  quakers  ; 
S.  of  Jesus,  abbr.  S.J.,  see  jksuit;  friendly 
s.;  RoyalS.,  founded  1662  for  improving  natural 
knowledge ;  S.  for the  Propagation  of  the  Gos- 
pel, abbr.  S.P.G.;  dorcass.;  building,  cooper- 
ative, s.).  [f.  F  socteU  f.  L  societatem  (socius 
see  sociable,  -ty)] 

Soci'nian,  a.  &  n.  (Follower,  following  or 
according  to  doctrine)  of  the  16th-c.  Italian 
theologians  Laelius  &  Faustus  Socinus,  whose 
opinions  resemble  those  of  modern  unitarians. 
Hence  Soci*nianiSM(3)  n.    [ian] 

socio'logy  (-si-,  -shl-),  n.  Science  of  the  de- 
velopment &  nature  &  laws  of  human  society. 
Hence  socIolo-gical  a.,  soeiolo'giealLY 2 
adv.,  (-sho),  socio'logist  n.    [f.  L socius  see 

SOCIABLE,  -LOGY] 

sock  i,  n.  Short  stocking  not  reaching  knee ; 
removable  inner  sole  put  into  shoe  for  warmth 
&c. ;  ancient  comic  actor's  light  shoe  (also  used 
allusively  for  comedy  &c,  cf.  buskin).  [OE 
socc  f.  L  soccus  comic  actor's  shoe] 

sock2,  v.t.,  n.,  &  adv.,  (slang).  Fling  (ball, 
stone)  at ;  hit  (person)  with  hand-flung  missile  ; 
(n.)  blow  inflicted  by  missile ;  (adv.)  with  such 
blow/ plump,  right,  (hit  him  s.  in  the  eye).    [?] 

sock3,  n.  (school  slang).  Sweets,  pastry,  Sec, 
eaten  at  odd  times,  tuck,  grub.    [?] 

sockdologer,  n.  (slang).  Decisive  blow  or 
argument.    [U.S.  corrupt,  of  doxology] 

so-cker,  n.  (slang).  Association  football, 
form  of  football  in  which  (cf.  rugby)  ball  may 
not  be  touched  with  hand.   [Association,  -BR l] 

so'eket,  n.  Natural  or  artificial  hollow  for 
something  to  fit  into  or  stand  firm  or  revolve 


SOCLE 


827 


SOLA 


in  (eyes. ;  s.  of  the  hip ;  candle  too  large  for 
s.  ;  ballj  &  s.);  s.-joint,  =  ball  J-tfc-s.  joint ; 
s.-pipe,  with  enlarged  end  to  receive  another. 
Hence  so'cketnu  -  a.  [f.  OF  s'oket  dim.  of 
souche  stump  cf.  It.  ciocco stump,  perh.  f.  Teut. 
&  cogn.  w.  shock  3] 

so'cle,  n.  (archit.).  Plain  low  rectangular 
block  serving  as  support  for  pedestal,  vase, 
statue,  &c.    [F,  f.  It.  zoccolo  f.  L  socculus  (soc- 

CUS  SOCK  ',  -ULE)] 

Soera-tie,  a.  &  n.  Of,  like,  following,  &c, 
Socrates  (8.  method,  dialectic,  procedure  by 
question  &  answer ;  S.  irony,  pose  of  ignorance 
assumed  in  order  to  entice  others  into  display 
of  supposed  knowledge);  (n.)  follower  of  So- 
crates. Hence  Soera'tiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  Sokratikos  (Sokrates,  -ic)] 

sod1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Turf,  upper  layer  of  grass 
land  including  blades  &  roots  &  earth,  (under 
the  s.,  in  the  grave);  piece  of  turf  pared  off; 
hence  so'ddY2  a.  (Vb)  cover  (ground)  with 
ss.  (sodding  mallet,  spade,  implements  used) ; 
pelt  with  ss.  [cf.  Du.  zode,  G  sode  ;  prob.  cogn. 
w.  seethe,  perh.  as  sodden  with  rain] 

sod2.    See  seethe. 

so'da,  n.  One  of  the  compounds  of  sodium 
in  common  use,  esp.  sodium  carbonate  or  bi- 
carbonate ;  (also  s.-water)  water  made  effer- 
vescent by  impregnation  with  carbonic  acid 
under  pressure  &  used  alone  or  with  spirit  or 
wine  or  milk  as  a  drink  (orig.  made  with  so- 
dium carbonate  ;  some  s.-ivater  ;  some  or  a 
brandy  &  s. ;  s.-fountain,  vessel  in  which  s.- 
water  is  stored  under  pressure  tobedrawn  out). 
[It,  fern,  of  sodo  contr.  of  solido,  formerly  used 
of  glasswork  perh.  w.  ref.  to  its  hardness] 

soda'lity,  n.  A  confraternity  or  association 
csp.  of  religious  character  (chiefly  in  titles  of 
R.-C.  societies),  [f.  L  sodalitas  (sodalis  com- 
rade, cogn.  w.  Gk  ethos  custom,  -ty)] 

so'dden,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Saturated  with 
liquid,  soaked  through ;  (of  bread)  doughy, 
heavy  &  moist ;  stupid  or  dull  in  fact  or  ap- 
pearance with  habitual  drunkenness  ;  hence 
so'dden ness  n.  (Vb)  become  or  make  s. 
[orig.  p.p.  of  seethe] 

so'dium,  n.  A  silver-white  metal  existing 
chiefly  in  soda  &. other  compounds,  burning 
with  bright  yellow  flame,  and  igniting  in  warm 
water.    Hence  so'dic  a.    Isoda,  -ium] 

so'domite,  n.  Person  practising  sodomy. 
[OF,  f.  LL  Sodomita  f.  Gk  Sodomites  inhabit- 
ant of  Sodom,  see  -ite1(D] 

so'domy,  n.  Copulation  between  male  per- 
sons, [f.  F  sodomie  (L  Sodoma  Sodom,  see 
Gen.  xix.  4  foil., -IA  i)] 

soe'ver,  suf.  somet.  separable  usu.  appended 
to  relative  pronouns,  adverbs,  or  adjectives, 
but  sometimes  following  them  at  an  interval, 
to  give  indefinite  meaning  (whosoever,  howso- 
ever, &c. ;  how  great  s.  it  may  be  ;  with  what 
end  s.  he  did  it),    [so,  ever] 

so'fa,  n.  Couch  with  raised  ends  &  back  on 
which  several  persons  can  sit  or  one  lie ;  s.- 
bcd(stead),  piece  of  furniture  serving  as  s.  by 
day  &  bed  by  night,    [f.  Arab,  suffah  bench] 

so'ffit,  n.  Lower  surface  of  architrave,  arch, 
balcony,  &c.  [f.  F  soffite  f.  It.  soffitta  ceiling, 
fern.  p.p.=  fixed  under  (L  svB'2,figere  fix)] 

sofi(sm).    See  suFi(sm). 

soft  (saw-,  so-),  a.,  n.,  adv.,  &  int.  Compara- 
tively wanting  in  hardness,  yielding  to  pres- 
sure, malleable,  plastic,  easily  cut,  (s.  as  bidter; 
s.  stone,  iron;  s.  coal,  bituminous,  opp.  anthra- 
cite ;  s.  corn,  moist  thickening  of  skin  between 
toes  confused  with  corn  3 ;  s.  tissues  of  body, 
not  bony  or  cartilaginous;  s.  palate,  hinder 
part  of  palate ;  s.  wicket  at  cricket,  moist  or 


sodden  turf ;  s.  goods,  textiles ;  s.  money,  notes 
&  bills ;  s.  solder,  kinds  used  for  easily  fusible 
metal,  cf.  s.  sawder;  s.  soap;  s.  tack  naut., 
bread,  opp.  hard  tack  or  biscuit ;  s.  roe,  of  male 
fish);  of  smooth  surf  ace  or  fine  texture,not  rough 
or  coarse,  (s.  skin,  hair,  raiment);  mellow,  mild, 
balmy,  not  noticeably  cold  or  hot,  (s.  air ;  a  s. 
winter) ;  rainy  or  moist  or  thawing  (s.  weather ; 
a  s.  day) ;  (of  water)  free  from  mineral  salts  & 
so  good  for  washing  or  cooking ;  not  astringent 
or  sour  or  bitter  (s.  claret  Sec);  not  crude  or 
brilliant  or  dazzling  (.9.  colours,  light,  eyes);  not 
sharply  defined  (s.oM^h'ne);  not  strident  or  loud, 
low-toned,  (a  s.  voice ;  s.  music ;  s.  pedal  1  ;  s. 
whispers,  murmurs);  (Phonet.) sibilant  (g  is  s. 
in  gin),  voiced  (b,  g,  d,  are  s.  mutes),  unaspiratcd 
(s.  or  smooth  breathing1);  gentle,  quiet,  con- 
ciliatory, complimentary  or  amorous,  (s.  rain ; 
s.  manners ;  a  s.  answer,  esp.  a  good-tempered 
one  toabuse  or  accusation ;  s.-spoken,  see  speak; 
.9.  nothings,  amorous  talk) ;  sympathetic,  com- 

Eissionate,  (has  a  s.  heart,  whence  soft- 
eartED2  a.,  soft-heap'tEDNESS  n.);  tran- 
quil (s.  sltimbers);  (slang)  easy  (has  a  s.job  ;  s. 
thing,  light  well-paid  office  &c);  flabby,  weak, 
feeble,  unstrung,  effeminate,  silly,  (the  -na- 
tional character  has  gone  s.;  as.  luxurious 
people ;  s.  muscles ;  s.-headed,  s.-witted,  half 
idiotic);  hence  so'ftiSH1  a.,  so'ftLY2  adv., 
so'ftNESS  n.  (N.)silly  weak  person,  alsoso'ftv3 
n.  (Adv.,  commoner  in  com  par.  than  in  posit.) 
softly  (plays.,  softer;  s.-whispering  Sec).  (Int., 
archaic)  wait  a  moment ;  hush !  [OE  sdfte  (usu. 
adv.),s£fte a.,  cf.  G sanft,  Du. zacht ;  cogn.  w.  Gk 
hemeros  gentle,  Skr.  saman  mildness] 

so'fta,  n.  Moslem  student  of  sacred  law  & 
theology.    [Turk.] 

so'ften  (-fn),  v.i.  &  t.  Become  or  make  soft 
or  softer;  softening  (morbid  degeneration)  of 
the  brain.   Hence  so'ftenERML  2)  n.    [-en  6J 

so'ggy  (gl),  a.  Sodden,  saturated,  dank. 
Hence  so'g-glNESS  n.    [prob.  cogn.  w.  suck] 

soh.    See  so. 

soho*,  int.  used  in  quieting  horse  &c.  [earlier 
saho  used  as  hunting-cry,  f.  F  ca  hither,  ho] 

soi-disant  (F),  a.    Self-styled,  pretended. 

soil  *,  n.  The  ground,  upper  layer  of  earth  in 
which  plants  grow  consisting  of  disintegrated 
rock  usu.  with  admixture  of  organic  remains, 
mould,  (good,  poor,  clayey,  alluvial,  light,  rich, 
Sec,  s.;  night-s.;  one's  native  s.,  ground  of  one's 
native  land  or  place).  Hence -soilED2  a.  [AF, 
f.  L  solea  sandal  &c.  (in  LL  also  ground)  cogn. 
w.  solum  ground] 

soil2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Make  dirty,  smear  or 
stain  with  dirt,  tarnish,  defile,  (soiled  linen; 
would  not  s.  my  hands  with  it  fig.),  sosoI'Iure 
n.  (archaic);  admit  of  being  soiled  (soils  easily). 
(N.)  dirty  mark,  stain,  smear,  defilement;  .s.- 
pipe,  discharge-pipe  of  water-closet;  hence 
soHless  a.  [n.  f.  vb,  AF  soyler,  OF  soillier 
(soil  mire,  wallowing-place,  perh.  f.  L  suillus 
of  swine  f.  sits  pig ;  doublet  of  sully] 

soil3,  v.t.  Fatten  (cattle)  with  green  food, 
[f.  OF  soeler  (L  satullus  dim.  of  satur  full-fed)] 

soiree  (swar'a),  n.  Social  evening,  evening 
gathering  esp.  for  music,  conversation,  the  ad- 
vancement of  some  society's  objects,  or  the 
like.  [F,  =  evening(-party)  f.  L  serus  late,  -ata 
see  -ade(1)] 

so'journ  (su'jern,  so),  v.i.,&  n.  (Make)  tem- 
porary stay  in  or  in  place  or  \cith  or  among  per- 
son^). Hence  so'journER  i  n.  [f.  OF  sojourner 
(L  sub-,  diumare  t.  diurnus  diurnal] 

S611,  n.  (joe.).    The  sun.    [L] 

sdl2,  n.  (mus.).  Fifth  note  of  octave.  [1st  syl. 
of  L  solve,  see  gamut] 

so'la,  n.     Pithy-stemmed   tropical   swamp 


SOLACE a 

plant  (ft.  topi,  Indian  sun-helmet  of  the  pith), 
[f.  Hind,  shola] 

sd'lace  (as),  n.,  &  v.t  Comfort  (v.  &  n.)  in 
distress  ordisappointment  or  tedium  (ft,  oneself 
with,  find  compensation  or  relief  in  ;  tobacco, 
the  poor  man's  s.;  found  ft.  in  religion),  [f.  OF 
solaz  f.  L  solacium  (solari  console  *)J 

so*lan(-g"OOse),  n.  Thegannet.  [f.  ONstiZa] 

sola'num,  n.  Large  genus  of  plants  includ- 
ing potato,  nightshade.  &  many  kinds  (often 
spoken  of  as. s-.)  cultivated  as  ornamental  creep- 
ers or  for  flowers  or  foliage.   [LL.  =  nightshade] 

so'lar,  a.  Of,  concerned  with,  determined  by, 
the  sun  [«.  day,  eclipse,  spectrum,  time,  year; 
s.  flowers,  that  remain  open  only  for  some  hours 
in  the  day ;  s.  month,  an  exact  twelfth  of  the 
year;  s.  myth,  t&\e  explained  as  symbolizing  s. 

E*  henomena ;  s.  system,  the  sun  &  the  heavenly 
odies  whose  motion  is  directly  or  indirectly 
determined  by  it),    [f.  L  Solaris  [sol  sun,  -ar  •>] 

so'larism,  n.  Belief  in  solar  myths  as  chief 
source_of  mythology.   So  so*laPiST(2)  n.  [-ism] 

solarium,  n.  Place  often  enclosed  in  glass 
for  enjoyment  or  esp.  medical  use  of  sun's  rays. 
|L,  =  sun-dial,  sunning-place  (solar,  -ary1)] 

so'larize,  v.i.  &  t.  (photog.).  Spoil  (i.  &  t.)by 
longexposure.   Hence  solariZA'TiON  n.  [-ize] 

sola'tium  (-shi-),  n.  (pi.  -tia).  Thing  given  as 
compensation  or  consolation.    [L,=solace] 

sold.    See  sell. 

sdldane'lla,  n.  Kinds  of  Alpine  plant  some 
of  which  (esp.  the  Blue  moon  wort)  are  grown  in 
gardens.    [mod.L,  dim.  of  soldana  f.  It.  soldo] 

sol'dep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  fusible  alloy  used 
to  join  edges  of  less  fusible  metals  (hard,  soft, 
s.,  fusible  at  higher,  lower,  temperature  &  so 
serving  for  different  metals),  (fig.)  cementing 
agency.  (Vb)  join  with  s.;  soldering-iron,  tool 
used  hot  for  applying  s.  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  OF  soudure 
(souder  f.  L  solidare  f.  soiadus,  -ure)] 

so'ldier  (-jer).  n.,  &  v.i.  Member  of  army 
(lit.  &  fig.;  ss.  &  sailors  ;  go,  enlist,  for  a  s.; 
play  at  ss.,  of  children,  also  of  volunteers  &c; 
tin,  toy,  ss. ;  s.  of  Christ,  active  or  proselytizing 
Christian;  every  inches.;  olds.,  lit,  also  per- 
son of  experience,  also  empty_  bottle,  also  cigar- 
end  ;  come  tlte  old  s.  over,  claim  to  dictate  to  in 
virtue  of  greater  experience;  s.  of  fortune,  ready 
to  take  service  under  any  State  or  person  that 
will  hire  him ;  red  s.,  pig-disease ;  s.'s  wind 
naut,  fair  wind  forgoing  &  returning);  private 
or  N.C.O.  in  army  (both  officers  &  ss. ;  often  com- 
mons.); military  commanderof  specified  ability 
(a  great,  fine, poor, s.;  nos.),  whence so'ldier- 
ship(3)  n.;  hence  so'ldiePLiKE  a.,  so'ldier- 
ly  J> 2  a.  &  adv.;  (Naut.,  slang)  man,  esp.  sailor, 
who  shirks  work  ;  (also  s.-ant)  one  of  fighting 
section  of  ant  or  termite  colony ;  (also  s.-beetle) 
kinds  of  reddish  coloured  insect  with  carni- 
vorous larvae;  (also  s.-crab)  kind  of  hermit- 
crab  ;  s.  orchis,  kind  with  helmet-shaped  sepals. 
( Vb)  serve  as  s.  (chiefly  in  gerund, as  go,  tired  of, 
soldiering) ;  (Naut,  slang)  shirk  work.  [OF, 
f.  LL  soldarius  (soldum  pay  f.  solidus,  -ary  !)] 

so'ldiery,  n.  The  soldiers  (of  a  State,  in  a 
district,  &c.) ;  a  set  of  troops  of  specified  char- 
acter (a  wild,  licentious,  &c,  ft.),    [-ery] 

so'ldo,  n.  (pi.  -di,  pr.  -de).  Italian  halfpenny. 
lit,  f.  solidus] 

sole  K  n.,  &  v.t  Lower  surface  of  human  or 
other  plantigrade  foot ;  part  of  shoe  or  boot  be- 
low foot;  bottom  or  foundation  of  various 
things,  e.g.  plough,  carpenter's  plane,  wagon, 
golf-club  head ;  s.-channel,  groove  in  s.  of  boot 
&c.  in  which  sewing  is  sunk;  sleather,  com- 
pressed for  use  in  ss.;  s.-plate,  bed-plate  of  en- 
gine &c.;  hence -soIed  2  a.    (Vb)  provide  (boot 

&c.)  with  s.    [OE,  f.  L  solea  (solum  ground)] 


I SOLID 

sole2,  n.  Kind  of  flat-fish  much  esteemed  as 
food  (lemon  *•«.).    If.  L  solea  (prec)] 

sole3,  a.  One  &  only,  exclusive,  (hiss,  reason 
is  this;  on  my  own  s.  responsibility);  (Law) 
unmarried  (only  in  feme  sole);  (archaic)  alone, 
unaccompanied,  (went  forth  s.;  corporation 
s. ).    Hence  so'leL y  2  adv.    [f.  OF  sol  f.  L  solus] 

sd'lecism,  n.  Offence  against  grammar  or 
idiom,  blunder  in  the  manner  of  speaking  or 
writing;  piece  of  ill  breeding  or  incorrect  be- 
haviour. So  so*leeiST(l)  n.,  soleci'stic  a. 
[thr.  F  f.  L  f.  Gk  soloikismos  (soloikizo  f.  soloi- 
kos  barbarous,  said  to  be  f.  Soloi  town  in  Cilicia 
noted  forbad  Attic,  -oikos  -dwelling,  -ize),  -ism] 

solemn  (-m),  a.  Accompanied  with  cere- 
mony, done  &c.  in  due  form,  formally  regular, 
(s.  feast-day,  sacrifice,  oath ;  the  8.  League  & 
covenant;  probate  ins.  form);  mysteriously 
impressive  (ft.  silence  ;  a  s.  cathedral) ;  full  of 
importance, weighty, (a*,  occasion, truth,warn- 
ing)  ;  grave,  sober,  deliberate,  slow  in  move- 
ment or  action,  (s.  music,  a  s.  promise,  s.  looks  ; 
as.  pace);   pompous,  affecting  gravity  or  im- 

Sortance,  dull,  (put  on  a  s.  face ;  a  s.  fool). 
[ence  so'lemni.v2  adv.,  so'lemnxESS  n. 
(rare).  [ME  &  OF  solempne  f.  L  sollemnis 
(sollus  whole,  cf.  Gk  holos,  perh.  amb-  round)] 

sole'mnity  (-mn-),  n.  Rite,  celebration,  fes- 
tival, piece  of  ceremony  ;  being  solemn,  solemn 
character  or  feeling  or  behaviour,  [f.  OF  so- 
lempnite  f.  L  sollemnitatem  (prec.  -ty)] 

solemnize,  v.t.  Celebrate  (festival  &c.) ; 
duly  perform  (marriage  ceremony) ;  make 
solemn.  Hence  solemnlzAJ  ion  n.  [f.  OF 
solempniser  (solemn,  -ize)] 

so'len,  n.  A  bivalve,  the  Razor-shell.  [L,  f. 
Gk  solen  tube,  shell-fish] 

sole'noid,  n.  Magnet  made  of  wire  coiled 
into  cylinder  &  traversed  by  electric  current, 
[f.  Gk  solenoeides  (prec,  -oid)] 

so'l-fa*  (-ah),  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.    =  solmizate, 

SOLMIZATION  ;  TONIC  ft.     [SOL2,  FA] 

sdlfe'g-gio  (-jo),  n.  (pi.  -gi,  pr.  -je).  Solmiza- 
tion,  sol-Ta ;  sol-fa  exercise  for  voice.  [It, 
(prec+  suf.  -eggio)] 

sdlferi'no  (-re-),  n.  A  purplish-red  colour 
made  from  rosaniline.  [discovered  in  year  of 
battle  of  <&,  cf.  magenta] 

solreit,  v.t  &  i.  Invite,  make  appealsor  re- 
quests to,  importune,  (marvels  s.  his  attention 
or  senses;  we  s.  you  for  your  custom;  was 
known  to  have  solicited  the  judges),  (of  prosti- 
tute) entice  (man,  or  abs.)  in  public  place ;  ask 
importunately  or  earnestly  for  (s.  favours,  office, 
custom).  SosolieitA'TiON  n.  I f.  OF  solic iter 
f.  L  sollicitare  (sollicittts  anxious  perh.  f.  sol- 
lus see  solemn,  ciere  cit-  rouse)] 

solicitor,  n.  One  who  solicits  (rare) ;  mem- 
ber of  the  legal  profession  competent  to  advise 
clients  &  instruct  &  prepare  causes  for  barris- 
ters but  not  to  appear  as  advocate  except  in 
certain  lower  courts  (cf.  barrister,  lawyer, 
attorney)  ;  S.-Oeneral.  Crown  law  officer  be- 
low Attorney-General,  &  like  him  appointed  by 
the  Government  of  the  day  &advising  &  repre- 
senting it  in  legal  matters,  ff.  OF solliciteur  f. 
L  sollicitatorem  (prec,  -or2)] 

soli'citous,  a.  Eager  to  do;  desirous  of; 
anxious,  troubled,  (about,  concerning,  for,  &c, 
or  abs.).  Hence  soli'citousLY 2  adv.  [f.  L 
sollicitus  see  solicit,  -ous] 

soli'citude,  n.  Being  solicitous,  anxiety, 
concern.    [OF,  f.  L  sollicitudo  (prec,  -tude)] 

sd'lid,  a.  &  n.  Of  stable  shape,  not  liquid  or 
fluid,  having  some  rigidity,  (s.food  ;  water  be- 
comes s.  at  32°  F.) ;  of  s.  substance  throughout, 
not  hollow,  without  internal  cavities  or  inter- 
stices, (ft.  sphere  er  ball ;  s.  tire,  without  central 


SOLIDARITY 


829 


SOMBRE 


tube  ;  s.  square  mil.,  formation  of  equal  depth 
&  length  ;  s.-hoojed,  -horned,  &c;  s.-printing, 
without  leads  between  lines) ;  strongly  con- 
structed, not  flimsy,  (s.  house,  pier,  furniture  ; 
manofs.build);  homogeneous.alike  all  through, 
(of  8.  silver  Sec;  s.  colour,  covering  the  whole 
of  an  object,  without  pattern  &c;  a  s.  vote  Sec, 
unanimous,  undivided ;  go  or  be  s.  for,  be  united 
in  favour  of ;  the  s.  South,  southern  States  of 
U.S.  consistently  voting  for  democratic  party); 
well-grounded,  sound,  reliable,  real,  genuine, 
not  fancied  or  pretended  or  showy,  (s.  argu- 
ments, sense,  comfort ;  a  s.  man,  sensible  but 
not  brilliant,  also  of  sound  financial  position  ; 
have  s.  grounds for  supposing ;  s.  consideration, 
thing  that  can  fairly  be  regarded  as  an  induce- 
ment in  contracts  &c);  of  three  dimensions  (s. 
foot  See.,  cubic;  s.  angle,  formed  by  three  or 
more  plane  angles  in  different  planes  meeting 
at  point ;  s.  number,  integer  with  three  prime 
factors) ;  concerned  with  ss.  (s.  geometry ;  s. 
measure  ;  s.  problem  math.,  involving  curves 
that  are  sections  of  ss.  &  requiring  cubic  equa- 
tion) ;  hence  or  cogn.  soli'diFV  v.t.  &  i.,  soli- 
diFiCATiox  n.,soli*difiABLEa.,soli*diTV  n., 
so'lidLY  >  adv.  (N.)  body  consisting  of  particles 
that  maintain  their  relative  positions  against 
some  degree  of  pressure  ;  (Geom.)  body  or  mag- 
nitude having  three  dimensions  (cf.  point,  line, 
surface  ;  regular  s.,  bounded  by  equal  &  regu- 
lar planes),  [f.  F  solide  t.  L  solidus  cogn.  w.  Gk 
holos,  Skr.  sarva(s),  whole] 

solidarity,  n.  Holding  together,  mutual 
dependence,  community  of  interests,  feelings, 
&  action,  [f.  F  solidarity  (solidaire  f.  solide  = 
prcc,  -ARY1,  -TY)] 

solidirng-ular,  -ate,  aa.  Solid-hoofed,  of 
horse  family,  equine,  [f.  L  solidus,  ungula 
hoof,  -ar1,  -ate  2] 

sd'lidus,  n.  (pi.  -di).  (Hist.)  gold  coin  intro- 
duced by  Roman  Emperor  Constantine  ;  (only 
in  abbr.  s.)  shilling(s),  as  7s.  6d.,  £1  Is. ;  the 
shilling  line  (for  2  or  long  s)  as  in  7/6.  [LL  use 
of  L  solidus] 

solifi'dian,  a.  &  n.  (Holder)  of  doctrine 
that  faith  by  itself  suffices  for  salvation.  [L 
solus  alone,  fides  faith,  +  -ian] 

soli'loquy,  n.  Talkingwithoutorregardless 
of  the  presence  of  hearers  (a  s.,  piece  of  this 
esp.  on  part  of  character  in  play).  Hence  soli*- 
loquizE(2)  v.L,  soli'loquisT(l)  n.  [f.  hsolilo- 
quium  (solus  alone,  -I-,  loqui  speak)J 

sd'llped,  a.  &  n.  Solidungulate  (animal),  [f. 
OF  solipede  contracted  f.  L  solidipes  -edis 
(solidus,  pes  foot)] 

solise'quious,  a.  (bot).  Following  sun's 
course.    [L  sol  sun,  -I-,  sequi  follow,  -ous] 

solitaire*,  n.    Ear-ring,  shirt-stud,  &c,  hav- 


ing a  single  gem ;  shirt-cuff  fastening  in  one 

playe 
on  special  board  ;  (now  usu.  patience)  kinds  of 


piece ;  game  played  by  one  person  with  marbles 


card -game  for  one  player ;  kinds  of  W.-Ind.  & 
Amer.  thrush.    [F,  see  foil.] 

sd'litary,  a.  &  n.  Living  alone,  not  gregari- 
ous, without  companions,  unfrequented,  se- 
cluded, single,  lonely,  sole,  (s.  ants,  bees,  Sec, 
kinds  not  living  in  communities ;  a  s.  life, 
walk,  valley,  instance  ;  s.  confinement,  isolation 
in  separate  cell);  hence  so'litariL y 2  adv., 
so'litariNESS  n.  (N.)  recluse,  anchoret.  [AF 
solitarie  f.  L  solitarius  for  solitatarius  (solitas 
loneliness  f.  solus  alone,  -ty,  -f  -ary'I] 

so'litude,  n.    Being  solitary ;  lonely  place. 

[F,  f.  L  SOlitudO  (SOLE 3,  -TUDEl] 

soli've  (-ev),  n.  Intermediate  timber  resting 
on  beams  &  supporting  planks  of  floor  or  ceil- 
ing, joist.    [OF,  etym.  dub.] 

so-lmizate,  v.L,  solmiza'tion,  n.     (Use) 


system  of  associating  each  note  of  scale  with 
particular  syllable  (see  gamut),  such  syllables 
representing  either  C,  D,  &c,  of  natural  scale 
or  first,  second,  &c,  note  of  any  scale,  [-ate  f. 
F  solmiser  (sol2,  mi,  -ize)] 

sO'lo,  n.  (pi.  -os,  -i  pr.  -e).  Song  or  musical 
piece  or  passage  given  by  one  person  or  instru- 
ment with  strictly  subordinate  or  no  accom- 
paniment (also  attrib.,asas.  passage ;  s.  organ, 
partial  organ  with  special  or  s.  stops  fit  for  use 
in  ss.),  whence  so'Ioist(I)  n. ;  kind  of  card- 
game.    [It.,  as  SOLE3] 

Solomon,  n.  King  of  Israel  reputed  wisest 
of  men  (isnoS. ;  song  ofS.),  whence  Solomd*- 
nic  a. ;  S.'s  seal,  kinds  of  flowering  plant  with 
some  likeness  to  lily  of  the  valley. 

So'lon,  n.  Sage,  wise  legislator,  [name  of 
Athenian  lawgiver] 

so-lo'ng-,  int.  Good-bye  till  we  meet  [perh. 
naut.  corrupt,  of  salaam] 

so'lstice,  n.  Either  time  (summer,  winh  r, 
s. ;  about  21st  June,  22nd  Dec.)  at  which  sun  is 
furthest  from  equator  &  appears  to  pause  be- 
fore returning ;  (also  solstitial  point)  point  in 
ecliptic  reached  by  sun  at  s.  So  solsti'tiAL 
(-Ishl)  a.  [F,  f.  L  solstitium  (sol1,  sistere  -stit- 
make  stand  f.  stare  stand)] 

so'luble,  a.  That  can  be  dissolved  in  some 
fluid ;  that  can  be  solved.  Hence  soIubility 
n.    IF,  f.  L  solubilis  (solve,  -ble)] 

so'lus,  pred.  a.  (fern.  -la).  Alone,  unaccom- 
panied, (esp.  in  stage  directions,  as  enter  king 
s. ;  also  joe. ,  &sfound  myself s. ).   [L] 

solution  (-00-,  -u-),  n.  Separation,  dissolu- 
tion, abolition  of  union,  (chiefly  in  s.  of  conti- 
nuity surg.,  separation  of  tissues  by  fracture 
&c,  &  transf.);  dissolving  or  being  dissolved, 
esp.  conversion  of  solid  or  gas  into  liquid  form 
by  mixture  with  liquid  called  the  solvent  or 
menstruum  (chemical  «.,  involving  change  in 
chem.  properties  of  components ;  mechanical 
s.,  without  such  change),  state  resulting  from 
this  (held  in  8.  &c. ;  his  ideas  are  in  8.,  in  a 
state  of  flux,  unsettled),  liquid  &  solid  or  gas 
so  mixed  (a  s.  of  alum ;  strong,  weak,  s.,  with 
small,  large,  proportion  of  solvent) ;  resolution, 
solving,  answer,  method  for  the  solving,  of  a 
problem,  puzzle,  question,  doubt,  difficulty,  &c. 
(of,  tor,  to).    [F,  f.  L  solutionem  (foil.,  -ion)] 

solve,  v.t.  Untie,  loosen,  unravel,  dissolve, 
(knot,  tangle,  cohesion,  &c. ;  archaic) ;  find  an- 
swer to  (problem)  or  way  out  of  (difficulty). 
Hence  solvable  a.,  solvaBi'LiTY  n.  [f.  L  sol- 
vere solut-  (se-  apart,  lucre,  cf.  Gk  luo,  loosen)] 

so'Ivent,  a.  &  n.  Having  the  power  of  dis- 
solving or  forming  solution  with  something 
or  fig.  of  weakening  the  hold  of  traditions  or 
beliefs  ;  having  money  enough  to  meet  all  pe- 
cuniary liabilities,  whence  so'Ivency  n.  (N.) 
s.  liquid  or  substance,  menstruum,  (see  solu- 
tion ;  water  is  the  commonest  s. ;  alcohol  is 
the  s.  of  resinous  stibstances) ;  dissolving  or 
weakening  agent  (science  as  a  s.  of  religious 
belief),    [f.  L  soLVEre,  -ent] 

-som.    See  -some. 

soma'tic,  a.  Of  the  body,  corporeal,  physi- 
cal, (opp.  mental,  spiritual,  psychic ;  s.  death, 
of  the  body  as  a  whole),  [f.  Gk  somatikos  (soma 
-atos  body,  -ic)] 

so'mato-,  comb,  form  (prec,  -o)  =  of  body 
or  the  human  body,  as  -ge'nic,  originating  in 
the  body,  -logy,  science  of  living  bodies  physi- 
cally considered,  also  physics,  also  human  ana- 
tomy &  physiology. 

so'mbre  (-er),  a.  Dark,  gloomy,  dismal,  as  a 
s.  sky,  s.  prospect,  man  of  s.  character.  Hence 
so'mbper.v2  adv.,  so'mbre.NEss  n.,  so*m- 
brous  (poet.)  a.    [F,  perh.  f.  L  *EX(umbrare  t 


SOMBRERO i 

umbra  shade)  darken,  cf.  Sp.  so?nbrio  sombre, 
sombra  shade,  asombrar  f  rightenl 

sombreiro  (-aro),  n.  Broad-brimmed  felt  hat 
common  in  America.    [Sp.  (sombra,  see  prec.)] 

some  (sum),  a.,  pron.,  &  adv.  Particular  but 
unknown  or  unspecified  (person  or  thing),  as 
s.  fool  has  locked  the  door,  saw  it  in  s.  book  {or 
other),  ask  s.  experienced  person,  s.  (people)  say 
yes  &  s.  (or  others  or  other  people)  say  no ;  a 
certain  quantity  or  number  of  (something),  as 
drink  s.  water,  eat  s.  bread,  bring  s.  pens,  I 
have  s.  already,  have  s.  more,  s.  of  it  is  spoilt, 
s.  of  them  were  late,  can  we  or  can't  we  have  s. 
milk  ?  (but  toe  cannot  have  any  milk),  if  I  find 
s.  (or  any)  I  will  send  them ;  an  appreciable  or 
considerable  quantity  of,  as  went  s.  miles  out 
of  our  way,  had  s.  trouble  in  arranging  it,  s. 
years  ago ;  (usu.  stressed)  not  quite  no,  as  do 
have  s.  mercy  on  our  nerves,  has  after  all  s. 
sense  of  decency ;  approximately  so  many  or 
much  of  (something),  as  waited  s.  20  minutes, 
scales  s.  15  stone,  we  were  s.  60  in  all ;  all  &  s. ; 
(adv.,  slang)  ins.  degree,  as  he  seemed  annoyed 
s.;  somebody,  s.  person,  (w.  pi.  -dies)  person 
of  consequence ;  somehow,  in  s.  unspecified  or 
unexplained  manner,  for  s.  reason  or  other,  as 
he  somehoxo  dropped  behind,  somehow  or  other 
I  never  liked  him,  (stressed)  no  matter  how,  as 
must  get  it  finished  somehow;  someone,  =some- 
body  (not  in  pi.)  ;'-s.  one,  any  particular  (one),  as 
choose  s.  one  place  as  a  centre,  take  s.  one  as  a 
type ;  something,  s.  thing  (esp.  or  something  as 
vague  substitute  for  noun,  adj.,  vb,  or  adv.),  as 
have  something  to  tell  you,  has  lost  something 
or  other,  take  a  drop  of  something  (liquor),  he  is 
or  has  something  (s.  official,  s.  employment;  in. 
the  record  office,  can  spare  something  out  of  so 
much,  there  is  something  (truth,  point)  in  what 
you  say,  thinks  himself  something  (of  s.  conse- 
quence), felt  there  was  a  little  something  want- 
ing, something  of  preciosity  in  his  style,  am 
something  o/(am  in  s.  sense  or  degree)  a  car- 
penter, it  is  something  (s.  comfort)  to  be  safe 
home  again,  his  temper  is,  his  fads  are,  some- 
thing awful,  was  made  a  bishop  or  something, 
has  sprained  his  ankle  or  something  (s.  other 
part),  is  neurotic  or  something,  lost  his  train 
or  (did)  something,  turned  the  tap  ioo  soon  or 
too  hard  or  (too)  something,  (adv.,  archaic  exc. 
something  like)  in  s.  degree,  as  was  something 
impatient,  something  troubled,  shaped  some- 
thing like  a  cigar,  (colloq.,  w.  stress  on  like) 
this  is  something  like  a  (is  a  large  or  good) 
pudding,  that's  something  like  (is  capital!/ ;  s. 
time  adv.,  for  s.  time,  as  have  been  waiting  s. 
time,  at  s.  time,  as  must  see  him  about  it  s.  time ; 
sometime  adv.  &  a.  (archaic),  former(ly),  as  was 
sometime  mayor  of  Barnstaple,  (the)  sometime 
sheriff;  sometimes  adv.,  at  s.  times,  as  have 
sometimes  thought,  is  sometimes  hot  <£■  some- 
times cold;  someway,  in  s.  way;  somewhat, 
(adv.)  in  s.  degree,  as  it  is  somewhat  difficidt, 
was  somewhat  puzzled,  answered  somewhat 
hastily,  (pron.,  archaic  exc.  when  indisting. 
f.  adv.)  found  somewhat  to  detain  him,  loses 
somewhat  (perh.  adv.)  in  the  telling,  loses  some- 
what of  its  force ;  somewhen  (rare,  affected), 
at  s.  time  or  other;  somewhere,  in,  at,  to,  s. 
place,  as  lives  somewhere  near  us,  sent  him 
somewhere,  Burton  says  somewhere  in  the 
Anatomy,  will  see  him  somewhere  (in  hell  &c.) 
first ;  somewhither  (archaic),  to  s.  place.  [OE 
sum,  cf.  ON  sumr,  Da.  somme  pi.;  cogn.  w. 
same] 

-some,  -som,  suf.  forming  adjj.,  OE  -sum, 
repr.  Du.  -zaam,  G  -sam;  joined  to  nn.  w.  sense 
'  adapted  to,  productive  of ',  as  handsome,  quar- 
relsome, gladsome  (f.  obs.  glad  n.),  to  adjj.,  as 


10 SONG 

lithesome  (also  lissom),  blithesome,  fulsome, 
foursome,  &  to  trans,  vbs  w.  sense  'apt  to',  as 
tiresome,  winsome,  wearisome,  gruesome  (f. 
grue  in  impers.  trans,  use  it  grues  me).  Written 
-om  in  lissom,  buxom,  &c. ;  -som  in  ransom  is 
of  diff.  orig. 

so'mersault,  -set  \  (sii-),  n.,  &  v.i.  Spring, 
bound,  in  which  person  turns  heels  over  head 
(double,  treble,  s.,  twice,  thrice)  in  the  air;  turn 
a  s.,  make  such  spring;  (v.i.)  turn  s.  If.  OF 
sombre  saut  f.  Pr.  sobresaut  f.  L  supra  above 
+  saltus  -us  leap  (satire)] 

so-mersef-  (su-),  n.  Padded  saddle  esp.  for 
one-legged  rider,    [f.  Lord  F.  S.,  who  used  onej 

so'mite,  n.  Segment  of  (esp.  articulate  or 
vertebrate)  animal  body,  metamere.  Hence 
somi'tic  a.    [f.  Gk  soma  body  +  -ite  j(2)] 

somna'mbulism,  n.  Walking  or  perform- 
ing other  action  during  sleep;  condition  of 
brain  inducing  this;  artificial  s.,  hypnotism. 
Henceorcogn.somna*mbulANT  (rare),  som- 
nambulistic, aa.,  somna'mbulATE 3  v.i. 
(rare),  somna'mbulisr  n.  [f.  L  so7nnus  sleep 
+  ambulare  walk] 

somni-  in  comb.=L  somnus  sleep,  as :  -fer- 
ous,  inducing  sleep,  narcotic;  -loquence,  -lo- 
quism,  -loquy,  habit  of  talking  in  sleep;  -lo- 
quous,  -loquist,  (person)  given  to  this ;  -pathist, 
hypnotic  subject ;  -pathy,  hypnotic  sleep. 

so'mnolent,  a.  Sleepy,  drowsy;  inducing 
drowsiness ;  (Path.)  in  state  between  sleeping  & 
waking.  Hence  or  cogn.  so*mnolENCE,-ENCV, 
nn.,  so'mnolentLv  *  adv.  [f.  L  somnolentus, 
-nul-,  (somnus  sleep,  see  -lent)] 

so-mnolism,  n.  Hypnotic  sleep,  [f.  prec.  + 
-ism] 

son  (sun),  n.  Male  child  of  a  parent;  s.-in- 
law,  one's  daughter's  husband;  he  is  his  father's 
s.  (like,  worthy  of,  his  father) ;  the  S.  of  Man, 
(N.T.)  Christ,  the  Messiah,  (O.T.)  descendant  of 
Adam,  esp.  as  form  of  address  in  Ezekiel ;  the 
S.  (of  God),=QODl  the  S.;  s.  of  a  gun;  every 
mother1^  s.;  descendant,  as  ss.  of  Abraham ; 
(as  form  of  address  esp.  of  old  man  to  young 
man,  confessor  to  penitent,  &c.)  my  s.;  native 
of  a  country,  as  Britain's  ss.;  person  viewed  as 
inheriting  an  occupation,  quality,  &c,  as  s.  of 
toil,  s.  of  Mars  (soldier),  s.  (-man)  o/belial, 
ss.  of  light,  darkness,  &c;  &s.  of  Liberty,  of  the 
(American)  Revolution,  &c,  American  patrio- 
tic &c.  organizations.  Hence  so'nLESs  a., 
so'nsHiP  n.  [OE  sunu,  cf.  Du.  zoon,  G  sohn, 
ON  sunr,  sonr] 

-son,  suf.,  =  -tion  in  some  wds  f.  F,  as  reason, 
season(Fraison,saison,hrationem,  sationem), 
treason,  (OF  traison,  L  traditionem),  benison, 
(OF  beneison,  L  benedictionem),  poison,  veni- 
son, ORISON,  COMPARISON. 

so'nant,  a,  &  n.  (Sound,  letter)  capable  of 
being  sounded  continuously,  accompanied  by 
vocal  vibration,  voiced,  not  surd,  (e.  g.  b,  d,  g, 
j,  v,  z).  Hence  so'nANC  y  n.  [f.  L  sonare  sound 
(sonus),  see  -ant] 

sona*ta(-nah-),n.  Instrumental  composition, 
esp.  for  piano,  of  three  or  four  movements  (one 
or  more  in  s.  form)  in  contrasted  rhythms  but 
related  keys ;  s.  form,  mode  of  composition  in 
which  two  themes  aro  successively  set  forth, 
developed,  &  restated.  [It.  (as  prec,  see  -ade)] 

sonati'na  (-te-),  n.  Simplified  form  of  sonata. 
[It.,  dim.  of  prec] 

song-,  it.  Singing,  vocal  music,  as  burst  forth 
into  s.;  musical  cry  of  some  birds  (s.-birds); 
short  poem  set  to  music  or  meant  to  be  sung ; 
short  poem  in  rhymed  stanzas ;  poetry,  verse, 
as  renowned  in  s.;  (Mus.)  s.  form,  mode  of  com- 
position usu.  in  three  sections,  the  first  &  third 
being  nearly  the  same  &  the  second  contrasted 


SONGSTER 


831 


SORDID 


with  the  first ;  bought,  sold,  it  for  a  s.  or  an 
old  s.  (mere  trifle) ;  S.  of  degrees  or  ascents 
(in  O.T.,  Psalms  120-134) ;  &  of  Ss„  S.  of  Solo- 
mon, Canticles ;  s. -thrush  ;  s.-sparrow,  hedge- 
sparrow  &  other  birds.  Hence  so'ngfLESS  a. 
[OF,  Da.,  G,  sang,  cf.  Du.  zang ;  as  sing] 

scrng-ster,  n.  Singer;  song-bird;  poet. 
Hence  so'ngrstPESS  *  n.    [-ster] 

sd'nifer,  n.  Instrument  for  conveying  sound 
to  deaf  person,    [as  foil.] 

soni'ferous,  a.  Conveying  or  producing 
sound,    [f.  L  sonus  sound  +  -ferous]     * 

so'nnet,  n.  Poem  of  14  lines  (usu.  rhyming 
thus :  pig  bat  cat  wig  jig  hat  rat  Jig ;  lie  red  sob 
die  bed  rob  or  lie  red  die  bed  pie  wed ;  or  other- 
wise e.  g.  as  in  Shakespeare's  ss.).  So  sonnet- 
eer*  n.,  &  v.i.,  (usu.  contempt.).  [F,  f.  Pr.  sonet 
dim.  of  son  sound] 

so'nny  (su-),  n.  Familiar  form  of  address  to 
a  boy.    [f.  son  +  -y  3] 

sono'meter,  n.  Kinds  of  instrument  for 
testing  deaf  person's  hearing,  measuring 
sounds,  &c.    [f.  L  sonus  sound  +  -meter] 

sonore'scent,  a.  (Of  hard  rubber  &c. )  emit- 
ting sounds  corresponding  to  pulsations  of 
radiant  heat  or  light.  So  sonore'scENCE  n. 
[as  sonorous  +  -escent] 

sonopi'fie,  a.  Producing  (esp.  other  than 
vocal)  sound,    [as  foil.  +  -fic] 

sonop'ous,  a.  Resonant;  loud-sounding;  (of 
speech,  style,  &c.)  high-sounding,  imposing;  s. 
figures  (formed  in  layer  of  sand  &c.  by  sound- 
vibration);  s,  rale  (heard  in  some  diseases). 
Hence  or  cogn.  sonor'iTY,  sonor'ousNESS, 
nn.,  sonoirousLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  sonorus  (sonor 
sound  f.  sonare  vb)  +  -ous] 

soon,  adv.  Not  long  after  the  present  time 
or  time  in  question  or  after  specified  time,  in  a 
short  time,  as  shall  s.  know  the  result,  was  s. 
convinced  of  his  error,  arrived  s.  after  four,  s. 
after  the  gate  was  closed,  least  said  soonest 
mended  ;  as  (or  so,  esp.  after  negative,  or  when 
causality  or  other  close  connexion  is  suggested) 
s.  as,  the  momen  t  that,  not  later  than ,  as  early  as, 
as  came  as  (or  so)  s.  as  I  heard  of  it,  will  get  there 
as  s.  as  they  {do),  did  not  arrive  so  (or  as)  s.asl 
expected,  drops  his  fine  theories  so  (or  as)  s.  as 
they  clash  with  his  interests,  so  s.  as  (ever)  there 
is  any  talk  of  paying  he  cools  down;  (w.  ex- 
pressed or  implied  comparison)  willingly,  as  / 
would  just  as  s.  stay  at  home  (as  go),  would 
sooner  die  than  let  him  (or  than  that  he  should) 
find  it  out,  which  would  you  soonest  do  ? ;  early, 
as  what  makes  you  come  so  s.  ?,  you  spoke  too  s. ; 
we  had  no  sooner  sat  down  than  (the  moment 
we  sat  down)  she  burst  into  tears,  no  sooner 
said  than  done,  it  was  done  the  moment  it  was 
proposed  &c. ;  you  will  repent  it  sooner  or  later 
(some  day,  in  the  long  run).  [OE  soma,  cf. 
OHG  san,  Goth,  suns] 

soot,  n.,  &  v.t.  Black  substance  rising  in  fine 
flakes  in  the  smoke  of  wood,  coal,  oil,  &c, 
during  combustion  &  sticking  to  sides  of  chim- 
ney &c,  used  as  fertilizer;  s.-cancer,  wart, 
disease  of  scrotum  in  sweeps.    Hence  soo'ti- 

LY2  adv.,  SOO'tlNESS  n.,  SOO'tLESS,  SOOtY2, 

aa.  (Vb)  cover  with  s.  [OE  &  ON  sot,  cf.  Da. 
sod,  perh.  f.  root  sad-  sit] 

so~o*terk!n,  n.  (archaic).  Dutch  woman's 
false  birth  produced  by  sitting  over  stove ;  (fig.) 
abortive  scheme.    [?] 

sooth,  n.  (archaic).  Truth,  fact,  esp.  in  (good) 
s.,  really,  truly.  [OE  soth  (for  santh),  cf.  ON 
sannr,  Sw.  sann,  Da.  sand;  orig.=  being,  f. 
part.  st.  f.  root  es-  be,  cf.  present1] 

soothe  (-dh),  v.t.  Calm  (person,  nerves,  pas- 
sions) ;  soften,  mitigate,  (pain);  flatter,  humour, 
(person,   his  vanity).    Hence  soo'thing-LY  2 


adv.    [OE  gesothian  confirm,  assent  to  (ge-  Y-  + 
soth  SOOTH)] 

soothfast,  a.  (archaic).  Truthful;  true; 
loyal,   steadfast.      [OE  sdthfsest   (sooth,   cf. 

STEADFAST)] 

soothsayer,  n.  One  who  foretells  the  fu- 
ture, diviner.    Hence  soo'thsay  v.i.    [sooth 

+  SAY  +-ER1] 

sop,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Piece  of  bread  &c.  dipped 
in  broth  &c;  mu.k1s.;  something  given  (to  for- 
midable or  troublesome  animal,  person,  &c, 
esp.  to  Cerberus)  to  pacify,  bribe;  (v.t.)  soak 
(bread  &c.  in  broth  &c),  take  up  (water  &c.)  by 
absorption  in  towel  &c,  wet  thoroughly  ;  (v.i.) 
be  drenched,  as  am  sopping  with  rain,  clothes 
are  sopping  (vbl  n.  as  adv.)  wet,  whence  so*p- 
p y  2  a.  [OE  sopp  n. ,  soppigan  vb,  cf .  ON  soppa 
n.;  cogn.  w.  supan  sup] 

So'pherim,  n.  pi.  The  scribes  or  teachers  of 
Jewish  law.    [Heb.] 

so'phism,  n.  False  argument  intended  to 
deceive  (cf.  paralogism).  [ME  &  OF  sophisme 
f.  Gk  sophisma  (as  foil.,  see  -m)] 

so'phist,  n.  Ancient-Greek  paid  teacher  of 
philosophy  &  rhetoric ;  captious  or  fallacious 
reasoner,  quibbler.  Hence  or  cogn.  sophi'st- 
ic(AL)aa.,  sophi'sticalLY 2  adv.,  so'phist- 
ry(4,  5)  n.  [f.  F  sophiste  f.  LL  (-ta)  f.  Gk  so- 
phistes  (sophizo  instruct  f.  sophos  wise,  -ist)] 

so'phistep,  n.  (Camb.  univ.).  Junior,  senior, 
s.  (abbr.  soph),  student  in  his  second,  third, 
year.    [f.  Oh  sophistre  var.  as  prec] 

sophisticate,  v.t.  &  L  Involve  (subject)  in 
sophistry ;  mislead  (person)  thus ;  deprive  (per- 
son, thing)  of  simplicity,  make  artificial ;  tam- 
per with  (text  &c.)  for  purposes  of  argument 
&c;  use  sophistry;  adulterate  (wine  &c).  So 
sophistiCATiON  n.  [f.  med.L  sophisticare 
(sophisticus  sophistic),  see  -ate  3] 

so'phomore,  n.  (U.S.  univv.).  Second-year 
student,  [perh.  ult.  f.  sophism  +  -er  l,  but  un- 
derstood as  f.  Gk  sophos  wise  +  moros  foolish] 

sopopi'fie,  a.  &  n.  (Drug)  tending  to  produce 
sleep.  So  sopopPferous,  so'popose  l,  so*- 
popous,  aa.    [f.  L  sopor  sleep  +  -i-  +  -fic] 

sopra'no  (-rah-),  n.  (pi.  -nos,  -ni  pr.  -ne), 
(Music  for)  highest  female  or  boy's  voice,  treble 
(often  attrib.) ;  (also  soppa'nisr  n.)  singer 
with  this.    [It.,  f.  LL  as  sovereign] 

-sop,  suf.  forming  agent-nn.  on  L  p.p.  st.  in 
-s-,  as  professor ;  see  -or2. 

sop'a,  n.  Bird  frequenting  marshes  of  Caro- 
lina &c.  in  autumn  &  used  as  food,    [native] 

sopb,  n.  Service-tree ;  (also s.-apple) I  its  fruit. 
Hence  sop'bATE1^)  n.,  sop'bic  a.,  (chem.). 
[f.  OF  sorbe  f.  L  sorbus] 

sopbefa'cient  (-shnt),  a.  &  n.  (med.).  (Drug 
&c.)  causing  absorption,    [f.  hsorbere  suck  in 

+  -FACIENT] 

sop' bet,  n.  Flavoured  water-ice  ;  =  sher- 
bet.    [F,  as  SHERBET] 

Sorbcnne  (on),  n.  (Hist.)  theological  facul- 
ty in  University  of  Paris  having  great  influ- 
ence in  16th  &  17th  cc;  building  erected  for  it  by 
Richelieu,  now  used  by  theological  &  learned 
societies  for  lectures  &c.  [F,  f.  R.  de  Sorbon, 
founder  about  12501 

sop'cerep,  n.  User  of  magic  arts,  wizard,  en- 
chanter (often  fig.).  So  SOP'CePESS1,  SOP'CERV 
(4,  5),  nn.  [f.  OF  sorcier  f.  LL  sortiarius  caster 
of  lots  (sors  -rtis  lot,  see  -ary  *,  -er1)] 

sordame'nte,  adv.  (mus.).  In  a  muffled 
manner.    [It.] 

sop'det,  sop'dine  (or  -en),  sordino  (-de-, 
pi.-  ni  pr.  -ne),  -do'no  (pi.  -ni  pr.  -ne).  Damper 
for  musical  instrument,  [(-ino,  -ono,  It.,  -ine 
thr.  F)  f.  It.  sordo  f.  L  surdus  deaf,  -et1] 

sop'did,  a.    Mean,  niggardly ;  ignoble,  base ; 


SORE 

(Bot.,  Zool.,  of  colours)  impure,  muddy,  as  s. 
blue ;  (archaic)  dirty,  squalid.  Hence  sop'did- 
ly  J  adv.,  sop'didNESs  n.  [f.  F  sordide  f.  L 
sordidus  (sordere  be  dirty,  sordes  filth,  see  -id1)] 

sore,  a. ,  n.,  &  adv.  (Of  parts  of  body,  person) 
morbidly  tender,  as  has  a  s.  arm,  is  foot  lsore, 
(clergyman's)  s.  throat,  touched  him  on  a  s. 
place  (often  fig.),  a  sight  for  s.  eyes  (welcome, 
pleasant);  irritated,  aggrieved,  touchy,  as  is 
very  s.  about  his  defeat ;  arousing  painful  feel- 
ings, irritating,  esp.  a  s.  subject;  (archaic,  poet.) 
distressing,  grievous,  severe,  as  in  s.  distress, 
a  s.  struggle,  affliction  s.  long  time  he  bore, 
whence  sopc'ly2  adv.  (N.)  s.  place  on  body 
e.  g.  where  skin  or  flesh  is  bruised  or  inflamed  ; 
(fig.)  s.  subject,  painful  memory,  esp.  re-open 
old ss. ;  bed  lsore  ;  eve  ^sore.  (Adv.)  grievous- 
ly, severely,  as  s.  oppressed,  bested,  afflicted. 
Hence  sopo'ness  n.  [(n.  &  adv.  f.  adj.)  OE 
adr  painful,  cf.  Du,  zter  sore,  ON  sdrr  sore,  G 
sehr  sorely,  very] 

sorel.    See  sorrel 2. 

soirghum  (-gum),  n.  Kinds  of  grass  includ- 
ing millet  &  Chinese  sugar-cane,  [perh,  of  E.- 
Ind.  orig.] 

sop'icine,  a.  Of,  related  to,  the  shrew-mouse, 
[f.  L  soricinus  (sorex  -icis  shrew-mouse,  -ine  j)] 

soprtes,  n.  Chain-syllogism  (e.g.  a  cat  is  a 
quadruped,  quadruped  is  an  animal,  animal  js 
a  substance ;  therefore  a  cat  is  a  substance); 
form  of  sophism  leading  by  gradual  steps  from 
truth  to  absurdity  and  based  on  the  absence  of 
precise,  esp.  numerical,  limits  to  terms  (e.g.  a 
man  with  only  1  hair  is  bald,  therefore  man 
with  2,  3,  4, . . .  10,000,  hairs  is  bald).  So  sori*- 
tiCAL  a.  [L  f.  late  Gk  sorites  lit.  heaper  (soros 
heap,  see-iTE1)] 

sorn,  v.i.  (Sc).  Obtrude  oneself  on  (person) 
for  bed  &  board.    Hence  soptier  1  n.    [?] 

sopd'sis,  n.  (bot.).    Fleshy  compound  fruit, 

e.  g.  pine-apple,  mulberry,    [as  sorus  +  -osisj 
so'ppel  \  n.    Kinds  of  acid-leaved  herb  allied 

with  dock.    [f.  OF  sorel  dim.  f.  MHG  sur  sour] 

sd'PPel 2,  a.  &  n.    (Of)  reddish-brown  colour; 

s.  animal  esp.  horse :  (also  sorel)  buck  of  third 

year.    [f.  OF  sorel  s.  horse,  dim.  of  sor  s.  (horse), 

f.  LG  soor  dried,  cogn.  w.  sear,  sere  ;  in  last 
sense,  dim.  of  obs.  sore  hawk  of  first,  buck  of 
fourth,  year] 

s6*ppow,  n.,  &  v.i.  Grief,  sadness,  caused  by 
loss  of  good  or  occurrence  of  evil,  whence  so'P- 
powful  a.,  so*ppowfulLY2  adv.,  so'ppow- 
fulNESS  n. ;  occasion  of  this.misfortune,  trouble, 
as  has  had  many  ss.,  muchs.;  s.-stricken  (with 
s.) )  lamentation,  as  his  s.  was  loud  &  long; 
(v.i.)  grieve,  feel  sorrow,  (at,  over,  for,  misfor- 
tune &c,  for,  i.e.  on  behalf  of,  person  &c), 
mourn  (after, for,  lost  person  or  thing), whence 
sotpower  i  n.,  so'ppowing  2a.  [ME  sorwe, 
OE  &  ON  sorg,  cf.  Du.  zorg,  G  sorge] 

so'ppv,  a.  Feeling  regret,  regretful,  as  will  be 
s.  for  mis  some  day,  felt  s.  for  him  (on  his 
account),  am  s.  for  (regret)  that,  am  so  s. 
(that)  you  must  go,  am  s.  to  hear  it,  (as  informal 
apology  for  trifling  offence)  s.  !  ;  wretched,  pal- 
try, shabby,  of  poor  quality,  as  a  8.  fellow,  in  a 
s.  plight,  in  s.  clothes,  a  s.  excuse,  whence  so'p- 
piLY2adv.,so*ppiNESsn.  [OEsdriff  (sore,-y2)] 

sopt1,  n.  Group  of  things  &c.  with  common 
attributes,  class,  kind,  species,  as  biscuits  of 
several  ss.,  a  new  s.  of  bicycle,  people  of  every 
s.  &  kind  ;  (in  foil,  uses  =  kind  *)  nothing  of  the 
s.,  coffee  of  as.,  whats.  of  tree  ?,  these  s.  of  men, 
a  s.  of  stockbroker  &c,  Is.  of  expected  it ;  (col- 
loq.)  an  awfully  good  s.  (of  person),  that's  your 
8.  (the  way  to  do  it) ;  (archaic)  manner,  way,  as 
\n  seemly,  courteous,  &c,  s.,  after  or  in  a  s.  (  = 

fashion)  ;  (Print.)  any  letter  or  piece  in  fount 


832 SOUL 

of  type,  as  copy  is  hard  (or  runs)  on  ss.  (requires 
many  of  some  ss.) ;  out  of  ss.,  out  of  health, 
spirits,  or  temper,  (Print.)  short  of  ss.  [f.  OF 
sorte  f.  L  sortem  (nom.  sors)  lot,  chance,  state] 

sort2,  v.t.  Separate  into  sorts  (often  over, 
out);  select  (things  of  one  s.)  from  miscellaneous 
group,  as  sorted  out  those  of  the  largest  size. 
Hence  sop*tABLEa.,  soP'tER1  n.  [f.  OF sorar 
f.  L  sortiri  cast  lots,  divide  (as  prec.)] 

sorites,  n.  pi.  S.  Virgilia'nae,  Biblicae  or 
Sacrac,  Homericae,  divination  by  chance  se- 
lection* of  passages  from  Virgil,  the  Bible,  or 
Homer.    [L,  pi.  as  sort1] 

sortie  (-te),  n.  Sally  esp.  of  beleaguered  gar- 
rison. [F,  f.  sortir  go  out,  perh.  f.  L  *surrectire 
f.  surgere  surrect-  rise] 

sor-tileg-e  (-Ij),  n.  Divination  by  lots.  [f.  F 
sortilege  f.  med.L  sortilegium  t.  L  sortilegus  a. 
(as  sort  1  +  legere  choose,  read)] 

sop'us,  11.  (bot.;  pi.  -ri).  Heap,  cluster,  esp. 
of  spore-cases  on  back  of  fern-frond,  [f.  Gk 
soros  heap] 

-sopy,  suf.,  a  spec,  form  of  -ory  in  aa.  or  nn. 
f.  L  vbs  that  form  p.p.  in  -s-,  as  accessory  (ce- 
dere  cess-),  promissory  (mittere  miss-). 

so*-so,  a.    Not  very  good,    [so] 

sostenwto  (-1100-),  adv.  (mus.).  In  sustained 
or  prolonged  manner.    [It.] 

sot,  n.,  &  v.i.  Confirmed  drunkard,  person 
stupefied  by  habitual  drunkenness-  (v.i.)  tipple. 
Hence  so'ttisn1  a.,  so*ttIshLv2adv.,  so't- 
tishNESS  n.  [ME,  cf.  MDu,  zot  fool,  LL  sottus, 
prob.  of  Teut.  orig.] 

So'thic,  a.  Of  the  dog-star,  esp.  S.  year 
(Egyptian,  fixed  by  heliacal  rising  of  dog-star), 
S.  cycle  (of  1460  S.  or  1461  solar  years),  [f.  Gk 
Sothis  t .  Egypt,  name  of  dog-star] 

so'tto  vo'cg  (-tsha,  -si),  adv.  In  an  undertone, 
aside.    [It.,  =  beneath  the  voice] 

sou  (soo),  n.  (pi.  -spr.  -z).  (Hist.)  French  coin 
of  various  values  ;  (loosely)  five-centime  piece ; 
(colloq.)  hasn't  a  8.  (a  farthing,  any  money).    [F] 

soubrette  (soobre't),  n.  Maid-servant  or 
similar  character  (esp.  w.  implication  of  pert- 
ness,  coquetry,  intrigue,  &c. )  in  comedy.    [F] 

sou'ehong  (soosh-),  n.  Kind  of  black  tea 
made  from  youngest  leaves.  [F,  f.  Chin,  siao 
small  +  chung  sort] 

Soudanese  (soo-,  -z),  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of 
the  Soudan,  district  of  Africa  south  of  Sahara. 

[-ESE] 

souffle  (soo'fl),  n.  (med.).  Low  murmur  heard 
in  auscultation  of  various  organs  &c.  [F,  f. 
souffler  blow  f.  L  8VF(flare  blow)] 

s6ufft6  (soo'fla),  a.  &  n.  Made  light  &  frothy, 
as  omelet  s.;  such  dish,  usu.  made  with  beaten 
whites  of  eggs.    [F,  p.p.  as  prec] 

sough  (suf,  sow,  sooch),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make) 
moaning,  whistling,  or  rushing  sound  as  of  wind 
in  trees  &c.    [OE  swogan  resound,  prob.  imit] 

sought.    See  seek. 

soul  (sol),  n.  The  immaterial  part  of  man,  as 
immortality  of  the  s.;  moral  &  emotional  part 
of  man,  as  his  whole  s.  revolted  from  it,  cure  l 
ofss.,  has  a  s.  above  sherry  &  bitters ;  intellec- 
tual part  of  man,  vital  principle  &  mental  pow- 
ers of  animals  including  man,  as  keep  body  j  dr 
s.  together ;  animating  or  essential  part,  person 
viewed  as  this,  as  he  was  the  (life  &)  s.  of  the 
enterprise,  of  the  party ;  person  viewed  as  em- 
bodying moral  or  intellectual  qualities,  as  the 
greatest  ss.  of  antiquity,  left  that  to  meaner  ss.; 
(often  without  a)  emotional  or  intellectual  ener- 
gy e.  g.  as  revealed  in  work  of  art,  as  the  fellow 
has  no  s.,  his  pictures  lack  s.;  departed  spirit, 
as  all  Souls'  Day  ;  disembodied  spirit ;  person, 
as  not  a  s.  to  speak  to  for  miles  round,  ship 
went  down  with  S00  ss.,  (expr.  familiarity,  pa- 


SOULFUL 


833 


SOUTHING 


tronage,  pity,  contempt,  &c.)  my  good  s.,  there  'a 
a  good  s.,  the  poor  little  s.  had  lost  her  way,  a 
simple  s.;  (in  comb.)  s.-destroying,  -stirring, 
-subduing,  &c.  Hence  (-)souIed  2,  sou'Iless, 
aa.,  sou'llessLY^adv.,  sou'llessNESS n.  [OE 
saw(e)l,  -ol,  -ul,  cf.  Du.  ziel,  G  seele] 

sou'lful,  a.  Having,  expressing,  appealing 
to,  the  (esp.  higher)  emotional  or  intellectual 
qualities.  Hence  sou'lfulLY2  adv.,  sou'lful- 
ness  n.    [-FUL] 

sound1  (sow-),  a.  &  adv.  Healthy,  not  dis- 
easednorinjurednorrotten,asas.6ody,.s.mmrf, 
•s.  in  life  &  limb,  s.  fruit,  timbers,  ship ;  correct, 
logical,  well-founded,  judicious,  as  s.  doctrine, 
theologian,  argument,  views,  policy;  (Com- 
merc,  of  company  &c.)  solvent ;  thorough,  un- 
qualified, as  a  s.  sleepier),  flogging ;  (adv.)  s. 
(fast)  asleep,  will  sleep  the  sounder  for  it.  Hence 
sou'ndLY2  adv.,  sou'ndNESS  n.  [OE,  Da., 
Sw.,  sund,  cf.  Du.  gezond,  G  gesund] 

sound2  (sow-),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  The  sensation 
produced  through  the  ear,  what  is  or  may  he 
heard ;  vibrations  causing  this  sensation  ;  mu- 
sical s.  (produced  by  continuous  &  regular  vi- 
brations, opp.  to  noise) ;  any  of  a  series  of  arti- 
culate utterances,  as  vowel, consonant,  ss.;  (fig.) 
mental  impression  produced  by  oral  or  other 
statement  &c,  as  will  have  a  queer  s„  don't  like 
the  s.  of  it;  s. -board,  =  sounding-board ;  s.- 
boarding  (placed  between  joists  &c.  to  deaden 
sound);  s.-boiv,  thick  edge  of  bell  against  which 
tongue  strikes ;  s.-hole,  -post,  hole  in  belly,  small 
prop  between  belly  &  back,  of  some  musical  in- 
struments; s.-proop2;  s.-shadow,  interception 
of  s.  by  large  object ;  s.-wave  (of  condensation 
&  rarefaction,  by  which  s.  is  propagated  in 
elastic  medium  e.g.  air).  (Vb)  give  forth  s.,  as 
the  trumpets  s.;  (w.  ref.  to  impression  created, 
often  fig.)  sounds  to  me  like  something  crack- 
ing, sounds  as  if  a  tap  were  running,  sounds 
as  if  he  wanted  to  back  out  of  it,  will  s.  very 
strange  to  say  you  hadn't  time,  that  (excuse 
&c.)  sounds  very  hollow,  that  (report,  expla- 
nation) sounds  all  right  (promising,  plaus- 
ible, &c);  (part.)  having  more  s.  than  sense 
or  truth,  as  sounding  rhetoric,  promises,  im- 
posing, as  sounding  titles;  make  (trumpet 
&c.)  s. ;  utter,  as  s.  a  note  of  alarm;  give 
notice  of  (an  alarm,  the  retreat.  Sec.)  with 
bell  &c,  cause  to  resound,  make  known,  as  s. 
his  praises  far  &  wide ;  test  (rail  way -carriage 
wheel  &c,  lungs  &c.)  by  noting  s.  produced  by 
hammer,  by  auscultation ;  sounding-board, 
canopy  over  pulpit  &c.  serving  to  direct  s.  to- 
wards audience,  thin  plate  of  wood  in  musical 
instrument  increasing  s.  Hence  sou'ndLESS 
a.  [(n.)  ME  soun  f.  F  son  f.  L  sonus,  for  -d  cf. 
lend,  round5,  hind2;  (vb)  f.  F  sonner  f.  L 
sonare] 

sound  3  (sow-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Test  the  depth 
of  (sea,  channel, pond,  &c.,orabs.)&  thequality 
of  its  bottom  with  sounding-line  or  -apparatus 
(often  furnished  with  cup  &c.  for  bringing  up 
sample) ;  find  depth  of  water  in  (ship  s  hold) 
with  sounding-rod ;  (Med.)  examine  (bladder 
&c.)  with  probe ;  (of  fish,  esp.  whale)  dive  to 
the  bottom ;  inquire  esp.  in  cautious  orreserved 
manner  into  the  sentiments  or  inclination  of 
(person  about,  on,  as  to);  (n.)  surgeon's  probe. 
l(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  sonder  prob.  f.  foil.] 

sound  4  (sow-),  n.  Narrow  passage  of  water 
connecting  two  seas  or  sea  with  lake  &c,  strait; 
fish's  air-bladder ;  cuttle-fish.  [OE,  ON,  Da., 
Sw.,  G,  sund,  cogn.  w.  swim] 

sou'ndep l  (sow-),  n.  (Archaic)  herd  of  wild 
swine ;  (pseudo-archaic)  young  wild  boar.  [OE 
sunor,  cr.  OHG  swaner] 

sou'ndep  2,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  sound  2,  esp. : 
p.d. 


telegraphic  receiving  instrument  for  reading 
message  by  sound,    [-er1] 

sou'ndep  3,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  sound  3 ;  fly- 
ing s.,  sounding-apparatus  that  can  be  used 
without  reducing  ship's  speed,    [-er  i] 

sou'nding*,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  sound  3,  also  • 
(pi.)  place  near  enough  to  shore  to  admit  of  s„ 
as  be  in,  come  into,  ss.    [-ing  *] 

soup  (soop),  n.  Liquid  food  made  of  stock  & 
other  ingredients ;  s.-kitchen,  public  establish- 
ment for  supplying  s.  gratis  to  the  poor ;  s.-ticket 
(entitling  holder  to  s.  at  s. -kitchen);  s.-maigre 
i-ger),  thin  s.  chiefly  of  vegetables ;  s.-plate, 
deep  kind  for  s.;  pea-s.  Hence  sou'py  2a.  [f. 
F  soupe  (souper  sup)] 

soup^on  (F),  n.  V ery.small  quantity,  dash, 
(of  flavouring,  quality,  &c). 

soup  (sowr),  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Of  acid  taste,  esp. 
as  result  of  unripeness,  as  s.  apples,  s.  grapes, 
or  of  fermentation,  as  s.  milk,  bread ;  (of  person 
or  temper)  harsh,  peevish,  morose ;  s.  dock,  com- 
mon sorrel ;  (vb)  make,  become,  sour  (esp.  fig.), 
as  soured  by  misfortune.  Hence  soup'ish  2  a., 
soup'ly2  adv.,  soup*ness  n.  [OE  sur,  cf  Du. 
zuur,  G  sailer,  ON  surr] 

source  (sors),  n.  Spring,  fountain-head,  from 
which  stream  issues,  as  the  ss.  of  the  Nile ;  ori- 
gin, place  from  which  thing  comes  or  is  got,  as 
the  s.  of  all  our  woes,  reliable  s.  of  information, 
drawn  from  all  ss.  [f.  OF  sorse,  fern.  p.p.  as  n. 
of  sordre  rise  f.  L  surgere\ 

sourdine  (soorde'n),  n.  Harmonium  stop 
producing  soft  effect;  =sordet.  [F,see  sordet] 

souse  (sows),  n.,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  adv.  Pickle  made 
with  salt;  food  in  pickle,  esp.  head,  feet,  &  ears, 
of  swine;  dip,  plunge,  drenching,  in  water ;  (vb) 
put  in  pickle,  as  soused  mackerel,  plunge  (t.  &  i. , 
into  liquid),  soak  (thing  in  liquid),  throw  (liquid 
over  thing);  (adv.)  with  swift  descent,  headlong, 
as  came  s.  into  our  midst,  [f.  OF  sause  sauce  ; 
adv.  partly  f.  obs.  souse  swoop  cogn.  w.  source] 

soutane (soota'n,  -ahn), n.(R.-C.  Ch.).  Priest's 
cassock.    [F] 

south  (sowth),  adv.,  n.,  a.,  (abbr.  8.),  &  v.i. 
(Towards,  at,  near)  point  of  horizon  directly 
opposite  to  north ;  point  of  compass  opposite 
north ;  due  1  s.;  s.  by  *  east  or  west ;  s.  of,  far- 
ther s.  than ;  s.-east,  s.-s.-west,  &c,  advv.,  aa., 
&  nn.,  point *s  of  the  compass,  corresponding 
regions,  (with  uses  &  derivatives  corresp.  to 
those  of  south,  e.g.  s.-s.-easterly) ;  southern  part 
of  England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  or  Europe ;  the 
Southern  state  *s  ;  8.  (wind),  wind  from  the  s.; 
s„  s.-east,  s.-west,  (abbr.  S.,  S.E.,  S.  W.)  London 
postal  districts.  (Adj.)  situated  or  dwelling  in, 
looking  towards,  the  s.;  &  Downs  (of  Hamp- 
shire &,  Sussex),  southdown  a.  &  n.,  (sheep)  of 
a  breed  originating  on  S.  Downs  esteemed  for 
their  flesh ;  S.  Sea  (hist.),  the  Pacific ;  &  Sea 
Bubble,  scheme  for  trading  in  Spanish  America, 
which  collapsed  in  1720.  ( Vb)  move  towards  s., 
(of  moon  &c.)  cross  the  meridian  of  a  place. 
Hence  sou'thwARD  a.,  sou'thwARD(s)  adv. 
[OE  suth,  cf.  Du.  zuid,  G  siid,  ONsuthr,  sunnr, 
perh.  cogn.  w.  sun] 

southeaster,  sou'ther,  nn.  Wind  from 
SE.fromS.    [-er1] 

sou'therly  (sudh-),  a.  &  adv.  Towards  the 
south ;  (of  wind)  blowing  from  the  south,    [f. 

SOUTH,  as  EASTERLY] 

sou'thepn  (sudh-),  a.  &  n.    Of,  in,  the  south ; 

&  HEMISPHERE,  CROSS1,  CONFEDERACY,  STATES; 

looking  south,  as  as.  aspect ;  (of  wind,  rare)  = 
prec;  (n.)  inhabitant  of  the  south,  esp.  of  the 
Southern  States,  whence  sou'thepnER1  n.; 
southernwood,  kind  of  wormwood  with  scented 
leaves.  Hence  sou'thern  most  a.  [-ern] 
southing*  (sowdh-J,  n.    In  vbl  senses,  also 

27 


SOUTHRON 


834 


SPANISH 


(Naut.)  difference  of  latitude  made  in  sailing 

fcOUth.     [-ING1] 

sou'thron,  a.  &  n.  (archaic  Sc).  English- 
(raan)  (usu.  contempt.),    [var.  of  southern] 

south we'ster,  n.  Wind  from  SW;  (usu. 
sou'w-)  waterproof  hat  with  broad  brim  behind 
to  protect  neck,    [-er1] 

souvenir  (soo'vener),  n.  Thing  given,  kept, 
&c,  to  recall  the  past,  memento  (of  occasion, 

Elace,  &c).  [F  (n.  r.  vb),  -  remember,  souvenir, 
L  s\JB(venire  come)  occur  to  the  mind] 
sovereign  (so'vrin),  a.  &  n.  Supreme,  as  s. 
power ;  possessing  s.  power,  as  s.  States,  royal, 
asowrs.  lord,  whence  so'vereignTYn.;  very 
good,  esp.  a  s.  remedy ;  hence  so'vereignLY2 
adv.  (archaic).  (N.)  supreme  ruler,  esp.  monarch; 
(colloq.  abbr.  sov)  English  gold  coin  worth  £1 ; 
half-s.,  gold  coin  worth  10s.  [(n.  f.  adj.)  f.  OF 
soverain  f.  LL  suPER(anus  -an)  ;  -g-  by  assoc. 
w.  reign] 

sow1  (so),  v.t.  (sowed,  sown  or  sowed).  Scatter 
(seed,  or  abs.)  on  or  in  the  earth  for  purpose  of 
growth ;  (fig.)  s.  (the  seeds  of)  dissension  &c, 
must  reap  what  you  have  soivn ;  plant  (field  &c. 
with  seed)  by  sowing ;  (fig.)  cover  thickly  with. 
Hence  sowerMI,  2),  sowing1,  nn.  [OE  sa- 
wan,  cf.  Du.  zaaijen,  G  sden,  ON  sd] 
sow2  (sow),  n.  Adult  female  hog;  get  the 
wrongs,  by  the  ear,  Axon  wrong  person  or  thing, 
reach  wrong  conclusion ;  (also  s.-bug)  kind  of 
louse ;  main  trough  through  which  molten  iron 
runs  into  side-channels  to  form  pigs,  large  block 
of  iron  that  solidifies  in  this ;  sowback,  low  ridge 
of  sand  &c. ;  sowbread,  kind  of  cyclamen ;  «.- 
thistle,  plant  with  small  yellow  flowers  &  milky 
juice.  [OE  sugu,  sii,  cf.  Du.  zog,  G  sau,  ON  syr ; 
f.  root  su-  produce] 

soy,  n.  Kind  of  sauce  made  in  Japan  &  China 
from  the  s.-bean  or  -pea.  [f.  Jap.  shoyu] 
spa  (ah,  -aw),  n.  (Place  where  there  is  a) 
mineral  spring.  [Spa,  place  in  Belgium] 
space1,  n.  Continuous  extension  viewed 
with  or  without  reference  to  the  existence  of 
objects  within  it ;  interval  between  points  or 
objects  viewed  as  having  one,  two,  or  three 
dimensions,  as  separated  by  a  s.  of  10ft,  clear 
a  space  (area),  box  occupies  too  much  s.,  woidd 
take  up  too  much  s.  (on  paper)  to  go  into  detail ; 
(Print.) blank  between  words  &c,  type  securing 
this ;  interval  of  time,  as  in  the  s.  of  an  hour, 
after  a  short  s.,  let  us  rest  a  s.;  s.-bar,  bar  in 
typewriter  for  making  s.  between  words;  s.- 
writer,  -writing,  (in  newspaper,  paid  according 
to  area  occupied).  Hence  spa'eeLESS  a.  [f.  F 
espace  f.  L  spatium] 

space  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Set  at  intervals,  put  spaces 
between,  (esp.  words,  letters,  lines,  in  printing ; 
make  a  space  between  words  on  typewriter  &c, 
as  don't  forget  to  s.,  whence  spa'CER1(2)  n.;  s. 
out  (print.)  put  more  or  wider  spaces  between ; 
Hence  spa'ciNG^l)  n.  [f.  prec] 
spa'cious(-sliMs),  a.  Enclosing  a  large  space, 
roomy.  Hence  spa'ciousLV2  adv.,  spa*- 
ciousNESS  n.  [f.  F  spacieux  f.  L  spatiosus  (as 
space  l,  see  -ous)] 

spa'dassin,  n.  Swordsman ;  bravo.  [F,  f. 
It.  spadaccino  (spada  sword,  as  foil.)] 
spade1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Tool  for  digging  &  cutting 
ground,  turf,  &c,  with  sharp-edged  iron  blade 
&  wooden  handle  used  with  both  hands  ;  call 
as.  as.,  call  things  by  theirnames,  speak  plainly 
or  bluntly;  tool  of  similar  shape  for  various  pur- 
poses, e.g.  for  removing  blubber  from  whale ; 
s.-bayonet  (with  broad  blade,  used  as  both  s.  & 
weapon);  s.-husbandry  (with  deep  s. -digging 
instead  of  subsoil-ploughing);  (playing-card 
with)  black  flgure(s)  shaped  like  heart  with 
small  handle,  (pi)  suit  of  these  cards ;  s.-guinea 


(of  George  III,  with  shield  shaped  like  s.  on 
cards);  (v.t.)digover  (ground),  cut  blubber  from 
(whale),  with  s.  Hence  spa'deFUL  n.  [OE 
spadu  f .  or  cogn.  w.  L  f .  Gk  spathe  broad  blade ; 
in  card  sense  thr.  Sp.  espada  sword] 

spade2,  n.    Gelded  beast,    [f.  spado] 

spa'dger,  n.  (slang).    Corrupt,  of  sparrow. 

spadi'lle  (-11).  n.  Ace  of  spades  in  ombre  & 
quadrille.    [F,  f.  Sp.  espadilla  dim.  as  spade  j] 

spa'dix,  n.  (bot.;  pi.  -di'ces).  Spike  of  flowers 
closely  arranged  round  fleshy  axis  &  usu.  en- 
closed in  a  spathe.  Hence  or  cogn.  spadi*- 
ceous,  spa'dieosE1,  aa.  [L  f.  Gk,  =  broken 
branch  (spao  rend)] 

spa'do,  n.  (law).  Person  incapable  of  pro- 
creation.   [L,  f.  Gk  spadon  eunuch  (spao  rend)] 

spaghetti  (-ge-),  n.  Kind  of  macaroni.  [It.] 

spahi,  -ee,  (spalrhe),  n.  Member  of  14th-c. 
Turkish  irregular  cavalry ;  member  of  native 
Algerian  cavalry  in  French  service.  [F  (-i),  f. 
Turk.  f.  Hind,  sipahi  sepoy] 

spake.    See  speak. 

spall  (-awl),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Splinter,  chip; 
(Mining)  prepare  (ore)  for  sorting  by  breaking 
it  up.  Hence  spa'ldER  i  n.  [(vb)  earlier  spald, 
ME  &  MDu.  spalden  split,  cf.  G  spalten :  (n.) 
partly  var.  of  spell  f.  Du.  spil  pin,  spindle] 

spa'lpeen,  n.  (Ir.).    Mean  fellow,  rascal. 

spalt  (-a wit),  n.  White  scaly  mineral  used 
to  help  fusion  of  metals.  [G  (spalten,  cf.  spall)] 

span  1,  v.t.  &  i.  (Of  bridge,  arch,  &c,  fig.  of 
memory  &c. )  stretch  from  side  to  side  of,  extend 
across,  (river  &c,  fig.  period  &c.) ;  measure, 
cover,  the  extent  of  (thing)  withone'sgrasp  &c. ; 
(Naut.)  confine  (booms  &c.)  with  ropes ;  move 
in  distinct  stretches  like  span-worm.  [OE 
spannan,  cf.  Du.  &  G  spannen,  Da.  spxnde,  ON 
spenna,  &  Gk  spao  draw] 

span-, i).  Full  extent  from  end  to  end,  as 
s.  of  a  bridge,  of  an  arch,  our  briefs,  (of  life), 
the  whole  s.  of  Roman  history  ;  each  part  of  a 
bridge  &c.  between  piers  or  supports  ;  green- 
house or  similar  structure  with  s.-roof ;  maxi- 
mum distance  between  tips  of  thumb  &  little 
finger,  esp.  as  a  measure  =  9  in.;  short  distance, 
as  our  life  is  but  a  s. ;  (Naut.)  rope  fastened  by 
both  ends  to  take  a  pur-chase  in  the  loop,  double 
rope  connected  with  thimbles;  (Colon.,  U.S.) 
pair  of  horses  or  mules,  yoke  of  oxen ;  s.-dogs, 
pair  of  iron  bars  with  claws  for  grappling  tim- 
ber; s.  -roof  (with  two  inclined  sides,  opp.  to 
pent-roof  or  lean-to) ;  s.-worm,  larva  of  geo- 
meter. [OE  (f.  prec),  cf.  Du.  span  span,  team 
of  horses,  G  spanne,  ON  sponn] 

spa'ndrel,  n.  Spacebetween  either  shoulder 
of  arch  &  surrounding  rectangular  moulding 
or  framework,  or  between  shoulders  of  adjoin- 
ing arches  &  moulding  above ;  s.-wall  (built  on 
curve  of  arch,  filling  in  s.).   [?] 

cpa'ngle  (-nggl),  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  piece  of 
glittering  material  esp.  one  of  many  as  orna- 
ment of  dress  &c;  any  small  sparkling  object ; 
(also  oak-s.)  spongy  excrescence  on  oak-leaves, 


oak-apple  ;  (v.t.)  cover  with  spangles  (esp.  in 
p.p.).  Hencespa*nglv2a.  [f.  earlier  spang, 
OE, MDu., G,  spange metal  clasp,  cf.  Gksphigyo 


bind  tight,  +  -le] 

Spa'niard  (-yerd),  n.  Native  of  Spain,  [al- 
tered f.  ME  Spay ny ell  (as  foil.),  see  -ard] 

spa'niel  (yel),  n.  Kinds  of  dog  with  long 
silky  coat,  drooping  ears,  &  docile  &  affection- 
ate disposition  (King  Charles's  s.,  small  black- 
and-tan  kind) ;  (fig.)  fawning  or  cringing  per- 
son. [ME,  f.  OF  espagneul  f.  Sp.  espanol 
Spanish  f.  Espana  Spain  f.  L  Hispania] 

Spa'nish,  a.  &  n.  Of  Spain  or  the  Spaniards 
or  their  language ;  S.  (=  Invincible)  armada  ; 
S.   black,  brown,  red,  white,  pigments;  & 


SPANK 


835 


SPAT 


chestnut  ;  S.Jly,  bright  green  insect  dried  & 
used  for  raising  blisters,  as  aphrodisiac,  &c. ; 
S.  fowl,  breed  of  domestic  fowl  with  glossy 
greenish-black  plumage ;  &  grass,  esparto;  S. 
main  (hist.),  NE  coast  of  S.  America  between 
Orinoco  river  &  Panama,  &  adjoining  part  of 
Caribbean  sea ;  War  of  the  S.  succession  (be- 
tween France  &  Bavariaononeside&England, 
Prussia,  &  United  Provinces,  on  the  other,  on 
death  of  Charles  II  of  Spain  without  issue, 
1701-U);  (n.)S.  language.  [ME Spainisc  {Spain, 
see-iSH1)] 

spank,  v.  t.  &  i. ,  &  n.  Slap  on  buttocks  with 
open  hand  or  slipper  &c,  whence  spa'nk- 
ingr x  [-ixg  l]  n. ;  urge  forward  esp.  by  slapping 
or  whipping ;  (of  horse  &c.)  move  briskly  esp. 
at  a  step  between  trot  &  gallop :  (n.)  slap,  blow 
with  open  hand  &c,  on  buttocks,  [cf.  NFris. 
&  Da.  spanke  strut,  LG  spakkem  move  ac- 
tively] 

spa'nker,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
fast-going  horse ;  (colloq.)  person  or  thing  of 
notable  size  or  quality,  stunner,  whopper; 
(Naut.)  fore-&-aft  sail  set  on  after  side  of  iniz- 
zenmast.    [-er  *] 

spa'nking"2  (for  s.1  see  spank),  a.  &  adv. 
In  vbl  senses ;  also :  (colloq.)  striking,  notable, 
excellent,  as  had  a  s.  time,  a  s.  (strong)  breeze, 
(ad  v. )  a  s.  fine  woman,    [-ing 2] 

spa'nless,  a.  (poet. ).  Beyond  measure,  [-less] 

spa'nner,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  instru- 
ment for  turning  nut  on  screw  &c;  cross- 
brace  of  bridge  &c.  ;  connecting-rod  in  paral- 
lel motion  of  engine ;  =  span  %-worm.    [-er1] 

span1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stout  pole  esp.  such  as  is 
used  for  mast,  yard,  &c,  of  ship ;  s.-buoy  (made 
of  a  s.  with  one  end  moored  so  that  other  stands 
up) ;  s.-deck,  upper  deck  extending  from  bow 
to  stern,  includingquarter-deckand  forecastle ; 
(v.t.)  furnish  with  s.,  help  (ship)  over  shallow 
bar  with  ss.  [ME  sparre,  cf.  Du.  spar,  G  spar- 
ren,  ON  sparri,  perh.  cogn.  w.  spear] 

spar  2,  n.  Kinds  of  crystalline  mineral,  easily 
cleavable  and  non-lustrous,  as  calcareous  s., 
calcite,  Derbyshire  {=  fluor)  s.,  Iceland  s., 
transparent  calcite  much  used  for  optical  pur- 
poses.   [OE  spxr  ;  G  has  spath,  a  diff.  wd] 

spai»3,  v.i.,  &  n.  Make  motions  of  attack  & 
defence  with  closed  fists,  use  the  hands  (as)  in 
boxing,  (often  at  opponent) ;  (fig. )  bandy  words, 
as  they  are  always  sparring  (at  each  other) ; 
(of  cocks)  fight  esp.  with  protected  spurs ;  (n.) 
sparring  motion,  boxing-match,  cock-fight, 
[orig.  =  (of  cock)  strike  out  with  spurs,  f.  OF 
esparer  part,  of  Teut.  orig.,  cf.  spur,  spurn] 

spa'rable,  n.  Headless  nail  for  soles  and 
heels  of  boots,    [corrupt,  of  sparrow-bill] 

spare1,  a.  Scanty,  frugal,  as  s.  diet,  lean, 
thin,  as  man  of  s.  frame,  whence  spare'LY2 
adv.,  spare'NESS  n. ;  sparerib,  upper  part  of 
row  of  ribs  of  pork  with  small  amount  of  meat 
adhering ;  that  can  be  spared,  not  required  for 
ordinary  use,  as  how  to  use  your  s.  time,  have 
no  s.  cash ;  reserved  for  emergency  or  extra- 
ordinary use,  as  always  take  a  s.  cap,  s.  room 
'bedroom  for  visitor).  [OE  spxr,  cf.  ON sparr, 
Da.  spar(som),  Sw.  spar(sam),  perh.  cogn.  w. 
L  parcere  spare] 

spare2,  v.t.  &  i.  Be  frugal  or  grudging  of, 
as  s.  the  rod  and  spoil  the  child,  must  not  s. 
exvense,  whence  spar'ing-LV2  adv.,  spar*- 
IngNESS  n. ;  dispense  with,  do  without,  as 
cannot  s.  him  just  now,  s.  me  a  penny,  coidd 
have  spared  the  explanation;  (archaic)  forbear 
{to  do) ;  abstain  from  inflicting  (with  double 
object),  as  s.  me  these  protestations ;  abstain 
from  killing,  hurting,  wounding,  &c.  as  s.  (do 
not  kill)  me,  s.  my  life,  s.  his  feelings,  (loosely)  a. 


(do  not  provoke)  his  blushes ;  be  frugal.  [OE 
sparian  (f.  prec),  cf.  Du.  &  G  spareii] 

spap'ger,  n.  Sprinkling-apparatus,  esp.  in 
brewing,  [f.  rare  vb  sparge  f.  L  spargere,  -er  l] 

spark  »,  n.  Fiery  particle  thrown  off  from 
burning  substance  ;  small  bright  object  or 
point  e.g.  in  gem  ;  (fig.)  brilliant  emanation  of 
wit  &c,  esp.  strike  ss.  out  of  person,  provoke 
him  to  lively  or  original  conversation;  (usu. 
neg.  or  quasi-neg.)  particle  of  fire  or  (fig.)  of  a 
quality  &c,  as  not  a  s.  of  life  remained,  if  you 
had  a  s.  of  generosity  in  you ;  (Electr.)  lu- 
minous effect  of  sudden  disruptive  discharge, 
electric  s.  serving  to  fire  explosive  mixture  in 
oil-engine  of  motor  &c,  as  advance,  retard, 
the  s.,  increase,  decrease,  frequency  of  ss. ; 
fairy  ss.,  phosphorescent  light  from  decayed 
vegetable  matter  &c. ;  s.-arr ester,  device  for 
preventing  (injury  from)  spark  2ing  in  electri- 
cal apparatus,  netting  &c.  to  catches,  on  steam- 
engine.  Hence  spar  *k  less  a.,  spar'kLET  n. 
[OE  spearca,  cf.  MDu.  sparcke,  &  ON  spraka, 
Da.  sprage,  crackle ;  perh.  f.  crackle  of  burn- 
ing wood  &e.l 

spark2,  v.i.  Emit  sparks  of  fire  or  electri- 
city ;  sparking-plug,  device  for  firing  explosive 
mixture  in  motor-engine;  (Electr.)  produce 
sparks  at  point  where  continuity  of  circuit  is 
interrupted.    [OE  spearcian  as  prec] 

spark3,  n.,&  v.i.  Gayfellow;  gallant;  (v.i.) 
play  the  gallant.  Hence  spar'kisn  *  a.  [(vb 
f.  n.)  =  prov.  E  sprack  lively,  cf.  ON  sparkr, 
sprxkr,  also  speak  &  spark  *] 

spar'kle,  v.i.,  &  n.  Emit  sparks,  (of  gems 
&c.  &  fig.  of  wit  &c.)  glitter,  glisten,  scintil- 
late, whence  spar'klER  *  n.,  spar'kling-LV  2 
adv. ;  sparkling  wines  (giving  out  carbonic- 
acid  gas  in  small  bubbles,  cf.  still)  ;  (n. )  spark- 
ling, gleam,  spark.    [ME  sparkle  u.,  -klen  vb, 

f.  SPARK  1.2  +  -LE(1,3)J 

spar'row  (-6),  u.  Kinds  of  small  plain- 
coloured  bird,  esp.  house  s.,  European  kind 
noted  for  attachment  to  human  dwellings,  pro- 
lificness,  and  pugnacity ;  s.-grass  (vulg.),  aspa- 
ragus ;  s.-hawk,  kinds  of  small  hawk  preying 
on  ss.  &c.  [OE  spearwa,  cf.  ON  spbrr,  Da. 
spurv,  cogn.  w.  spar3] 

sparry,  a.    Of,  like,  rich  in,  spar2,    [-y  2] 

sparse,  a.  (Of  population  &c.)  thinly  scat- 
tered, not  dense ;  (Bot.,  Zool. )  placed,  occurring, 
at  distant  or  irregular  intervals.  Hence 
spar -se  l  v  2 adv. ,  spar'seNESS  n.  [f.  L  spar- 
gere spars-  scatter] 

Spar'tan,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Sparta  (esp.  w. 
allusion  to  supposed  characteristics  of  Ss.,  as  & 
endurance,  simplicity),  [f.  liSpartanus(Sparta 
f.  Gk  Sparte,  see  -an)] 

spar'terie  (-1),  n.  Mats,  nets,  cordage,  of 
esparto.   [F,  f.  Sp.  esparteria  (esparto,  -ery)] 

spa'sm  (-zra),  n.  Excessive  muscular  con- 
traction (clonic,  tonic,  s.);  sudden  convulsive 
movement,  wrench,  or  strain,  as  a  s.  of  cough- 
ing, (fig.  ss.  of  grief  &c;  functional  s.,  nervous 
disorders  caused  by  occupation,  e.g.  writer's 
cramp.  Hence  spasmoM.oo  v  n.  [f.  F  spasme 
f.  L  f.  Gk  spasmos  (spad  draw)] 

spasmd'dic,  a.  Of,  caused  by,  subject  to, 
spasm (s),  as  a  s.  jerk,  s.  asthma ;  occurring, 
done,  by  fits  &  starts,  as  s.  efforts.  Hence  spas- 
mo'diCALLY  adv.  [f.  Gk  spasmodes  (as  spasm, 
see  -oid)  +  -ic] 

spa'stic,  a.  (med.).  =prec.  [f.  Gkspastikos 
drawing  (.spad  draw,  see  -ic)] 

spat !,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Spawn  of  shell-fish  esp. 
oyster ;  (v.i.,  of  oyster  &c.)  spawn  ;  (v.t.)  shed 
(spawn),    [prob.  cogn.  w.  spatter] 

spat2,  n.  (usu.  pi.).  Short  cloth  gaiter  reach- 
ing little  above  ankle,    [for  sPATTERdasA] 


SPAT 8 

spat3.    See  spit2. 

spa'teheoek,  n.,  &  v.t.   Fowl  killed  &  cook- 
ed in  a  hurry ;  ( v. t.,colloq.)  insert  (words)  hastily 
in  telegram  &c.    [usu.  expl.  as  despatch-cock, 
but  perh.  f.  con  f us.  w.  spitchcock] 
spate,  n.    River-flood,  esp.  river  is  in  s.    [f. 
OF  espoit  f.  Du.  spuiten  spout] 
spat  he  (dh),  n.  (hot).    Large  bract  or  pair 
of  bracts  enveloping  spadix  or  flower-cluster. 
Hence  spa'thosE  *,  spa'thous,  (-th-),  aa.    [f. 
L  f.  Gk  spathe  broad  blade  &c] 
spa'thic,  a.   Of  spar2,  like  spar  esp.  in  cleav- 
age.   So  spa'thiFORM  a.    |G  spath  spar  +  -ic] 
spa'tial  (-shl),  n.    Of  space,  as  s.  relations, 
extent.  Hence  spatia'liTY(-shi-)  n.,  spa'tial- 
lv  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  space  +  -al] 
spa'ttep,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  a.   Scatter  (liquid,  mud, 
&c.)  here  &  there  in  small  drops;  splash  (per- 
son with  mud,  slander,  &c.)  thus;  (of  liquid)  fall 
here  &  there  in  drops ;  (n.)  spattering,  splash 
(o/mud  &c),  quick  succession  of  light  sounds, 
pattering;  spatterdashes,  cloth  or  other  leg- 
gings to  protect  stockings  &c.  from  mud  &c. 
[f.  *spat  spatter  (cf.  pro  v.  E  spat  spit)  +  -er5] 
spa'tula,  n.    Broad-bladed  instrument  for 
working  pigments  &c;  surgeon's  instrument 
for  pressing  tongue  down  or  to  one  side.    [L, 
dim.  as  spathe] 

spa'tule,  n.  (zool.).  Broad  racket-shaped 
formation  or  part,  esp.  end  of  bird's  tail-feather. 
Hence  spa'tulAR1,  spa'tulATE2,  spa'tuli- 
form,  aa.    [f.  prec] 

spa'vin,  n.  Disease  of  horse's  hock-joint; 
blood,  bog,  8.,  distension  of  the  joint  by  effusion 
of  lymph  within  it ;  bone  s.,  deposit  of  bony 
substance  uniting  the  bones.  Hence  spa'vin- 
ed2  a.  [f.  OF  esparvin  f.  L  *sparvanus  f.  OHG 
sparwe  sparrow  (from  spavined  horse's  move- 
ment), see  -an] 

spawn,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Of  fish,  frog,  mollusc, 
crustacean,  contempt,  of  human  being  or  other 
animal)  produce  (eggs  or  abs.),  generate;  (of 
eggs  or  young  of  fish  &c.)  be  produced,  issue ; 
(n.)  eggs  of  fish  &c,  (contempt.)  human  or  other 
offspring,  white  fibrous  matter  from  which 
fungi  are  produced,  mycelium,  as  mushroom  s. 
[(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  espandre  expand] 
spay,  v.t.  Castrate,  remove  ovaries  of, (female 
animal),  [ult.  f.  LL  spadare  for  spadonare 
geld  (spado)] 

speak,  v.  i.  &  t.  (spoke,  archaic  spake ;  spoken). 
Use  articulate  utterance  in  ordinary  (not  sing- 
ing-) voice,  as  child  is  learning  to  s.,  wish  you 
would  s.  distinctly ;  hold  conversation  (icith,  to, 
person,  of,  about,  thing),  as  have  heard  him  s. 
of  it,  will  s.  to  him  about  it ;  portrait  speaks  (is 
lifelike),  so  speaking  likeness ;  make  oral  ad- 
dress, deliver  speech,  before  assembly,  magis- 
trate, tribunal,  &c;  utter(words);  make  known 
(one's  opinion,  the  truth,  &c.)  thus,  esp. ft.  one's 
mind  (bluntly  &c);  use  (a  particular  language) 
in  speaking,  as  cannot  s.  French;  strictly, 
roughly,  speaking  (quasi-adv.),  in  the  strict, 
rough,  sense  of  the  word(s),  as  am  not  strictly 
speaking  a  member  of  the  staff',  legally  &c. 
speaking,  from  the  legal  &c.  point  of  view ;  (as 
an  apology  for  loose  or  strong  or  figurative  ex- 
pression) so  to  s.,  if  I  may  use  such  an  expres- 
sion; hail  &  hold  communication  with  (ship); 
(archaic,  of  conduct,  circumstance,  &c.)  show 
^person)  to  be  (so-&-so),  as  his  conduct  speaks 
him  generous,  be  evidence  of,  as  this  speaks  a 
little  mind;  (of  fact  &c.)  s.  volumes,  be  very 
significant;  s.  volumes  &c.  for,  s.  well  for,  be 
abundant  evidence  of,  place  in  favourable 
light,  as  spealcs  volumes  for  his  forbearance ; 
(of  dog)  bark  esp.  when  ordered ;  (fig.,  of  mus. 
instrument  &c.)  sound;    make  mention    in 


6 SPECIALITY 

writing  of,  s.  by  the  or  like  a  book1;  s.  (person) 
fair,  use  polite  language  to ;  s.  of,  mention ; 
nothing  to  s.  of,  nothing  worth  mentioning, 
practically  nothing ;  s.  out  (also  up),  s.  freely,  s. 
one's  whole  opinion  ;  s.  to,  address  (person  &c), 
s.  in  confirmation  of  or  in  reference  to,  as  / 
can  s.  to  his  having  been  there,  will  s.  to  that 
point  later ;  s.  up  (also  out),  s.  loud(er) ;  fair, 
smooth,  ill,  well,  &c,  -spoken  [as  if  -speechED2], 
(given  to)  using  such  language.  [OE  sp(r)ecan, 
cf.  Du.  spreken,  G  sprechen,  cogn.  w.  ON 
spraka,  see  spark  *] 

spea'ker,  n.  One  who  speaks  esp.  in  public ; 
(S-)  presiding  officer  in  H.  of  Commons  charged 
with  preservation  of  order  &c.  &  having  cast- 
ing vote  in  case  of  equal  division,  similar  officer 
in  U.S.  House  of  Representatives  &c,  whence 
Spea'kersHip  n.    [-er  *] 

spea'king",  n.  In  vbl  senses:  s.  acquaint- 
ance, person  one  knows  well  enough  to  ex- 
change conversation  with  him,  this  degree  of 
familiarity ;  not  ons.  terms,  not,  esp.  no  longer, 
having  s.  acquaintance  with  (usu.  implying 
estrangement) ;  s.-trumpet,  instrument  for  con- 
veying voice  to  a  distance ;  s.-tube,  tube  for 
conveying  voice  from  one  room  or  building  to 
another,    [-ing  *] 

spear  (sper),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Weapon  with 
sharp  usu.  metal  head  &  long  shaft  of  wood ; 
(poet.)  =  spearman;  sharp-pointed  &  barbed 
instrument  for  stabbing  fish  &c;  spearman, 
person  esp.  soldier  who  \ises  s.;  spearmint, 
common  garden  mint ;  s.  side,  male  branch  of 
family  (cf.  distaff);  (v.t.)  pierce,  strike,  with 
s.;  (v.i.)  shoot  into  a  long  stem,  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE 
spere,  cf.  Du.  &  G  speer,  perh.  cogn.  w.  spar1] 

spec,  n.  (colloq.).  Speculation,  speculative 
enterprise,  as  it  turned  out  a  good  8.,  did  it  on 
s.    [abbr.  of  speculation] 

spe'cial  (-shl),  a.  &  n.  Of  a  particular  kind, 
peculiar,  not  general,  (cf.  especial),  as  lacks 
the  s.  qualities  required,  word  used  in  a  s. 
sense,  what  is  your  s.  work  ?,  its  s.  charm  did 
not  appeal  to  him,  s.  anatomy  (of  particular 
organs  of  human  body),  s.  jurv,  s.  hospital 
(for  particular  class  of  diseases) ;  for  a  particu- 
lar purpose,  as  appointed  s.  agents,  received 
s.  instructions ;  (also  especial)  exceptional  in 
amount,  degree,  intensity,  &c. ,  as  took  s.  trouble, 
find  no  s.  excellence  in  his  work ;  s.  case,  writ- 
ten statement  of  facts  submitted  by  litigants 
to  court,  (also)  exceptional  or  peculiar  case ;  s. 
constable  (sworn  in  to  assist  in  maintaining 
public  peace  in  case  of  riot  &c.) ;  s.  licence  (en- 
abling priest  to  marry  parties  without  publica- 
tion of  banns  or  at  time  or  place  other  than 
those  usually  necessary);  s.  logic,  rules  for 
thinking  concerning  s.  class  of  objects ;  s: 
pleader,  member  of  Inns  of  Court  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  give  verbal  or  written  opinions  on 
matters  submitted  to  him  &  to  deal  with  vari- 
ous proceedings  out  of  usual  course ;  s.  plead- 
ing, (Law)  allegation  of  s.  or  new  matter  as  opp. 
to  denial  of  allegations  of  other  side,  (pop.) 
specious  but  unfair  argument,  statement  of 
case  designed  to  favour  speaker's  point  of  view 
rather  than  to  discover  the  truth ;  s.  verdict. 
(N.)  s.  constable,  train,  examination,  edition  of 
newspaper  (esp.  extra-.-?.),  &c.  Hence  spe'- 
eialLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  (e)special  f.  L  specialis 
(species,  see  -al)] 

specialist,  n.  One  who  devotes  himself  to 
particular  branch  of  a  profession,  science,  &c. 
Hence  or  cogn.  spe'cialiSM  n.,  speeiali^stic 
a.    [-ist] 

speciality  (-shi-),  n.  Special  feature  or  char- 
acteristic ;  (also  specialty)  special  pursuit,  pro- 
duct, operation,  &c,  thing  to  which  a  person 


SPECIALIZE 


837 


SPECULATE 


gives  special  attention,  aajam(-making)  is  our 
s.  [f.  OF  (e)specialite  f.  L  specialitatem  (as 
special,  see-TY)] 

specialize,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  specific  or  indi- 
vidual ;  modify,  limit,  (idea,  statement) ;  (Biol.) 
adapt,  set  apart,  (organ  &c.)  for  particular 
purpose,  differentiate;  be  differentiated,  be- 
come individual  in  character;  be(come)  a  spe- 
cialist.   Hence  speciaiiz.VTiON  n.    [-ize] 

specialty  (-shl-),  n.  (Law)  instrument  under 
seal,  sealed  contract;  =  speciality  (2nd  sense). 
If.  OF  specialte  speciality] 

specie  (shie,  -she),  n.  (pi.  same).  Coin  as 
opp.  to  paper  money,  as  8.  payments,  paid  in  8., 
shortness  of  s.  [f.  L  abl.  of  foil,  in  phr.  in 
specie] 

species  (-shiez,  -shez),  n.  (Nat.  Hist.) group 
subordinate  in  classification  to  genus  (ef.  class) 
&  having  members  that  differ  only  in  minor  de- 
tails ;  (Logic)  group  subordinate  to  genus  & 
containing  individuals  agreeing  in  some  com- 
mon attribute(s)  &  called  by  a  common  name ; 
kind,  sort,  as  has  a  s.  of  cunning,  a  s.  of  dog- 
cart; (Law)  form,  shape,  given  to  materials. 
[L,  =  appearance,  kind,  beauty,  f.  specere  look] 

speei'fie,  a.  &  n.  Definite,  distinctly  formu- 
lated, as  a  s.  statement,  has  no  s.  aim ;  of  a 
species,  as  the  8.  name  of  plant  &c;  possessing, 
concerned  with,  the  properties  that  character- 
ize a  species,  as  the  s.  forms  of  animals,  draws 
a  8.  distinction  between  them;  relating  to  par- 
ticular subject ;  peculiar,  as  has  a  s.  style,  a 
style  s.  to  that  school  of  painters ;  s.  cause  (pro- 
ducing a  particular  form  of  disease) ;  s.  centre, 
place  or  period  at  which  differentiation  from 
a  common  stock  takes  place;  s.  gravity,  heat1; 
s.  medicine,  having  distinct  effect  in  curing  a 
certain  disease;  (n.)  s.  medicine  or  remedy. 
Hence  speci'fiCALLY  adv.,  speeifreii  v, 
speci'ficNESS,  nn.  [f.  OF  specifique  f.  med.L 
sijecificus  (as  species,  see  -fio] 

specifica'tion,  n.  Specifying ;  specified  de- 
tail, esp.  (pi.)  detailed  description  of  construc- 
tion, workmanship,  materials,  &c,  of  work  un- 
dertaken by  architect,  engineer,  &c.;  descrip- 
tion by  applicant  for  patent  of  the  construction 
&  use  of  his  invention ;  (Law)  working  up  of 
materials  into  a  new  product  not  held  to  be  the 
property  of  the  owner  of  the  materials,  [as 
foil.,  see  -fication] 

spe'city,  v.t.  Name  expressly,  mention  de- 
finitely, (items,  details,  ingredients,  &e.;  often 
abs.);  include  in  (e.g.  architect's)  specifications, 
as  a  slate-course  was  not  specified.  Hence 
spe'eif  iable  a.  [f.  OF  specifier  f.  med.L  spe- 
cificare  (as  specific,  see  -fy)] 

specimen,  n.  Individual  or  part  taken  as 
example  of  a  class  or  whole,  esp.  individual 
animal  or  plant  or  piece  of  a  mineral  &c.  used 
for  scientific  examination,  as  ss.  of  copper  ore, 
zoological  ss.,fine  s.  of  the  swallow-tail,  of  mo- 
saic work,  a  8.  of  his  skill,  generosity,  s.  page 

(of  book,  printed  in  prospectus  to  show  size, 
type,  &c. ),  (colloq.  contempt. )  what  a  s.  (person) .'. 
[L,= characteristic  mark  (specere  look,  -men)] 

speeio'logy  (-shl-),  n.  Science  of  (origin  &c. 
of)  species.   Hence  speciolo'grcAL  a.  [-logy] 

specious  (shws),  a.  Of  good  appearance, 
plausible,  fair  or  right  on  the  surface,  as  s.  ar- 
gument, tale,  pretence,  person,  appearance. 
Hence  or  cogn.  specio'siTY,  spe'ciousNESS, 

nn.,  spe'eiousLY2  adv.    [f.  OF  specieux  f.  L 

speciosus  beautiful  (species,  see  -ous)] 

speck1,  n.,  &  v.t.    Small  spot,  dot,  stain; 

particle  (o/dirt  &c);  spot  of  rottenness  in  fruit ; 

(v.t.)  mark  with  ss.  (esp.in  p.p.).  Hence  spe'ck- 

less  a.    [OK  specca,  cf.  LG  spaken  be  spotted 

with  wet,  MDu.  spickelen  spot,  spicken  spit] 


speck2,  n.  Fat  of  seals,  whales,  &c,  blubber. 
[OE  spic  bacon,  cf.  Du.  spek,  G  speck] 

spe'ckie,  n.  Small  spot  or  stain  ;  (v.t.)  mark 
with  ss.  or  patches  (esp.  in  p.p.).    [speck  *+  -le] 

specktioneer*,  -si-,  (-shon-),  n.  (whaling). 
Chief  harpooner.    [f .  speck  2  on  auctioneer  &c.  ] 

spectacle,  n.  Public  show,  whence  spee- 
ta'culAR1  a.,  speeta'culapLY2  adv.;  object 
of  sight,  esp.  of  public  attention,  as  a  charming 
s.,  drunken  womajiis  a  deplorable  s.,  sure  to 
make  a  s.  (=  exhibition)  of himself ';  (pair  of) 
ss.  or  colloq.  specs,  pair  of  lenses  to  correct  or 
assistdefectivesight.setin  frame  without  spring 
(cf.  eye  i-glass)  constructed  to  rest  on  nose  & 
ears,  (fig.)  sees  everything  through  rose-colour- 
ed &c.  ss.,  takes  cheerful  &c.  views,  (Crick.) 
pair  ofss.,  two  duck  is.  [F,  f.  L  spectaculum 
show  (spectare  see  frequent,  of  specere  look)] 

spectacled,  a.  Wearing  spectacles ;  (of  ani- 
mals) marked  in  a  way  that  suggests  spectacles, 
esp.  s.  bear,  the  S.-Amer.  bear.    [-ed2J 

speeta'top,  n.  One  who  looks  on  esp.  at  a 
show,  game,  &c,  as  the  ss.  were  moved  to  tears, 
was  a  mere  s.,  an  unconcerned  s.,  (as  title  of 
paper)  The  S.  Hence  speeta'tPESS 1  n.  [L 
(spectare,  see  spectacle  &  -or2)] 

spe'etpal,  a.  Ghostlike,  of  ghosts  ;  of  spec- 
tra or  the  spectrum,  as  s.  colours,  analysis. 
Hence  spe'ctpalLY  2  adv.    [spectrum,  -al] 

spe'etpe  (-er),  n.  Ghost;  8.  of  the  Brocken, 
huge  shadowy  image  of  the  observer  projected 
on  mists  about  mountain-top,  first  observed  on 
the  Brocken  ;  (in  names  of  animals  compared 
to  s.  from  thinness  of  body  &c.)  s.-bat,  -crab, 
-insect,  -lemur,  -shrimp.    [OF,  f.  spectrum] 

spectpo-  in  comb.  =  spectrum, as:  -graph, 
apparatus  for  photographing  or  otherwise  re- 
producing the  spectrum,  -gram,  representation 
obtained  by  this,  so  -graphic  a.,  -graphy  n.; 
■logy,  science  of  spectral  analysis,  so  -lo'gical(ly) 
a.  &  adv.;  -meter,  instrument  for  measuring 
deviation  of  light-rays  inpassingthrough  prism; 
-phone,  modification  of  spectroscope  in  which 
succession  of  sounds  takes  the  place  of  obser- 
vation by  eye. 

spectroscope,  n.  Instrument  for  forming 
&  analysing  the  spectra  of  rays,  consisting 
usu.  of  collimating  tube,  prism  or  diffraction 
grating,  small  telescope,  &  measuring  appara- 
tus. Hence  spectroscopic! al)  aa..  spec- 
tPosco*piealLY2adv.,  spectpo'scopisr  (or 
spe*-),  spectro'scopy  i  (or  spe*-),  nn.  [spec- 
tro-  +  -SCOPE] 

spe'etpum,  n.  (pi.  -ra).  (Also  oculars.)  im- 
age of  something  seen  continuing  when  the 
eyes  are  closed  or  turned  away ;  image  formed 
by  rays  of  light  or  other  radiant  energy  in 
which  the  parts  are  arranged  in  a  progressive 
series  according  to  their  refrangibility ;  diffrac- 
tion, prismatic,  8.  (produced  by  means  of  dif- 
fraction grating,  by  means  of  prism);  solar  s. 
(formed  fromrays  of  sun);  s.  (or  spectral)  analy- 
.sis.chemical  analysis  by  means  of  spectroscope. 
[L,  =  appearance,  image,  f .  specere  look] 

specular,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  a  speculum, 
esp.  reflecting,  as  s.  surface,  [f.  L  specularis 
(speculum,  see  -ar1)] 

speculate, v.i.  Pursue  an  inquiry,  meditate, 
form  theory  or  conjectural  opinion,  (on,  upon, 
about,  subject,  the  nature,  cause,  &c.,  of  a  thing, 
or  abs.);  make  investment,  engage  in  commer- 
cial operation,  that  involves  risk  of  loss,  as  has 
been  speculating  in  stocks,  in  rubber,  (esp.  W. 
implication  of  rashness)  is  believed  to  8.  a  good 
deal.  Hence  or  cogn.  spe'culat i ve  a. ,  spe*- 
culativeLY2  adv.,  speculativeNESS.  spe*- 
culatOR2,  n  n.  [f .  L  specvlari  spy  out,  observe, 
(specula  watch-tower,  as  speculum),  see  -ate3] 


SPECULATION 


SPERMATO- 


specula'tion,  n.  Meditation  on,  inquiry  in- 
to, theory  about,  a  subject,  as  much  given  to  s., 
sorry  to  disturb  your  ss.;  speculative  invest- 
ment or  enterprise,  practice  of  speculating,  in 
business,  as  ruined  by  (a  single  unlucky)  s., 
boughtit  as  a s.  (or  on  spec,  rarely  on  s.);  game 
in  which  cards  are  bought  &  sold.  [OF,  f.  L 
specidationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

speculum,  n.  (pi.  -la).  (Surg.)  instrument 
for  dilating  cavities  of  human  body  for  inspec- 
tion ;  mirror,  usu.  of  polished  metal  e.g.  s.-metal 
(alloy  of  copper  &  tin),  esp.  in  reflecting  tele- 
scope; (Ornith.)  specially  coloured  area  on  wing 
of  some  birds,  also  =  ocellus.  [L,  =  mirror 
(specere  look)] 

sped.    See  speed. 

speech  (-tsh),  n.  Faculty  of  speaking ;  thing 
said,  remark,  as  after  this  unlucky  s.  he  re- 
mained silent ;  public  address,  as  after-dinner, 
maiden,  8.,  s.  for  the  defence,  a  set  s.  (studied, 
prepared) ;  King's  or  Queen's  s.,  s.  from  the 
throne,  brief  statement  of  foreign  &  domestic 
affairs  &  of  the  chief  measures  to  be  considered 
by  Parliament,  prepared  by  ministry  &  read  by 
sovereign  in  person  or  by  commission  at  open- 
ing of  Parliament;  languageof  a  nation;  sound- 
ing-quality of  organ-pipe  &c;  figure1  of  s.; 
part'so/s.;  s. -re admg,  deaf-mute's  interpre- 
tation of  s.  by  watching  speaker's  lips ;  s.-day, 
annual  day  for  delivering  prizes  in  schools  usu. 
marked  by  recitations  &c.  [OE  sp&c,  earlier 
sprxc,  as  speak] 

spee'ehify,  v.i.  (contempt.).  Make  speeches, 
hold  forth  in  public.  Hence  speeehiFiCA'TiON, 
spee'ehiflER^nn.    [-fv] 

speechless,  a.  Dumb;  temporarily  deprived 
of  speech  by  emotion  8cc.,a,ss.withrage.  Hence 
spee'chlessLY 2  adv.,  speeehlessxEss  n. 

[LESS] 

speed,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (sped,  exc.  as  below).  Ra- 
pidity of  movement,  as  with  all  s.,morehaste  less 
s. ,  at  full  s. ;  rate  of  progress  or  motion,  as  attains 
a  high  s.,  depends  on  the  s.  required,  threes,  en- 
gine, tricycle,  See.  (with  adaptable  gear  forgoing 
at  different  ss.);  (archaic)  success,  prosperity, 
as  send  me  good  s.  (cf.  god'-s.);  s.-cone,  con- 
trivance for  adjusting  ratio  of  s.  between  paral- 
lel shafts  by  means  of  belt ;  speedwell,  kinds 
of  herb  with  creeping  or  ascending  stems  & 
bright-blue  flowers.  ( vb)  go  fast,  as  sped  down, 
the  street  (now  chiefly  literary);  (archaic)  send 
fast,  send  on  the  way,  as  s.  an  arrow  from  the 
bow,  s.  the  parting  guest ;  (archaic)  be  or  make 
prosperous,  succeed,  give  success  to,  as  how 
have  you  sped  ?,  Ood  s.  you ;  (past  &  p.p.  speed- 
ed) regulate  s.  of  (engine  &c),  cause  to  go  at 
fixed  s.  [(vb  f.  OE  spedan)  OE  sped,  cf.  Du. 
spoed,  OHG  spuot,  spot,  success ;  cogn.  w.  L 
spatium  space,  spes  hope] 

spee'dei*,  n.  Kinds  of  device  for  regulating 
or  increasing  speed  of  machinery,    [-er1] 

spee'dy,  a.  Rapid;  expeditious,  prompt, 
coming  without  delay,  as  s.  answer,  vengeance. 
Hence  speediLY2  adv.,  speedi  moss  n.  [-Y2] 

speiss  (-is),  n.  Compound  of  arsenic,  iron,  &c. , 
found  in  smelting  some  lead  ores.  [f.  G  speise 
food,  amalgam,  f.  It.  spesa  expense] 

spelaean,  a.  Of,  dwelling  in,  caves,  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  spelaion  cave  (speos  cave)  +  -an] 

s pelicans.    See  spillikin. 

spell  *,  n.  Words  used  as  charm,  incantation ; 
attraction,  fascination,  exercised  by  person, 
pursuit,  quality,  &c;  spellbound,  bound  (as)  by 
a  s.  [OE  spel(l)  saying,  story,  cf.  ON  spjall ; 
cogn.  w.  foil.] 

spell 2,  v.t.  (spelt  or  spelled  pr.  -it).  Write  or 
name  the  letters  that  form  (a  word),  as  how  do 
you  s. '  analyse '?,  must  not  be  spelt  with  a  z, 


can't  s.  his  own  name,  (abs.  wish  you  would 
learn  to  s.  (correctly);  s.  out  or  over,  make  out 
(words,  writing)  laboriously  letter  by  letter; 
s.  backward,  repeatorwrite  thelettersof  (word) 
in  reverse  order,  (fig.)  misinterpret,  pervert 
meaning  of ;  (of  letters)  make  up,  form,  (word), 
as  what  does  cat  s.?,  (fig.,  of  circumstances, 
scheme,  &c.)  have  as  necessary  result,  involve, 
as  these  changes  s.  ruin  to  the  farmer,  [f.  OF 
espelerf.  Du.  spellen(=  OE  spellian  tell  f.  prec.)] 

spell  3,  n.,  &  v.t.  Turn  of  work,  as  did  a s.  of 
carpentering ;  short  period,  as  wait  (for)  a  s. ; 
(v.t.,  rare)  relieve,  take  the  place  of,  (person)  in 
work  &c.  [OE spelian  vb  perh.  cogn.  w.  spilian 
play,  Du.  spelen(spel  n.),  G  spielen  (spiel  n.)] 

spe'ller,  n.    In  vbl  senses  of  spell2  ;  also  = 

SPELLING-000&.     [-ER1] 

spelling-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  as  his s.  is  weak, 
not  sure  of  the  s.  of '  aneurysm  \  another  s.  of 
the  same  word;  s.-bee,  competition  in  s.  usu. 
with  prizes ;  s.-book  (for  teaching  s.).    [-ing  l] 

spelt1,  n.  Kind  of  wheat  giving  very  fine 
flour,  German  wheat.    [OE,  f.  LL  spelta] 

spelt2.    See  spell2. 

spe'ltep,  n.  (now  commerc).  Zinc,  [of  Teut. 
orig.  as  pewter] 

spence,  -se,  n.  (archaic).  Buttery,  larder. 
[OF,  short  for  espense  expense  &  despense  (see 
dispense)] 

spencer1,  n.  (hist.).  Man's,  woman's,  short 
over-jacket,    [f.  Earl  S.,  d.  1845] 

spe*neep2,  n.  (naut.).  =  TRYsail.    [?] 

Spe*neepism,n.  Doctrineof  Herbert  Spencer 
(d.  1903)  referring  the  ordered  universe  to  the 
necessary  laws  of  _mechanies,  synthetic  philo- 
sophy. So  Speneer'iAN  a.,  Spencep'ianis.M 
n.    [-ism] 

spend,  v.t.  &  i.  (spent).  Pay  out  (money)  for 
a  purchase  &c. ;  use,  use  up,  consume,  as  our 
ammunition  was  all  spent,  shall  s.  no  more 
breath,  trouble,  8cc.,on  him,  how  do  you  s.  your 
time  ?,  spent  a  pleasant  day;  exhaust,  wear  out, 
as  his  anger  will  soon  s.  itself,  storm  is  spent, 
spent  cannon-ball  (with  little  impulse  left); 
(Naut.)  lose  (mast);  be  consumed,  as  candles  s. 
fast  in  draught ;  emit  spawn ;  spent  herring 
&c.  (that  has  deposited  its  spawn) ;  spendthrift, 
extravagant  person,  prodigal,  (often  attrib.). 
Hence  spe'ndABLE  a.,  spe'ndiou1  n.  [OE 
spendan  f.  LL  vis(pendere  weigh)  spend] 

spensft    See  spence. 

Spenserian,  a.  Of  the  poet  Edmund  Spenser 
(d.  1599),  esp.  <S.  stanza,  that  used  in  the  Faerie 
Queene.    [ian] 

spent.    See  spend. 

spepm^n.  Malegenerative  fluid.  [f.Fspcrmef. 
L  f.  Gk  sperma  -matos  seed  (speiro  sow,  see  -m)J 

sperm2,  n.  (Also  s.-whale)  cachalot,  whale 
yielding  spermaceti ;  =foll.    [abbr.] 

spermaceti,  n.  White  brittle  fatty  sub- 
stance contained  in  solution  in  heads  of  sperm- 
whale  &c,  used  for  candles  &  ointments.  [F,  f. 
L  sperma  sperm  i  +  ceti  of  whale  f.  Gk  ketos 
(s.  being  regarded  as  whale-spawn)] 

spep'mapy,  n.  Male  germ-gland,  testicle  or 
equivalent  organ,    [sperm  l  +  -ary  1] 

sperma'tie,  a.  Of  sperm  l  or  the  spermary. 
[f.  OF  spcrmatique  f.  L  f.  Gk  spermatikos  (as 
sperm  1,  see  -ic)] 

spep'matism,  n.  Emission  of  semen,  so 
spep*matiZE  v.i.;  =  sperm  ism,  sosper'ma- 
tiST  n.    [f.  L  as  sperm  l+  -ismI 

spep'mato-  in  comb.  =  sperm1,  as:  -blast, 
germ  of  a  spermatozoon  ;  -flre'nesis.development 
of  spermatozoa,  so  -genous  a.,  -geny  n.;  -logist, 
-logy,  student,  study,  of  sperm,  so  -lo'gical  a.; 
-phore,  capsule  containing  spermatozoa; 
-rrhoe'a  (-Tea),  involuntary  seminal  discharge ; 


SPERMISM 8 

-zo'on  (pi.  -zoa),  male  fertilizing  element  con- 
tained in  semen  of  animals,  similar  element 
in  lower  plants,  so  -zo'al,  -zo'an,  aa. 

sper'mism,  n.  Theory  that  the  spermatozoon 
aloneisthegermof  futureanimal.  Sospep'm- 
isrn.    1-ismJ 

spermo-  in  comb.  =  Gk sperma  seed,  semen, 
as :  -blast  =  sperm ATOblast ;  -logy,  =  sperma- 
tozoa, (Bot.)  study  of  seeds,  so  -lo'gical  a., 
-logist  n. 

spew,  spue,  v.t.  &  i.  Vomit  (t.  &  i.) ;  (of 
gun)  droop  at  muzzle  from  too  quick  firing. 
TOE  speowan,  spiwan,  cf.  ON  spyja,  G  speien, 
L  spuere ;  imit.] 

sphacelate,  v.t.  Affect,  be  affected,  with 
gangrene  or  necrosis.  Hence  sphaeelA'TiON 
n.    Tf.  Gk  sphakelos  gangrene  +  -ate  3] 

sphaei»(o)-  in  comb.  =  Gk  sphaira  ball,  in 
many  scientific  esp.  nat.  hist,  terms. 

sphen(o)-  in  comb.  =  Gk  sphen  wedge, 
chiefly  in  sense  'of  the  sphenoid  bone';  also: 
-gram,  cuneiform  character,  so  -gra'phic  a. 

sphe'noid,  a.  &  n.  (anat.).  Wedge-shaped, 
esp.  s.  {bone),  compound  bone  at  base  of  skull. 
Hence  sphenoi'dAL  a.,  sphenoi'do-  comb, 
form.    [f.  Gk  sphenoeides  (sphen  wedge,  -oid)] 

sphere  (-er),  n.,  &  v.t.  Solid  figure  generated 
by  revolution  of  semicircle  about  its  diameter, 
or  every  part  of  whose  surface  is  equidistant 
from  a  point  within  called  the  centre  ;  ball, 
globe ;  (poet.)  the  heavens,  the  sky  ;  any  hea- 
venly body ;  globe  representing  the  earth  or  the 
apparent  heavens ;  each  of  the  revolving  globe- 
shaped  shells  in  which  the  heavenly  bodies 
were  formerly  supposed  to  be  set,  esp.  music, 
harmony,  ofthess.  (produced  by  movements  of 
the  ss.) ;  one's  field  of  action,  influence,  or  ex- 
istence, one's  natural  surroundings,  one's  place 
in  society,  as  has  done  much  within  his  pecu- 
liar s.,  earnest  young  lady  in  search  of  a  s., 
great  mistake  to  take  him  out  of  his  s.,  moves 
in  quite  another  s.,  German  s.  (claimed  or  re- 
cognized area)  of  influence  in  Africa ;  celestial 
s.,  surface  on  which  heavenly  bodies  appear  to 
lie ;  doctrine  of  the  s.,  spherical  geometry  & 
trigonometry ;  great,  small,  circle  ofs.,  section 
made  by  plane  passing,  not  passing,  through  its 
centre ;  oblique,  right,  parallel,  s.,  sphere  of  ap- 
parentheavensataplace  where  there  isoblique 
angle,  right  angle,  no  angle,  between  equator 
&  horizon.  (V.t.)  enclose  (as)  in  s.,  make  s.- 
shaped,  (poet.)  exalt  to  the  (celestial)  s.  Hence 
spheP'Y2  a.  (poet.),  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  espere  f. 
L  f.  Gk  sphaira  ball,  globe] 

sphe'Pie,  a.  &  n.  (Poet.)  of  the  heavens, 
celestial,  exalted ;  (rare)  =  foil. ;  (n.  pi.)  geo- 
metry &  trigonometry  of  the  sphere,  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  sphairikos  (as  prec.,  see  -ic)] 

sphe'rical,  a.  Shaped  like  a  sphere,  globu- 
lar, whence  or  cogn.  sphe'riealLV-  adv., 
sphepi'eiTY  n. ;  of  spheres,  ass.  geometry ;  s. 
lune,  triangle,  polygon,  (bounded  by  arcs  of 
great  circles  of  sphere),    [-al] 

sphep'ogpaph,  n.  Stereographic  projec- 
tion of  the  earth  on  disk,  with  meridians  & 
f>arallels  of  latitude  marked  in  single  degrees. 
SPHERE  +  -O-  +  -GRAPH] 

spher'oid,  n.  Sphere-like  but  not  perfectly 
spherical  body  ;  solid  generated  by  revolution 
of  ellipse  about  its  major  (prolate  or  oblong 
s.)  or  minor  (oblate  s.)  axis,  as  the  earth  is 
an  oblate  s.  Hence  spheroi'dalLY2  adv., 
sphePoi*d(ic)AL  aa.,  sphepoidi'eiTY  n.  [f. 
Gk  sphairoeides  (as  sphere,  see  -oid)] 

sphero'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  finding 
radius  of  sphere  and  for  exact  measurement  of 
thickness  of  small  bodies,    [-meter] 

sphe'pule,  n.   Small  sphere.  Hence  sphe*- 


l SPIKE 

puIari,  sphe*PulATE2(2)  (entom.),  aa.  [f .  L 
sphaerula  (as  sphere,  see  -ule)] 

sphe'pulite,  n.  Vitreous  globule  as  consti- 
tuent of  some  rocks.  Hence  sphePuli'tiG  a., 
sphe*pulitizE(3),  v.t.    If.  prec.  +  -ite  i] 

sphi'netep,  n.  Muscle  surrounding  &  serv- 
ing to  close  an  opening  or  tube.  Hence  sphinc- 
ter ai.,  sphincteral  al,  sphinete'pic.aa.  [L, 
f.  Gk  sphigkter  (sphiggo  shut  tight)] 

sphinx,  n.  (Gk  Myth.,  S-)  winged  monster 
of  Thebes  with  woman's  head  &  lion's  body 
who  proposed  a  riddle  to  the  Thebans,  killed 
all  who  could  not  guess  it,  &  on  Oedipus's  solv- 
ing it  threw  herself  from  the  rock  on  which  she 
sat  &  died;  (Egypt.  Ant)  figure  with  lion's 
body  &  man's  or  animal's  head;  enigmatic 
person  ;  hawk-moth  ;  kind  of  baboon.  [L,  f.  Gk 
sphigx,  prob.  of  foreign  orig.,butacc.  to  pop. 
etym.  f.  sphiggo  strangle] 

sphragi'sties  (-j-),  n.  pi.  (often  treated  as 
sing.).  Study  of  engraved  seals,  [f.  Gk  sphragi- 
stikos  (sphragizo  seal  vb  f.  sphragis  n.)] 

sphygmo-  in  comb.  =  foil.,  as :  -graph,  in- 
strument for  showing  character  of  pulse  in 
series  of  curves,  -gram,  record  so  produced,  so 
-gra'phic  a.,  -graphy  n. ;  -logy,  study  of  the 
pulse ;  -phone,  -scope,  instrument  for  making 
audible,  visible,  the  action  of  the  pulse. 

sphygmus,  n.  (physiol.).  Pulse,  pulsation, 
[mod.  L,  f.  Gk  sphugmos  f.  sphuzo  throb] 

sprea,  n.  (Bot.)  spike,  whence  spi'CATE2, 
-ated,  aa. ;  (Surg.)  spinal  bandage  with  re- 
versed turns.    [L,  =  spike,  ear  of  grain] 

spice,  n.,  &  v.t.  Aromatic  or  pungent  veget- 
able substance  used  to  flavour  food,  e.g.  cloves,, 
pepper,  mace  ;  ss.  collectively,  as  dealer  in  s., 
sugar  &  s.  dfrall  that's  nice,  sospi'CERY(l)  n. ; 
(fig.)  smack,  dash,  flavour,  (of  malice  &c.  in, 
person's  character,  writings,  &c.) ;  spicebush, 
aromatic  American  shrub  of  laurel  family; 
(v.t.)  flavour  with  s.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  espxce 
spice  f.  L  species] 

spick,  a.  S.  &  span,  smart  &  new,  brand- 
new,  [earlier  s.-dt-span-new,  =  new  as  spike 
just  made  or  chip  just  cut  (spike,  spoon)] 

spi'cule,  n.  Small  sharp-pointed  body; 
(Zool.)  small  hard  body  esp.  in  framework  of 
sponge ;  (Bot. )  small  or  secondary  spike.  Hence 
spi#culARi,  spi*eulATE2(2),  aa.  [f.  L  spicu- 
lum  dim.  of  SPiCA] 

spi'ey,  a.    Of,  flavoured  or  fragrant  with, 


;    (fig.)  piquant,  nungent,  improper  (.?. 
spi^eiNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 


story),  showy,  smart.    Hence  spi'ciLY  2  adv., 


spi'dep,  n.  Eight-legged  animal  of  the  order 
Araneida,  many  species  of  which  spin  webs 
esp.  for  capture  of  insects  as  food ;  kinds  of 
arachnid  like  s. ;  thing  compared  to  s.  esp.  as 
having  prominentlegs,  e.g.  kind  of  three-legged 
gridiron ;  s.-catcher,  kinds  of  bird ;  s.-crab, 
crab  with  long  thin  legs  ;  s.-line,  thread  of  s.'s 
web  substituted  for  wire  in  scales  &c.  for  mi- 
nute work ;  s.-monkey,  kind  with  long  limbs  & 
long  prehensile  tail ;  s.-wasp,  wasp  that  stores 
itsnest  with  ss.  for  its  young.  [Hence  spi'der- 
like  a.,  spi'dePY 2  a.  [OE,  for  spinther  (spin* 
+  -ther  agent  suf.)] 

spiegreleisen  (spe'gelizn),  n.  Kind  of  east 
iron  containing  manganese,  much  used  in  Bes- 
semer process.  [G  (spiegel  mirror  f .  L  speculum 
+  eisen  iron)] 

spi*f(f)licate,  v.t.  (slang).  Trounce,  do  for. 
Hence  spif(f)licATiON  n.    [?] 

spi'got,  n.  Small  peg  or  plug  esp.  one  for 
insertion  into  gimlet-hole  in  cask.  [f.  OPr. 
espiga  ear  of  corn  f.  L  spicaJ 

spike,  n.,  &  v.t.  Sharp  point ;  pointed  piece 
of  metal  e.g.  one  of  a  set  forming  top  of  iron 


SPIKENARD 


840 


SPINULE 


fence  &c.  or  worn  in  bottom  of  shoe  to  prevent 
clipping  ;  large  stout  nail  esp.  as  used  for  rail- 
ways ;  (Bot.)  flower-cluster  of  many  sessile 
flowers  arranged  closely  on  long  common  axis  ; 
separate  sprig  of  any  plant  in  which  flowers 
form  s.-like  cluster ;  [f.  F  spic]  kind  of  laven- 
der ;  s.  oiligot  from  lavender) ;  s.  plank,  bridge 
before  mizzenmast  of  vessel  meant  for  arctic 
service ;  (v.t.)  fasten  with  ss.,  furnish  with  ss., 
fix  on  or  pierce  withs.,plugup  ventof(cannon) 
with  s.  Hence  spi'keLET  n.  (bot.),  spi'ke- 
wise  adv.,  spi'kY2a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  ON  spik, 
cf.  Du.  spijker  nail,  &  spoke  ;  partly  also  f.  L 
spica  ear  of  corn] 

spl'kenapd.  (-kn-),  n.  (Ancient  costly  aroma- 
tic ointment  made  chiefly  from)  perennial  herb 
allied  to  valerian;  kinds  of  fragrant  oil.  [f. 
OF  spiquenard  f.  L  spica  nardi  (of  nard)] 
spile,  n.,  &  v.t.  Wooden  peg,  spigot:  large 
timber  for  driving  into  ground,  pile;  (v.t.)  make 
s.-hole  in  (cask),  [(vb  f.  n.)  cf.  Du.  spijl  spile, 
bar,  G  speiler  skewer,  cogn.  w.  spire  x] 
spi'lingr,  n.  Set  of  piles ;  (Naut.)  edge-curve 
of  plank  in  vessel's  hull.  [f.  prec.  +  -ing1] 
spill l,  v.t.  &  i.  (spilt  or  spilled),  &  n.  Allow 
(liquid,  substance  in  small  particles)  to  fall  or 
run  out  from  vessel,  as  spilt  the  salt,  no  use 
crying  over  spilt  milk,  (of  liquid  &c.)  fall  or  run 
out;  (Naut.)  empty  (belly  of  sail)  of  wind; 
throw  from  saddle  or  vehicle,  as  horse  spilt 
him,  was  spilt  from  a  dog-cart ;  (n. )  such  throw- 
ing, as  had  a  nasty  s.;  spillway,  passage  for 
surplus  water  from  dam.  [OE  spillan  destroy 
f.  ON  spilla,  also  OE  spildan  (the  orig.  form) ; 
cogn.  w.  foil.] 

spill2,  n.  Thin  strip  of  wood,  spiral  tube  See. 
of  paper,  for  lighting  candles  &c.  [OE,  ON,  & 
Du.,  speld  f.  OTeut.  spaldan  cleave] 
spi'llep,  n.  Seine  put  into  a  larger  one  to 
take  out  fish  when  the  larger  cannot  be  hauled 
ashore.    [?] 

spi'llikin,  n.    Splinter  of  wood,  bone,  &c., 
used  in  some  games  ;  (pi.,  also  spelicans)  game 
played  with  ss.    [f.  MDu.  spellelcen  {spelle  pin, 
cogn.  w.  spill2,  see  -kin)] 
spilt.    See  spill1. 

spilth,  n.  (archaic).  What  is  spilt;  excess, 
surplus.    [-TH1] 

spin1, v.t. &i. (spunor span, spun).  Drawout 
&  twist(wool,  cotton,  orabs.)into  threads;  make 
(yarn)  thus;  (of  spider,  silkworm,  &c.)  make 
(web,  gossamer,  cocoon,  or  abs.)  by  extrusion  of 
fine  viscous  thread;  form  (cup  &c.)  in  lathe 
or  similar  machine;  (fig.)  produce,  compose, 
(narrative,  literary  article,  &c;  often  out  i.e. 
at  great  length),  esp.  s.  a  yarn  (orig.  naut.),  tell 
a  story;  s.  out,  spend,  consume,  (time,  one's 
life,  &c.  by  discussion  &c,  in  occupation  &c), 
prolong  (discussion  &c);  cause  (top  &c.)  to 
whirl  round,  (of  top)  whirl  round,  turn  (person, 
thing)  quickly  round,  (of  person  &c.)turn  thus, 
e.g.  as  result  of  blow,  as  sent  him  spinning; 
fish  in  (stream,  pool)  with  swivel  or  spoon-bait; 
(slang)  rejeot  (candidate)  after  examination ; 
spun  glass  (spun  when  heated  into  filaments 
that  remain  pliant  when  cold) ;  spun  gold,  sil- 
ver, gold,  silver,  thread  prepared  for  weaving ; 
spun  silk,  cheap  material  of  short-fibred  & 
waste  silk  often  mixed  with  cotton  ;  spun  yarn 
(naut),  line  formed  of  rope-yarns  twisted  to- 
gether. [OE  spinnan,  cf.  Du.  &  G  spinnen,  ON 
spinna,  cogn.  w.  span] 

spin2,  n.  Spinning  motion,  whirl :  brisk  or 
short  run  or  spell  of  driving,  rowing,  bicycling, 
&c,  as  went  for  a  «.  [f.  prec. ) 
spi'nach,  -age,  (-ij),  n.  Garden  vegetable 
with  thick  succulent  leaves  used  when  boiled 
as  food ;  other  plants  similarly  used.    Hence 


spinA'CEOUS  a.  [f.  OF  espinache,  -age,  f.  Sp. 
espinaca  f.  Arab,  aspanakh  of  Pers.  orig.,  but 
usu.  assoc.  w.  L  spina  thorn] 

spi'nal,  a.  Of  the  spine,  as  s.  curvature, 
complaint ;  s.  column,  spine ;  s.  cord,  cylindrical 
structure  within  s.  canal,  a  part  of  the  central 
nervous  system,    [f.  LL  spinalis  (spine,  -al)] 

spi'ndle,  n.,  &  v.i.  Pin  in  spinning-wheel 
used  for  twisting  &  winding  the  thread ;  small 
bar  serving  same  purposes  in  hand-spinning; 
pin  bearing  bobbin  of  spinning-machine ;  pin, 
axis,  that  revolves  or  on  which  a  thing  re- 
volves ;  live  (revolving)  .<?.,  dead  (non-revolving) 
.?.;  slender  thing  or  person ;  varying  measure  of 
length  for  yarn;  s.-shanked,  with  long  thin 
legs,  s.-shanks,  person  with  such  legs ;  s.- 
shaped,  of  circular  cross-section  &  tapering  to- 
wards each  end ;  s.-tree,  shrub  or  small  tree 
with  hard  wood  used  for  ss.;  (v.i.)  have,  grow 
into,  long  slender  form,  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  spinl,  as 
spin  i  +  phonetic  -d-  +  -le(1)] 

spi'ndrift,  n.  Spray  blown  along  surface  of 
sea  ;  s.  clouds,  light  feathery  clouds,  [var.  of 
spoon-drift  for  spoom-drift  r.  L  spuma  foam] 

spine,  n.  The  series  of  the  vertebrae,  back- 
bone; railway  s„  concussion  of  s.  due  to  rail- 
way accident ;  (Bot.)  stiff  sharp  woody  process 
due  to  degeneracy  or  modification  of  some 
organ ;  sharp  ridge  or  projection ;  spineback, 
kinds  of  fish  with  ss.  in  or  in  front  of  dorsal 
fins.  Hence  spinED2,  sprnosE1,  sprnous, 
aa.,  spino"snv  n.  [f.  MF  espine  thorn  f.  L 
spina  thorn,  backbone] 

spine'l  [or  spi'-),  n.  Kinds  of  mineral  of  var- 
ious colours  occurring  in  regular  crystals;  s. 
ruby,  valuable  red  variety ;  Iperh.  diff.  wd]  a 
bleached  yarn  from  which  linen  tape  is  made, 
[f.  OF  (e)spinelle  dim.  as  prec] 

spi'neless,  a.  Having  no  spine,  inverte- 
brate; (fig.)  limp,  weak,  having  no  backbone  ; 
(of  fish)  having  no  fin-spines,    [-less] 

spine't  (or  spi*-),  n.  (hist.).  Musical  instru- 
ment like  small  harpsichord,  [f.  MF  espinette 
f.  It.  spinetta  dim.  of  spina  thorn  (as  spine)] 

spini-  in  comb.  =  L  spina  thorn,  backbone, 
as:  -cerebrate,  having  brain  &  spinal  cord; 
-ferous,  having  or  producing  spines  ;  -form. 

spi'nnaker,  n.  Large  jib-shaped  sail  carried 
on  mainmast  of  racing-yacht,    [perh.  f.  spin  2] 

spi'nnep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  thread- 
spinning  machine;  person  who  shapes  vessels 
&c.  in  lathe ;  (also  spi'nnePET1  n.)  spinning- 


organ  in  spider,  silkworm,  &c.    [-er  :] 
spi'nney,  n.     Small  wood,  thicket,    [f. 
espinoye  f.  L  spinetum  (spina  thorn)] 


OF 


spi'nning*,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;s.-Aowse  (chiefly 
hist.),  house  of  correction  for  prostitutes;  s.- 
jenny,  mechanism  for  s.  more  than  one  strand 
at  a  time ;  s.-machine,  (esp.)  machine  that  spins 
fibres  continuously;  s.-wheel  (hist.),  household 
implement  for  s.  yarn  or  thread,  with  fly-wheel 
driven  by  crank  or  treadle,    [-ing1] 

Spi'nozism  (or  -n*6z-),  n.  Doctrine  of  B.  de 
Spinoza,  a  Spanish  Jew  (d.  1677),  that  there^  is 
one  sole  &  infinite  substance  of  which  extension 
&  mind  are  attributes  &  individual  beings  are 
changing  forms.  So  Spi'noziST  n.,  Spino- 
zi'stic a.    [ism.] 

sprnster,  n.  Unmarried  (esp.  elderly  in  pop. 
use)  woman.  Hence  spi'nstePHOOD  n.  [ME, 
orig.  =  woman  who  spins  (spin  *,  see  -ster)] 

spinthariscope,  n.  Small  metal  tube  con- 
taining speck  of  radium  from  which  sparks  are 
seen  flying  across  darkened  end.  [f.  Gk  spin- 
tharis  spark  +  -scope] 

spi'nule,  n.  (bot.,zool.).  Small  spine.  Hence 
spinuli'FEROUs,  spi'nulosE1,  spi'nulous, 
aa.    [f.  L  spinula  (as  spine  <=ee  -ule)] 


SPINY 


841 


SPIT 


spi'ny,  a.  Full  of  spines,  prickly,  esp.  in 
names  of  animals,  as  s.  crab,  lobster,  rat; 
(fig.)  perplexing,  troublesome,  thorny.  Hence 
spi^niNESS  n.    [-y  2] 

spiP'acle,  n.  (zool.).  Kinds  of  breathing-hole 
in  animals,  e.g.  blow-hole  of  cetaceans.  Hence 
spirS/eulARi,  spipa*eulATE2(2),  aa.  [f.  hspi- 
racuhim  (also  used  in  E)  f.  spirare  breathe] 

spirae'a,  n.  Kinds  of  rosaceous  plant  with 
small  white  or  pink  flowers.  [L,  f.  Gk  speiraia 
meadow-sweet  (speira  coil)] 

spip'al,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Coiled ;  winding 
continually  about  &  constantly  receding  from 
a  centre,  whether  remaining  in  same  plane 
like  watch-spring  or  rising  in  a  cone ;  winding 
continually  &  advancing  as  if  along  cylinder, 
like  thread  of  screw;  s.  balance  (measuring 
weight  by  torsion  of  s.  spring) ;  s.  wheel  (with 
teeth  cut  at  angle  to  axis) ;  (n.)  plane  or  other 
s.  curve,  s.  spring,  s.  formation  in  shell  &c. ; 
(v.t.)makes.  Hence spira'liTYn., spip*alLY2 
adv._[F,  f.  L  spiralis  (as  spire2,  see  -al)] 

spip'ant,  a.  &  n.  (Consonant)  uttered  with 
perceptible  expulsion  of  breath  &  in  produc- 
ing which  the  organs  are  near  together  but 
not  wholly  closed,  continuable  (consonant) 
(cf.  explosive),  e.  g.  /,  v,  th,  dh,  &  sometimes 
w,  y,  &  others,    [f.  L  spirare  breath,  see  -ant] 

spipe1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Tapering  structure  in 
form  of  tall  cone  or  pyramid  rising  above 
tower ;  continuation  of  tree  trunk  above  point 
where  branching  begins;  any  tapering  body, 
e.g.  stalk  of  grass;  (v.i.)  shoot  up;  (v.t.)  furnish 
with  s.  Hence  spiP'Y2  a.  [OE  spir,  cf.  ON 
spira,  G  spiere,  spar ;  cogn.  w.  spike,  spile] 

spire2,  tu  Spiral,  coil;  single  twist  of  this. 
Hence  spiP'Y2  a.    [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  speira  coil] 

spi'Pit1,  n.  Intelligent  or  immaterial  part 
of  man,  soul ;  in  (the)  s.,  inwardly,  as  groaned 
ins.,  was  vexed  in  s.,  shall  be  with  you  in  (the) 
s. ;  person  viewed  as  possessing  this,  esp.  w.  re- 
ference to  particular  mental  or  moral  qualities, 
as  one  of  the  most  ardent  ss.  of  his  time,  a 
meeting  of  choice  ss.,  a  masters.,  person  of 
commanding  intellect  &c. ;  rational  or  intelli- 
gent being  not  connected  with  material  body, 
disembodied  soul,  incorporeal  being,  elf,  fairy, 
as  God  is  a  s.,  the  Holy  S.  (third  person  of 
the  Trinity),  has  seen  a  s.,  ss.  must  have  been 
at  work,  astral  ss.,  familiar  s.,  peace  to  his 
departed  s.;  person's  mental  or  moral  nature 
or  qualities,  as  a  man  of  an  unbending  s.,  leave 
this  to  some  more  inquiring  s.;  courage,  self- 
assertion,  vivacity,  energy,  dash,  as  if  you  had 
the  s.  of  a  mouse,  do  Show  a  little  s.,  went  at  it 
withs.,  infu&eds.  into  his  mew,  person  viewed 
as  supplying  this  (=  soul,  but  usu.  w.  adj.),  as 
was  the  animating  s.  of  the  rebellion ;  mental 
or  moral  condition  or  attitude,  mood,  as  took 
it  in  a  wrong  s.,  depends  on  the  s.  in  which  it 
is  done,  did  it  in  a  s.  of  mischief,  objections 
made  in  a  captious  s. ;  real  meaning  opp.  to 
|  verbal  expression,  as  must  consider  the  s.  of  the 
j  law,  not  the  letter,  have  followed  out  the  s.  of 
:  his  instructions;  animating  principle  or  in- 
fluence, mental  or  moral  tendency,  as  cannot 
resist  the  s.  of  the  age  or  times ;  (formerly)  im- 
material principle  governing  vital  phenomena, 
whence  (mod.)  animal  ss.,  high  or  great  ss., 
cheerfulness  &  buoyancy,  poor  or  low  ss., 
depression;  (usu.  pi.)  strong  distilled  liquor  esp. 
alcohol,  e.g.  brandy,  whisky,  gin,  rum,  as  glass 
of  ss^  &  water,  ardent  ss.,  touches  no  s.  but 
gin ;  solution  (of  volatile  principle)  in  alcohol, 
tincture ;  s.  or  ss.  of  wine,  alcohol ;  methy- 
lated s. ;  s.-blue,  aniline  blue  soluble  in  alco- 
hol; s.-duck,  kinds  of  duck  diving  rapidly  at 
flash  of  gun  &c;  s.-lamp  (burning  alcohol  in- 


stead of  oil);  s.-level,  glass  tube  partly  filled 
with  s.  for  testing  horizontality ;  s.-rapper, 
person  professing  to  hold  intercourse  with 
departed  ss.  by  means  of  their  raps  on  table 
&c,  so  s.-rapping ;  s.-room  (naut),  paymaster's 
store-room,  formerly  used  for  ss.  [f.  OF  espirit 
f.  L  spiritus  breath,  spirit,  f.  spirare  breathe] 

spi'pit2,  v.t.  Convey  (usu.  away,  off,  &c.) 
rapidly  and  secretly  (as)  by  agency  of  spirits ; 
cheer  (person,  usu.  up),    [f.  prec] 

spi'pited,  a.  Full  of  spirit,  animated,  lively, 
brisk,  courageous,  as  a  s.  translation,  attack, 
reply ;  having  specified  spirit,  as  high,  mean, 
proud,  jealous,  -s. ;  having  specified  spirits,  as 
lows.  Hence  (-)spi'pitedLY  2  adv.,  -spi'pit- 
edNESsa.    [-ed2] 

spiritless,  a.  Wanting  in  courage,  vigour, 
orvivacity.  Hence  spi'PitlessLY2  adv.  [-less] 

spirito'so,  adv.  (mus.).    With  spirit.    [It,] 

spi'Pitual,  a.  Of  spirit  as  opp.  to  matter ; 
of  the  soul  esp.  as  acted  on  by  God,  as  s.  life  ; 
of,  proceeding  from,  God,  holy,  divine,  inspired, 
as  s.  songs,  the  s.  law ;  the  s.  man,  inner  nature 
of  man,  (also  esp.  in  N.T.)  regenerate  man  (opp. 
to  natural,  carnal) ;  concerned  with  sacred  or 
religious  things,  as  our  s.  interests,  s.  (ecclesias- 
tical) courts,  s.  corporations,  lords  s.,  bishops 
and  archbishops  in  H.  of  Lords;  having  the 
higher  qualities  of  the  mind.  Hence  spi'pi- 
tualL y 2  adv. ,  spi'PitualNESS  n.  [f.  OF  spiri- 
tuel  f.  LL  spiritualis  (as  spirit,  see  -al)] 

spi'Pitualism,  n.  Belief  that  departed  spirits 
communicate  with  &  show  themselves  to  men, 
esp.  (also  modern  s.)  at  seances  by  means  of 
spirit-rapping,  -handwriting,  &c,  so  spi'Pit- 
ism,  sprpitiST,  nn. ;  (Philos.)  doctrine  that 
spirit  exists  as  distinct  from  matter  or  that 
spirit  is  the  only  reality  (cf.  materialism). 
Hence  or  cogn.  spiritual  ist  n.,  spiritual- 
i'stic  a.    [-ism] 

spirituality,  n.  Spiritual  quality;  (usu.  pi.) 
what  belongs  or  is  due  to  the  Church  or  to  an 
ecclesiastic  as  such,  as  the  ss.  of  his  offl.ee,  s.  of 
benefices,  tithes  of  land  &c.  [f.  OF  spiritualite 
i.  LL  spiritualitatem  (as  spiritual,  see  -ty£] 

spiritualize,  v.t.  Make  spiritual,  elevate, 
(character,  person,  thoughts) ;  (rare)  infuse  life 
into,  animate;  attach  spiritual  as  opp.  to  literal 
meaning  to.  Hence  spiritualizAi  ion  n.  [f. 
F  spiritualiser  (as  spiritual,  see  -ize)] 

spiritue-lle,  a.  (Chiefly  of  women)  marked 
by  refinement,  grace,  or  delicacy,  of  mind.  [F, 
fern,  as  spiritual] 

spi'rituous,  a.  Containing  much  alcohol, 
distilled  not  fermented,  as  s.  liquors  (also  used 
loosely  of  beer  &c. ).  Hence  spi'rituous  ness 
n.  [fjOF  spiritueux  f.  L  as  spirit,  -ous] 

spir'itus,  n.  (Gk  gram.).  S.  asper,  lenis,  = 
rough,  smooth,  breathing  h    [L] 

spip'ivalve,  a.  Having  spiral  shell;  (of 
shell)  spiral,    [f.  L  spira  spire  2  4-  valva  door] 

spip'ket,  n.  (naut,).  Space  forward  or  aft 
between  floor-timbers.    [?] 

spip'ketingr,  n.  Inside  planking  between 
top  of  waterways  &  lower  sills  of  ports,  [-ing  *] 

spii»o- !  in  comb.  =  Gk  speira  coil. 

spipo-2  in  comb.  (irreg.)=L  spiro  breathe  in 
sense '  breath ',  as :  -graph,  instrument  for  mark- 
ing breathing  movement;  -meter,  scope,  instru- 
ment for  measuring  lung  capacity,  so  -metric 
a.,  -metry  n. ;  -phore,  instrument  for  inducing 
respiration  in  cases  of  suspended  animation. 

spirt,  spurt,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Gush  out  in  a 
jet  or  stream ;  cause  (liquid  &c.)  to  do  this ;  (n.) 
sudden  gushing  out,  jet.  [OE  spryttan,  sprit- 
ten,  cogn.  w.  sprutan  sprout] 

spit1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Slender  bar  on  which  meat 
that  is  to  be  roasted  is  made  to  rotate  before 

27» 


SPIT 


842 


SPLIT 


fire;  small  point  of  land  running  into  sea;  (v.t.) 
thrust  a  s.  through  (meat  &c.),  (fig.)  pierce, 
transfix,  with  sword  &c.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  spitu, 
cf.  Du.  spit,  G  spiess] 

spit2,  v.i.  &  t.  (spat  or  archaic  spit),  &  n. 
Eject  saliva ;  eject  (saliva,  blood ;  food  &c.  out) 
from  mouth;  (fig.)  utter  (oaths,  threats,  &c.) 
vehemently;  (of  cat  &c,  fig.  of  person)  make 
noise  as  of  spitting  as  sign  of  anger  or  hostility; 
(of  rain)  fall  lightly ;  s.  upon,  (fig.)  treat  with 
ignominy;  spitfire,  person  of  fiery  temper,  (also 
spitdevil)  toy  cone  of  wet  gunpowder  spitting 
when  ignited.  Hence  spi'ttER  in.  (N.)  spitting 
(esp.  of  cat),  spawn  of  someinsects ;  (rare)  spittle, 
[(n.  f.  vb)  OE  spittan,  also  spxtan  (whence  past 
&  p.p.  spat) ;  prob.  cogn.  w.  ON  spyta,  Da. 
spytte,  Sw.  spotta,  and  w.  spout] 

spatchcock,  n.,  &  v.t.  Eel  split  &  broiled; 
(v.t.)  prepare  thus  (eel,  fish,  bird),  [prob.  = 
cooked  on  spit,  f .  MHG  spitz  spit  1  +  G  kochen 
cook] 

spite,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ill  will,  malice,  as  did  it 
from  pure  s. ;  grudge,  as  has  a  s.  against  me ; 
(in)s.  of,  notwithstanding;  (v.t.)  thwart,  mor- 
tify, annoy,  as  does  it  to  s.  me,  cut  off  one's 
nose  to  s.  one's  face,  injure  oneself  by  vindic- 
tive or  resentful  conduct.  Hence  spi'teFUL  a., 
spi'tefulLY2  adv.,  spi*teful\ESS  n.  [(vb  f. 
n.)  short  for  despite] 

spi'ttle,  n.  Saliva  esp.  as  ejected  from  mouth. 
[OE  spdtl  (spxtan  spit2)] 

spittoo'n,  n.  Vessel  to  spit  into,  usu.  round 
metal  or  earthenware  vessel  with  funnel-shaped 
top.    [irreg.  f.  spit2  +  -oon] 

spitz,  n.  (Also  s.-dog)  small  kind  of  dog  with 
pointed  muzzle,  Pomeranian.  [G  spitz(hund) 
f.  spitze  point] 

spla'nchnic  (-ngk-),  a.  Of  the  entrails,  intes- 
tinal. So  splanchno-  comb.  form,  splanch- 
no'LOGY,  splanchno'TOMV,  nn.  [f.  Gk  splag- 
khnikos  {splagkhna  entrails,  see  -ic)] 

splash,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Bespatter  (person  &c. 
with  water,  mud,  &c);  dash,  spatter,  (liquid 
about,  on  or  over  person  &c.) ;  (of  liquid)  fly 
about  in  drops  or  scattered  portions ;  (of  per- 
son) cause  liquid  to  do  this,  make  one's  way, 
move  across,  along,  8cc,  thus;  step,  fall,  plunge, 
&c,  into  (water  Sec.)  so  as  to  s.  it;  decorate 
with  scattered  ornamentation.  (N.)  splashing; 
quantity  of  liquid  splashed ;  resulting  noise,  as 
we  heard  a  s. ;  spot  of  dirt  &c.  splashed  on  to 
things ;  patch  of  colour  esp.  on  animal's  skin ; 
make  a  s.,  (fig.)  attract  much  attention,  create 
sensation ;  complexion  powder  usu.  of  rice-flour; 
s.-board,  guard  in  front  of  wheeled  vehicle  to 
keep  mud  off  occupants.  Hence  spla'sh  v  -  a. 
£=  plash  with  emphat.  s-  ( =  OF  es-  f.  L  ex-)] 

spla'shep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  kinds  of 
guard  placed  over  wheels  of  locomotive  &c.  to 
keep  off  mud  &c;  screen  behind  wash-stand 
to  protect  wall,    [-er  1] 

spla'tter,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  continuous  splash- 
ing sound;  speak  (a  language  or  abs.)  unin- 
telligibly; s.-dash,  noise,  clamour;  s.-dashes, 
=  SPATTERdashes.    [prob.  var.  of  spatter] 

splay,  v.t.,  n.,  &  a.  Form  (sides  of  window) 
with  oblique  angle;  dislocate  (esp.  horse's  shoul- 
der); (n.)  surface  making  oblique  angle  with 
another,  e.g.  splayed  side  of  window,  embra- 
sure; (adj.)  wide  &  flat,  turned  outward;  s.- 
foot  n.  &  a.,  (having)  broad  flat  foot  turned  out- 
ward; s.-mouth,  wide  mouth,  mouth  stretched 
wide  in  grimace.  f(n.  &  adj.  f.  vb)  ME  splayen, 
short  for  display] 

spleen,  n.  Organ  producing  certain  modi- 
fications in  the  blood  of  most  vertebrates,  situ- 
ated in  mammals  at  left  of  stomach ;  lowness 

of  spirits,  ill  temper,  spite,  as  a  fit  ofs.,  vented 


his  s.,  whence  splee'nFUL,  splee'niSH1, 
splee'nY2,  aa.,   splee'nfulLY 2,   spleen*- 

ishLY 2,  adv v. ;  spleenwort,  kinds  of  fern 
formerly  used  for  s.  disorders.  Hence  spleen*- 
less  a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  splen] 

splen-  in  comb.  =  Gk  splen  spleen,  as:  -a'lgia, 
pain  in  (region  of)  spleen,  so  -algic  a.;  -e'etomy, 
excision  of  spleen;  -i'tis,  inflammation  of  spleen; 
so  -i'tic  a.;  -o'logy,  study  of  spleen,  so  -olo'gical 
a.;  -dtomy  incision  into,  dissection  of,  spleen. 

sple'ndent,  a.  (mineral.,  entom.).  Having 
bright  metallic  lustre,  [f.  L  splendere  shine, 
see  -ent] 

splendid,  a.  Magnificent,  gorgeous,  sump- 
tuous, glorious,  brilliant,  as  a  s.  palace,  gift, 
achievement,  victory,  (of  person)  affecting  splen- 
dour (in  surroundings  &c.) ;  (colloq.)  excellent, 
capital,  as  here  is  a  s.  chance  of  escape.  Hence 
sple'ndidLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  splendide  f.  L  splen- 
didus  (as  prec,  see  -id  j)] 

splendrferous,  a.  (colloq.).  Splendid,  [ir- 
reg. f .  foil.  +  -FEROUS] 

splendour,  n.  Great  or  dazzling  bright- 
ness; magnificence,  grandeur;  (Herald.)  sun 
in  s.  (with  rays  &  human  face),  [f.  OF  splen- 
deurt.  L  splendor em  (as  splendent,  see  -or1)] 

splene'tic,  a.  &  n.  Ill-tempered,  peevish, 
whence  splene'tic  ally  adv.;  of  the  spleen; 
(n.)  medicine  for,  sufferer  from,  disease  of  the 
spleen,  [f.  OF  splenetique  f.  LL  spleneticus  (as 
spleen,  see  -etic)] 

sple'nial,  a.  (anat.).  Acting  like  a  splint ;  of 
the  splenius.    [-al] 

sple*nic,a.  Of,  in,  the  spleen,  as  s.  fever,  an- 
thrax. So  sple'noro  a.  [f.  OF  splenique  f.  L 
f.  Gk  splenikos  (as  spleen,  see  -ic)] 

sple*nius,n.(pl.-it).  (Either section  of)  muscle 
on  back  &  sides  of  neck  serving  to  draw  back 
the  head.    [f.  Gk  splenion  bandage] 

spleniza'tion,  n.  Conversion  of  lung  into 
substance  resembling  spleen,    [-ize,  -ation] 

splice,  v.t.,  &  n.  Join  ends  of  (ropes)  by  in- 
terweaving strands ;  join  (pieces  of  timber  &c.) 
in  overlapping  position;  (colloq.) join  in  mar- 
riage, as  token  did  he  or  they  get  spliced  ? ;  .9.  the 
MAiN3-6race;  (n.)  junction  of  two  ropes  or 
pieces  of  wood  &c.  by  splicing ;  eye  j-.9.  [(n.  f. 
vb)  f.  MDu.  splissen  splice  f.  splijten  split] 

spline,  n.,  &  v.t.  Rectangular  key  fitting 
into  grooves  in  hub  &  shaft  of  wheel  so  that 
shaft  &  wheel  must  revolve  together ;  flexible 
wood  or  rubber  strip  used  in  drawing  large 
curves  esp.  in  railway  work ;  (v.t.)  fit  with  s.  I?] 

splint,  n.,  &  v.t.  Flexible  strip  of  wood  for 
holding  broken  bone  when  set  or  for  basket- 
work  &c;  (Anat.,  also  s.-bone)  fibula,  any  bone 
serving  as  s.,  esp.  each  of  two  running  from 
knee  to  fetlock  of  horse ;  tumour  on,  callus  due 
to  disease  of,  s. -bone  of  horse;  s.-coal,  cannel 
coal  of  slaty  structure;  (v.t.)  confine  (broken 
limb  &c.)  with  ss.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Sw.  splint  spike 
(splinta  vb  splinter),  cf.  Da.  splint  splinter,  G 
splint  thin  piece  of  steel,  &  split] 

spli'nter,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  11.  Split  (t  &  i.)  into 
long  thin  pieces,  shiver ;  (n.)  sharp-edged  or  thin 
piece  broken  off  from  wood,  stone,  &c;  s.-bar, 
cross-bar  in  vehicle  supporting  springs  or  to 
which  traces  are  attached;  s.-bone,  fibula;  s.- 
proof  (against  ss.  of  bursting  shells),  [(n.  f.  vb) 
frequent  f.  Sw.  splinta  (see  prec.)  +  -er5] 

spli'ntery,  a.  Of  splinters;  splinter-like; 
apt  to  splinter.    [-Y  2] 

split1,  v.t.  &i.  (split).  Break  forcibly,  be  brok- 
en, into  parts  esp.  with  the  grain  or  plane  of 
cleavage ;  divide  into  parts,  thicknesses,  &c,  as 
s.  it  into  three  layers,  the  job,  sum,  &c,  was  s. 
(usu.  up)  among  6  of  us,  s.  one's  vote,  vote  for 
each  or  opposed  candidates,  s.  the  difference, 


SPLIT 


843 


SPONSOR 


take  mean  quantity  &c.  between  two  proposed ; 
s.  hairs,  draw  over-subtle  distinctions,  so  hair- 
splitting;  divide  (t.  &  i.)  into  disagreeing  or  hos- 
tile parties  (on  question  &c.) ;  s.  (one's  sides  or 
intr.),  be  convulsed  with  laughter,  so  side-split- 
ting a.  &  n.,  side-splitter  (person  or  joke);  head 
is  splitting  (feels  acute  pain),  a  splitting  (acute) 
headache ;  s.  on  (slang),  betray  the  secrets  of 
(accomplice  &c.)J  s.  cloth  (surg.),  bandage  with 
several  tails  esp.  for  head  &  face ;  s.  gear,  wheel, 
(made  in  halves  for  removal  from  shaft);  s.  in- 
finitive (with  adverb  &c.  inserted  between  to 
and  verb,  e.g.  seems  to  partly  correspond ;  s.- 
moss,  kinds  of  which  capsules  split  at  maturity; 
s.  peas(e)  (dried  &  s.  in  half  for  cooking) ;  s.  shot, 
stroke,  stroke  at  croquet  driving  two  touching 
balls  in  different  directions.  Hence  (-)split- 
tERMl,2)  n.  [f.  MDu.  splitten,  cf.  Da.  splitte, 
Sw.  dial,  splitta  disentangle] 

split 2,  n.  Splitting ;  Assure,  rent,  crack ;  se- 
paration into  parties,  schism,  rupture ;  split 
osier  &c.  for  parts  of  basket-work;  each  of  the 
strips  of  steel,  cane,  &c.,  of  reed  in  loom ;  single 
thickness  of  split  hide ;  (in  faro)  turning  up  of 
two  cards  of  equal  value  so  that  stakes  are  di- 
vided ;  half-bottle  of  aerated  water,  half-glass 
of  liquor;  (pi. )  acrobat's  trick  of  sitting  on  ground 
with  legs  spread  out  laterally,  as  do  ss.  [f.  prec.] 

splotch,  splodg-e,  nn.  Daub, smear.  Hence 


splo'tchY2  a.  [OE  splot  spot,  cf.  sp(l)atter, 
sp(l)utter,  &  blot(ch)] 

splupg-e,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  noisy  display  or 
effort.    I?] 

splu*ttep,v.i.  &t.,  &n.  =  sputter.  Hence 
splu'ttePERi  n.    [for  -I-  cf.  sp(l)atter] 

spo'fnsh,  a.  (slang).    Bustling,  fussy.    [?] 

spoil  \  n.  (Usu.  pi.  or  collect,  sing.)  plunder 
taken  from  enemy  in  war,  (fig.)  profit,  advan- 
tage, accruing  fromsuccess  in  contest&c,  emo- 
luments of  public  office  &c;  ss.  system  (U.S.), 
practice  of  giving  public  offices  to  adherents  of 
successful  party,  whence  spoilsman,  advocate 
of,  one  who  seeks  to  profit  by,  this ;  a  draw  in 
the  game  of  s.-five,  in  which  each  player  has 
five  cards,  [f.  OF  espoille  f.  L  spolium  skin 
stripped  off  animal,  (usu.  pi.)  spoil] 

spoil 2,  v.t.  &  i.  (spoilt  or  spoiled).  (Archaic, 
literary)  plunder,  deprive  (person  of  thing),  by 
force  or  stealth,  as  s.  the  Egyptians  (persons  re- 
garded as  one's  natural  enemies  &c;  Exod.  xii. 
36);  impair  the  qualities  of,  s.  person's  enjoyment 
of,  as  was  quite  spoilt  by  the  rain,  will  s.  all  the 
fun,  always  s.  a  joke  in  the  telling,  the  news 
spoilt  his  dinner;  injure  character  of  (person 
&c.)  by  indulgence,  as  spare  the  rod  &  s.  the 
child,  are  determined  to  s.  me,  is  the  spoilt  child 
of  fortune ;  (of  fruit,  fish,  &c,  fig.  of  joke  &c.) 
decay,  go  bad,  as  will  not  s.  with  keeping,  dog  is 
spoiling  (ripe,  eager)  for  a  fight;  s.-sport,  one 
who  spoils  sport.  Hence  spoi'lER  *  n.  [f.  OF 
espoillier  f.  L  spoliare  strip,  plunder  (as  prec.)] 

spoi'lag-e  (-ij),  n.    Paper  spoilt  in  printing. 

[-AGE] 

spoke K  n.,  &  v.t.  Each  of  the  bars  running 
from  hub  to  rim  of  wheel,  whence  spo'ke wise 
adv.;  rung  of  ladder;  each  radial  handle  of 
steering-wheel  of  vessel ;  bar  used  to  prevent 
wheel  from  turning  esp.  in  going  down  hill,  as 
(fig.)  put  a  s.  in  person  s  wheel,  thwart  his  pur- 

Eose;  s.-bone,  radius  of  fore-arm;  s.-shave,  plane- 
it  between  two  handles,  used  for  ss.  &  other 
esp.  curved  work  where  ordinary  plane  is  not 
available  ;  (v.t.)  furnish  with  ss.,  check  (wheel) 
with  s.;  spoking-machine  (for  giving  uniform 
inclination  to  ss.  of  wheel),  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  spdca, 
cf.  Du.  speek,  G  speiche,  cogn.  w.  spike] 
spoke2,  spoken, -spoken.  See  speak. 
spokesman  (-ks-),  n.    One  who  speaks  for 


others,  representative,    [irreg.  f.  spoke  2  -h  -es 

+  MAN] 

spo'Iia  oprma,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.) arms  stripped 
from  hostile  general  by  Roman  commander  in 
single  combat;  (fig.)  supreme  achievement  or 
distinction.    [L,  =  rich  spoils] 

spoliation,  n.  Plunder,  pillage,  esp.  of 
neutral  vessels  by  belligerent,  (fig.)  extortion  ; 
(Eccl.)  taking  of  fruits  of  benefice  under  pre- 
tended title,  writ  of  s.  (for  recovery  of  these) ; 
(Law)  destruction,  mutilation,  alteration,  of 
document  to  prevent  its  being  used  as  evidence. 
Hence  or  cogn.  spo'liatOR2  n.,  spo'liatoRv 
a.    [F,  f.  L  spoliationem (as spoil 2,  see  -ation)] 

spondaic,  a.  Of  spondees ;  (of  hexameter) 
having  spondee  as  fifth  foot.  [f.  OF  spondaique 
ult.  f.  Gk  spondeiakos  (as  foil.,  see  -ac)] 

spo'ndee,  n.  Metrical  foot  -  -.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
spondeios  (poits  foot)  used  in  making  treaty 
(spondai  n.  pi.  f.  spendo  make  libation)] 

spo'ndyl(e),  n.  Joint  of  backbone, vertebra. 
Hence  spo'ndyl(o)-  comb.  form.  [F  (-le),  f.  L 
f.  Gk  spondulos  (prop,  spho-)] 

sponge1  (-unj),  n.  Aquatic  animal  of  low 
order  with  pores  in  the  body-wall,  whence 
spongo'LOGiST,  spongo'LOGY,  (spo-),  nn.; 
skeleton  of  a  s.  orcolony  of  ss.  (whence  spo*n- 
giFORM  a.),  esp.  elastic  kind  chiefly  from  the 
Levant  used  as  absorbent  in  bathing,  cleansing 
surfaces,  &c;  throw  up  the  s.,  (of  boxer  or  his 
attendant)  throw  into  the  air  as  token  of  defeat 
the  s.  used  between  rounds,  (fig.)  abandon  con- 
test, own  oneself  beaten  ;  thing  of  s.-like  ab- 
sorbency  or  consistency,  e.g.  piece  of  leavened 
dough,  s.-cake,  absorbent  pad  used  in  surgery, 
kind  of  mop  for  cleaning  bore  of  cannon,  iron 
or  other  metal  in  finely-divided  condition ;  (fig.) 
parasite,  person  who  contrives  to  live  at  an- 
other's expense  ;  s.-cake,  light  cake  of  s.-like 
consistency  ;  s.-cucumber,  -gourd,  vegetable  s., 
kind  of  gourd  used  in  Turkish  baths  as  rubber 
or  towel;  s.  tent,  compressed  s.  for  keeping 
wound  &c.  open ;  s.-tree,  spiny  tropical  shrub 
of  bean  family  with  globose  heads  of  fragrant 
yellowflowers.  [f.  OF  esponge  f .  L  f .  Gk  spoggia 
var.  of  sp{h)oggos,  cf.  fungus] 

sponge 2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Wipe,  cleanse,  with 
sponge ;  sluice  water  over  (parts  of  body  &c.  or 
abs.,  often  down,  over)  with  sponge  ;  wipe  out, 
efface,  (writing,  fig.  memory  of  thing  &c,  usu. 
out)  with  sponge ;  absorb,  take  up,  (water  &c.) 
with  sponge ;  gather  sponges ;  procure  by  syco- 
phantic arts ;  s.  on,  live  as  the  parasite  of,  be 
meanly  dependent  on  (person  for  thing);  (n.) 
sponging,  bath  with  sponge,  as  had  a  s.  down. 
Hence  spo'ngERML  2)  n.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  LL 
spongiare  (as  prec. )] 

spo'nging, n.  In vbl senses;  s.-house (hist.), 
bailiff's  house  for  temporary  lodging  of  arrest- 
ed debtor,    [-ing  j] 

spongioprllne,  n.  Substitute  for  poultice 
made  of  sponge  &  fibre  backed  with  rubber, 
[as  sponge  1  +  Gk  pilos  felt  +  -ine  4] 

spo'ngy,  a.  Like  sponge ;  porous,  compres- 
sible, elastic,  absorbent,  as  sponge  ;  (of  metal) 
finely  divided  &  loosely  coherent.  Hence  spo'n- 
glNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

spo'nsion,  n.  Being  surety  for  another ;  (In- 
ternat.  Law)  engagement  made  on  behalf  of 
State  by  agent  not  specially  authorized,  [f.  L 
sponsio  (spondere  spons-  promise,  see  -ion)] 

spo*nson,n.  Projection'from  side  of  war-ship 
to  enable  gun  to  be  trained  forward  &  aft ;  pro- 
jection before  &  abaft  paddle-box.    [?] 

spo'nsop,  ii.  Godfather  or  godmother ;  per- 
son who  makes  himself  responsible  for  another. 
Hence  sponsoriAL  a.,  spo'nsoPSHip  n.  [L 
(spondere  spons-  promise,  see  -or2)] 


SPONTANEOUS 


844 


SPOUT 


spontaneous,  a.  Acting,  done,  occurring, 
without  external  cause ;  voluntary,  without 
external  incitement,  as  made  a  s.  offer  of  his 
services  ;  (of  sudden  movements  &c.)  involun- 
tary, not  due  to  conscious  volition  ;  growing 
naturally  without  cultivation  ;  (Biol.,  of  struc- 
tural changes  in  plants,  muscular  activity  in 
esp.  young   animals)   instinctive,  automatic, 

f>rompted  by  no  motive  ;  (of  bodily  movements, 
itcrary  style,  &c.)  gracefully  natural  &  uncon- 
strained ;  s.  combustion,  ignition  of  mineral  or 
vegetable  substance  (e.g.  heap  of  rags  soaked 
with  oil,  mass  of  wetcoal)  from  heat  engendered 
by  rapid  oxidation ;  s.  generation,  production 
of  living  from  non-living  matteras  inferred  from 
appearance  of  life  (due  in  fact  to  bacteria  &c.) 
in  some  infusions  ;  s.  suggestion  (from  associa- 
tion of  ideas  withoutconscious  volition).  Hence 
or  cogn.  spontane'ir  Y,sponta*neousNESs, 
nn. ,  sponta'neousLY  2  adv.  [f .  L  spontaneus 
(sponte  of  one's  own  accord,  see  -aneous)] 
spontoo'n,  n.  (hist,).  Kind  of  halberd  used 
by  some  British  infantry  officers,  [f.  F  sponton 
f.  It.  spontone  (spontare  blunt  the  point  of  f. 
LL  *Expiinctare  as  point,  see  -oon)] 
spook,  n.  Ghost.  Hence  spoo'kiSH1, 
spoq'kv  2,  aa.  [Du.,  cf.  dial.  G  spuch,  spuk] 
spool,  n.,  &  v.t.  Reel  for  winding  yarn  &c. 
on  ;  revolving  shaft  of  angler's  reel ;  (vb)  wind 
on  s._  [f.  MDu.  spoele,  cf.  Sw.  spole,  G  spule] 
spoon1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Utensil  consisting  of 
round  or  usu.  oval  bowl  &  a  handle  for  convey- 
ing esp.  liquid  food  to  mouth,  usu.  of  silver  or 
plated  metal  for  table  use  (tea,  dessert,  table, 
gravy,  -s„  of  small,  medium,  large,  extra  large, 
size,  apostle,  egg1,  salt,  mustard,  -s.,  marrow 
s„  for  getting  marrow  from  bones)  &  of  wood 
or  iron  for  cooking  &c. ;  born  with  silver  s.  in 
mouth;  wooden  s.  (hist.),  (wooden  s.  given  to) 
last  man  in  Cambridge  mathematical  tripos; 
EGGi-cfr-s.  race ;  s. -shaped  thing,  esp.  (oar  with) 
broad  curved  blade,  kinds  of  golf-club  with 
striking-surf  ace  hollowed  out;  s.  (-bait),  bright 
revolving  s. -shaped  piece  of  metal  used  as  lure 
in  fishing;  spoonbeak,  -bill,  kinds  of  bird;  s.- 
drift,  see  spindrift;  s.-meat,  liquid  food,  food 
for  infants  (also  fig.);  s.-net,  angler's  landing- 
net.  (Vb)  take  (liquid  &c,  usu.  up,  out)  with 
s.;  fish  with  s.-bait;  (Croquet)  make  pushing 
stroke;  (Crick.)  strike  (ball)  feebly,  send  up 
(ball,  a  catch)  thus,  with  bat.  Hence  (-)spoo'n- 
ful  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  spon,  cf.  Du.  spaan,  G 
span,  &  Gk  sphen  wedge] 
spoon2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Simpleton;  silly  or  de- 
monstratively fond  lover ;  bess.  on,  be  sillily  in 
love  with ;  (vb)  behave  amorously,  behave  thus 
towards  (girl  &c).  Hence  spoo*n(e)r3  n. 
[prob^f.  spoony] 
SpocneiKism),  n.  Accidental  transposition 
of  initial  letters  &c.  of  two  or  more  words  (e.g. 
has  just  received  a  blushing  crow,  for  real  en- 
joyment give  me  a  well-boiled  icycle).  ff.  Rev. 
W.  A.  Spooner,  esteemed  for  ss.,+  -ism] 
spoo'ny, a.  Soft, silly;  sentimental.  Hence 
spoo'niLY2  adv.,  spoo'niNESS  n.  [prob.  f. 
spoon  l  +  -y  2,  perh.  w.  ref.  to  spoon-meat] 
spoop,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Track,  scent,  of  animal ; 
(vb)  follow  by  s.  Hence  spoop'ER  l  n.  [Du.] 
spopa'dic,  a.  Occurring  only  here  &  there, 
separate,  scattered.  Hence  spopa'dic  a  l  a. 
(rare),  spopa*dicalLY  2  adv.,  spora'dical- 
ness  n.  [f.  Gk  sporadikos  (sporas  -ados  scat- 
tered f.  speiro  sow,  see  -ic)] 
sporangium  (-j-),  n.  (bot.).  Case  in  which 
spores  are  produced,  [f.  Gk  spora  spore  +  ag- 
ge  ion  vessel] 

sporation,  n.    Spore-formation,    J-ation] 
spore,  n.   (Bot.,  in  cryptogamous  plants)  sin- 


gle cell  that  becomes  free  &  capable  of  indivi- 
dual development ;  (Biol.)  minute  organic  body 
that  develops  into  new  individual;  (fig.)  seed, 
germ,  of  anything,  [f.  Gk  spora  sowing,  seed, 
f.  speiro  sow] 

spopo-  in  comb.  =  prec,  as  :  -ge'nesis,  spore- 
formation  ;  -genous,  producing  spores. 

spo'ppan,  n.  Pouch,  usu.  covered  with  fur 
&c,  worn  by  Highlander  in  front  of  kilt,  [t 
Gael,  sporan] 

spopt,  n.  Amusement,  diversion,  fun  ;  in  s., 
jestingly ;  make  s.  of,  turn  into  ridicule,  make 
fun  of;  pastime,  game  ;  outdoor  pastime,  e.g. 
hunting,  fishing,  racing;  athletic ss.,  running, 
jumping,  putting  weight,  &c,  meeting  of  ath- 
letes to  compete  in  these,  as  school  ss.,  inter- 
university  ss.;  animal,  plant,  deviating  sudden- 
ly or  strikingly  from  normal  type  ;  sportsman, 
-woman,  person  fond  of  ss.  esp.  hunting,  shoot- 
ing, or  fishing,  whence  sportsmanship  n.,  fig. 
enterprising  person,  person  not  afraid  of  taking 
risk  of  failure ;  spor'tsmanlike,  befitting,  wor- 
thy of,  a  sportsman.  ( Vb)  divert  oneself,  take 
part  in  pastime ;  (part.)  interested  in  s.,  as  a 
sporting  man,  sportsmanlike,  as  sporting  con- 
duct, sporting  offer,  whence  spop'tingLY2 
adv.;  (Bot.,  Zool.)  become  or  produce  a  s.;  wear, 
exhibit,produce,  esp.  ostentatiously,  as  sported 
a  gold  tie-pin ;  s.  one's  oak.  [short  for  disport] 

spop'tive,  a.  Playful.  Hence  spop'tive- 
ly  2  ad  v. ,  spop*tiveNESS  n.    [-1  ve] 

spop'ule,  n.  Spore;  small  spore.  Hence 
spop'uIar1  a.    [-ULE] 

spot l,  n.  Particular  place,  definite  locality, 
as  dropped  it  on  this  precise  s.,  the  s.  where 
William  III  landed;  small  part  of  the  surface 
of  a  thing  distinguished  by  colour,  texture,  &c, 
usu.  round  or  less  elongated  than  a  streak  or 
stripe,  small  mark  or  stain,  as  a  blue  tie  with 
pinkss.,  sun-s.,  can  the  leopard  change  his  ss.?; 
(fig.)  moral  blemish,  stain,  as  without  a  s.  on  his 
reputation ;  kinds  of  fish  &  domestic  pigeon ; 
(Billiards)  small  round  black  patch  near  each 
end  of  table  equidistant  from  sides,  s.-stroke, 
pocketing  red  ball  when  placed  on  s.  remote 
from  balk,  s.-barred  game  (in  which  successive 
s. -strokes  are  not  allowed),  s.  (-ball),  white  ball 
distinguished  from  the  other  by  black  s. ;  on  the 
s.,  without  delay  or  change  of  place,  then  & 
there,  (of  person)  wide  awake,  equal  to  the  situ- 
ation, in  good  form  at  game  &c;  (Commerc.)  .s. 
cash,  cotton,  wheat,  prices,  (to  be  paid  or  deliver- 
ed immediately  on  sale),  ss.,  commodities  sold 
for  s.  cash.  Hence  spo'tLESS,  spo'ttv2,  aa., 
spo'tlessLY2  adv.,  spo'tlessNESs,  spo'tti- 
ness,  nn.  [ME  &  OFris.,  cf.  MDu,  spotten  vb, 
cogn.  w.  spout] 

spot2,  v.t.  Mark,  stain,  soil,  with  spots  (lit., 
&  fig.  of  character  &c);  (of  material  &c.)  be 
(liable  to  be)  marked  with  spots ;  (colloq.)  single 
out  beforehand  (winner  of  race  &c,  horse  &c. 
as  winner  for  event) ;  (colloq.)  detect,  recognize 
nationality  &c.  of,  as  spotted  him  at  once  as  an 
American,  can  always  s.  a  dun ;  (p.p.)  marked 
with  ss.,  esp.  in  names  of  animals.  Hence 
spo*ttedNESS  n.    [f.  prec] 

spouse  (owz),  n.  Husband  or  wife.  [f.  OF 
espous(e)  f.  L  p.p.  olspondere  promise] 

spout  (-owt),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Discharge,  issue, 
forcibly  in  a  jet,  as  blood  spouts  from  wound, 
wounds  s.  blood,  whale  spouts  water;  utter 
(verses  &c.  or  abs.)  in  declamatory  manner, 
speechify;  (slang)  pawn.  (N.)  projecting  tube 
through  which  liquid  &c.  is  poured  from  tea- 

Sot,  kettle,  gutter  of  roof,  &c;  sloping  trough 
own  which  thing  may  be  shot  into  receptacle, 
esp.  shoot  in  pawnbroker's  shop,  as  his  watch 
is  up  the  s.  (in  pawn) ;  jet,  column,  of  liquid  or 


SPRAG 


815 


SPRINGER 


grain  &c;  "water1-*.;  (also  s.-hole)  spiracle  of 
whale.  Hence  spou'tER1  n.,  spou'tLESS  a. 
[ME  spouten  vb,  spoute  n.,  cf.  Du.  sptdten,  Sw. 
sp(r)uta ;  prob.  by-form  of  sprout] 

sprag,  n.  Billet  of  wood  or  similar  device 
for  checking  wheel  of  car  &c.    [Da.,  =spray  jJ 

sprain,  v.t.,  &  n.  Wrench  (ankle,  wrist,  &c.) 
violently  so  as  to  caxise  pain  &  swelling  but  not 
dislocation;  (n.)  such  wrench,  resulting  inflam- 
mation &  swelling,  [f.  OF  espreindre  f.  L  EX- 
{primere=preniere  press)] 

spraints,  n.  pi.  Otter's  dung.  [f.  OF  esprain- 
tes  lit.  out-pressings  (as  prec.)] 

sprang.    See  spring  K 

sprat,  n.,  &  v.L  Small  European  herring- 
like  fish  much  used  as  food ;  other  kinds  of  fish, 
e.g.  sand-eel,  young  herring ;  s.-day,  Nov.  9,  on 
which  s.  season  begins  in  England;  (v.i.)  fish 
for  ss.,  whence  spra'ttER1,  spra'ttiNG1,  nn. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  OE  sprott,  cf.  OE  sprot  twig,  sprout, 
&  Du.  sprot  sprat] 

sprawl,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Spread  oneself, 
spread  (one's  limbs),  out  in  careless  or  ungainly 
way ;  (of  writing,  plant,  &c.)  be  of  irregular  or 
straggling  form;  open  out  (troops)  irregularly ; 
(n.)  sprawling  movement  or  attitude.  [OE 
spreaxvlian,  cf.  Norw.  sprala,  Da.  sprxlle] 

spray1,  n.  Branch  of  tree  with  branchlets 
or  flowers,  esp.  slender  or  graceful  one,  sprig  of 
flowers  or  leaves ;  ornament  in  similar  form, 
as  a  s.  of  diamonds  &c.;  s.-drain,  drain  in  field 
&c.  made  by  filling  trench  with  branches. 
Hence  sprayey 1  a.  [cf.  clayey].  [ME ;  OE 
has  sprxc  shoot,  cf.  ON  sprek  stick] 

spray  2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Water  or  other  liquid  fly- 
ing in  small  drops  from  force  of  wind,  dashing 
of  waves,  or  action  of  atomizer  &c;  medical  or 
other  liquid  preparation  to  be  applied  in  this 
form  with  atomizer  &c;  (v.t.)  throw  (liquid  or 
abs.)  in  form  of  s.;  s.-board  (on  boat's  gunwale 
to  keep  off  s.).  Hence  spray  er  Ml,  2)  n., 
sprayey2  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  LG  sprei  drizzle, 
cogn.  w.  G  spriihen  vb,  Du.  sproeien  vb] 

spread 1  (-ed),  v.t.  &  i.  (spread).  Extend  the 
surface  of,  cause  to  cover  larger  surface,  by  un- 
rolling, unfolding,  smearing,  flattening  out, 
&c,  (fig.)  display  thus  to  eye  or  mind,  as  pea- 
cock spreads  its  tail,  s.  a  banner,  s.  out  a  rug 
on  the  grass,  8.  butter  on  bread,  map  lay  s.  out 
on  the  table,  the  view  s.  out  before  us,  whence 
sprea'dER  M2)  n. ;  show  extended  or  extensive 
surface,  as  river  here  spreads  out  to  a  width  of 
half  a  mile,  on  every  side  s.  a  vast  desert, 
spreading  yews;  diffuse,  be  diffused,  as  his 
name  s.fear  in  every  quarter,  rumour  s.  from 
mouth  to  mouth,  has  s.  a  malicious  report; 
cover  surface  of,  as  slices  of  bread  s.  with  jam, 
a  table  s.  with  every  luxury,  meadow  s.  with 
daisies ;  s.  eagle,  figure  of  eagle  with  legs  & 
wings  extended  as  seen  on  coins  &c,  (colloq.) 
fowl  split  open  down  the  back  &  broiled,  (Naut.) 
person  lashed  in  rigging  with  arms  &  legs  s.  out 
as  punishment,  (adj.,  s.-e.)  bombastic,  esp. 
noisily  patriotic,  whence  s.-eagleism  n.  [OE 
sprxdan,  cf.  Du.  spreiden,  G  spreiten] 

spread2,  n.  Spreading;  capability  of  ex- 
panding, as  inferior  to  the  eagle  in  s.  of  wings ; 
breadth,  compass,  as  arches  of  equal  s.;  diffu- 
sion (of  education  &c);  (colloq.)  feast,  meal,  as 
had  no  end  of  a  s.    If.  prec] 

spree,  n.,  &  v.i.  Lively  frolic,  bout  of  drink- 
ing &c,  as  is  on  the  (having  a)  s.;  (v.i.)  have  a 
s.  [(vb  f.  n.)  cf.  Ir.  spre  spark,  spirit,  sprac 
spark,  life,  ON  sprxkr  lively,  &  spry] 

sprent,  a.  (archaic).  Sprinkled,  overspread, 
(icith  drops,  particles,  &c.L  [p.p.  of  obs.  sprcng 
f.  OE  sprengan,  see  sprinkle] 

sprig,  n.,  &  v.t.    Small  branch,  shoot ;  orna- 


ment of  s.  form ;  small  headless  nail ;  (usu. 
contempt.)  youth,  young  man,  as  who  is  this  s.  i, 
a  s.  of  the  nobility  ;  (v.i.)  ornament  with  ss.,  as 
sprigged  muslin ;  spHgtail,  kinds  of  duck  & 
grouse  with  pointed  tail.  Hence  spri'ggv2  a. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  cogn.  w.  spray1] 

sprigh'tly,  a.  Vivacious,  lively,  gay. 
Hence  sprigh'tliNESS  n.    [f.  sprite  +  -lv  f\ 

spring1,  v.i.  &  t.  (sprang,  sprung).  Leap, 
jump,  move  rapidly  or  suddenly,  (often  up, 
down,  out,  over,  through,  axcay,  back,  &c),  as 
sprang  (up)  from  his  seat,  sprang  through  the 
gap,  at  his  throat,  to  their  assistance,  blood 
sprang  to  her  cheeks ;  move  rapidly  as  from 
constrained  position  or  by  action  of  a  spring,  as 
branch  sprang  back,  door  sprang  to ;  come  into 
being  (usu.  s.  up),  arise  (often  from  source),  ap- 
pear, asabreeze  sprangup,the  belief  has  sprung 
up,  his  actions  s.  from  a  false  conviction,  (to 
person  arriving  suddenly  or  unexpectedly  or 
whose  presence  is  only  now  realized)  where 
do  or  did  you  8.  from,  ?;  (of  wood)  warp ;  (t.  &  i. 
of  wood)  split,  crack,  as  bat  is  or  has  sprung, 
have  sprung  my  racket ;  (p.p.,  colloq.)  tipsy ; 
rouse  (game)  from  earth  or  covert ;  cause  to  act 
suddenly  by  means  of  a  spring,  produce  or  de- 
velop suddenly  or  unexpectedly,  as  s.  a  trap, 
has  sprung  a  new  theory,  loves  to  s.  surpluses 
on  us  ;  cause  (mine)  to  burst;  (Naut,  of  ship) 
s.  a  butt,  loosen  end  of  plank  by  labouring  in 
heavy  sea,  s.  a  leak,  develop  leak  from  starting 
of  timbers,  s.  the  or  her  luff,  yield  to  helm  & 
sail  nearer  to  wind.  [OE  springan,  -can,  cf.  Du. 
&  G  springen,  ON  springa  burst] 

spring2^  n.  Leap,  as  took  a  s.,  rose  with  a 
8.;  season  in  which  vegetation  begins,  season 
preceding  summer  (esp.  from  about  March  21 
to  June  22) ;  fountain  of  water  issuing  from 
earth,  basin  formed  at  place  where  this  issues, 
as  hot,  mineral,  ss.;  backward  movement  from 
constrained  position,  recoil,  e.  g.  of  bow ;  elas- 
ticity, as  his  muscles  have  no  s.  in  them ;  elastic 
contrivance  usu.  of  bent  or  coiled  metal  used 
esp.  as  motive  power  in  clockwork  &c.  or  for 
preventing  jar  as  in  carriage,  as  bow  s.  (bow- 
shaped),  cee  s.,  air  or  pneumatic  s.  (working 
by  compression  of  air),  hair-s.,  main2s.;  (fig.) 
motive  actuating  person  &c,  source,  origin,  as 
the  ss.  of  human  action,  the  custom  had  rts  s.  in 
another  country ;  upward  curve  of  beam  &c. 
from  horizontal  line ;  starting  of  plank ;  spring- 
ing of  leak;  day-s.;  s.-balance  (measuring 
weight  by  tension  of  s.) ;  s.-beam,  beam  stretch- 
ing across  wide  space  without  intermediate 
support,  elastic  bar  used  as  s.  in  tilt-ham- 
mer &c. ;  s.-bed,  -mattress,  mattress  formed  of 
spiral  ss.  in  wooden  frame ;  s.-board,  elastic 
board  giving  impetus  in  leaping,  diving,  &c; 
s.-carriage,  -cart,  (mounted  on  ss.) ;  s.-gun  (con- 
trived to  go  off  when  trespasser  or  animal 
stumbles  on  it);  s.-halt,  convulsive  movement 
of  horse's  hind  leg  in  walking;  s.-tide,  high 
tide  occurring  shortly  after  new  &  full  moon 
in  each  month,  (poet.)  springtime;  springtime, 
season  of  s.;  s.  water  (from  s.,  opp.  to  river  or 
rain  water).  Hence  spri'ngLESS,  spri'ng- 
like,  aa.,  spri'ngLET  n.    [OE,  f.  prec.] 

spri'ngal(d),  n.  (archaic).  Youngster,  [f. 
spring1  +  F  -aid  f.  OHG  -xvald,  cf.  herald] 

spri'ngbok,  n.  S.-Afr.  gazelle  with  habit 
of  springing  in  play  or  when  alarmed.  [S.-Afr. 
Du.] 

springe  (-j ),  n.  Noose,  snare,  for  small  game. 
[ME  (SPRING1)] 

spri'nger  (-nger),  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also  or 
esp. :  (Archit.)partof  arch  where  curve  begins, 
lowest  stone  of  this  part,  bottom  stone  of  cop- 
inz  of  gable,  rib  of  groined  roof  or  vault ;  kind 


SPRINGY 846 

of  spaniel  used  to  spring  game ;  grampus ; 
springbok.    [-ER1] 

sprrngy  (-ngi),  a.  (Of  movement  or  sub- 
stance) elastic.    Hence  spri'ngiNESS  n.   [-y  2] 

spri'nkle,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Scatter  (liquid, 
ashes,  crumbs,  &c.)  in  small  drops  or  particles, 
whence  spri'nklER1^)  n. ;  (of  liquid  &c.)  fall 
thiis;(n.)lightshower(o/rain&c.),sospri#nk- 
1INQM2)  n.  [(n.  f.  vb)  earlier  sprenkle  f.  OE 
sprengan  causal  of  springan  spring  l  +  -le(3)] 

sprint,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Run  short  distance, 
run  (specified  distance),  at  full  speed  ;  (n.)such 
run.    Hence  spri'ntER1  n.    [cogn.  \v.  spurt] 

sprit,  n.  Small  spar  reachingdiagonally  from 
mast  to  upper  outer  corner  of  sail ;  spritsail 
(-sal,  -si),  sail  extended  by  s.,  (formerly)  sail  ex- 
tended by  yard  set  under  bowsprit.  [OE  spriot 
pole,  cogn.  w.  sprout] 

sprite,  n.  Elf,  fairy,  goblin.  [ME,  as  spirit] 

spro'cket,  n.  Each  of  several  teeth  on 
wheel  engaging  with  links  of  chain ;  s.-wheel, 
such  wheel,  e.g.  for  engaging  bicycle  chain.  [?] 

sprout  (-owt),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Begin  to  grow, 
shoot  forth,  put  forth  shoots ;  spring  up,  grow 
to  a  height;  produce  by  sprouting,  as  has 
sprouted  horns,  a  motistache ;  (n.)  shoot  of 
plant ;  Brussels  ss.  [(n.  f .  vb)  OE  sprutan,  cf. 
Du.  spruiten,  G  spriessen;  cogn.  w.  spirt,  spout] 

spruce1,  a.,  &  v.t.  Neat  in  dress  &  appear- 
ance, trim,  smart ;  (v.t.)  smarten  (oneself  Sec, 
usu.  up).  Hence  spr  u  *ce  l y  2  adv. ,  spr ire e - 
ness  n.  [prob.  f.  OF  JPruce  Prussia,  w.  ref.  to 
Prussian  leather] 

spruce 7 


SQUADRON 


(Also  s.-fir)  kinds  of  fir ;  s.-beer 
(made  from  leaves  and  small  branches  of  s., 
useful  as  antiscorbutic).  [G  has  sprossen-bier 
s.-beer  (lit.  sprouts-beer),  sprossen-fichte,  s.  fir 
(lit.  sprouts-fir,  i.e.  fir  from  which  s.-beer  was 
made) ;  altered  in  E  to  s.-fir,  -beer,  because  s.- 
beer  came  from  Prussia  (see  prec.)] 

sprue,  n.  Passage  through  which  metal  is 
poured  into  mould  ;  metal  filling  s.    [?] 

sprung".    See  spring  h 

spry,  a.  (spryer,  -est).  Active,  lively,  [cf.  Sw. 
dial,  sprygg,  sprdg,  spr  dicer,  &  spree] 

spud,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  small  spade  for 
cutting  roots  of  weeds  &c. ;  short  thick  thing, 
whence  spu'ddY 2  a. ;  (colloq.)  potato ;  (v.t.) 
remove  (weeds,  often  up,  out)  with  s.  [ME 
spudde  prob.  f.  Da.  spyd,  cf.  Sw.  spjut,  ON 
spjot,  spear] 

spue.    See  spew. 

spume,  n.,  &  v.i.  Froth,  foam.  Hence 
spume'seENCE,  spu'miNESS,  nn.,spumE'- 
scent, spu'mous,  spu'mY  2, aa.  [f.  hspuma] 

spun.    See  spin1. 

spunge.    (Archaic  for)  sponge. 

spunk,  n.  Courage,  mettle,  spirit;  anger. 
Hence  spu'nkY  2  a.  [orig.  =  tinder,  f.  Ir.  sponc 
f.  L  f.  Gk  as  sponge] 

spur,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Pricking  instrument 
with  point  or  (also  rowel-s.)  rowel  worn  on 
horseman's  heel;  win  one's  ss.,  (hist.)  gain 
knighthood,  (fig.)  gain  distinction,  make  a 
name;  (fig.)  stimulus,  incentive;  on  the  s.  of 
the  moment,  impromptu,  on  a  momentary  im- 
pulse; s.-shaped  thing,  e.g.  hard  projection  on 
cock's  leg,  steel  point  fastened  to  this  in  cock- 
fight, projecting  mountain  (range),  climbing- 
iron,  wall  crossing  part  of  rampart  and  joining 
it  to  interior  work,  slender  hollow  projection 
from  some  part  of  flower;  s.-royal,  coin  of 
James  I  bearing  s.-like  sun  with  rays;  s.- 
wheel,  cog-wheel  with  radial  teeth ;  spurwort, 
plant  with  whorls  of  leaves  like  rowel  of  s. ; 
(v.t.)  prick  (horse)  with  ss.,  incite  (person  on  to 
effort,  to  do,  &c),  furnish  (person,  boots,  game- 
cock, esp.  in  p.p.)  with  ss. ;  (v.i.)  ride  hard  [on, 


forward,  &c).    Hence  spur'LESS  a.  [(vbf.  n.) 
OE  spura,  spora,  cf.  Du.  spoor,  G  sporn] 
spurge,  n.    Kinds  of  plant  with  acrid  milky 
juice.    [AF,  f.  OF  espurge  (espurger  purge,  as 

EXPURGATE)] 

spurious,  a.  Not  genuine,  not  being  what 
it  pretends  to  be,  not  proceeding  from  the  pre- 
tended source,  as  s.  coin,  {reading  in)  MS,  affec- 
tion; (Zool.)  resembling  an  organ  &c.  but  not 
having  its  function,  having  the  function  of  or- 
gan &c.  but  morphologically  different,  as  8. 
eyes,  legs.  Hence  spur'iousLY2  adv.,  spur*  - 
iousNESS  n.    [f.  L  spwrius  +  -ous] 

spur*ling-lme,  n.  (naut.).  Line  from  steer- 
ing-wheel to  telltale  in  cabin  for  showing  posi- 
tion of  helm.    [?] 

spurn,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Repel,  thrust  back, 
with  foot ;  (also  archaic  .9.  at)  reject  with  dis- 
dain, treat  with  contempt,  (offer,  advances, 
person,  &c);  (n.)  spurning,  contemptuous  re- 
jection. [OE  speornan,  cf.  ON  sperna,  L  sper- 
nere ;  cogn.  w.  spur] 

spur'rier  (or  spu/-),  n.    Spur-maker,    [-ier] 

spur'ry,  -rey,  n.  Kinds  of  herb  of  pink  fa- 
mily, esp.  corns.,  a  weed  in  corn-fields  &c.  [f. 
OF  spurrie  f.  LL  spergula  of  G  orig.] 

spurt,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Make)  short  sudden  violent 
effort  esp.  in  racing,  [f.  ON  spretta  vb  start, 
spring,  sprettr  n.  spurt  f.  Teut.  sprent] 

spu'tter,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Emit  with  spitting 
sound ;  speak,  utter,  (words,  threats,  a  lan- 
guage, &c.)  rapidly  or  incoherently;  speak  in 
hurried  or  vehement  fashion  (often  at  person 
&c.) ;  (n.)  such  speech.  Hence  spu'tterER 1  n., 
spu'tteringLY  2  adv.    [spout,  -er  5] 

spu'tum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Saliva,  spittle ;  expec- 
torated matter  esp.  as  characteristic  of  disease. 
[L,  neut.  p.p.  of  spuere  spit] 

spy,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Person  who  goes,  esp.  in 
disguise,  into  enemy's  camp  or  territory  to  in- 
spect works,  watch  movements,  &c,  &  report 
the  result ;  person  who  keeps  (esp.  secret)  watch 
on  movements  of  others,  as  refuse  to  be  a  s.  on 
his  conduct;  (v.t.)  discern,  make  out,  esp.  by 
careful  observation,  as  spied  a  horseman  ap- 
proaching, is  quick  at  spying  his  neighbours' 
faults,  s.  out,  explore  secretly,  discover  by  this 
means ;  (v.i.)  play  the  s.,  keep  close  &  secret 
watch  (upon  person,  movements,  Sec,  into 
secret  &c.) ;  spyglass,  small  telescope ;  s.-hole, 
peep-hole.  [ME  spie  n.,  spien  vb,  f.  OF  espicr 
espy  f.  OHG  spehon,  cf.  L  specere  look] 

squab  (-6b),  a.,  adv.,  n.  Short  &  fat,  squat, 
whence  squa'bb y  2  a. ;  (adv.)  with  heavy  fall, 
as  come  down  s.  on  the  floor;  (n.)  short  fat 
person,  young  esp.  unfledged  pigeon,  stuffed 
cushion,  ottoman  ;  s.-chick,  unfledged  bird  :  s.- 
pie,  pigeon-pie,  pie  of  mutton,  onions,  &  apples. 
[of  Scand.  orig.,cf.  Sw.  dial,  sqvabb  loose  flesh, 
sqvabba  fat  woman,  &c.l 

squa'bble  (obi),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Engage  in 
petty  or  noisy  quarrel  (with  person  about  thing) ; 
(Print.)  disarrange  (composed  type);  (n.)  petty 
or  noisy  quarrel.  Hence  squa'bblER1  n.  [f. 
Sw.  dial,  skvabbel  n.  dispute,  cogn.  w.  Sw.  dial. 
skvappa  chide  f.  skvapp  splash,  imit.] 

squa'ceo,  n.  Small  crested  heron  of  S.  Europe, 
Africa,  &  Asia.    [imit.  of  cry] 

squad  (-6d),  n.  (Mil.)  small  number  of  men 
assembled  for  drill  &c;  awkward  s.  (of  recruits 
not  yet  competent  to  take  place  in  regimental 
line,  alsoflg.);  small  party  of  persons,  [f.  MF 
esquadre  f.  It.  squadra  square] 

squa'dron  (od-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Principal  divi- 
sion of  cavalry  regiment,  consisting  of  two 
troops  &  containing  120  to  200  men ;  any  orderly 
body  of  persons ;  detachment  of  war-ships  em- 
ployed on  particular  service,  as  flyings,  (equip- 


SQUAIL 


847 


SQUEAK 


f>ed  for  rapid  cruising);  (v. t.)  form  (men)  into  ss. 
f.  MF  esquadron  f.  It.  squadrone  (prec,  -oon)] 

squail,  n.  (PL )  game  with  small  wooden  disks 
(ss.)  on  round  table  or  board  (s.-board).    [?] 

squai'ler,  n.  Stick  with  leaded  knob  for 
striking  or  throwing  at  squirrels  &c.  [f.  dial. 
squail  strike  with  s.  +  -er  x] 

squa*lid(-61-),a.  Dirty,  mean,  poor,  inappear- 
ance.  Hence  or  cogn.  squali'dn  v,  squa'lid- 
ness,  squa'loR  *,  nn.,  squa'lidLv-  adv.  [f.  L 
squalidus  (squalire  be  stiff  or  dirty,  -id1)] 

squall  (-awl),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Cry  out,  scream, 
violently  as  in  fear  or  pain ;  utter  in  screaming 
or  discordant  voice.  Hence  squa'llER1  n. 
(N.)  sudden  &  violent  gust  or  successive  gusts 
of  wind,  esp.  with  rain  or  snow  or  sleet  (arched 
s. ,  s.  occurring  near  equator  with  sudden  collec- 
tion of  black  clouds  in  form  of  arch  &  usu.  vio- 
lent thunderstorm ;  black  s.,  with  dark  cloud ; 
white  s.,  arising  in  fair  weather  without  for- 
mation of  clouds),  whence  squa*ll v  2  a. ;  look 
out  for  ss.,  (fig.)  be  on  one's  guard  against  dan- 
geror  trouble ;  [f.  the  vb]discordantcry,  scream, 
[f.  ON  skvala  vb  squeal,  skval  squalling,  cf.  Sw. 
sqvala  gush  out,  sqval  gush  of  liquid,  Gael,  sgal 
n.  &  vb  howl] 

squa'loid,  a.  Like  a  shark,  [f.  L  sqiialus, 
kind  of  sea- fish,  (mod.L)  genus  of  sharks,  +  -oid] 

squa'ma,  n.  (bot.,  zool. ;  pi.  -ae).  Scale,  scale- 
like feather  or  part  of  bone.  Hence  or  cogn. 
squami-,  squamo,  comb,  forms,  squa'm- 
ose  J,  squamous,  aa.,  squa'miu:  n.    [L] 

squander  (-on-),  v.t.  Spend  (money,  time, 
&c.)  wastefully ;  dissipate  (fortune  &c.)  thus. 
Hence  squa'ndePER  in.,  squa'nderingiv  2 
adv.  [prob.  =  dial,  swatter  &c.  f.  Da.  sqvatte 
splash,  cf.  ON  skvetta  squirt,  +  -ers] 

square  (ar),  n.,  a.,  adv.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Equi- 
lateral rectangle ;  object  (approximately )  of  this 
shape ;  quadrilateral  area  planted  with  trees 
&c.  or  ornamentally  laid  out  &  surrounded  with 
buildings  esp.  dwelling-houses,  as  Trafalgar 
S. ,  Russell  S. ,  lives  in  the  next  s. ;  block  of  build- 
ings bounded  by  four  streets ;  L-shaped  or  (T- 
s.  )T-shaped  instrument  for  obtaining  or  testing 
right  angles;  out  of  8.,  not  at  right  angles; 
standard,  pattern,  (usu.  fig.,  &  archaic  exc.  on 
the  s.,  fairly,  honestly,  as  can  be  trusted  to  act 
on  the  8.,  by  the  s.,  exactly) ;  product  of  a  num- 
ber multiplied  by  itself,  as  the  8.  of  9  is  81,  of 
x2  is  ar*,  9  is  a  perfect  s.  (has  rational  root) ; 
body  of  infantry  drawn  up  in  rectangular  form, 
hollow  s.,  so  drawn  up  with  space  in  middle  for 
baggage  &c,  or  with  files  facing  inwards  to  re- 
ceive orders  from  ofHcersin  central  space ;  (also 
words.)  set  of  words  (to  be  guessed  from  de- 
scription &)  arranged  in  a  s.  so  as  to  read  alike 
across  &  downwards  (e.g.  cab  ace  bed) ;  magic 
s.;  (about)  100  s.  ft  as  measure  of  flooring  &c. 
(Adj.)  of  s.  shape ;  s.  foot,  inch,  &c,  (area  equal 
to  that  of)  s.  whose  side  is  a  foot,  inch,  &c,  s. 
measure  (expressed  in  s.  feet  &c);  rectangular, 
as  table  with  s.  corners ;  at  right  angles  to ;  s. 
number,  s.  of  an  integer,  e.g.  1,  4,  9,  16,  &c;  s. 
root  of  a  given  number,  number  of  which  it  is 
the  s.,  as  the  s.  root  of  9  is  3,  of  xfi  is  x3,  of  2  is 
irrational ;  (of  card  games)  played  by  two  pairs 
of  partners  each  player  facing  partner ;  having 
the  breadth  more  nearly  equal  to  the  length  or 
height  than  is  usual,  as  a  man  of  s.  frame ;  an- 
gular, not  round,  as  s.  peg  inround  hole1,  has 
a  s.jaw;  properly  arranged,  in  good  order,  as 
must  tidy  up  &  get  things  s. ;  thorough,  uncom- 
promising, as  was  met  with  a  8.  refusal,  made 
a  s.  meal;  fair,  honest,  as  his  play  is  not  always 
quite  8.\  on  a  proper  footing,  even,  quits,  as  am, 
now  s.  with  all  the  world,  get  8.  with  (pay,  com- 
pound with)  our  creditors ;  s.-built,  of  compara- 


tively broad  shape ;  s.-leg(crick.),  fielder  at  some 
distance  to  batsman's  left  &  nearly  opposite 
wicket,  his  place,  as  was  put  at  s.-leg ;  s.-rigged, 
with  principal  sails  extended  by  horizontal 
yards  slung  to  mast  by  the  middle,  opp.  to  fore- 
&-af trigged  ;  squaresail,  four-cornered  sail  ex- 
tended on  yard  slung  to  mast  by  middle  esp.  on 
fore-&-aft  rigged  vessel;  s. -shouldered,  with 
broad  &  not  sloping  shoulders,  esp.  opp.  to 
round-shouldered :  s.-toed,  (having  boots)  with 
s.  toes,  (fig.)  formal,  prim  ;  s.-toes,  s.-toed  per- 
son. Hence  square'LY  2  adv.,  squarewEss 
n. ,  squap'isn  *  a.  (Adv. )  squarely,  as  sat  s.  on 
his  seat,  hit  him  8.  on  the  jaw,  do  you  think  he 
plays  s.  (fair)  ?,  fair2<£  8.  (Vb)make  s.;  make 
rectangular,  give  rectangular  edges  to  (timber); 
multiply  (number)  by  itself,  as  3  squared  is  9, 
x  squared  is  written  x2;  adjust,  make  or  be 
suitable  to  or  consistent  with,  reconcile,  as  de- 
cline to  s.  my  conduct  to  or  with  his  interests, 
his  practice  does  not  s.  or  he  does  not  s.  his 
practice  with  his  principles ;  settle,  pay,  (bill 
&c),  esp.  s.  accounts  with  (fig.  have  revenge 
on);  (colloq.)  pay,  esp.  bribe,  as  can  you  s.  the 
porter  ?,  has  been  squared  to  hold  his  tongue  ; 
secure  acquiescence  &c.  of  (person)  thus;  as- 
sume attitude  of  boxer,  move  up  to  (person) 
thus ;  s.  the  circle,  construct  s.  equal  in  area  to 
given  circle,  express  area  of  circle  exactly  in  s. 
measure,  (fig.)  perform  demonstrable  impossi- 
bility ;  (Naut.)  lay  (yards)  at  right  angles  with 
keel  making  them  at  same  time  horizontal,  get 
(dead-eyes)  horizontal,  get  (ratlines)  horizontal 
&  parallel  to  one  another,  [(vb  &  adv.  f.  adj.> 
f.  OF  esquarre  a.  &  n.  (cf.  It.  squadra  n.)  f.  p.p. 
of  LL  *E*.(quadrare  make  square  f.  quadrus 
four-cornered  f.  root  of  quattuor  four)] 

squa'rrose,  -ous,  (-or-),  aa.  (bot.,  zool.). 
Rough  with  scale-like  processes,  [f.  alleged  LL 
squarrosus  prob.  mistake  for  squamosus  (as 
SQUAMA,  See  -OSE1,  -ous)] 

squap'son,  n.  (facet.).  Clergyman  who  is 
a  landed  proprietor,    [f.  squire  +  parson] 

squashi  (-6-),  v.t.  & i.,  &  n.  Crush,  squeeze 
flat  or  into  pulp;  (fig.)  silence  (person)  with 
crushing  retort;  squeeze  one's  way  (into  &c). 
(N. )  squashed  thing  or  mass,  whence  squa'shi- 
ness  n.,  squa'shv  2  a. ;  crowd ;  (sound  of)  fall 
of  soft  body  ;  (also  s.-rackets)  game  played  with 
rackets  &  soft  ball  in  fives  court;  lemon  l-s.; 
s. -fta£  (of  soft  felt  &c).  [perh.repr.ME squachen 
f.  OF  esquacher  f.  es-  ex-  +  LL  *coacticare  f. 
coactusv.u.  oicogere  compel,  lit. drive  together; 
or  intensive  form  of  quash] 

squash  2  (-6-),  n.  Kinds  of  gourd,  [f.  Amer.- 
Ind.  askutasquash] 

squat  (-6t),  v.i.  &  t,  a.,  &  n.  Sit  on  ground 
&c.  with  knees  drawn  up  &  heels  close  to  or 
touching  hams,  crouch  with  hams  resting  on 
backs  or  heels ;  put  (oneself,  person)  into  this 
position ;  (of  animals)  crouch  close  to  ground ; 
(colloq.)  sit  (down,  on,  &c).  (Adj.)  in  squatting 
posture;  (of  person  &c.)  short  &  thick,  dumpy. 
(N.)  squatting  posture;  s.  person,  [(adj.  &  n.  f. 
vb)  f.  OF  esquatir  flatten  (es-  ex-  +  quatir  f.  L 
coactus,  see  squash1)] 

squa'tter,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also:  (Austral.) 
person  who  gets  right  of  pasturage  from  govern- 
ment on  easy  terms,  also,  any  stock-owner ;  per- 
son who  settles  on  new  esp.  public  land  without 
title,    [f.  prec.  +  -er1] 

squaw,  n.  Amer.-Indian  woman  or  wife ; 
s.-man,  white  married  to  s.    [f.  native  squa] 

squawk,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Chiefly  of  birds)  utter 
harsh  cry  of  pain  or  fear ;  (n.)  such  cry.  [var.  of 
squeak] 

squeak,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Utter  short  shrill  cry 
as  of  mouse  or  unoiled  hinge;  utter  (words) 


SQUEAKER Si8 

shrilly;  (slang)  turn  informer,  peach.  (N.)  short 
shrill  sound,  whence  squearkiLY2  adv., 
squea'kv2  a.;  (narrow)  s.,  narrow  escape, 
success  barely  attained;  bubble l-and-s.  [(n. 
f.  vb)  f.  MSw.  sqwxka,  cf.  ON  skvakka  give 
sound  as  of  water  shaken  in  bottle] 

squea'kep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also,  young 
bird  esp.  pigeon,    [-er1] 

squeal,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Utter  shrill  cry  as  of 
child  from  pain,  fear,  anger,  joy,  &c. ;  utter 
(words)  thus;  (slang)  turn  informer;  (n.)  shrill 
cry  of  child,  pig,  &c.  [f.  MSw.  sqwxla  frequent, 
as  squeak] 

squea'ler,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  young  bird 
esp.  pigeon,    [-er1] 

squea'mish,  a.  Easily  nauseated;  fasti- 
dious, overnice,  overscrupulous  in  questions 
of  propriety,  honesty,  &c.  Hence  squea'm- 
ishLY2  adv.,  squea'mish ness  n.  [earlier 
squeamous  f.  AF  escoymous  etyrn.  dub.,  al- 
tered to  -ISH1] 

squeegee  (or  -e"),  squHgee,  nn.,  &  vv.t. 
Rubber-edged  implement  for  sweeping  wet 
deck  or  road;  small  similar  instrument  or 
roller  used  in  photography;  (v.t.)  treat  withs. 
[squee-  f.  squil-  etym.  dub.,  altered  on  squeeze] 

squeeze,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Exert  pressure  upon 
^sponge,  lemon,  &c.)  esp.  in  order  to  extract 
moisture,  compress  with  hand  or  between  two 
bodies,  as  s.  person's  hand  (as  sign  of  sympathy, 
affection,  &c),  squeezed  orange  fig.,  person, 
thing,  from  whom  or  which  no  more  is  to  be 
had,  was  squeezed  to  death  in  the  crowd ;  thrust 
(oneself,  person,  thing,  into  vehicle,  room,  &c, 
out  of,  &c.)  forcibly;  make  one's  way  by  squeez- 
ing (into  &c. );  harass  by  exactions,  extort  money 
&c.  from;  constrain,  bring  pressure  to  bear  on, 
as  could  s.  the  government  to  any  extent ;  get 
(money  &c.  out  of  person  &c.)  by  extortion,  en- 
treaty, &c. ;  produce  with  effort  (a  tear  &c); 
take  impression  of  (coin  &c.)  esp.  with  sheets 
of  damp  paper.  (N.)  application  of  pressure,  as 
gave  him  a  s.  (of  the  hand) ;  crowd,  crush,  as 
we  all  got  in,  but  it  was  a  (tight)  s.;  impression 
of  coin  &c,  esp.  as  above.  Hence  squeeza- 
BI'lity  n.,  squee'ZABLE  a.  [(n.  f.  vb)  OE 
cwtean,  cwy-,  cwi-,  cogn.  w.  LG  quosen ;  for  s- 
cf.  squat] 

squeezer,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
machine  for  expressing  air-bubbles  &c.  from 
puddled  iron;  (pi.)  playing-cards  with  value 
shown  at  top  right-hand  corner  so  that  they 
need  not  be  opened  out.    [-er1] 

squelch,  v.t.,  &  n.,  (colloq.).  Crush,  put  an 
end  to;  disconcert,  silence;  (n.)  crushing  blow 
or  retort,    [cf.  dial,  quelch  blow] 

squib,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Firework  thrown  by 
hand  &  exploding  like  rocket  or  burning  with 
hissing  sound;  tube  of  gunpowder  used  to  fire  a 
charge ;  short  satirical  composition,  lampoon ; 
(vb)  write,  attack  with,  lampoons.  [ME  swip- 
pen  move  swiftly  f.  ON  svipa  flash] 

squid,  n.,  &  v.i  Kind  of  cuttle-fish  used  as 
bait;  kinds  of  artificial  bait;  (v.i.)  fish  with  s. 
[cogn.  w.  Sw.  dial,  sqvitta,  ON  skvetta,  squirt] 

squilg-ee.    See  squeegee. 

squill,  n.  Plant  of  lily  family;  its  bulb,  used 
as  diuretic,  purgative,  &c;  (also  s.-fish)  a  crus- 
tacean, [f.  MF  squille  f.  L  squilla  f.  Gk  skilla] 

squinch,  n.  Arch  across  interior  angle  of 
square  tower  as  support  for  side  of  octagon, 
[var.  of  sconce] 

squint,  v.i.  &  t,  n.,  &  a.  Have  the  eves 
turned  in  different  directions,  have  strabismus; 
look  obliquely  (at  &c.) ;  close  (eyes)  quickly, 
"old  (eyes)  half-shut.  Hence  squi'ntER1  n. 
(N.)  affection  of  eyes  in  which  their  axes  are 
differently  directed,  ashas  afearfuls.;  stealthy 


STACCATO 


or  sidelong  glance;  (colloq.)  glance,  look,  as  let 's 
haveas.  at  it;  leaning,  inclination,  (to,  towards, 
policy  &c);  oblique  opening  through  wall  of 
church  esp.  affording  view  of  altar  from  tran- 
sept. (Adj.)  squinting,  looking  different  ways; 
s.-eyed,  (fig.)  malignant,    [cf.  asquint] 

squire,  n.,  &  v.t.  Country  gentleman,  esp. 
the  chief  landed  proprietor  in  a  district ;  wo- 
man's escort  or  gallant ;  s.  of  dames,  man  who 
is  attentive  to  or  frequents  company  of  women; 
(Hist.)attendantonknight;  (v.t.,  of  man)  attend 
upon,  escort,  (woman).  Hence  squire'HOOD, 
squire'LET,  squire'LiNG1,  squire'smp,  nn., 
squire'LY  *,  a.    [as  esquire] 

squirearchy  (-ki),  n.  Government  by,  in- 
fluence of,  landed  proprietors  esp.  before  Re- 
form Bill  of  1832;  the  class  of  landed  proprietors, 
so  squire'arch  n.  Hence  squire'archAL, 
squirear'chiCAL,  aa.  [f.  prec.  +  Gk  -arkhia 
rule  L_arkhd] 

squireen,  n.  Small  landed  proprietor  esp. 
in  Ireland,    [f.  squire  +  -een  dim.  suf.] 

squirm,  v.i.,  &  n.  Wriggle,  writhe;  (fig.) 
show,  feel,  embarrassment  or  discomfiture;  (n.) 
wriggling  movement,  (Naut.)  twist  in  rope, 
[perh.  f.  dial,  squir  var.  of  whirr] 

squi'rrel,  n.  Kinds  of  rodent  quadruped  of 
active  arboreal  habits  with  bushy  tail  &  poi  n  ted 
ears;  barking  s.,  prairie-dog;  s.-fish,  kinds  of 
fish  covered  with  sharp  spines ;  s.-hawk,  large 
hawk  preying  on  ss. ;  s.-monkey,  marmoset  & 
other  small  monkeys;  s.-tail,  kinds  of  grass 
allied  to  barley,  [f.  OF  escu(i)rel  f.  LL  scurellus 
irreg.  dim.  of  sciurus  f.  Gk  skiouros  (pop.  ex- 
plained as  f.  skia  shadow  +  oura  tail)] 

squirt,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Eject  (liquid,  powder) 
in  a  jet  as  from  syringe ;  (of  liquid  &c.)  be  dis- 
charged thus.  (N.)  syringe ;  jet  of  water  &c. ; 
(also  s.-gun)  kind  of  toy  syringe ;  (colloq.)  in- 
significant self-assertive  fellow-  [(n.  f.  vb)  cf. 
LG  swirtjen  (swiren  whirr)] 

stab,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Pierce,  wound,  with  (usu. 
short)  pointed  weapon  e.g.  knife  or  dagger; 
aim  blow  with  such  weapon  (at);  (fig.)  inflict 
sharp  pain  on  (person,  his  feelings,  conscience, 
&c),  aim  blow  at  (reputation,  person,  &c);  s. 
(vb  &  n.)  in  the  back,  slander;  roughen  (brick 
wall)  with  pick  before  plastering;  (n.)  blow, 
thrust,  with  knife  &c,  wound  thus  made,  blow 
or  pain  inflicted  on  person's  feelings.  Hence 
sta'bbER1  n.  [prob.  f.  Sw.  dial,  stabbe  stamp, 
cf.  ON  stabbi^ Da.  dial,  stab] 

Sta'bat  Ma'ter  (or  stah-,  mah-),  n.  (Musical 
setting  for)  Latin  hymn  on  agony  of  the  Virgin 
Mary  at  the  crucifixion.  [L,  =  the  mother  was 
standing,  first  wds  of  the  hymn] 

sta'ble  *,  a.  Firmly  fixed  or  established,  not 
easily  to  be  moved  or  changed  or  destroyed,  as 
doubt  whether  the  structure  is  s. ;  firm,  resolute, 
not  wavering  nor  fickle,  as  the  only  s.  politician 
of  his  day ;  s.  equilibrium.  Hence  or  cogn. 
staBixiTY,  stabilizA'TiON,  sta'bleNEss, 
nn.,  sta*bilizE(3)  v.t.,  sta'bLY2  adv.  [f.  OF 
estable  f.  L  stabilis  (stare  stand,  see  -ble)] 

sta'ble  2,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Building  set  apart  & 
adapted  for  lodging  &  feeding  horses  or  (less 
usu.)  cattle;  race-horses  of  particular  s.;  au- 
gean  ss.;  s.-boy,  -man  (-ran),  (employed  in  s.) ; 
s.-call,  cavalry  signal  for  grooming  &  watering 
horses ;  (v.t.)  put,  keep,  horse  in  s.,  as  where 
can  we  s.  our  horses  ? ;  (v.i.,  of  horse  &c,  fig.  of 
person)  be  stabled,  as  must  s.  where  they  can. 
[f.  OF  estable  f.  L  stabulum  (stare  stand)] 

sta'bling,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  prec,  esp. 
accommodation  for  horses  &c.    [-ing  l] 

sta'blish,  v.t.  (archaic).  Fix  firmly,  establish, 
set  up.    [as  establish] 

stttcca'to  (-kah-),  a.  &  adv.    (To  be  played) 


STACK 


849 


STAIN 


in  abrupt  sharply  detached  manner,  cf.  legato; 
s.  mark,  dot  above  or  below  s.  note.    [It.] 

stack,  nM  &  v.t.  Circular  or  rectangular  pile 
of  grain  in  sheaf  or  of  hay,  straw,  &c,  usu. 
with  sloping  thatched  top ;  s.-funnel,  pyramidal 
frame  ventilating  centre  of  s.;  s.-stand  (on 
which  s.  is  built  for  dryness  &  exclusion  of 
vermin) ;  (as  measure  of  wood)  pile  of  108  cub. 
ft;  pile,  heap,  of  anything;  (colloq.)  large 
quantity,  as  have  ss.,  a  whole  s.,  of  work  to  get 
through  first ;  pyramidal  group  of  rifles,  pile; 
number  of  chimneys  standing  together;  (also 
smokes.)  chimney,  funnel,  of  locomotive  or 
steamer ;  high  detached  rock  esp.  off  coast  of 
Scotland  &  Orkneys;  (v.t.)  pile  in  s.,  s.  (=pile3) 
arms,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  ON  stakkr  haystack,  cf. 
stakka  stump  &  Sw.  stack  stack] 

sta'ete,  n.  A  sweet  spice  used  by  ancient 
Jews  in  making  incense,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  stakte  oil 
trickling  from  myrrh  &c.  (stazo  drip)] 

staetd'metep,  n.  Tube  for  measuring  a 
liquid  in  drops,  [f.  Gk  staktos  vbl  adj.  f.  stazo 
drip  +  -meter] 

sta'dium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  (Gk  Ant.)  measure  of 
length,  about  202  yds,  course  for  foot-race ; 
(Med.)  stage,  period,  of  disease.  [L,  f.  Gk 
stadion  (sta-  stand)]         ♦ 

sta*d(t)holdep  (stand-,  staht-,  sta-),  n.  (hist.). 
Viceroy  or  governor  of  province  or  town  in 
Netherlands ;  chief  magistrate  of  United  Pro- 
vinces. Hence  sta'dC^holdersmp  n.  [al- 
tered f.  Du.  stadhouder  deputy  (stad  stead  + 
houder  holder)] 

staff1,  n.  (pi.  now  staffs  exc.  Mus.  staves). 
Stick,  pole,  for  use  in  walking  or  climbing  or  as 
weapon  (now  chiefly  fig.),  as  bread  is  the  s.  (sup- 
port) of  life,  you  are  the  8.  of  his  old  age, 
quarter  2-s. ;  this  as  sign  of  office  or  authority, 
as  pastoral  s.  (borne  by  or  before  bishop  &c.) ; 
shaft,  pole,  as  support  or  handle,  as  flag4s.; 
stick  used  in  surveying  &c,  esp.  Jacob's  s.; 
kinds  of  instrument  for  taking  altitude  at  sea, 
as  back,  cross,  fore,  s.;  surgeon's  steel  instru- 
ment for  guiding  knife  into  bladder;  (Mil.) 
body  of  officers  assisting  officer  in  high  com- 
mand &  concerned  with  army  or  regiment  as 
a  whole,  as  regimental  s.,  general  s.  (at  main 
headquarters  of  army,  acting  as  personal  s.  of 
commander-in-chief),  s.  officer,  -sergeant,  (serv- 
ing on  s.),  8,  college  (in  which  officers  are  pre- 
pared for  s.  as  opp.  to  regimental  duties) ;  body 
ofpersonscarryingon  workundermanager&c, 
as  editorial  s.  of  newspaper,  diplomatic  8. ; 
(Mus.)  set  of  five  parallel  lines  on  any  one  or 
between  any  two  of  which  a  note  is  placed  to 
indicate  its  pitch,  8.  notation  (by  means  of  s., 
esp.  opp.  to  tonic  sol-fa).  [OE  stxf,  cf.  Du. 
staf,  G  stab,  ON  stafr] 

staff2,  n.  Mixture  of  plaster-of -Paris,  cement, 
&c,  as  building-material.    [?] 

stag*,  n.  Male  of  red  deer  or  of  other  large 
kinds  of  deer ;  bull  castrated  when  (nearly)  full- 
grown  ;  (slang)  irregular  dealer  in  stocks ;  s.- 
beetle  (with  branched  mandibles  like  s.'s  ant- 
lers) ;  s.-evil,  lockjaw  in  horses ;  8,-horn,  kinds 
of  club-moss  &  coral ;  staghound,  large  kinds  of 
hound  hunting  deer  by  sight  or  scent,  [f.  ON 
steggr,  -gi,  he-bird,  tom-cat] 

stage1,  n.  Raised  floor  or  platform,  e.g. 
scaffold  for  workmen's  use  in  building,  hanging 
■s.  (suspended  on  ropes  for  painters'  use),  land- 
ings, (at  quay  &c.  for  landing  from  vessel),  sur- 
face on  which  object  is  placed  for  inspection 
through  microscope ;  platform  on  which  plays 
&c.  are  exhibited;  (fig.)  the  drama,  dramatic 
art  or  literature,  actor's  profession,  as  went  on 
the  s.,  became  actor,  the  French  .<?.;  (fig.)  scene 
of  action,  as  quitted  the  s.  of  politics,  the  s.  of 


his  operations,  a  larger  s.  opened  to  h  tm  ; 
point  or  period  in  development  &c,  as  reached 
a  critical  s.,  at  this  s.  an  interruption  occurred, 
passed  through  a  long  s.  of  inactivity,  is  in  the 
hoyden  s.,  larval  s.;  regular  stopping-place  in 
route,  distance  between  two  of  these,  as  travel- 
led by  easy  stages,  got  down  at  the  next  s.;  s.- 
coach,  coach  running  regularly  by  ss.  between 
two  places,  s.-coachman,  driver  of  this ;  s.  craft, 
skill  or  experience  in  writing  or  staging  plays ; 
s.-direction,  written  or  printed  instruction  in 
play  as  to  movement,  position,  tone,  &c.  of 
actor;  s.-door,  actors'  &  workmen's  entrance 
at  back  of  s.;  s.-effect,  effect  produced  in  acting 
or  on  the  s.,  artificial  or  theatrical  effect  pro- 
duced in  real  life  ;  s.-fever,  inordinate  desire  to 
go  on  the  s.;  s.-fright,  nervousness  on  facing 
audience  esp.  for  first  time ;  s.-manager,  person 
superintending  production  of  play,  managing 
rehearsals,  &c;  s.-right,  exclusive  right  to  per- 
form particular  play ;  s.struck,  struck  with  s.- 
fever  ;  s.  whisper,  aside,  whisper  meant  to  bo 
heard  by  others  than  the  person  addressed,  [f. 
OF  estage  f.  L  *staticum  (stare  stand)] 

stage2,  v.t.  &  i.  Put  (play)  on  stage;  (of 
play)  lend  itself  to  representation,  as  does  not 
s.well.    [tprec] 

sta'gep,  n.  Old  s.,  experienced  person,  old 
hand,    [stage  j  +  -er  1] 

sta'ggapd,  -t,  n.  Stag  four  years  old.  [-ard] 

sta'ggep  (-g-),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Walk  or  stand 
unsteadily,  totter ;  hesitate,  waver  in  purpose ; 
cause  to  totter,  as  received  a  staggering  blow ; 
cause  to  hesitate  or  waver,  as  the  question 
staggered  him,  his  resolution :  arrange  in  zig- 
zag order,  esp.  set  (spokes  or  wheel)  leaning 
alternately  to  right  &  left.  Hence  sta'ggep- 
ing*LY  2  a.  (N.)  tottering  movement ;  (pi.,  also 
blind  ss.)  kinds  of  disease  of  brain  &  spinal 
cord  esp.  in  horses  &  cattle;  (pi.)  giddiness, 
[(n.  f.  vb)  f.  ON  stakra  frequent,  of  staka  push, 
cf.  Norw.  stak{r)a  stagger] 

sta'ggeper,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  ©sp.  argument, 
objection,  question,  that  poses  one.    [-er1] 


sta'ging,  n.  Putting  play  on  stage ;  driving 

1  IN 

f.  Gk  Stageiritis  native  of  Stageira  (-ite  l)] 


.'mg 

or  running  stage-coaches ;  scaffolding.    F-ing1] 

Sta'g-ipite  <-j-),  n.    The  S.,  Aristotle,    [f.  L 


sta'gnate,  v.i.  (Of  liquid)  be(come)  motion- 
less, have  no  current,  cease  to  flow ;  (of  life, 
action,  mind,  business,  person)  be(come)  dull  or 
sluggish.  Hence  or  cogn.  sta'griANC  y,  stag- 
nA'TioN,  nn.,  sta'gnANT  a.,  sta'gnantLv  2 
adv.    [f.  L  stagnare  (stagnum  pool),  -ate  3] 

stagni'eolous,  a.  Living  in  swamps  or 
stagnant  water,  [f.  L  stagnum  pool  +  colere 
inhabit  +  -ous] 

sta'gy  (-ji),  a.  Theatrical  in  manner,  style. 
appearance,&c.  Hence sta'giNESsn.  [f.  stage1 

+  -Y2] 

staid,  a.  Of  steady  &  sober  character ;  sedate. 
Hence stai'dLY2 adv., stai'dNESS n.  [ = stayed 
p.p.  of  stay] 

stain,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Discolour,  make  foul, 
soil,  as  cigarettes  s.  the  fingers,  wine  will  s.  the 
cloth, xcarr anted  not  to  s.  clothes',  (fig.)  sully, 
blemish,  (reputation,  name,  person  ;  p.p.  often 
in  comb.,  as  guilt,  sin,  -stained);  colour  (wood, 
glass,  &c.)  by  process  other  than  painting  or 
covering  the  surface ;  impregnate  (substance) 
for  microscopic  examination  with  colouring 
matter  that  acts  more  powerfully  on  some  parts 
than  on  others ;  print  colours  on  (wall-paper). 
Hence  stai'nABLE  a.,  stai'nER1  n.  (N.)  dis- 
coloration, spot  or  mark  caused  esp.  by  contact 
with  foreign  matter,  as  cloth  is  covered  with 
teass. ;  (fig.)  blot,  blemish,  as  without  a  s.  on  his 
character.   Hence  stai'nLESS  a. ,  starnless- 


STAIR 


850 


STAMP 


ly  2  adv.  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME  steinen  for  dlsteinen  f. 
OF  desteindre  f.  dis-  +  L  tingere  dye] 

stair,  n.  Each  of  a  set  of  (now  usu.  indoor) 
steps,  as  the  top  s.  but  one ;  (now  usu.  pi.)  set  of 
these,  as  passed  him  on  the  ss.,  down  a  winding 
s.);  flight,  pair,  ofss.,  set  of  ss.  in  continuous 
straight  line  or  from  one  landing  to  another ; 
below  ss.,  in  the  basement  of  house  esp.  as  part 
belonging  to  servants,  as  was  coolly  disaussed 
below  ss.  (by  the  servants);  down,  up,  ss.,  on, 
to,  the  lower,  upper,  floor(s)  of  house ;  back  ls. ; 
staircase,  (part  of  building  containing)  flight 
of  ss.,  corkscrew  s.-c.  (winding  round  central 
pillar);  s.-rod  (for  securing  s. -carpet  in  angle 
between  two  steps.  [OE  st&ger,  cf.  Du.  steiger, 
ON  stigi,  G  steg  path,  f.  Teut.  *steigan-  climb, 
cf.  Gk  steikho  go,  ascend] 

stake,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stick  sharpened  at  one  end 
&  driven  into  ground  as  support,  boundary- 
mark,  &c;  post  to  which  person  is  bound  to  be 
burnt  alive,  (fig.)  death  by  burning,  as  was  con- 
demned to,  suffered  at,  the  s.\  tinsmith's  small 
anvil  fixed  on  bench  bypointed  prop;  money  &c. 
wagered  on  an  event,  esp.  deposited  with  third 
party  (stakeholder)  by  each  of  those  who  make  a 
wager,  (pi.)  money  to  be  contended  for  esp.  in 
horse-race,  (pi.)  such  race,  as  maiden,  trial,  ss.; 
have  as.  inthe  country,  be  materially  concerned 
in  its  welfare  e.g.  as  landowner ;  (fig.)  principle 
&c.  contended  for,  as  consider  the  immensity 
of  the  s.;  ats.,  at  issue,  in  question,  risked,  as 
life  itself  is  at  s.\  s.-boat  (anchored  to  mark 
course  for  boat-race  &c.) ;  s.-net,  fishing-net 
hung  on  ss.  (Vb)  fasten,  secure,  support,  with 
s.  or  ss.;  mark  off,  out,  (area)  with  ss.;  wager, 
risk,  (money  &c.  on  event  &c).  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE 
staca,  cf.  MDu.  stake,  ON  stjaki,  G  stachel  sting; 
cogn.  w.  stack] 

stala'ctite  (or  sta'-),  Deposit  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  usu.  in  form  like  large  icicle,  hanging 
from  roof  of  cave  &c.  &  formed  by  trickling  of 
water.  Hence  stala'ctic,  stala'ctiFORM, 
stalacti'tic,  aa.  [F  (Gk  stalaktos  vbl  adj.  f. 
stalasso  drip,  see  -ite  *)] 

stala'grnite  (or  sta'-),  n.  Deposit  as  prec.  on 
floor  of  cave  &c.  often  uniting  with  stalactite. 
Hence  stalagrni'ttc  a.,  stalagmi'tiCALLY 
adv.  [F  (Gkstalagmos  dripping,  as  prec.)] 

stale1,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Not  fresh,  insipid, 
musty,  or  otherwise  the  worse  for  age ;  s.  bread 
(musty;  also,  not  of  the  day's  baking,  ass.  bread 
is  best  for  toast);  (fig.)  lacking  novelty,  trite,  as 
s.  joke,  news,  devices ;  (of  athlete)  overtrained ; 
stalemate  (Chess),  draw  resulting  from  player's 
having  no  move  available,  his  king  not  being 
in  check,  (v.t.)  reduce  (player)  to  this  position, 
(fig.)  bring  to  a  standstill.  Hence  sta'leLY2 
adv.,  sta'leNESS  n.  (N.)  urine  of  horses  &  cat- 
tle. (Vb)  make  s.  or  common ;  (of  horse  &c.) 
make  water,  [f.  OF  estaler  make  water,  cogn. 
w.  stall  ;  in  stalemate  perh.  difF.  wd] 

stale2,  n.  (archaic).  Dupe,  laughing-stock. 
[OE  stalu  theft  (as  steal)] 

stalk  i  (-awk),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Stride,  walk  in 
stately  or  imposing  manner  (often  along  See); 
steal  up  to  game  under  cover ;  pursue  (game) 
stealthily ;  stalking-horse,  horse hehind  which 
hunter  conceals  himself,  (fig.)  pretext.  (N.) 
stalking  of  game,  imposing  gait.  Hence 
(-)stalkERi  n.  [OE  stealcan  walk  warily 
(perh.  as  with  lifted  feet,  cf.  stealc  high),  perh. 
cogn.  w.  foil.  &  stilt] 

stalk2  (-awk),  n.  (Bot.)  stem,  main  axis,  of 
plant,  (loosely)  any  support  of  an  organ  ;  s.-like 
support  of  organ  &c.  in  animals ;  stem  of  wine- 
glass &c;  (Archit.)  ornament  like  s.  of  plant; 

tall  chimney  of  factory  &c;  s.-eyed,  (of  crab 

Sec.)  having  the  eyes  mounted  on  ss.     Hence 


(-)statkED2,  stal'kLESs,  aa.,  stal'kLET  n. 

[ME  stalke  dim.  f.  OE  stxla,  cf.  Du.  steel] 

stall l  (-awl),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Single  compart- 
ment for  one  animal  in)  stable,  cow-house  ; 
finger-.s.;  booth  in  market  &c,  compartment 
in  a  building,  for  sale  of  goods,  table  in  this 
on  which  goods  are  exposed,  as  picked  it  up  in 
or  on  a  books.;  fixed  seat  in  choir  or  chancel 
of  church  more  or  less  enclosed  at  back  &  sides 
&  often  canopied,  esp.  one  appropriated  to 
clergyman,  as  canon's,  dean's,  s.,  (fig.)  office, 
dignity,  of  canon  &c,  as  how  long  ha?  he  had 
his  s.  ? ;  each  of  a  set  of  seats  in  theatre  usu.  be- 
tween pit  &  stage ;  working-compartment  in 
coal-mine ;  s.-feed,  fatten  (cattle)  in  s.,  so  s.-fed 
a.  (Vb)  place,  keep,  (cattle  &c.)  in  s.  esp.  for 
fattening,  as  a  stalled  ox;  furnish  (stable  &c.) 
with  ss.;  (of  horse  or  cart)  stick  fast  as  in  mud 
or  snow,  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  steal(l),  cf.  Du.  stal,  G 
stall,  ON  stallr :  cogn.  w.  stable,  stead,  &  Gk 
stathmos  stall] 

stall2  (-awl),  n.  Pickpocket's  confederate  who 
diverts  attention  during  theft  &  assists  thief's 
escape  &c.    [var.  of  stale  2] 

stallage  (-ij),  n.  Space  for,  rent  for,  right 
to  erect,  stall(s)  in  market  &c.    [-age] 

sta'llion,  n.  Uncastrated  male  horse,  esp. 
one  kept  for  breeding,  [f.  OF  estalon  (OHG  stal 
stall1,  see -oon),  so  called  because  kept  in  stall] 

stalwart  (staw'lwert),  a.  Strongly  built, 
sturdy;  courageous,  resolute,  determined,  as 
s.  supporters.  Hence  sta'lwartr.v 2  adv., 
sta'lwartNESS  n.  [earlier  stalworth,  OE  stxl- 
wyrthe  pl.,prob.  for statholwyrthe(stathol  foun- 
dation, cf.  steadfast,  +  wyrthe  worth] 

sta'men,  n.  Male  organ  of  flowering  plants, 
organ containingpollen.  Hence (-)stamenED-, 
stami'neAL,  stami'neous,  stamini'i  kk 
ous,  aa.  [L,  gen.  -minis,  =  warp  in  upright  loom, 
thread] 

sta'mina,  n.  Staying  power,  power  of  en- 
durance.   [L  pi.  of  prec.  now  usu.  as  sing.]! 

sta'minal,  a.    Of  stamens  or  stamina,   [-al] 

sta'minate  (-at),  a.  Having  stamens  but  no 
pistils;  having  stamens.    [-ate2(2)] 

sta-mmer,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Speak  (habitually 
or  on  occasion  from  embarrassment  &c.)  with 
halting  articulation  esp.  with  rapid  repetitions 
of  same  syllable,  whence  sta'mmerER1  n., 
sta'mmeringLY2  adv.;  utter  (words)  thus, 
as  stammered  out  an  excuse ;  (n.)  stammering 
speech,  tendency  to  s.  [ME  &  Du.  stameren,  cf. 
G  stammern,  t.  sta-  stand] 

stamp,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Impress  pattern,  name, 
mark,  upon  (metal,  butter,  paper,  &c.)  with  die 
or  similar  instrument  of  metal,  wood,  rubber, 
&c. ;  affix  postage  or  other  s.  to  (envelope,  docu- 
ment); crush,  pulverize,  (ores  &c);  bring  down 
one's  foot,  bring  down  (foot),  heavily  on  ground ; 
s.  out,  put  an  end  to,  crush,  destroy,  (rebellion 
&c);  assign  a  character  to,  characterize,  as  this 
alone  stamps  the  story  (as)  a  slander ;  impress 
on  the  memory.  Hence  Hsta'mpERMl^)  n. 
(N.)  instrument  for  stamping  pattern  or  mark ; 
mark  made  by  this ;  impression  of  official  mark 
required  to  be  made  for  revenue  purposes  on 
deeds,  bills  of  exchange,  &c,  as  evidence  of 
payment  of  tax ;  piece  of  paper  impressed  with 
official  mark  as  evidence  of  payment  of  tax  or 
fee  &  meant  to  be  affixed  to  letter,  postcard, 
receipted  account,&c. ;  mark  impressed  on,  label 
&c.  affixed  to,  commodity  as  evidence  of  quality 
&c;  (fig.)  characteristic  mark,  impress,  as  bears 
the  s.  of  genius ;  character,  kind,  as  avoid  men 
of  that  or  his  s.;  block  that  crushes  ore  in  s.- 
mill ;  heavy  downward  blow  with  foot ;  s.  act, 
act  concerned  with  s.-duty,  esp.  that  imposing 
duty  on  American  colonies  in  1765  &  repealed 


STAMPEDE 


851 


STANDARD 


in  1766;  s.-collector  (of  postage-ss.  as  curiosities); 
s.-duty  (imposed  on  certain  kinds  of  legal  in- 
strument); s.-maehine (for  beating  rags  &c.  into 
pulp  for  paper) ;  s.-mill  (for  crushing  ore  &c); 
s. -office  (for  issue  of  government  ss.  Se  receipt  of 
s.-duty  &c).  [OE  stempen,  cf.  Du.  stampen, 
G  stamp/en,  &  Gk  stembo] 
stampede,  nM  &  v.i.  &  t.  Sudden  fright  & 
scattering  of  a  number  of  horses  or  cattle ; 
sudden  flight  or  hurried  movement  of  soldiers 
due  to  panic;  (U.S.  Polit.)  unconcerted  move- 
ment of  many  persons  by  common  impulse ; 
(vb)  (cause  to)  take  part  in  s.  [f.  Sp.  estampido 
(estampar  stamp)] 

stance,  n.  (golf,  Sc).  Position  taken  for 
stroke.  [OF,  f.  LL  as  stanza] 
stanch ],  staunch  (ah-,  -aw-),  v.t.  Check 
the  flow  of  (esp.  blood) ;  check  the  flow  from 
(esp.  wound),  if.  OF  estancher  f.  LL  stancare, 
*stagnieare,  f.  L  stagnare  stagnate] 
stanch  2,  &c.  See  staunch  &c. 
sta'nehion  (-sh  n ),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Post,  pillar,  up- 
right  support;  upright  bar,  pair  of  bars,  for 
confining  cattle  in  stall;  (v.t.)  supply  with  s., 
fasten  (cattle)  to  s.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  ONF  estanchon 
dim.  of  OF  estance  situation  f.  LL  as  stanza] 
stand1,  v.i.  &  t.  (stood).  Have  or  take  or 
maintain  upright  position,  be  set  upright,  as 
tell  him  to  s.  up,  s.  at  ease1,  s.  in  person's 
light1,  in  the  breach1,  stood  there  till  I  was 
tired,  was  too  weak  to  s.,  chair  will  not  s.  on 
two  legs ;  be  of  specified  height,  as  stands  six 
foot  three ;  be  situated,  be,  as  on  each  side  s. 
two  pillars,  a  stranger  stood  in  the  doorway, 
the  cups  s.  on  the  top  shelf,  here  once  stood  a 
huge  oak;  assume  stationary  position,  as  s. 
still,  was  commanded  tos.;  maintain  position, 
avoid  falling  or  moving  or  being  moved,  as 
don't  s.  there  arguing,  house  will  s.  another 
century,  whether  we  s.  or  fall,  has  stood  through 
worse  storms,  s.  on  one's  own  bottom  *,  s.  fast, 
firm  ;  it  stands  to  reason,  it  is  logically  demon- 
strable (that),  (pop.)  I  shall  lose  my  temper  if 
you  deny  (that)  ;  hold  good,  remain  valid  or  un- 
altered, as  the  former  conditions  may  s.,  the 
passage  must  s.,  the  same  remark  stands  good  ; 
be,  find  oneself,  inspecified  situation,  rank,  &c., 
as  stands  convicted  of  treachery,  in  need  of 
help,  in  an  awkward  position,  under  heavy 
obligations,  I  s.  corrected  (accept  correction) ; 
thermometer  stood  at  90°,  corn  stands  higher  (is 
dearer)  than  ever,  the  matter standsthus,stands 
first  on  the  list,  alone  among  his  contempora- 
ries, in  the  same  relation  to  both  parties,  stands 
well  (is  on  good  terms  or  in  good  odour)  with  the 
authorities,  how  do  we  s.  in  the  matter  o/(have 
we  enough  or  suitable)  horses  ?,  Is.  prepared 
to  dispute  it,  s.  in  awe  of,  have  often  stood  his 
friend,  s.  at  bay4;  move  to  &  remain  in  specified 
position,  as  s.  back,  clear,  aside,  aloof,  away ; 
(Naut.)  hold  specified  course,  as  s.  in  for  the 
shore ;  (of  dog)  point,  set ;  place,  set,  in  upright 
or  specified  position,  as  s.  the  jug  on  the  table,  s. 
it  against  the  wall,  shall  s.  you  in  the  corner  (as 
punishment) ;  endure  without  sdecumbing  or 
complaining,  as  nerves  could  not  s.  the  strain, 
how  does  he  s.  pain  ?,  could  never  s.  the  fellow, 
shall  s.  no  nonsense,  can't  s.  these  French 
matches,  s.  fire  (receive  fire  of  enemy  without 
giving  way),  failed  to  s.  the  test;  s.  one'sground, 
maintain  one's  position  (lit.,  &  flg.  of  argument 
&c.) ;  undergo  (trial) ;  provide  at  one's  expense, 
as  stood  him  a  drink,  stood  a  bottle  to  the  com- 
pany, who  is  going  to  s.  treat?;  s.  by  (prep.), 
uphold,  support,  side  with,  (person),  adhere  to, 
abide  by,  (terms,  promise),  (Naut.)  take  or  s. 
ready  to  take  hold  of  (anchor  &c.) ;  s.  by  (adv.), 
6tand  near,  be  a  bystander,  stand  &  look  on, 


as  will  not  s.  by  &  see  hint  ill-treated,  (orig. 
naut.)  stand  ready,  be  on  the  alert ;  s.-by,  thing, 
person,  that  one  can  depend  upon  ;  s.  for,  re- 
present, signify,  imply,  as  P.O.  stands  for 
postal  order,  tariff  reform  stands  for  a  great 
deal  more  than  that,  be  candidate  for  (office), 
be  candidate  for  representation  of  (constitu- 
ency) in  Parliament,  espouse  the  cause  of  (free 
trade  &c.) ;  s.  (person)  in  (sum),  cost,  as  coat 
stood  me  in  M,  wife  stands  him  in  £50  yearly 
for  motor  tires  ;  s.  (person)  in  good  stead  ;  8. 
in  with,  be  in  league  with ;  s.  off,  move  away, 
keep  one's  distance  ;  s.  off  &  on  (naut.),  sail 
alternately  away  from  &  towards  shore  so  as 
to  keep  a  point  in  sight ;  s.  on  (prep.),  insist  on, 
observe  scrupulously,  esp.  s.  on  ceremony ;  s. 
on  (adv.,  naut),  continue  on  same  course;  s. 
out,  hold  out,  persist  in  opposition  (against)  or 
endurance,  be  prominent  or  conspicuous  ;  s. 
over,  be  postponed  ;  s.  to  (prep.),  abide  by  (pro- 
mise &c),  stick  to,  not  desert,  (one's post,  guns, 
esp.  fig.,  duty.  Sec),  s.  to  it,  maintain  stoutly 
(that),  s.  to  sea  (naut.),  sail  out  to  sea;  s.  to  (adv., 
archaic),  fall  to.  set  to  work ;  s.  up,  rise  to  one's 
feet  from  sitting  or  other  position,  maintain 
erect  position  ;  s.  up  for,  side  with,  maintain, 
support,  (person,  cause) ;  s.  upon,=  s.  on;  s.  up 
to,  meet,  face,  (opponent)  courageously  ;  s.  up 
with,  take  one's  place  with  (partner)  for  dance, 
dance  with  ;  s.-offish  a.,  distant,  reserved,  not 
affable,  whence  s.-offishly  adv.,  s.-offishness 
n.;  s.-tip  a.,  (of  collar)  upright,  high,  opp.  to 
turn-down,  (of  fight)  thorough,  fair  &  square. 
[OE  standan,  ston-,  cf.  Du.  staan,  G  stehen,  ON 
standa ;  cogn.  w.  L  stare,  Gk  histemi  (st.  sta-)] 

stand2,  n.  Cessation  from  motion  or  pro- 
gress, stoppage,  as  came,  teas  brought,  to  a  s.; 
be  at  as.  (archaic),  be  unable  to  proceed,  be  in 
perplexity ;  stationary  condition  assumed  for 
purpose  of  resistance,  esp.  make  a  s.  (against 
enemy,  for,  against,  principle  &c.) ;  position 
taken  up,  as  took  his  s.  near  the  door,  I  take  my 
s.(base  argument  &c,  rely)  ontheprecise  word- 
ing of  the  act ;  table,  set  of  shelves,  rack,  &c, 
on  or  in  which  things  may  be  placed,  as  music, 
hat,  umbrella,  -s.;  inks.;  WASH-(hand-)s.;  stall 
in  market  &c,  a.s  fruit-s.;  standing-place  for 
vehicles  Sec,  as  cab1-.?.;  raised  structure  for 
persons  to  sit  or  stand  on,  as  band^.,  grand  s.  ; 
standing  growth  (of  clover  Sic);  s.  ofarms,com- 
plete  set  for  one  man  ;  s.-pipe,  vertical  pipe  for 
various  purposes ;  sta'ndpoint,  point  of  view ; 
s.-rest,  high  stool  with  sloping  top  for  support- 
ing person  standing  at  easel  &c;  standstill, 
stoppage,  inability  to  proceed,  as  am  brought 
toas.-s.    [f.  prec] 

sta'ndard,  n.  Distinctive  flag,  esp.  flag  of 
cavalry  regiment  (opp.  to  colours  of  infantry), 
as  the  (English)  royal  s.  (square  banner  with 
national  arms) ;  weight  or  measure  to  which 
others  conform  or  by  which  the  accuracy  of 
others  is  judged  (often  attrib.,  as  s.  pound,  yard. 
Sec);  thing  serving  as  basis  of  comparison  ;  de- 
gree of  excellence  &c.  required  for  particular 
purpose,  as  does  not  come  up  to  the  s.,  must  set 
a  low  .<?.;  thing  recognized  as  model  for  imita- 
tion &c,  esp.  attrib.,  as  the  s.  work  on  the  sub- 
ject ;  average  quality,  as  work  was  of  a  lows.; 
monetary  s.,  proportion  of  weight  of  fine  metal 
&  alloy  in  gold  or  silver  coin  (gold,  silver,  s.)  or 
in  both  (double  s.) ;  multiple,  tabular,  s.,  s.  of 
value  obtained  by  averaging  prices  of  a  number 
of  products;  upright  support  (often  attrib.,  as  .<?. 
lamp,  set  on  tall  usu.  telescopic  pillar);  upright 
water-  or  gas-pipe;  tree,  shrub,  that  stands 
alone  without  support;  shrub  grafted  on  up- 
right stem  &  trained  in  tree  form ;  s.-bearer, 
soldier  who  bears  s.    [ME,  f.  OF  estandard 


STANDARDIZE 


852 


STARLING 


(OHG  standan  stand  *  +  -ard)  &  estendard  (f. 
L  as  extend  +  -ard)  ;  partly  also  f.  stand  j] 
standardize,  v.t.  Make  to  conform  to 
standard ;  (Chem.)  obtain  by  analysis  specific 
value  of  (solution  &c.)  for  purposes  of  compari- 
son. Hence  standapdiz  action  n.  [-izeJ 
s ta'nding"  I,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  esp. :  estima- 
tion in  which  one  is  held,  repute,  position,  as 
men  of  high  s.,  is  of  no  s.;  duration,  as  a  dispute 
of  long  s.;  s.-room,  space  to  stand  in.  [-ing1] 
sta'ndingr2,  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  estab- 
lished, as  a  s.  rule,  has  become  a  s.  (stock)  jest ; 
permanent,  not  made,  raised,  &c,  for  the  occa- 
sion, as  s.  army,  s.  orders  (esp.  those  respecting 
manner  in  which  business  shall  be  conducted 
in  Parliament) ;  s.  corn  (not  cut) ;  s.  jump  (per- 
formed without  preliminary  run);  s.  (stagnant) 
water,    [-ing2] 

sta'ndish,  n.  (archaic).  Ink-stand,  [stand 
+  dishI 

sta'nhope  (-nop),  n.  Light  open  carriage  of 
2  or  i  wheels ;  (also  S.-press)  iron  printing  press 
invented  by  Lord  S.;  S.-lens  (with  convex  sur- 
faces of  different  curves),  [name  of  inventors] 
sta'niel,  n.  Kestrel.  [OE  stdngella  (stan 
stone  +  gellan  yell)] 
stank.    See  stink  v. 

sta'nnary,  n.  &  a.  Tin-mine ;  tin-mining 
district ;  s.  court  (for  regulation  of  tin-mines  in 
Cornwall  &  Devon),  [f.  LL  stannaria  n.  (stan- 
num,  stag-,  tin,  see  -ary  j)] 
sta'nnie,  a.  (chem.).  Of  tin  esp.  in  its  higher 
valence,  as  s.  acid.  So  sta'nnATE  J(3)  n., 
stanni'FEROUS,  stannous,  aa.  [f.  L  stan- 
num  tin  +  -ic] 

sta'nza,  n.  Group  of  (usu.  four  or  more) 
rhymed  lines,  as  Spenserian  s. ;  group  of  four 
lines  in  some  Greek  &  Latin  metres,  esp.  Alcaic, 
Sapphic,  s.  Hence  (-)stanzaED  2,  stanza*- 
ic,  aa.  [It.,  =  chamber,  stanza,  f.  LL  stantia 
abode  (stare  stand,  see  -ance)] 
sta'ple1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Hoop-shaped  bar  or  piece 
of  wire  with  pointed  ends  for  driving  into  post 
&c.  to  take  point  of  hook,  hasp,  &c. ;  box- 
shaped  part  into  which  lock  of  door&c.  shuts ; 
metal  tube  holding  the  reeds  of  oboe  &  simi- 
lar instruments  ;  bent  wire  used  in  wire-stitch- 
ing; (v.t.)  furnish,  fasten,  with  s.;  stapling- 
machine,  bookbinder's  wire-stitching  machine, 
[(vb  f.  n.)  OE  stapul,  cf.  Du.  stapel,  Da.  stabel 
hinge,  pile,  G  staffel  rung,  step,  stapel  pile, 
heap,  emporium] 

sta'ple2,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Important  or  princi- 
ple article  of  commerce,  as  the  ss.  of  that  coun- 
try, of  British  industry;  raw  material;  (fig.) 
chief  element  or  material,  as  formed  the  s.  of 
conversation',  fibre  of  cotton,  wool,  &c,  viewed 
as  determining  its  quality,  as  cotton  of  fine, 
short,  s. ;  (adj.)  s.  (principal)  commodities  &c.; 
(v.t.)  sort,  classify,  (wool,  &c.)  according  to 
fibre,  whence  sta'plER1  n.  [(vb  &  adj.  f.  n.) 
ME,  =  market,  f.  OF  estaple  f.  LG  stapel,  see 
prec] 

stap1,  n.  Celestial  body  appearing  as  lumin- 
ous point ;  (also  fixed  s.)  such  body  so  far  from 
earth  as  to  appear  motionless  except  for  di- 
urnal revolution  of  the  heavens ;  double,  mul- 
tiple, s.,  group  of  two,  of  three  to  six,  fixed  ss. 
appearing  to  naked  eye  as  one,  binary  s„  two 
ss.  revolving  round  one  another;  evening, 
morning,  s. ;  daystar  (poet.),  morning  star, 
sun ;  lodes.  ;  north,  polar,  (=pole2-)  s.  ; 
shooting  s.,  small  meteor  appearing  like  s.  mov- 
ing rapidly  and  disappearing;  thing  suggesting 
s.  by  its  shape,  esp.  figure  or  object  with  radi- 
ating points  e.g.  as  decoration  of  an  order ;  ss. 
&  stnpes,  U.S.  national  flag ;  asterisk ;  white 
spot  on  forehead  of  horse  &c. ;  (Pool)  additional 


life  bought  by  player  whose  lives  are  lost; 
principal  actor  in  a  company;  brilliant  or 
prominent  person,  as  literary  s. ;  heavenly 
body  considered  as  influencing  person's  for- 
tunes &c,  as  born  under  an  unlucky  s.,  his  s. 
was  in  the  ascendant,  you  may  thank  your  ss. 
you  were  not  there,  the  ss.  were  against  it  (cf. 
iLL-starred) ;  S.-chamber  [perh.  diff.  wd],  court 
of  civil  &  criminal  jurisdiction  primarily  con- 
cerned with  offences  affecting  crown  interests, 
noted  for  summary  &  arbitrary  procedure,  & 
abolished  1640 ;  s.-drift,  common  proper  motion 
of  a  number  of  fixed  ss.  in  same  region  ;  star- 
finch,  redstart ;  starfish,  echinoderm  with  five 
or  more  radiating  arms  ;  s.-gazer  (facet.),  astro- 
nomer ;  starlight,  light  of  ss.,  as  walked  home 
by  s.-l.,  (adj.,  also  starlit)  lighted  by  the  ss.,  as  a 
s.-l.  night ;  s.  of  Bethlehem,  plant  of  lily  family 
with  s.-like  white  flowers  striped  with  green 
on  outside;  S.  of  India,  order  of  knighthood 
instituted  1861  to  commemorate  assumption  of 
direct  government  of  India ;  s.-shell,  kind  de- 
signed to  burst  in  air  &  light  up  enemy's  posi- 
tion; s.-spangled,  spangled  with  ss.  (esp.  of 
U.S.  flag);  s.-stone,  kind  of  sapphire.  Hence 
stap'LET  n.,  stap'LESS,  stap'LiKE,  stap'pv  2, 
aa.  [OE  steorra,  cf.  Du.  ster,  G  stern,  ON 
stjarna,  &  L  stella,  Gk  aster] 

stap'-,  v.t.  &  i.  Set,  adorn,  (as)  with  stars 
(esp.  in  p.p.) ;  affix  asterisk  to  (name  in  list  &c. ) ; 
appear  as  star  actor ;  (Pool)  buy  additional 
life.    [f.  prec] 

stap'blind,  a.  Seeing  obscurely  as  from 
cataract.  [OE,  Du.,  stxrblind quite  blind1  (staer 
stiff,  cf.  G  starr  stiff,  Da.  staer  cataract)] 

stap'boapd  (-erd),  n.,  &  v.t.  Right  side  of 
vessel  looking  forward  (cf .  port  5,  larboard  ; 
often  attrib.);  (v.t.)  turn,  put,  (helm)  to  s.  [(vb 
f.  n.)  OE  stiorbord  (sUor  rudder,  see  steer  *,+ 
bord  BOARD)] 

starch  (-tsh),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Now  rare)  precise, 
prim,  whence  stap*ehLY  2adv.,  stap'ehNESS 
n.  (N.)  white  odourless  tasteless  powder  pro- 
cured chiefly  from  corn  &  potatoes  but  found 
in  all  plants  except  fungi  &  valuable  in  diges- 
tion; preparation  of  this  with  usu.  boiling 
water  for  stiffening  linen  &c.  before  ironing ; 
(fig.)  stiffness  of  manner,  formality.  Hence 
stap'chiNESs  n.,  stap*ehY2  a.,  (lit.  &  fig.). 
(V.t.)  stiffen  with  s.  (often  fig.  esp.  in  p.p., 
whence  stap'ehedLY  2  adv.,  stap'ehedNESS 
n.) ;  clear l-s.  Hence  (-)stapehER1  n.  [OE 
*sterce  a.  f.  stercan  strengthen  (as  stark)] 

stape,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Look  fixedly  with  eyes 
wide  open  (at,  upon,  &c,  or  abs.)  from  surprise, 
admiration,  bewilderment,  stupidity,  horror, 
impertinent  curiosity,  &c;  (chiefly  in  part.)  be 
unpleasantly  prominent  or  striking,  as  a  sta7-- 
ing  waistcoat,  tie  was  of  a  staring  red,  (adv.) 
stark  staring  mad ;  reduce  (person)  to  specified 
condition  by  staring,  as  stared  him  out  of  coun- 
tenance, into  silence,  dumb ;  s.  (person)  in  the 
face,  be  evident  or  imminent,  as  the  facts  s.  us 
in  the  face,  ruin  stared  him  in  the  face.  Hence 
stap'ingLY2  adv.  (N.)  staring  gaze.  [(n.  f. 
vb)  OE  starian,  cf.  starblind] 

stapk,  a.  &  adv.  Stiff,  rigid,  as  s.  &  stiff,  lies 
s.  in  death;  (poet.)  strong;  (poet.)  stubborn, 
resolute;  downright,  sheer,  as  s.  madness; 
(adv.)  quite,  wholly,  (chiefly  in  s.  mad,  naked). 
[OE  stearc  strong,  stiff,  cf.  Du.  sterk,  G  stark, 
ON  sterkr ;  cogn.  w.  prec.  &  Gk  stereos  firm ; 
s.  naked  was  orig.  start  (=tail)  -naked  (OE 
steort  tail,  cf.  HEBstart  &  Du.  stert,  G  sterz, 
ON  stertr)] 

stapling- J,  n.  Bird  of  blackish-brown  plu- 
mage with  light  speckles  &  metallic  purple  & 
green  reflections,  of  great  imitative  powers  & 


STARLING 


853 


STATION 


easily  tamed.  [OE  &  Da.  stxr,  cf.  ON  star(r)i, 
G  staar,  +  -ling  l\ 

startling-2,  n.  Protective  piling  round  pier 
of  bridge,  [cf.  S\v.  &  Da.  stor  stake,  Sw.  stora 
prop  up] 

start1,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  sudden  movement 
from  pain,  surprise,  &c,  as  started  in  his  seat, 
started  at  the  sound  of  my  voice  ;  change  posi- 
tion abruptly  as  from  shock  or  sudden  impulse, 
as  8,  aside,  from  one's  chair ;  (of  timbers  &c.) 
spring  from  proper  position,  give  -way ;  set  out, 
begin  journey,  as  we  s.  at  six;  make  a  begin- 
ning (on  journey,  enterprise,  book,  cigar,  &c.); 
begin  {work,  doing,  colloq.  or  vulg.  to  do) ;  s.  in 
(colloq. ),  begin  (to  do) ;  s.  out  (colloq. ),  take  steps 
as  intending  (to  do) ;  s.  up,  rise  suddenly  e.g. 
from  seat,  arise,  come  into  existence  or  action, 
occur  to  the  mind,  as  many  difficulties,  rivals, 
have  started  up ;  rouse  (game)  from  lair  &c. ; 
originate,  set  going,  (enterprise,  newspaper, 
business,  clock  after  winding,  objections,  quar- 
rel, &c);  cause  or  enable  (person)  to  commence 
business  &c;  give  signal  to  (persons)  to  s.  in 
race ;  cause  or  experience  the  starting  of  (tim- 
bers, tooth,  &c.) ;  (Naut.)  pour  out  (liquor)  from 
cask;  to  s.  with,  in  the  first  place,  as  you  have 
no  right  to  be  here,  to  s.  with,  at  the  beginning, 
as  had  6  members  to  s.  with.  [ME  sterten,  cogn. 
w.  Du.  storten,  Da.  styrte,  G  stiirzen,  hurl  &c] 

start2,  n.  Sudden  movement  of  surprise, 
pain,&c. ;  (pl.)intermittentorspasmodicefforts 
or  movements,  esp.  (works)  by  fits  &  ss.;  be- 
ginning of  journey  or  action  or  race,  as  shall 
make  an  early  s.  for  town,  is  difficult  work  at 
the  s.,  the  s.  is  fixed  for  3  p.m.\  starting-place 
of  race ;  advantage  conceded  m  race,  as  will 
give  you  60  yards  s.,  15  seconds  s.;  advantage- 
ous position  gained  in  business  &c,  as  got  a 
good  s.  inlife,  got  the  s.  of  (gained  advantage 
over)  his  rivals.    [ME  stcrt,  as  prec] 

stairter,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  one  who 
gives  signal  to  start  in  race;  horse,  competitor, 
starting  in  race,  as  list  of  probable  ss. ;  (slang, 
w.  ref.  to  aperient  effect)  dried  fig.    [-er  2] 

star'ting1,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  s.-post  (from 
which  competitors  start  in  race) ;  s.  prices  in 
horse-races,  final  odds  at  start.    [-1 NG  *] 

star* tie,  v.t.  Cause  (person  &c.)  to  start 
with  surprise  or  sudden  alarm,  give  shock  to, 
take  by  surprise,  whence  (of  person,  news,  &c.) 
star'tlER1  n.;  (part.)  surprising,  alarming,  as 
startling  news,  discovery,  development,  whence 
stap*tling"LY 2  adv.  [ME  startlen,  ster-,  i. 
start  *,  see  -LE(3)] 

starve,  v.i.  &  t.  Die  of  hunger ;  suffer  from 
lack  of  food ;  suffer  extreme  poverty ;  (colloq.) 
feel  hungry,  as  am  simply  starving;  (now rare) 
perish  with,  suffer  from,  cold;  (fig.)  suffer  men- 
tal or  spiritual  want,  feel  strong  craving  for 
(sympathy,  amusement,  knowledge,  &c);  cause 
to  perish  with  hunger;  deprive  of,  keep  scanti- 
ly supplied  with,  food  (lit.  &  fig.);  compel  (gar- 
rison &c.  into  surrender  &c.)  thus ;  cause  to  per- 
ish, affect  severely,  with  cold.  Hence  starvA  *- 
tion  n.  [OE  steorfan  die,  sterfan  kill,  cf.  Du. 
sterven,  G  sterben,  die] 

stap'veling"  (-vl),  n.  &  a.  Starving  or  ill-fed 
person  or  animal ;  (adj.)  starving,    [-ling1] 

state ],  n.  &  a.  Condition  in  which  a  thing 
is,  mode  of  existence  as  determined  by  circum- 
stances, as  a  precarious  s.  of  health,  found  him 
in  the  same  s.,  in  a  s.  of  deep  depression,  things 
were  in  an  untidy  s.,  in  a  bad  s.  of  repair, 
what  a  (dirty,  untidy)  s.  you  are  in!,  (colloq.) 
he  was  in  quite  a  s.  (quite  excited  or  anxious) 
about  it ;  (often  S-)  organized  political  commu- 
nity with  government  recognized  by  the  people, 
commonwealth,  nation ;  such  community  form- 


ing part  of  federal  republic,  esp.  the  United  Ss. 
(of  America) ;  (pi.)  legislative  body  in  Jersey  & 
Guernsey;  civil  government,  as  Church  &  S.; 
rank,  dignity,  as  in  a  style  befitting  his  s.; 
pomp,  as  arrived  in  great  s.,  keep  s.,  maintain 
one's  dignity,  be  difficult  of  access;  (archaic) 
throne  (also  chair  of  s.),  dais,  canopy  over 
throne  ;  (of  dead  person)  lie  in  s.,  be  pla*ced  on 
view  in  public  place ;  fy'ee,  slave,  S.  (U.S.),  S.  in 
which  slavery  did  not,,did,  exist ;  Southern  Ss. 
(in  southern  part  of  U.S.);  Ss.  of  the  Church, 
Papal  Ss.,  former  temporal  dominions  of  Pope 
chiefly  in  central  Italy ;  Ss.  General,  legislative 
bodies  of  (1)  the  Netherlands  (2)  France  before 
1879 ;  statecraft,  art  of  conducting  affairs  of  S. 
(Adj.)  of,  for,  concerned  with,  the  S.,  as  s. 
criminal,  political  offender,  s.  documents,  ser- 
vice, s.  prisoner,  person  under  arrest  for  felony, 
also  political  prisoner,  s.  trial,  prosecution  by 
S.  esp.  for  political  offence  ;  S.  rights  (U.S.), 
right  &  powers  not  delegated  to  United  States 
but  reserved  to  individual  Ss.;  &.  socialism, 
socialist,  policy,  advocate,  of  S.  control  of 
manufactures,  railways,  &c.  for  the  benefit  of 
the  masses ;  reserved  for,  done  on,  occasions  of 
ceremony,  as  s.  apartments,  cai~riage,  s.  call 
(colloq. ),  formal  visit ;  s.  room,  room  so  reserved, 
also,  private  sleeping-apartment  on  steamer, 
[(adj.  f.  n.)  f.  OF  estat  f.  status] 

state2,  v.t.  Express,  esp.  fully  or  clearly,  in 
speech  or  writing,  as  have  stated  my  opinion, 
must  s.  fidl  particulars,  this  condition  was  ex- 
pressly stated,  no  precise  time  was  stated,  did 
not  s.  why,  states  that  arrangements  are  com- 
plete; fix,  specify,  (date  &c),  as  at  stated  in- 
tervals, whence  sta'tedLY  2  adv. ;  (Alg.)  ex- 
press the  conditions  of  (problem,  relation,  &c.) 
in  symbols.    Hence  sta'tABLE  a,    [f.  prec] 

sta'tely,  a.  (Of  manner,  language,  person, 
literary  style,  rhythm,  building,  proportions, 
&c.)dignified,  imposing,  grand.  Hence sta'te- 
Hness  n.    [ME  estatlich  (as  state1,  see  -ly  l)] 

sta'tement,  n.  Stating,  expression  in  words, 
as  requires  clearer  s.;  thing  stated,  as  the  s.  is 
unfounded ;  formal  account  of  facts,  e.  g.  of 
liabilities  &  assets,  as,  the  Bank  issues  monthly 

SS.     [-MENT] 

sta'tep,  n.  Ancient  Greek  coin  of  various 
values,  esp.  gold  coin  worth  20  drachmae.  [L,  f. 
Gk  stater  (sta-  stand,  histemi  weigh)] 

statesman,  n.  Person  taking  prominent 
part,  person  skilled,  in  management  of  State 
affairs.  Hence  sta-tesmani.iKi;  states- 
man ly1,  aa.,  sta*tesmansHiP(3)  n. 

sta'tic(al),  a.  Concerned  with  bodies  at  rest 
or  forces  in  equilibrium,  whence  sta'tics  n. 
pi.  (or  as  sing.) ;  acting  as  weight  but  not  mov- 
ing, as  s.  pressure ;  s.  electricity  (at  rest) ;  static 
ataxia,  inability  to  stand  without  falling  or 
swaying.  Hence  sta'ticalLV2  adv.  [f.  Gk 
statikos  (sta-  stand,  see  -ic  &  -al)1 

sta'tion,  n.,  &  v.t.  Spot,  place,  building.  &c, 
in  which  person  or  thing  stands  or  is  placed 
esp.  habitually  or  for  definite  purpose,  as  uas 
assigned  a  s.  in  the  valley,  returned  to  their 
several  ss.,  took  up  a  convenient  s.,  coastguard 
s.  (occupied  by  coastguardsmen),  police  s., 
life-boat  s.  (where  life-boat  is  kept),  naval  s., 
place  affording  shelter  or  harbour  for  ships 
with  dockyard  &c;  stopping-place  on  railway 
with  buildings  for  accommodation  of  passen- 
gers &  goods  or  (goods  s.)  of  goods  only;  posi- 
tion in  life,  (high)  rank,  status,  employment, 
as  occupied  a  humble  s.,  men  of  (exalted)  s., 
the  duties  of  his  s.;  (Surv.)  point  from  which 
measurements  are  made,  standard  distance 
usu.  100  or  66  ft ;  military  post  esp.  in  India, 
officers  or  society  residing  there;  (Eccl.)  fast 


STATIONARY 


851 


STEADY 


on  Wed.  &  Fri.  (Gk  Ch.)  or  on  Friday  (R.-C.  Ch.) 
in  memory  of  council  that  condemned  Christ  & 
of  his  passion,  (also  s,  of  the  cross)  each  of  series 
of  14  images  or  pictures  representing  Christ's 
passion  before  which  devotions  are  performed 
in  some  churches ;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  church  to  which 
procession  goes  for  devotions ;  (Bot.,  Zool.)  na- 
ture of  the  habitat  of  plant  or  animal  in  respect 
of  climate,  soil,  &c;  s.-bill  (naut.),  list  of  ap- 
pointed posts  of  ship's  company ;  s.-calendar, 
board  showing  successively  the  starting-time 
of  trains  at  each  platform;  s.-house,  police- 
station  ;  s.-master,  official  in  charge  of  rail  way- 
s.;  s.-pointer,  three-armed  protractor  for  locat- 
ing place  on  chart  from  certain  data ;  (v.t.) 
assign  s.  to,  place  (person,  oneself)  in  s.  f(vb 
f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  stationcm  (stare  stand,  -ation)] 

stationary,  a.  &  n.  Remaining  in  one 
place,  not  moving,  as  balloon  was  now  s.;  not 
meant  to  be  moved,  not  portable,  as  s.  engine, 
troops  ;  (of  planet)  having  no  apparent  motion 
in  longitude;  not  changing  in  magnitude, 
number,  quality,  efficiency,  &c,  as  s.  tempera- 
ture, population,  intelligence  ;  s.  air  (remain- 
ing in  lungs  during  ordinary  respiration) ;  s. 
diseases,  local  diseases  due  to  atmospheric  con- 
ditions &  disappearing  after  a  period;  (n.)  s. 
person,  esp.  (pi. ) s.  troops.  Hence sta'tionani- 
ness  n.  [f.  L  stationarius  (as  prec,  see  -ary  j)] 

sta'tloner,  n.  One  who  sells  writing-ma- 
terials &c;  Stationers'  Hall  (of  Stationers' 
Company  in  London,  at  which  book  is  entered, 
i.e.  registered,  for  purposes  of  copyright). 
Hence  sta'tionERV(l)  n.  [earlier=bookseller 
(as  prec.  in  med.L  sense  bookseller)] 

sta'tist,  n.  Dealer  in  statistics.  [earlier= 
politician,  f.  state1  +  -ist] 

statistics,  n.  pi.  Numerical  facts  systema- 
tically collected,  as  ss.  of  population,  crime; 
(treated  as  sing.)  science  of  collecting,  classify- 
ing, &  using  ss.  So  stati'stic(AL)  aa.,  statis- 
tical lv  2adv.,  statistrciAN,  statisto'Loo  v, 
nn.    [prec.  +  -ics] 

sta'toscope,  n.  Aneroid  barometer  for 
showing  minute  variations  of  pressure.  |f.  Gk 
statos  fixed  (sta-  stand)  +  -scope] 

sta'tuapy,  a.  &  n.  Of  or  for  statues,  as  s. 
art,  s.  marble  (fine-grained  white);  (n.)  sculptor, 
(art  of  making)  statues,  [f.  L  statuarius  (as 
foil.,  see  -ary  J)] 

sta'tue,  n.  Sculptured  or  cast  or  moulded 
figure  of  person  or  animal  (esp.  one  not  much 
below  life  size,  opp.  to  statuETrE  n.);  eques- 
trians. Hencesta*tuED2a.  [OF,  f.L  statua 
(stare  stand)] 

statuesque  (-k),  a.  Like,  having  the  dignity 
or  beauty  of,  a  statue.  Hence  statue'sque- 
ly  2  adv.,  statue'squeNESS  n.    [-esque] 

sta'tupe  (-yer),  n.  Height  of  (esp.  human) 
body,  as  increased  in  s.,  of  mean  s.  Hence 
(-)statuPED2  a.  [F,  f.  L  statura  standing  pos- 
ture (stare  stat-  stand,  see  -ure)] 

sta'tus,  n.  (pi.  prob.  not  used).  Social  posi- 
tion, rank,  relation  to  others,  relative  impor- 
tance, his  s.  is  a  matter  of  doubt,  their  s.  is 
ivholly  different,  his  s.  among  novelists  ;  (Law) 
person's  relation  to  others  as  fixed  by  law; 
position  of  affairs,  esp.  s.  (in)  quo,  unchanged 
position  (cf.  in 5  statu  quo).  [L,  gen.  -us,  =  stand- 
ing (stare  stand)] 

statutable,  a.  = statutory.  Hence  sta*- 
tutabLY  2  adv.    [-able] 

sta'tute,  n.  A  written  law  of  a  legislative 
body,  e.g.  Act  of  Parliament;  s.  laxo,  a  s.,  (col- 
lect.) the  ss.  (opp.  to  common  !  law) ;  ordinance 
of  corporation,  founder,  &c,  intended  to  be 
permanent,  as  University  ss.;  (bibl.)  divine 
law,  as  kept  thy  ss.;  declaratory  s.  (fixing  inter- 


pretation of  existing  law) ;  private  s.  (affecting 
individuals,  opp.  to  general,  public,  s.);  s.-book, 
book(s)  containing  the  s.  law;  s.-roll,  engrossed 
s.,  s.-book ;  ss.  at  large  (in  full  as  originally 
enacted),  [f.  F  statut  f.  L  statutum  neut.  p.p. 
as  n.  of  statuere  establish  (stare  stand)] 

sta'tutopy,  a.  Enacted,  required,  imposed, 
by  statute,  as  s.  provisions,  minimum,  [-ory] 

staunch  (-aw-,  -ah-),  stanch,  a.  Trust- 
worthy, loyal,  as  s.  friend,  supporter.  Hence 
stau*nchLY2adv.,  stau'nenNESS  n.  [earlier 
also = water-tight,  f.  OF  estanche  as  stanch  !] 

staup'oscope,  n.  Instrument  for  examin- 
ing effects  of  polarized  light  on  crystals,  [f.  Gk 
stauros  cross  +  -scope] 

stave  \  n.  Each  of  the  curved  pieces  of  wood 
forming  sides  of  cask  &c. ;  each  of  the  boards 
formingcurb  of  well  or  hollow  cylinder ;  rung  of 
ladder;  stanza, verse ;  (Mus.)=staff;  s.-rhyme, 
alliteration  esp.  in  old  Teut.  poetry,  [var.  of 
staff,  due  to  ME  dat.  stave,  pi.  staves] 

stave2,  v.t.  (staved  or  stove).  Break  a  hole  in 
(cask,  boat;  often  in  adv.) ;  furnish,  fit,  (cask, 
&c. )  with  staves ;  s.  off,  avert,  ward  off,  defer, 
(ruin,  exposure,  &c.) ;  make  (metal  &c.)  firm  by 
compression,    [f.  prec] 

sta'vesacpe  (-vzaker),  n.  Kind  of  larkspur 
whose  seeds  are  used  as  poison  for  vermin, 
[f.  OF  stavesaigre  f.  med.  L.  staphisagria  (Gk 
staphis  dried  grapes  +  agria  wild)] 

stay1,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Now  chiefly  literary) 
check,  stop,  (progress,  inroads  of  disease  &c.) ; 
s.  one's  stomach,  appease  hunger  esp.  tem- 
porarily; postpone  (judgment,  decision) ;  sup- 
port, prop  (often  up)  as  or  with  buttress  &c; 
remain,  as  s.  here  till  I  return,  will  not  stay 
where  it  is  put;  dwell  temporarily  (at  hotel 
&c,  in  town  &c,  with  person) ;  pause  in  move- 
ment, action,  speech  (esp.  in  imperat.),  &c,  as 
get  him  to  s.  a  minute,  s. /— you  forget  one  thing ; 
show  endurance  esp.  in  race,  as  does  not  seem 
able  to  s.,  whence  stay'ER1  n.;  s.-at-home  a. 
&  n.,  (person)  remaining  habitually  at  home. 
(N.)  remaining,  esp.  dwelling,  in  a  place,  dura- 
tion of  this,  as  made  a  long  s.  in  London,  your  s. 
has  been  very  short ;  suspension  of  judicial  pro- 
ceedings; (chiefly  literary)  check,  restra,int,(will 
endure  no  s.,  as.  upon  hisactivity);  endurance, 
staying-power ;  (pi.)  corset,  whence  stay 'less 
a.;s.-bar,-rocZ,supportinbuildingormachinery; 
s.-lace,  -maker,  (of  corsets),  [f.  OF  estayer  vb, 
estaye  n.,  prop,  f.  MDu.  stade,  staeye,  prop,  f. 
OHG  stata  fit  place  or  time,  cogn.  w.  Du.  stad, 
G  stadt.  town,  and  w.  stead] 

stay2,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (naut.).  Rope  supporting 
mast  or  spar ;  ship  is  (hove)  in  ss.  (going  about 
from  one  tack  to  another) ;  miss  ss.,  fail  in 
endeavour  to  tack ;  staysail  (-sal,  naut.  -si), 
any  sail  extended  on  s.;  (v.t.)  support  (mast&c.) 
by  ss.,  put  (ship)  on  other  tack.  [OE  stxg, 
etym.  dub. ;  or  f.  OF  as  prec] 

stead  (ed),  n.  (now  chiefly  literary).  Stand 
(person)  in  good  s.,  be  advantageous  or  service- 
able to;  in  person's  s.,  instead  of  him,  as  his 
substitute.  [OE  &  Du.  stede  place,  cogn.  w.  OE 
stdeth  bank,  Du.  stad,  G  stadt,  town,  and  w. 
stand;  seen  in  bedstead,  homestead] 

steadfast  (-ed-),  a.  Constant,  firm,  unwav- 
ering. Hence  stea'dfastLY2  adv.,  stea'd- 
fastNESS  n.   [OE  stedefsest  (prec,  fast3)] 

stea'dy  (-edi),  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Firmly  fixed 
or  supported  or  standing  or  balanced,  not  tot- 
tering, as  not  s.  on  his  legs,  must  level  table's 
legs  to  make  it  s.,  s.  as  a  rock,  has  not  acquired 
a  8.  seat  on  bicycle ;  done,  moving,  acting, 
happening,  in  uniform  and  regular  manner,  as 
went  off  at  a  s.  pace,  had  a  s.  wind  behind  us, 
requires  a  s.  light,  observe  a  s.  increase  in  the 


STEAK 


855 


STEER 


numbers  ;  (as  command  or  warning)  s. !,  be  s., 
abstain  from  erratic  or  boisterous  behaviour, 
premature  action,  hasty  inference,  &c,  (Naut, 
also  keep  her  s.)  keep  direction  of  ship's  head 
unchanged ;  constant  in  mind  or  conduct,  not 
changeable,  as  s.  in  his  principles,  allegiance ; 
of  industrious  and  temperate  habits ;  (n.)  kinds 
of  support  for  hand  or  tool.  Hence  stea'diLY  2 
adv.,  stea'diNESsn.  (Vb)make,  become,  s.,  as 
8.  the  boat,  boat  steadied,  adversity  mill  s.  him, 
he  will  soon  s.  (down),   [stead  +  -  y  21 

steak  (stak),  n.  Slice  of  beef,  pork,  venison, 
or  fish,  cut  for  broiling  &c,  as  beefs.,  rump-, 
porter  %-house,  s.,  fillet  s.  (from  undercut  of 
sirloin);  Hamburg  s.,»cake  of  chopped  &  sea- 
soned beef  cooked  in  covered  frying-pan.  [f.  ON 
steik  (steikja  roast  on  spit,  cogn.  w.  OE  stician 
stick,  pierce)] 

steal,  v.t.  &  i.  (stole,  stolen),  &  n.  Take  away 
(thing  or  abs.)  secretly  for  one's  own  use  with- 
out right  or  leave,  take  feloniously,  as  who 
steals  my  purse  steals  trash,  stolen  fruit ;  ob- 
tain surreptitiously  or  by  surprise,  as  stole  a 
kiss,  a  stolen  interview ;  (alsos.  away)  win,  get 
possession  of,  (esp.  person's  heart)  by  insidious 
arts,  attractions,  &c. ;  s.  a  march  on,  get  the 
start  of,  anticipate ;  (intr.)  move  (in,  out,  away, 
up,  by,  &c.)  secretly  or  silently,  as  stole  out  of 
the  room,  mist  stole  over  the  valley ;  (n.)  suc- 
cessful long  stroke  in  golf.  Hence  (-)stealER1 
n.    [OE  stelan,  cf.  Du.  stelen,  G  stehlen] 

stealth  (-el-),  n.  Secrecy,  secret  procedure, 
esp.  by  s.,  surreptitiously.  Hence  stea'lthiLY2 
ad  v. ,  stea'l  thi  n  ess  n . ,  s  tea*  1 1  h  y  2  a.    [-th  *] 

steam  *  (-em),  n.  Vapour  of  water,  esp.  the 
gas  into  which  water  is  changed  by  boiling, 
largely  used  as  motive  power  owing  to  its  elas- 
ticity ;  saturated  s.(in  contact  with,  &  at  same 
temperature  as,  boiling  water);  superheated  s. 
(having  higher  temperature  at  given  pressure, 
&  greater  volume  for  a  given  weight,  than  sa- 
turated s.);  ivet,  dry,  s.  (containing,  not  con- 
taining, mechanically  suspended  particles  of 
water);  visible  particles  of  water  resulting  from 
condensation  of  s.;  any  vaporous  exhalation; 
(colloq.)  energy,  as  get  up  s„  summon  energy 
for  special  effort,  so  put  on,  let  off,  work  off,  s.; 
steamboat,  vessel  propelled  by  s.;  s.-boiler,  ves- 
sel in  which  water  is  boiled  to  generate  s.  esp. 
for  working  engine;  s.-box,  -chest,  (through 
whichs.  passes  from  boiler  to  cylinder);  s.-brake, 
-crane,  -gun,-hammer,  -plough,  -whistle,  -winch, 
&c,  (worked  by  s.);  s.-colour  (fixed  on  printed 
cloth  by  action  of  s.);  s.-cylinder  (in  which  piston 
of  s. -engine  moves) ;  s.-engine,  locomotive  or 
stationary  engine  in  which  the  motive  power 
depends  on  elasticity  &  expansion  or  rapid  con- 
densation of  s.;  s.-gas,  superheated  s.;s.-gauge 
(attached  to  boiler  to  show  pressure  of  s.) ;  s.- 
heat,  heat  required  to  produce  s.  from  water  at 
freezing-point,  also,  heat  given  out  by  s.  from 
radiators  &c. ;  s.-jacket,  casing  round  cylinder 
&c.  with  space  between  to  be  filled  by  s.  for 
heating  the  cylinder  &c;  s.-port,  each  of  two 
oblong  passages  from  s. -chest  into  cylinder,  any 
passage  for  s. ;  s.-power,  force  of  s.  applied  to 
machinery  &c;  steamship  (propelled  by  s.);  s.- 
tight,  capable  of  resisting  passage  of  s.;  s.-tug, 
steamer  for  towing  ships  &c.  Hence  stea'mi- 
ness  n. ,  stea'mv  2  a.  [OE  steam,  cf.  Du.  stoom, 
ctym.  dub.] 

steam'-,  v.t.  &i.  Cook  (food)  by  s.;  treat  with 
steam,  soften  (timber)  for  bending  by  steam ; 
give  out  steam  or  vapour,  as  a  sirloin  steamed 
on  the  table ;  rise  in  vapour ;  move  by  agency  of 
steam,  as  we,  the  vessel,  steamed  down  the  river ; 
(colloq.)  work  vigorously,  make  great  progress, 
esp.  s.  ahead,  away.    lOE  sUman  (prec.)f 


stea'mer,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  ves- 
sel propelled  by  steam  ;  fire-engine  worked  by 
steam ;  vessel  in  which  things  are  steamed,  esp. 
cooked  by  steam  ;  boiler  is  a  bad  s.  (generator 
of  steam),    [er1] 

stearin,  n.  Chief  ingredient  of  suet  &  tal- 
low ;  (pop.)  stearic  acid  separated  from  s.  by 
steam  &  used  for  candles.  Hence  ste'ar  ate  *  (3) 
n.,  stea'Pic  a.    [f.  Gk  stear  fat  +  -in] 

ste'arinery,  n.  Manufacture  of  stearin  (pro- 
ducts).   [-ERY] 

ste'atite,  n.  Kind  of  talc,  soapstone.  Hence 
steati'tic  a.    [f.  F  steatite  (foil.,  -ite  *)] 

steat(o)-  in  comb.  =  Gk  stear  -atos  fat. 

steed,  n.  (poet.,  rhet.,  or  facet.).  Horse,  esp. 
war-horse.  Hence  stee'dLESS  a.  [OE  steda 
(stod  STUD2)] 

steel,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  malleable  alloy  of 
iron&  carbon  largely  used  as  material  for  tools, 
weapons,  &c,  &  capable  of  being  tempered  to 
many  different  degrees  of  hardness  (often  at- 
trib.,  as  s.  pen),  whence  stee'liFY  v.t.;  Bes- 
semer s. ;  cold  s.,  sword  &c.  as  opp.  to  firearm ; 
rod  of  s.,usu.  tapering  &  roughened,  for  sharp- 
ening knives ;  strip  of  s.  for  stiffening  corset  or 
expanding  skirt;  (poet,  rhet,  not  in  pi.)  sword; 
s.-clad,  clad  in  armour ;  s.-engraving,  engrav- 
ing on,  impression  taken  from,  s.  plate ;  steel- 
work, s.  articles,  s.  for  these ;  (v.t.)  harden  (one- 
self,  one's  heart,  &c,  to  do,  to  action,  against 
compassion  &c).  [OE  style,  cf.  Du.  staal,  G 
stahl.  ON  stdl,  cogn.  w.  Skr.  stak  resist] 

stee'ly,  a.  Of,  hard  as,  steel ;  inflexibly  se- 
vere, as  8.  glance,  composure.  Hence  stee'li- 
ness  n.    [- y  21 

stee'ly ard,  n.  Kind  of  balance  with  short 
arm  to  take  the  thing  weighed  &  long  graduated 
arm  along  which  a  weight  is  moved  till  it  ba- 
lances this,  [for  s.-beam  balance  used  in  the 
Steelyard,  London  meeting-place  of  German 
merchants  (mistransl.  of  LG  staalhof  sample 
yard,  by  confus.  of  staal  sample  w.  staal  steel)] 

stee'nbok  (sta-,  ste),  stei'nbock  (sti),  n. 
Kinds  of  small  African  antelope.  [Du.  (-ok), 
G  (ck),  lit.  stone  buck] 

stee'ning1,  n.  Stone  lining  of  well.  [f.  dial. 
steen  pave  (OE  stxnan  stone)  +  -ing  *] 

stee'n  kir  k,  n.  (hist. ).  Cravat,  other  articles 
of  dress  &c,  named  in  allusion  to  Battle  of 
Steenkerke  in  Belgium  1692. 

steep  *,  a.  &  n.  Having  decided  slope,  sheer, 
as  s.  hills  ;  (colloq.,  of  demand,  price,  &c.)  ex- 
orbitant, unreasonable,  as  seems  a  bit  s.  that  we 
should  have  both  the  trouble  &  the  expense ; 
(n.)  s.  slope,  precipice.  Hence  stee'pEN6  v.i. 
&  t,  stee'pLY2  adv.,  stee'pNESS  n.,  stee'pv  " 
(poet.)  a.  [OE  stiap,  cf.  ON  steypthr,  cogn.  w. 
ON  steypa  overthrow,  causal  or  stupa  stoop] 

steep  2,  v.t,  &  n.  Soak  in  liquid ;  bathe  with 
liquid;  s.  in  (fig.),  impregnate  with,  pervade 
with,  as  steeped  in  Greek  &  Latin,  misery,  slum- 
ber; (n.)  process  of  steeping  (esp.  ins.),  liquid 
in  which  thing  is  steeped.  [ME  stepen  f.  ON 
steypa,  see  prec] 

stee'per,  n.  Vessel  in  which  things  are 
steeped.    [-ER *] 

stee'ple,  n.  Lofty  structure,  esp.  tower  sur- 
mounted with  spire,  risingabove  roof  of  church; 
steeplechase,  horse-race  (perh.  orig.  with  s.  as 
goal)  across  tract  of  country  with  ditches, 
hedges,  &c,  to  jump,  s.-chaser,  rider  in  s.-c, 
horse  trained  for  s.-c,  s.-chasing,  the  sport  of 
riding  in  s.-cc. :  s.-crowned  hat  (with  tall  point- 
ed crown);  s.-jack,  man  who  climbs  ss.  &c.  to 
do  repairs  &c. ;  s.-top,  polar  whale  with  spout- 
holes  ending  in  cone.  Hence  stee'plED2  a., 
stee'ple  wish  adv.    [OE  stypel  (as  steep  l)\ 

steep  l,  v.t.  &  L    Guide  (vessel)  by  rudder  or 


STEER 


856 


STEP 


helm,  guide  vessel  in  specified  direction,  {steer- 
ing-wheel, vertical  wheel  with  handles  along 
rim  for  controlling  rudder) ;  guide  (motor,  bal- 
loon, &c.)  by  handle  &c;  (chiefly  colloq.  or  poet.) 
direct  (one  s  course),  direct  one's  course,  in  spe- 
cified direction,  as  steered  his  flight  heaven- 
wards, we  steered  {our  course)  for  the  railway 
station,  s.  clear  of  (avoid)  the  local  meteorolo- 
gist; steersman,  one  who  steers  vessel,  stecrs- 
manship,  skill  in  steering.  Hence  steer'ABLE 
a.,  steer'ER HI, 2)  n.  [OE  steoran  (steor rudder, 
cf.  Du.  stuur,  G  steuer,  ON  styri,  cogn.  w.  ON 
staurr,  Gk  stauros,  stake)] 
steer2,  n.  Young  male  of  ox  kind,  esp.  cas- 
trated bullock  raised  for  beef.  [OE  steor,  cf. 
Du.  &  G  stier  bull,  ON  stjorr,  cogn.  w.  L  taunts, 
Gk  tauros,  bull,  &  w.  Skr.  sthula-  large,  strong] 
steep*ag,e(-ij), n.  (Now rare) steering; (Naut.) 
effect  of  helm  on  ship,  as  ship  went  with  easy  s. ; 
part  of  ship  allotted  to  s.  passengers  (travelling 
at  cheapest  rate),  now  usu.  in  the  bow;  (in  man- 
of-war)  part  of  berth-deck  just  forward  of  ward- 
room, quarters  of  junior  officers,  clerks,  &c; 
s.-way,  amount  of  headway  required  by  vessel 
to  enable  her  to  be  controlled  by  helm,  [-age] 
stseve  \  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.,  (naut).  (Of  bowsprit) 
make  angle  with  horizon  ;  cause  (bowsprit)  to 
do  this;  (n.)  such  angle,  [f.  Sc.  &  dial,  steeve 
stiff] 

steeve2,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (naut).    Long  spar  used 
in  stowing  cargo ;  (v.t.)  stow  with  this.    [(n.  f. 
vb)  f.  OF  estiver  cram  f.  L  stipare] 
Stei'nbergrer  (sti-,  -ger),  n.     White  wine 
grown  on  Rhine  near  Wiesbaden. 
steinbock.    See  steenbok. 
ste'le,  n.  (Gk  archaeol. ;  pi.  -ae).    Upright  slab 
or  pillar  usu.  with  inscription  &  sculpture,  esp. 
as  gravestone.    [Gk] 

ste'llar,  a.  Of  stars.  So  stelli'FEROUS, 
ste'lliFORM,  aa.  [f.  LL  stellaris  {stella  star, 
see-AR1)] 

ste'llate(d),  aa.  Arranged  like  a  star,  radi- 
ating, esp.  (Bot)  s.  leaves  (surrounding  stem  in 
a  whorl).  Hence  ste'llateLY2  adv.  [f.  h  stel- 
lare  set  with  stars  {stella  star),  see  -ate  2] 
stellular,  a.  Shaped  like,  set  with,  small 
stars.  So  ste'llulATE2  a.  [f.  L  stellula  dim. 
of  stella  star  +  -ar  *] 

stem  \  n. ,  &  v.  t  Main  body  or  stalk  (usu.  ris- 
inginto  light  &air  but  sometimes  subterranean) 
of  tree,  shrub,  or  plant ;  slender  stalk  support- 
ing fruit,  flower,  or  leaf,  &  attaching  it  to  main 
stalk  or  branch  or  twig;  s. -shaped  part,  e.g. 
slender  part  of  wine-glass  between  body  & 
foot,  vertical  line  rising  or  falling  from  head 
of  note  in  music,  various  winding-parts  of 
watch  is. -winder,  watch  wound  by  turning  head 
on  end  of  s.,  not  by  key),  tubular  part  of  tobacco- 
pipe  ;  part  of  noun,  verb,  &c,  (derived  from  & 
sometimes  identified  Avith  a  root)  to  which  case- 
e  ndi  ngs  &c.are  added.part  that  appears  or  would 
originally  appear  unchanged  throughout  the 
cases  of  a  noun,  persons  of  a  tense,  &c;  lines  of 
ancestry.branch  of  family,  as  descended  from  an 
ancient,  a  collateral,  s.;  carved  timber  or  me- 
tal piece  to  which  ship's  sides  are  joined  at  fore 
end,  piece  joined  to  &  forming  upright  continu- 
ation of  keel  atforeend,as/rom.s.£o  stern,  from 
end  to  end ;  false  s.,  sharp-edged  piece  in  front 
of  s.  serving  as  cutwater ;  (v.t)  remove  s.  of 
(esp.  tobacco,whenceste*mmERi(l)n.).  Hence 
ste'mLESs,  (-)stemmED  2,  aa.,  stem  let  n. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  OE  stxfn,  stefn,  stemn,  stem  (of  tree, 
ship,  family),  cf.  Du.  stam  trunk,  Steven  prow, 
ON  stafn,  stamn,  stem  of  ship,  Da.  stamme,  G 
stamm,  trunk] 
stem  %  v.t.  Check,  dam  up,  (stream  &c,  lit. 
&  ng.) ;  make  headway  against  (tide,  current, 


&c,  lit.  &  fig.),  [cf.  ON  stenwia,  Da.  stemme, 
G  stemmen] 

ste'mma,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  Family  tree,  pedigree ; 
lineal  descent ;  (Zool.)  simple  eye,  facet  of  com- 
pound eye.  [L,  f.  Gk  stemma  wreath  (stepho 
wreathe,  see  -M)j 

ste'mple,  n.  Each  of  several  cross-bars  in 
shaft  of  mine  serving  as  supports  or  steps,  [cf . 
Du.  stempel  mark,  stamp] 

stench,  n.  Offensive  smell ;  s.-trap  (in  sewer 
&c,  to  prevent  upward  passage  of  gas).  [OE 
stenc  strong  smell  (stincan  stink,  past  stanc)] 

ste'ncil,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  (Also  s.-platc)  thin 
plate  of  metal  &c.  in  which  pattern  (interrupted 
when  necessary  by  a  thin  bar  of  the  material 
left  to  prevent  piece  from  falling  out)  is  cutout; 
decoration,  lettering,  &c,  produced  by  s.;  (v.t) 
produce  (pattern)  on  surface,  ornament  (sur- 
face) with  pattern,  by  brushing  paint  &c.  over 
s. -plate  laid  on  the  surface.  Hence  ste'neill- 
er  l  n.  [perh.  f.  OF  estenceler  sparkle,  cover 
with  stars,  f.  estencele,  see  tinsel] 

steno-  in  comb.  =  Gk  stenos  narrow,  chiefly 
in  scientific  wds. 

stend'ehromy,  n.  Art  of  printing  in  seve- 
ral colours  at  one  impression,  [f.  steno-  +  Gk 
khroma  colour  +  -y  1j 

stenograph,  n.  Character  used,  piece  of 
writing,  in  shorthand ;  kinds  of  machine  for 
writing  in  shorthand.  Hence  steno'g-raph- 
er1,  steno'graphisT,  stenograph  y1,  nn., 
stenographic    a.,    stenogra'phiCALLV 

adv.     [STENO-  +  -GRAPH] 

Ste'ntor,  n.  Person  with  powerful  voice. 
Hence  stentor'iAN  a.  [L  f.  Gk  Stentor,  herald 
in  Trojan  war] 

step  *,  v.i.  &  t  Shift  &  set  down  foot  or 
alternate  feet  (s.  out,  short,  take  long,  short, 
ss. ;  8.  through  a  dance,  perform  its  ss. ;  s.  high, 
lift  feet  high  esp.  of  trotting  horse,  so  high- 
stepper) ;  go  short  distance  or  progress  in  some 
direction  by  stepping  (*.  back,  forward,  across 
the  road,  into  the  boat;  s.  this  way,  polite 
formula  for  come  here ;  s.  in,  out,  enter,  leave, 
room  or  house;  s.  in  fig.,  intervene  to  help  or 
hinder ;  s.  up,  down ;  s.  aside,  lit,  &  fig.  =make 
digression) ;  perform  (dance;  also  s.  it,  dance), 
measure  (distance),  by  stepping ;  (Naut,  prob. 
f.  n.)  set  up  (mast)  in  s. ;  stepping-stone,  raised 
usu.  as  one  of  set  in  stream  or  muddy  place  to 
enable  passengers  to  cross  dry-shod,  (fig.) 
means  to  an  end.  [OE  steppan  plant  foot,  go, 
cogn.  w.  stamp] 

step2,  n.  Complete  movement  of  one  leg  in 
walking  or  running  or  dancing,  distance  gained 
by  it,  mark  left  by  foot  on  ground,  sound  made 
by  setting  foot  down,  manner  of  stepping  as 
seen  or  heard,  simultaneous  stepping  with 
corresponding  legs  by  two  or  more  persons  or 
animals,  (fig.)  measure  taken  esp.  as  one  of  a 
series  in  some  course  of  action,  (took  a  s.  back 
or  forward  ;  s.  by  s.,  gradually,  cautiously,  by 
degrees ;  that  is  a  long  s.  towards  success ;  it 
is  but  a  s.  to  my  house,  from  life  to  death, 
exag.  for  short  distance  or  quick  transition  ; 
do  not  move  as. ;  turn  one's  ss.,  go  in  a  specified 
direction  ;  found  his  ss.  or  usu.  footss.  in  the 
soil ;  do  you  hear  a,  know  her,  s.?;  walks  with 
a  rapids.;  in,  out  of,  s.,  stepping,  not  step- 


ping, in  time  with  others  or  with  drum-beat 
&c. ;  keep,  break,  s.,  keep  in,  get  out  of,  s. ; 
keep  s.  with  person,  to  band  &c. ;  false  s. 


must  take  ss.  in  the  matter,  to  prevent  it,  &c. ; 
a  rash,  ill-advised,  prudent,  &c,  s.) ;  surface 
provided  or  utilized  for  placing  foot  on  in 
ascending  or  descending,  e.g.  tread  or  riser  & 
tread  of  staircase,  block  of  stone  or  other  plat- 
form before  door  or  altar  &c,  rung  of  ladder, 


STEP- 


857 


STEW 


notch  cut  for  foot  in  ice-climbing,  attached 
piece  of  vehicle  for  stepping  up  or  down  by, 
(pi.,  also  s.-ladder  or  pair  or  set  o/ss.)  kind  of 
short  ladder  with  flat  ss.  &  prop  used  without 
being  leant  against  wall  &c.  (fig.)  one  of  the 
degrees  in  some  scale  of  precedence  or  advance- 
ment, advance  from  one  of  these  to  another, 
{staircase  of  50  ss.;  stone,  oak,  ss.;  door, altar, 
s.  ;  on  the  top  s.  of  the  ladder ;  run  down  the 
ss. ;  cutting  ss.  with  his  ice-axe  ;  when  did  you 
get  your  s.?,  promotion  esp.  in  army;  give  him 
a  s.  in  the  peerage) ;  (Xaut.)  socket  or  platform 
supporting  mast,  (Carpent.)  piece  of  timber 
with  another  fixed  upright  in  it,(Mech.)  lower 
socket  or  bearing  for  shaft;  s.-dance,  in  which 
the  ss.  are  peculiar  or  difficult  or  of  more  im- 
portance than  the  figure,  usu.  danced  as  dis- 
play by  one  performer.  Hence  steppED2  a., 
ste'pwrsE  adv.    [OE  stxpe  (prec)] 

step-,  pref.,  =  holding  nominal  relationship 
analogous  to  that  specified  owing  to  death  of 
one  and  remarriage  of  the  other  of  a  married 
pair :  stepchild,  -son,  -daughter,  one's  wife's  or 
husband  s  child  by  previous  marriage ;  step- 
father, -mother,  -parent,  one's  parent's  later 
husband  or  wife ;  s.-mother  or  archaio  -dame, 
harsh  or  neglectful  mother  lit.  or  fig.,  whence 
ste'p-mothePLY l  a. ;  step-brother,  -sister, 
child  of  previous  marriage  of  one's  s. -parent. 
[OE  steop  orphaned,  cf.  Du.  &  G  stief-,  OHG 
stiufan  deprive  of  parents  or  children  ;  applied 
first  to  child  and  later  extended  to  parent  &c] 

stephand'tis,  n.  Climbing  hothouse  plant 
with  fragrant  waxy  flowers,  [f.  Gk  Stephanos 
wreath,  ous  otos  ear,  =  circlet  of  lobes] 

steppe,  n.  Level  plain  devoid  of  forest  esp. 
in  Russia  &  Siberia,    [f.  Russ.  stepe] 

-step,  suf.  forming  agent  nn. ;  OE  -estre,  a 
comb,  of  the  two  Aryan  suff.  -as  &  -tar,  cf.  L 
-aster.  In  OE  the  suf.  was  orig.  confined  to 
the  fem.,  but  this  restriction  appears  in  mod.  E 
only  in  spinster.  Exx. :  brewster,  huckster 
(which  however  seems  to  have  existed  before 
the  obs.  vb  huck),  gamester,  punster,  &  perh. 
holster,  bolster.  In  seamstress  -ess  l  is  added 
to  -ster;  -ster  in  lobster  is  of  different  orig.,  but 
perh.  assimilated. 

stercora'ceous,  stercoral,  aa.  Of  ordure 
or  faeces.    [L  stercus  -oris  dung,  -aceous,  -al] 

stereo,  n.  (colloq. ;  pi.  -os).  Stereotype  (often 
attrib.,  as  8.  plate),    [shortening] 

stereo-, comb,  form  of  Gk  stereos  solid,  stiff: 
-bate,  solid  platform  on  which  a  building  is 
erected  ;  -chemistry,  branch  dealing  with  com- 
position of  matter  as  affected  by  relations  of 
atoms  in  space ;  -chromy,  painting  with  pig- 
ments fixed  by  water  J -glass ;  -graphy,  art  of 
delineating  solid  form  on  plane,  so  -gram, 
-graph(I),  -graphic,  -gra'phiCALLY ;  -meter, 
instrument  for  measuring  solid  capacity,  also 
instrument  for  determining  specific  gravity  of 
liquids,  porous  bodies,  &c. ;  so  -metrv, 
■me'tric(Ai),  -me'tricalLY2;  -scope,  instrument 
combining  two  views  of  object  taken  atslightly 
different  angles  into  single  image  with  effect 
of  solidity,  so  -sco'jmcUlly),  -scopY1. 

stereotype,  n.,  &  v.t.  Printing-plate  cast 
from  a  papier-mache^  or  other  mould  of  a  piece 
of  printing  composed  in  movable  type ;  making, 
use,  of  such  plates;  s.-block,  on  which  s.  is 
mounted  for  use ;  hence  ste'reotypiST(l), 
stereotypy1,  stereotypo'GRAPHV,  nn. 
(Vb)  make  ss.  of ;  print  by  use  of  ss. ;  (fig.) 
make  unchangeable,  impart  monotonous  regu- 
larity to,  fix  in  all  details,  formalize ;  hence 
ste'reotypER1  n.    [prec,  type] 

ste*rile,  a.  Unfruitful,  unproductive,  bar- 
ren, not  producing  crop  or  fruit  or  young  or 


complete  seed  or  result  (s.  land,  cow,  plant, 
year, effort, discussion) ;  freefromlivinggerms 
esp.  bacilli  or  bacteria  or  microbes  (usu.  steri- 
lized) ;  (of  style)  jejune,  bald.  Hence  or  cogn. 
steTiliZE(3)  v.t.,  sterilizA'TiON,  ste-riliz- 
erM2),  stepi'liTY,  nn.  [OF,  f.  Lsterilis,  cogn. 
w.  stereo-,  cf.  G  starr  rigid] 

step'let,  n.  Kind  of  small  sturgeon.  [F  f.  G, 
f.  Russ.  sterlyadi] 

sterling1,  a.  (Of  coins  &  precious  metals) 
genuine,  of  standard  value  or  purity,  (abbr. 
stg;  with  coins,  chiefly  appended  to  sum  ex- 
pressed in  sovereigns  without  odd  money,  as 
MO  stg  ;  is  of  s.  gold,  silver) ;  (transf.)  of  solid 
worth,  not  showy,  that  is  what  it  seems  to  be, 
(is  a  s.  fellow ;  s.  sense,  qualities,  character ; 
the  s.  nature  of),  [orig.  as  n.,  =  a  coin  of  true 
weight,  applied  first  to  penny  &  later  to  other 
coins ;  etym.  dub. ;  the  traditional  derivation 
f.  Easterling  is  unlikely,  s.  being  found  two  cc. 
earlier ;  perh.  =  little  star,  or  =  starling,  w.  ref. 
to  star  or  bird  depicted  on  coin] 

stern  *,  a.  Severe,  grim,  rigid,  strict,  en  forc- 
ing discipline  or  submission,  not  compassionate 
or  indulgent  or  yielding,  (s.  countenance,  ruler, 
treatment, rebuke,  virtue,  father,  tutor ;  sterner 
sex).  Hence  step'nLY  2  adv.,  step'nxF.ss  n. 
[OE  styrne  ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  stereo-,  stare] 

stern2,  n.  Hind  part  of  ship  or  boat  (opp. 
bow,  stem ;  from  stem  to  s.,  throughout  ship ;  s. 
chase,  pursuit  of  ship  by  another  straight  be- 
hind it ;  8.  foremost,  moving  backwards  ;  s.  on, 
with  s.  presented ;  by  1  the s.) ;  buttocks,  rump ; 
tail  esp.  of  foxhound;  s. -chase  J(r) ;  s.-fast, 
rope  or  chain  securing  s.  to  quay  &c;  s.-post, 
central  upright  timber  or  iron  of  s.  usu.  bear- 
ing rudder ;  s.-sheets,  space  in  boat  aft  of  row- 
ers' thwarts  often  with  seats  for  passengers 
[perh.  f.  sheet  in  naut.  sense  rope] ;  s.-way, 
backward  motion  or  impetus  of  ship ;  8.-wheel- 
er,  steamer  propelled  Tt»y  one  large  paddle- 
wheel  at  s.  Hence  -sternED2,  step'ninosT, 
aa.,  step*nwARD  a.  &  adv.,  step'n wards 
adv.    [f.  ON  stjorn  steering  cogn.  w.  steer  j] 

stepn(o)-,  comb,  form  of  foil.  esp.  in  names 
of  muscles  &c.  connecting  sternum  with  other 
part :  sternalgia,  chest-pain,  esp.  angina  pec- 
toris ;  8temoclavi'cular,  of  sternum  &  clavicle ; 
-fa'cial;  -thyr'oid;  -tra'cheal. 

ster'num,  n.  (pi.  -na).  Bone  running  from 
neck  to  stomach  &  having  ribs  articulated  with 
it,  the  breastbone.  Hence  step'nAL  a.  [L,  f. 
Gk  sternon  chest] 

stepnuta'tion,  n.  Sneezing,  sneeze,  [f.  L 
sternutatio  (sternutare  frequent,  of  stemuere 
sneeze  cf.  Gk  ptamumai,  -ation)] 

sternu'tative  a.,  sternvrtatory  a.  &  n. 
(Substance,  e.g.  snuff)  causing  to  sneeze.  [L 
sternutare  (prec),  -ive,  -ory] 

ster'torous,  a.  (Of  breathing  or  breather, 
esp.  in  apoplexy  &c)  making  snore-like  sounds. 
Hence  step'topousLY  2  adv.,  step'topous- 
ness  n.    [L  stertere  snore,  -or1,  -ous] 

stet,  proof-correcting  direction  &  v.t  Let  it 
(i.  e.  the  original  form)  stand  (in  margin  to  can- 
cel a  correction) ;  (vb)  write  s.  against,  cancel 
correction  of.    [L,  3  sing.  subj.  of  stare  stand] 

ste'thoscope,  n.,  &  v.t.  Instrument  used 
in  auscultation  esp.  of  the  heart ;  (vb)  examine 
with  s.  Hence  stetho'seopisT,  stetho*- 
scopv 1,  nn.,  stethoscd'pic  a.,  stethosco*- 
PICally  adv.    [Gk  stethos  breast,  -scope] 

ste'vedope,  n.  Man  employed  in  loading 
&  unloading  ships,  [f.  Sp.  estivador  (estivar  f. 
L  stipare  pack  tight,  -tor)] 

stew1,  n.  (archaic).  Brothel  (usu.  the  ss.). 
[earlier  sense  (cf.  bagnio)  bath  room  or  house,  f. 
OF  estuve  f.  Teut  (E  stove,  G  stube  room)] 


STEW 


858 


STIFF 


stew2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Cook  (t.  &  i.)  by  long 
simmering  in  closed  vessel  with  little  liquid 
(let  person,  thing,  s.  in  his  &c.  own. juice  or 
grease,  abstain  from  helping  &c.  ;  stetoiNG1 
pears  &c.,  lit  for  eating  stewed,  not  raw;  the 
tea  is  stewed,  is  bitter  or  strong  with  too  long 
soaking),  (fig.)  be  oppressed  by  close  or  moist 
warm  atmosphere ;  s.-pan,  -pot,  shallow  sauce- 
pan, covered  crock,  used  for  stewing.  (N.) 
dish  made  by  stewing  (Irish  s.,  of  mutton,  po- 
tato, &  onion) ;  (fig.,  colloq.)  in  a  s.,  agitated 
with  perplexity,  anxiety,  or  anger,  [n.  f.  vb,  f. 
prec.  in  sense  hot  bath] 

stew3,  n.  Fishpond,  tank  for  keeping  fish 
alive  in ;  artificial  oyster-bed.  [cogn.  w.  stow  ; 
cf.  LG  stau  n.,  stauen  vb,  dam] 

steward  (erd),  n.  Person  entrusted  with 
management  of  another's  property,  esp.  paid 
manager  of  great  house  or  estate ;  purveyor  of 
provisions  &c.  for  a  college,  club,  guild,  ship, 
&c. ;  passengers'  attendant  &  waiter  on  ship ; 
any  of  the  officials  managing  a  race-meeting, 
ball,  show,  &c. ;  Lord  High  S.  of  England, 
official  managing  coronation  or  presidingat  trial 
of  a  peer ;  Lord  S.  of  the  Household,  high  court 
officer.  Hence  stew'ardESS  \  steward- 
ship,  nn.    [OE  stigioeard  (stv  *,  ward  *)} 

sthe'nic,  a.  (path.).  (Of  disease  &c.)  with 
morbid  increase  of  vital  action  esp.  of  heart  & 
arteries.    [Gk  sthenos  strength,  -ic] 

sti'bial,  a.  Of,  like,  antimony.  Hence  sti*- 
bialiSM(o)  n.  [L  stibi(um)  f.  Gk  stibi  a  sul- 
phuret  of  antimony,  -al] 

strehomyth,  stiehomy'thia,  (k),  n. 
Dialogue  in  alternate  lines  of  verse  as  em- 
ployed in  Greek  plays,  [f.  Gk  stikhomuthia 
(stikhos  line,  myth)] 

stick,  v.t.  &  i.  (stuck),  &  n.  Thrust  point  of 
in(to)  or  through  (s.  the  spurs  in ;  s.  bayonet, 
pin,  into  or  through) ;  insert  pointed  thing(s) 
into,  stab,  (s.  pigs,  of  butcher,  also  of  mounted 
sportsman  spearing  wild  pig ;  will  pull  out  a 
knife  &  s.  you ;  tipsy-cake  stuck  over  or  stuck 
with  almonds ;  cushion  stuck  full  of  pins) ;  fix 
(up)on  pointed  thing,  be  fixed  (as)  by  point 
in(to)  or  on  (to),  (colloq.)  put  in  specified  posi- 
tion, (heads  were  stuck  on  spikes  of  gateway ; 
arrows  s.  in  target ;  work  with  needle,  body 
with  dagger  left,  sticking  in  it ;  s.  feather,  rose, 
in  cap,  buttonhole ;  s.  pen  behind  one's  ear ;  s. 
up  a  target,  erect  it ;  s.  your  cap  on;  8.  them  in 
your  pocket ;  s.  a  few  commas  m ;  just  s.  it  on 
the  table,  down  anyxohere) ;  (with  out,  up)  pro- 
trude, (cause  to)  project,  be  or  make  erect,  (s. 
one's  head  out  of  window ;  his  hair  sticks 
straight  up ;  s.-up  collar,  not  turned  down  ;  s. 
out  one's  chest ;  how  his  stomach  sticks  out ! ; 
stuck-up,  conceited,  insolently  exclusive,  prob. 
f.  carriage  of  head ;  s.  up  to,  not  humble  one- 
self before,  offer  resistance  to;  s.  up  for,  main- 
tain cause  or  character  of  esp.  absent  person); 
fix  or  become  or  remain  fixed  (as)  by  adhesion 
of  surfaces,  (cause  to)  adhere  or  cleave,  (s. 
postage-stamp  on ;  this  envelope  will  not  s.;  if 
you  throw  mud  enough,  some  of  it  will  s.,  in- 
nocence is  not  proof  against  scandal ;  limpet 
sticks  to  rock ;  the  name  stuck  to  him  or  stuck, 
was  not  forgotten ;  friend  that  sticketh  closer 
than  a  brother ;  can  you  s.  on  a  horse  ?,  escape 
being  thrown ;  some  of  the  money  stuck  in  or  to 
his  fingers,  was  appropriated  or  embezzled  by 
him;  friends  should  s.  together;  s.  to  friend, 
resolve,  promise,  word,  &c,  abide  by,  remain 
faithful  to  ;  s.  bills,  post  placards  on  wall  &c; 
s.  to  it,  persist,  not  cease  trying ;  s.  in  photo- 
graphs, paste  them  in  book  &c;  sticks  like  a 

bur,  is  not  to  be  got  rid  of ;  are  you  going  to  s. 
in  or  indoors  all  day  ?,  remain  at  home ;  so 


perh.  s.  out  for  higher  price,  better  terms,  &c, 
refuse  to  take  lower) ;  lose  or  deprive  of  power 
of  motion  through  friction,  jamming,  suction, 
difficulty,  or  other  impediment  (.9.  in  the  mud 
lit.,  &  fig.  be  unprogressive ;  s.-in-the-mud  a., 
slow,  unprogressive,  n.  person  of  such  kind ; 
also  slang  Mrs  &c.  S.-i.-t.-m.,  Mrs  &c.  So-&-so ; 
sticks  in  my  throat,  I  cannot  swallow  it  lit.  or 
fig.;  sticks  in  one's  gizzard,  cannot  be  digested 
fig-;  «•  fast,  be  hopelessly  bogged  &c;  is  stuck 
on  a  sandbank ;  got  tip  to  the  fourth  form, 
through  some  ten  lines,  &  there  stuck ;  s.  at 
nothing,  allow  nothing,  esp.  no  scruples,  to 
deter  one ;  stuck  up  slang,  completely  at  a  loss; 
that  will  s.  him  up,  puzzle  him;  s.  up  bank, 
mail-coach,  Sec.  slang,  terrorize  officials,  pas- 
sengers, &c,  in  order  to  rob);  provide  (plant) 
with  s.  as  support  or  to  climb  up ;  set  (type)  in 
composing-s.,  whence  sti*ekFUL(2)  n.;  stick- 
ing-place,  -point,  at  which  screw  becomes  jam- 
med (usu.  fig.  w.  ref.  to  Macbeth  I.  vii.  60) ; 
sticking-plaster,  adhesive  plaster  for  wounds 
&c.  (N.)  shoot  of  tree  cut  to  convenient  length 
for  use  as  walking-cane  or  bludgeon,  staff, 
wand,  rod,  piece  of  wood  whether  as  part  of 
something  or  separate  more  or  less  resembling 
these  in  shape  &  size,  (cut  a  s.  from  the  hedge ; 
cannot  walk  without  a  s. ;  gathering  ss.  to  make 
afire,  twigs;  gold,  sword,  single1,  broom, 
fiddle,  drum1,  umbrella,  rocket,  -s.;  riding 
on  broomstick,  witch's  way  of  transporting 
herself  through  air ;  house  was  pulled  down  & 
not  a  s.  left  standing;  a  few  ss.  of  furniture, 
chairs  &c.  of  simple  kind ;  wants  the  s.,  should 
bo  caned ;  as  cross 3  as,  devil1  on,  two  ss.;  in 
a  cleft  s.,  see  cleave1  ;  cut2  one's  s.),  (Naut., 
joe.)  mast  or  spar,  (Mus.)  conductor's  baton, 
(fig.)  person  of  no  vigour  or  intelligence  or 
social  qualities ;  slender  more  or  less  cylindrical 
piece  of  sugar-candy,  sealing-wax,  shaving- 
soap,  &c. ;  (short,  with  aid  of  context,  for)  fiddle- 
8.,  druin-s.,  composing-s.,  &c;  s.  -insect, = walk- 
ing-s.  insect,  [vb  a  mixture  of  ME  stikien  be 
infixed  (OE stxeian,  cf.  G  stecken)  &  ME  steken 
pierce,  fix,  cf.  G  stcchen\  cogn.  w.  Gk  stizo 
prick,  L  instigare  instigate,  Skr.  tigma-  sharp ; 
n.,  OE  sticca  (stician),  orig.  =peg] 

sti'eker,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  alsooresp.:in*fir-s., 
long-bladed  sharp-pointed  knife ;  bill4-s.  ;  bats- 
man who  scores  slowly  &  is  hard  to  get  out ; 
person  who  stays  too  long  on  visit;  (Organ- 
build.)  wooden  rod  transmitting  motion  be- 
tween ends  of  two  reciprocating  levers,  [-er  i] 

sti'ckleback,  n.  Small  fish  with  sharp 
spines  on  back.  [OE  sticel  a  prickle,  sting,  f. 
Stician  STICK,  -LE(1),  BACK  J] 

stickler,  n.  S.  for,  person  who  insists  on  or 
pertinaciously  supports  or  advocates  (is  a  great, 
am  no,  s.  for  authority,  precision,  &c. ).  [f.  obs. 
stickle  be  umpire,  prob.  f.  ME  stightlen arrange 
f.  OE  stihtan  make,  found,  cf.  MDu.  stichten,  G 
stiften;  -er1] 

sti'eky,  a.  Tending  to  stick  to  what  is 
touched,  glutinous,  viscous.  Hence  sti'eki- 
ly  2adv.,  stl'ekiNESs  n.    [-v 2] 

stiff,  a.  &  n.  Rigid,  not  flexible,  unbending, 
unyielding,  uncompromising,  obstinate,  (s. 
shirt-front ;  lies  s.  in  death ;  has  a  s.  leg,  in- 
capable of  bending  at  knee ;  s.-necked,  stub- 
born; keep  a  s.  upper  lip,  show  firmness  of 
character ;  s.  ship,  nceling  little  under  sail,  not 
crank ;  s.  market,  with  prices  remaining  firm ; 
met  the  charge  with  a  s.  denial) ;  lacking  ease 
or  grace  or  graciousness  or  spontaneity,  con- 
strained, reserved,  haughty,  formal,  (s.  man- 
ners ;  a  s.  reception,  bote,  &c. ;  s.  movement, 
attitude,  &c;  writes  in  as.  style);  not  working 
freely,  sticking,  offering  resistance,  (a  s.  hinge, 


STIFLE ? 

piston,  Sec;  s.  un,  veteran  athlete  &c.;  s.  neck, 
rheumatic  affection  in  which  patient  cannot 
turn  head  without  pain),  (of  muscle,  limb,  &c, 
or  person  in  regard  to  them)  aching  when  used 
as  result  of  previous  exertion ;  hard  to  cope 
with,  calling  for  strength  or  capacity  of  some 
kind,  trying,  (s.  examination,  climb,  slope, 
breeze ;  a  s.  price,  high ;  a  s.  glass  of  grog, 
strong;  a  s.  subject,  requiring  application  to 
master  it) ;  (of  moist  clay,  batter,  «c.)  thick  & 
viscous,  not  fluid,  in  or  approaching  plastic 
state ;  s.-bit,  horse's  bit  made  of  unjointed  bar 
with  rings  at  ends;  hence  sti'ffLY2  adv., 
sti'ffxESS  n.,  sti'ffiSH  i(2)  a.,  sti'ffENS  v.t  & 
i.,  sti'frenER1^),  sti*ffeniNGi(l,  4),  nn.  (N., 
slang)  negotiable  paper.  [OE  stif,  cf.  Du.  stijf, 
Da.  stiv;  cogn.  w.  L  stipes  stem,  stipare  pack] 

st r fie  \  v.t  &  i.  =  smother  vb.  Hence  (pre- 
ferred to  corresp.  wds  f.  smother)  sti'fliNG*  a., 
sti'flingLY  2  adv.  [f.  ON  stifla  dam  up,  prop, 
frequent,  of  stiva  STiFFen] 

sti'fle2,  n.  (Also  s.-joint)  joint  of  horse's 
hind-leg  between  hip  &  hock ;  disease  of  s.- 
joint  or  s.-bone,  whence  sti'flED2  a.;  s.-bone, 
bone  of  s. -joint,  horse's  knee-pan ;  s.-shoe,  kind 
with  which  stifled  horse  is  shod  on  sound  leg  to 
make  it  use  &  so  strengthen  the  weak  one. 
learlier  also  stiffle,  perh.  f.  stiff] 

sti'grna,  n.  (pi.  -s,  &  -ata  as  specified  below). 
Mark  branded  on  slave,  criminal,  &c.  (archaic); 
imputation  attaching  to  person's  reputation; 
stain  on  one's  good  name;  (Anat.,  Zool.)spot, 
pore,  small  natural  mark  on  skin  &c,  small  red 
spot  on  person's  skin  (pi.  -ata)  that  bleeds  perio- 
dically or  under  mental  stimulus,  (Bot)  part 
of  style  or  ovary-surface  that  receives  pollen  in 
impregnation,  so  stigrna'tic,  sti'grnatosE 1, 
aa.;  (EccL;  pL  -ata;  usu.  in  pl.)mark(s)  corre- 
sponding to  those  left  by  the  nails  &  spear  at 
the  Crucifixion  developed  by  St  Francis  of 
Assisi  &  others  (whence  sti'grnatisT  n.)  & 
attributed  to  divine  favour.  [L  f.  Gk,  genit 
-atos  (stizo  prick,  brand,  -m] 

sti'g-matize,  v.t.  Use  opprobrious  terms  of, 
describe  opprobriously  as,  (shall  not  s.  him  as 
he  deserves ;  s.  him,  it,  as  a  coward,  cowardice); 
produce  stigmata  on  (person)  by  hypnotic  sug- 

festion&c.  Hence  stig-matizATiON  n.  [thr. 
'  &  LL  f.  Gk  stigmatizo  (prec,  -ize)] 

stile,  n.  Steps  or  some  provision  other  than 
gate  enabling  passengers  to  get  over  or  through 
fence  or  wall  but  excluding  cattle  &c.  {help 
lame  dog  j  over  s.).  [OE  stigel  f.  stigan  climb, 
cf.  G  steigen,  -le(1)] 

stiletto,  n.  (pi.  -os,  -oes),  &  v.t  Small  dag- 
ger (vb,  stab  with  s.);  pointed  implement  for 
making  eyelets  &c    [It.,  dim.  of  stilo  f.  L  stilus 

STYLES  -ET1] 

still  \  a.,  n.,  v.t.  &  L,  &  adv.  "Without  or  al- 
most without  motion  or  sound  or  both  (stand, 
sit,  lie,  keep, s., motionless ;  as.  lake,  unruffled; 
s.  water  fs  run  deep ;  8.  as  the  grave ;  a  s. 
evening ;  how  s.  everything  is  ! ;  in  s.  medita- 
tion ;  s.  small  voice,  that  of  conscience,  w.  ref. 
to  1  Kings  xix.  12;  all  sounds  are  s.,  hushed  ; 
s.  life  in  painting,  representation  of  inanimate 
things  such  as  fruit  &  furniture ;  s.  hock  &c, 
not  sparkling ;  s.  birth,  delivery  of  dead  child, 
so  s.-born) ;  s.-jlsh  v.i.,  fish  from  anchored  boat; 
hence  stHly1  (-l-li)f-LY2]  adv.  (rare),  sti'll- 
ness  n.  (N.)  deep  silence  (in  the  s.  of  night). 
(Vbj  quiet,  calm,  appease,  assuage,  silence; 
(rare)  grow  calm  (when  the  tempest  stills). 
(Adv.)  constantly,  habitually,  (archaic);  then  or 
now  or  for  the  future  as  before,  even  to  this  or 
that  past  or  present  or  future  time ;  neverthe- 
less, for  all  that,  on  the  other  hand,  all  the 
same ;  (with  comparat)  even,  yet.    [OE  stille 


9  STING 

(stillan  be  still,  cogn.  w.  stellan  to  place),  cf. 
Du.  stil,  G  still\ 

still2,  n.,  &  v.t.  LMstilling-apparatus,  esp. 
for  making  spirituous  liquors,  consistingessen- 
tially  of  a  boiler  &  a  condensing  chamber,  the 
vapour  from  the  former  passing  into  a  spiral 
tube  or  worm  surrounded  by  cold  water  or 
other  refrigerating  matter  that  fills  the  latter 
&  issuing  in  drops  as  it  condenses;  s.-room, 
room  for  distilling,  housekeeper's  store-room  in 
large  house.  (Vb)  distil  (poet);  make  (spirit) 
in  s.  [vb  in  2nd  sense  f.  n. ;  n.  f.  vb  in  first  sense, 
partly  short  for  distil,  partly  f.  L  stillare  drip] 

sti-llage  (-ij),  n.  Bench,  frame,  &c,  for  keep- 
ing articles  off  floor  while  draining,  waiting  to 
be  packed,  &c.    [etym.  dub.;  cf.  foil.] 

sti'lling-,  sti'llion,  n.  Support  for  cask.  [cf. 
LG  stelling,  G  stellung,  (stellen  to  place,  -ixg  l)\ 

sti'lly2  (fors.i  see  still  i),  a.  (poet).  Still, 
quiet.    [OE  stillice  (still1,  -ly  ])] 

stilt,  n.  Pole  with  rest  for  foot  used  gener- 
ally in  pairs  with  upper  part  of  pole  bound  to 
leg  or  held  with  hand  &  raising  user  from 
ground  (on  ss.  lit,  &  fig.=  bombastic,  stilted) ; 
(also  s.-bird  or  -plover  or  -walker)  long-legged 
bird  resembling  plover  in  having  three-toed 
feet ;  s.-petrel,  -sandpiper,  long-legged  kinds, 
[f.  Sw.  stylta,  cf.  Du.  steit,  G  stelze  ;  perh.  cogn. 
w.  OHG  stellan  to  place] 

sti'lted,  a,  (As)  on  stilts ;  (of  literary  style 
&c.)  pompous,  bombastic,  whence  sti'ltedLY2 
adv.,  sti'ltedNESS  n.;  (of  arch)  with  pieces  of 
upright  masonry  between  imposts  &feet  of  the 
true  arch,    [-ed  2] 

Sti'lton,  n.  Superior  kind  of  cheese  named 
from  S.  in  Huntingdonshire. 

sti'mulant,  a.  &  n.  Stimulating  (rare  in  gen. 
sense);  (Med.)  producing  rapid  transient  in- 
crease of  vital  energy  in  organism  or  some  part 
of  it  (n.,  s.  agent  or  substance,  as  warmth, 
electricity,  joy,  &c,  or  exciting  drug  or  article 
of  food  esp.  alcoholic  drink;  never  takes  ss., 
usu.  =  drinks  no  alcohol),    [f.  L  as  foil.,  -ant] 

stimulate,  v.t  Apply  stimulus  to,  act  as 
stimulus  upon,  animate,  spur  on,  excite  to  (more 
vigorous)  action.  Hence  or  cogn.  sti'mulat- 
ing2,  sti*mulATivE,  aa,,stimulATioN,  sti*- 
mulatOR2,  nn.    [L  stimulare  (foil.),  -ate  3] 

stimulus,  n.  (pi.  -li).  Thing  that  rouses  to 
activity  or  energy  (so  lethargic  that  no  s.  affects 
him),  rousing  effect  (under  the  s.  of  hunger) ; 
(Physiol.)  thing  that  evokes  functional  reaction 
in  tissues  ;  (Bot)  sting,  whence  sti'mulosE l 
a.;  (Eccl.)  point  at  end  of  crozier,  pastoral  staff, 
&c.    [L,  =  goad  (stig-,  cf.  instigate)] 

strmy,  n.,  &  v.t. ,  (golf).  Lie  of  balls  on  green 
such  that  player  has  other's  ball  between  his 
&  hole ;  (vb ;  usu.  in  p.p.)  hinder  by  s.    [?] 

sting*,  v.t  &  i.  (stung),  &  n.  Wound  with  s. 
(a  bee,  nettle,  stung  him,  his  finger);  affect  with 
acute  physical  or  mental  pain  (pepper  stings 
one1 8  tongue ;  the  cane,  his  bat-handle,  the  blow, 
his  conscience,  the  imputation,  stung  him; 
stung  by  reproaches,  with  envy  or  desire ;  a 
stinging  insult),  whence  sti'nglngLY2  adv.; 
(of  part  of  one's  body)  feel  acute  pain  or  com- 
municate it  to  sensorium  (my  hand,  tooth, 
stings) ;  be  able  to  s.,  have  a  s.,  (some  bees  do 
not  8.;  stinging-nettle,  opp.  DEAV-nettle).  (N.) 
sharp-pointed  weapon  often  tubular  &  con- 
nected with  poison-gland  in  some  insects  & 
other  animals  (in  tail  as  with  bee,  in  head  as 
with  gnat,  in  claws  as  with  centipede  ;  also  of 
snakes  poison-fang)  &  plants  (projecting  as 
hair  from  surface  as  in  nettle);  infliction  of 
wound  with  s.,  wound  so  made,  pain  caused  by 
itwounding  quality  or  effect,  rankling  or  acute 
pain  of  body  or  mind,  keenness  or  vigour,  (was 


STINGAREE I 

hurt  by  a  s.;  face  covered  with  ss.;  the  s.  of 
hunger,  ss.  of  remorse ;  a  jest  with  a  s.  in  it; 
this  air,  boivling,  has  no  s.  in  it,  is  relaxing, 
feeble) ;  s.-bull  or  -fish,  kind  of  weever;  s.-net- 
tle,  stinging-nettle ;  s.-ray,  kinds  of  fish  with 
flexible  tail  having  sharp  serrated  projecting 
spine  used  as  weapon  ;  s.-winkle,  beaked  shell- 
Ash  that  bores  holes  in  other  shell-fish  ;  hence 
sti'ng-LESS  a.  [OE  stingan,  cf.  Da.  stinge,  Sw. 
&  ON  stinga  ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  stick] 

strngrapee(-ngg-),n.  =STiNG-ray.  [corrupt] 

sti'ngrer  (-ng-),  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  smart 
painful  blow,    [-er1] 

sti*ng-o  (-nggo),  n.  (archaic).  Strong  beer. 
[sting,  w.  ref.  to  pungency,  with  fancy  ending] 

sti'ngy  (-ji),  a.  Meanly  parsimonious,  nig- 
gardly. Hence  sti'ngiLY  2  adv.,  sti'ngixESS 
n.  [spec,  sense  &  pronunc.  of  obs.  stingy  (-ngi) 
nipping  (of  wind  &c.)  f.  sting,  -y  2] 

stink,  v.i.  &  t.  (stank  or  stunk,  stunk),  &  n. 
(Have  or  emit)  strong  offensive  smell  (s.  in  nos- 
trils of;  s.  one  out,  drive  him  from  room  &c. 
by  s.),  whence  sti'nkingi.  y  2 adv. ;  (slang)  per- 
ceive s.  of  {can  s.  it  a  mile  off);  (n.  pi.,  slang) 
chemistry,  natural  science,  as  subject  of  study ; 
(part,  slang)  objectionable  in  anyway,  that  one 
dislikes ;  (part,  as  distinctive  epithet  of  ani- 
mals or  plants)  having  recognizable  &  usu.  dis- 
agreeable smell  (stinking  camomile;  stinking 
cedar  or  yew,  savin  &  allied  trees ;  stinking 
crane's-bill,  hellebore,  horehound,  nightshade, 
&c;  stinking-weed  or  -wood,  kind  of  cassia; 
stinking  badger,  teledu) ;  s.-alive,  the  fish  bib 
(from  rapid  putrefaction  after  death) ;  s.-ball, 
vessel  containing  explosives  &c.  generating 
noxious  vapours  used  formerly  in  naval  war- 
fare &  still  by  Eastern  pirates  ;  s.-horn,  kinds 
of  ill-smelling  fungus;  s.-pot,  any  receptacle 
containing  something  that  stinks.also  =  s.-ball, 
also  as  abusive  term  for  person  or  thing;  s.- 
stone,  kind  of  limestone  giving  off  fetid  smell 
when  quarried ;  s.-trap,  appliance  to  prevent 
escape  of  effluvia  from  drains  when  opened. 
[OE  stincan,  cf.  Du.  &  G  stinken] 

sti'nkard,  n.  Stinking  person  or  animal, 
esp.  the  teledu.    [-ard] 

sti'nker,  n.  Stinkard,  stinkpot ;  kinds  of 
large  petrel.    [-ER J] 

stint,  v.t ,  &  n.  Cease  doing  or  to  do  (archaic); 
keep  on  short  allowance  (s.  oneself  or  person  or 
animal  in  food  &c);  supply  or  give  in  niggardly 
amount  or  grudgingly  (s.food,  money,  service, 
&c);  hence  sti'nting-LY  2  adv.  (N.)  limitation 
of  supply  or  effort  (usu.  without,  no,  s. ;  laboured 
without  s.,  without  sparing  effort),  whence 
sti'ntLESs  a.;  fixed  or  allotted  amount  of  or  of 
work  (do  one's  daily  s.);  kinds  of  small  sand- 
piper, esp.  dunlin.  [OE  styntan  (stunt  short  of 
wit,  dull,  cf.  ON  stuttr  short)] 

sti'pate,  a.  (bot).  Crowded,  close-set  [L 
stipare  pack,  -ate2] 

stipe,  sti'pes,  n.  (bot,  zool.).  Stalk  or  stem 
(in  Bot.  esp.  support  of  carpel,  stalk  of  frond, 
stem  of  fungus).  Hence  sti*pi(ti)FORM,  sti*- 
pitATE2,  aa.    [stipe  F,  f.  L  stipes  -itis  stem] 

sti'pel,  n.  (bot).  Secondary  stipule  at  base 
of  leaflets  of  compound  leaf.  Hence  sti'pel- 
1  ate 2  a.    [prec., -el] 

sti'pena,  n.  Fixed  periodical  money  allow- 
ance for  work  done,  salary,  esp.  clergyman's 
official  income,  [f.  L  stipendium  (for  stipip-) 
f.  stipem  alms  &c.  in  small  coin,  pendlre  pay] 

stipe-ndiary,  a.  &  n.  (Person)  receiving 
stipend,  paid,  not  serving  gratuitously ;  s.  (ma- 
gistrate), paid  police  magistrate  in  large  towns 
appointed  by  Home  Secretary,  [f.  L  stipen- 
diarius  (prec,  -art  *)] 

stipes.    See  stipe. 


I STITCH 

sti'pple,  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  Engrave  (plate,  thing 
portrayed),  paint  or  draw,  in  dots,  not  lines; 
use  this  method ;  hence  sti'pplEU  '(1, 2),  sti'p- 
pllNG1,  nn.  (N.)  dotted  work;  s.-graver,  en- 
graver's stippling-tool.  [f.  Du.  stippelen  (stip- 
pel  speck,  dim.  of  stip  point] 

stipulate1,  v.i.  &  t  8.  for,  mention  or  in- 
sist upon  as  essential  part  of  agreement;  de- 
mand as  part  of  a  bargain  or  agreement  that ; 
(p.p.)  laid  down  as  part  of  the  terms  of  an  agree- 
ment (is  not  of  the  stipulated  quality).  So  sti- 
pulation !  [-ATION],  sti'pulatOR2  nn.  [L 
stipidari  (OL  stipulus  firm,  cogn.  w.  stipes) 
bargain,  -ate  3] 

strpule,  n.  Small  leaf-like  appendage  to 
leaf  usu.  at  base  of  leaf-stem.  Hence  stiputv- 
ceous,  sti'pulAR1,  sti'pulAit  y  '.  stipulate - 
[-ate2],  sti'puliFORM,  aa.,  stipulation  -  [a- 
tion],  n.   [f.  L  stipula  (stipe,  -ule)] 

stip,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Set,  keep,  or  (begin  to) be, 
in  motion  (not  a  breath  stirs  the  lake,  leaves ; 
sit  without  stirring  a  foot  &c.  or  stirring ;  if 
you  s.,  I  shoot ;  never  stirred  abroad  or  out  of 
the  house,  went  out ;  is  not  stirring  yet,  is  still 
in  bed ;  s.  the  fire,  use  poker ;  s.  your  stumps 
colloq.,  make  haste,  walk  &c.  faster;  s.  tea, 
porridge,  soup,  &c,  move  spoon  &c.  round  & 
round  in  to  mix  ingredients,  keep  from  burn- 
ing in  pot,  &c;  there  is  no  news  stirring,  going 
about ;  lead  stirring  life,  be  busy ;  s.  up,  mix 
well  by  stirring ;  s.  up  the  mud,  sediment,  &c, 
make  it  rise  from  bottom  of  liquid  by  stirring); 
rouse  (up),  excite,  animate,  inspirit,  (s.  up  strife, 
mutiny,  discontent,  curiosity;  person  wants 
stirring  up,  is  indolent  or  torpid ;  s.  one's  blood, 
excite  him  to  enthusiasm,  desire,  &c;  s.  one's 
ivrath,  bile,  &c,  enrage,  disgust,  &c;  stirring 
events,  times,  music,  &c, exciting,  stimulating; 


motion,  bustle,  disturbance,  excit3ment,  sen- 
sation, (full  of  8,&  movement;  person,  event, 
makes  a  greats., is  much  discussed  &c);  slight- 
est movement  (not  a  s.),  whence  stip'LESs  a.; 
act  of  stirring  (give  the  fire  as.).  [OE  styrian,  cf. 
Du.  storen,  G  stbren,  disturb ;  cogn.  w.  storm] 

stip*picultupe,n.  Breedingof  special  stocks 
or  strains,    [foil.,  -I-,  culture] 

stipps,  n.  (Law)  progenitor  of  family ;  (Zool.) 
classificatory  group.    [L,  =  stock] 

sti'ppup,  n.  Rider's  foot-rest  usu.  consisting 
of  iron  loop  with  flattened  base  hung  by  a  strap 
or  s.-leather  from  s.-bar,  iron  attachment  let 
into  saddle ;  s.  &  s. -leather  as  a  whole;  (Naut) 
rope  with  eye  supporting  foot-rope;  s.-bone, 
small  bone,  s. -shaped  in  man,  in  mammal's  ear ; 
s.-cup,  of  wine  &c.  presented  to  person  mount- 
ed for  departure ;  s.-iron,  s.  without  s. -leather ; 
s.-piece  in  carpentry  &c,  hanging  support. 
[OE  stirap(stigan  climb,  cf.  stile,  rope)] 

stitch,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Acute  internal  pain  in 
the  side  such  as  often  results  from  running  &c. 
soon  after  eating;  single  pass  of  needle  in  sew- 
ing (a  s.  in  time  saveTs  nine),  result  of  it  or  of 
single  complete  movement  in  knitting,  crochet, 
embroidery,  &c.  (if  one  s.  gives  the  rest  will ; 
what  long  ss.! ;  has  not  a  dry  s.  on  him,  is  wet 
through ;  drop  a  s.  in  knitting,  let  loop  fall  off 
needle-end  spoiling  the  continuity ;  put  a  s.  or 
ss.  in  in  surgery,  sew  up  wound  with  gut,  silk, 
wire,  &c),  method  followed  in  making  ss.  or 
kind  of  work  produced  (am  learning  a  new 
s.;  lock3,  buttonhole.  HERRiNG-oone,  &c,  -s., 
cross-stitch);  s.-wheel,  harness-maker's  notch- 
ed wheel  for  pricking  leather  in  places  where 
ss.  are  to  go ;  stitchwort,  kinds  of  chickweed, 
esp.  one  with  erect  stem  &  white  star  flowers 


STITHY 


861 


STOIC 


(named  as  cure  for  s.  in  side);  (vb)  sew  (t.  &  i.; 
s.  up,  usu.  mend  by  sewing ;  stitching-horse, 
harness-maker's  clamp  for  holding  work),  [vb 
f.  n.,  OE  stice  pricking  (stician  pierce),  cf.  G 
stick,  stechen] 

sti'thy  (-dhl),  n.  (archaic  &  poet.).  Smith's 
shop,  forge,    [obs.  stith  anvil  f.  ON  stethi,  -y  x] 

sti'ver,  n.  Even  the  smallest  coin  (usu. 
don 't  care,  has  not,  a  s.).  [f.  Du.  stuiver  small 
obsolete  coin] 

sto'a,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Portico  in  ancient-Greek 
architecture  (thes.,  the  porch,  see  stoic).  [Gk] 

stoat,  n.  The  ermine,  esp.  in  its  summer 
coat  (also  as  general  name  for  ermine  &  allied 
kinds,  weasel,  ferret,  &c).  [ME  stot  stoat,  also 
stallion  or  any  male  animal ;  cogn.  w.  ON  stidr 
bull,  Da.  stud  bullock,  Du.  stooten,  G  stossen, 
to  push] 

stock,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Stump,  butt,  main 
trunk,  plant  into  which  graft  is  inserted,  body- 
piece  serving  as  base  or  holder  or  handle 
for  working  parts  of  implement  or  machine, 
(source  of)  family  or  breed,  raw  material  of 
manufacture,  store  ready  for  drawing  on, 
equipment  for  trade  or  pursuit,  {they  nest  in  the 
ss.  of  trees,  archaic  use ;  ss.  &  stones,  inanimate 
things,  lethargic  persons ;  laughing,  gazing, 
&c,  -s.,  butt  for  ridicule  &c;  must  be  grafted 
on  a  sound  s.;  s.  of  rifle,  plane,  plough,  main 
part,  usu.  of  wood,  into  which  barrel,  blade, 
share,  &c.,  are  fastened ;  s.  of  bit,  brace ;  s.  of 
anvil,  base  it  rests  on ;  s.  of  anchor,  cross- 
bar ;  lock,  s.,  &  barrel  fig.,  completely,  root  & 
branch ;  comes  of  a  good,  Puritan,  treacherous, 
Sec,  8.,  family  of  distinct  character ;  polyp  &c. 
-s.  in  Zool.,  aggregate  organism ;  paper  Sec  s., 
rags  &c.  from  which  paper  &c.  is  made ;  soup-s. 
or  usu.  s.,  liquor  made  by  stewing  bones  &c. 
as  basis  for  any  sort  of  soup ;  has  a  great  s.  of 
information,  hardware}  ROLL%flf  & ;  take 
over  a  farm  with  the  s.,  its  animals,  also  live 
s.,  &  implements,  also  dead  s.;  s.-in-trade,  all 
requisites  for  a  trade,  also  fig.  as  the  politi- 
cian's s.-in-t.  of  a  dozen  catch-words ;  renew 
one's  s.;  lay  in  a  s.  of;  have  in  s.,  have  ready 
without  need  of  procuring  specially;  take  s., 
review  one's  s.  for  accurate  knowledge  of  what 
one  has  in  s.;  so  s.-taking  n.;  take  8.  o/fig., 
observe  with  a  view  to  estimating  character 
&c.  of;  s.  argument,  comparison, remark, joke, 
Sec,  one  that  requires  no  fresh  thought  but  is 
al  ways  at  hand  &  perpetually  repeated  whether 
by  individual  or  by  people  in  general) ;  kinds 
(common  or  ten-weeks,  Virginia,  Sec,  s.)  of 
fragrant-flowered  usu.  hoary-leaved  garden 
plant  (orig.  s.-gillifloxcer,  named  as  having 
stronger  stem  than  clove-gill i flower  or  pink) ; 
(pi.,  hist.)  timber  frame  with  holes  for  feet  and 
sometimes  hands  in  which  petty  offenders  were 
confined  in  sitting  position;  (pi.)  timbers  on 
which  ship  rests  while  building  (on  the  ss.,  in 
construction  or  preparation,  often  transf.); 
stiff  wide  band  of  leather  or  other  material 
formerly  worn  round  neck,  now  displaced  in 
general  use  by  collar  &  tie,  but  surviving  in 
some  military  uniforms  &  sometimes  revived 
in  modified  forms  by  fashion ;  (Finance) money 
lent  to  a  government  &  involving  payment  of 
fixed  interest  to  lenders  or  whomsoever  their 
rights  have  passed  to  by  purchase  &c.  (buy, 
hold,  s.,  the  right  to  receive  such  interest  on 
some  amount  of  s. ;  the  ss.,  State's  funded  debts 
as  a  whole ;  has  money,  £50,000,  in  the  ss. ;  take 
8.  in  fig.,  concern  oneself  with),  capital  of  cor- 

S  oration  or  company  contributed  by  indivi- 
uals  for  prosecution  of  some  undertaking  & 
divided  into  (esp.  £100)  shares  entitling  holders 
to  proportion  of  profits  (also  joint  2-s.  ;  bank, 


railway,  Sec,  s.;  preference  or  preferred  s.; 
s.  certificate;  waters  s.) ;  s. -account,  -book, 
showing  amount  of  goods  laid  in  &  amount 
disposed  of ;  s.-breeder,  raiser  of  live  s. ; 
s.-broker,  -king,  (person  engaged  in)  buying  & 
selling  for  clients  on  commission  of  ss.  held 
by  s. -jobbers ;  s.-car,  cattle-truck ;  stockdove, 
European  wild  pigeon  smaller  &  darker  than 
rockdove  [perh.  from  breeding  in  ss.  of  trees] ; 
s.  exchange,  place  where  ss.  &  shares  are 
publicly  bought  &  sold,  esp.  theS.  E.,  (building 
in  London  occupied  by)  association  of  dealers 
in  ss.  conducting  business  according  to  fixed 
rules  (is  on  the  S.  E.,  a  member  of  this  associa- 
tion) ;  s.-farm(er),  that  breeds  live  s. ;  sto'ekfish, 
cod  &  similar  fish  split  &  dried  in  sun  without 
salt ;  s.-gang,  gang  of  saws  in  frame  cutting 
log  into  boards  at  one  passage ;  s.-jobber,  -bing, 
-bery,  (person  engaged  in)  speculating  in  ss. 
with  view  of  profiting  by  fluctuations  in  price, 
cf.  s.-broker;  s.-list,  daily  or  periodical  s. -ex- 
change publication  giving  current  prices  of 
ss.  &c. ;  s.-man  (Austral.),  man  in  charge  of 
live  s.;  s.-market,  s.  exchange  or  transactions 
on  it ;  s.-owl,  the  great  eagle-owl ;  s.-pot,  for 
making  or  keeping  soup-s.;  s.-rider  (Austral.), 
herdsman  on  unfenced  station  ;  s. -still,  motion- 
less ;  s.-whip,  with  short  handle  &  long  lash  for 
herding  cattle ;  s.-yard,  enclosure  with  pens 
&c.  for  sorting  or  temporary  keeping  of  cattle ; 
hence  sto'ckLESsa.  (esp.  of  gun,  anchor,  &c). 
(Vb)  fit  (gun  &c.)  with  s.;  (Hist.)  confine  in  the 
ss. ;  provide  (shop,  farm,  &c.)  with  goods  or  live 
s.  or  requisites  (a  well-stocked  larder,  library, 
Sec.) ;  keep  (goods)  in  s.  (we  do  not  s.  the  out 
sizes) ;  fill  or  cover  (land)  with  permanent 
growth  esp.  of  pasture-grass;  (of  plant) =til- 
ler3.    [OE  stocc,  cf.  Du.  stok,  G  stock] 

stocka'de,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Fortify  with)  breast- 
work or  enclosure  of  upright  stakes,  [f.  Sp. 
estacada  f.  estaca  f.  MDu.  stake,  -ade(1),  w. 
assim.  to  prec] 

sto'ekinet,  n.  Elastic  knitted  material  used 
esp.  for  underclothing,    [foil.,  -et1] 

sto'ekingr,  n.  Tight  covering  usu.  knitted 
or  woven  of  wool  or  cotton  or  silk  for  foot  & 
leg  up  to  or  slightly  above  knee  (usu.  in  pi., 
esp.  pair  of  ss. ;  is  or  stands  six  feet  in  his  ss. 
or  s.-feet,  when  measured  without  his  boots ; 
elastic  s.,  surgical  appliance  of  elastic  webbing 
like  s.  or  part  of  it  worn  for  varicose  veins, 
strained  muscles,  &c;  white  &c.  s.  in  horse  &c, 
lower  part  of  leg  differently  coloured  from  rest); 
s.-frame,  -loom,  -machine,  knitting-machine. 
Hence  sto'ekingLESS  a.  [stock,  -ing^;  for- 
merly also  stock(s)  short  for  nether-stock(s)  opp. 
upper-stock(s)  =  knee-breeches,  stock  having 
sense  docked  part  (of  the  original  hose  or  single 
garment  for  abdomen  &  legs)] 

sto'eky,  stirg-gy  (colloq.),  a.  Thickset, 
short  &  strongly  built,  (of  person;  also  in  Bot. 
&  Zool.).  Hence  sto'ekiLY2,  stug-,  adv., 
sto'ckiNESS,  stug*-*  n.    [-Y2] 

stodge,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (school  slang).  Food  esp. 
of  heavy  kind ;  full  meal,  feast ;  greedy  eater ; 
(vb)  eat  greedily,    [perh.  back-form.  f.  foil.] 

sto'dgy  (-6ji),  a.  (Of  food)  heavy,  filling,  in- 
digestible ;  (of  receptacle)  packed,  bulging ;  (of 
book,  style,  &c.)  over-full  of  facts  or  details, 
wanting  in  lightness  or  interest.  Hence 
sto'dglNESs  n.    [?| 

stoep  (-oop),  n.  (S.-Afr.).  Platform  in  front 
of  house. 

sto'ic,  n.  Philosopher  of  the  school  founded 
at  Athens  c.  308  B.c.  by  Zeno  making  virtue 
the  highest  good,  concentrating  attention  on 
ethics,  &  inculcating  control  of  the  passions  & 
indifference  to  pleasure  &  pain  (S-;  often  attrib., 


STOKE 8 

as  <S.  philosopher,  doctrines,  indifference) ;  (s-) 
person  of  great  self-control  or  fortitude  or  aus- 
terity, whence  sto'iCAL  a.,  sto'iealLY2  adv. 
Hence  Sto*ieiSM(2, 3),  s-,  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk.  stoikos 
(stoa,  stoa,  porch,  w.  ref.  to  Zeno's  teaching  in 
Stoa  Poecile  Painted  Porch  at  Athens,  -IC)J 

stoke,  v.t.  &  i.  Feed  &  tend  (furnace),  feed 
furnace  of  (engine  &c),  act  as  stoker;  (fig.; 
colloq.)  take  food  esp.  in  hurried  way;  s.-holc, 
compartment  in  which  steamer's  fires  are 
worked,    [back- form.  f.  foil.] 

sto'kep,  n.  Man  who  tends  furnace  esp.  that 
of  steamer  or  steam-engine  {mechanical  s.,  au- 
tomatic feeder  for  furnace).  [Du.  (stoken  make 
fire,  prob.  f.  MDu.  stock  stick  in  sense  poker)] 

stole1,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.;  also  L  stola  pi.  -ae) 
outer  dress  of  ancient-Roman  matron;  ecclesi- 
astical vestment,  a  strip  of  silk  or  other  material 
hanging  from  back  of  neck  over  shoulders  & 
down  to  knees  (worn  by  deacon  over  left  shoul- 
der only);  groom  of  the  s.,  first  lord  of  the 
Bed-chamber).  Hence  (-)stolED2  a.  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  stole  robe  (stello  array)] 

stole2.     =  STOLON. 

stole3,  stolen.    See  steal. 

std'lid,  a.  Phlegmatic,  unemotional,  lacking 
animation,  not  easily  agitated,  hard  to  stir, 
obstinate,  apparently  stupid.  Hence  or  cogn. 
stoli'diTY  n.,  sto'lidLV  -  adv.    [f.  L  stolidus] 

sto'lon,  stolen  n.  Reclined  or  prostrate 
branch  that  strikes  root  &  develops  new  plant; 
undergroundshootof  mosses  developing  leaves; 
(Zool.)  rootlike  creeping  growth.  Hence  sto*- 
lonATE  2,  stoloni'FEROus,  aa.  \f.  L  stolo  -onis] 

sto'mach  (umak),  n.,  &  v.t.  Internal  cavity 
in  which  chief  part  of  digestion  is  carried  on, 
being  in  man  a  pear-shaped  enlargement  of  the 
alimentary  canal  extending  from  end  of  gullet 
to  beginning  of  gut  (coat  of  the  s.,  its  mucous 
inmost  lining;  coats  of  the  s.,  the  peritoneum 
or  serous  coat,  the  muscular,  submucous,  & 
mucous  layers);  (in  some  animals,  esp.  rumin- 
ants), one  of  several  digestive  cavities  either 
of  similar  character  or  differing  in  action  or 
function  (ruminants'  ss.,  first  s.  or  paunch  or 
rumen,  second  s.  or  honeycomb  or  reticulum, 
third  s.  or  psalterium  or  omasum,  fourth  or 
true  s.  or  reed  or  abomasum;  muscular  s.,  act- 
ing by  grinding  or  squeezing,  as  the  gizzard; 
glandular  s.,  acting  esp.  by  gastric  juices); 
(loosely)  belly,  abdomen,  lower  front  of  body, 
(pit  of  the  s.,  depression  below  bottom  of  breast- 
bone, the  wind  or  mark;  what  a  s.  he  has  got!, 
corporation);  appetite  for  or  for  food  (stav1 
one  s  s.);  taste  or  readiness  or  sufficient  spirit 
for  (or  archaic  to)  controversy,  conflict,  danger, 
or  an  undertaking  (had  no  s.  for  the  fight), 
proud  or  high  s.,  haughtiness;  s.-ache,  pain  in 
Dclly,  esp.  in  bowels;  s.-cough,  caused  by  irrita- 
tion of  s.  or  small  intestine;  s.-pump,  kind  of 
syringe  for  emptying  s.  or  forcing  liquid  into 
it ;  s.-staggers,  apoplexy  in  horses  due  to  para- 
lysis of  s. ;  s.-tooth,  lower  canine  milk-tooth  in 
infants,  cutting  of  which  often  disorders  s.;  s.- 
tube,  for  introducing  through  gullet  into  s.  to 
wash  it  out  or  empty  it  by  siphon  action ; 
hence  sto'machAL,  sto'machLESS,  aa., 
sto*maehFUL(2)  n.  (Vb)  eat  with  relish  or 
toleration,  find  sufficiently  palatable  to  swal- 
low or  keep  down,  (fig.)  pocket  or  put  up  with 
(affront  &c),  (usu.  w.  neg.,  as  cannot  s.  it). 
IME  stomak  f.  F  estomac  f.  L  f.  Gk  siomakhos 
dim.  of  stoma  mouth] 

sto-machep  (-k),  n.  (hist.).  Front-piece  of 
15th-17th-c.  female  dress  covering  breast  &  pit 
of  stomach,  ending  downwards  in  point  often 
lapping  over  skirt,  &  often  set  with  gems  or 
richly  embroidered,    [-er1] 


2 STONE 

stoma'chic  (k),  a.  &  n.  Of  the  stomach; 
aiding  s.  action,  promoting  digestion  or  appetite 
(n.,  s.  draught  or  drug,  bitters  &c).  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
stomakhikos  (stomach,  -ic)] 

stomato-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  stoma  -atos 
mouth,  as  -ga'stric,  of  mouth  &  stomach. 

stone,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Piece  of  rock  of  any 
shape  usu.  detached  from  earth's  crust  &  of  no 
great  size,  esp.  a  pebble,  a  cobble,  or  a  single 
piece  used  or  usable  in  building  or  roadmaking 
or  as  missile  (stocks  &  ss.;  built  of  great  ss.; 
as  hard  as  a  s.;  ROLL^ng  s.;  uocKing  s.;  ser- 
mons in  ss.;  ss.  will  cry  out,  wrong  is  great 
enough  to  move  inanimate  things ;  give  a  s.  for 
bread,  offer  a  mockery  of  help ;  mark  with 
a  white  s.,  record  as  a  joyful  day,  w.  ref.  to 
ancient- Roman  use  of  chalk;  meteoric  s., 
meteorite ;  leave  no  s.  unturned,  try  every 
possible  means,  often  to  do ;  breakss.,  get  living 
by  preparing  road  metal,  as  phr.  for  being  re- 
duced to  extremities ;  cast,  throw,  ss.  or  a  s.  at, 
lit.,  &  =  make  aspersions  on  character  &c.  of  ; 
those  who  live  in  glass  houses  should  not  throw 
ss.,  aspersion  provokes  retort ;  shower  of  ss., 
thrown,  or  rolling  down  hill  &c;  kill  two  birds 
with  one  s.;  s.'s  cast  or  throw,  distance  s.  can 
be  thrown) ;  (usu.  precious  s.)  a  gem  (no  s.  in  it 
worth  less  than  £100 ;  Bristol  s.,  Bristol  dia- 
mond; cairngorm  s.);  ss.  or  rock  as  a  sub- 
stance or  material  (often  with  defining  pref., 
as  sand,  lime1,  -s.;  Bath,  Caen,  Portland,  s., 
kinds  of  building  s.;  built  of  s.;  s.  buildings 
&c;  s.  jar  &c,  of  s.-ware;  s.  jug1;  holy- 
stone ;  artificial  s.,  kinds  of  concrete ;  Cornish 
s.,  kaolin  ;  has  a  heart  of  s.,  is  hard-hearted  ; 
harden  into  s.,  petrify  lit.  or  fig.;  the  s.  age, 
stage  of  civilization  at  which  implements  & 
weapons  were  of  s.,  not  metal;  philosophers' 
s.);  piece  of  s.  of  definite  &  designed  shape 
(often  with  purpose  specified  by  word  in  comb., 
oreasily  supplied  from  context  jgrind.grave1, 
hearth,  mill1,  whet,  -s.;  Moabite,  Rosetta,  s„ 
stelae  with  historically  important  inscriptions); 
thing  resembling  s.  in  hardness  or  pebble  in 
shape,  e.g.  calculus  (as  single  concretion  or  as 
the  malady),  hard  case  of  kernel  in  drupe  or 
s.-fruit,  seed  of  grape,  testicle,  pellet  of  hail, 
(gall!-s.;  underwent  an  operation  for  s.  or 
the  s.;  remove  the  ss.from  plums,  grapes,  &c; 
hail-storm  with  ss.  as  big  as  marbles) ;  weight 
of  14  lb.  or  of  other  amounts  varying  with  the 
commodity  (rides  12  st.,  weighs  that  in  the 
saddle ;  s.  of  meat  or  fish  8  lb.,  s.  of  cheese  16  lb., 
&c.) ;  s.-axe,  with  two  obtuse  edges  for  hewing 
s.;  s.-blind  (quite) ;  s.-blue,  compound  of  indigo 
with  starch  or  whiting;  s.-boiling,  primitive 
method  of  boiling  by  putting  heated  ss.  into 
water;  s.-borer,  kinds  of  mollusc;  s.-break, 
saxifrage ;  s.-buck,  steenbok ;  s.-butter,  kind  of 
alum;  s.-cast,= stone's  cast  above;  s£one-CHAT2; 
s.-coal,  anthracite;  s.-cold  (quite);  stonecrop, 
kinds  of  low  creeping  plant  growing  esp.  on 
walls  &  rocks ;  s.-curlew,  thick-knee  or  thick- 
kneed  plover;  s.-dead,  -deaf,  (quite);  s.-eater, 
=s.-borer ;  s.-fern,  ceterach ;  s.-fly,  insect  with 
aquatic  larvae  found  under  ss.,  used  as  bait  for 
trout;  s.-fruit,  with  seeds  enclosed  in  hard 
shell  surrounded  by  pulp,  drupe,  e.g.  plum, 
peach,  cherry ;  s.-gall,  round  mass  of  clay  in 
variegated  sandstone;  s.-horse  archaic,  stal- 
lion ;  8.-man,  cairn ;  s.-mason,  dresser  of  or 
builder  in  s.;  s.-parsley,  a  hedge  plant ;  s.-pine, 
S.-Ital.  kind  with  branches  at  top  spreading 
like  umbrella;  s.-pit,  quarry;  s.-pitch,  inspis- 
sated pitch;  s.-plover,  large  kind  called  also 
thick-knee  &  s.-curlew ;  s.-rag,  kind  of  lichen ; 
s.-rue,  kind  of  fern ;  s.-saw,  untoothed  iron 
blade  stretched  in  saw-frame  for  cutting  s. 


STONY i 

with  aid  of  sand  ;  s.-seed,  gromwell;  s.-snipe, 
large  N.-Amer.  kind;  s.-walling,  (Cricket)  ex- 
cessively cautious  batting,  (Politics,  esp.  Aus- 
tral.) parliamentary  obstruction;  s.-warc,  pot- 
tery made  from  very  silicious  clay  or  from 
composition  of  clay  &  flint ;  s.-work,  masonry ; 
stonewort,  kinds  of  plant,  esp.  s. -parsley;  hence 
(-)stonED2,  sto'neLESS,  aa.  (Vb)  pelt  with 
ss.  (s.  to  death) ;  free  (fruit)  from  ss.;  face,  pave, 
&c,  with  s.    [OE  stdn,  cf.  Du.  steen,  G  stein] 

sto'ny,  a.  &  adv.  Full  of,  covered  with, 
having  many,  stones;  hard,  rigid,  fixed,  as 
stone  (a  s,  stare,  refusing  response  or  recog- 
nition ;  s.  heart,  obdurate  or  unfeeling  heart, 
also  hard  core  or  interior,  whence  stony- 
heartED2a.);  hencesto*niLY2adv.,  sto'ni- 
M  ess  n.  (Adv.)  utterly  (only  in  s.  broke2).  [-  r  2J 

stood.    See  stand. 

stdbk,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (chiefly  Sc.  &  north).  = 
shock  3.    [cf.  LG  stuke] 

stool,  n.,  &  v.i.  Backless  seat  for  one,  often 
consisting  of  wooden  slab  on  three  legs  (office  s., 
high  s.used  by  clerks  &c;  music,  camp1,  -s.; 
three-legged  s.;  folding  s„  made  to  fold  up;  s. 
of  repentance,  orig.  that  on  which  fornicators 
&c.  were  set  to  receive  rebuke  in  churches  in 
Scotland,  &  now  transf.;  fall  between  two  ss., 
fail  from  vacillation  between  two  courses  &c); 
low  bench  for  kneeling  on ;  =foot-s.;  (Archit.) 
window-sill ;  (place  for)  evacuation  of  bowels, 
faeces  evacuated,  (goto  s.;  close1,  night  i-s.); 
rootor  stump  of  plant  from  which  shootsspring ; 
piece  of  wood  to  which  decoy-bird  is  attached; 
s.-ball,  old  game  resembling  cricket  still  played 
in  Sussex  esp.  by  girls;  8,-pigeon,  pigeon  used, 
person  acting,  as  decoy.  (Vb)  throw  up  shoots 
from  root ;  go  to  s.,  evacuate  bowels.  [OE  stol, 
cf.  Du.  stoel,  G  stuhl;  cogn.  w.  stand] 

stoop1,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Bring  one's  head 
nearer  the  ground  by  bendingdown  from  stand- 
ing position,  (fig.)  deign  or  condescend  to  do, 
descend  or  lower  oneself  to  some  conduct; 
carry  one's  head  &  shoulders  bowed  forward, 
whence  stoo'ping-LY  2  adv. ;  (of  hawk  &c  & 
transf.;  archaic,  poet.)  swoop,  pounce;  incline 
(head,  neck,  shoulders,  back)  forward  &down. 
( X. )  stooping  carriage  of  body ;  (arehaic)  swoop 
of  hawk  &c.  [OE  stupian,  cf.  MDu.  stuypen, 
OX  stupa ;  cogn.  w.  steep  2» 2] 

stoop  2,  n.    =  stoup. 

stop  s  v.t.  &  L  Stuff  up  or  up,  prevent  or 
forbid  passage  through,  make  impervious  or 
impassable,  close,  bar,  stifle,  stanch,  (s.  a  leak, 
hole,  Sec. ;  stopped  pipein organ, withupperend 
plugged,  giving  note  an  octave  lower;  s.  one's 
cars,  put  fingers  in  to  avoid  hearing,  also  fig. 
refuse  to  listen ;  s.  a  tooth,  fill  cavity  in  it  with 
sto'ppiNG1  n.  of  gold,  amalgam,  cement,  &c; 
s.  a  wound,  stanch  its  bleeding;  s.  one's 
mouth  fig.,  induce  him  by  bribery  or  other 
means  to  keep  silence  about  something ;  s.  a 
gap,  serve  to  meet  a  temporary  need ;  s.  the 
tcay.beoract  as  obstruction,  prevent  progress); 
put  an  end  to  (motion  &c),  completely  check 
progress  or  motion  or  operation  of,  effectively 
hinder  or  prevent,  (s.  progress  &c ;  s.  horse  Szc, 
esp.  when  running  away ;  s.  ball,  esp.  of  bats- 
man or  field  in  cricket ;  s.  thief  t,  cry  of  pur- 
suer ;  s.  blow,  parry  it  in  boxing ;  s.  blow  with 
one's  head  &c  facet.,  receive  it ;  thick  walls 
s. sound,  render  it  inaudible;  s.  one's  breath, 
kill  him  by  smothering  or  otherwise ;  s.  clock, 
factory,  &c,  make  it  cease  working ;  s.  person's 
doing,  person  from  doing ;  shall  s.  that  non- 
sense, not  allow  it  to  go  on) ;  cut  off,  suspend, 
decline  customary  giving  of  or  permission  for, 
(shall  s.  your  wages,  holidays,  meetings ;  the 
cost  viust  be  stopped  out  of  his  salary;  s.  pay- 


3      STORAX 

ment  or  a  cheque,  direct  one's  banker  not  to 
cash ;  s.  payment,  declare  oneself  unable  to 
meet  obligations,  break  financially;  why  ha* 
our  gas,  water,  been  stopped?) ;  change  pitch 
of  (stringed  or  other  musical  instrument,  string 
of  instrument)  by  pressing  string,  closing  hole, 
&c. ;  cease,  come  to  an  end,  cease  from  doing, 
discontinue  (one's  action),  cease  from  motion 
or  speaking  or  action,  make  a  halt  or  pause. 
(noise,  annuity,  stops;  do  not  s.,  go  on,  con- 
tinue ;  s.  short,  cease  abruptly  ;  shall  s.  play- 
ing, subscribing,  viy  visits,  my  endeavours ; 
do  s.  grumbling,  your  complaints,  that  noise  ; 
he  stopped  in  the  middle  of  a  sentence ;  my 
watchluis  stopped  ;  train  does  not  8.  at,  before , 
Exeter ;  he  never  stops  to  think) ;  (colloq.)  re- 
main, stay,  sojourn,  (shall  s.  in  bed,  at  home  ; 
s.  up,  not  go  to  bed  ;  shall  you  s.  for  the  ser- 
mon ? ;  have  been  stopping  in  Cornwall  with 
friends) ;  provide  with  ss.,  punctuate,  (a  badly 
spelt  &  stopped  letter) ;  (Naut)  make  fast, 
stopper,  (cable  &c);  (Etching)  s.  out,  cover 
(parts  that  are  to  be  protected  from  action  of 
acid)  with  defensive  coating  (stopping-brush, 
for  doing  this) ;  (Photog.)s.  down,  obscure  part 
of  (lens)  with  diaphragm;  (Founding)  s.  off, 
fill  in  (part  of  mould  not  to  be  used)  with  sand. 
Hence  sto*ppAGE(3)  n.  [OE  ( for)stoppian  f. 
LL  stuppare  (stup(p)a  cf.  Gk  stuppe  tow)J    . 

stop2,  n.  Stopping  or  being  stopped,  pause, 
check,  (put as.  to',  make,  come  to,  bring  to,  a 
s.;  is  at  a  s.,not  proceeding  or  unable  to  pro- 
ceed ;  train  runs  from  London  to  Crewe  with- 
out as.)  ;  punctuation  mark,  esp.  comma,  semi- 
colon, colon,  or  period  (full  s.,  period  ;  come 
to  a  full  s.  transf.,  cease  completely);  (Mus.) 
change  of  pitch  effected  by  stopping  (see  prec), 
also  fret  or  key  or  lever  in  instrument  to  assist 
stopping,  (in  organ)  set  of  pipes  having  special 
tone,  also  knob  &c.  by  which  these  are  put  in 
or  out  of  action,  (fig.)  manner  of  speech  adopt- 
ed to  produce  particular  effect  (can  put  on  or 
pull  out  the  pathetic,  blustering,  virtuous,  Sec, 
s.  at  will) ;  batten,  peg,  or  the  like,  meant  to  s. 
motion  of  something  at  fixed  point ;  (Opt. ,  Pho- 
tog.)  diaphragm;  (Phonet.)  mute  consonant, 
sound  made  oy  closure  of  organs  concerned 
(as  k,  t,  p) ;  (Xaut.)  small  line  used  as  lashing, 
also  projection  of  lower  mast-head  supporting 
trestle-trees.    Hence  sto'pLESS  a.    [f.  prec] 

stop-,  comb,  form  of  stop  J» 2:  sto'peock,  tap ; 
s.-collar,  ring  checking  motion  of  shaft ;  s.- 
cylinder,  kind  of  printing-press ;  s.-drill,  with 
shoulder  limiting  depth  of  penetration ;  stop- 
gap, temporary  substitute  ;  s.-knob,  knob  actu- 
ating organ-stop;  s.-motion,  arrangement  for 
automatic  stopping  of  machine  when  out  of  or- 
der; s.-order,  order  to  stockbroker  to  buy  or 
sell  on  stock's  reaching  specified  price ;  s.-plate, 
limiting  play  of  axle  on  bearings;  s.-press, 
(news)  inserted  in  paper  after  printing  has  be- 
gun ;  s.-valve,  closing  pipe  against  passage  of 
liquid ;  s.-watch,  with  mechanism  for  starting 
Se  stopping  it  at  will,  used  in  timing  races  &c. 

sto*pper,n.,&  v.t.  Invbl  senses;  esp.:  plug 
for  closing  bottle  &c.  usu.  of  same  material  as 
the  vessel(pw£  a  s.  on  something,  bring  about 
cessation  of  it);  tobaccos.,  implement  for  press- 
ing down  tobacco  in  pipe-bowl;  (Xaut.)  rope, 
clamp,  double  claw,  &c„  for  checking  &  hold- 
ing rope  cable  or  chain  cable  ;  s.-bolt,  ring-bolt 
in  deck  to  which  ss.  are  secured  ;  s.-knot,  finish- 
ing of  end  of  8. -rope  made  by  interlacing  its 
strands ;  (vb)  close  or  secure  with  s.    [-er  *] 

sto'pple,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stopper  of  bottle  or  other 
vessel;  (vb)  close  with  s.    [stop1,  -le(1)] 

stor'ax,  n.  (Tree  yielding)  a  resinous  vanilla- 
scented  balsam  formerly  much  used  in  medicine 


STORE 


861 


STOUT 


&  perfumery ;  liquid  s.,  a  balsam  got  from  the 

Oriental  sweet-gum  tree.    [L,  f.  Gk  sturax] 

store,  n.,  &  v.t.  Abundance,  provision,  stock 
of  something  ready  to  be  drawn  upon,  (sing, 
with  or,  archaic  exc.  of  intangible  things,  with- 
out a,  &  pi. ;  has  s.,  good  s.,  as.,  or  ss.,  of  wine, 
wit,  anecdote,  wisdom;  in  s.,  laid  up  in  readi- 
ness, about  to  come,  destined,  as  I  have,  tomor- 
row has,  a  surprise  ins.  for  you);  place  where 
things  are  kept  for  sale,  (chiefly  U.S.)  ordinary 
■shop  (s.  clothes  &c,  esp.  =  ready-made;  book 
&c.-s.),  (Brit.)  large  commercial  establishment 
selling  goods  of  many  different  kinds  usu.  for 
cash  &  at  low  prices  (the  ss.,  these  opp.  ordinary 
shops,  as  I  get  most  things  at  the  ss.;  cooper- 
ative s.  or  .ss.;  Army  <&  Navy,  &c,  ss.,  selling 
only  to  members,  who  must  have  specified  qua- 
lification); (pi.)  articles  of  particular  kind  or  for 
special  purpose  accumulated  for  use,  supply  of 
thi ngs  needed,  (military,  naval,  &c. ,  ss. ;  marine 
ss. ,  old  ship  materials);  set  s.  by,  reckon  precious 
or  important,  esp.  set  nogreat  s.  by;  storehouse, 
place  where  things  are  stored  up,  granary  &c, 
esp.  fig.  (person,  book,  is  a  s.-h.  of  information 
&c,  cf.  mine1);  s.-keeper,  shopkeeper  (U.S.); 
s.-room,  in  which  household  requisitesare  kept ; 
s.-ship,  carrying  ss.  for  fleet,  garrison,  &c.  ( Vb) 
stock  or  furnish  with  or  with  something  (usu. 
with  knowledge  or  the  like ;  s.  your  mind  with 
facts  ;  a  well-stored  memory);  lay  up  or  up  for 
future  use  (harvest  has  been  stored,  got  in ;  s. 
up  a  saying  in  one's  heart);  deposit  (furniture 
&c.)  in  a  warehouse  for  temporary  keeping; 
(of  receptacle)  hold,  keep,  contain,  have  stor- 
age-accommodation for  (a  single  cell  can  s. 
2, 000,000  foot-pounds  of  energy) ;  hence  stop*- 
able  a.,  stor*AGE(l, 3, 4)  n.  [ vb  f.  n.,  f.  OF  estor 
f.  LL  staurum  =  instaurum  f.  L  in (staurare  cf. 
restore)  renew] 

stop'ey  (plv  -eys),  stop*y,  n.  Any  of  the  parts 
into  which  a  house  is  divided  horizontally,  the 
whole  of  the  rooms  &c.  having  a  continuous 
floor,  (fell  from  a  thirds,  window ;  a  house  of 
five  ss.;  uppers,  or  ss.  fig.,  the  brain,  as  is  a 
little  wrong  in  the  u.  s.);  s.-post,  upright  sup- 
porting a  beam  on  which  rests  a  floor  or  wall. 
Hence  (-)stopeyED2,  -led,  a.  [earlier  sense 
a  building,  f.  OF estorte  orig.  fern.  p.p.  of  estorer 
build  f.  L.  instaurare  (prec);  spelling  -ey  (cf. 
-y  4)  is  for  different,  f.  story1] 

stop'iated,  a.  (Of  title-pages  &c.)  with  ela- 
borate decorative  designs,    [for  historiated] 

stop'ied,  a.  Celebrated  in  legend,  associated 
with  legends  or  stories  or  history;  adorned 
with  legendary  or  historical  representations. 
[story1,  -ed21 

stork,  n.  Tall  stately  wading  bird  allied  to 
heron,  the  best-known  species  pure  white  ex- 
cept for  black  wing-tips  &  reddish  bill  &  feet, 
sometimes  half  domesticated  &  nesting  on 
buildings,  &  credited  with  peculiar  affection 
both  to  its  young  &  its  parents  (King  S.,  op- 

Sressively  active  ruler,  cf.  King  log  j)  ;  s.s- 
ill,  kinds  of  plant.  [OE  store,  cf.  Du.  stork,  G 
storch,  Gk  torgos  vulture  or  swan] 
stopm,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Violent  disturbance  of 
the  atmosphere  with  thunder,  strong  wind,  or 
heavy  rain  or  snow  or  hail,  a  tempest,  (cyclonic 
s.;  thunder,  rain,  snow,  wind,  -s.);  violent  dis- 
turbance of  the  established  order  in  human 
affairs,  tumult,  agitation,  war,  invasion,  dis- 
pute, &c.  (s.  &  stress,  period  of  fermenting  ideas 
&  unrest  in  person's  or  nation's  life);  vehement 
shower  of  missiles  or  outbreak  of  hisses,  ap- 
plause, indignation,  &c;  direct  assault  by  in- 
fantry on  fortified  place,  capture  of  place  by 
such  assault,  (take  by  storm,  of  such  capture, 
&  transf.  of  captivating  audience  or  person  ra- 


pidly) ;  s.-beaten,  battered  by  lit.  or  fig.  ss.;  s.- 
belt,  tract  in  which  ss.  are  frequent;  s.-bird, 
stormy  petrel ;  s.-bound,  prevented  from  leav- 
ing post  or  continuing  voyage  by  ss.;  s.-card, 
chart  assisting  navigator  of  ship  in  s.  to  con- 
jecture position  of  s. -centre  &  so  to  direct 
course ;  s.-centre,  point  to  which  wind  blows 
spirally  inward  in  cyclonic  storm,  (fig.)  subject 
&c.  upon  which  agitation  or  disturbance  is  con- 
centrated ;  s.-cloud,  heavy  rain-cloud,  state  of 
affairs  that  threatens  disturbances ;  s.-cock, 
kinds  of  bird,  esp.  missel-thrush,  fieldfare,  or 
green  woodpecker ;  s.-cone,  tarred-canvas  cone 
hoisted  as  warning  of  high  wind,  upright  for 
north  &  inverted  for  south  ;  s.-door,  additional 
outer  door  for  protection  in  bad  weather  or 
winter;  s.-drum,  cylinder  added  to  s.-cone  for 
expected  s.  of  great  violence ;  s.-finch,  stormy 
petrel ;  s.-glass,  sealed  tube  containing  a  solu- 
tion of  which  the  clarity  is  affected  by  tem- 
perature formerly  regarded  as  efficient  wea- 
ther-glass ;  s.-petrel,  stormy  petrel ;  s.-sail,  of 
smaller  size  &  stouter  canvas  than  the  corre- 
sponding one  used  in  ordinary  weather;  s.- 
signal,  s.-cone,  s.-drum,  or  other  device  for 
warning  of  an  approaching  s.;  s.-tossed,  lit.  & 
fig.;  s.-wind;  s.-window,  as  s.-door ;  s.-zone,e.- 
belt ;  hence  stop'mLESS,  stoP'mPROOF  2,  aa. 
(Vb):  (of  wind, rain,  &c.)  rage,  be  violent;  talk 
violently,  rage,  bluster,  fume,  scold  (intr.), 
(often  at  object  of  displeasure) ;  take  by  s. 
(storming-party,  detachment  told  off  to  begin 
assault;  so  stop'mER1  n.).  [vb  f.  n.,  OE,  also 
Du.,  Sw.,  &  Da.,  cf.  G  sturm;  cogn.  w.  stir] 

stop'my,  a.  Of  marked  violence,  raging, 
vehement,  boisterous,  (s.  wind,  sea,  waves, 
passions,  temper,  abuse) ;  infested  or  troubled 
with  lit.  or  fig.  storms  (a  s.  coast,  sea,  night, 
debate,  life) ;  associated  with  or  threatening 
storms  (s.  petrel ;  a  s.  sunset).  Hence  stop'mi- 
ly  2  adv.,  stop'miNESS  n.    [-Y  2] 

storthing  (-U-),  n.  Norwegian  parliament. 
[Norw.] 

stop'y 1,  n.  History  (archaic ;  versed  in  classic 
s.) ;  past  course  of  person's  or  institution's  life 
( his  s.  is  an  eventful  one ;  in  our  rough  island- 
s.);  account  given  of  an  incident  (they  all  tell 
the  same  s. ;  according  to  Iiis  own  s. ,  suggestion 
of  doubt  as  to  his  veracity ;  to  make  a  long  s. 
short,  formula  excusing  omission  of  details ;  it 
is  quite  another  s.  now,  we  now  hear  a  different 
account,  esp.  =  things  have  changed ;  the  s. 
goes,  it  is  said);  piece  of  narrative,  tale  of  any 
length  told  or  printed  in  prose  or  verse  of  actual 
or  fictitious  events,  legend,  myth,  anecdote, 
novel,  romance,  (tell  me  as.;  but  is  the  s.  true  ? ; 
short  s.,  relating  usu.  a  single  incident  &  pub- 
lished as  article  in  magazine  or  as  one  of  a  col- 
lection ;  good,  funny,  s.,  amusing  anecdote 
often  embodying  witticism  or  ludicrous  situ- 
ation ;  but  that  is  another  s. ,  formula  for  break- 
ing off  &  tantalizing  reader  with  allusion); 
main  facts  or  plot  of  novel  or  epic  or  play  (reads 
only  for  the  s. ;  the  s.  is  the  least  pari  of  the 
book) ;  facts  or  experiences  that  deserve  nar- 
ration (that  face  must  have  as.  belonging  to  it); 
(Nursery)  lie,  fib ;  s.-book,  containing  s.  or  ss.; 
s.-teller,  Eastern  making  a  living  by  telling  ss. 
to  audience,  writer  of  ss.,  retailer  of  anecdotes 
in  society,  (Nursery)  liar.  [AF  storie  t  OF 
estoire  f.  L  as  history] 

story2,  ^ee  storey. 

stoup  (-oop),  n.  (archaic).  Flagon,  beaker, 
drinking- vessel ;  holy- water  basin,  [f.  ON 
staup,  cf.  Du.  stoop,  OE  steap] 

stout  (-owt),  a.  &  n.  Brave,  doughty,  reso- 
lute, vigorous,  sturdy,  stubborn,  staunch, 
strongly  built,  (s.  fellow  archaic,  good  at  fight- 


STOVE 


865 


STRAIN 


ing  &c;  a  s.  heart,  courage,  whence  stout- 
heaPtED2  a.,  stout-heap'tedi.Y-  adv., 
stout-heap* tedNESS  n. ;  made  a  s.  resistance ; 
a  s.  opponent ;  a  s.  stick,  ship,  Sec);  corpulent, 
bulky,  tending  to  fatness;  hence  stou*tiSHM2) 
a.,  stou'tL y  *  adv.,  stou'tNESS  n.  (N.)  strong- 
est kind  of  porter,  [f.  OF  estout  f.  MDu.  stolt 
(cf.  G  stolz  pride)  perh.  f.  L  stultus  stupid] 

stove ',  n.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  closed  apparatus 
in  which  heat  is  produced  by  consumption  of 
wood,  coal,  charcoal,  oil,  gas,  or  other  fuel,  for 
use  in  warming  rooms,  cooking,  &c. ;  (Garden- 
ing) hothouse  with  artificial  heat  (vb,  force, 
raise,  in  s.);  s.-pipe,  conducting  smoke  &  gases 
from  s.  to  chimney  {s.-pipe  hat  U.S.,  tall  silk 
hat),  (earlier  sense  heated  room,  bath;  OE 
stofa,  cf.  MDu.  stove,  G  stube  room ;  cf.  stew] 

stove  2.    See  stave  2. 

stow  (-6),  v.t.  Pack  (goods  &c.)  in  right  or 
convenient  places  without  waste  of  room  (s. 
thing  away,  place  it  where  it  will  not  cause 
obstruction) ;  fill  (receptacle)  with  articles  com- 
pactly arranged ;  (slang,  una.  in  imperat.)  ab- 
stain from,  cease  to  indulge  in,  (s.  larks,  that 
nonsense,  &c.)i;  stowaway,  person  getting  free 
passage  by  going  aboard  ship  &  hiding  till  she 
is  at  sea;  s.-wood,  billets  used  for  chocking 
casks  in  ship's  hold.  Hence  stow*AGE(l,  3,  4) 
n.  [OE  stowigan  (stow  a  place,  cogn.  w.  stand] 

strabi'smus  <-z-),  n.  Squinting,  squint, 
(cross-eyed  s.,  with  eye  or  eyes  turning  inward ; 
wall-eyed  s.,  outward).  Hence  straW'smic, 
strabrsmAL,  aa.  [mod.  L,  f.  Gk  strabismos 
(strabos  crooked  f.  strepho  turn,  -ism)] 

stpabd'tomy,  n.  Operation  of  cutting  eye- 
ball muscle  to  cure  squint,    [prec.,  -tomy] 

stpa'ddle,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Take  or  be  in  atti- 
tude with  legs  wide  apart ;  stand  or  sit  across 
(thing)  thus  (cannot  s.  his  horse ;  stood  strad- 
dling the  ditch) ;  (fig.)  vacillate  between  two 
Solicies  Sec,  sit  on  the  fence.  (N.)  act  of  strad- 
ling  lit.  or  fig.;  (St.  Exch.)  contract  giving 
holder  the  right  of  either  calling  for  or  deliver- 
ing stock  at  fixed  price._  [stride,  -le(3)] 

Stpadivap'ius  (or  -ar-),  (colloq.)  Stpad,  n. 
Violin  or  other  stringed  instrument  made  by  S. 
of  Cremona  (d.  1737). 

stpa'g-gle,  v.i.  Stray  from  the  main  body, 
fail  to  remain  compact,  get  dispersed,  proceed 
in  scattered  irregular  order,  be  sporadic,  occur 
here  &  there,  (crowd  straggled  along ;  plant 
straggles,  grows  long  &  weedy  ;  straggling  vil- 
lage, houses.  Sec).  Hence  stpa'gglER  i  n., 
stpa'gg-lingLY 2  adv. ,  stpa'ggl y  2  a.  [perh. 
f.  ME  straken  roam,  -le(3)] 

straight  (at),  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Without  curve 
or  bend,  extending  uniformly  in  same  direction, 
(s.  line  in  Geom.,  lying  evenly  between  any  two 
of  its  points ;  s.  arch,  shaped  like  inverted  V, 
without  curves ;  a  s.  back,  not  bowed  ;  a  s.  knee, 
not  bent ;  s.  legs,  not  bandy  or  knock-kneed ;  s. 
hair,  not  curly) ;  upright,  honest,  candid,  (s. 
dealings,  speaking ;  is  perfectly  s.  in  all  his 
dealings ;  s.  thinking,  logical,  not  swayed  by 
emotion) ;  in  proper  order  or  place,  level,  sym- 
metrical, (are  the  pictures  8.?;  put  things  s., 
fet  rid  of  disorder ;  accounts  are  s.,  made  up  in 
ue  form ;  a  s.  race,  fight,  Sec,  in  which  com- 
petitors do  their  best  to  win);  direct  from 
source  (s.  tip,  hint  esp.  as  to  likely  winner  of 
race  or  prospects  of  investment  got  from  good 
authority);  the  s.  ticket  U.S.,  the  party  pro- 
gramme without  modification;  straightfor- 
ward, honest,  open,  frank,  (of  task  &c.)  pre- 
senting no  complications ;  so  straightforicardly 
adv.,  straightforwardness  n. ;  straightway  ar- 
chaic, at  once,  immediately ;  hence  straigh't- 
en  6  v.t.  &  i.,  stpaigh'tNESS  n.    (N.)  s.  condi- 

F.D. 


tion  (is  out  of  the  s.,  crooked) ;  straight  part  of 
something,  esp.  concluding  stretch  of  race- 
course (they  were  even  as  they  reached  the  s.) ; 
sequence  of  cards  in  poker.  (Adv.)  in  a  s.  line, 
direct,  without  deviation  or  circumlocution, 
(go  s. ;  hit  s.  from  the  shoulder,  in  boxing,  ride 
s„  taking  fences  &c.  instead  of  going  round ; 
comes  8.  from  Paris ;  is  making  s.  for  a  preci- 
pice ;  told  it  him  s.  out) ;  in  right  direction, 
with  good  aim,  (shoot  s.);  correctly  (does  not 
see  s.) ;  (archaic)  at  once  (also  in  s.  away  slang, 
immediately ;  s.  off,  without  hesitation,  deliber- 
ation, &c,  as  cannot  tell  you  s.  o.) ;  s.-cut, 
(tobacco)  cut  lengthwise  into  long  silky  fibres. 
[OE  streht,  p.p.  of  streccan  stretch] 

strain  »,  v.t.  &  i.  Stretch  tightly,  make  taut, 
exercise  to  greatest  possible  or  beyond  legiti- 
mate extent,  press  to  extremes,  wrest  or  distort 
from  true  intention  or  meaning,  (s.  parchment 
across  the  aperture ;  s.  rope  to  breaking-point ; 
s.  every  nerve,  do  one's  utmost ;  8.  one's  ears, 
eyes,  voice,  Sec,  listen,  &c.  to  best  of  one's 
power,  &see  below;  s.  one's  authority,  powers, 
rights,  Sec,  or  the  law  Sec,  apply  them  beyond 
their  province  or  in  violation  of  their  true  in- 
tention ;  8.  a  point,  go  further  than  one  is  en- 
titled or  can  be  expected  to,  esp.  in  the  way  of 
concession,  to  effect  a  purpose  ;  a  strained  in- 
terpretation or  sense,  got  by  pressing  some  rule 
of  grammar  &c.  too  far;  straining-beam,  -piece, 
horizontal  beam  used  as  tie-rod  between  tops 
of  queen-posts) ;  hug  (person)  to  oneself  or  one's 
breast  &c;  (p.p.)  produced  under  compulsion 
or  by  effort,  artificial,  forced,  constrained,  not 
spontaneous,  (the  quality  of  mercy  is  not  strain- 
ed, mercy  should  be  spontaneous ;  strained 
manner,  laugh,  cordiality,  &c.) ;  overtask,  in- 
jure or  try  to  imperil  by  over-use  or  making  of 
excessive  demands  (take  care  not  to  s.  your 
eyes,  voice,  Sue,  for  fear  of  straining  his  fol- 
lowers' loyalty ;  has  strained  a  muscle,  his  leg, 
his  heart.  Sec;  ship  is  strained,  has  had  parts 
wrenched  out  of  rigid  state ;  strained  relations, 
over-sensitiveness  between  parties  who  have 
tried  each  other's  forbearance  too  far) ;  make 
intense  effort,  strive  intensely  after,  tug  at, 
hold  out  with  difficulty  under  or  under  pres- 
sure, (the  straining  horses,  masts;plants  strain- 
ing upwards  to  the  light ;  dogs,  horses,  rowers, 
s.  at  the  leash,  collar,  oar;  porter  straining 
under  hisload ;  strainstoo  much  after  epigram, 
effect.  Sec) ;  clear  (liquid)  of  solid  matter  by 
passing  through  sieve  or  other  stpai'nER  *(2) 
n.,  filter  (solids)  out  from  liquid,  (of  liquid)  per- 
colate; 8.  at,  be  over-scrupulous  about  (ref. 
to  Matt,  xxiii.  24,  prop.  8.  out,  see  R.  V.,  in  prec. 
sense).  Hence  stpai'nABLE  a.  [ME  streinen 
f.  OF  estreindre  estreign-  f.  L  stringere  strict-] 

stpain2,  n.  Pull,  stretching  force,  tension, 
demand  upon  or  force  that  tries  cohesion  or 
strength  or  stability  or  resources,  exertion  re- 

auired  to  meet  such  demand  or  to  do  something 
ifficult,  injury  or  change  of  structure  resulting 
from  such  exertion  or  force,  (the  s.  on  the  rope 
ivas  tremendous;  was  a  great  s.  on  my  re- 
sources, attention,  credulity ;  the  s.  of  modem 
life  ;  is  suffering  from  s.  or  overs.;  all  his 
senses  were  on  the  s.,  exerted  to  the  utmost ;  is 
epigrammatic  without  s.,  appearance  of  undue 
effort ;  has  a  8.  in  his  leg) ;  (poet.  &  rhet.,  usu. 
in  pi. )  burst  or  snatch  or  spell  of  music  or  poetry 
(martial,  inspiriting,  pathetic,  Sec,  ss.,  music 
or  poetry  of  such  character ;  the  ss.  of  the  harp, 
of  the  Elizabethan  poets,  Sec) ;  tone  or  key  or 
pitch  adopted  in  talking  or  writing,  tendency 
of  discourse,  (he  went  on  in  another  s.;  dfcmuch 
more  in  the  same  s.) ;  moral  tendency  forming 
part  of  a  character  {there  is  a  s.  of  weakness, 

28 


BTRAIT i. 

ferocity,  mysticism,  in  him) ;  breed  of  animals, 
human  stock  or  family,  {comes  cf  a  good  s.). 
[first  sense  from  prec;  last  f.  OE  streon  gain, 
product,  progeny ;  others  of  mixed  orig.] 

strait,  a.  &  n.  Narrow,  limited,  confined  or 
confining,  (archaic  exc.  in  s.  gate  w.  ref.  to 
Matt.  vii.  14,  s.  jacket  or  usu.  waistcoat,  strong 
garment  put  on  maniacs  to  confine  arms,  which 
are  either  in  sleeves  so  long  that  the  ends  can 
be  tied  or  strapped  within  body  of  jacket,  &  in 
s.-laced  now  fig.  only.severely  virtuous.morally 
scrupulous,  puritanic) ;  strict  (archaic  exc.  in 
straitest  sect  o/w.  ref.  to  Acts  xxvi.  5) ;  hence 
strai'tLY2  adv.  (archaic),  strai'tNESS  n.  (ar- 
chaic), strai'tEN^  v.t.  (straitened  circum- 
stances, poverty ;  is  straitened  for,  ill  supplied 
with).  (N.)  narrow  passage  of  water  connect- 
ing two  seas  or  large  bodies  of  water  (usu.  in 
pi.  when  used  of  particular  s.  with  name,  as  the 
Ss.  of  Messina,  Dover ;  Ss.  Settlements,  Crown 
colony  on  Ss.  of  Malacca  &  Singapore) ;  (usu. 
pi.)  difficult  position,  need,  distress,  (esp.  in  ss.). 
[AF  estreit  f.  OF  estroict  f.  L  p.p.  as  strain  *] 

strake,  n.    Continuous  line  of  planking  or 

f)lates  from  stem  to  stern  of  ship  (garboard  s.). 
var.  of  streak] 

strami'neous,  a.  (archaic).  Of,  light  or 
worthless  as,  coloured  like,  straw.  [L  strami- 
neus  (stramen  -inis  straw  f.  sternere  strat- 
strew,  -men),  -ous] 

stramonium,  n.  (Drug,  much  used  in 
asthma,  from  seeds  or  leaves  of)  kind  of  datura. 
[mod.L,  etym.  dub.] 

strand  \  n. ,  &  v. t.  &  i.  Margin  of  sea,  lake, 
or  river  (rhet.,  poet.).  (Vb)  run  (t.  &  i.  of  ship) 
aground;  (p.p.)  in  difficulties,  unable  to  get 
along  esp.  for  want  of  funds  or  other  resources, 
left  behind  while  others  advance.  [com.-Teut. ; 
OE,  Du.,  G,  Sw.,  &  Da.,  strand  ;  etym.  dub.] 

strand2,  n.,  &  v.t.  One  of  the  strings  or 
wires  by  twisting  which  a  rope  is  made ;  (fig.) 


element  or  strain  in  any  composite  whole ;  (vb) 

).    [f.  ONF  estran  f.  OHG 

streno  cord] 


break  a  s.  in  (rope). 


strange  (-j),  a.  Foreign,  alien,  not  one's 
own,  not  familiar  or  well  known  (to),  novel, 
queer,  peculiar,  eccentric,  singular,  surprising, 
unaccountable,  unexpected,  (in as.  land  ;  wor- 
ship s.  gods ;  cannot  play  on  a  s.  ground,  with 
a  s.  racket ;  the  place,  work,  handwriting,  is  s. 
to  me  ;  it  is  a  s.  thing,  story ;  how  s.  that  you 
should  not  have  heard  !  ;  xoears  the  strangest 
clothes ;  is  very  s.  in  his  manner,  seems  mad 
&c. ;  truth  is  stranger  than  fiction ;  repeating 
the  question  with  s.  persistency  ;  feel  s.,  not  in 
one's  usual  condition,  esp.  dizzy  &c. ;  it  feels  s., 
is  a  novel  sensation),  whence  stra'ngreLY2 
adv. ;  fresh  or  unaccustomed  to,  unacquainted, 
bewildered,  (am  s.  to  the  work ;  am  quite  s. 
here,  do  not  know  my  way  about  or  the  people 
&c. ;  feel  s.,  not  at  home,  out  of  one's  element 
&c).  Hence  stra'ngeNESS  n.  [f.  OF  estrange 
t  L  EXTRAnews] 

stra*ng-er,  n.  Foreigner,  person  in  a  coun- 
try or  town  or  company  that  he  does  not  be- 
long to,  person  unknown  to  or  to  one,  person 
entirely  unaccustomed  to  some  feeling  or  prac- 
tice or  experience,  (am  a  s.  here,  do  not  know 
my  way  about  &c. ;  spy  or  see  ss.  in  House  of 
Commons,  demand  expulsion  of  all  but  mem- 
bers or  officials ;  make  a,  no,  s.  of,  treat  dis- 
tantly, cordially;  you  are  quite  a  s.,  seldom 
show  yourself  here ;  is  no,  a,  s.  to  me,  I  know, 
no  not  know,  him  ;  is  a,  no,  s.  to  fear,  court- 
yntHgues,  has  had  no,  much,  experience  of). 
If.  Ob  estrangier,  see  prec,  -er2(2)] 

stra-ngrle  (-nggl),  v.t  Throttle,  kill  by 
squeezing  windpipe ;   (of  collar  &c.)  squeeze 


5 STRATUM 

(neck) ;  (fig. )  suppress  (movement,  impulse,  &c. ). 
jr.  OF  estrangier  f.  L  strangtdare  f.  Gk  strag- 
galizo  (straggale  halter  f.  straggos  twisted)] 

stra'ngles,  n.  pi.  (usu.  treated  as  sing.). 
Infectious  catarrh  in  horse,  ass,  &c.    [f.  prec] 

stra'ng-ulate  (-ngg-),  v.t.  Strangle  (rare); 
(Path.,  Surg.)  prevent  circulation  through 
(vein,  intestine,  &c.)  by  compression.  Hence 
strangulA"TioN  n.  [f.  L  as  strangle,  -ate  a] 

stra-ngury  (-ngg-),  n.  Disease  in  which 
urine  is  passed  painfully  &  in  drops;  disease 
produced  in  plants  by  bandaging.  So  stran- 
gur'ious  a.  If.  L  f.  Gk  straggouria  (stragx 
-ggos  drop,  cf.  strangle,  ouron  urine)] 

strap,  n.,  &  v.t.  Strip  of  leather;  strip  of 
leather  or  other  flexible  material  with  buckle 
or  other  fastening  for  holding  things  together 
or  other  purpose  (shoulder-s.  ;  rug,  umbrella, 
&c,  -s.,  pair  of  ss.  with  holder  joining  them 
for  making  bundle) ;  strip  of  metal  used  to 
secure  or  connect,  leaf  of  hinge,  &c. ;  (Bot.) 
tongue-shaped  part  in  ligulate  floret;  the  s., 
chastisement  with^,  s. ;  s.-laid,  (of  rope)  made 
by  laying  ropes  side  by  side  &  joining  them 
into  a  flat  band  ;  s.-oil,  beating  given  with  s. ; 
s.-work,  ornamentation  imitating  plaited  ss. ; 
s.-wort,  kind  of  white-flowered  knotgrass.  (Vb) 
secure  with  s.  (often  up,  down,  &c. ;  strapped 
trousers,  held  down  by  s.  passing  below  instep 
for  riding  &c);  strop,  whet,  (razor,  knife); 
(Surg.)  close  (wound),  bind  (part),  up  or  tip 
with  adhesive  plaster  or  stra'ppiNG1^)  n. ; 
flog  with  s. ;  (part,  as  adj.,  cf.  thumping, 
whacking,  whopping)  big,  lusty,  tall,  (a  strap- 
ping girl,  fellow),  whence  stra'ppER1  n.  [OE 
stropp  f.  L  struppus,  cf.  Gk  strophos  baud 
(strepho  twist)] 

strappa'do,  n.,  &  v.t.  Torture  inflicted, 
punish,  by  securing  person's  hands  or  other 
part  in  ropes,  raising  him,  &  letting  him  fall 
till  brought  up  by  taut  rope.  [f.  It.  strappata 
(strappare  pull  f.  Swiss-G  strapfen  I.  Du. 
(straffen  punish  f.  straff  severe)] 

strata.    See  stratum. 

stratagem,  n.  (An)  artifice,  trick(ery),  de- 
vice(s)  for  deceiving  enemy,  (devised  a  s.  ; 
must  be  effected  by  s.).  [OF  (-e),  f.  L  f.  Gk  stra- 
tegema  (strateged  be  strategus,  -m)J 

strati'g-ie,  a.  Of,  dictated  by,  serving  the 
ends  of,  strategy  (s.  skill,  considerations,  move- 
ment, position).  Hence  strategic  a  l  a.  (now 
rare),  strategically  y2  adv.,  strategics  n. 
[f.  Gk  strategikos  (foil.,  -ic)] 

strate'gus,  n.  (Gk  ant. ;  pi.  -gi  pr.  -gi  or  -jl). 
Military  commander,  esp.  one  of  annually  ap- 
pointed board  of  ten  at  Athens.  [L,  f.  Gk  stra- 
tegos  (stratos  army,  ago  lead)] 

stra'tegy,  n.  Generalship,  the  art  of  war, 
(lit.  &  fig.) ;  management  of  an  army  or  armies 
in  a  campaign,  art  of  so  moving  or  disposing 
troops  or  ships  as  to  impose  upon  the  enemy 
the  place  &  time  &  conditions  for  fighting  pre- 
ferred by  oneself,  (cf.  tactics).  Hence  stra*- 
tegiST(3)  n.    [f.  Gk  strategia  (prec,  -ia  *)] 

strath,  n.  (Sc).  Broad  mountain  valley; 
strathspey'  (-a),  Scotch  dance  resembling  reel 
but  slower  (named  f.  Strathspey  valley  of  the 
Spey).    [f.  Gael,  srath  cogn.  w.  stratum)] 

stratl'eulate  (-at),  a.  (geol.).  Arranged  in 
thin  layers,    [stratum,  -i-,  -cule,  -ate2] 

stra'tify,  v.t.  Arrange  in  strata  (esp.  p.p.). 
Hence  stratiFiCA'TioN  n.    [stratum,  -i-,  -fv] 

strato-,  comb,  form  of  stratus,  as  -ci'rrus, 
-cu'mulus. 

stratocracy,  n.  Military  government,  do- 
mination of  soldiers.  [Gk  stratos  army,  -crac  y] 

stratum,  n.  (pi.  -ta).  (Geol.)  layer,  or  set  of 
successive  layers,  of  any  deposited  substance. 


STRATUS 8 

Hence  stratAL,  stratiFORM,  aa„  strati'- 
graphy(2)  (-at)  n.,  stpatiGRATHic  a.,  strati- 
graphiCALLY  adv.  [L,  =  spread  thing,  cover- 
let, neut.  p.p.  of  sternere  strewj 
stra'tus,  n.  (pi.  -ti).  Continuous  horizontal 
sheet  of  cloud.  IL,  var.  of  prec] 
straw,  n.,  &  v.t.  Dry  cut  stalks  of  kinds  of 
grain  as  material  for  bedding,  thatching,  pack- 
ing, hats,  &c.  (made  of,  thatched  &c.  with,  s. ; 
a  load  of  s. ;  s.  mattress,  hat,  rope,  &c. ;  in  the 
s.  archaic,  in  child-bed ;  man  of  s.,  stuffed  effi- 
gy, imaginary  person  set  up  as  opponent  &c, 
person  without  substantial  means) ;  s.  hat ; 
single  stalk  or  piece  of  s.,  insignificant  trifle, 
(with  a  s.  in  his  mouth;  lemonade  sucked 
through  ss. ;  draw  ss.,  draw  lots  with  ss.  of 
different  lengths  ;  catch  at  a  s.,  resort  to  utter- 
ly inadequateexpedientlikedrowning  man;  the 
lasts.,  slight  addition  that  makes  something 
no  longer  tolerable  as  with  camel's  load  ;  a  s. 
shows  which  way  the  wind  blows,  slight  hint 
may  suggest  much ;  is  not  worth,  dortt  care,  a 
s.) ;  s.-board,  coarse  cardboard  made  of  s. ;  s.- 
colour(ed),  (of)  pale  yellow  ;  s.stem,  wineglass 
with  stem  not  made  separately  &  attached  but 
drawn  out  of  bowl;  s.-worm,  caddis;  hence 
straw* y  2  a.  (Vb,  archaic)  strew.  [OE  streaw, 
cf.  Du.  stroo,  G  stroh ;  cogn.  w.  Goth,  straujan, 
L  stemere  strat-,  strewj 

strawberry  (eri),  n.  (Kind  of  perennial 
plant  throwing  out  runners  &  producing)  pulpy 
red  fruit  having  surface  studded  with  yellow 
seeds  (crushed  s.,  kind  of  dull  crimson  ;  the  s. 
leaves,  ducal  rank,  w.  ref.  to  ornamentation  of 
duke's  coronet) ;  s.-mark,  soft  reddish  birth- 
mark ;  s.-pear,  (fruit  of)  W.-Ind.  cactaceous 
plant;  s.-roan,  red-ROAN1;  s. -tree,  evergreen 
arbutus  bearing  s.-like  fruit.  [OE  streaw- 
berige  (prec,  w.  ref.  to  runners,  berry)] 
stray,  v.i.  (p.p.  as  -ed1,  2),  n.,  &  a.  Wander, 
go  aimlessly,  deviate  from  the  right  way  or 
from  virtue,  lose  one's  way,  get  separated  from 
flock  or  companions  or  proper  place.  (N.) 
strayed  domestic  animal;  waifs  &  ss. ;  pro- 
perty of  deceased  person  escheating  to  crown 
in  default  of  heirs.  (Adj.)  strayed;  scattered, 
sporadic,  occurring  or  met  with  now  &  then 
or  casually  or  unexpectedly,  (a  few  stray  in- 
stances ;  a  stray  customer  or  two  came  in). 
[(n.  &  a.  f.  AF  estray)  f.  OF  estraier  prob.  ult. 
f .  L  strata  street] 

streak,  n.,  &  v.t.  Long  narrow  irregular 
line  or  band  or  layer-edge,  esp.  one  distin- 
guished by  colour,  visible  on  a  surface  (black 
with  red  ss.;  a  s.  of  light  above  the  horizon; 


bacon  with  ss.  of  fat  &  lean ;  s.  of  lightning, 
flash ;  like  a  s.  of  lightning,  or  a  s.,  swiftly ; 
the  silver  s.,  English  Channel ;   has  a  s.    of 


humour,  superstition,  &c,  in  him,  strain  or 
element) ;  hence  strea'k  v  2  a.,  strea'kiLY  2 
adv.,  strea'kixESS  n.  (Vb,  usu.  in  p.p.) 
mark  with  streak(s).  [OE  strica  stroke,  line, 
cf.  G  stretch,  Sw.  streck ;  cogn.  w.  strike] 
stream,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Body  of  water  run- 
ning in  bed,  river  or  brook,  (on  the  banks  of  a 
s. ;  up,  down,  s.,  moving  or  situated  upwards, 
downwards,  on  river),  whence  strea'mLESS 
a.,  streaiiiLET  n. ;  flow  of  any  liquid,  on- 
ward moving  fluid  mass  or  crowd,  (sing;  or  pi.) 
large  quantity  of  or  of  something  that  flows  or 
moves  along,  (saw  a  8.  of  lava;  came  out, 
went  by,  in  a  s.  or  ss.;  a  8.,  ss.,  of  blood,  tears, 
people) ;  current,  direction  of  flow,  (gulf-s.  ; 
with,  against,  the  s. ;  go  with  the  s.,  do  as 
others  do ;  the  s.  of  tendency,  thought,  is  the 
other  way) ;  s.-anchor,  intermediate  between 
bower  &  kedge  esp.  for  use  in  warping ;  hence 
nil I  mi  "III  I    a.  (rare).  (Vb)  flow  or  move  as  a  s.; 


7 STRETCH 

run  with  liquid  (streaming  eyes,  windows, 
umbrella) ;  (of  banner,  loose  hair,  &c.)  float  or 
wave  in  the  wind ;  emit  s.  of  (blood  &c).  [OE 
stream,  cf.  Du.  stroom,  G  strom ;  cogn.  w.  Skr. 
sru,  Gk  rheo,  flow  I 

strea'mer,  n.  Pennon,  ribbon  attached  at 
one  end  &  floating  or  waving  at  the  other; 
column  of  light  shooting  up  in  aurora,   [-er1] 

street,  n.  Town  or  village  road  that  has 
houses  on  one  side  or  both,  this  with  the  houses, 
(go  down,  across,  the  s. ;  main,  side,  broad,  &c. , 
s.;  live  in  the  s.,  be  constantly  outside  one's 
house ;  lives  in  a  fashionables.,  in  house  of  such 
s.;  window  looks  on  the  s.;  on  the  ss.,  living  by 
prostitution;  key1  of  the  s.;    grub-street; 

LOMBARD,    QUEER,    -S.  J    S.    ARAB;    8.    Cries,    Of 

hawkers ;  s.  orderly,  scavenger);  s.-door,  open- 
ing on  s. ;  s.-sweeper,  esp.  machine  with  re- 
volving brush  for  cleaning  ss. ;  streetwalker, 
common  prostitute.  Hence  (-)streetED2  a.. 
stree'tWARD  adv.  &  a.  [OE  strxt  f.  L  strata 
(via)  paved  (way)  f.  sternere  strat-  lay] 
strength,  n.  Being  strong,  degree  in 
which  person  or  thing  is  strong,  (the  s.  of  a 
man,  rope,  beam,  fortress,  current,  argument, 
fleet ;  the  s.  of  wine,  acid,  tea,  evidence ;  s.  of 
body,  mind,  will,  memory,  judgment ;  his  s.  w 
in  endurance ;  has  the  s.  of  a  horse,  is  as  strong  ; 
has  not  the  s.  to  lift  a  cup,  walk  upstairs ; 
that  is  beyond  human,  too  much  for  my,  s. ; 
measure 2  one's  s.  with;  on  the  s.  of,  encour- 
aged by  or  relying  on  or  arguing  from,  as  I 
did  it  on  the  s.  of  your  promise) ;  what  makes 
strong  (Ood  is  our  s. ;  his  s.  is  patience) ;  pro- 
portion of  whole  number  present  (were  there 
in  great,  full,  s.) ;  (Mil.)  on  the  s.,  on  the 
muster-roll  (was  taken,  is,  on  the  s.).  Hence 
stre'ng-thLESS   a.     IOE  strengthu   (Strang 

STRONG,  -TH1)] 

strengthen,  v.t,  &  L  Make  or  become 
stronger,    [-en  6] 

stre'nuous,  a.  Energetic,  unrelaxing,  ar- 
dently persistent  Hence  stre'nuousLY  - 
adv.,  stre'nuousNESS  n.  [Lstrenuus,  cf.  Gk 
strenes  strong,  stereos  firm,  +  -ous] 

Stre*phon,  n.  Fond  lover  (S.  &  Chloe,  pair 
of  lovers),    [character  in  Sidney's  Arcadia] 

strepito'so,  mus.  direction.  Boisterously, 
with  impetuosity,    lit.] 

stress,  n.,  &  v.t.  Constraining  or  impell- 
ing force  of  (under,  driven  by,  s.  of  weather, 
poverty,  &c.) ;  effort,  demand  upon  energy, 
(storm  &  s.;  subjected  to  great  s. ;  times  of 
slackness  &  times  of  s.);  emphasis  (lay  s.  on, 
convey  that  one  attaches  importance  to) ;  ac- 
centuation, emphasis  laid  on  syllable  or  word, 
a  or  the  accent,  (s.  &  quantity  are  different 
metrical  principles ;  the  8.  is  on  the  first  syl- 
lable, on  the  word  ' permissive ') ;  (Mech.)  force 
exerted  between  contiguous  bodies  or  parts  of 
a  body ;  hence  stre'ssLESS  a.  (Vb)  lay  the  s. 
on,  accent,  emphasize  ;  subject  to  mechanical 
s.  [vb  in  present  sense  f.  n.,  which  is  f.  the  vb 
in  obs.  sense  straiten  f.  OF  estrecier  t.  pop.  L 
*strictiare  see  distress2] 

stretch,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Make  taut,  tighten, 
straighten,  place  somewhere  in  tight-drawn 
or  outspread  state,  (the  rope  must  be  stretched 
tight;  8.  a  wire  across  the  road ;  with  a  canopy 
stretched  over  them;  8.  trousers,  remove  creases 
&c.  by  pulling  out  in  frame ;  s.  oneself  or  s. 
abs.,  tighten  muscles  after  sleeping  &c.  by  ex- 
tending limbs  &c.  in  various  directions;  s.  one's 
legs,  straighten  them  by  walking  as  relief  from 
sitting  &c. ;  s.  one  on  the  ground,  knock  him 
sprawling;  s.  out  hand,  foot,  &c,  extend  it  by 
straightening  arm  or  leg;  s.  out  abs.,  reach  out 
hand,  also  begin  to  lengthen  stride);  strain, 


STRETCHER 8 

exert  to  utmost  or  beyond  legitimate  extent, 
make  the  most  of,  do  violence  to,  exaggerate, 
(s.  a  point,  a  principle,  one's  powers,  one's 
credit,  =  strain;  s.  the  truth  or  s.  abs.,  exagger- 
ate, lie);  have  specified  length  or  extension,  be 
continuous  between  points  or  to  or  from  a 
point,  (stretches  from  end  to  end,  across  the 
sky,  to  infinity;  road  stretches  away,  memory 
stretches  down,  from  or  to  place  or  period) ; 
draw,  be  drawn  or  admit  of  being  drawn,  out 
into  greater  length  or  extension  or  size  (gloves, 
boots,  want  stretching;  it  stretches  like  elastic). 
(N.)  stretching  or  being  stretched  (with as.  & 
a  yawn,  whence  stpe#tehY2  a.,  stre'tchi- 
ness  n. ;  by  a  s.  of  authority,  language,  &c; 
with  every  faculty  on  the  s.) ;  continuous  ex- 
panse or  tract  or  spell  (a  s.  of  road,  open 
country,  &c. ;  toorks  ten  hours  at  a  s.),  (Naut.) 
distance  covered  on  one  tack.  [OE  streccan 
(strdec  strong,  severe),  cf.  Du.  strekken,  G 
strecken ;  cogn.  w.  L  stringere  draw  tight,  Gk 
straggos  twisted,  &  string,  strong] 

stpe'tehep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  brick  or 
stone  laid  with  side  in  face  of  wall  (cf.  header); 
plank  in  boat  against  which  rower  presses  feet; 
appliance,  often  of  canvas  stretched  on  oblong 
frame,  for  carrying  disabled  person  on ;  (slang) 
exaggeration,  lie ;  s.-bond,  method  of  building 
in  which  all  bricks  are  ss.  but  joints  of  con- 
tiguous courses  do  not  coincide,    [-er  x] 

strew,  v.t.  (p.p.  -n,  -ed).  Scatter  (sand, 
flowers,  small  objects)  over  a  surface ;  (partly) 
cover  (surface,  object)  with  small  objects  scat- 
tered.   [OE  streawian  (straw),  cf.  G  streuen] 

stri'a,  n.  (anat,  zool.,  bot.,  geol. ;  pL  -ae). 
Linear  mark  on  surface,  stripe,  slight  ridge  or 
furrow  or  score.  Hence  stri'ATE2  a.,  stpiATE3 
v.t.,  stPi#ateLY2adv.,  stPiATiON,  stPi'atURE 
(-tsher),  nn.    [L] 

stricken.    See  strike. 

stpict,  a.  Precisely  limited  or  defined,  ac- 
curate, tense,  without  irregularity  or  exception 
or  deviation,  requiring  implicit  obedience  or 
exact  performance,  not  lax,  (in  the  s.  sense ; 
keep  s.  watch;  s.  time  in  music;  lives  in  s.  seclu- 
sion; was  told  me  in  s.  confidence;  gave  s. 
orders;  a  s.  code  of  laws  or  customs;  s.  morals, 
admitting  no  laxity ;  s.  parents,  schoolmaster, 
discipline).  Hence  stprctLY2  adv.  (s.  speak- 
ing, if  one  is  to  use  words  in  their  s.  sense), 
stPi'etNESS  n.    [f.  L  stringere  strict-  tighten] 

stpi'ctupe  (-tsher),  n.  (Usu.  in  pi.)  piece  of 
censure,  critical  remark,  (usu.  on  or  upon) ; 
(Path.)  morbid  contraction  of  some  canal  or 
duct  in  the  body,  whence  stpi'etuPED2  a. 
[f.  L  strictura  contraction  (prec,  -ure)] 

stride,  v.i.  &  t.  (past  strode,  rare  p.p.  stridden 
ovstrid),  &  n.  Walk  with  long  steps;  pass  over 
(ditch  &c.)  with  one  step;  bestride,  straddle 
(trans.).  (N.) single  step  esp.  in  respect  of  length, 
gait  as  determined  by  length  of  s.,  (walks  with 
vigorous  ss.  or  a  vigorous  s. ;  take  obstacle  in 
one's  ft,,  clear  it  without  changing  step  to  jump, 
fig.  find  no  serious  impediment  in  it) ;  distance 
between  feet  parted  either  laterally  or  as  in 
walking.  [OE  stridan,  cf.  Du.  strijden  stride 
or  strive,  G  streiten  contend] 

stpi'dent,  a.  Loud  &  harsh  in  sound.  Hence 
stpi'dentLV2  adv.    [L  stridere  creak,  -ent] 

stpi'dulate,  v.i.  (entom.).  Make  shrill  jar- 
ring sound  by  rubbing  together  hard  parts  of 
body  (of  cicadas,  grasshoppers,  &c).  So  stpi'- 
dulANT  a.,  stpidulATioN,stPi*dulatOR2(l,2), 
nn.    ( L  stridulus  creaking  (prec),  -ate 3] 

stpife,  n.  Contention,  state  of  conflict,  strug- 
gle between  opposed  persons  or  things,  [f.  OF 
estrift.  ON  stnth  cogn.  w.  stride] 

strrgil  (-j-),  n.  Skin-scraper  used  by  ancients 


8  STRIKE 

at  bath.  [f.  L  strigilis  (stringere  graze),  cf.  Gk 
stleggis,  streggis] 

stpi'g-ose,  stPi'g-ous,  aa.  (bot.).  With  short 
stitfhairs  or  scales.  [L  striga  swath,  -ose  »,  -ous] 

strike,  v.t.  &  i.  (struck,  struck  &  as  specified 
below  stricken),  &  n.  Hit,  hit  upon  or  (up)on, 
deliver  blow(s)  or  stroke(s),  (struck  me  in  the 
mouth,  with  his  fist ;  s.  ball  out  of  court  &c, 
send  it  with  blow ;  s.  weapon  up  or  down  or 
aside,  divert  it  by  blow ;  s.  one's  foot  against  a 
stone,  one's  hand  on  the  table  ;  ft.  while  iron1 
is  hot;  striking-force,  esp.  military  corps  ready 
to  deliver  blow  at  short  notice ;  s.  a  blow,  or 
s.,  for  freedom;  hammer  strikes  on  or  strikes 
bell ;  ship  strikes  rock  or  onrock  or  strikes,  runs 
on  it ;  s.  hands  archaic,  touch  or  clasp  them  in 
sign  of  agreement  made ;  was  struck  by  a  stone, 
lightning ;  a  stricken  heart,  afflicted  by  strokes 
of  grief ;  stricken  with  fever,  pestilence,  paraly- 
sis, &c;  a  stricken  field,  pitched  battle  or  scene 
of  it ;  stricken  in  years,  enfeebled  by  age ;  a,  out, 
hit  from  the  shoulder,  also  use  arms  &  legs  in 
swimming  or  feet  in  skating ;  s.  upon  an  idea, 
plan,  &c,  have  it  luckily  occur  to  one ;  ft,  oil1; 
light  strikes  upon  object,  illuminates  it ;  s.  at, 
aim  blow  at ;  s.  at  the  root  of,  threaten  destruc- 
tion to ;  s.  back,  return  blow  ;  s.  home,  get  blow 
well  in ;  s.  all  of  a  heap  colloq.,  dumbfound ; 
s.  fish  or  s.  abs.,  jerk  tackle  in  order  to  secure 
hook  in  mouth ;  s.  the  track,  come  upon  it) ; 

Eroduce  or  record  or  bring  into  specified  state 
y  stroke(s)  or  striking  (s.~  coin,  make  it  by 
stamping ;  ft.  bargain,  make  it  as  by  striking 
hands  ;  s.  sparks,  fire,  light,  out  of  flint;  s.  a 
match,  ignite  by  striking  against  something; 
s.  a  light,  produce  by  striking  match ;  match 
will  not  s.,  give  light  when  struck ;  clock  strikes 
the  hour,  five,  &c;  the  hour  has  struck,  clock 
has  struck  it,  &  fig.  the  critical  moment  has 
come  or  gone ;  s.  one  blind,  deaf,  &c,  blind, 
deafen,  &c,  him  at  one  stroke;  s.  me  dead! 
vulg.,  form  of  asseveration  ;  s.  down,  fell  with 
blow  lit.  or  fig.;  s.  his  head  off,  behead  ;  s.  out 
plan  &c,  forge  or  devise ;  s.  out  a  line  for  one- 
self, be  original ;  s.  item  or  name  out  or  off,  s. 
word  through,  expunge  with  pen-stroke ;  s.  up 
an  acquaintance,  start  it  rapidly  or  casually ; 
band  or  person  strikes  up  a  tune  or  strikes  up, 
starts  playing  or  singing  as  by  stroke  of  drum ; 
printer  strikes  off  1000  copies,  makes  as  by 
stamping);  arrest  attention  of,  occur  to  mind 
of,  produce  mental  impression  on,  impress  as, 
(what  struck  me  was  the  generosity  of  the  offer ; 
it  strikes  me  he  or  that  he  may  have  misunder- 
stood ;  an  idea  suddenly  struck  me;  hotv  does 
it  8.  you?,  what  do  you  think  about  it?;  it 
strikes  me  as  ridiculous,  absolutely  perfect), 
(part.)  sure  to  be  noticed,  arresting,  impressive, 
whence  stPi'klngrLY  2  adv.,  stri'kingNESS 
n.;  lower  or  take  down  (flag,  sail,  tent),  signify 
surrender  by  striking  flag,  surrender,  («.  one's 
flag,  surrender  ship  or  fortress  to  enemy,  also 
resign  a  naval  command ;  s.  tents,  break  up 
camp ;  town,  ship,  strikes,  surrenders) ;  cease 
(work),  cease  work,  (of  workmen)  refuse  to  go 
on  working  unless  employer  accedes  to  some 
demand  (cf.  lock3  out;  s.  for  higher  pay,  a- 
gainst  long  hours,  &c.) ;  (cause  to)  penetrate 
(struck  a  knife,  terror,  into  his  heart;  cold 
strikes  through  his  clothes,  into  his  marrow; 
plant  strikes  its  roots  into  the  soil,  strikes  root, 
or  strikes  abs.;  oysters  s.,  attach  themselves  to 
bed ;  rays  s.  through  fog ;  struck  with  terror, 
panic,  dizziness,  &c,  suddenly  filled  with); 
direct  one's  course  somewhere,  take  specified 
direction,  diverge  to,  start  into,  (then  s.  to  the 
right;  s.  into  or  oxd  of  a  track,  subject,  &c; 
gout  strikes  in,  attacks  interior  instead  of  ex- 


STRING 


STROLL 


tremities;  8.  into  a  gallop,  begin  galloping); 
level  grain  &c  in  (measure)  by  passing  straight 
rod  over  it,  ascertain  (balance)  by  deducting 
credit  or  debit  from  the  other,  arrive  at  (aver- 
age) by  equalizing  all  items,  compose  (jury)  by 
allowing  both  siues  to  reject  same  number; 
suddenly  &  dramatically  assume  (attitude);  .s.- 
a-light,  apparatus  forgetting  light  from  flint; 
hence  stri'kER  J(l,2)  n.  (N.) concerted  refusal 
to  work  by  employees  till  some  grievance  is  re- 
medied (on  s.,  acting  on  such  refusal ;  8.  pay, 
allowance  for  subsistence  made  by  trade-union 
to  workmen  who  have  struck).  [OE  strican 
go,  cf.  Du.  striken,  G  streiclien,  smooth,  stroke ; 
cogn.  w.  L  stringere  graze] 

string,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (strung).  Twine  or  fine 
cord,  piece  of  this  or  of  leather,  ribbon,  web- 
bing, orothermaterial,  used  for  tyingup,  lacing, 
drawing  or  holding  together,  actuating  puppet, 
&c,  (want  some  s.  & brownpaper;  apron,  bon- 
net, bow1,  kite,  &c,  -s.;  two  ss.  to  one's  bow1; 
first,  second,  s.,  person  or  thing  that  one's  chief, 
alternative,  reliance  is  set  on,  w.  ref.  to  prec. 
phr.;  pull  the  ss.,  be  the  real  actuator  of  what 
another  does ;  heart-ss.),  tough  piece  connect- 
ing two  halves  of  pod  in  beans  &c;  stretched 
piece  of  catgut,  cord,  or  wire,  yielding  musical 
tone(s)  in  piano,  harp,  violin,  &  other  instru- 
ments {harp,  fiddle,  bass,  soprano,  &c,  s. ; 
touch  the  ss.,  play;  harp  on  ones.,  dwell  on 
single  subject ;  touch  a  s.  fig., excite  particular 
feeling  in  person's  heart ;  the  ss.,  the  stringed 
instruments  in  a  band  or  part  contributed  by 
them  to  the  effect,  cf.  the  wind1),  whence 
(-)stPingED2  a. ;  set  of  or  usu.  o/objects  strung 
together  or  persons  or  things  of  -one  kind  com- 
ing one  after  another  (a  8.  of  beads,  pearls; 
filed  past  in  a  long  s. ;  a  s.  of  porters,  carriages, 
instances,  lies) ;  (Billiards)  scoring-board  with 
buttons  sliding  on  wires,  the  score,  stroke  made 
in  stringing  for  lead  ;  s.-alphabet,  code  for  the 
blind  in  which  special  knots  on  s.  represent  let- 
ters ;  s.-band,  of  stringed  instruments  only ; 
s.-bark,  string y-bark;  s.-board,  supporting 
timber  forming  edge  of  framework,  esp.  that 
in  which  ends  of  staircase  steps  are  set;  s.- 
course,  raised  horizontal  band  or  course  run- 
ning roundoralongbuilding;s.-7iaZ£,  =  SPRlNG2- 
' halt  i  8.-piece,  soffit  of  staircase,  also  =  s.-board, 
also  long  timber  esp.  supporting  floor;  hence 
stri'ngLESS  a.  ( Vb)  supply  with  string(s),  tie 
with  s.;  secure  (bow)  in  state  ready  for  use  by 
bending;  it  &  slipping  loop  of  s.  into  notch,  (fig., 
chiefly  in  p.p.)  tighten  up  or  make  ready  or 
sensitive  or  excited  (senses,  nerves,  resolution, 
or  person  in  regard  to  them ;  was  strung  up 
to  do  the  deed ;  high-strung  or  highly  strung 
nerves  or  person,  neurotic,  susceptible,  over- 
sensitive); thread  (beads  &c.)  on  as.;  strip  ss. 
from  (beans);  8.  up  colloq.,  kill  by  hanging;  (of 
glue  &c.)  become  stringy ;  (Billiards)  make  the 
preliminary  strokes  that  decide  which  player 
shall  begin.  [OE  streng,  cf.  Du.  streng,  G  Strang ; 
cogn.  w.  strong] 

stringe'ndo  (-j-),  raus.  direction.  With  in- 
creased speed  &  loudness,    fit,] 

stri'ng-ent  (j-),  a.  (Of  rules,  stipulations, 
&c.)  strict,  precise,  requiring  exact  perform- 
ance, leaving  no  loophole  or  discretion ;  (of 
money-market  &c.)  tight,  hampered  by  scarcity, 
unaccommodating,  hard  to  operate  in.  Hence 
strl'ng-KNCV  n.,  stiu'nirentLY 2  adv.  [L 
stringere  draw  tight,  -ent] 

stronger  (-ng->,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also, 
STRiNG-board.    [-er1] 

stri'ngy  (-ngl),  a.  Fibrous,  like  string.  (.<?.- 
hark,  kinds  of  gum-tree);  (of  liquid)  viscous, 
ropy.    Hence  stri'ng-iNESS  n.    [-Y-] 


strip  i,  v.t.  &  i.  Denude,  lay  bare,  deprive  of 
covering  or  appurtenance  or  property,  (s.  one 
to  the  skin,  leave  him  no  clothes ;  stripped, 
naked  ;  stripped  of  fine  names,  it  is  a  swindle ; 
s.  house,  ship,  tree,  remove  furniture,  rigging, 
bark  &  branches  ;  s.  cow,  milk  to  last  drop ;  s. 
tobacco,  remove  stems  from ;  s.  screw,  tear 
thread  from  it) ;  pull  or  tear  (covering  lit.  or 
fig.,  appurtenance,  property)  off  or  off  from  or 
from  something ;  put  off  one's  clothes,  undress ; 
(of  screw)  lose  thread,  (of  projectile)  issue  from 
rifled  gun  without  spin ;  s.-leaf,  tobacco  with 
stems  removed.  Hence  stri'ppER^l,  2)  n. 
[OE  strypan,  cf.  Du.  stroopen,  G  streifen] 

strip2,  n.  Long,  narrow  piece  (as.  oj  card, 
paper,  cloth,  garden,  territory,  board),  [prob. 
var.  of  foil.,  or  perh.  f.  prec] 

stripe,  n.  Long  narrow  band  usu.  of  uniform 
breadth  on  a  surface  from  which  it  differs  in 
colour  or  texture  (black  withareds.;  star  1s  & 
ss.;  ss.  on  soldier's  trousers;  sergeant's,  cor- 
porals, ss.,  chevron ;  get,  lose,  one's  ss.,  be 
promoted,  degraded;  zebra's  ss.),  whence 
(-)stPipED2,  stPi'pY2,  aa.,  stri'piNESS  n.; 
(archaic)  blow  with  scourge  (usu.  in  pi.),  (pi.) 
flogging,  [f.  MDu.  strijpe,  cf.  Norw.  stripa, 
MHG  streif,  also  strip  O 

stri'pling*,  n.  Lad,  young  man  whose  figure 
has  not  yet  filled  out    [prec,  -ling  x] 

strive,  v.i.  (strove,  strrven).  Struggle,  en- 
deavour, try  hard,  make  efforts,  contend,  vie, 
(to  do,  for  desired  end,  with  or  against  opponent 
or  temptation  or  difficulty ;  s.  together,  or  with 
each  other,  quarrel,  dispute  pre-eminence  &c). 
[f.  OF  estriver  (estrif  strife)] 

stro'bile,  n.  Cone  of  pine  &c  [f.  Gk  strbbi- 
los  (strephb  twist)] 

strode.    See  stride. 

stroke  *f  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Blow,  shock  given  by 
blow,  (to  receive  SO  ss.  of  the  birch ;  urith  one 
s.  of  his  sword ;  killed  by  a  s.  of  lightning  or 
lightnings.;  finishing  s.,  coup  de  grace,  final  & 
fatal  blow;  s.  of  paralysis  or  apoplexy,  or  .<?., 
sudden  disabling  attack ;  sun-s.);  single  effort 
put  forth,  one  complete  performance  of  a  re- 
current action  or  movement,  time  or  way  in 
which  such  movements  are  done,  (has  not  done 
a  s.  of  work;  s.  of  piston,  wing,  oar,  &c,  whole 
of  motion  till  starting-position  is  regained ; 
golfer  does  hole  in  five  ss.,  sticeessive  single 
dealings  with  ball ;  row  a  fast,  slow,  long,  &c, 
s.;  vary  the  s.;  second  boat  is  gaining  at  every 
s.  ors.  by  s.) ;  method  of  striking  in  games  &c, 
specially  successful  or  skilful  effort,  (invented 
a  new  8.  in  cricket ;  s.  of  genius,  original  idea  ; 
s.  of  wit,  diplomacy,  &c;  s.  of  business,  pro- 
fitable transaction  ;  a  clever  s.;  master1-*.); 
mark  made  by  movement  in  one  direction  of 
pen  orpencilor  paint-brush, detail  contributing 
to  general  effect  in  description,  (up,  down,  -s., 
part  of  letter  so  written;  hair-.v.;  thick,  thin, 
horizontal,  &c,  s.;  dash  off  picture  with  a  few 
ss. ;  could  do  it  with  a  s.  of  the  pen  by  exag., 
by  writing  signature ;  finishing  ss.,  finishing 
touches  ;  description  is  full  ofss.  from  the  life); 
sound  made  by  striking  clock  (it  is  on  the  s.  of 
nine,  nine  is  about  to  strike ;  was  there  on  the 
s„  punctually);  (also,  now  rarely,  s.-oai')  oars- 
man rowing  nearest  stern  &  setting  time  of  s. 
(row,  pull,  s.,  act  as  s.) ;  (vb)  act  as  s.  to  (boat, 
crew).    [OE  strdc  (strican  strike)] 

stroke2,  v.t,  &  n.  Pass  the  hand  gently.  & 
usu.  repeatedly  in  same  direction,  along  surface 
of  (<?.  one  or  one's  hair  the  wrong  way,  irritate 
him;  s.  one  down,  mollify  his  anger  &c);  hence 
stro'king-LY  -  adv.  (X.)  act  or  spell  of  strok- 
ing.   [  O  E  strdcian  (strdc,  sec  prec. )  ] 

stroll,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.    Saunter,  go  for  short 


STROMA 


870 


STRYCHNIA 


leisurely  walk,  (n.,  such  walk;  take,  go  for,  as.); 
go  from  place  to  place  giving  performances  &c, 
traverse  the  country  thus,  (strolling  players  ; 
a  strolling  company).  Hence  stro'llER1  n. 
letym.  dub.;  perh.=  troll  with  s-  (OF  es-  f. 
kx-)  prefixed]  _, 

stro'ma,  n.  (biol.;  pi.  -ata).  Framework  of 
an  organ  or  cell,  usu.  of  connective  tissue. 
Hence  stroma'tic  a.  [L  f.  Gk  (-6-), = coverlet 
(itronnumi  spread,  -m)] 

strong-,  a.  (comp.  &  sup.  pr.  -ngg-).  Having 
power  of  resistance,  not  easily  broken  or  torn 
or  worn  or  injured  or  captured,  tough,  healthy, 
firm,  solid,  (s.  china,  stick,  cloth  ;  a  s.  constitu- 
tion, not  liable  to,  able  to  overcome,  disease ; 
s.  nerves,  proof  against  fright,  irritation,  &c; 
s.  fortress,  town,  Sec;  s.-box,  -room,  proof 
against  burglars  Sec  for  keeping  valuables  in  ; 
.9.  conviction,  faith,  character ;  the  s.,  those  who 
have  good  health ;  are  you  quite  s.  again  ?,  re- 
stored to  health  ;  a  s.  foundation ;  a  s.  market, 
steadily  high  or  rising  prices ;  s.  meat  bibl., 
solid  food,  fig.  doctrine  or  measures  acceptable 
only  to  vigorous  or  instructed  minds) ;  capable 
of  exerting  great  force  or  doing  much,  muscu- 
lar, powerful  by  size  or  numbers  or  resources 
or  quality  or  ability,convincing,striking, power- 
fully affecting  thesenses,(s.  todo,suffer,  labour, 
save,  Sec;  is  s.  enough  to;  s.  in  judgment, 
Greek,  numbers,  health,  well  equipped  in  these 
respects  ;  «s.  eyes,  memory,  &c. ;  a  s.  man,  mus- 
cular ;  by  the  s.  arm  or  hand,  by  force ;  is  as  s. 
as  a  horse,  can  do  or  stand  much  work ;  the  s., 
those  who  have  might  on  their  side ;  s.  army, 
fleet,  Sec,  numerous  &  well  equipped;  a  s.  de- 
tachment, numerous ;  a  company  200  .<?.,  num- 
bering 200 ;  how  many  s.  are  you  ?,  what  are 
your  numbers  ? ;  a  s.  combination,  set  capable 
of  doing  much  when  united ;  a  s.  candidate, 
formidable,  likely  to  win  ;  s.  drink,  waters, 
alcoholic  liquors ;  s.  tea,  toddy,  made  with 
large  proportion  of  the  flavouring  element;  s. 
voice,  loud  or  penetrating ;  s.  mind,  capable  of 
sound  reasoning ;  s.-minded,  having  such  mind, 
also  &  usu.  in  spec,  sense  of  woman,  claiming 
mental  &  legal  equality  with  men ;  s.  evidence, 
argument,  case ;  s.  light,  shadow,  colour,  fla- 
vour; s.  cheese,  onion, pungent ;  s.butter,bacon, 
rancid  ;  s.breath, ill-smelling) ;  energetic, effec- 
tive, vigorous,  decided,  (a  s.  wind,  tide,  attrac- 
tion ;  have  a  s.  hold  upon  or  over,  be  able  to  in- 
fluence ;  a  s.  literary  style,  vivid  &  terse ;  has 
a  s.  inclination  to;  s.  language,  forcible  ex- 
pressions esp.  of  abusive  or  blasphemous  kind ; 
give  s.  support  to,  support  with  all  one's  power ; 
a  s.  partisan,  Tory,  advocate ;  s.  man,  adminis- 
trator who  acts  without  hesitation,  masterful 
person ;  is  s.  against  compromise,  will  have 
nothing  to  do  with  it ;  going  strong  slang,  con- 
tinuing race  or  other  occupation  vigorously, 
also  in  good  health  or  trim  ;  come  or  go  it  s. 
slang,  go  togreatlengthsin  something);  (Gram.) 
forming  inflections  by  vowel-change  within  the 
stem  rather  than  by  addition  of  suflix  (e.g.  swim 
swam  cf.  float  floated,  foot  feet  cf.  boot  boots); 
stro'nghold,  fort,  fastness,  citadel,  place  where 
some  cause  or  sentiment  still  prevails  (Liver- 
pool is  a  s.-h.  of  protestantism).  Hence 
stPO*ng-isHi(2)  a.,  stro'ngLY2  adv.  [OE 
Strang,  cf.  Du.  &  Da.  streng,  G  streng  strict ; 
cogn.  w.  L  stringer e  strain] 

stro'ntia  (sha)  n.,  stro'ntian  (-shn)  n.  & 
a.  An  oxide  of  strontium  of  which  the  nitrate 
is  used  in  fireworks  to  colour  flame  red  ;  (adj.) 
of  strontia  or  strontium,  [-a  f.  foil.;  -an  (n.)  f. 
Strontian  in  Argyle,  (adj.)  f.  foil.  +  -an] 

stro'ntium  (shm),  n.  A  dark-yellow  metal. 
[Strontian  (prec),  -ium] 


strop,  n.,  &  v.t.  Strip  of  leather  on  which 
razor  is  sharpened,  implement  or  machine  serv- 
ing same  purpose ;  (vb)  sharpen  on  or  with  s. 

[as  STRAP] 

stro-phe,  n.  (Lines  recited  during)  turn 
made  in  dancing  by  ancient-Greek  chorus  («.. 
antistrophe,  epode,  three  sections  of  a  choral 
ode  or  of  one  division  of  it,  s.  &  antis.  exactly 
corresponding  in  metre.  So  stro'phic  a.  [Gk 
(-e),  orig.  =  turning  (strepho  turn)J 

strove.    See  strive. 

strow  (-o),  v.t.  (p.p.  strown  or  -ed).  (Archaic 
for)  strew. 

struck.    See  strike. 

stru'eture  (-tsher),  n.  Manner  in  which  a 
building  or  organism  or  other  complete  whole 
is  constructed,  supporting  framework  or  whole 
of  the  essential  parts  of  something,  make,  con- 
struction, (the  s.  of  a  house,  machine,  animal, 
organ,  poem,  sentence  ;  a  sentence  of  loose,  a 
rock  of  columnar,  s.;  its  s.  is  ingenious;  orna- 
ment should  emphasize  &  not  disguise  the  lines 
ofs.),  whence  stru'cturAL,  stru'ctureLESS, 
(-)stru'cturED2,  aa.,  stru'cturalLY  2  adv.; 
thing  constructed,  complex  whole,  a  building, 
(a  fine  marble  s. ;  a  lumbering  s.  drawn  by 
six  horses).  [F,  f.  L  structura  (struere  struct- 
build,  -ure)] 

struggle,  v.i.,  &  n.  Throw  one's  limbs 
about  in  violent  effort  to  get  free  or  escape 
grasp  (child  struggled  &  kicked);  make  violent 
or  determined  efforts  under  difficulties,  strive 
hard  to  do,  contend  with  or  against  opponent 
or  obstacle  or  difficulty,  (struggled  to  express 
himself,  control  his  feelings ;  struggling  with 
his  infirmity,  against  superior  numbers  or  the 
forces  of  nature) ;  make  one's  way  with  diffi- 
culty through,  up,  along,  in,  &c.  (light  strug- 
gled in  through  dirty  panes),  (part.)  experienc- 
ing difficulty  in  making  a  living  or  getting  re- 
cognition (a  struggling  artist  Sec);  hence 
stru'g-glingLY  2  adv.,  stru-gglER  *  n.  (N.) 
spell  of  struggling,  confused  wrestle  or  jostling, 
melee,  hard  contest,  effort  under  difficulties. 
[ME  strogelen,  cf.  Norw.  stru  refractory,  OE 
thryecan  to  force,  G  drucken  to  print] 

stru'ldbrug,  n.  One  of  those  cursed  with 
immortality  in  Gulliver's  Travels,    [arbitrary] 

strum,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Touch  notes  or  twang 
strings  of  piano  or  other  stringed  instrument 
(esp.  unskilfully);  s.  on  (piano,  guitar,  &c.) ;  (n.) 
sound  made  by  strumming  (the  s.  of  a  guitar). 
[f.  thrum  with  s-  (cf.  stroll)  prefixed] 

stru'ma  (-00-),  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Scrofula ;  goitre ; 
(Bot.)  cushion-like  dilatation  of  an  organ.  So 
stru*mosE 1,  stru'mous,  aa.  [L, = scrofulous 
tumour  (struere  build  up)] 

stru*mpet,n.  Prostitute,  [perh.  f.  OF  strupe 
var.  of  stupre  concubinage  f.  hstuprum  viola- 
tion +  -ET  '] 

strung*.    See  string. 

strut1,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Walk  with)  pompous  or 
affected  gait.  Hence  stru'tting-LY 2  adv. 
[ME  strouten  vb  f.  Da.  strutte,  cf.  Norw.  strut 
nozzle,  LG  strutt  rigid] 

strut2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Piece  of  wood  or  iron  in- 
serted in  a  framework  &  intended  to  bear 
weight  or  pressure  in  the  direction  of  its  length, 
brace,  esp.  one  set  obliquely  from  rafter  to 
king-post  or  queen-post;  (vb)  brace  withstrut(s). 
[cogn.  w.  prec] 

stru'thious  (-doth-),  a.  Of  or  like  an  ostrich, 
of  the  ostrich  tribe.  [L  struthio  f.  Gk  strouthion 
ostrich  (strouthos  sparrow),  -ous] 

strychnia, stpy'chnin(e), (k), nn.  Vege- 
table alkaloid  got  from  plants  of  genus  Strych- 
nos,  highly  poisonous  &  used  in  minute  doses 
as  nerve-stimulant.     Hence  strychnic  a., 


STUB 


871 


STUM 


stpy*ehn(in)iSM(5)  nn.  [L  strychnos  f.  Gk 
(s)trukhnos  kind  of  nightshade,  -ine  s] 

stub,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stump  of  tree,  tooth,  &c, 
left  projecting ;  remnant  of  pencil,  cigar,  dog's 
tail,  or  similar  object ;  s.-iron,  used  for  gun- 
barrels  &  made  of  old  horse-shoe  or  other  nails ; 
s.-mortise,  cut  only  part  of  the  way  through  ; 
hence  stirbbv-  a.  (Vb)  grub  up  (s.)  by  the 
roots;  clear  (land)  of  ss.  [OE  stybb,  cf.  Du. 
stobbe,  ON  stubbi,  Gk  stupos] 

stu'bble,  n.  Stumps  of  grain  left  sticking 
up  after  harvest ;  cropped  hair  or  beard.  Hence 
stu'bblY  «  a.  IME  stobil  f.  OF  estouble  f.  LL 
stupula  f.  L  stipula  (stipes  stock,  -ule)J 

stvrbborn  (-em),  a.  Obstinate,  unyielding, 
obdurate,  inflexible,  refractory,  intractable, 
(facts  are  s.  things,  will  not  adapt  themselves 
to  theory).  Hence  stu'bbornLY  2adv.,  stu'b- 
bopnNESS  n.  [ME  stobum,  stibom,  prob.  f. 
OE  stybb  stub  w.  suf.] 

stu-cco,  n.  (pi.  -oes),  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  plaster 
or  cement  used  for  coating  wall  surfaces  or 
moulding  into  architectural  decorations ;  (vb) 
coat  with  s.  [It.,  f.  OHG  stucchi  a  crust  (whence 
G  stiick  piece),  cogn.  w.  stock] 

stuek(-up).    See  stick. 

stud  \  n.,  &  v.t.  Large-headed  nail,  boss,  or 
knob,  projecting  from  a  surface  esp.  for  orna- 
ment ;  rivet,  cross-piece  in  each  link  of  chain- 
cable  ;  two-headed  button  for  use  with  two 
button-holes  esp.  in  shirt-front  (collars.,  long 
kind  going  through  four  holes);  post  to  which 
laths  are  nailed.  (Vb)  set  with  ss.  by  way 
of  strengthening  or  usu.  of  decorating,  (p.p.) 
thickly  set  or  strewed  with  (door,  lawn,  sea, 
sky,  studded  with  nails,  trees,  islands,  stars) ; 
be  scattered  over  or  about  (surface).  FOE  studu 
post,  cf.  Da.  stod  stub,  G  stiitze  prop] 

stud  2,  n.  Number  of  horses  kept  for  some 
purpose,  as  breeding,  racing,  hunting,  coach- 
ing ;  s.-book,  containing  pedigrees  or  horses ; 
s.-farm,  place  where  horses  are  bred ;  s.-horse, 
stallion.  [OE  stod,  cf.  ON  stoth,  G  gestiit; 
cogn.  w.  stand] 

studding-sail  (stii'nsl),  n.  Sail  set  on  small 
extra  yard  &  boom  beyond  skirt  of  square  sail 
in  light  winds,    [etym.  dub.] 

stu'dent,  n.  Person  studying  in  order  to 
qualify  himself  for  some  occupation  or  devot- 
ing himself  to  some  branch  of  learning  or  un- 
der instruction  at  university  or  other  place  of 
higher  education  or  technical  training  (medi- 
cal, theological,  historical,  s.;  as.  of  archaeo- 
logy, law,  botany,  manners  %  numbers  its  ss. 
by  the  thousand) ;  person  of  studious  habits ;  (at 
some  colleges)  recipient  of  stipend  from  foun- 
dation, fellow  or  scholar,  whence  stu'dent- 
ship  n.    [L  studere  (studium  study1),  -ent] 

stu'dio,  n.  Working-room  of  painter,  sculp- 
tor, photographer,  &c,  often  with  skylights  or 
windows  specially  designed  to  secure  suitable 
light.    [It,  f.  L  as  study  *] 

stu'dlous,  a.  Given  to  study,  occupied  with 
reading ;  taking  care  to  do,  anxiously  desirous 
of  doing  ;  studied,  deliberate,  intended,  zeal- 
ous, anxious,  painstaking,  (with  s.  care,  atten- 
tion, politeness).  Hence  stu'diousLY 2  adv., 
stu'diousNESs  n.  [f.  L studiosus  (foil.,  -ose1)] 

stu'dy  *,  n.  Thing  to  be  secured  by  pains  or 
attention  (it  shall  be  my  s.  to  please,  to  write 
correctly ;  your  comfort  was  my  s. ;  make  a  s. 
of,  try  to  secure) ;  (now  usu.  brown  s.)  fit  of 
musing,  reverie,  (there  he  stood  for  an  hour  in 
as.;  is  inabrowns.,  toointent  on  his  thoughts 
to  observe  what  is  passing) ;  devotion  of  time 
&  thought  to  acquiring  information  esp.  from 
books  (often  pi.),  pursuit  of  some  branch  of 
knowledge,  (gives  his  hours  to  s. ;  make  a  s.  of, 


investigate  carefully ;  my  ss.  have  convinced 
me  that ;  the  s.  of  mathematics,  morals  ;  con- 
tinue your  ss.,  go  on  with  your  lessons) ;  thing 
that  is  or  deserves  to  be  investigated  (the  pro- 
per s.  of  mankind  is  man ;  his  face  was  as.); 
(Paint.  &c.)  sketch  made  for  practice  in  tech- 
nique or  as  preliminary  experiment  for  picture 
or  part  of  it  (his  ss.  are  exquisite,  but  his  fin- 
ished work  disappointing ;  a  s.  of  a  head) ; 
(Mus.)  composition  designed  to  test  or  develop 
player's  skill ;  (Theatr. )  good,  slow,  &c,  learner 
of  parts  (under-study)  ;  room  used  for  liter- 
ary occupation,  transaction  of  business,  &c 
(you  will  find  him  in  his,  the,  s.).  [AF  &  OF 
estudie  t.  L  studium  zeal,  study] 
stu'dy2,  v.t.  &  L  Make  a  s.  of,  take  pains 
to  investigate  or  acquire  knowledge  of  (sub- 
ject) or  to  assure  (result  sought),  scrutinize  or 
earnestly  contemplate  (visible  object),  (s.  law, 
French,  philosophy ;  s.  book,  read  it  attentive- 
ly ;  8.  one's  part,  try  to  learn  it  by  heart ;  8.  up, 
get  up  for  examination  &c.;  s.  out,  succeed  in 
finding  out  by  hard  thinking;  studies  others' 
convenience,  his  own  interests ;  s.  person's  face 
or  character,  a  map,  the  stars) ;  apply  oneself 
to  s.  esp.  reading  (s.  for  the  bar,  read  law) ; 
(archaic)  meditate,  muse;  be  on  the  watch, 
try  constantly  to  manage,  to  do  (studies  to 
avoid  disagreeable  topics) ;  (p.p.)  deliberate, 
intentional,  affected,  (a  studied  insult ;  with 
studied  politeness,  rudeness,  unconcern,  aban- 
don), whence  stu'diedLY2  adv.  [£.  OF  estu- 
dier  f.  med.L  studiare  f.  L  as  prec] 
stuff,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Material  that  thing  is 
made  of  or  that  is  or  may  be  used  for  some  pur- 
pose (the  s.  that  dreams,  heroes,  are  made  of; 
has  good  s.  in  him,  sterling  qualities ;  some  s. 
they  call  petrol;  this  punch,  book,  is  good, 
sorry,  s.;  nousehold  s.  archaic,  furniture  &c. : 
bread,  food,  -ss.,  things  made  into  bread,  used 
as  food;  green,  garden,  s.,  vegetables;  doctors' 
s.,  physic ;  inch  s.,  boards  1  in.  thick ;  thick  s., 
planking  over  4  in.  thick) ;  any  woollen  fabric 
(opp.  silk,  cotton,  linen  ;  s.  gown,  worn  by  bar- 
rister who  has  not  taken  silk)  ;  valueless  mat- 
ter, refuse,  trash,  nonsense  (n.  &  int.),  (Take 
that  s.  away.  Smith  a  liar  ?  8.  &  nonsense  !. 
What  s.  he  writes!).  (Vb)  pack,  cram,  stop 
up,  fill,  distend,  (s.  one'sears  with  wool, cushion 
with  down ;  stuffed  birds,  beasts,  skin  with  in- 
terior removed  &  replaced  by  enough  material 
to  restore  original  shape ;  stuffed  fowl,  turkey, 
haddock,  veal,  with  minced  seasoning  inserted 
before  cooking;  8.  child,  goose,  &c,  make  it 
eat  largely ;  ahead  stuffed  with  romance,  facts, 
folly),  whence  stu*friNG1(4)  n.  (stuffing-box, 
chamber  in  machinery  through  which  rod  can 
work  without  allowing  passage  of  air  &c,  all 
vacant  space  being  filled  with  stuffing) ;  ram 
or  press  into  receptacle  (stuffed  his  necessaries 
into  a  small  bag,  his  fingers  into  his  ears,  the 
food  into  his  mouth) ;  gull  with  lies,  hoax ;  gorge 
oneself,  eat  greedily ;  hence  (-)sturFi:it *  n. 
[vb  f.  n.,  OF  estoffe  f.  L  stup(p)a  see  stop  j] 
stu'fffy,  a.  (Of  valley,  room,  &c,  or  atmo- 
sphere in  it)  lacking  fresh  air  or  ventilation, 
close,  hard  to  breathe  in,  fusty.  Hence  stu'f- 
Aness  n.  [-Y2] 
stuerey,  &c.  See  stock-. 
stu*itify,  v.t.  (Of  act,  statement,  agent, 
speaker)  reduce  (previous  act&c.)  to  absurdity, 
exhibit  (act  &c.  or  oneself)  in  ridiculous  light, 
make  (act  &c.)  of  no  effect,  neutralize  (oneself) 
as  agent,  by  later  inconsistent  act  &c.  Hence 
stultiFiCATiON  n.  [L  stultus  foolish,  -I-,  -fy] 
stum,  n.,  &  v.t.  Unfermented  grape-juice, 
must;  (vb)  prevent  from  fermenting,  secure 
(wine)  against  further  fermentation  in  cask, 


STUMBLE 


872 


STYLE 


by  introduction  of  antiseptic,  [f.  Du.  stom  n., 
stommen  vb,  {stom  a.  quiet,  cf.  G  stumm)] 

sUrmble,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Lurch  forward, 
have  partial  fall,  from  catching  or  striking  foot 
or  making  false  step  (s.  along,  go  with  frequent 
ss.);  make  blunder(s)  in  doing  something  (stum- 
bles in  his  speech ;  s.  through  a  recitation) ;  be 
offended,  feel  scruples,  at;  come  accidentally 
(up)on  or  across  ;  (archaic)  give  pause  to,  excite 
scruples  in  ;  stu'mbling-block,  obstacle,  circum- 
stance that  causes  difficulty  or  hesitation  or 
scruples;  hence  stu'mblingr.Y 2  adv.  (N.) 
act  of  stumbling,  [as  stammer  w.  different 
suf.,  see  -le(3),  &  application  ;  cogn.  w.  prec; 
for  -6-  cf.  humble,  number] 

stump,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Projecting  remnant 
of  cut  or  fallen  tree,  corresponding  remnant  of 
broken  branch  or  tooth  or  amputated  limb,  use- 
less end  of  cigar  or  pencil,  worn-down  brush  or 
other  implement,  stub;  (pi.,  facet.)  legs  (usu. 
stir  ones  ss.);  s.  of  tree  used  by  orator  to 
address  meeting  from  (on  the  s.  colloq.,  engaged 
in  political  speech-making  or  agitation ;  s.  ora- 
tory, of  kind  suitable  for  such  speeches) ; 
(Cricket)  one  of  the  three  uprights  of  a  wicket 
(off,  middle,  leg,  s.);  cylinder  of  rolled  paper 
or  other  material  with  conical  ends  for  soften- 
ing pencil-marks  &  other  uses  in  drawing.  ( Vb) 
walk  stiffly  &  noisily  as  on  wooden  legs ;  (of 
question  &c;  colloq.)  pose,  be  too  hard  for,  (am 
stumped,  at  a  loss,  at  my  wits'  end),  whence 
stu*mpER1(2)  n.;  (Cricket)  put  (batsman  who 
is  not  in  his  ground)  out  by  disturbing  wicket 
while  holding  ball ;  make  s.  speeches,  traverse 
(district)  doing  this ;  use  s.  on  (drawing,  line, 
&c);  s.  up  slang,  pay  over  the  money  required, 

groduce  (sum),    [f.  ON  stumpr,  cf.  Du.  stomp, 
f  stump/;  cogn.  w.  stamp,  stub] 
stu'mpy,  a.  Thickset,  stocky,  of  small  height 
or  length  in  proportion  to  girth,  (a  s.  man,  book, 
tail, pencil).  Hence  stu,mpiLY2adv.,stu*m- 

piNESS  n.     [-Y2] 

stun,  v.t.  (Of  sound)  deafen  temporarily,  be- 
wilder; (of  blow  lit.  or  fig.)  knock  senseless, 
reduce  to  insensibility  or  stupor,  benumb,  over- 
whelm ;  (part,  as  adj.,  slang)  ravishingly  good 
in  some  respect,  splendid,  delightful,  ripping, 
whence  stu*nning:LY2  adv.,  &  so  stu'nnER1 
n.  [OE  stunian  resound,  cf.  ON  stynja,  G 
stohnen,  groan] 

Stu-ndism,   Stu'ndist,   (-00),  nn.     Doc- 
trines, adherent,  of  a  religious  body  in  Russia, 
orig.  of  peasants,  rejecting  ceremonies  of  Ortho- 
dox Church  &  basing  itself  on  the  Bible  as 
translated  1861  into  modern  Russian.  [G  stunde 
hour,  lesson  (the  movement  originating  with 
German  colonists),  -ism,  -ist] 
stung:,  stunk.    See  sting,  stink. 
stu-nsail,  n.  =studding-sail. 
stunt,  v.t.    Check  growth  or  development 
of,  d wart  cramp,  (esp.  in  p.p.).    [f.  OE  stunt  a. 
dull,  cf.  ON  stuttr  short] 

stupe  •  (or  -oop),  n.,  &  v.t.  Flannel  &c.  wrung 
out  of  hot  water  &  applied  as  fomentation; 
pledget  of  soft  material  used  as  surgical  dress- 
ing ;  (vb)  apply  s.  to,  foment,  [f.  L  as  stuff] 
stupe2,  n.  (slang).  Fool,  [for  stupid] 
stirpefy,  v.t.  Make  stupid  or  torpid,  deprive 
of  sensibility,  (stupefied  xoith  drink,  narcotics, 
grief.  Sec.).  Hence  or  cogn.  stupeFA'ciENT  a. 
&  n.  (med.),  stupeFA'CTiON,  stu'pefiERMl,  2), 
nn.,  sturpefactiVE  a.  [f.  F  stupefier  f.  L 
stupefacere  (stupere  be  torpid,  -FY)] 
stupendous,  a.  Amazing,  prodigious,  as- 
tounding esp.  by  size  or  degree  (as.  structure, 
error,  achievement ;  s.  folly).  Hence  stupe'n- 
dousLv2  adv.,  stupe-ndousxEss  n.  [L 
stupendus  (stupere  be  amazed  at,  -nd1),  -ous] 


stu'peous,  a.  (entom.).  With  long  loose 
scales  like  tow.  [Lstup(p)eus  (stupa  tow),  -ous] 

stu'pid,  a.  &  n.  In  a  state  of  stupor  or  leth- 
argy ;  dull  by  nature,  slow-witted,  lacking  in 
sensibility,  obtuse,  crass,  characteristic  of  per- 
sons of  this  nature,  (a  s.  person,  joke,  idea, 
book,  fright ;  what  a  s.  place  to  put  it  in !), 
whence  stupi'di'rv  n.;  uninteresting,  dull,  (a 
s.  place,  visit,  time).  Hence  stu'pidLV-  adv. 
[f.  L  stupidus  (as  stupendous,  -id  l)\ 

stu'pop,  n.  Dazed  state,  torpidity,  whence 
stu#popous  a.  (med.) ;  helpless  amazement. 
[L  (as  stupendous,  -or1)] 

stupo'se,  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  With  tow-like  tufts 
of  long  hair,    [as  stupeous,  -ose  *] 

stup'dy J,  a,  Robust,  hardy,  vigorous,  lusty, 
strongly  built,  (s.  child,  opponent,  legs,  frame, 
resistance,  courage;  s.  beggar  archaic,  able- 
bodied  but  not  working).  Hence  stup'diLY  * 
adv.,  stUP'diNESS  n.  [earlier  sense  reckless ; 
f.  OF  estourdi  amazed,  etym.  dub.] 

stup'dy2,  n.  Vertigo  in  sheep  caused  by 
tapeworm  in  brain.  Hence  stup*diED2a.  [f. 
OF  estourdie  giddiness  (prec.)] 

sturgeon  (-jn),  n.  Kinds  of  large  anadrom- 
ous  fish  resembling  shark  in  general  shape, 
having  mailed  body  &  head,  yielding  caviare  & 
isinglass,  &  esteemed  as  food.  [f.  OF  esturgeon 
f.  med.L  sturionem  nom.  -o  f.  OHG  sturjo,  cf. 
OE  styria  ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  stir] 

stu'ttep,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Keep  repeating  parts, 
esp.  initial  consonants,  of  words  in  effort  to 
articulate ;  utter  in  this  way  (often  out) ;  hence 
stu'ttePER1  n.,  stu'ttepingLY2  adv.  (N.) 
act  or  habit  of  stuttering,  [obs.  stut  in  same 
sense  (cf.  G  stossen  strike,  L  tundere  beat)  + 
-er5  ;  cf.  Du.  stotteren,  G  stottem) 

sty  1,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Often  pigsty)  enclosure 
for  keeping  pig(s)  in,  (fig.)  mean  or  dirty  hovel 


or  room,  place  of  debauchery ;  (vb)  lodge  (t.  & 
i.)  in  s.  [OE  stigo,  cf.  OHG  stiga  cattle-pen ; 
prob.  f.  OE  stigan  climb,  cf.  G  steige  staircase, 
henroost,  f.  steigen  climb,  perh.  w.  comparison 
of  paling  to  steps] 

sty  2,  stye,  n.  Inflamed  swelling  on  edge  of 
eyelid  (usu.  a  s.  in  one's  eye),  [earlier  forms 
styan,  stiony  ;  perh.  f.  OE  stigan  rise] 
Sty'gian,  a.  (As)  of  the  Styx  or  of  Hades, 
murky,  gloomy.  [L  f.  Gk  Stugios  (styx),  -an] 
style1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ancient  writing-imple- 
ment,asmall  rod  with  pointed  end  for  scratch- 
ing letters  on  wax-covered  tablets  &  blunt  end 
for  obliterating  (whence  styliFORMa.),  (poet.) 
pen  or  pencil,  (transf.)  thing  of  s.-like  shape 
as  etching-needle  or  styloid  process  in  Anat. ; 
manner  of  writing,  speaking,  or  doing,  esp.  as 
opposed  to  the  matter  to  be  expressed  or  thing 
done  (the  s.  is  better  than  the  matter ;  written  in 
a  florid,  cumbrous,  lucid,  delightful,  8.;  differ- 
ent ss.  of  rowing ;  slashed  about  him  in  fine  s.; 
good,  bad,  s.,=good,  bad,  form1);  collective 
characteristics  of  the  writing  or  diction  or 
artistic  expression  or  way  of  presenting  things 
or  decorative  methods  proper  to  a  person  or 
school  or  period  or  subject,  manner  exhibiting 
these  characteristics,  (in  the  s.  of  Shakspere, 
Raphael,  Wagner ;  the  epic,  lyric,  dramatic,  s. ; 
lapidary  or  monumental  s.,  fit  or  resembling 
that  fit  for  inscriptions  on  stone ;  pre-Raphael- 
ite,  impressionist,  s.,  in  painting;  baroque, 
Louis  XIV,  rococo,  renaissance,  s.,  in  archi- 
tecture orfurniture  or  dress;  gothic,  classical, 
Romanesque,  .<?.,  in  architecture ;  Norman, 
early  English,  decorated,  perpendicular,  ss., 
kinds  of  esp.  ecclesiastical  architecture  prevail- 
ing successively  in  England  1066-1189, 1189-1272, 
1272-1377, 1350-1600,  &  marked  respectively  by 
I  round  arches  &  heavy  pillars,  pointed  arches  & 


STYLE 


873 


SUB- 


lancet  windows  &  simple  tracery,  flowing 
tracery  &  elaborate  ornament,  slender  pillars 
&  vast  windows  divided  by  vertical  &  hori- 
zontal lines ;  Tudor,  Jacobean,  Queen  Anne, 
88.,  kinds  of  esp.  domestic  architecture) ;  de- 
scriptive formula,  designation  of  person  or 
thing,  full  title,  (is  entitled  to  the  s.  of  Right 
honourable,  King,  Esquire  ;  did  not  recognize 
him  under  his  new  s. ;  my  s.  is  plain  John 
Smith  ;  regret  that  I  am  not  acquainted  with 
your  proper  s. ;  old,  new,  s.,  abbr.  O.S.,  N.S., 
appended  to  dates,  =  so  called  when  reckoned 
by  the  Julian,  Gregorian,  calendar1);  notice- 
ably superior  quality  or  manner  esp.  in  regard 
to  breeding  or  fashion,  distinction,  (there  is  no 
s.  about  her,  she  looks  commonplace  ;  let  us  do 
the  thing  in  s.  if  we  do  it  at  all),  whence  sty'l- 
iSHia.,  stylishLY2  adv.,  stylishNESs  n. ; 
kind,  sort,  esp.  with  regard  to  appearance 
(what  s.  of  house,  servant,  do  you  require  ? ;  a 
gentleman  of  the  old  s.) ;  make,  shape,  pattern, 
(this  s.  2/G ;  in  all  sizes  &  ss.);  (vb)  use  specified 
designation  of  (is  styled  king,  folly).  [ME  stile 
i.  OF  stile,  style,  f.  L  stilus  incorrectly  spelt 
stylus  by  late  writers  w.  assim.  to  Gk  (roll.)] 

style2,  n.  Gnomon  of  sun-dial;  (Bot.)  nar- 
rowed extension  of  ovary  supporting  stigma, 
[f.  Gk  stulos  pillar] 

style3,  n.    (Incorrect  spelling  for)  stile. 

stylet,  n.  Slender  pointed  instrument,  sti- 
letto ;  (Surg.)  stiffening  wire  of  catheter,  probe. 
[OF,  f.  It.  stiletto] 

stylist,  n.  Person  with  or  aiming  at  good 
literary  style,    [-ist] 

styli'stic,  a.  Of  literary  style.  Hence  sty  1- 
i'stiCALLY  adv.    [-IC] 

stylite.  n.  Medieval  ascetic  living  on  top  of 
a  pillar,    [f.  late  Gk  stulites  (style  2,  -ite  J)J 

stylo,  n.  (colloq.  abbr.;  pi.  -os).   Stylograph. 

stylo-,  comb,  form  of  styloid  in  names  of 
muscles  =  of  the  styloid  process  8t—,&s-hyoid, 
-maxillary,    [f.  L  as  style  l,  -o-] 

sty 'locate,  n.  Continuous  basement  sup- 
porting a  row  or  rows  of  columns.  [F,  f.  Gk 
stulobates  (style2,  baino  stand)] 

stylograph,  n.  Kind  of  pen  containing 
reservoir  of  ink  &  marking  with  point  instead 
of  split  nib.  Hence  stylogra-phic  a.,  stylo- 
gra'phrCALLY  adv.    [style1,  -o-,  -graph] 

styloid,  a.  &  n.  S.  (vrocess),  spine  projecting 
from  base  of  temporal  bone,    [style  l,  -oid] 

stymie,  n.,  &  v.t.    (Var.  of)  stimy. 

styptic,  a.  &  n.  (Substance)  that  checks 
bleeding.  If.  F  styptique  t.  L  f.  Gk  stuptikos 
(stupho  contract,  prob.  cogn.  w.  stop)] 

styp'ax,  n.  Kinds  of  tree  &  shrub,  some  of 
which  yield  valuable  gums.    [L,  f.  Gk  sturax] 

Sty Tian,  a.  &  n.    (Native)  of  Styria. 

Styx,  n.  (Gk  myth.).  River  encompassing 
Hades  (cross  the  S.,  die ;  black  &c.  as  S.).  [L,  f . 
Gk  Stux  -ugos) 

Suabian.    See  swabian. 

su'able,  a.  That  can  be  sued.  Hence  sua- 
bixity  n.    [-able] 

suasion  (swa'zhn),  n.  Persuasion  as  op- 
posed to  force  (esp.  moral  s.).  [F,  f.  L  sua- 
sionem  nom.  -o  (suadere  suas-  urge,  cogn.  w. 
foil.,  -ION)] 

suave  (swav),  a.  Bland,  soothing,  mollifying, 
polite,  (s.  person,  speech,  manners,  wine,  medi- 
cine). Hence  or  cogn.  sua'veLY  2  adv.,  sua*- 
vIty  n.    [F,  f.  L  suavis  cogn.  w.  sweet] 

sub1,  n.  (colloq.).    Subaltern,    [abbr.] 

sub2,  L  prep.,  =  under,  in  some  L  phrr. :  8. 
ju'dice  (-joo-),  under  judicial  consideration 
(newspaper  comment  on  cases  sj.  is  prohi- 
bited), not  yet  decided,  still  debatable  (the 
matter  is  still  sj.;  cf.  res  Judicata)',  s.  rosa 


(-za  or  -za),  (of  communications,  consultations, 
&c.)  in  confidence,  under  express  or  implied 
pledge  of  secrecy  [lit.  under  the  rose,  as  emblem 
of  secrecy];  &  sue'ntio  (-tlo,  -shio), in hushed-up 
manner,  privately;  s.  vo'ce,  abbr.  s.v.,  (in  refer- 
ences to  dictionaries  &c.)  under  the  word  in 
question,  under  the  word  — . 
sub-,  pref.  f.  L  sub  prep.  &  sub-  pref.  =  under. 

1.  Many  words  are  from  L  compounds,  in 
which  sub-  (or  often  by  assim.  &c.  sue-,  suf-, 
sug-,  sum-,  sup-,  sur-,  sus-)  expresses  clearly  or 
obscurely  the  ideas  of  lowerposition  (subjacent, 
subordinate,  subscribe,  subsist,  substance),  mo- 
tion to  this  (subject,  subjugate,  subjunctive,  sub- 
merge, submit,  subside,  succumb,  suppose,  sup- 
press) or  from  this  (subtract,  succinct,  suspect, 
suspend,  suspire),co  vertness  or  secrecy  or  tacit- 
ness  (subaudition,  suborn,  summon,  surrepti- 
tious), inclusion  (subsume),  closeness  (subjoin, 
subjunctive,  sublime,  subsequent,  suburb,  suc- 
ceed), inferiority  (subaltern,  subserve,  succen- 
tor),  support  (subsidy,  subvention,  succour,  suf- 
fer, suffice,  sustain),  addition  (suffix,  supple- 
ment), or  substitution  (subdititious,  substUutef 
supplant,  surrogate). 

2.  Sub-,  without  the  above  changes  into  suc- 
&c,  is  also  used  as  a  living  pref.  with  more  de- 
finite senses: 

a.  On  anal,  of  L  subterraneus  underground 
(sub  terra  below  the  earth)  adjj.  are  formed 
from  sub,  the  abl.  of  any  L  noun,  &  an  adj.  end- 
ing, esp.  as  iinat.  terms  with  sense  situated 
under  the  —  (substernal  f.  L  sub  sterno  below 
the  breastbone) ;  in  others  sub-  has  the  secon- 
dary sense  below  in  degree  (subnormal  below 
normal),  &  in  some  having  this  sense,  as  in  b 
below,  sub-  is  prefixed  directly  to  a  derived  E 
adj.  (subhuman  less  than  human,  as  from  sub 
homine). 

b.  On  anal,  of  L  subacidus  slightly  acid,  adjj. 
&  rarely  nn.  are  formed  by  prefixing  sub-  to  E 
adjj.  &  nn.  whether  of  L  orig.  or  not,  the  pref. 
having  an  effect  equivalent  to  rather  (subacid), 
more  or  less (subaquatic),  roughly  (subcylindri- 
cal),  incipient  (subdelirium),  not  quite  (subcon- 
scious), approaching  the  specified  character 
(suberect),  on  the  borders  of  (subalpine). 

c.  On  anal,  of  med.L  subprior  underprior,  sub- 
is  prefixed  to  nn.  &  vv.  with  sense  under-,  sub- 
ordinate(ly),  secondary  -ily,  further,  (subpre- 
fect,  subheading,  subspecies,  subdivide,  sublet). 

d.  On  anal,  of  substruction  f.  L  substructio, 
sub-  is  rarely  prefixed  to  E  nn.  with  sense  un- 
derlying (subsoil,  subway). 

e.  With  multiplicative  adjj.  (double,  triple, 
quadruple,  quintuple,  sextuple,  septuple,  octu- 
ple, decuple)  sub-  inverts  the  sense  ;  so,  double, 
triple,  expressing  the  ratios  2:1, 3:1,  subdouble, 
subtriple,  =  1:2, 1:& 

The  following  list  contains,  with  letters  of  re- 
ference &  further  explanation  when  necessary, 
the  words  in  sub-  whether  compounded  in  L  or 
in  E  that  fall  under  2 ;  the  L  wd  needed  to  give 
the  meaning  of  wds  marked  a  will  be  found  by 
reference  to  the  simple  adj.  that  is  left  when 
sub-  is  removed,  or  to  wd  added  in  brackets. 
subabdo'minal,  a;  -a'cid,  -aci'dity,  b,  (lit.,  & 
fig.  of  words  &c.) ;  suba'gent,  -a'gency,  c ;  -a'l- 
pine,b  ;  -a'nal, a ;  -ande'an,  b  (of  Andes  moun- 
tains); -a'pennine,  b;  -aposto'lic,  b,  of  period 
after  that  of  apostles ;  -aqua'tic,  b,  of  more  or 
less  aquatic  habits  or  kind,  also  a,  under- water; 
-a'queous,  a ;  -ar'ctic,  b ;  -a'stral,  a,  terrestrial ; 
-aur'al,  a ;  -a'xillary,  a ;  su'b-branch,  -breed, 
nn.,  c ;  -cau'dal,  a.;  -ce'ntral,  a,  b ;  -cerebral,  a 
(esp.  of  reflex  action  in  which  the  spinal  cord  is 
concerned,  but  not  the  brain) ;  swbclass,  c ; 
-clavate,b;  -cld'vian, -clavi'cular,  a  (clavicle); 

28* 


6UB- 


874 


SUBJECT 


su'b-commission(er),  -committee,  c ;  -co'ncave, 
-co'nical,  -co'nscious(ly,  -ness),  b ;  su'b-co'ntract 
n.,  -contra 'ct  v.i.,  -contra' dor  n.,  c ;  -co'ntrary 
a.  &  n.  pi.,  -contrari'ety  n.,  b,  contrary  in  some 
degree  only  (esp.  in  logic,  as  '  some  men  are 
viortal '  &  *  some  men  are  not  mortal '  are  sub- 
contraries,  whereas  'all  men  are  mortal  '&  'no 
man  is  mortal'  are  contraries);  -co'nvex,  b; 
-cor'date,  b ;  -cor'neous,  b,  rather  horny,  also  a, 
placed  under  horn,  nail,  &c;  -cor'tical, -co'stal, 
-cra'nial,  a;  -crystalline,  b;  -cuta'neous(ly), 
-cuticular,  a;  -cylindrical,  b;  su'bdea'con, 
'dea'conship,  -dean,  -dea'nery,-deca'nal,c;  -de- 
cuple, e ;  -delirium,  b,  incipient  or  mild  or  in- 
termittent; -dermal,  a  (derm);  -dia'conate,  c ; 
-divi'de  v.t.  &i.  [f.  L  subdividere],  -division,  c  ; 
-do'minant  n.  mus.,  a,  tone  below  dominant, 
fourth ;  -dor'sal,  a ;  -dowble,  -du'plicate,  e ; 
*  -edit,  -editor,  c;  -epider'mal,  a  (epidermis); 
-equal,  b  (esp.  of  quantities  in  a  group  such 
that  no  one  is  as  large  as  the  sum  of  the  rest) ; 
-equila'teral,  b;  -erect,  b;  swbfa'mily,  c  (in 
zool.  classif.) ;  -febrile,  b ;  su'bjlavour,  d ;  su'b- 
form,  c ;  su'bfusc,  b,  dusky,  dull-coloured  [f.  L 
suffuscus  see  fuscous];  -gela'tinous,  b;  su'b- 
-genns,  -generic,  c;  -gla'dal,  a :  -glo'bular, 
•grallator'ial,  b;  su'b-group, -head  (in  classif.), 
-heading,  c;  -hepa'tic,  a,  b;  -himalay'an,  b; 
-hwman,  a ;  -humeral,  a  (humerus)  ;  -infeuda'- 
tion,  -inspector,  c ;  -intestinal,  a  (intestine1); 
su'bjoint,  c,  one  of  subdivisions  of  regular  joint 
in  leg  &c.  of  insect  &c;  su'b-kingdom,  c,  main 
division  of  animal  or  vegetable  kingdom ;  -Zcrw- 
ceolate,  b ;  sti'b-lease  n.  &  v.t.,  -lessee,  -le'ssor, 
-letv.t.,su'b-librar'ian,su'b-lieute'nant,c;  -li- 
minal,  a  (limen;  of  sensations  so  faint  that 
subject  is  not  conscious  of  them) ;  -li'ngual,  a ; 
•li'ttoral,  b;  -lu'nar  (poet.),  -lu'nary,  a,  of  this 
world,  earthly,  (s.  affairs  &c);  -ma'mmary,  a 
(mamma2)  ;  -mari'ne,  a  (s.  plant,  cable,  volcano, 
&c. ;  s.  ooat,  or  s.  as  noun,  that  can  be  sub- 
merged esp.  for  torpedo  work  with  store  of 
compressed  air  for  crew);  swbmaster,  c,  second 
master  in  some  schools ;  -maxillary,  a  (maxil- 
la) ;  -membranous,  b ;  -mental,  a  (mental2)  ; 
-meta'llic,  b ;  -mo'ntane,  a ;  -mu'eous,  b  ;  -mul- 
tiple a.  &  n.,  e ;  -narco'tic,  b ;  -na'sal,  -na'tural 
(opp.  supernatural),  -nor'mal,  -occi'pital  (occi- 
put), -ocea'nic,  a;  -ocellate,  b  (ocellus);  -o'c- 
tuple,  e ;  -o'cular,  -oesophageal  (oesophagus), 
-orbital  (orbit),  a ;  su'border,  -or'dinal,  c  (in 
bot.  &zool.  classif.);  -era?,  b ;  -parietal,  -pha- 
ryngeal (pharynx),  -phre'nic,  a;  -pi'lose,  b; 
-pleural,  a ;  -po'lar,  b,  of  nearly  polar  charac- 
ter or  situation,  also  a,  directly  below  pole  of 
heavens  (astron.) ;  -pre'fect(ure), -pri'or,c;  -py- 
ra  'midal,  -quadra  'ngular,  -qua  'drate,b;  -qua  'd- 
ruple,  -quintuple,  e;  -ra'mose,  b;  su'breader, 
c  (in  Inns  of  Court) ;  -recta'ngular,  b  ;  su'brec- 
tor,  c,  rector's  deputy ;  swbregion,  c,  division 
of  faunal  region  ;  swbrent  v.t.,  c;  -retinal,  a 
<retina);  -rhomboi'dal,b;  -sa 'cral,  a  (sacrum); 
•saturated,  -satura'tion,  b ;  -sca'pular,  a;  su'b- 
section,  c ;  -sensible,  a,  below  the  reach  of  the 
senses;  -septuple,  e;  -serous,  -se'ssile,  b;  -sex- 
tuple, e ;  su'bsoil,  d ;  su'bspecies,  -speci'fic a.,  c ; 
-spherical,  -spi-nous  (spine),  b ;  swbstation,  c; 
-sternal,  a  (sternum);  swo^ra'fatmfpl.  -Harare), 
d,  what  underlies  something,  lower  layer,  foun- 
dation, basis,  (often  fig.,  as  it  has  a  s.  of  truth) ; 
-stru'etion  or  -stru'eture,  -structural,  d ;  -tem- 
perate, b  (of  climate  &c);  swbtenant,  -tenancy, 
c  ;  -ter'minal,  b,  nearly  at  the  end ;  -terra'nean, 
a,  underground  (lit.  &  fig.),  so  -terra-neously ; 
-thora'cic,  a  (thorax)  ;  su'btitle,  c ;  su'btonie  n. 
(mus.),  a,  note  next  below  tonic ;  -transparent, 


-tria'ngular,b;  su'btribe, a,(zoo\.  Scbot. classif.); 
-triple,  -tri'plicate,  e  ;  -tro'pical,  b  (of  climate, 
fauna,  flora,  &c);  -u'ngulate,  b,  hoofed,  but 
with  several  digits ;  -ur'sine,  b  ;  su'bvarieiy,  c 
(in  classif.);  -vertebral,  a;  -vertical,  -vi'treous, 
b ;  su'bway,  d,  covered  usu.  underground  way. 

subahdar*  (soo-),  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Chief 
native  officer  of  company  of  sepoys.  [Hind. 
(subah  province,  -dar  -keeping)] 

su'baltern,  a.  &  n.  Of  inferior  rank,  (Log., 
of  propositions)  particular,  not  universal  ;  (n., 
mil.)  junior  officer  below  rank  of  captain,  [f.  F 
subalterne  f.  med.L  suB(alternus  alternate1)] 

subaucti,  v.  imperat.  Supply  (specified  word 
or  words)  by  way  of  subaudition.    [L] 

subaudition,  n.  Mental  supplying  of  omit- 
ted word(s),  understanding  of  what  is  not  ex- 
pressed, reading  between  the  lines,  [f.  L  sub- 
auditio  f.  svB(audire  hear)] 

subditi'tious  (-shws),  a.  Secretly  substi- 
tuted, foisted  in.  [f.  L  subditicius  f.  s\JB(dere 
=  dare  put),  -itious  ]] 

subdu-ee,  subdu'et,  vv.t.  (rare).  With- 
draw, deduct,  subtract.  So  subdu'etiON  n. 
[f.  L  s\JB(ducere  -duct-  draw)] 

subdue*,  v.t.  Conquer,  subjugate,  overcome, 
vanquish,  master,  tame,  bring  into  subjection, 
diseipline,(s.  enemies, nature,  roughland,  one's 
passions ;  subdued  by  kindness) ;  soften,  make 
gentle,  tone  down,  mitigate,  (esp.  in  p.p.,  as 
subdued  colour,  light,  tone,  effect,  mood,  man- 
ners, satisfaction,  whence  subdue'dNESSn.). 
Hence  subdu'ABLE  a.,  subdu* al(2)  n.  [ME 
soduen,  perh.  back-formation  f.  sodued  f.  AF 
*subdut  (found  in  pi.  subduz  f.  LL  *subdutus 

p.p.  aSSUBDITITIOUS] 

subereous,    sube'rie,    su*bei*ose,  aa. 

Corky,  of  or  like  cork,  [(-ous  f.  L  subereus  + 
-ous)  f.  L  suber  cork,  -ic,  -ose  l] 

subja'cent,  a.  Underlying,  situated  below, 
[f.  L  svB(jacere  lie),  -ent] 

su'bject  1,  a.  &  adv.  (Archaic,  poet.)  subja- 
cent (survey  the  s.  plains) ;  under  government, 
not  independent,  owing  obedience  to,  (a  s.  pro- 
vince, tribe  ;  is  held  s.,  in  subjection ;  has  long 
been  s.  to  France ;  States  s.  to  foreign  rule ;  xce 
are  all  s.  to  the  laws  of  nature,  the  law  of  the 
land) ;  liable  or  exposed  or  prone  to  (thing ; 
persons  s.  to  gout ;  is  very  s.  to  damage,  envy, 
&c);  s.  (a.  &  adv.)  to,  conditional(ly)  upon,  on 
the  assumption  of,  without  precluding,  (treaty 
is  s.  to  ratification,  not  valid  unless  ratified ; 
the  arrangement  is  made,  or  is,  s.  to  your  ap- 
proval ;  s.  to  your  consent,  I  propose  to  try 
again ;  s.  to  correction,  these  are  the  facts). 
[ME  &  OF  suget,  f.  L  p.p.  of  s\JB(jicere  -ject-  - 
jacere  throw)] 

su'bject 2,  n.  Person  s.  to  political  rule,  any 
member  of  a  State  except  the  Sovereign,  any 
member  of  a  s.  State,  (rulers  &  ss. ;  the  ss.  of 
the  Sultan  ;  the  loyalty  of  My  ss. ;  the  liberty  of 
the  s.,  such  immunities  as  are  secured  to  ss. 
under  constitutional  rule ;  the  Indians  are  our 
ss.;  also  fig.,  as  the  ss.  of  King  Shakspere); 
(Log.,  Gram.)  that  member  of  a  proposition 
about  which  something  is  predicated,  the  noun 
or  noun-equivalent  with  which  the  verb  of  a 
sentence  is  made  to  agree  in  number  &c,  (s.  6b 
predicate  are  the  essential  parts  of  a  sentence ; 
every  verb  has  a  s.  expressed  or  understood, 
not  every  verb  has  an  object)  ;  (Metaphys.) 
thinking  &  feeling  entity,  the  mind,  the  ego, 
the  conscious  self,  as  opp.  all  that  is  external  to 
the  mind  (s.  &  object,  the  ego  &  the  non-ego, 
self  &  not-self,  the  consciousness  &  what  it  is 
or  may  be  conscious  of),  the  substance  or  sub- 


For  words  in  sub-  not  given  see  sub- 


SUBJECT 


875 


SUBSCRIBE 


stratum  of  anything  as  opp.  its  attributes ; 
theme  of  or  of  discussion  or  description  or  re- 
presentation, matter  (to  be)  treated  of  or  dealt 
with,  {never  talks  on  serious  ss.;  proposed  a 
s.  for  the  debate  ;  a  tabooed,  ticklish,  interest- 
ing, dull,  s.;  what  is  the  s.  of  the  poem,  story, 
picture  ? ;  constantly  wanders  from  the  s. ;  pas- 
toral, genre,  marine,  historical,  &c,  s.  in  paint- 
ing ;  s.  of  piece  of  music,  base-melody,  leading 
phrase,  motif ;  s.  for  dissection,  ors.,  dead  body; 
was  made  the  s.  of  an  experiment ;  could  write 
if  I  could  think  of  a  s.);  circumstance  that 
gives  occasion/or  specified  feeling  or  action  (is- 
a  s.  for  ridicule,  pity, rejoicing,  congratulation); 
person  of  specified  usu.  undesirable  bodily  or 
mental  tendencies  (a  sensitive,  bilious,  plethor- 
ic, hysterical,  ill-conditioned,  &c,  s.);  s.-head- 
ing,  in  index  collecting  references  to  a  s.;  s.- 
matter,  matter  treated  of  in  book&c;  s.-object, 
object  of  sense  or  thought  as  it  is  conceived  of 
(opp.  object-object,  as  it  is  in  fact).  Hence  su'b- 
jectLESS  a.    If.  L  masc.  &  neut.  p.p.  (prec.)] 

subje'et3,  v.t.  Subdue  (nation  &c.  usu.  to 
one's  sway  &c.) ;  expose,  make  liable,  treat,  to 
[rudeness  subjects  one  to  retorts  in  kind  ;  must 
be  subjected  to  great  heat ;  shall  s.  it  to  criti- 
cism).   Sosubje'ctioNn.    [f.  subject1] 

subje'etive,  a.  &  n.  (Philos.)  belonging  to, 
of,  due  to,  the  consciousness  or  thinking  or  per- 
ceiving subject  or  ego  as  opp.  real  or  external 
things,  (pop.)  imaginary;  (of  art  &  artists) giving 
prominence  to  or  depending  on  personal  idio- 
syncrasy or  individual  point  of  view,  not  pro- 
ducing the  effect  of  literal  &  impartial  tran- 
scription of  external  realities,  whence  sub- 
je'ctiveNESS,  subjecti'viTV,  nn.;  (Gram.) of 
the  subject  (s.  case,  or  s.  as  n.,  the  nominative; 
s.  genitive,  as  in  'by  the  act  ofGod\  cf.  objec- 
tive).   Hence  subje'etiveL  y  2  adv.   [f.  L  sub- 

jectivUS  (SUBJECT2,  -IVE)] 

subje'etivism,  n.  Doctrine  thatknowledge 
is  merely  subjective  &  that  there  is  no  external 
or  objective  test  of  truth.  So  subje*etiviST(2) 
n.  &  a.    [-ive] 

subjoi'n,  v.t.  Add  at  the  end,  append,  (illus- 
tration, anecdote,  &c).  [f.  OF  subjoindre  f.  L 
sutttfungerejunct-  join)] 

su'b jugate,  v.t.  Subdue,  vanquish,  bring 
under  bondage  or  into  subjection.    Hence  or 

COgn.  SU'bjUgABLE  a.,  SUbjUgA'TION,  su'b- 

jugatOR2,  nn.  [f.  L  subjugare  bring  under 
the  yoke  (sub2,  jugum  yoke),  -ate3] 

subjtrnetive,  a.  &  n.  S.  mood  ors.,  a  verbal 
mood2,  obsolescent  in  English,  named  as  being 
used  in  the  classical  languages  chiefly  in  sub- 
ordinate or  subjoined  clauses  (cf.  conjunctive; 
the  two  names  denote  the  same  forms  &  are 
sometimes  used  indifferently ;  sometimes  s.  is 
restricted  to  the  subordinate  uses  while  con- 
junctive  either  includes  all  uses  or  is  restricted 
to  principal-clause  verbs,  as  in  apodosis  of  con- 
ditional sentence).  Hence  subjirnetiveLY2 
adv.    [f.  L  subjunctivus  (subjoin,  -ive)] 

sublapsar'ian,  a.  &  n.  =  infralapsarian. 
[sub-  2a] 

su'blimate1,  v.t.  Convert  from  solid  state 
to  vapour  by  heat  &  allow  to  solidify  again ; 
(fig.) refine, purify, idealize.  Hence sublimv- 
tion  n.    [as  foil.,  -ATE3] 

su'blimate2,  (at),  a.  &  n.  Sublimated  (sub- 
stance); corrosives.;  blue  s.,  pigment  made 
from  mercury,  flowers  of  sulphur,  &  sal  ammo- 
niac,   [f.  L  sublimare  sublime2,  -ate2] 

subli'me  K  a.  Of  the  most  exalted  kind,  so 
distinguished  by  elevation  or  size  or  nobility 
or  grandeur  or  other  impressive  quality  as  to 
inspire  awe  or  wonder,  aloof  from  &  raised  far 
above  the  ordinary,  (s.  mountain,  scenery,  tem- 


pest, ambition,  virtue,  heroism,  self-sacrifice, 
love,  thought,  beauty,  genius,  poet,  &c. ;  s.  in- 
difference, impudence,  &c,  as  of  one  too  exalted 
to  fear  consequences;  the  S.  porte;  the  s.,  all 
that  is  s.,  sublimity),  whence  or  cogn.  sub- 
li'meLY2  adv.,  subli'miTY  n. ;  (Anat.)  lying 
near  the  surface,  not  deep-sunk.  [F,  f.  L  sub- 
limis,  perh.  f.  sub2,  limen  lintel,  =  reaching  up 
to  the  lintel] 

subli'me2,  v.t.  &  i.  Sublimate  (lit.),  whence 
subli'mER M2)  n.;  undergo  sublimation;  purify 
or  elevate,  become  pure,  as  by  sublimation; 
make  sublime,  [f.  L  sublimare  in  med.L  sense 
sublimate  (prec.)] 

submer'ge,  v.t.  Place  below  water,  floed 
with  water,  inundate,  (also  fig.;  the  submerged 
tenth,  the  part  of  the  population  that  is  plunged 
in  debt  or  permanently  in  distress).  Hence  or 
cogn.  submer'gENCE,  submep'siON,  nn. 
[f.  OF  submergert.  L  BVB(mergere  mers-  dip)] 

submerge,  v.t.,  &  a.  (rare).  Submerge  (rare 
exc.  in  p.p.  used  in  Bot.  of  parts  of  plants  grow- 
ing under  water);  (adj.,  rare,  bot.)  submersed. 
Hence  submep'siBLE  a.    [f.  L  p.p.  (prec. }] 

submission  (-shn),  n.  Submitting  or  being 
submitted  {shall  be  satisfied  with  nothing  short 
of  complete  s.;  demands  the  s.  of  the  signature 
to  an  expert);  humility,  meekness,  resignation, 
acceptance  of  authority,  obedient  conduct  or 
spirit,  so  submi'ssivE  a.,  submi'ssiveLY  2 
adv.,  submi'ssiveNESS  n.  [OF,  f.  L  sub- 
missionem  (foil.,  -ion)] 

submit,  v.t.  &  i.  (-U-).  Surrender  oneself 
for  control  &c.  (usu.  to;  wives,  s.  yourselves 
unto  your  own  husbands) ;  present  for  con- 
sideration or  decision  {should  like  to  s.  it  to 
your  inspection ;  s.  a  case  to  the  court) ;  urge 
or  represent  deferentially  that  (Is.  that  a  ma- 
terial fact  has  been  passed  over;  alsoparenth., 
as  that,  I  s.,  is  a  false  inference) ;  give  way, 
make  submission,  yield,  cease  or  abstain  from 
resistance,  (will  never  s.,  s.  to  indignity,  s.  to 
being  parted  from  you ;  had  to  s.  to  defeat, 
GodYs  will),  [f.  OF  soubmettre  f.  L  s\JB(mittere 
miss-  send)] 

subordinate ]  (-«t),  a.  &  n.  Of  inferior  im- 
portance or  rank,  secondary,  subservient,  (to ; 
s.  clause,  sentence  made  by  addition  of  a  con- 
junction or  by  position  to  serve  as  a  noun  or 
adj.  or  adv.  in  another  sentence) ;  hence  sub- 
OP'dinateLY  -  adv.  (N.)  person  working  under 
another  (leaves  everything  to,  never  trusts,  ss. 
or  his  ss.).  [f.  med.L  su B(ordinatus  f.  L  ordin- 
are  ordain)] 

subordinate-,  v.t.  Make  s.,  treat  or  re- 
gard as  of  minor  importance,  bring  or  put  into 
subservient  relation,  (to).  Hence  subordin a  '- 
tion  n.,  subop'dinATiVE  a.    [as  prec.  -ate3] 

subordina'tionism,  n.  (theol.).  Doctrine 
that  second  &  third  persons  of  Trinity  are  in- 
ferior to  the  Father  as  regards  (orthodox  view) 
order  only  or  (Arian  view)  essence,    [-ism] 

subop'n,  v.t.  Induce  by  bribery  or  other- 
wise to  commit  perjury  or  other  unlawful  act. 
Hence  or  cogn.  subornA'TiON,  subop'nER1, 
nn.  [f.  F  suborner  f.  L  suBornare  equip  or 
incite  secretly] 

subpoena  (-pena),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-aed  pr.  -ad, 
-a'd).  Writ  commanding  person's  attendance 
in  court  of  justice  ;  (vb)  serve  s.  on.  [orig.  two 
words,  L,= under  penalty,  the  first  in  the  writ] 

subreption,  n.  Obtaining  of  something  by 
surprise  or  misrepresentation,  [f.  L  subreptio 
purloining  f.  s\jB(ripere  -rept-  =  rapere  snatch)] 

subscribe,  v.t.  &  i.  Write  (one's  name  or 
rarely  other  inscription)  at  foot  of  document 
&c.  (the  subscribed  names  carry  weight ;  some 
one  has  subscribed  a  motto) ;  write  one's  name 


SUBSCRIPT  876 


SUBTERFUGE 


at  foot  of,  sign,  (document,  picture,  &c);  ex- 

?>ress  one's  adhesion  to  an  opinion  or  resolution 
cannot  s.  to  that) ;  enter  one's  name  in  a  list  of 
contributors,  make  or  promise  a  contribution, 
contribute  (specified  sum),  to  or  to  a  common 
fund  or  for  a  common  object,  raise  or  guarantee 
raising  of  by  subscribing  thus,  (s.  to  a  charity, 
for  a  testimonial,  £10 ;  s.  for  a  book,  engage 
before  it  is  published  to  take  copy  or  copies;  s. 
to  a  newspaper,  engage  to  take  it  for  specified 
time  ;  the  sum  needed  was  subscribed  several 
times  over).  Hence  or  cogn.  subseri'bER1 
(the  s.,  the  under-signed),  subseri'piTON,  nn. 
[f.  L  suB(scribere  script-  write)] 

su'bscript,  a.  (Gk  gram.).  Written  below 
(only  in  iota  s.,  small  iota  written  below  a,  e,  & 
6).    [f.  Lp.p.  (prec.)] 

subse'llium,  n.  (pi.  -la).  =  misericord  (last 
sense).    IL  (sub2,  sella  seat)] 

subsequent,  a.  That  follow(s)  or  followed 
the  event  &c.  indicated  in  the  context,  of  later 
time  or  date  than  something,  posterior  in  time 
to.  Hence  su'bsequENCE  n.,  sunsequent- 
ly  2  adv.    [f.  L  suBfsegtu  follow),  -ent] 

subser've,  v.t.  Serve  as  means  in  promot- 
ing (purpose, end,  &c).  [f. ~Ls,\JB(servire  serve)] 

subser'vient,  a.  Useful  as  means,  having 
merely  instrumental  relation,  (to) ;  cringing, 
obsequious.  Hence  subseirviENCE,  sub- 
sep'viENCY,  nn.,  subser'vientLY  2  adv.  [f. 
L  as  prec,  -ent] 

subsi'de,  v.i.  (Of  water,  esp.  flood)  sink  in 
level,  run  off,  disappear ;  (of  ground)  cave  in, 
sink ;  (of  building,  ship,  &c.)  settle  down  lower 
in  ground  or  water) ;  (of  person,  usu.  joe.)  sink 
into  sitting  or  kneeling  or  lying  posture  (sub- 
sided into  an  arm-chair) ;  cease  from  activity 
or  agitation,  become  tranquil,  abate,  (storm, 
tumult,  apprehension,  excitement,  subsides). 
Hence  su'bsidEXCE  n.  [f.  L  8VB(sidere  settle 
cogn.  w.  sedere  sit)] 

subsidiary,  a.  &  n.  Serving  to  assist  or 
supplement,  auxiliary,  supplementary,  whence 
subsi'diariLY 2  adv.;  (of  troops)  subsidized, 
hired  by  another  nation ;  (n. ,  usu.  n  pi. )  s.  thing 
or  person,  accessory,  [f.  L  subsidiarius  (sub- 
sidy, -ary1)] 

su'bsidize,  v.t.    Pay  subsidy  to.  [foil.,  -ize] 

su'bsidy,  n.  (Hist.)  parliamentary  grant  of 
money  to  the  sovereign  for  State  needs,  tax 
levied  on  particular  occasion  ;  money  grant 
from  one  State  to  another  in  return  for  military 
or  naval  aid  or  other  equivalent ;  money  con- 
tributed by  State  to  expenses  of  commercial 
undertaking,  charitable  institution,  &c,  held 
to  be  of  public  utility,  [f.  L  subsidium  re- 
serve troops  f.  suB(sidere  =  sedere  sit)] 

subsi'st,  v.i.  &  t.  Exist,  continue  to  exist, 
remain  in  being ;  keep  oneself  alive,  support 
life,  be  kept  in  life,  find  sustenance,  (on  vege- 
tables, charity,  &c,  by  begging  &c);  provide 
sustenance  for  (undertook  to  clothe,  arm,  &  s. 
1000  men),  ff.  F  subsister  f.  L  8UB(sistere  set, 
stand,  causal  f.  stare  stand)] 

subsistence,  n.  Subsisting ;  means  of  sup- 
porting life,  livelihood,  what  one  lives  on  or  by. 
[f.  LL  subsistentia  substance  (prec,  -ence)] 

su-bstanee,  n.  (Metaphys.)  the  substratum 
that  the  cognizable  properties  or  qualities  or 
attributes  or  accidents  of  things  are  conceived 
as  inhering  in  or  affecting,  the  essential  nature 
underlying  phenomena,  (s.  &  accidents  in  meta- 
physics correspond  to  subject  &  predicate  in 
logic ;  as.  is  a  being  subsisting  in  itself  &  sub- 
ject to  accidents  ;  being  of  one  s.  with  the  Father); 
essence  or  most  important  part  of  anything, 


pith,  purport,  real  meaning,  (/  agree  with  you 
in  s.,  generally,  apart  from  details ;  can  give 
you  the  s.  of  his  remarks ;  the  s.  of  religion) ; 
material  as  opposed  to  form  (the  s.  is  good,  but 
tlie  style  repellent) ;  reality,  solidity,  solid 
worth,  actual  possessions,  (sacrifice  the  s.  for 
the  shadoiv;  there  is  no  s.  in  him ;  an  argument 
of  little  s.;  a  man  of  s.,  with  property,  cf.  man 
of  straw;  waste  one's  s„  be  spendthrift);  par- 
ticular kind  of  matter  (a  heavy,  porous,  yellow, 
transparent,  s.;  the  small  number  of  ss.  that 
make  up  the  world).  [OF,  f.  L  substantia  (SUB2, 
stare  stand,  -ance)] 

substantial  (shi),  a.  Having  substance, 
actually  existing,  not  illusory,  (the  ghost  proved 
s.  after  all) ;  of  real  importance  or  value,  of 
considerable  amount,  (opp.  nominal,  verbal ;  a 
s.  argument,  point ;  made  a  s.  contribxdion,  s. 
progress,  s.  concessions) ;  of  solid  material  or 
structure,  not  flimsy,  stout,  (a  s.  house ;  a  man 
of  s.  build);  possessed  of  property,  well-to-do, 
commercially  sound,  (a  s.  yeoman ;  deal  only 
with  s.  firms) ;  deserving  the  name  in  essentials, 
virtual,  practical,  (s.  truth,  agreement,  success, 
performance  of  contract).  Hence  or  cogn. 
substantia'liTY  n.,  substantiality  2  adv. 
[f.  OF  substancielt.  L substantialis  (prec,  -al)] 

subs  tan  tialism,  n.  (philos.).  Doctrine 
that  behind  phenomena  there  are  substantial 
realities.    So  substa*ntialiST(2),  n.    [-ism] 

substantialize,  v.t.  &  i.  Invest  with  or 
acquire  substance  or  actual  existence,    [-ize] 

substantiate  (-shi-),  v.t.  Prove  the  truth 
of,  give  good  grounds  for,  (charge,  statement, 
claim).  Hence  substantiA'TioN  (-si-,  -shi-) 
n.  [med.L  substantiare  f.  L  substantia  sub- 
stance, -ate  3] 

su'bstantive,  a.  &  n.  Expressing  existence 
(the  s.  verb,  the  vb  be) ;  having  a  separate  & 
independent  existence,  not  merely  inferential 
or  implicit  or  subservient  or  parasitic,  (s.  enact- 
ment, motion,  &c,  made  in  due  form  as  such; 
noun  s„  old  name  for  the  noun  in  the  now 
usual  sense  distinguishing  it  from  the  noun 
adjective  now  called  adjective  simply) ;  hence 
su'bstantiveLv  -  adv.  (esp.  in  gram.,  = 
substantially).  (N.)  noun  s.,  noun  in  the  now 
usual  sense  excluding  adjectives;  so  sub- 
stanti'VAL  a.,  substanti'valLY 2  adv.  [F 
(-if,  -ive),  t.  L  substantivus  self-existent  (sub- 
stance, -ive)] 

substitute,  n.,  &  v.t.  Person  or  thing  per- 
forming some  function  instead  of  another. 
(Vb)  make  (person  or  thing)  fill  a  place  or  dis- 
charge a  function  for  or  for  another ;  put  in 
exchange  (for) ;  so  substitution  n.,  sub- 
stitu'tionAL,  substitu'tionARY ],  sub- 
stitutive,  aa. ,  substitutional  l  y  2  ad  v.  [f . 
L  BVB(stituere  -ut-  =  statuere  see  statute)] 

subsume,  v.t.  Include  (instance  &c)  under 
a  rule  or  class.  Hence  subsumpxioN  n. 
[sub-,  L  sumere  sumpt-  take] 

subtend,  v.t.  (geom.).  (Of  chord,  side  of 
triangle)  be  opposite  to  (arc,  angle),  [f.  L  sub- 
(tendere  tens-  stretch)] 

subtense,  n.  Line  subtending  arc  or  angle, 
[f.  Lp.p.  (prec)] 

subter-,  pier.  =  under,  less  than,  esp.  in  wds 
formed  as  opposites  to  compounds  of  super-, 
as  -position,  -human,  -natural.  IL  (SUB  2,  -ter 
as  in  inter2)] 

su'bterfug'e,  n.  Attempt  to  escape  censure 
or  defeat  in  argument  by  evading  the  issue, 
statement  &c  resorted  to  for  such  purpose, 
use  of  such  statements  &c.  [f.  LL  subterfu- 
gium  f.  L  sUBTER(/ugrere  flee)] 


For  words  in  sub-  not  given  see  sub- 


SUBTILE 


877 


SUCH 


sub*til(e),  a.  (Archaic  for)  subtle.  Hence 
or  cogn.  sub*tiliZE(2,  3)  v.t.  &  i.,  subtiliz- 
ation  nM  sub'tilTY  n.  (archaic).  [ME  sotilt. 
OF  sutil  f.  L  8ubtilis  perh.  orig.  =  fine-woven 
(sub2,  tela  web)] 

subtle  (sutl),  (archaic)  sub'til(e),  a. 
Tenuous  or  rarefied  (archaic),  pervasive 
owing  to  tenuity,  (the  s.  air,  a  s.  vapour',  of 
8.  texture,  a  s.  perfume) ;  evasive,  mysterious, 
hard  to  grasp  or  trace,  (s.  magic,  charm,  power, 
art ;  a  s.  distinction) ;  making  fine  distinctions, 
having  delicate  perception,  acute,  (s.  senses, 
perception,  insight ;  a  s.  observer,  philosopher, 
intellect,  mind) ;  ingenious,  elaborate,  clever, 
(a  s.  device,  fancy,  workman,  explanation, 
policy  ;  s.  fingers) ;  crafty,  cunning,  {now  the 
serpent  was  more  s.  than  any  beast ;  a  s. 
enemy).    Hence  sub'tLY2  adv.    [earlier  sub- 

TIL(E)] 

sub'tlety,  n.  In  adj.  senses;  also,  a  fine 
distinction,  a  piece  of  hair-splitting,  [f.  OF 
soutiliU  1.  h  subtilitatem  (subtil,  -ty)] 

subtra'ct,  v.t.  Deduct  (part,  quantity, 
number)  from  whole  or  greater  quantity  or 
number,  esp.  in  arithmetic  or  algebra.  Hence 
or  cogn.  subtra'ctiON  n.,  subtPa'etiVE  a. 
[f.  L  svB(trahere  tract-  draw)] 

su-btrahend,  n.  What  is  to  be  subtracted 
in  a  subtraction  sum.    [L  as  nrec,  -nd  l] 

su'bulate  (-at),  su'bulirorm,  aa.  (bot,, 
zool.).  Awl-shaped.  [L  subula  awl  (suere  sew), 
-ate2,  -I-,  -form] 

svrburb,  n.  Outlying  district  of  city  (the  89., 
all  or  one  of  such  districts,  as  a  house  in  the 
ss.,  also  the  environs).  So  subup'bAN  a.  [f. 
OF"  suburbe  f .  L  8UB(urbium  t.  urbs  urbis  city)] 

subvention,  n.  Grant  of  money  in  aid, 
subsidy.  [F,  f.  L  subventionem  f.  8\JB(venire, 
vent-  come)  assist,  -ion] 

subvep't,  v.t.  Overturn,  upset,  effect  de- 
struction or  overthrow  of,  (religion,  monarchy, 
the  constitution,  principles,  morality).  Hence 
or  cogn.  subveP'sioN  n.,  subvep'siVE  a. 
[f.  F  subvertir  f.  L  8UB(vertere  vers-  turn)] 

sue-,  =  sub-  in  L  compounds  of  sub  with 
words  in  c-  &  their  derivatives. 

succa'des,  n.  pi.  (commerc).  Candied  fruits 
in  syrup.    [L  succus  juice,  -ade(1)] 

succeda'neum  (-ks-),  n.  (pi.  -ea).  Substi- 
tute, thing  or  rarely  person  that  one  falls  back 
on  in  default  of  another.  So  succeda'neous 
a.    [neut.  of  L  succedaneus  (foil.,  -aneous)] 

succee'd  (ks),  v.t.  &  i.  Take  the  place 
previously  filled  by,  follow  (t.  &  i.)  in  order, 
come  next  (to),  ensue,  be  subsequent  (to),  come 
by  inheritance  or  in  due  order  to  or  to  office  or 
title  or  property,  (day  succeeds  day  or  to  day ; 
agitation  s  ucceeded  calm  or  succeeded ;  succeed- 
ing ages  will  reverence  his  memory ;  Elizabeth 
succeeded  Mary,  succeeded  to  the  throne,  suc- 
ceeded) ;  have  success,  be  successful,  prosper, 
accomplish  one's  purpose,  (of  plan  &c.)  be 
brought  to  successful  issue,  [f.  Fsuccider  f.  L 
svc(cedere  cess-  go)] 

succe'ntop  (-ks),  n.  Leading  bass  in  choir ; 
precentor's  deputy.  [LL,  f.  L  suc(cinere  -cent- 
=canere  sing),  -or2] 

sucebs  d'estime  (F),  n.  Passably  cordial 
reception  given  to  performance  or  work  from 
respect  rather  than  appreciation. 

success,  n.  Issue  of  undertaking  (rare; 
with  good  or  bad  s.) ;  favourable  issue,  accom- 
plishment of  end  aimed  at,  attainment  of 
wealth  or  fame  or  position,  (have  inquired  for 
it  without  s.;  military  ss.;  spoilt  by  s.;  nothing 
succeeds  like  s.,  one  8.  leads  to  others),  whence 
sueee'ssFUL  a.,  succe'ssfulLY2  adv.;  thing 
or  person  that  turns  out  well  (the  experiment 


is  a  s.;  was  a  great  s.  as  a  bishop),  [f.  OF 
succes  f.  L  successus  -us  (succeed)] 

succession  (shn),  n.  A  following  in  order 
(esp.  in  s. ;  three  great  victories  in  s.,  run- 
ning, without  intervening  defeat) ;  series  of 
things  in  s.  (a  s.  of  disasters,  several  run- 
ning) ;  (right  of)  succeeding  to  the  throne  or 
any  office  or  inheritance,  set  or  order  of  persons 
having  such  right,  (laws  regulating  the  s.  ; 
claimed,  was  excluded  from,  the  s.;  the  s.  must 
not  be  broken ;  is  second,  in  the  s. ;  teas  left  to 
him  &  his  s.,  heirs ;  apostolic  s.,  uninterrupted 
transmission  of  spiritual  authority  through 
bishops  from  the  apostles  downwards ;  law  of 
8.,  regulating  inheritance  esp.  in  cases  of  intes- 
tate decease ;  s.  duties,  taxes  on  property  pass- 
ing by  8.) ;  (Biol.)  order  of  descent  in  develop- 
ment of  species.  Hence  succe'ssionAL  a. 
[F,  f.  L  successionem  (succeed,  -ion)] 

successive,  a.  Following  one  after  another, 
in  uninterrupted  succession,  running,  consecu- 
tive. Hence  succe'ssiveLY2  adv.  [f.  med.L 
successivus  (succeed,  -ive)] 

successor,  n.  Person  or  thing  that  suc- 
ceeds to  another  (cf.  predecessor).  [L  (suc- 
ceed, -or  2)] 

succi'net  (-ks-),  a.  Terse,  concise,  briefly  ex- 
pressed. Hence  succi'nctLY2  adv.,  suc- 
ci'nctNESS  n.  [f.  LL  succinctus  f.  L  suc(cm- 
gere  cinct-  gird)  tuck  up] 

su'ecopy,  n.  =  chicory,  [corrupt,  of  etch  or  y 

=  CHICORY] 

su'ccose.a.  Sappy.  [f.L  suc(c)us juice,  -ose1] 

su'ccoup  (-ker),  v.t.,  &  n.  Come  to  the  as- 
sistance of,  give  aid  to,  (person  in  danger  or 
difficulty).  (N.)  aid  given  at  time  of  need ;  (pi., 
archaic)  reinforcements,  troops  coming  to  the 
rescue ;  hence  su'ccoupless  a.  [vb  f.  OF  su- 
curre  f.  L  svc(currerecurs-  run) ;  n.  f.  OFsocor3 
f.  med.L  succursus  -us  (succurrere)] 

su'ecuba,  -bus,  n.  (pi.  -bae,  -bi).  Female 
demon  having  sexual  intercourse  with  sleeping 
men.    [L  (-ba),  t.  svc(cumbere  lie)] 

su*cculent,a.  Juicy  (of  lit.  orflg.  food);  (Bot.) 
thick  &  fleshy,  having  such  leaves  or  stems. 
Hence  su'ccuIence  n.,  su*cculentLY2adv. 
[F,  f.  L  succulentus  Siccus  juice,  -lent)] 

succu'mb  (-m),  v.i.  Be  overcome,  have  to 
cease  from  resistance  or  competition  or  other 
effort,  be  forced  to  give  way  to,  die  owing  to, 
die,  (s.  to  one's  enemies,  superior numbers,  grief, 
temptation),    [f.  L  suc(c«mbere  lie)] 

succup*sal,a.  (Of  chapel  of  ease)  subsidiary, 
[f.  F  (iglise)  succursale  subsidiary  (church)  f. 
med.L  as  succour,  -al] 

such  (-tsh),  a.  (placed  not  between  a  &  its  n. 
but  before  or  after  them),  &  pron.  Of  the  same 
kind  or  degree  as  (s.  people,  people  s„  as  these ; 
s.  beauty  as  yoxirs ;  experiences  s.  as  this  are 
rare ;  s.  grapes  as  you  never  saw ;  8.  as  also  = 
of  the  or  a  kind  that,  as  s.  a  scarlet  as  makes 
the  eyes  ache) ;  so  great,  so  natured  in  some  re- 
spect, as  to  do  or  that  (is  s.  as  to  make  one  de- 
spair ;  had  s.  a  fright  that  she  hardly  survived 
it);  of  the  kind  or  degree  already  described  or 
implied  or  intelligible  from  the  context  or  cir- 
cumstances (never  had  s.  sport ;  there  are  no  s. 
doings  now ;  s.  things  make  one  despair ;  s.  are 
the  privileges  of  fatherhood ;  don  t  be  in  8.  a 
hurry ;  how  could  you  leave  him  at  s.  a  time  ? ; 
saw  just  s.  another  yesterday  long  may  he 
continue  s.  ! ;  often  colloq.  preceding  adj.  &  n. 
with  the  effect  of  so  modifying  the  adj.,  as  s. 
horrid  language,  language  so  horrid,  was  it  s. 
a  long  time  ago  ?,  don't  want  s.  a  big  one  or  s. 
big  ones;  also  rarely  used  twice  as  relative 
&  correl.,  as  8.  master  s.  servant,  the  servant 
is  s.  as  the  master  is);   (in  legal  or  formal 


SUCK 


878 


SUFFERANCE 


style)  the  aforesaid,  of  the  aforesaid  kind  (who- 
ever shall  make  s.  return  falsely) ;  so  great!, 
of  a  kind  that  demands  exclamatory  descrip- 
tion, {ive  have  had  s.  sport!,  s.  an  enjoyable 
evening  !) ;  of  a  kind  or  degree  sufficient  to  ac- 
count for  the  preceding  or  following  statement 
(he  cannot  come  too  often,  he  gives  s.  pleasure  ; 
there  was  s.  a  draugh  t,  it  is  no  wonder  he  caught 
cold);  (also  s.-&-s.)  particular,  of  particular 
kind,  but  not  needing  to  be  specified  (s.  an  one, 
s.  a  one,  archaic,  s.-&-s.  a  person,  some  one,  so- 
&-so ;  s.-&-s.  results  will  follow  from  s.-&-s. 
causes);  su'chlike,  of  s.  kind  (now  chiefly  vulg.; 
&  see  below).  (Pron.)  s.  as,  those  who  (chiefly 
archaic  or  poet,  or  rhet. ;  s.  as  sit  in  darkness) ; 
that,  the  action  &c.  referred  to,  (J  may  have 
offended,  but  s.  was  not  my  intention) ;  as  s.,  as 
being  what  has  been  named  (in  country  places 
a  stranger  is  welcome  as  s.);  all  s.,  persons  of 
8.  character  (so  perish  all  s.!) ;  (also  suchlike; 
chiefly  vulg.)  things  of  s.  kind  (do  not  hold  with 
theatres  &  balls  &  s.  or  s.-l.) ;  (vulg.  or  com- 
merc.)  the  aforesaid  thing(s),  it,  they  or  them, 
(those  who  leave  parcels  in  the  train  cannot  ex- 
pect to  recover  s.).  [OE  swylc  (swd  so,  -ly1); 
cf.  Du.  zulk,  G  solch  f.  OHG  solich] 

suck,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Draw  (milk,  liquid)  into 
mouth  by  making  vacuum  with  muscles  of  lips 
&c,  (fig.)  imbibe  or  gain  (knowledge,  advan- 
tage, &c;  also  s.  in  knowledge,  s.  advantage 
out  of) ;  draw  milk  or  liquid  or  sustenance  or 
advantage  from  (s.  dry,  exhaust  of  contents 
thus ;  s.  the  breast  of;  the  mother  whom  he 
sticked ;  sucked  orange,  thing  in  which  there  is 
no  goodness  left ;  s.  one's  brains,  extract  his 
ideas  for  one's  own  use);  roll  the  tongue  about, 
squeeze  in  the  mouth,  (s.  sweets,  one's  teeth, 
&c);  (of  absorbent  substance)  s.  in  or  up,  ab- 
sorb; (of  whirlpool  &c.)  s.  in,  engulf;  s.  the 
breast  or  udder  (part.,  not  yet  weaned,  as  suck- 
ing child,  sucking-pig,  also  fig.  unpractised, 
budding,  as  sucking  baiTister,  saint),  s.  some- 
thing, use  sucking  action,  make  sucking  sound, 
(sat  sucking at  his  pipe ;  pump8cc.  sucks,  makes 
gurglingordrawingsound ;  sucking-disk,  suck- 
er). (N.)  opportunity  of  sucking  the  breast 
(give  s.,  of  mother  or  nurse  or  animal  suckling 
child  &c);  drawing  action  of  whirlpool  &c. ; 
spell  of  sucking  with  lips  or  in  mouth  (take  a  s. 
at  it) ;  small  draught  of  oro/liquor ;  (schoolboy 
slang,  pi. )  sweets ;  (schoolboy  slang)  disappoint- 
ment, fiasco,  (what  as.!;  ss.!,  intt.  expr.  amuse- 
ment at  another's  failure  after  confidence). 
[OE  sucan,  cf.  L  sugere  suet-,  G  saugen] 

su'ckep,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Person  or  thing  that 
sucks,  esp.  sucking-pig  or  new-born  whale; 
kinds  of  fish  that  suck  in  food  or  have  mouth 
suggesting  suction  or  adhere  by  sucking-disk ; 

ftiston  of  suction-pump ;  pipe  through  which 
iquid  is  drawn  by  suction  ;  (also  sucking-disk) 
flat  or  concave  surface  (as  organ  in  some  ani- 
mals, also  acetabulum,  or  artificial  of  rubber 
&c.  in  machinery  or  appliances)  that  adheres 
by  suction  &  atmospheric  pressure  to  what  it 
is  placed  against ;  (Bot.)  shoot  springing  from 
subterranean  part  of  stem,  from  part  of  root 
remote  from  main  stem,  from  axil,  or  abnorm- 
ally from  bole  or  branch  (v.t,  remove  ss.  from; 
v.i.,  produce  ss.).    [-er1] 

su-ckle,  v.t.    Give  suck  to.    [-le'3)] 

su'cklingr,  n.  Unweaned  child  or  animal 
(babes  &  ss.,  the  utterly  inexperienced),  [obs. 
sokel  one  who  sucks  f.  suck,  -le(1),  +  -ings] 

su'epose,  n.  Cane-sugar  or  any  of  the  su- 
gars of  the  same  composition  &  properties.  [F 
sucre  sugar,  -ose  2| 

su'etion,  n.  Sucking  ;  production  of  partial 
vacuum  by  removal  of  air  &c.  for  purpose  of 


enabling  external  atmospheric  pressure  to 
force  in  liquid  or  produce  adhesion  of  surf  aces  ; 
s.-chamber,  -pipe,  in  s.-pump ;  s.-fan,  for  with- 
drawing chaff  &c.  from  grain  by  s.  ;  s.-plate, 
holding  set  of  artificial  upper  teeth  &  adhering 
to  palate  by  s. ;  s.-pump,  drawing  water  through 
pipe  into  chamber  exhausted  by  piston.  [F  (L 
sugere  suet-  suck,  -ion)] 

suctop'ial,  a.  (zool.).  Adapted  for  or  capa- 
ble of  sucking,  having  sucker  for  feeding  or 
adhering.    [L  suctorius  (prec,  -ory),  -al] 

Sudane'se  (soo-).    =  Soudanese. 

sudap'ium,  n.  (pi.  -id).  Kerchief  of  St  Ve- 
ronica miraculously  stamped  with  face  of 
Christ ;  any  miraculous  portrait  of  Christ ;  nap- 
kin about  Christ's  head  (John  xx.  7).  [L,  = 
handkerchief  (sudor  sweat,  -ary  l)] 

suda'tion,  n.  Sweating,  [f.  L  sudatio  (su- 
dare  sweat,  -ion)] 

sudator-ium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Hot-air  bath.  [L 
(prec,  -ory)] 

sirdatory,  a.  &  n.  Promoting  perspiration. 
(N. )  s.  drug ;  =  prec.  [f.  L  sudatorius  (as  suda- 
tion,  -ORY)] 

sudd,  n.  Floating  plants,  trees,  &c,  imped- 
ing navigation  of  White  Nile.  [Arab.,  =  barrier] 

su'dden  <-dn),  a.  &  n.  Occurring  or  come 
upon  or  made  or  done  unexpectedly  or  with- 
out warning,  abrupt,  abnormally  rapid,  hur- 
ried, (s.  death,  need,  fear ;  a  s.  resolve,  depar- 
ture, change,  turn  of  the  wrist,  bend  in  the 
road ;  is  very  s.  in  his  movements) ;  hence 
su'ddenLY2  adv.,  su'ddenNESs  n.  (N.)  of 
or  on  a,  rarely  on  the,  s.,  suddenly,  [f.  OF 
sodain  t.  L  subitaneus  (subitus  sudden  f. 
sumre  -it-  come  up,  -aneous)] 

sudoriferous,  a.  Sweat-producing  (of 
glands),  [f.  L  sudorifer  (sudor  sweat,  -ferous] 

sudori'fie,  a.  &  n.  (Drug)  causing  sweat. 
[L  sudor  sweat,  -i-,  -fic] 

Su'dra  (soo-),  n.  Lowest  of  four  great  Hindu 
castes.    [Hind.] 

suds,  n.  pi.  Froth  of  soap  &  water  (usu. 
soap-s.).    [f.  seethe] 

sue, v.t.  &  i.  Prosecute  (person)  in  law-court; 
entreat  (person),  make  entreaty  or  application 
to  person  or  law-court,  (for  redress  or  afavour, 
esp.  woman's  hand  in  marriage) ;  s.  out,  make 
petition  in  law-court  for  &  obtain  (writ,  pardon, 
&c).  [f.  OF  suir  (now  suivre)  follow  f.  LL 
sequere  for  L  sequi] 

suede  (swad),  n.  Undressed  kid  as  used  for 
gloves  &  slippers  (usu.  attrib.).  [F,  =  swede] 

su'et,  n.  Hard  fat  of  kidneys  &  loins  of  oxen, 
sheep,  &c.  Hence  su'etY2  a.  [OF  seu  f.  L 
sebum  tallow,  -et1] 

suf-,  =  sub-  in  L  compds  with  wds  in  f-  & 
their  derivatives. 

su'ffep,  v.t.  &  i.  Undergo,  experience,  be 
subjected  to,  (pain,  loss,  grief,  defeat,  change, 
punishment,  wrong,  &c);  undergo  pain  or 
grief  or  damage  ordissiblement(suffers  acidely; 
suffering  mortals;  was  suffering  from  neu- 
ralgia ;  your  reputation  will  s. ;  the  engine 
suffered  severely;  trade  is  suffering  from  the 
war),  whence  su'ffePER^su-frePiNGHl).  nn. 
(often  pi.) ;  (of  condemned  man)  be  executed 
(was  to  s.  the  next  morning) ;  permit  to  do, 
allow  to  go  on,  put  up  with,  tolerate,  (s.  them 
to  come  ;  should  not  s.  it  for  a  moment;  how 
can  you  s.  him  or  his  insolence?,  whence, 
chiefly  w.  neg.,  su*fTePABLE  a.),  [f.  OF 
souffrir  f.  L  8UF(/erre  bear)] 

su'ffepance,  n.  (Archaic)  submissiveness; 
tacit  consent,  permission  or  toleration  implied 
by  abstinence  from  objection,  (esp.  on  s.,  in 
virtue  of  such  toleration),    [f.  J    suffercntia 

(SUFFER,  -ENCE)] 


SUFPETE 


879 


SUIT 


su'ffete,  n.  One  of  two  chief  magistrates 
of  ancient  Carthage,  [f.  L  sufes  -etis  f.  Punic] 

suffi'ee,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  enough  (to  do,  for  per- 
son or  purpose,  or  abs.),  be  adequate,  (your 
word  will  s. ;  that  suffices  to  prove  it ;  s.  it  to 
say  that,  I  will  content  myself  with  saying 
that) ;  satisfy,  meet  the  needs  of,  (half-a-dozen 
sufficed  him).  Hence  suffl'eingLY  2  adv.  [ME 
svffisen  f.  F  suffire  (part.  -Jisant)t.  Lsuf( ficere 
=  facere  make)] 

sufficiency,  n.  (Archaic)  being  sufficient, 
ability,  efficiency  ;  adequate  resources,  a  com- 

f>etence,  a  sufficient  amount  of  or  o/something. 
f.  LL  sufficientia  (foil.,  -ency)] 

sufficient  (-Ishnt),  a.  &  n.  Sufficing,  ade- 
quate esp.  in  amount  or  number  to  the  need, 
enough,  (is  s.  to  feed  a  hundred  men ;  had  not 
s.  courage  for  it;  has  impudence  s.  for  any- 
thing ;  have  you  s.  provisions  ?),  whence  suf- 
fl'eientLY  2  adv. ;  (archaic)  competent,  of  ade- 
quate ability  or  resources ;  self-s.  ;  (n.)  enough, 
a  s.  quantity,  (chiefly  vulg.  for  enough ;  have 
you  had  s.?).    [f.  L  part,  (suffice,  -ent)j 

suffl'x1,  v.t.  Append  (letter,  syllable)  in 
word-formation,    [f.  L  8UF(figerefix-  fasten)] 

su'ffix2,  n.  Suffixed  letter  or  syllable  (cf. 
prefix,  affix),    [f.  L  p.p.  (prec.)] 

su'ffoeate,  v.t.  &  i.  Choke  or  kill  by  stop- 
ping respiration  (of  person,  superincumbent 
mass,  fumes,  &c.) ;  produce  choking  sensation 
in,  impede  breath  or  utterance  of,  (suffocated 
by  grief,  excitement,  &c);  feel  suffocated,  gasp 
for  breath.  Hence  or  cogn.  su'ffbeatingLY2 
adv.,  suffbcA'TiON  n.  [f.  L  suffocare  (sub2, 
fauces  throat)] 

su'ffragan,  a.  &  n.  &  bishop  or  s.,  bishop 
consecrated  to  assist  bishop  of  see  by  managing 
part  of  diocese,  also  any  bishop  in  relation  to 
his  archbishop  or  metropolitan  (s.  see  &c,  of  s. 
bishop).  Hence  su'ifragansiiip  n.  [f.  med.L 
suffraganeus  assistant  (bishop)  f.  L  suffragari 
support  with  vote  (foil.)] 

su'ffpage  (-ij),  n.  Vote,  approval  or  consent 
expressed  by  voting,  (the  electors  gave  their  ss. 
for  free  trade ;  also  transf.,  as  the  biplane  has 
my  s.,  I  think  it  preferable) ;  the  right  of  voting 
in  political  elections  (the  s. ,  or  manhood,  woman, 
universal,  &c,  s.;  manhood  s.,  extended  to  all 
adult  males  without  property  tests  &c;  woman 
.<?.,  extended  to  women  as  well  as  men ;  univer- 
sal s.,  extended  to  all  adults);  (Eccl.)  short 
petition  of  congregation,  esp.  one  said  in  re- 
sponse to  priest,  (archaic)  an  intercessory 
prayer.  [F,  f.  L  svffragium,  perh.  orig.  pot- 
sherd used  as  ballot  (cf.  ostracism)  t.  suF(/rm- 
gere=frangere  break)] 

suffragette,  n.  (Facet,  name  for)  woman 
who  agitates  for  woman-suffrage,  [incorrect 
use  of  -ette] 

su'ffragist,  n.  One  who  attaches  impor- 
tance to  (esp.  some  extension  of)  the  suffrage 
(woman-s.  &c).    [-1ST] 

suffirse  (z),  v.t.  (Of  colour  or  moisture) 
well  up  from  within  &  colour  or  moisten  (a 
blush,  tears,  suffused  her  cheeks,  eyes ;  often  in 
p.p.,  as  skies  suffused  with  amethyst).  So  suf- 
fu'siON  n.    [f.  L  8UF(fundere  fus-  pour)] 

su'fi  (soo-),  so'fi,  n.  Mohammedan  panthe- 
istic mystic.  Hence su'fic,  so-, a.,  su*f ism (3), 
so-,  n.   [Arab,  (sufiy  intelligent)] 

sug-,  =  sub-  in  L  compds  w.  wds  in  g-  & 
their  derivatives. 

su'gap  (shoo),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Kinds  of  sweet 
crystalline  substance  prepared  from  various 
plants  esp.  the  s.-cane  &  beet  for  use  in  cook- 
ery, confectionery,  brewing,  &c.  (cane,  beet, 
maple,  &c,  s.,  named  from  plant  of  origin ; 
brown,  white,powdered,  lump1,  castor2,  loaf1, 


s.);  sweet  words,  flattery,  anything  serving 
purpose  of  s.  put  round  pill  in  reconciling  person 
to  what  is  unpalatable;  (Chem.)  kinds  of  solu- 
ble sweet-tasting  fermentable  carbohydrate 
divided  according  to  their  composition  into 
glucoses  &  saccharoses ;  s.-basin,  holding  s.  for 
table  use;  s.-bean,  kinds  of  pulse  &  kidney- 
bean  ;  s.-beet,  kinds  from  which  s.  is  extracted ; 
s.-bird,  kinds  that  suck  flowers;  s.-candy, 
candy;  s.-cane,  a  grass  with  jointed  stems 
18-20  ft  high  from  which  s.  is  made;  s.-gum, 
Australian  gum-tree  with  sweet  foliage ;  s.- 
house,  establishment  in  which  raw  s.  is  made  ; 
s.-loaf  1 ;  s.-maple,  tree  from  sap  of  which  s.  is 
made ;  s.-mill,  for  crushing  s.-cane  &  express- 
ing s.;  s.-mite,  kind  infesting  unrefined  s.;  s.- 
orchard,  of  s. -maples ;  s.-plum,  sweetmeat,  esp. 
small  ball  of  boiled  s.;  s.-refiner(y),  (establish- 
ment of)  manufacturer  who  refines  raw  s.;  s.- 
tongs,  small  tongs  for  taking  up  lump-s.  at 
table;  hence  su'garY2,  su'garLESS,  aa., 
su'gariNESS  n.  (vb)  sweeten  with  s.  lit.  or 
fig.;  (slang)  work  lazily,  not  do  one's  full  share 
of  work,  not  put  forth  all  one's  strength,  whence 
su'garERi  n.  [f.  F  sucre  t.  Sp.  azucar  f. 
Arab,  sakkar  f.  Pers.  shakar  f.  Skr.  carkara 
gravel,  candy,  whence  Gk  sakkharon] 

sugge'st  (swj-),  v.t.  Cause  (idea)  to  present 
itself,  call  up  the  idea  of  by  mention  or  asso- 
ciation, (thing  suggests  itself,  comes  into  the 
mind);  propose  (theory,  plan,  often  expressed 
in  that-cl&u&e)  for  acceptance  or  rejection,  set 
up  the  hypothesis  that,  (suggested  a  retreat, 
that  they  should  retreat ;  Is.  that,  formula  of 
examining  counsel  in  imputing  motives  &c. =/ 
put  it  to  you,  as  /  s.  that  you  had  a  secret  un- 
derstanding with  them),  [f.  L  8UQ(gerere  gest- 
bring)] 

sugg-e'stlble,  a.  That  may  be  suggested ; 
open  to  hypnotic  suggestion.     Hence  sug- 

gestlBI'LITY  n.     [-IBLE] 

sugge'stlo  fa'Isi  (-tlo),  n.  Positive  mis- 
representation not  involving  direct  lie  but  go- 
ing beyond  concealment  of  the  truth  (cf.  sup- 
pkessio  veri).    [L] 

suggestion  f-stshn),  n.  Suggesting  (full  of 
s.,  suggesting  many  ideas,  stimulating  reflec- 
tion) ;  theory  or  plan  suggested ;  suggesting  of 
prurient  ideas ;  insinuation  of  a  belief  or  im- 
pulse into  the  mind  of  a  hypnotic  subject,  such 
belief  or  impulse.  So  sugge'stn'E  a.,  sug- 
g-e-stiveLY2  adv.,  sugge'stiveNESS  n.  [F, 
f.  L  suGGESTtoncm  (-ion)j 

su'i,  genit.  of  L  suus  his,  her,  its,  or  their, 
own:  s.  ge'neris  pred.  a.,  not  classifiable  with 
others,  unique  ;  s.  juris  pred.  a.,  of  full  age  & 
capacity,  independent. 

su'icide,  n.  1.  Person  who  intentionally 
kills  himself ;  (Law)  s.  of  years  of  discretion  & 
sane  mind.  2.  Intentional  self-slaughter  (in 
law,  as  in  1 ;  esp.  commit  s.,  kill  oneself) ; 
action  destructive  to  one's  own  interests  or 
continuance  in  some  capacity  (commit  political 
a.,  ruin  one's  prospects  as  a  politician  ;  races., 
failure  of  a  people  to  maintain  its  numbers) ; 
hence  suici'dAL  a.,  suici'dalLY2 adv.  [form- 
ed on  false  anal,  of  fratricide  &c.  f.  L  sui  genit. 
of  se  self,  -cide(1,  2)] 

su'illine,  a.  Of  the  hog  family.  [L  suillus  of 
pigs  (sus  pig),  -ine  J] 

suit  (sut),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Suing,  petition,  seek- 
ing of  woman's  hand  in  marriage,  (make  s., 
urge  a  humble  request ;  with  lowly  s.;  has  a  s. 
to  the  king;  vress,  push,  &c,  one's  s.;  prosper 
^none's  s.) ;  legal  prosecution  of  a  claim,  action 
in  law-court,  (also  law-s.,  s.-at-law ;  criminal, 
civil,  &c,  s.) ;  any  of  the  four  sets  (hearts,  dia- 
monds, spades,  clubs)  into  which  pack  of  cards 


SUITABLE & 

is  divided,  player's  holding  in  it  (long,  short,  s. 
in  whist,  of  more  than  three,  less  than  four, 
cards) ;  set  of  man's  clothes  esp.  when  of  same 
cloth,  consisting  usu.  of  coat,  waistcoat,  & 
trousers  or  knickerbockers  or  breeches  (often 
s.  of  clothes;  dress  s.,  for  evening  dress  ;  s.  of 
dittos ;  s.-case,  kind  of  small  portmanteau), 
whence  sui'tixo  M3)  n.;  set  of  sails,  set  of  ar- 
mour, for  simultaneous  use.  (Vb)  accommodate, 
adapt,  make  fitting  or  appropriate,  to  is.  the 
action  to  the  word,  carry  out  promise  or  threat 
at  once ;  s.  one's  style  to  one's  audience),  (p.p.) 
appropriate  to,  well  adapted  or  having  the  right 
qualities  for,  (democracy  is  not  suited  to  or J or 
negroes :  is  not  suited  to  be  or  for  an  engineer); 
satisfy,  meet  the  demands  or  requirements  or 
interests  of,  (does  not  s.  all  tastes  ;  it  suits  me 
or,  prob.  w.  ref.  to  betting,  my  book  to  put  up 
with  him ;  s.  yourself,  do  as  you  choose,  also 
find  something  that  satisfies  you,  esp.  as  serv- 
ant's formula  in  giving  warning),  (of  food,  cli- 
mate, &c.)  improve  or  be  consistent  with  the 
health  of,  agree  with,  (cold,  asparagus,  does 
nots.  me) ;  comport  with  or  with,  go  well  with 
appearance  or  character  of,  become,  (red  does 
not  s.  with  or  s.  her  complexion ;  the  part  suits 
him  admirably ;  mercy  suits  a  king) ;  be  con- 
venient (that  date  will  s.).  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  OF  suite 
following  f.  med.L  secuta  (Lsequi  secut-  follow)] 

suitable,  a.  Suited  to  or  for,  well  fitted  for 
the  purpose,  appropriate  to  the  occasion.  Hence 
sultaBi  -litv,  sui-tablexEss,  nn.  ,sui*tabLY2 
adv.    [prec,  -able] 

suite  (swet),  n.  Retinue,  set  of  persons  in 
attendance ;  set  of  things  belonging  together, 
esp.  8.  of  rooms  or  furniture,  (Mus.)  series  of 
dance  tunes.    [F,  as  suit] 

sui'ton,  n.  Party  to  law-suit ;  petitioner  ; 
wooer,  man  who  asks  for  woman's  hand  in 
marriage,    [suit,  -or2] 

sulvez  (swe'va),  mus.  direction  instructing 
accompanist  to  suit  his  time&c.  to  soloist's  per- 
formance.   [FJ 

su'loate,  a.  (bot.,  anat.K  Grooved,  fluted, 
channelled.    [L  sulcus  furrow,  -ate  2] 

Bulk,  n.,  &  v.i.  Sulky  fit  (usu.  pi.,  esp.  in  the 
ss.) ;  (vb)  be  sulky,    [back-formation  f.  foil.] 

su'lky,  a.  &  n.  Sullen,  morose,  silent  or  in- 
active or  unsociable  from  resentment  or  ill- 
temper;  hencesu*lkiLY2adv.,  su'lkiNESsn. 
(N.)  light  two- wheeled  one-horse  vehicle  for 
single  person,  [back-formation  by  wrong  divi- 
sion or  syllables  f.  obs.  sulkeness,  OE  solcenes 
(solcen  slothful,  -ness)  sloth] 

Su'llan,  a.  (Rom.  hist,).  Of,  enacted  by,  L. 
Cornelius  Sulla,    [-an] 

su'llen  (-en),  a.  &  n.  Passively  resentful,  un- 
forgiving, gloomy-tempered,  unsociable,  not 
responding  to  friendliness  or  encouragement 
or  urging,  stubbornly  ill-humoured,  morose,  of 
dismal  aspect ;  hence  su'llenLV2  adv.,  su*l- 
lenNESS  n.  (N.,  pi.)  the  ss.,  s.  frame  of  mind, 
ill-temper,  depressi  on.  [M  E  &  OF  solain  lonely 
(LsoZmssole3,  -an)] 

su'lly,  v.t.  Soil,  tarnish,  (chiefly  poet.) ;  di- 
minish the  purity  or  splendour  of  (reputation, 
character,  victory,  &c),  disgrace.  [OE  sylian 
(sol  mire),  cf.  G  siihlen ;  also  partly  f.  soil2] 

sulph(o)-,  comb,  forms  of  sulphur:  sul- 
pha'mic,  deri  ved  from  an amic  acid  of  sulphuric 
acid,sosir£p/iamATEi(3) ;  su'lphate,  salt  of  sul- 
phuric acid  (s.  of  copper,  blue  vitriol ;  s.  of  iron, 
green  vitriol ;  s.  of  magnesium,  Epsom  salts ; 
s.  of  sodium,  Glauber's  salts;  s.  of  zinc,  white 
vitriol) ;  swlphide,  compound  of  sulphur  with 
elementor  radical;  swlphite,  salt  of  sulphurous 
acid  ;  sulphocya'nic,  containing  sulphur  &  cy- 
anogen ;  sulph(o)indigdtic,  of  sulphuric  acid 


) SUMACH 

&  indigo;  sul'phonal,  a  hypnotic  &  anaes- 
thetic drug ;  stdphovi'nic,  of  sulphuric  acid  & 
alcohol. 

su'lphup,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Pale-yellow  non-me- 
tallic element  occurring  in  crystalline  &  amor- 
phous modifications,  burning  with  blue  flame 
&  stifling  smell,  &  used  in  making  gunpowder, 
matches,  vulcanite,  &  sulphuric  acid,  &  in  med- 
ical treatment  of  skin-diseases  (flowers,  milk, 
of  8.,  yellow,  white,  powders  got  by  treating  s. 
in  certain  ways  ;  roll,  stick,  -s„  s.  refined  &  cast 
in  moulds,  brimstone) ;  kinds  of  yellow  butter- 
fly ;  material  of  which  hell-fire  &  lightning 
were  held  to  consist ;  s.-ore,  iron  pyrites  ;  s.- 
spring,  of  water  impregnated  with  s.  or  its 
compounds  ;  s.-wort,  yellow-flowered  herb  for- 
merly used  in  medicine  ;  hence  su'lphurv  2a. 
(Adj.)  of  pale  slightly  greenish  yellow.  (Vb) 
apply  8.  to,  fumigate  with  s.    [L  (also  -fur)] 

su'lphupate,  v.t.  Impregnate  or  fumigate 
or  treat  with  sulphur,  esp.  in  bleaching.  Hence 
sulphuPATiox,  sul*phupatOR2(2),  nn.   [f.  L 

SULPHURJattiS  -ATE  2),  -ATE  3] 

sulphup'oous,  a.  Of,  like,  suggesting,  sul- 
phur; (Bot.)  sulphur-coloured.  [L  sulphureus 
(SULPHUR),  -ousj 

sulphuretted,  a.  Having  sulphur  in  com- 
bination (chiefly  in  s.  hydrogen,  a  transparent 
colourless  fetid  gas),  [obs.  sulphuret  (sulphur, 
-et1)  sulphide,  -ed2J 

sulphup*ic,a.(chem.).  Containingsulphurin 
its  higher  combining  proportion  (cf.  sulphur- 
ous ;  s.  acid,  oil  of  vitriol,  a  dense  oily  colour- 
less highly  acid  &  corrosive  fluid  much  used 
in  the  arts) ;  s.  ether,  =  ether  in  chem.  sense). 
[-10  (chem.)] 

su'lphupize  (-er-,  -ur-),  v.t.  =  sulphurate. 
Hence  sulphurizAxiox  n.    [-ize] 

sulphurous  (-er-,  -ur-),  a.  =sulphureous  ; 
(Chem.)  containing  sulphur  in  its  lower  com- 
bining proportion  (cf.  sulphuric;  s.  acid). 
[f.  F  sulfureux  t.  L  sulphur(osws  -ose  *)] 

su'ltan,  n.  Mohammedan  sovereign  (the  S„ 
s.  of  Turkey),  whence  su'ltan  ate  *  n. ;  kinds  of 
gorgeously  coloured  bird  of  rail  family;  variety 
of  white  domestic  fowl  from  Turkey;  sweet, 
yellow,  s.,  kinds  of  garden  flower.   [F  f.  Arab.] 

sulta'na  (-tah-),  n.  Sultan's  mother,  wife, 
or  daughter;  mistress  of  king  &c;  sultan-bird; 
kind  of  raisin  grown  at  Smyrna  &  used  in 
puddings  &  cakes.    [It.,  f.  sultano  (prec.)] 

su'ltaness,  n.     =  prec.  (first  sense),    [-ess  *] 

su'ltpy,  a.  (Of  atmosphere  or  weather)  hot 
&  close  or  oppressive.  Hence  su'ltpiLY2  adv., 
su'ltpiNESS  n.  [earlier sweltry  (swelter,  -y2)] 

sum,  n.,  &  v.t  &  i.  Total  amount  resulting 
from  addition  of  items,  brief  expression  that 
includes  butdoes  not  specify  details,  substance, 
summary,  (also  s.  total;  the  8.  of  all  my  wishes 
is  happiness ;  the  s.  of  two  &  three  is  five ;  s., 
remainder,  product,  quotient,  results  of  ad- 
dition, subtraction,  multiplication  division; 
the  8.  or  s.  &  substance  of  his  objections  is  this ; 
wis.,  briefly  &  comprehensively  put) ;  particu- 
lar amount  of  money  (what  s.  would  you  give 
for  it?;  for  the  s.  of  15/-;  a  good,  round,  con- 
siderable, s. ;  lump1  s.);  (working  out  of)  an 
arithmetical  problem  (good  at  ss. ;  did  a  rapid 
s.  in  his  head).  (Vb)  collect  into  or  express 
or  include  as  one  total  or  whole  (often  up), 
gather  up  (evidence,  points  of  argument  &c, 
already  treated  in  detail)  into  brief  review; 
s.  up  (intr.),  make  recapitulation  of  evidence 
or  argument  (esp.  of  judge  after  both  sides  have 
been  heard ;  so  summing-up  n.).  [f.  F  somme(r) 
f.  L  summa  n.  orig.  fem.  of  summits  highest 
(super-),  summare  vb] 

su'man(h)  (-k),  n.    (Dried  &  ground  leaves. 


SUMMARIZE ? 

used  in  tanning  &  dyeing,  of)  kinds  of  shrub. 
IF  (now  -ac),  f.  Sp.  zumaque  f.  Arab,  summaq] 

su'mmarize,  v.t.  Make  or  be  a  summary 
of,  sum  up.   So  su'mmapiST(l)  n.   [foil.,  -ize] 

su'mmary,  a.  &  n.  Compendious,  brief,  dis- 
pensing with  needless  details  or  formalities, 
done  with  dispatch,  (a  s.  account;  s.  methods, 
jurisdiction,  Sec);  hence  su'mmariLY2  adv. 
(N.)  brie'  account,  abridgment,  epitome,  [(n.  f. 
L  8ummarium)t.  *summarius  (sumwuz,  -ary1)] 

summa'tion,  n.  Addition,  finding  of  total 
or  sum.  [f.  F  sommation  (L  suMmare,  -ation)) 

su'mmep',  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Second  or  hot 
season  of  the  year,  May-July  (Astr.,  21  June- 
21  Sep.),  (Indian,  St  martin's,  s.;  St  Luke's  s., 
period  of  fine  weather  expected  about  18th  Oc- 
tober); (usu.  in  pi.  with  number  &c.)  year  of 
life  or  age  (a  child  of  ten  to.);  (attrib.)  charac- 
teristic of  or  fit  for  8.  {s.-house,  light  building 
in  garden  &c.  for  sitting  in ;  s.  lightning,  dis- 
tant sheet  lightning;  s.-time) ;  hence  sunv- 
mePLY1,  strmmerY2,  su*mmei*LESs,  aa. 
(Vb)  pass  the  8.  usu.  at  or  in  place ;  pasture 
(cattle)  at  or  in.  [OE  sumor,  cf.  Du.  zomer,  G 
somnier,  Skr.  sama  year] 

sirmmei*2,  n.  Large  beam,  girder,  breast- 
summer,  lintel,  or  stone  laid  on  column  or 
pilaster  as  commencement  of  arch(es).  [see 
breastsummer] 

summersault,  -set.    =  somersault. 

su'mmit,  n.  Highest  point,  top,  apex,  high- 
est degree,  (the  icy  ss,  of  the  Alps;  at  the  s. 
of  power ;  the  s.  of  my  ambition  is).  Hence 
su'mmitLESs  a.  [f.  F  sommet  (OF  som  top 
f.  L  summum  neut,  of  BUMmus,  -et1)] 

svrmmon,  v.t.  Demand  the  presence  of, 
call  upon  to  appear,  esp.  as  defendant  or  wit- 
ness in  law-court,  cite,  convoke,  invite;  call 
upon  (town  &c.)  to  surrender;  s.  up,  gather 
courage,  spirit,  &c,  usu.  to  do  or  for  under- 
taking, [f.  OF  somoner  f.  LsuB(monere  warn)] 

su'mmons,  n.  (pi.  ~ses),  &  v.t.  Authorita- 
tive call  or  urgent  invitation  to  attend  on  some 
occasion  or  do  something ;  citation  to  appear 
before  judge  or  magistrate  (vb,  serve  with  s.), 
[AF  somonse  =  OF  semonse  orig.  fern.  p.p.  of 
semondre  f.  L  as  prec] 

su'mmum  bo'num,  n.  The  chief  good,  esp. 
as  the  end  or  ultimate  determining  principle  in 
an  ethical  system.    [LI 

su'mpter,  n.  (Archaic)  pack-horse  or  its 
driver;  s.-horse,  -mule,  -pony,  pack-animals, 
[f.  OF  sommetier  pack-horse  driver  f.  LL  *  sag- 
matarius  (=sagmarius  see  breastsummer)  f. 
Gk  sagma  -atos  pack-saddle  (satto  pack,  -m)] 

sirmption  (-shn),  n.  Major  premiss  of  syl- 
logism, [f.  L  sumptio  f.  sumere  sumpt-  take  = 
SUB-,  emere  take,  buy,  -ion] 

sirmptuary,  a.  Regulating  expenditure 
(s.  law,  edict,  Sec,  limiting  private  expenditure 
in  the  interest  of  the  State),  [f.  lisumptuarius 
(sumptus  -iis  cost  as  prec] 

sirmptuous,  a.  Rich  &  costly,  suggesting 
lavish  expenditure.  Hence  su'mptuousr.v- 
adv.,  sirmptuousNESS  n.  [f.  L  sumptuosus 
(prec,  -ose1)] 

sun,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  The  heavenly  body  that 
the  earth  travels  round  &  receives  warmth  & 
light  from,  such  light  or  warmth  or  both,  (s. 
rises,  sets,  is  brought  by  earth's  revolution 
above,  below,  the  horizon  ;  his,  its,  &c.,  s.  is  set, 
time  of  prosperity  or  existence  is  over ;  rise 
-with  the  8.,  get  up  early ;  Order  oft  he  Rising  S. , 
Japanese  order;  hail  or  adore  the  rising  s., 
curry  favour  with  new  or  coming  power ;  em- 
pire &c.  on  which  the  s.  never  sets,  world-wide ; 
let  not  the  s.  go  down  upon  your  wrath,  limit 
it  to  one  day ;  the  midnight  s.,  seen  in  arctic  & 


1 SUNDER 

antarctic  regions ;  nothing  new  under  the  s.,  in 
the  world ;  mock  s.,  parhelion  ;  &  of  righteous- 
ness, Christ;  see  the  s.,  be  alive;  make  hay 
while  the  s.  shines ;  hold  a  candle  to  the  s. ,  pro  v. 
of  superfluous  action  ;  take,  or  slang  shoot, 
the  s.  naut.,  ascertain  its  altitude  in  order  to  fix 
latitude ;  with,  against,  the  s.,  clock  1-wise, 
counterclockwise,  whence  su'nwiSE  adv.;  s.'s 
eyelashes,  s.'s  backstays  naut.,  s.  drawing  wa- 
ter, phenomenon  given  by  rays  piercing  aper- 
ture in  cloud  &  illuminating  suspended  par- 
ticles in  parallel  lines ;  s.  &  planet,  system  of 
gearing  in  which  cogged  wheel  on  reciprocating 
rod  both  rotates  on  its  axis  &  travels  round  the 
wheel  that  it  engages  &  communicates  motion 
to  ;  exclude,  let  in,  the  s.;  in  the  s.,  exposed  to 
s.'s  rays ;  a  place  inthe  8.  fig.,  favourable  situa- 
tion or  conditions ;  take  the  s.,  expose  oneself 
to  s.-light);  any  fixed  star  with  sa  tell  ite(s);  (poet.) 
day  or  year;  (also  s.-bumer)  set  of  gas-jets, 
electric  lights,  &c,  massed  as  one  great  light  in 
ceiling;  s.-bath,  exposure  of  naked  body  to  s.; 
su'nbeam,  ray  of  s. ;  s.-bird,  kinds  of  small 
bright-plumaged  Old-World  birds  with  resem- 
blance to  humming-birds ;  s.-blind,  window- 
shade  ;  s.-bonnet,  of  linen  &c.  with  projection 
&  pendant  back  to  shade  face  &  neck ;  s.-bow, 
prismatic  bow  given  by  s. -light  on  spray  &c; 
su'nburn,  tanning  of  face  &c.  by  exposure  to  s., 
sosu  'nburnt  or -burned  a.  ;s.-dance,  of  N.-Amer. 
Indians  in  honour  of  s.;  su 'ndew,  kinds  of  small 
bog-plant  with  hairs  secreting  drops  of  mois- 
ture ;  s.-dial;  s.-dog1;  swndown,  sunset;  su'n- 
doxoner,  Australian  tramp  who  times  his  ar- 
rival for  the  evening;  s.-dried,  dried  by  s.  & 
not  by  artificial  heat ;  su'nfish,  large  fish  of  al- 
most spherical  shape ;  su'nflower,  kinds  of  tall 
garden-plant  with  showy  golden-rayed  flowers: 
s.-glow,  whitish  or  faintly  coloured  corona  of 
light  sometimes  seen  round  s.;  s.-god,  the  8. 
worshipped  as  a  deity ;  s.-hat,  -helmet,  adapted 
by  material  or  shape  to  keep  s.  off;  su'nlight ; 
su'nlit;  s.-myth,  solar  myth;  s.-picture,  pho- 
tograph ;  su'nrise, (moment of) s.'s rising;  swn- 
set,  (moment  of)  s.'s  setting,  western  sky  with 
colours  characterizing  s.-s.  (attrib.,  resembling 
these),  (fig.)  decliningperiod  of  life ;  su'nshade, 
parasol,  also  awning  of  shop-window;  swn- 
shine,  light  of  sun  (s.-s.  recorder,  instrument 
recording  duration  of  s.-s.),  surface  illuminated 
by  it,  fair  weather,  (fig.)  cheerfulness  or  bright 
influence,  90  su'nshiny  a.;  s.-snake,  ornament 
found  in  early  N.-Europ.  art  shaped  like  S  with 
small  circle  at  centre ;  s.-spot,  one  of  the  dark 
patches,  changing  in  shape  &size  &  lasting  for 
varying  periods,  sometimes  observed  on  s.'s 
surface ;  s.-star,  red  starfish  with  many  rays ; 
s.-stone,  kinds  of  quartz  (esp.  cat's-eye)  &  feld- 
spar; swnstroke,  acute  prostration  from  ex- 
cessive heat  of  weather ;  s.-worship(per);  hence 
su'iiless  a.,  su'iiIgssness  n.,  su'iilike, 
sunproof2,  aa.,  sutiward  a.  &  adv.,  su*n- 
wards  adv.  (Vb)  expose  to  the  s.  (s.  oneself 
bask  in  s. -light);  s.  oneself.  [OE  sunne,  cf.  Du. 
zon,  G  sonne,  ON  sunna  ;  cogn.  w.  L  sol,  Goth. 
sauil,  ON  sol] 

Su'nday,  n.  First  day  of  week,  Lord's  day, 
observed  as  day  of  rest  &  worship  (hospital, 
low1,  palm1,  rogation,  show2,  S.;  month  of 
Ss.,  long  period :  S.  letter,  dominical  letter ;  S. 
best  usu.  facet.,  best  clothes  kept  for  S.  use ;  S. 
school,  for  religious  instruction  on  Ss.).  [OE 
sunnan  dxg  day  of  the  sun] 
su'nder,  v.t.  &  i.  Separate  (t.  &  rarely  i.), 
sever,  keep  (trans.)  apart.  Hence  su'ndep- 
ance  n.  (rare).  [OE  sundrian  (sundor  asunder), 
cf.  ON  sundra,  G  sondern ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  ater 
without,  Skr.  san-utar  aside] 


SUNDRY 


882 


SUPER- 


su'ndpy,  a.  &  n.  Divers,  several,  (chiefly 
archaic  &  joe;  all  &  s.,  each  &  all,  everyone 
collectively  &  individually).  (N.,  pi.)  oddments, 
accessories  or  items  not  needing  special  men- 
tion.   [OE  syndrig  (sundor  see  prec,  -Y  2)] 

sung-.    See  sing. 

sunk(en).    See  sink  K 

sunn(-hemp),n.  E.-Ind.  hemplike  fibre,  [f. 
Hind,  san  f.  Skr.  sana] 

Su'nna(h),  n.  Traditionary  portion  of  Mo- 
hammedan law  based  on  Mohammed's  words 
or  acts  but  not  written  by  him,  accepted  as 
authoritative  by  the  orthodox  (SirnnrrE 1  or 
Su'nni  pr.  -e,  nn.)  &  rejected  by  the  Shiites. 
(Arab,  (-a),  =  tradition] 

su'nny,  a.  Bright  with  or  as  sunlight ;  of 
the  sun  (rare) ;  exposed  to,  warm  with,  the  sun 
(the  s.  side,  side  of  house  &c.  that  gets  sun, 
also  fig.  the  more  cheerful  aspect  of  circum- 
stances &c.) ;  cheery,  bright  in  disposition,  dif- 
fusing cheerfulness.  Hence  su'nniLY2  adv., 
su'hniNESsn.    [-y2] 

sup,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Take  (soup,  tea,  &c.)  by 
sips  or  spoonfuls  {he  must  have  a  long  spoon 
that  sups  with  the  devil,  parleying  with  doubt- 
ful characters  is  risky) ;  take  supper ;  (of  food 
or  host)  provide  supper  for.  (N.)  mouthful  of 
liquid  (esp.  neither  bit  or  bite  nor  s.).  [OE 
supan,  cf.  Du.  zuipen,  ON  supa,  OHG  sufan ; 
partly  also  f.  F  souper  see  supper] 

sup-,  =sub-  inLcompds  w.  wdsin  p-&  their 
derivatives. 

su'per,  n.  (slang. ).  (Short  for)  supernumerary 
actor. 

super-,  pref.  f.  L  super  prep.,  super-  pref-, 
over,  beyond  [compar.  form  r.  sub2,  cf.  Gk 
huper,  Skr.  upari\  1.  Inadjj.  (&theirderivv.) 
formed  on  anal,  of  L  supernumerarius  f.  Lphr. 
consisting  of  super  &  n.  governed  by  it ;  super 
?iwmerura= beyond  the  number,  supernumer- 
ary =  being  beyond  the  number.  The  dis- 
tinguishable varieties  of  meaning  are: 

a.  situated  directly  over,  as  -columnar  above 
columns,  -humeral  over  the  shoulder ; 

b.  not  in  or  under  but  above,  as  -aqueous, 
-terrene,  -celestial,  above  water,  earth,  sky ; 

c.  exceeding,  going  beyond,  more  than,  tran- 
scending, too  exalted  for  contact  or  connexion 
with,  as  -normal  beyond  the  norm,  -natural 
beyond  what  nature  will  account  for,  -sensible 
out  of  reach  of  sense,  -ethical  above  the  sphere 
of  ethics. 

2.  In  vbs  &  adjj.  &  their  derivv.  adapted  from 
or  made  on  anal,  of  L  wds  to  .which  super-  was 
prefixed  with  advl  sense.  Varieties  of  meaning 
are: 

a.  on  the  top  of  something,  as  -impose,  -scribe, 
-stratum ; 

b.  observation  from  above,  as  -intend,  -stition, 
-vise ; 

c.  besides,  in  addition,  as  -add,  -erogation, 
-fetation ; 

d.  to  a  degree  beyond  the  usual  or  the  right,  as 
-eminent,  -saturate,  -subtle ; 

3.  In  nn.  &  their  derivv.  on  anal,  of  L  super- 
ficies {fades  face)  in  which  super-  is  prefixed 
w.  adj.  force : 

a.  upper  or  outer,  as  -canopy,  -cilious,  -hive ; 

b.  of  higher  kind,  in  higher  than  the  ordinary 
sense,  esp.  in  names  of  classificatory  divisions, 
as  -class  group  including  more  than  one  class ; 

c.  in  the  second  degree,  as  -parasite  the  para- 
site of  a  parasite,  -tuberation  the  forming  of 
tubers  on  tubers. 

4.  In  math,  wds  expressing  ratio  on  anal,  of 
lisupertertius  exceeding  by  k,  -bipartient  or 
-bitertial  =  exceeding  by  *  or  in  the  ratio  5:3, 
-oiquintal  in  ratio  7:5,  -tripartient  ot-triquar- 


tal=in  ratio  7  : 4,  -quadripartient  or  -quadri- 
quintal-  in  ratio  9:5,  -sesquialteral  in  ratio 
5 : 2,  -sesquitertial  in  ratio  7  : 3. 
superabou'nd  v.i.,  -abu'ndance  n., 
-abu'ndant  a.,  -abu'ndantly  adv.,  2d; 
supera'dd  v.t.,  -addiction  n.,  2c;  su'per- 
altar  n.,  3a,  slab  of  stone  consecrated  &  placed 
on  unconsecrated  altar;  supera'nal  a.,  la 
(anus);  superangelie  a.,  lc;  superan- 
nuate v.t.,  lc  (L  annus  year),  declare  too  old 
for  work  or  use  or  continuance,  dismiss  or  dis- 
card as  too  old,  send  into  retirement  with  pen- 
sion, (p.p.)past  work  or  use,  so  superannua'- 
tion  n.;  supera'queous  a.,  lb ;  superbi- 
par'tient,  superbiqui'ntal,  superbi- 
ter'tial,  aa.,  4;  superca-lendered  a.,  2d; 
superca'nopy  n.,  3a;  su'percargo  n.,  1, 
person  in  merchant-ship  managing  sales  &c.  of 
cargo  [f.  Sp.  sobrecarga];  supereele'stial 
a.,  lb,  also  lc  =  super angelic;  supererliary 
a.,  3a  [L  supercilium  eyebrow  f.  cilium  eyelid 
cf.  Gk  kula  parts  below  eye],  of  the  brows,  over 
the  eye  ;  supererlious  a.,  supercilious- 
ly adv.,  superciliousness  n.,  3a  [f.  L 
superciliosus  w.  ref.  to  raised  eyebrows,  see 
prec.],  contemptuous,  showing  haughty  indif- 
ference, assuming  superiority ;  superei'vi- 
lized  a.,  2d ;  superclass  n.,  3b ;  super- 
eolu'mnar  a.,  la;  supereolumnia'tion 
n.,  la,  placing  of  one  architectural  order  over 
another;  super  eminent  a.,  2d;  super- 
erog-a'tion  n.,  2c  |f.  L  supererogare  pay  out 
beyond  what  is  expected],  doing  of  more  than 
duty  requires  (esp.  works  ofs.  in  Theol.,  such 
as  form  a  reserve  fund  of  merit  that  can  be 
drawn  on  in  favour  of  sinners),  so  superero*- 
gatory  a.;  supere'thical  a.,  lc;  super- 
excellent  a.,  -excellence,  excita'tion, 
nn.,  2d ;  su'perfamily  n.  (biol.),  3b ;  super- 
fa*  tted  a.,  2d  (of  soap);  superfecunda'tion, 
superfeta'tion,  nn.,  2c,  second  conception 
occurring  during  gestation ;  superficial 
(-Ishl)  a.,  superficiality  (-shi)  n.,  super- 
ficially adv.,  3a  (foil.),  of  or  on  the  surface 
only,  not  going  deep,  without  depth,  (s.  colour, 
resemblance,  knowledge,  wound,  accomplish- 
ments ;  a  s.  person,  with  no  reserve  of  know- 
ledge or  feeling  behind  what  he  shows); 
superfl'cies  (-shiez)  n.  (pi.  the  same),  3a 
[L,  f.  fades  face],  a  surface ;  su'perfine  a., 
2d,  (commerc.)  or  extra  quality,  (gen.)  affect- 
ing great  refinement  (so superfi'neness  n.); 
superfluity  n.,  2d  (foil.),  superfluous 
amount  (give  of  one's  s.),  thing  not  needed; 
superfluous  a.,  super'fluously  adv., 
super'fluousness  n.,  2d  (L  superfluus  f. 
fluere  flow),  more  than  enough,  redundant, 
needless;  superhea't  v.t.,  2d,  (esp.)  heat 
(steam)  to  temperature  higher  than  that  of 
boiling  water,  so  superhea*tER1(2)  n. ;  su*- 
perhive  n.,  3a,  removable  upper  compart- 
ment of  hive;  superhu'man  a.,  super- 
hu'manly  adv.,  lc ;  superhu'meral  n., 
la  (L  humerus),  Jewish  ephod,  also  amice1, 
also  archiepiscopal  pallium  ;  superimpo'se 
v.t.,  2a,  lay  on  or  on  something  else ;  super- 
impregna'tion  n.,  2c,  superfecundation ; 
superincumbent  a.,  2a,  lying  on  some- 
thing (the  s.  mass  &c);  super  in  du*ce  v.t., 
2c,  develop  or  bring  in  as  an  addition;  super- 
institu'tion  n.,  2c,  institution  of  person  into 
benefice  already  occupied;  superintend 
v.t.  &  i.,  2b  (L  iNTENDere  attend  to),  have  the 
management  (of),  arrange  &  inspect  working 
(of),  so  superintendence  n.,  superin- 
tendent n.,  person  who  superintends  ;  su- 
perjacent a.,  2a  (L  jacere  lie),  superincum- 
bent; superlative  a.  &  n.,  2d  [f.  L  super- 


SUPER- 8 

(lativus  f.  ferre  lat-  carry)],  of  the  highest 
degree  (s.  wisdom,  beauty,  &c.;  s.  degree  in 
Gram.,  the  forms  of  the  adjective  &  adverb 
by  which  the  highest  or  a  very  high  degree  of 
a  quality  is  expressed,  as  bravest,  most  ab- 
surdly), so  superlatively  adv.,  super'- 
lativeness  n.,  (n.)  the  s.  degree  or  form  (not 
used  in  the  s. ;  what  is  the  s.  of  shy  ?),  a  word  in 
the  s.  (his  talk  is  all  ss.,  he  exaggerates) ;  su- 
perlu*nar(y)  a.,  lb,  (esp.)  not  of  this  world ; 
su'perman  n.,  3b,  overman  ;  superme*- 
dial  a.,  la;  supermo'lecule  n.,  3b,  com- 
pound molecule,  combination  of  molecules 
acting  as  physical  unit ;  supermu'ndane 
a.,  lc,  superior  to  earthly  things;  super- 
na'culum  adv.  &  n.,  1  [mod.  L  naculum 
finger-nail  f.  G  nagel],  drink  s.,  to  the  bottom 
( w.  ref.  to  pouring  or  the  last  drop  on  thumb- 
nail), (n.)  choice  wine  worthy  of  being  so 
drunk;  supernatant  a.,  2a  (natation), 
floating  on  surface;  supernatural  a.,  su- 
perna'turally  adv. ,  superna'turalness 
n.,  1  c,  due  to  or  manifesting  some  agency 
above  the  forces  of  nature,  outside  the  ordinary 
operation  of  cause  &  effect,  so  superna*- 
turalism,  superna'turalist,  belief,  be- 
liever, in  the  s.,  superna'turalize,  elevate 
into  the  s.  region;  supernor'mal  a.,  lc; 
supernumerary  a.  &  n.,  lc,  (person  or 
thing)  in  excess  of  the  normal,  number,  esp. 
extra  person  engaged  for  odd  jobs ;  super- 
nutri'tion  n.,  2d;  su'peroetave  n.,  3c, 
organ-stop  two  octaves  above  principal ;  su*- 
perorder  n.,  superor'dinal  a.,  3b  (in 
classif.);  superor'dinary  a.,  lc ;  super- 
orga'nie  a.,  lc  (of  psychical  things  considered 
apart  from  the  organisms  in  which  they  are 
manifested),  also  3b,  social,  organic  in  a  higher 
metaphorical  sense;  superoxygena'tion 
n.,  2d;  superpa'rasite  n.,  superpara- 
si'tic  a.,  3c;  superphosphate  n.,  2d, 
phosphate  with  greatest  possible  proportion  of 
phosphoric  acid;  superphy'sieal  a.,  lc; 
superpo'se  v.t,  superposition  n.,  2a, 
lay  (thing)  on  or  (up)on  another;  super- 
quadripar'tient,  superquadriqui'n- 
tal,  aa.,  4;  supersa'cral  a.,  la  (sacrum); 
supersa'turate  v.t.,  supersatura'tion 
n.,  2d ;  su'perscribe  v.t.,  2a  [f.  L  super- 
(scribere  script-  write)],  write  (inscription)  at 
top  of  or  outside  something,  write  inscription 
over  or  on  (thing),  so  superscript  a.,  written 
above  the  line,  superior,  superscription  n., 
superscribed  word(s) ;  superse'de  v.t.  [f.  OF 
superseder  desist  f.  L  supersedere  sess-  sit) 
desist  from],  set  aside,  cease  to  employ,  adopt 
or  appoint  another  person  or  thing  in  place  of, 
(of  person  or  thing  appointed  or  adopted)  take 
the  place  of,  oust,  supplant;  superse'n- 
sible  a.,  lc  ;  supersensitive  a.,  2d  ;  su- 
perse'nsual,  superse'nsuous,  aa.,  lc, 
supersensible ;  supersesquia'lteral,  su- 
persesquiter'tial,  aa.,  4 ;  supersession, 
superseding  or  being  superseded  ;  super- 
so'lar  a.,  lb ;  su'persolid  n.,  3b,  a  solid  of 
more  than  three  dimensions ;  superspi*- 
ritual  a.,  superspiritua'lity  n.,  2d  ;  su- 
perstition n.,  2b  [OF,  f.  L  super(stitionem 
f.  stare  stat-  stand)  perh.  orig.  =  standing  over 
in  awe],  credulity  regarding  the  supernatural, 
irrational  fear  of  the  unknown  or  mysterious, 
misdirected  reverence,  a  religion  or  practice  or 
particular  opinion  based  on  such  tendencies, 
so  superstitious  a.,  supersti'tiously 
adv.,supersti*tiousness  n. ;  superstra*- 
tum,  superstru'etion  or  superstruc- 
ture, mi.,  superstru'ctural  a.,  2a;  su- 
persubsta'ntial  a.,  lc ;  supersub'tle  a., 


3 SUPPER 

supersub'tlety  n.,2d ;  supertellur'ie  a., 
lb  (L  tellus  -uris  the  earth);  superte'm- 
poral  a.,  la,  above  the  temples  of  the  head, 
also  lc,  transcending  time ;  superte'rrene, 
superterre'strial,  aa.,  lb  ;  su'pertonic 
n.,  lc,  tone  in  musical  scale  next  above  tonic  ; 
supertripar'tient,  supertnquar'tal, 
aa.,  4 ;  supertubera'tion  n.,  3c ;  super- 
vaea'neous  a.,  2d  [f.  L  super(vacaneus  f. 
vacare  be  empty)],  superfluous,  unnecessary; 
superve'ne  v.i.,  2a  [f.  L  super(venire  vent- 
come)],  occur  as  an  interruption  to  or  change 
from  some  condition  or  process,  so  super" 
ve'ntion  n. ;  supervrse  (-z)  v.t.,  2b  (L 
videre  vis-  see),  direct  or  watch  with  authority 
the  work  or  proceedings  or  progress  of,  over- 
see, so  supervision  n. 

su'perable,  a.  Not  insuperable,  [f.  L  su- 
perabilis  f.  superare  overcome  {super  over,  see 
prec),  -able] 

supeirb  (sob-,  su-),  a.  Of  the  most  impressive 
or  splendid  or  exalted  kind,  grand,  (s.  beauty, 
courage,  impudence ;  a  s.  view,  display,  collec- 
tion, specimen,  voice,  binding).  Hence  su- 
per'bLV  2  adv.  [f.  F  superbe  f.  L  superbus 
(superabove,  see  super-,  st.  fu-  be)  proud] 

superior  (soo-,  su-),  a.  &  n.  Upper,  in  high- 
er position,  of  higher  rank,  (s.  officer,  rank, 
court ;  s.  limit  * ;  s.  genus,  higher  in  the  classi- 
ficatory  series  &  so  more  comprehensive ;  s. 
ivings,  folding  over  others  ;  s.  figures  or  letters, 
written  or  printed  above  the  line ;  s.  limb  of 
sun  &c,  upper  edge ;  ovary,  calyx,  iss.,  grows 
from  the  top  of  or  above  the  other) ;  better  or 
greater  in  some  respect,  related  as  the  better 
or  greater  to,  (by  s.  wisdom,  cunning,  &c. ;  is  s. 
in  speed  to  any  other  machine ;  s.  numbers,  esp. 
more  men  or  their  presence,  as  was  overcome  by 
s.  n.);  of  quality  or  qualities  above  the  average, 
having  or  showing  consciousness  of  such  quali- 
ties, (made  ofs.  leather ;  my  cook  is  a  very  s. 
woman ;  s.  persons,  the  better  educated  &c, 
also  &  usu.  iron.,  prigs ;  he  remarked  with  a 
s.  air) ;  above  giving  attention  or  yielding  or 
making  concessions  to(s.  to  bribery,  temptation, 
revenge,  fortune ;  rise  s.  to,  be  unaffected  by) ; 
hence  or  cogn.  super io'rirv  (or-pe)  n.,  su- 
periorly2 adv.  (chiefly  in  describing  position 
in  Bot,  Anat.,  &c).  (N.)  one's  better,  person  s.to 
one,  in  rank  or  in  some  respect  (is  deferential 
to  his  ss. ;  you  are  my  s.  in  ability  &  I  yours  in 
application ;  has  no  s.  in  courage) ;  head  of 
monastery  &c.  (often  Father,  Mother,  Lady, 
S.),  whence  super'iorESS J  n.  (rare),  [f.  OF 
superieur  f.  L  superiorem  nom.  -or,  comp.  of 
superus  high  (super  above,  see  super-)] 

super'nal,  a.  (poet.,  rhet.).  Heavenly,  di- 
vine, of  the  sky,  lofty,    [f.  L  supertiws,  -al] 

supersedeas,  n.  Writ  staying  proceed* 
ings.   JL  2  sing.  pres.  subj.  as  suPERsede] 

su'pinate,  v.t.  Turn  (hand)  palm  upward 
(cf.  pronate).  Hence  or  cogn.  supinATiON 
n.,  su*pinatOR2(2)  n.  (as  name  of  two  muscles). 
[L  supinare  (foil.),  -ate3] 

su'pine  l  (or  -i*n),  a.  Lying  face  upward  (cf. 
prone)  ;  disinclined  for  exertion,  indolent, 
lethargic.  Hence  supi*neLY2adv.,  supi'ne- 
ness  n.    [f.  L  supinus  (st.  of  SUPER-,  -1MB  *)] 

su'pine2,  n.  (L  gram.).  Verbal  noun  with 
accusative  in  -um  &  ablative  in  -u  formed  from 
p.p.  st.  of  L  vbs  &  used  in  special  construc- 
tions, [f.  L  (verbum)  supinum  (prec,  sense 
doubtful)] 

su'pper,  n.  A  meal  taken  at  the  end  of  a 
day,  the  last  meal  of  the  day  when  dinner  is  not 
the  last.  Hence  su'pper  less  a.  [f.  OF  soper 
(now  souper)  f.  soper  to  sup  or  sip  f.  LG  supen 
cf.  SUP,  -ER4] 


SUPPLANT 


884 


SUPREME 


suppla'nt,  v.t.  Oust  &take  the  place  of  esp. 
by  underhand  means.  Hence  suppla'n ti :k  j 
n.  [f.  OF  supplanter  f.  h  sup(  plantare  f. 
planta  sole  of  foot)  trip  up] 

su'pple,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Easily  bent,  pliant, 
flexible ;  given  to  compliance,  avoiding  overt  re- 
sistance, wanting  in  sturdiness  of  character,art- 
fullysubmissive,fawning;s.-jacA;,(walking-cane 
of)  kinds  of  strong  twining  shrub ;  hence  su*p- 
plexESS n., su'ppLY 2  adv.  (Vb)makeor grow 
s.  (s.  horse,  train  him  to  obey  slightest  touch  of 
rein),  [f.  F  souple  f.  L  8VP(plex  -plicis  f.  pli- 
care  fold)  submissive] 

sirpplement1  (llment),  n.  Thing  added  to 
supply  the  deficiencies  of  something  else; 
(Math.)  the  angle  that  added  to  another  will 
make  the  sum  two  right  angles.  Hence  sup- 
pleme*ntAL,suppleme*ntARY1,aa.  [F  (-U-), 
L  L  s\JP(plementum  f.  plere  fill,  -ment)j 

supplement2,  v.t.  Make  addition (s)  to. 
Hence  supplementATiON  n.    [f.  prec] 

su'ppliant,  a.  &  n.  Supplicating,  expres- 
sive of  supplication;  hence  sirpplianti.v  - 
adv.  (N.)  humble  petitioner.  [F  {supplier  f.  L 
as  foil.,  -ANT)] 

sirpplieate,  v.t.  &i.  Make  humble  petition 
to  or  to  person  or  for  or  for  thing.  Hence  or 
cogn.  su'pplicating-LY 2  adv.,  supplier - 
tion  n.,  sirpplieatoRY  a.    [f.  L  supplicare 

(SlippleX  SUPPLE),  -ATE  3] 

supply,  v.t.,  &  n.  Furnish,  provide,  (thing 
needed,  or  person,  receptacle,  &c,  with  or  with 
thing  needed),  whence  suppli'ER*  n.;  make 
up  for,  meet,  serve  to  obviate,  (deficiency,  need, 
loss) ;  fill  (place,  vacancy,  pulpit)  as  substitute. 
(N.)  providing  of  what  is  needed  (Committee  of 
S.,  House  of  Commons  discussing  details  of 
estimates  for  public  service;  s.  department, 
charged  with  supplying  some  need,  esp.  stores 
&  provisions  for  army  &c);  stock,  store,amount 
of  something  provided  or  at  hand  or  get-at-able, 
(.9.  &  demand  in  Pol.  Econ.,  chief  factors  regu- 
lating price  of  commodities ;  an  inexhaustible 
s.  offish,  coal,  &c;  water  &c.  -s.),  (pi.)  collected 
necessaries  for  army  &c;  (pi.)  grant  of  money 
by  Parliament  for  cost  of  government,  money 
allowance  to  person  (his  father  cut  off  the  ss.). 
[n.  f.  vb,  f.  OF  supploier  f.  L  BW(plere  fill)] 
suppor't,  v.t. ,  &  n.  Carry  (part  of)  weight  of, 
hold  up,  keep  from  falling  or  sinking,  (founda- 
tion, buttress,  supports  house,  wall ;  support- 
ed by  a  life-belt ;  had  to  be  supported  home) ; 
enable  to  last  out,  keep  from  failing,  give 
strength  to,  encourage,  (what  supported  him 
or  his  strength  was  a  glass  of  brandy,  a  good 
conscience,  hope,  your  approval ;  too  little  food 
to  s.  life) ;  endure,  tolerate,  (supports  fatigue 
well ;  /  can  s.  life,  such  insolence,  no  longer), 
whence  supportABLE  a.,  supportabLY2 
adv.;  supply  with  necessaries,  provide  for,  (s.  a 
family);  lend  assistance  or  countenance  to, 
back  up,  second,  further,  (s.  a  cause,  policy, 
leader,  candidate ;  s.  actor  or  other  performer, 
take  secondary  part  to  him ;  s.  resolution  &c, 
speak  in  favour  of  it;  s.  lecturer  &c,  appear 
on  his  platform  ;  s.  institution,  subscribe  to  its 
funds);  bear  out,  tend  to  substantiate,  bring 
facts  to  confirm,  (statement,  charge,  theory, 
&c);  keep  up  or  represent  (part,  character) 
adequately.  (N.)  supporting  or  being  supported 
(give  s.  to;  requires  s.;  gets  no  s.;  troops  sta- 
tioned in  s.,  as  reserve;  speak  in  s.  of,  advo- 
cate); person  or  thing  that  supports  (shelf  must 
have  another  s.;  he  is  the  chiefs,  of  the  cause); 
hence  supportLEss  a.  [f.  F  supporter  f.  L 
BUP(portare  carry)] 

supporter, n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  (Herald.) 
representation  of  living  creature  holding  up  or 


standing  (usu.  as  one  of  pair)  beside  an  escut- 
cheon.   [-ER  l] 

suppo'se  (-z),  v.t.  Assume  as  a  hypothesis 
(let  us  s.  a  second  flood  ;  well,  s.  it  was  so  ;  in 
part,  orimperat.  with  conjunctional  force  =  if, 
as  supposing  white  were  black  you  would  be 
right,  s.  your  father  saw  you  what  xoould  he 
say?;  also  in  imperat.  as  formula  of  proposal, 
as  s.  we  went  for  a  walk,  s.  we  try  another) ; 
(of  theory,  result,  &c.)  require  as  a  condition 
(that  supposes  mechanism  without  flaws  ;  de- 
sign in  creation  supposes  a  creator);  take  for 
granted,  presume,  assume  in  default  of  know- 
ledge, be  inclined  to  think,  accept  as  probable, 
(Ts.  we  shall  be  back  in  an  hour ;  you  cannot  s.. 
it  is  not  to  be  supposed,  that ;  Is.  he  won't,  or  I 
don't  s.  he  will,  come ;  what  do  yous.  hemeant? ; 
also  abs.  in  parenth.,  as  you  will  not  bethere,  I 
s.);  (p.p.)  believed  to  exist,  believed  to  have 
specified  character,  (the  supposed  music  of  the 
spheres;  his  supposed  brother,  generosity), 
whence  suppo'sedLV  2  adv.  Hence  or  cogn. 
suppo'SABLEa.,  supposi*  nox  n.  [seebelowj, 
supposition  a  l  a.,  suppositional  ly~ 
adv.  [f.  F  8\JP(poser  pose1)  ;  supposition  F, 
f.  L  SUP(  positionem  f.  L  ponere  posit-  place, 
-ion),  cf.  deposition] 

supposititious  (-shws),  a.  Substituted  for 
the  real,  spurious,  (s.  child,  writings).  Hence 
supposititiousLY2  adv.,  suppositi*- 
Uousness  n.  [f.  L  suppositicius  f.  sup- 
( ponere  posit-  place)  substitute,  -itious1] 

suppo'sitory,  n.  (med.).  Cone  or  cylinder 
of  medicinal  substance  introduced  into  rectum 
or  vagina  or  uterus  &  left  to  dissolve,  [f.  LL 
suppositorium  (as  prec,  -orv)] 

suppre'ss,  v.t.  Put  down,  quell,  put  an 
end  to  activity  or  existence  of,  (rebellion,  sedi- 
tion, agitators,  conscience,  piracy,  monas- 
teries, &c.) ;  restrain,  keep  in.notgive  ventto, 
withhold  or  withdraw  from  publication,  keep 
secret,  not  reveal,  (groan,  yawn,  feelings,  name, 
book,  evidence,  facts).  So  suppre'ssi ble  a., 
suppre'ssioN  (shn),  suppre'ssoR2,  nn. 
[f.  L  svp(primere  press-  =premere  press)] 

suppre'ssio  vef/,  n.  Suppression  of  truth, 
misrepresentation  by  concealment  of  facts  that 
ought  to  be  made  known.    [L] 

su'ppurate,  v.i.  Form  pus,  fester.  So  sup- 
pur  a  tion  n.,  su'ppurATiVE  a.  [L  sup- 
(purare  f.  pus),  -ate^J 

supra-,  pref.  f.  L  supra  adv.  &  prep,  above 
(for  supera  abl.  fern,  olsuperus  higher  f.  super 
see  super-),  freely  used  in  forming  anat.  terms 
indifferently  with  super-  la  as  -clavi'cular 
above  the  clavicle,  -or'bital  above  the  eye- 
sockets,  -renal  above  the  kidney,  or  with 
super-  3a  as  -ma'xillary  a.  &  n.  (of)  the  upper 
jaw  ;  also  in  other  wds  w.  sense  over,  beyond, 
before,  after,  often  in  contrast  with  compdsof 
infra-,  sub-,  as  -mwndane  above  or  superior 
to  the  world,  -lapsar'ian(ism)  a.  &  nn.,  (hold- 
ing, holder  of)  doctrine  that  God's  decrees  of 
election  &  reprobation  were  not  due  to  the 
Fall  but  preceded  it  &  his  prescience  of  it  (cf. 
infralapsarian)  ;  -pro'test,  acceptance  or 
payment  of  bill  by  third  person  after  protest 
for  non-acceptance  or  non-payment. 

supremacy,  n.  Being  supreme,  highest 
authority,  (Act,  oath,  ofs.,  securing  ecclesias- 
tical s.  to  the  Crown  &  excluding  the  authority 
of  the  Pope),    [f.  OF  suprematie  (foil.,  -acy)] 

supre'me  (soo-,  s€i-),  a.  &  n.  Highest  in 
authority  or  rank  (the  S.  Being  or  the  S.  as  n., 
God  ;  S.  Court  of  judicature  ;  s.  end  or  good, 
summum  bonum  ;  s.  Pontiff,  the  Pope) ;  great- 
est possible,  uttermost, extreme,  last&greatest 
or  most  important,  (s.  wisdom,  courage,  &c. ; 


SUR- 


885 


SURGEON 


the  s.  test  of  fidelity  ;  a  or  the  s.  hour,  moment, 
&c).    Hence  suppe'meLY2  adv.    [OF,  f.  L 
supremus  superl.  of  superus  see  supra-] 
sup-  l$  =  sub-  in  some  L  compds  w.  wds  in  r- 
&  their  derivatives,  as  surge,  surreptitious. 
sup-2,  =  super-  in  many  wds  taken  into  E 
f.  OF,  as  surcharge,  surface,  surloin,  surprise, 
surrender,  also  sometimes  for  super-,  supra-, 
in  anat.  wds  as  surrenal  suPRArenal. 
sura(h ')  (soor'a),  n.     Chapter  of   Koran. 
[Arab,  (-a),  =  step] 

sup'ah2,  n.    Kind  of  soft  twilled  usu.  one- 
coloured  silk.    [perh.  f.  Surat  in  India] 
sup'al,  a.    Of  the  calf  of  the  leg  (s.  artery 
&c.).    [L  sura  calf,  -al] 

sural  (sob-),  n.  Kind  of  cotton  grown,  kind 
of  cotton  cloth  made,  in  the  Bombay  Presi- 
dency,   [place-name] 

supcea'se,  n.,  &  v.L,  (archaic).  Cessation  ; 
(vb)  cease,  [vb  f.  n.,  AF  sursise  delay,  orig. 
fern.  p.p.  of  surseer  =  OF  surseoir  f.  L  as 
8\JPERsede,  w.  assim.  to  cease] 
surcharge,  n.,  &  v.t.  Excessive  or  addi- 
tional load  or  burden  or  amount  of  money 
charged ;  supply  of  force,  electricity,  &c,  in 
excess  of  what  is  required ;  additional  charge 
made  by  assessors  as  penalty  for  false  returns 
of  taxable  property ;  amount  in  official  account 
not  passed  by  auditor  &  having  to  be  refunded 
by  person  responsible ;  showing  of  omission  in 
account  for  which  credit  should  have  been 
given.  ( Vb)  overload,  fill  or  saturate  to  excess; 
(of  assessor,  auditor)  exact  s.  from,  exact  (sum) 
as  8.,  fine  (person  sum)  as  s. ;  show  omission  of 
credit  in  (account),  [vb  f.  n.,  AF  (sur-2)] 
sup'cingle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Band  round  horse's 
body  rarely  as  saddlegirth,  usu.  to  keep  blanket 
&c.  in  place ;  girdle  of  cassock ;  (vb)  gird 
(horse),  fasten  (blanket  &c),  with  s.  [f.  OF 
8UR2(cengle  girth  f.  L  cingula  f.  cingere  gird)] 
sup'coat,  n.  (hist.).  Loose  robe  worn  over 
armour;  15th-16th-c.  woman's  jacket.  [AFsur2- 
(cote  COAT)] 

sup'culose,  -lous,  aa.  (bot.).  Producing 
suckers.  [L  surctdus  sucker,  -ose  L  -ous] 
surd,  a.  &  n.  (Math.)  irrational  (a.  &  n.) ; 
(Phonet) (consonant,  consonantal  sound)  utter- 
ed with  the  breath  &  not  the  voice  (as  p,  f,  s,cf. 
sonant  or  vocal  of  b,  v,  z).  [f.  L  surdus  deaf, 
noiseless ;  math,  sense  by  mistransl.  into  L  of 
Gk  alogos  (1)  irrational,  (2)  speechless] 
sure  (shoor),  a.  &  adv.  Having  or  seeming  to 
have  adequate  reason  for  belief,  convinced  of 
or  (that),  having  certain  prospect  or  confident 
anticipation  or  satisfactory  knowledge  of,  free 
from  doubts  of,  (are  you  s.  ? ;  you  may  be  s.  of 
his  honesty,  he  is  or  that  he  is  honest ;  he  feels 
or  is  s.  of  success  ;  I  did  not  feel  s.  of  my  com- 
pany, could  not  feel  s.  about  it ;  if  one  could  be 
s.  of  living  to  70 ;  I'm  sure  I  didn't  mean  to  hurt 
you,  form  of  asseveration;  well,  I'm  s.!,  excl. 
of  surprise);  safe,  reliable,  trusty,  unfailing, 
(sent  it  by  a  8.  hand ;  put  it  in  a  s.  place ;  a  8. 
shot,  marksman  who  never  misses  ;  a  s.  draw, 
covert  certain  to  yield  fox,  remark  &c.  certain 
to  draw  person ;  s.  card,  scheme  &c.  certain  to 
succeed  ;  slow  &8.;  there  is  only  one  s.  way ; 
s.-footed,  never  stumbling  or  making  false  step 
lit.  or  fig.) ;  to  be  relied  on,  certain,  to  do  (is  s. 
to  turn  out  well ;  would  be  s.  to  dislike  him) ; 
undoubtedly  true  or  truthful  (one  thing  is  s.; 
to  be  s.,  formula  of  concession  =  to  avoid  over- 
statement, as  t.  b.  8.  she  is  not  perfect,  is  pretty, 
also  as  excl.  of  surprise,  as  so  it  is,  t.  b.  s.!,  well, 
to  be  s.!',  make  s.,  ascertain  absolutely  that 
something  is  as  supposed,  take  measures  to  se- 
cure that  something  is  as  desired ;  make  s.  of, 
establish  the  truth  or  ensure  the  happening  of ; 


also  make  s.  ofov  that,  have  confident  but  often 
false  anticipation  of  or  that);  hence  surew  e.ss 
n.  (Adv.) :  (archaic)  I  admit,  you  will  admit, 
('tis  pleasant,  s.,  to  see  one's  name  in  print);  as 
certainly  as  (as  s.  as  eggs  is  eggs,  ass.  as  a  gun, 
colloq.  forms  of  asseveration);  s.  enough,  in  fact 
as  well  as  in  prospect  (/  said  it  would  be,  &  s. 

e.  it  is),  with  practical  certainty  (he  will  come 
s.  e.).    [f.  OF  stir  f.  L  securus  secure] 

sure'ly,  adv.  With  certainty  or  safety  (he 
knows  full  s.  that ;  will  diminish  slowly  but  s.; 
mule  plants  its  feet  8.) ;  if  strong  belief  or  ex- 
perience or  probability  or  right  is  to  count  for 
anything  (it  s.  cannot  have  been  he;  8. 1  have 
met  youoefore  ;  there  is  no  truth  in  it,  s. ;  s.  you 
will  not  desert  me) ;  (in  answers,  archaic)  cer- 
tainly, undoubtedly,  ('Should  you  be  willing  to 
tryr'S.%    [-ly2] 

supe'ty,  n.  (Archaic)  certainty  (esp.  of  as., 
certainly) ;  thing  pledged  as  security  for  pay- 
ment or  performance  (now  rare) ;  person  who 
makes  himself  responsible  for  another's  appear- 
ance in  court  or  payment  of  sum  or  perform- 
ance of  engagement  (stand  s.,  become  so  respon- 
sible, go  bail,/o?'  another;  find  s.  or  ss.,  said  of 
person  primarily  liable),  whence  sure'tysmp 
n.    [f.  OF  seurte  f.  L  securitatem  (sure,  -ty)] 

supf,  n.  Foam  &  commotion  of  sea  breaking 
on  shore  or  reefs ;  s.-bird,  coast-bird  related  to 
sand-piper ;  s.-boat,  of  buoyant  build  for  use  in 
s. ;  s.-man,  skilled  in  managing  s. -boats.  Hence 
sup'fY  2  a.    [earlier  suffe,  perh.  var.  of  sough] 

sup* face  (-is),  n.,  &  v.t.  The  outside  of  a  body, 
(any  of)  the  limits  that  terminate  a  solid,  out- 
ward aspect  of  material  or  immaterial  thing, 
what  is  apprehended  of  something  upon  a 
casual  view  or  consideration,  (has  a  smooth, 
uneven,  s.;  presents  a  large  s.  to  view ;  its  upper 
s.  is  as  cold  as  ice  ;  looks  only  at  the  s.  of  men 
&  things  ;  his  politeness  is  only  of  or  on  the  s. ; 
one  never  gets  below  the  s.  with  him),  (attrib.) 
of  the  s.  only  (s.  plausibility,  impressions,  &c); 
(Geom.)  that  which  has  length  &  breadth  but 
no  thickness  (plane  s.,  that  contains  the  whole 
of  the  straight  line  connecting  any  two  points 
in  it ;  curved  8.,  that  may  be  so  cut  by  a  plane 
through  any  point  in  it  that  the  line  of  section 
shall  be  a  curve ;  developable  8.,  that  may  be 
unfolded  into  a  plane  without  doubling  or  se- 
paration of  parts,  e.g.  s.  of  cone  or  cylinder) ; 
s.-colour,  used  in  s.-printing,  printing  from 
raised  s.  as  with  ordinary  type  or  woodcuts  & 
not  from  incised  lines ;  s.-man,  keeping  per- 
manent way  of  railway  in  order ;  s.-tension, 
tension  of  a  liquid  causing  it  to  act  as  an  elastic 
enveloping  membrane  seen  in  drop  or  bubble ; 
s.-water,  that  collects  on  &  runs  off  from  s.  of 
ground  &c;  hence  -surfacED2  a.  (Vb)  put  fine 
or  special  s.  on  (paper  &c).    [F  (sur-2,  face)] 

sup*feit  (-fit),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Excess  esp.  in 
eating  or  drinking,  oppression  or  satiety  re- 
sulting. (Vb)  overfeed  (t.  &  i.),  (cause  to)  take 
too  much  of  something,  cloy,  satiate  with,    [vb 

f.  n.,  f.  OF  sorfait  orig.  p.p.  of  sorfaire  (sur-2, 
L  facer  e  fact-  do )  ] 

surge,  v.i.,  &  n.  Move  up  &  down  or  to  & 
fro  (as)  in  waves  (of  sea,  crowd,  standing  corn, 
emotion,  &c);  (n.)  waves,  a  wave,  surging  mo- 
tion, [n.  f.  vb,  f.  OF  8urgir  f.  L  surgere  rise 
contr.  of  sur  Mrigere  =  regere  direct)] 

sup'geon  (-jn),  n.  Medical  man  treating  in- 
juries &  deformities  &  diseases  by  manual 
operation  (houses.,  on  staff  of  hospital),  person 
skilled  in  surgery ;  medical  practitioner  having 
the  diploma  of  the  Royal  College  of  Ss.  but  not 
the  M.D.  degree  (s.-dentvtt,  dentist  thus  quali- 
fied) ;  (formerly,  opp.  physician)  general  prac- 
titioner dispensing  drugs  &  attending  out- 


SURGERY 8 

patients  &  not  confining  himself  to  consulta- 
tion ;  medical  officer  in  navy  or  army  or  mili- 
tary hospital  (army  surgeons  are  now  styled 
captain  &c,  without  prefixed  s.,  up  to  field 
rank,  in  which  title  is  S.-General ;  s.  is  still  pre- 
fixed in  territorial  force  &c.  to  the  rank,  as  S.- 
Captain);  s.-fish,  kind  named  from  lancet- 
shaped  spines  on  each  side  of  tail,  [contr.  of 
obs.  chirurgeon  f.  OF  cirurgien  (cirurgie  f.  LL 
f.  Gk  kheirourgia  handiwork,  surgery,  f.  kheir 
hand,  -o-,  ergo  work)] 

sup'g-epy,  n.  Manual  treatment  of  injuries 
or  disordersof  thebody,  operative  therapeutics, 
surgical  work,  (antiseptic,  clinical,  plastic, 
&c,  s. ;  conservative  s.,  avoiding  amputations 
&c);  surgeon's  consulting-room  &  dispensary. 
[f.  OF  cirurgerie  (cirurgie  see  prec. ,  -erv)] 

sur'gieai,  a.  Of  surgeons  or  surgery  (s.  skill, 
operations,  instruments  ;  s.  fever,  caused  by  s. 
operation  through  sepsis).  Hence  sur'gieal- 
Lv£adv.    [as  surgeon,  -ical] 

sup'icate  (-at),  n.  S.-Afr.  animal  resembling 
polecat  &  ferret,    [native] 

surloin,  obs.  form  of  sirloin. 

sup'ly,  a.  Uncivil,  given  to  making  rude 
answers,  showing  unfriendly  temper,  churlish. 
Hence  sup'Uly  *  adv.,  sup'Hness  n.  [prob.  = 

SOUR  +  -LY  !] 

sup'mastep,  n.  Second  master  or  vice- 
master  in  some  schools.    [SUR-2] 

surmi'se  (-z),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Conjecture, 
suspicion  of  the  existence  or  guess  at  the 
nature  of  something.  (Vb)  infer  doubtfully, 
suspect  the  existence  of ;  make  a  guess,  try  to 
divine  something,  [vb  f.  n.,  OF,  orig.  fern.  p.p. 
of  suR2(mettre  put  f.  L  mittere  miss-  send)  lay 
to  person's  charge] 

supmou'nt,  v.t.  Cap,  be  on  the  top  of,  (usu. 
in  pass.;  peaks  surmounted  with  snow);  over- 
come,getover,(difficulty,obstacle),whencesup- 
moirntABLE  a.   [f.  F  suR2(monter  mount2)] 

surmirllet,  n.  The  red  mullet,  [f.  OF  sur- 
mulet  (sor  sorrel2,  mullet)] 

surname,  n.,  &  v.t.  Additional  name  of 
descriptive  or  allusive  kind  attached  to  a  per- 
son &  sometimes  becoming  hereditary;  the 
name  common  to  all  members  of  a  family  (cf. 
christian  name).  (Vb)  give  s.  to;  give  (person 
s.);  (p.p.)  called  by  way  of  additional  name, 
having  as  family  name,  [sur-2,  name,  after  F 
suR2(no»t  f.  L  nomen  see  nominal)] 

suppa'ss,  v.t.  Outdo,  excel.  Hence  sur- 
pa'ssiNG2  a.,  suppa'ssingLY 2  adv.  [f.  F 
sur 2( passer  pass  j)] 

sup'plice,  n.  Loose  full-sleeved  white-linen 
vestment  descending  to  hips  or  knees  or  ankles 
&  worn  usu.  over  cassock  by  clergy  &  choristers 
at  divine  service;  s.-choir,  wearing  ss.;  s.-fee, 
paid  to  clergy  for  baptisms,  funerals,  &c.  Hence 
sup*plicED2  a.  [f.  OF  s\jR2plis  f.  med.L 
8\jPER(pelliceum  f.  L  pellicius  see  pelisse)] 

sup'plus,  n.  What  remains  over,  what  is 
not  required  for  the  purpose  in  hand,  esp.  ex- 
cess of  public  revenue  over  expenditure  for  the 
financial  year,  (opp.  deficit;  often  attrib.,  as  s. 
popidation).  So  suP'plusAGE(l)  n.  [OF,  f. 
med.L  super(plus)] 

surpri-se  (-z),  n.,  &  v.t.  Catching  of  person(s) 
unprepared  (the  fort  was  taken,  the  truth 
must  be  elicited,  by  s.;  determined  to  attempt  a 
s.;  as.  visit,  without  notice);  emotion  excited 
by  the  unexpected,  astonishment,  (full  of  s.; 
his  s.  was  visible  ;  to  my  great  s.,  much  against 
my  expectations;  s.-packet,  with  unexpected 
contents,  e.g.  packet  of  sweets  with  coin,  also 
often  fig.);  event  &c.  that  excites  s.  (was  a 
great  s.  to  me  ;  I  have  a  s.  for  you,  piece  of  un- 
expected news,  unexpected  gift,  &c;  what  a 


5 SURVEYOR 

s.!).  (Vb)  capture  (place,  person)  by  s.,  attack 
at  unawares,  come  upon  (person)  off  his  guard 
(surprised  him  in  the  act);  affect  with  s.,  as- 
tonish, turn  out  contrary  to  expectations  of,  be 
a  s.  to,  (should  you  be  surprised  to  learn  —?; 
I  am  surprised  at  you,  shocked,  scandalized; 
more  surprised  than  frightened),  whence  sur- 
ppi*siNG2a.,  supppi*sing"LY2,  surprrsed- 
l y  2,  adv v. ;  hurry  (person)  by  s.  into  conduct  or 
act  or  doing  (surprised  me  into  rudeness,  con- 
sent, dropping  the  reins) ;  hence  supppi'SAL(2) 
n.  [OF,  orig.  fem.  p.p.  of  s\JR2(prendre  f.  L 
prenendere  take)] 
suppebu't  (-U-),  surrejoin,  vv.i.  (Of 
plaintiff)  reply,  make  suppebirttER 4,  sup- 
pejoi'ndER4,  nn.,  to  defendant's  rebutter,  re- 
joinder (order  of  pleadings  at  common  law: 


suppe'ndep,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Hand  over,  give 
into  another's  power  or  control,  relinquish  pos- 
session of,  esp.  upon  compulsion  or  demand  (s. 
fortress,  army,  snip,  freedom,  hopes,  chastity, 
privilege,  office,  &c. ;  s.  insurance  policy,  aban- 
don claims  in  return  for  repayment  of  part  of 
premiums);  give  oneseZ/overfo  habit,  emotion, 
influence,  &c;  (of  fortress,  ship,  or  force,  or  its 
commander)  accept  enemy's  demand  for  sub- 
mission ;  give  oneself  up,  cease  from  resistance, 
submit,  (s.  to  one's  bail,  appear  in  court  after 
being  admitted  to  bail).  (N.)  surrendering  or 
being  surrendered  (s.  value,  amount  payable  to 
surrenderer  of  insurance  policy),  [f.  OF  sur2- 
(rendre  render)] 

surreptitious  (-ishits),  a.  Underhand,  kept 
secret,  done  by  stealth,  clandestine.  Hence 
surrepti'tiousLV  2  adv.  [L  surrepticius  f. 
sur Hripere  -rept-  =  rapere  snatch),  -itious1] 

su'rrogate  (-at),  n.  Deputy,  esp.  of  bishop 
or  his  chancellor.  Hence  su'rrogatesmp  n. 
[L  sur Hrogare  ask)  elect  as  substitute,  -ate2] 

suppou'nd  (-ow-),  v.t.  Come  or  be  all  round, 
invest,  enclose,  encompass,  encircle,  environ, 
(the  surrounding  country,  the  neighbouring 
district),  [earlier  sense  overflow ;  f.  OF  sur  2- 
(underf.  L  undare  see  abound)  ;  present  sense 
by  confus.  w.  round] 

surrou'ndings,  n.  pi.  Sum  total  or  general 
effect  of  all  that  is  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a 
person  or  thing  (picturesque,  healthy,  luxuri- 
ous, degraded,  cultured,  s.).    [-ing  1] 

sur'tax,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Impose)  additional  tax 
(on),    [f.  F  suR2(toxe,  -taxer,  tax)] 

sup'tout  (-too),  n.  (now  rare).  Overcoat,  esp. 
of  frock-coat  shape.  [F,  f.  sur  (f.  L  super  over) 
tout  (f.  L  totus  whole)  over  all] 

supvei'llance  (-valans,  -lyans),  n.  Super- 
vision, close  observation,  invigilation,  (esp.  un- 
der s.,  not  trusted  to  work  or  go  about  un  watch- 
ed).   [F,  f.  sur  2(veiller  f.  L  as  vigilant)] 

survey*1  (-va),  v.t.  Let  the  eyes  pass  over, 
take  general  view  of,  form  general  idea  of  the 
arrangement  &  chief  features  of ;  examine  con- 
dition of  (building  Sec.) ;  collect  by  measure- 
ment &c.  all  facts  needed  for  determining  the 
boundaries,  size,  position,  shape,  contour,  own- 
ership, value,  &c,  of  (country,  coast,  district, 
estate,  &c),  whence  supveyiNG^l)  n.  [AF 
suR2(veier  t.  OF  veeir  f.  L  videre  see)] 

sup'vey2,  n.  General  view,  casting  of  eyes 
or  mind  over  something;  inspection  of  the  con- 
dition, amount,  &c,  of  something,  account 
given  of  result  of  this  ;  department  carrying  on, 
operations  constituting,  piece  of,  surveying  of 
land  &c.  (see  prec),  map  or  plan  setting  forth 
results  of  such  s.  (ordnance  s.).    [f.  prec] 

surveyor,  n.     Official  inspector  of  (s.  of 


SURVIVAL 


887 


SUTURE 


weights  &  measures  &c),  whence  supvey- 
opship  n.;  person  professionally  engaged  in 
survey  Jing.    [AF  surveour  (survey  »,  -or2)J 

supvrval,  n.  Surviving  (s.  of  the  fittest,  pro- 
cess or  result  of  natural  selection);  person  or 
thing  that  has  remained  as  a  relic  of  an  earlier 
time,    [foil.,  -al(2)] 

survrve,  v.t.  &  i.  Outlive,  be  still  alive  or 
in  existence  after  the  passing  away  of,  come 
alive  through  or  continue  to  exist  in  spite  of, 
(s.  one's  children,  contemporaries,  Sec;  s.  one's 
usefulness  ;  s.  all  perils) ;  continue  to  live  or 
exist,  be  still  alive  or  existent.  Hence  sur- 
vi'voR2  n.,  suPvi*vopsHiP  n.  (esp.  right  of 
joint  tenant  to  whole  estate  on  other's  death), 
[f.  F  survivre  f.  L  8UPER(vivere  live)] 

sus-,  =  sub-  in  L  compels  w.  wds  in  c-  (also 
sue-,  cf.  succeed,  susceptible),  in  p-  (also  sup-, 
cf.  suppose,  suspend),  &  in  t-,  &  their  deriva- 
tives,   [for  subs  var.  of  sub ;  cf.  abs] 

susceptible  (se-),  a.  (Pred.)  admitting  of 
(passage  is  s.  of  another  interpretation ;  facts 
not  s.  of  proof ),  open  or  liable  or  accessible  or 
sensitive  to  (very  s.  to  pain,  injury,  kindness, 
female  charms) ;  impressionable,  sensitive, 
readily  touched  with  emotion,  touchy.  Hence 
or  cogn.  susceptiBi'LiTF  n.  (often  in  pi.  =  sen- 
sitive points  of  person's  nature),  suseepti- 
bLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  sus(cipere  -cept-  =  capere 
take),  -ible] 

susce'ptive,  a.  Concerned  with  the  receiv- 
ing of  emotional  impressions  (cf.  prec.  Precep- 
tive ;  the  s.Jaculties,  nature).    [L  as  prec,  -ive] 

su*si  (soo-),  n.  K.-Ind.  cotton  fabric  with 
stripes  of  diffe rent-coloured  silk.    [Hind.] 

suspe'et1,  v.t.  Have  an  impression  of  the 
existence  or  presence  of  (danger ;a  plot,  foul 
play,  collusion,  a  causal  relation); half  believe 
to  be  (I  s.  him  to  be  my  brother,  a  liar,  dying) ; 
be  inclined  to  think  that  or  that  (Is.  you  once 
thought  otherwise;  also  parenth.,  as  you,  Is., 
don't  care) ;  incline  to  mentally  accuse  of  or  in- 
culpate, doubt  the  innocence  of,  distrust,  (/  s. 
him  of  lying,  of  deep  designs ;  a  stispected  cri- 
minal, person  suspected  of  being  one;  suspect- 
ed persons ;  the  ignorant  s.  everybody) ;  hold  to 
be  uncertain,  mistrust,  doubt  the  genuineness 
or  truth  of,  (s.  the  authenticity  of,  the  evidence). 
Hence  suspeetABLE  a.  Jrare).  [f.  F  adj. (foil. )] 

suspect  %  pred.  a.  &  n.  Of  suspected  char- 
acter, subject  to  suspicion,  not  unimpeachable, 
(the  statement  of  an  interested  party  is  natu- 
rally s.)  ;  (n.)  suspected  person  (political ss.  are 
kept  under  siirveillance).  [F,  f.  L  suspiccre 
suspect-  (sub-,  specere  look)] 

suspe'nd,  v.t.  Hang  up,  (p.p.,  of  solid  par- 
ticles or  body  in  fluid  medium)  sustained  some- 
where between  top  &  bottom  (a  balloon  sus- 
pended in  mid-air;  suspended  particles  of 
dust),  so  suspe'nsiBLE  a.,  suspensim  - 
lity  n.;  keep  in  undecided  or  inoperative  state 
for  a  time,  defer,  temporarily  annul,  adjourn, 
debar  temporarily  from  office  or  function  or 
privilege  or  membership,  (s.  judgment,  one's 
indignation,  the  rules,  the  Habeas-Corpus  Act, 
proceedings,  a  clergyman ;  s.  payment,  fail  to 
meet  financial  engagements,  admit  insolvency; 
suspended  animation,  state  of  insensibility 
without  death),  [f.  F  suspendre  f.  L  sus(pen- 
dere  pens-  hang)] 

suspe'nder.n.  In vbl senses;  esp., (pi.) pair 
of  braces  (chiefly  shop),  pair  of  (sets  of)  attach- 
ments to  which  tops  of  socks  or  stockings  are 
hung,    [-er  !] 

suspense,  n.  State  of  usu.  anxious  uncer- 
tainty or  expectation  or  waiting  for  informa- 
tion (keep  one  ins.,  delay  acquainting  him  with 
what  he  is  eager  to  know) ;  (Law)  suspension, 


temporary  cessation  of  right  &c  [F,  orig.  fern, 
p.p.  f.  susPENDre] 

suspension,  n.  In  vbl  senses  (suspend)  ; 
esp.  s.-bridge,  in  which  roadway  is  hung  across 
stream  &c,  usu.  on  wire  cables  passing  over 
towers  &  anchored,  without  support  from  be- 
low. So  suspensivE  a.  (s.  veto,  operating 
only  for  a  time,  not  definitive),  suspense) rv 
a.,  suspensiveLV-  adv.  [F,  f.  L  suspensio- 
nem  (suspend,  -ion)] 

suspe'nsio  per  co'llum,  n.  (chiefly  in  fa- 
cet, abbr.  sus.  per  coll.).  Execution  by  hang- 
ing.   [L,  =  suspension  by  neck] 

suspicion  (-Ishn),  n.,  &  v.t  Feeling  of  one 
who  suspects,  suspecting  or  being  suspected 
(above  s.,  too  obviously  good&c.  to  be  suspect- 
ed), partial  or  unconfirmed  belief  esp.  that  some- 
thing is  wrong  or  some  one  guilty;  soupcon 
of;  hence  suspi'cionLESS  a.  (Vb,  U.S.  slang) 
have  s.  that  or  that.  [OF  (now  soupcon),  f.  L 
suspitionem,  -id-,  i.  susptcere  suspect,  -ion] 

suspi'cious,  a.  Prone  to,  feeling,  indicat- 
ing, suggesting  or  justifying,  suspicion  (the 
ignorant  are  s.;  he  became  s.;  with  a  s.  glance; 
under  s.  circumstances).  Hence  suspi'eious- 
LY2ad\\,  suspi'ciousNESS  n.  [f.  F  suspicieux 
f.  L  suspiciosus  (prec,  -ose1)] 

suspire,  v.i.  (poet.).  Sigh.  So  suspir- 
ation  n.  [f.  OF  souspirer  f.  L  susjnrare 
(sub-,  spirare  breathe)] 

sustai'n,  v.t.  Bear  weight  of,  hold  up,  keep 
from  falling  or  sinking  (cf.  support);  enable  to 
last  out,  keep  from  failing,  give  strength  to, 
encourage,  (exx.  as  in  support;  sustaining 
food,  that  keeps  up  the  strength);  endure  with- 
out giving  way,  stand,  bear  up  against,  (sus- 
tained the  shock  of  the  enemy's  cavalry;  will 
not  s.  comparison  with) ;  undergo,  experience, 
suffer,  (s.  a  defeat,  severe  contusion,  loss.  Sec); 
(of  court  or  other  authority)  allow  validity  of, 
give  decision  in  favour  of,  uphold,  (s.  the  objec- 
tion, the  applicant  in  his  claim,  Sec);  bear  out, 
tend  to  substantiate  or  corroborate,  confirm, 
(statement,  charge,  theory,  &c);  keep  up  or 
represent  (part,  character)  adequately;  keep 
(sound,  effort,  &c)  going  continuously  (a  sus- 
tained note,  effort).  Hence  sustai'n  able  a., 
sustai'nMENT  n.  (rare).  If.  OF  sustener  f.  L 
s\J8(tinere  tent-  =  tenere  hold)] 

su'stenance,  n.  Nourishing  (now  rare ; 
given  for  the  s.  of  our  bodies);  nourishing 
quality,  subsistence,  food  lit.  or  fig.,  (there  is 
no  s.  in  it ;  how  shall  we  get  s.  ? ;  lived  a  week 
without  s.  of  any  kind).  [OF,  f.  LL  sustinentia 
(prec,  -ance)] 

sustenta'tion,  n.  Support  of  life  (rare; 
s.  fund,  collected  to  support  indigent  clergy). 
[OF,  f.  L  sustentationem  (sustentare  frequent, 
of  sustinere  sustain,  -ion)] 

susurration,  n.,  susu'ppous,  a.,  (rare). 
Whispering,  rustling.  [L  susurrare,  susurrus 
a.,  (sustirrus  a  whisper),  -ation,  -ous] 

su'tlep,  n.  Camp-follower  selling  provisions 
&c  [f.  Du.  zoetelaar  scullion,  sutler,  cf.  G 
sudeln  to  sully,  cogn.  w.  suds] 

Su'tra  (soo-),  n.  Set  of  aphorisms  in  San- 
skrit literature.  [Skr.,  orig.  =  string,  cogn.  w. 
L  suere  sew] 

suttee*,  sati*  (-e),  n.  Hindu  widow  who 
immolates  herself  on  her  husband's  funeral 
pyre ;  custom  requiring  such  immolation,  also 
suttee*iSM(2)  n.    [Skr.  (sa-),  =  virtuous  wife] 

su'tupe  (tshcr),  n„  &  v.t.  Seamlike  articu- 
lation of  two  bones  at  their  edges,  esp.  one  of 
those  in  the  skull,  similar  junction  of  parts  in 
Bot.,  Entom.,  &c. ;  (Surg.)  uniting  of  edges  of 
wound  by  stitching,  threador  wire  used  for  this, 
(vb,  unite  thus).  Hence  su'tuPAL  a.,  su'tup- 


SUZERAIN 8 

alLY2  adv.,  sutuPA'TiON  n.,  su'tuPED2  a. 

[F,  f.  L  sutura  (suere  sut-  sew,  -ure)] 
suzerain,  n.  Feudal  lord,  lord  paramount, 
sovereign  or  State  having  nominal  sovereignty 
or  right  of  general  control  over  semi-indepen- 
dent or  internally  autonomous  State.  So  su'- 
zepainTY  n.  [OF,  f.  sus  above  f.  L  su(r)sum 
upward  (sub-,  versus)  on  anal,  of  suverain 

SOVEREIGN] 

svelte,  a.  Lightly  built,  lissom,  supple, 
(chiefly  of  human,  esp.  female,  figure).  [FJ 
swab  (-6b),  v.t.,  &  n.  (Clean  with  water  &) 
mop  or  other  arrangement  of  absorbent  ma- 
terial on  handle  for  cleaning  (s.  down  or  s.  the 
deck  Sec);  s.  up,  take  up  (moisture)  with  s. ; 
(Naut.  slang)  officer's  epaulet;  (Naut.  slang) 
clumsy  fellow,  also  swa'bbER1  n.  [back-form, 
f.  swabber  f.  Du.  zwabber  ship-drudge,  cf.  zwab- 
beren  do  dirty  work,  G  schwappen  splash] 
Swa'bian,  Sua-,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of 
Swabia  (S.  emperors,  Hohenstaufens,  1138-1254). 
[Swabia  (L  Suevi  a  German  tribe),  -an] 
swa'ddle  (-6dl),  v.t.  Swathe  in  bandages  or 
many  or  thick  wraps  or  garments  {swaddling- 
bands,  -clothes,  in  which  infants  are  wrapped, 
also  fig.  influences  that  restrain  freedom  of 
action  or  thought),  [f.  OE  swethel  swaddling- 
band  (swathe,  -le)] 

swag,  n.  (slang).  Booty  carried  off  by  burg- 
lars &c,  (transf.)  gains  made  by  political  or 
other  jobbery,  [f.  obs.  swag  vb  hang  swaying 
(of  bundle,  fat  belly,  &c),  cogn.  w.  sway] 
swage,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  die  or  form  for 
shaping  wrought  iron  &c.  by  hammering  or 
pressure ;  s.-block,  with  variety  of  perforations, 
grooves,  &c,  for  this  purpose;  (vb)  shape  with 
s.  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  F  suage  etym.  dub.] 
swagger  (-g-),  v.i.  &  t„  &  n.  &  a.  Walk  like 
a  superior  among  inferiors,  show  self-confi- 
dence or  self-satisfaction  by  gait,  go  about,  in, 
out,  Sec,  with  such  walk;  behave  in  domineer- 
ing or  defiant  way;  talk  boastfully  (about  prep.) 
or  in  hectoring  manner;  bluff  (person)  into,  out 
of,  Sec;  hence  swa'ggePER1  n.,  swa'ggep- 
ingLY2  adv.  (N.)  swaggering  gait  or  manner 
or  tal  k ;  dashing  or  confident  air  or  way  of  doing 
something,  freedom  from  tameness  or  hesitancy, 
smartness;  s.-cane,  carried  by  soldiers  when 
walking  out.  (Adj.)  smart,  fashionable,  (s. 
clothes,  society,  Sec),  [obs.  swag  vb,  -er5] 
swain,  n.  Young  rustic ;  bucolic  lover ; 
(facet.)  lover,  suitor,  [f.  ON  sveinn  lad,  cf.  OE 
swan,  etym.  dub.] 

swa'llow  i  (-616),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Cause  or 
allow  (food  &c.)  to  pass  down  one's  throat  (s.  a 
camel,  make  no  difficulty  about  something 
incredible  or  impossible  or  outrageous);  engulf, 
absorb,  exhaust,  draw  in,  make  away  with, 
(usu.  up ;  the  earth  swallowed  them  up ;  the 
expenses  more  than  s.  up  the  earnings ;  death 
is  swallowed  up  in  victory) ;  accept  (statement) 
with  ready  credulity  (will  s.  anything  you  tell 
him) ;  put  up  with,  pocket,  stomach,  (affront) ; 
recant  (one's  words) ;  perform  muscular  opera- 
tion of  swallowing  something.  Hence  swa'l- 
lowABLE  a.  (N.)  gullet;  act  of  swallowing; 
amount  swallowed  at  once ;  (also  s.-hole)  funnel- 
shaped  cavity  in  limestone.  [ME  swolowen  f. 
OE  swelgan,  cf .  Du.  zwelgen,  G  schwelgen  gorge] 
swallow2  (-616),  n.  Kinds  of  usu.  migratory, 
long-winged,  swift-flying,  wide-gaped,  weak- 
legged,  fork-tailed,  insectivorous  bird  ;  s.-fish, 
kind  of  gurnard  ;  s.-hawk,  -plover,  -shrike,  Sec, 
fork-tailed  kinds  of  hawk  &c. ;  s.-tail,  deeply 
forked  tail,  kinds  of  butterfly  &  humming-bird 
having  this,  points  of  burgee,  (sing,  or  pi.)  s.- 
tailed  coat ;  s.-tailed,  with  deeply  forked  tail 
(of  butterflies,  birds,  &c;  s.-t.  coat,  kind  with 


? SWASH 

tapering  tails  formerly  worn  in  ordinary  cos- 
tume &  still  in  evening  dress) ;  s.-wort,  milk- 
weed, also  celandine.  [OE  swalewe  cf.  Du. 
zwaluw,  G  schwalbe] 

swam.    See  swim. 

swamp  (-6-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Piece  of  wet  spongy 
ground,  bog,  marsh,  (attrib.,  in  many  names  of 
plants  &  animals  found  in  ss.);  hence  swa'm- 
PY2  a.  (Vb)  entangle  in  s.  (usu.  in  p.p.) ;  (of 
water)  overwhelm,  flood,  soak,  (boat  or  its 
crew  or  contents,  house,  provisions,  &c);  make 
helpless  with  excessive  supply  of  something 
(am  sivamped  with  letters,  applications,  work); 
(of  greater  quantity  or  numbers)  swallow  up, 
make  invisible  &c,  prevent  from  being  noticed 
or  taking  effect,  [cf.  dial,  sump  puddle,  Du. 
zwamp,  G sump/, also  OE swamm,Gschwamm, 
fungus,  sponge] 

swan  (-on),  n.  Kinds  of  large  water-bird  with 
long  flexible  neck,  webbed  feet,  and  in  most 
species  snow-white  plumage,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  sing  melodiously  at  point  of  death 
(white,  black-necked,  black,  mute  or  tame  or 
common,  hooper  or  hooping,  trumpeter,  Sec, 
s. ;  black  s.,  name  given  before  discovery  of 
black  species  to  extreme  rarity ;  all  his  geese 
are  ss.,  see  goose),  (fig.,  w.  ref.  to  sweetness  of 
dying  song)  poet  (esp.  S.  of  Avon,  Shakspere) ; 
the  constellation  Cygnus ;  s.-Jlower,  kind  of 
orchid  ;  s.-goose,  long-necked  China  goose ;  s.- 
herd,  royal  officer  having  charge  of  s. -marks; 
s.-mark,  cut  in  skin  of  beak  to  show  owner- 
ship ;  s.-neck,  curved  end  of  discharge-pipe ; 
s.'s-down,  down  of  s.  used  in  trimmings  Se  esp. 
in  powder-puffs,  also  kind  of  thick  cotton  cloth 
with  soft  nap  on  one  side ;  s.-shot,  of  large  size ; 
s.-skin,  kind  of  fine  twilled  flannel ;  s.-song,  of 
dying  s.,  also  person's  last  production  &c. ;  s.- 
upping,  annual  markingof  Thames  ss.  on  upper 
mandible.  Hence  swa'nLiKE  a.,  swa*n- 
nERY(3)  n.  [OE,  cf.  Du.  zwaan,G schwan;  perh. 
cogn.  w.  Skr.  swan,  L  sonare,  sound] 

swank, v.i., &n., (slang).  Bluff, bounce, brag.  [?] 

swap.    See  swop. 

sward  (-ord),  n.  Expanse  covered  with  short 
grass,  lawnlike  ground;  turf,  whence  swar'd- 
ed2  a.  [OE  sweard  skin,  cf.  Du.  zwoord  bacon- 
rind,  G  schwarte  bark,  rind] 

sware.    See  swear. 

swarm l  (-orm),  n.,  &  v.i.  Large  number  of 
insects,  birds,  small  animals,  sharpshooters, 
horsemen,  &c,  moving  about  in  a  cluster  or 
irregular  body  esp.  round  prey  or  enemy  (ss., 
great  numbers  of  children,  stars,  people,  bills, 
&c.) ;  cluster  of  honey-bees  emigrating  from 
hive  with  queen-bee  to  establish  new  home; 
s.-cell,  -spore,  zoospore.  (Vb)  move  in  a  s.  (s. 
round,  about,  over,  Sec,  prepp.),  (of  bees) 
cluster  for  emigration  ;  congregate  in  num- 
bers, be  very  numerous ;  (of  places)  be  overrun, 
be  crowded,  abound,  with  (road,  hills,  house, 
swarming  with  beggars,  rebels,  fleas).  [OE 
swearm,  cf.  Du.  zwerm,  G  schwarm,  perh.  cogn. 
w.  Skr.  svr  to  sound,  L  susurrus  whisper] 

swarm2  (-orm),  v.i.  &  t.  Climb  rope  or  tree 
or  pole  (always  up),  climb  (rope  &c,  or  up  rope 
&c),  by  clipping  with  knees  &  hands.    [?] 

swapt  (-ort),  a.  (archaic).  Dark-hued,  swar- 
thy. [OE  sweart,  cf.  Du.  zwart,  G  schwarz; 
cogn.  w.  sordid] 

swap*thy  (-ordhi),  a.  Dark-complexioned. 
Hence  swap'thlLY2  adv.,  swap*tniNESS  n. 
[obs.  swarth  var.  of  prec,  -Y2] 

swash  (-6-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Archaic)  strike 
violently  (swa'shbuckler,  bully,  bravo;  swash- 
ing  blow,  hard);  (of  water  &c.)  wash  about, 
make  sound  of  washing  or  rising  &  falling  (n., 
such  motion  or  sound ;  s.-plate,  inclined  disk 


SWASTIKA  8 

revolving  on  axle  &  communicating  up-&-down 
motion  to  bar  whose  end  rests  on  it),    [imit.] 

swa'stika,  n.  Fylfot.  ISkr.,  lit.  =  fortunate 
(su  well,  asti  being)] 

swath  (-aw-),  n.  Ridge  of  grass,  corn,  &c, 
lying  after  being  cut,  or  space  left  clear  after 
one  passage  of  mower  &c.  [OE  swxth,  swathu, 
track,  cf.  Du.  zwaad,  G  schwad  ;  cogn.  w.  LG 
sivade  scythe,  Norw.  swada  to  slice  off] 

swathe  (dh),  v.t.,  &  n.  Bind  with  bandages, 
enclose  in  wraps  or  cloths  or  warm  or  many 
garments;  (n.,  rare)  a  bandage  or  fold.  [ME 
swathen  (OE  swathu  track,  band,  see  prec.)] 

sway,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Lean  unsteadily  to  one 
side  or  in  different  directions  by  turns,  have 
unsteady  swinging  motion,  oscillate  irregular- 
ly, waver,  vacillate  ;  give  swaying  motion  to, 
govern  the  motion  of,  wield,  control  direction 
of,  have  influence  over,  govern,  rule  over, 
{wind  sway 8  trees ;  s.  sceptre,  cricket-bat, 
sword  ;  his  speech  swayed  votes  ;  is  too  much 
swayed  by  the  needs  of  the  moment ;  sways  a 
fifth  of  mankind);  (p.p.,  of  horse,  also  sway- 
backed)  with  back  abnormally  hollowed.  (N.) 
swaying  motion  or  position ;  rule,  government. 
[ME  sweyen,  cf.  Sw.  svaja  jerk,  Norw.  svaga] 

swear  (swar),  v.t.  &  i.  (swore  or  archaic 
sware,  sworn),  Se  n.  Take  oath  (to  or  to,  that  or 
that),  promise  (conduct,  to  do)  on  oath,  take 
(oath),  (colloq.)  say  emphatically  that,  (will  you 
8.,  s.  it,  s.  to  it,  s.  you  or  that  you  were  not 
there,  on  the  Testament  ? ;  8.  eternal  fidelity ; 
had  sworn,  or  sworn  a  solemn  oath,  to  return ; 
Is.  it  is  too  bad  of  him;  s.  to  or  by,  appeal  to  as 
witness  &  guarantee  of  oath ;  s.  by  colloq.,  pro- 
fess or  have  great  belief  in,  regularly  resort  to 
or  recommend ;  s.  off  drink  Sec.,  take  oath  to 
abstain) ;  use  profane  oaths  to  express  anger  or 
as  expletives  (often  at);  cause  to  take  oath,  ad- 
minister oath  to,  (s.  witness  Sic;  s.  person  to 
secrecy ;  sworn  brothers  or  friends,  close  in- 
timates ;  sworn  enemies,  open  &  irreconcilable ; 
sworn  broker,  admitted  to  profession  with  oath 
against  fraud  &c;  s.  in,  induct  into  office  by 
administering  oath),  (p.p.,  of  evidence  &c.) 
given  on  oath  ;  make  sworn  affirmation  of  (of- 
fence) against  (s.  treason  against ;  8.  the  peace 
against,  make  oath  that  one  is  in  danger  of 
bodily  harm  from) ;  hence  sweairER1  n.  (N.) 
spell  of  profane  swearing  (relieved  his  feelings 
by  a  hearty  s.);  (colloq.,  also  s.-word)  a  profane 
oath.  [OE  swerian,  cf.  Du.  zweren,  G  schworen, 
orig.  =  speak  (cf.  answer)  ;  cogn.  w.  swarm  *] 

sweat  (-et),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Moisture  exuded 
from  the  skin,  perspiration,  (running,  dripping, 
wet,  with  8. ;  vn  or  by  the  s.  of  one's  brow,  by 
dint  of  toil ;  bloody  8.,  exudation  of  blood 
mixed  with  s.);  sweating  state,  spell  of  sweat- 
ing, piece  of  exercise  that  induces  s.,  (in  a,  col- 
loq. all  of  a,  8.;  nightly  88.;  a  cold  s.,  as  in 
death,  swoon,  terror,  Sic;  a  s.  will  do  him 
good);  (colloq.)  state  of  anxiety  (in  as.);  (chiefly 
colloq.)  drudgery,  toil,  effort,  a  laborious  task 
or  undertaking,  (cannot  stand  the  s.  of  it ;  says 
it  is  a  horrid  8.;  will  not  take  the  s.);  drops  ex- 
uding from  or  condensing  on  any  surface  ;  s.- 
band,  leather  or  flannel  lining  of  hat  or  cap ;  s.- 
cloth,  esp.  thin  blanket  under  horse's  saddle 
or  collar;  s.-duct,  by  which  s.  exudes  from 
s.-gland,  secreting  s.  below  skin ;  8,-shop,  in 
which  sweated  workers  are  employed  ;  hence 
swea'tLESS,  swea*tv2,  aa,,  swea'tir.v2 
adv.,  swea'tiNESS  n.  ( Vb)  exude  s.,  perspire ; 
(fig.)  be  in  state  of  terror  or  suffering  or  repen- 
tance (he  shall  s.  for  it,  repent  it) ;  emit  (blood, 
gum,  &c.)  like  s.;  toil,  drudge;  make  (horse, 
athlete,  &c.)  s.  by  exercise;  employ  (labour, 
workers)  at  starvation  wages  for  long  hours, 


9 SWEEP 

exploit  to  the  utmost  by  utilizing  competition, 
(sweated clothes  Sec,  made  by  sweated  workers), 
(of  workers)  work  on  such  terms;  subject 
(hides,  tobacco)  to  fermentation  in  manufactur- 
ing ;  deprive  (coins)  of  part  of  metal  by  shaking 
in  bag ;  remove  s.  from  (horse)  by  scraping ; 
sweating-bath,  for  producing  s. ;  sweating-iron, 
for  scraping  s.  from  horse ;  sweating-room,  in 
Turkish  bath ;  sweating-sickness,  epidemic 
fever  prevalent  in  loth  &  16th  cc.  [vb  f.  n.,  OE 
swat,  cf.  Du.  zweet,  G  schweiss  ;  cogn.  w.  Skr. 
sveda-,  Gk  hidros,  L  sudor] 

swea'ter,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  sweating 
employer;  thick  woollen  jersey  worn  during 
or  after  exercise  to  reduce  weight  or  prevent 
chills.    [-ER  ] J 

swede,  n.  Native  of  Sweden  (S-) ;  Swedish 
turnip,  [cf.  Du.  Zweed,  G  Schwede,  F  suede,  L 
Sitones  pi.] 

Sweden bop'gian,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent)  of 
the  Swedish  philosophical  &  religious  mystic 
Emanuel  Swedenborg  (1688-1772)  or  his  doc- 
trines or  New  Church.  Hence  S  wed  en  bo  r'- 
g-ianiSM(3)  n.    [-ian] 

Swe'dish,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  Sweden  or 
its  inhabitants,    [swede,  -ish  j] 

swee'ny,  n.  Atrophy  of  muscle,  esp.  of 
shoulder,  in  horse.    [?] 

sweep,  v.i.  &  t.  (swept),  &  n.  Glide  swiftly, 
speed  along  with  impetuous  unchecked  motion, 
go  majestically,  extend  (intr.)  in  continuous 
curve  or  line  or  slope,  (eagle  sweeps  past;  wind 
sweeps  along;  cavalry  sweeps  down  on  the 
enemy  ;  she  swept  out  of  the  room ;  his  glance 
sweeps  from  right  to  left;  with  a  sweeping 
stroke ;  coast  siceeps  northward  ;  plain  siveeps 
away  to  the  sea) ;  (part.)  of  wide  range,  regard- 
less of  limitations  or  exceptions,  (sweeping  re- 
mark, generalization,  Sec),  whence  swee'p- 
ingLY2  adv.,  swee'ping-NESS  n.;  impart 
sweeping  motion  to,  carry  along  or  down  or 
away  or  off  in  impetuous  course,  clear  off  or 
away  or  out  of  existence  &c.  or  from,  (swept 
his  hand  across ;  river  sweeps  away  bridge, 
sweeps  logs  down  with  it ;  was  swept  away  by 
an  avalanche ;  the  plague  swept  off  thousands ; 
s.  away  slavery,  feudalism,  abolish  swiftly;  he 
swept  his  audience  along  with  him,  won  en- 
thusiastic support ;  s.  all  obstacles  from  one's 
path);  traverse  or  range  swiftly,  pass  lightly 
across  or  along,  pass  eyes  or  hand  quickly  along 
or  over,  scan,  scour,  graze,  (s.  the  seas,  traverse 
in  all  directions,  &  see  below ;  wind  sweeps  the 
hillside ;  s.  the  strings,  lute.  Sec,  of  hand  or  its 
owner  ;  s.  the  horizon,  of  eyes  or  their  owner  ; 
s.  river-bottom  Sec,  drag  it  to  find  something; 
dress  sweeps  the  ground) ;  (of  artillery  &c.)  in- 
clude in  line  of  fire,  cover,  enfilade,  rake,  (bat- 
tery sweeps  the  approaches,  glacis,  street)  y 
clear  everything  from,  clear  of  dust  or  soot  or 
litter  with  broom  (often  up),  gather  up  or  col- 
lect (as)  with  broom,  push  away  Sec  (as)  with 
broom,  (s.  the  seas,  drive  all  enemies  from 
them,  &  see  above ;  s.  floor,  carpet,  chimney ;  s. 
up  the  room  ;  8.  away  the  snow ;  swept  &  gar- 
nished, generally  renovated,  w.  ref.  to  Luke 
xi.  25;  8.  the  board,  win  all  the  money  on  gam- 
ing-table, &  transf.  win  all  possible  prizes  &c. ; 
8.  a  constituency  Sec,  receive  nearly  all  votes, 
have  large  majority ;  sweeps  everything  into 
his  net,  seizes  all  that  comes  ;  s.  up  litter  Sec, 
whence  sivee*piNG1(2)  n.  usu.  in  pi.);  propel 
(barge  &c.)  with  ss.;  s.-net,  long  fishing-net, 
also  entomologist's  net ;  s.-seine,  large  seine ; 
swee'pstake(s),  form  of  gambling  on  horse-races 
&c.  in  which  the  sum  composed  of  participators' 
stakes  goes  to  the  drawer(s)  of  winning  or 
placed  horse(s)  &c. ;  hence  (-)sweepER  i(l,  2)  n. 


SWEET 8 

(N.)  sweeping  motion  or  extension,  curve  in 
road  &c.,  piece  of  curving  road  &c,  (with  a 
s.  of  his  arm,  eyes,  scythe ;  a  s.  of  mountain 
country;  river  makes  a  great  s.  to  the  left; 
house  is  approached  by  a  fine  s.  or  carriage  s.); 
range  or  compass  of  something  that  has  sweep- 
ing motion  (within,  beyond,  the  s.  of  the  scythe, 
net,  telescope,  eye,  huvian  intelligence) ;  act  of 
sweeping  (as)  with  broom  (give  it  a  thorough  s. 
or  s.-up  or  s.-out ;  make  a  clean  s.,  have  com- 

f)lete  riddance  of  old  furniture,  officials,  &c.) ; 
ong  oar  worked  by  standing  rower(s)  on  barge, 
becalmed  sailing-ship,  &c.  (had  to  get  out  the 
ss.);  long  pole  mounted  as  lever  for  raising 
bucket  from  well ;  man  who  sweeps  chimneys 
(often  chimneys.).  [ME  swepen,  derivative  vb 
f .  OE  swdpan  swoop  ;  cf.  ON  sveipa,  G  schwei- 
fen,  E  swipe] 

sweet,  a.  &  n.  Tasting  like  sugar  or  honey 
(s.  apples  &c;  s.  stuff,  sweetmeats;  likes  her 
tea  s.,  with  much  sugar ;  a  s.  tooth,  a  liking  for 
s.  things ;  s.  wine,  opp.  dry  1 ;  tastes  s.,  has  8. 
taste) ;  smelling  like  roses  or  perfumes,  fra- 
grant, (smells s.;  so  sweet-seentED 2  a. ;  air 
is  s.  with  thyme ;  s.  violet,  of  scented  kind,  opp. 
dog-violet;  s.  breath);  melodious  or  harmonious 
in  sound  (has  a  s.  voice;  sounds  s.;  s.  song, 
singer,  &c.) ;  fresh  &  sound,  not  salt  or  salted 
or  sour  or  bitter  or  rancid  or  high  or  stinking, 
(8.  water,  fit  for  drinking,  neither  salt  nor  bit- 
ter nor  putrid ;  is  the  meat,  milk,  butter,  still  s.  ?; 
keep  the  room  clean  &  s.) ;  highly  agreeable  or 
attractive  or  gratifying,  inspiring  affection, 
dear,  beloved,  amiable,  gentle,  easy,  (colloq.) 
pretty  or  charming  or  delightful,  ('tis  s.  to  hear 
one's  own  praises ;  s.  toil,  that  one  loves ;  s. 
love, dalliance, idleness, sleep;  s.  temper,  amia- 
bility, whence  sweet-temperED 2  a.;  as. 
nature,  face,  &c.;  a  s.  girl,  lovable,  affection- 
ate ;  8.  one  voc,  darling ;  s.  going,  travelling 
over  well-laid  road  orin  smooth-going  carriage); 
s.  (up)on  (colloq.),  (inclined  to  be)  in  love  with, 
very  fond  of ;  sweetbread,  pancreas  (belly  s.-b.) 
or  thymus-gland  (throat  or  neck  s.-b.)  esp.  of 
calf  as  food;  swee "J-brier1;  s.-gale1;  sweet- 
heart, either  of  pair  of  lovers,  (vb)  be  engaged 
in  love-making  (esp.  go  sweethearting) ;  s.-john, 
kinds  of  pink  or  of  narrow-leaved  s.-william ; 
sweetmeat,  shaped  morsel  of  confectionery 
usu.  consisting  chiefly  of  sugar  or  chocolate,  a 
fruit  preserved  in  sugar,  bonbon,  sugarplum, 
goody  ;  s.-oil,  olive  oil;  s.-pea.  garden  annual 
with  showy  s. -scented  flowers :  s.-potato  ;  s.- 
root,  liquorice;  s.-rush,  kind  of  sedge  with 
thick  creeping  aromatic  rootstock  used  in  me- 
dicine &  confectionery ;  s.-sop,  (s.-pulped  fruit 
of)  an  evergreen  shrub  of  tropical  America ; 
s. -sultan;  s.-water,  kind  of  white  hothouse 
grape  ;  s.-wi'lliam,  a  garden-plant,  kind  of  pink 
with  close-clustered  flowers  often  particoloured 
in  zones;  s.-willow, s.-gale ;  hence  swee'tEN 6, 
v.t.  &  i.,  swee'teniNG1^)  n.,  sweetiSH1(2) 
a.,  swee'tLY2  adv.,  swee'tNEss  n.  (N.)  s. 
part  (the  s.  &  the  bitter  or  ss.  &  bitters  of  life) ; 
a  sweetmeat,  bonbon,  (also  swee'tv  3  n.>;  (usu. 
pi.)  s.  dish(es)  such  as  puddings,  tarts,  creams, 
jellies,  forming  a  course  at  table ;  (usu.  pi.)  fra- 
grance (flowers  diffusing  their  ss.  on  the  air) ; 
(pi.)  delights,  gratifications,  pleasures,  (the  ss. 
of  office,  domestication,  flattery,  success);  (chief- 
ly in  voc.)  darling.  [Aryan  ;  OE  swete,  cf.  Du. 
zoet,  G  suss,  Skr.  svad  please,  Gk  hedus  sweet, 
L  .s  uavis  pleasant,  suadere  persuade] 

swee-ting,  n.  Kind  of  sweet  apple;  (ar- 
chaic) darling.    [-INGa] 

swell,  v.i.  &  t.  (p.p.  swollen,  rarely  swelled), 
&  n.  &  a.  (Cause  to)  grow  bigger  or  louder,  di- 
late, expand,  rise  or  raise  up  from  surrounding 


0 SWIFT 

surface,  bulge  out,  increase  in  volume  or  force 
or  intensity,  (river  swollen  with  melted  snow  ; 
the  injured  wrist  began  to  s.  up  or  s.,  whence 
swe'lliNG  l(2)  n. ;  the  swelling  sails ;  toad  swell- 
ing himself  to  size  of  ox ;  swelling  oratory,  of 
inflated  kind ;  sound  swells  on  the  breeze ;  mur- 
mur swelled  into  a  roar ;  ground  swells  into  an 
eminence ;  heart  swells,  feels  like  bursting  with 
emotion  ;  s.  with  pride,  indignation,  &c,  be  or 
seem  hardly  able  to  contain  it ;  s.  like  a  turkey- 
cock,  put  on  blustering  air;  wind  swells  the 
sails ;  the  swelling  tide ;  expenditure  swollen 
by  extravagance ;  swollen  estimates,  inordin- 
ately high;  a  thousand  voices  s.  the  sound; 
items  s.  the  total ;  s.  note  in  music,  sing  or 
play  it  with  alternate  crescendo  &diminuendo ; 
emotion  swells  &  subsides ;  swelled  head  slang, 
conceit).  (N.)  act  or  condition  of  swelling  (the 
s.  of  thehymn floated  past ;  the  s.  oftheground); 
heaving  of  sea  with  waves  that  do  not  break 
after  storm ;  part  of  any  more  or  less  cylindri- 
cal object  that  swells  out  (the  s.  of  the  fore-arm); 
(Mus.)  crescendo  followed  by  diminuendo,  me- 
chanism in  organ  for  swelling  or  subduing  tones 
at  will  by  opening  or  closing  apertures  in  box 
containing  pipes  &c;  (colloq.)  person  of  dis- 
tinction or  ability,  member  of  good  society,  per- 
son of  dashing  or  fashionable  appearance,  (is  a 
s.inpolitics,  at  cricket,  &c;  what  as.  you  are!, 
how  finely  dressed  ;  has  been  asked  to  dinner 
by  some  ss.),  whence  swe'llDOM  n.;  s.-blind, 
one  of  the  slats  of  s.-box,  in  organ  (see  above); 
s.-fish,  kinds  that  can  inflate  themselves  into 
nearly  globular  form ;  s.-keyboard,  of  s. -organ; 
s.  mob(smen),  (class  of )  pickpockets  dressed  like 
gentlemen ;  s.-organ,  partial  organ  with  pipes 
enclosed  in  s.-box ;  s.-pedal,  controlling  slats  of 
s. -box;  s.-rule  in  printing,  dash  swelling  into 
diamond  in  middle  &  tapering  towards  ends. 
(Adj.,  colloq.)  of  distinction  (a  s.  pianist ;  s. 
parties,  society,  &c);  smart,  finely  dressed,  (s. 
clothes;  looks  very  s.);  hence  swe*lliSHM2)  a. 
[OE  swellan,  cf.  Du.  zwellen,  G  schwellen ;  cogn. 
w.  sill,  &  perh.  w.  Gk  saleuo  surge] 

sweater,  v.i.,  &  n.  Be  faint  or  moist  or 
languid  or  oppressive  with  heat  (of  atmosphere 
&c,  or  of  things  or  persons  suffering  from  it ; 
under  a  sweltering  sky  ;  city  sweltered  in  the 
plain;  the  sweltering  horses);  (n.)  sweltering  at- 
mosphere or  conditions  (in  the  s.  of  the  Indian 
night).  [OE  sweltan  die,  cf.  ON  svelta,  Goth. 
swiltan,  OHG  schwelzan  be  consumed  by  fire 
or  love,  -er5] 

swept.    See  sweep. 

swerve,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Diverge  from  regu- 
lar line  of  motion,  go  off  in  changed  direction, 
dodge,  (never  swerves  an  inch  from  his  duty ; 
bird,  ball,  swerves  in  the  air;  horse,  three- 
quarters  at  football,  swerved  suddenly) ;  cause 
(ball)  to  s.  in  the  air.  (N.)  divergence  from 
course,  swerving  motion ;  hence  swerve- 
less  a.  [OE  sweorfan  rub,  file,  cf.  Du.  zwerven 
swerve,  OFris.  swerva  rove,  ON  sverfa  file] 

swift,  a.,  adv.  (-er,  -est),  &  n.  Fleet,  rapid, 
quick,  soon  coming  or  passing,  not  long  de- 
layed, (now  chiefly  poet.  &  rhet.;  s.  runner, 
movement,  feet,  retribution,  anger,  laughter, 
response,  riddance;  so  swift-footED 2, 
swift-wing-ED 2,  aa.);  prompt,  quick  to  do, 
(has  a  s.  wit ;  s.  to  anger ;  be  s.  to  hear,  sloiv  to 
speak ;  so  swift-handED  2 a.);  hence  swi'ft- 
ly2  adv.,  swi'ftNESS  n.  (Adv.)  swiftly  (he 
answered  s. ;  they  that  run  swiftest ;  esp.  in 
comb.,  as  s.-coming,  -passing).  (N.)  kinds  of 
very  long- winged  &  s. -flying  insectivorous 
bird  with  resemblances  to  swallows,  whence 
swi'ftLET  n.  (small  kind) ;  kinds  of  small  liz- 
ard;  the  common  newt;   breed  of  pigeons: 


SWIO 8 

kinds  of  moth  ;  revolving  frame  for  winding 
yarn  &c.  from.  [OE  swi/an  move  quickly,  ex. 
ON  svifa,  cogn.  w.  sweep)] 

swig,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.,  (slang).  Take  draughts 
(of) ;  (n.)  (act  of  taking)  a  draught  of  liquor, 
[perh.  f.  OE  swelgan  swallow  *J 

swill,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Rinse,  pour  water  over 
or  through,  flush,  (often  out) ;  drink  (t.  &  i.) 
greedily.  (N.)  rinsing  (give  it  a  s.  or  s.  out) ; 
bout  of  drinking  (rare) ;  inferior  liquor ;  hog- 
wash,  slops.    [OE  swilian  wash,  cf.  ON  skyla] 

swim,  v.i.  &  t.  (swam,  swum),  &  n.  Float 
on  or  at  surface  of  liquid  (sink  1  or  s. ;  veget- 
ables swimming  in  butter ;  with  bubbles  swim- 
ming on  it) ;  progress  at  or  below  surface  of 
water  by  working  legs,  arms,  tail,  webbed  feet, 
fins,  flippers,  wings,  t>ody,  &c.,  traverse  or  ac- 
complish (stream,  distance,  &c.)  thus,  compete 
in  (race)  thus,  compete  with  thus,  cause  (horse, 
dog,  &c.)  to  progress  thus,  (fig.)  go  with  gliding 
motion,  (s.  on  one's  chest,  back,  side,  methods 
of  human  swimming ;  s.  across,  out,  back,  the 
channel,  a  mile,  a  race,  person  a  hundred 
yards,  one's  horse  across  ;  cannot  s.  a  stroke  ; 
s.  with  the  tide  or  stream,  act  with  the  majori- 
ty; s.  to  the  bottom  or  like  a  stone  facet.,  sink ; 
she  swam  into  the  room ;  moon  swims  in  sky), 
whence  swi'mmER 1  n. ;  appear  to  undulate 
or  reel  or  whirl,  have  dizzy  effect  or  sensation, 
(everything  swam  before  his  eyes;  my  head 
swims;  has  a  swimming  in  the  head);  be 
flooded  or  overflow  with  or  with  or  in  moisture 
(eyes,  deck,  swimming  with  tears,  water ;  swim- 
ming eyes;  floor  swimming  in  blood);  swim- 
ming-bath, large  enough  to  s.  in  ;  swimming- 
bell,  bell-shaped  swimming  organ  of  jelly-fish 
&c. ;  swimming-belt,  to  keep  learner  afloat ; 
swimming-bladder,  fish's  sound;  swimming- 
stone,  kind  of  spongy  quartz.  (N.)  spell  of 
swimming  ;  swimming-bladder  (rare) :  deep 
pool  frequented  by  fish  in  river;  (fig.)  main 
current  of  affairs  (esp.  in  the  s.,  engaged  in  or 
acquainted  with  what  is  going  on),  [in  sense 
float  &c,  OE  swimman,  cf.  Du.  zwemmen,  G 
schwimmen  ;in  sense  be  dizzy  &c.,  f.  OE  swima 
a  swoon,  cf.  Du.  zwijm,  Sw.  svimma  be  dizzy, 
G  schwindel  dizziness,  schwinden  disappear] 

swi'mmeret,  n.  Swimming-foot  in  crusta- 
ceans,   [swimmer,  -et1] 

swimmingly,  adv.  With  easy  &  unob- 
structed progress  (esp.  go  on  s.).    [-LY2] 

swi'ndle,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Cheat  (person, 
money  out  of  person,  person  out  of  money  &c, 
orabs.);  so  swi'ndlER*  n.,  swi'ndlingLY  * 
adv.  (N.)  fraudulent  scheme,  imposition, 
piece  of  swindling,  person  or  thing  represented 
as  what  it  is  not.  [back-formation  f.  swindler 
f.  G  schwindler  visionary  projector,  swindler, 
(schwindeln  be  dizzy,  see  swim)] 

swine,  n.  (pi.  the  same).  Kinds  of  ungulate 
non-ruminantomnivorousmammal,pig,  whence 
swi'nERY3  n. ;  person  of  greedy  or  bestial 
habits ;  s.-bread,  the  truffle,  also  =  sow^bread ; 
s.-fever,  s. -plague ;  s.-herd,  tender  of  8. ;  «.- 
plague,  infectious  lung-disease  of  s. ;  s.-pox, 
form  of  chicken-pox ;  s.'ssnout,  dandelion. 
Hence  swi'niSH1  a.,  swi'nlshLY2  adv., 
swi'nishNESS  n.,  (chiefly  of  persons  &  their 
habits).  [OE  sivin  (sing.  &  pi.),  cf.  Du.  zwijn, 
G  schwein;  perh.  orig.  an  adj.  form,  cf.  L  sui- 
nus  of  pigs  (sus  sow,  -ine  !)] 

swing,  v.i.  &  t.  (swung  or  rarely  swang, 
sxoung),  &  n.  Move  (t.  &  i.)  with  to-&-fro  or 
curving  motion  of  object  having  fixed  point(s) 
or  side  but  otherwise  free,  sway  (t.  &  i.)  or  so 
hang  (t.  &  i.)  as  to  be  free  to  sway  like  a  pen- 
dulum or  door  or  branch  or  tree  or  hammock 
or  anchored  ship,  oscillate,  revolve,  rock,  wheel, 


1 SWITCH 

(he  shall  s.  for  it,  be  hanged  ;  door  sxoung  to, 
closed;  boat,  boom,  swings  round,  across ;  ship 
swings  at  anchor  ;  s.  child  &c,  work  the  s.  in 
which  he  sits;  sat  on  table  swinging  his  legs; 
s.  one's  arms,  a  bell,  Indian  clubs,  bat,  basket; 
s.  a  hammock,  suspend  it  by  ends ;  no  room  to 
s.  a  cat  h  officer  swings  his  company,  company 
swings,  into  line,  brings,  comes,  by  wheeling) ; 
(part.,  of  gait,  melody,  &c.)  vigorously  rhyth- 
mical (at  a  long  swinging  trot;  a  swinging 
chorus);  go  with  swinging  gait  (he  swung  out 
of  the  room;  s.  along,  past,  by,  &c),  whence 
swi'ngingLY  2  adv.  (N. )  act  of  swinging,  os- 
cillation, swinging  movement,  (work  is  in  full 
8.,  active ;  the  s.  of  the  pendulum  fig.,  tendency 
to  alternation,  esp.  tendency  of  electorate  to 
putpartiesinpoweralternately);  swinging  gait 
or  rhythm  (goes  with  a  s.);  normal  duration  of 
activity  (let  it  have  its  s.,  have  free  course  till 
it  rests  of  itself  like  pendulum);  seat  slung  by 
ropes  or  chains  for  swinging  in,  spell  of  swing- 
ing in  this ;  compass  to  which  thing  swings  (has 
a  s.  of  8ft);  s.-boat,  boat-shaped  carriage  hung 
from  frame  for  swinging  in ;  s.-bridge,  that  can 
be  swung  aside  as  a  whole  or  in  sections  to  let 
ships  &c.  pass ;  s.-plough,  without  wheels.  [OE 
swingan,  cf.  Sw.  svinga,  G  schwingen] 

swinge  (-j),  v.t.  (swingeing).  Strike  hard, 
beat,  (archaic  exc.  in  a  swingeing  blow  &c.) ; 
(part.)  huge  (swingeing  majority,  lie,  damages ; 
cf.  thumping,  whopping,  &c).  [OE  swengan, 
causal  of  prec.] 

swi'ngle  (-nggl),  n.,  &  v.t.  Wooden  instru- 
ment for  beating  flax  &  removing  woody  parts 
from  it ;  swi'ngletree,  crossbar  pivoted  in  mid- 
dle to  ends  of  which  traces  are  fastened  in  cart, 
plough,  &c.  (Vb) clean  (flax)  with  s. ;  swingling- 
tow,  coarse  part  of  flax.    [-le(I)] 

swink,  v.i.,  &  n.  (archaic).    Toil.   [OE  (-can)] 

swipe,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Hit  at  or  hit  cricket- 
ball  &c. ,  hit  (cricket-ball  &c. ),  hard  &  recklessly, 
slog;  hence  swi'pER1  n.  (N.)  reckless  hard  hit 
or  attempt  to  hit  at  cricket  &c,  slog.  [OE  swi- 
pian  beat ;  cogn.  w.  sweep] 

swipes,  n.  pi.  Washy  or  turbid  or  otherwise 
inferior  beer.    [f.  prec.  in  obs.  sense  drink  off) 

swirl,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Eddy,  carry  (object)  or 
be  carried  with  eddying  motion ;  (n.)  eddying 
motion  of  water,  air,  &c,  commotion  made  by 
fish  &c.  rushing  through  water.  If.  Norw.  svirla 
frequent,  of  sverra  hum,  whirl,  cf.  G  schwirren ; 
cogn.  w.  swarm  !] 

swish,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Flog  with  birch  ;  au- 
dibly cut  the  air  with  (cane  &c),  cut  (flower 
&c.)  off  thus ;  make  such  audible  cut  with  cane 
&c. ;  (make,  move  with)  sound  as  of  cane  or  lash 
or  swift  bird  cutting  the  air  or  of  scythe  cutting 
grass ;  a  stroke  of  a  birch  or  cane  or  lash,  [imitj 

Swiss,  a.,  &n.(pl.  the  same).  (Native)  of  Swit- 
zerland (S.  French,  German,  dialects  of  French 
&  German  spoken  in  Switzerland ;  S.  guards, 
S.  mercenaries  formerly  employed  in  France 
&c.  &  still  at  the  Vatican;  S.  roll,  kind  of 
jam-sandwich  rolled  up  &  baked),  [perh.  back- 
formation  f.  obs.  Swisser  switzer] 

switch,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Flexible  shoot  cut 
from  tree,  tapering  rod  resembling  this ;  tress 
of  dead  hair  tied  at  one  end  used  in  hairdress- 
ing;  kinds  of  mechanism  for  making  &  break- 
ing connexion  between  corresponding  parts  of 
a  system  by  which  railway  trains  are  diverted 
from  one  line  to  another,  electric  circuits  com- 
pleted or  interrupted,  &c;  s.-back,  zigzag  rail- 
way for  ascending  or  descending  steep  slopes, 
also  railway  (chiefly  used  for  amusement  at 
fairs  &c.)  in  which  train's  ascents  are  effected 
solely  by  momentum  acquired  in  previous  de- 
scents ;  s.-bar,  part  of  railway  or  electric  s.;  s.- 


SWITZER 


892 


SYLLABLE 


board,  arrangement  for  varying  the  connexion 
between  a  number  of  electric  circuits ;  s.-lever, 
handle  &  lever  operating  a  s. ;  s.-man,  in  charge 
of  railway  ss.;  s.-signal,  flag  or  lantern  or  sem- 
aphore board  indicating  position  of  railway 
s.  (Vb)  whip  with  s.;  swing  (thing)  round  quick- 
ly, snatch  suddenly,  whisk,  (cow  switches  her 
tail ;  /  switched  my  head  round ;  he  switched 
it  oid  of  my  hand) ;  transfer  (train,  current) 
with  s.;  turn  (electric  light,  current)  ojTor  on ; 
put  (user  of  telephone)  on  to  or  cut  (him)  off 
from  another  (s.  off  intr.,  cut  off  connexion), 
{f.  MDu.  swick  a  whip,  cf.  G  zwecke  peg,  tack, 
zuricken  tweak ;  cogn.  w.  twitch] 

Swi'tzer,  n.  (archaic).  A  Swiss,  [f.  G 
Schweizer  (Schweiz  Switzerland,  -er1)] 

swi'vel  (-vl),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (-11-).  Ring  &  pivot 
serving  as  connexion  between  two  parts  of 
something  &  enabling  one  of  them  to  revolve 
without  the  other  (s.-chain,  -book-rest,  -gun, 
-hook,  -joint,  -rowlock,  &c,  provided  with  s.); 
s.-eye(d),  (with)  squinting  eye ;  (vb)  turn  (t.  &i.) 
on  s.    [OE  swifan  see  swift,  -le(1)] 

swob(ber),  var.  of  8WAB(6er). 

swollen,  swoln  (archaic),  p.p.  of  swell. 

swoon,  v.i.  &n.  (Have)  fainting  fit;  (of  music 
&c.)  die  languidly  away,  whence  swoo'n- 
ingx,Y2  adv.  [ME  swownen,  derivative  vb  f. 
OE  swogan  sough] 

swoop,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Come  down  or  down 
with  the  rush  of  a  bird  of  prey,  make  sudden 
attack  from  a  distance,  (often  uponprey,  place, 
&c);  (colloq.)  snatch  up,  snatch,  the  whole  of 
atones.  (N.)  sudden  attack  or  down  ward  plunge 
as  of  bird  of  prey ;  snatching  action  carrying  off 
many  things  at  once.  [n.  f.  vb,  OE  swdpan  rush, 
cf.  ON  sveipa,  G  schweifen  ramble ;  cogn.  w. 
SWEEP,  swipe] 

swop,  swap  (-op),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.,  (slang). 
Exchange  (v.t.  &  L,  &  n.)  by  way  of  barter 
(never  s.  horses  while  crossing  the  stream,  leave 
changes  till  crisis  is  past ;  swopped  my  knife  for 
bread;  will  you  s.  places  &c.?,  or  abs. ;  shall 
we  try  a  s.  ?).    [pern,  f.  obs.  swap  strike] 

sword  (sord),  n.  Offensive  weapon  consisting 
of  long  variously  shaped  blade  for  cutting  or 
thrusting  or  both  &  hilt  with  hand-guard 
(broads.;  cavalry  s.,  sabre;  court,  dress,  .<?., 
worn  with  court-dress;  double-edged,  two- 
handed,  &c,  8.;  duelling,  small,  -s.,  kind  with 
straight  edgeless  blade  of  triangular  section 
used  for  thrusting  only ;  scurcm'wflr-s. ;  s.  of 
State,  borne  before  sovereign  on  State  occa- 
sions ;  the  s.  of  the  spirit,  the  word  of  God ; 
cross  or  measure  ss.,  have  fight  or  controversy 
or  open  rivalry,  often  with ;  draw,  sheathe,  the 
s„  begin,  cease  from,  war ;  throw  one's  s.  into 
the  scale,  back  claim  &c.  with  arms ;  put  to 
the  s„  kill,  esp.  of  victors  or  captors  ;  fire  &  s., 
rapine,  destruction  spread  by  invading  army  ; 
the  s.  of  justice,  judicial  authority  ;  the  .<?.,  war, 
the  arbitrament  of  war,  military  power,  sove- 
reign power) ;  s.-ai'm,  right ;  s.-bayonet,  kind 
with  short  s. -blade  &  hilt;  s.-bearer,  person 
carrying  sovereign's  or  other  great  person's  s. 
on  some  occasions  ;  s.-belt,  to  which  scabbard 
is  attached  ;  s.-bill,  long-billed  humming-bird ; 
s.-cane,  hollow  walking-stick  enclosing  s.- 
blade  ;  s.-cut,  wound  given  with  s.-edge,  scar 
left  by  it ;  s.-dance,  in  which  ss.  are  brandished, 
or  women  pass  under  men's  crossed  ss.,  or  per- 
former treads  about  ss.  laid  on  ground ;  s.-fish, 
large  Atlantic  &  Mediterranean  kind  with  up- 
per jaw  elongated  into  sharp  weapon  capable 
of  piercing  other  fish  or  ship's  timbers  ;  s.-flag, 
2?p*,./?llo,w  iris;  S--Mghted  of  birds,  having 
night-feathers  of  separate  colour  &  looking 
when  closed  like  s.  worn  at  side;  s.-grass, 


gladiolus,  kinds  of  sedge  with  s.-like  leaves; 
s.-guard,  part  of  s.-hilt  that  protects  hand  ;  .s.- 
hand,  right ;  s.-knot,  ribbon  or  tassel  attached 
to  s.-hilt  orig.  for  securing  it  to  wrist;  s.  law, 
military  domination ;  s.-lily,  gladiolus ;  s.-play, 
fencing,  (fig.)  repartee,  cut-&-thrust  argument; 
swordsman,  person  of  (usu.  specified)  skill 
with  s.,  whence  swo'PdsmansHiPCi)  n. ;  s.- 
stick,  s.-cane.  Hence  (-)swordED2,  swo'rd- 
less,  swop'dLiKE,  swor'dPROOF2,  aa.  [OE 
sweord,  cf.  Du.  zwaard,  G  schwert,  etym.  dub.] 

swore,  sworn.    See  swear. 

swot,  v.i.,  &  n.,  (school  slang).  Work  hard 
esp.  at  books,  sap.  (N. )  hard  study ;  (thing  that 
demands)  effort,  a  sweat,  (it  is  too  much  s.; 
what  a  s. !) ;  person  who  works  hard  esp.  at 
learning,  a  sap.    [var.  of  sweat] 

swum,  swung".    See  swim,  swing. 

sy-,  =  syn-  in  Gk  compds  with  wds  in  s- 
followed  by  consonant  or  in  z-  &  theirderivv. 

sybarite,  n.  &  a.  Inhabitant  of  ancient- 
Greek  colony  of  Sybaris  in  Italy  noted  for 
luxury ;  luxurious  &  effeminate  (person). 
Hence  sybari'tic  a.,  sybaritiSM(2)  n.,  sy- 
barrtiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  (-ta)  f.  Gk  Subarites 
(Subaris,  -ite1)] 

sy*bil,  n.    (Erron.  for)  sibyl. 

sycamine,  n.  (bibl.).  The  black  mulberry 
tree.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  sukaminos  mulberry-tree 
perh.  f.  Heb.  shigmah  sycamore] 

sycamore,  n.  (Also  s.-fig  or  Egyptian  or 
oriental  s.)  kind  of  fig-tree  growing  in  Syria  & 
Egypt ;  (also  s.-maple)  large  timber-tree  allied 
to  maple  &  plane,  [earlier  sycomore  f.  L  f.  Gk 
sukomoros  perh.  f.  Heb.  as  prec.  w.  assim.  to 
sukon  fig,  moron  mulberry] 

syce.    See  sice2. 

syeee*  (silver),  n.  Ingots  of  pure  silver 
bearing  banker's  or  assayer's  seal  &  used  in 
China  for  payments  by  weight,  [f.  Chin,  si  sze 
fine  silk  (as  capable  of  being  drawn  out  fine)] 

sychnocar'pous  (-k-),  a.  (bot).  Bearing 
fruit  several  times  before  dying,  perennial. 
[Gk  8ukhnos  numerous,  karpos  fruit,  -ous] 

syeo'nium,  n.  (bot.;  pi.  -ta).  Fleshy  hollow 
receptacle  developing  into  multiple  fruit  as  in 
fig.    [mod.  L  (Gk  sukon  fig)] 

sycophant,  n.  Flatterer,  toady,  parasitic 
person.  So  sycophANCY  n.,  sycopna'ntic 
a.  [f.  L  (-ta)  f.  Gk  sukophantes  informer,  perh. 
f.  sukon  fig,  phaino  show  (informing  against 
export  of  figs  or  plunder  of  sacred  fig-trees)] 

syeo'sis,  n.  Skin-disease  of  bearded  part  of 
face  or  scalp  also  called  barber's  itch.  [f.  Gk 
sukosis  figlike  ulcer  (sukon  fig,  -osis)] 

syenite,  n.  Grey  crystalline  rock  of  feldspar 
&  hornblende  with  or  without  quartz.  Hence 
syeni'tic  a.  [f.  L  Syenites  (lapis  stone)  of  Sy- 
ene  in  Egypt,  see  -ite  l] 

syl-,  =  syn-  in  Gk  compds  w.  words  in  1-  & 
their  derivatives. 

syllabary,  n.  List  of  characters  represent- 
ing syllables  &  serving  the  purpose,  in  some 
languages  or  stages,  of  an  alphabet.    [L  syllaba 

SVLLABLE,  -ARY*] 

sy lla'bic,  a.  Of  syllable(s)  (often  in  comb. ,  as 
mono,  di,  tm,quadri,  -.<?.,  having  1, 2, 3, 4,  syllables); 
(of  symbols)  representing  a  whole  syllable  ;  ar- 
ticulated in  syllables.  Hence  sylla'biCALLY 
adv.    [f.  Gk  sullabikos  (syllable,  -ic)| 

syllabicate,  sylla'bify,  syllabize,  v  v.t. 
Divide  into  or  articulate  by  syllables.  Hence 
syllabicATiON.  syllabiFiCATiON,  nn.  [Gk 
sullabe  see  foil.,  -ic.  -ate  \  -FY,  -ize] 

syllable,  n.,  &  v.t.  Unit  of  pronunciation 
forming  a  word  or  part  of  a  word  &  containing 
one  vowel  sound  &  often  consonant(s)  preced- 
ing or  following  or  preceding  &  following  this; 


SYLLABUB 8 

(transf.)  so  much  as  a  word,  the  least  amount  of 
speech,  (not  a  s.!,  do  not  speak) ;  hence  (-)syl- 
lablED2  a.  (Vb)  pronounce  by  ss.,  articulate 
distinctly  ;  (poet.)  utter  (name,  word),  [f.  OF 
sillabe  f.  L  f.  Gk  sullabe  (svl-,  lambandtakef; 

for  -I-  Cf.  PRINCIPLE,  PARTICIPLEJ 

syllabub,  var.  of  sillabub. 

syllabus,  n.  (pi.  -bi).  Abstract  giving  heads 
or  main  subjects  of  a  lecture,  course  of  teach- 
ing, &c,  conspectus  or  programme  of  hours  of 
work  &c;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  summary  of  points  de- 
cided by  an  ecclesiastical  decree,  esp.  catalogue 
of  eighty  heretical  doctrines  or  practices  or  in- 
stitutions condemned  by  Pius  IX  in  1864.  [LL 
(Gk  sullambano  see  syllable)] 

sylle'psis,  n.  (gram.;  pi.  -pses).  Application 
of  a  word  to  two  others  in  different  senses  (e.g. 
in  a  flood  of  tears  &  a  sedan-chair)  or  to  two 
of  which  it  grammatically  suits  one  only  (e.g. 
neither  you  nor  he  knows).  So  sylle'ptic  a., 
sylle'ptiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  sullepsis  (sul- 
lambano see  syllable)  comprehension] 

syllogism,  n.  Form  of  reasoning  in  which 
from  two  given  or  assumed  propositions  called 
the  premis(s)es  &  having  a  common  or  middle 
term  a  third  is  deduced  called  the  conclusion 
from  which  the  middle  term  is  absent  (figure1, 
mood2,  of  s.;  false  s.,  one  whose  conclusion 
does  not  necessarily  follow  from  its  premisses 
because  it  fails  to  fulfil  the  rules  of  logic  re- 
garding the  nature  &  mutual  relations  of  the 
major  oc  minor  &  middle  terms  necessary  if  the 
inference  is  to  be  sound) ;  (transf.)  deductive 
reasoning  as  opp.  induction.  So  syllogi'stic 
a.,  syllogi'stic  ally  adv.  ft.  OF  silogime  f. 
L  f.  Gk  sullogismos  f.  sullogxzomai  (syl-,  logi- 
zomai  to  reason  f.  logos  reason),  -ism] 

syllogize,  v.i.  &  t.  Use  syllogisms ;  throw 
(facts,  argument)  into  syllogistic  form.  [f.  Gk 
sullogizomai  (prec.)] 

sylph,  n.  Elemental  spirit  of  the  air  (cf. 
nymph,  gnome,  salamander,  of  water,  earth, 
fire)  in  Paracelsus's  system,  whence  sy'lph- 
like  a.;  (transf.)  slender  girl;  kinds  of  long- 
tailed  humming-bird.  [f.  F  sylphe  perh.  f.  Gk 
silphe  kind  of  beetle] 

sylvan.    See  silvan. 

sym-,  =  syn-  in  Gk  compds  with  words  in  b-, 
m-,  p-,  as :  -bion(t),  organism  living  in  symbio- 
sis [Gk  bion  -ountos  part,  of  Mod  f.  bios  life] ; 
-bio'sis,  permanent  union  between  organisms 
each  of  which  depends  for  its  existence  on  the 
other  as  the  fungus  &  alga  composing  lichen 
[f.  Gk  as  symbion,  -osis],  whence  -bioTic  a., 
fttotiCALLY  adv.;  -pa'lmograph,  apparatus  ex- 
hibiting sound-curves  usu.  by  double  pendulum 
with  style  attached  [Gk  palmos  vibration  f. 
pallo  brandish];  -pe'lmous,  (of  bird)  having 
tendons  of  toe-flexors  united  at  a  point  [Gk 
pelma  sole] ;  -pe'talous,  having  petals  united ; 
-phoricar'pous, with  clustered  fruit[Gk -phoreo 
t.  phero  bear] ;  -phy'llous,  with  leaves  united 
[Gk  phullon  leaf] ;  -physis,  growing  together, 
(place  or  line  of)  union  between  two  correspond- 
ing bones  or  other  parts,  coalescence,  [Gk phuo 
grow],  whence  symphy'seAL.  a.;  -pieso'meter, 
instrument  for  measuring  force  of  current  of 
water,  also  barometer  in  which  atmospheric 
pressure  is  balanced  partly  by  column  of  liquid 
&  partly  by  elastic  pressure  of  confined  gas[Gk 
piesis  pressure  f.  piezo  press] ;  -po'dium,  stem 
whose  successive  sections  are  strictly  branches 
each  springing  from  the  preceding,  as  in  the 
vine  [Gk  pows  podos  foot],  so  sympo'diAL.  a., 
sympo'dialLY  2  adv. 

symbol  (bl),  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11).  Thing  regarded 
by  general  consent  as  naturally  typifying  or  re- 
presentingor  recalling  something  by  possession 


I SYMPHONY 

of  analogous  qualities  or  by  association  in  fact 
or  thought  (white,  the  lion,  the  thunderbolt,  the 
cross,  are  ss.  of  purity,  courage,  Zeus,  Chris- 
tianity ;  values  the  handle  to  his  name  only  as 
as.);  mark  or  character  taken  as  the  conven- 
tional sign  of  some  object  or  idea  or  process, 
e.g.  the  astronomical  signs  for  the  planets,  the 
letters  standing  for  chemical  elements,  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  the  mathematical  signs  for 
addition  &  infinity,  the  asterisk  ;  hence  or  cogn. 
symb6*lic(AL)  aa.,  symbo'licalLY 2  adv., 
symbo'lics,  symbolisM(3),  symbolisx(3), 
nn.,  symbolizE  v.t.  (see  vb),  symbolizA'- 
tion,  symb(oDo*LOGY,  symb(ol)o*LATRY, 
nn.  (Vb,  rare,  also  &  usu.  symbolize) :  be  the 
s.  of;  represent  by  means  of  s.,  speak  of  under 
a  s.;  (-ize  only)  treat  (story  &c.)  as  symbolic  & 
not  literal,  import  symbolism  into.  [f.  F  sym- 
bole  Llit.  Gk  sumbolos,  -on,  to  ken,  watch  word, 
f.  sumballo  (sym-,  ballo  throw)  agree] 

symme'trian,  symmetrreian,  sym- 
metrist,  nn.  (rare).  Person  insisting  on  sym- 
metry.    [-AN,  -ICIAN,  -1ST] 

symmetry,  n.  (Beauty  resulting  from) 
right  proportion  between  the  parts  of  the  body 
or  any  whole,  balance,  congruity,  harmony, 
keeping ;  such  structure  as  allows  of  an  ob- 
ject s  being  divided  by  a  point  or  line  or  plane 
or  radiating  lines  or  planes  into  two  or  more 
parts  exactly  similar  in  size  &  shape  &  in  po- 
sition relatively  to  the  dividing  point  &c,  re- 
petition of  exactly  similar  parts  facing  each 
other  or  a  centre,  whence  (in  art)  symmetro- 
pho'bia  n. ;  approximation  to  such  structure, 
possession  by  a  whole  of  corresponding  parts 
correspondingly  placed,  (Bot.)  possession  by 
flower  of  sepals  &  petals  &  stamens  &  pistils 
in  (multiples  of)  the  same  number.  Hence  or 
cogn.  symme'tric(AL)  aa.,  symme'trical- 
ly2  adv.,  symmetrizE(3)  v.t.,  symmetri- 
zation  n.  [f.  OF  symmetric  f.  L  f.  Gk  sum- 
metria  f.  sy M(metros  f.  metron  measure)  com- 
mensurate, symmetric] 

sympathetic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  full  of,  exhibit- 
ing, expressing,  due  to,  effecting,  sympathy  (s. 
heart,  person,  conduct,  words',  s.  landscape 
&c,  that  touches  the  feelings  by  association 
&c;  8.  pain  &c,  caused  by  pain  or  injury  to 
some  one  else  or  in  another  part  of  the  body ; 
s.  sound,  resonance,  string,  sounding  by  vibra- 
tion communicated  through  the  air  or  other 
medium  from  vibrating  object ;  s.  nerve,  any, 
esp.  either  of  two  extending  the  length  of  the 
vertebral  column,  of  a  system  of  nerves  unit- 
ing viscera  &  blood-vessels  in  common  nervous 
action  ;  s.  ink,  writing  done  with  which  is  in- 
visible till  brought  out  by  warmth  or  other 
agency) ;  hence  sympathe'tiCALLY  adv. 
(N.)  s.  nerve  or  system ;  person  peculiarly  sen- 
sitive to  hypnotic  or  similar  influence,  [f.  late 
Gk  sumpathetikos  (sympathy,  pathetic)] 

sympathize,  v.i.  Feel  or  express  sympa- 
thy, share  feeling  or  opinion  with  person  &c, 
agree  with  sentiment.  Hence  sympathiz- 
er  1  n.    [f.  F  sympathiser  (foil.,  -ize)] 

sympathy,  n.  Being  simultaneously  af- 
fected with  the  same  feeling,  tendency  to 
share  or  state  of  sharing  another  person  s  or 
thing's  emotion  or  sensation  orcondition  {ivith), 
mental  participation  in  another's  trouble 
(with),  compassion  (for),  agreement  in  opinion 
or  desire,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  sumpatheia  f.  SYM(pathes 
f.  pathos  feeling)  sympathetic] 

symphony,  n.  (Archaic)  harmony,  con- 
sonance of  sounds,  whence  sym pho'nious  a. 
(rare) ;  (Mus.)  elaborate  orchestral  composi- 
tion of  several  contrasted  but  closely  related 
movements.    Hence  sympho'nic  a.    [f.  OF 


SYMPOSIARCH 8 

symphonie  f.  Lf.  Gksumphdniaf.  SYM(phonos 
f.  phone  sound)  harmonious] 

sympo'siaroh  (-k),  n.  President  of  sympo- 
sium, toast-master,  feast-master.  If.  Gk  sum- 
posiarkhes  (foil.,  -arkhes  -ruler  f.  arkho  rule)] 

sympo'sium  (-z-),  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Ancient-Greek 
after-dinner  drin  king-party  with  music,dancers, 
or  conversation;  any  drinking-party ;  philo- 
sophical or  other  friendly  discussion ;  set  of  con- 
tributions on  one  subject  from  various  authors 
&  points  of  view  in  magazine  &c.  Hence  sym- 
po'siAL  a.  [f.  Gk  sumposion  f .  s YM(pino drink, 
cf.  posis  drinking)  drink  together] 

symptom,  n.  Perceptible  change  in  the 
body  or  its  functions  indicating  disease  (sub- 
jective, objective,  ss.,  directly  perceptible  only 
to  patient,  to  others) ;  sign  or  token  of  the 
existence  of  something.  Hence  or  cogn. 
symptomatic  a.,  symptoma'tiCALLY 
adv.,  symptomato'LOGY  n.  |f.  OF  symp- 
tome  f.  Gk  sumptoma  -atos  chance,  symptom, 
f.  SYM(pipto  fall,  -M)] 

syn-,  pref.  (appearing  also  as  SYL-,  sym-,  syr- 
before  r-,  sys-  before  s-  not  followed  by  con- 
sonant, &  sy-  ;  the  Gk  change  of  sun-  to  sug- 
before  gutturals  is  disregarded  in  mod.  deriva- 
tives) repr.  Gkstmprep.  &pref.,  with,  together 
or  alike,  in  wds  derived  directly  f.  Gk  wds 
{syncope)  or  made  f.  Gk  (syngnathous)  or  very 
rarely  f.  non-Gk  (synovial)  elements :— syn(a)e- 
vesis  (-ner-),  contraction  of  two  vowels  or  syl- 
lables into  one  [Gk  haired  take] ;  -allagm&'tic, 
(of  treaty  or  contract)  imposing  reciprocal  ob- 
ligations [Gk  allasso  exchange];  -al(o)e'pha 
(le-),  elision  or  obscuration  of  final  before  ini- 
tial vowel  [Gk  aleipho  smear];  -a'ntherous, 
with  stamens  coalescent  by  the  anthers;  -a'n- 
thous,  with  flowers  &  leaves  appearing  simul- 
taneously [Gk  anthos  flower];  -aphe(i)'a  (-ea), 
continuity  between  lines  or  sections  of  lines  in 
verse,  allowing  the  ordinary  rules  of  elision  & 
quantity  to  operate  with  the  final  syllable  [Gk 
hapto  join] ;  -arthro'sis  (pi.  -oses),  immovable 
articulation,  as  in  sutures  of  skull  &  socketing 
of  teeth ;  -carp,  aggregate  or  multiple  fruit, 
e.g.  blackberry,  fig,  so  -car'pous  a.  [Gk  karpos 
fruit] ;  -chondro'sis,  (nearly)  immovable  articu- 
lation of  bones  by  layer  of  cartilage,  as  in  spinal 
vertebrae ;  -cla'stic,  concave,  or  convex,  all  over 
(opp.  anticlastic,  partly  concave  &  partly  con- 
vex) [Gk  klao  break] ;  -cli'nal,  (of  strata)  dip- 
ping towards  a  common  line  or  point  (opp.  an- 
ticlinal, dipping  away);  -cotyle'donous,  with 
cotyledons  united ;  -cretism,  attempt  to  sink 
differences  &  effect  union  between  sects  or  phi- 
losophic schools,  so  -cre'tic,  -cretist,  -creti'stic, 
-cretize  v.t.  &  i.  [Gk  sugkretizo  etym.  dub., 
combine  against  common  enemy] ;  -cy'tium  (pi. 
-ia),  mass  of  protoplasm  with  several  nuclei  but 
forming  one  cell  [-cyte]  ;  -da'ctyl(ous)  aa.,  with 
digits  united  as  in  webbed  feet  &c,  so  -da'ctyl- 
ism  ;  -desmo'sis,  articulation  by  ligaments,  so 
-desmd'tic,-desmo'logy,-desmo'graphy[Gkdes- 
mos  bond  f.  deo  bind] ;  -d&'tic,  of,  using,  con- 
junctions [asyndeton]  ;  -e'cdoche  (-ki),  extend- 
ed acceptation  by  which  when  a  part  is  named 
the  whole  it  belongs  to  is  understood,  as  in  50 
sail  (for  ships)  [Gk  ek  out,  dekhomai  accept] ; 
sp'nesis,  violation  of  grammatical  rule  due  to 
influence  exerted  by  the  sense  (as  neither  of 
them  are  right)  [Gk  sunesis  understanding 
(hxemi  send)];  -genesis,  formation  of  embryo 
partly  from  the  male  &  partly  from  the  female 
element ;  -anathous,  (of  fish)  with  jaws  united 
into  tubular  snout ;  -ize'sis  (pi.  -eses),  pronun- 
ciation of  two  vowels  not  making  a  diphthong 
as  one  syllable  [Gk  hizo  to  seat] ;  synoe'cious 
Hie-),  having  male  &  female  organs  in  one  in- 


1 SYNONYMY 

florescenceorreceptacle,asincomposite  flowers 
&  mosses  [Gk  oikos  house] ;  -osteo'logy,  science 
of  the  joints  of  the  body ;  -ost(e)o'sis,  anchylo- 
sis, so  -osto'tic  a.;  -o'via,  albuminous  fluid  se- 
creted by  membranes  in  interior  of  joints  &  in 
other  places  needing  lubrication,  so  syno'vial 
a.  [L  ovum  egg ;  named  by  Paracelsus  f.  resem- 
blance to  white  of  egg];  -tony,  the  tuning  or 
accommodation  to  each  other  of  wireless-tele- 
graphy apparatuses,  so  -to'nic  a.  [tone]. 

synagogue  (-6g),  n.  Jewish  congregation 
withorganizedreligiousobservances&instruc- 
tion,  its  place  of  meeting.  Hence  synago'g- 
ical,  (-g-,  -j-)  a.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  sunagoge  (prec, 
agoge  bringing  f.  ago  bring)] 

synchronize,  v.i.  &  t.  Occur  at  the  same 
time,  be  simultaneous  or  synchronous  a. 
(whencesynehronousLY2adv.),  (with);  as- 
certain or  set  forth  the  correspondence  in  date 
of  (events) ;  cause  (clocks)  to  show,  (of  clocks) 
show,  a  standard  or  uniform  time.  Hence  or 
cogn.  synehroniSM(l)  or  rarely  synchro- 
ny!,  synehronizA'TiON,  nn.  [f.  Gk  sugkhro- 
nizo  (syn-,  khronoa  time,  -ize)] 

syncopate,  v.t.    Shorten  (word)  by  drop- 


ping interior  letter(s)  or  syllable(s),  as  in  sym- 
oology  for  symbolology,  Qlosteriov  Gloucester ; 
(Mus.)  invert  rhythm  of  (note,  tone)  by  begin- 


ning on  unaccented  &  sustaining  into  accented 
beat.  Hence  syncopA'TiON  n.  [L  syncopare 
swoon  (foil.), -ate 3] 

syncope,  n.  (Gram.)  syncopated  spelling  or 
pronunciation;  (Med.)  fainting,  loss  of  con- 
sciousness from  fall  of  blood-pressure,  whence 
syne6*p(t)K;  a.;  (Mus.)  syncopation,  also  such 
combination  of  voice-parts  that  two  or  more 
notes  in  one  coincide  with  one  in  another.  [L, 
f.  Gk  sugkope  (syn-,  kopto  strike)] 

syndic,  n.  Official  of  kinds  differing  in  dif- 
ferent countries  &  times,  (Camb.  Univ.)  mem- 
ber of  special  committee  of  senate.  [F,  f.  L  f. 
Gk  sun(diko8  f.  dike  justice)  advocate] 

syndicate,  n.  (-at),  &  v.t.  (-at).  Body  of 
syndics  (esp.  at  Camb.);  combination  of  com- 
mercial firms  &c.  associated  to  forward  some 
common  interest  (vb,  esp.  in  p.p.,  form  into  s., 
whence  syndiCATiON  n.).  [vb  f.  n.,  f.  med.L 
syndicatus  (prec,  -ate1)] 

syne,  Sc.  for  since  (auld  lang  s„  the  days  of 
long  ago,  esp.  as  title  &  refrain  of  song  sung  at 
parting  &c). 

synod,  n.  Ecclesiastical  council  (oecumeni- 
cal or  general,  national,  provincial,  diocesan, 
s.,  attended  by  bishop(s)  &  delegated  clergy  of 
all  nations,  a  nation,  a  province,  a  diocese); 
(Presb.)  ecclesiastical  court  above  presbyteries 
&  subject  to  General  Assembly;  any  meeting 
for  debate ;  (Astron.)  conjunction  of  planets 
or  stars.  So  synodAL,  synd'dic(AL),  aa., 
syno'diCALLY  adv.  [f.  F  synode  f.  L  f.  Gk 
sunodos  (syn-,  hodos  way)  meeting] 

synonym,  n.  Word  identical  &  coextensive 
in  sense  &  usage  with  another  of  the  same  lan- 
guage (as  caecUis,  cf.  typhlitis) ;  word  denoting 
the  same  thing(s)  as  another  but  suitable  to 
different  context  (as  leap,  slay,  cf.  jump,  kill) 
or  containing  different  suggestion  (as  blind- 
worm,  cf.  slow-worm) ;  word  equivalent  to  an- 
other in  some  only  of  either's  senses  (as  ship, 
cf.  vessel).  Hence  or  cogn.  synonymiTY  n.. 
synd'nymous  a.  (tvith),  syno'nymousLY2 
adv.  [F(-ime),  f.  L synonyma n. pi.  f.  Gksunonu- 
mos  of  like  sense  (syn-,  onuma  -atos  name)] 

synonyma'tic,  synony'mie,  aa.  Of  or 
using  synonyms,    [prec,  -ic] 

syno'nymy,  n,  Synonymity;  collocation  of 
synonyms  for  emphasis  (as  in  any  shape  or 
form);  system  or  collection   of,  treatise  on. 


SYNOPSIS 


895 


TAB 


synonyms.     [F  (-mie),  f.  L  f.  Gk  sunonumia 

(SYNONYM,  -Y  ])] 

syno'psis,  n.  (pi.  -pses).  Summary,  conspec- 
tus,   [f.  Gk  SYS(opsis  seeing  f.  op-  see) 

syno'ptie,  a.'  &  n.  Affording  a  conspectus 
or  general  survey  (s.  gospels,  those  of  Matthew, 
Mark,  &  Luke);  of  the  s.  gospels;  hence 
syno'ptieAL  a.,  syno'ptiealLY2  adv.  (N., 
also  syno'ptisr)  writer  of  a  s.  gospel,  [f.  Gk 
sunoptikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

syntactic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  according  to,  syntax ; 
hence  synta'ctiCALLY  adv.  (N.,  pi.)  branch 
of  mathematics  relating  to  the  number  of  ways 
of  putting  things  together  under  conditions. 
If.  Gk  suntaktikos  (foil.)] 

syntax,  n.  Sentence-construction,  the 
grammatical  arrangement  of  words  in  speech 
or  writing,  set  of  rules  governing  this.  [F  (-xe), 
f.  LL  f.  Gk  suntaxis  (syn-,  tasso  order)  mar- 
shalling, syntax] 

synthesis,  n.  (pi.  -theses).  Combination, 
composition,  putting  together,  (opp.  analysis); 
building  up  of  separate  elements,  esp.  of  con- 
ceptions or  propositions  or  facts,  into  a  con- 
nected whole,  esp.  a  theory  or  system ;  (Gram.) 
making  of  compound  &  derivative  words,  pre- 
ference of  composition  &  inflexion  to  use  of 
prepositions  &c;  (Surg.)  joining  of  divided 
parts.  Hence  or  cogn.  synthe*tic(AL)  aa., 
synthe*tiCALLYadv.,synthesizE(l), -tize, 
vv.t.,  synthetiST(l),  -sist,  nn.  [L,  f.  Gk 
sunthesis  (SYN-,  tithemi  put)] 

syphep,  v.t.  Join  (planks)  with  overlap- 
ping edges  into  flush  surface;  s.-joint,  thus 
made.    [?] 

syphilis,  n.  Pox,  an  infectious  venereal 
disease  affecting  first  the  genitals  (primary  s.), 
secondly  the  skin  &  mucous  membrane  (second- 
ary s.),  &  thirdly  the  bones  &  muscles  &  brain 
(tertiary  s.).  Hence  syphilitic,  syphilous, 
syphilom,  aa.,  syphilizE(5)  v.t.,  syphilo*- 
logy  n.  [F,  f.  Syphilus,  (character  in)  16th-c. 
Latin  poem  on  the  subject] 

syphon,  syren,  erron.  for  si-. 

Sy'piae,  n.  &  a.  (In)  the  language  of  ancient 
Syria,  western  Aramaic.  Hence  SypiaeiSM(4) 
n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  Suriakos  (Suria  Syria  f.  Suros  a 
Syrian,  -AC)] 

Syrian,  a.  &n.  (Native)  of  Syria.  [Syria,  -an] 

sypi'nga,  (-ngga),  n.  The  mock-orange,  a 
shrub  with  strong-scented  white  usu.  clustered 
flowers,  [syrinx  (w.  ref.  to  use  of  stems  clear- 
ed of  pith  as  pipe-sticks),  -a] 

syringe  (-J),  n.,  &  v.t.  Cylindrical  tube  with 
nozzle  &  piston  into  which  liquid  is  first  drawn 
by  suction  &  then  ejected  in  fine  stream  used 
in  surgery,  gardening,  &c,  squirt,  (hypodermic 
s.,  needle-pointed  for  hypodermic  injections) ; 
hence  sypingeFUL(2)  n.  ( Vb)  sluice  or  spray 
(ears,  plants,  &c)  with  s.  [f.  F  seringue  f.  L 
syringem  nom.  -nx  f.  Gk  as  foil.] 

syrinx,  n.  (pi.  -es,  -nges).  Pan-pipe;  (Ar- 
chaeol.)  narrow  rock-cut  gallery  in  Egyptian 
tombs ;  (Anat.)  Eustachian  tube  from  throat  to 
drum  of  ear  supplying  latter  with  air,  whence 
sypingTTis  n.;  lower  larynx  or  song-organ  of 
birds,  whence  sypi'ngeAL  a.;  (Surg.)  fistula, 
whence  sypingo'TOM  Y  n.    [f.  Gk  surigx  pipe] 

Sypo-,  comb,  form  f.  Gk  Suros  Syrian,  as 
-ara'bian,  -phoeni'cian.    [-o-] 

syptis,  n.  (pi.  -tes).  Quicksand.  [L,  f.  Gk 
siirtis  (surd  draw)] 

sy'pup,  si-,  n.  Water  (nearly)  saturated 
with  sugar,  this  combined  with  flavouring  as 
beverage  or  with  drug(s)  as  medicine;  con- 
densed sugarcane-juice,  part  of  this  remaining 
uncrystallized  at  various  stages  of  refining,  mo- 
lasses, treacle,  (golden  s.,  trade  name  for  pale 


kind).  Hence  sypupY2  a.  [f.  OF  syrop  f. 
Arab,  sharab  beverage,  cf.  sherbet] 

syssapco'sis,  n.  Connexion  between  bones 
byinterveningmuscle.  [f.  Gksussarkosis  (SYN-, 
sarkoo  f.  sarx  sarkos  flesh,  -osis)] 

syssi'tia,  n.  pi.  (Gk  ant.).  Public  messes  of 
Spartans  &  some  other  Dorians  at  which  citi- 
zens were  required  to  feed  with  a  view  to  the 
promotion  of  patriotism,  military  efficiency, 
discipline,  &  simplicity.  [Gk  (su-)  pi.  of  sussi- 
tion  (syn-,  sitos  food)] 

systa'ltic,  a.  Contracting  &  dilating  by 
turns,  having  systole  &  diastole,  pulsatory. 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  sustaltikos  (sy-,  stello  place,  -ic)] 

system,  n.  Complex  whole,  set  of  connected 
things  or  parts,  organized  body  of  material  or 
immaterial  things,  (s.  of  pulleys,  several  ar- 
ranged to  work  together ;  s.  of  philosophy,  set 
of  coordinated  doctrines ;  mountain  s.,  range 
or  connected  ranges ;  river,  railway,  s.,  river, 
railway,  with  its  tributaries  or  branches,  also 
rivers,  railways,  of  a  country,  continent,  &c ; 
solars.,  sun  &  planets ;  nervous,  muscular,  Sec, 
s.,  the  nerves,  muscles,  of  a  person's  or  animal's 
body;  digestive  &c.  s.,  all  bodily  parts  subserv- 
ing digestion  &c. ;  the  s. ,  the  body  as  a  functional 
whole,  as  the  poison  has  passed  into  the  or  his 
s. ;  Ptolemaic  &c.  s.,  set  or  hypotheses  or  princi- 
ples composing  Ptolemy 's &c.  theory ;  Devonian 
&c.  s.,  set  of  strata  &c  so  named);  method, 
organization,  considered  principles  of  proce- 
dure, (principle  of)  classification,  (s.  of  govern- 
ment; what  s.  do  you  go  on?;  lacks,  works 
with,  s.;  Linnaean,  natural,  Sec,  8.,  classifica- 
tions with  differen  t  criteria),  whence  system- 
less  a.;  (Mus.)  braced  staffs  of  score.  [L,  f.  Gk 
sustema  -atos  (sy-,  histemi  set,  -M)] 

systematic,  a.  Methodical,  according  to  a 
plan,  not  casual  or  sporadic  or  unintentional,  (s. 
worker,  liar,  insolence,  nomenclature).  Hence 
or  cogn.  systematic  ally  adv.,  sy  sterna - 
tizE(3)  v.t.,  systematisM(l),  systema- 
tise), systematizKK1,  systematizA  - 
tion,  nn.    If.  Gk  sustematikos  (prec,  -ic)] 

syste'mic,  a.  (physiol.).  Of  the  bodily  sys- 
tem as  a  whole,  not  confined  to  a  particular 
part.    Hence  syste'miCALLY  adv.    [-ic] 

systole,  n.  (physiol.).  Contraction  of  heart 
&c.  alternate  with  diastole.  Hence  systd*- 
lic  a.    [f.  Gk  sustole  (sustello  see  systaltic)] 

systyle,  a.  With  columns  set  comparatively 
close  together,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  &\(stulos  style  2)] 

systylous,  a.  (bot.).  With  styles  united, 
[as  prec,  -ousl 

sy'zygy,  n.  (astron. ).  Conjunction  or  opposi- 
tion, [f.  L  f.  Gk  suzugia  f.  suzeugnumi  (sr-, 
zeugnumi  f.  zugon  yoke)] 


T,  t,  (te),  letter  (pi.  Ts,  T's).  T-shaped  thing, 
esp.  attrib.,  as  T-bandage.  -bar,  -bolt,  -joint, 
-pipe,  -square  ;  suits  me,  hit  it  off.  Sec,  to  a  T, 
exactly,  to  a  nicety;  cross  the  Ts,  (fig.)  be 
minutely  accurate,  also,  emphasize  a  point, 

Abbreviations  (1):  Their,  T.R.H.  (Royal 
Highnesses) ;  Trinity,  T.C.D.  (College,  Dublin); 
Turn,  T.O.  (Over). 

Abbreviations  (2) :  temp.  ;  Tenn.(essec) ; 
Tex.(as) ;  Thess.(alonians),  Tim.(othy),  Tit.- 
(us),  N.-T.  books. 

ta  (tah),  sentence  &  n.  (nursery,  colloq.). 
Thank  you,  as  ta  muchly,  must  say  ta.    [?] 

taal  (tahl),  n.  The  t,  Cape  Dutch  patois. 
[Du.,  =language] 

tab,  n.  Small  flap,  strip,  tag,  or  tongue,  as 
part  of  or  appendage  to  garment  &c,  e.g. 
metallic  binding  at  end  of  boot-lace,  (also  ear-t.) 


TABARD 8 

flap  at  side  of  cap  to  protect  ear.  [perh.  cogn. 
w.  tapk] 

ta-bard,  n.  (Hist.)  coarse  outer  garment 
worn  by  the  poor,  knight's  garment  worn  over 
armour ;  herald's  coat  blazoned  with  arms  of 
sovereign.    [OF,  etym.  dub.J 

ta'baret,  n.  Upholstery  fabric  of  alternate 
satin  &  watered-silk  stripes.    [?J 

tabasheerv,  -ship  (-er),  n.  Kind  of  opal 
found  in  joints  of  bamboo  &  used  in  E.-Ind. 
medicine.    [Hind.  &  Arab,  (-ir)] 

ta'bby,  n.,  &  v.t.  Watered  fabric  esp.  silk 
(often  attrib.) ;  (also  t.-cat)  brindled  or  mottled 
or  streaked  cat,  esp.  of  grey  or  brownish  colour 
with  dark  stripes ;  cat,  esp.  female;  gossiping 
woman  esp.  old  maid ;  (also  t.-moth)  kinds  of 
moth ;  [perh.  diff.  wd]  kind  of  concrete ;  (vb) 
give  wavy  appearance  to  (fabric),  [(vb  f.  n.)  f. 
F  tabis  f.  Sp.  tabi  f.  Arab,  'utabi] 

tabefa'ction,  n.  Emaciation  due  to  disease, 
{f.  L  tabefacere  (tabere  f.  tabes,  see  -faction)] 

tabe-llion,  n.  (hist.).  Official  scribe  in 
Roman  empire  or  in  France  before  revolution. 
[F,  f.  LL  tabellionem  (tabella  dim.  of  tabula 
table,  see  -ION)] 

ta'berdar,  n.  Scholar  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford.  [=  tabarder  (tabard  +  -er1),  from 
former  dress] 

ta'bernacle,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Bibl.)  fixed  or 
movable  habitation  usu.  of  slight  construc- 
tion, (fig.)  human  body;  Feast  of  Tt.,  Jewish 
autumn  festival  commemorating  the  dwelling 
of  the  Jews  in  wilderness ;  (Jewish  Hist) 
tent  used  as  sanctuary  before  final  settlement 
of  Jews  in  Palestine;  (often  contempt.)  place 
of  public  worship ;  receptacle  for  pyx  or  eucha- 
ristic  elements ;  socket  for  mast  of  river-boat, 
post  to  which  mast  is  hinged ;  (Archit.)  cano- 
pied stall,  niche,  or  pinnacle,  t.-work,  series, 
tracery  characteristic,  of  such  tt.;  socket  or 
hinged  post  for  mast  that  requires  lowering 
to  pass  under  bridges;  (vb,  fig.)  provide  with 
shelter,  dwell  temporarily.  So  taberna'cu- 
Iar2  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  tabernaculum  tent 
{taberna  hut,  see  -cule)] 

ta'bes  (-z),  n.  (med.).  Emaciation ;  dorsal  t, 
wasting  disease  of  spinal  cord,  locomotor 
ataxia.    [L,  cogn.  w.  Gk  teko  melt  &  w.  thaw] 

tabe'tie,  a.  &  n.  Of,  affected  with,  (esp. 
dorsal) tabes;  (n.)t. patient.  So tabe'scEXCE, 
ta'biruoE,  nn.,  tabE'scENT,  ta'bicta'biD1, 
aa. ,  ta'bidL y  2  adv.    [irreg.  f .  prec.  +  -t-  +  -ic] 

ta-binet,  n.  Watered  fabric  of  silk  &  wool, 
[f.  tabby  or  f.  T.,  French  refugee  who  intro- 
duced its  manufacture] 

ta'blatupe  (-tsher),  n.  Mental  picture ;  gra- 
phic description.    [F  (as  foil.,  see  -ure)] 

ta'ble,  n.,  &  v.t.  Article  of  furniture  con- 
sisting of  flat  top  of  wood  or  marble  &c.  &  one 
or  more  usu.  vertical  supports  esp.  one  on 
which  meals  are  laid  out,  articles  of  use  or 
ornament  kept,  work  done,  or  games  played ; 
breakfast,  luncheon,  dinner,  tea,  supper,  -t., 
t.  used  for  such  meals  or  on  which  such  meal 
is  laid  out  (at  t,  while  taking  meal  at  t.,  as 
refuse  to  talk  politics  att);  each  half  of  folding 
backgammon-t. ;  billiard-t.  (for  billiards,  with 
slate  top  covered  with  green  cloth);  lord's, 

ROUND  1,      KNEEl-ftote,      DRESSING-,      TOILET-, 

t. ;  part  of  machine-tool  on  which  work  is 
put  to  be  operated  on ;  slab  of  wood,  stone, 
&c;  matter  written  on  this,  esp.  the  two  tt.  or 
the  tt.  of  the  law  or  covenant  or  testimony,  ten 
commandments,  the  twelve  tables,  laws  pro- 
mulgated in  Rome  451-0  B.c,  principal  source 
°f  Roman  Jurisprudence ;  level  area,  plateau ; 
(Archit.)  flat  usu.  rectangular  surface,  horizon- 
tal moulding  esp.  cornice ;  flat  surface  of  gem, 


5 TABOURET 

cut  gem  with  two  flat  faces  ;  (Palmistry)  palm, 
esp.  part  indicating  character  or  fortune; 
each  of  two  bony  layers  of  skull;  company 
seated  at  (dinner-  &c.)  t.,  as  kept  the  t.  amused', 
(quantity  &  quality  of)  food  provided  at  t.,  as 
keeps  a  good  t.,  expenses  of  his  t. ;  list  of  facts, 
numbers,  &c,  systematically  arranged  esp.  in 
columns,  matter  contained  in  this,  asmathema- 
tical  tt.  (of  logarithms,  trigonometrical  ratios, 
&c),  tt.  of  weights  &  measures,  knows  his 
multiplication  t.  up  to  12  times  12,  t.  of  (i.  e.  pro- 
hibited) degrees,  t.  0/ content  is;  lay,  lie,  on 
the  t.,  postpone  (measure,  report,  &c,  in  Par- 
liament &c),  be  postponed,  indefinitely ;  turn 
the  tt.  (on  person  or  abs.),  reverse  relations  (be- 
tween), esp.  pass  from  inferior  to  superior  posi- 
tion ff.  backgammon  sense  of  tt.];  t.-beer,  ordin- 
ary beer  used  at  t.;  t.-book,  ornamental  usu. 
illustrated  book  kept  on  t.;  t.-clamp  (for  fast- 
ening thing  to  t.) ;  t.-cloth  (of  white  linen  &c. 
for  use  at  meals,  of  coloured  material  for  use 
at  other  times) ;  t.-cut,  (of  gem)  cut  with  flat 
top ;  t.-flap,  hinged  end  of  t.-top,  lowered  when 
not  in  use ;  t.-knife,  steel  knife  for  use  at  t. ; 
t.-land,  extensive  elevated  region  with  level 
surface,  plateau;  t.-leaf,  piece  that  may  be  in- 
serted in  top  of  t.  to  increase  its  length,  also,  t.- 
flap  ;  t.-lifting,  -moving,  -rapping,  -tipping, 
-turning,  lifting  &c.  of  t.  apparently  without 
physical  force,  as  spiritualistic  phenomenon ; 
t.-linen,  t. -cloths,  napkins, &c;  t.-money,  allow- 
ance to  higher  officers  in  army  &  navy  for 
official  hospitality,  charge  to  members  of  club 
for  use  of  dining-room  ;  t. -spoon  ;  t.-talk,  mis- 
cellaneous talk  at  t.  (often  as  title  of  book); 
t.-tomb,  flat-topped  chest-like  tomb  in  Roman 
catacombs;  t.-ware  (for  use  at  t.).  Hence 
ta'bleFULn.  (Vb)  lay  (measure  &c,  as  above) 
on  the  t.;  set  (timbers)  together  with  alternate 
grooves  &  projections  in  each  to  prevent  shift- 
ing ;  strengthen  (sail)  with  wide  hems.  Hence 
ta'bliNG  Ml,2)  n.  f(vb  partly  f.  OF  tabler)  OF, 
f.  L  tabula  board,  tablet,  &c] 

ta'bleau  (-16),  n.  (pi.  -eaux  pr.  -6z).  Pictur- 
esque presentation,  esp.  (also  t.  vivant,  F,  lit. 
living  picture)  silent  &  motionless  group  of 
persons  &c.  arranged  to  represent  a  scene; 
dramatic  or  effective  situation  suddenly 
brought  about.    [F, = picture,  dim.  of  prec. ] 

table  d'hote  (tahbldo't),  n.  Common  table 
for  guests  at  hotel ;  t.  dinner  &c.  (served  in 
hotel  &c.  at  fixed  hour  &  price).  [F,=  host's 
table] 

ta'blet,  n.  Thin  sheet  of  ivory,  wood,  &c. ,  for 
writing  on,  esp.  each  of  a  set  fastened  together; 
(usu.  pi.)  such  set ;  small  slab  esp.  with  or  for 
inscription,  as  votive  t.;  small  flat  piece  of  pre- 
pared substance,  esp.  (also  ta'bloiD  n.,  pro- 
prietary name)  fixed  weight  or  measure  of  a 
drug  brought  by  pressure  or  addition  of  gum 
into  convenient  shape;  (also  table'tte)  project- 
ing horizontal  coping  of  wall,  [earlier  &  OF 
tablette  f.  med.L  tabuleta  dim.  as  table] 

tabtier'  (-a),  n.  Woman's  small  apron  or 
apron-Hke  part  of  dress.    [F] 

taboo*,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  (Among  Polynesians 
&c.)  system,  act,  of  setting  apart  person  or 
thing  as  accursed  or  sacred;  ban,  prohibition; 
(adj.)  under  a  ban,  prohibited,  consecrated; 
(vb)  put  (thing,  practice,  &c.)  under  t.,  exclude 
or  prohibit  by  authority  or  social  influence,  as 
the  subject  was  tabooed,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Polynes. 
lapnsi.  &  n.] 

ta'bop,  n.  (hist.).  Small  drum,  esp.  one  used 
to  accompany  pipe.    [f.  OF  tabour  f.  Arab,  as 

TAMBOUR] 

ta'boupet  (-berit),  n.  Small  seat  usu.  with- 
out arms  or  back,  stool ;  embroidery-frame ; 


TABULA 8 

needle-case ;  (also  tabret)  small  tabor.  [OF,  = 
stool,  pincushion,  dim.  as  prec] 

tabula,  n.  (pi.  -at).  (Anat.)  hard  flat  surface 
of  bone  &c. ;  t.  rasa,  erased  tablet,  fig.  human 
mind  at  birth  viewed  as  having  no  innate  ideas. 
[L,= board,  table,  pi.  tablets] 

ta'bular,  a.  Of,  arranged  in,  computed  &c. 
by  means  of,  tables,  as  a  t.  statement,  t.  values, 
results,  computations,  arranged  in  t.  form,  t. 
difference  (between  successive  logarithms  &c 
in  mathematical  tables);  broad  &  flat  like  a 
table,  as  t.  surface  ;  (formed)  in  thin  plates,  as 
t.  structure.  Hence  ta'bulaPLY  2  adv.  [f .  L 
tabularis  (prec,  see  -ar  *)] 

ta'bulate,  v.t.,  &  a.  Arrange  (figures,  facts) 
in  tabular  form,  whence  tabulA'TiON,  ta'bu- 
latOR  2,  nn.;  give  flat  surface  to ;  (adj.)  having 
flat  surface,  composed  of  thin  plate,  [f.  tabu- 
la +  -ATE  %  3] 

ta'camahac,  n.  Gum-resin  from  some  S.- 
Amer.  &  other  trees ;  balsam  poplar,    [native] 

ta'c-au-ta'c  (-6-),  n.  (fencing).  Parry  com- 
bined with  riposte ;  rapid  succession  of  attacks 
&  narries.    [F,  iniit.] 

ta'ce,  v.i.  imperat.  Be  silent,  esp.  in  facet, 
formula  t.  is  Latin  for  a  candle.    [L] 

ta'cGt,  mus.  direction  indicating  silence  of  a 
voice,  instrument,  &c.    [L, =it  is  silent] 

tache  (tahsh,  ta-),  n.  (med.).  Freckle ;  symp- 
tomatic blotch  on  skin.     [OF,  =  spot,  blot,  as 

TACK  !] 

taehd'meter  (-k-),  n.  Instrument  for  mea- 
suring velocity.  So  tacbo'METRY  n.  [f.  Gk 
takhos  speed  +  -meter] 

taehy'graphy  (-k-),  n.    Stenography,  esp. 
that  of  ancient  Greeks  &  Romans.      Hence 
tachygraphER1    n.,   taehyg,pa*phic(AL) 
aa.    [f.  Gk  takhus  swift  +  -graphy] 
ta'chylyte,  n.    A  vitreous  form  of  basalt. 
Hence  taehyly'tic  a.    [as  prec.  +  -lutos  f.  lub 
loose,  from  ready  fusion  under  blowpipe] 
taehymeter.  n.  Surveyor's  instrument  for 
rapid  location  or  points,    [as  prec.  +  -meter] 
ta'cit,   a.      Understood,    implied,    existing, 
without  being  stated,  as  t.  consent,  agreement, 
understanding.    Hence  ta'eitLY2  adv.    [f.  L 
tacitus  silent  (tacere  be  silent)] 
ta'citurn,  a.    Reserved  in  speech,  not  given 
to  much  speaking.    So  taeitup'niTY  n.    [f.  L 
taciturnus  as  prec] 

tack,  n.,  &  v.t,  &  i.  Small  sharp  flat-headed 
nail  of  iron,  copper,  &c,  for  securing  carpet 
&c  (tin-L,  iron  t.  coated  with  tin);  each  of 
several  long  stitches  as  temporary  fastening  in 
needlework ;  (Naut.)  rope  for  securing  corner 
of  some  sails,  corner  to  which  this  is  fastened, 
direction  in  which  vessel  moves  as  determined 
by  position  of  sails  (port,  starboard,  t,  with 
wind  on  port,  starboard  side),  temporary  change 
of  direction  in  sailing  to  take  advantage  of 
side  wind  &c,  esp.  each  of  several  alternate 
movements  to  port  &  starboard  (t.  &t.,  by  suc- 
cessive tt.);  (fig.)  course  of  action  or  policy,  as 
must  change  our  t.,  am  on  the  right  or  wrong  t., 
try  another  t.\  =  foil.  (2nd  sense);  sticky  con- 
dition of  varnish  &c,  whence  ta'ekiNESS  n., 
ta'ekY2  a.;  [prob.  difF.  wd]  food,  fare,  esp. 
I  hard  t,  soft  t,  bread,  good  fare;  t.-driver, 
machine  that  automatically  places  &  drives 
tt.;  t.-hammer,  light  hammer  for  driving  tt, 
usu.  with  claw  for  extracting  tt.  (Vb)  fasten 
(carpet  &c,  often  down)  with  tt.,  stitch  (pieces 
or  parts  of  cloth  &c)  lightly  together,  (fig.) 
annex,  append,  (thing  to  or  on  to  another, 
esp.  as  in  foil.);  change  ship's  course  (often 
about)  by  shifting  tt.  &  sails  (cf.  wear3),  (fig.) 
change  one's  conduct,  policy,  &c.  Hence 
ta-ckERi(l,  2)  n.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  ONF  taque  nail, 


[ TAG 

peg,  f.  EFris.  &  Da.  takke  pointed  thing,  cf.  G 
zacken  prong,  Du.  tak  twig] 
ta'cking1,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  (Law) 
priority  of  a  third  or  subsequent  mortgage  &c 
to  a  second  of  which  notice  was  not  given ; 
(Pari.)  appending  of  an  extraneous  clause  to  a 
money  bill  to  secure  its  passing  H.  of  Lords, 
which  cannot  amend  money  bill,  [-ing  *] 
ta'ckle,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Mechanism  esp.  of 
ropes,  pulley-blocks,  hooks,  &c,  for  lifting 
weights,  managing  sails  or  spars,  &c;  windlass 
with  its  ropes  &  hooks ;  instruments  required 
for  particular  work  or  sport,  as  fishing-t. ;  grasp- 
ing or  holding  esp.  of  opponent  in  football ;  t.- 
block,  pulley  over  which  rope  runs ;  t.-fall,  rope 
connecting  blocks  of  a  t.  (Vb)  grapple  with, 
grasp  with  endeavour  to  hold  or  manage  or 
overcome,  (opponent,  awkward  thing  or  busi- 
ness, problem);  (Footb.)  seize  &  stop  (player 
running  with  bali);  secure  by  means  of  t.;  t.  to 
(colloq. ),  fall  to  work  vigorously,  set  to.  Hence 
ta-ckliNG  Ml,  3,  6)  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME  &  LG  takel 
f.  ON  taka  take,  grasp,  +  -le(1)] 
tact,  n.  Intuitive  perception  of  what  is  fit- 
ting esp.  of  the  right  thing  to  do  or  say,  adroit- 
ness in  dealing  with  persons  or  circumstances, 
whence  ta'ctFUL,  ta'ctLESS,  aa.,ta*ctfulLY2 
adv.,  ta'ctlessNESS  n.;  (Mus.)  stroke  in  beat- 
ing time.  [f.  L  tactus  -us  (sense  of)  touch  (tan- 
gere  tact-  touch)] 

ta'ctical,  a.  Of  tactics;  adroitly  planning 
or  planned.  Hence  ta'cticalLY  2  adv.  [-al] 
ta'ctics,  n.  (As  sing,  or  pi.)  art  of  disposing 
military  or  naval  forces  esp.  (cf.  strategy, 
logistics)  in  actual  contact  with  enemy ;  (pi.) 
procedure  calculated  to  gain  some  end,  skilful 
device(s),  as  cannot  approve  these  t.  Hence 
taetrciAN  n.  [f.  Gk  taktika  neut.  pL  (tasso 
arrange,  see  -ic)J 

ta'cttle,  a.  Of,  perceived  by,  connected  with, 
the  sense  of  touch,  as  t.  impression,  organ,  so 
ta'ctUAL  a.,  ta'ctualLY2  adv.;  tangible. 
Hence  taetrliTY  n.  [F,  f.  L  tactilis  (tangere 
tact-  touch,  see  -ile)] 

ta'dpole,  n.    Larva  of  batrachian  e.g.  frog 
from  time  it  leaves  egg  till  loss  of  gills  &  tail ; 
t.-fish,  European  fish  with  large  flat  head.  [ME 
tadpolle  (toad  +  poll,  f.  size  of  head)] 
tae'dium  vrtae,  n.  (path.).    Weariness  of 
life  with  tendency  to  suicide.    [L] 
tael  (tal),  n.    Chinese  ounce  ( = H  oz.  avoirdu- 
pois) esp.  of  silver  as  monetary  unit,    [Port., 
prob.  ult.  f.  Hind,  tola  weight] 
tae'nia,  n.  (pi.  -ae).    (Archit.)  fillet  on  top  of 
Doric  epistyle ;  (Anat.)  ribbon-like  part  esp.  of 
brain ;  roller  bandage ;  tapeworm ;  (Gk  &  Rom. 
Ant.)  fillet,  head-band.    Hence  tae'nioiD  a. 
[L,  f.  Gk  tainia  (teino  stretch)] 
ta'ffeta,  n.    Kinds  of  silk  or  linen  fabric  esp. 
thin  glossy  silk  of  plain  texture,    [f.  F  taffetas 
f.  It.  taffeta  f.  Pers.  taftah  (taftan  twist)] 
ta*fTrail,  ta'fferel,  n.    Rail  round  stem  of 
vessel ;  (-erel)  upper  part  of  stern,    [f.  Du.  tafe- 
reel  dim.  of  tafel  f.  L  as  table,  assim.  to  rail] 
Ta*ffya,n. (colloq.).  Welshman.  [Wpronunc. 
of  Davy = David] 
taffy  2.    See  toffee. 

ta-fia,  n.  (W.  Ind.).  Kind  of  mm  distilled 
from  molasses  &c.  [native] 
tag:,  n.,  &  v.t.  Metal  point  at  end  of  lace  ; 
loop  at  back  of  boot  used  in  pulling  it  on ;  ad- 
dress label,  esp.  one  for  tying  on ;  loose  or  tag- 
ged end  of  anything ;  ragged  lock  of  wool  on 
sheep;  appendage;  (Theatr.)  closing  speech 
addressed  to  audience;  trite  quotation,  stock 

f)hrase,  refrain  of  song ;  (tip  of)  animal's  tail ; 
perh.  difi*.  wd]  children's  game  in  which  one 
chases  the  rest  (cross-,  long,  &c,  t.,  forms  of 

29 


TAGETES 8 

this);  t.-rag, =ragH.;  t.-sore,  pustular  disease 
of  sheep ;  tagtail,  kind  of  worm,  sycophant. 
(Vb)  furnish  (lace  &c,  literary  composition) 
with  a  t.;  join  (thing,  esp.  piece  of  writing,  to 
or  on  to  another,  things  together) ;  shear  away 
tt.  from  (sheep);  (colloq.)  follow  closely  or  per- 
sistently ;  touch  (person  pursued)  in  game  of  t. 
Hvb  f.  n.)  perh.  f.  Sw.  tagg  prickle,  tooth,  cf. 
Norw.  tagge  tooth] 

ta'g-etes  (-j-),  n.  Kinds  of  plant  of  aster 
family  with  showy  yellow  or  orange  flowers, 
[f.  L  Tages,  Etruscan  divinity] 

ta'g-g-er,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  pur- 
suer (also  called  it)  in  game  of  tag ;  (pi.)  thin 
sheet-iron,  whether  coated  with  tin  or  {black 
tt.)  not.     [-ER1] 

Ta'ie  (tah-),  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  the  Tai, 
the  chief  race  in  the  Indo-Chinese  peninsula 
including  Siamese,  Shans,  &c.    [-ic] 

tail \.  n. ,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Hindmost  part  of  animal 
esp.  when  prolonged  beyond  rest  of  body,  as 
dog  wag^s  his  t,  tail  wag  ls  dog,  dog  has  his 
t.  between  his  legs  (as  sign  of  alarm  or  dejection; 
often  fig.  of  person),  turn  t.,  turn  one's  back, 
run  away,  twist  the  lion's  t.,  drop  pinch  of 
salt  on  t.  of,  pasha  of  three  &c.  tt;  thing  like 
or  suggesting  t.  in  shape  or  position,  hind  or 
lower  or  subordinate  or  inferior  part,  slender 
part  or  prolongation,  as  t.  (luminous  train)  of 


comet,  t.  (outer  corner)  of  the  eye,  t.  (end)  of 
procession  &c,  t.  margin  (at  foot  of  page),  fol- 
lowed by  a  t.  (long  train)  of  attendants,  at  the  t. 


(back)  of  a  cart,  t.  (string  &  paper  appendage 
at  lower  end)  of  a  kite,  cow's-t.,  frayed  end  of 
rope  Sec,  t.  (  =  stem1)  of  musical  note,  t.  (part 
below  line)  of  as  Sec,  t.  (exposed  end)  of  slate 
or  tile  in  roof,  t.  (unexposed  end)  of  brick  or 
stone  in  wall,  t.  (slender  backward  prolonga- 
tion) of  butterfly's  wing,  t.  (comparative  calm 
at  end)  of  a  gale,  t.  (calm  stretch  following 
rough  water)  of  a  stream,  t.  of  the  trenches 
(fortif.),  part  first  made  by  advancing  party, 
make  head1  or  t.  of,  pigtail;  (pi.) =t. -coat,  as 
boys  go  into  tt.  at  sixteen ;  t.-bay,  part  of  canal 
lock  between  t.-gate  and  lower  pond ;  t.-board, 
hinged  or  removable  back  of  cart;  t.-coat, 
man's  morning  or  evening  coat  with  long  skirt 
divided  at  back  into  tt.  and  cut  away  in  front ; 
t.-gate,  lower  gate  of  canal  lock ;  t.-piece,  deco- 
ration in  blank  space  at  end  of  chapter  &c, 
triangular  piece  of  wood  to  which  lower  ends 
of  strings  are  fastened  in  some  musical  instru- 
ments ;  t.-pipe,  suction-pipe  of  pump,  (v.t.) 
fasten  something  to  t.  of  (dog,  fig.  person);  t- 
race,  part  of  mill-race  below  water-wheel. 
Hence  (-)tailED2,  tai'lLESS,  aa.  (Vb)  furnish 
with  t.}  (colloq.)  remove  the  ends  of  (fruit); 
join  (thing  onto  another) ;  t.  after,  follow  close- 
ly \t.  away  or  off,  (of  persons,  dogs,  &c.)  fall 
behind  or  away  in  scattered  line ;  t.  in,  fasten 
(timber)  by  one  end  into  wall  &c;  t.  to  the  tide, 
t.  up  and  down  stream,  (of  anchored  vessel) 
swing  up  and  down  with  tide,  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE" 
taeg(e)l,  cf.  ON  tagl,  Sw.  tagel,  dial.  G  zaget] 

tail2,  n.  &  a.  (law).  Limited  ownership; 
estate  limited  to  a  person  &  heirs  of  his  body ; 
(adj.)  so  limited,  esp.  estate  t.  [f.  F  taille  notch, 
cut,  tax,  f.  tailler  cut  f.  LL  taleare  (talea  slip 
of  wood)] 

tarling,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  tail  l ;  also  or 
esp. :  unexposed  end  of  brick  or  stone  in  wall ; 
(pi.)  refuse  or  inferior  part  of  grain,  ore,  &c; 
blur  or  other  fault  in  calico-printing,    [-ing  *] 

tarlor,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Maker  of  (esp.  men's) 
garments  esp.  to  order ;  t.-bird,  kinds  of  small 
bird  sewing  leaves  together  to  form  nest ;  t- 
made,  (esp.  of  woman's  dress)  made  by  t.  usu. 
w.  httle  ornament  &  w.  special  attention  to 


I TAKE 

exact  fit ;  tailor's  chair  (without  legs),  for  sit- 
ting cross-legged  as  t.  at  work ;  tailor's  cramp 
(in  fingers  and  thumbs) ;  tailor's  twist,  kind  of 
strong  silk  thread;  (slang)  kill  (bird)  badly. 
Hence  tai'lor  ess1  n.  <Vb)  be,  work  as,  a  t., 
whence  tai'loriNG1  n. ;  make  clothes  for 
(chiefly  in  p.p.,  as  well-tailored),  [f.  OF  tail- 
lour  (tailler  cut,  see  tail2  &  -or2)] 

tain,  n.  Thin  tin-plate ;  tin-foil  for  backing 
mirror,    [perh.  f.  ON  teinn  twig] 

taint,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Spot,  trace,  of  decay  or 
corruption  or  disease  (lit.  &  fig.),  corrupt  con- 
dition, infection,  as  there  was  a  t.  of  insanity 
in  the  family,  the  moral  t.  had  spread  among 
all  classes,  without  t.  of  commercialism ;  ( vb) 
introduce  corruption  or  disease  into,  infect,  be 
infected,  as  tainted  meat,  taints  all  it  touches, 
meat  will  t.  readily  in  hot  weather,  his  mind 
was  tainted.  Hence  tai'ntLESS  a.,  tai'nt- 
lessLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  teint  n.  &  p.p.  of  teindre 
tinge  ;  partly  also  aphetic  f.  attaint] 

Tai*-pi*ng,  Tae-,  (ti-),  n.  One  of  those  who 
took  part  in  a  rebellion  in  China  (1850-61).  [f. 
Chin,  t'ai  p'ing  great  peace] 

taj  (tahj),  n.  Tall  cap  of  Mohammedan  der- 
vish.   [Pers.  f.  Arab.] 

take1,  v.t.  &  L  (took,  taken).  Lay  hold  of 
with  the  hand(s)  or  other  part  of  the  body  or 
with  any  instrument  (lit.  &  fig.),  grasp,  seize, 
capture,  catch  by  pursuit  or  surprise,  captivate, 
win,  gain,  as  t.  it  between  your  finger  &  thumb, 
took  him  by  the  throat,  t.  it  up  xoxth  the  tongs, 
t.  the  bull1  by  the  horns,  deuce  t.  it !,  t.  bit1 
between  teeth,  t.  a  fortress,  t.  by  storm,  took 
113  prisoners,  was  taken  prisoner  or  captive, 
took  his  bishop  (at  chess),  t.  the  odd  trick  (at 
cards),  takes  (gains,  receives  in  payment)  £h0 
a  week,  took  (gained)  little  by  this  move,  took 
first  prize,  rabbit  taken  in  trap,  took  (surprised, 
caught)  him  in  the  act  or  at  a  disadvantage, 
was  taken  ill,  taken  aback,  what  takes  (capti- 
vates) my  fancy,  was  much  taken  (charmed) 
with  or  by  her  manners,  novel  did  not  t.  (become 
popular),  vaccine  did  not  t,  (operate) ;  assume 
possession  of,  procure  e.g.  by  purchase,  acquire, 
avail  oneself  of,  use,  use  up,  consume,  require  as 
instrument,  material,  agent,  &c.,as  takes  what- 
ever he  can  lay  his  hands  on,  wish  you  woxdd 
not  t.  my  bicycle,  t.  (assume  or  enjoy  as  one's 
right)  precedence,  took  his  degree,  t.  order's, 
t.  silk,  shall  t.  a  holiday,  (cooking  direction) 
t.  1  oz.  of  curry  powder,  do  you  t.  (buy  re- 
gularly, subscribe  to)  Punch?,  am  not  tak- 
xng  any  (slang),  decline  offer,  took  (engaged) 
seats  in  advance,  must  t.  lessons,  lodgings,  a 
cab,  will  t.  (buy)  Sib.,  t.  legal,  medical,  Sec,  ad- 
vice, consult  lawyer  &c.  (&  see  below),  t.  (as 
instance)  the  French  Revolution,  has  taken  a 
partner,  a  wife,  (archaic)  took  to  (as)  wife  Jane 
Smith,  t.  a  back  *  seat,  took  his  seat  on  the  rail- 
ing, must  t.  the  liberty  of  differing  frovi  you, 
must  t.  leave  to  differ,  took  a  mean  advantage, 
do  not  t.  advantage  (avail  yourself  unfairly)  of 
his  youth,  t.  the  opportunity,  will  t.  (drink)  a 
cup  of  tea,  takes  too  much  alcohol,  these  things 
t.  time,  t.  your  time,  do  not  hurry,  it  takes  a  lot 
of  doing  (is  hard  to  do),  takes  a  poet  to  translate 
Virgil',  cause  to  come  with  one,  carry  with  one, 
conduct,  convey,  remove,  dispossess  person  &c 
of,  as  t.  the  letters  to  the  post,  the  dog  for  a  xcalk, 
the  children  to  the  pantomime,  the  corkscrew 
from  the  shelf,  takes  his  readers  with  him  (en- 
grosses their  attention),  t.  him  through  (make 
him  read)  a  book  of  Livy,  took  him  into  part- 
nership, takes  all  the  fun  out  of  it,  t.  to  task, 
t.  in  hand1,  (see  also  special  uses  w.  advv.  & 
prepp.);catch,beinfectedwith,(cold,fever,&c.) 
conceive,  experience,  indulge,  give  play  to,  ex- 


TAKE 8 

ert,  as  t  offence,  umbrage,  t.  a  fancy  to,  takes 
a  pride  in  his  xcork,  a  pleasure  in  contradict- 
ing, t.  pity  on  him,  t.  no  notice,  t.  heed,  pains, 
trouble ;  ascertain  (person's  measure,  height, 
temperature,  address,  &c.)by  inquiry,  measure- 
ment, &c. ;  apprehend,  grasp  mentally,  infer, 
conclude,  understand,  interpret,  as  /  t  your 
meaning  or  (archaic)  you,  1 1.  this  to  be  ironical, 
It.  it  that  we  are  to  wait  here,  t.  person  at  his 
word  ',  how  would  you  t.  (translate,  interpret) 
this  passage?,  t.  it  for  granted,  assume  it, 
do  you  t.  me  for  (think  me)  a  fool  ?;  treat  or  re- 
gard in  specified  manner,  adopt  specified  atti- 
tude towards,  as  t.  thingscoolly,  Lit  easy,  should 
t  it  kindly  of  you  (be  obliged)  if  you  would  an- 
swer my  letter,  must  not  t.  it  ill  of  him  (resent 
his  conduct),  t.  to  heart  ;  accept,  put  up  with, 
submit  to,  adopt,  choose,  receive,  derive,  as  t. 
the  offer,  t.  what  you  can  get,  the  bet  was  taken, 
I  took  him  (his  bet),  must  t.  us  as  you  find  us, 
will  t.  no  nonsense,  will  not  t.  this  treatment, 
took  it  like  a  lamb,  will  not  t.  a  hint,  t.  advice, 
act  on  it  (&  see  above),  you  may  t  it  from  me 
or  t.  my  word  for  it,  I,  a  well-informed  person, 
assure  you,  t.  sides,  join  one  of  two  parties,  t. 
(hold,  adopt)  a  different  view,  takes  its  name 
from  the  inventor;  perform,  execute,  make, 
undertake,  negotiate,  deal  with,  as  took  work 
for  a  friend,  t.  notes,  t.  a  photograph,  took  a 
sudden  leap,  horse  will  not  t.  fence,  t.  a  walk, 
t.  (be  examined  in)  the  mathematical  tripos,  t. 
(conduct)  the  evening  service,  t.  a  glance  round 
you,  took  a  deep  breath,  t.  an  oath ;  photograph, 
come  out  well  &c.  when  photographed,  as  t.  him 
in  cap  &  gown,  does  not  t.  well ;  t.  account  of, 
include  in  one's  reckoning,  not  overlook ;  t.  aim, 
direct  weapon  or  missile  {at  object) ;  t.  care,  be 
careful,  be  on  one's  guard,  not  neglect  or  fail, 
be  cautious  in  arranging  or  deciding,  as  t.  care!, 
t.  care  to  leave  plenty  of  room,  t.  care  not  to 
wake  the  baby,  f.  care  how  you  speak  or  what 
you  say  to  him ;  t.  care  of,  be  careful  of,  be  in 
charge  of ;  t.  one's  chance,  accept  risk  (of) ;  t. 
earth,  (of  fox  &c,  fig.  of  person)  escape  into 
hole ;  t.  effect  *,  exception,  heart  (of  grace), 
hold2,  leave *(of) ;  t.  one's  life  in  one's  hand, 
risk  it ;  t.  person's  esp.  God's  name  in  vain,  use 
it  lightly  or  profanely;  f.PART1;  t.  place,  happen; 
t.  stock  (of,  in) ;  t.  the  wall,  t.  wind  *.  Spec, 
uses  w.  prepp.,  advv.,  &  adv.  phrr.:  T.  after, 
resemble  (person  esp.  parent  or  relation)  in 
character,  feature,  &c.  T.  back  colloq.,  retract 
(words).  T.  down :  write  down,  as  t.  down  his 
name  &  address,  took  down  the  sermon  in 
shorthand ;  humble,  esp.  t.  person  down  a  peg  1 
or  two ;  swallow  (food  &c.)  esp.  with  difficulty 
or  reluctance ;  remove  (building,  structure)  by 
taking  to  pieces.  T.from,  diminish,  lessen, 
weaken,  as  such  faults  do  not  t.from  his  credit 
as  a  historian.  T.in:  admit,  receive,  (lodgers, 
guest,  &c);  receive  (washing,  sewing,  type- 
writing, &c.)  to  be  done  at  home ;  include,  com- 
prise ;  reduce  (garment  &c. )  to  smaller  compass, 
furl  (sail);  understand,  digest  mentally;  believe 
(false  statement) ;  deceive ;  cheat ;  t.  (news- 
paper &c.)by  subscription;  t.-in  n.,  a  fraud, 
deception,  piece  of  humbug.  T.  into :  t.  into 
one's  confidence,  confide  in  ;  t.  into  one's  head, 
conceive,  get  hold  of,  (idea),  imagine,  adopt  the 
belief,  (that),  resolve  (to  do).  T.  off:  remove 
(clothes,  hat,  &c.)from  the  body;  remove,  con- 
duct away,  as  took  him  off  to  the  station,  took 
himself  off,  went  off;  deduct  (part  of  price) ; 
drink  off;  ridicule  by  imitation,  mimic ;  jump, 
spring,  (from,  at,  place) ;  t.-off  n.,  caricature, 
spot  from  which  one  jumps,  (Croquet)  stroke 
causing  one's  own  ball  to  go  forward  while 
touching  but  scarcely  moving  another.    T.  on: 


I TALENT 

undertake  (work,  responsibility) ;  t.  person  on 
at  golf  &c,  play  with  him ;  (colloq.)  show  vio- 
lent emotion,  make  a  fuss.  T.  out :  cause  to  come 
out,  bring  or  convey  out,  as  t.  him  out  for  a  walk, 
books  must  not  be  taken  out  of  the  library  ;  re- 
move (stain  &c);  t.  the  nonsense  &c.  out  o/per- 
son,  cure  him  of  it ;  accept  payment  of  (debt 
&c.)  or  compensation  for  (injury  8cc.)in,  as  took 
it  out  in  cigars  &  drinks ;  t.  it  out  of,  have  re- 
venge on,  get  satisfaction  from,  exhaust  the 
strength  of ;  procure,  get  issued,  (patent,  sum- 
mons, &c).  T.  over,  succeed  to  management 
or  ownership  of  (business  &c).  T.  to:  begin, 
fall  into  the  habit  of,  begin  to  busy  oneself  with, 
as  took  to  humming  a  tune,  t.  to  bad  habits, 
literature ;  conceive  a  liking  for  (person  &c). 
T.  up:  lift  up;  absorb,  occupy,  engage,  as 
sponges  t.  tip  water,  takes  up  all  my  time,  my 
attention  ;  train  stops  to  t.  up  (admit)  passew 
gers  ;  t.  into  custody ;  enter  upon  (profession, 
subject) ;  pursue  (matter,  inquiry)  further ;  se- 
cure, fasten,  (dropped  stitch,  artery,  &c);  fur- 
nish the  amount  of  (loan  &c);  t.  up  with,  con- 
sort with  ;  t.  up  the  cudgels,  gauntlet  *, 
glove;  t.-up  n.  (mech.),  kinds  of  device  for 
tightening  band  &c.  in  machine,  drawing  up 
slack  of  thread;  removing  material  that  has 
been  operated  on,  &c.  T.  (it)  upon  or  on  one 
to,  venture,  presume,  to.  [late  OE  tacan  f.  ON 
taka,  cf.  Sw.  taga,  Da.  t age,  cogn.  w.  tack,  tag] 

take2,  n.  Amount  (o/fish,  game,  &c.)  taken 
or  caught;  (Print.)  amount  of  copy  set  up  at 
one  time;  takings,  esp.  money  received  at 
theatre  for  seats,    ff.  prec] 

ta'ker,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  one  who  takes 
a  bet,  as  no  tt.,  a  few  tt.  at  5  to  k.    [-er  *] 

talking1,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  (pi.)  money 
taken  in  business,  receipts ;  (archaic)  state  of 
agitation,  as  was  in  a  great  t.    [-ing  *] 

talking2,  a.  Attractive,  captivating; catch- 
ing, infectious.  Hence  ta'kingLY2  ad  v.,  ta*k- 
ing-NESs  n.    [-ing2] 

ta'lapoin,  n.  Buddhist  monk  in  Ceylon, 
Siam,  &c. ;  kind  of  monkey,    [of  E.-Ind.  orig.] 

talai-ia,  n.  pL  Winged  boots  or  sandals  as 
attribute  of  Mercury,  Iris,  &  others.    [L] 

ta'lbotype  (tawl-),  n.  Photographic  process 
invented  by  W.  H.  Fox  Talbot  in  1840,  the  basis 
of  that  now  used,    [type] 

talc,  n.,  &  v.t,  A  magnesium  silicate  usu. 
found  in  flat  smooth  often  transparent  plates 
&  used  as  lubricator  &c. ;  (pop.,  commerc.)  mica 
esp.  as  glazing-material.  Hence  ta*l(c)kv2, 
ta'leoiD,  ta'lcosE1,  ta'lcous,  aa.  (Vb)  treat 
with  t.    [F,  f.  Arab,  talq] 

ta'lcite,  n.  A  massive  variety  of  talc,  [-ite1] 

tale,  n.  True  or  usu.  fictitious  narrative  esp. 
one  imaginatively  treated,  story,  as  tell  him  a 
t,  a  true  t.  of  the  Crusades,  old  wives'  tt., 
marvellous  legendary  tt,  t.  of  a  tub,  idle  fic- 
tion, prefer  to  tell  my  own  t.  (give  my  own  ac- 
count of  the  matter),  thing  tells  its  own  t.  (is 
significant,  requires  no  comment,  explains  it- 
self) ;  malicious  report  whether  true  or  false,  as 
all  sorts  of  tt.  will  get  about,  tell  tt.  (out  of 
school),  report  esp.  with  malicious  intention 
what  is  meant  to  be  secret,  talebearer,  person 
who  does  this,  so  talebearing  a.  &  n.;  taleteller, 
one  who  tells  tt.  (in  either  sense) ;  (archaic,  rhet., 
poet.)  number,  total,  as  the  t.  is  complete,  shep- 
herd tells  his  t.  (of  sheep).  [OE  txl  number, 
talu  narrative,  cf.  Du.  taal,  ON  tal  talk,  tale, 
tola  number,  G  zahl  number,  cogn.  w.  tell] 

ta'lent,  n.  Special  aptitude,  faculty,  gift, 
(for  music  &c,  for  doing ;  see  Matt  xxv.  14-30), 
high  mental  ability,  whence  ta'lentED  2,  ta*- 
1  en  t  less,  aa. ;  persons  of  t.,  as  all  the  t  of  the 
country,  looking  out  for  local  t ;  (Sport,  slang) 


TALES 


900 


TALUS 


the  t,  those  who  take  odds  &c.  relying  on  their 
own  judgment  &  knowledge,  opp.  to  book- 
makers ;  ancient  weight  and  money  of  account 
among  Greek,  Romans,  Assyrians,  &c,  of  vary- 
ing value,  as  Attic t.  (about  £243.  15s.).  [F,  f.  L 
talentum  f.  Gk  talanton  balance,  t.  (weight, 
money),  cogn.  w.  talas  adj.  enduring,  tla-  en- 
dure, sustain] 

ta'les  (-z),  n.  (law).  Writ  for  summoning 
jurors,  list  of  persons  who  may  be  so  summoned, 
to  supply  deficiency;  pray  a  t,  plead  for  com- 
pletion of  jury  thus;  ta'lesman  (or  -lz-),  person 
so  summoned.  [L  t.  (de  circumstantibus)  such 
(of  the  bystanders),  first  wds  of  writ] 

Taliaco-tian  (-oshn),  a.  T.  operation,  forma- 
tion of  new  nose  by  means  of  flap  taken  from 
arm  or  forehead  but  severed  only  after  union 
has  taken  place,  [f.  Tagliacozzi,  Italian  sur- 
geon d.  1599  +  -an] 

ta'lion,  n.  (Also  L  lex  talionis)  the  law  of 
retaliation  inflicting  punishment  of  same  kind 

').    Hence 


sloth 

&c.)  having  feet  twisted  into  unusual  position; 
(n.)  t.  person  or  animal,    [as  foil.] 

ta'lipes  (-z),  n.  Club-foot(edness) ;  taliped 
formation,    [mod.  L  (talus,  pes  pedis  foot)] 

ta'lipot,  -ut,  n.  A  fan-leafed  palm.  [f. 
Hind,  talpat  f.  Skr.  talapattra  (tala  palm  + 
patra  leaf)] 

talisman,  n.  Charm,  amulet,  thing  capable 
of  working  wonders;  (Astrol.)  magical  figure 
cut  or  engraved  &  capable  of  benefiting  its 
possessor.  Hence  talisma'nic a.  [Sp.,f.  Arab. 
tUsam(an  pi.)  f.  Gk  telesma  payment,  (late  Gk) 
mystery,  (teleo  pay  f.  telos  end,  initiation,  -M)] 

talk  (tawk),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Converse,  com- 
municate ideas,  by  spoken  words,  as  was  talk- 
ing with  or  to  a  friend,  what  are  you  talking 
about  ?,  t.  big,  tall,  people  will  t.  (scandal) ; 
have  the  power  of  speech,  as  child  is  learning 
to  t.,  parrots  can  t;  use  this  to  excess,  as  is 
always  talking;  express,  utter,  discuss,  in 
words,  as  you  are  talking  nonsense,  t.  treason, 
philosophy,  shop  ;  use  (language),  as  t.  French, 
talks  nothing  but  English;  bring  into  speci- 
fied condition  &c.  by  talking,  as  talked  himself 
hoarse,  t.  person  round,  persuade  him,  talked 
him,  out  of  his  resolution,  into  his  grave,  would 
t.  a  horse's  hind  leg  off,  is  talkative ;  t.  about, 
discuss,  as  do  not  want  to  be  talked  about  (made 
subject  of  gossip) ;  t.  at,  address  to  one  of  a 
company  remarks  covertly  hostile  to  &  meant 
to  be  heard  by  (another) ;  t.  away,  consume 
(time)  in  talking ;  t.  back,  reply  defiantly ;  t. 
down,  silence  (person)  by  superior  loudness  or 
persistency  ;  t.  of,  discuss,  mention,  as  talkinq 
(while  we  are  on  the  subject)  of  muffins,  what 
time  do  you  have  tea  ?,  express  some  intention 
of  (dome) ;  t.  over,  discuss  at  some  length,  win 
over  by  talking ;  t.  round,  discuss  (subject)  at 
length  without  reaching  conclusion ;  t.  to, 
speak  to,  (colloq.)  reprove,  give  a  piece  of  one's 
mind  to,  so  gave  him  a  talking-to  ;  t.  up,  discuss 
(subject)  in  order  to  rouse  interest  in  it  Hence 
tal'kER 1  n.  (N. )  conversation,  as  let  v#  have  a 
t,  small  L;  theme  of  gossip,  as  they,  their 
quarrels,  are  the  t.  of  the  town.  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME 
talken  (OE  tal-  as  in  tale  +  frequent,  -k)] 

tal*kative,n.  Fond  of  talking.  Hence  tal'k- 
atiyeLY2  adv.,  tal'kativeNESs  n.    [-ative] 

tal'kee-tal'kee,  n.  Incessant  chatter;  brok- 
en English  of  negroes  &c.  [talk  +  -ee  imit.  of 
broken  English] 

talking',  a.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  having  the 
power  of  speech,  as  t.  parrot ;  expressive,  as  t. 
eyes,    [-ing2] 


tall  (tawl),  a.  &  adv.  (Of  person)  of  more  than 
average  height;  (of  tree,  steeple,  mast,  &c.) 
higher  than  the  average  or  than  surrounding 
objects ;  of  specified  height,  as  he  is  six  feet  f. 
(now  usu.  high),  how  t.  is  it?;  t.-boy,  chest  of 
drawers  on  dressing-table,  kind  of  chimney-pot; 
(slang)  extravagant,  boastful,  excessive,  as  a  t. 
story,  t.  talk,  a  t.  order  (exorbitant  or  unreason- 
able demand),  (adv.)  talk  t.,  boast.  Hence ta'll- 
ness  n.  [in  mod.  senses  perh.  of  Celt,  orig.,  cf. 
W  &  Cornish  tal;  in  obs.  senses  serviceable, 
efficient,  valiant,  cogn.  w.  OE  getxl  quick, 
prompt,  OHG  gizal  quick] 

ta*ll(i)ag,e,  n.  (hist. ).  Form  of  taxation  abol- 
ished in  14th  c.  [ME  &  OF  taillage  (tailler  cut, 
see  tail2  & -AGE)] 

ta'llith,  n.  Scarf  worn  by  Jews  esp.  at  pray- 
er.   [Heb.] 

ta'llo w  (-6),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Substance  got  by  melt- 
ing the  harder  &  less  fusible  kinds  of  (esp.  ani- 
mal) fat,  used  for  making  candles  &  soap, 
greasing  machinery,  &c;  vegetable  t,  kinds 
of  vegetable  fat  similarly  used ;  t.-chandler, 
maker,  vendor,  of  t.  candles,  so  ta'llowER 1  n. ; 
t.  drop,  style  of  cutting  precious  stones  with 
dome  on  one  or  both  sides ;  t.-face,  pale  person ; 
t.-tree,  kinds  of  tree  yielding  vegetable  t. 
Hence  ta'llowiSH1,  ta'llowr2,  aa.  (Vb) 
grease  with  t.,  fatten  (sheep),  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME 
&  MDu.  talgh,  cf.  G,  Da.,  Sw.,  talg,  ON  tolgr] 

ta*lly,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Piece  of  wood  on  which 
notches  &c.  are  made  as  simple  mode  of  keeping 
account;  account  so  kept,  score,  reckoning; 
mark  made  to  register  afixed  number  of  objects 
delivered  or  received,  such  number  used  as 
unit,  as  buy  goods  by  the  t.  (dozen,  hundred, 
&c.) ;  (in  counting  goods  aloud  as  delivered)  16, 
18,  t.  (20),  96, 98,  t.  (100) ;  ticket,  label  of  wood  or 
metal  or  paper  with  name  &c.  attached  to  thing 
for  identification,  as  horticultural  tt.,  plant 
labels;  corresponding  thing,  counterpart,  du- 
plicate, (of) ;  tallyman,  one  who  keeps  a  t.  or  t.- 
shop,  one  who  sells  goods  by  sample ;  t.-sheet, 
paper  on  which  t.  is  kept ;  t.-shop,  conducted 
on  t.  system ;  t.  system,  trade,  (of  sales  on  short 
credit  with  account  kept  by  t.).  (Vb)  record, 
reckon,  by  t.;  (Naut.)  put  (sheet  &c.)  off;  agree, 
correspond,  (with),  as  goods  do  not  t.  with  in- 
voice. Hence  ta'lliER *■  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  taille 
notch,  as  tail  2] 

ta*lly-ho%  int.,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Huntsman's 
cry  to  hounds ;  (vb)  utter,  urge  (hounds)  with, 
this.    [f.  F  taiaut] 

ta'lma,  n.  Woman's  or  man's  long  cape  or 
cloak  in  first  half  of  19th  c.  [F.  J.  T.,  French 
tragedian] 

ta-lmi-gold,  n.  Brass  thinly  coated  with 
gold.    [?] 

Ta'lmud,  n.  Body  of  Jewish  civil  &  canoni- 
cal law  not  comprised  in  Pentateuch;  Jeru- 
salem, Babylonian,  T., 
this.  Hence  TalmQ*dic(AL)  i 
instruction  (lamad  teach)] 

Ta'lmudist,  n.  Compil 
of  the  Talmud.  Hence  Tt 

ta'lon,  n.  Claw  esp.  of  bird  of  prey ;  cards 
left  after  deal ;  shoulder  of  bolt  against  which 
key  presses  in  shooting  it;  ogee  moulding; 
heel  of  sword-blade.  Hence  (-)talonED2  a. 
[F,=  heel,  t  LL  talo  -onis  =  L  talus  heel] 

talu'k  (-ook),  -ook,  n.  District  in  India  sub- 
ject to  revenue  collection  by  native  ofticer; 
tract  of  proprietary  land  in  India ;  talwkdar, 
such  officer,  proprietor  of  t.    [Hind,  (-uk)] 

ta'lus,  n.  (pi.  -li).  (Anat.)  ankle(-bone) ;  form 
of  club-foot ;  slope  of  wall  that  tapers  to  the  top 
or  rests  against  bank;  (Geol.)  sloping  mass  of 
fragments  at  foot  of  cliff.    [L,  =  ankle,  heel] 


TAMANDUA 


901 


TANORAM 


tama'ndua,  ta'manoir  (war),  nn.  Kinds 
of  ant-eater,    [(-ua)  Braz.,  i-oir)  F  corrupt.] 

ta'maraek,  n.  Kinds  of  Amer.  tree,  esp.  = 
hackmatack.    [Amer.-Ind.] 

ta*marin,  n.  Kinds  of  S.-Amer.  marmoset, 
[native] 

ta'marind,  n.  (Tropical  tree  with)  fruit 
whose  pulp  is  used  in  making  cooling  drinks 
&c;  t.-fish,  preparation  of  fish  with  t.  pulp. 
[MF,  f.  Sp.  tamarindo  f.  Arab,  tamr  ripe  date 
+  Hind  India] 

ta'marisk,  n.  Kind  of  plant,  esp.  common 
or  French  t.,  evergreen  shrub  with  feathery 
branches  &  white  or  pink  flowers  suitable  for 
planting  near  sea.  [f.  L  tamariscus,  etym.  dub.] 

ta'mbour,  n.,  &  v.t.  Drum,  esp.  bass  drum; 
circular  frame  on  which  silk  &c.  is  stretched  to 
be  embroidered,  stuff  so  embroidered ;  (Archit.) 
cylindrical  stone  in  shaft  of  column,  circular 
part  of  various  structures,  ceiled  lobby  with 
folding  doors  in  church  porch  &c.  to  obviate 
draught ;  kinds  of  fish  making  drumming  noise 
or  like  drum  in  shape;  (Fortif.)  palisaded  de- 
fence for  road,  gate,  &c;  (vb)  decorate,  em- 
broider, (stuff or  abs.)  on  t.  [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  Arab. 
tambur  lute,  drum,  perh.  ult.  imit.] 

ta'mbourin,  n.  Long  narrow  drum  used  in 
Provence ;  (music  for)  dance  accompanied  by 
this.    [F,  dim.  of  prec] 

tambouri'ne  (en),  n.  Small  drum  made  of 
wooden  or  metal  hoop  with  parchment  stretched 
over  one  end  &  loose  jingling  metal  disks  ;  (mu- 
sic for)  Provencal  dance  orig.  executed  to  tabor 
&  pipe ;  kind  of  African  pigeon,    [prob.  f.  prec] 

tame,  v.t,  &  a.  Make  gentle  &  tractable, 
domesticate,  break  in,  (wild  beast,  bird,  &c.) ; 
subdue,  curb,  reduce  to  submission,  humble, 
(person,  spirit,  courage,  ardour,  &c).  Hence 
tamaBi'LiTY,  ta'mablexEss,  (-)tamER  i, 
nn.,  ta'mABLE,  ta'meLESS  (poet.),  aa.  (Adj.) 
made  tractable,  domesticated,  not  wild;  (col- 
loq.,  of  land  or  plant)  cultivated,  produced 
by  cultivation ;  submissive,  spiritless,  inert, 
feeble,  flat,  insipid,  as  the  tamest  of  slaves, 
t.  acquiescence,  scenery,  description.  Hence 
ta'meLY2  adv.,  ta'mexESS  n.  [OE  temian 
vb,  tarn  a.,  cf.  Du.,  Sw.,  Da.,  tarn,  G  zahm, 
cogn.  w.  L  domare,  Gk  damao] 

Ta'mil,  n.  Language,  member,  of  a  race  in- 
habiting S.  India  &  Ceylon.  Hence  Tami'l- 
iax  a.    [native] 

ta*mis,  n.  Cloth  used  for  straining  liquids. 
[F,= sieve,  etym.  dub.] 

Ta'mmany,  n.  Central  organization  of  de- 
mocratic party  in  T.  Hall,  New  York  (often 
implying  political  corruption).  Hence  Ta*m- 
manyiSM  n. 

tam-o'-sha'ntep,  n.  Round  woollen  or 
cloth  cap  fitting  closely  round  brows  but  large 
&  full  above.    [Burns  T.  o'  S.] 

tamp,  v.t.  Pack  (blast-hole)  full  of  clay  &c. 
to  get  full  force  of  explosion,  whence  ta'mp- 
ing  *(3)  n.;  ram  down  (road  material  &c).    [?] 

ta*mpan,n.  Venomous  S.-Afr.  tick,  [native] 

ta'mpep,  v.i.  T.  with  :  meddle  with  ;  make 
unauthorized  changes  in  (will,  MS,  &c);  exert 
secret  or  corrupt  influence  upon,  bribe.  Hence 
ta'mpePER1  n.    [var.  of  temper] 

ta'mpion,  n.  "W  ooden  stopper  for  muzzle  of 
gun  ;  plug  e.g.  for  top  of  organ-pipe.    [f.  foil.] 

ta*mpon,n.,  &v.t.  Plug  used  to  stop  haemor- 
rhage ;  pad  for  the  hair ;  (vb)plug  (wound  &c.) 
with  t.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OF,  var.  of  tapon  bung  f.  Du. 
tap  bung,  see  -oon] 

tampona'de,  n.  Use  of  tampon  for  wound 
&c.    So  ta'mponAGE,  ta'mponMENT,  nn. 

[-ADE] 

tamtam,    See  tomtom. 


tan »,  v.t.  &  i.,  n.,  a.  Convert  (raw  hide)  into 
leather  by  soaking  in  liquid  containing  tannic 
acid  or  by  use  of  mineral  salts  &c,  whence 
ta'nnABLE  a.,  ta*nnAGE(3),  ta'nner1  [-er1 
(1)],  ta*nnERY(2, 3),  nn.;  make,  become, brown 
by  exposure  to  sun  ;  treat  (imitation  marble, 
fish-nets,  &c.)  with  hardening  process ;  (slangj 
beat,  thrash.  Hence  ta'nniNG  J(l)  n.  (N.)bark 
of  oak  or  other  tree  bruised  &  used  for  tanning 
hides ;  colour  of  this,  yellowish-brown ;  the  t. 
(slang),  the  circus ;  (also  spent  t.)  t.  from  which 
tannic  acid  has  been  extracted,  used  for  cover- 
ing roads,  &c;  t.-balls  (of  spent  t.,  used  for 
fuel);  t.-liquor,  -ooze,  -pickle,  liquid  used  in 
tanning ;  t.-yard,  tannery.  (Adj.)  of  t.  colour  ; 
black  i  &  t.    [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  G  tanne  fir-tree] 

tan  2.    See  tangent. 

ta'na  (tah-),  ta*nna,n.  Military  post,  police- 
station,  in  India ;  tan(n)adar,  chief  officer  of 
this.    [f.  Hind,  thana] 

ta'nagep  (j-),  n.  Kinds  of  Amer.  birds  of 
finch  family  &  mostly  of  brilliant  plumage. 
Hence  ta*naaji»iNE l,  ta'nagroiD,  aa.  (f. 
Braz.  tangara] 

ta'ndem,  adv.,  n.,  &  a.  (Of  horses  in  harness) 
one  behind  another;  drive  t.  (with  horses  so 
harnessed);  (n.)  (carriage  with)  horses  t.,  bicycle 
or  tricycle  with  seats  for  two  or  more  one  be- 
hind another ;  (adj.,  of  bicycle)  so  arranged. 
[L,=at  length  (of  time),  orig.  facet,  use  in  E] 

ta'ndstickor,  n.  Swedish  wooden  lucifer 
match,  [f.  Sw.  tdndsticka  match,  pi.  -or  (tdnda 
kindle  +  sticka  splinter)] 

tang: *,  n.,  &  v.t.  Point,  projection,  esp.  part 
of  chisel  &c,  that  goes  into  handle ;  (vb)  furnish 
with  t.    [f.  ON  tange,  cogn.  w.  tongs] 

tang2,  n.  Strong  taste  or  flavour ;  character- 
istic property.  Hence  ta'ngfY  2  (-ngi)  a.  [ME, 
= sting,  cogn.  w.  prec] 

tang:3,  n.   Kinds  of  sea- weed,   [see  tangle] 

tangr4,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Ring,  twang,  sound 
loudly,  (t.  &  i.);  induce  (bees)  to  settle  by  strik- 
ing pieces  of  metal  together;  (n.)  twang,  [imit.] 

ta'ngrent,  a.  &  n.  Meeting  a  line  or  surface 
at  a  point  but  not  (when  produced  if  necessary) 
intersecting  it.  (N.)  straight  line  t.  to  a  curve 
at  any  point ;  fly,  go,  off  at  a  t,  diverge  im- 
petuously from  matter  in  hand  or  from  normal 
line  of  thought  or  conduct ;  (Trig.,  abbr.  tan) 
t.  of  an  angle,  ratio  of  the  perpendicular  sub- 
tending it  in  any  right-angled  triangle  to  the 
base ;  t.-balance  (showing  weight  by  position 
of  beam  as  shown  on  graduated  arc).  Hence 
ta*ng:ENCY  n.,  tangre'ntiAL  a.,  tange-n- 
tialLY2  adv.    [f.  L  tangere  touch,  see  -ent] 

Tang-eri'ne  (en),  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Tan- 
giers ;  T.  (orange),  small  flattened  kind.  [F  (-in, 
-ine),  f.  Tanger  Tangiers,  see  -ine  1] 

ta'ngrhin  (nggin),  n.  Madagascar  tree  the 
fruit  of  which  has  poisonous  kernel  formerly 
used  in  ordeals.    [F,  f.  native  tangena] 

ta*ng:ible,  a.  Perceptible  by  touch ;  definite, 
clearly  intelligible,  not  elusive  or  visionary,  as 
t.  advantages,  scheme,  distinction  ;  (Law)  cor- 

Eoreal.  Hence  or  cogn.  tangtf  bi'lity,  ta'ngri- 
leNESS,  nn.,  ta*ng:ibLY2adv.  [F,  f.  LL  tangi- 
bilis  (L  tangere  touch,  see  -ble)] 

ta'ngle,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Intertwine  (threads, 
hair,  &c),  become  involved,  in  confusedmass; 
entrap,  entangle ;  complicate,  as  a  tangled 
affair.  (N.)  confused  mass  of  intertwined 
threads  &c. ;  confused  state,  as  skein,  btisiness, 
is  in  a  t.;  device  used  in  dredging  for  delicate 
forms  of  marine  life ;  kinds  of  sea- weed.  Hence 
ta'ng-lesoME.  ta'ngrlY  2,  aa.  [f.  Da.  tang  sea- 
weed, tang3,  cf.  ON  thang ;  vb  &  other  noun 
senses  perh.  f.  last  sense] 

ta'ngram,  n.    Chinese  puzzle  square  cut 


TANIST 


902 


TAPIS 


into  seven  pieces  to  be  combined  with  various 
figures.    [?] 

ta'nist,  n.  (hist.).  Successor  apparent  to  Cel- 
tic chief,  usu.  most  vigorous  adult  of  his  kin. 
[f.  Ir.  tanaiste  heir  to  prince  {tan  territory)] 

ta'nistpy,  n.  Celtic  mode  of  tenure  accord- 
ing to  which  tanist's  successor  was  chosen 
from  his  family  by  election  (abolished  in  Ire- 
land under  James  I).    [-RY] 

tank,  n.  Large  metal  or  wooden  vessel  for 
liquid,  gas,  &c;  part  of  locomotive  tender  con- 
taining water  for  boiler;  (E.-Ind.)  storage- 
pond,  reservoir  for  water ;  t.  drama  (Theatr. 
slang),  sensational  drama  in  which  water  is 
used  for  representing  rescue  from  drowning 
&c;  t.  engine,  railway  engine  carrying  fuel  & 
water  receptacles  on  its  own  frame,  not  in 
tender,  [f.  Port,  tanque  f.  LL  as  stanch  1 ; 
or  perh.  of  Ind.  orig.] 

ta-nkage  (-ij),  n.  (Charge  for)  storage  in 
tanks ;  cubic  content  of  tank(s) ;  kind  of  fertil- 
izer got  from  refuse  fats  &c.    [-age] 

ta'nkapd,  n.  Large  drinking- vessel  usu.  of 
silver  or  pewter  &  often  with  cover ;  contents 
of,  amount  held  by,  this,  as  a  t.  of  ale;  cool1 
fc:  t.-turnip,  kinds  with  oblong  root  usu.  rising 
high  above  ground,  [cf.  Du.  tanckaert,  F  tan- 
quart,  etym.  dub.] 

ta'nneP2  (for  t.1  see  tan  *),  n.  (slang).  A  six- 
pence.   [?] 

ta'nnic,  a.  Of  tan  ;  t.  acid  (also  ta'nniN  n.), 
astringent  substance  got  chiefly  from  bark  &c. 
of  oak  &  other  trees  &  used  in  preparing  lea- 
ther &  writing-ink  &  in  medicine.  So  ta*n- 
nATE  J(3)  n.  (chem.),  tanni'FEROUS  a.    [-ic] 

ta'nsy  (-zi),  n.  Herb  with  yellow  flowers  & 
finely-toothed  bitter  aromatic  leaves  used  in 
medicine  &  cookery,  [f.  OF  tanasie  f.  LL  f. 
Gk  athanasia  immortality  (a-  not  +  thanatos 
death)] 

ta'ntalize,  v.t.  Torment,  tease,  (person  &c.) 
with  hopes  that  seem  continually  on  point  of 
fulfilment  or  with  object  almost  within  his 
grasp  or  with  imperfect  information  &c. 
Hence  tantalizA'TiON  n.,  ta'ntalizing'L y 2 
adv.    [f.  foil.  +  -ize] 

ta'ntalum,  n.  A  rare  metal  used  for  in- 
candescent filament  in  electric  lamps,  [f.  foil. 
w.  ref.  to  its  non-absorbent  quality  +  -um] 

Ta*n talus,  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  son  of  Zeus  con- 
demned in  Tartarus  to  stand  up  to  chin  in  per- 
petually receding  water ;  kinds  of  ibis ;  spirit- 
stand  in  which  decanters  are  locked  up  but 
visible ;  T.  cup,  toy  cup  containing  figure  of 
man  illustrating  principle  of  siphon.  [L,  f. 
Gk  Tantalos] 

tantamount,  a.  Equivalent,  as  his  mes- 
sage was  t.  to  a  flat  refusal,  [orig.  as  vb,  f.  AF 
tant  amunter  amount  to  so  much  (tant  f.  L 
t  ant  us  so  great)] 

tantar'a,  n.  Succession  of  notes  on  trumpet 
or  horn,    [iinit.] 

tanti'vy,  n.,  a.,  adv.,  v.L,  (archaic).  Hunt- 
ing cry ;  swift  movement,  gallop,  rush ;  (adj.) 
swift ;  (adv.)  swiftly ;  (vb)  hurry,  rush.  [perh. 
imit.  =  prec] 

ta'ntpa,  n.  Each  of  a  class  of  recent  San- 
skrit religious  works  dealing  chiefly  with 
magic.  Hence  ta*ntPiSM(3),  ta*ntPiST(2),  nn. 
[Skr.,  =  thread,  division  of  work] 

ta'ntpum,  n.  Display  of  temper  or  petu- 
lance, as  is  in,  went  into,  her  tt.  [perh.  f.  W 
tant  whim  &c] 

Ta'oism  (taho-,  tow-),  n.  Religious  doctrine 
of  Lao-tsze,  Chinese  philosopher  (c.  500  B.C.). 
[f.  Chin,  tao  way  +  -ism] 

tap  i,  n.,  &  v.t.  Cock  through  which  liquid 
is  drawn  from  cask  or  through  pipes;   plug 


used  to  close  opening  in  cask  ;  liquor  of  a  par- 
ticular brewing  &c.  w.  ref.  to  quality,  as  an 
excellent  t,  you  know  the  t. ;  =  t.-room,  as 
found  him  in  the  L;  instrument  for  cutting 
threads  of  internal  screws ;  on  t,  (of  cask)  fur- 
nished with  t.,  (of  liquor)  in  such  cask,  ready 
to  be  drawn  ;  t.-borer,  auger  for  boring  taper- 
ing hole  in  cask ;  t.-room  (in  which  liquor  is 
sold  &  drunk) ;  t.-root,  chief  descending  root  of 
plant.  (Vb)  furnish  cask  with  cock ;  pierce 
(cask  &c.)  to  let  out  liquid,  let  out  thus ;  (Surg.) 
give  vent  to  (fluid  accumulated  in  body),  oper- 
ate thus  on  (person) ;  draw  sap  from  (tree)  by 
cutting  into  it ;  penetrate  to,  get  into  commu- 
nication with,  establish  trade  &c.  in,  (district 
&c);  apply  to,  solicit,  (person/or);  broach  (sub- 
ject) ;  divert  part  of  current  from  (telegraph 
wires  &c.)  to  intercept  message ;  make  internal 
screw-thread  in.  [(vb  OE  tseppan  f.  n.)  OE 
taeppa,  cf.  Du.  tap,  ON  tappi,  G  zapfen] 
tap2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Strike  lightly,  as  t.  the 
door  with  your  knuckles,  pavement  with  your 
stick,  tapped  his  forehead  knowingly  ;  cause 
(thing)  to  strike  lightly  against  &c,  as  tapped 
his  stick  against  the  windoiv;  strike  gentle 
blow,  rap,  (at  door  &c.) ;  apply  leather  to  (heel 
of  shoe).  (N.)  light  blow,  rap  ;  sound  of  this,  as 
heard  a  t.  at  the  door;  (Mil., 


El.)  signal  on 
e  put  out  in 


drum  or  trumpet  for  lights  to 

soldiers'  quarters,    [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  tap(p)er,  of 

Teut.  &  prob.  imit.  orig.] 

ta'fta  (tah-),  n.  Bark  of  a  tree  used  in  Pacific 
islands  for  clothes,  mats,  &c.    [native] 

tape,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Narrow  cotton  or  linen  strip 
used  for  tying  up  parcels  &  in  dress-making 
&c.  (red  t. ) ;  such  strip  stretched  across  racing- 
track  between  winning-posts,  as  breast  the  t., 
win  race ;  narrow  band  of  strong  fabric  rotat- 
ing on  pulleys  &c.  in  machinery ;  continuous 
strip  or  paper  in  receiving-instrument  of  re- 
cording telegraph ;  =  t.-measure,  tapeworm ; 
(slang)  spirituous  liquor ;  t.-line,  -measure,  strip 
of  t.  or  thin  flexible  metal  marked  for  use  as 
measure,  &  often  coiled  up  in  cylindrical  case ; 
tapeworm,  kinds  of  t.-like  many-jointed  worm 
infesting  alimentary  canal  of  man  &  most 
vertebrates.  Hence  ta'peLESS  a.  (Vb) furnish, 
tie  up,  with  t.;  join  sections  of  (book)  with 
bands  of  t.    [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  tseppe,  cf.  tippet] 

ta'pep,  n.,  a.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Slender  candle,  wick 
coated  with  wax  &c;  (adj.,  now  chiefly  poet, 
or  rhet.)  growing  gradually  smaller  towards 
one  end  like  cone  or  pyramid,  as  t.  fingers, 
whence  ta'pePNESS  n.,  ta'perwiSE  adv.;  (vb, 
often  t.  off)  make  or  become  t.,  (cause  to)  grow 
gradually  less,  as  the  upper  part  tapers  oris 
tapered  off  to  a  point,  whence  ta'pepingLY2 
adv.  [(vb  f.  adj.  f.  n.,  w.  ref.  to  shape)  OE,  cf. 
Ir.  tapar,  W  tampr] 

ta'pestpy,  n.  Textile  fabric  in  which  woof 
is  supplied  with  spindle  instead  of  shuttle,  with 
design  formed  by  stitches  across  warp,  used  for 
covering  walls,  furniture,  &c;  Bayeuxt.,  an- 
cient roll  of  t.  representing  scenes  in  life  of 
William  I  preserved  at  Bayeux ;  Russian  t, 
stout  linen  or  hemp  stuff  used  for  blinds  &c. 
Hence  (-)tapestPiED  2  a.  [f.  F  tapisserie  (ta- 
pisser  furnish  with  t.,  f.  tapis,  see  -ery)] 

tapio'ca,  n.  Starchy  substance  in  hard  white 
grains  got  by  heating  cassava  &  used  for  pud- 
dings &c.  [Port.,  f.  Braz.  tipioca  juice  of  cas- 
sava (tipi  dregs  +  ok  pluck,  squeeze)] 

ta'pip,  n.  Hoofed  swine-like  mammal  with 
short  proboscis,  allied  to  rhinoceros.  Hence 
ta'pipoiD  a.  &  n.    [f.  Braz.  tapira] 

tapis'  (-pe,  also  ta*pis),  n.  (Of  subject)  be, 
come,  on  the  t.  (under  consideration  or  discus- 
sion).    IOF,  =  tapestry,  carpet,  f.  med.L  f.  Gk 


i 


TAPOTEMENT 


903 


TARSUS 


tapetion  dim.  of  tapes  -etos;   phrr.  f.  use  of 

tapestry  for  table-cloths] 

tapo'toment  (-tm- ;  or  as  F),  n.  (med.).  Per- 
cussion as  part  of  massage  treatment. 

ta'ppet,  n.  Arm,  collar,  cam,  &c.,used  in 
machinery  to  impart  intermittent  motion ;  t. 
loom  (in  which  hammers  are  worked  by  tt). 
[perh.  f.  tap  2  +  -et  !] 

ta'pster,  n.  Person  employed  at  a  bar  to 
draw  &  serve  liquor.  [OE  taeppestre,  orig.  fern. 
(tap  1,  -STEP.)] 

tar ],  n. ,  &  v.t.  Dark  viscid  liquid  got  by  dry 
distillation  of  wood,  coal,  &c,  &used  as  pre- 
servative of  timber  &  iron,  antiseptic,  &c. ;  a 
touch  of  the  t.-brush,  admixture  of  negro  blood 
as  shown  by  colour  of  skin ;  t.-board,  stout 
millboard  of  tarred  rope  &c.;  t.-water,  cold  in- 
fusion of  t.  used  as  medicine,  also,  tarry  am- 
moniacal  water  obtained  in  gas-manufacture. 
(Vb)  cover  with  t.;  t.  &  feather,  smear  with  tar 
&  then  cover  with  feathers  as  punishment, 
[(vb  f.  n.)  OE  teoru,  cf.  Du.  teer,  ON  tjara,  Da. 
tj'aere,  cogn.  w.  tree] 

tan2,  n.  (Also  Jack  t.)  sailor,  [abbr.  of  tar- 
paulin] 

taradi'ddle,  tappa-,  n.  (colloq.).  Fib,  lie.  [?] 

tap'a(-fepn),  n.  Edible  fern  of  New  Zealand 
&c.    [native] 

taranta'ss.n.  Springless  four-wheeled  Rus- 
sian vehicle,    [f.  Russ.  tarantasu] 

tarante'lla,  -elle  (-el),  n.  (Music  for)  rapid 
whirling  Ital.  dance  for  one  couple,  once  held  a 
cure  for  tarantism.    [F  (-le)  f.  It.  (-la),  as  foil.] 

t a'ran tism,  n .  Dancing  mania,  esp.  that  ori- 
ginating in  S.  Italy  among  those  who  (thought 
they)  had  been  bitten  by  the  tarantula,  [f.  It. 
Taranto  f.  L  Tarentum,  S.-Ital.  town,  -ism] 

tara'ntula,  n.  Large  spider  of  S.  Europe 
whose  bite  was  formerly  held  to  cause  tarant- 
ism ;  other  kinds  of  spider.  Hence  tapa'ntu- 
Iar1  a.    [f.  It.  tarantola,  as  prec] 

tapata'ntapa  (or  -tar 'a),  n.  Sound  of  trum- 
pet or  bugle,    [imit.,  cf.  tantara] 

tara'xacum,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  of  aster 
family  including  dandelion ;  drug  prepared 
from  this.    [prob.  of  Arab,  or  Pers.  orig.] 

tapboo'sh,  n.  Cap  like  fez.  [f.  Arab,  tar- 
bush] 

tardamc'nte,  adv.  (mus.).    Slowly.    [It.] 

tap'digpade,  a.  &  n.  (zool.).  Slow-moving 
(animal),  [f.  L  tardigradus  (tardus  slow  + 
gradi  walk)] 

tar-do,  a.  &  adv.  (mus.).    Slow(ly).    [It.] 

tap'dy,  a.  Slow-moving,  slow,  sluggish ;  late, 
coming  or  done  late,  as  t.  retribution,  amends, 
reform ;  (of  person  &c. )  reluctant,  hanging  back. 
Hence  tap'diLY2  adv.,  tap*diNESS  n.  [f.  F 
tardifi.  L  tardus  slow,  see  -ive] 

tare  \  n.  Kinds  of  vetch,  esp.  common  vetch 
(in  Matt.  xiii.  25, 36,  perh.  =  darnel).  [ME  tare- 
(-fytche)  wheat- vetch,  cf.  Du.  tarwe  wheat] 

tape  2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Allowance  made  for  weight 
of  box  Sec.  in  which  goods  are  packed,  as  real, 
customary,  average,  t.;  weight  of  motor  vehicle 
without  fuel  &c;  t.  &  tret,  arithmetical  rule 
for  computing  t.  &c:  (Chem.)  weight  of  vessel 
in  which  substance  is  weighed ;  (vb)  ascertain 
weight  of  (box  &c).  [F,  f.  Sp.  tara  f.  Arab. 
tarhah  what  is  rejected  (taraha  reject)] 
"  ta'pge.    See  foil. 

tap'g-et  (-g-),  n.  Circular  stuffed  pad  with 
concentric  circles  painted  on  surface  as  mark 
in  archery ;  similar  usu.  rectangular  mark  for 
rifles  or  pistols;  (fig.)  person,  thing,  serving  as 
mark  for  (scorn  &c);  circular  railway  signal 
e.g.  at  a  switch  ;  neck  &  breast  of  lamb  as  joint ; 
(also  targe  archaic)  shield,  buckler,  esp.  small 
round  one,  whence  tap'getED2  a. ;  t.-card 


(coloured  like  t.,  for  keeping  archer's  score); 
t.  ship,  old  ship  used  as  t.   [f.  OF  targuete  dim. 
of  targue  (also  targe)  f.  ON  targa,  cf.  G  zarge 
frame,  border] 
tapgeteep*,  n.    Soldier  armed  with  target. 

[-EER] 

Tar'gum,  n.  Each  of  various  ancient  Ara- 
maic or  Chaldee  paraphrases  of  the  Hebrew 
scriptures.  Hence  Tapg-u'mic,  Targumi's- 
tic,  aa.,  Tap'gumiST(3)  n.  [Chald.,  =  inter- 
pretation (targem  interpret)] 

ta'Piff,  n.,  &  v.t.  List  of  duties  or  customs 
to  be  paid  on  imports  or  exports ;  such  duties 
collectively ;  law  imposing  these ;  duty  on  par- 
ticular class  of  goods;  preferential  t,  reduced 
duties  on  imports  from  favoured  country ;  re- 
taliatory t.,  import  duties  levied  by  a  nation 
to  balance  foreign  duties  imposed  on  its  ex- 
ports ;  t.  reform,  removal  of  inequalities  &c.  in 
t.  (esp.  as  name  given  by  opponents  of  free  trade 
in  U.K.  to  their  policy);  list  of  charges,  as  rail- 
way, telegraph,  refreshment-room,  t.  ( Vb)  make 
t.  of  duties  on  (goods);  put  a  valuation  on.  [(vb 
f.  n.)  f.  OF  tariffe  arithmetic  f.  Sp.  tarifa  tariff 
f.  Arab,  ta'rif  notification  ('irf  knowledge)] 

tap'latan,  n.  Thin  kind  of  muslin,  [f.  F  tar- 
latan e,  etym.  dub.] 

tapn  \  n.  Small  mountain  lake.  [f.  ON  tjom, 
cf.  Sw.  dial.  t(j)am\ 

tapn2.    See  tern*. 

tap'nal,  tapna*tion,  aa.  &  advv.  (U.S. 
slang).  Confounded  (ly).  [(-ation  on  damna- 
tion) corrupt,  of  eternal] 

tap'nish,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Lessen  or  destroy 
the  lustre  of,  lose  lustre,  as  has  been  tarnished 
by  damp,  xoill  t.  if  exposed,  does  not  easily  t, 
(fig.)  a  tarnished  reputation;  (n.)  loss  of  lustre, 
blemish,  stain,  (Mineral.)  film  of  colour  formed 
on  exposed  surface  of  mineral.  Hence  tap'- 
nish able  a.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  ternir  (see  -ish  2> 
perh.  f .  MHG  ternen  darken  (OHG  tarni  secret)  J 

tap'o,  n.  Kinds  of  tropical  plant  of  arum 
family  with  root  used  as  food  esp.  in  Pacific 
islands,    [native] 

ta*poe,  -ot  (-6),  n.  Game  played  with,  each 
card  of,  a  pack  of  78  cards,  [f.  F  tarots  f.  It. 
tarocchi,  etym.  dub.l 

tar-pan,  n.   Wild  horse  of  Tartary.  [native] 

tappau*lin,n.  Waterproof  cloth  esp.  of  tarred 
canvas;  sheet  of  this  as  covering;  sailor's  tarred 
or  oiled  hat ;  (colloq.)  sailor,  [r.  tar  +  palling 
covering  f.  pall  vb  cover  f.  pall1] 

TappePan  (-pean),  a.  T.  rock,  cliff  from 
which  ancient  Roman  criminals  were  hurled, 
[f.  L  Tarpeius  of  Tarpeia  (who  was  buried  at 
foot  of  T.  rock)  +  -an] 

tap'pon,  n.  Large  game-fish  common  on 
south  coast  of  U.S.    [?] 

tappadiddle.    See  tara-. 

ta'ppagron,  n.  Plant  allied  to  wormwood  & 
used  in  salads  &  in  making  t.  vinegar,  [f.  Sp. 
taragona  f.  Arab,  tarkhun  f.  G'k  as  dragon] 

ta'ppoek,  n.  Young  kittiwake ;  common 
tern ;  guillemot    [?] 

tap'py  K  a.  Of,  like,  smeared  with,  tar.  [-y2] 

ta'ppy2,  v.i.  &  t.  (now  literary).  Remain, 
stay,  lodge,  (at,  in,  &c);  wait  (often/or);  delay 
to  come  or  appear,  be  late;  wait  for.  [ME  tarien 
irritate,  worry,  delay,  OE  tergan  vex;  influenced 
in  sense  by  ME  targen  delay  f.  OF  targer  f.  LL 
tardicare  =  L  tardare  (tardus  slow)] 

tap'sia,  n.    Kind  of  mosaic  woodwork.    [It.] 

tap*siep,  n.  Small  large-eyed  nocturnal  le- 
mur.   [F  (foil.,  from  structure  of  foot)] 

tar'sus,  n.  (pi.  -f).  Collection  of  bones  be- 
tween lower  leg  &  metatarsus,  ankle;  shank  of 
bird's  leg;  (Entom.)  terminal  segment  of  limb; 
plate  of  connective  tissue  in  eyelid.    Hence 


TART 


901 


TAUNT 


tar'SAL  a.,  tarsi-,  tai»so-,  comb,  forms, 
[mod.  L,  f.  Gk  tarsos  flat  surface] 
tapt 1,  a.  Sharp- tasted,  acid ;  cutting,  biting, 
as  at.  rejoinder.  Hence  taP'tLY  2  ad  v. ,  tap't- 
ness  n.  [OE  teart,  perh.  cogn.  w.  tear  j] 
tapt2,  n.  Pie  containing  fruit,  as  apple, 
cherry,  -t.;  jam  t,  piece  of  pastry  with  jam  on 
top;  (slang)  girl,  woman,  esp.  of  immoral  charac- 
ter. So  tap'tLET  n.  [f.  OF  tarte  perh.  var.  of 
to{u)rte  f.  L  torquere  tort-  twist] 
tap*tan  *,  n.  &  a.  Woollen  fabric  with  stripes 
of  various  colours  crossing  at  right  angles  esp. 
as  worn  by  Scottish  Highlanders;  (other  fabric) 
so  striped,  as  silk  t.,  t.  velvet;  Scotch  plaid  with 
distinctive  pattern  of  a  clan;  Highlander;  High- 
land regiment.    [?] 

tap'tan2,  n.  Kind  of  single-masted  vessel 
used  in  Mediterranean,  [f.  F  tartane  perh.  f. 
Arab,  taridah] 

tap'tap J,  n.  Pink  or  red  deposit  from  com- 
pletely fermented  wine,  forming  hard  crust  on 
side  of  cask,  whence  tapta'pic,  tap'tapous, 
aa.  (chem.),  taptapizA'TiON  n.,  tap*tapiZE(5) 
v.t.;  cream1  of  t.;  incrustation  of  saliva,  cal- 
cium phosphate,  &c,  forming  on  the  teeth  ;  t. 
emetic,  double  tartrate  of  potassium  &  anti- 
mony used  as  emetic,  purgative,  &c.  [f.  F  tar- 
tre  f.  LL  tartarum  f.  Arab,  dura"  dregs] 
Tap'tap  2,  Ta'tap  (tah-),  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of 
Tartary,  (member)  of  a  group  of  peoples  in- 
cluding Turks,  Cossacks,  &c.,soTaptap*iANa.; 
(Tar-)  intractable  or  savage  person  (catch  a  T., 
meet  with  person  who  is  more  than  a  match  for 
one),  [f.  Pers.  Tatar,  of  Tartar  orig.;  Tar-,  the 
usu.  spelling,  by  assoc.  w.  foil.] 
Tap'tapus,  n.  (Gk  myth. ).  Abyss  below  Ha- 
des where  Titans  were  confined;  place  of  pun- 
ishment in  Hades.  So  Taptap'eAN  a.  [L,  f. 
Gk  Tartar os] 

tap'tpate,  n.  Salt  of  tartaric  acid.  [f.  tar- 
tar l  +  -ATE1] 

TaPtu*f(f  )e  (-6"bf  or  as  F),  n.  Religious  hy- 
pocrite. Hence  Taptu*f(f  )ism  n.  [character 
inMoliere  T.] 

tasi'metep,  n.  Electrical  apparatus  for 
measuring  changes  in  temperature,  moisture, 
&c.  Hence  tasime'tPic  a.  If.  Gk  tasis  stretch- 
ing (teino  stretch)  +  -meter] 
task,  n.,  &  v.t.  Piece  of  work  imposed ;  les- 
son to  be  learnt  at  school,  as  has  done  his  t.;  a 
work  voluntarily  undertaken,  as  an  arduotts  t, 
undertook  the  t.  of  classification;  take  person 
to  t.,  accuse  him  of  fault,  rebuke  him/or  (doing); 
taskmaster,  -mistress,  one  who  imposes  t.  ( Vb) 
assign  t.  to ;  exact  labour  from,  put  strain  up- 
on, tax,  (powers,  intellect,  Sec),  [(vb  f.  n.)  f. 
ONF  tasque  (OF  tasche)  f.  LL  tasca  tax] 
tass,  n.  Small  draught  (of  brandy  &c).  [f. 
OF  tasse  cup  prob.  f.  Arab,  tass  brain] 
ta'ssel,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Tuft  of  loosely  hang- 
ing threads  or  cords  as  ornament  for  cushion, 
cap,  &c;  t.-like  head  of  some  plants,  esp.  sta- 
minate  inflorescence  at  top  of  stalk  of  Indian 
corn ;  ribbon  sewn  into  book  to  be  used  as  book- 
mark ;  =  torsel;  (vb)  furnish  with  t.,  remove 
tt.  of  (Indian  corn)  to  strengthen  plant,  [(vb  f. 
n.)  OF,  perh.  f.  L  taocillus  small  die,  dim.  of 
talus  knuckle-bone,  die] 
taste  \  v.t.  &  i.  Learn  flavour  of  (food  &c. 
or  abs.)  by  taking  it  into  the  mouth,  as  t.  this 
cheese,  he  tastes  teas  (professionally)  for  Smith 
&  Co. ;  eat  small  portion  of  or  archaic  of  (esp. 
after  negative),  as  must  just  t.  a  snack,  has  not 
tasted  food  for  3  days  ;  perceive  the  flavour  of, 
as  can  t.  nothing  when  you  have  a  cold,  fancy  1 
t.  garlic  ;  (archaic)  relish,  enjoy,  as  cannot  t.  a 
joke  against  himself;  experience,  have  experi- 
ence of,  as  shall  not  t.  (of)  death,  has  never 


tasted  (of)  success ;  (of  food  &c.  or  fig.)  have  a  fla- 
vour of,  smack  of,  as  tastes  of  mint,  his  writings 
t.  of  the  schools.  Hence  ta'stABLE  a.  [f.  OF 
taster  handle,  taste,  ult.  f .  L  taxare  f.  tag-  root 
of  tangere  touch ;  LL  has  taxta  n.  probe] 

taste  2,  n.  Sensation  excited  in  certain  organs 
of  mouth  by  contact  of  some  soluble  things, 
flavour,  as  cannot  endure  the  t.  of  onions,  white 
of  egg  has  no  t.;  sense  by  which  this  is  per- 
ceived ;  (rare)  act  of  tasting ;  small  portion  (of 
food  &c.)  taken  as  sample ;  liking,  predilection, 
for,  as  has  no  t.  for  sweet  things,  a  t.  for  draw- 
ing, scenery,  argument,  is  not  to  my  t.  (liking) ; 
faculty  of  discerning  &  enjoying  beauty  or 
other  excellence  esp.  in  art  &  literature,  as  is 
a  man  of  L,  true,  false,  t.;  disposition  or  exe- 
cution of  work  of  art,  choice  of  language,  con- 
duct, &c,  dictated  by  or  seen  in  the  light  of  this 
faculty,  as  composed  in  admirable  t.,  the  re- 
mark was  in  bad  t.    [ME,  f.  OF  tast  as  prec] 

ta'steful,  a.  (Of  person,  work  of  art,  &c.) 
having,  showing,  done  in,  good  taste.  Hence 
ta*stefulLY  2  adv.,  ta'stefulNESS  n.   [-ful] 

ta*steless,  a.  Having  no  flavour ;  insipid ; 
lacking  the  physical  sense  of  taste ;  lacking 
artistic  taste  ;  (of  language,  conduct,  &c.)  not 
in  good  taste.  Hence  ta'stelessLV 2  adv., 
ta'stelessNESS  n.    [-less] 

ta'step,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  person  em- 
ployed to  judge  of  teas,  wines,  &c,  by  taste ; 
(fig.)  publisher's  reader  ;  (hist.)  person  employ- 
ed to  taste  food  before  it  was  touched  by  his 
employer ;  small  cup  used  by  wine-t. ;  instru- 
ment for  extracting  small  cylindrical  sample 
from  a  cheese,    [-er  i] 

ta'sty,  a.  (colloq.).  Savoury,  of  pleasant  fla- 
vour; (now  vulg.;  of  dress,  decoration,  &e.)  in 
good  taste.    Hence  ta*stiLY  2  adv.    [- y  2J 

tat,  v.i.  &  t.  Do  tatting ;  make  by  tatting, 
[prob.  back-formation  f.  tatting] 

tata  (tahlah'),  int.    Good-bye. 

Tatar.    See  tartar2. 

ta'ttep,  n.  Rag,  torn  piece,  of  cloth,  paper, 
&c.  (usu.  in  pi.) ;  tatterdemalion  [etym.  dub.l, 
ragged  fellow.  Hence  ta'ttePED  2,  ta'ttep  y  2, 
aa.    [cf.  ON  totrar  rags] 

ta'tting",  n.  Kind  of  knotted  work  used  for 
trimmings  &c.    [?] 

ta'ttle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Prattle,  chatter,  gossip, 
whence  ta'ttlingLY  2  adv. ;  utter  (words)  idly ; 
(n.)  trivial  talk.    [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  tat  imit.,  -le(3)] 

ta*ttlep,n.    Prattler,  gossip,  (archaic  Tatler, 

fjeriodical  of  Steele  &  Addison) ;  sandpiper, 
f.  prec^-f-ER1] 

tattoo*1,  n.,  &  v.i.  Beat  of  drum  recalling 
soldiers  to  quarters ;  beat  the  deviVs  t.,  drum 
idly  with  fingers  on  table  &c.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Du. 
taptoe  tattoo,  lit.  (put  the)  tap  to,  close  the  tap 
(of  public-house)] 

tattoo*2,  v.t.,  &  n.  Mark  (skin  &c.)  with  in- 
delible patterns  by  inserting  pigments  in  punc- 
tures ;  (n.)  such  mark.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  Tahitian 
tatau  n.] 

ta'tty,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Matting  of  cuscus- 
grass  hung  &  kept  wet  to  cool  &  perfume  the 
air»    [f.  Hind,  fatti  wicker  frame] 

tau  (taw),  n.  Greek  letter  T;  kinds  of  fish 
&c.  marked  with  or  suggesting  this;  (attrib.) 
T-shaped,  as  T.  cross.    [Gk] 

taug-ht.    See  teach. 

taunt1,  v.t.,  &  n.  Reproach,  upbraid,  (per- 
son &c.  with  conduct  &c.)  contemptuously, 
whence  tau'ntingrLY  2  adv.;  (n.)  contemptu- 
ous reproach,  object  of  this,  as  endured  the 
tt.  of,  became  a  t.  to,  his  neighbours,  [f.  OF 
tanter,  tenter,  provoke,  tempt  ;  or  f.  F  phr. 
tant  pour  tant  so  much  for  so  much,  tit  for  tat, 
f.  L  tantum  so  much] 


TAUNT 


905 


TEACHING 


taunt 2,  a.  (naut).  (Of  mast)  tall.  [f.  ataunt 
adv.  naut.  fully  rigged  f.  F  autant  as  much] 

taurine,  a.  Bull-like,  bovine,  so  taup'i- 
form  a. ;  of  the  zodiacal  sign  Taurus,  [f.  L 
taurinus  (taurus  bull,  see  -ine  ')] 

tauro-machy  (-ki),  n.  Bull-hght(ing).  ff. 
Gk  tauromakhia  (tauros  bull  +  makhe  fight)] 

Taup'us,  n.  A  constellation ;  second  sign  of 
zodiac.    [L,  f.  Gk  tauros  bull] 

taut(tawt),a.(naut.).  (Of  rope)tight,  not  slack; 
(of  vessel  &c. )  in  good  order  or  condition.  Hence 
tau*tEN6  v.t.  &  i.,  tau*tLY2adv.,  tau'tNESS 
11.    [ME  togt,  prob.  p.p.  of  togen  pull,  tow  j] 

tauto-  in  comb.  =  Gktauto,  to  auto,  the  same, 
as :  -baryd  [f.  Gk  barus  heavy],  curve  on  which 
the  pressure  of  a  body  moving  under  gravity  is 
everywhere  the  same;  -chrone[l.  Gk  khronos 
time],  curve  on  which  body  sliding  from  state 
of  rest  under  given  force  will  reach  lowest 
point  in  same  time  from  whatever  pointitstarts, 
so -chronism  n.,  -chronous  a.;  -phony,  repeti- 
tion of  same  sound. 

tautology,  n.  Saying  of  the  same  thing 
twice  over  in  different  words  (e.g.  arrived  one 
after  the  other  in  succession).  Hence  tauto- 
logies l)  aa.,  tautolo'gicalLY  2  adv.,  tau- 
to'logiST(l)  n.,  tauto*logrzE(2)  v.i.  If.  L  f. 
Gk  TAUTO(logia  -logy)] 

ta'vern,  n.  Public  house  for  supply  of  food 
&  drink,    [f.  F  taverne  f.  L  taberna  hut,  tavern] 

taw  *,  v.t.  Make  (hide)  into  leather  without 
use  of  tannin,  esp.  by  soaking  in  solution  of 
alum  &  salt.  Hence  taw'ER1 ,  taw*ERY(3),  nn, 
[earlier  also  tew ;  OE  tawian  prepare,  cf.  Du. 
touwen  curry,  OHG  zouwan  make,  prepare] 

taw2,  n.  Game  at  marbles ;  limit  line  in  play- 
ing marbles ;  a  marble,  [perh.  f.  tau,  w.  ref. 
to  way  of  marking  line] 

taw*dpy,a.  &  n.  Showy  but  worthless,  gaudy, 
havingtoo  much  or  ill-judged  ornament.whence 
tawdpiLY2  adv.,  tawdpiNESsn.;  (n.)  cheap 
or  excessive  or  tasteless  finery,  [f.  St  Audrys 
fair  held  in  Isle  of  Ely  {Audry  corrupt,  of 
Etheldrida,  who  founded  Ely  Cathedral)] 

tawny,  a.  Brownish-yellow,  tan-coloured. 
Hence  tawniNESS  n.  [f.  F  tanni  p.p.  of  tan- 
ner tan  1] 

tax  *,  v.t.  Impose  tax  on  (subjects,  citizens, 
&c,  commodity,  land,  &c),  so  taxATiON  n.; 
(N.T.)  register  (person)  for  purpose  of  imposing 
tribute ;  make  demands  upon,  demand  exertion 
from,  (person's  resources,  powers,  ingenuity, 
&c);  (Law)  examine  &  (dis)allow  items  of  (costs 
&c);  taxed  (also  tax-)  cart,  two- wheeled  cart 
usu.  for  agricultural  or  trade  purposes  on  which 
only  reduced  duty  (&  later  none)  was  charged ; 
charge  (person  with  fault,  with  doing).  Hence 
taxaBixiTY,  ta'xableNESS,  nn.,  ta'XABLEa., 
ta'xabLY  2  adv.  [f.  F  taxer  f .  L  taxare  t.  tag- 
root  of  tangere  touch,  cf.  task,  taste  x] 

tax2,  n.  Contribution  levied  on  persons,  pro- 
perty, or  business,  for  support  of  government, 

as  DIRECT2,  INDIRECT,Cap#a(lOW,  INCOME,  poll-, 

t.,  single  t,  proposed  sole  t.,  on  value  of  land 
irrespective  of  improvements;  strain,  heavy 
demand,  (up)on  (person,  his  energies  &c.) ;  t- 
cart,  see  prec;  t.  -collector,  official  who  collects 
tt.;  t.  -farmer,  one  who  buys  from  government 
the  right  to  collect  certain  tt.;  t.-free,  exempt 
from  tt;  t.-gatherer,  =  t.-collector ;  taxpayer. 
Hence  ta'XLESS  a.    [f.  F  taxe  as  prec] 

ta*xi,  n.  (Also  t.-cab)  cab,  esp.  motor-cab, 
fitted  with  taximeter ;  =  taximeter,    [abbr.] 

ta'xidermy,  n.  Art  of  preparing  &  mount- 
ing skins  of  animals  in  lifelike  manner.  Hence 
taxidep'mAL,  taxidep'mic,  aa.,  ta*xi- 
depmiST(3)  n.    [f.  taxis  +  derm] 

taxi-meter,  n.    Automatic  device  fitted  to 


cab  &  indicating  distance  traversed  &  fare  due. 
[f.  F  taximetre  (taxe  tariff,  tax  2,  -meter)] 

ta'xin,  n.  Resinous  substance  from  yew 
leaves,    [f.  L  f.  Gk  taxos  yew  +  -in] 

ta'xis,  n.  (Surg.)  manual  pressure  applied 
to  restore  parts  to  their  place ;  (Gk  Ant. )  various 
divisions  of  troops;  (Zool. )  classification ;  (Gram., 
Rhet.)  arrangement.    [Gk,  f.  tasso  arrange] 

taxo'nomy,  n.  (nat.  hist.).  (Principles  of) 
classification.  Hence  or  cogn.  taxo'LOGY, 
taxo*nomiST(3),  nn.,  taxond'mic(AL)  aa., 
taxono'micalL y  2  adv.  [f.  F  taxonomie  (taxis 
+  Gk  -nomos  f.  nemo  manage)] 

tazza  (tah'tsa),  n.  Saucer-shaped  cup  esp. 
one  mounted  on  a  foot.    [It.] 

tchick,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  sound  produced  by 
pressing tongue  againstroof  of  mouth  &quickly 
withdrawing  it,  esp.  as  used  in  urging  horse, 
[imit.] 

tea,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Also  t.-plant)  shrub  or 
small  tree  of  camellia  family  grown  in  China, 
India,  &c. ;  leaves  of  this  dried  &  prepared  for 
use  (black,  green,  t,  prepared  by  different  pro- 
cesses ;  bohea,  congou,  souchong,  pekoe,  Sec,  t, 
kinds  of  black,  hyson,  gunpowder,  &c,  t,  kinds 
of  green  ;  tile  t.,  in  brick  form);  infusion  or  de- 
coction of  t. -leaves  as  beverage;  infusion  &c. 
of  leaves  of  other  plants  or  of  other  substance, 
as  beef,  camomile,  t.\  light  afternoon  meal 
with  t.,  esp.  five-o'-clock  t;  (also  high  t.)  solid 
evening  meal  with  t;  t.-caddy;  t.-cake,  kinds 
of  cake  eaten  toasted  or  otherwise  at  t.;  t.-chest, 
light  lead-lined  wooden  box  in  which  t.  is  ex- 
ported ;  t.-cloth  (for  t. -table  or -tray);  t.-cup, 
cup  in  which  tea  is  drunk  (storm  in  a  t.-c,  com- 
motion in  circumscribed  circle  or  about  trivial 
matter),  (as  measure,  also  teacupful)  gill ;  t- 
fight  (colloq.),  t. -party ;  t.-garden  (in  which  t.  is 
served  to  the  public);  t.-gown,  woman's  loose 
gown  worn  at  t.  &c;  t.-house  (in  which  t.  &c. 
is  served  in  China  &  Japan);  t.-kettle  (used  in 
making  t);  t.-leaf,  leaf  of  t.  esp.  (pi.)  after 
infusion  or  soaking;  t.-party  (at  which  t.  is 
served);  t.-pot,  vessel  in  which  t.  is  made;  t.- 
rose,  kinds  with  scent  compared  to  that  of  t. ; 
t.-service,  -set,  t.-pot,  cups,  &c,  used  in  serving 
t.;  t. -spoon  ;  t.-table  (often  attrib.,  as  t.-t.  con- 
versation); t.-things,=  t.-set ;  t.-tray  (on  which 
t.-set  is  used  or  carried) ;  t.-urn,lfor  boiling  or 
holding  water  for  t.  (Vb)  take  t.,  as  we  t.  atU; 
give  t.  to  (person),  [(vb  f.  n.)  earlier  also  tay, 
tee,  f.  Chin.  dial,  te,  &  cha  &c.  f.  Chin,  ch'a] 

teach  (tetsh),  v.t.  (taught pron.  tawt).  Enable 
or  cause  (person  &c.  to  do)  by  instruction  & 
training,  as  t.  him  to  swim,  dog  was  taught  to 
beg,  misfortune  has  taught  him  to  be  thankful 
for  small  mercies,  this  (punishment)  will  t.  you 
to  speak  the  truth,  (colloq.)  I  will  t.  him  (not)  to 
meddle  in  my  affairs ;  give  lessons  at  school  or 
elsewhere  in  or  on  (subject,  game,  instrument, 
&c,  to  person,  or  w.  double  object),  as  taught 
him  Greek,  teaches  Greek  for  a  living,  teaches 
the  violin,  t.  me  bridge,  was  never  taught  music, 
music  was  never  taught  to  a  more  unwilling 
pupil,  it  is  time  the  boy  teas  taught  something ; 
give  instruction  to,  educate;  explain,  show, 
state  by  way  of  instruction,  (fact  &e. ,  how,  that. 
Sec,  to  person  or  w.  double  obj.),  as  taught  that 
we  must  forgive  our  enemies,  I  teas  taught  that 
two  sides  of  a  triangle  were  greater  than  the 
third,  was  taught  otherwise,  was  never  taught 
this,  who  taught  you  that  ?.  Hence  tea'ehER J, 
tea'chePSHiP,  nn.  [OE  txcan,  cogn. w.  token] 

tea'chable, a.  Apt  to  learn,  docile ;  (of  sub- 
ject &c.)  that  can  be  taught.  Hence  teacha- 
bixity,  tea'chableNESS,  nn.    [-able] 

tea'ehing1,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  what  is 
taught,  doctrine, as  the  tt.ofthe  Church,  [-ing1] 

29* 


TEAGUE 


906 


TEETH 


Teagua  (teg),  n.  (contempt.).  Irishman, 
[common  Irish  name] 

teak  (tek),  n.  (E.-Ind.  tree  with)  heavy  dur- 
able timber  that  does  not  warp  or  shrink  or 
corrode  iron,  much  used  in  shipbuilding,  [f. 
Port,  teca  f.  Malayalam  tekka] 

teal  (tel),  n.  Kinds  of  small  freshwater  duck. 
[ME  tele,  cf.  Du.  taling,  te-,  etym.  dub.] 

team  (tern),  n.,  &  v.t.  Two  or  more  beasts 
of  burden  harnessed  together,  whence  tea'm- 
wise  adv.;  set  of  players  on  one  side  in  some 
games  e.g.  football;  set  of  persons  working 
together.  (Vb)  harness  (horses  &c.)  in  t.;  give 
out  (work)  to  contractor  who  employs  t.  of 
workmen,  whence  tea'miNG1  n.  [OE  team 
family,  set,  cf.  Du.  toom,  ON  taumr,  rein,  G 
zaum  bridle,  cogn.  w.  tow  ]] 

tea'mster,  n.    Driver  of  a  team.    T  ster] 

tea'poy  (tep-),  n.  Small  three-  or  four-legged 
table  esp.  for  tea.  [f.  Hind,  tipai  f.  Pers.  sipai ; 
sense  &  spelling  influenced  by  tea] 

tear1  (taT),  v.t.  &  i.  (tore,  torn),  &  n.  Pull 
apart,  rend,  lacerate,  as  tore  up  the  letter,  has 
torn  his  coat,  t.  it  in  half,  in  two,  in  pieces, 
torn  to  pieces  by  a  tiger,  (fig.)  country  was  torn 
by  factions,  heart  torn  by  conflicting  emotions ; 
make  (hole,  rent)  thus ;  pull  violently  (lit.  & 
fig.),  as  tore  down  the  notice,  t.  out  a  page,  t.  off 
the  cover,  tree  torn  up  by  the  roots,  was  torn 
forcibly  parted)  from  her  parents,  babe  torn 
from  the  breast,  could  not  t.  myself  (make  up 
my  mind  to  go)  away;  pull  violently  at,  as  tore 
at  the  cover  of  the  parcel ;  t.  one's  hair,  pull  it 
in  anger  or  perplexity  or  despair;  lend  itself 
to  tearing,  as  tears  easily,  will  not  t.;  run  or 
walk  hurriedly  or  impetuously,  as  tore  down  the 
hill,  was  simply  tearing;  (n.)  rent  in  cloth  &c. 
[(n.  f.  vb)  OE  teran,  cf.  Goth,  gatairan  break, 
G  zehren,  ON  txra,  consume,  Gk  dero  flayl 

tear2  (ter),  n.  (Also  t.-drop)  drop  of  saline 
liquid  ordinarily  serving  to  moisten  &  wash 
the  eye  but  falling  from  it  as  result  of  grief  or 
other  emotion  or  of  coughing  or  laughter,  as 
the  €t.  fell  down  her  cheeks,  wept  bitter  tt.  of 
remorse,  laughed  till  the  tt.  came,  tt.  were  her 
only  argument,  a  t. -stained  face,  found  her  in 
tt.  (weeping) ;  t.-like  thing,  e.  g.  drop  of  fluid, 
solid  drop  of  resin  &c;  tt.  of  strong  wine,  drops 
forming  on  inside  of  partly-filled  glass  of  port 
&c;  crocodile  tt.  [OE  tear,  txr,  cf.  OH  tar, 
Da.  taar,  cogn.  w.  L  lacrima,  Gk  dakru{on)\ 

teap*fUl,a.  Shedding  tears,  so  teap'LESS  a.; 
(of  event,  news,  &c.)  mournful,  sad.  Hence 
teap'fulLY 2  adv.,  teap'fulNESS  n.    [-ful] 

teap'ing,  a.  In  vbl  senses  (tear1),  also: 
violent,  overwhelming  (t.  pace,  rage),    [-ing2] 

tease  (tez),  v.t.,  &  n.  Assail  playfully  or 
maliciously,  vex,  with  jests,  questions,  or  petty 
annoyances,  whence  tea'singfLY2  adv. ;  im- 
portune (person  for  thing,  to  do) ;  pick  into 
separate  fibres,  comb,  card,  (wool,  flax,  &c); 
dress  (cloth  &c. )  with  teasels,  [  OE  txsan  pluck, 
pull,  cf.MDu.  teesen,  Da.  txse) 

tea-sel  <-z-),  -zel,  -zle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of 
plant  with  large  prickly  heads  used  in  dressing 
cloth ;  such  head ;  machine  substituted  for  tt.; 
(vb)  dress  (cloth)  with  tt,  whence  tea'selER ', 
-zlep,  n.    [OE  txs(e)l  (as  prec.  4-  -le)  | 

tea*sep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  teasing  per- 
son ;  (colloq.)  difficult  question  or  problem  or 
task,  thing  hard  to  deal  with,    [-er  '] 

teat  (tet),  n.  Mammary  nipple  through  which 
milk  passes,  pap  of  woman,  dug  of  beast.  Hence 
HteatED2,  teatLiKE,  aa.  ff.  OF  tete  f.  LG 
titte,  cf.  G  zitze,  cogn.  w.  Gk  titthe] 

tec,  n.  (slang).    Detective,    labbr.l 

te'ehnie  (-k-),  a.  &  n.  (Adj.,  rare)  =  foil. ;  (n.) 
=  technique,  (usu.  pi.)  doctrine  of  arts  in 


-. 


general,  (pi.)  technical  terms,  details,  methods, 
&cc.  Hence  te'chnieiST  n.  [f.  Gk  tekhnikos 
(tekhne  art,  see  -ic)] 

technical,  a.  Of  or  in  a  particular  art, 
science,  handicraft,  &c,  as  t.  terms,  skill,  diffi- 
culty ;  of,  for,  in,  the  mechanical  arts,  as  t.  edu- 
cation, school.  Hence  te'ehniealLY2  adv., 
te*chnicaL\ESS  n.    [-al] 

technicality,  n.  Technicalness,  technical 
expression,  distinction,  &c,  as  legal  tt.    [itv] 

te*chnicon,n.  Apparatus  for  training  hands 
of  pianist  &c.    [f.  Gk  neut.  adj.  as  technic] 

te'ehniphone,  n.  Dumb  piano  for  exercising 
fingers,    [f.  Gk  tekhne  art  +  phone  sound] 

technique  (-ek),  n.  Mode  of  artistic  execu- 
tion in  music,  painting,  &c. ;  mechanical  skill 
in  art.    [F,  as  technic] 

technology,  n.  Science  of  the  industrial 
arts ;  ethnological  study  of  developmentof  arts. 
Hence  teehnolo'giCAL  a.,  techno'logisT  n. 
[f.  Gk  tekhne  art  +  -logy] 

te*chy,te*tchy,a.  Peevish,  irritable.  Hence 
te'chii.Y2  adv.,  te'ehiNESS  n.  If.  ME  tecche, 
tache,  caprice  f.  OF  tache  blemish,  prob.  of 
Celt,  orig.,  cf.  tack] 

teeto'logy,  n.  Structural  morphology,  i.e. 
that  which  treats  an  organism  as  composed  of 
organic  individuals.  Hence  teetolo'g-iCAL  a. 
[irreg.  f.  Gk  tekton  carpenter  +  -logy] 

tecto'nic,  a.  &  n.  Of  building  or  construc- 
tion ;  (Geol.)  due  to  a  change  in  structural  con- 
ditions caused  by  deformation;  (n.  pi.)  whole 
art  of  producing  useful  and  beautiful  buildings, 
furniture,  vessels,  &c.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  tektoniko. 
(tekton  -onos  carpenter,  see  -ic)] 

tectorial,  a.  Forming  a  covering,  < 
membrane  (of  ear),  [f.  Ltectorius  (as  foil 
-ory)  +  -al] 

te*etpiees,n.  pi.  (ornith.).  Covering  feathers 
of  wings  &  tail.    [f.  L  tegere  tect-  cover,  -trix] 

ted,  v.t.  Turn  over  and  spread  out  (grass, 
hay)  to  dry.  Hence  te'ddER  i(l,  2)  n.  [f.  ON 
tedhja  spread  manure  (tadh)] 

Te  De'um,  n.  (Music  for)  hymn  beginning 
T.  D.  laudamus.  We  praise  thee,  O  Ood,  sung 
at  morning  service,  or  on  special  occasions  as 
thanksgiving;. singT.  Z>.,(fig.)exult,triumph.  [L] 

tedious,  a.  Wearisome,  irksome,  tiresome. 
Hence  te'diousLY2  adv.,  te'diousNESS  n. 
[f.  OF  tedieux  f.  LL  taediosus  (as  foil.,  see  -ous)] 

te'dium,  n.  Tediousness.  [f.  L  taedium 
(taedet  it  wearies)] 

tee  i,  n.    Letter  T ;  T-shaped  thing  esp.  pipe. 

tee2,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Mark  aimed  at  in  quoits 
&c. ;  (Golf)  small  pile  of  sand  on  which  ball  is 
placed  at  beginning  of  play  for  each  hole,  small 
appliance  of  rubber  &c.  for  same  purpose ;  (v.t.  > 
place  (ball)  on  t, ;  (v.i.)  t.  off,  start  from  t.,  (fig.) 
start,  begin,    [perh.  ult  f.  ON  tja  point  out] 

tee3,  n.  Umbrella-shaped  usu.  gilded  orna- 
ment crowning  tope  or  pagoda,  [f.  Burm.  h'ti 
umbrella] 

teem1,  v.t.  &  i.  (Archaic)  bear  (offspring); 
be  prolific,  be  stocked  to  overflowing  with,  as 
forests  t.  with  snakes,  book  teems  withblunders: 
be  abundant,  as  fish  t.  in  these  waters.  IOE 
tyman  (team)] 

teem2,  v.t.  Pour  out  (molten  steel)  from 
crucible,    [f.  ON  txma  f.  tomr  empty,  cf.  toomJ 

teen,  n.  (archaic).  Grief;  trouble;  harm. 
[OE  teona  accusation,  injury,  f.  teon,  tihan, 
accuse] 

-teen,suf.  of  numbers  from  13  to  19  implying 
addition  of  ten.    [OE  tine,  t-yne,  pi.  of  ten] 

teens,  n.  pi.  Years  of  one's  age  from  13  to 
19,  esp.  in  one's  t.    [f.  prec] 

teeny.    See  tiny. 

teeth.    See  tooth. 


t 


TEETHE 


907 


TELLURIAN 


teethe  (-dh),  v.  i.  Grow  or  cut  teeth.  Hence 
tee'thiNG  t  n.    (f.  prec] 

teeto*tal,a.  Of, advocating,  total  abstinence 
from  intoxicants,  as  t.  meeting,  pledge,  whence 
teeto'taliSM  n. ;  (colloq.)  total,  entire,  whence 
teeto'talLY  2  adv.  [redupl.  of  total ;  of  anec- 
dotic orig.] 

teeto-taller,  n.    Total  abstainer,    [-er1] 

teeto'tum,  n.  Children's  four-sided  top  with 
sides  lettered  to  determine  gain  or  loss  of  the 
spinner,  [f.  T  (the  letter  on  one  side)  +  L  totum 
the  whole  (stakes),  for  which  it  stood] 

tegXg").  n.  Female  fallow-deer,  doe  in  second 
year ;  young  sheep.    [?] 

te'gxilar,  a.  Of  or  like  tiles.  Hence  or  cogn. 
te'g-ulaPL  y  2  adv. ,  te'grulated  [ate  2J  a.  [f . 
L  tegula  tile  (tegere  cover)  +  -ar  1j 

te'gument,  n.  Natural  covering  of  (part  of) 
animal  body.  Hence  tegTime'ntAL,  te'gu- 
me'ntARY  *,  aa.  [OF,  f.  L  tegumentum  (tegere 
cover,  see -me nt)] 

tehee*,  n.,&v.i.  Restrained  or  contemptuous 
laugh ;  (v.i.)  laugh  thus,  titter,    [iruit.] 

Te'ian,  Te'an,  a.  Of  (the  poet  Anacreon 
born  at)  Teos.    [f.  L  Teius  (L  f.  Gk  Teds)  +  -an] 

teil  (tel),  n.    Lime-tree,  linden.    [F,  f.  L  tilia] 

teind  (tend),  n.  (Sc).  Tithe,  [f.  ON  tiund 
(tin  ten)] 

tei'noscope  (ti),  n.  Instrument  consisting 
of  two  prisms  combined  to  correct  chromatic 
aberration  &  increase  or  decrease  dimensions 
of  objects,    [f.  Gk  teind  stretch,  -scope] 

teknd'nymy,  n.  Practice  of  naming  parent 
from  child.  So  tekno'nymous  a.  [f.  Gk 
teknon  child  -f  -onumos  -named  +  -Y 1) 

te'la,  n.  (anat.).  Web,  web-like  membrane; 
tissue  of  the  body.  Hence  te'lAR1,  te'lARY  *, 
aa.    [L,  =  web] 

te'lamon,  n.  (arch.).  Male  figure  as  bearing- 
pillar  (cf.  caryatid).  [L,  f.  Gk  telamon  strap 
&c.  (tla-  bear)] 

telairtograph,  n.  Telegraph  that  repro- 
duces writing  &c.   [f.  tele-  +  auto-  +  -graph] 

tele-  in  comb.  =  Gk  tele-  far,  esp.  in  names  of 
instruments  producing  or  recording  results  &c. 
at  a  distance,  as:  -baro'meter;  -meter,  instru- 
ment for  determining  distances  in  surveying, 
artill ery  practice,  &c. ,  whence  -me  'trie a. ,  -metry 
n. ;   thermo'meter. 

te'ledu  (-00),  n.  Stinking  badger  of  Java  and 
Sumatra,    [native] 

te'leg-ram,  n.  Telegraphic  message.  [gram] 

te'legraph  I,  n.  Apparatus  for  transmitting 
messages  or  signals  to  a  distance  esp.  by  elec- 
tricity; semaphore;  (in  titles  of  newspapers) 
Daily  T.  &c;  t.(-board).  board  on  which  num- 
bers of  horses  running  in  race,  cricket  scores, 
&c,  are  put  up  so  as  to  be  visible  at  distance ; 
t.-key,  device  for  making  and  breaking  electric 
circuit  of  t.;  t.-line,  pole  or  post,  wire,  (used  in 
forming  telegraphic  connexion);  t.-plant,  E.- 
Ind.  plant  whose  leaves  have  spontaneous 
jerking  motion,    [tele-  +  -graphI 

te'legraph 2,  v.t.  &  i.  Send  (message  to 
person  or  abs.)  by  telegraph,  as  t.  the  news  to 
your  father,  t.  me  the  result,  t.  to  him  to  come, 
that  we  cannot  come  ;  make  signals  (to  person 
to  do,  that,  &c).    [as  prec] 

tele'graphep  (or  te'-),  n.  Person  skilled  or 
employed  in  telegraphy.  So  tele'g-raphiST  n. 
[er  i] 

telegra'phica.  Of  telegraphs  or  telegrams; 
of  t.  brevity,  economically  worded,  with  un- 
essential words  omitted;*,  address,  abbreviated 
or  other  registered  address  for  use  in  telegrams. 
Hence  telegpa'phiCALLY  adv.    [-ic] 

tele'gpaphy,  n.  Art  of  constructing,  prac- 
tice of  communicating  by,  telegraph ;  wireless 


t.,  transmission  of  signals  through  space  by 
means  of  electric  waves,    [-y  *J 

teleo'logy,  n.  Doctrine  of  final  causes.  So 
teleolo'gic(AL)  aa.,  teleolo'g-iealLv  2  adv., 
teleo*log-iSM,  teleo'logisr,  nn.  If.  Gk  telos 
-eos  end  +  -logy] 

teleosaup'us,  n.  Genus  of  fossil  crocodiles, 
[f.  Gk  teleos  complete  +  sauros  lizard] 

tele'pathy,  n.  Action  of  one  mind  on  an- 
other at  a  distance  through  emotional  influ- 
ence without  communication  through  senses. 
Hence  telepathic  a.,  telepa'thiCALLYadv., 
tele*pathisT(2)  n.,  tele*pathizE(l,  2)  v.t  &  i. 
[tele-  +  -pathy] 

telephone,  n.,  &  v.t.  &i.  Apparatus  for  trans- 
mitting sound  esp.  speech  to  a  distance  by  wire 
or  cord,  esp.  by  means  of  electricity ;  (vb)  send 
(message  &c),  speak,  to  (person)  by  t.  Hence 
teleph6*nica.,telepho,niCALLYadv.,tele*- 
phoniST(3),  tele'phon y  1  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  tele- 
+  Gk  phone  sound] 

te-lescope,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Instrument  for 
making  distant  objects  appear  nearer  &  larger, 
whence  tele*scopiST(3),  tele-scop v',  nn.; 
(v.t.)  press,  drive,  (sections  of  tube,  colliding 
trains,  &c.)  together  so  that  one  slides  into 
another  like  sections  of  small  t;  (v.i.)  close,  be 
driven,  be  capable  of  closing,  thus,  [(vb  f.  n.) 
tele-,  -scope] 

telesco*pic,a.  Of,  made  with,  a  telescope,  as 
t.  observations;  visible  only  through  telescope, 
as  t.  stars;  consisting  of  sections  that  telescope, 
as  t.  chimney  (of  steamer),  so  telesed'piFORM 
a.    Hence  teleseo'piCALLY  adv.    [ic] 

te'leseme,  n.  System  of  electrical  signalling 
including  annunciator,  used  in  hotels  &c.  [f. 
tele-  +  Gk  sema  sign] 

tell,  v.t.  &  i.  (told).  Relate  in  spoken  or 
written  words,  as  t.  me  a  tale,  a  story ;  make 
known,  divulge,  state,  express  in  words,  as 
t.  me  what  you  want,  t.  me  all  about  it,  will  t. 
you  a  secret,  t.  that  to  the  (horse  x-)marines, 
told  him  my  candid  opinion,  t.  me  your  name, 
t.  tales  (out  of  school),  cannot  t.  you  how  glad 
I  was,  t  fortunes  ;  utter,  as  you  told  me  a  lie, 
a  story1,  are  you  telling  the  truth?;  give  in- 
formation or  description,  as  told  me  of  or  about 
his  difficulties,  he  told  of  foreign  lands ;  decide, 
determine,  as  how  do  you  t.  which  button  to 
press?;  distinguish,  as  cannot  t.  them  apart, 
him  from  his  brother;  (childish)  don't  t.  on 
(inform  against)  me ;  assure,  as  /  can  t.  you,  it 
is  not  so  easy;  produce  marked  effect,  as  every 
blow  tells,  strain  begins  to  t.  on  him,  whence 
te'lliNG2  a.,  te'lling-LY2  adv.;  count  (votes 
esp.  in  H.  of  Commons,  one's  bead^;  we  were 
15  men  all  told ;  t.  a  hundred ;  tells  over  his 
gold  every  night);  t.  off,  count  off,  detach,  for 
duty,  as  6  of  us  were,  7  was,  told  off  to  get  fuel. 
Hence  te'llABLE  a.  [OE  tellan  (tale),  cf.  Du. 
tellen,  G  zdhlen] 

te'llep,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  any  of  four 
persons  appointed  (two  for  each  party)  to  count 
votes  in  H.  of  Commons ;  person  appointed  to 
receive  or  pay  out  money  in  bank  &c.  Hence 
te'llepsHip  n.    [-er1] 

telltale,  n.  One  who  tells  about  another's 
private  affairs.tattler;  (fig.  )thing,circumstance, 
that  reveals  person's  thoughts,  conduct,  &c, 
esp.  attrib.,  as  t.  blushes,  face,  the  t.  clay  on 
his  shoes;  kinds  of  mechanical  device  for  re- 
cording person's  attendance  at  specified  time 
&c,  giving  warning  that  cistern  is  full,  &c; 
(Naut.)  index  near  wheel  to  show  position  of 
tiller,  (also  t.  compass)  compass  hung  usu.  in 
captain's  cabin  for  checking  ship's  course. 

tellup'ian,  a.  (Inhabitant)  of  the  earth.  So 
tellup'AL  a.    [as  foil.  +  -ian] 


TELL.URION 


908 


TEMPT 


tellup'ion,  n.  Instrument  for  illustrating 
succession  of  day  &  night  &  changes  of  seasons. 
If.  L  tellus  -uris  earth  J 

tellup'ium,  n.  (chem.).  A  rare  brittle  silver- 
coloured  element  resembling  sulphur.    Hence 

te'llUPATE  M3),     te'llURET,     te'llUPIDE,    mi., 

te'llupettED1,  tellup'ic,  te'llupous,  aa.  [as 

prec.  +  -iumJ 

te'lotype,  n.  Printing  electric  telegraph; 
telegram  so  printed,    [tele-,  -o-,  type] 

te'lphep,  a.  Serving  to  transport  (esp.  goods) 
by  electric  locomotion,  as  t.  line.  Hence  te'l- 
phePAGE(l,  2)  n.    [for  tele(phore)] 

te'lson,  n.  Last  joint  in  abdomen  of  Crus- 
tacea.   [Gk,  =  limit] 

te'menos,  n.  (Gk  ant;  pi.  -ne).  Sacred  en- 
closure, temple  precinct.    [Gk  (temno  cut)] 

teme'pity,  n.  Rashness,  [f.  L  temeritas 
{temere  at  random,  rashly,  see  -t y)] 

temp.,  abbr.  (now  usu.  as  playful  pedantry) 
of  L  tempore  in  the  time  of,  as  temp.  Henry  I. 

Tempe'an,  (or  te'-),  a.  Of  or  like  Tempe, 
beautiful  vale  in  Thessaly  celebrated  by  Gk  & 
L  poets,    [-an] 

te'mpep1,  v.t.  &  i.  Prepare  (clay  &c.)  by 
moistening,  mixing,  &  kneading ;  bring  (metal, 
esp.  steel),  (of  metal)  come,  to  proper  hardness 
&  elasticity  by  successive  heating  &  cooling; 
modify,  mitigate,  (justice  &c. )  by  blending  with, 
(mercy  &c);  moderate,  restrain,  tone  down; 
(Mus.)  tune,  modulate,  (piano,  organ)  in  par- 
ticular temperament.  Hence  te'mpePABLE, 


te*mpepativE,  aa.,  te'mperER1 


[ME 


temp(e)ren  f.  L  temperare  (tempus  -oris  time 
due  season)] 

te'mpep  2,  n.  Mixture,  esp.  suitable  combin- 
ation of  ingredients  (of  mortar  &c.) ;  resulting 
condition  or  consistency ;  condition  of  metal  as 
to  hardness  &  elasticity;  habitual  or  temporary 
disposition  of  mind,  as  xoas  of  a  saturnine,  fri- 
gid, fiery,  placid,  t,  persons  of  congenial  t, 
found  him  in  a  good  t.  (not  irritable  or  angry), 
in  a  bad  t.  (peevish,  angry) ;  irritation,  anger, 
as  fit  oft.,  what  a  t.  he  is  in  !,  naughty  1. 1 ;  lose 
one's  t,  become  angry;  keep,  control,  one's  t., 
not  lose  it;  out  oft.,  angry.  Hence  -tern- 
per ed  2  a„  -te'mpepedLY2  adv.  [f.  prec] 
te'mpera,  n.  =  distemper *.  [It] 
temperament,  n.  Individual  character  of 
one's  physical  organization  permanently  affect- 
ing the  manner  of  acting,  feeling,  &  thinking, 
as  a  nervous  t.,  the  artistic  t.',  sanguine,  lym- 
phatic or  phlegmatic,  choleric  or  bilious,  melan- 
cholic or  atrabilious,  t.  (formerly  attributed  to 
predominance  of  blood,  lymph,  yellow  bile, 
black  bile);  (Mus.)  adjustment  of  tones  of  piano 
&c.  so  as  to  fit  the  scale  for  all  keys,  esp.  equal 
or  even  t,  in  which  the  12  semitones  are  at 
equal  intervals.  Hence  temperame'nt  al 
a.    [f.  F  temperament  f.  L  temperamentum  (as 

TEMPER  2,  See  -MENT)] 

te'mperanee,  n.  Moderation,  self-restraint, 
in  speech,  conduct,  &c,  esp.  in  eating  &  drink- 
ing; moderation  in  use  of,  total  abstinence 
from,  alcoholic  liquors  as  beverages;  t.  hotel 
(not  supplying  alcoholic  drinks) ;  t.  movement, 
society,  league,  (for  restriction  or  abolition  of 
use  of  alcoholic  drinks).  [OF,  f.  L  temperantia 
(as  temper2,  see  -ance)1 

te-mperate  (-at),  a.  Moderate ;  self -restrain- 
ed ;  abstemious ;  of  mild  temperature,  as  north, 
south,  t.  zone  (between  tropic  of  Cancer  &  arc- 
tic circle,  Capricorn  &  antarctic).  Hence  te'm- 
perater.Y2  adv.,  te'mperateNESS  n.  [as 
temper2,  see,  ate2] 

te-mperature  (-tsher,  -tuf ),  n.  Degree  or 
intensity  of  sensible  heat  of  a  body  or  of  the 
atmosphere  esp.  as  shown  by  thermometer,  as 


high,  low,  t,  take  his  t;  absolute  zero  oft.;  t. 
curve  (showing  variations  of  t).  [OF,  f.  L  tern- 
peratura  (as temper2,  see  -ure)] 

tempest,  n.  Violent  storm  of  wind  often 
with  rain,  snow,  &c;  (fig.)  violent  tumult  or 
agitation,  [f.  OF  tempeste  f.  L  tempestatem 
time,  weather,  storm  (tempus  time,  see  -ty)J 

tempestuous,  a.  (Of  weather,  time,  &c, 
and  fig.  of  person  or  mood)  stormy,  violent. 
Hence  tempestuousLY2  adv.,  tempestu- 
ousness  n.  [f.  OF  tempestueux  f.  LL  tempes- 
tuosus  (prec,  -ous ;  for  -u-  cf.  voluptuous)] 

templar,  n.  (T-)  member  of  religious  mili- 
tary order  (Knights  Tt.)  for  protection  of  pil- 
grims to  Holy  Land,  suppressed  in  1312;  law- 
yer, law  student,  with  chambers  in  the  Temple; 
Free,  Good,  Tt.,  secret  temperance  societies, 
[f.  OF  templier  f.  med.L  templarius  (as  .foil., 
see-ARY1)] 

template.    See  templet. 

te'mple  l9  n.  Edifice  dedicated  to  service  of 
(esp.  ancient  Greek,  Roman,  Egyptian)  god ; 
any  of  three  successive  religious  edifices  of  the 
Jews  in  Jerusalem ;  place  of  Christian  public 
worship,  esp.  Protestant  church  in  France; 
(fig.)  place  in  which  God  resides  (1  Cor.  vi.  19) ; 
Inner,  Middle,  T.,  two  inns  of  Court  on  site  of 
the  T.  (establishment  of  Knights  Templars)  in 
London,    [f.  L  templum  cogn.  w.  Gk  temenos] 

te'mple  2,  n.  Flat  part  of  either  side  of  head 
between  forehead  &  ear.  [OF,  f.  L  tempora  the 
fatal  spot,  the  tt,  pi.  of  tempus  time] 

te'mple3,  n.  Device  in  loom  for  keeping  cloth 
stretched.    [F,  =  foil.] 

templet, -ate,  n.  Pattern,  gauge,  usu.  thin 
board  or  metal  plate,  used  as  guide  in  cutting 
or  drilling  metal,  stone,  wood,  &c ;  timber  or 
plate  used  to  distribute  weight  in  wall  or  over 
door  &c ;  wedge  for  building-block  under  ship's 
keel ;  =  prec.  [F,  =  stretcher,  f.  L  templum 
small  timber] 

te'mpo 1,  n.  (mus.).  Time,  rapidity  of  move- 
ment ;  characteristic  style  of  movement,  as  t, 
di  menuetto.    [It] 

te*mpo2,n.   Oval  brass  Japanese  coin.  [Jap.] 

temporal,  a.  &  n.  Of  this  life,  secular,  esp. 
opp.  to  spiritual,  as  t.  affairs,  interests, whence 
te'mpopalLY2  adv.,  temporalxEss  n.;  t. 
lords,  peers  of  realm,  cf.  spiritual  ;  t.  power 
(of  ecclesiastic  esp.  Pope  in  t  matters ;  (Gk 
Gram.)  t.  augment  (made  by  lengthening  initial 
vowel) ;  of  the  temple(s)  of  the  head,  as  t.  artery, 
bone ;  (n.)  t  bone.  [F,  f.  L  temporalis  (tempus 
-oris  time,  see  -al)  ;  mod.L  in  last  sense] 

tempora'lity ,  n.  A  secular  possession ,  esp. 
properties  &  revenues  of  religious  corporation 
or  ecclesiastic  (usu.  pi.) ;  (Law)  temporariness. 
[f.  OF  temporalite  f.  LL  temporalitatem  (as 
prec,  see  -ty)] 

te'mpopalty,  n.  The  laity;  =  prec.  (1st 
sense),    [as  prec] 

te'mpopapy,  a.  Lasting,  meant,  only  for  a 
time,  as  t.  buildings,  relief,  possession,  office. 
Hence  te'mpopaplLY2  adv.,  temporari- 
ness  n.  [f.  L  temporarius  (tempus  -oris  time, 
see  -ary  *)] 

te'mporize,  v.i.  Pursue  indecisive  or  time- 
serving policy  ;  avoid  committing  oneself,  act 
so  as  to  gain  time ;  comply  temporarily  with 
requirements  of  occasion.  Hence  temporiz- 
a'tion,  te'mporizEK1,  nn.,  temporizing- 
ly  2  adv.    [f.  L  tempus  -oris  time  +  -ize] 

te'mpopo-  in  comb.  =  L  tempora  temples 
of  head,  as  -fa'cial,  of  temporal  &  facial  regions. 

tempt,  v.t  (Archaic,  bibl.)  test,  try  the  re- 
solution of,  as  God  did  t.  Abraham ;  entice,  in- 
cite, (to  do,  to  action  esp.  evil  one);  lam  tempt- 
ed (strongly  disposed)  to  question  this  ;  allure, 


TEMPTER 


909 


TENSE 


attract, whence  te'mptingLY  2  adv. ;  (archaic, 
bibl.)  provoke,  defy,  as  shalt  not  t.  the  Lord. 
Hence  or  cogn.  temptan  i  'lit  y,  tempt  a  tion, 
nn„  te'mptABLE  a.  [f.  OF  tenter,  tempt-,  f.  L 
tentare,  tempt-,  handle,  test,  try,  frequent,  of 
tenere  tent-  hold] 

tempter,  n.  One  who  tempts;  the  T.,  the 
devil.  So  te'mptPESS 1  n.  [f.  OF  tempteor  f . 
L  tentatorem  (as  prec,  see  -OR2)] 

ten,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  nine,  10,  X ;  (as 
round  number)  t .  times  as  easy,  t.  to  one  he  for- 
gets it;  hart  oft;  upper  t;  £cwpenny  nail; 
t.-pounder,  person  entitled  to  vote  in  parlia- 
mentary election  by  occupation  of  property  of 
rental  value  of  £10.  Hence  te'nFOLD  a.  &  adv., 
tenTH  2  a.  &  n.,  te'nthLY  2  adv.  [OE  tin,  cf. 
Du.  tien,Xkzehn,  &  L  decern, Gk  deka] 

tenable,  a.  That  can  be  maintained  or  de- 
fended against  attack,  as  at.  position,  fortress, 
theory.  Hence  tenaBixiTY,  tenableNESS, 
nn.    [F  {tenir  hold  f.  L  tenere,  see  -able  )] 

tenace,  n.  (whist).  Major,  minor,  t,  best  & 
third  best,  second  &  fourth  best,  cards  in  play 
ofasuit.    [F,=  foll.] 

tena'cious  (-shws),  a.  Holding  fast ;  keeping 
firm  hold  (of  property,  rights,  principles,  &c.) ; 
(of  memory) retentive ;  adhesive,sticky;  strong- 
ly cohesive.  Hence  or  cogn.  tena'ciousLY  2 
adv.,  tena'ciousNESS,  temVeiTY,  nn.  [f.  L 
tenax  (tenere  hold,  see  -acious)] 

tena'culum,  n.  (pi.  -la).  Surgeon's  sharp 
hook  for  picking  up  arteries  &c.  [L,  =  holding 
instrument  (tenere  hold)] 

tenai'l,  -aille,  (-al),  n.  (fortif.).  Outwork  in 
main  ditch  in  front  of  curtain  between  two  bas- 
tions.   IF  (-le),  f.  prec] 

tenant,  n.,  &  v.t.  One  who  occupies  land  or 
tenement  under  a  landlord  ;  (Law)  person  hold- 
ing real  property  by  private  ownership,  also, 
defendant  in  real  action;  occupant  (of  any 
place) ;  t.-farmer  (cultivating  farm  he  does  not 
own) ;  t.-right,  right  of  t.  to  continue  tenancy, 
as  long  as  he  pays  rent  &  acts  properly,  without 
injurious  increase  of  rent,  &  to  receive  compen- 
sation from  landlord  if  turned  off ;  (v.t.)  occupy 
as  t.  (esp.  in  p.p.).  Hence  or  cogn.  te'nANCY  n., 
te'nantLESS  a.    [OF,  f .  L  tenere  hold,  see  -ant] 

tenan  table,  a.  Fit  to  be  occupied  by  a  ten- 
ant.    [-ABLE] 

te'nantpy, n.    Tenants,    [ry] 

tench,  n.  A  European  freshwater  fish  of 
carp  family,    [f.  OF  tenche  f.  LL  tinea] 

tend1,  v.i.  Be  moving,  be  directed,  hold  a 
course,  lit.  &  fig.,  as  tends  in  our  direction, 
dowmvards,  this  way,  towards  the  coast,  to 
the  same  conclusion ;  be  apt  or  inclined,  serve, 
conduce,  (to  action,  quality,  &c,  to  do).  [f.OF 
tendre  stretch  f.  L  tendere  tens-  or  tent-] 

tend2,  v.t.  &  i.  Take  care  of,  look  after, 
(flocks,  invalid,  machine;  wait  upon;  (Naut.) 
watch  (ship  at  anchor)  so  as  to  keep  turns  out 
of  her  cable.  So  te'ndANCE  n.  (archaic), 
[shortened  f.  attend] 

tendency,  n.  Bent,  leaning,  inclination, 
(towards,  to,  thing,  to  do),  [f.  F  tendance  (as 
tend1,  see-ANCE)] 

te'ndeP1,  n.  In  vbl  senses  of  tend2  ;  also : 
vessel  attending  larger  one  to  supply  her  with 
stores,  convey  orders,  &c. ;  carriage  attached 
to  locomotive  &  carrying  fuel,  water,  &c. ; 
small  water  reservoir  fixed  to  mop  &c.    [-er  j] 

te'ndep2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Offer,  present,  give 
in,  (one's  services,  resignation,  Sec.) ;  offer 
(money  &c.)  as  payment;  make  at.  (for  supply 
of  thing  or  execution  of  work).  (N.)  offer,  esp. 
offer  in  writing  to  execute  work  or  supply 
goods  at  fixed  price,  as  are  open  to  receive  tt. 
for ;  plea  of  t.  (that  defendant  has  always  been 


ready  to  satisfy  plaintiff's  claim  &  now  brings 
the  sum  into  court) ;  legal  t,  currency  that 
cannot  be  refused  in  payment  of  debt,  as  silver 
is  not  I.  t.  above  UOs.    [(n.  f.  vb)  as  tend  l\ 

te'ndep  3,  a.  (-est).  Soft,  not  tough  or  hard, 
as  t.  steak;  easily  touched  or  wounded,  sus- 
ceptible to  pai  n  or  grief,  as  a  t.  heart,  conscience, 
place  (in  body);  delicate,  fragile,  (lit.,  &  fig.  of 
reputation  &c);  loving,  affectionate,  fond,  as 
t.  parents,  wrote  t.  verses ;  solicitous,  consider- 
ate, (of  one's  honour,  good  name,  &c.) ;  afraid 
of  (doing  wrong  thing);  requiring  careful  hand- 
ling, ticklish,  as  a  t.  subject;  t.-eyed,  having 
gentle  eyes,  weak-eyed ;  tenderfoot  (colon.  & 
U.S.  slang),  new-comer  in  bush  &c,  novice :  t- 
hearted,  having  t,  heart,  so  t.-heartedly  adv., 
t.-heartedness  n.;  t.-loin,  t.  part  of  loin  of  beef 
or  pork.  Hence  te'ndePLY  2  adv.,  tendep- 
ness  n.    [f.  OF  tendre  f.  L  tener] 

tendon,  n.  Strong  band  or  cord  of  tissue 
forming  termination  or  connexion  of  fleshy 
part  of  muscle;  Achilles  t.  (Ltendo  Achillis), 
t.  connecting  heel  (where  alone  Achilles  was 
vulnerable)  with  calf.  So  tendinous  a.  [f. 
med.L  tendo  -inis  f.  tendere  stretch] 

te'ndpil,  n.  Slender  leafless  plant-organ  at- 
taching itself  to  another  body  for  support. 
Hence  te'ndPillED2  a.    [cf.  OF  tendron  (as 

TENDER3)] 

te'nebrae,  n.  pi.  (R.-C.  Ch.).  Matins  & 
lauds  for  last  three  days  of  Holy  Week,  at 
which  candles  are  successively  extinguished. 
[L,  =  darkness] 

tenebpi'fic,  a.  Making  darkness,  as  t.  stars 
(believed  to  cause  night),    [f.  prec,  see  -fic] 

te'nebpous,  a.  (archaic).  Dark,  gloomy,  [f. 
OF  tenebreux  I.  L  tenebrosus  (tenebrae,  -ous)] 

tenement,  n.  Piece  of  land  held  by  an 
owner ;  (Law)  any  kind  of  permanent  property, 
e.g.  lands,  rents,  peerage,  held  of  a  superior, 
so  teneme'ntARY  i  a. ;  dwelling-house ;  set 
of  apartments  used  by  one  family  (t.-house, 
containing  tt.).  Hence  teneme'ntAL  a.  [OF, 
f.  LL  tenementum  (tenere  hold,  see  -ment)] 

te'net,  n.  Principle,  dogma,  doctrine,  of  a 
person  or  school.  [L,  =  he  holds;  formerly 
also  tenent,  =  they  hold] 

tenner,  n.  (colloq.).   Ten-pound  note,   [-er1] 

tennis,  n.  Game  for  2,  3,  or  i  persons  played 
by  striking  ball  with  rackets  over  net  stretched 
across  walled  court;  =lawn-£.;  t.-arm, -elbow, 
affection  of  arm  caused  by  t. ;  t.-ball,  -court, 
(for  t.).  [ME  tenys,  prob.  of  OF  orig.,  perh. 
=  tenez  hold,  take  this,  play  (as  foil.)] 

tenon,  n.,  &  v.t.  End  of  piece  of  wood  fitted 
for  insertion  into  corresponding  cavity  (esp. 
mortise)  in  another  piece ;  t.-saw  (small,  with 
strong  brass  or  steel  back,  for  fine  work);  (v.t.) 
cut  into  at.,  join  by  means  of  t,  whence  ten- 
onER  i(l,  2)  n.    [OF,  f.  tenir  hold  f.  L  tenere] 

te'nop,  n.  Settled  or  prevailing  course  or  di- 
rection, esp.  fig.  of  one's  life,  way ,  &c;  general 
purport,  drift,  (of  speech,  writing,  &c.) ;  (Law) 
true  intent,  (also)  exact  copy;  (Mus.)  (music 
for,  singer  with)  highest  ordinary  adult  male 
voice,  between  barytone  &  alto  (often  attrib.  as 
t.  voice) ;  instrument,  esp.  viola,  playing  part 
between  bass  &  alto.  So  te*nopiST(3)  n.  (mus. ). 
[f.  OF  tenour  f.  L  tenorem  holding  on,  (med.L) 
chief  melody  (formerly  assigned  to  adult  male 
voice),  f.  tenere  hold,  see  -or1] 

tenopi'no  (-re-),  n.  Falsetto  tenor ;  artificial 
soprano.    [It.,  dim.  of  tenore  tenor] 

tenctomy,  n.  Tendon-cutting,  esp.  as  reme- 
dy for  club-foot,  [irreg.  f.  Gk  tenon,  -ontos  ten- 
don (teino  stretch)  +  -tomy] 

tense1,  n.  (gram.).  Form  taken  by  verb  to 
indicate  the  time  (also  continuance  or  com- 


TENSE 


910 


TERM 


pleteness)  of  the  action  &c,  as  present,  future, 
past,  (im)per/ect,  pluperfect,  aorist,  L,  pri- 
mary, historic,  tt. ;  set  of  such  fornis  for  the 
various  persons ;  sequence  of  tt.  Hence 
te'nseLESS  a.    [f.  OF  tens  f.  L  tempus  time] 

tense2,  a.  (Of  cord,  membrane,  nerve,  fig. 
of  mind,  emotion),  stretched  tight,  strained  to 
stiffness.  Hence  te'nseLY  2  adv.,  te'nseNESS, 
te'nsiTY,  nn.    [f.  L  as  tend  j] 

tensile,  a.  Of  tension,  as  t.  force ;  capable 
of  being  drawn  out  or  stretched,  whence  or 
cogn.  tensiBrLiTY,  tensi'liTY,  nn.,  te*nsi- 
ble  a.    [as  prec,  see  -il] 

te'nsion,  n.,  &  v.t.  Stretching,  being  stretch- 
ed ;  tenseness ;  mental  strain  or  excitement ; 
strained  (political,  social,  &c.)  state;  (Mech.) 
stress  by  which  bar,  cord,  &c.  is  pulled  when  it 
is  part  of  a  system  in  equilibrium  or  motion ; 
expansive  force  of  gas  or  vapour;  (v.t.,  only  in 
p.p.)  subject  to  t.  Hence  te'nsionAL  a.  [f.  L 
tensio  (as  tend  *,  see  -ion)] 

te'nson,  -zon,  n.  Contest  in  verse  between 
troubadours;  subdivision  of  poem  composed 
for  this.    [F  \-son),=  It.  tenzone,  as  prec] 

te'nsop,  n.  (anat.).  Muscle  that  tightens  or 
stretches  a  part,    [as  tend  *,  see  -or  >2] 

tent  1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Portable  shelter  of  can- 
vas, cloth,  &c,  supported  by  pole(s)  St  stretched 
by  cords  secured  to  t.-pegs  driven  into  ground; 
bell  t,  circular  t.  with  one  pole  in  middle; 
(Photog.,  also  dark  t.)  portable  dark  room  for 
outdoor  use;  t.-bed  (with  at.  -like  canopy);  t.-fly, 
piece  of  canvas  stretched  over  ridgepole  of  tent 
leaving  open  space  but  keeping  off  sun  &  rain  ; 
t. -pegging,  cavalry  exercise  in  which  rider  tries 
at  full  gallop  to  carry  off  on  point  of  lance  t.- 

§eg  fixed  in  ground  ;  t.-stitch,  series  of  parallel 
iagonal  stitches  suggesting  t.;  (v.t.)  cover  (as) 
with  t;  (v.i.)  encamp  in  t.  [ME  &  OF  tente  f. 
med.L  tenta  orig.  fern.  p.p.  as  tend1] 

tent 2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Piece,  bunch,  roll,  of  linen  &c. 
inserted  into  wound  or  natural  opening  to  keep 
it  open  ;  (v.t.)  keep  open  thus.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF 
tenter  as  tempt;  earlier  sense  probe] 

tent3,  n.  Deep  red  wine  chiefly  from  Spain, 
used  esp.  as  sacramental  wine.  [f.  Sp.  tinto 
deep-coloured  f,  L  as  tinge] 

te'ntacle,  n.  Feeler,  long  slender  flexible 
process  or  appendage  of  animal,  used  for  ex- 
ploration, prehension,  or  locomotion ;  (Bot.)  sen- 
sitive hair  or  filament.  Hence  te'ntaclED2, 
tent&'eulAR !,  tenta'eulATE  2,  -ated,  ten- 
ta*euliFORM,tentaeuli*GEROUS,  aa.  [f.  Las 
tempt  +  -culum  seen  in  spectaculum  &c] 

tentative,  a.  &  n.  Done  by  way  of  trial, 
experimental;  (n.)  experimental  proposal  or 
theory.  Hence  te'ntativeLY2  adv.  [F  (-if, 
•ive),  f.  L  tentativus  (as  tempt,  see  -ive)] 

te'ntep  *,  n.  Person  in  charge  of  something, 
esp.  of  machinery  in  factory,  [f.  obs.  &  Sc.  tent 
var.  of  tend2  +  -ER1] 

te'ntep  2,  n.  Machine  for  stretching  cloth  to 
set  or  dry;  t.(-hook),  each  of  the  hooks  that 
hold  the  cloth ;  be  on  t.hooks  or  (archaic)  on  the 
tt.  (in  state  of  suspense  or  mental  torment). 
[ME  &  OF  tenture  stretching,  hanging,  f.  L  as 
tend  l,  see  -ure] 

te'nuis,  n.  (pi.  -es  pr.  -ez).  Hard  or  surd  mute 
<k,  p,  t),  cf.  media.    [L,=thin] 

tenu'ity,  n.  Slenderness ;  (of  air,  fluid)  rari- 
ty, thinness  ;  (of  style)  simplicity,  absence  of 
grandeur,  [f.  OF  tenuite  f.  L  tenuitatem  (as 
prec,  see  -ty)] 

te*nuous,  a.  (rare).  Thin,  slender,  small ;  (of 
distinctions  &c)  subtle,  over-refined.  If.  L  te- 
NUI8+  -ous] 

te*nupe  (yer),  n.  Kind  of  right  or  title  by 
which  (esp.  real)  property  is  held,  as  allodial, 


feudal,  t.,  military  t.  (involving  military  ser- 
vice) ;  (period  of)  holding,  possession,  enjoy- 
ment, as  during  his  t.  of  office,  holds  life  on  a 
precarious  t. ;  (Hist.)  t.-horn,  -sword,  (produced 
on  certain  occasionsasevidenceoft.  of  estates). 
[OF  [tenir  hold  f.  L  tenere,  see  -ure)] 

tenu'to  (-00-),  a.  (mus.).  Sustained,  given  its 
full  time  value  (cf.  staccato).    [It.,  =  held] 

teoca'tii,  n.  Temple  of  Mex.  &  other  Amer. 
aborigines,  usu.  on  truncated  pyramid.  [Mex. 
(teotl  god  +  colli  house) ;  also  teopan] 

te'pefy,  v.t.  &  i.  Make,  become,  tepid. 
Hence  tepeFA'CTiON  n.  [f.  L  tepefacere  (as 
tepid,  see  -FY)] 

te'phrite,  n.  Kinds  of  modern  volcanic  rock, 
[f.  L  tephritis  ash-coloured  stone  f.  Gk  tephra 
ashes,  see  -itis,  -ite  j] 

tepid,  a.  Slightly  warm,  lukewarm  (lit.  & 
fig.).  Hence  or  cogn.  tepi'DiTY,  te'pidNESS, 
nn.,  te'pidLY2  adv.  [f.  L  tepidus  (tepere  be 
lukewarm,  see  -id  *)] 

tepidar'ium,  n.  (Rom.  ant. ;  pi.  -a).  Inter- 
mediate room  of  moderate  temperature  in  Ro- 
man baths ;  boiler  for  heating  hot  bath.  [L  (as 
prec,  see  -arium)] 

ter,  adv.    Three  times  (esp.  mus.).    [L] 

-tep.    See  -ther. 

te'paph,  n.  (bibl. ;  only  in  pi.  -im,  used  as 
sing,  or  collective  sing.).  Small  image(s)  as 
domestic  oracle  of  ancient  Hebrews.    [Heb.] 

terato-  in  comb.  =  Gk  teras  -atos  monster, 
as :  -ge'nic  a.,  -geny  n.,  (of)  production  of  mon- 
strosities ;  -lite,  kind  of  clay  in  Saxony  formerly 
held  to  have  curative  properties ;  -logy,  dealing 
in  the  marvellous,  (Biol.)  study  of  animal  or 
vegetable  monstrosities,  so  -logical a,.,  -logistn. 

tepee.    See  tierce. 

tep'eel,  n.  Male  falcon.  [OF,  f.  med.L  ter- 
tiolus  dim.  of  tertius  third  (hawk's  third  egg 
being  held  to  produce  small  male)] 

teree'ntenapy  (or  -te*n-),  a.  &  n.  Of  300 
years;  (n.)  300th  anniversary,     [ter] 

tep'eet,  n.  (Mus.;  Pros.,  also  tiercet)  =  trip- 
let.   [F,  dim.  of  tiers  third  f.  L  tertius] 

te'pebene,  n.  A  hydrocarbon  prepared  by 
treating  oil  of  turpentine  with  sulphuric  acid, 
used  as  disinfectant  &c    [f.  foil.  +  -ene] 

te'pebinth,  n.  Turpentine-tree,  yielding 
Chian  turpentine;  oil  of  t,  oil  of  turpentine, 
[f.  OF  terebinthe  f.  L  f.  Gk  terebinthos] 

tepebi'nthine,  a.  Of  the  terebinth ;  of  tur- 
pentine, so  tere'bic a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  terebinthinos 
(as  prec,  see  -ine2)] 

te'pebpa,  a.  (pi.  -ae).  Boring  ovipositor  of 
some  insects.  Hence  te'pebPATE  2(2)  a.  [L, 
= borer,  f.  ter  ere  rub] 

tepe'do,  n.  Ship-worm,  mollusc  that  bores 
ships  &c    [L,  f.  Gk  teredon  (teiro  rub)] 

ter'gal,  a.  Of  the  back,  dorsal,  [f.  L  tergum 
back  +  -al] 

tepg-e'minate (-at), a.  (bot).  (Of  leaf) having 
at  base  a  pair  of  leaflets  &  forking  with  a  pair 
on  each  branch,    [ter  +  geminate] 

tep*givePsate(-j-,-g-),v.i.  Practiseevasion ; 
equivocate;  change  sides.  So  tepglvepsA-- 
tion,  tep*givePsa*tOR2,  nn.  [f.  L  tergiversari 
turn  one's  back  (terf/wmback+versarifrequent. 
of  vertere  turn),  see  -ate3] 

term1,  n.  (Somewhat  archaic)  boundary, 
limit,  esp.  of  time,  assetat.  to  his  encroachments, 
awaited  the  t.  of  his  existence,  whence  tep'm- 
less  a.  (poet.,  rhet.);  limited  period,  as  for  a  t. 
of  5  years,  his  t.  of  office  expired;  (Univv., 
School,  Law)  period  during  which  instruction 
is  given  or  court  holds  sessions,  as  Michaelmas, 
Hilary,  Easter,  Trinity,  t.  (w.  ref.  to  adminis- 
tration of  justice,  now  sittings),  will  end  it 
next  t„  during  t.  (-time),  eat  one's  tt. ;  appointed 


TERM 


911 


TERRIBLE 


day,  esp.  quarter  i-day ;  (Law,  also  t.  of  or  for 
years)  estate  or  interest  in  land  to  be  enjoyed 
for  fixed  period ;  (Math.)  antecedent  or  conse- 
quent of  ratio,  part  of  expression  joined  to  the 
rest  by  +  or  —  (e.g.  3ax2  —  b  +  cz  has  three  tt.); 
(Logic)  word(s)  that  may  be  subject  or  pre- 
dicate of  a  proposition,  as  major2,  minor,  mid- 
dle l,  t. ;  word  used  to  express  a  definite  concep- 
tion esp.  in  particular  branch  of  study  &c,  as 
technical,  scientific,  law,t.,  in  tt.  of  (in  the  lan- 
guage peculiar  to),  contradiction  in  tt.,  set 
(definite)  tt.;  (pi.)  language  employed,  mode  of 
expression,  as  in  the  most  flattering  tt.;  (pi.) 
conditions,  as  cannot  accept  his  tt.,  do  it  on 
your  own  tt,  esp.  charge,  price,  as  his  tt.  are 
2  guineas  a  lesson,  inclusive  tt.;  come  to  tt., 
yield,  give  way,  (also  make  tt.)  conclude  agree- 
ment (with) ;  bring  person  to  tt.,  cause  him  to 
accept  conditions ;  (pi.)  relation,  footing,  as  am 
on  good,  bad,  familiar,  tt.  with  him,  are  not 
on  speaking  tt.  [f.  OF  terme  f.  L  terminus] 
term2,  v.t.  Denominate,  call,  as  the  music 
termed  plain-song, I  for  get  how  or  what  he  terms 
it,  this  he  termed  sheer  robbery,  [f.  prec] 
ter'magant,  n.  &  a.  (Hist.,  T-)  imaginary 
Mohammedan  deity  of  turbulent  character, 
often  appearing  in  morality  plays ;  brawling 
woman,  shrew,  scold ;  (adj.)  boisterous,  turbu- 
lent, shrewish,  whence  tep'mag-ANCY  n.,tep*- 
magfantL y  2  adv.  [f.  OF  tervagant  f.  It.  tri- 
vigante,  -vag-,  perh.  =  wandering  under  three 
names  (Selene,  Artemis,  Persephone)  f.  L  tri- 
thrice  +  vagari  wander,  -ant] 
tep'mep,  -op,  n.  (Law)  one  who  has  estate 
for  term  of  years  or  for  life ;  (Univ  v.)  by-termer, 
one  who  comes  into  residence  a  term  earlier 
than  usual,  [-er  \  -or2] 
terminable,  a.  That  may  be  terminated ; 
coming  to  an  end  after  certain  time,  as  t.  an- 
nuity. Hence.  tep'minableNESS  n.  [f.  ter- 
minate, see  -able] 

tep'minal,  a.  &  n.  Of,  forming,  a  limit  or 
terminus,  as  t.  station;  (Math.)  t.  value,  most 
concise  form  of  an  expression ;  (Bot.)  borne  at 
end  of  stem  &c;  (Zool.  &c.)  ending  a  series,  as 
t.  joints ;  of,  done  &c,  each  term,  as  t.  accounts, 
subscription;  t. figure,  terminus;  (n.)  termi- 
nating thing,  extremity,  esp.  connecting- screw 
at  each  end  of  voltaic  battery.  Hence  tep*- 
minalL y  2 adv.  [F,f.LL  terminalis (terminus, 
see  -al)] 

tep'minate  \  v.t.  &  i.    Bound,  limit ;  bring, 
come,  to  an  end  ;  (of  word)  end  in  (such  letters 
or  syllable).  Hence  or  cogn.  terminA'TiON  n., 
termina'tionAi,,  tep'minativE,   tep'mi- 
natORY,  aa.,  tep'minativeL y  2  adv.    [f.  L 
terminare  (terminus),  see  -ate3] 
tep'minate2  (-at),  a.      Coming  to  an  end, 
bounded,  as  a  t.  decimal,    [as  prec,  see  -ate2] 
tep'minatop,  n.     Person,  thing,  that  ter- 
minates ;  dividing  line  between  light  &  dark 
part  of  heavenly  body.    [LL  (as  prec. ,  -OR  2)J 
tep'minep.    See  oyer. 

ter'minism,  n.  Doctrine  that  every  one 
has  limited  term  for  repentance ;  =  nominal- 
ism. So  ter'miniST  n.  [f.  terminus  +  -ism] 
termino'logy,  n.  Science  of  proper  use  of 
terms ;  terms  used  in  an  art  &c.  Hence  termi- 
nolo'SfiCAL  a.  (t.  inexactitude  facet.,  lie),  tep- 
minolo'g-iealLY  2adv.  [f.  terminus  +  -logy] 
ter 'minus,  n.  (pi.  -uses,  -i).  (Now  rare)  final 
point,  goal ;  station  at  end  of  main  or  branch  rail- 
way;  (Rom.  Ant.,  T-)  god  of  boundaries  ;  figure 
of  human  bust  ending  in  square  pillar ;  t.  ad 
quern,  a  quo,  terminating,  starting,  -point  (of 
argument,  policy,  &c).  [L,  cf.  Gk  terma  limit] 
termitar'ium,  tep'mitapy,  nn.  Nest  of, 
cage  for,  termites,    [f.  foil.  +  -arium,  -ary  j] 


ter -mite,  n.  White  ant.  [f.  L  termes  -itis 
wood-worm  f.  terere  rub] 

ter'mly,  a.  &  adv.  (rare).  (Occurring,  paid, 
&c.)  by  the  term,  terminal(ly).    [-ly2] 

termor.    See  termer. 

tepn  i,  tarn,  n.  Kinds  of  sea-bird  like  gull 
but  usu.  smaller  &  with  longer  bill.  [f.  Da. 
terne,  cf.  Swed.  tarna,  ON  therna) 

tern2,  n.  &  a.  Set  of  three,  esp.  three  lottery 
numbers  that  when  drawn  together  win  large 
prize  ;  such  prize  ;  (adj.) = tern  ate.  [f.  L  terni 
three  each  (ter)] 

ternary,  a.  Composed  of  three,  so  tep'nAL 
a.;  (Math.)  having  three  variables,  [f.  LL  ter- 
narius  [as  prec,  see  -ary  j)] 

ter'nate  (or  -at),  a.  Arranged  in  threes,  esp. 
(Bot.,  of  leaves)  having  three  leaflets,  whorled 
in  threes.    Hence  ter'nateLY  2  adv.    [-ate  2] 

terne,  n.  (Usu.  t.-plate)  inferior  tin-plate  al- 
loyed with  much  lead.  [prob.  f.  F  terne  dull, 
see  tarnish] 

ternery,  n.   Place  where  terns  breed,  [-er  y] 

Ter'psiehore'an  (k-),t-,a.  Of  Terpsichore, 
the  Muse  of  dancing,  as  the  T.  art.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
Terpsikhore  +  -an] 

te'rra,  n.  Earth  (in  various  L  &  It  phrr.) : 
t.  cario'sa,  tripoli,  rotten-stone ;  t.-cotta,  hard 
pottery  used  as  ornamental  building-material 
&  in  statuary  (often  attrib.),  statue,  figurine,  of 
this  [It.,=  baked  earth];  terrae  fi'lius,  son  of 
the  soil,  humbly-born  person ;  t.firma,  dry  land ; 
t.  inco'gnita,  unknown  region ;  t.  Japo'nica, 
gambier  [orig.  thought  to  be  earth  from  Japan] ; 
t.  nera  (nar'a),  pigment  used  by  ancient  artists 
[It.,  =  black  earth] ;  t.  verde,  green  earth  used 
as  pigment  [It.]. 

terrace 1  (-as),  n.,  &  v.t.  Raised  level  space, 
natural  or  artificial ;  (Geol.)  raised  beach  ;  row 
of  houses  along  top  or  face  of  slope  (also  as  fancy 
name  of  street  &c);  (v.t.)  form  into,  furnish 
with,  t.    [OF,  f.  It.  terraccia  f.  prec] 

te'rraee2,  -as,  (-as),  n.  Defective  place  in 
marble  block  filled  up  with  composition  ;  (also 
trass)  whitish  or  yellow  earth  common  in  vol- 
canic districts,  used  for  hydraulic  cement,  [f. 
It.  terraccia  rubbish  (terra)  =  G  tarras,  trass] 

terrai'n,  n.  Region,  tract  of  land.  [F,  as 
terrene] 

terramar'a,  n.  (pi.  -re  pr.  -ra).  Kinds  of 
earthy  deposit  containing  bones,  phosphates, 
&c,  &  useful  as  fertilizer ;  S.-Europ.  prehistoric 
deposit  like  kitchen-MiDDEN.  [f.  It.  terra 
amara  bitter  earth  f.  L  amarus  bitter] 

terra'neous,  a.  (bot.).    Growing  on  land.  [f. 

TERRA,  See  -ANEOUS] 

te'rrapin,  n.  Kinds  of  freshwater  tortoise, 
esp.  salt-marsh  t.  (also  diamond-back),  kind 
valued  as  food.    [prob.  of  Amer.-Ind.  orig.] 

terraqueous,  a.  (Of  the  earth)  comprising 
both  land  &  water,    [terra,  aqua,  -eous] 

terre'ne,  a.  Of  earth,  earthy ;  terrestrial, 
[f.  L  terrenus  (terra)] 

terreplein  (tar'plan),  n.  (fortif.).  Top  of 
rampart  where  cannon  are  placed  ;  level  sur- 
face round  field-work.  [F  (terre  earth  f.  terra 
+plein  =  plain1)] 

terre'strial,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  earth,  esp.  opp. 
to  celestial,  as  the  t.  seasons,  the  t.  globe,  the 
earth,  a  t.  globe  (representing  earth),  t.  mag- 
netism ;  of  this  world,  worldly,  as  t.  aims,  in- 
terests ;  of  land  opp.  to  water ;  (Zool.)  living  on 
the  ground,  opp.  to  aquatic,  arboreal,  aerial ; 
(n.  inhabitant  of  earth.  Hence  terre'stPial- 
ly  2  adv.    [OF,  f.  L  terrestris  (terra)  +  -al] 

te'ppet,  -it,  n.  Each  of  loops  or  rings  on  har- 
ness-pad for  driving-reins  to  pass  through.   [?] 

te'ppible,  a.  Exciting  or  fit  to  excite  terror, 
awful,  dreadful,  formidable ;  (colloq.)  excessive, 


TERRICOLOUS 912 

as  a  t.  bore  ;  enfant  terrible.  Hence  te*p- 
pibleNESs  n.,  te'PPibLY 2  adv.  [F,  f.  L  terri- 
bilis  (terrere  frighten,  see  -ble)] 

teppi'colous,  a.  Living  on  or  in  the  earth, 
esp.  of  the  Terricolae,  group  of  annelids  in- 
cluding earthworm,  [f.  LL  terricola  (terra+ 
colere  inhabit)  +  -ous] 

te'PPiep  l$  n.  Kinds  of  active  &  hardy  dog 
with  digging  propensity;  black-&-tan,  bull1, 
fox1,  -t.  short-haired  kinds;  Irish,  Scotch,  Skye, 
Yorkshire,  t,  rough-haired  kinds ;  Maltese,  toy, 
L,  small  toy  kinds:  (colloq.)  member  of  terri- 
torial army.    [OF,  f.  L  as  foil.] 

te*ppiep2,n.  Book  recording  site,  boundaries, 
&c,  of  land  of  private  persons  or  corporations ; 
(Hist.)  collection  of  acknowledgments  of  vas- 
sals or  tenants  of  a  lordship.  [OF  {papier  t), 
f.  med.L  terrarius  (terra,  see  -ary1)] 

teppi'flc,  a.  Causing  terror,  terrible.  Hence 
teppi'fiCALLY  adv.  [f.  L  terrificus  (terrere 
frighten,  see  -fic)1 

te'ppify,  v.t.  Fill  with  terror,  frighten,  [f. 
L  terrificare  (as  prec.  .see  -FY)] 

teppi'genous,  a.  Produced  by  the  earth,  as 
t.  deposits ;  t.  metals,  metallic  bases  of  earths, 
e.g.  aluminium,  [f.  L  terrigena  one  born  of 
earth  (terra  +  -genus  =  -born  f.  gigno)  +  -ous] 

terri'no  (en),  n.  Earthenware  vessel  con- 
taining and  sold  with  some  table  delicacy.  [F, 
f.  med.L  terrineus  made  of  earth  (terra)] 

territorial,  a.  &  n.  Of  territory,  as  t.  pos- 
sessions, acquisition ;  limited  to  a  district,  as 
the  right  was  strictly  t;  (T-)of  (any  of)  the  U.  S. 
Territories;  (Eccl.)  t.  system  (in  which  civil 
rule  claims  supremacy  as  a  natural  right, 
whence  teppitop'ialiSM  n.);  t.  army,  force 
organized  for  home  defence  to  replace  the  older 
bodies  of  militia,  yeomanry,  and  volunteers; 
(n.)  member  of  t.  army.  Hence  teppitop'ial- 
ly2  adv.  [f.  LL  territorialis  (as  territory, 
see  -al)] 

territorialize,  v.t.  Extend  by  addition  of, 
reduce  to  state  of,  territory,    [-ize] 

te'ppitopy,  n.  Extent  of  land  under  juris- 
diction of  sovereign,  State,  city,  &c. ;  large 
tract  of  land;  (U.S.,  T-)  organized  division  of 
the  country  not  yet  admitted  to  full  rights  of  a 
State,  [f.  OF  territoire  f.  L  territorium (terra)] 

te'PPOP,  n.  Extreme  fear ;  t.-stricken,  -struck, 
(with  t.) ;  person,  thing,  that  causes  this,  as  a  t. 
to  evildoers,  (colloq.)  here  comes  this  t.  (trouble- 
some child)  again ;  king  of  tt.,  death  (Job  xviii. 
14);  Reign  of  T.,  the  T.,  period  of  French 
Revolution,  1793-4.  [f.  F  terreur  f.  L  terrorem 
(terrere  frighten,  see  -OR1)] 

te'pporist,  n.  One  who  favours  or  uses 
terror-inspiring  methods  of  governing  or  of 
coercing  government  or  community,  esp.  (1) 
Jacobin  under  Reign  of  Terror,  (2)  Russian 
nihilist.  Hence  or  cogn.  te*ppopiSM(2, 3),  ter- 
popIzation,  nn.,  teppori'stic  a.,  te'ppop- 

IZE(l)  V.t.      [-1ST] 

te'ppy,  n.  A  pile  fabric  with  the  loops  uncut, 
[pern.  f.  F  tirer  draw  f.  LL  tirare  etym.  dub.] 

terse,  a.  (Of  speech,  style,  writer)  free  from 
cumbrousness  and  superfluity,  smooth  and 
concise.  Hence  tep'seLY2 adv., tep'seNESsn. 
If.  L  tergere  ters-  wipe,  polish] 

tep*tian  (-shn),  a.  &  n.  (Fever,  disease)  whose 
paroxysms  occur  every  other  day,  as  t.  ague. 
[(n.  f.  OF  tertiane  f.  L  fern,  adj.)  f.  L  tertianus 
(tertius  third  f.  ter,  see  -an)] 

tep'tiapy  (-sha-L  a.  &  n.  Of  the  third  order, 
rank,  formation,  &c. ;  (n.)the  T.,  third  geologi- 
cal period,  (Ornith.)  flight-feather  of  third  row, 
so  tep'tlAL  a.  &  n.,  (T-)  member  of  3d  order  of 
monastic  body.    [f.  L  tertiarius  (prec,  -ary  j)J 

tep'tiate  (-shi-),  v.t.    Examine  thickness  of 


TESTER 


metal  of  (gun),  [f.  L  tertiare  do  every  third 
day  (as  prec),  see  -ate3] 

tertium  quid  (shi-),  n.  A  third  something, 
esp.  between  mind  and  matter  or  between 
opposite  things.    [L] 

tep'tius  (-shws),  a.  (In  schools)  Jones  &c.  t. 
(third  of  the  name)^  [L] 

ter'xa  ri'ma  (tartsa-re-),  n.  (pi.  ze.  -me,  pr. 
-a).  Arrangement  of  (hen)decasyllabic  triplets 
rhyming  thus  (bat  pig  cat  fig  box  wig  ox  &c.) 
as  in  Dante's  Commedia ;  such  triplet.    [It.] 

terxe'tto  (tarts-),  n.  (mus.).    Vocal  trio.    [It.] 

te'ssellated,  a.  Formed  of  tesserae,  as  t. 
pavement;  (Bot.,  Zool.)  regularly  checkered. 
So  te'ssellAR1  a.,  tessellATiON  n.  ff.  L 
tessellatus  (tessella  dim.  of  foil.,  see  -ate2)] 

te'ssera,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Small  hard  non-square 
block  used  in  mosaic,  whence  te'ssePAL  a. ; 
(Rom.  Ant.)  small  square  of  bone  &c.  used  as 
token,  ticket,  &c.    [L,  f.  Gk  tessares  four] 

tessitup'a  (-oora),  n.  (mus.).  Range  within 
which  most  tones  of  a  voice-part  fall.  [It.,  = 
texture] 

test l,  n.  Critical  examination  or  trial  of  per- 
son's or  thing's  qualities,  as  has  stood  (under- 
gone) the  successive  it.  of  poverty  and  riches, 
must  put  it  to  the  t;  at.  case  (serving  to  show 
the  principle  involved);  means  of  so  examin- 
ing, standard  for  comparison  or  trial,  circum- 
stances suitable  for  this,  as  success  is  not  a 
fair  t.;  ground  of  admission  or  rejection,  as  is 
excluded  by  our  t. ;  (Chem.)  reagent,  substance 
employed  to  reveal  presence  of  an  ingredient  in 
a  compound,  as  galls  are  a  t.  of  or  for  iron ; 
movable  hearth  in  reverberation  furnace  used 
in  separating  silver  from  lead ;  T.  Act  (of  1672, 
requiring  all  persons  before  holding  office  to 
take  the  t,  i.e.  the  oaths  of  supremacy  and 
allegiance  or  equivalent  t. ;  repealed  in  1828); 
t.-glass,  -mixer,  -paper,  -tube,  (for  tt.  or  other 
chem.  purposes.  [OF,  f.  L  testum  earthen  pot, 
esp.  (med.L)  one  for  trying  metals  in] 

test2,  v.t.  Put  to  the  test,  make  trial  of, 
(person,  thing,  quality) ;  try  severely,  tax,  (one's 
powers  of  endurance  &c);  refine  (metal); 
(Chem.)  examine  by  means  of  reagent.  Hence 
testable1  1-able]  a.,  te'ster1  [-er](1,2)]  n. 
[f.  prec] 

test3,  n.  Shell,  hard  covering,  of  some  ani- 
mals, [f.  OF  teste  shell,  head,  f.  L  testa  tile, 
jug,  shell,  &c,  cogn.  w.  testum  test1] 

te'stable2  (for  t.1  see  test2)  a.  (law).  That 
may  be  given  by  will ;  capable  of  being  witness- 
ted).  [OF,  f.  L  testabilis  (as  testate,  see  -able)] 

testa'ceous  (shws),  a.  Of  shells  or  shell-fish , 
so  test  a  *ce  an  a.  &n.,testaeeo*LOGY  n.;  with 
a  hard  continuous  shell;  (Bot.,  Zool.)  of  red 
brick  colour,   [f.  L  testaceus  (test3,  -aceous)] 

te'stacy,  n.    Being  testate,    [-acy] 

te-stament,  n.  =  will2  (last  sense),  as 
military  t,  so  testame'ntapiLY 2  adv., 
testame'ntARY  i  a. ;  (bibl.)  covenant,  dispen- 
sation ;  Old,  New,  T.,  the  portion  of  the  Bible 
dealing  with  the  Mosaic,  Christian,  dispensa- 
tion; (T-)  copy  of  the  N.T.  [OF,  f.  L  testa- 
mentum  will  (testate,  -ment);  bibl.  sense  f. 
LL  mistransl.  of  Gk  diatheke  covenant,  will] 

testa'mur,  n.  (univv.).  Certificate  that  one 
has  passed  examination.    [L,  =  we  testify] 

testate  (or  -at),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  who  has 
made  a  will  (and  died  leaving  it  in  force).  So 
testa'tOR2,  testa'TRix,  nn.  [f.  L  testari 
testify,  make  will,  (testis  witness),  see  -ate2] 

te'ster2  (for  t.1  see  test2),  n.  Canopy,  esp. 
over  FOUR-poster.    [f.  OF  testiere,  as  test3] 

te'step3,  n.  Shilling  of  Henry  VIII ;  (archaic, 
facet. )  sixpence.  [ var.  of  earlier  and  OF  teston 
(as  test  3,  see  -oon)] 


i 


TESTICLE 


913 


TEXTURE 


testicle,  n.  Each  of  two  glands  in  male  that 
secrete  spermatozoa  &c.  Hence  testi'CulAK1 
a.    [f.  L  testiculus  dim.  of  testis] 

testi'culate  (-at),  a.  Having,  shaped  like, 
testicles;  (Bot.)  having  a  pair  of  organs  so 
shaped,    [as  prec  + -ate2] 

te'stify,  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  person  or  thing)  bear 
•witness  (to  fact,  state,  assertion,  against  person 
&c,  archaic  of  or  concerning  matter) ;  (Law) 
give  evidence ;  affirm,  declare,  (one's  regret  &c, 
that,  how,  &c);  (of  things)  be  evidence  of, 
evince,  [f.  OF  testifier  f.  L  testificari  (testis 
witness,  see  -fv)] 

testimonial,  n.  Certificate  of  character, 
conduct,  or  qualifications;  gift,  money,  pre- 
sented to  person,  esp.  in  public,  as  mark  of 
esteem,  in  acknowledgment  of  services,  &c.  IF 
(adj.),  f.LL testimonials  (testimony-,  -al)] 

testimonialize, v.t.  Present(person)  with 
testimonial.    [-izeJ 

testimony, n.  Evidence,  demonstration,  as 
called  him  in  L,  produce  t.  (to,  of),  we  have  his  t. 
for  that ;  (Law)  oral  or  written  statement  under 
oath  or  affirmation ;  declarations,  statements, 
as  must  rely  on  the  t.  of  history,  of  historians; 
(archaic)  solemn  protest,  as/or  a  t.  againstthem; 
(bibl.)  the  decalogue,  esp.  the  tables  of  the  t.  (sing, 
or  pi. ),  the  Scriptures,  [f.  L  testimonium  (testis 
witness.  see^yiONv)] 

testudinap'ious,  a.  Mottled  with  red, 
yellow,  and  black,  like  tortoise-shell,  [f.  tes- 
tudo,  see  -arious] 

testu'dinate,  a.  Arched  like  carapaceof  tor- 
toise,   [f.  L  testudinatus  (testudo,  see  -ate2)] 

testudi'neous,  a.  Like  carapace  of  tortoise, 
[f.  foil.  +  -EOUS] 

testu'do,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)  screen  formed  by 
body  of  troops  in  close  array  with  overlapping 
shields ;  similar  screen  used  by  miners  where 
ground  is  likely  to  cave  in  ;  genus  of  tortoises, 
whence  testu'dinAL  a.  [L,  gen.  -dints,  =  tor- 
toise-shell (TEST3)] 

te'sty,  a.  Irritable,  touchy.  Hence  te'sti- 
ly2  adv.,  te'stiNESS  n.  [ME  testif;  OF  has 
testu  (test3)] 

teta'nic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  such  as  occurs  in, 
tetanus,  as  t.  spasm ;  (n.)  remedy  acting  on  the 
muscles  through  the  nerves,  e.g.  strychnia,  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  tetanikos  (as  foil.,  see  -ic)] 

te'tanus,  n.  Disease  marked  by  spasm  of 
many  or  all  muscles  of  voluntary  motion,  e.  g. 
lockjaw;  artificial  t.  (induced  by  strychnia 
&c).  Hence  or  cogn.  tetanizATiON  n.,  te'- 
tanizE(3)  v.t.,  te'tanoiD  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  tetanos, 
redupl.  f.  st.  of  teino  stretch] 

tetchy  &c.    See  techy  &c. 

tete-a-tete  (ta'tahtat),  adv.,  a.,  &  n.  To- 
gether in  private  ;  (adj.)  private,  confidential ; 
(n.)  private  interview  or  conversation  usu.  be- 
tween two,  sofa  for  two.    [F,  lit.  head-to-head] 

te'ther  (-dh-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Rope,  chain,  halter, 
by  which  grazing  animal  is  confined;  (fig.) 
scope,  extent  of  one's  knowledge,  authority, 
&c,  as  teas  beyond,  at  the  end  of,  his  t. ;  tie 
(esp.  grazing  animal)  with  t.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME 
tedir,  cf.  ON  tjodhr,  Sw.  tjuder,  perh.  f.  OE 
Uohan,  te'on&v&w,  cf.  tie] 

te'tra-  in  comb.  =  Gk  tetra-  comb,  form  of 
tettares  four,  as:  -chord;  scale  series  of  half- 
octave  (esp.  in  ancient  mus.),  so  -chor'dal  a. ; 
-cyclic  bot.,  of  four  circles  or  whorls  ;  -da'ctyl 
a.  &  n.,  -ylous  a.,  four-toed  (animal) ;  -gon, 
figure  of  four  angles,  so  -gonal  a. ;  -gram,  word 
of  four  letters,  quadrilateral  figure;  -gra'mma- 
ton,  Jehovah  or  other  sacred  word  written  in 
four  letters  ;  -gynous,  of  four  pistils ;  -he'dron, 
four-sided  solid,  esp.  triangular  pyramid,  so 

he'dral  a.;  -logy,  group  of  four  dramatic  or 


operatic  works,  esp.  (Gk  Ant.)  three  tragedies 
&  satyric  drama;  -meral,  -merous,  having 
four  parts ;  -meter,  verse  of  four  measures  (cf. 
dimeter  ;  -morph  (Christian  art),  union  of  at- 
tributes of  four  evangelists  in  one  winged 
figure;  -pe'talous,  -phy'llous,  of  four  petals, 
leaves;  -pod  a.  &  n.,  -podous  a.,  (butterfly) 
with  only  four  perfect  legs;  -pody,  group, 
verse,  of  four  feet ;  -stich  (-k),  group  of  four 
lines  of  verse ;  -style  a.  &  n.,  (building)  with 
four  pillars  esp.  forming  portico  in  front  or 
supporting  ceiling ;  -syllable,  word  of  four  syl- 
lables, so  -sylla'bic  a. 

te'trad,  n.  The  number  four ;  set  of  four ; 
atom,  element,  with  combining-power  of  four 
atoms  of  hydrogen,  [f.  Gk  tetras  -ados  (as 
prec,  see  -ad)] 

tetra*ndrous,a.(bot.).  Having  four  stamens, 
[f.  tetra-  +  Gk  aner  andros  male  +  -ous] 

te'tpapeh  (-k),  n.  (In  Rom.  empire)  governor 
of  fourth  part  of  a  country  or  province,  sub- 
ordinate ruler,  whence  or  cogn.  te'trareh- 
ate](1),  te'tpapeh  y  I,  nn.,  tetrai-ehiCAL  a.; 
commander  of  subdivision  of  ancient  Greek 
phalanx,  [f.  OF  tetrarque  f.  L  f.  Gk  tetrarkhes 
(tetra-  +  -arkhes  f.  arkho  rule)] 

te*ttep,n.  Kinds  of  skin-disease;  tetterwort, 
larger  celandine  (supposed  to  cure  these).  IOE 
teter,  cf.  OHG  zitaroh,  G  dial,  zitteroch] 

Teu'crian,  a.  &  n.  Ancient  Trojan,  [f.  L 
Teucri  -f  -an] 

teu'CPium,  n.  Germander,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
teukrion  perh.  f.  Teukros  Teucer,  kingof  Troy] 

Teu'ton,  n.  Member  of  any  of  the  Teutonic 
nations  or  (Hist.)  of  the  tribe  of  Tt.  first  men- 
tioned in  4th  c.  B.  c.  &  dwelling  perh.  near 
mouth  of  Elbe.  [f.  L  Teutoni,  -nes ;  of  Teut. 
orig.,  cf.  dutch] 

Teuto'nic,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  Teutons ;  of  the 
Germanic  peoples  (including,  in  widest  sense, 
Scandinavians  &  Anglo-Saxons  as  well  as  Ger- 
man races);  T.  languages,  High  &  Low  Ger- 
man2 &  Scandinavian;  (n.)  languages  of  the 
Teutons  collectively.  Hence  Teuto*niciSM(4), 
Teu*toniSM(2,  4),  TeirtonizATioN,  nn., 
Teu'ton ize(3)  v.t.  [f.  L  Teiitonicus  (prec,  -ic)] 

tew.    See  taw  *. 

tewel,  n.  =  tuyere.  [ME  &  OF  tucl  of 
Teut.  orig.,  cf.  G  tiite  pipe] 

text,  n.  Original  words  of  author  esp.  opp. 
to  paraphrase  of  or  commentary  on  them,  as 
there  is  nothing  about  this  in  the  t,  the  t.  is 
hopelessly  corrupt  (altered  by  copyists) ;  pas- 
sage of  Scripture  quoted  as  authority  or  esp. 
chosen  as  subject  of  sermon  &c;  subject, 
theme ;  main  body  of  book  opp.  to  notes,  pic- 
tures, &c. ;  (also  t.-hand)  large  kind  of  hand- 
writing;     CHURCH  1,    GERMAN2,     t.  ;     t.-book, 

manual  of  instruction,  standard  book  in  a 
branch  of  study,  [f.  OF  texte  f.  L  textus  -us  f. 
L  texere  text-  weave] 

te'xtlle,  a.  &  n.  Of  weaving,  as  the  t.  art ; 
woven,  suitable  for  weaving,  as  t.  fabrics, 
materials;  (n.)  t.  material,  [f.  L  textilis  (as 
prec,  see  -ile)] 

textual,  a.  Of,  in,  the  text,  as  t.  criticism, 
errors.  Hence  te'xtuali.Y  2  adv.  [ME  &  OF 
textuel  (as  text,  see  -al)] 

te'xtualist,  n.  One  who  adheres  strictly  to 
the  letter  of  the  text,  so  te'xtualiSM  n. ;  ready 
quoter  of  scriptural  texts,    [-ist] 

te'xtupe  (-tsher),  n.  Arrangement  of  threads 
&c  in  textile  fabric,  as  loose  t. ;  arrangement 
of  constituent  parts,  structure,  (of  skin,  rock, 
literary  work,  &c);  representation  of  surface 
of  objects  in  works  of  art ;  (Biol.)  tissue,  struc- 
ture of  this.  Hence  te*xtuPAL  a.  [F,  f.  L 
textura  (as  text,  see  -ure)] 


TEXTURELESS 


914 


THAT 


te'xtupeless,  a.  Without  discernible  tex- 
ture, amorphous,    [-less] 

-th1,  suf.  forming  nn.,  =  -ness  ;  usu.  f.  adjj. 
(truth,  wealth),  often  with  vowel  change  (filth 
foul,  breadth  broad) ;  corrupted  to  -t  in 
drought,  height ;  alsof.  vv.  (tilth,  ruth,  growth), 


meaning  result  or  process,  &  (by  assim.  to  ruth 
"  ;c.)  f.  nn.,  us  faith  (OF  feid).    [of  var.  orig.] 
■th2,  -eth  after  -ty,  suf.  forming  ordinal 


numbers  (adjj.,  &  nn.  expr.  fractions),  as 
fourth,  tenth,  thirtieth,  hundredth,  millionth ; 
in  fifth,  sixth,  &c. ,  assim.  f .  earlier  -t ;  in  eighth, 
united  w.  end  of  stem.  [OE  -tha  (-dh)  in  fourth 
(later  numbers  by  assim.)  f.  OTeut.  -thon,  cf. 
Gk  -tos,  L  -tus] 

thalamus,  n.  (pi.  -£).  (Gk  Ant.)  inner  room, 
women's  apartment;  (Anat.)  place  where  nerve 
emerges  from  brain,  esp.  optic  t.;  (Bot.)  re- 
ceptacle of  flower.    [L,  f.  Gk  thalamos] 

tha'lep  (tah-),  n.  German  silver  coin  now 
worth  about  3s.    [G,  see  dollar] 

Thalra,  n.  Muse  of  comedy  &  pastoral 
poetry.  Hence  Thali'AN  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  Thaleia 
(thallo  bloom)] 

tha'llium,  n.  Rare  soft  white  metallic  ele- 
ment used  in  alloys  &  glass-making.  Hence 
tha'llic,  tha'llous,  aa.  [f.  folL  (from  green 
line  given  in  spectrum)  +  -ium] 

tha'llus,  n.  Plant-body  without  root,  stem, 
or  leaves.  Hence  tha'lloiD  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  thallos 
young  shoot  (thallo  bloom)] 

than  (dhan,  -an),  conj.  (&  quasi-prep.)  intro- 
ducing second  member  of  comparison,  as  you 
are  taller  t.  he  (Is),  (colloq.)  taller  t.  him,  I  know 
you  better  t.  he  (does),  better  t.  (I  know)  him,  it 
ts  better  to  use  hot  water  t.  cold,  do  anything 
rather  t.  let  him  get  off,  would  do  anything 
rather  t.  that  he  should  get  off,  a  man  t. 
whom  no  one  is  better  able  to  Judge.  [OE,  = 
then,  than ;  A  is  better  than  B  orig.  =  A  is 
better,  then  B] 

tha-nage  (-ij),  n.  Rank  of,  land  granted  to, 
thane,    [-age] 

thanat(o)-  in  comb.  =  Gk  thanatos  death, 
as  thanatophl'dia  n.  pi.,  poisonous  snakes. 

tha'natoid,  a.  Death-like,  apparently  dead ; 
deadly,    [as  prec.  +  -oid] 

thane,  n.  (In  early  Eng.  Hist.)  member  of 
a  rank  between  ordinary  freemen  and  heredi- 
tary nobles.  Hence  tha'neDOM,  tha'ne- 
hood.  tha'nesHip,  nn.  [OE  theg(e)n  soldier, 
servant,  thane,  cf.  OSax.  thegan,  ON  thegn, 
cogn.  w.  Gk  teknon  child] 

thank  *,  v.t.  Express  gratitude  to  (person 
for  thing);  t.  you,  I  t.  you  (polite  formula 
acknowledging  gift,  service,  offer  accepted  or 
refused) ;  (as  contempt,  refusal)  t.  you  for  no- 
thing ;  (anticipatory)  t.  you  (for  that  ball) !, 
please  throw  it  here  ;  (as  polite  formula,  now 
usu.  iron,  implying  reproach)  I  will  t.  you  to 
shut  the  door,  wipe  your  boots,  leave  my  affairs 
alone ;  he  may  t.  himself,  has  only  himself  to 
t.,for  that,  it  is  his  own  fault.  [OE  thancian, 
tho-,  (foil.),  cf.  Du.  8cGdanken] 

thank2,  n.  (nowonly  in  pi.).  (Expression  of) 
gratitude,  as  give  tt.  to  Heaven,  expressed  his 
heartfelt  tt.,she  bowed  her  tt.,  small  (ivon.much) 
tt.  I  got  for  it',  t.-offering  (bibl.),  Jewish  offer- 
ing made  as  act  of  thanksgiving ;  (as  formula) 
tt.,  thank  you  ;  tt.  to  (as  the  result  of)  my  fore- 
sight, your  obstinacy.  Hence  tha'nkwoRTH y 
a.  (archaic).  [OE  thane,  thonc,  cf.  Du.  &  G 
dank,  cogn.  w.  think] 

tha'nkful,  n.  Grateful ;  (of  words  or  act) 
expressive  of  thanks.  Hence  tha'nkfulLY2 
adv.,  tha'nkfulNESs  n.    [-ful] 

tha'nkless,  a.  Not  feeling  or  expressing 
gratitude  ;  a  t.  task  (not  likely  to  win  thanks, 


unprofitable).  Hence  tha'nklessLY 2  adv., 
tha'nklessNESS  n.    [less] 

tha-nksg-iving-,  n.  Expression  of  gratitude 
esp.  to  God ;  form  of  words  for  this,  as  General 
T.  (in  Book  of  Common  Prayer) ;  T.  day  (set 
apart  in  U.S.  for  t.  to  God,  usu.  last  Thursday 
of  November) ;  (bibl.)  offering  made  as  t. 

that  \  a.,  pron.,  &  adv.  1.  Demon str.  adj.  & 
pron.  (pr.  dhat ;  pi.  those  pr.  dhoz).  The  (person, 
thing),  the  person  or  thing,  pointed  to  or  drawn 
attention  to  or  observed  by  the  speaker  at  the 
time,  or  already  named  or  understood  or  in 
question  or  familiar,  as  observe  t.  dog  in  the 
next  field,  who  is  t.  (woman)  in  the  garden  ?, 
what  was  t.  noise  ?,  what  noise  is  t.  ?,  don't  roll 
your  eyes  like  t.  (as  you  are  doing)  or  int.  imbe- 
cile fashion,  I  knew  all  t.  before,  talked  abovit 
responsibilities  &  all  t.  (similar  commonplaces), 
t.  (your  action,  the  action  you  tell  me  of)  is  not 
fair,  that 's  right !  (formula  of  approval),  (col- 
loq.; also  there's)  that's  (you,  in  view  of  present 
or  future  compliance  &c,  are)  a  dear!,  I  use 
t.  (or  the)  term  in  a  special  sense,  much  to  the 
disgust  oft.  (or  the)  monarch,  was  cured  from 
t.  hour,  things  were  easier  in  those  days ;  (with 
feeling)  I  will  not  see  t.  boy  put  upon,  why  will 
you  bring  t.  woman  here  ?,  when  you  have  done 
thumping  t.  piano,  shall  not  easily  forget  t. 
day;  (coupled  or  contrasted  with  this,  &  applied 
esp.  to  the  nearer,  more  immediate  or  obvious, 
&c,  of  two)  this  poker  is  much  heavier  than  t. 
(one),  went  to  this  doctor  &  t.  or  to  this  &t. 
doctor  (various  doctors),  this,  t.,  &  the  other 
(various  things),  put  this  &  t.  (various  facts  &c> 
together ;  (as  pron.  replacing  the  w.  noun,  w. 
sense  completed  by  rel.  pron.  expressed  or,  in 
obj.  case  &  archaic  in  subj.,  omitted) \  those  who 
drink  water  think  water,  those  may  try  it  who 
choose,  had  t.  in  his  eye  w^hich  forbade  further 
trifiing,  all  those  (that)  I  saw,  all  those  (usu. 
the)  specimens  that  I  saw,  those  (usu.  the)  few 
(books)  that  I  had,  a  different  pattern  to  that 
(which)  I  was  used  to  ;  (or  by  adj.  or  equivalent) 
those  unfit  for  use,  those  below  the  standard, 
a  tunic  like  that  described  above,  those  (usu. 
the)  persons  most  injured  by  the  tax,  like  most 
of  those  issuing  from  German  workshops,  cost 
of  oil  is  less  than  t.  of  gas ;  (foil,  by  that  conj.) 
such,  such  a,  as  has  t.  confidence  in  his  theory 
that  he  would  put  it  into  practice  tomorrow, 
was  wounded  to  t.  degree  that  he  resigned.  2.  Adv. 
(pr.  dhat).  To  such  a  degree,  so,  as  (colloq. )  w ill  go 
t.far,  have  done  t.  much,  (vulg.)  I  was  t.  angry  1 
could  have  struck  him.  3.  Rel.  pron.  (pi.  same ; 
pr.  dhat;  used,  exc.  archaic,  rhet.,  poet.,  only 
to  introduce  defining-clause  essential  or  rhet. 
viewed  as  essential  to  identification;  now 
largely  replaced  by  who  &  to  some  extent  by 
which,  esp.  after  antecedent  that;  in  obj.  case, 
&  in  archaic  use  in  subj.,  that  is  often  omitted ; 
prep^.  governing  that  is  always  placed  after  it 
&  usu.  at  end  of  clause).  Exx.:  the  book  (t.  or 
which)  I  sent  you,  the  box  (t.  or  which)  you  put 
them  in,  the  man  (t.  or  usu.  whom)  you  stopped, 
the  people  (t.)  you  got  it  from  or  from  whom 
you  got  it,  the  meanest  flower  t.  (rarely  which) 
blows,  the  best  t.  (not  which)  you  can  do,  no  one 
(t. ;  not  whom)  I  ever  heard  of  could  see  any 
difference.  [OE  thxt  that,  the,  cf.  Du,  dat,  G 
das ;  for  those  see  this] 

that2  (dhat,  occas.  -at),  conj.  introducing  sub- 
ordinate clauses :  (of  statement  or  hypothesis) 
they  say  (t.)  he  is  better,  there  is  no  doubt  (t.)  he 
meant  it,  it  is  suggested  t.  the  mistake  was  in- 
tentional, it  is  hoped  t.  all  will  go  well,  it  is 
monstrous  t.  he  should  expect  further  help,  (to 
think)  t.  he  should  use  me  so  !  ;  (of  purpose)  he 
lives  t,  he  may  eat,  he  withdrew  (in  order)  L  the 


THATCH 


915 


THEMIS 


dispute  might  cease ;  (of  result) am  so  sleepy  it.) 
I  cannot  keep  my  eyes  open,  his  language  was 
such  t.  we  declined  further  dealings  with  him, 
what  have  I  done  t.  he  should  cut  me  ?,  where 
is  he,  t.  you  come  without  him  ? ;  (of  reason  or 
cause)  it  is  rather  t.  he  has  not  the  time,  not  t. 
(I  do  not  say  this  because)  J  have  any  objection; 
(of  wish)  (0)  t.  that  were  all!,  (0)  1. 1  knew  the 
truth!;  (archaic  or  literary)  in  t.,  since,  in  so  far 
as ;  now  t,  since  now,  as  you  ought  to  write  now 
t.  you  know  the  address.    [OE,  neut.  as  prec] 

thatch,  n.,  &  v.t.  Roof-covering  of  straw, 
rushes,  or  (in  tropical  countries)  coconut  & 
other  leaves  ;  (v.t.)  cover  (roof,  house,  or  abs.) 
with  t.  [(vb  f.  OE  theccan  f.)  OE  thxc,  cf.  Da. 
dak,  6  dach,  cogn.  w.  Gk  tegos,  stege,  roof,  L 
toga  robe,  tegere  cover,  &c] 

thairmatrope,  n.  Disk  &c.  on  which  are 
depicted  images  that  appear  to  go  through 
various  movements  when  disk  revolves,  [f.  Gk 
thauma  wonder  4-  -tropos  -turning] 

thau'maturge,  n.  Worker  of  miracles, 
wonder-worker.  Hence  or  cogn.  thauma- 
tup*gic(AL)  aa.,  thairmaturgfiST,  thau*- 
matupgY1,  nn.  [f.  Gk  thaumatourgos  a. 
{thauma  -matos  wonder  +  -o-  +  -ergos  -working)] 

thaw,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  ice,  snow,  frozen 
thing)  pass  to  liquid  state,  melt,  dissolve ;  (of 
weather,  it)  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice  &c, 
rise  above  32°  Fahr. :  (fig. )  be  freed  from  coldness 
or  stiffness,  unbend,  become  genial ;  cause  to 
t.  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  (n.)  thawing,  warmth  of  weather 
that  thaws,  as  a  t.  has  set  in.  Hence  thaw- 
Less,  thaw'Y  2,  aa.  [(n.  f.  vb)  OE  thawian,  cf. 
Du.  dooijen,  G  tauen] 

the  (bef.  vowel  dhi,  bef.  consonant  dhe,  era- 
phat.  dhe),  a.  &  adv.  1.  Adj.  applied  esp.  to 
person(s)  or  thing(s)  already  mentioned  or  un- 
der discussion,  or  from  the  nature  of  the  case 
actually  or  potentially  existent,  or  unique  (as 
class  or  individual),  or  familiar,  or  otherwise 
sufficiently  identified,  as  tried  to  soothe  t. 
child,  gave  t.  fellow  a  shilling,  shall  let  t.  matter 
drop,  how  is  t.  game  or  score  ?,  what  is  t.  time  ?, 
depends  on  t.  weather,  t.  Devil,  sun,  moon, 
stars,  Thames,  inflammation  oft.  lungs,  pulled 
t.  trigger,  what  was  t.  result  ?,  you  will  be  t. 
loser,  revised  by  t.  author,  find  their  way  to  t. 
sea,  went  to  t.  baths,  theatre,  rink,  t.  King,  t. 
Home  Secretary,  story  does  not  lose  in  t.  telling; 
to  sing.  n.  as  repr.  species,  class,  &c,  as  t.  lion, 
domestic  cat,  philosopher,  cucumber,  gavotte, 
general  reader,  man  in  the  street,  new  woman, 
(rhet.,  esp.  bibl.)  t.  oppressor,  locust;  to  some 
nn.  used  in  restricted  sense,  esp.  fig.  repr.  a 
pursuit  &c,  as  t.  gloves,  ribbons,  table,  stage, 
theatre,  platform,  hustings,  bottle,  pulpit,  fan- 
cy ;  to  names  of  diseases  &c.  (now  partly  ar- 
chaic), as  t.  smallpox,  measles,  tooth-ache, 
gout,  fidgets,  blues  (depression),  hump,  (vulg.) 
t.  (habit  of)  drink ;  to  nn.  expr.  a  unit,  as  Ad.  t. 
(or  a  or  per)  pound,  yard,  &c,  £6  t.  coat  & 
skirt,  allow  8  minutes  (to)  t.  mile,  16  oz.  to  t. 
pound  ;  with  sense  completed  by  rel.  clause  or 
adj.  or  equivalent,  as  t.  book  (that)  you  borrow- 
ed, t.  best  (that)  I  can  do  for  you,  has  not  t. 
nerve  for  motoring,  wonder  you  have  t.  impu- 
dence (to  ask  it  expr.  or  understood),  (exclam.) 
t.  impudence  of  t.  fellow!,  t.  cup  on  t.  top 
shelf,  t.  one  with  a  broken  handle,  t.  bottom  of 
a  well,  t.  best  way,  t.  only  way,  t.  way  out,  t. 
upper  classes,  t.  better  man  of  the  two ;  w.  adjj. 
used  abs.,  as  none  but  t.  brave  (brave  men)  de- 
serve t.  fair,  t.  beautiful  (beauty),  t.  sublime ; 
w.  adjj.  rhet.  viewed  as  part  of  definition,  as  t. 
virtuous  &  talented  Duchess  of  X.,  details  of  t. 
shocking  disaster,  t.  enraged  animal ;  (dhe ; 
italics)  applied  to  the  person   or   thing  best 


known  or  best  entitled  to  the  name,  as  no  rela- 
tion to  the  Browning,  the  tobacco  is  (adver- 
tiser's). 2.  Adv.  (a)  rel.,  only  in  comb.  w.  (b). 
In  whatever  degree,  (b)  In  thatdegree,  by  that 
amount,  on  that  account.  Exx.:  t.  more  he  gets, 
t.  more  he  wants ;  I  play  t.  worse,  t.  more  I 
practise ;  am  not  (or  none)  t.  more  inclined  to 
help  him  because  he  is  poor,  on  that  account, 
for  what  you  tell  me  ;  none  t.  better  for  seeing 
you ;  that  makes  it  all  t.  worse  (in  the  full  de- 
gree to  be  expected  from  what  you  say  &c.) ; 
(^autologically)  so  much  t.  worse  for  him,  t. 
worse,  so  much  worse,  for  him.  [1.  OE  masc. 
the  (earlier  se),  fern,  theo  (earlier  seo),  neut. 
thxt ;  cf.  Du.  de,  G  der,  die,  das,  L  iste,  -ta, 
-tud,  Gk  ho,  he,  to,  Skr.  tat.  2.  OE  thy,  tht,  in- 
strumental case] 

thea'ndrie,  a.  Of  the  union,  by  joint  agency, 
of  divine  &  human  nature  in  Christ,  [f.  Gk 
theandrikos  (theos  god,  aner  andros  man,  -ic)] 

theanthrd'pic(al),  aa.  Both  divine  &  hu- 
man ;  tending  to  embody  deity  in  human  form, 
[f.  Gk  theos  god  +  anthropos  man  +  -ic] 

the'arehy,  n.  Government  by  god  (s);  class, 
order,  of  gods,  as  the  Olympian  t.  [f.  Gk  the- 
arkhia  rule  of  god  (theos  god  +  -arkhia  t.  arkho 
rule)] 

theatre,  n.  Building  for  dramatic  specta- 
cles, play-house;  patent  t.  (established  by  letters 
patent,  not  licensed  by  Lord  Chamberlain) ; 
room,  hall,  for  lectures  &c.  with  platform  & 
seats  arranged  in  tiers  one  above  another; 
dramatic  literature  or  art;  scene,  field,  of  opera- 
tion, as  the  t.  ofwar;  t.-goer,  -going,  frequenter, 
-ing,  of  tt.  [ME  &  OF,  £  L  f.  Gk  theatron  (thea- 
omai  behold  f.  thea  spectacle)] 

thea'trlcal,  a.  &  n.  (Of  manner,  speech, 
gesture,  person)  calculated  for  effect,  showy, 
affected ;  of  or  suited  to  the  theatre,  of  acting 
or  actors,  so  thea'tpic  a.  (rare);  (n.  pi.)  t.  per- 
formances, esp.  private  (amateur)  tt.  Hence 
thea*tPiealiSM(2, 4),  theatrlea'liTY,  nn., 
thea*tPicalizE(3)  v.t.,  thea'tPiCALLY  adv. 
[f.  LL  f.  Gk  theatrikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)  +  -al] 

Theba'id  (or  the"-),  n.  Territory  around 
Thebes  (in  Egypt) ;  (also  L  -is)  poem  on  (siege 
of)  Thebes  (in  Greece),  esp.  that  of  Statius.  [f. 
L  f.  Gk  Thebais  -idos  (Thebai  Thebes)] 

thee.    See  thou. 

theft,  n.  Stealing;  larcency.  [OE  thbofthe 
(thiqf  thief  +  -th  ])] 

the'ic,  n.  One  who  drinks  tea  to  excess.  So 
the-ism *  [ism(5)] n.    [mod.  L thea  tea, -ic] 

the'ine,  n^  =  caffeine,    [as  prec.  +  -ine  6] 

theip  (dhar),  possessive  case  of,  &  adj.  cor- 
responding to,  they,  with  absolute  form 
theirs  (for  uses  cf.  her2),  [orig.  gen.  pi.  of  thcr 
see  they] 

the'ism  2  (for  t.1  see  theic),  n.  Belief  in  exis- 
tence of  a  God  supernaturally  revealed  to  man 
(cf.  deism)  &  sustaining  a  personal  relation  to 
his  creatures.  So  the'iST  n.,  thei'stic(AL)  aa. 
[f.  Gk  theos  god  +  -ism] 

them.    See  they. 

thema'tic,  a.  (Mus.)  of  themes,  as  t.  treat- 
ment, t.  catalogue  (giving  opening  themes  as 
well  as  names  &c.) ;  (Gram.)  of,  belonging  to,  a 
theme,  as  t.  vowel,  form.  Hence  thema't-- 
ically  adv.    [f.  Gk  thematikos  (as  foil.,  -ic)] 

theme,  n.  Subject  on  which  one  speaks, 
writes,  or  thinks ;  school  composition,  essay,  on 
given  subject;  (Gram.)  stem  of  noun  or  verb, 
part  to  which  inflexions  are  added;  (Mus.) 
melodic  subject  usu.  developed  with  varia- 
tions; (Hist.)  any  of  29  provinces  in  Byzantine 
empire.  [ME  &  OF  teme  f.  L  f.  Gk  thema  -matos 
(tithemi  set,  place,  see  -M)] 

The  mis,  n.    (Gk  Myth.)  goddess  of  law  & 


THEMSELVES 


916 


THERE 


justice;  these  personified.  [L  f.  Gk  Themis  law 
(tithemi  set,  place)] 

themselves  (dheni-),  pron.  Emphat.  &  re- 
flex, form  corresp.  to  they  (for  use,  cf.  him- 
self), [them  +  pi.  of  self] 
then  (dhen),  adv.,  conj.,  a.,  &  n.  (Adv.)  at 
that  time,  as  was  t.  too  much  occupied,  t.  comes 
the  trouble,  the  t.  existing  ordinances;  next, 
afterwards,  after  that,  as  it  must  t.  soak  for 
two  hours,  &  t.  the  operation  is  complete;  now 
&  then,  at  one  time  &  another,  from  time  to 
time.  (Conj.)  in  that  case,  therefore,  it  follows 
that,  (often  well,  t),  as  t.  you  should  have  said 
so,  t.  it  is  no  use  your  going,  (but)  t.  (if  what 
you  say  is  true)  why  did  you  take  it?;  (of 
grudging  or  impatient  concession)  if  you  must 
have  it  so,  as  take  it  t.,  between  you  &  I . . . 
lme\  t.;  (resumptively,  not  as  first  word)  ac- 
cordingly, as  the  new  Governor,  t.,  came  pre- 
pared ;  now  t.  (Adj.)  existing  &c.  at  that  time, 
as  the  t  Duke,  secretary.  (N.)  that  time,  as 
before,  till,  by,  from,  t.,  every  now  &  t,  from 
time  to  time.  IOE  thxnne,  tha-,  tho-,  cogn.  w. 
that1,  the,  cf.  Du.  dan,  G  denn] 
the'nap,  n.  (anat.).  Palm  of  hand,  sole  of 
foot;  (also  attrib.  t. prominence,  eminence)  ball 
of  thumb.    [Gk  thenar] 

thence  (dh-),  adv.  (Archaic)  from  that  place, 
from  there;  (somewhat  archaic)  from  that 
source,  for  that  reason,  as  a  discrepancy  t.  re- 
sults, it  t.  appears;  thenceforth,  thencefor- 
ward, advv.  &  nn.,  from  (or  from)  that  time 
forward.  [ME  thenne  (OE  thanon,  tho-,  f.  root 
of  this,  that,  then)  +  -es] 
theo-  in  comb.  =  Gk  theos  god,  as:  -cracy, 
government  or  State  governed  by  God  directly 
or  through  a  sacerdotal  class  8cc.,the  T.,  Jewish 
commonwealth  from  Moses  to  the  monarchy ; 
•crat  ruler  in,  subject  under,  theocracy,  so 
-cra'tic  a.;  -cratist,  believer  in  direct  inter- 
vention &  authority  of  God  through  revelation 
in  government  of  society;  -crasy  [f.  Gk  krasis 
mixture],  union  of  soul  with  God  through  con- 
templation (among  Neoplatonists,  Buddhists, 
&c);  dicy,  vindication  of  divine  providence  in 
view  of  existence  of  evil ;  -gony,  (poem  dealing 
with)  genealogy  of  the  gods,  so  -go'nica..,  -gonist 
n. ;  -machy  (-ki),  strife  against  or  among  the 
gods;  -ma'nia,  insane  belief  that  one  is  God, 
also,  religious  insanity,  so  -ma'niac  n.;  -phany, 
appearance  of  God  to  man,  so  -ph&'nic  a.;  -phi- 
lanthropist, member  of  a  society  formed  in 
Paris  in  1796  with  object  of  replacing  Christian- 
ity by  a  form  of  deism,  also,  one  who  professes 
to  unite  love  toGod  with  love  toman,  so  -philan- 
thro'pic  a.,  -philanthropist,  -philanthropy, 
r\n.; -pneusty, aivine  inspiration,  so-pneu'stica..; 
-techny,  supernatural  machinery,  so -te'chnic  a. 
theo'dolite,  n.  Surveying-instrument  for 
measuring  horizontal  and  non-vertical  angles 
by  means  of  telescope.  Hence  theodoli't- 
ica.   [?] 

Theodo'sian,  a.  Of  the  emperor  Theodosius 
(I,  II,  or  III),  esp.  T.  code  (published  under  Theo- 
dosius II,  d.  450).    [an] 

theold'gian,  n.  Person  skilled  in,  professor 
of,  theology,    [-an] 

theo'logy,  n.  Science  of  (esp.  Christian)  re- 
ligion :  natural  t.  (dealing  with  knowledge  of 
God  as  gained  from  his  works  by  light  of  nature 
&  reason);  positive,  revealed,  t.  (based  on  reve- 
lation); dogmatic  t.  (dealing  with  authoritative 
teaching  of  the  Scriptures  &  the  Church):  specu- 
lative t.  (gi  vi  ng  scope  to  human  speculation,  not 
confined  to  revelation);  systematic  t.,  methodi- 
cal arrangement  of  the  truths  of  rel  igion  in  their 
natural  connexion.  Hence  or  cogn.  theolo*- 
giCAL  a.,  theolo'giealLY2  adv.,   theo'lo- 


gTiZE(l,2)  v.t.  &  i.  [ME  &  OF  theologie  f.  LL  f. 

Gk  THEO(Zofifl'a  -LOGY)] 

theop'bo,  n.  Two-necked  musical  instru- 
ment of  lute  class  much  used  in  17th  c.  [f.  It. 
tiorba  etym.  dub.) 

the'orem.n.  (Math.)  proposition  to  be  proved 
by  chain  of  reasoning,  a  truth  to  be  established 
by  means  of  accepted  truths,  (cf.  problem  ) ;  al- 
gebraical or  other  rule,  esp.  one  expressed  by 
symbols  or  formulae,  as  binomial  t.,  formula 
for  raising  binomial  to  any  power  without  mul- 
tiplication ;  a  speculative  truth.  Hence  theo— 
rema*tic(AL)  aa.,  theore*matisr(3)  n.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  theorema  (theoreo,  see  theory  &  -m)] 

theore'tie,  a.  &  n.  =  foil.;  (n.  pi.)  specula- 
tive parts  of  a  science  &c,  so  theoretrciAN 
n.    [f.  Gk  theoretikos  (as  theory,  see  -etic)] 

theoretical,  a.  Concerned  with  knowledge 
but  not  with  its  practical  application,  specula- 
tive ;  based  on  mere  theory,  not  dealing  with 
facts  as  presented  by  experience.  Hence  theo- 
pe'ticalLY  2  adv.    [-al] 

thed'Pie,  a.  (Gk  ant.).  Of,  for,  public  spec- 
tacles, esp.  t.fund  (for  providing  free  seats  at 
theatre  for  poor  citizens  &c).  [f.  Gk  theorikos 
(as  theory,  see  -ic)] 

the'ory,  n.  Supposition  explaining  some- 
thing, esp.  one  based  on  principles  independent 
of  the  phenomena  &c.  to  be  explained,  opp.  to 
hypothesis,  as  atomic  t.,  t.  of  gravitation,  evo- 
lution ;  speculative  view,  as  one  of  my  pet  tt. 
(often  implying  fancifulness) ;  the  sphere  of 
speculative  thought,  as  this  is  all  very  well  in 
L,  but  how  will  it  work  in  practice  ? ;  exposition 
of  the  principles  of  a  science  &c,  as  the  t.  of 
music ;  (Math. )  collection  of  results  designed  to 
illustrate  principles  of  a  subject,  as  t.  of  chances, 
equations.  Hence  the'OPiST(3),  theopizA'- 
tion,  nn.,  the*OPiZE(2)  v.i.  [f.  OF  theorie  f.  L 
f.  Gk  theoria  f.  theoreo  behold,  contemplate 


(theoros  spectator  f.  thea  spectacle)] 

ophy,  n.    Any  of  i 
modern  philosophies  professing  to  attain  to  a 


theo'sophy,  n.    Any  of  various  ancient  & 


knowledge  of  God  by  spiritual  ecstasy,  direct 
intuition,  or  special  individualrelations.  Hence 
or  cogn.  the'osoph.theo'sophER1,  theo*- 
sophisr(2),  nn.,  theoso'phic(AL),  theoso- 
phi'stiCAL,  aa.,  theo*sophiZE(2)  v.i.  [f.  late 
Gk  theosophia  f.  theo(.90jo/ios  wise)] 

-thep,  -tep,  suf.  in  pronominal  &  other  wds 
w.  idea  of  distinction  or  comparison  (other, 
either,  whether;  nether,  further;  hither 
&c;  after);  neuter,  alter  vb,  have  the  cogn. 
L  suf.    [cf.  Gk  -teros,  L  -ter,  G  -der] 

thepapeu'tic,  a.  &n.  Curative;  of  the  heal- 
ing art;  (n.  pi.)  branch  of  medicine  concerned 
with  treatment  of  disease  &  action  of  remedial 
agents  in  disease  or  health.  Hence  thera- 
peu'ticAL  a.,  thepapeu'tiealLY  2adv.,  the- 
papeu*tiST(3)  n.  [f.  Gk  therapeutikos  (thera- 
peuo  wait  on^cure,  r.  therapon  servant,  see  -ic)] 

there  (dhar,  dher  as  below),  adv.,  n.,  &  int. 
In  or  at  that  place,  as  put  it  down  t.,  what  is 
that  dog  doing  t.?,  lived  t.  some  years,  have 
been  t.  before  (slang),  know  all  about  it,  all  t. 
(slang),  in  one's  senses,  sane,  t.  it  is—onthesofa, 
(calling  attention)  yout.!  ;  at  that  point  in  ar- 
gument, progress  of  affairs,  situation,  &c,  as 
t.  I  agree  with  you,  t.  is  (or  comes  in)  the  diffi- 
culty, you  had  (the  advantage  of)  him  t,  t.  it 
(the  trouble)  is,  you  see;  here  &t„  neither  here 
nor  t.;  to  that  place,  as  go  t.  every  day,  got  t.  in 
txoo  minutes,  get  t.  (slang),  succeed;  (merely 
expletiveor  introductory, usu. dher;  preceding, 
or  in  interrog.  or  neg.  or  quasi-neg.  sentence 
following,  verb  that  normally  precedes  its  sub- 
ject, esp.  be ;  in  poet,  or  exclam.  use  subject 
may  stand  first)  t.  was  a  cart  close  by,  t.  xvas 


THERIAC 


917 


THICK 


nothing  t,  t.  was  plenty  to  eat,  what  is  t.for 
supper?,  not  a  sound  was  t.  to  indicate  their 
presence,  seldom  has  t.  been  more  fuss,  t.fell  a 
deep  silence,  a  knight  t.  was,  a  nice  mess  t.  is  or 
seemstobe!;  t.'s(=THATl,s)adear$cc.  (N.)that 
place,  as  was  brought  from  t,  lives  somewhere 
near  t,  tide  comes  up  to  t.,  passed  by  t.  Int. 
expr.  confirmation,  triumph,  dismay,  &c,  as 
t.  !  what  did  I  tell  you  ?,  or  used  to  soothe  child 
&c,  as  t.,t.,  never  mind.  There about(s),  near 
that  place,  as  ought  to  be  somewhere  there- 
abouts, near  that  number,  quantity,  &c,  as  two 
gallons  or  thereabouts;  therea'fter  (archaic), 
after  that,  according  to  that  rule  &c;  there'- 
ane'nt  (Sc),  about  that  matter;  therea't  (ar- 
chaic), at  that  place,  on  that  account,  after  that ; 
thereby  {or  dhar-bi),  by  that  means,  as  result 
of  that ;  therefor'  (archaic),  for  that  object  or 
purpose ;  therefore,  for  that  reason,  accord- 
ingly, consequently ;  therefro'm  (archaic),  from 
that  or  it;  therei'n  (archaic),  in  that  place, 
in  that  respect;  thereinafter,  -before',  later, 
earlier,  in  same  document  &c;  therei'nto  (ar- 
chaic), into  that  place;  thereof  (archaic),  of 
that  or  it ;  thereo'n  (archaic),  on  that  or  it  (of 
motion  &  position) ;  thereowt  (archaic),  out  of 
that,  from  that  source ;  therethrough'  (archaic), 
through  that ;  thereto'  (archaic),  to  that  or  it, 
in  addition,  to  boot ;  thereu'nto  (archaic),  to 
that  or  it ;  thereupo'n,  in  consequence  of  that, 
soon  or  immediately  after  that,  (archaic)  upon 
that  (of  motion  or  position);  therewi'th  (archaic), 
with  that,  thereupon;  therewithal,  in  addition, 
besides.  [OE  thser,  tMr,  cf.  Du.  daar,  G  da ; 
perh.  locat.  case,  on  comparative  suf.  -ro-t  f. 
stem_of  that  *] 

thep'iac,  n.  (Also  theriaca  Andromachi, 
Venice  treacle)  antidote  to  bites  of  poisonous 
animals  compounded  of  many  drugs,  [f.  OF 
theriaque  f.  L  f.  Gk  theriake  antidote,  fern.  adj. 
as  n.Jtherion  dim.  of  ther  wild  beast,  see  -AC)] 

therianthro'pie,  a.  Of,  worshipping,  be- 
ings represented  under  form  of  man  &  beast. 
So  thepia*nthpopiSM(3)  n.  [f.  Gk  therion 
beast  +  anthropos  man  +  -ic] 

therm,  n.  Amount  of  heat  required  to  raise 
one  gram  of  water  at  maximum  density  one 
degree  centigrade,    [f.  Gk  therme  heat] 

thermae,  n.  pi.  (Gk&  Rom.  ant.).  Hot  springs 
or  (esp.  public)  baths.  [L,  f.  Gk  thermal  pi.  as 
prec] 

thep'mal,  a.  Of  heat,  as  t.  unit  (for  measur- 
ing heat) ;  t.  equator,  line  along  which  greatest 
heat  occurs  on  earth's  surface ;  t.  springs,  hot 
springs;  of  thermae.  Hence  thePTnalLY2 
adv.    [as  therm  +  -al] 

therma'ntidote,  n.  Apparatus  for  cooling 
the  air,  used  in  India,    [as  therm  +  antidote] 

thep'mie,  a.  Of  heat,  as  t.  rays,  conditions. 
[as  therm  +  -icl 

Thermidor'ian,  n.  Any  of  those  who  effect- 
ed or  favoured  Robespi  erre's  overthrow  onTher- 
midor  9th,  1794.  [f.  F  thermidorien  (thermidor, 
republican  month  July- August,  as  therm  + 
Gk  doron  gift),  see  -ian] 

thermo-  in  comb.  =  G k  thermos  warm,Merme 
heat,  as :  -baro'meter,  apparatus  for  measuring 
atmospheric  pressure  by  boiling-point  of  water, 
also,  siphon  barometer  that  can  be  used  as  ther- 
mometer; -dynd'mics,  science  of  the  relations 
between  heat  &  mechanical  work ;  -electri'city, 
electricity  produced  by  difference  of  tempera- 
ture, so  -electric  a.;  -electro'meter,  instrument 
for  determining  heating-power  of  electric  cur- 
rent; -fire 'nesis.production  of  heat  esp.  in  human 
body,  so  -gene'tic,  -gl'nic,  aa. ;  -gram,  record 
made  by  -graph  (self-registering  thermometer); 
•mo'tive,  of  motion  produced  by  heat ;  -mo'tor, 


engine  worked  by  means  of  heat,  esp.  by  hot 
air ;  -pile,  thermo-electric  battery  esp.  arranged 
for  measuring  small  quantities  of  radiant  heat ; 
-scope,  instrument  for  detecting  differences  of 
temperature  without  measuring,  so  -scd'pic(al) 
aa.;  -stat,  automatic  instrument  for  regulating 
temperature,  so  -std'tic  a.;  -sta'tics,  theory  of 
the  equilibrium  of  heat;  -tensile,  relating  to 
tensile  force  as  affected  by  temperature ;  -type, 
impression  of  section  of  wood  &c.  made  by  wet- 
ting the  object  with  dilute  acid,  printing,  & 
developing  the  impression  by  heat. 

thermo'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  measur- 
ing temperature,  usu.  glass  tube  with  small 
bore  containing  mercury  or  alcohol,  &  variously 
graduated  (Fahrenheit,  Reaumur,  Centigrade, 
t,  with  freezing-point  at  32°,  0°,  0°,  boiling-point 
of  water  at  212°,  80°,  100°);  clinical  t.  (small,  with 
range  of  25°  or  less,  for  taking  temperature  of 
the  body);  maximum,minimum,£.  Hence  ther- 
mome*ti»ic(AL)  aa.,  thepmome'tPiealLY2 
adv.^thermo'METRY  n.  [thermo-  +  -meter] 

ther'oid,  a.  (Esp.  of  idiot)  having  beast-like 
propensities,    [f.  Gk  ther  wild  beast  H-  -oid] 

thero'logry,  n.  Science  of  mammals,  mam- 
malogy. So  thero'logiST  n.  [as  prec.  +  -log y] 

thesau'pus,  n.  Lexicon,  cyclopaedia.  [L, 
f.  Gk  thesauros  treasure  (tithemi  place)] 

these.    See  this. 

the'sis  (or  the- as  below),  n.  (pi.  theses).  Pro- 
position to  be  maintained ;  dissertation,  esp. 
one  by  candidate  for  degree  &c;  school  or  col- 
lege exercise ;  (also  the)  unaccented  syllable 
in  English  scansion  (cf.  arsis).  [L,  f.  Gk  thesis 
thing  laid  down,  (Pros.)  thesis  or  arsis,  f.  ti- 
themi place] 

The'spian,  a.  Of  Thespis,  semi-legendary 
Greek  dramatic  poet  of  6th  c.  B.C.;  the  T.  art, 
the  drama,    [f.  Gk  thespios  (Thespis)  +  -an] 

the'upgy,  n.  Supernatural  agency  esp.  in 
human  affairs  ;  art  of  securing  this ;  magical 
science  of  Neoplatonists ;  production  of  effects 
by  supernatural  agency  opp.  natural  magic. 
Hence  or  cogn.  theup'gic(AL)  aa.,  the*up- 
g"iST(3)  n.  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  theourgia  miracle  f. 
theourgos  (theos  god+ -ergos  -working)] 

thews,  n.  pi.  Sinews,  muscles ;  (fig.)  mental 
or  moral  vigour.  Hence  thewED2,  thew- 
less,  thew'Y  2,  aa.  [OE  the" aw  habit,  (pi.)  man- 
ners, cogn.  w.  Skr.  tu  be  strong] 

they  (dha),  pron.  (obj.  them,  poss.  their). 
PI.  of  he,  she,  it;  t.  (the  persons)  who ;  t.  (peo- 
ple in  general)  say.  [OE  thd,  obj.  thdm,  poss. 
thdra,  cases  of  the,  that1,  used  as  3rd  pers. 
pron.,  cf.  Icel.  their,  obj.  theim,  poss.  theird] 

thick,  a.,  n.,  &  adv.  Of  great  or  specified 
depth  between  opposite  surfaces,  as  bread  is 
(cut)  too  t,  spread  the  butter  t,  a  board  two 
inches  t,  how  t.  was  it  ? ;  arranged  closely, 
crowded  together, asf.  hair, forest, crowd  grtw 
thicker;  numerous,  as  fell  t.  as  peas;  abound- 
ing, packed,  with,  as  trees  t.  with  leaves,  air  t. 
with  snoiv;  of  firm  consistency,  as  t.  paste, 
soup  ;  turbid,  muddy,  cloudy,  not  clear,  as  t. 
puddles,  weather  is  still  t;  stupid,  dull;  (of 
voice)  muffled,  indistinct;  (colloq.)  intimate, 
esp.  t.  as  thieves ;  thickhead,  blockhead ;  t- 
headed,  stupid  ;  thickset,  set  or  growing  close 
together,  heavily  or  solidly  built,  (n.)  kind  of 
stout  fustian,  (also  t.-s.  hedge)  close-grown 
hedge;  t.-skinned,  (fig.)  not  sensitive  to  re- 
proach, insult,  &c,  stolid  ;  t.-skulled,  -witted, 
stupid  ;  thick'un  (slang),  sovereign  (coin).  (N.) 
the  t.  part  of  anything,  esp.  fig.  in  the  t.  of  it  (of 
fight &.c);  (colloq.) stupid  person;  through  t.& 
thin,  under  all  conditions,  resolutely,  so  t.-&- 
thin  a.,  as  t.-&-thin  supporters.  (Adv.)  thickly, 
as  snow  was  falling  t.,  blows  came  fast  d:  t., 


THICKEN 


918 


THIS 


heart  beats  t.  Hence  thi'ekiSH1  a.,  thi'ekLY2 
adv.    [OE  thiece,  cf.  Du.  dik,  G  dick] 

thi'eken.v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  thick; 
make  (gravy  &c )  of  stifler  consistency,  whence 
thi'ekeniNG1^)  n. ;  plot  thickens  (becomes 
more  intricate),    [-en  6J 

thi'cket,  n.  Number  of  shrubs,  trees,  &cr 
growing  close  together.   [OE  thiccet  (as  thick)  j 

thi'ckness,  n.  Being  thick ;  dimension 
other  than  length  &  breadth ;  piece  of  material 
of  known  t.,  as  three  tt.  of  cardboard  will  suf- 
fice.   [-NESS] 

thief  (-ef),  n.  (pi.  -ves).  One  who  steals  esp. 
secretly  &  without  violence,  whence  thie'v- 
ery(4),  thie'vishNESs,  nn.,  thie'viSH l  a., 
thie'vishLY2  adv.;  projection  in  wick  of 
candle  causing  it  to  gutter;  thieves'  latin. 
[OE  tMof,  cf.  Du.  die/,  G  dieb] 

thieve,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  a  thief,  practise  stealing ; 
steal  (thing).    [OE  getMofian  (as  prec)] 

thigh  (thi),  n.  Part  of  human  leg  between  hip 
&  knee,  corresponding  part  in  other  animals  ; 
smite  hip1  and  t.;  t.-bone,  single  bone  of  t., 
femur.  Hence  (-)thighED2  a.  [OE  theo(h), 
cf.  Du.  dij(e),  OHG  dioh] 

thill,  n.  Shaft  of  cart  or  carriage;  (also 
thi'llER1  n.)  t.-horse  (put  between  tt.).  [OE, 
orig.=plank,  cf.  deal  3,  Du.  deel,  G  diele] 

thi'mble,  n.  Metal  cap  (sometimes  open  at 
end)  worn  to  protect  finger  &  push  needle  in 
sewing ;  (Mech.)  short  metal  tube,  as  t.-joint, 
-coupling;  metal  ring  concave  on  outside  & 
fitting  in  rope  to  prevent  chafing ;  thimbleful, 
small  quantity  (of  brandy  &c.)  to  drink ;  t.-pie, 
rapping  on  head  with  t.,  as  punishment ; 
thimblerig  n.  &  v.i.,  (play)  sleight-of-hand  trick 
with  three  t. -shaped  cups  &  pea,  bystanders 
betting  which  cup  covers  pea,  thimblerigger, 
one  who  plays  this,  sharper.    [OE  thymel,  as 

THUMB +  -LE(1)] 

thin  i,  a.  Having  opposite  surfaces  close  to- 
gether, of  small  diameter,  slender,  as  t.  wire, 
string,  board,  sheet ;  not  dense,  as  t.  air ;  not 
full  or  closely  packed,  as  t.  house  (theatre) ;  of 
slight  consistency,  as  t.  gruel ;  lacking  in  im- 
portant ingredient,  as  t.  beer,  blood,  voice, 
humour,  eloquence ;  (fig.)  shallow,  transparent, 
flimsy,  as  t.  disguise,  excuse,  (colloq.)  that 's  too 
t.;  lean,  not  plump  ;  through  thick  and  t.;  t.- 
skinned, (fig.) sensitive.  Hence  thi'nLY2  adv., 
thi'nNESS  n.,  thi'nniSH  i  a.  [OE  thynne,  cf. 
Du.  dun,  G  dilnn,  &  L  tenuis,  Gk  tanaos] 

thin  2,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  thin,  reduce 
in  bulk  or  numbers,  as  his  hair  is  thinning, 
nation  had  thinned  under  (or  been  thinned  by) 
proscription  ;  remove  some  young  fruit  from 
(vine,  tree)  to  improve  growth  of  rest.  [OE  ge- 
thynnan  trans.,  as  prec] 

thine.    See  thy. 

thing-,  n.  Whatever  is  or  maybe  an  object 
of  thought  (including  or  opp.  to  person),  as :  (of 
animate  objects,  esp.  persons,  expr.  contempt, 
pity,  affection,  &c)  poor  t,  spiteful  t,  a  dear 
old  t.,  dumb  tt;  (of  inanimate  material  object) 
take  those  tt.  off  the  table,  platinum  is  a  costly 
t.,  got  my  tt.  (clothes)  wet,  pack  up  your  tt.  (per- 
sonal belongings) ;  (of  act,  fact,  idea,  course, 
task,  affair,  circumstance)  a  foolish  t.  to  do, 
soft  t,  ¥VT*-up  t,  strange  t.  that  you  cannot 
hold  your  tongue,  that  is  not  the  same  t.,  the 
only  t.  now  is  to  take  a  cab,  the  t.  (to  aim  at)  is 
to  improve  the  pace,  tt.  begin  to  look  brighter, 
has  made  a  mess  oftt,  takes  tt.  too  seriously ; 
(of  specimen  or  type  of  work  &c.)  latest  thing 
in  hats,  a  sweet  t.  in  coal-scuttles,  a  little  t.  of 
mine  I  should  like  to  read  you ;  not  the  (con- 
ventionally proper)  t;  am  not  feeling  at  all  the 
t.  (well);  (Law)  tt.  personal,  real,  personal,  real, 


property ;  (facet.)  tt.  political  &c,  politics  &c ; 
make  a  good  t.  of,  make  good  profit  by ;  do  the 
handsome  t.  by,  treat  handsomely ;  know  a  t.  or 
two,  be  experienced  or  shrewd.  [OE,  =  thing, 
cause,  sake,  office,  council,  cf.  Du.  &  G  ding, 
ON  thing] 

thi'ngamy,  thingumajig,  thi'ngum- 
bob,  thi'ngummy,  nn.  Person,  thing, 
whose  name  one  forgets  or  treats  as  known, 
what's-his-name,  what-d'you -call-it.    [prec] 

think,  v.t.  &  i.  (thought,  pron.  thawt).  Con- 
sider, be  of  opinion,  as  we  t.  (that)  he  will  come, 
we  do  not  t.  it  probable,  It.  it  a  shame,  it  is  not 
thought  fair,  is  thought  to  be  a  fraud ;  intend, 
expect,  as  thinks  to  deceive  us;  form  conception 
of,  as  cannot  t.  the  infinite ;  recognize  presence 
or  existence  of,  as  the  child  thought  no  harm ; 
reduce  to  specified  condition  &c  by  thinking, 
as  cannot  t.  away  a  toothache,  will  t.  himself 
silly ;  exercise  the  mind  otherwise  than  by  pas- 
sive reception  of  another's  ideas  ;  t.  about,  con- 
sider, esp.  consider  the  practicability  of  (scheme, 
doing);  t.  of,  consider,  imagine,  propose  to  one- 
self, entertain  the  idea  of,  hit  upon,  as  have 
many  things  to  t.  of,  to  t.  of  (one  can  hardly 
imagine)  his  not  guessing  it!,  must  be  thinking 
of  going,  couldn't  t.  of  such  a  thing,  t.  of  a  word 
beginning  with  B,  would  have  telephoned  if  I 
had  thought  of  it ;  t.  little  or  nothing  of,  con- 
sider insignificant  or  contemptible,  as£.  nothing 
of  30  miles  a  day,  1 1.  nothing  of  your  friend 
Jones ;  t.  much,  well,  highly,  meanly,  of,  esteem 
thus,  t.  no  small  beer  of;  t.  out,  consider  care- 
fully, devise  (plan  &c) ;  t.  over  (adv.  or  prep.), 
reflect  upon,  as  t.  over  what  I  have  said,  will  t. 
it  over ;  t.  fit  or  good,  choose  (to  do  esp.  arbi- 
trary or  foolish  thing).  Hence  thi'nkABLE, 
thi'nkiNG2,  aa.,  thi'nkER1  n.  [OE  thenc(e)an, 
past  thohtc,  cf.  ON  thekkja,  G  denken ;  cogn. 
w.  thank2  &  old  L  tongere  think] 

third,  a.  &  n.  Next  after  second,  whence 
thip'dLY2  adv.;  t.  estate,  t.  person,  t.  of 
exchange  l ;  t.-class,  -rate,  (loosely)  inferior, 
poor;  (Crick.)  t.  man,  (place  of)  fielder  diago- 
nally behind  point  away  from  wicket ;  one  of 
three  equal  divisions  of  a  whole ;  sixtieth  of  a 
second  of  time  or  angular  measurement;  (Mus.) 
(interval  between  a  tone  and)  next  tone  but  one, 
consonance  of  a  tone  &  its  t. ;  (pi.)  t.  part  of 
husband's  personal  property,  going  to  widow 
in  certain  cases.    [OE  thridda  (three)] 

thirst,  n.,  &  v.i.  Suffering  caused  by  want 
of  drink,  desire  for  drink;  (fig.)  ardent  desire, 
craving,  (of,  for,  after,  glory,  person's  blood, 
&c);  (v.i.)  feel  t.  (now  chiefly  fig.  for,  after). 
Hence  thi'PstLESS  a.  [OE  thyrstan  vb,  thurst 
n.,  cf.  Du.  dorst,  G  durst,  ON  thorsti,  cogn.  w. 
L  torrere  parch,  Gk  tersomai  become  dry] 

thip'sty,  a.  Feeling  thirst ;  fond  of  drink ; 
(of  country  or  season)  dry,  parched;  (colloq.) 
causing  thirst,  as  this  is  t.  work.  Hence 
thiP'stiL y  2  adv.    [OE  thurstig  (prec. ,  -Y ] )] 

thirtee'n,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  twelve,  13, 
xiii.  Hence  thiPtee'nTH  2  a.  &  n.  [OE  thrto- 
Une,  -tyne  (as  three,  see  -teen)] 

thirty,  a.  &  n.  Three  times  ten,  30,  xxx ;  t- 
one&c.,t.-first8zc. ;  T.-nine  Articles  (subscribed 
to  by  person  taking  orders  in  Ch.  of  Eng.) ;  t.- 
two-mo,  22mo,  book  with  32  leaves  to  the  sheet. 
Hence  thip'tiETH  a.  &  n.  [OE  thritig,  thrittig 
(thri  three,  see  -ty2)] 

this  (dh-),  a.  &  pron.  (pi.  these  pron.  dhez). 
The  (person,  thing),  the  person  or  thing,  close 
at  hand  or  touched  or  pointed  to  or  drawn 
attention  to  or  observed  by  the  speaker  at  the 
time,  or  already  named  or  understood  or  in  ques- 
tion or  familiar  (seldom  idiomatically  inter- 
changeable with  that  1,  but  often  only  equally 


THISNESS 


919 


THRASH 


applicable  to  the  facts,  the  implication  of 
greater  nearness,  familiarity,  &c,  being  purely 
idiomatic),  as  observe  t.  dog  on  the  hearthrug, 
who  are  these  people  in  the  next  room  ?,  what  is 
all  t.  noise  ?,  fold it  like  L,  I  knew  all  t.  before, 
t.  (your  action,  the  action  I  am  speaking  of)  is 
not  fair,  t.  term,  is  liable  to  much  abuse,  things 
are  easier  in  these  days ;  t.  and  that  i  ;  t. ,  that  i, 
and  the  other ;  (of  time)  t.  day,  to-day,  shall  be 
or  have  been  busy  all  t.  week,  ought  to  be  ready 
by  t.  (time),  before  t.  (time),  have  been  asking 
for  it  these  (or  this)  three  weeks  (just  past). 
[OE  masc.  thes,  fern.  tMos,  neut.  this,  prob.  f. 
root  of  thxt  (see  the),  cf.  Du.  deze,  G  dieser ; 
OE  pi.  dxs  gave  these,  das  gave  those  (now 
used  as  pi.  of  that  *)] 

thi'sness,  n.  Quality  of  being  this,  =  haec- 
ceitv.     [-NESS] 

thi'stle  (-si),  n.  Kinds 'of  prickly  composite 
plant  with  globular  or  cylindrical  heads  with 
purple,  yellow,  or  white  flowers ;  Order  of  the 
T.,  a  Scottish  order  of  knighthood.  Hence 
thrstlv2  a.  [OE  thistel,  cf.  Du.  &  G  distel, 
OX  thistill] 

thither  (dhi'dher),  adv.  (archaic).  To  that 
place,  there  (of  motion).  Hence  thi'thep- 
ward(s)  adv.  [OE  thider,  thy-,  f.  root  of  the, 
cf.  hither] 

thli'psis,  n.  (path.).  Compression  of  blood- 
vessel &c.  esp.  by  external  compression.  [Gk 
(thlibo  press)] 

tho'.    See  though. 

thole1,  v.  t.  (archaic).  Undergo,  endure,  suffer, 
(pain,  grief,  &c,  or  abs.);  permit,  admit  of.  [OE 
tholian,  cf.  ON  thola,  Da.  taale,  G  geduld  pa- 
tience, cogn.  w.  Gk  *  tlao  suffer,  L  tolerare] 

thole2,  n.  (Also  t.-pin)  pin  in  gunwale  of 
boat  as  fulcrum  for  oar ;  each  of  two  such  pins 
between  which  oar  plays.  [OE  thol,  cf.  Du.  dol, 
ON  thollr  tree,  peg] 

Tho'mism  (to-),  n.  Theological  doctrine  of 
Thomas  Aquinas  (d.  1274)  who  maintained  pre- 
destination &  efficacious  grace,  and  denied  the 
immaculate  conception.  So  Tho'miST  n., 
Thomi'stic(AL)  aa.    ^-ism] 

thong,  n.,  &  v.t.  Narrow  strip  of  leather 
used  as  halter,  reins,  lash  of  whip,  &c. ;  (v.t.) 
provide  with  t.,  strike  with  t.  [OE  thwang,  cf. 
ON  threngr,  cogn.  w.  twinge] 

Thop,  n.  Scandinavian  god  of  thunder,  war, 
&  agriculture;  T.'s  hammer, f\inta,xe  (-hammer). 
[f.  ON  Thorr] 

thop*al,  a.  Nuptial,  esp.  (Palmistry,  also 
mark  of  Venus)  t.-line  in  hand.  [f.  L  torus 
(med.L  th-)  +-al] 

thor'ax,  n.  (Anat,  Zool.)  part  of  trunk  be- 
tween neck  and  abdomen  or  tail,  whence  tho- 
pa*eic  a.,  thopa*ei(eo)-,  thopa'eo-,  comb, 
forms;  (Gk  Ant.)  breastplate,  cuirass.  [L,  f. 
Gk  thorax  -akos] 

thop'ite,  n.  A  black  compact  mineral  found 
in  Norway,    (thor  +  -ite  j] 

thorn,  n.  Prickle,  spiny  process  or  plant, 
esp.  abortive  branch ;  kinds  of  thorny  shrub  or 
tree,  as  hawt.,  whitet.,  blackt. ;  a  t.  in  one's 
flesh  or  side,  constant  source  of  annoyance ; 
early  English  symbol  for  the  hard  sound  of  th 
as  opp.  to  edh,  symbol  for  soft  th  (dh) ;  thorn- 
back,  ray  with  spines  on  back  and  tail,  British 
spider-crab;  thornbill,  thorntail,  kinds  of  hum- 
ming-bird. Hence  thop'nLESS,  thop*n  y  *,  aa. 
[OE  &  ON,  cf.  Du.  doom,  G  dorn] 

thorough  (thuTu),  a.  &  n.  Complete,  un- 
qualified, not  superficial,  out-&-out,  as  his  work 
ts  seldom  L,  has  caught  a  t.  chill,  wants  a  t. 
change,  a  t.  scoundrel;  (n.,  Hist.)  uncompro- 
mising policy  of  Strafford  &  Laud  under 
Charles  I ;  t.-bdss,  bass  part  accompanied  by 


shorthand  marks  esp.  numerals  to  indicate 
the  general  harmony,  such  system  of  marks, 
(loosely)  harmonic  composition  ;  t.-brace,  strap 
between  C-springs  of  vehicle;  t.-bred  a.  & 
n.,  (animal,  esp.  horse)  of  pure  breed,  high- 
spirited,  mettlesome,  (also  fig.  of  persons) ;  tho- 
roughfare, road,  street,  esp.  one  through  which 
much  traffic  passes,  no  thoroughfare,  (as  notice 
at  end  of  obstructed  or  private  road)  no  passage  ; 
t.-going,  uncompromising,  out-&-out ;  t.-paced, 
(lit. ,  of  horse)  trained  to  all  paces,  (fig. )  complete, 
unqualified,  as  a  t.-p.  rascal ;  t.-pin,  swelling 
in  hollow  of  horse's  hock.  Hence  thoTough- 
ly2  adv.,  tho'roug-hxK.ss  n.    f =  through] 

thopp(e),  n.  Village,  hamlet,  (in  place- 
names).    [OE  &  ON  (-p),  cf.  Du.  dorp,  G  dorf] 

those.    See  that1. 

thou  (dhow),  pron.  (object,  thee,  pi.  ye,  you), 
&  v.t.  &  L  Sing.  pron.  of  2nd  pers.,  now  ar- 
chaic or  poet.  exc.  in  addressing  God  and  (usu. 
thee  as  subject,  with  3rd  pers.  vb)  as  used  by 
Quakers ;  (v.t.)  address  (person)  as  t. ;  (v.i.)  use 
t.  instead  of  you.  [OE  &  ON  thu,  cf.  Da.  &  G  du, 
L  tu,  Gk  su,  tu] 

though  (dho),  tho',  conj.  (Also  although) 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that,  as  he  finished 
first  t.  he  began  last,  t.  it  was  late  we  decided  to 
set  out ;  (also  alt.)  on  the  supposition  that,  as  it 
is  better  to  ask  him  (even)  t.  he  (should)  refuse 
or  refuses ;  what  t.  (what  does  it  matter  if)  the 
way  is  (archaic  be)  long?,  as  t,  as  if,  as  it  is  as 
t.  a  man  shmdd  ask  alms  of  a  beggar,  he  acts 
as  t.  he  were  mad,  it  looks  as  t.  he  meant  (vulg. 
means)  business ;  (introducing what  isVirtually 
an  independent  sentence)  and  yet,  as  I  have  no 
doubt  he  will  understand— t.  you  never  know ; 
(abs.)  however,  as  /  wish  you  had  told  me,  t. 
[ME  thogh,  cf.  ON  tho,  Du.  &  G  doch) 

thought1  (thawt),  n.  Process,  power,  of 
thinking  ;  faculty  of  reason  ;  sober  reflection  ; 
consideration,  as  after  serious  t,  acts  without 
t,  whence thouglvtFUL,  though*tLESS,  aa., 
though*tfulLY 8,  though'tlessLY  2,  advv., 
though'tfulNESS,  though'tlessNESS,  nn. ; 
idea,  conception,  chain  of  reasoning,  &c,  pro- 
duced by  thinking,  as  an  essay  full  of  striking 
tt.,  a  happy  t,  well-timed  or  apposite  idea  or 
suggestion ;  half-formed  intention,  as  had 
(some)  tt.  of  resigning,  had  no  t.  of  offending 
him;  (usu.  pi.)  what  one  thinks,  one's  opinion, 
as  will  tell  you  my  tt.  of  the  matter ;  subject  of 
one's  t. ,  as  his  one  t.  is  h  ow  to  get  away,  a  pen  n  y 
for  your  tt.;  at.,&  little,  somewhat,  as  cut  it  a 
t.  shorter,  seems  to  me  a  t.  arrogant;  quick  as  t., 
very  quick  ;  free  l-t.;  second  tt.,  further  con- 
sideration, as  second  tt.  are  best,  on  second  tt. 
I  will  take  a  cab ;  t. -reader,  -reading,  reader, 
reading,  of  person's  tt.  by  telepathy ;  t.-trans- 
ference,  telepathy ;  t.-wave,  undulation  of  a  me- 
dium of  t. -transference.  Hence  (-)thought- 
ed  2  a.    [OE  (ge)thoht  (think)] 

thought2.    See  think. 

thousand  (-owz-).  a.  &  n.  Ten  hundred, 
1000,  M  (for  uses  cf.  hundred);  (loosely)  many, 
as  a  t.  times  easier,  one  in  a  t.  (esp.  rare  or 
excellent  one) ;  upper  ten  t.  Hence  thou*- 
sandFOLD  a.  &  adv.,  (-)thou'sandTH2  a. 
&  n.  [OE  thusend,  cf.  Du.  duizend,  G  tausend, 
ON  thusund,  etym.  dub.] 

thrall  (awl),  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Slave  (of,  to, 
person  or  thing,  lit.  &  fig.) ;  bondage,  esp.  in  t. ; 
(adj.,  archaic)  enslaved  (to) ;  (v.t.)  enslave. 
Hence  thpa'lDOM  n.  [ME  thral,  cf.  ON  thr&ll, 
Da.  trxl,  cogn.  w.  OE  thr&gan  run] 

thnap,  v.t.  (naut.).  Bind  on,  fasten,  (rope 
round,  about,  Sec).    [?] 

thrash,  -esh,  v.t.  (Usu.  -esh)  beat  out  or 
separate  grain  from  (corn  &c.)  on  threshing- 


THRASHER 


920 


THROE 


■floor  or  in  threshing-machine,  (fig.)  t.  out,  ar- 
rive at,  obtain,  (the  truth,  rhyme,  &c.)  by  re- 
peated trial;  {-ash)  beat  esp.  with  stick  or 
whip,  conquer,  surpass,  whence  thra'shiNG1 
n.  [OE  therscan,  cf.  ON  threshja,  Du.  dorschen, 
G  dreschen] 

thra'sher,  thre-,  n.  Kind  of  shark ;  (usu. 
thre-)  person,  machine,  that  threshes ;  (thra-) 
one  who  thrashes,    [-er1] 

thrasd'nieal,  a.  Bragging.  Hence  thra- 
so'nicalL y  2  adv.  [f .  L  Thraso  -onis,  character 
in  Terence,  f.  Gk  thrasus  bold,  +  -ical] 

thread x  (-ed),  n.  Spun-out  filament  of  cotton, 
flax,  silk,  wool,  &c.,yarn  ;  thin  cord  of  twisted 
yarns ;  gold  t.  (of  silk  &c.  with  gold  wire  wound 
round  it);  lisle  thread;  t.  &  thrum1;  t.- 
shaped  thing,  long  slender  body,  e.g.  spiral 
part  of  screw;  thin  seam  or  vein  of  ore;  (fig.) 
the  t.  (course)  of  life,  lost  the  t.  (chain,  con- 
nexion) of  his  argument ;  threadbare,  (of 
cloth)  worn  so  that  nap  is  lost  and  t.  visible, 
wearing  such  clothes,  (fig.)  well-worn,  hack- 
neyed, whence  threadbareness  n. ;  t.  lace 
(made  of  t.) ;  t.-mark,  mark  made  in  bank-note 
paper  with  highly-coloured  silk  fibres  to  pre- 
vent counterfeiting ;  t.-needle,  children's  game 
(old  lady  of  Threadneedle  St.) ;  t.-paper,  (strip 
of)  soft  thin  paper  used  for  rolling  up  t. ; 
threadworm,  kinds  of  t.-like  worm,  esp.  one 
infesting  rectum  of  children.  Hence  threa'di- 
mess  n.,  threa'dY  2  a.  [OE  thrxd  (as  throw), 
cf.  Du.  draad,  G  draht] 

thread2,  v.t.  Pass  thread  through  eye  of 
(needle);  string  (beads  &c.)  on  thread,  make 
(chain  &c. )  thus ;  pick  one's  way  through  (maze, 
streets,  crowded  place,  &c),  make  one's  way 
thus;  streak  (hair  &c.)  as  with  threads.  [ME 
threden,  as  prec] 

threat  (-St),  n.  Declaration  of  intention  to 
punish  or  hurt ;  (Law)  such  menace  of  bodily 
hurt  or  injury  to  reputation  or  property  as 
may  restrain  person's  freedom  of  action.  [OE 
threat  crowd,  calamity,  threat,  f.  (d)thrtotan, 
past  threat,  afflict,  urge,  cf.  ON  thrjota,  cogn. 
w.  L  trudere  push] 

threa'ten  (etn),  v.t.  &  i.  Use  threats  to- 
ward (person  &c.  or  abs.;  with  the  evil  threat- 
ened), as  threatened  me  with  death,  amthreat- 
ened  with  a  visit ;  give  warning  of  the  infliction 
of  (injury  &c.  or  abs.),  announce  one's  inten- 
tion (to  do),  as  punishment  or  in  revenge  &c, 
as  threatens  every  kind  of  torment,  t.  to  resign, 
(fig.)  clouds  t.  (an  interruption  or  to  interrupt 
us),  the  practice  threatens  to  become  general. 
Hence  threa'teningL v  2  adv.  [ME  thretenen 
(thret  threat)] 

three,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  two,  3,  iii ; 
t.  times  t,  t.  cheers  thrice  repeated;  the  t.  Fs, 
free  sale,  fixity  of  tenure,  fair  rent,  (demands 
of  Irish  Land  League);  the  t.  Rs,  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic ;  ruleo/£.  ;  t.-decker,  war- 
vessel  with  t.  gun-decks,  t.-storeyed  pulpit;  t- 
handed,  with  t.  hands,  played  by  t.  persons,  as 
t.-h.  euchre ;  t.-master,  vessel  esp.  schooner  with 
t.  masts ;  threepence  (-ep-,  -ip-,  -ep-),  sum  of  t. 
pence ;  threepenny  (bit)  (same  pron.),  coin  worth 
t.  pence ;  (the)  t.-per-cents,  (government)  bonds 
bearing  that  interest;  t.-ply,  of  t.  strands, 
webs,  or  thicknesses;  t.-quarter(s),  (a.)  of  t. 
fourths  of  normal  size  or  numbers,  (of  portrait) 
going  down  to  hips,  showing  t.  fourths  of  face, 
(n.)  any  of  3  or  i  players  behind  HALF-backs; 
threescore,  (age  of)  sixty.  Hence  three'FOLD 
a.  &  adv.  [OE  threo,  thri,  cf.  Du.  drie,  G  drei, 
L  tres,  Gk  treis] 

three-some,  n.  (golf).  Game  for  three,  [cf. 
foursome] 

thremmatology,  n.    Science  of  breeding 


animals  &  plants,  [f.  Gk  thremma  -matos  nurs- 
ling (trepho  nourish,  -m),  -o-,  -logy] 

thre'node,  -ody,  nn.  (Song  of)  lamentation 
esp.  on  person's  death.  Hence  or  cogn.  thre- 
nE'Tic,  threne'tieAL,  thrend'diAL,  thre- 
no'dic,  aa.,  thre*nodiST(3)  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
threnoidia  (threnos  wailing  +  oide  ode] 

threpso'logry*  n.  Science  of  nutrition  of 
organized  bodies,  [f.  Gk  threpsis  feeding  (tre- 
pho feed)  +  -o-  +  -logy] 

thresh  &c.    See  thrash  &c. 

thre'shold  (-sh-ho-,  -sho),  n.  Plank  or 
stone  at  bottom  of  door  in  dwelling-house, 
church,  &c;  (loosely,  esp.  fig.)  entrance,  as  at 
the  t.  of  a  discussion,  on  the  t.  of  a  revolution, 
of  a  new  century.     [OE  therscold  (therscan 

THRASH  +  SUf.  -thlO-)] 

threw.    See  throw. 

thrice,  adv.  (archaic  or  literary).  Three 
times  (now  chiefly  in  comb.  =  highly,  as  t.- 
blessed,  -favoured).    [ME  thries  (three,  -es)] 

thrid,  v.t.  (archaic).    =  thread. 

thrida'cium,  n.  Inspissated  juice  of  let- 
tuce, used  as  sedative,  [f.  L  f.  Gk  thridax 
-akos  lettuce] 

thrift,  n.  Frugality,  economical  manage- 
ment, whence  thri'ftLESS  a.,  thri'ftlessLY  2 
adv.,  thri'ftlessNESS  n. ;  kinds  of  plant,  esp. 
sea-pink.    [ME  &  ON  (as  thrive,  see  -th  j)] 

thri'fty,  a.  Frugal,  economical ;  thriving, 
prosperous.    Hence  thri'ftiLY  2  adv.    [-Y2] 

thrill,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Penetrate  (person  &c.) 
with  wave  of  emotion  or  sensation,  as  his  voice 
thrilled  the  listeners;  be  thus  penetrated  or 
agitated  (with  horror  &c.) ;  (of  emotion  &c.)  pass 
through,  over,  along,  as  fear  thrilled  through 
my  veins;  quiver,  throb,  (as)  with  emotion ;  (n.) 
wave  of  emotion  or  sensation,  as  a  t.  of  joy, 
throb,  pulsation,  (Med.)  kinds  of  tremor  or  re- 
sonance observed  in  auscultation,  (slang)  sen- 
sational story.  Hence  thrrllingfLY  2  adv., 
thri'llingNESS  n.  [(n.  f.  vb)  OE  thyrlian 
(thyrel  a.  &  n.  bored,  hole,  f.  thurh  through)] 

thrips,  n.  Kinds  of  insect,  esp.  (improp.) 
some  injurious  to  vines&c.  [Gk,  =  woodworm] 

thrive,  v.i.  (throve  rarely  thrived,  thriven 
rarely  thrived).  Prosper,  flourish ;  grow  rich ; 
(of  animal  or  plant)  grow  vigorously.  Hence 
thri'vingLY  2  adv.,  thri'vingNESS  n.  [ME 
thriven,  past  thraf,  -of,  f.  ON  thrifa  grasp,  cf. 
Da.  trives,  Sw.  trifvas,  thrive] 

thro%  thro.    See  through. 

throat,  n.,  &  v.t.  Front  of  neck  between 
chin  &  collar-bone,  jugular  region ;  gullet ; 
windpipe,  as  words  stuck  in  my  t. ;  t. -shaped 
thing,  e.g.  narrow  part  of  river  between  rocks, 
(also  in  many  naut.  wds);  sore  t,  inflamma- 
tion of  lining  membrane  of  gullet  &c,  clergy- 
man's sore  t,  form  of  this  affecting  those  who 
speak  much  in  public,  often  of  nervous  origin ; 
cut  one's  oion  t.,  one  another's  tt.,  adopt  sui- 
cidal, mutually  destructive,  policy  ;  lie  in  one's 
t.,  lie  grossly ;  give  person  the  lie  in  his  t, 
accuse  him  of  lying  grossly;  (v.t.)  channel, 
groove.  Hence-throatED2a.  [OK  throte,  cf. 
OHG  drozza,  G  drossel,  perh.  cogn.  w.  Du. 
strot  throat  &  ON  throti  swelling] 

throa'ty,  a.  Guttural,  uttered  in  the  throat ; 
having  prominent  or  capacious  throat.  Hence 
throa'tiNESs  n.    [-y  2] 

throb,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  heart,  bosom,  temples, 
&c.)  palpitate,  pulsate  esp.  with  more  than 
usual  force  or  rapidity;  (fig.)  quiver,  vibrate, 
(as)  with  emotion ;  (n.)  palpitation,  pulsation, 
as  heart-tt.,  tt.  of  pleasure.  Hence  thro'b- 
bing:LY2adv.  [ME  throbben,  cf.  Russ.  trepet(e) 
throbbing,  L  trepidus  flurried] 

throe,  n.,  &  v.i.    (Usu.  pi.)  violent  pang(s), 


THROMBOSIS 


921 


THUG 


esp.  of  childbirth  lit.  &  fig.,  anguish  ;  (v.i.)  be 
in  agony,  [(n.)  OE  thrdw,  cf.  ON  thrd,  (vb) 
OE  throwian,  f.  thrbowan  afHict] 

thrombo'sis,  n.  Coagulation  of  blood  in 
blood-vessel  or  organ.  Hence  thrombotic 
a.  [Gk  thrombosis  curdling  (thrombos  lump, 
see  -osis)] 

throne,  n.,  &  v.t.  Chair  of  state  for  sovereign, 
bishop,  &c,  usu.  decorated  &  raised  on  dais ; 
sovereign  power,  as  came  to  the  t.,  lost  his  t; 
(pi.)  third  order1  of  angels;  (v.t.)  enthrone  (lit. 
&  fig.).  Hence  thro'neLESS  a.  If.  L  f.  Gk 
thronos  seat,  chair) 

throng-,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Crowd  of  people; 
multitude  esp.  in  small  space  {of  people  or 
things) ;  (v.i.)  come,  go,  press,  (round  Sec.)  in 
multitudes;  (v.t.)  fill  (street  &c.)  with  a  crowd 
or  as  crowd  does,  (archaic)  press  hard  upon  (per- 
son). l(vb  f.  n.)  OE  (ge)thrang  f.  thringan  vb 
crowd,  cf.  Du.  &  G  drang] 

thpo'stle  (-si),  n.  Song-thrush ;  (also  t.-frame) 
machine  for  spinning  wool,  cotton,  &c.  [OE, 
cf.  MHG  trostel ;  cogn.  w.  thrush  &  L  turdus 
thrush] 

thro'stling  (-si-),  n.  Swelling  on  throat  of 
cattle,    [prob.  f.  prec.  by  confus.  of  thrush  ]> 2 

+  -ING1] 

thro'ttle,  n.,  &  v.t.  Throat,  gullet,  wind- 
pipe ;  (also  t.-valve)  valve  controlling  flow  of 
steam  &c.  in  engine;  (v.t.)  choke,  strangle, 
control  (steam  &c,  engine)  with  t.-valve.    [as 

THROAT  +  -LE] 

through,  thro',  thro,  (-00),  prep.,  adv.,  & 
a.  From  end  to  end  or  side  to  side  of,  between 
the  sides  or  walls  or  parts  of,  as  marched  t.  the 
town,  arrow  went  t.  his  arm,  see  t.  a  telescope, 
look  t.  the  window,  pass  t.  the  doorway,  swam 
t.  the  waves,  pushes  his  fingers  t.  his  hair ;  (fig.) 
went  t.  many  trials,  got  t.  his  examinations, 
saw  t.  his  hypocrisy,  wait  t.  ten  long  years, 
flashed  t.  his  mind ;  by  reason  of,  by  agency, 
means,  or  fault  of,  as  it  all  came  about  t.  his 
not  knowing  the.  way,  concealed  it  t.  shame,  it 
was  all  t.  you  that  we  were  late.  (Adv.)  from 
side  to  side,  from  end  to  end,  from  beginning  to 
end,  as  let  us  stroll  t.,  would  not  let  us  t.  (gate 
&c),  ice  gave  &  I  went  t.,  read  it  carefully  t., 
read  it  t.  &  t.  (t.  again  &  again),  looked  him  t. 
&  t.  (observed  searchingly),  lasted  all  t.  (all  the 
time);  (colloq.)  are  you  t.  (with  that  job)?,  have 
you  finished  (it)?;  carrv,  drop  or  fall1,  pull1, 
t. ;  go  x  t.  with.  (Adj.)  going,  concerned  with  go- 
ing, t.,  as  a  t.  bolt,  t.-stone,  =  BOHT)1-stone,  esp. 
(of  railway  or  steamboat  travelling)  going  all 
the  way  without  change  of  line  &c,  going  over 
different  companies'  lines  with  same  ticket,  as 
t.  carriage,  train,  passenger,  ticket  (for  t.  pas- 


senger), fares.  [OE  thurh,  thurgh,  thoru,  &c, 
prep.  &  adv.,  cf.  Du.  door,  G  durch,  cogn.  w. 
Goth,  thairh  through  &  perh.  thairko  hole] 


throughout,  adv.  &  prep.  Right  through, 
in  every  part,  in  all  respects,  as  timber  was  rot- 
ten t,  followed  a  sound  policy  t.;  (prep.)  right 
through,  from  end  to  end  of,  as  t.  the  length  & 
breadth  of  the  land,  t.  the  18th  century,    [out] 

throw  l  (-6),  v.t.  &  i.  (threw  pr.  -bo,  thrown 
pr.  -on).  Fling,  hurl,  cast,  lit.  &  fig.,  esp.  with 
some  force  or  violence,  as  must  not  t.  stones, 
threw  the  ball  over  his  head,  learnt  to  t.  a  fly 
(in  fishing),  mortars  t.  shell,  hose  throws  water, 
house  thrown  down  by  earthquake,  ship  was 
thrown  upon  the  coast,  thrown  from  his  horse, 
was  thrown  into  a  dilemma  or  upon  his  own 
resources,  t.  cold  l  water  on,  t.  a  sop  to,  t.  light 
on  the  matter,  help  to  explain  it,  t.  down  the 
glove,  t.  dust1  in  person's  eyes ;  (of  wrestler, 
horse)  bring  (antagonist,  rider)  to  the  ground  ; 
put  (clothes  &c.)  carelessly  or  hastily  on,  off, 


over  one's  shoulders.Scc,  (of  snake)  cast  (skin) ; 
(of  animals,  e.g.  rabbits,  pigeons)  bring  forth 
(young);  make  (specified  cast)  with  dice,  as 
threw  deuce-ace ;  twist  (silk  &c.)  into  threads ; 
turn,  direct,  move  esp.  quickly  (esp.  part  of 
body),  as  threw  his  eyes  to  the  ground,  a  glance 
backwards,  his  arms  up,  his  head  back.  T. 
away,  (fig.)  part  with  needlessly  or  recklessly, 
lose  by  neglect,  as  threw  away  all  his  advan- 
tages, an  excellent  offer.  T.  back,  revert  to  an- 
cestral character.  T.  oneself  down,  lie  down. 
T..in:  (also  t.  into  the  bargain)  add  (thing)  to 
a  bargain  without  extra  charge ;  interpose 
(word,  remark)  by  way  of  parenthesis  or  casu- 
ally ;  t.  in  one's  lot  with,  decide  to  share  the 
fortunes  of.  T.  oneself  info,  engage  vigorously 
in.  T.  off:  discard  (acquaintance  &c);  con- 
trive to  get  rid  of  (illness,  troublesome  com- 
panion) ;  abandon  (disguise);  produce,  deliver, 
(poem,  epigram)  in  ofthand  manner ;  (&  see 
above).  T.  oneself  on,  upon,  place  one's  reliance 
on  (the  mercy  of  the  court  &c).  T.  open :  open 
suddenly  or  wide;  make  accessible  (to  all  comers 
&c. );  t.  open  the  door  to,  make  possible.  T.  out : 
cast  out ;  build  (wing  of  house,  pier,  projecting 
or  prominent  thing);  suggest,  insinuate ;  reject 
(bill  in  Parliament).  T.  over,  desert,  abandon. 
T.  overboard,  see  over-(2).  T.  up :  lift  up  (win- 
dow-sash); resign  (office) ;  vomit  (t.  &  i.) ;  t.  tip 
the  sponge.  Hence  (-)throwER1  n.  [OE 
thrdwan,  past  threow,  twist,  hurl,  cf.  G  drehen, 
Du.  draaijen,  twist,  whirl] 

throw2 (-6),  n.  Throwing,  cast ;  cast  of  dice; 
cast  of  fishing-line ;  distance  a  missile  is  or  may 
be  thrown,  as  record  t.  with  the  hammer,  a 
stone's  t,  (loosely)  slight  distance ;  (Geol.,  Min- 
ing) fault,  leap,  in  strata ;  machine,  device, 
giving  rapid  rotary  motion  ;  t.-off,  start  in  hunt 
or  race ;  t.-st'ick,  club,  stick,  meant  to  be  whirled 
from  the  hand,  e.g.  boomerang,    [f.  prec] 

throwster,  n.  One  who  throws  silk,  [-ster] 

thrum 1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Fringe  of  threads  remain- 
ing on  loom  when  web  has  been  cut  off;  single 
thread  of  this ;  any  loose  thread  or  tuft ;  thread 
&  t.,  all  alike,  good  &  bad  ;  (v.t.)  make  of,  cover 
with,  tt.  Hence  thru 'mm  y  2  a.  [OE,  cf.  ON' 
thromre&ge,  Du.  dreum,  G  trumm,  end,  thrum] 

thrum2,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Play  listlessly  or  un- 
skilfully on  or  on  (stringed  instrument) ;  drum, 
tap,  idly  on  or  on  (table  &c);  (n.)  such  playing, 
resulting  sound,  [f.  ON  thruma  rattle,  thunder, 

COgn.  W.  TRUMPET,  DRUM] 

thrush  1,  n.  Family  or  genus  of  birds,  esp. 
European  song-t.,  throstle.  [OE  thrysce,  cf. 
OHG  drosca,  G  drossel,  &  throstle] 

thrush2,  n.  Disease,  esp.  of  children,  marked 
by  pearl-coloured  fungous  vesicles  in  mouth  & 
throat ;  disease  affecting  frog  of  horse's  foot, 
[cf.  Norw.  trausk,  prob.  =  trausk,  fr-,  frog] 

thrust,  v.t.  &  i.  (thrust),  &  n.  Push  with 
sudden  impulse  or  with  force  (lit.  &  fig.),  as  t. 
his  fist  into  my  face,  t.  the  letter  into  his  pocket, 
t.  a  pin  into  the  cushion,  J  t.  out  my  hand,  t. 
him  forth  (out  of  room  &c),  was  t.  from  his 
rights ;  t.  oneself  or  one's  nose  in,  obtrude,  in- 
terfere ;  pierce  (person  &c.)  through ;  make  sud- 
den push  at  (person  &c.  with  dagger  &c);  force 
oneself  through,  past,  &c;  make  one's  way 
thus.  (N.)  sudden  or  forcible  push;  attack  with 
point  of  weapon ;  stress  between  two  bodies 
esp.  parts  of  structure,  e.g.  arch,  rafters,  crush- 
ing of  coal-mine  pillars  by  weight  of  roof ;  t.-hoe 
(worked  by  t.,  not  pull),  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME  thrusten 
f.  ON  thrysta,  prob.  cogn.  w.  L  trudere] 

thud,  v.i.,  &  a.  (Make,  fall  with)  low  dull 
sound  as  of  blew  on  soft  thing,  [cogn.  w.  OE 
thyddan  strike,  thrust] 

thug,  n.  Member  of  a  religious  organization 


THUGGEE 


922 


TICKET 


of  assassins  in  India  suppressed  about  1825;  cut- 
throat, ruffian,    [f.  Hind,  thag,  -ug] 
thu'grg-ee  (-ge),  n.   The  practice  of  the  thugs. 
So  thu-g-ffERY,  thu'gg-iSM,   nn.     [f.  Hind. 
thagi,  thu-,  as  prec] 

Thu'le,  n.  Name  given  by  Py theas  of  Massi- 
lia  to  some  (is)land  north  of  Gt  Britain ;  ultima 
(  = farthest)  T.,  any  far-away  unknown  region, 
thumb  (-m),  n.,  &  v.t.  Short  thick  finger  set 
apart  from  &  opposite  to  the  others  on  human 
hand  ;  digit  of  other  animals  corresponding  to 
this  in  position ;  rule  of  t. ;  his  fingers  are 
all  tt;  under  person's  t  (influence,  domina- 
tion); t.-blue,  washing  indigo  in  small  lumps  ; 
t  -latch  (raised  by  pressing  end  of  lever  with  t.); 
t.-mark  (made  by  t.  esp.  on  leaf  of  book);  t.-nut 
(shaped  for  t.  to  turn) ;  t.-print,  impression  of 
t.  esp.  as  used  for  identification  ;  t.-screw,  in- 
strument of  torture  for  squeezing  tt.;  t-stall, 
sheath,  pad,  &c,  to  protect  t.;  (v.t.)  wear,  soil, 
(pages  &c.)  with  t.,  handle  (piano  keys  &c.) 
or  play  (music)  awkwardly.  Hence  thirmfo- 
less  a.  [OE  thuma,  cf.  Du.  duim,  G  daumen] 
thirmmlm.  See  urim. 
thump,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Beat  heavily  esp.  with 
fist ;  deliver  heavy  blows  at,  on,  Sec. ;  (n.)  heavy 
blow,  bang,    [imit.] 

thu'mper,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  also:  (colloq.) 
large,  striking,  or  impressive  person  or  thing, 
esp.  lie,  so  thu'mpiNG  2  a.  [-er  *] 
thu-ndep,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Loud  noise  follow- 
ing flash  of  lightning  &  due  to  discharge  of  elec- 
tricity through  the  air ;  thunderbolt,  as  Jove's 
tt;  (flg.)  loud  noise,  as  tt.  of  applause,  blood  &- 
t.,  (of  novel  &c.)  sensational ;  (v.i.)  give  forth 
t.,  usu.  it  thunders,  make  loud  noise,  as  voice 
thundered  in  my  ears,  utter  violent  threats  &c. 
against  Sec;  (v.t.)  emit  (threats  &c.)  in  loud  or 
impressive  manner;  t-&-lightning,  =  oxford 
mixture ;  thunderbolt,  flash  of  lightning  with 
crash  of  t.,  imaginary  bolt  or  shaft  viewed  as 
substance  of  lightning,  kinds  of  stone  or  fossil 
supposed  to  be  such  bolt,  formidable  threat  &c. ; 
t.-cloud  (producing  t.);  t.-storm  (with  t);  t- 
struck,  struck  by  lightning,  amazed.  Hence 
thu'ndePLEss,  thu'ndepous,  thu*n- 
dePY  2,  aa. ,  thu'nderousLY  2  adv.  [( vb,  OE 
thunrian)  OE  thunor,  cf.  Du.  donder,  G  donner, 
ON  thorr  Thor,  cogn.  w.  L  tonare  thunder,  Gk 
steno  groan] 

thu'nderer,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  the  T., 
Jupiter,  (facet.)  Times  newspaper,  [-er1] 
thu'ndeping-,  a.  &  adv.  In  vbl  senses,  also 
or  esp.:  (colloq.)  unusual(ly),  remarkable,  -bly, 
decided(ly),  as  a  t.  nuisance,  was  t.  glad  to  get 
back,  a  t.  great  fish;  the  T.  legion,  Roman 
legion  containing  Christian  soldiers  whose 
prayers  were  held  to  have  procured  a  thunder- 
storm that  terrified  the  enemy.  Hence 
thuM^depingrLY  2  adv.  [-ing  i] 
thupi-  in  comb.  =  L  thus  thuris  frank- 
incense, as :  -fer,  acolyte  who  carries  censer ; 
-ferous,  producing  frankincense ;  -fica'tion, 
burning  of  incense. 

thup'ible,  n.  Censer,  [f.  L  thuribulum  (thus, 
see  prec,  f.  Gk  thuos  f.  thud  sacrifice)] 
Thup-sday  (-zdi),  n.  Fifth  day  of  week ; 
holy,  maundy,  T.  [OE  thures  dxg  thor's 
day  f.  ON  thors-dagr,  on  L  dies  Jovis  Jupiter's 
day] 

thus  (dh-),  adv.  In  this  way,  in  the  way  (to 
be)  indicated,  whence  thu'SNESS  n.  (facet.) ; 
accordingly,  as  a  result  or  inference ;  to  this 
extent,  so,  as  t.far,  t.  much.  [OE,  cf.  Du.  dus, 
prob.  cogn.  w.  that1] 
thwack,  v.t.  &  n.  =  whack,  [var.] 
thwaite,  n.  Piece  of  wild  land  made  arable 
(now  m  place-names,  as  Est.,  Stonet).    [f.  ON 


thveit  paddock,    cogn.  w.   OE    thwitan   cut, 

WHITTLE] 

thwart,  adv.,  prep.,  &  a.,  (archaic),  v.t.,  &  n. 
Across,  athwart ;  (Naut.)  t.-hawse,  across  the 
hawse,  t.-ship  a.,  -ships  adv.,  (lying)  across 
ship;  (adj. )  lying  across,  transverse  ;  (v.t.)  frus- 
trate, cross,  (wish,  purpose),  whence  thwap't- 
ingLY 2  adv. ;  (n.)  oarsman's  bench  placed 
across  boat.  [ME  (adv.),  cf.  OE  thweorh  per- 
verse, ON  thverr,  Da.  tvxrt  adv.  across] 
thy,  thine,  (dh-),  pron.  &  a.  Possessive  case 
of,  &  adj.  corresp.  to,  thou  (now  archaic  &c. 
as  thou  ;  before  vowel  usu.  thine),  also  {thine) 
in  abs.  use,  as  it  was  thy  fault,  lift  thine  eyes, 
the  fault  is  thine,  do  what  thou  wilt  with  thine 
own.  [OE  thin,  cf.  ON  thinn,  G  dein ;  thy  by 
loss  of  -n] 

thy'lacine,  n.  Zebra-wolf,  a  Tasmanian 
carnivorous  marsupial,  [irreg.  f.  Gk  thulakos 
pouch  +  kudn  kunos  dog] 
thyme  (tim),  n.  Kinds  of  plant,  esp.  common 
garden  t,  shrub  with  pungent  aromatic  leaves 
used  in  cookery,  shepherd's  or  wild  t,  kind 
with  mildly  aromatic  leaves.  Hence  thym y  2 
a.  [f.  OF  tym  f.  L  f.  Gk  thumos] 
thy p*oid,  a.  &  n.  (anat. ,  zool. ).  Shield-shaped, 
as  t.  cartilage,  large  cartilage  of  larynx  pro- 
jection of  which  in  man  forms  Adam's  apple; 
connected  with  the  t.  cartilage,  as  t.  artery;  t. 
body  or  gland,  large  ductless  organ  of  no 
known  function  situated  on  larynx  &  trachea, 
the  seat  of  goitre ;  having  shield-shaped  mark- 
ings, as  t.  woodpecker.  Hence  thypo-  comb, 
form  (anat).  [irreg.  f.  Gk  thureoeides  (Galen) 
f.  thureos  shield  f.  thura  door,  see  -oid] 
thyp'sus,  n .  (Gk  ant. ;  pi.  -i).  StafTtipped  with 
ornament  like  pine-cone,  an  attribute  of  Bac- 
chus. [L,  f.  Gk  thursos] 
thyself,  pron.  Reflexive  &  emphat.  form 
corresp.  to  thou,  thee,  [thy  +  self] 
tiar'a,  n.  Ancient  Persian  turban  worn 
erect  by  king,  depressed  by  others;  Pope's 
diadem  pointed  at  top  &  surrounded  by  three 
crowns,  (fig.)  the  papal  office;  ornamental 
coronet.  Hence  tiap'a'd  [-ed  2]  a.  [L  f .  Gk, 
prpb.  of  Pers.  orig.] 

trbia,  a.  (anat. ;  pi.  -ae,  -as).  Shin-bone ; 
fourth  joint  of  leg  in  insects ;  drumstick  of 
fowl.  So  ti'biAL  a.,  ti'toio-  comb.  form.  [L, 
= shin-bone,  flute] 

tie,  n.  Habitual  spasmodic  contraction  of 
muscles  esp.  of  face ;  (in  full  t.  douloureux  pr. 
dooloorer  lit.  painful  t.)  severe  form  of  facial 
neuralgia  with  convulsive  twitchings.  [F, 
prob.  of  Teut.  orig.] 

tice,  n.    =  yorker.   [perh.  f .  obs.  t ice  entice] 
tick  \  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.    (Make)  slight  recurring 
click,  esp.  that  of  watch  or  clock ;  t.-tack,  pul- 
sating sound  esp.  of  the  heart  (see  also  trick- 
track); small  mark  set  against itemsinlist&c. 
in  checking ;  (v.t.)  mark  (item,  usu.  off)  with  t. 
[ME  tek  light  touch,  cf.  Du.  tik(ken)  n.  &  vb, 
touch,  pat ;  in  sense  'click'  perh.  imit.] 
tick  2,  n.    Kinds  of  parasitic  insect  infesting 
various  animals,  as  dog,  sheep,  cattle,  -t.    [OE 
ticia,  cf.  MDu.  teke,  G  zecke] 
tick  3,  n.  Cover,  case,  of  bedding ;  (also  ti'ck- 
ing1  n.)  stout  usu.  striped  linen  or  cotton  ma- 
terial used  for  this,    [earlier  teke  f.  L  f.  Gk 
theke  case  (tithemi  place)] 
tick  4,  n. ,  &  v.  i. ,  (colloq. ).   Credit,  as  buy  goods 
on  t;  (v.i.)  give  credit,    [abbr.  of  ticket] 
ti'ckep,  n.    In  vbl  senses  of  tick  *,  esp.  (col- 
loq.) watch,    [-er1] 

ti'eket,  n.,  &  v.t.  Written  or  printed  piece 
of  card  or  paper  entitling  holder  to  admission 
to  place  of  entertainment  &c.,  conveyance  by 
train  &c.,  or  other  right,  a6  concert,  theatre, 


TICKLE 


923 


TIGER 


bath,  lottery,  railway,  excursion,  season, 
through,  return,  t.;  label  attached  to  thing 
&  giving  price  or  other  particulars ;  notice, 
usu.  of  card,  set  up  in  window  &c.  of  house  to 
let  &c;  the  t.  (colloq.),  the  proper  thing,  as  not 
quite  the  t;  (U.S.  Polit.)  list  of  candidates  put 
forward  by  a  party,  (fig.)  principles  of  a  party, 
as  the  democratic  t. ;  t.  of  leave  (allowing  liberty 
with  certain  restrictions  to  prisoner  or  convict 
who  has  served  part  of  his  time),  t.-of-leave 
man,  holder  of  such  t.;  t.-day  (St.  Exch.),  day 
before  settling-day,  when  names  of  actual  pur- 
chasers are  handed  to  stockbrokers ;  t.-nxght, 
performance  at  theatre  proceeds  of  which  are 
divided  among  several  persons  in  proportion  to 
number  of  tt.  disposed  of  by  each ;  t.-yorter, 
licensed  porter  identified  by  badge  ;  t.-punch 
(for  punching  tt.);  (v.t.)  put  t.  on  (article  for 
sale  Sec.),  If.  OF  e(s)tiquet(te)  ticket,  bill,  f.  G 
stecken  stick] 

ti'ckle,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Apply  light  touches 
to  (person,  part  of  his  body,  or  abs.)  so  as  to 
excite  the  nerves  &  usu.  produce  laughter  & 
in  extreme  case  convulsion,  as  t.  him  with  a 
feather,  t.  the  soles  of  her  feet,  don't  t. ;  feel 
this  sensation,  as  my  foot  tickles;  excite  agree- 
ably,amuse,divert,(person,  his  senseof  humour, 
vanity,  &c),  as  I  was  hugely  tickled  at  the  idea, 
this  will  t.  his  palate;  (n.)  act,  sensation,  of 
tickling.  [ME  tik(e)len  (tick  *  +  -le)] 
ti'ckler,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  also :  puzzling  or 
delicate  question  or  matter,  [-er  j] 
ti'cklish,  a.  Easily  tickled,  sensitive  to 
tickling;  (of  question  or  thing  to  be  dealt  with) 
difficult,  critical,  delicate,  requiring  careful 
handling.  Hence  ti'eklishLY2  adv.,  ti'ek- 
lishNESS  n.    [-ishI] 

tiepolo'ng-a  (-ngga),  n.  Venomous  serpent 
of  India  &  Ceylon,  [native] 
ti'dal,  a.  Of  tide(s) ;  t.  air  (passing  in  &  out 
of  lungs  at  each  respiration);  t.  basin,  dock, 
harbour,  (subject  to  rise  &  fall  of  tide) ;  t.  fric- 
tion (of  t.  wave,  retarding  diurnal  rotation  of 
earth);  t.  river  (affected  by  tide  to  some  dis- 
tance from  mouth);  t.  wave,  wave  following  sun 
&  moon  from  east  to  west  &  causing  tides, 
(improp.)  any  extraordinary  ocean  wave  e.g. 
one  attributed  to  earthquake,  (fig.)  widespread 
manifestation  of  feeling  &c.  Hence  ti'dalLY2 
adv.  [-al] 
tidbit.    See  titbit. 

ti*ddl(e-d)y-winks,  n.  Game  in  which 
counters  are  flicked  into  tray  &c.  on  centre  of 
table.    [?] 

tide1,  n.  Time,  season,  (now  chiefly  in  even-t., 
Whitsunt.,  Christmast.,  yule-t.,  &c,  otherwise 
archaic) ;  period  of  time,  as  work  double  tt. 
(night  &  day);  periodical  rise  (flood-t.)  &  fall 
(ebb-t.)  of  sea  due  to  attraction  of  moon  &  sun, 
whence  tido'LOGY  n.;  high,  low,  t.,  completion 
of  flood,  ebb,  -t.;  spring,  neap,  -t,  maximum, 
minimum,  t.  when  solar  &  lunar  tt.  act  to- 
gether, act  90°  apart;  iLAG^ging,  priming2,  of 
the  tt. ;  meteorological  t.  (due  to  regular  alter- 
nations of  wind  &c);  t.-gate  (opened  to  admit 
water  or  let  vessels  pass  during  rising  tide, 
closed  to  keep  water  in  during  ebb);  t.-gauge 
(showing  extremes  or  present  level  of  t. );  t.-lock 
(between  tidal  harbour  &  basin  behind  it) ;  t- 
rip(s),  rough  water  caused  by  opposing  tt.;  tide- 
waiter,  customs  officer  who  boards  ship  on  ar- 
rival to  enforce  customs  regulations;  t.-way, 
channel  where  t.  runs,  ebb  or  flow  in  such 
channel.  Hence  ti'deLESS  a.  [OE  tid  time, 
cf.  Du.  tijd,  G  zeit,  ON  tith) 
tide2,  v.i.  &  t.  Drift  with  tide,  esp.  work  in 
or  out  of  harbour  with  help  of  tide ;  get  over 
(difficulty  &c),  as  t.  over  this  business,  t.  it  over. 


[(in  obs.  sense  happen,  betide)  OE  tidan ;  mod. 
senses  direct  f.  prec] 

ti'ding-s,  n.  pi.  (now  chiefly  literary;  treated 
as  sing,  or  pi. ).  (Piece  of)  news,  as  the  t.  come(s) 
too  late.  [OE  tidung  (as  prec),  ME  tidinde  f. 
ON  tithindi  f.  corresp.  ON  vb] 

ti'dy,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Of  dress,  room,  person, 
habits)  neatly  arranged,  neat,  orderly;  (colloq.) 
pretty  large,  considerable,  as  left  a  t.  sum  be- 
hind him,  a  t.  day's  work ;  (colloq.)  fairly  well 
in  health,  as  am  feeling  pretty  t;  (n.)  detach- 
able usu.  ornamental  cover  for  chair-back  &c; 
(v.t.)  make  (room,  table,  See,  oneself,  or  abs.; 
often  up)  neat,  put  in  good  order.  Hence 
ti'diLY2  adv.,  ti'diNESS  n.  [ME, = seasonable, 
tidy,  (tide  1  +  -Y2)] 

tie1,  v.t.  &  i.  (tying).  Attach,  fasten,  with 
cord  or  the  like,  as  t.  the  dog  to  the  railings, 
ride  and  t,  t.  his  legs  together,  t.  up  a  parcel; 
secure  (shoe,  bonnet)  by  tightening  &  knotting 
its  strings;  arrange  (string,  ribbon,  tie,  &c.)  to 
form  knot,  bow,  &c,  as  t.  your  tie,  t.  it  in  a 
bow;  form  (knot,  bow)  thus ;  t.  (dress  fish-hook 
to  look  like)  a  fly;  bind  (rafters  &c.)  by  cross- 
piece  &c. ;  restrict,  bind,  (person  &c.  to,  down 
to,  conditions,  occupation,  &c);  tied  to  woman's 
Ai>B.ON-strings;  t.  person's  tongue,  secure,  com- 
pel, his  silence ;  t.  up,  restrict,  esp.  annex  con- 
ditions to  (bequest  &c.)  to  prevent  its  being 
sold  or  diverted  from  its  purpose ;  tied  house, 
public-house  bound  to  deal  exclusively  with 
one  firm;  (Mus.)  unite  (notes)  by  tie;  make 
same  score  as  (person)  in  game  &c,  be  equal  in 
score  with.    [ME  tegen,  as  foil.] 

tie  2,  n.  Cord,  chain,  &c,  used  for  fastening ; 
=neck1-*.  ;  (fig.)  thing  that  unites  persons, 
bond,  obligation,  as  tt.  of  blood,  friendship ; 
rod,  beam,  holding  parts  of  a  structure  to- 
gether; t.-beam,  horizontal  beam  connecting 
rafters;  railway  sleeper;  (Mus.)  curve  set  above 
notes  that  are  to  be  played  &c.  continuously ; 
equality  of  score  among  competitors  in  game, 
play,  shoot,  &c,  off  a  £.,play  further  game  &c. 
to  decide  between  such  competitors;  match 
between  any  pair  of  several  competing  players 
or  teams,  as  cup-tt.  (in  competition  for  cup) ; 
t.-up,  obstructed  situation, standstill,  esp.  (U.S.) 
strike  of  railway  men  &c. ;  t.-wig  (tied  behind 
with  ribbon).  [OE  tiah  rope  f.  Uo(ha)n  pull,  cf. 
ON  taugj,ie,  string] 

tiep  (ter),  n.,  &  v.t.  Row,  rank,  esp.  one  of 
several  placed  one  above  another  as  in  theatre; 
tt.  of  cable,  circles  it  forms  when  coiled;  (v.t.) 
pile  (often  up)  in  tt.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  tire  perh. 
of  Teut.  orig-] 

tierce  (ters),  n.  Cask  between  barrel  &  hogs- 
head in  size;  (Mus.)  =  third;  sequence  of  three 
cards;  (Fencing)  third  position  for  guard,  parry, 
or  thrust;  (Eccl.,  also  terce)  office  of  third  hour. 
[ME,  f.  F  tiers,  fern,  -rce,  third,  f.  L  TERtius] 

tiercel.    See  tercel. 

tiereet.    See  tercet. 

tiers etat (tyarzetah' ,  n.  <=th ird  estate.  [F] 

tiff,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Draught  of  liquor ;  fit  of 
peevishness,  slight  quarrel;  (v.t.)  sip,  drink; 
(v.i.)  be  in  a  pet,  (Anglo-Ind.)  lunch,  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  Norw.  tev  scent,  smell,  sniff,  cf.  ON  thefr ;  last 
sense  f.  tiffin] 

ti'ffany,  n.  Kind  of  gauze  muslin,  [orig. 
dress  for  Twelfth  Night,  f.  OF  tiffanie  f.  LL 
THKophania  manifestation  of  God,  epiphany] 

ti-ffin,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Anglo-Ind.).  (Take)  light 
meal  esp.  of  curried  dishes  &  fruit,  lunch. 
[tiff  l  +  -ing  l ;  orig.  in  sense  *  drinking '] 

tlgre  (tezh),  n.  (Archit.)  shaft  of  column  ; 
(Bot.)  stem,  stalk.    IF,  f.  L  tibia] 

trgep  (-g-),  n.  Large  Asiatic  striped  feline 
quadruped,  esp.  Bengal  t. ;  American  (..jaguar; 


TIGERISH 


924 


TIME 


red  t,  cougar ;  dissolute  swaggerer  or  bully, 
-whence  ti*gePiSM(2)  n.;  groom  accompanying 
master  in  light  vehicle ;  t.-beetle,  predaceous 
kinds  with  spotted  or  striped  wing-covers  ;  t- 
cat,  kinds  of  wild-cat,  hybrid  between  domestic 
cat  &  European  wild-cat;  t.("s)-eye,  a  gem  of 
brilliant  lustre;  t.-lily,  garden  kind  with  flowers 
of  dull  orange  spotted  with  black  or  purple ; 
t.-moth,  kinds  with  richly-streaked  hairy  wings 
suggesting  t.'s  skin  ;  t.-wood  (imported  from 
Brit.Guiana  for  cabinet-making).  SotPgPESS1 
n.  |ME  &  OF  tigre  f.  L  f.  Gk  tigris  prob.  f. 
OPers.  tighri  arrow,  from  its  swiftness] 

ti*g(e)pish,  a.    Like,  cruel  as,  a  tiger,  [-ish1] 

tight  (tit),  a.,  n.,  &adv.  Closely  &  firmly  put 
together,  as  t  ship ;  impermeable,  impervious, 
esp.  (in  comb.)  to  specified  thing,  as  air,  gas, 
water,  wind,  -t;  closely  held,  drawn,  fastened, 
fitting,  &c,  as  t  knots,  cork  istoo  t.,corncaused 
by  a  (too)  t.  shoe ;  neat,  trim,  compact,  as  a  t. 
lass,  t.  little  island ;  tense,  stretched  so  as  to 
leave  no  slack,  as  t.  rope  (esp.  one  on  which 
rope-dancers  &c.  perform);  (colloq.)  drunk; 
money  is  t.  (not  easily  obtainable),  a  t.  money- 
market  (in  which  money  is  t.) ;  produced  by,  re- 
quiring, great  exertion  or  pressure,  as  a  t. 
squeeze,  amin  a  t.  place  (usu.  fig.,  difficult  situ- 
ation) ;  (n.  pi.)  close-fitting  garments  as  used  by 
acrobat  &c;  (adv.)  tightly,  as  squeeze  it,  hold 
it,  t.  Hence  tigh'tEN  6  v.t.  &  i.,  tigh'tenER1 
(1,  2),  tigh'tNESS,  nn„  tigh'tLY2  adv.  [ME 
tigt  f.  ON  thettr,  cf.  Sw.  tat,  Da.  tset] 

tike,  ty-,  n.  Cur ;  low  fellow ;  Yorkshire  t, 
Yorkshireman.    [ME,  f.  ON  tik,  cf.  Sw.  tik] 

ti'lbupy,  n.  (hist.).    Kind  of  gig.    [T.,  maker] 

ti'lde,  n.  Mark  put  over  Spanish  n  when  it 
is  pronounced  ny  (e.g.  seiior).  [Sp.,  var.  of 
titulo  title  J] 

tile,  n.,  &  v.t.  Thin  slab  of  baked  clay  for 
roof,  pavement,  drain,  &c;  similar  slab  glazed 
&  often  decorated  for  hearth,  fireplace,  wall, 
&c;  Dutch  t.  (painted  usu.  in  blue  &  with  scrip- 
tural subjects) ;  pantile;  plaint., flatroofing- 
t.  usu.  about  10£  x  6*  in.;  (colloq.)  silk  hat;  t. 
tea  ;  tilestone  (suitable  for  making  tt.  or  for 
roofing  &c.) ;  (v.t.)  cover  (roof  &c.  or  abs.)  with 
tt.,  (Freemasonry)  guard  (lodge,  meeting) 
against  intrusion  by  placing  tiler  at  door, 
whence  (gen.)  bind  (person)  to  secrecy.  Hence 
ti'liNG  Ml,  2,  6)  n.  [(vb  f.  n.;  in  Freem.  sense  f. 
foil.)  OE  tigele  f.  L  tegula  f.  tegere  cover] 

ti'lep,  n.  One  who  makes  or  lays  tiles, whence 
ti*lERY(3)  n.;  (Freemasonry,  also  archaic  tyler) 
doorkeeper  of  lodge,    [-er1] 

til'ka,n.  Hindu  forehead  caste-mark.  [Skr.] 

till ],  v.t.  Cultivate  (soil).  Hence  ti'llABLE 
a.,  ti*llAGE(3)  n.  [OE  tilian,  teolian,  strive  for, 
till,  f.  til  good(ness)  cogn.  w.  foil.,  cf.  Du.  telen 
breed,  till,  G  zielen  aim  at] 

till2,  prep.  &conj.  Up  to,  as  late  as,  (specified 
day,  hour,  season),  as  wait  t.  evening,  four 
o'clock,  then,  Monday,  next  week;  up  to  the 
time  of  (event  expected  to  happen  sooner  or 
later),  as  was  true  t.  death,  waited  t.  the  end,  t. 
his  return,  arrival,  departure  (but  not  t  his 
accident) ;  (conj.)  up  to  the  time  when,  as  ring 


t.  you  get  an  answer,  walk  on  t.  you  come  to  the 
gate.    [ME  til  to  prep.,  f.C" 
of  til  n.  purpose,  cf.  G  ziel] 


gate.    [ME  til  to  prep.,  f.  ON  til  to,  till,  a  case 


till3,  n.  Money-drawer  in  shop  counter.  Talso 

J>rov.  tiller,  f.  ME  tillen  pull,  draw,  OE  ifor)- 
yllan,  cogn.  w.  toll] 

till  <f  n.     A  stiff  clay  containing  boulders, 
sand,  &c,  boulder-clay.    Hence  ti'llv  2  a.    [?] 
ti'ller  i,  n.    One  who  tills,    [-er  '  1 
ti'ller2,  n.    Lever  fitted  to  head  of  rudder 
for  steering;  t-chain,  -rope,  (connecting  t.  with 
wheel),    [f.  ME  tillen  (see  till 3)  +  -er  » ] 


ti'ller3,  n.,  &  v.i.  Shoot  of  plant  springing 
from  bottom  of  original  stalk  ;  sapling ;  sucker ; 
(v.i.)  put  forth  tt.  [OE  telgor,  cf.  Du.  telg,  G 
dial,  zelke] 

tilt J,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Cause  to)  assume  sloping 
position,  heel  over,  as  table  is  apt  to  t.  over, 
don't  t.  the  table,  cask  wants  tilting  (to  facili- 
tate emptying);  (Geol.,  t.  &  i.  of  strata)  turn  up 
at  steep  angle;  make  a  charge  with  lance 
(often  at  opponent,  esp.  fig.) ;  t.  at  the  ring  (sus- 
pended for  horseman  to  carry  off  on  point  of 
lance) ;  hammer  (steel  &c.)  with  t.  (N.)  tilting, 
sloping  position  ;  charging  with  spear  against 
an tagonist  or  mark  (t. -yard :-p\a.ce  used  for  this); 
device  of  crossed  sticks  &c.  for  showing  when 
fish  has  taken  hook ;  full  t.,  at  full  speed,  with 
full  force,  esp.  come,run,full  t.  against;  t.(-hanu 
mer),  heavy  pivoted  hammer  used  in  forging. 
Hence  ti'ltERi(l,  2)  n.  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME  tiltenl. 
OE  tealt  unsteady,  cf.  ON  tblta,  amble,  Sw. 
tulta  waddle] 

tilt2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Covering  of  canvas  &c.  esp. 
forcart ;  (v.t.)  furnish  with  t.  [OE  teld,  cf.  MDu. 
telde,  G  zelt,  ON  tjald] 

tilth,  n.  Tillage,  cultivation ;  depth  of  soil 
affected  by  this.    [OE  (till  i  +  -th  i)] 

ti'mbal,  -ul,  ty-,  n.  Kettle  drum.  [f.  F 
timbale  f.  It.  timballo  f.  Arab,  tabl  drum] 

timbale  (F),  n.  Dish  of  pounded  fowl  or  fish 
with  white  of  egg  &c.  made  in  a  mould. 

ti'mber,  n.  Wood  prepared  for  building, 
carpentry,  &c;  trees  suitable  for  this ;  woods ; 
piece  of  wood,  beam,  esp.  (Naut.)  any  of  the 
curved  pieces  forming  ribs  of  vessel,  whence 
(invoking  destruction)  shiver  my  tt. ;  t.-cart 
(high-wheeled,with  tackle  for  lifting  t.);  t.-head, 
top  end  of  t.  rising  above  deck  &  used  for  be- 
laying ropes  &c;  t.-toe(s)  colloq.,  person  with 
wooden  leg.  Hence  (-)tirmbePED2  a.,  ti*m- 
bepiNG  *(2, 3)  n.  [OE,  cf.  Du  timmer,  G  zimmer 
room,  timber,  ON  timbr,  cogn.  w.Gk  demo  build, 
L  domus  house] 

ti'mbre  {-er,  or  as  F),  n.  Characteristic 
quality  of  sounds  produced  by  each  particular 
voice  or  instrument,  depending  on  the  form  of 
the  vibrations.  [F,  =  timbre,  clock-bell,  drum, 
f.  tympanum] 

ti'mbpel,  n.  Tambourine,  [dim.  of  ME  tim- 
ber f.  prec] 

time1,  n.  Duration,  continued  existence; 
progress  of  this  viewed  as  affecting  persons  or 
things,  as  t.  will  show  who  is  right,  has  stood 
the  test  of  t,  (personified)  assaults  of  (old,  Fa- 
ther) T.;  more  or  less  definite  portion  of  this 
associated  with  particular  events  or  circum- 
stances, historical  or  other  period,  as  the  tt.  of 
the  Stuarts,  the  t.  of  the  Black  Death,  pre-his- 
toric  tt.,  those  godless  tt,  the  good  old  tt.,  things 
have  changed  since  those  tt,  the  scientists  of  the 
t;  allotted  or  available  portion  of  t.,  the  t.  at 
one's  disposal,  as  it  will  last  our  t  (lives),  have 
no  t  for  such  frivolities,  had  no  t  to  discuss  it, 
spend,  lose,  waste,  t,  will  take  you  all  your  t 
(colloq.  =  tax  your  powers),  give  met.  &  I  will 
pay,  (colloq.)  got  there  t  (soon)  enough  to  see 
him,  gaint,  procure  it  esp.  by  temporizing  mea- 
sures ;  moment  or  definite  portion  of  t.  destined 
or  suitable  for  a  purpose  &c,  as  there  is  a  t  for 
everything,  xuill  fix  a  t  for  seeing  him,  now  is 
the  t  to  press  your  point,  noio  is  your  t  (oppor- 
tunity), I  must  bide  myt,  it  is  (high)  t  to  go, 
tforlunch,  lunch-t,  it  is  1 1  was  going  (for  me 
to  go), inthe  nick1  oft,t(lov  boxing-round  &c.) 
is  up,  (umpire's  call)  *./,  is  serving  his  t.  (as  ap- 
prentice &c),  is  doing  t  (in  prison),  is  far  on  in 
her  t  (of  gestation),  is  near  hert  (of  childbirth), 
my  t  (death)  is  drawing  near ;  (often  pi.)  con- 
ditions of  life,  prevailing  circumstances,  of  a 


TIME 


925 


TINSEL 


period,  as  hard,  bad,  good,  tt.  (esp.  hard  &c.  to 
get  a  living  in),  had  a  good  t,  enjoyed  myself, 
those  were  (fine)  tt.!,  what  a  t.  (trouble)  you  will 
have  getting  him  home  !;  occasion,  as  the  first  t. 
I  saw  him,  wait  till  next  t,  did  it  seven  tt.  run- 
ning, have  told  you  a  dozen  tt.,tt.  out  of  number, 
t.  &  again,  many  a  t.,  t.  after  t.,for  the  last  t.  of 
asking,  three,  four,  &c.  tt.  (but  twice,  not  two  tt.) 
9  is  27  &c,  is  three  tt.  the  size  of  mine,  ten  tt. 
easier  or  as  easy ;  past,  present,  future,  t.,  the 
portions  into  which  all  t.  may  at  any  moment 
be  accurately  or  loosely  divided  (esp.,  Gram., 
with  reference  to  tenses);  (amount  of)  t.  as  reck- 
oned by  conventional  standards,  asthe  tallowed 
was  four  years,  months,  minutes,  did  a  mile  in 
record  t. ,  astronomical  (mean  solar)  t. ,  apparent 
(solar)  t,  sidereal  t,  esp.  stated  in  hours  & 
minutes  of  the  day,  as  the  t.  fixed  was  U.80,  what 
is  the  t.?,  is  that  the  correct  (Greenwich)  t.?; 
(Mus.)  (a)  duration  of  a  note  as  indicated  by 
semibreve,  minim,  &c,  (b)  style  of  movement 
depending  on  number  &  accentuation  of  beats 
in  a  bar,  as  binary,  ternary,  t.  (with  two,  three, 
beats  in  bar),  common1  t.,  (c)  rate  of  execu- 
tion, tempo ;  against  t,  with  utmost  speed,  as 
working,  riding,  against  t. ;  ahead  of,  (born) 
before,  one's  t.  or  tt,  having  notions  too  enlight- 
ened to  be  appreciated  or  put  into  practice ;  at 
the  same  t,  simultaneously,  notwithstanding, 
all  the  same ;  at  tt,  now  &  then ;  beat  t,  indi- 
cate, follow,  t.  of  music  with  stick,  hand,  &c. ; 
civil  t.  (expressed  by  civil  year  &c);  close1  t; 
from  t  to  t,  occasionally  ;  in  t,  not  late,  early 
enough  {to  do,  for  thing),  eventually,  sooner  or 
later,  in  accordance  with,  following,  the  t.  of 
music  &c;  keep  t,  walk, dance,  sing,  &c,  in  t., 
(of  clock  &c.)  keep  good,  bad,  t,  record  t.  (in- 
accurately; mean  t  (regulated  by  average); 
out  oft,  unseasonable,  -bly,  (of  singing  &c.)  not 
in  t.;  t  immemorial  or  out  of  mind,  (for,  from) 
a  longer  time  than  any  one  can  remember  or 
trace ;  the  t  of  day,  hour  by  clock,  (colloq.)  pass 
the  t  of  day,  exchange  greeting  &c.  (with  per- 
son), (slang)  so  that's  the  t  of  day  (the  state  of 
affairs,  your  little  game,  &c.)/ ;  what  t  (poet.), 
while,  when ;  t.-ball  (dropped  from  top  of  staff 
at  observatory  to  indicate  fixed  moment  of 
mean  time,  usu.  1  p.m.);  t.-bargain,  contract 
for  sale  of  stock  &c.  at  future  t.  (often  a  form 
of  gambling);  t-book,  -card,  -sheet,  (for  record- 
ing workmen's  hours  of  work) ;  t.-fuse  (calcu- 
lated to  burn  forgiven  t.);  t-honoured,  vener- 
able by  antiquity ;  timekeeper,  one  who  records 
t.  esp.  Of  workmen,  watch  &c.  is  good,  bad,  t.-k. 
(keeps  good,  bad,  t.);  timepiece,  watch,  clock  ; 
t. -server,  one  who,  esp.  for  selfish  ends,  adapts 
himself  to  opinions  of  the  tt.  or  of  persons  in 
power,  so  t-serving  a.  &  n.;  t-table,  scheme  of 
school  work  &c,  table  showing  tt.  of  trains ; 
t.-work  (paid  for  by  time,  not  piece-w\).  [OE 
tima,  cf.  ON  timi,  Da.  time,  cogn.  w.  tide] 

time2,  v.t.  &  i.  Choose  right  time  for,  do  at 
right  time,  as  must  t  your  blows,  remark  was 
not  well  timed ;  ascertain  the  time  taken  by 
(race,  runner,  &c),  whence ti'mER1  (1,2),  ti'm- 
ing1,  nn.;  keep  time,  harmonize,  with.  [f.  prec] 

ti'meless,  a.  (rare).  Unending ;  untimely. 
[-less] 

ti'mely,  a.  Seasonable,  opportune.  Hence 
ti'meliNESS  n.    [-ly1] 

time'noguy  (-gi),  n.  (naut).  Rope  stretched 
from  one  place  to  another  to  prevent  fouling  of 
rigging.    [?] 

timeous.    See  timous. 

ti'mid,  a.  Easily  alarmed  ;  shy.  Hence  or 
cogn.  timi'diTY,  ti'midNESS,  nn.,  ti'midLY2 
adv.  [f.  F  timide  f.  L  timidus  (timere  fear,  -id  l)] 

tlmo'craey,  n.     Form  of  government  in 


which  there  is  a  property  qualification  for  office. 
So  timoera'tic  a.  [f.  Gk  timokratia  (time 
honour,  worth,  value,  see  -cracy)] 

tumorous,  a.  Timid,  easily  alarmed.  Hence 
ti'morousLY2  adv.,  ti'morousxiss  n.  [f. 
med.L.  timorosus  (L  timor  fear  f.  timere,  -ous)] 

trmothy(-grass),  n.  A  fodder-grass.  [T. 
Hanson,  who  introduced  it  in  England] 

ti'mous,  a.  (chiefly  Sc).  Timely.  Hence 
ti'mousLY  2  adv.    [f.  time  1  +  -ous] 

trmpano,  n.  (pi.  -ni  pr.  -ne).    Kettle-drum. 

[It..,  f.  TYMPANUM] 

tin,  n.,  &  v.t.  White  highly  malleable  metal 
taking  high  polish,  little  affected  by  atmo- 
sphere, &  much  used  for  cooking-utensils  &c. 
esp.  in  form  of  t.-plate  (sheet  iron  coated  with 
t.);  vessel  &c.  of  t.,  esp.  for  preserving  meat, 
fruit,  &c,  as  sardine-t;  (attrib.)  made  of  t.  or 
of  iron  covered  with  t. ;  (slang)  money ;  cry  oft, 
crackling  sound  it  makes  if  bent ;  salt  oft,  t- 
liquor,  solutions  of  t.  used  as  mordants  by  dyers 
&c;  t-foil,  foil  of  t.  or  t.-like  alloy,  used  as 
wrapper  for  soap,  tobacco,  &c,  (v.t.)  cover  or 
coat  with  this;  (v.t.)  cover,  coat,  with  t.,  pack 
(meat,  fruit,  &c.)  in  tt.  for  preservation ;  t.-plate 
v.t.,  coat  with  t.;  tinman,  t-smith,  worker  in  ■ 
t. -plate,  so  ti'nnER1  n.;  tinstone,  principal  ore 
of  t. ;  tinware,  vessels  &c.  of  t.or  t.-plate.  Hence 
ti'nnY  2  a.  [OE,  ON,  Du.,  Da.,  cf.  G  zinn ;  not 
conn.  w.  L  stannum,  stau-,  whence  F  etain] 

ti'namou  (-oo),  n.  S.-Amer.  quail-like  game- 
bird.    [F,  of  S.-Amer.  orig.] 

ti'neal,  -kal,  (-ngkl),  n.  Unrefined  borax, 
[f.  Malay  tingkal] 

tinctOP'ial,  n.  Of  colour  ordyeing,  producing 
colour.    [F,  f.  L  tinctorius  (tinge,  -ory)  +  -al] 

ti'ncture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Alcoholic  or 
other  solution  of  some  (usu.  vegetable)  principle 
used  in  medicine,  as  t  of  quinine ;  slight  flavour, 
spice,  smack,  (o/thing,  fig.  o/moral  quality  &c. ) ; 
tinge  (of  colour) ;  (v.t.)  colour  slightly,  tinge, 
flavour,  (fig.) affect^lightly  (with  quality).  [<vb 
f.  n.)  f.  L  tvnetura  dyeing  (as  tinge,  see  -ure)] 

ti'nder,  n.  Dry  substance  readily  taking 
fire  from  spark,  esp.  charred  linen  &c.  used  in 
t.-box  (containing  t.,  flint,  and  steel,  for  kindling 
fire) ;  German t,  =  amadou.  Hence ti'ndePY  a 
a.  [OE  tyndre  (tendan  kindle,  cf.  Da.  txnde, 
Sw.  tdnda] 

tine,  n.  Point,  prong,  e.g.  of  antler,  harrow, 
or  fork.  Hence  (-)tinED  2  a.  [OE  tind,  cf.  ON 
tindr,  Sw.  tinne,  cogn.  w.  L  dens  tooth] 

ting,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Make)  tinkling  sound  as  of 
bell,    [imit,  cf.  tinkle] 

tinge,  v.t.,  &  n.  Colour  slightly  (with  red  &c); 
(fig.)  modify  by  mixture  (with  envy  &c);  (n.) 
tint,  slight  colouring,  flavour  (lit.  &  fig.),  [f.  L 
tingere  tinct-  dye,  stain,  cf.  Gk  teggo] 

ti'ngle,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Feel)  prickling  or  stinging 
sensation ;  cause  this,  as  the  reply  tingled  in  his 
ears.    [ME  tinglen  f.  ting,  see  -le  (3)] 

ti*nker,n.,  &  v.t.  &  L  Mender  (esp.  itinerant) 
of  kettles,  pans,  etc. ;  rough-&-ready  worker, 
botcher ;  patching,  botching,  as  had  an  hour's 
t  at  it ;  kinds  of  fish,  bird,  &  seal ;  (v.t.)  repair 
(metal- work),  patch  (anything,  lit.  &  fig.,  often 
up)  roughly ;  work  in  amateurish  or  clumsy 
fashion  at  (thing)  in  the  way  of  repair  or  altera- 
tion. Hence  ti'nkePLY1  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME 
tinkere  (tinken&a  foil.  +- er  j),  from  sound  made] 

ti'nkle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make)  succession  of 
clinking  sounds;  make  (bell  &c.)  t.  [(n.  f.  vb) 
ME  tinklen  f.  tinken  imit.,  cf.  ting,  +  -le(3)] 

ti'nkler.n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  (slang)  small 
bell.    [-ER1] 

tinnl'tus,  n.  (med.).  Ringing  in  the  ears. 
[L,  f.  tvnnire  -it-,  imit.,  cf.  ting] 

ti'nsel,  n. ,  a. ,  &  v. t.  (-11).    Kinds  of  glittering 


TINT 


926 


TITHE 


metallic  substance  made  in  thin  sheets  &  used 
in  strips,  threads,  &c,  to  give  sparkling  effect ; 
dress-fabric  &c.  adorned  with  t. ;  (fig.)  super- 
ficial brilliancy  or  splendour;  (adj.)  showy, 
gaudv,  cheaply  splendid;  (v.t.)  adorn  with  t. 
(lit.  &  fig.),  [(a.  &  vb  f.  n.)  f.  MF  estincelle,  it-, 
spark  (for  loss  of  6-  cf.  ticket)  f.  L  scintilla  perh. 
corrupted  to  stincilla] 

tint,  n.,  &  v.t.  A  variety  of  a  colour,  esp.  one 
made  by  diluting  with  white ;  (rare)  tendency 
towards,  admixture  of,  a  different  colour,  as 
red  of  or  with  a  blue  t. ;  (Engrav.)  set  of  parallel 
lines  cut  with  t.-tool  to  give  uniform  shading ; 
t.-block,  block  bearing  design  to  be  printed  in 
faint  colour  as  background,  ruled,  crossed,  t, 
surface  of  this  with  parallel,  crossing,  lines ; 
(v.t.)  apply  t.  to,  colour.  Hence  ti'ntLESS  a. 
[f.  It.  tinta  (as  tinge)  ;  earlier  also  tinct  f.  L] 

ti'ntep,  n.  Person  who  tints ;  instrument  for 
tinting ;  magic-lantern  slide  of  plain  coloured 
glass.     [-ER1] 

ti'ntinnabula'tion,  n.  Tinkling  of  bells, 
f  f.  foil.  +  -ation] 

tintinna*bulum,n.  (pi.  -la).  Bell,  esp.  small 
tinkling  one,  whence  tintinna'bulAR(Y)1, 
tintinna'bulous,  aa.;  rattle  made  of  small 
bells  or  metal  plates.  [L,  =  bell,  f.  tintinnare 
redupl.  form  as  tinnitus] 

tinto'metep.n.  Instrument  for  determining 
tints,    [-meter] 

ti'nty,  a.    Discordantly  tinted.    [-y2] 

trny,  tee'ny  (nursery),  a.  Very  small,  as  a 
t.  little  boy,  little  t.  boy.  [earlier  tine,  tyne,  used 
as  n.  =  a  little  bit,  etym.  dub.] 

-tion,  suf.  of  nn.  of  action  or  condition  (=  -t- 
of  L  p.p.  stem  + -ion,  cf.  -ation),  as  attention. 

tip  ',n.,  &  v.t.  Extremity,  end,  esp.  of  small 
or  tapering  thing,  as  the  tt.  of  the  fingers,  walk 
on  the  tt.  of  your  toes,  t.  of  a  cigar,  bird  mea- 
sures 15  in.  from  t.  (of  one  wing)  to  t.  (of  other), 
had  it  on  the  t.  of  my  tongue,  was  just  going  to 
say  it ;  kinds  of  brush  used  in  gilding ;  small 
piece  or  part  attached  to  end  of  thing,  e.g.  fer- 
rule ;  tipstaff  (hist. ;  pi.  -staves),  (metal-tipped 
staff  as  badge  of)  sheriff's  officer ;  ti'ptoe,  (adv., 
also  on  tiptoe)  on  the  tt.  of  the  toes,  (v.i.)  walk  t. ; 
tiptop,(n. )  highest  point  of  excellence,  (a.  &  ad  v. ) 
first-rate ;  (v.t.)  furnish  with  t.    [ME,  Du.,  Da.] 

tip2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Cause  to)  lean  or  slant, 
tilt,  topple,  (over,  up,  &c.)  esp.  with  slight  effort ; 
strike  or  touch  lightly  (t.  &  run,  game  with 
stick  &  ball) ;  overturn,  cause  to  overbalance, 
(person  into  pond  &c);  discharge  (contents  of 
jug&c.  out,  into,  &c.)thus;  (slang)  throw  lightly, 
hand,  give,  communicate,  in  informal  manner, 
as  t.  (throw)  us  a  copper,  t.  us  your  fin,  shake 
hands,  t.  us  a  song,  a  yarn,  might  have  tipped 
me  the  wink  (given  me  warning  wink) ;  (Sport, 
slang)  give  secret  information  about  horse  &c. 
to;  make  usu.  small  present  of  money  to,  as 
must  t.  the  porter,  tipped  me  (now  rarely  with) 
half-a-crown.  (N. )  small  money  present ;  secret 
information  about  horse-racing,money-market, 
&c,  as  will  give  you  the  straight  (correct)  t. ; 
miss  one's  t,  fail  in  one's  object;  slight  push; 
light  stroke  esp.  in  base-ball ;  place  where  re- 
fuse is  tipped ;  t.-car.  -cart,  (pivoted  for  tipping); 
t.-cat,  (game  with)  short  piece  of  wood  tapering 
at  ends  &  struck  with  stick.  Hence  ti'ppER 1 
(1, 2)  n.    [ME  tippen ;  weak  form  of  tap] 

trppet,  n.  Cape,  muffler,  of  fur  &c.  covering 
shoulders  &  coming  down  to  some  distance  in 
front,  worn  by  women  &  as  part  of  official  cos- 
tume by  judges,  clergy,  &c.  [OE  txppet  f.  L 
tapete  cloth  f.  Gk  tapes  -etos  carpet] 

ti'pple,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.    Drink  strong  drink 

habitually ;  drink  (liquor)  slowly  &  repeatedly ; 

(n.)  strong  drink.    Hence  ti'pplER  i  n.    [f.  tip* 


+  -le(3),  cf.  Norw.  tipla  frequent,  of  tippa  drip 
from  tip] 

ti'pstep,  n.  One  who  gives  tips  about  races 
&c.     [-STER] 

ti'psy,  a.  Intoxicated ;  proceeding  from, 
showing,  intoxication,  as  a  t.  lurch;  t.-cake, 
sponge-cake  soaked  in  wine  &  served  with 
custard.  Hence  ti'psiFY  v.t.,  ti'psiLY  2  adv., 
ti'psiNESS  n.  [cogn.  w.  tip  1,  tipple,  cf.  Swiss 
tipseln  fuddle  oneself,  and  for  -sy  cf.  tricksy] 

tipa'de,  n.  Long  vehement  speech  esp.  of 
censure:  long  passage  of  declamation  &c. ; 
(Mus.)  diatonic  run  filling  interval  between 
notes.  [F,  =  long  speech,  f.It.  tirata  drawing, 
pulling,  f.  It.  &  LL  tirare  draw,  see  -ade] 

tipailleup*  (-aler  or  as  F) ,  n.  Sharp-shooter, 
skirmisher. 

tire  *,  v.  t.  &  i.  Make  or  grow  weary ;  am  tired, 
have  had  enough  of,  am  sick  of,  (thing,  doing). 
Hence  tipe'dNESS  n.,  also  (rhet.,  poet.)  tipe*- 
less ! [-less] a.,  tipe'lessLY 2  adv.  [ME  tiren, 
teorian,  OE  tyrigan,  etym.  dub.]    . 

tire2,  type,  n.f  &  v.t.  Band  of  metal,  rubber, 
&c,  placed  round  rim  of  wheel  to  strengthen 
it  or  prevent  jar;  pneumatic  t.  ;  (v.t.)  place 
t.  en  (wheel).  Hence  (-)tiPED2,  tipe'less2 
[-less],  aa.    [perh.  =  foil.] 

tipea,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (archaic).  Head-dress; 
attire ;  (v.t.)  adorn,  attire,  as  she  tired  her  head; 
tirewoman  (archaic),  woman  employed  to  dress 
another,    [for  attire] 

tipe'some,  a.  Tending  to  tire,  fatiguing ; 
tedious;  annoying,  as  hoiv  t.!—I  have  left  my 
watch  behind.  Hence  tipe'someLY2  adv., 
tipe'someNESS  n.    [tire  l  +  -some] 

tiP'o,  typo,  n.  Beginner,  novice.  [L  (ti-),  = 
newly  levied  soldier] 

tipoci'nium,  n.  Apprenticeship,  first  rudi- 
ments of  an  art.  [L,  -  first  service  of  soldier 
(prec.)] 

tiP'wit,  n.    Lapwing,    [imit.  of  cry] 

'tis  (-z),  contraction  of  it  is. 

tisa'ne  (-zan),  n.    =  ptisan.    [F] 

ti'ssue  (-su,  -shu,  -shoo),  n.  Any  fine  woven 
fabric ;  (Biol.)  substance  of  an  organ,  fabric 
formed  of  cells  &  cell-products,  as  adipose, 
connective,  muscular,  nervous,  t.;  (fig.)  inter- 
woven series,  set,  collection,  (of  lies,  crimes, 
&c.) ;  t.  (paper),  thin  soft  unsized  paper  for 
wrapping  or  protecting  delicate  articles,  en- 
graving in  book,  &c.  Hence  (-)tissuED2  a.  [f. 
F  tissu  woven  (thing)  f.  *tistre  weave  (mod.F 
tisser)  f.  L  texere] 

tit1,  n.    Teat.    [OE,  cf.  MDu.  titte,  G  zitze,  & 

TEAT] 

tit2,  n.  Kinds  of  small  bird,  including  tit- 
lark &  titmouse  (both  also  called  titling) ; 
(archaic)  small  or  poor  horse,  child,  girl.  [f. 
obs.  ON  tittr,  a  bird ;  orig.  =  small  thing] 

tit3,  n.  T.  for  tat,  blow  for  blow,  retaliation, 
[perh.  =  tip  for  tap  or  f.  old  proverb  tint  for 
tant  f.  F  tantpour  tant  so  much  for  so  much] 

Ti*tan,  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  each  of  a  gigantic 
race,  the  children  of  Uranus  &  Ge,  (also)  the 
sun-god,  brother  of  Helios;  the  weary  T„ 
British  or  other  large  empire  (w.  ref.  to  atlas); 
person  of  superhuman  size,  strength,  intellect, 
&c,  whence  Ti'tanESS1  n. ;  =  foil.  So  Ti- 
tanE'SQUE,  tita*nic,  aa.    [L  f.  Gk] 

tita'nium,  n.  A  dark-grey  metallic  element. 
Hence  ti'tanATE  M3)  n.    [prec.  +  -ium] 

ti*tbi*t,  n.  Delicate  bit,  choice  morsel,  [tit2] 

tithe  (-dh),  n.,  &  v.t.  Tax  of  one-tenth,  esp. 
one  payable  in  kind;  (often  pi.)  tenth  part  of 
annual  proceeds  of  land  (predial  tt)  &  per- 
sonal industry  (personal  tt.)  taken  for  support 
of  clergy  &  church ;  mixed  tt.  (from  pigs, 
sheep,  sec,  fed  on  the  land) ;  t.  commissioners 


TITHING 


927 


TO 


(arranging  commutation  of  tt.  &c.) ;  t.-pig, 
tenth  pig  set  apart  for  t. ;  (rhet.)  tenth  part, 
esp.  not  a  t.  of;  (v.t.)  subject  to  tt.  Hence 
ti'thABLE  a.  [(vb  OE  Uothian)  OE  Uotha  (as 
ten,  see  -TH2)] 

ti*thing,n.  Taking  tithe;  (Hist.)  ten  house- 
holders living  near  together  &  bound  over  as 
sureties  for  each  other's  peaceable  behaviour. 
[OE  tiothung  (Uothian,  prec,  -ing  ])] 

ti'tillate,  v.t.  Tickle ;  excite  pleasantly.  So 
titillATiON  n.    If.  L  titillare,  see  -ate2] 

ti'tivate,  titti-,  v.t.  &  i.  (colloq.).  Adorn, 
smarten,  (onese£/&c.) ;  adorn  oneself.    [?] 

ti'tle  (-tl),  n.  Distinguishing  appellation 
placed  at  head  of  chapter,  poem,  &c. ;  contents 
of  t.-page  of  book,  short  essential  part  of  these 
used  in  reference  (e.  g.  Adam  Smith's  Wealth 
of  Nations) ;  formula  at  head  of  legal  docu- 
ment, statute,  &c. ;  division  of  statute  &c. ; 
personal  appellation,  hereditary  or  not,  denot- 
ing or  implying  office  (e.  g.  king,  queen,  judge, 
mayor,  rector,  captain)  or  nobility  (e.  g.  duke, 
marquis,  earl,  viscount,  baron,  any  of  which 
exc.  duke  may  be  courtesy  t.  of  son  &c.  of 
duke  &c.)  or  distinction  or  merit  (e.  g.  baronet, 
knight)  or(usu.  degree)  qualification  (e.  g.  D.D., 
M.A.),  or  used  in  addressing  or  referring  to 
person  (e.  g.  Lord,  Lady,  Sir,  Mrs,  Miss,  Doc- 
tor, Professor,  prefixed  to  name  ;  your  or  her 
or  his  Majesty,  Grace,  &c.) ;  (Law)  right  to 
ownership  of  property  with  or  without  posses- 
sion, the  facts  constituting  this,  (also  t.-deed) 
legal  instrument  as  evidence  of  right ;  just  or 
recognized  claim  (to),  service,  merit,  &c,  that 
constitutes  this  ;  fineness  of  gold  as  expressed 
in  carats;  fixed  sphere  of  work  &  source  of 
income  as  condition  to  ordination;  (district 
attached  to)  parish  church  in  Rome ;  t.-page, 
page  at  beginning  of  book  giving  particulars 
of  subject,  authorship,  publication,  &c. ;  t.-role, 
part  in  a  play  that  gives  it  its  name  (e.g. 
Othello).    Henceti'tleLESSa.    [OF,  f .  L  titulus] 

ti'tled,  a.    Having  title  of  nobility,    [-ed2] 

titling*,  n.  see  tit2,  [f.  ON  titlingr  (as 
tit2,  see  -ling1)] 

titling-2,  n.  Impressing  of  title  in  gold-leaf 
&c.  on  back  of  book,    [-ing  2] 

tartrate,  v.t.  Determine  quantity  of  given 
constituent  in  (compound)  by  observing  quan- 
tity of  a  standard  solution  necessary  to  convert 
this  constituent  into  another  form.  So  titPA*- 
tion  n.    [f.  F  titre  title  +  -ate  2] 

ti'ttep,  v.i.,  &  n.  Laugh,  giggle,  in  re- 
strained manner ;  (n.)  such  laugh.  Hence  tit- 
tePER1  n.    [f.  tit  imit.  +  -er5] 

tittle,  n.  Particle,  whit,  esp.  not  one  jot  or 
t.     [ME,  =  stroke  over  word  or  letter,  f.  L  as 

TITLE,  Cf.  TILDE] 

tittle-tattle,  n.,  &  v.i.  Gossip,  fredupl.  f. 
tattle  f.  tat  imit.,  cf.  titter,  +  -le(3)] 

tittup,  v.i.,  &  n.  Go  along  &c,  move,  con- 
duct oneself,  in  lively  or  frisky  fashion;  (n.) 
spring,  prance.    Hence  tittup(p)Y  2  a.    [?] 

titubation,  n.  (med.).  Fidgetiness  esp.  as 
caused  by  nervous  irritation,  [f.  L  titubatio 
(titubare  totter,  see  -ation)] 

titular,  a.  &  n.  Held  by  virtue  of  a  title,  as 
t.  possessions ;  existing,  that  is  such,  only  in 
name,  as  t.  sovereignly) ;  t.  bishop,  (R.-C.  Ch.) 
bishop  bearing  name  of  a  former  Christian  see 
esp.  in  Mohammedan  countries ;  t.  (saint),  pa- 
tron saint  of  church ;  (n.)  holder  of  office  &c. 
esp.  benefice  without  corresponding  functions 
or  obligations.  Hence  tl'tulaPLY2  adv.  [f. 
L  as  title  +  -ar  Jl 

ti'type-tu,  n.  Member  of  gang  of  London 
street-ruffians  in  time  of  Charles  II.  [Tityre, 
tu,  first  wds  of  first  eclogue  of  Virgil] 


ti'zzy,  n.  (slang).     Sixpence,     [corrupt,  of 

TESTER3] 

tme'sis,  n.  (gram.).    Separation  of  the  parts 


of  a  word  by  intervening  word(s)  (e.g.  to  us 

"L  f. 
tmesis  cutting  f.  temno  cut] 


ward,  L  cere-  comminuit  -brum).    [L  f.   G]£ 


to1  (before  consonant  te,  before  vowel  too, 
emphat.  or  at  end  of  clause  too),  prep.  In  the 
direction  of  (place,  person,  thing,  condition, 
quality,  &c;  with  or  without  the  implication 
of  intention  or  of  arrival),  as  was  walking  over 
to  Bath,  on  his  way  to  the  station,  fled  to  Rome, 
throw  it  to  me,  got  to  the  house  by  four,  to  bed 
with  you!,  fluttered  to  the  pavement,  was  com- 
mitted to  the  flames,  house  lookt,  to  the  south, 
held  it  to  the  light,  to  arms  !,  Jiand  to  hand,  told 
him  to  his  face,  was  carried'to  destruction,  let- 
ter has  come  to  hand,  fell  to  work,  fell  to  mus- 
ing, tends  or  has  a  tendency  to  indolence,  slow 
to  anger,  appointed  to  a  post,  born  to  a  great 
fortune,  all  to  no  purpose,  to  his  shame  be  it 
said ;  as  far  as,  not  short  of,  as  true  to  the  end, 
cut  him  to  the  heart,  a  Home-ruler  to  the  core, 
fought  to  the  last  gasp,  hit  it  to  the  boundary, 
correct  to  a  hair's-breadth,  suits  him  to  a  T, 
acted  his  part  to  perfection,  might  run  to  £5, 
drank  himself  to" death,  might  argue  to  all  eter- 
nity, &  so  on  to  the  end  of  the  chapter ;  (of  com- 
parison, ratio,  adaptation,  reference,  &c.)  this 
ts  nothing  to  what  it  might  be,  Sis  to  Las  6  is  to 
8,  ten  to  one  he  will  find  it  out,Ttwo  to  one  is  not 
fair  play,  not  up  to  the  mark,  equal  to  the  occa- 
sion, made  to  order,  drawn  to  scale,  not  to  the 
point,  true  to  life,  will  speak  to  that  question 
later,  sang  to  his  guitar,  cannot  do  tt  to  his 
liking,  corresponding,  compared,  inferior,  &c, 
to  ;  (archaic)  for,  by  way  of,  as  took  her  to  wife, 
has  a  duke  to  his  father-in-law ;  (introducing 
indirect  object  of  vb,  recipient,  possessor,  &c, 
or  person  or  thing  affected  by  the  action,  quali- 
ty, &c. ;  alternative  constrr.  as  shown)  lend  it 
or  them,  or  this  &c,  or  your  knife  &c,  to  John 
or  to  him  (also  lend  John  or  him  this  &c.  or 
your  knife  or  rarely  it  or  them,  lend  it  or  rarely 
them  him  or  rarely  John,  but  not  lend  this  &c, 
or  your  knife  him,  or  John,  nor  lend  to  him  or 
John  it  or  them,  nor  in  ordinary  prose  lend  to 
him  or  John  this  &c.  or  your  knife),  write  to  me, 
explain  it  to  me,  apply  to  the  secretary,  seems 
to  me  absurd,  to  my  mind  or  thinking,  revolting 
to  sane  minds, pleasant  to  the  taste,  impervious 
to  weather,  obedient  to  command,  unkind  to 
him,  has  been  a  good  father  to  them,  what 's 
that  to  you  ?,  drink  to  me  only  with  thine  eyes, 
here's  to  you  (your  health),  broken  in  to  the 
saddle,  accustomed  to  it,  next  door  to  us,  ready 
to  his  hand,  has  not  a  shilling  to  his  name, 
takes  no  wine  to  his  dinner  (archaic),  there  is  a 
moral  to  it,  there  is  no  end  to  it ;  would  to  God 
(I  wish  it  were  or  had  been  God's  will)  that ;  (as 
sign  of  infinitive,  expressing  purpose,  conse- 
quence, &c,  limiting  the  meaning  of  adj.,  or 
merely  forming  verbal  n.;  omitted  after  can, 
do,  may,  must,  shall,  will,  &  as  shown,  cf.  also 
dare,  need,  go)  he  proposes  to  stay,  declines 
to  go,  wants  to  know,  began  to  sing  (or  began 
singing),  fail  to  understand,  does  tt  to  annoy, 
the  matter  is  difficult  to  explain,  it  is  useless  to 
rebel  (rebellion  is  useless),  allow  me  to  remind 
(but  let  me  remind)  you,  was  seen  to  fall  (but  / 
saw  him  fall),  was  heard  to  complain  (but  J 
heard  him  complain),  floor  was  felt  to  tremble 
(but  felt  the  floor  tremble),  teas  never  known  or 
found  to  fail,  have  sometimes  known  or  found 
it  (to)  fail,  make  him  repeat  it,  he  was  made 
(usu.  to)  repeat  it,  help  me  (to)  lift  this,  please 
(to  usu.  omitted)  shut  the  door,  was  pleased 
(thought  fit)  to  be  angry,  I  prefer  to  go  (but  had 


TO 


928 


TOIL 


rather  go,  had  as  lief  go),  had  my  work  to  do, 
had  to  do  my  work  (but  will  not  have  you  talk 
such  nonsense),  was  about  to  protest,  (archaic) 
he  is  much  to  seek  (deficient)  in  that  respect, 
(archaic)  what  went  ye  out  for  to  see  ?,  to  wit1; 
(as  substitute  for  infinitive)  meant  to  call  but 
forgot  to,  had  no  time  to,  you  promised  to. 
[OE  to  prep.  &  sign  of  gerund  as  distinct  from 
infinitive,  cf.  Du.  toe,  G  zu,  Russ.  do] 
to2  (too),  adv.  To  the  normal  or  required 
position  or  condition,  esp.  to  a  standstill,  as 

BRING,  COME,   FALL,  GO,   HEAVE,   LIE 3,  to  ;    the 

door  is  to  (just  not  shut) ;  to  &  fro.  [f.  prec] 
toad,  n.  Reptile  like  frog  but  with  clumsy  & 
usu.  warty  body  &  not  aquatic  except  when 
breeding ;  detestable  or  disgusting  person ;  t.  in 
a  (or  the)  hole,  beef  baked  in  batter ;  t.-eater, 
sycophant,  obsequious  parasite,  so  t.-eating  a. 
&  n.;  t.-flax,  perennial  plant  with  spurred 
yellow  flowers  marked  with  orange  spot ;  t- 
spit,  =  cucKOO-spit ;  toadstone,  stone,  some- 
times precious,  supposed  to  resemble  or  to  have 
been  formed  in  body  of  t.,  formerly  used  as 
amulet  &c,  [f.  G  todtes  gesteindeaxi  rock]  kind 
of  volcanic  rock ;  toadstool,  kinds  of  umbrella- 
shaped  fungus.  Hence  toa'diSH 1  a.  [OE 
tddige,  etym.  dub.] 

toa'dy,  n.,  &  v.t  =  Toxn-eater  ;  (v.t.)  fawn 
servilely  upon  (person  or  abs. ).  Hence  toa'dy  - 
ish  i  a.,  toa'dy  ism  n.  [shortened  f.  TOAV-eater] 
toast,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Slice  of  bread  browned 
on  each  side  esp.  at  open  fire;  (archaic)  a  t, 
piece  of  t.  in  cup  of  wine  ;  person  esp.  woman 
whose  heal  th  is  drunk,  thing,  sen  timent.similar- 
ly  named  in  drinking,  as  was  a  great  t.  in  her 
day  ;  t.-master,  person  who  announces  tt.  at 
public  dinner ;  t.-rack  (for  holding  slices  of  t. 
at  table) ;  t.-water  (in  which  t.  has  stood,  used 
as  cooling  drink  ;  also  t.  &  water).  (Vb)  brown, 
cook,  (bread,  muffin,  cheese,  bacon,  or  intr.  of 
these)  before  fire ;  warm  (one's  feet  &c.)  thus ; 
drink  to  the  health  or  in  honour  of.  Hence 
toa*stERi(l,  2)  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)ME  tost  f.  OF  tost- 
er  vb  f .  L  tostus  p.p.  of  torrere  parch ;  drinking 


sense  of  anecd.  orig.] 
vb 
bread  &c, 

[-INGl] 


toa'sting,  n.   In  vbl  senses ;  t. -fork,  long  fork 
for  t.  bread  &c,  (facet.,  also  t.-iron)  sword.. 


toba'cco,  n.  (pi.  -os).  (Also  t.-plant)  plant  of 
Amer.  origin  with  narcotic  leaves  used  for 
smoking,  chewing,  or  snuff;  its  leaves  esp.  as 
prepared  for  smoking  &c;  t.-cutter,  instrument 
for  shredding  t.;  t.-heart,  disorder  of  heart 
caused  by  excessive  use  of  t.;  £.-pipe  *;  t.-pouch 
(for  carrying  about  small  quantity  of  t.);  t- 
stopper,  instrument  for  pressing  down  t.  in 
pipe.    [f.  Sp.  tabaco,  of  native  orig.] 

toba'cconist,  n.    Dealer  in  tobacco,    [-ist] 

to*bine,n.  Stouttwilled  silk  used  fordrcsses. 
[cf.  G  tobin,  Du.  tabijn,  tabby] 

tobo'ggan,  n.,  &  v.i.  Long  narrow  sled  used 
for  going  down-hill  esp.  over  snow  or  ice ;  t- 
shoot,  -slide,  slide  for  tt.,  usu.  divided  into 
different  courses  to  prevent  collision;  (v.i.)  go 
in  t.  Hence  tobo'gganER 1,  tobo'gganiNG1, 
nn.    [of  Amer. -Ind.  orig.] 

to*by,  n.  Jug  or  mug  usu.  in  form  of  old  man 
with  three-cornered  hat.    [proper  name] 

tocca'ta  (-kah-),  n.  (mus.).  Composition  for 
piano,  organ,  &c,  orig.  intended  to  exercise  the 
touch.    [It.,  f.  toccare  touch,  see  -ade] 

toccate'lla,  -ti'na  (-ena),  nn.  Snort  or  sim- 
ple toccata.    [It.,  dimm.  of  prec] 

to'eo,  -ko,  n.  (slang).  Punishment;  pain, 
[perh.  f.  Gk  tokos  interest  f.  tikto  bring  forth] 

to'esin,  n.  (Bell  rung  as)  alarm-signal  (now 
chiefly  flg.).  [f.  MF  toquesing  (OF  toquer  TOUCH 
+  sing  signal-bell  f.  L  as  sign)] 


tod,  n.  (archaic).  Bush ;  mass  of  foliage ; 
weight  for  wool,  usu.  281b.;  [from  bushy  tail] 
fox.    [f.  ON  toddi  wool  t.,  cf.  Du.  todde  G  zotte] 

today,  to-day*,  adv.  &  n.  (On)  this  present 
day,  as  saw  or  shall  see  him  t.,t.is  his  birthday. 
[OE  to  dxge  on  (this)  day  {to  to  1  +  dat.  of  day); 
so  tonight,  tomorrow] 

to'ddle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Walk  with  short  tot- 
tering steps,  as  child  learning  to  walk  ;  make 
(one's  way),  perform  (distance),  thus;  take 
casual  or  leisurely  walk  (round,  to,  &c);  (n.) 
toddling  walk,  (colloq.)  toddling  child.  Hence 
to'ddlER  i  n.    [corresp.  to  totter,  -le(3)] 

to'ddy,  n.  Sap  of  some  kinds  of  palm,  from 
which  when  fermented  arrack  is  obtained; 
sweetened  drink  of  spirits  &  hot  water,  [f. 
Hind,  tari,  tadi  (Hind.  &  Pers.  tar  palm)] 

to-do\  n.    =  ado.    [to  l  +  do] 

to'dy,  n.  W.-Ind.  bird  related  to  kingfisher, 
[f.  L  todus,  a  small  bird] 

toe  (to),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Digit  of  foot ;  part  of 
stocking,  shoe,  boot,  that  covers  the  tt.  ;  fore 
part  of  hoof ;  piece  of  iron  under  front  of  horse- 
shoe to  prevent  slipping ;  projection  from  foot 
of  buttress  &c.  to  give  stability ;  end  of  head 
of  golf-club ;  (Mech. )  lower  end  of  vertical  shaft 
resting  in  a  step,  arm  on  valve-lifting  rod  of 
steam-engine ;  ball  (callous  fleshy  pad  on  under 
side)  of  t. ;  great,  little,  t,  smallest,  largest,  t.  of 
human  foot ;  (slang)  turn  up  one's  tt,  die ;  front 
top  to  t,  from  head  to  foot,  completely  ;  heel- 
dt-toe  WAhicHng;  t. -cap,  outer  covering  of  t. 
in  boot  or  shoe ;  t.-drop,  inability  to  raise  toes, 
due  to  paralysis  of  muscles ;  t.-nail,  nail  of 
human  t.,  metal  nail  driven  obliquely  through 
end  of  board  &c.  (Vb)  [furnish  with  t.,  mend 
t.  of,  (stocking,  shoe) ;  (school  slang)  kick 
(person  &c);  touch  (the  line,  mark,  scratch) 
with  t.  before  starting  in  race ;  (Golf)  strike 
(ball)  with  part  of  club  too  near  t. ;  t.  in,  out, 
turn  tt.  in,  out,  in  walking.  Hence  (-)tOED, 
toe'LESS,  aa.  [OE  &  ON  td,  cf.  Du.  teen,  G  zehe] 

to'-fall,  n.  (archaic,  poet).  Close,  decline, 
(of  day  &c. ).    [to  2  +  fall] 

toff,  n.  (slang).  Distinguished  person,  swell.  [?] 

to'ffee  (-1),  -fy,  n.  Kinds  of  sweetmeat  made 
of  sugar,  butter,  &c,  as  almond  t.  [f.  F  f .  Malay 
tafia,  see  ratafia  ;  U.S.  has  taffy] 

toft,  n.  (law).    Homestead  ;  land  once  occu- 

f>ied  by  this;  toftman  (hist.),  occupier  of  t. 
OE,= knoll,  homestead,  f.  ON  topt] 

tog1,  n.,  &  v.t.,  (slang).  (Usu.  pi.)  garment(s) ; 
(Naut.)  long  tt.,  shore-clothes ;  (v.t.)  dress  (per- 
son, oneself,  often  out).  Hence  to*ggERY(5) 
n.    [perh.  f.  foil.] 

to'ga,  n.  Ancient  Roman's  loose  flowing 
outer  garment,  esp.  w.  allusion  to  Roman  citi- 
zenship, to  civil  career,  or  (also  t.  virVlis,  manly 
t.)  to  its  assumption  as  sign  of  manhood  (at  age 
of  14).  Hence  td'gaED  2  (-gad)  a.  [L,  cogn.  w. 
tegere  cover] 

toge'thep  (-dh-),  adv.  In  company  or  con- 
junction, as  walking  t,  lived  t.;  simultaneous- 
ly, as  both  t.  exclaimed ;  compared  t.  (one  with 
another) ;  into  conjunction,  so  as  to  unite,  as 
sew  them,  L,  tied  t.,  get,  hang1,  t.,  put  two  <& 
two  t. ;  t.  with,  as  well  as,  &  also,  as  sent  a  host 
of  foot-soldiers  t.  with  some  squadrons  of  ca- 
valry. [OE  togxdere  (to  to  l  +  gador  together, 

Cf.  GATHER)] 

to'ggle,  n.  (Naut.)  pin  put  through  eye  of 
rope  &c.  to  keep  it  in  place  &c;  pair  of  rods  or 
plates  hinged  together  by  t.-joint  (knee-joint) 
so  as  to  transmit  pressure  at  right  angles ;  t.- 
iron,  harpoon  with  movable  blade  instead  of 
fixed  barbs;  t.-press  (acting  by  means  of  t.- 
joints).    [f.  tog  cogn.  w.  tug  4-  -le(3)] 

toil ],  v.i.,  &  n.   Work  long  or  laboriously  (at, 


TOIL 


929 


TOMORROW 


on,  through,  task) ;  move  painfully  or  labor- 
iously (up  hill  &c,  along) ;  labour,  drudgery; 
t.-worn  (by  t.).  Hence  toi'lER *,  toi'lsome- 
nes's,  nn.,  toi'lFUL,  toi'lLESS,  toi'lsoME,  aa., 
toi'lfulLY2,  toi'lsomeLY  2,  advv.  [(n.  f.  vb) 
prob.  f.  OF  toillier  mix,  pester,  prob.  f.  L  tudi- 
culare  stir  up  f.  tudicula  olive-bruising  ma- 
chine (tudes  mallet  f.  tundere  beat,  -cule)] 

toil2,  n.  (now  only  in  pi.).  Net,  snare,  (lit.  & 
fig.),  as  taken  in  the  tt.  [f.  OF  toile  cloth,  (pi.) 
toils,  f.  L  tela  web  f.  texere  weave] 

toile  (twahl),  n.  T\  dree  (sera*),  fine  kinds  of 
oil-cloth ;  t.  colbert  (-ar),  canvas  for  embroidery ; 
t.  d' Alsace  (-ahs),  de  Vichy  (veshe-),  linen  ma- 
terials for  woman's  summer  dress.  [F,  see  prec] 

toi'let  (toi-),  toilette  (twahle"t>,  n.  Process 
of  dressing,  arranging  the  hair,  &c,  as  make 
one'st. ;  (style of)dress,  costume,  as anelaborate 
t.,  a  t.  of  white  satin  ;  (also  t.-table)  dressing- 
table  usu.  with  looking-glass ;  t.-cover,  cover 
for  this ;  t.-paper  (for  water-closet) ;  t.-set  (of 
utensils  for  t.);  t  soap  (for  use  in  t.);  (Med.) 
cleansing  of  a  part  after  operation.  [OF  (-te), 
orig.  =  cloth,  clothes-bag,  dim.  of  prec] 

toiline'Ute),  n.  Cloth  of  mixed  wool,  cotton, 
&  silk.    [dim.  of  toile] 

to/son  d'or  (F),  n.    =  Golden  fleece. 

Tokay*  (-a),  n.  Rich  aromatic  wine  made  at 
T.  in  Hungary ;  kind  of  grape. 

to'ken,  n.  Sign,  symbol,  evidence,  (of  affec- 
tion &c).;  memorial  of  friendship,  keepsake ; 
ring,  coin,  &c,  serving  as  proof  of  authenticity ; 
(bibl.)  preconcerted  signal  (Mark  xiv.  44) ; 
(Hist.)  piece  of  metal  like  &  used  instead  of 
coin,  but  worth  much  less  than  nominal  value 
&  issued  by  tradesmen,  bank,  &c,  without 
sanction  of  government ;  (archaic  or  facet.)  by 
(this,  the  same)  L,  more  by  t,  in  corroboration 
of  what  I  say.  Hence  to'kenLESS  a.  [OE 
tdc(e)n,  cf.  Du.  teeken,  G  zeichen,  ON  tdkn, 
teikn,  cogn.  w.  teach] 

to'ko.    See  toco. 

to' la,  n.  Unit  of  weight  in  Indian  empire,  = 
180  grains  troy.    [Hind.] 

Tole-do,  n.  Fine  sword(-blade)  made  at  T. 
in  Spain. 

to'lerable,  a.  Endurable ;  fairly  good,  not 
bad,  as  am  in  t.  health,  had  a  t.  passage.  Hence 
to'lerablexESS  n.,  to'lerabLY  2  adv.  [OF, 
f.  L  tolerabilis  (as  foil.,  see  -ble)] 

td'lerate,  v.t.  Endure,  permit,  (practice,  ac- 
tion, person's  Aoing) ;  forbear  to  judge  harshly 
or  rigorously  (person,  religious  sect,  opinion) ; 
endure  society  of  or  intercourse  with  ;  sustain, 
endure,  (suffering  &c),  esp.  (Med.)  sustain  use 
of  (drug  &c.)  without  harm.  Hence  or  cogn. 
to'lePANCE,  to'leratOR2,  nn.,  to'lePANT  a., 
to'lerantL v  2  adv.  [f.  L  tolerare  f.  root  of  tol- 
lere  bear,  lift,  cf.  Gk  *tlao  suffer,  -ate3] 

tolera'tion,  n.  Tolerating ;  forbearance  ; 
recognition  of  right  of  private  judgment  in  reli- 
gious matters,  liberty  to  uphold  one's  religious 
opinions  &  forms  of  worship  or  to  enjoy  all 
social  privileges  &c.  without,  regard  to  reli- 
gious differences,  whence  tolera*tioniST(2) 
n.;  Act  of  T.  (conditionally  freeing  Dissenters 
from  some  restrictions  on  the  exercise  of  their 
f  orms  of  worship,  1689).  [OF,  f.  L  tolerationem 
(as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

toll1,  n.,  &  v.i.  Tax,  duty,  paid  for  use  of 
market,  public  road,  &c,  or  for  service  ren- 
dered ;  (Law)  t.  thorough  (taken  by  town  for  use 
of  highway,  bridge,  &c),  t.  traverse  (for  pass- 
ing over  private  land) ;  grain  retained  by  miller 
as  compensation  for  grinding;  t.-bar,  -gate, 
bar  or  usu.  gate  across  road  to  prevent  passage 
of  person,  vehicle,  &c,  without  paying  t.;  tol(l)- 
booth  (archaic,  Sc),  town  gaol  [orig.  temporary 

F.D. 


structure  for  collection  of  market  tt.  &  deten- 
tion of  those  who  did  not  pay  &  others] ;  toll- 
house (occupied  by  collector  at  t.-gate);  (v.i.) 
take,  pay,  t.  [OE  (also  toln),  cf.  Du.  tol,  G  zoll, 
ON  tollr,  perh.  f.  Gk  telonion  t. -house  (teloa 
tax),  or  cogn.  w.  tale] 

toll2,  v.t.  &i.,  &n.  Cause  (bell orabs.)  to  ring 
with  slow  uniform  strokes ;  (of  bell  or  clock) 
give  out  (stroke,  knell,  hour  of  day),  give  out 
measured  sounds,  ring  on  account  of  (person, 
hisdeath,&c);  (n.)  tolling,  stroke,  of  bell.  IME 
tollen  draw,  entice,  etym.  dub.] 

to-liable,  a.    (Of  person  or  goods)  subject  to 

toll.      [TOLL  !  +  -ABLE] 

To'ltee,  n.  One  of  a  race  traditionally  held 
to  have  ruled  in  Mexico  before  the  Aztecs. 
Hence  To'lteeAN  a.    [Mex.] 

tolu*  (or  to'-),  n.  Balsam  got  from  a  S.-Amer. 
tree  &  used  in  perfumery  &  medicine.  Hence 
toliric  a.    [name  of  place] 

torn,  n.  (T-)  abbr.  of  Thomas;  T.,  JXck,  tit- 
Harry,  persons  taken  at  random,  ordinary  com- 
monplace people ;  male  animal,  esp.  t.(-cat) ; 
long  t.  (naut.),  long  g^in  esp.  one  carried  amid- 
ships on  swi vel -carriage ;  Old  T.,  string  kind 
of  gin ;  T.  &  Jerry,  rum  &  water  beaten  up 
with  eggs  &c;  to'mboy,  romping  girl,  hoyden ; 
to'mfoo'l,  fool,  trifler,  (v.i.)  play  the  fool,  act  in 
trifling  manner;  tomfoo'lery,  foolish  trifling, 
foolish  knick-knacks  &c;  t.-noddy,  blockhead, 
fool ;  to'mti't,  kinds  of  small  bird,  esp.  titmouse. 

to'mahawk  <-h-),  n.,  &  v.t.  War-axe  of  N.- 
Amer.  Indian,  with  head  of  horn,  stone,  or  steel; 
bury  the  t.  or  hatchet  ;  (vb)  strike,  kill,  with 
t.,  criticize  savagely  in  review,  [of  native  orig.] 

toma*ll(e)y,  n.  Soft  greenish  substance  (call- 
ed the  liver)  in  lobster,  used  as  sauce,  [var.  of 
tourmalin,  w.  ref.  to  colour] 

toma'n  (-ahn),  n.  Persian  gold  coin  worth 
about  7/2.    [Pers.] 

tomato  (-mah-),  n.  (pi.  -oes).  (Plant  with) 
red  or  yellow  pulpy  edible  fruit ;  currant  t.  (with 
small  fruit  about  size  of  currant);  tree-L,  kind 
that  grows  erect  &  sustains  fruit  without  sup- 
port, [f.  Sp.  tomate  f.  Mex.  tomatl ;  formerly 
called  lore-apple] 

tomb  (toom),  n.,  &  v.t.  Hole  (made)  in  earth 
or  rock  to  receive  dead  (esp.  human)  body, 
grave;  subterranean  or  other  vault  for  the 
dead ;  sepulchral  monument ;  (fig.)  the  t,  death; 
£om6s£on€,rnonumentalstoneplacedovergrave; 
(v.t.)  enclose  as  or  in  or  a6  In  t.  Hence  to*mb- 
less  a.  [f.  OF  tumbe  f.  L  f.  Gk  tumba,  perh. 
cogn.  w.  L  tumulus  mound] 

to'mbae,  -k,n.  Kinds  of  copper-&-zinc  alloy. 
[F  (-c),  f.  Port,  tambaca  f.  Malay  tambaga  cop- 
per f.  Skr.  tamrakam] 

to'mbola,  n.  (In  France  &  southern  U.S.) 
kind  of  lottery  with  fancy  articles  for  prizes. 
[It.,  prob.  f.  tombolare  tumble] 

tome,  n.  Volume,  esp.  large  heavy  one.  [F, 
f.  L  f .  Gk  tomos  section  f.  temno  cut] 

tome'ntum,  n.  (Bot.)  kind  of  pubescence 
composed  of  matted  woolly  hairs  ;  (Anat.)  floc- 
culent  inner  surface  of  pia  mater.  Hence  to- 
mento'SE  *,  tome'ntous,  aa.  [L,  =  padding 
of  wool  &c] 

to'min  (or  -i'n),  n.  Jewellers'  weight  of  12 
grains.    [Sp.,  f.  Arab,  tomn  eighth  part] 

to'mmy,  n.  (T-)  familiar  form  of  tom  ;  T.  At- 
kins, the  British  soldier ;  bread,  provisions,  esp. 
as  given  to  workman  in  lieu  of  wages ;  this  sys- 
tem of  payment,  truck  system ;  t.-shop,  shop  &c. 
where  this  is  enforced ;  soft  t.  (naut.),  soft  or 
fresh  bread  (cf.  hard-JocA;).    [-y3] 

tomo'ppow,  to-morrow,  adv.  &  n.  (On) 
the  day  after  today,  as  will  write  t,  (pro v.)  L 
never  comes,    [to  x  +  morrow,  cf.  today] 


TOMPION 


TONSIL 


to'mpion,  n.     Lithographic  inking-pad ;  = 

TAMPON,  TAMPION.     [  =  TAMPION] 

to'mtora,  n.,  &  v.i.  Native  Indian  drum; 
gong  ;  (v.i.)  beat  t.    [f.  Hind,  tamtam,  imit.] 

-tomy,  suf.  =  Gk  -tomia  -cutting  (temno  cut), 
chiefly  in  names  of  surgical  operations  (ana- 
tomy, phlebotomy,  tracheotomy). 

ton1  (tun),  n.  Measure  of  weight,  2240  or  (U.S., 
also  short  t.)  20001b.  avoirdupois;  metric L,  1000 
kilograms ;  measure  of  capacity  (often  varying) 
for  timber  (40  ft),  stone  (16cub.  ft),  salt(42  bushels), 
lime  (40  bushels),  coke  (28  bushels),  wheat  (20 
bushels). wine  (see  tun),  &c;  internal  cubic  ca- 
pacity (100  cub.  ft)  or  carrying  capacity  (40  cub. 
ft)  of  ship ;  (colloq. )  large  number  or  amount,  as 
bag  weighs  (half)  a  t.  (several  pounds,  ounces, 
&c),  tt.  of  people,  have  asked  him  tt.  of  times. 
[var.  of  tun] 

ton  2  (F),  n.  Prevailing  mode,  fashion,  as  in 
the  t,  BON  TON. 

to*nal,a.  Of  tone  or  tones;  of  tonality.  Hence 
to*nalLY  2  adv.    [-al] 

tona'lity,  n.  (Mus.)  character,  quality,  of 
tone,  also,  system  of  tones,  key ;  colour  scheme 
of  picture,    [-ity] 

to*- name,  n.  (chiefly  Sc).  Name  added  esp. 
to  person's  Christian  name  &  surname  for  dis- 
tinction,   [to  J] 

tondi'no  (-de-),  n.  Tondo  with  bowl-like  cen- 
tre ;  ( Archit.)  =  astragal.    [It.,  dim.  of  foil.] 

to'ndo,  n.  Plate  of  majolica  &c.  with  broad 
flat  decorated  rim.  [It.,  =  round  (plate),  f.  L 
rotundus  round] 

tone J,  n.  Sound,  esp.  w.  ref.  to  pitch,  quality, 
&  strength  ;  heart  tt.,  sounds  of  heart  heard  in 
auscultation;  musical  sound  (fundamental, 
harmonic,  t.);  modulation  of  voice  to  express 
emotion,  sentiment,  &c,  as  impatient,  lively, 
imploring,  despondent,  bantering,  suspicious, 
t. ;  (Gram.)  stress  on  one  syllable  of  word ;  (Mus.) 
ancient  esp.  Gregorian  psalm-tune,  (also  whole 
t.)  any  of  the  larger  intervals  in  diatonic  scale, 
opp.  to  semitone  ;  (Med. )  proper  condition  of 
the  bodily  organs,  state  of  health  in  which  ani- 
mal functions  are  duly  performed,  as  has  lost, 
recovered,  t.;  prevailing  character  of  morals, 
sentiments,  &c.  as  the  f.  of  the  nation  must  be 
raised,  gave  a  flippant  t.  to  the  debate ;  general 
effect  or  colour  or  of  light  &  shade  in  picture  ; 
tint,  shade  of  colour  ;  degree  of  luminosity  of 
colour ;  (Photog.)  colour  of  finished  positive 
picture.  Hence  to'neLESS  a. ,  to'nelessx ess 
n.  [f.  F  ton  f.  L  f.  Gk  tonos  thing  stretched, 
tone,  f.  root  of  teinb  stretch] 

tone  2,  v.t,  &  i.  Give  tone  or  quality  (of  sound 
or  colour)  to  (toned  paper,  esp.  of  pale  amber 
tint);  (Mus.)  tune  (instrument) ;  (Photog.)  give 
(picture),  (of  picture)  receive,  altered  colour  in 
finishing  by  means  of  chemical  solution ;  har- 
monize (usu.  intr.),  as  does  not  t.  with  the  wall- 
paper; t.  down,  soften  colouring  of  (picture), 
render  (statement,  expression,  &c.)  less  pro- 
nounced or  confident,  (intr.)  become  softer,  less 
pronounced,  &c;  t.  up,  give,  receive,  higher 
tone  or  character  or  greater  vigour,    [f.  prec] 

to'nga  (-ngga),  n.  Light  two-  wheeled  vehicle 
used  in  India,    [f.  Hind.  tanga\ 

tongs,  n.  pi.  (Also  pair  of  t. )  kinds  of  i nstru- 
ment  for  grasping  &  holding  usu.  with  two 
limbs  pivoted  together  near  either  end  or  con- 
nected by  spring  piece,  as  fire-t.  (for  grasping 
coal  &c),  asparagus,  sugar,  blacksmiths\  wire, 
lazy,  -t;  hammer1  &  t;  would  not  touch  (re- 
pulsive person  or  thing)  with  a  pair  of  t.  (still 
less  without).  [OE  tange  sing.,  cf.  Du.  &  Da. 
tang,  G  zange,  cogn.  w.  Gk  dakno  bite] 

tongue1  (tung),  n.  Fleshy  muscular  organ 
In  the  mouth,  serving  purposes  of  taste,  masti- 


i 

< 


cation,  swallowing,  &  (in  man)  of  speech  ;  this 
as  article  of  food,  as  ox-,  sheep's,  reindeer's,  t., 
smoked,  rolled,  t. ;  faculty  of,  tendency  in, 
speech,  as  has  a  ready  or  fluent  t,  sharp,  caus- 
tic, dangerous,  long  (talkative),  t.;  language  of 
a  nation  &c,  as  the  German  t.,  one's  mother  t, 
gift  of  tt,  power  of  speaking  in  unknown  tt. 
esp.  as  miraculously  conferred  on  early  Chris- 
tians, confusion  oftt.  (Gen.  xi.  1-9) ;  thing  like 
t.  in  shape  (esp.  tapering)  or  function,  e.g.  long 
low  promontory,  strip  of  leather  closing  gap  in 
front  of  shoe,  clapper  of  bell,  pin  of  buckle,  pro- 
jecting edge  of  match  Aboard,  index  of  scale  or 
balance,  vibrating  slip  in  reed  of  some  musical 
instruments,  jet  of  flame,  pointed  rail  in  rail- 
way-switch; find  one's  t,  recover  power  of 
speech ;  give  or  throw  t,  (of  hounds)  bark  esp. 
on  finding  scent ;  hold  one's  t,  be  silent ;  on  the 
tip1  of  one's  t;  wag  one's  t,  talk  indiscreetly 
or  volubly  ;  t.-bit  (with  plate  preventing  horse 
from  getting  t.  over  mouthpiece);  t.-bone,= 
hyoid;  t.-tie,  impediment  in  speech  due  to 
shortness  of  fraenum  of  t.,  t.-tied,  having  this, 
(fig.)  debarred  from  speaking  out.  Hence 
(-)tonguED2,  to*ngrueLESs,  aa.,  to'ngueLET 
n.  [OE  tunge,  cf.  ON  &  Sw.  tunga,  Du.  tong,  G 
zunge,  cogn.  w.  L  lingua,  OL  dmgua] 

tongue-,  v.t.  &  i.  Produce  staccato  &c. 
effects  with  (flute  &c.)  by  use  of  tongue,  use 
tongue  thus;  t.  &  groove,  furnish  (match  1- 
board  &c.)  with  tongue  &  groove,    [f.  prec] 

td'nic,  a.  &  n.  (Of  medicine,  medical  treat- 
ment, &c,  fig.  of  success,  misfortune,  punish- 
ment) serving  to  invigorate,  bracing ;  (Mus.)  of 
tones,  esp.  of  the  key-note ;  t.  accent,  stress  on 
syllable ;  t.  spasm,  continuous  muscular  con- 
traction (cf.  clonic)  ;  t.  sol-fa  (-fah),  system  of 
musical  (esp.  vocal)  notation  in  which  all  dia 
tonic  scales  are  written  alike  (i.e.  doh,  key-note. 
ray,  me,  fah,  sol,  lah,  te,  usu.  written  d,  r,  &c, 
with  vowel-change  for  accidentals,  e.g.  de,  re, 
ma),  time-value  being  shown  by  vertical  lines 
&  colons,  t.-sol-faist,  advocate  of,  expert  in, 
this;  (n.)  t.  medicine  &c.  (lit.  &  flg.),  (Mus.) 
key-note.  Hence  to'niCALLY  adv.  [LFtonique 
f.  Gk  tonikos  (as  tone  1,  see  -ic)] 

toni'eity,  n.  Tone;  being  tonic:  healthy 
elasticity  of  muscles  &c.    r-iTY] 

tonigh't,  to-night,  adv.  &  n.  (On)  the 
present  night,  (on)  the  night  of  today,    [to  l  + 

NIGHT,  Cf.  TODAY] 

to'nish,  tonn-,  a.  In  the  ton2,  modish, 
stylish.    Hence  to*n(n)ishNESS  n.    [-ish  l] 

to'nite,  n.  A  powerful  gun-cotton  explosive, 
[f.  L  tonare  thunder  +  -ite1] 

To'nka  bean,  t-,  n.  Fragrant  seed  of  a 
tree  found  in  Guiana  &c,  used  in  perfumery 
&c.    [native  tonka,  the  bean] 

tonnage  (tu'nij),  n.,  &  v.t.  Internal  cubic 
capacity,  freight-carrying  capacity,  of  ship  in 
ton^  ;  total  freightage  esp.  of  a  country's 
merchant  marine;  duty  on  vessels  formerly 
reckoned  on  t.,  now  on  registered  size;  t.-deck 
(upper  of  two,  second  of  three  or  more).  [F 
(tonne  tun,  see  -age)] 

tonneau  (to "no,  or  as  F),  n.  Part  of  some 
motor-cars  that  contains  the  back  seats.  [F, 
lit.  cask,  tun] 

-tenner,  n.  Vessel  of  so  many  tons,  as  two- 
thousand-t.    [-ER J] 

tond'meter,  n.  Tuning-fork  or  other  instru- 
ment for  measuring  pitch  of  tones,  [as  tone  '  + 
-meter] 

to'nsil  (si),  n.  Either  of  two  oral  organs  on 
each  side  of  the  fauces.  Hence  to'nsillAR 1  a., 
tonsillrns  n.  [f.  L  tonsilla  sharp  stake.  (pl.> 
tonsils,  dim.  of  tonsa  oar,  or  perh,  cogn.  w. 
tendere  tens-  stretch] 


TONSORIAL 


931 


TOPAZ 


tonsop'ial,  a.  (facet.).  Of  a  barber  or  his 
work.  [f.  L  tonsorius  (tondere  tons-  shave, 
eee-OR2)  +  -AL] 

to'nsure  (-sher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Rite  of  shaving 
the  crown  (R.-C.  Ch.)  or  whole  head  (Gk  Ch.) 
of  person  enteri  ng  priesthood  or  monastic  order; 
bare  part  of  monk's  or  priest's  head ;  (fig.)  ad- 
mission to  holy  orders ;  (v.t)  shave  head  of, 
give  t.  to.  [OF,  f.  L  tonsura  (as  prec,  see  -ure)] 

tonti'ne  (-en),  n.  Annuity  shared  by  sub- 
scribers to  loan,  the  shares  increasing  as  sub- 
scribers die  till  last  survivor  gets  all ;  t.  policy 
of  insurance  (in  which  associated  policy-holders 
agree  to  receive  no  dividend,  return-premium, 
&c,  till  end  of  fixed  period  called  t.  period). 
[f.  It.  tontina  (Lorenzo  Tonti,  originator  of  tt. 
about  1653)] 

too,  adv.  &  a.  In  a  higher  degree  than  is  ad- 
missible for  a  specified  or  understood  purpose, 
standard,  &c.  (not  used  to  qualify  vb,  cf.  very), 
as  t.  ripe  for  cooking,  t.  good  to  be  true,  allows 
t.  long  an  interval,  t.  long  intervals,  t.  large  for 
me,  my  taste,  my  purpose,  is  t.fond  of  comfort, 
t.  many  for ;  (in  affected  or  gushing  use)  is 
quite  t,  is  1. 1.,  (delightful  &c,  often  omitted) ; 
also,  as  well,  as  take  the  others  t,  mean  to  do  it 
t.  (as  well  as  threaten) ;  moreover,  as  achieved, 
t. ,  at  small  cost ;  (adj .  )f .  -t. ,  gushing.    [  =  to  l] 

took.    See  take. 

tool  \  n.  Mechanical  implement,  as  carpen- 
ter's, joiner's,  gardener's,  engraver's,  mason's, 
tt. ;  (usu.  machine-t.)  machine  used  in  making 
machinery,  e.g.  lathe:  (fig.)  thing  used  in  an 
occupation  or  pursuit,  as  literary  tt.,  the  tt.  of 
one's  trade ;  person  used  as  mere  instrument 
by  another,  cat's-paw ;  separate  figure  in  tooling 
of  book ;  broad  t.,  =  tooler  ;  edge  *-,  edged,  t. ; 
t.-holder,  device  for  holding  t.  in  lathe,  handle 
for  use  with  different  tt. ;  t.-post,  -rest,  holder 
or  support  for  cutting-t.  in  lathe.  [OE  tol,  cf. 
ON  tol  pi.,  OE  tawian  prepare,  Goth,  tavjan 
make,  cause] 

tool2,  v.t.  &  i.  Ornament  (edges  of  book- 
cover)  with  tooling ;  work  with  t. ;  (slang)  drive 
(coach  &c),  (intr.)  drive,  ride,  (often  along  Sec.) 
esp.  in  casual  or  leisurely  manner,    [f.  prec] 

too*lep,n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  stone-mason's 
broad  chisel  for  tooling,    [-er  x] 

too'ling1,  n.  Stone-dressing  in  parallel  lines ; 
ornamentation  of  edges  of  book-cover  with 
designs  impressed  by  heated  tools  (blind  t, 
without  gilding),    [-ing1] 

toon,  n.  E.-Ind.  tree  with  close-grained  red 
wood  much  used  for  furniture  &c.  [f.  Hind,  tun] 

toot,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Sound,  esp.  produce 
harsh  or  dismal  sound  with,  (horn,  cornet, 
whistle,  &c);  sound  horn  &c.  thus;  (of  horn 
&c.)  give  out  such  sound  ;  (of  grouse)  call ;  (n.) 
sound  of  horn,  trumpet,  &c.  7f.  Sw.  &  Norw. 
tuta,  cf.  LG  tuten,  Da.  tude,  ON  thjota,  imit.] 

tooth, n.  (pi.  teeth),  &  v.t  &  i.  Each  of  several 
hard  dense  structures  growing  in  jaws  of  verte- 
brates &  used  for  mastication;  canine,  eye1-, 

INCISOR,   MILK1-,  MOLAR1,  WISDOM,  t.  ',   false, 

artificial,  t.  (made  by  dentist) ;  t. -shaped  pro- 
jection or  thing,  e.g.  cog,  point,  &c,  of  gear- 
wheel, saw,  comb,  rake ;  sweet  t. ;  cast  thing 
in  person's  tt.,  reproach  him  with  it ;  in  the  tt. 
of,  in  spite  of  (opposition  &c),  in  opposition  to 
(directions  &c),  in  the  face  of  (the  wind  &c); 
armed  to  the  tt.  (completely,  elaborately) ;  cut 
one's  eye-tt.,  gain  worldly  wisdom ;  escape  by 
the  skin  of  one's  tt.  (narrowly) ;  fight,  struggle, 
t.  &  nail  (with  utmost  effort);  lie2  in  one's 
tt. ;  set  one's  tt.  on  edge1  ;  show  one's  tt.,  take 
threatening  tone ;  take  the  bit  j  between  one's  tt. ; 
toothache,  ache  in  t ;  t.-billed,  (of  bird)  having 
t.-like  process(es)  on  cutting  edges  of  bill;  t.~  J 


brush  (for  cleaning  tt.) ;  t.  ornament,  =  dog  ]-f. ; 
t.-paste,  -powder,  (for  cleaning  or  preserving 
tt.) ;  toothpick,  small  sharp  instrument  of  quill, 
wood,  gold,  &c,  for  removing  matter  lodged 
between  tt.  (Vb)  furnish  with  tt;  (of  cog-wheels) 
interlock.  Hence  too*  th  less a.,  too'thLET  n. 
[OE  toth,  cf.  Du.  tand,  G  zahn,  L  dens  -ntis, 
Gk  odous  -ontos,  f.  root  ed-  eat] 

too'thful,  n.  Small  draught  of  spirit  &c, 
thimbleful,    [-ful] 

too'thingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  projecting 
bricks  or  stones  left  at  end  of  wall  to  provide 
for  continuation  ;  t.-plane  (with  serrated  edge 
for  roughening  surface),    [-ing  j] 

too'thsome,  a.  Pleasant  to  eat  Hence 
too'thsomeLv-  adv.,  too'thsomeNESS  n. 
[-some] 

too'tle,  v.i.  Toot  gently  or  repeatedly  esp. 
on  flute.    I-le(3)] 

top  lt  n.  &  a.  Summit,  highest  part,  as  t.  of 
a  hill,  hill-L,  at  the  t.  of  the  tree  (fig.,  of  highest 
rank  in  profession  &c);  part  of  plant  above 
ground,  as  tumip-tt. ;  surface  (of  ground),  upper 
surface  (of  table  &c. ) ;  upper  part  of  shoe ;  cover 
of  carriage ;  head  (of  page  in  book) ;  upper  edges 
of  book,  as  gilt  t. ;  (person  occupying)  highest 
rank,  foremost  place,  as  came  out  (at  theft,  of 
the  school,  the  t.  (upper  end,  head)  of  the  table ; 
utmost  degree,  height,  as  realized  the  t.  of  my 
ambition,  called  at  the  t.  of  his  voice,  ran  at  the 
t.  of  his  speed ;  crown  of  the  head,  as  from,  t.  to 
toe ;  (Naut)  platform  round  head  of  lower  mast 
serving  to  extend  topmast  shrouds,  as  maint., 
foret,  mizzent. ;  (pi.)  metal  buttons  plated  &c 
only  on  face ;  bunch  of  hair,  fibres,  &c,  esp.  as 
measure  =  li  lb. ;  (adj.)  highest  in  position  or 
degree,  as  the  t.  rail,  at  t.  speed,  whence  to*p- 
most  a. ;  t.-boot  (also  t),  boot  with  high  t  usu. 
of  different  material  or  colour  &  made  to  look 
as  if  turned  down ;  t.-coat,  overcoat ;  t.-dress, 
apply  manure  on  the  t  of  (earth)  instead  of 
ploughing  it  in,  t.-dressing,  this  process,  manure 
so  applied ;  topga'llant  (topg-,  tog-),  mast,  sail, 
yard,  rigging,  immediately  above  topmast  & 
topsail ;  t.-hamper,  light  upper  sails  &  rigging ; 
t.-hat,  tall  silk  hat;  t.-heavy,  overweighted  at 
t  so  as  to  be  in  danger  of  falling  (often  fig.  of 
scheme  &c.) ;  t.-hole  slang,  first-rate ;  topknot, 
knot,  bow  of  ribbon  &c,  tuft,  crest,  worn  or 
growing  on  head ;  t.-lantern,  -light,  light  dis- 
played from  mizzentop  of  flagship ;  topman,  t- 
sawyer(lit),  (Naut,  also  topsman)  man  doing 
duty  in  a  t ;  topmast  (next  above  lower  mast); 
topsail  (-si),  square  sail  next  above  lowest;  t- 
sawyer,  sawyer  in  upper  position  in  saw-pit, 
(fig.)  person  in  superior  or  high  position  ;  top- 
sides,  sides  of  ship  above  water-line.  [OE,  Du., 
Da.,  cf.  ON  toppr,  G  zopftutt,  tree-top] 

top2,  v.t.  Provide  with  top  or  cap;  (Naut> 
raise  one  end  of  (yard  &c.)  above  the  other; 
remove  top  of  (plant)  to  improve  growth  &c; 
reach  the  top  of  (hill  &c.) ;  be  higher  than ;  be 
superior  to,  surpass,  as  tops  all  I  ever  sawy 
whence  to'ppiNG2  a.,  tcppingXY2  adv.;  t. 
one's  part,  surpass  oneself ;  t.  off  or  up,  put  an 
end  or  a  finishing  touch  to  (thing  or  abs);  be  of 
(specified  height),  as  he  tops  6  ft.    [f.  prec] 

top3,  n.  Kinds  of  wooden  or  metal  toy,  usu. 
conical,  spherical,  or  pear-shaped,  rotating  on 
sharp  point  at  bottom  when  set  in  motion  by 
hand,  spring,  or  string;  humming,  peg,  whip1- 
ping  or  whip,  -t. ;  t.-shell,  kinds  of  shell-fish 
with  t-shaped  shell,  [ult  f.  MHG  topf,  cf. 
MDu.  dop(pe),  cogn.  w.  dip] 
to'paz,  n.  A  transparent  or  translucent 
mineral,  a  silicate  of  aluminium,  yellow,  white, 
green,  blue,  orcolourless;/aise  t. ,  kind  of  yellow 
quartz ;  kind  of  humming-bird.    [f.  OF  topaze 


TOPAZOLITE 


932 


TORPID 


£.  L  f.  Gk  topazos,  -zion,  etym.  dub.,  cf.  Skr. 
tapas  fire,  tap  shine] 

topa/zolite,  n.  Yellow  or  green  kind  of  gar- 
net,   [prec.  +  -o-  +  -lite] 

tope  *,  v.i.  Drink  alcoholic  liquors  to  excess 
esp.  habitually.  Hence  to'pER1  n.  [f.  F  toper 
cover  stake  in  dicing,  whence  (je)  tope!  int. 
agreed  1,  done !,  (in  drinking)  I  pledge  you,  perh. 
ult.  f.  top1  w.  ref.  to  placing  together  tops  of 
thumbs  in  crying  t.\ 

tope2,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Mango  or  other  grove, 
[f.  Tamil  toppu] 

tope3,  n.  Buddhist  monument,  usu.  dome 
or  tower,    [f.  Hind,  top  f.  Skr.  stupa  mound] 

toph,  to'phus,  nn.  Gouty  deposit  of  cal- 
careous matter  round  teeth  &  at  surface  of 
joints.  Hence  tophA'CEOUS  a.  [L(-us),= sand- 
stone, tufa] 

To'phet,  n.  Place  in  Valley  of  Hinnom  near 
Jerusalem  used  for  idolatrous  worship  &  later 
for  depositing  refuse,  for  consumption  of  which 
fires  were  kept  burning;  hell.  {f.  Heb.  topheth 
place  to  be  spat  upon  (tuph  spit)] 

to'pia,  n.  Ancient  Roman  style  of  mural  deco- 
ration with  heterogeneous  landscape  scenes. 
[L,  =  landscape  gardening  or  painting,  f.  Gk 
topos  place] 

to'piary,  a.  The  t.  art  (of  clipping  shrubs 
&c  into  ornamental  shapes).  Hence  topi- 
ap'iAN  a.  [f.  L  topiarius  landscape  gardener 
(as  prec,  see  -ary1)] 

td'pie,  n.  Theme  for  discussion,  subject  of 
conversation  or  discourse;  (Logic,  Rhet.)  class 
of  considerations  from  which  arguments  can 
be  drawn,  [f.  F  topiques  pi.  f.  L  f.  Gk  (ta)  topika 
topics,  as  title  of  a  treatise  of  Aristotle  (topos 
place,  see  -ic)] 

to'pical,  a.  Of  topics;  dealing  with  esp. 
current  or  local  topics,  as  t.  allusion,  song; 
local,  esp.  (Med.)  affecting  a  part  of  the  body. 
Hence  tO'picalLY  2  adv.    [-al] 

topo'g-raphy,  n.  Detailed  description,  re- 
presentation on  map  &c,  of  natural  &  artificial 
features  of  a  town,  district,  &c;  such  features; 
(Anat.)  mapping  of  surface  of  body  with  refer- 
ence to  the  partsheneath.  Hence  to po'gpaph- 
er1  n.,  topogpa'phic(AL)  aa.,  topogra'ph- 
iealLY2  adv.  If.  F  topographie  t.  LL  f.  Gk 
topographia  (topos  place,  see  -graphy)] 

topd'nomy,  n.  (Register  of)  place-names  of 
a  district  &c.  [f.  Gk  topos  place  +  onoma  (in 
comb.  usu.  -uma)  name  +  -Y1] 

topd'nymy,  n.  (anat.).  Naming  of  regions, 
opp.  organs  &c,  of  a  body,    [as  prec] 

to'pper,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  also :  (colloq.)  = 
Topi-hat.     If.  TOP2  +  -ER]] 

to'pple,  v.i.  &  t.  (Cause  to)  totter  &  fall 
(often  over,  down),    [f.  top  1  +  -le(3)] 

topsytup'vy,  adv.,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Upside 
down ;  (in)  utter  confusion ;  (v.t.)  turn  t. 
Hence  (facet.)  topsytup'vyDOM,  topsy- 
turvy fio a 'TiON,  nn.,  topsytup'vyFY  v.t. 
[f.  top  1  +  so  (cf.  upside  down  for  tip  so  down) 
-f  obs.  terve  overturn  cogn.  w.  OE  tearflian 
turn,  roll  over,  cf.  LG  tarven] 

toque  (-k),  n.  (Hist.)  small  kinds  of  man's  & 
woman's  hat ;  small  bonnet ;  kinds  of  monkey 
with  cap-like  arrangement  of  hair.  [F,  r. 
Breton  tok,  cf.  W  toe] 

top,  n.  Hill,  rocky  peak,  esp.  on  Dartmoor. 
[OE,  f.  W  tor  knob,  cf.  Wtwr,  Lturris,  tower] 

-top,  suf.  forming  agent  nn.  on  L  p.p.  stems 
in  -t-  (doctor,  narrator) ;  see  -or2. 

tot~ah,  n.  Revealed  will  of  God,  esp.  Mo- 
saic law ;  Pentateuch.    |Heb.] 

torch,  n.  Piece  of  resinous  wood  or  twisted 
flax  &c  soaked  in  tallow  &c  for  carrying 
lighted ;  other  appliance  for  this  purpose,  e.  g. 


oil-lamp  on  pole  ;  electric  t,  stick-shaped  port- 
able electric  lamp  ;  t.-fishing  (also  top'ehiNG1 
n.)  mode  of  catching  fish  by  t. -light,  [f.  F  torche 
f.  LL  tortica  (torquere  tort-  twist)] 

top'ehon  (-shn,  or  as  F),  n.  attrib.  T.  paper, 
paper  with  rough  surface  used  esp.  for  water- 
colours  ;  t.  board  (covered  with  t.  paper) ;  t. 
mat,  mat3  of  t.  paper ;  t.  lace,  peasant's  bobbin 
lace  with  geometrical  designs.  [F,  =  dish- 
cloth (as  prec,  see  -oon)] 

tOP'eulap,  n.  Surgeon's  tourniquet.  [L,  = 
wine-press  (torquere  twist)] 

tope1.    See  tear1. 

tope2.    See  torus. 

top*eadop\  n.  Spanish  (usu.  mounted)  bull- 
fighter. [Sp.  (torear  engage  in  bull-fight  f.  toro 
bull  f.  L  taurus,  see  -or2)] 

topeu'tie  (-roo-),  a.  &  n.  (N.  pi.,  art)  of  chas- 
ing, carving,  &  embossing,  esp.  metal,  [f.  Gk 
toreutikos  (toreuo  bore,  chase,  see  -ic)] 

topfa'ceous,  a.  Growing  in  bogs  or  mosses. 
[turf  +  -aceous] 

top'ffoeh  (ch),  n.  Red-bellied  char.  [W 
(tor  belly  +  coch  red)] 

top'ment1,  n.  Severe  bodily  or  mental  suf- 
fering, as  was  in  t.,  suffered  tt. ;  source  of  this,* 
as  (colloq.)  the  child  is  a  positive  t.  IOF,  f.  L 
tormentum  engine  for  hurling  stones,  rack, 
torment,  (torquere  twist,  see  -ment)] 

topme'nt  2,  v.t.  Subject  to  torment,  as  tor- 
mented with  neuralgia,  suspense,  inquiries. 
Hence  topme'nting-LY2  adv.  [f.  OF  tor- 
menter  (prec)] 

top'inentil,  n.  Low  herb  with  bright  yellow 
flowers  &  highly  astringent  root-stock  used  in 
medicine,  [f.  F  tormentille  f.  torment  *  perh. 
because  thought  to  relieve  toothache] 

topme'ntop,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  tor- 
ments, whence  topme'ntPESS ]  n. ;  long  fork 
used  on  ship  for  taking  meat  from  coppers ; 
kind  of  harrow  on  wheels,    [-or2] 

tormina,  n.  Griping  pains  in  bowels,  colic. 
[L  (torquere  twist)] 

topn.    See  tear. 

topna'do,  n.  (pi.  -oes).  Violent  storm  01 
small  extent,  esp.  in  W.  Africa  at  beginning . 
end  of  rainy  season  &  in  U.S.  from  April 
July,  supposed  to  have  a  rotary  motion, 
often  accompanied  by  funnel-shaped  cloud. 
Hence  topna'dic  a.  [f.  Sp.  tornada  f.  tornar 
turn,  see  -ADO(2)] 

toP'ous,  topo'se,  aa.  (Bot.)  cylindrical 
with  bulges  at  intervals;  (Zool.)  knobby,  [f. 
L  torosus  (torus,  see  -ose1,  -ous)1 

toppe'do,  n.  (pi.  -oes),  &  v.t.  Electric  ray,  a 
fish  with  electric  apparatus  for  numbing  or 
killing  its  prey  &c;  cigar-shaped  boat  or  pro- 
jectile for  carrying  detonating  charge  under 
water  to  hostile  ship;  submarine  mine  usu. 
placed  in  harbour-channel ;  fog-signal  laid  on 
railway  to  be  exploded  by  wheels  of  train  ;  toy 
exploding  when  dashed  on  ground  &c  ;  shell 
buried  in  path  of  storming  party  &c  ;  explo- 
sive cartridge  for  various  purposes;  t.-boat, 
small  fast  steamer  for  carrying  or  discharging 
tt. ;  t.(-boat)-catcher,  t.-gunboat,  large  vessel 
intended  to  catch  t.-boat;  t.-boat  destroyer, 
small  fast  boat  used  to  catch  t.-boat  or  carry 
tt. ;  t.-net  (hung  round  ship  to  intercept  tt.  or 
t.-boat);  (vb)  destroy,  attack,  with  t,  [(vb  f. 
n.)  L,  =  t.  fish  (torpere  be  numb)| 

top'pid,  a.  &  n.  (Of  hibernating  animal)  dor- 
mant ;  numb ;  sluggish,  dull,  apathetic ;  (n. 
pi.)  Lent  boat-races  at  Oxford  between  second 
crews  of  colleges,  (sing.)  boat  rowing  in  these. 
Hence  or  cogn.  toppi'diTY,  tOP'pidNESS, 
top-poR1,  nn.,  top'pidLY2adv.,top*piFY  v.t, 
toppopi'Fio  a.    [f.  L  torpidus  (prec,  -id  j)J 


TORQUATED 


T'OTHER 


top'quate(d),  aa.  (zool.).  With  ring  of  pe- 
culiar colour  or  texture  of  hair  or  plumage 
about  the  neck.    [f.  L  torquatus  (foil.,  -ate  2)J 

torque  (k),  tore,  n.  Necklace  of  twisted 
metal,  esp.  of  Gauls;  (Mech.,  -que)  twisting- 
moment,    [f.  L  torques  necklace,  as  tort] 

to'prefy,  v.t.  Parch  with  heat,  roast,  dry, 
(metallic  ores,  drugs).  So  toppeFA'CTiON  n. 
[f.  L  torrefacere  (torrere  parch,  see  -FY)] 

to'ppent,  n.  Rushing  stream  of  water  &c. ; 
(fig.)  violent  flow  (of  abuse,  grief,  questions). 
Hence  toppe'ntiAL  (shl)  a.,  toppe'ntialLY2 
adv.  [F,  f.  L  torrentem  lit.  boiling  stream 
{torrere  parch,  see  -ent)] 

Toppice'llian,  a.  T.  experiment  (with  mer- 
cury in  tube,  leading  to  principle  on  which 
barometer  is  made) ;  T.  tube  (used  for  this). 
[E.  Torricelli  d.  1647  +  -an] 

td'PPid,  a.  (Of  land  &c.)  parched  by  sun, 
very  hot ;  t.  zone,  part  of  earth's  surface  be- 
tween tropics.  Hence  toppi'diTV,  to*ppid- 
ness,  nn.  If.  F  torride  f.  L  torridus  (torrere 
parch,  see  -id1)] 

top'sel,  n.  Twisted  ornament  e.g.  scroll; 
block  of  wood  in  brick  wall  for  joist  &c.  to  rest 
on.    [prob.  var.  of  tassel] 

top'sion  (  shn),  n.  Twisting;  (Bot.)  state  of 
being  spirally  twisted,  so  top'siVE  a. ;  (Med.) 
twisting  of  cut  end  of  artery  after  operation 
&c.  to  check  haemorrhage ;  t.  balance  (for  mea- 
suring minute  forces  by  means  of  fine  twisted 
wire).  Hence  toP'sionAL,  top'sionLESS,  aa., 
top*sionalLV2adv.  [F,  f.  LL  tortionem,  -si- 
tes tort,  see  -ION)] 

topsk,  n.    Fish  of  cod  family.    [Sw.  &  Da.] 

top'so,  n.  Trunk  of  statue  apart  from  head 
&  limbs.  [It.,  =  stalk,  stump,  torso,  f.  thyrsus] 

tort,  n.  (law).  Private  or  civil  wrong.  [F, 
=  wrong,  harm,  f.  L  torquere  tort-  twist] 

toptico'llis,  n.  (path.).  Rheumatic  affection 
of  muscles  of  neck,  stiff  neck,  [f.  L  as  prec. 
+  collum  neck] 

top'tile,  a.  Twisted,  curved  ;  (Bot.)  coiled. 
Hence  toPti'liTY  n.    [f.  L  tortilis  (tort,  -ile)] 

torti'lla  (-elya),  n.  Flat  maize  cake,  Mexican 
substitute  for  bread.    |Sp.] 

tortious  <-shus),  a.  (law).  Constituting  a 
tort,  wrongful.  Hence  top'tiousLY2  adv. 
[var.  of  tortuous] 

top*toise(-tws, -toiz),  n.  Land  (&  freshwater) 
varieties  of  turtle,  reptile  encased  in  two  scaly 
or  leathery  shields  forming  a  box ;  alligator 
t. ;  (Rom.  Ant.)=TESTUDO ;  t.-shell,  mottled  & 
clouded  outer  shell  or  scale  of  some  sea  turtles 
used  for  combs  &c,  t.-shell  cat,  butterfly,  (with 
black  &  yellow  markings  suggesting  t.-shell). 
[ME  tortuce,  tortu  (thr.  OF  tortue),  f.  LL  tor- 
tuca  (as  tort)] 

toptulous,a.(bot.,zool.).  =moniliform.  [f. 
L  tortula  dim.  of  torta  a  twist  (as  tort)  -f-  -ous] 

top'tuous,  a.  Full  of  twists  or  turns,  so 
tOPtuo'SE1  a.  (bot.);  (fig.,  of  policy  &c.)  devi- 
ous, circuitous,  crooked,  not  straightforward. 
Hence  or  cogn.  tortud'siTY,  tor'tuous- 
ness,  nn.,  top'tuousLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  tortuos 
f.  L  tortuosus  (tortus  -us  twist,  foil.,  -OUS)] 

top'tupe  (tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Infliction  of  severe 
bodily  pain  e.g.  as  punishment  or  means  of  per- 
suasion, as  was  put  to  the  t.;  severe  physical  or 
mental  pain.  (V.t.)  subject  to  t.,  as  tortured 
wi*h  neuralgia,  tight  boots,  anxiety ;  (fig. )  force 
out  of  natural  position  or  state,  pervert  mean- 
ing of  (words,  passage).  Hence  top'tuPABLE, 
top'tupous,  aa.,  top'tupER1  n.,  top'tup- 
lng-LY2  adv.  [(vbf.  n.)  F,  f.  L  tortura  twist- 
ing (torquere  tort-  twist,  see  -URE)] 

top'ula,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Kinds  of  yeast-like  fun- 
gus ;  chain  of  spherical  bacteria,  whence  top*- 


uIIform  a.;  (Bot.)  small  torus,  [mod.  L  dim.  of 

TORUS] 

top*us,  n.  (pi.  -ri).  Large  moulding  of  semi- 
circular profile  esp.  as  lowest  member  of  base 
of  column ;  (Bot.) receptacle  of  flower,  modified 
end  of  stem ;  ( Anat.)  smooth  ridge  as  of  muscle. 
[L,= protuberance,  bed] 

top'y,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  the  party  that  op- 
posed the  Revolution  of  1688,  supported  policy 
of  George  III,  opposed  Reform  Bill  of  1832,  & 
has  been  succeeded  by  Conservative  party 
(cf.  whig);  T.  Democrat,  Conservative  who  in- 
clines to  some  democratic  principles.  Hence 
toP'yiSM  n.  [orig.= Irish  robber,  f.  Ir.  toiridhe, 
toruighe,  pursuer,  cf.  Gael,  toir  pursuit] 

-topy,  suf.,  most  freq.  form  of  -ory,  in  wds  f. 
L  vbs  w.  p.p.  stem  in  -t-  (amatory,  factory). 

toss,  v.t.  &  i.  (tossed  or  poet,  tost),  &  n. 
Throw  up  (ball  &c.)  with  the  hand  esp.  with 
palm  upward;  throw  (thing  to  person,  away, 
aside,  &c.)  lightly  or  carelessly ;  throw  (coin) 
into  air  to  decide  choice  &c.  by  way  it  falls, 
settlequestionordispute  with  (person/or  thing) 
thus,  as  will  t.  you  for  (or  who  has)  the  arm- 
chair ;  (Lawn-tennis)  strike  (ball  or  abs.)  high 
into  air ;  toss  (person)  in  blanket,  jerk  him  up- 
wards out  of  it  by  pulling  suddenly  on  all 
corners ;  throw  back  (one's  head)  esp.  in  con- 
tempt or  impatience;  throw  (thing,  oneself) 
about  from  side  to  side,  throw  oneself  about 
thus  in  bed  &c,  roll  about  restlessly ;  separate 
heavy  from  light  parts  of  (tin  ore)  by  agitation 
in  vessel ;  t.  off,  drink  off  at  a  draught,  dispatch 
(work)  rapidly  or  withoutapparent  effort;  t.  up, 
toss  coin  as  above,  prepare  (food)  hastily ;  toss- 
pot (archaic),  toper.  (N.)  tossing  of  coin,  head, 
&c,  as  win  the  t.,  have  its  decision  in  one's 
favour ;  a  contemptuous  t.  of  the  head ;  t.-up, 
tossing  up  of  coin,  doubtful  question,  as  is  quite 
a  t.-up  whether  lie  comes  or  not ;  pitch  Z-&-t. 
[(n.  f.  vb)  f.  Norw.  tossa  sprinkle,  cf.  LG  teusen 
toss  (hay)] 

tot1,  n.  Small  child,  esp.  a  tiny  t;  (colloq.) 
dram  of  liquor,    [f.  ON  tottr,  cf.  Da.  tot) 

tot2,n.,&  v.t.  &  i.,  (colloq.).  Set  of  figures  to 
be  added ;  (vb)  add  usu.  up,  (of  expenses  &c.) 
mount  up.    [L, =so  many ;  or  abbr.  of  foil.] 

to'tal,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Complete,  compris- 
ing the  whole,  as  the  t.  number  of  persons,  t- 
population,  sum  t,  t.  tonnage  ;  absolute,  un. 
qualified,  as  was  in  t.  ignorance  of  it ;  resulted 
in  t.  loss  of  his  fortune,  t.  abstinence,  ab- 
stainer, eclipse  (in  which  whole  surface  is  ob- 
scured); (n.)  t.  number  or  amount;  (v.t.)  find 
the  t.  of  (things,  set  of  figures),  amount  in  num- 
ber to,  as  the  visitors  totalled  131.  Hence  to- 
ta'liTY  n.,  to'talLY  2  adv.  [(n.  &  vb  f.  adj.)  F, 
f.  LL  totalis  (totus  entire,  see  -al)] 

to'talize,  v.t.  &  i.  Collect  into  a  total,  find 
the  total  of ;  use  totalizer  in  betting.  Hence 
totalizA-TioN  n.    [ize] 

to'talizep,  n.  Device  showing  number  & 
amount  of  bets  staked  on  race  with  a  view  to 
dividing  the  total  among  betters  on  winner. 
So  to'talizatOR2  n.    [er  *) 

totem,  n.  Natural  object  esp.  animal  as- 
sumed among  N.-Amer.  Indians  as  emblem 
of  clan  or  individual  on  ground  of  relationship ; 
image  of  this ;  t.-post  (on  which  tt.  are  carved 
or  hung) ;  t.  stage,  stage  of  mental  develop- 
ment in  which  tt.  are  taken  as  clan-names  & 
objects  of  worship.  Hence  tote'mic,  totem- 
I'stic,  aa..  totemiSM(3),  to*temiST(2),  nn. 
[of  native  orig.] 

t'o'thep,  to'thep,  (tu-),  a.  &  pron.  The  other, 
[earlier  the  tother  f.  wrong  division  of  MP]  thet 
(that)  other ;  now  understood  an = the  other  & 
usu.  used  without  the] 


TOTIDEM  VERBIS 


934 


TOURNAMENT 


to'tidem  verbis,  adv.  In  so  many  words, 
in  these  very  words,  as  he  said,  t.v.,  that  he 
would  write  in  either  case.    [L] 

to'ties  quo' ties  (or  to  "shies  kwo  "shies),  adv. 
On  each  occasion,  every  time,  as  offer  was  re- 
fused t.q.    [L,  =  as  often  as] 

to-to  cae'lo  (se-),  adv.  Differ  t.c.  (by  an  im- 
mense distance).    [L,  =  by  the  whole  heaven] 

to'tter,  v.i.  Stand  or  walk  unsteadily  (esp. 
of  child  learning  to  walk) ;  (part.,  of  steps)  un- 
steady ;  (of  tower  &c,  fig.  of  State,  system,  &c.) 
be  shaken,  be  on  the  point  of  falling.  Hence 
to'ttePER1  n.,  to'ttering-LY 2  adv.,  to*t- 
tePY  2  a.  [for  tolter  cogn.  w.  ME  tulten  var.  of 
tilten  tilt*  +  -er  5] 

toucan  (tookah'n,  too"kn),  n.  Kinds  of  tro- 
pical American  bird  with  immense  beak.  [f. 
Braz.  tucano,  -na] 

touch l  (tutsh),  v.t.  &  L  Be  separated  at  one 
or  more  points  by  no  intervening  space  or  ob- 
ject from  (thing  &c),  be  in  or  come  into  contact 
with,  bring  part  of  body  esp.  hand  into  contact 
with,  establish  this  relation  towards  (thing 
with  one's  hand,  stick,  &c),  cause  (two  things) 
to  come  into  contact,  (of  two  things)  be  in  con- 
tact, as  two  rocks  t.  (each  other)  at  the  bases, 
you  are  touching  wet  paint,  t.  pitch,  have  to  do 
with  shady  transaction  or  person,  he  touched 
me  on  the  shoulder,  t.  the  table  with  your  stick, 
wouldn't  t.  him  (unpleasant  person)  with  a 
barge-pole,  just  touched  them  together  &  they 
cracked,  I  never  touched  him  (hostilely),  can 
just  t.  bottom  (of  water  with  toes),  t.  bottom  \ 
touched  his  hat  (as  salutation),  was  touched  by 
the  king  (to  cure  king^s  evil),  t.  wood  (to  pro- 
pitiate Nemesis  after  boasting  &c.) ;  (Geom.)  be 
a  tangent  to  (circle  &c. ) ;  apply  slight  force  to,  as 
he  touched  (rang)  the  bell ;  strike  (keys,  strings.of 
musical  instrument),  strike  keys  or  strings  of ; 
delineate,  mark  lightly,  put  in,  (features  &c.) 
with  brush,  pencil,  &c;  reach,  as  can  just  t.the 
ceiling,  (fig.)  approach  in  excellence  &c,  as  no 
one  can  t.  him  in  light  comedy,  in  the  spot- 
barred  game,  for  purity  of  style ;  affect  with 
tender  feeling,  soften,  as  it  touched  me  to  the 
heart,  was  visibly  touched  by  her  appeal;  rouse 
painful  or  angry  feeling  in,  as  touched  him 
home,  touched  him  to  the  quick, =touched  him 
on  a  raw  or  tender  place  (also  lit.) ;  treat  of 
(subject)  lightly  or  in  passing  ;  concern,  as  the 
question  touches  you  nearly;  (chiefly  neg.) 
have  to  do  with,  as  refuses  to  t.  (risk  capital 
in)  breweries,  dare  not  t.  (drink)  beer;  injure 
slightly,  as  flowers  are  a  little  touched  with  the 
eastwind;  (p.p.)  slightly  crazy;  affect  slightly, 
modify,  as  morality  touched  with  emotion; 
(neg.)  produce  slightest  effect  on,  cope  with,  as 
brass  polish  won't  t.  these  candlesticks,  couldn't 
t.  the  algebra  paper;  t.  at  (naut.),  call  at  (port 
&c.) ;  t.  down  (football),  t.  ball  on  ground  behind 
own  goal  to  prevent  opponent's  doing  so;  t.  on 
or  upon,  treat  (subject)  briefly;  t.  off,  make 
(sketch)  hastily,  make  hasty  sketch  of,  (also)  dis- 
charge (cannon);  t.  up,  correct,  give  finishing 
touches  to  (picture,  writing,  &c),  strike  (horse) 
with  whip,  jog  (memory).  Hence  tou'chABLE 
a.  [ME  touchen  f.  F  toucher  of  Teut.  orig.,  cf. 
OHG  zucchen,  G  zucken,  twitch,  cogn.  w.  G 
Ziehen  draw  &  L  ducere  lead,  drawj 

touch  2,  n.  Act  or  fact  of  touching,  contact, 
as  gave  him  a  t.,felt  a  t.  on  my  arm,  royal  t. 
(for  kingI's  evil) ;  sense  by  which  contact  is 
perceived,  whence  tou'chLESS  a.;  light  stroke 
with  pencil.brush,  &c.  in  drawing  &c,  as  added 
a  few  tt.,  finishing  tt,  (often  fig.  of  writing, 
management  of  business,  &c.) ;  small  amount, 

slight  tinge  or  trace,  as  wants  a  t.  of  salt,  an 

occasional  t.  of  irony,  felt  a  t.  of  rheumatism ; 


performer's  manner  of  touching  keys  or  strings 
of  musical  instrument,  manner  or  degree  in 
which  keys  &c.  respond  to  this,  manner  or  style 
of  workmanship  in  carving  &c.  or  in  writing, 
as  has  a  light  or  firm  t.  on  piano,  piano  is  want- 
ing in  t.,  writer  has  light  t.  (produces  required 
effect  simply,  without  laboured  emphasis,  &c); 
mental  correspondence,  sympathy,  communi- 
cation, esp.  keep  in  t,  remain  in  sympathy  or 
not  cease  from  correspondence  or  personal  in- 
tercourse (with);  magnetization  of  steel  bar  by 
repeated  contact  with  magnet;  (archaic)  touch- 
stone, test,  as  put  it  to  the  t. ;  near  t,  close  shave, 
narrow  escape;  (Med.)  exploration  of  organs 
&c.  by  sense  of  t. ;  (Footb.)  part  of  field  outside 
the  side  limits  (t.-lines)  &  between  goal-lines 
produced,  t.-in-goal,  each  of  the  four  outside 
corners  enclosed  by  t. -lines  &goal-lines,£. -down, 
touching  down  (as  in  prec);  t.-dt-go,  (adj.)  of 
uncertain  event,  risky,  placed  in  risky  circum- 
stances, as  it  was  t.-&-go  whether  we  got  past, 
a  t.-dfc-go  business,  we  were  t.-dr-go  all  the  time, 
(n.)  such  situation;  t.-body,  -corpuscle,  (con- 
cerned in  sense  oft.);  t.-hole,  small  hole  in  can- 
non by  which  it  is  fired ;  t.-last,  children's  game; 
t.-needle,  needle  of  gold  alloy  of  known  com- 
position used  as  standard  in  testing  other  alloys 
on  touchstone ;  t.-paper  (steeped  in  nitre,  for 
firing  gunpowder  &c.) ;  touchstone,  fine-grained 
dark  schist  or  jasper  used  for  testing  alloys  of 
gold  &c,  (fig.)  standard,  criterion ;  touchwood, 
soft  substance  into  which  wood  is  changed  by 
some  fungi,  used  as  tinder,    [f.  prec] 

tou'eher,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  also :  (slang)  near 
t,  close  shave,  as  near  as  at.,  very  nearly,  al- 
most exactly.    [-ER1] 

tou'ching',  a.  &  prep.  Affecting,  pathetic, 
as  a  t.  incident,  shows  the  most  t.  confidence  in 
us,  whence  tou'ehingxY2  adv.,  tou'ching"- 
ness  n.;  (prep.,  archaic  or  literary,  also  as  t.) 
concerning,  about.    J-ing  2] 

tou'ehy,  a.  Apt  to  take  offence,  over-sensi- 
tive. Hence  tou'chiLY2  adv.,  tou'ehixEss 
n.    [corrupt,  of  techy] 

toug-h  (tuf ),  a.  Flexible  but  not  brittle,  hard 
to  break  or  cut,  as  a  beefsteak  as  t.  as  leather, 
requires  the  toughest  steel;  (of  clay  &c.)  stiff, 
tenacious ;  able  to  endure  hardship,  hardy ;  un- 
yielding, stubborn  ;  difficult,  as  found  it  a  t. 
job;  (colloq.,  of  luck  &e.)  hard,  severe,  unplea- 
sant. Hence  tou*ghEN6  v.t.  &  i.,  tou'g-hisH1 
a.,  tou*g,hLY2adv.,  tou'gliNESS  n.  [OE  toh, 
cf.  Du.  taai,  G  zah(e),  cogn.  w.  tooth] 

toupee*  (too-),  n.  Artificial  patch  of  hair 
worn  to  cover  bald  spot.  [f.  F  toupet  dim.  of 
toupe  tuft  (as  top1)] 

tour  (toor),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Journey  through 
a  country  from  place  to  place ;  the  grand  t. 
(hist.),  journey  through  France,  Italy,  &c,  as 
finishing  touch  to  education  ;  rambling  excur- 
sion, short  journey,  walk,  as  at.  of  observation 
through  the  town;  t.  de  force,  feat  of  strength 
or  skill;  (vb)  make  t.  (through,  about,  &c), 
make  a  t.  of,  travel  through,  (country  &c).    [F, 

=turn,  round,  tour,  f.  tourner  turn] 

toupbi'llion  (toor-),  n.  Kind  of  firework 
spinning  in  air  so  as  to  look  like  scroll  or  spiral 
column  of  fire.    [f.  F  tourbillon  whirlwind] 

toup'ist,  n.  Person  who  makes  a  tour,  as 
place  is  overrun  with  tt. ;  t.  ticket,  railway  &c. 
ticket  issued  to  t.  on  special  terms,  esp.  return 
ticket  available  for  extended  period,  [f.  F 
touriste  (prec,  see  -ist)] 

toup'malin(e)  (toor),  n.  Mineral  of  various 
colours  possessing  powerful  electric  properties 
&  used  as  gem;  t.-granite  (containing  t.).  [F, 
f.  native  wd  in  Ceylon] 

toup'nament  (toor-,  ter-),  n.  (Hist.)  pageant 


TOURNAY 


935 


TRABECULA 


in  which  two  parties  of  mounted  &  armed,  men 
contended  with  blunted  weapons  ;  any  contest 
of  skill  between  a  number  of  competitors,  as 
chess,  lawn-tennis,  t.  If.  OF  tornoiement  (tor- 
noier  tourney,  see  -ment)] 

toup'nay  (toor-),  n.  Printed  worsted  up- 
holstering-material.    [f.  Tournay,  in  Belgium] 

tourney  (ter-,  toor-),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Take  part  in) 
tournament  (hist.),  [f.  OF  tomoier  vb,  tornoi 
n.,  f.  tourner  turn] 

toup'niquet  (toor-,  -k-),  n.  Instrument  for 
stopping  flow  of  blood  through  artery  by  com- 
pression effected  with  screw.  [F,  =  turnstile, 
tourniquet,  f.  tourner  turn] 

tournure  (toornur*  or  as  F),  n.  Curve,  con- 
tour ;  pad  &c.  worn  by  women  to  give  rounded 
outline  to  hips,  back  drapery  of  dress.  [F  (as 
turn,  see  -URE)] 

tousle  (tow'zl),  v.t.  Pull  about,  handle 
roughly,  make  (esp.  hair)  untidy,  [f.  touse  (now 
dial,  or  obs.,  cf.  Towzer  as  dog's  name),  ME 
tusen,  cf.  G  zausen,  +  -le(3)] 

tous-les-mois  (toolamwah'),  n.  Food  starch 
got  from  tubers  of  species  of  canna.  [F,  lit.= 
every  month] 

tou'sy  (-zi),  a.  Rough,  shaggy,  dishevelled, 
[f.  prec.  +  -y2] 

tout  (towt),  v.i.,  &  n.  Solicit  custom,  pester 
possible  customers  with  applications  {jor  or- 
ders); spy  out  movements  &  condition  of  horses 
in  training;  (n.)  instance  of,  (also  tou'tER1  n. 
rare)  person  employed  in,  touting.  [ME  toten 
peep,  pry,  OE  totian  project,  peep  out,  cf.  ON 
tuta  peak,  Sw.  tut  point,  Da.  tud  spout] 

tout  court  (too  koor),  adv.  (Of  name  &c.) 
without  addition  or  explanation.  [F,  lit.  =  quite 
short] 

tout  ensemble  (F),  n.    See  ensemble. 

tow l  (to),  v.t.,  &  n.  (Of  vessel,  horse  on  bank, 
&c.)  pull  (boat,  barge,  &c.)  along  in  water  by 
rope  or  chain;  pull  (person,  thing)  along  behind 
one ;  drag  (net)  over  surface  of  water  drag  net 
over  (water),  to  collect  specimens;  (n.)  towing, 
being  towed,  esp.  take,  have,  int.,  (fig.)  assume 
direction  of,  take  possession  of,  (person) ;  tow- 
(ing)-line,  -rope,  (used  in  towing) ;  tow(ing)-net 
(for  dragging  water);  tow(ing)-path  (along  river 
or  canal  for  use  in  towing).  Hence  tow- 
age(3,  4)  n.  [OE  togian,  cf.  ON  toga  pull,  OHG 
zogon  draw,  cogn.  w.  G  Ziehen  draw  &  w.  L 
ducere  lead,  draw] 

tow2  (to),  n.  Coarse  &  broken  part  of  flax  or 
hemp.  Hence  tow'Y  2  a.  [OE  (towlic  tow-like), 
orig.= spinning,  cf.  MDu.  touw  tow,  ON  to  tuft 
of  wool  for  spinning ;  cogn.  w.  taw  *  &  tool] 

toward1  (to'erd),  a.  (archaic).  Docile,  apt. 
Hence  towardLY1  a.,  towardNESS  n.,  (ar- 
chaic),   [as  foil.] 

towards,  toward2,  (tords,  to'erds,  twords, 
towor'ds),  prep,  (-s  now  more  usu.  in  prose  & 
colloq.).  In  the  direction  of,  as  looks  t.  the  sea, 
set  out  t.  town.  Hook  t.  you  (in  drinking  health); 
as  regards,  in  relation  to,  as  felt  some  ani- 
mosity t.  him,  his  attitude  t.  Home  Rule; 
(archaic  esp.  bibl.)  to  usward,  t.  us ;  for,  for 
the  purpose  of,  as  saved  something  t.  his  edu- 
cation; near,  as  t.  noon,  t.  the  end  of  our  journey; 
(archaic,  as  adv.)  feast  is  toward  (coming). 
[OE  toweard  a.  future  (to,  -ward),  see  -es] 

towel,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Cloth  for  drying 
oneself  after  bath  &c. ;  roller-L,  endless  t.  on 
revolving  bar;  t.-horse,  wooden  frame  for 
hanging  tt.  on ;  (slang)  lead  t.,  bullet,  oaken  t, 
cudgel ;  (v.t.)  wipe  (oneself  8cc.)  with  t.,  (slang) 
thrash;  (v.i.)  wipe  oneself  with  t.  Hence 
towelliNG  Ml,  3)  n.  [f.  F  touaille  f.  OHG  twa- 
hila  (G  zwehle)  f.  twahan  wash,  cf.  OE  thwean, 
ON  thva] 


tower,  n.,  &  v.i.  Tall  usu.  equilateral  (esp. 
square)  or  circular  structure,  often  forming 
part  of  church  or  other  large  building;  (fig.) 
place  of  defence,  protector;  martello£.;  water- 
t,  pipe  used  to  secure  high  head  of  water  at 
fires,  also,  t.  supporting  tank  for  distribution 
of  water  at  high  pressure ;  the  T.  (of  London), 
assemblage  of  Tbuildings  now  used  as  arsenal  & 
repository  of  objects  of  public  interest,  orig.  a 
fortress  &  palace  &  later  used  as  State  prison  ; 
(vd.)  reach  high  (above  surroundings,  often  fig. 
of  eminent  person,  as  towers  above  his  contem- 
poraries), (of  game-bird  mortally  wounded)  rise 
vertically  to  great  height,  (part.)  high,  lofty, 
(fig.)  a  towering  (violent)  rage,  passion.  Hence 
towerED2,  towerv2,  aa.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF 
tur  f.  L  turris  f.  Gk  tursis,  turrhis] 

town,  n.  (Hist.)  collection  of  houses  enclosed 
by  wall  or  hedge;  considerable  collection  of 
dwellings  &c.  (larger  than  village  ;  often  opp. 
to  country),  esp.  one  not  created  a  city  ;  the 
people  of  a  t.,  as  the  whole  t.  knows  of  it,  is  the 
talk  of  the  t.  (talked  about  by  everyone  in  the 
t.) ;  (without  the)  London  or  the  chief  city  or 
town  in  speaker's  neighbourhood,  as  went  up 
to  t.  (London)  from  York,  is  not  in  t,  is  out  of 
t;  man  about  t,  fashionable  idler  esp.  in  Lon- 
don ;  paint2  the  t.  red ;  county  t.;t.  &  gown  ; 
t.  adjutant,  major,  garrison  officers  maintain- 
ing discipline  &c;  t.-clerk,  official  who  makes 
&  keeps  t.  records ;  t.  councillor),  (member  of) 
governing  body  in  municipality;  t.  crier;  t. 
hall,  building  for  transaction  of  official  business 
of  t.,  often  used  also  for  public  entertainment 
&c;  t.  house,  one's  t.  (as  opp.  to  country)  resi- 
dence ;  townsfolk,  inhabitants  of  a  particular 
t.  or  of  tt.;  township,  (Law)  each  of  several  tt. 
in  one  parish;  townsman,  inhabitant  of  a  town, 
fellow  citizen  ;  townspeople,  the  people  of  a  t.; 
t.-talk,  the  talk  of  the  t.  Hence  town  less, 
townWARD,  aa.,  townLET  n.,  town- 
ward(s)  adv.  [OE  tun,  cf.  Du.  twin,  ON  tun, 
G  zaun  hedge] 

townee',  n.  (univ.  slang).  Inhabitant  of  uni- 
versity town  who  is  not  a  member  of  the 
university,    [-ee] 

to*xlc,a.  Of  poison,  as  t.  symptoms;  poisonous; 
t.  anaemia,  epilepsy,  &c.  (caused  by  poison). 
Hence  to'xiCALLY.toxicolo'g-icalLY^advv., 
to'xlcANT  a.  &  n.,  toxicolo'g-u  al  a.,  toxi- 

CO'lOglST,        tOXlCO'LOGY,        tOXlCOMA'NIA, 

toxieo'Sis,  toxlPHo*BiA,  nn.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  toxi- 
kon  poison,  orig.  for  dipping  arrows  in,  neut. 
of  toxikos  (toxa  bow  &  arrows,  -ic)] 

to*xin,n.  Any  poisonous  ptomaine.  [prec.,-lN] 

toxd'philite,  n.  &  a.  (Student,  lover)  of 
archery.  Hencetoxophili'tica.  [f.  Gk  toxon 
bow  +  -PHIL  +  -ite  J] 

toy,n.,&v.i.  Plaything  esp.  for  child ;  knick- 
knack,  thing  meant  rather  for  amusement  than 
for  serious  use,  as  the  spinthariscope  is  a  pretty 
t. ;  occupation  followed  in  trifling  or  unpractical 
manner.hobby,  as  she  makes  a  Mamuses  herself 
with  needless  elaboration)  of  housekeeping ;  t.- 
box  (for  keeping  one's  tt.  in) ;  t.  dog,  spaniel, 
terrier,  small  kinds  kept  as  pets  or  curiosities : 
toyshop ;  (v.i.)  trifle,  amuse  oneself,  t.  with,  deal 
with,  handle,  in  trifling  or  fondling  or  careless 
manner,  as  toyed  with  a  plate  of  strawberries, 
whence  toy 'ingrLY  2  ad  v.  [( vb  f .  n. )  f .  Du.  tuig 
tool,  stuff,  trash,  (speeltuig  toy),  cf.  G  zeug 
(spielzeug  toy),  ON  tygi,  Da.  toi,  stuff] 

tra-,  pref.  alternating  with  trans-  before 
consonants  in  some  wds  of  L  orig. 

tpabea'tlon,  n.  Entablature.  So  tra'be- 
ate(d) [-ate 2(2)]aa.    [f.  L  trabs beam  +  -ation] 

trabe'eula,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  (Anat.)  supporting 
band  or  bar  of  connective  tissue  &c;  (Bot). 


TRACE 91 

beam-like  projection  or  process.  Hence  tpa- 
be'culAR1,  trabe-eulate(d)  [ate2(2)],  aa. 
IL,  dim.  of  trabs  beam] 

trace1,  v.t.,  &  n.  Delineate,  mark  out, 
sketch,  write  esp.  laboriously,  as  traced  {out)  a 
plan  of  the  district,  traced  the  words  with  a 
shaking  hand,  (fig. )  the  policy  traced  (out)  by 
him  was  never  followed  ;  (also  t.  over)  copy 
(drawing  &c.)  by  following  &  marking  its  lines 
on  superimposed  sheet  (esp.  of  tracing-paper 
made  transparent  with  oil  of  turpentine  &c.) 
through  which  they  are  visible  or  on  sheet 
placed  below  with  carbon  paper  between ;  fol- 
low the  track  or  path  of  (person,  animal,  foot- 
steps, &c,  along,  through,  to,  Sec);  ascertain 
position  &  dimensions  &c.  of  (ancientroad,  wall, 
&c.)  by  its  remains ;  observe  or  find  vestiges  or 
signs  of,  as  his  resentment  can  be  clearly  traced 
in  many  passages,  cannot  t.  (often  =  do  not 
think  I  received)  any  letter  of  that  date  ;  t. 
back,  go  back  over  the  course  of,  as  have  traced 
his  genealogy  back  to  (the  time  of)  William  I, 
the  report  has  been  traced  back  to  you ;  pursue 
one's  way  along  (path  &c).  Hence  traeea- 
BrLiTY,  tra'ceableNESs,  nn.,  tra'eeABLE  a., 
tra*eeabLY2adv.,  tra'CER  Ml, 2)  n.  (N.)  track 
left  by  person  or  animal  walking  or  running, 
footprints  or  other  visible  signs  of  course  pur- 
sued (usu.  pi.)  ;  visible  or  other  sign  of  what 
has  existed  or  happened,  as  of  these  buildings 
no  t.  remains,  sorrow  has  left  its  tt.  on  her  face, 
tt.  of  Italian  influence  abound  in  his  earlier 
works  ;  (loosely)  small  quantity,  as  contains  tt. 
of  soda.  Hence  tra'eeLESS  a.,  tra'celess- 
ly  2  adv.  If.  F  trace(r)  vb  &  n.  ult.  f.  L  trahere 
tract-  draw] 

trace2,  n.  Each  of  the  two  side  straps  or 
chains  by  which  horse  draws  vehicle ;  inthett, 
in  harness  (lit.  &  fig.);  kick  over  the  tt,  (fig.,  of 
person)  become  insubordinate.  If.  MF  traice, 
orig.  pi.  of  trait] 

tra'eery,  n.  Stone  ornamental  openwork 
esp.  in  head  of  Gothic  window;  decorative 
pattern  or  natural  outline  (e.g.  in  insect's  wing) 
suggesting  this.    Hence  tpa'eepiED2  a.     [f. 

TRACE  !  +  -ERY] 

traehe'a  (-k- ;  or  tra'k-),  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Prin- 
cipal air-passage  of  body  from  larynx  to  bron- 
chial tubes  ;  each  of  the  passages  by  which  air 
is  conveyed  from  the  exterior  in  insects,  arach- 
nids, &c;  (Bot.)  duct,  vessel.  Hence  tpa*- 
cheAL,  tra'cheA  n,  tra'ehe  ate  2(2),  aa. ,  tpa*- 
cheo-  comb,  form,  tra'eheoi  ilk,  traeheo*- 
tomy,  tpachi'Tis,  nn.  [L,  f.  Gk  trakheia  (ar- 
teria),  lit.  rough  artery,  r.  trakhus  rough] 

traehe'lo-  (k-)  in  comb.  =  Gk  trakhelos  neck. 

tpachd'ma  (k),  n.  Disease  of  eye  marked 
by  granular  excrescences  on  inner  surface  of 
lids.  Hence  tpachd'matous  a.  [f.  Gk  tra- 
khoma  roughness  (trakhus  rough,  see  -m)] 

traehy-  T-k-)  in  comb.  =  Gk  trakhus  rough,  as 
•phb'nia  hoarseness. 

tpa'chyte  (-kit),  n.  Light-coloured  volcanic 
rock  rough  to  the  touch.  Hence  traehy'tic 
a.  [f.  Gk  trakhutes  roughness  (trakhus  rough) 
on  wds  in  -ite,  cf.  barytes] 

track,  n.,  &  v.t.  Continuous  line,  series  of 
marks,  left  by  person,  animal,  or  thing,  in  pass- 
ing along,  (pi.)  such  marks,  esp.  footprints,  as 
watched  the  broad  t.  of  departing  ship,  follow- 
ed his  t.  through  the  snow,  am  on  his  t.  (in  pur- 
suit of  him,  fig.  in  possession  of  clue  to  his 
conduct,  designs,  &c),  presently  came  on  some 
more  of  his  tt.;  course  taken,  as  followed  in  his 
t.,  indicated  the  t.  in  which  we  were  to  go,  t.  of 
a  comet;  path,  esp.  one  beaten  by  use,  (fig.) 
course  of  life  or  routine,  asarought  runsround 
the  hill-side,  covered  with  sheep-tt,  afraid  to 


I TRADE 

leave  the  beaten  t.  (of  ordinary  life ;  also  lit); 
prepared  racing-path,  esp.  cinder-t.  (for  run- 
ners) ;  continuous  line  of  railway,  as  single, 
double,  t.,  one  pair,  two  pairs,  of  rails ;  in  one's 
tt.  (slang),  where  one  stands,  there  &  then; 
make  tt.  (slang),  go  or  run  away,  make  off; 
make  tt.for  (slang),  go  in  pursuit  of,  go  after; 
off  the  t,  off  the  scent,  (fig.)  away  from  the  sub- 
ject ;  t.-clearer,  kinds  of  device  attached  to  lo- 
comotive, mowing-machine,  &c,  for  clearing  t. 
in  front  or  behind.  Hence  tra'ekLESS  a., 
tpa'cklessLY 2  adv.,  tra'cklessNESs  n. 
(V.t.)follow  the  t.  of  (animal.person,  to  lair  &c); 
t.  down,  reach,  capture,  by  tracking;  trace, 
make  out,  (course,  development,&c.)by  vestiges; 
tow  (boat)  by  rope  &c.  from  bank.  Hence 
tpa'ckER  1  n.  [f.  F  trac  f.  MDu.  treck  (trecken, 
draw) ;  vb  f.  n.,  but  in  last  sense  direct  f.  Du.] 

tra'ekage  ( ij),  n.  Towage;  rail  way- tracks 
collectively,  amount  of  these.    1-age] 

tract1,  n.  Region,  area,  of  indefinite  (usu. 
large)  extent,  as  a  t.  of  sand,  pathless  tt. ;  (Anat.) 
area  of  organ  or  system,  as  olfactory,  optic, 
respiratory,  t. ;  (archaic)  period  (of  time  &c). 
[f.  L  tractus  -us,  vbl  n.  f.  trahere  tract-  draw] 

tract 2,  n.  Short  treatise  or  discourse  esp.  on 
religious  subject;  (R.-C.  Ch.  &c.)  a  form  of  an- 
them ;  Tt.  for  the  Times,  Oxford  Tt.,  see  tract- 
arianism.    [abbr.  of  tractate] 

tra'ctable,  a.  (Of  persons,  rarely  of  materials 
&c.)  easily  handled,  manageable,  pliant,  docile. 
Hence  traetaBi'HTY,  t  ra*c  table  n  ess,  nn., 
tpa'etabLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  tractabilis  (tractare 
handle,  freq.  of  trahere  tract-  draw,  -ble)] 

Traetar'ian,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent,  promoter) 
of  Tractarianism.    (tract2  +  -arian] 

Traetar'ianism,  n.  (Also  Oxford  move- 
ment) High-Church  reaction  towards  Roman- 
Catholicism&againstrationalism&  formalism, 
voiced  by  Newman,  Pusey,  Keble,  Froude,  &c, 
in  90  tracts  (Tracts for  the  Times)  published  at 
Oxford  1833-41.    [ism] 

tpa'ctate,  n.  Treatise,  [f.  L  tract  at  us  -us 
(tractare,  see  tractable)] 

tra'etion,  n.  Drawing  of  a  body  along  a  sur- 
face, as  electric,  steam,  t.;  line  oft.,  that  in 
which  the  force  of  t.  acts,  angle  oft.  (between 
line  of  t.  &  plane  in  which  body  is  drawn);  con- 
traction e.g.  of  muscle,as£.-a»ieitn/S7?i(produced 
by  t.);  t.  engine,  movable  steam-engine  for  drag- 
ging heavy  load  on  ordinary  road ;  t.-ivheel, 
driving-wheel  of  locomotive  &c.  Henceorcogn. 
tra'etion  a  l,  tpa'ctiVE,  aa.  [F,  f.  L  trahere 
tract-  draw,  see  -ion] 

trade,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Business,  esp.  mechan- 
ical or  mercantile  employment  opp.  to  profes- 
sion, carried  on  as  means  of  livelihood  or  pro- 
fit ;  jack1  of  all  tt;  trick  of  the  t,  device  for 
attracting  custom,  gaining  advantage  of  rival, 
&c. ;  exchange  of  commodities  for  money  or 
other  commodities,  commerce,  as  foreign  t, 
exportation  &  importation  of  goods  from  &  to 
home  country  or  exchange  of  commodities  of 
different  countries,  domestic  or  hornet,  (carried 
on  within  a  country);  carrying-t,  transporta- 
tion of  goods  from  one  country  to  another  by 
water;  the  persons  engaged  in  a  t.,  as  the  t 
will  never  submit  to  it,  is  unpopular  with  the 
book  t ;  Board  of  T.,  committee  of  Privy 
Council   supervising   commerce  &  industry, 

BALANCE1  Oft  ;  FREE1  t  ;  FAIR2£.  ;   =  t-tcind; 

t-hall  (for  meetings  of  traders  &c.) ;  t.-mark, 
legally  registered  mark  or  name  used  by  manu- 
facturer &c.  to  distinguish  his  goods  ;  t  name, 
that  by  which  a  thing  is  called  in  the  t.,  also, 
name  given  by  manufacturer  to  proprietary 
article  ;  t  price  (charged  by  manufacturer  &c. 
to  dealer  for  goods  that  are  to  be  sold  again) ; 


TRADER 


937 


TRAIN 


tradesman,  person  engaged  in  t,  esp.  shop- 
keeper; tradespeople,  tradesmen  &  their  fami- 
lies ;  t.-union,  organized  association  of  work- 
men of  a  t.  formed  for  protection  &  promotion 
of  common  interests,  t.-unionism,  this  system 
of  association,  t.-unionist,  advocate  of  this, 
member  of  t. -union ;  t.-wind,  wind  blowing 
continually  towards  thermal  equator  &  de- 
flected westwardly  bv  rotation  of  earth  (cf. 
anti-trade),  (pi.)  the  t.-wind  &  the  anti-t., 
prevailing  over  the  oceans  from  about  30°  N. 
to  30°  S.  (Vb)  buy  &  sell,  engage  in  t.  (in  com- 
modity, with  person) ;  have  a  transaction  (with 
person  for  thing);  carry  merchandise  (to  place); 
exchange  in  commerce,  barter,  (goods) ;  make 
a  t.  of  one's  political  influence,  make  corrupt 
bargains  in  politics,  (esp.  in  part.) ;  t.  on,  take 
(esp.  unscrupulous)  advantage  of  (person's 
good-nature,  one's  knowledge  of  a  secret,  &c). 
[(vb  f.  n.)  ME,  orig.  =  path  (as  tread)] 

tra'der,  n.  Person  engaged,  vessel  regularly 
employed,  in  trade,    [-er  ff 

tradi'tion,  n.  Opinion  or  belief  or  custom 
handed  down,  handing  down  of  these,  from 
ancestors  to  posterity;  (Theol.)  doctrine  &c. 
supposed  to  have  divine  authority  but  not  com- 
mitted to  writing,  esp.  (1)  laws  held  by  Phari- 
sees to  have  been  delivered  by  God  to  Moses, 
(2)  oral  teaching  of  Christ  not  recorded  in 
writing  by  immediate  disciples,  (3)  words  & 
deeds  of  Mohammed  not  in  Koran  ;  artistic  or 
literary  principle(s)  based  on  accumulated  ex- 
perience or  continuous  usage,  as  stage  t,  the  tt. 
of  the  Dutch  School ;  (Law)  formal  delivery. 
Hence  or  cogn.  tradi'tionAL,  tradi'tion- 
ary  1,  aa.,  tradi'tionalLY2  adv.  [f.  OF  tra- 
dicion  f.  L  traditionem  surrender,  delivery, 
tradition,  f.  TRA(dere  dit-  =  dare  give),  -ion] 

traditionalism,  n.  (Excessive)  respect 
for  tradition  esp.  in  religion ;  philosophical 
system  referring  all  religious  knowledge  to 
divine  revelation  &  tradition.  So  tradi*- 
tion(al)iST  nn.,  traditionali'stic  a.  [-ism] 

tra'ditor,  n.  (pi.  -ors,  -ores).  Early  Christian 
who  to  save  his  life  surrendered  copies  of 
Scripture  or  Church  property  to  persecutors. 
[L  (tradere,  see  tradition,  -or2)] 

tradiree,  v.t.  Calumniate,  misrepresent. 
Hence  tradu'CER1,  tradireeMENT,  nn., 
tradu'eiBLE  a.  [f.  L  TR\(ducere  duct-  lead) 
bring  over,  display,  disgrace,  propagate] 

tradireian(ist),  nn.  One  who  believes 
that  soul  as  well  as  body  is  propagated  (cf. 
creationism,  1st  sense).  So  tradu'eianiSM 
n.  [f.  LL  traducianus  f.  L  tradux  -ucis  layer 
of  vine  (as  prec),  see  -an] 

tra'ffie,  v.i.  &  t.  (-ck-),  &  n.  Trade  (in  com- 
modity lit.  &  flg.),  carry  on  commerce  ;  barter 
(esp.  fig.).  Hence  tra'ffiekER1  n.  (N.)  trade 
{in  commodity  lit.  &  fig. ),  as  the  t.  in  raw  hides, 
unscruprdous  t.  in  lucrative  appointments ; 
transportation  of  goods,  coming  &  going  of 
persons  or  goods  by  road,  rail,  steamship  route, 
&c,  number  or  amount  of  persons  or  goods 
conveyed,  as  there  is  little  t.  on  these  roads, 
the  t.-returns  (periodical  statements  of  t.)  on 
all  railways  show  marked  increase,  apply  to 
the  superintendent  of  t.  (on  railway).    Hence 


tra'mcLESS  a.    [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  trafiquer  f.  It. 
trafficare,  etym.  di  " 


Lub.] 


tra'gaeanth,  n.  White  or  reddish  gum 
from  certain  herbs,  used  in  pharmacy,  calico- 
printing,  &c.  [f.  F  tragacanthe  f.  L  f.  Gk 
tragakantha,  name  of  shrub  (tragos  goat  + 
akantha  thorn)] 

trage'dian,  n.  "Writer  of  tragedies ;  ( w.  fern. 
tragedienne,  pr.  -en)  actor  in  tragedy,  [f.  F 
tragidien,  fern,  -enne,  or  f.  foil.  +  -an] 


tra'gfedy  (-j-),  n.  Drama  in  prose  or  verse 
of  elevated  theme  &  diction  &  with  unhappy 
ending ;  ( T-)  t.  personified ;  sad  event,  calamity, 
serious  accident  or  crime,  [f.  ME  tragedie  f. 
L  (-oed-)  f.  Gk  tragoidia  f.  tragoidos  lit.  goat- 
singer  (tragos  goat  +  -didos  singer  f.  aeido 
sing),  hist,  doubtful] 

tra'gieCal),  aa.  (-ic)  of,  in  the  style  of,  tra- 
gedy, as  t.  drama,  the  t.  stage,  in  a  t.  voice,  t. 
actor,  t.  irony,  use  in  Gk  tragedy  of  words  hav- 
ing an  inner  esp.  prophetic  meaning  for  audi- 
ence unsuspected  by  speaker ;  sad,  calamitous, 
distressing,  as  a  t.  tale,  event,  scene.  Hence 
tra'giealLV2  adv.,  tra'gicalNESs  n.  [f.  L 
f.  Gk  tragikos  (tragos  goat,  -ic,  -al)] 

tragieo'medy,  n.  Drama  of  mixed  tragic 
&  comic  elements.  So  tragleo'mic  a.,  tra- 
gieo'miCALLY  adv.  [f.  F  tragicome'die  f.  L 
tragicocomoedia  (as  prec,  see  comedy)] 

tra'gopan,  n.  Horned  pheasant.  [Lf.  Gk, 
name  of  fabulous  bird  (trooos  goat,  Pa  »i,Gk  god)] 

trail,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Part  drawn  behind  or 
in  the  wake  of  a  thing,  long  (real  or  apparent) 
appendage,  as  engine  left  a  t.  of  smoke  behind 
it,  the  t.  of  a  meteor ;  lower  end  of  gun-car- 
riage ;  track  left  by  thing  that  has  moved  or 
been  drawn  over  surface,  as  slimy  t.  of  a  slug; 
track,  scent,  followed  in  hunting,  as  got  on, 
off,  the  t. ;  beaten  path  esp.  through  wild  re- 
gion ;  t.-net,  drag-net.  (Vb)  draw  along  be- 
hind one  esp.  on  the  ground,  as  was  trailing  a 
toy  cart,  trailed  her  dress  through  the  mud, 
trailing  clouds  of  glory;  (Mil.)  t.  arms,  let 
rifles  hang  balanced  in  one  hand  parallel  to 
ground;  tread  down  (grass  &c.)  so  as  to  make 
path ;  be  drawn  along  behind,  as  skirt  trails 
on  the  ground ;  hang  loosely ;  (of  plant)  grow 
to  some  length  over  ground,  wall,  &c. ;  trail- 
ing-wheel,  either  hind  wheel  of  carriage,  [(vb 
f.  n.  &  f.  OF  tradler  tow)  f.  OF  traille  f.  L  tra- 
gxda  sledge  (trahere  draw)] 

trai'ler,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  trail- 
ing plant;  wheeled  chair  drawn  behind  bi- 
cycle or  tricycle,  tram-car  &c.  drawn  behind 
another,    [-er1] 

train,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Bring  (person,  child, 
animal)  to  desired  state  or  standard  of  efficiency 
&c.  by  instruction  &  practice,  as  t.  up  a  child 
in  the  way  he  should  go,  was  trained  for  the 
ministry,  a  trained  nurse,  soldier,  trained 
faculties,  did  not  escape  his  trained  eye ; 
teach  &  accustom  (person,  animal,  to  do,  to 
action),  as  dog  is  trained  to  jump  through  hoop, 
trained  to  all  out-door  exercises,  to  obey  or 
obedience;  bring  (horse,  athlete,  one.se//),come, 
to  physical  efficiency  by  exercise  &  diet,  as  is 
training  for  the  boat-race,  trains  horses,  is 
only  half-trained,  is  over,  under,  -trained,  t. 
fine  (into  exact  condition  required ;  t.  &  i.),  al- 
ways trains  on  vegetarian  diet;  cause  (plant) 
to  grow  in  required  shape  (often  up,  over,  wall 
&c);  point,  aim,  (cannon  upon  object  &c); 
(archaic)  entice,  lure,  (away,  from  post  &c. ) ; 
(now  rare)  draw  along  (esp.  heavy  thing) ; 
(colloq.)  go  by  t.,  perform  Oourney)  thus,  as 
shall  t.  from  York  to  Leeds,  t.  the  rest  of  the 
way,  we  trained  it  all  the  way ;  t.  off,  (of  shot) 
go  off  obliquely.  Hence  trai'nABLE  a.  (X.) 
thing  drawn  along  behind  or  forming  hinder 
part,  esp.  elongated  part  of  woman's  skirt 
trailing  on  ground  or  of  official  robe,  trail  of 
gun-carriage,  long  or  conspicuous  tail  of  bird  ; 
body  of  followers,  retinue,  as  formed  part  of 
his  t.,  a  t.  of  admirers;  succession  or  series  of 
persons  or  things,  as  long  train  of  sight-seers, 
of  camels,  by  an  unlucky  t.  of  events,  suggested 
a  whole  t.  of  ideas,  painful  t.  of  thought ;  series 
of  railway  carriages  drawn  by  same  engine(s), 

30* 


TRAINER 


TRANSCENDENTAL 


as  missed  my  t,  put  on  a  special  t,  express1, 

fast,  SlOW,   UP,  DOWN5,  THROUGH,   CORRIDOR, 

parliamentary,  t,  train  de  luxe  (F) ;  line  of 
combustible  material  to  lead  fire  to  mine  &c. ; 
(archaic)  ordered  arrangement,  condition,  as 
matters  were  in  a  fine  t. ;  series  of  connected 
wheels  or  parts  in  machinery;  t.-band  (hist.), 
each  division  of  London  citizen  soldiery  esp.  in 
Stuart  period ;  t-bearer,  person  employed  to 
hold  up  t.  of  robe  ;  t.-mile,  mile  run  by  a  t.,  as 
unit  of  work  in  railway  accounts.  Hence 
trai'nLESS  a.  [f.  F  train  retinue,  hinder  part, 
work,  &c,  trainer  vb  trail,  draw,  f.  LL  tragi- 
nare  f.  L  trahere  draw] 

trai'ner,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  one  who  trains 
horses,  athletes,  &c,  for  races  &c.    [-er  l] 

training-,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  be  in  (process 
of)  t,  go  into  t,  (for  race  &c);  t.-bit,  gag-bit  for 
vicious  horse ;  t.-college,  school,  (for  t.  teachers); 
t.-ship  (on  which  boys  are  taught  seamanship 
&c).     [-ING1] 

trai'n-oil,  n.  Oil  got  from  blubber  of  whale 
(esp.  of  the  right  whale),  [earlier  also  train,  f. 
MDu.  traen  tear,  train-oil,  cf.  G  trdne  tear, 
drop  exuding  from  cut  vine] 

tnait  (-a,  U.S.  -at),  n.  Distinguishing  feature 
in  character;  stroke,  touch,  {of  humour  &c>. 
[f.  F  trait  n.  &  p.p.  of  traire  draw  f.  L  trahere 
tract-  draw] 

trai'top,  n.  One  who  violates  his  allegiance 
or  acts  disloyally  (to  country,  king,  cause,  re- 
ligion, principles,  himself,  &c).  Hence  or  cogn. 
tpai'topous  a.,  tpai'torousLY  2  adv.,  trai*- 
toPOUSNESS,  tpai'tPESS1,  nn.  [f.  OF  traitor 
f.  L  traditorem  {tradere,  see  tradition  &  -or'2)] 

tpaje'etopy,  n.  Path  described  by  projectile 
moving  under  given  forces;  (Geom.)  curve  or 
surface  cutting  system  of  curves  or  surfaces  at 
constant  angle.  If.  L  TRAlJicere  ject-  =jacere 
throw),  see  -ory] 

tram  *,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Also  tear)  passenger 
car  running  on  rails  laid  in  public  road  ;  such 
rail;  (also  framwai/)  lineconsisting  of  such  rails; 
four-wheeled  car  used  in  coal-mines;  t.road 
(hist.),  road  with  wooden,  stone,  or  metal  wheel- 
tracks  ;  (v.t.) convey  in  t.,  perform  (journey)  in 
t.;  (v.i.)go  int.  [Norw.,  =  wooden  doorstep,  cf. 
Sw.  dial,  tromm,  trumm,  log,  G  trumm  lump, 
stump ;  in  E  prob.  first  =  shaft  of  car] 

tram2,  n.  Kind  of  double  silk  thread  used 
for  some  velvets  &  silks.  If.  F  trame  f.  It.  f.  L 
irama  weft] 

tra'mmel,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11).  Kinds  of  net  for 
fish,  esp.  (also  t.-net)  triple  drag-net;  shackle, 
esp.  one  used  in  teaching  horse  to  amble ;  hook 
in  fi  replace  for  kettles  &c. ;  instrument  for  draw- 
ing ellipses ;  beam-compass ;  (usu.  pi.)  impedi- 
ment^) to  free  movement  or  action  (chiefly  fig. ), 
as  tt.  of  etiquette,  official  routine  ;  (v.t.)  confine, 
hamper,  with  tt.  (usu.  fig.) ;  (p.p.,  of  horse)  with 
white  marks  on  fore  &  hind  feet  of  same  or 
{cross-trammelled)  different  sides,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f. 
F  tramail  f.  med.L  tramacula  (tri-  triple  + 
macula  mail1)] 

tramonta-na  ( -ah-,  -ah),  n.  (In  Mediter- 
ranean) north  wind ;  cold  blighting  wind  in  the 
Archipelago.    [It.,  see  foil.] 

tramo-ntane,  a.  &  n.  (Situated,  living) 
on  other  side  of  the  Alps;  (fig.,  from  It.  point 
of  view)  foreign,  barbarous;  (n.)  t.  person,  also = 
prec.  [f.  OF  tramontain  f.  It.  tramontane  f.  L 
TRAN8(montanus  f.  mons  -ntis  mountain)  be- 
yond the  mountains] 

tramp,  v.i.  &  t., &  n.  Walk  heavily,  as  heard 
him  tramping  about  overhead;  walk,  go  on 
foot,  perform  (journey),  traverse  (country),  on 
root  (usu.  w.  implication  of  reluctance,  weari- 
ness, &c),  as  have  tramped  up  &  down  all  day 


looking  for  you,  decline  to  t.  ten  miles  in  this 
heat,  have  tramped  the  whole  country  in  my 
time,  missed  the  train  &  had  to  t.  it.  (N.)  sound 
of  person(s)  walking  or  marching  or  of  horse's 
steps ;  journey  on  foot,  walk ;  iron  plate  pro- 
tecting sole  of  boot  from  wear  &  tear  of  spade 
in  digging ;  vagabond  ;  freight-vessel  running 
on  no  regular  line;  t.-pick,  lever  for  turning  up 
hard  soil.  [ME  &  G  trampen,  cf.  Da.  trampe, 
Sw.  trampa] 

tpa'mple,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Tread  under  foot, 
crush  thus,  as  trampled  to  death  by  elephants ; 
t.  on,  tread  heavily  on,  (fig.)  treat  roughly  or 
with  contempt,  show  no  consideration  for,  (per- 
son, feelings,  &c);  (n.)  sound,  act,  of  trampling. 
Hence  tpa'mplER1  n.    [le(3)] 

tpan-,  pref.  =  trans-  before  s. 

trance,  n.,  &  v.t.  State  suggesting  that  the 
soul  has  passed  out  of  the  body  ;  ecstasy,  rap- 
ture, extreme  exaltation  ;  (Path.)  state  of  in- 
sensibility to  external  surroundings  with  par- 
tial suspension  of  vital  functions,  catalepsy, 
also,  hypnotic  state ;  (v.t.,  poet.)=  entrance2. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  transe  f.  traiisir  fall  into  trance 
f.  L  TRANS(ire  go)  go  over] 

tra-nquil  (kw-),  a.  Calm,  serene,  unruffled, 
not  agitated,  as  preserved  a  t.  mind,  t.  scene, 
t.  surface  of  pond.  Hence  or  cogn.  tranqui'l- 
Iity,  tpanquillizA'TiON,  tpa'nquillizER1, 
nn.,  tpa*nquilliZE(3)  v.t.,  tpa'nquillizing- 
ly2,  tra'nquilLY  2,  advv.  [f.  F  tranquille  f. 
L  tranquillus] 

trans-,  pref.  (before  s  usu.  tran-,  before  other 
consonants  sometimes  tra-  in  wds  of  L  orig.), 
=  L  trans-  across,  beyond,  on  or  to  the  other 
side,  through,  into  a  different  state  or  place, 
(transmit,  transcend,  transfer,  transfix,  trans- 
form, translate);  as  living  pref.  chiefly  in  sense 
'on  other  side  of ',  as  -Appalachian,-Caucasian, 
-frontier  (esp.  of  Indian  empire),  -Gangetic  (of 
the  Ganges). 

transact  (z),  v.t.  &  i.  Perform,  carry 
through,  (business);  carry  on  business  (with 
person).  So  tpansa'ctOR1  n.  [f.  L  trans- 
(igere  act-  =  agere  act)] 

transaction,  n.  Management  of  business, 
as  left  the  t.  of  the  matter  to  him;  piece  of  esp. 
commercial  business  done,  as  the  tt.  of  a  firm, 
the  t.  will  not  bear  looking  into,  mixed  up  in 
shady  tt;  (pi.)  reports  of  discussions,  papers 
read  &c,  at  meetings  of  some  learned  societies, 
as  Philosophical  Tt.  (esp.  of  Royal  Society  of 
London);  (Law)  adjustment  of  dispute  by  mu- 
tual concessions,  any  act  affecting  legal  rights. 
[F,  f.  LL  transactionem  (as  prec,  see  -ion)] 

transalpine  (z),  a.  &  n.  (Person  living) 
beyond  the  Alps  (usu.  from  Ital.  point  of  view). 
[F  (in,  -ine),  f.  L  TRANS(aZ7?mt*s  alpine)] 

transatlantic  (-z),  a.  Beyond  the  Atlantic, 
American,  European ;  crossing  the. Atlantic,  as 
t  line,  steamer,    [trans-] 

transee-nd  (-se-),  v.t.  &  i.  Be  beyond  the 
range  or  domain  or  grasp  of  (human  experience, 
reason,  description,  belief,  &c.) ;  (t.  &  i.)  excel, 
surpass,  [f.  OF  transcender  f.  L  TRAN(scendere 
=  scandere  climb)] 

transcendent,  a.  &  n.  Excelling,  sur- 
passing, as  t  merit,  genius ;  (Scholastic  Philos.) 
higher  than,  not  included  under  any  of,  the 
ten  categories;  (Kantian  Philos.)  not  realizable 
in  experience;  (esp.  of  God)  existing  apart  from, 
not  subject  to  limitations  of,  the  material  uni- 
verse ;  (n.,  Philos.)  t.  thing.  Hence  or  cogn. 
transce'ndENCE,  -ency,  nn.,  transce'n- 
dentLY2  adv.    [f.  OF  transcendant  (as  prec, 

see  -ANT,  -ENT)] 

transcendental,  a.  &  n.  =  prec.  (second 
sense) ;  (Kantian  Philos.)  of  a  priori  character. 


TRANSCENDENTALISM 


TRANSITION 


presupposed  in  &  necessary  to  experience,  as 
t.  cognition,  a  priori  knowledge,  t.  object,  real 
(unknown  &  unknowable)  object,  t.  unity 
(brought  about  by  cognition) ;  explaining  mat- 
ter &  objective  things  as  products  of  the  sub- 
jective mind  (esp.  in  Schelling's  philosophy) ; 
(pop.)'  abstruse,  vague,  obscure,  visionary; 
(Math.,  of  functions)  not  capable  of  being  pro- 
duced by  the  algebraical  operations  of  addition, 
multiplication,  &  involution,  or  the  inverse 
operations,  t.  curve  (represented  by  t.  function). 
Hence  transcende'ntali.v  2  adv.    [-al] 

transcendentalism,  n.  Transcendental 
philosophy,  esp.  that  of  Schelling  &  his  follow- 
ers e.g.  Emerson.  So  transeende'ntalisr 
n.,  transcende'ntalizE(3)  v.t.    [-ism] 

transcontinental,  a.  Extending  across 
a  continent,  as  t.  railway.    [trans-] 

transcribe,  v.t.  Copy  out  in  writing.  Hence 
or  cogn.  transeri'bER1,  transeri'ptiON, 
nn.,  transcription  a  l,  transeri'ptiVE,  aa. 
{f.  L  tr an (scribere  script-  write)] 

tra'nscript,  n.    Written  copy,    [as  prec] 

transeu'rrent,  a.  (nat.  hist.).  Set  or  run- 
ning crosswise,  [f.  L  TRANS(cwrrere  run),  -entJ 

transection, n.    Cross-section,    [tran] 

t  ranse'nna,  n.  Marbleor  metal  lattice- work 
enclosing  shrine.    [L,  =  net,  lattice] 

tra'nsept,  n.  Each  of  the  transverse  arms 
of  cruciform  church  running  out  between  nave 
&  choir  {north,  south,  t.)   Hence  transe'ptAL 

a.     [f.  TRAN-  +  SEPTUM] 

transfer*  *t  v.t.  (-rr).  Convey,  remove,  hand 
over,  (thing  &c/rom  person  or  placebo  another); 
make  over  possession  of  (property,  ticket  &c. 
conferring  rights,  to  person) ;  convey  (drawing 
&c.)  from  one  surface  to  another  esp.  to  litho- 
graphic stone  by  means  of  transfer-paper ;  re- 
move (picture)  from  one  surface  to  another  esp. 
from  wood  or  wall  to  canvas.  Hence  trans- 
fer aBi -lit  v,  transferEE-,  tra'nsferENCE, 
tra'nsferoR2,  transferTER  *,  nn.,  tra'ns- 
ferABLE,  transfere'ntiAL,  aa.  [f.  L  trans- 
(ferre  lat-  bear)] 

tra'nsfer2,  n.  Transferring;  conveyance 
of  property  or  right,  document  effecting  this  ; 
design  &c.  (to  be)  conveyed  from  one  surface 
to  another;  small  toy  coloured  picture  or  design 
transferable  from  paper  on  which  it  is  sold  to 
other  surface ;  soldier  exchanged  from  one  regi- 
ment &c.  to  another;  t.book,  register  of  tt.  of 
{>roperty,  shares,  &c;  t.days  at  Bank  of  Eng- 
and,  days  for  t.  of  consols  &c.  free  of  charge 
(all  but  Sat.  &  Sun.);  t.-ink  (for  making  designs 
on  lithographic  stone  or  t.-paper) ;  t.-paper  (spe- 
cially coated  to  receive  impression  of  t.-ink  & 
transfer  it  to  stone),    [f.  prec] 

transfiguration,  n.  Change  of  form  or 
appearance,  esp.  that  of  Christ  (Mat.  xvii.  1-9); 
iT)  festival  of  Christ's  t.,  Aug.  6.  [F,  f.  L  trans- 
figurationem  (as  foil.,  see  -ation)| 

transfi-gure  (ger),  v.t.  Change  in  form  or 
aspect  esp.  so  as  to  elevate  or  idealize,  [f.  OF 
transfigurer  f.  L  TRANS^pwrare  figure)] 

transfi'x,  v.t.  Pierce  through,  [f.  L  trans- 
{figerefix-  fix)] 

transfi'xion,  (kshn),  n.  Piercing  through ; 
(Surg.)  amputation  by  piercing  transversely  & 
cutting  outwards,    [ion] 

transform,  v.t.  Make  (esp.  considerable) 
change  in  the  form,  outward  appearance,  char- 
acter, disposition,  &c,  of,  as  caterpillar  is 
transformed  into  butterfly,  10  years  in  India 
have  transformed  him  (in  character  or  phy- 
sique), a  beard  may  t.  a  man  beyond  recog- 
nition. Hence  transfor'mABLE,  trans- 
for'mativE,  aa.  [f.  L  TRANS(/ormare  form2)] 

transformation,  n.  Transforming,  being 


transformed,  as  has  undergone  a  great  t. ; 
metamorphosis  esp.  of  insects;  change  from 
solid  to  liquid  or  from  liquid  to  gaseous  state 
or  vice  versa ;  (Math.)  change  from  one  figure 
or  expression  to  another  equal  in  quantity ; 
change  in  blood  during  passage  through  capil- 
laries of  vascular  system ;  morbid  change  of 
tissue  into  form  proper  to  some  different  part ; 
t.-scene,  elaborate  spectacular  scene  in  which 
chief  pantomime  characters  are  supposed  to 
change  into  chief  actors  of  the  harlequinade 
that  follows.  [F,  f.  LL  transformationem  (as 
prec,  see  -ation)] 

transformer,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  (also 
tra'nsformatOR2  n.)  device  for  producing 
by  means  of  an  electric  current  another  of 
different  quantity  &  potential,  [er  j] 
transfor'mism,  n.  Fact,  doctrine,  of  the 
development  of  one  species  from  another;  theory 
of  development  of  complex  animals  from  free 
organisms  united  into  a  colony  &  changed  into 
organs  of  a  complex  whole.  So  transfor'm- 
ist  n.,  transformi'stic  a.  [ism] 
transfu'se  (-z),  v.t.  Cause  (fluid,  fig.  quality 
&c)  to  pass  from  one  vessel  &c.  to  another; 
(Med.)  transfer  (blood)  from  veins  of  person  or 
animal  to  those  of  another  person,  inject 
(liquid)  into  blood-vessel  to  replace  lost  fluid, 
whence  transfu*sioniST(2,  3)  n.  Hence  or 
cogn.  transfu'siON  (-zhn)  n.,  transfu'sivE 
(s)  a.  [f.  L  trans(  fundere  f us-  pour)] 
transgress  (-z-,  -&■),  v.t.  Violate,  infringe, 
(commandment,  law;  often  abs.).  So  trans- 
gre'ssioN,  transgre'ssoR2,  nn.  [f.  L 
TRANS(ffredi  gress-  =  gradi  walk)] 
transhi'p.  See  trans-ship. 
transient  (-z),  a.  Not  permanent,  as  the  t. 
affairs  of  this  UJe;  of  short  duration,  momen- 
tary, hasty,  as  a  t.  gleam  of  hope,  snatched  a  t. 
glance;  (Mus.)  t.  chord,  note,  (unessential,  serv- 
ing only  to  connect).  Hence  tran*siE\CE, 
-ency,  nn.,  tra'nsientL y 2  adv.  [f.  L  trans- 
{ire  go),  see  -BNTj 

transi'lient,  a.  Extending  across  from  one 
point  of  support  to  another,  [f.  L  TRAN(sz7ire 
=  satire  leap),  see  -ent] 

transillumination  (z),  n.  (med.).  Throw- 
ing of  strong  light  through  organ  &c  for  pur- 
pose of  diagnosis,  [trans] 
transir'e  \z-),  n.  Custom-house  permit  for 
removal  of  goods.  [L  TRANS(ire  go)  go  across] 
tra'nsit  (z),  n.,  &  v.t.  Going,  conveying, 
being  conveyed,  across  or  over  or  through,  as 
allowed  2  days  for  the  t.  of  the  lake,  improved 
methods  of  t.  by  rail,  goods  delayed  in  t,  loses 
quality  in  (the)  t;  passage,  route,  as  the  over- 
land t.;=t.-circle,  -compass,  -instrument;  appa- 
rent passage  of  heavenly  body  across  meridian 
of  place;  passage  of  heavenly  body  (esp.  of 
Venus  as  determining  solar  parallax,  or  of 
Mercury)  across  sun's  disk  &c ;  t.-circle,  -instru- 
ment, instruments  for  observing  t.  of  heavenly 
body  across  meridian;  t.-compass,  surveyor's  in- 
strument for  measuring  horizontal  angle;  t.- 
duty  (paid  on  goods  passing  through  a  country); 
(v.t.)  cross  the  disk  of  (sun  &c).  f(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f. 
L  transitus  -us  I.  TRANS(ire  it-  go)] 
transition  (-z-),  n.  Passage,  change,  from 
one  place  or  state  or  act  or  set  of  circumstances 
to  another,  as  came  by  an  abrupt  t.  into  hilly 
country,  made  a  hurried  t.  to  indifferent  topics, 
is  subject  to  frequent  tt.  from  high  spirits  to 
depression ;  (Mus.)  change  from  key  to  key  or 
from  major  to  relative  minor ;  (Art)  change 
from  one  style  to  another,  esp.  (Arch it.)  from 
Norman  to  Early- English,  as  (attrib.)  t.  stage, 
period;  t.  tumour  (tending,  on  recurrence  after 
removal,  to  become  malignant).  Hence  tran- 


TRANSITIVE 


940 


TRANSPORT 


si'tionAL,  transi'tionARY J,  aa.,  tpansi*- 
tionalLY  2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  TRANsmcmem  (-ion)] 

tra'nsiti ve,  a.  &  n.  (gram. ).  (Verb)  taking  a 
direct  object  expressed  or  understood  (e.g.  pick 
in :  pick  peas,  pick  till  you  are  tired ;  opp.  to 
intransitive  as  in  picked  at  the  hole  to  make  it 
bigger).  Hence  tra'nsitiveLY  2  adv.,  tra'n- 
sitiveNESS  n.  [F  {-if,  -ive),  f.  LL  transitivus 
(as  transit,  see  -ive)J 

tpa'nsitopy,  a.  Not  permanent,  lasting 
only  a  short  time  ;  t.  action  (law),  one  that  can 
be  brought  in«any  country  irrespective  of  where 
the  transaction  &c.  occurred.  Hence  tpa'n- 
sitopiLY  2  adv.,  tra'nsitopiNESS  n.  [f.  OF 
transitoire  f.  L  transitorius  (transit,  -ory)] 

translate  (-S-,  -z-),  v.t.  Express  the  sense  of 
(word,  sentence,  book)  in  or  into  another  lan- 
guage, has  translated  Homer  (into  English), 
his  own  novels  into  French,  (fig.)  kindly  t.  (say 
what  you  mean  in  plain  words) ;  convey,  in- 
troduce, (idea,  principle)  from  one  art  &c.  into 
another ;  infer  or  declare  the  significance  of, 
interpret,  (signs,  movements,  conduct,  hint, 
&c),  as  this  I  translated  as  a  protest,  trans- 
lated his  gestures  to  the  bystanders ;  remove 
(bishop)  to  another  see ;  (bibl.)  convey  to  heaven 
without  death;  (archaic)  transform  ;  (Teleg.) 
retransmit  (message) ;  (slang)  make  (esp.  boots, 
shoes)  of  old  material ;  (Mech.)  cause  (body)  to 
move  so  that  all  its  parts  follow  same  direc- 
tion, impart  motion  without  rotation  to.  Hence 
or  cogn.  transla'tABLE,  translation  a  l 
(mech.),  aa.,  tpansla'tiON,  tpansla'toR2 
(1.  2),  nn.    [f.  OF  translater  (as  transfer1)] 

tpansli'tepate,  (z),  v.t.  Represent  (word, 
or  abs.)  in  the  more  or  less  corresponding 
characters  of  a  different  language.  Hence 
tpanslitePA'TioN,  tpansli'tepatOR2,  nn. 
[f.  trans.  +  L  litera  letter  +  -ate  3] 

tpanslu'cent  (-z-),  a.  Transmitting  light 
but  not  transparent ;  (loosely)  transparent. 
Hence  tpanslu'CENCE,  -entcy,  nn.,  trans- 
Iu'cid1  (rare)  a.  [f.  L  TRANS(Zwcere  shine),  -ent] 

transmari'ne  (-z-,  -en),  a.  Situated  beyond 
the  sea.    [trans-] 

tpa'nsmigfpate  (z),  v.i.  (Of  soul)  pass  into, 
become  incarnate  in,  a  different  body ;  mi- 
grate. So  tPa'nsmigrPANT  a.  &  n.,  tpa'ns- 
migratOR2  n.,  tpa'nsmigpatORY  a.  [f.  L 
TRAXS(migrare  migrate)] 

transmigration,  n.  =  metempsychosis, 
whence  tpansmig-pa*tioniSM(3)  n.;  migra- 
tion. [OF,  f.  LL  transmigrationem  (as  prec, 
see  -ation)] 

transmit  (-z-),  v.t.  (-tt-).  Pass  on,  hand  on, 
transfer,  communicate,  as  icill  t.  the  parcel, 
shall  t.  daily  dispatches,  will  t.  the  title,  the 
disease,  the  faculty,  to  his  descendants,  his 
writings  have  transmitted  the  principle  to  pos- 
terity ;  suffer  to  pass  through,  be  a  medium  for, 
serve  to  communicate,  (heat,  light,  sound,  elec- 
tricity, emotion,  news).  Hence  or  cogn.  trans- 
missiBiLiTY,  tpansmi'ssiON,  tpansmi't- 
tAL,  tpansmi'ttER^l,  2),  nn.,  transmrs- 
sible,  tpansmi'ssivE,  tpansmi'ttABLE, 
aa.    [f.  L  TRA~ss(mittere  miss-  send)] 

tpansmd'gfpify  (-z-),  v.t.  (facet).  Transform 
esp.  in  magical  or  surprising  manner.  Hence 
tpansmogrPiFiCA'TiON  n.    [arbitrary] 

transmutation, n.  Transmuting;  change 
into  another  form,  nature,  or  substance ;  ( Al- 
chem.)  change  of  baser  metals  into  gold  &c; 
(Geom.)  change  of  figure  or  body  into  another 
of  same  area  or  content ;  (Biol.)  change  of  one 
species  into  another,  whence  tpansmuta*- 
tloniST(2)  n. ;  t.  glaze,  iridescent  porcelain 
glaze,  [f.  OF  transmutacion  f.  L  transmuta- 
tionem  (as  foil.,  see  -ation)] 


tpansmu'te  (-z-),  v.t.  Change  the  form,  na- 
ture, or  substance,  of.  Hence  or  cogn.  trans- 
mutaBiLiTY,  tpansmu'tER !,  nn.,  trans- 
mirtABLE,  tpansmirtatiVE,  aa.,  trans- 
mu'tabLY  2  adv.  [f.  L  TRAXS{mutare  change)] 

tpansnop'mal  (-z-),  a.  Beyond,  exceeding, 
what  is  normal,    [trans-] 

transoeea-nie  (-z-),  a.  Situated  beyond  the 
ocean ;  crossing,  concerned  with  crossing,  the 
ocean,  as  t.  flight  of  birds,    [trans-] 

tpa'nsom,  n.  Horizontal  (cf.  mullion)  bar 
of  wood  or  stone  across  window  or  top  of  door ; 
t.  window  (divided  by  t.  or  placed  above  t.  of 
door) ;  each  of  several  beams  fixed  across  stern- 
post  of  ship  ;  beam  across  saw-pit ;  strengthen- 
ing cross-bar.  Hence  tpa'nsoniED2  a.  [f.  L 
TRANS(tritm,  agent-suf . )] 

transpa'dane,  a.  Situated  beyond  (usu.  = 
north  of)  the  Po.  [f.  L  TRANS(padam*s  f.  Padus 
Po,  see  -an)J 

transparency,  n.  Being  transparent,  so 
tpanspap'ENCE  n. ;  picture,  inscription,  &c, 
painted  on  canvas  or  muslin  &  shown  up  by 
light  behind,  wooden  framework  supporting 
such  picture;  (Photog.)  positive  picture  on 
glass  hung  in  window  as  ornament  or  used  as 
lantern  slide ;  porcelain  relief  whose  parts  vary 
in  thickness  &  t.  [F  (-ence),  f.  med.L  transpa- 
rentia  (as  foil.,  see  -ency)] 

transparent,  a.  Transmitting  rays  of 
light  without  diffusion  so  that  bodies  behind 
can  be  distinctly  seen ;  (fig. ,  of  disguise,  pretext, 
&c.)  easily  seen  through,  (of  motive,  quality, 
&c.)  easily  seen  through  attempted  disguise; 
bright,  clear,  (fig.)  free  from  affectation  or  dis- 
guise, frank ;  t.  colours,  (in  painting)  such  as 
when  laid  lightly  on  do  not  hide  underlaying 
colours  &  forms,  (in  stained  glass)  appearing 
only  by  transmission  of  light.  Hence  trans- 
pap'entLY2  adv.,  tpanspap'entNESS  n. 
[f.  med.L  TRANS(parere  appear),  see  -ent] 

tpanspiep*ce,v.t.  Pierce  through,  [trans-] 

transpire',  v.t.  &  i.  Emit  through  excre- 
tory organs  of  skin  or  lungs,  send  off  in  vapour ; 
be  emitted  thus,  pass  off  as  in  insensible  perspi- 
ration ;  (of  gas  or  liquid)  move  through  capil- 
lary tube  under  pressure ;  (Bot. ,  of  plant  or  leaf ) 
exhale  watery  vapour ;  (fig.,  of  secret  &c.)  ooze 
out,  come  to  be  known ;  (vulg.)  happen.  Hence 
or  cogn.  transpiP'ABLE,  tpanspiP'atORY, 
aa.,  tpanspiPA'TiON  (-er-)  n.  [f.  than-  +  L 
spirare  breathe] 

transplant,  v.t.  Plant  in  another  place ; 
remove  &  establish,  esp.  cause  to  live,  in  another 
place ;  (Surg. )  transfer  (living  tissue)  &  implant 
in  another  part  of  body  or  in  another  person's 
body.  Hence  or  cogn.  transplamtABLE  a., 
transplant  a  *tion  n.  [f.  OF  transplanter  f. 
L  TRAKS(plantare  plant)] 

transpla*ntep,n.  In  vbl senses,  esp.:  hand- 
tool  for  lifting  plants,  machine  for  removing 
trees,  with  ball  of  earth  about  roots,    [-er1] 

tpanspo'ntine,  a.  Of  the  part  of  London 
on  Surrey  side  of  Thames ;  cheaply  melodra- 
matic, like  the  plays  formerly  popular  in  t. 
theatres,    [f.  trans-  +  L  pons  -ntis  bridge  + 

-INE1] 

tpanspop't1,  v.t.  Convey  (person,  goods, 
troops,  baggage,  &c.)  from  one  place  to  another, 
whence  tpanspop'tER 1  n.;  convey  (criminal) 
to  penal  colony  ;  carry  away  by  strong  emotion 
(chiefly  in  pass.,  as  transported  with  joy,  anger, 
/mr),whence  tpanspop'ting-LY  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
transporter  f.  L  TRATSts(portare  carry)] 

tpa'nspopt2,  n.  Conveyance,  transportation, 
from  place  to  place ;  (also  t.  ship,  vessel)  vessel 
employed  to  carry  soldiers,  stores,  &c,  to  des- 
tination ;  transported  convict ;  vehement  emo- 


TRANSPORTABLE 


941 


TRAVEL 


tion,  as  in  a  t.  of  rage,  was  in  tt.  (usu.  of  joy). 
[F,  as  prec] 

transportable,  a.  That  may  be  transport- 
ed, whence  transpoptaBi-LiTY  n.;  (of.offender 
or  offence)  punishable  by  transportation.  [F 
(as  transport  2,  see  -able)] 

tpansporta'tion,  n.  Conveying,  being  con- 
veyed, from  place  to  place ;  removal  to  penal 
colony.  [F,  f.  L  transportationem  (as  trans- 
port!, See  -ation)] 

transpose  (-z),  v.t.  Cause  (two  or  more 
things)  to  change  places;  (Alg.)  transfer  (term) 
with  changed  sign  to  other  side  of  equation  ; 
change  the  natural  or  the  existing  order  or  posi- 
tion of  (words,  a  word)  in  sentence ;  (Mus.) 
write,  play,  in  different  key,  as  transposed  from 
GtoB;  transposing  instrument  (producing 
tunes  different  in  pitch  from  the  written  notes), 
transposing  piano  (on  which  transposition  may 
be  effected  mechanically).  Hence  transpo's- 
al,  transpo'SER 1,  nn.  If.  F  TRANS(poser,  see 

COMPOSE)] 

transposition  (-zl-),  n.  Transposing,  being 
transposed.  Hence  or  cogn.  transposrtion- 
AL,  transpd'sitiVE,  aa.  [F,  f.  LL  transpo- 
sitionemi.  trahs(  ponere  posit- place),  see  -ion] 

trans-shi'p  (-z-),  v.t.  Transfer  from  one 
ship  or  conveyance  to  another.  Hence  trans- 
Shi'PMENT  n.     [trans] 

tpansubsta'ntiate  (  shl-), v.t.  Change  from 
one  substance  into  another  (esp.  as  foil.),  [f. 
med.L  TRAN(substantiare,  as  substance),  see 

-ATE  3]  » 

transubstantia'tion,  n.  Change  from  one 
substance  into  another,  esp.  (Theol.  Conversion 
of  whole  substance  of  eucharistic  bread  &  wine 
into  body  &  blood  respectively  of  Christ  (cf. 
consubstantiation).  [F  (ss),  f.  med.L  tran- 
substantiationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

transu'de,  v.i.  (Of  fluid)  pass  through  pores 
or  interstices  of  membrane  &c.  Hence  tran- 
sudA'TioN  n.,  transu'datORY  a.  [f.  F  trans- 
(suder  f.  L  sudare  sweat)] 

transversal  (-nz-),  a.  &  n.  (Of  line)  cutting 
a  system  of  lines;  (n.)  t.  line,  (Anat.,  usu.  L 
tranversa'lis  pi.  -es,  transver'sus  pi.  -i)  muscle, 
structure,  lying  across  certain  parts.  Hence 
trans versa'IiTY  n.,  transver'salLY2  adv. 
[OF,  f.  med.L  transversalis  (foil.,  -al)1 

transver'se  (z-;  also  tra--),a.  &  n.  Situated, 
arranged,  acting,  in  cross-wise  direction,  as  t. 
artery,  ligament,  magnet  (whose  poles  are  at 
sides  not  ends),  section,  strain;  (n.)  t.  muscle. 
Hence  transver'seLV2  adv.,  transver'so- 
comb.  form.    [F,  f.  L  TRANS(rertere  vers-  turn)] 

trap *,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Pitfall  or  enclosure  or 
mechanical  structure  for  catching  animals, 
affording  entrance  but  not  exit  &  often  baited 
&  having  door  or  lid  actuated  by  spring  ;  fly1, 
rat1,  -t.\  (fig.)  trick  for  betraying  person  into 
speech  or  act,  as  is  always  setting  tt.  for  me, 
walked  straight  into  the  t,  is  this  (question  &c.) 
at.?;  contrivance  for  suddenly  releasing  bird, 
or  throwing  ball  &c.  into  air,  to  be  shot  at ; 
shoe-shaped  wooden  device  with  pivoted  bar 
that  sends  ball  from  its  heel  into  air  on  being 
struck  at  other  end  with  bat,  £.-&aM,  game  played 
with  this ;  U-shaped  or  other  section  of  pipe  so 
arranged  as  to  prevent  return  flow  of  gas  by 
means  of  liquid  replaced  whenever  t.  is  used ; 
kinds  of  wheeled  vehicle,  e.g.  dog-cart ;  (slang) 
policeman ;  =  t.-door,  t.-cellar,  space  under 
stage  of  theatre  ;  t.-door,  door  in  floor  or  roof 
(t.-door  spider,  kind  that  makes  hinged  t.-door 
at  top  ot  nest).  (Vb)  catch  (animal,  fig.  person) 
in  t.;  furnish  (stage)  with  tt.  for  a  play  ;  arrest 
(gas)  in  t.;  supply  (drain  &c.)  with  t.;  (of  steam) 
be  impeded  in  pipe  &c.    [OE  treppe,  cf.  MDu. 


trappe  trap,  Du.  trap,  Sw.  trappa,  stair,  G 
treppe  flight  of  steps] 

trap2,  n.  Dark-coloured  eruptive  rock  of 
columnar  structure  ;  (pi.)  portable  step-ladder. 
[f.  Sw.  trapp  trap,  trappa  stair,  see  prec] 

trap3,  v.t.,  &  n.  Furnish  with  trappings; 
(n.  pi.)  personal  belongings,  baggage,  as  pack 
np  your  tt.  [f.  F  drap(er)  cloth(e)  perh.  ult.  f. 
Du.  trappen  tread,  cf.  trap  x] 

trapan.    See  trepan  2. 

trapes  (aps),  n.,  &  v.i.  Slattern  ;  (v.i.)  gad 
about,  [vb  earlier  also  trape  ;  perh.  cogn.  w. 
Du.  trappen  tread] 

trape'ze,  n.  Cross-bar(s)  suspended  by  cords 
used  as  swing  for  gymnastic  exercises ;  =  folk, 
whence  trape'ziFORM  a.   [f.  F  trapeze,  =  foil.] 

trape'zium,  n.  Four-sided  plane  figure  of 
which  no  two  (also,  only  two ;  cf.  foil.)  sides  are 
parallel.  [L,  f.  Gk  trapezion  table  (tra-  =  tetra- 
four  +peza  foot  cogn.  w.  pous  podos)] 

tra'pezoid,  a.  &  n.  (Four-sided  plane  figure) 
of  which  only  two  (or  no  two;  cf.  prec)  sides 
are  parallel.  Hence  trapezoid  a  L  a.  [f.  Gk 
trapezoeides  (trapeza  table,  see  prec.  &  -oid)] 

trappe'an,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  the  rock 
trap2.  So  tra'ppoiD,  tra*ppous,  tra*p- 
posE *,  aa.    [ean] 

tra'pper,  n.  One  whose  business  is  to  trap 
animals  esp.  for  furs ;  one  who  tends  air-doors 
in  mines,    [f.  trap  x  +  -er  2] 

tra'ppings,  n.  pi.  Harness  of  horse  esp. 
when  ornamental ;  (fig.)  ornamental  accessories 

{Of  Office  &C).     [f.  TRAP  3  +  -ING  *] 

Tra'ppist,  n.  Member  of  a  Cistercian  order 
founded  1140  at  Soligny-la-Trappe  &  noted  for 
silence  &  other  austerities,    [-ist] 

tra'ppistfne,  n.  Liqueur  made  at  Trappist 
abbey  of  Grace-Dieu  in  France ;  (T-)  nun  of  an 
order  affiliated  with  Trappists.    [-INB  J] 

tra'ppy,  a.  (colloq.).  Tricky,  treacherous, 
(chiefly  of  things).    Hence  tra*ppiNESS  n.    [f. 

TRAP!  +  -Y2] 

trash,  n.,  &  v.t.  Worthless  or  waste  stuff, 
rubbish,  refuse ;  loppings  of  trees  ;  thing,  e.g. 
literary  production,  of  bad  workmanship  or 
material;  nonsensical  talk;  cane-t.,  bruised 
canes ;  t.-house  (on  sugar-plantation,  for  storing 
bagasse) ;  t.-ice,  broken  ice  mixed  with  water ; 
(v.t.,  archaic)  lop  (tree),  wear  out,  maltreat. 
Hence  tra'shERY(l),  tra'shiNESs,  nn., 
tra'shiLY2  adv.,  tra'shY2  a.  [(n.)  cf.  ON 
tros  rubbish,  leaves  &  twigs  as  fuel,  Sw.  krossa, 
krasa,  bruise ;  vb  prob.  different  wd(s)J 

trass.    See  terrace2. 

trattori'a(-ea).n.  Italian  eating-house.  [It.] 

trau'ma,  n.  Morbid  condition  of  body  pro- 
duced by  wound  or  external  violence.  So  trau*- 
matiSM  n.    [f.  Gk  trauma  -matos  wound] 

trauma'tic,  a.  &  n.  Of,  (medicine)  for, 
wounds.    If.  Gk  traumatikos  (as  prec,  see  -ic)J 

tra'vail,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (archaic).  (Suffer)  pangs 
of  childbirth ;  (make)  painful  or  laborious  effort, 
[(vb  f.  OF  travailler)  OF,  =  toil,  etyni.  dub.] 

tra'vel,  v.i.  &  t.  (-11-),  &  n.  Make  a  journey 
esp.  one  of  some  length  to  distant  countries,  as 
ordered  to  t.  for  his  health,  spent  his  life  in 
travelling;  act  as  commercial  traveller  (for 
firm,  in  commodity) ;  (of  machine  or  part)  move 
(along  bar  &c,  in  groove  &c);  pass  esp.  in 
deliberate  or  systematic  manner  from  point  to 
point,  as  his  eye  travelled  over  the  scene,  mind 
travels  over  the  events  of  the  day ;  (of  deer  &c) 
move  onwards  in  feeding;  move,  proceed,  in 
specified  manner  or  at  specified  rate,  perform 
(distance),  as  horse  travels  slowly,  light  travels 
faster  than  sound,  travels  thousands  of  miles 
per  second,  train  travelled  1,000  miles  a  day; 
journey  through,  as  travelled  France  from  end 


TRAVELLER 


942 


TREASON 


to  end ;  cause  (herds  &c. )  to  t. ;  (p.p. )  experienced 
in  travelling,  as  is  a  travelled  man;  t.  out  of 
the  record,  wander  tromsubject;  travelling-cap, 
-dress,  &c,  (of  form  convenient  for  travelling). 
(N.)  travelling  esp.  in  foreign  countries,  as  is 
much  improved  by  t,  has  returned  from  his  tt., 
is  going  to  publish  (account  of)  his  tt,  cannot 
read  books  of  t.  or  tt. ;  range,  rate,  mode,  of 
motion  of  a  part  in  machinery,  as  has  extended, 
improved,  the  t.ofthe  valves ;  (of  person,  clothes, 
&c.)  t.-soiled,  -stained,  -worn,  &c.  (as  result  of 
t.).    [differentiated  f.  prec] 

tra'veller  (-vl-),  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  kinds 
of  moving  mechanism  (esp.  Naut.) ;  =  commer- 
cial t. ;  bona  fide  t.,  one  entitled  to  call  for  re- 
freshment on  Sunday  at  public-house  by  having 
walked  3  miles ;  tip  person  the  L,  impose  on  him, 
tell  him  lies ;  t.'s  tale,  presumable  lie ;  t.'s-joy, 
a  climbing  plant,    [-er  j] 

tpa'vepse,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Archaic  in  gen. 
use)  =  transverse  ;  (Herald.)  crossing  shield 
from  side  to  side ;  t.  sailing  (on  zigzag  track). 
(N.)  thing,  esp.  part  of  structure,  that  crosses 
another ;  (Fortif.)  earthwork  in  form  of  parapet 
protecting  covered  way  &c. ;  gallery  from  side 
to  side  of  church  &c. ;  (Geom. )  transversal  line ; 
(Naut.)  zigzag  line  taken  by  ship  owing  to  con- 
trary winds  or  currents  (work,  solve,  a  t,  com- 
pute direct  distance  so  covered);  sideways 
movementofpartin  machine;  sideways  motion 
across  face  of  precipice  from  one  practicable 
line  of  ascent  or  descent  to  another,  place  where 
this  is  necessary ;  (Law)  denial  esp.  of  allegation 
of  matter  of  fact ;  (archaic)  thwarting  circum- 
stance; turning  of  gun  to  required  direction  ; 
t.-table,  nautical  table  used  in  solving  tt.,  plat- 
form for  shifting  engine  &c.  from  one  line  of 
rails  to  another.  ( Vb)  travel  or  lie  across,  as 
must  t.  a  vast  extent  of  country,  district  tra- 
versed by  canals,  wall  traversed  by  beam ;  make 
a  t.  in  climbing;  (fig.)  consider,  discuss,  the 
whole  extent  of  (subject) ;  turn  (gun) ;  plane 
(wood)  across  grain  ;  deny  esp.  (Law)  in  plead- 
ing ;  thwart,  frustrate,  oppose,  (plan,  opinion) ; 
(of  needle  of  compass  &c.)  turn  (as)  on  pivot; 
(of  horse)  walk  crosswise;  traversing  pulley 
(running  over  rope  &c.  that  supports  it),  [(vb 
f.  F  traverser,  n.  partly  thr.  adj.)  f.  F  travers, 
■rse,  f.  L  as  transverse] 

tra'verser,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  railway 
traverse-table,    [-er  l] 

tpa'veptin(e),  n.  Porous  light-yellow  rock, 
a  calcareous  deposit  from  springs,  hardening 
on  exposure  and  used  in  Italy  for  building,  [f. 
It.  travertino  f.  L  tiburtinus  (lapis  stone)  of 
Tibur  (Tivoli),  see  -ine  !] 

tpa'vesty, v.t., & n.  Make(subject &c.)ridi- 
culous  (intentionally  or  not)  by  treatment  of  it ; 
(of  person  or  thing,  e.g.  literary  work)  be  a  ridi- 
culous imitation  of  (another);  (n.)such  treat- 
ment, such  imitation,  (of),  [(vb  &  n.  f.  obs.  adj.) 
f.  F  travesti  p.p.  of  travestir  disguise,  change 
the  clothes  of,  f.  It.  TRA(vestire  clothe  f.  L 
vestire  f.  vestis  clothing)] 

trawl,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Drag  (t.-net),  catch  fish 
in  t.-net.  Hence  tpawliNG1  n.  (N.):  (also 
t.-line)  buoyed  line  to  which  short  lines  with 
baited  hooks  are  attached  at  intervals ;  (also  t.- 
net)  large  bag-net  with  wide  mouth  held  open 
by  beam  (beam-t.)  or  otherwise,  meant  to  be 
dragged  along  the  bottom  by  boat ;  t.-anchor 
(for  anchoring  t.-line) ;  t.-boat  (for  setting  t.-line 
or  drawing  t.-net).  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OF  trauler, 
trollcr,  go  to  &  fro,  see  troll] 

trawler,  n.  Person  who  trawls ;  trawl-boat. 

[-ERl] 

tray,  n.  Flat  shallow  vessel  usu.  of  wood  or 
metal  for  placing  or  carrying  esp.  small  articles 


on,  as  tea-t.,  pen-t.,  developing-t.  (in  photogra- 
phy) ;  shallow  lidless  box  forming  a  compart- 
ment in  trunk.  Hence tPay'FUL n.  [Ofttryg, 
cf.  OE  trog  trough] 

tpea'chepous  (etsh-),  a.  Violating  alle- 
giance, betraying  trust,  perfidious  ;  not  to  be 
relied  on,  deceptive,  as  t.  memory,  t.  ice  (apt  to 
give).  Hence  or  cogn.  trea'ehepousLY  2 
adv.,  trea'chepousNESS,  tpea'chepv1,  nn. 
[f.  obs.  treachcr_  traitor  f.  OF  trechier  beguile 
ult.  f.  L  tricari  make  difficulties  (tricae)] 

trea'ele  (-ekl),  n.  Syrup  got  in  refining  sugar ; 
(loosely)  =  molasses  ;  kinds  of  saccharine  fluid, 
e.g.  sap  of  birch.  Hence  trea'cl  y  2  a.  [earlier 
=theriac  ;  f.  OF  triacle  f.  L  as  theriac] 

tread  (-ed),  v.i.  &  t.  (trod,  archaic  trode; 
trodden),  &  n.  Set  down  one's  foot,  walk,  step, 
(of  foot)  be  set  down,  as  do  not  t.  on  the  grass, 
trod  on  a  snake,  t.  lightly,  (fig.)  deal  cautiously 
with  delicate  subject,  where  no  foot  may  t., 
where  angels  fear  to  t. ,  t.  in  person's  (foot)steps, 
(fig.)  follow  his  example,  t.  on  person's  corns  or 
toes,  (fig.)  offend  him,  t.  on  the  heels  of,  (lit.,  & 
fig.  of  event  &c.)  come  closely  or  immediately 
after,  t.  (set  one's  foot  lit.  or  fig.  as  sign  of  supre- 
macy) on  the  neck  of  person,  t.  awry;  walk 
upon,  press  or  crush  with  the  feet,  as  treads  a 
perilous  path,  trod  the  room  from  end  to  end, 
t.  grapes  (in  making  wine),  wine;  perform, 
execute,  in  walki ng  &c. ,  as  troda  dozen  hurried 
paces, t.  ameasure (in dancing) ;  (of  cock) copu- 
late with  (hqn,  or  abs.);  t.  down,  press  down 
with  feet,  trample  on,  destroy,  as  t.  down  the 
earth  round  the  roots,  t.  down  Satan  under  our 
feet ;  t.  in,  press  in  or  into  earth  &c.  with  feet ; 
t.  out,  stamp  out  (fire,  fig.  insurrection  &c), 
press  out  (wine,  grain)  with  feet ;  t.  Vie  stage  or 
boards,  be  an  actor,  appear  on  stage ;  t.  under 
foot,  (fig.)  destroy,  treat  contemptuously;  t. 
water,  maintain  upright  position  in  deep  water. 
(N.)  manner,  sound,  of  walking,  as  recognized 
his  heavy  t.,  approached  with  cautious  t. ;  (of 
male  bird)  copulation ;  (also  t.-board)  top  surface 
of  step  or  stair,  each  step  of  treadmill ;  piece  of 
metal  or  rubber  placed  on  step  to  lessen  wear 
or  sound ;  part  of  wheel  that  touches  ground 
or  rails,  part  of  rail  that  wheels  touch  ;  part  of 
stilt  on  which  foot  rests ;  part  of  boot-sole  that 
rests  on  ground ;  distance  between  pedals  of 
bicycle ;  cicatricule  of  egg  (formerly  supposed 
to  appear  only  in  fecundated  eggs) ;  treadmill, 
appliance  for  producing  rotary  motion  by  the 
stepping  of  man  or  horse  &c.  on  movable  steps 
on  revolving  cylinder,  esp.  kind  used  in  prisons 
as  punishment,  (fig.)  monotonous  routine;  t- 
wheel,  treadmill  or  similar  appliance,  [(n.  f.  vb) 
OE  tredan,  cf.  Du.  treden,  G  treten,  ON  trotha] 

trea'dle  (edl),  n.,  &  v.i.  Lever  moved  by 
foot  &  imparting  motion  to  machine,  e.g.  lathe, 
sewing-machine,  bicycle,  reed-organ;  t. -ma- 
chine, -press,  printing-press  worked  by  t. ;  (v.t.) 
work  t.  Hence  trea'dlER1  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE 
tredel step  (as  prec.)] 

tpea'son  (-ezn),  n.  (Also high t.)  violation  by 
subject  of  allegiance  to  sovereign  or  to  chief 
authority  of  State  (e.g.  compassing  or  intending 
sovereign's  death,  levying  war  against  him, 
adhering  to  his  enemies,  killing  his  wife  or  heir, 
violating  his  wife  or  eldest  unmarried  daughter 
or  heir's  wife,  killing  chancellor  or  treasurer  or 
justice,  abetting  marriage  of  sovereign  under 
18  years  of  age  without  written  consent  of  re- 
gent &  parliament) ;  breach  of  faith,  disloyalty, 
(to  cause,  friend,  &c);  tonstructive  t.  (held  in 
law  as  equivalent  to  t.  though  not  intended  or 
realized  as  such) ;  misprision1  of  t. ;  t.-felony, 
attempt  to  depose  sovereign  or  levy  war  in 
order  to  compel  change  of  measures,  intimidate 


TREASONABLE 


943 


Tremble 


parliament,  or  stir  up  foreign  invasion.  Hence 
treasonous  a.    [f.  OF  traison,  as  tradition] 

treasonable,  a.  Involving  the  crime,  guilty, 
of  treason.  Hence  trea'sonablexESS  n., 
trea'sonabi.v 2 ad v.   [-able] 

trea'sure  (-ezher),  n.,  &  v.t.  Precious  me- 
tals or  gems,  hoard  of  these,  accumulated 
wealth,  as  buried  t.,  had  amassed  great  t.  ovtt., 
a  voyage  in  quest  of  t.,  (not  now  in  colloq.  use) ; 
thing  valued  for  rarity,  workmanship,  associa- 
tions, &c,  as  art  tt.,  absorbed  in  his  latest  t. 
(book,  picture,  &c);  (colloq.)  beloved  person 
esp.  child,  as  (voc.)  my  t;  (colloq.)  highly  effi- 
cient or  satisfactory  person  e.g.  servant,  as  the 
girl  is  a  perfect  t.  ( Vb)  store  (usu.  up)  as  valu- 
able ;  receive,  regard,  as  valuable,  store  (usu. 
up)  in  memory,  (person's  words,  looks,  &c);  t- 
city  (bibl.),  city  for  stores  &  magazines;  t.- 
house,  place  where  tt.  (esp.  fig.)  are  kept;  t. 
trove  [see  trover],  gold  &c.  found  hidden  in 
earth  &  of  unknown  ownership,  [f.  OF  tresor 
f.  Lfi.  Gk  thesauros  (tithemi  place,  lay  up)] 

trea'surep,  n.  Person  in  charge  of  funds  of 
society,  company,  club,  &c;  officer  authorized 
to  receive  &  disburse  public  revenues ;  Lord 
High  Treasurer  (hist.),  crown  officer  with 
duties  now  discharged  by  Lords  of  the  Trea- 
sury ;  T.  of  the  Household,  official  ranking  next 
to  Lord  Steward  Hence  tpea*supepsHip  n. 
[f.  OF  tresor(i)er  f.  med.L  thesaurarius  (as 
prec,  see  -ary  *.  -ier)] 

tpea'supy  (-zheri),  n.  Place,  building,  where 
treasure  is  stored,  (fig. )  book,  person,  &c. ,  viewed 
as  repository  of  information  &c;  place  where 
public  revenues  are  kept ;  department  manag- 
ing public  revenue  of  a  country,  officers  of  this ; 
T.  Board,  Lords  (Commissioners)  of  the  T., 
board  in  charge  of  British  public  revenue,  viz. 
First  Lord  of  the  T.,  usu.  prime  minister,  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  &  3  junior  lords;  T. 
bench,  front  bench  on  right  hand  of  Speaker  in 
H.  of  Commons,  occupied  by  First  Lord  of  T. 
(if  a  commoner),  Chancellor  of  Exchequer,  & 
other  members  of  ministry ;  T.  note  (issued  by 
T.  &  receivable  for  government  dues);  T.  war- 
rant (issued  by  T.  for  sums  disbursed  by  Ex- 
chequer), [f.  OF  tresorerie  f.  med.L  thesaura- 
ria  (as  treasure,  see  -ery)] 

treat  (et),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Act  towards,  be- 
have to,  as  how  did  they  t.  you?,  treated  me 
abominably,  kindly,  as  if  I  were  a  child,  better 
t.  it  as  a  joke ;  deal  with  (person,  thing)  with 
view  to  result,  apply  process  to,  subject  to  che- 
mical agent  &c,  as  treated  him  for  smallpox, 
hoiv  would  you  t.  a  sprained  ankle  ?,  must 
next  be  treated  with  sulphuric  acid ;  manipu- 
late, present,  express,  (subject)  in  literature  or 
art;  give  (person)  food  or  entertainment  at 
one's  expense,  as  /  will  t.  you  all,  think  you 
might  t.  me  to  an  ice,  a  theatre,  (of  candidate 
for  election)  give  food  &c.  or  cause  these  to  be 
given  to  (electors)  in  order  to  influence  election, 
whence  tpeatiNG1  n.;  arrange  terms  (with 
person);  t.  of,  handle,  discuss,  (subject).  (N.) 
thing  that  gives  great  pleasure,  as  pantomime 
is  a  great  t.  to  htm,  what  a  t.  it  is  not  to  have 
to  get  up  early;  entertainment  designed  to  do 
this,  as  school-t.,  picnic  &c.  for  (esp.  Sunday-) 
school  children  ;  stand  t,  bear  expense  of  en- 
tertainment. Hence  tpea'tABLE  a.,  trea'ti:  it 1 
n.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  traitert.  L  tractare  handle  fre- 
quent, of  trahere  tract-  draw] 

tpea'tise  (-Iz),  n.  Literary  composition  deal- 
ing more  or  less  systematically  with  definite 
subject,  [f.  OF  tretis  a.  &  n.  well-handled  (thing) 
f.  LL  Hracticius  (as  prec. )] 

tpea'tment,  n.  (Mode  of)  dealing  with  or 
behaving  towards  a  person  or  thing,  as  received 


strange  t.  from  him,  must  vary  the  t,  is  now 
ready  for  t.  with  an  acid.  [L  OF  traitement 
(as  treat,  see  -ment)] 

tpea'ty,  n.  Formally  concluded  &  ratified 
agreement  between  nations;  agreement  be- 
tween persons  (to  do  &c.) ;  be  in  t.  (negotiating) 
with  (person  for  purchase  &c).  [f.  F  traiU  p.p. 
as  treat] 

tre'ble,  a.  &  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Threefold,  triple, 
whence  tpe'bLY2  adv.;  =  soprano  a.  &  n., 
whence  tre'bleness  n. ;  ( vb)  multiply,  be  mul- 
tiplied, by  three,  as  has  trebled  its  value,  its 
value  has  trebled,  [(vb  &  n.  f.  adj.)  OF,  f.  L 
triplus  triple  ;  mus.  sense  from  early  contra- 
puntal music  in  which  t.  was  third  part] 

tpe-buehet  (sh),  tre'bueket,  n.     (Hist.) 


military  engine  for  throwing  stones  &c. ;  tilting 
balance  for  weighing  light  articles;  kind  of 
trap  for  small  birds  &c.   [OF,  f.  trebucher  tum- 


ble, perh.  f.  trans-  +  OF  buc  trunk  of  body  f. 
OHG  buh  belly  (G  bauch)] 

tpeee'nto  (tratsh-),  n.  The  14th  century  in 
Italian  art  &  literature.  So  tpeee*ntiST(2, 3) 
n.    [It.,  =  three  (for  thirteen)  hundred] 

tpechd'metep (k), n.  =  hodometer,  [f. Gk 
trekho  run  +  -meter] 

tree,  n.,  &  v.t.  Perennial  plant  with  single 
woody  self-supporting  stem  or  trunk  usu.  un- 
branched  (cf.  shrub1)  for  some  distance  above 
ground ;  piece  or  framework  of  wood  for  various 
purposes,  e.g.  axle,  boot  1.  saddle,  swingle, 
4.,  CROSS-trees;  (archaic)  gibbet,  cross  used 
for  (esp.  Christ's)  crucifixion;  Christmas  t.; 
(Math.)  diagram  of  branching  lines  ;  family  or 
genealogical*.;  up  a  t,  (fig.)  cornered,  non- 
plussed ;  at  the  top  of  the  t,  at  the  top  of  one's 
profession ;  t.-agate  (with  t-like  markings) ; 
t.  calf,  calf  binding  for  book  stained  with  t.-like 
design  ;  t.-fern,  kinds  of  fern  attaining  size  of 
t.;  t.-gorse,  =  barnacle 2(1);  t.-milk,  juice  of 
a  shrub  used  in  Ceylon  instead  of  milk ;  tree- 
nail, pin  of  hard  wood  for  securing  planks  Sec; 
t.  of  knowledge  of  good  &  evil  (Gen.  iii) ;  t.  of 
liberty,  (dedicated  to  liberty  &  set  up  in  public 
place);  t.  of  life  (Gen.  ii.  9).  Hence  tpee'LESS 
a.,  tpee'lessNESS  n.    (Vb)  force  (animal,  fig. 

Eerson)  to  take  refuge  in  t.;  stretch  (boot)  on 
oot-t.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  trio  tree,  timber,  cf.  OX 
Ire,  Da.  trx,  Sw.  trd] 

tpeen,  n.  Territorial  division  in  Isle  of  Man. 
[Manx] 

tpe'fle,  n.  Mine  with  three  chambers ;  =  foil, 
[f.  OF  as  foil.] 

tpe'foil,  n.  &  a.  Kinds  of  leguminous  plant 
with  leaves  of  three  leaflets  &  flowers  of  various 
colours,  clover;  kinds  of  plant  with  similar 
leaves ;  three-lobed  ornamentation  in  tracery 
Sec;  (thing)  arranged  in  three  lobes,  whence 
tpe*foilED2a.  [f.  OF  trifoil,  trefeul,  treffle  f. 
L  tri  (folium  leaf)] 

tpeha'la  (-ah-),  n.  Manna  of  starch,  sugar, 
&  gum,  excreted  in  cocoon  form  by  an  insect 
in  Turkey  &  Persia,    [f.  native  tigala] 

trek,  v.i.,  &  n.,  (S.-Afr.).  (Of  ox)  draw  vehicle, 
pull  load;  travel  by  ox-wagon;  migrate;  (n.) 
such  journey,  each  stage  of  journey,  organized 
migration.  Hence  tre'kkER !  n.  [f.  Du.  trek- 
ken  vb,  trek  n.] 

tpe'llis,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Also  t.-work)  lattice, 
grating,  of  light  wooden  cross-bars  nailed  to- 
gether where  they  cross,  similar  structure  of 
wire  or  metal ;  summer-house,  screen,  &c, 
made  of  t.-work;  (vb)  furnish,  support  (vine 
&c.)  with  t.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  treillis  trellis 
(treille  arbour  f.  LL  trichila  etym.  dub.)] 

tpe'mble,  v.i.,  &  n.  Shake  involuntarily 
from  fear,  agitation,  physical  weakness,  &c,  as 
he  trembled  voith  anger,  voice  trembled  with 


TREM  ELEMENT 


944 


TRI- 


excitement,  hands  t.  from  over-smoking  &c; 
(fig.)  be  in  state  of  extreme  agitation,  fear,  sus- 
pense, &c,  as  It.  to  think  what  has  become  of 
him,  t.  at  the  thought,  no  cause  to  t.  before  his 
judge,  hear  &  t.  (be  duly  impressed)  /,  I  t.  (am 
alarmed)  for  his  safety,  in  trembling  uncertain- 
ty; move  in  quivering  manner,  as  leaves  t.  in 
the  breeze,  trembling  poplar,  (fig.)  his  fate, 
life,  &c.,  trembles  in  the  balance  (has  reached 
a  critical  point,  is  in  extreme  danger).  Hence 
tpe'mblingLY2  adv.,  tpe'mblv2  a.  (N.) 
trembling,  quiver,  as  there  was  a  t.  in  her 
voice,  (colloq.)  was  all  of  a  t.  (trembling  all 
over);  (pi.)  kinds  of  disease,  esp.  of  cattle, 
marked  by  trembling,  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  trembler 
f.  LL  tremulare  as  tremulous] 

tr emblement,  n.  (mus.).  Trill,  shake.  [F 
(as  prec,  see  -ment)] 

tre'mbler,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
automatic  vibrator  for  making  &  breaking 
electric  circuit;  electric  bell,    [-er1] 

tpe'mellose,  a.  (bot.).  Jelly-like,  shaking 
like  jelly,  [f.  mod.  L  Tremella,  genus  of  jelly- 
like fungi,  +  -ose1] 

tremendous,  a.  Awful,  fearful,  over- 
powering, (colloq.)  considerable,  as  a  t.  explo- 
sion, revolution,  makes  a  t.  difference,  a  t. 
(huge)  blue-bottle.  Hence  tpeme'ndousLV2 
adv.,  treme'ndousNESs  n.  [f.  L  tremendns 
(tremere  tremble,  see  -nd  j)  +  -ousj 

t remolcr ndo, adv. (mus.).  Tremulously.  [It.] 

tre'molant,  -mulant,  n.  Device  in  organ 
for  producing  tremolo  effect,  [(-ol-  f.  It.  tremo- 
lante)  t.  LL  as  tremble,  see  -ant] 

tpe'molo,  n.  (mus.).  Intentionally  tremu- 
lous effect  in  vocal  or  instrumental  music ;  = 
prec.    [It.,  as  tremulous] 

tre'mop,  n.  (Of  leaf,  part  of  body,  voice, 
person)  shaking,  quivering;  thrill  (of  fear,  ex- 
ultation, &c.) ;  intention  t.  (in  part  of  body 
when  It  moves  to  do  something);  metallic  t, 
trembling  palsy  of  metal-workers.  Hence 
tpe'moPLESs  a.  [f.  OF  tremeur  f.  L  tremorem 
{tremere  tremble,  see  -or1)] 

tne-niulous,  a.  Trembling,  quivering,  as 
t.  leaves,  voice,  hand ;  t.  line  (drawn  by  t. 
hand);  timid,  vacillating.  Hence  tre'mu- 
Iously 2  adv.,  tpe'mulousxESS  n.  [f.  L  tre- 
mulus  (tremere  tremble,  shake)  +  -ousl 

trench  (-tsh),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Dig  ditch  in 
(ground) ;  turn  over  the  earth  of  (field  &c.)  by 
digging  succession  of  contiguous  ditches ;  cut 
groove  in  (wood  &c);  proceed,  make  one's 
way,  {down,  along,  &c.)  by  trenching;  en- 
croach (up)on  (person's  rights,  privacy,  &c). 
Hence  tpe'nehep1  [-er1]  n.  (N.)  deep  furrow 
or  ditch  ;  (Mil. )  ditch  about  3  ft  deep  with  earth 
thrown  up  to  form  parapet,  as  open  (begin  dig- 
ging) the  tt.  (to  form  lines  of  approach),  mount 
(guard  in)  the  tt. ;  t.-cart,  hand-cart  on  low 
wheels  for  use  in  tt.  [f.  F  trencher  cut  prob. 
ult.  f.  L  truncare  truncate] 

tre'nehant,  a.  Sharp,  keen,  as  t.  sword, 
blade,  (now  rare  in  lit.  sense) ;  (fig.,  of  style, 
language,  policy,  &c.)  penetrating,  incisive, 
decisive,  vigorous.  Hence  tpe'nehANCY  n., 
tpe'nehantLY  2  adv.    [OF,  part,  as  prec] 

tpe'nehep  2  (for  t.1  see  trench),  n.  Wooden 
platter  now  chiefly  used  for  cutting  bread  on 
at  table ;  (archaic)  the  pleasures  of  the  table, 
eating,  (chiefly  attrib.  or  in  comb.,  as  t.  com- 
panions, t.-valiant,  good,  poor,  &c.  trencher- 
man, great,  small,  &c,  eater) ;  t.-cap,  square 
college  cap.    [f.  OF  trenchoir  (as  trench)] 

trend,  v.i.,  &  n.  Have  specified  general  di- 
rection, bend  or  turn  away  in  specified  direc- 
tion, as  coast  trends  {towards  the)  south ;  (fig.) 
be  chiefly  directed  have  general  tendency,  (to- 


wards &c);  (n.)  general  direction  &  tendency 
(esp.  fig.  of  events,  opinion,  &c).  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME 
trenden,  cf.  Da.  &  Sw.  trind  a.  round] 

tpe'ntal,  n.  Set  of  30  successive  daily 
masses  for  the  dead.  [OF,  =  set  of  30  (masses), 
f.  trente  30  f.  L  triginta  +  -al] 

trente-et-quarante  (F),  n.  =ROUGE1-ei- 
noir.    [lit.  =  30  &  40] 

tpepa'n1,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-nn-).  Surgeon's  cylin- 
drical saw  for  removing  part  of  bone  of  skull 
to  relieve  brain  ;  (v.t.)  perforate  (skull)  with  t. 
So  tpepanA'TioN,  trepa'nniNG1  n.  [f.  OF 
trepane(r)  n.  &  vb  f.  med.L  trepanum  f.  Gk 
trupanon  (trupao  bore  f.  trupa  hole)] 

tpepa'n  \  v.t.  (-nn-).  Trap,  ensnare,  beguile, 
(into,  from,  place  &c,  into  doing),  [earlier 
tra-  n.  &  vb  f.  OF  trappan  n.  (trappe  trap  l)\ 

tpepa'ng",  n.  Edible  sea-slug  used  in  China 
for  soup.    [f.  Malay  tripang] 

tpephi'ne  (-en,  -in),  n.,  &  v.t.  Improved 
form  of  trepan  with  guiding  centre-pin  ;  (vb) 
operate  on  (skull,  person)  with  this.  [(vbj.  n.) 
f.  F  trephine  as  trepan  j] 

tpepida'tion,  n.  Alarm,  flurry;  trem- 
bling of  limbs  e.g.  in  paralysis;  (hist.)  oscilla- 
tion of  ecliptic  formerly  assumed  to  account 
for  precession  of  equinoxes  &c.  [OF,  f.  L  trepi- 
dationem  (trepidare  be  agitated,  tremble,  f. 
trepidus  flurried,  see  -ation)] 

tresspass  (-as),  v.i.,  &  n.  Make  unlawful 
or  unwarrantable  intrusion  (on,  upon,  land, 
rights,  &c,  or  abs.) ;  make  unwarrantable 
claim  on  (chiefly  in  polite  formulas,  often  facet., 
as  shall  t.  on  your  hospitality,  may  1 1.  on  you 
for  the  mustard  ?) ;  offend  (against  person, 
law,  principle,  rights;  archaic  or  literary),  as 
forgive  them  that  t.  against  us.  Hence  tre's- 
passER1  n.  (N.)  transgression  of  law  or  right ; 
(Law)  any  transgression  that  is  not  (misprision 
of)  treason  or  felony ;  (also  action  of  t.)  com- 
mon-law action  for  recovery  of  damages  for  t.; 
t.-offering,  sacrifice  atoning  for  t.  against  Mo- 
saic law.  [(n.  f.  OF  trespas)  f.  OF  trespasser 
pass  over,  trespass  (tres- trans-  -f-passerPASS)] 

tpe'ss,  n.,  &  v.t.  Portion,  lock,  plait,  of  hair 
of  human  esp.  woman's  or  girl's  head ;  (pi.) 
hair  of  esp.  woman's  or  girl's  head.  Hence 
(-)tressED2,  tre'ssY2,  aa.  (Vb)  arrange 
(hair)  in  tt.  (chiefly  in  p.p.).  [(vb  f.  F  trcsscr) 
f.  F  tresse  t.  LL  tricia  var.  of  trica  plait  f.  Gk 
trikha  threefold  (tri-)] 

tpe'stle  (-si),  n.  Supporting  structure  for 
table  or  flat  form  or  carpenter's  work  &c,  con- 
sisting of  bar  supported  by  two  divergent 
pairs  of  legs  or  of  two  frames  fixed  at  an  angle 
or  hinged ;  (also  t.-work)  open  braced  frame- 
work of  wood  or  metal  for  supporting  bridge 
&c. ;  (Naut.,  also  t.-tree)  each  of  a  pair  of  hori- 
zontal pieces  on  lower  mast  supporting  top- 
mast &c.  [f.  OF  trestel  ult.  f.  L  transtillum 
dim.  of  transtrum  transom] 

tpet,  n.  Allowance  of  extra  weight  (now 
seldom)  made  to  purchasers  of  some  goods  for 
waste  in  transportation,  [f.  OF  tratte  trans- 
portation &c.  (as  TRAIT)] 

tpevet.    See  trivet. 

tpews,  n.  pi.  Highlander's  tartan  trousers. 
[var.  of  trousers] 

trey  (-a),  n.  Card,  die,  with  three  spots,  [f. 
OF  treis  three  f.  L  tres) 

tri-  (-1-  before  vowel,  &  before  consonant  exc. 
as  shown),  pref.  =  L  &  Gk  tri-  three-,  having  or 
composed  of  three,  triple,  as :  -ade'lphous,  with 
stamens  in  3  sets ;  -a'ndrous,  with  3  stamens  ; 
-a'psidal,  with  3  apses  ;  -bd'sic,  with  3  hydro- 
gen atoms  replaceable  by  base  or  basic  radical ; 
-bra'chial,  (-K-),  three-armed  implement  &c, 
esp.  a  flint  implement ;  -ca'psular  (bot.,  zool.), 


TRIABLE 


9io 


TRIBE 


with  3  capsules  (to  each  flower) ;  -car'pous, 
bearing  3  fruits  or  carpels  ;  -centenary,  =  ter- 
centenary ;  -chord  (-k-)  a.  &  n.,  three-stringed 
(instrument  esp.  lute),  (of  piano)  with  3  strings 
to  each  note  ;  -chroma'tic,  three-coloured,  (of 
the  eye)  having  the  normal  three  colour  sensa- 
tions, i.e.  red,  green,  &  purple,  so  -chro'matism 
n.;  -corn,  having  3  horns,  (n.)  three-cornered 
hat,  (pop.,  also  -corne)  French  gendarme's  two- 
cornered  hat ;  -cor'poral,  -corporate,  (-at),  (he- 
rald.) having  3  bodies  &  one  head;  -cotyle'- 
donous,  with  3  cotyledons ;  -crd'tic,  (of  pulse) 
with  3  beats ;  -cu'spid,  with  3  cusps  or  points, 
as  t.  valve  of  heart,  t.  murmur  (heard  when 
this  is  deranged) ;  -da'ctyl(ous),  with  3  fingers 
or  toes  ;  -de'ntate,  with  3  teeth  or  prongs  ;  -di'- 
gitate,  =  -dactyl ;  -dimensional,  of  3  dimen- 
sions; -fd'eial  a.  &  n.,  (of)  the  trigeminus; 
-fior'al,  -flor'ous,  bearing  3  flowers ;  -fd'liate, 
-ated,  -fd'liolate,  (of  compound  leaf)  with  3 
leaflets,  (of  plant)  having  such  leaves ;  -form- 
(ed),  formed  of  3parts,  having  3  forms  or  bodies ; 
-fur'cate  (-at)  a.,  divided  into  three  forks,  (v.t.  & 
i.,  -at)  divide  thus ;  -ge'minal  a.  &  n.,  triple,  (of) 
the  trigeminus  ;  -gl'minus,  cranial  nerve  with 
the  3  functions  of  motion,  common  sensation, 
&  taste ;  -glot,  written  in  3  languages ;  -go- 
neu'tic  (entom.),  having  3  broods  in  a  year  ; 
-gram,  -graph,  group  of  3  letters  representing 
one  sound ;  -gynous  (trij-),  having  3  pistils ; 
-he'dral,  with  3  surfaces;  -ju'gate,  -ju'gous, 
(bot.),  having,  arranged  in,  3  pairs ;  -labe,  three- 
pronged  surgical  instrument  for  removing  cal- 
culi &c;  -la'biate,  three-lipped  ;  Id'minar,  of 
3  layers  ;  -l&'teral,of  3  sides,  so  -laterally  adv.; 
-le'mma,  choice  between  3  things ;  -ll'near,  of 
3  lines ;  -li'ngual,  of,  expressed  in,  3  languages ; 
-li'teral,  of  3  letters,  (of  Semitic  languages) 
having  (most  of)  their  roots  in  3  consonants,  so 
■literalism,  -litera'lity,  nn.;  -lith,  monument 
of  3  stones,,  esp.  two  upright  &  one  across  their 
tops,  so  -ll'thic a.;  -lo'bate,  three-lobed;  -lobite, 
member  of  palaeozoic  group  of  animals  with 
body  in  3  main  divisions,  so  -loM'tic  a.;  -Id'cu- 
lar,  with  3  cells  or  compartments  ;  -me'nsual, 
-me'str(i)al,  occurring  every3months;  -merous, 
of  3  members  or  joints  (also  8-merous) ;  -mor'- 
phism,  -mor'phous,  (biol.,  bot.,  crystallog.), 
existence,  existing,  in  3  distinct  forms ;  -ner'- 
cate, three-nerved ;  -no'dal  (anat.,  bot.),  having 
3 joints;  -no'miala,.  &  n.,  (technical  name,  al- 
gebraical expression)  consisting  of  3  terms ; 
-no'mialism,  use  of  3  terms  in  naming  objects 
in  natural  history;  -oe'eious  (-es-),  having  male, 
female,  &  hermaphrodite  flowers  each  on  dif- 
ferent plants ;  -o'xide,  oxide  containing  3  oxy- 


gen atoms;  -pe'nnate,  =  -pi'nnate;  -pe'talous, 
having  3  petals  ;  -phthong  (-I-),  3  vowels  form- 
ing one  sound ;  -phtho'ngal  (-nggl),  so  formed  ; 
-phy'llous,  three-leaved;  -pi'nnate,  having  3 
series  of  leaflets ;  -ra'dial,  -rd'diat(ed),  radiat- 
ing in  3  directions;  -ser'ial,  -ser'iate,  (anat., 
bot.)  disposed  in  3  rows ;  -sper'mous,  contain- 
ing 3 seeds ;  -spor'ous,  -spor-ic, having 3 spores; 
-stichous  (tristik-)  (bot.),  arranged  in  3  vertical 
rows ;  -stigma'tic,  -sty'lous,  (bot.),  having  3 
stigmas,  styles  ;  -su'leate,  (bot.)  three-grooved, 
(zool.)  divided  into  3  digits  or  hoofs ;  -ter'nate 
(bot.),  thrice  ternate,  having  27  leaflets ;  -tone, 
(mus.)  interval  of  3  tones;  -valent  (tri-)  (cheni.), 
having  combining  power  of  3. 
trrable,  a.  That  may  be  tried,  [-able] 
triacontahe'dral,  a.  Having  30  sides  or 
surfaces,  [f.  Gk  triakonta  30  +  hedra  seat,  -al] 
tri'ad,  n.  Group  of  three ;  (Chem.)  element, 
radical,  with  combining  power  of  three ;  (Mus.) 


chord  of  three  tones,  common  chord  ;  Welsh 
form  of  literary  composition  depending  on  ar- 
rangement in  groups  of  three.  Hence  tpia'dic 
a.    [t  L  f.  Gk  trias  -ados  (treis  three,  see  -ad)] 

trrag-e  (-ij),  n.  Refuse  of  coffee-beans.  [F, 
= sifting  (as  try,  see  -age)] 

tri'al,  n.  Process  or  mode  of  testing  the  qua- 
lities of  a  thing,  experimental  treatment,  test, 
as  made  t.  of  his  strength,  was  found  on  t.  to 
be  incompetent,  shall  s  ubject  or  pxd  it  to  further 
t. ,  will  make  the  t.  (try  the  experiment),  has  been 
making  tt.  or  (attrib.)  t.  ascents  xcith  an  aero- 
plane ;  t.  of  the  pyx  ;  bicycle  is  hired,  clerk  em- 
ployed, on  t.  (to  be  retained  only  if  efficient), 
will  give  you  a  t.  (employ  you  on  t.)  ;  =  t.  heat  J; 
trying  thing  or  experience  or  person,  esp.  hard- 
ship, trouble,  as  old  age  has  many  tt.,  fear  you 
will  find  the  boy,  the  piano  need  door,  a  great  t. ; 
judicial  examination  &  determination  of  issues 
between  parties  by  judge  with  or  without  jury 
or  by  referee  &c.,as  teas  on  his  t.  or  stood  or 
underwent  t.  for  murder,  granted  a  new  t.  (on 
ground  of  error  or  injustice  in  former  t.);  t. 
balance  (of  ledger  in  double-entry  book-keep- 
ing), comparison  of  Dr  &  Cr  totals,  inequality 
of  which  reveals  certain  errors  in  posting ;  t.- 
trip,  new  vessel's  trip  to  test  sailing  qualities 
&c,  (fig.)  experiment.    [OF  (try,  -al)] 

tri'angle  (-nggl),  n.  Figure  (esp.  plane) 
bounded  by  three  (esp.  straight)  lines,  as  equi- 
lateral, isosceles,  scalene,  right-angled,  L, 
spherical  t.  (formed  on  surface  of  sphere  by 
intersection  of  three  great  circles ;  implement 
&c.  of  this  shape,  e.g.  right-angled  t.  as  draw- 
ing-implement, (Xaut.)  device  of  three  spars 
for  raising  weights,  (Mus.)  rod  of  polished  steel 
in  form  of  t.  open  at  one  angle  sounded  by 
striking  with  steel  rod,  (hist.)  frame  of  three 
halberds  joined  at  top  to  which  soldier  was 
bound  for  flogging ;  tt.  of  the  neck  (regions  into 
which  it  is  divided  for  surgical  purposes);  (T-) 
a  northern  constellation ;  solution  of  at,  find- 
ing of  the  remaining  angles  &  sides  when  some 
are  given  ;  t.  of  forces,  t.  whose  sides  represent 
in  magnitude  &  direction  three  forces  in  equili- 
brium, fact  that  such  forces  can  always  be  re- 
presented by  a  t.  [OF,  f.  L  triangulum  f.  tri- 
(angulus  angle)  a.] 

tria'ngular,  a.  Of  the  shape  of  a  triangle, 
three-cornered,  so  tri'anguloiD  a.;  t.  treaty, 
duel,  &c.  (between  three  parties);  t.  compasses 
(with  three  legs) ;  t .  numbers,  sums  of  the  series 
1,  2,  3,  &c,  taken  to  any  number  of  terms,  e.g. 
1,  6,  28,  55  (w.  ref.  to  mode  of  disposing  such 
number  of  pointsin  form  of  equilateral  triangle); 
t.  pyramid  (with  t.  base).  Hence  triang-u- 
la'PiTY  n.,  tria'ngulaPLY 2  adv.  [f.  LL  tri- 
angularis (as  prec,  see  -ar  *)] 

tpia'ngulate  K  v.t.  Make  triangular  ;  di- 
vide (area  &c.)  into  triangles  for  surveying 
purposes;  determine  (height,  distance,  &c.) 
thus.     Hence   triangulA'TiON   n.     [f.  L   as 

TRIANGLE  +  -ATE  3] 

tria'ngulate  2  (-at),  a.  (zool. ).  Marked  with 
triangles.  Hence  tria'ngulateLY  2  adv.  [as 
prec.  +  -ate  3] 

tpi'as,  n.  (geol.).  Division  of  rocks  under- 
lying the  Jurassic.  Hence  tpia'ssic  a.  [as 
triad,  f.  threefold  subdivision  in  Germany] 

tpi'balism,  n.    Tribal  organization.    [-I8M] 

tPi'bfole,  n.  Drying-frame  used  in  paper- 
making.    [?] 

tribe,  n.  Group  of  barbarous  clans  under  re- 
cognized chiefs  ;  (Rom.  Hist.)  each  of  the  poli- 
tical divisions  (orig.  three,  probably  represent- 
ing clans,  ultimately  35)  of  the  Romans  ;  any 


For  other  words  in  tri-  see  tri-. 


TRIBL.ET 


916 


TRICOT 


similar  division  whether  of  natural  or  political 
origin,  e.g.  the  twelvett.  of  the  Israelites ;  (Zool., 
Bot.)  group  of  plants  or  animals  usu.  ranking 
between  genus  &  order;  (usu.  contempt.)  set, 
number,  of  persons  esp.  of  one  profession  &c, 
as  the  whole  t.  of  parasites,  actors,  the  scrib- 
bling t ;  tribesman,  member  of  a  t.  or  of  one's 
own  t.  Hence  trrbAL  a.,  tri'balLY  2  adv.  [f. 
OF  tribu  f.  L  tribus,  etym.  dub.] 

tri'blet,  tpi'bolet,  n.  Mandrel  used  in  mak- 
ing tubes,  rings,  &c.  [f.  OF  triboulet  prob.  f. 
L  tribulus  f.  Gk  TRi(bolos  f.  ballo  throw)  three- 
pointed  instrument] 

tribo'meter,  n.  Sled-like  apparatus  for 
measuring  friction,    [f.  Gk  tribo  rub  +  -meter] 

tpf'bpaeh  (-k),  n.  Metrical  foot  *->  ^  ^.  Hence 
tribra'ehic  a.    [f.  L  f.  Gk  TRi(brakhus  short)] 

tpibula'tion,  n.  Severe  suffering  or  trial. 
[OF,  f.  LL  tribulationem  {tribulare  press,  op- 
press, f.  tribulum  sledge  for  threshing,  f.  terere 
trit-_  rub,  see  -ation)] 

tpfbu'nal,  n.  Judgment-seat,  seat  or  bench 
for  judge(s)  or  magistrate(s) ;  court  of  justice. 
[L  (as  tribune,  see  -al)1 

tpi'bune ],  n.  (Rom.  Hist.)  each  of  (orig.  two, 
ultimately  ten)  officers  chosen  by  the  people  to 
protect  their  liberties  against  senate  &  consuls, 
also,  kinds  of  military,  fiscal,  &  other  officers ; 
(esp.  as  title  of  newspaper)  champion  of  the  peo- 
ple. Henceorcogn.  tPi'bunATEMl),  tpi'bune- 
ship,  nn.,  tpi'bunARY1,  tribuni'eiAL,  -tial, 
(-shl),  tPibunrciAN  (-shn),  aa.  [f.  OF  tribun  f. 
L  tribunus  (as  tribe)] 

tpi'bune  2,  n.  Raised  floor  for  magistrate's 
chair  in  apse  of  Roman  basilica ;  bishop >s  throne, 
apse  containing  this,  in  basilica ;  platform,  pul- 

Eit,  esp.  that  used  by  speakers  in  French  Cham- 
er  of  Deputies.    [F,  f.  med.L  tribuna  (prec.)] 

tpi'butapy,  a.  &  n.  Paying,  subject  to,  tri- 
bute, as  t.  States  ;  contributory,  auxiliary ;  (of 
river)  serving  to  swell  a  larger  river;  (n.)  t. 
State,  person,  stream.  Hence  tPi'butapiLY  2 
adv.,  tri'butapiNESS  n.  [f.  htributarius  (as 
foil.,  see-ARY1)] 

tpi'bute,  n.  Money  or  equivalent  paid  peri- 
odically by  one  prince  or  State  to  another  in 
acknowledgment  of  submission  or  as  price  of 
peace  or  protection,  or  by  virtue  of  treaty ;  state 
of  being  subject  to  tribute,  as  was  laid  under  t. ; 
(fig.)  contribution,  esp.  thing  done,  said,  given, 
&c,  as  mark  of  respect  &c,  as  the  t.  of  a  tear, 
will  not  withhold  my  t.  of  praise,  the  tt.  (gifts, 
compliments,  attentions)  of  her  admirers ; 
(Mining)  proportion  of  ore,  its  equivalent,  paid 
to  miner  for  his  work,  t.-work  (so  paid),  [f.  OF 
tribut  f.  L  tributum  (tribuere  -ut-  give,  perh.  f. 
tribus  TRIBE)] 

tpiee 1,  v.t.  (naut.).  Haul  up  (usu.  up) ;  tie  up 
(usu.  up).  [ME  tricen,  -sen,  f.  LG  trissen,  trit- 
sen,  f.  trisse,  -tse,  hauling-rope,  pulley] 

tPice2,n.  In  at.,  in  a  moment,  [prob.  f.  prec, 
but  cf.  Sp.  en  un  tris  in  a  trice  (tris  clink  of 
breaking  glass)] 

tpreeps,  a.  &  n.  (pi.  tricl-pites).  (Of  muscle) 
three-headed;  (n.)t.  muscle,  esp.  large  muscle 
of  baclcof  arm.    [L  (tri-  +  caput  -itis  head)] 

tpieep'ion,  n.  (Gk  Ch.).  Triple  candlestick 
symbolizing  Trinity  &  used  by  bishop  in  bless- 
ing.^   [f.  tri-  +  Gk  keros  wax] 

tpiehi'asis,  n.  Urinary  disease  in  which 
hair-like  filaments  appear  in  urine  ;  disease  of 
breasts  in  child-bearing  women ;  inversion  of 
eyelashes ;  disease  marked  by  matted  state  of 
hair.    [f.  Gk  trikhiasis  (as  foil.,  see  -asis)] 

tpiehi'na  (-k-),  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Hair-like  worm 
parasitic  in  body  of  man,  swine,  rat,  &c,  usu. 


introduced  into  human  body  by  use  of  imper- 
fectly cooked  pork,  &  causing  often  fatal  dis- 
ease. Hence  tpiehini'ASis,  tpiehinizATiov, 
tPiehino,sis,nn.,tpi,ehinizE(3)v.t.,tpi*chi- 
nosED2,  tpiehino'Tic,  tpiehrnous,  aa.  [f. 
Gk  thrix  trikhos  hair  -f  -ina  -ine  4] 

tpieho-  (-k-)  in  comb,  (before  vowel  trich-)  = 
Gk  thrix  trikhos  hair,  as :  -gen  n.,  -genoits  a., 
(preparation)  promoting  growth  of  hair ;  -logy, 
study  of  the  hair ;  -pa'thic  a.,  -pathy  n.,  (treat- 
ment) of  diseases  of  hair. 

tprehome  (-k-),  n.  Hair,  scale,  or  other  out- 
growth from  epidermis  of  plant,  [f.  Gk  tri- 
khoma  (trikhoo  furnish  with  hair,  see  prec.  &  -M>] 

tpicho'sis,  n.  Any  disease  of  hair,  [as  tri- 
CHq-  +  -os  is] 

tPieho'tomy  (-k-),  n.  Division  into  three, 
esp.  of  human  nature  into  body,  soul,  &  spirit. 
Hence  tpieho'tomous  a.  [f.  Gk  trikha  three- 
fold (treis  three)  +  -to my]  I 

tpiek,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Fraudulent  device  or 
stratagem,  as  I  suspect  some  t,  t.  of  the  trade, 
shall  not  serve  me  that  t.  twice ;  feat  of  skill  or 
dexterity,  knack,  precise  mode  of  doing  or  deal- 
ing with  a  thing  as  conjurer's  tt. ,  my  dog  kno  ws 
no  tt.,  I  know  a  t.  worth  two  of  that  (better  ex- 
pedient), shall  soon  get  or  learn  the  t.pfit  (best 
way  of  doing  or  handling  it),  (attrib/)  t.  cyclist 
&c. ;  peculiar  or  characteristic  practice,  habit, 
mannerism,  as  has  a  t.  of  repeating  himself, 
these  are  private-school  tt.,  style  is  disfigured 
by  tt,  must  cure  himself  of  the  t.  of  archaism ; 
mischievous  or  foolish  or  discreditable  act, 
practical  joke,  prank,  as  is  always  playing  mad 
tt.,  a  dirty  or  shabby  or  dog's  t.  to  play  on  any 
one ;  (Cards)  the  cards  played  in  a  round,  as 
take  up  the  t,  such  round,  point  gained  as  re- 
sult of  this,  as  won,  lost,  saved,  the  t. ,  the  odd  t. ; 
(Naut.)  man's  turn  at  helm,  usu.  two  hours ;  t.- 
Z£?ie,cordusedinmakingchangesinpantomime; 
t.  scene  (made  without  dropping  curtain);  t.-wig 
(of  which  hair  can  be  made  to  stand  on  end) ; 
(Vb)  deceive  by  t.,  cheat,  (person,  often  out  of 
thing,  into  doing,  &c);  (of  thing)  foil,  baffle, 
disappoint  the  calculations  of,  take  by  surprise ; 
play  tt.;  (usu.  t.  out  or  up)  dress,  decorate,  deck. 
Hence  tpi'ckER1,  tPi'ekERY  (4, 5),  tPi'ckiNESS, 
tpi'ekishNESS,  tpi'eksTER,  nn.,  tpi'ckiLY2 
adv.,  tpi'ckisH1,  tpi'ckY2,  aa.  [ME  trichen 
vb  f.  OF  trichier,  trechier,  see  treacherous; 
n.  partly  f.  Du.  trek  pull,  tug,  f.  trekken  drag, 
pull,  cf.  Da.  traekke] 

tpi'ekle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  liquid)  flow  in 
drops  or  in  small  stream,  as  tears  trickled  down 
her  cheeks,  water  trickles  through  crevice,  (fig.) 
the  information  trickled  (came  gradually)  out ; 
cause  (liquid)  to  do  this,  pour  out  in  drops ;  (n.) 
trickling  stream.  Hence  tpi'eklET1  n.,  tpi'ek- 
1y2  a.  [ME  triklen  for  striklen  f.  OE  strican 
strike,  sweep  along,  see  -le(3)] 

tpi'cksy,  a.  Playful,  frolicsome;  quaint. 
[trick  +  -s-  +  -y2,  cf.  tipsy] 

tpi'ck-tpack,  ti*ck-tack,n.  Complicated 
form  of  backgammon,  [f.  F  trictrac  (also  tic- 
tact.  Du.  tiktakkenpl&yt.),  prob.  imit.  of  sound] 

tPieli'nium,  n.  (Rom.  ant.;  pi.  -ia).  Dining- 
table  with  couches  along  three  sides,  room  con- 
taining this.  [L,  f .  Gk  Tni(klinion  f.  kline  couch)] 

tpreoloup,  -op,  a.  &  n.  (Also  tpreolouPED2 
a.)  of  three  colours ;  (n.)  flag  of  three  colours  in 
about  equal  proportions,  esp.  French  national 
standard  of  red,  white,  &  blue,  adopted  during 
Revolution,    [f.  F  TRi(coZore  f.  L  as  colour)] 

tricot  (tre'co),  n.  Hand-knitted  woollen  fab- 
ric, imitation  of  this ;  kind  of  ribbed  cloth : 
t.-stitch,  kind  of  crochet  stitch.  [F,  =  knitting] 


For  other  words  in  tri-  see  tri-. 


TRICYCLE 


947 


TRIMMING 


tri'eyele,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Ride  on)  three- 
wheeled  cycle;  tandem,  sociable,  it.).  Hence 
tri*eyeliST(l)  n.    [(vb  f.  n.)  F  (tri-)] 

tride,  a.  (Of  hunter's  pace)  short  &  swift. 
[F,  etym.  dub.] 

trrdent,  n.  Three-pronged  implement  e.  g. 
fish-spear ;  such  spear  or  sceptre  as  attribute  of 
Posidon  or  Neptune,  [f.  L  TRi{dens  -litis  tooth)] 

Tride'ntine,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  Council  of  Trent 
(1545-63)  esp.  as  basis  of  Roman  Catholic  doc- 
trine &  practice,  as  T.  theology ;  (n.)  Roman 
Catholic,    [f.  med.L  Tridentum  Trent  +  -ine  *] 

tri'duo,  -uum,  n.  (R.-C.  Ch.).  Three  days' 
service  of  prayer  in  preparation  for  saint's  day 
or  for  obtaining  saint's  intercession,  [(-o  It.)  r. 
L  tri-  (duum  f.  dies  day)  space  of  three  days] 

trie'nnial,  a.  &  n.  Lasting,  happening  or 
done  every,  three  years,  as  t.  plants,  parlia- 
ments, T.  Act  (requiring  t.  parliaments,  repeal- 
ed 1716) ;  (n.)  t.  plant,  mass  performed  daily  for 
three  years  for  soul  of  dead  person,  every  third 
anniversary  of  event.  Hence  tPie'nnialLY  2 
adv.  [f.  L  Tm(ennium  f.  annus  year)  space  of 
three  years  +  -al] 

tri'er,  n.  In  senses  of  try,  esp.  (also  trior) 
person  appointed  to  decide  whether  challenge 
to  juror  is  well  founded,    [-er  *] 

tpi'eparch  (-k),  n.  (Gk  ant.).  Commander  of 
trireme ;  wealthy  person  compelled  to  build  & 
equip  trireme  at  his  own  expense.  Hence  tpi*~ 
erapchAL  a.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  trierarkhos  f.  tri- 
(eres  f.  ar-  fit  or  er-  row)  trireme  +  arkho rule] 

tpi'epapchy,  n.  Office,  duty,  of  trierarch  ; 
(Athenian  formation  of  fleet  at  expense  of)  the 
trierarchs.    [f.  Gk  trierarkhia  (prec,  -Y J)] 

tprfid,  a.  (bot.,  zool.).  Partly  or  wholly  di- 
vided into  three,  three-cleft,  [f.  L  iB.\(fidus  f. 
root  of  findere  cleave)] 

tpi'fle,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Thing,  fact,  circum- 
stance, of  slight  value  or  importance,  wastes 
time  on  tt.,  the  merest  t.  puts  him  out,  (iron.) 
shall  probably  break  our  necks,  but  that  is  a  t. ; 
small  amount  esp.  of  money,  as  spare  a  t.  for 
theporter,  (adv.)  seems  a  t.  (rather)  angry;  con- 
fection of  whipped  cream  or  white  of  eggs,  with 
pastry  &c.  soaked  in  wine,  fruit,  almonds,  &c; 
common  pewter;  t.-ring,  kinds  of  puzzle-ring. 
(Vb)  talk  or  act  frivolously ;  t.  with,  treat  (per- 
son, thing,  matter)  with  flippancy  or  derision, 
refuse  to  take  seriously,  (also)  occupy  oneself 
carelessly  with,  toy  with,  (novel,cigarette,&c); 
throw  or  fool  away  (time,  energies,  money,  &c, 
on  object) ;  (part.)  a  trifling  error,  correction, 
circumstance,  &c.  (unimportant).  Hence  tpi'- 
Aer1  n.,  tpi'fling-LY 2  adv.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME  & 
OF  trufle  mockery,  var.  of  truffe  jest,  trifle, 
truffle  (viewed  as  worthless  object)] 

tPifop'ium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Gallery,  usu.  in  form 
of  arcade,  above  arches  of  nave  &  choir  (&  tran- 
septs) of  church.    [med.L  (tri-, /oris  door)] 

trig",  v.t.,  &  n.  Check,  stop,  (wheel)  withskid, 
stone,  &c;  (n.)  obstacle  so  used.    [?] 

tpi'gamous,  a.  Thrice  married  or  having 
three  wives  or  husbands  at  once,  whence  or 
cogn.  tpPgamiST,  tri  "gram  Y  ',  nn.;  (Bot.) hav- 
ing male,  female,  &  hermaphrodite  flowers  in 
same  head  (cf.  Tmoecious).  [f.  LL  f.  Gk  tri- 
(gamos  -married)  +  -ous] 

tvl'gger,  n.  Device  for  releasing  spring  or 
catch  &  so  setting  mechanism  in  action,  esp. 
projecting  tongue  in  firearm  that  liberates 
hammer  of  lock ;  hair-£.  Hence  (-)tvlgger- 
ed2  a.  [earlier  trickeri.  Du.  trekker  (trekken 
pulh  see  trick)] 

trrglyph,  n.  Each  of  the  grooved  tablets 
alternating  with  metopes  in  Doric  frieze.  Hence 
tri'grlyphAL,  tPigrly'phic(AL),  aa.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
im(gluphos  f.  glupho  carve)] 


tprgxm,  n.  (Astrol.)  each  of  four  groups 
(watery,  earthly,  airy,  fiery,  t.)  of  three  signs  of 
zodiac  ;  triangular  instrument  used  in  dialling; 
=  trine  ;  (Gk  ant.)  game  at  ball  for  three  per- 
sons, (also  trigd'non)  triangular  lyre  or  harp  ; 
(Math. )  triangle, whence  trigd'nic  a.  [f.  F  tri- 
gone f.  L  f.  Gk TRi(gro>ion  i.gonia  angle)  triangle] 

tri'gonal,  a.  (Math.)  triangular  in  cross- 
section,  as  t.  stem,  antennae.  Hence  or  cogn. 
tPi*g"onalL y  2  adv. ,  tri'g-onous  a.    [- al] 

trig-ono'meter,  n.  Instrument  for  solution 
of  plane  right-angled  triangles  by  inspection. 

[TRIGON  +  -O-  +  -METER] 

trig-ono'metry,  n.  Branch  of  mathematics 
dealing  primarily  with  relations  of  sides  & 
angles  of  a  triangle,  much  used  in  astronomy, 
surveying,  &  navigation.  Hence  trigono- 
me'tPic(AL)  aa.,  tPig-onome'tPiealLY  2adv. 

[TRIGON  +  -O-  +  -METRY] 

tpike,  n.  &  vb  (colloq.).    =  tricycle,   [abbr.] 

trill,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  person  or  thing)  give 
forth  sound  with  tremulous  vibration,  as  trill- 
ing laughter;  sing  (t.  &  i.)  in  quavering  manner, 
esp.  (Mus.)  with  shake.  (X.)  quavering  sound, 
esp.  (Mus.)  quick  alternation  of  two  notes  a 
(semi)tone  apart,  shake;  consonant  pronounced 
with  trilling  sound,  e.g.  r.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  It.  tril- 
lare  imit.] 

tri'lling,  n.  Compound  crystal  of  three  indi- 
viduals ;  each  of  three  children  born  at  a  birth, 
[f.  L  tres  three  +  -ling1] 

tri'llion,  n.  &  a.  A  million  million  million  ; 
(U.S.,  after  F)  a  million  million.  Hence  tri'l- 
lionTH  2 a.  &n.  [f.  tri-  on  million,  cf.  billion] 

trl'logy,  n.  (Gk  Ant. )  set  of  three  tragedies 
to  be  performed  in  immediate  succession  ;  set 
of  three  literary  compositions,  speeches,  &c, 
each  complete  in  itself  but  with  common  theme, 
[f.  Gk  TRi(Zo£ria  -logy)] 

trim,  a.,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  In  good  order,  well 
arranged  or  equipped,  neat,  spruce,  whence 
tri'mLY  2adv.,  tri'mNESS  n.  ( V b)  set  in  good 
order,  make  neat  or  tidy,  remove  irregular  or 
superfluous  or  unsightly  parts  from,  (lamp  or 
strictly  its  wick,  hedge,  beard,  &c);  remove 
(such  parts,often  off,away)hy clipping, pruning, 
planing,  &c. ;  make  (person,  oneself,  often  up) 
neat  in  dress  &appearance;  ornament  (dress  &c. 
with  ribbon,  lace,  &c. );  (of  school  of  fish)  t.  (move 
along  close  to)  the  shore ;  (Naut.)  adjust  balance 
of  (ship,  boat)  by  distribution  of  cargo  or  pas- 
sengers &c,  arrange  (yards,  sails)  to  suit  wind, 
as  t.  by  l  the  head,  stern ;  hold  middle  course  in 
politics  or  opinion,  attach  oneself  to  neither  of 
contesting  parties,  be  a  time-server  ?  (colloq.) 
rebuke  sharply ;  (colloq.)  t.  person's  jacket,  flog 
him.  (N.)  state,  degree,  of  adjustment  or  readi- 
ness or  fitness,  as  found  everything  in  perfect 
t,  am  in  no  t.  (state  of  dress,  health,  &c.)  for 
rough  ivork,  infighting  t,  (of  ship,  &  fig.)  ready 
for  battle ;  good  order  (esp.  Naut.),  as  in,  out  of, 
t;  (Naut.)  t.  (relative  position)  of  the  masts. 
[(n.  f.  vb,  OE  trymian  make  firm,  set  in  order) 
f.  OE  trum  strong,  cf.  LG  trim] 

tri'meter,  n.  &  a.  (Verse)  consisting  of 
three  measures  (see  dimeter),  esp.  iambic  t., 
six-foot  iambic  line  usual  in  ancient  Greek 
dramatic  dialogue.  Hence  trime'tric(AL)  aa. 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Tni(metros  f.  metron  measure)] 

tri*mmer,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  one  who 
trims  articles  of  dress,  as  coat,  hat,  -t. ;  person 
who  stands  neutral,  time-server,  (orig.  of  party 
following  Marquis  of  Halifax  1680-90) ;  kinds 
of  instrument  for  clipping  &c. ;  piece  of  timber 
supporting  end  of  joist  &c.    [-er  l] 

tri'mming,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  orna- 
mentation of  lace  &c.  on  dress  &c. ;  (pi.,  col- 
loq.) leg  of  mutton  &c.  &  tt.  (accessories),  [-ing  >] 


TRINE 


948 


TRITAGONIST 


trine,  a.  &  n.  Threefold,  triple,  made  up  of 
three  parts,  whence  tri'nAL,  tpi'nARY a,  aa. ; 
t.  aspersion  or  immersion,  thrice  sprinkling  in 
baptism  ;  (Astrol.)  of  a  t.,  in  t.  (N.) :  (Astrol.) 
aspect  of  two  planets  120°  apart,  in  t.,  so  re- 
lated (to),    [f.  L  trinus  threefold  (tres  three)] 

tPi'ngle  (-nggl),  n.  Curtain-rod :  supporting 
rod  for  canopy  of  bedstead;  (Archit.)  small 
square  moulding  or  ornament ;  (Gunn.)  bar  on 
traversing-platform  to  check  recoil.  [F,  cf. 
Gael,  tarung  nail] 

tri'nity,  n.  Being  three ;  group  of  three ; 
the  T.,  union  of  three  persons  (Father,  Son, 
Holy  Spirit)  in  one  Godhead,  doctrine  of  this, 
whence  TpinitARTAN(iSM)  nn. ;  symbolical  re- 
presentation of  the  T.  inart ;  triple  pipe-cleaner ; 
t.  ring,  kinds  of  ancient  bronze  ring  with  three 
bosses  &c.  found  in  Ireland ;  T.  Sunday,  next 
after  Whitsunday  ;  T.  House,  association  con- 
cerned with  licensing  of  pilots,  erection  of  light- 
houses, &c. ;  T.  term.  [f.  OF  trinite  f.  LL  trini- 
tatem  (as  trine,  see  -ty)] 

tri'nket,  n.  Trifling  ornament,  jewel  &c. 
worn  on  the  person ;  small  fancy  article. 
Hence  tpi*nketRV(l,  5)  n.  [ME  trenket  knife, 
perh.  esp.  toy-knife  worn  on  person,  f.  ONF 
trenquet  knife  (trenquer  cut  var.  of  OF  tran- 
chier,  as  trench)] 

tpi'o  (-eo,  -10),  n.  (Mus.)  composition  for 
three  vocal  or  instrumental  parts,  set  of  three 
performers,  second  division  of  minwet,  march, 
&c,  orig.  performed  by  t.  of  instruments ;  set 
of  three  persons  &c;  three  aces,  kings,  queens, 
or  knaves,  in  piquet.    [It.,  f.  L  tres  three] 

tpi'ole  (tre-),  n.  (mus.).  =  triplet,  [dim.  of 
prec] 

tPi'olet  (tre-),  n.  Poem  of  8  (usu.  8-syllabled) 
lines  with  rhymes  as  shown,  first  line  recurring 
as  fourth  &  seventh  &  second  as  eighth  (cat  dog 
bat  cat  fat  hog  cat  dog).    [F  (-let)] 

Tpio'nes,  n.  pi.  =  Charles's  wain.  [L,  = 
plough-oxen] 

tpiop.    See  trier. 

trip,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Walk  or  dance  with 
quick  light  tread,  (fig.,  of  rhythm  &c.)  run 
lightly,  whence  tpi'ppingXY  2adv. ;  (archaic) 
take  journey  or  excursion,  whence  (in  mod. 
use)  tpi'ppER1  n.;  make  false  step,  stumble, 
(often  over  obstacle) ;  make  mistake,  commit 
inconsistency  or  inaccuracy  or  moral  delin- 
quency, as  caught  him  tripping  in  his  dates, 
all  apt  to  t. ;  (of  person  or  obstacle)  cause  (per- 
son) to  stumble  by  entangling  or  suddenly 
arresting  his  feet  (often  up);  detect  (person) 
in  blunder  (often  up);  (Naut.)  loose  (anchor) 
from  bottom  by  means  of  cable,  turn  (yard  &c.) 
from  horizontal  to  vertical  position;  release 
(part  of  machine)  suddenly  by  withdrawing 
catch  &c.  (N.)  journey,  voyage,  excursion,  as 
round  t.  (to  a  place  &  back),  cheap  tt.  to  the 
Riviera;  nimble  step;  stumble  (lit.  &  fig.); 
tripping  or  being  tripped  up ;  the  fish  caught 
during  a  voyage;  t.-hammer,  kind  of  tilt1- 
hammer.  [(n.  r.  vb)  f.  OF  treper,  trip(p)er,  f. 
MDu.  trippen,  cf.  Sw.  tripva,  Da.  trippe] 

tpi'paptite,  a.  Divided  into  3  parts ;  (Bot., 
of  leaf)  divided  into  3  segments  almost  to  the 
base ;  t.  indenture  (with  3  corresponding  parts 
or  copies) ;  made,  existing,  between  3  parties,  as 
t.  treaty.  Hence  tPi'paptiteLY  2  adv.,  tri- 
papti'tiON  n.  [OF,  f.  L  TRi(partitus  p.p.  of 
partiri  divide  f.  pars  -rtis  part)] 

tpipe,  n.  Principal  part  of  stomach  of  ox  &c. 
as  food,  as  will  stand  anything  but  t.  (archaic 
a  t);  (now  vulg.,  usu.  pi.)  entrails,  belly  ;  t.-de- 
roche  (tre-pdero'sh)  [F,  lit.  rock-t.J,  bitter  nutri- 


tive vegetable  substance  obtained  from  some 
lichens  &  used  at  a  pinch  by  hunters  &c.  as 
food  ;  tripeman,  man  who  prepares  &  hawks  t. 
Hence  tprpERY(3)  n.  [OF,  cf.  Sp.  &  Port. 
tripa,  It.  trippa,  etym.  dub.] 
tpi'ple,  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Threefold,  of  three 
parts  (often  in  comb.,  as  t.-headed,  -nerved); 
T.  Alliance,  (1)  between  England,  Sweden,  & 
Netherlands,  in  1668  against  Louis  XIV,  (2) 
between  France,  Great  Britain,  &  Netherlands, 
in  1717  chiefly  against  Spain,  (3)  between  Ger- 
many, Austria,  &  Italy,  in  1882-3  against 
Russia  &  France ;  t.  crown,  pope's  tiara ; 
(Mus.)  t.  time  (of  3  or  9  beats  in  bar).  (Vb)  in- 
crease (t.  &  i.)  threefold ;  be  three  times  as  great 
or  many  as;  alter  (engine)  to  t.  expansion, 
[(vb  f.  adj.)  F,  f.  L  Tm(plus  f.  pie-  fill)] 
tpi'plet,  n.  Set  of  three  things ;  3  verses 
rhyming  together ;  (Mus.)  3  notes  performed 
in  the  time  of  two ;  (colloq.)  each  of  3  children 
born  at  a  birth;  (Naut.)  3  links  of  chain  be- 
tween cable  &  anchor-ring.  [f.  prec.  +  -et  j] 
tppplex,  n.  (mus.).  Triple  time ;  composi- 
tion in  three  parts.  [L  TRi(plex-plicis  l.  plicare 
fold)  threefold] 

triplicate l  (-at),  a.  &  n.  Threefold,  esp.  of 
which  three  copies  are  made,  as  t.  certificate  ; 
t.  ratio  of  two  numbers,  ratio  of  their  cubes ; 
(n.)  each  of  a  set  of  3  copies  or  corresponding 
parts,  state  of  being  t.,  as  document  drawn  up 
in  t.  [f.  L  triplicare  (triplex),  -ate2] 
triplicate2,  v.t.  Treble,  make  triplicate. 
So  tpiplieATiON,  tPi'plieatURE,  nn.  [-ate  ;i] 
tpipli'eity,  n.  State  of  being  triple,  [f.  tri- 
plex +  -ity] 

tpppod,  n.  Stool,  table,  utensil,  resting  on 
three  feet  or  legs,  whence  tPi'podAL  a. ;  three- 
legged  stand  for  supporting  camera  &c;  (Gk 
Ant.)  bronze  altar  at  Delphi  on  which  priestess 
sat  to  utter  oracles,  imitation  of  this  esp.  as 
prize  in  Pythian  games  &c.  [f.  L  tripus  f.  Gk 
TRi(pous  podos  foot)] 

tpi'poli,  n.  =  ROTEEN-stone.   [f.  T.  in  Africa] 
tpi'pos,  n.  (Camb.  univ.).   (List  of  successful 
candidates  in)  honours  examination,     [as  tri- 
pod, w.  ref.  to  stool  on  which  M.  A.  sat  to  de- 
liver satirical  speech  at  commencement] 
tPi'ptyeh  (-Ik),  n.   Picture  carving,  on  three 
panels  side  by  side,  set  of  three  associated  pic- 
tures so  placed ;  set  of  three  writing-tablets 
hinged  or  tied  together,    [f.  Gk  tri (ptukhon  f. 
ptusso  fold),  neut.  adj.  as  n.J 
tpique'tra,  n.  (pi.  -ae).    Symmetrical  orna- 
ment of  three  interlaced  arcs.    [L,  fem.  of  tri- 
(quetrus  unexpl.)  three-cornered] 
trlque'tpous, a.  Three-cornered,  esp.  (Bot, 
of  stem)  having  3  acute  angles.    Hence  tpi- 
quejtpousLY  2  adv.    [f.  L  as  prec.  +  -ous] 
tpip'eme,  n.    Ancient  esp.  Greek  warship 
with  three  banks  of  oars.    [f.  L  r.'Ri(re?m'.s  r. 
remus  oar)] 

Tpisa'gion  (-g-),  n.  Hymn  in  Greek  &  oriental 
liturgies  with  triple  invocation  of  God  as  holy, 
[f.  Gk  trisagios  (tris  thrice  +  hagios  holy)] 
tPise'et,  v.t.    Divide  (line,  angle,  &c.)  into 
three  esp.  equal  parts.    Hence  trise'etioN  n. 
[f.  tri-  +  L  secare  sect-  cut] 
tPi'smus  (z-),  n.  (path.).    Lockjaw,    [f.  Gk 
trismos  creaking  (trizo  squeak)] 
tpi'stful,  a.  (archaic).    Sad.    [obs.  trist  f.  OF 
triste  f.  L  tristis  sad  +  -ful] 
trisyllable,  n.     Word  of  three  syllables. 
Hence  tpisylla*bica..tpisylla*biCALLV  adv. 
[f.  L^  f.  Gk  TR\(sullabos,  see  syllable)  adj.] 
tPitag-6'nist  (or  -a -go),  n.    Third  actor  in 
Greek  play  (cf.  deuteragonist).    [f.  Gk  ti 'it- 


For  other  words  in  tri-  see  tri-. 


TRITE 


919 


TROLLEY 


agonistes  (tritos  third  +  agonistes  actor,  see 

AGONISTIC)] 

trite,  a.  (Of  expression,  sentiment,  quota- 
tion, &c.)  commonplace,  hackneyed,  worn  out. 
Hence  tri'teLY2  adv.,  tri'teNESS  n.  [f.  L 
terere  trit-  rub] 

tni'theism,  n.  Doctrine  that  there  are  (esp. 
that  Father,  Son,  &  Holy  Spirit  are)  3  Gods. 
So  tPi'theisT  n.,  trithei'stic(AL)  aa.    [tri-] 

Tri'ton,  n.  (Gk  Myth.)  son  of  Posidon  & 
Amphitrite,  each  of  a  race  of  minor  sea-gods 
usu.  represented  as  men  with  fishes'  tails  & 
sometimes  with  forefeet  of  horse  &  carrying 
shell-trumpet;  T.  among  the  minnows;  kinds 
of  gastropod  &  salamander.    [L,  f.  Gk  Triton] 

tpitop'ium,  -urium,  n.  Vessel  for  sepa- 
rating liquors  of  different  densities,  [as  trite 
+  -orium  -oky(2)] 

tpi'tupate,  v.t.  Grind  to  fine  powder ;  grind 
with  molar  teeth,  masticate  thoroughly.  Hence 
or  cogn.  tri'tuPABLE  a.,  trituPA'TiON,  tpi*- 
tupatoR2(l,  2),  nn.  [f.  LL  triturare  f.  tritura 
rubbing,  as  trite,  see  -ure  &  -ate  31 

tri'umph,  n.,  &  v.i.  (Rom.  Ant.)  procession 
&  ceremony  in  honour  of  victory  &  victorious 
general;  state  of  being  victorious  or  successful, 
signal  success,  great  achievement,  thing  that 
constitutes  this,  as  returned  home  in  t.,  has 
achieved  great  tt.,  the  tt.  of  science,  hat  is  a  t. 
of  ugliness ;  joy  at  success,  manifestation  of 
this,  exultation,  as  great  was  his  t.  on  hearing 
&c,  could  detect  no  t.  in  his  eye.  (Vb):  (Rom. 
Ant.)  enjoy  a  t.;  gain  victory,  be  successful, 
prevail,  {over  enemy,  opposition,  &c);  exult 
(over  fallen  enemy  &c.  or  abs.),  whence  tri*- 
umphingLY  2  ad  v.  [(vb  f.  F  triompher)  f.  OF 
triumphe  f.  L  triumphus  f .  Gk  thriambos  hymn 
to  Bacchus] 

tpiu*mphal,  a.  Of,  used  in,  celebrating,  a 
triumph,  as  t.  car,  progress,  crown  (Roman 
general's  laurel  wreath),  hymn;  t.  arch  (built 
to  commemorate  victory  &c).  [f.  F  triomphal 
f.  L  triumphalis  (as  prec,  see  -AL)] 

tpiirmphant,  a.  Victorious,  successful ;  (of 
person,  speech,  voice,  &c.)  exulting.  Hence 
tPiirmphantLY2  adv.  [f.  F  triomphant  (as 
triumph  vb,  see  -ant)] 

tplu'mvip,  n.  (pi.  -ri,  -rs).  (Rom.  Ant*  each 
of  three  men  united  in  office;  (Rom.  Hist.)  each 
member  of  first  or  second  triumvirate.  Hence 
tPiu'mviPAL  a.  [L  (trium,  gen.  of  tres  three, 
+  vir  man)] 

tpiirmvipate  (-at),  n.  Office  of  a  triumvir ; 
set  of  triumviri;  (Rom.  Hist.)  first  t.,  (coalition 
60  B.C.  between)  Pompey,  Julius  Caesar,  & 
Crassus,  second  t,  (that  in  43  B.c.  between) 
Mark  Antony,  Octavian,  &  Lepidus;  party,  set, 
of  three,    [f.  L  triumviratus  (prec,  see  -ate  ])] 

tPi'une,  a.  Three  in  one,  as  t.  Godhead. 
Hence  tPiirniTY  n.    [f.  tri-  +  L  tmus  one] 

tri'vet,  n.  Iron  tripod  for  holding  cooking- 
vessels  by  the  fire;  iron  bracket  designed  to 
hook  on  to  bars  of  grate  for  similar  purposes ; 
right  (orig.  =  steady)  as  a  L,  (colloq.)  all  right 
(adj.  &  adv.),  in  good  health  or  position  or  cir- 
cumstances; t.-table  (with  three  feet),  [earlier 
also  tre-;  f.  liTRiipes  pedis  foot)  three-footed] 

tpi'vial,'  a.  Of  small  value  or  importance, 
trifling,  as  t.  matters,  a  t.  loss  (of  something  t.), 
raised  t.  objections;  (of  person)  trifling,  shallow, 
lacking  ability  or  moral  qualities;  common- 
place, humdrum,  as  the  t.  round  (of  daily  life 
&c.) ;  (Bot,  Zool.,  of  name)  popular,  not  scien- 
tific, also,  specific  opp.  to  generic.  Hence  or 
cogn.  tPi*vialiSM(2,4),  trivia'liTY,  tpi'vial- 
ness,  nn.,  tPi'vialiZE(3)  v.t.,  tri'vialLY  2  adv. 
[F,  f.  L  trivialis  commonplace  f.  TRi(vium  f. 
via  road)  cross-road,  see  -al] 


tpi'vium,  n.  (hist).  (In  mediaeval  school?) 
the  first  three  liberal  arts,  grammar,  rhetoric, 
&  logic,    [see  prec] 

-tplx,  suf.  forming  fern,  agent  nn.  corresp.  to 
masc.  nn.  in  -tor,  f.  L  -trix  -tricis,  chiefly  in 
legal  terms  (executrix,  administratrix). 

tpoat,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Make)  cry  of  rutting  buck, 
[iniit.] 

tpo'cap,  n.  (med.).  Instrument  used  in  dropsy 
&c  for  withdrawing  fluid  from  body.  [F  (trois 
three  +  carre  side  f.  L  quadra  square)] 

tpoeha'ie  (-k-),  a.  (Composed)  of  trochee?, 
as  t.  dimeter,  TKTRAmeter.  [f.  L  f.  Gk  tro- 
khaikos  (as  trochee,  see  -ic)l 

tPO'ehal  (kl),  a.  (zool.).    Wheel-shaped,    [as 

TROCHE  +  -AL] 

tpoeha'ntep  (-k-),  n.  (anat.,  zool.).  Each  of 
several  bony  processes  on  upper  part  of  thigh- 
bone ;  second  joint  of  insect  s  leg.  [f.  Gk  tro- 
khanter  ball  of  hip-bone  (trekho  run)] 

troche  (-k,  -sh,  -tsh,  -ke),  n.  Small  medicinal 
circular  cake  or  lozenge,  [f.  Gk  trokhos  wheel, 
round  thing  (trekho  run)] 

tpo'chee  (k),  n.  Metrical  foot  -  ^ .  [f.  L  f. 
Gk  trokhaios  (pous)  running  foot  (trekho  run)] 

tPO*chil(us)  (-k-),  n.  Kinds  of  small  bird  esp. 
(1)  humming-bird,  (2)  bird  mentioned  by  ancient 
writers  as  picking  crocodile's  teeth,  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
trokhilos  (trekho  run)] 

tPO'chlea  (-k-),  n.  (anat;  pi.  -ae).  Pulley-like 
part  or  arrangement.  Hence  tro'ehleAR1 
(anat,  bot.),  tro'ehleATE2  (bot.),  aa.  [f.  L 
trochlea  pulley  f.  Gk  trokhilia  (trekho  run)] 

tPO'choid  (-k-),  a.  &  n.  (Anat)  rotating  on 
its  own  axis ;  (of  curve)  generated  by  a  point  in 
the  plane  of  one  curve  that  rolls  on  another; 
(Conch.)  top-shaped ;  (n.)  t.  joint,  t  curve,  kinds 
of  gasteropod.  Hence  tPoehoi'dAL  a.  [f.  Gk 
trokhoeides  wheel-like  (troche,  -oid)] 

tpocho'metep  (-k),  n.  =  hodometer,    [as 

TROCHE  +  -METER] 

tpo'co,  n.  Game  played  on  lawn  with  wooden 
balls  &  spoon-shaped  cue.    [f.  Sp.  truco  table 
on  which  a  game  was  played] 
"  den).    See  tread. 


tpo'glody  te,  n.  Cave-dweller,  esp  of  prehis- 
toric W.  Europe,  (often  attrib.) ;  (fig.)  hermit ; 
kinds  of  wren  &  anthropoid  ape.  Hence  or 
cogn.  tPOg-lody*tic(AL)  aa.,  tPO*glodytiSM(2) 
n.  [F,  f .  L  (-ta)  i.  Gk  troglodutes  (trogle  cave  -*- 
duo  enter)] 

troi'ka,  n.  (Vehicle  with)  team  of  three  horses 
abreast.    [Russ.] 

trois-temps.    See  waltz. 

Tpd'jan,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Troy ;  T. 
War  (between  Greeks  under  Agamemnon  & 
Trojans  under  Priam) ;  (fig.)  person  who  works 
or  fights  or  endures  courageously,  esp.  like  a  T. 
[f.  L  Trojanus  t.  Troja  Troy  f.  L  £.  Gk  Tros 
Trojan,  see  -an] 

troll  K  v.t  &  i.,  &  n.  Sing  (parts  of  song)  in 
succession ;  sing  (song  or  intr.)  in  casual  or 
careless  fashion  ;  fish  for,  fish  in  (water),  fish, 
with  rod  &  line  &  dead  bait  or  with  spoon-bait 
(trolling-spoon)  drawn  along  behind  boat ;  (ar- 
chaic) cause  (bottle)  to  circulate  at  table  &c 
(N.)  song  sung  in  successive  parts,  catch;  reel 
of  fishing-rod  ;  trolling-spoon.  [(n.  f.  vb)  earlier 
sense  roll,  f.  OF  troller,  trauler,  f.  G  trollenvoW, 
troll,  cf.  MDu.  drollen] 

tpoll 2,  n.  Supernatural  being,  giant  or  (later) 
friendly  but  mischievous  dwarf,  in  Scandina- 
vian mythology.  [ON  &  Sw.,  cf.  Da.  trold,  Du. 
drol,  G  droll,  troll) 

tpo'lley,  -ly,  n.  Kind  of  truck  that  can  be' 
tilted ;  costermonger's  cart  pushed  by  hand  or 
drawn  by  donkey ;  pulley  used  for  conveying 
current  in  electric  street-railway  (t.-pole,  with 


TROLLOP 


950 


TROUGH 


t.  at  upper  end  for  this  purpose);  (also  t.-lace) 
lace  of  which  the  pattern  is  outlined  with  thick 
thread,    [prob.  f.  troll H-y2] 

tro'llop,  n.  Slatternly  woman  ;  prostitute. 
Hence  tPO'llopiSH  \  tro'llop y  2,  aa.  [f.  obs. 
trollop  vb  troll  (song)  (troll  *)] 

tPO'mba,  n.  (mus.).    Trumpet.    [It.] 

tpo'mbone,  n.  Large  musical  instrument  of 
trumpet  family  with  sliding  tube  or  with 
valves.  Hence  tPO*mboniST(3)  n.  [F  f.  It  (as 
prec,  see  -oon)] 

tpo'mmel,  n.  (mining).  Revolving  cylindri- 
cal sieve  for  cleaning  ore.    [G,  =  drum] 

tpomd'metep,  n.  Instrument  for  measuring 
very  slight  earthquake  shocks,  [f.  Gk  tromos 
trembling  (tremo  tremble)  +  -meter] 

tpompe,  n.  Apparatus  for  producing  blast 
in  furnace.    [F,  =  trump  *] 

troop,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Assembled  company, 
assemblage  of  persons  or  animals,  as  a  t  of 
school-children,  of  antelopes,  surrounded  by  tt. 
of  friends ;  (pi.)  soldiers,  as  lost  a  third  of  his 
tt,  household  tt.;  cavalry  unit  consisting  of 
usu.  60  troopers  with  two  lieutenants  &  captain 
(cf.  company),  command  of  this ;  particular  call 
of  drum  as  signal  for  marching ;  company  of 
performers,  troupe  ;  t.-horse,  cavalry  horse ;  t- 
ship,  transport.  ( Vb)  assemble,  flock  together, 
(often  up,  together,  &c.) ;  move  along  in  a  t. 
(along,  in,  out,  &c);  (w.  pi.  subject)  walk  hur- 
riedly off,  away;  form  (regiment)  into  tt. ;  troop- 
ing the  colours,  ceremony  at  public  mounting 
of  garrison  guards,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  F  troupe,  OF 
trope,  etym.  dub.] 

tpoo'pep,  n.  Horse-soldier,  private  soldier  in 
cavalry  ;  swear  like  a  t.  (much) ;  cavalry  horse. 
[ERi] 

tPope,n.  Figurative  (e.g.  metaphorical,  iron- 
ical) use  of  a  word.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  tropos  turn, 
way,  trope,  (trepo  turn)] 

tpd'phic,  a.  Concerned  with  nutrition,  as 
t.  nerves,  [f.  Gk  trophe  nourishment  (trepho 
nourish)  +  -ic] 

tpopho-  in  comb.  =  Gk  trophe  food,  as  -neu- 
ro'sis,  defective  nutrition  due  to  nervous  de- 
rangement. 

tro'phy,  n.  (Gk  Ant.)  arms  &c.  of  van- 
quished enemy  set  up  on  field  of  battle  or  else- 
where to  commemorate  victory ;  Roman  me- 
morial of  victory  in  imitation  of  this  but  usu. 
permanent ;  anything,  e.g.  captured  standard, 
kept  as  memorial  of  victory  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  prize  ; 
memento ;  ornamental  group  of  symbolic  or 
typical  objects  arranged  on  wall  &c.  Hence 
(-)tPOphiED  2  a.  [f.  OF  trophee  f.  L  f.  Gk  tro- 
paion  (trope  rout  f.  trepo  turn)] 

tpo-pic,  n.  &  a.  Parallel  of  latitude  23°  27' 
north  (t.  of  Cancer)  or  south  (t.  of  Capricorn) 
of  the  equator ;  the  tt,  region  between  these ; 
each  of  the  two  corresponding  circles  on  celes- 
tial sphere  where  sun  appears  to  turn  after 
reaching  greatest  declination ;  t.-bird,  kinds  of 
bird  like  tern  seen  usu.  in  the  tt.;  (adj.)  =  foil, 
exc.  last  sense,  [f.  OF  tropique  f.  LL  f.  Gk  tro- 
pikos  (kuklos)  tropic  (circle)  f.  trope  turning, 
6olstice,  (trepo  turn),  see  -ic] 

tpo'pical,  a.  Of,  peculiar  to,  suggestive  of, 
the  tropics,  as  t  plants,  diseases,  heat,  abscess 
(of  liver,  induced  by  residence  in  hot  climate), 
t.year  (between  two  successive  passages  of  sun 


through  same  equinox);  (fig.)  fervid,  passionatej 
[f.  trope]  figurative.      He 
adv.    [-al| 


[f.  trope]  figurative.      Hence  tPO'picalLY 


tpopieopo'litan,  a.  &  n.  (Animal,  plant) 
confined  &  common  to  the  tropics,  [f.  tropic 
on  cosmopolitan] 

tpopo'logfy,  n.  Figurative  use  of  words ; 
figurative  interpretation  esp.  of  the  Scriptures, 


so  tp6*piST(2)  n.  Hence  tPopolo'giCAL  a., 
tPopolo'g-iealLY  2  adv.  [f.  trope  +  -logy] 
tro'ppo,  adv.  (mus.).  Too,  as  andante  &c. 
ma  non  t  (but  not  too  much  so).  [It.] 
tPOt,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  horses  &c.)  proceed  at 
steady  pace  faster  than  walk  lifting  each  dia- 
gonal pair  of  legs  alternately  with  brief  inter- 
vals during  which  body  is  unsupported  ;  cause 
(horse  &c.)  to  do  this  ;  (of  person)  run  at  moder- 
ate pace  esp.  with  short  strides  (often  along 
&e.) ;  perform  (distance)  by  trotting;  bring 
(person,  horse,  &c.)  to  specified  condition  by 
trotting,  as  trotted  him  off  his  legs,  to  death ; 
t  out,  cause  (horse)  to  trot  to  show  his  paces, 
(fig.)  produce,  introduce,(person,  thing,  superior 
information,  subject)  to  excite  admiration. 
(N.)  action,  exercise,  of  trotting,  as  proceeded 
at  at,  went  for  a  t;  (fig.)  brisk  steady  move- 
ment or  occupation,  as  kept  him  on  the  t  (busy); 
toddling  dhild.  [f.  OF  trot(ter)  perh.  ult.  f.  L 
tolutim  at  a  trot,  with  feet  lifted  (tollere  lift), 
whence  L  tolutarius  (OF  trotier)  going  at  a 
trot ;  but  cf.  MHG  trotten  run,  perh.  cogn.  w. 
G  treten  tread] 

troth,  n.  (archaic).  Truth,  esp.  (in)  t„  truly, 
upon  my  word ;  plight  one's  t,  pledge  one's 
word  esp.  in  betrothal.  {OE  triowth  truth] 
tpo'ttep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  horse 
of  special  breed  noted  for  trotting;  (pi. )  animal's 
feet  used  as  food,  as  pigs',  sheep's,  tt;  (facet.) 
human  foot.  [f.  OF  trotier,  see  prec] 
trottoir*  (-twahr),  n.  Side  pavement.  [F] 
tpou'badoup  (-oo-,  -oor),  n.  Lyric  poet  of  a 
class  originating  in  Provence  (cf.  trouvere)  in 
11th  c.  IF,  f.  Pr.  trobador  f.  trobar  =  F  trouver 
find  f.  LL  *tropare  make  poetry  (as  trope)  or 
f.  L  turbare  (cf.  contrive),  see  -or2] 
tpou'ble  (tru-),  v. t.  &  i. ,  &  n.  Agitate,  disturb, 
be  disturbed  or  worried,  as  troubled  icaters, 
don't  let  it  t  you,  don't  t  about  it,  has  been 
troubled  about  ovwithmoney  matters,a  troubled 
countenance  ;  afflict,  as  am  troubled  with  neu- 
ralgia, how  long  has  it  been  troubling  you  ? ; 
subject,  be  subjected,  to  inconvenience  or  exer- 
tion (chiefly  in  polite  formulas),  as  may  It  you 
to  shut  the  door  ?,  to  mind  your  own  business  ?, 
will  t  you  for  (to  pass)  the  mustard,  soi*ry  to  t 
you,  don't  t  (to  explain  &c.  or  abs.),  why  should 
It  (myself)  to  explain  ?,  I  will  t  (I  defy)  you  to 
translate  this,  will  t  you  for  <invite  your  com- 
ment on)  his  last  exploit  (N.)  vexation,  afflic- 
tion, as  has  been  through  much  t,  till  this  great 
t  came  upon  them,  life  is  full  of  small  tt ;  dis- 
ease, as  liver,  digestive,  tt;  inconvenience,  un- 
pleasant exertion,  source  of  this,  as  did  it  to 
spare  you  t,  shall  not  put  you  to  any  t  in  the 
matte?',  fear  the  child  is  a  great  t  to  you,  will 
never  take  the  t  to  write,  is  incapable  of  taking 
t,  an  omelette  is  no  t  (to  make),  French  beans 
are  a  great  t  to  prepare,  (as  polite  formula)  no 
t  (at  all) ;  be  in,  get  into,  t,  incur  censure,  pun- 
ishment, &c;  (Mining)  small  fault,  [f.  OF 
trouble(r)  f.  L  turbula  dim.  of  turba  crowd] 
troirblesome,  a.  (Of  person  or  thing) 
causing  trouble,  vexatious.  Hence  tpou'ble- 
someLY2adv.,tPOU'blesomeNESsn.  [some] 
tPOU'blous,  a.  (archaic).  Full  of  troubles, 
agitated,  disturbed,  as  t  times,  [-ous] 
tpough  (-of,  -awf),  n.  Long  narrow  open 
wooden  or  other  receptacle  for  holding  water 
or  food  for  sheep  &c,  kneading  dough,  washing 
ore,  &c. ;  wooden  or  other  channel  for  conveying 
liquid ;  t.  of  the  sea,  hollow  between  two  waves ; 
(also  t.-battery)  voltaic  battery  formed  of  t. 
divided  into  cells ;  t  of  barometric  depression, 
line  of  greatest  depression  in  area  of  moving 
barometric  pressure.  [OE,  Du.,  ON,  G,  trog, 
cogn.  w.  tree] 


TROUNCE 


951 


TRUMEAU 


trounce  (ow-),  v.t.  Beat  severely,  castigate, 
(lit.  &  fig.).  Hence  tPOU'neiNG1  n.  [f.  OF 
trons  truncheon] 

troupe  (-oop),  n.    Company  of  actors,  acro- 
bats, &c.    [F,  see  troop] 
trous-de-loup  (troo  de  loo'),  n.  pi.    Small 
conical  pits  with  stake  in  centre  of  each  as 
defence  against  cavalry.    [F,  lit.  wolf-holes] 
tpou'sep  (owz-),  n.    (PI.,  also  pair  oftt.)  two- 
legged  outer  garment  reaching  from  waist  to 
ankles ;  (vulg.)  pair  of  tt.,  as  here,  again,  is  a 
smart  &  dressy  t;  t-  ortt.-stretcher,  device  for 
stretching  tt.  to  preserve  shape ;  early  19th-c. 
woman's    long   frilled    drawers   reaching   to 
ankles.  Hence  tpou'sePED2  a.,  tPOU'seriNG  • 
(3)  n.    [earlier  trouses  &c,  cf.  Sc.  trews,  f.  F 
trousses  breeches,  lit.  bundles  (see  truss)  orig. 
applied  in  E  to  Irish  garments] 
tpousse  (-oos),  n.  Case  of  small  (esp.  surgical) 
implements.    [F,_see  truss] 
trousseau  (trooso*,  troo'so),  n.  Bride's  outfit 
of  clothes  &c.   [F,  lit.  bundle,  OF  troussel  dim. 
as  truss] 

tpout  (-owt),  n.  (pi.  usu.  same),  &  v.i.  Kinds 
of  freshwater  fish  esteemed  as  food  &  game ; 
t. -colour ed,(oi  white  horse)  speckled  with  black, 
bay,  or  sorrel ;  (vb)  fish  for  t.  Hence  tpou't- 
let,  tPOU*tLiNG l,  nn.,  tPOU*tY2a.  [f.  L  tructa 
f .  Gk  troktes  lit.  gnawer  (trogo  gnaw),  a  sea-fish] 
trouvere  (troovar-),  n.  Epic  poet  of  a  class 
originating  in  N.  France  (cf.  troubadour)  in 
11th  c.  [F  (as  TROUBADOUR)] 
trove.    See  treasure. 

tPO'vep,  n.  (law).  Acquisition  of  personal 
property ;  common-law  action  to  recover  value 
of  personal  property  wrongfully  taken  or  de- 
tained. [OF,  F  trouver  (troubadour,  -er4)] 
tpow  (-6,  -ow),  v.t.  (archaic).  Think,  believe ; 
(added  to  question)  what  ails  him,  (I)  t.  (I  won- 
der) ?.  [OE  truwian,  tre"owian  (trtowe  true)] 
tpowel,  n.,  &  v.t.  (-11-).  Mason's  or  brick- 
layer's flat-bladed  tool  for  spreadi  ng  mortar  &c. ; 
lay  it  on  with  a  L,  (fig.)  flatter  grossly :  garden- 
er's scoop  for  lifting  plants  &c. ;  (vb)  apply 
(plaster  &c),  dress  (wall  &c),  with  t.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  F  truelle  f.  LL  truella  dim.  of  L  trua  ladle, 
cf.  trulla  spoon] 

tpoy,  n.  (Also  t.  weight)  system  of  weights 
used  for  gold  &  silver  (cf.  avoirdupois),  as 
weighs  3  lb.  5  oz.  t.,  t.  pound  contains  12  oz., 
5760  grains,  [prob.  f.  Troyes,  town  in  France] 
tPU'ant,  n.,  a.,  &  v.i.  One  who  absents  him- 
self from  place  of  work,  esp.  child  who  stays 
away  from  school  without  leave ;  play  t„  stay 
away  thus;  t.-school,  industrial  school  for  t. 
children  ;  (adj.,  of  person,  conduct,  character, 
thoughts,  &c.)  shirking,  idle,  loitering,  wan- 
dering ;  (vb)  play  t.  Hence  tPU'ANCV  n.,  tru*- 
antLY  2  adv.  [(vb  f.  n. )  AF  truaunt  f.  W  truan 
wretched,  cf.  Ir.  trogha  wretched,  Gael,  tru- 
aghan  wretch] 

truce,  n.  (Agreement  for)  temporary  cessa- 
tion of  hostilities  (flag4  of  t);  respite  from 
pain  &c,  rest  from  work  &c. ;  t.  of  God  (hist.), 
suspension  of  private  feuds  esp.  during  certain 
church  festivals  &c.  Hence  tPU'eeLESS  a. 
[pi.  of  OE  treow  compact,  faith,  see  true] 
truck1,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Make  an  exchange, 
trade,  bargain, («uY&person/or  thing);  exchange 
(thing  for  another) ;  hawk  (wares)  about.  (N.) 
exchange,  barter,  traffic ;  small  wares ;  (colloq.) 
rubbish,  (fig.)  nonsense,  as  shall  stand  no  t. ; 
(also  t.  system,  tommy)  practice  of  paying  work- 
men in  goods  instead  of  money  or  in  money  on 
the  understanding  that  they  will  buy  provisions 
&c.  of  their  employers,  T.  Acts  (of  1831  &  1870, 
providing  for  suppression  of  or  inquiry  into  t. 
system),  t.  shop  (conducted  on  t.  system),    [(n. 


f.  F  troq)  f.  AF  troquier  i.  OF  troque  f.  WFlem. 
trok  sale,  cf.  Du.  trek  demand,  quick  sale,  f. 
trekken  draw] 

tpuek2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Strong  usu.  four-  or  six- 
wheeled  vehicle  for  heavy  goods ;  open  railway 
wagon ;  porter's  two-,  three-,  or  four-,  wheeled 
barrow  for  luggage  at  railway  station  &c. ;  set 
of  wheels  in  framework  for  supporting  whole 
or  part  of  railway-carriage  &c. ;  (Naut.)  wooden 
disk  at  top  of  mast  with  holes  for  halyards ; 
(now  rare)  small  tireless  wheel ;  t.-bolster,  cross- 
beam on  car-t.  supporting  one  end  ;  (vb)  convey 
on  t.  Hence  tPU*ekAGE(3,  4)  n.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
trokhos  (trekho  run)] 

tpu'ekle,  v.i.,  &  n.  Submit  obsequiously, 
cringe,  (to),  whence  tPU'eklER1  n.;  (n.  usu.  t- 
bed)  low  bed  on  wheels  that  may  be  wheeled 
under  another,  esp.  as  formerly  used  by  serv- 
ants &c.  [(vb,  earlier  =  sleep  in  t.-bed,  f.  n.) 
f.  trochlea] 

tpu'culent  (or  troo-),  a.  Fierce,  savage,  fero- 
cious. Hence  or  cogn.  tru'eulENCE,  -encv, 
nn.,  tPU'eulentLY  2 adv.  [OF,  f.  L  truculentus 
(trux  trucis  fierce,  see  -lent)] 

tpudg-e,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Walk  esp.  laboriously, 
perform  (distance)  thus ;  (n.)  such  walk.  [f.  F 
trucher  beg,  cf.  Du.  troggelen,  perh.  cogn.  w. 
ON  thruga,  Sw.  truga,  press] 

true,  a.,  &  v.t.  In  accordance,  with  fact  or 
reality,  not  false  or  erroneous,  as  his  story  is  L, 
that  is  only  too  t,  is  it  t.  that  he  refused  ?,  his 
words  have  come  t.  (been  realized  in  fact),  (as 
formula  of  concession),  t,  it  would  cost  more ; 
in  accordance  with  reason  or  correct  principles 
or  received  standard,  rightly  so  called,  genuine, 
not  spurious  or  hybrid  or  counterfeit  or  merely 
apparent,  having  all  the  attributes  implied  in 
the  name,  as  could  not  form  a  t.  judgment,  frog 
is  not  a  t.  reptile,  is  at.  benefactor,  the  t.  heir, 
t.  ribs  (complete,  articulating  with  breast-bone, 
not  floating),  t.  horizon  ;  accurately  conform- 
ing to  (type  &c);  (of  voice)  in  perfect  tune; 
loyal,  constant,  adhering  faithfully,  (to  one's 
word,  friend,  oneself,  &c.) ;  (archaic)  not  given 
to  lying,  veracious ;  (archaic)  honest,  as  t.  men ; 
t.  bill,  bill  of  indictment  endorsed  by  grand  j  ury 
as  being  sustained  by  evidence ;  t.-blue  a.  &  n., 
(person)  of  uncompromising  principles  or 
loyalty ;  t.-born,  of  genuine  birth,  truly  such  by 
birth,  as  a  t.-b.  Englishman ;  t.-bred,  of  genuine 
or  good  breed  ;  t.-hearted(ness) ;  t.-lore,  person 
truly  loved  or  loving,  sweetheart,  plant  with 
four  leaves  arranged  like  t.-love(r's)  knot  (kind 
of  double  knot  with  interlacing  bows  on  each 
side);  truepenny  (archaic),  honest  fellow ;  (v.t.) 
bring'(tool,  wheel,  frame,  &c.)  into  exact  posi- 
tion or  form  required.  Hence  true'NESS  n. 
(rare).  [OE  triowe,  cf.  Du.  trouw,  G  treu,  ON 
tryggr,  trur] 

tpu'ffle  (or  trdb),  n.  Subterranean  fungus 
used  for  seasoning  dishes.  Hence  tPU'fflED2 
a.    [f.  OF  trufle  prob.  f.  L  tubera  pi.  of  tuber] 

tPU'ism,  n.  A  self-evident  or  indisputable 
truth ;  hackneyed  truth,  platitude,  [f.  true  + 
-ism] 

tpull,  n.  (archaic).  Prostitute,  [f.  G  trolle, 
tru-,  cogn.  w.  droll] 

tpu'ly,  adv.  Sincerely,  genuinely,  as  am  t. 
grateful,  a  t.  alarming  state  of  affairs,  a  t. 
courageous  act,  (as  purely  neutral  formula  for 
closing  letter)  yours  (very)  t.  TV.  Jones,  (hence, 
facet.)  won't  do  for  yours  t.  (me) ;  (usu.  paren- 
thet.,  &  now  chiefly  literary  or  archaic)  really, 
indeed,  as  t,  I  should  be  puzzled  to  say ;  faith- 
fully, loyally,  as  has  served  him  t;  accurately, 
truthfully,  as  it  has  been  t.  stated,  is  not  t.  re- 
presented.   [OE  triowlice  (as  true,  see  -ly  2)] 

trumeau  (F),  n.  (archit.,  pi.  -eaux).    Piece  of 


TRUMP 


952 


TRUSTFUL 


wall,  pillar,  between  two  openings,  e.g.  pillar 
dividing  large  doorway.    « 

tpump  *,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Archaic,  poet.)  trumpet, 
as  last  t,  t  of  doom.  (Vb)  impose  (thing  on 
person  &c.)  fraudulently  (archaic) ;  t  up,  fabri- 
cate, forge,  (story,  excuse,  &c).  [(vb  f.  F  trom- 
per  deceive,  orig.  play  on  t.)  f.  OF  trompe  t 
OHG  trumpa  of  Slav,  orig.,  cf.  Russ.  truba] 

trump2,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Each  card  of  a  suit 
temporarily  ranking  above  others,  as  a  call 
for  tt.  (conventional  signal  to  partner  to  lead 
tt.);  t.-card,  card  turned  up  to  determine  which 
suit  shall  be  tt.,  any  card  of  this  suit,  (fig.)  valu- 
able resource;  (colloq.)  person  of  admirable 
courage,  resource,  generosity,  &c,  excellent 
fellow  ;  put  person  to  his  tt.,  (fig.)  reduce  him 
to  his  last  resources ;  (vb)  defeat  (card)  with  a  t, 
play  a  t.  (also  fig.),  [f.  F  triomphe  triumph,  a 
game  of  cards] 

tpu'mpery,  n.  &  a.  "Worthless  finery ;  rub- 
bish ;  nonsense ;  (adj.)  showy  but  worthless,  de- 
lusive, shallow,  as  t.  furniture,  arguments,  [f. 
F  tromperie  (tromper,  see  trump1  &  -ery)] 

tPU'mpet,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Kinds  of  musical 
wind-instrument  esp.  of  brass  with  long  often 
bent  or  coiled  tube  &  bell-shaped  mouth,  the 
sounds  being  modified  by  player's  lips  or  by 
slides,  valves,  &c;  reed-stop  in  organ;  ear, 
speaking,  -t;  t. -shaped  thing  e.g.  kind  of  fun- 
nel ;  sound  (as)  of  t. ;  feast  of  tt.,  Jewish  festival 
celebrating  beginning  of  year ;  flourish  2  oftt. ; 
blow1  one's  own  t;  t.-call,  call  by  sound  of  t., 
(fig.)  urgent  summons  to  action  ;  t.-conch,  -shell, 
seat,  kinds  of  gasteropod  with  turreted  shell ; 
t.-flower,  -leaf,  kinds  of  plant  with  t. -shaped 
flowers,  leaves ;  t.-major,  head  trumpeter  of 
cavalry  regiment.  ( Vb)  proclaim  (as)  by  sound 
of  t.  (usu.  fig.),  blow  t.,  (of  elephant  &c.)  make 
loud  sound  as  of  t.  [(vb  f.  F  trompeter)  f.  OF 
trompette  dim.  as  trump1] 

tpu'mpetep,  n.  One  who  sounds  a  trumpet, 
esp.  cavalry  soldier  giving  signals  with  trum- 
pet ;  kind  of  domestic  pigeon  with  peculiar  coo, 
other  birds  making  trumpet-like  sound,  esp. 
(also  t.-swan)  a  large  N.-Amer.  swan,    [-er  l] 

trirncal,  a.  Of  the  trunk  of  a  body  or  tree. 
[f.  L  as  trunk  +  -al] 

tpu'ncate,  v.t.,  &  a.  Cut  the  top  or  end  from 
(tree,  body,  cone,  pyramid,  fig.  quoted  passage 
&c);  (Crystallog.)  replace  (edge)  by  plane ;  (adj.) 
truncated,  (Bot.,  Zool.,  of  leaf,  feather,  &c.)  end- 
ing abruptly  as  if  cut  off  at  tip,  whence  tpu'n- 
eateLY2  adv.  So  truncATiON,  tpirnea- 
tURE(zool.),nn.  [f.  Ltruncare (trunk),  -ate2>  3] 

tpu'ncheon  (-shn),  n.  Short  club  or  cudgel 
e.g.  that  carried  by  policeman ;  baton,  stafF  of 
authority,  esp.  (Herald.)  that  of  Earl  Marshal, 
[f.  ONF  tronchon  f.  OF  troncon  dim.  as  trunk] 

tPirndle,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Small  broad  wheel, 
e.g.  castor ;  small  wheel  with  cylindrical  teeth ; 
low- wheeled  truck;  (also  t-bed)=TB.vcKLK-bed ; 
head  of  lower  drum  of  double  capstan.  (Vb) 
roll  (t.  &  i.,  of  hoop,  truck,  &c,  often  along, 
down,  &c).  [f.  ME  trondeler  f.  LG  trondeln, 
cogn.  w.  trend] 

trunk,  n.,  &  v.t.  Main  body  of  tree  opp.  to 
branches  &  roots ;  human  oranimal's  body  with- 
outhead  &  limbs  &  tail ;  main  part  of  any  struc- 
ture ;  (also  t.-line)  main  line  of  railway  or  canal ; 
box  with  hinged  lid,  often  covered  with  leather, 
for  carrying  clothes  &c.  on  journey ;  kinds  of 
shaft,  conduit,  or  trough,  usu.  rectangular  & 
of  wood,  for  ventilation,  separation  of  ores, 
&c;  open  cylinder  used  instead  of  piston-rod 
in  some  marine  &  other  engines  (t.-engines) ; 
proboscis  esp.  of  elephant;   (pi.,  also  t.-hose) 

16th-17th-c.  breeches  from  waist  to  middle  of 

thigh  ;  t.-drawers  (shop),  drawers  reaching  only 


to  knees ;  t.-nail,  nail  with  large  ornamental 
head  for  t.,  coffin,  &c. ;  t.-road,  main  road. 
Hence  tPU'nkFUL  n.,  tPirnkLESS  a.  (Vb) 
separate  (ore)  by  use  of  t.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  tronc 
f.  L  truncus  a.  &  n.,  maimed,  trunk] 

tPU'nnion,  n.  Supporting  cylindrical  pro- 
jection on  each  side  of  cannon  or  mortar  ;  hol- 
low gudgeon  supporting  cylinder  in  steam- 
engine  &  giving  passage  to  steam.  Hence 
tPirnnionED  2  a.  [f.  F  trognon  stump  dim.  of 
tron(c)  trunk] 

tpuss,  v.t.,  &  n.  Support  (roof,  bridge,  &c.) 
with  t.  (see  below) ;  fasten  (wings  of  fowl  &c), 
fasten  wings  &c.  of  (fowl  &c),  before  cooking ; 
(archaic)  fasten,  tighten,  (garment,  usu.  up), 
hang  (criminal,  usu.  up),  (of  hawk  &c.)  seize 
(bird).  (N.)  supporting  structure  or  framework 
of  roof,  bridge,  &c,  e.g.  pair  of  rafters  with  tie- 
beam,  king-post,  &  struts  (t.-bridge  &c.,  so 
strengthened) ;  bundle  of  old  (56  lb.)  or  new 
(601b.)  hay  or  (361b.)  straw;  compact  terminal 
flower-cluster ;  large  corbel  supporting  monu- 
ment &c;  (Naut.)  heavy  iron  fitting  securing 
lower  yards  to  mast;  (Surg.)  padded  belt  or  en- 
circling spring  used  in  rupture,  [(n.  f .  OF  trousse) 
f.  OF  trosser,  tru-,  f.  thyrsus] 

tpust,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Firm  belief  in  the 
honesty,  veracity,  justice,  strength,  &c,  of  a 
person  or  thing,  as  our  t.  is  in  God,  I  repose 
considerable  t.  in  him,  put  no  t.  in  hi?n;  con- 
fident expectation  {that) ;  person,  thing,  con- 
fided in,  as  he  is  our  sole  t. ;  reliance  on  truth  of 
statement  &c.  without  examination,  as  takes 
everything  on  t.;  commercial  credit,  as  sup- 
plied with  goods  on  t;  responsibility  arising 
from  confidence  reposed  in  one,  as  am  in  a 
position  oft;  (Law)  confidence  reposed  in  per- 
son by  making  him  nominal  owner  of  property 
to  be  used  for  another's  benefit,  right  of  the 
latter  to  benefit  by  such  property,  property  so 
held,  legal  relation  between  holder  &  property 
so  held,  as  have  accepted  a  t,  the  property  is 
merely  a  t,  is  held  in  t,  (attrib.)  t.  money; 
thing,  person,  committed  to  one's  care,  result- 
ing obligation,  as  would  not  desert  his  t,  have 
fulfilled my  t;  (Commerc.)  organized  associa- 
tion of  several  companies  for  purpose  of  de- 
feating competition  &c,  the  shareholders  in 
each  transferring  all  or  most  of  the  stock  to 
central  committee  &  losing  their  voting  power 
while  remaining  entitled  to  profits ;  t.  deed, 
deed  by  debtor  conveying  property  to  trustee 
for  payment  of  his  debts,  deed  conveying  pro- 
perty to  creditor  to  sell  &  pay  himself  &  restore 
the  residue,  any  instrument  of  conveyance  that 
creates  a  t.  ( Vb)  place  t.  in,  believe  in,  rely  on 
the  character  or  behaviour  of,  as  have  never 
trusted  him,  if  we  may  t  this  account,  do  not  t 
him  with  (let  him  use)  your  typewriter,  cat  can- 
not  be  trusted  with  (will  steal)  milk,  would  t 
him  with  untold  gold,  whence  tru*stingT,v2 
adv.;  consign  (thing  to  person  &c),  place  or 
leave  (thing  with  person  &c,  in  place  &c), 
without  misgiving ;  allow  credit  to  (customer 
for  goods);  entertain  an  earnest  or  (rarely)  con- 
fident hope,  as  I  the  is  not  hurt  (?),  It  to  hear 
better  news ;  place  reliance  in ;  t  to,  place  (esp. 
undue)  reliance  on,  as  we  must  t  to  meeting 
someone  who  knows,  does  not  do  to  t  to  memory 
for  these  things,  [(vb  ME  trusten)  ME,  cf. 
OFris.  trdst,  ON  traust,  Da.  &  Sw.  trost  com- 
fort, G  trost  comfort ;  cogn.  w.  true] 

trustee*,  n.  Person  who  holds  property  in 
trust  for  another ;  (pop.)  each  of  a  body  of  men, 
often  elective,  managing  affairs  of  college  &c. 
Hence  trustee'SHip  n.    [-ee] 

tpu*stful,a.  Full  of  trust,  confiding.  Hence 
tru'stfulLY2  adv.,  tPU'stftilNESS  n.    [ful] 


TRUSTWORTHY 


953 


TUBULAR 


trustworthy,  a.  "Worthy  of  trust,  reliable. 
Hence  tru'stworthiNESS  n. 

trirsty,  a.  &  n.  (Chiefly  archaic)  trustworthy, 
as  t.  steed,  sword,  servant,  whence  tru'stiLY  * 
adv.,  tPU'stiNESS  n.;  (n.)  well-behaved  &  pri- 
vileged convict.    [-Y2] 

truth  (trdbth  ;  pi.  -dhz),  n.  Quality,  state,  of 
being  true  or  accurate  or  honest  or  sincere  or 
loyal  or  accurately  shaped  or  adjusted,  as  the  t. 
of  the  rumour  is  doubted,  there  is  t.  in  what  he 
says,  may  depend  on  his  t.,  wheel  is  out  oft.; 
what  is  true,  as  have  told  you  the  (whole)  t,  the 
t.  is  that  I  forgot,  am  a  lover  of  t.  (or  T.  personi- 
fied), fundamental  tt.,  home  tt.  (unpalatable 
facts  about  oneself),  god1'*  t.,  gospel t;  in  t. 
(literary),  of  a  t.  (archaic),  truly,  really.  [OE 
treowthu  (as  true,  see  -th1)] 
tru'thful,  a.  Habitually  speaking  truth, 
veracious ;  in  accordance  with  truth.  Hence 
tru'thfulLY  2  adv.,  tru'thfulNESs  n.  [-ful] 
tru'thless,  a.  (Of  statement)  false ;  (of 
person)  faithless,  not  adhering  to  promise  &c. 
Hence  tru'thlessxESS  n.  [-less] 
try,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Test  (quality),  test  the 
qualities  of  (person,  thing),  by  experiment,  sub- 
ject (person  &c.)to  suffering  or  hard  treatment 
(as  if)  for  this  purpose  (whence  tryiNG2  a., 
tryingLY2  adv.),  as  t.  (the  effect  oj)  soap  & 
water,  t.  (buy)  our  ginger  ale,  did  you  ever  t. 
quinine  (as  cure)  for  it  ?,  (strength  of)  rope 
must  be  tried  before  it  is  used,  each  machine 
is  tried  before  it  leaves  the  shops,  t.  your  hand 
(skill)  at,  this  will  t.  his  courage,  patience  has 
been  sorely  tried,  should  not  t.  your  eyes  with 
that  small  print ;  make  experiment  in  order 
to  find  out,  as  t.  how  far  you  can  throw,  let  us 
t.  which  takes  longest,  whether  it  will  break ;  t. 
conclusions,  a  fall2;  investigate  (case,  is- 
sue) judicially,  subject  (person)  to  trial  (for, on 
a  charge  of,  crime) ;  settle  (question,  disputed 
point)  by  examination  or  experiment;  attempt 
to  achieve  or  perform,  as  tried  a  jump  &  fell, 
better  t.  something  easier ;  attempt,  endeavour, 
(to  do  or  abs. ;  colloq.  often  &  do,  seldom  after 
neg.  or  quasi-neg.  &  never  after  past  tense),  as 
do  t.  to  (or  &)  attend,  must  t.  to  (or  &)  get  it 
finished  to  night,  if  at  first  you  don't  succeed  t, 
t.,  t.  again,  no  use  trying  to  persuade  him,  don't 
t.  to  (rarely  &)  palliate  it,  have  often  tried  to 
mend  it',  (also  t.  up)  dress  (roughly-planed 
board)  with  trying-plane  to  give  fine  surface ; 
(also  t.  out)  purify  (metal,  fat,  oil)  by  melting  or 
boiling;  t.  6acfc,=HARK  (intr.)  back,  lit.  &  fig.; 
t.for,  aim  at  (a  calmer  tone  &c),  apply  or  com- 
pete for  (appointment  &c.);  t.  on,  put  (clothes 
&c.)  on  to  test  fit,  begin  (it,  one's  games,  tricks, 
Sec,  often  with  person)  experimentally  to  see 
how  much  will  be  tolerated,  as  no  use  trying  it 
on  with  me ;  trysail,  fore-&-aft  sail  set  with  a 
gaffon  foremast  &  mainmast;  try(ing)-sguare, 
carpenter's  square  usu.  with  one  wooden  &  one 
metal  limb.  (N.):  (colloq.)  attempt,  as  have 
(make)  a  t.  at  it,  for  it,  to  catch  it ;  (Rugby 
footb.)  right  to  carry  ball  in  front  of  goal  &  t. 
to  kick  goal.  [n.  f.  vb  f.  F  trier  f.  LL  tritare 
triturate  (as  trite)] 

try'ma,  n.  (bot.;  pi.  -mata).    Inferior  drupe 
with  two-valved  separable  flesh,  e.g.  walnut, 
[f.  Gk  truma  hole  (truo  rub,  see  -m)] 
tryst, n.,  &  v.t.,  (archaic).    Appointed  meet- 
ing, appointment,as keep, break, t.;  (vb)engage 
to  meet  (person),  appoint  (time,  place)  for  meet- 
ing,   [f.  OF  trist(r)e  station  to  watch  in  hunt- 
ing, prob.  of  Scand.  orig.  cogn.  w.  trust] 
tsar  &c.    See  czar  &c. 
tse-tse  (-i),  n.    S.-Afr.  fly  whose  bite  is  often 
fatal  to  horses,  cattle,  dogs,  &c.    [S.-Afr.  ] 
tub,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.    Open  wooden  usu.  round 


vessel  of  staves  held  together  by  hoops  used 
for  washing  (wash-t.)  or  holding  butter,  liquids, 
&c;  varying  measure  of  capacity  for  butter, 
corn,  tea,  &c;  sponge-bath,  bath  taken  in  this, 
as  jumped  into  his  t.,  seldom  has  at.,  a  cold  t. 
would  do  him  good ;  (Mining)  kinds  of  bucket 
or  box  for  conveying  ore,  coal,  &c;  clumsy 
slow  boat  (contempt. ) ;  boat  used  for  practice 
rowing,  as  t.-pair,  -eight,  Sec.  (for  so  many  oars- 
men); t.-thumper,  ranting  preacher;  t.-wheel, 
bowl-shaped  water-wheel,  rotating  drum  for 
washing  skins  &c.  in.  Hence  tu'DFUL  n.  (Vb) 
bathe  (t.  &  i.)  in  t.;  plant  in  t.;  row  int.;  (Min- 
ing) line  (shaft)  with  wood  or  iron  casing. 
Hence  tu'bbiNG  Ml,  2)  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  MDu. 
tobbe,  d-,  etym.  dub.] 

tu'ba,  n.  Large  low-pitched  kind  of  trumpet ; 
an  organ  reed-stop.    [L,  =  trumpet] 

tu'bby,  a.  Tub-shaped,  fat  &  round,  corpu- 
lent, so  tu'bbisii*  a.;  (of  musical  instrument) 
sounding  dull,  lacking  resonance.    [-Y 1] 

tube,  n.,  &  v.t.  Long  hollow  cylinder  esp. 
for  conveying  or  holding  liquids  &c;  cylinder 
of  thin  flexible  metal  with  screw-cap  for  hold- 
ing paint  &c.  (t.-colours,  kept  in  tt.);  main  body 
of  wind  instrument;  (Anat.)  hollow  t. -shaped 
organ,  esp.  one  conveying  air,  as  bronchial  t, 
whence  tu'bAL,  tu*bARi,  aa.;  each  of  several 
tubular  electric  railways  in  London ;  Crookes's 
t,  vacuum  t.  for  showing  certain  phenomena 
connected  with  gases;  pneumatic  t.  (for  pneu- 
matic dispatch);  test  *  -t. ;  t.-flower,  ornamental 
E.-Ind.  shrub  of  vervain  family ;  t.-shell,  kinds 
of  bivalve  forming  shelly  t.;  t.-well,  iron  pipe 
with  sharp  point  &  perforations  at  bottom  for 
getting  water  from  under  ground  ;  (vb)  furnish 
with,  enclose  in,  t.  or  tt  Hence  tu'biNG  J(2)  n. 
l(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  L  tubus,  cogn.  w.  tuba] 

tu'ber,  n.  Short  tbick  part  of  an  under- 
ground stem  covered  with  modified  buds,  e.g. 
potato,  artichoke,  whence  tuberi'FEROUS, 
tu'beriFORM,  aa.;  kinds  of  underground  fun- 
gus, truffle;  (Anat.)  swelling  part, prominence. 
[L,=bump,  tumour,  truffle,  cogn.  w.  tumere 
swell,  whence  tumid] 

tu'berele,  n.  Small  rounded  projection  esp. 
of  bone ;  small  granular  tumour  or  nodule 
formed  within  the  substance  of  an  organ,  tend- 
ing to  degeneration  &  (in  lungs  &c.)  to  produc- 
tion of  pulmonary  consumption  &c. ;  (Bot.) 
wart-like  excrescence,  small  tuber.  Hence 
tu'berclED2,  tuber'eulAR  \  tuber-culat- 
e(d),  F-ate2(2)],  tuber'culom,  tuber*cu- 
Iose  !,  tuber'culous,  aa.  [F,  f.  L  tvbkrcuIuvi 
(-cule)] 

tubereula'tion,  n.  Formation,  set,  system, 
of  tubercles,    [-ation] 

tuber*cul(ar)ize,  vv.t.  Infect  with  tuber- 
culosis.   Hence  tuberculizA'TioN  n.    [-ize] 

tuber'culo'sis,  n.  Disease  affecting  most 
tissues  of  the  body  marked  by  tubercles  &  the 
presence  of  a  characteristic  bacillus ;  pulmo- 
nary t.,  consumption.  Hence  tuber'cu- 
Iosed 2 a.    [osis] 

tu'berose,  a.  &  (pop.  pron.  tu'broz)  n.  Co- 
vered with  tubers,  knobby ;  of  the  nature  of  a 
tuber;  bearing  tubers.  Hence  or  cogn.  tu- 
bero'siTY,  tu'berousNESS,  nn.,  tu'berous 
a.  (N.)  garden  &  greenhouse  bulb  with  creamy- 
white  fragrant  flowers,  [(n.  f.  L  fern,  adj.)  f.  L 
tubcrosus  (tuber,  see  -OSE1)] 

tubi-  in  comb.  =  L  tubus  tube,  as :  -corn  a. 
&  n.,  (ruminant)  with  hollow  horns ;  -form  ; 
-li'ngual,  with  tubular  tongue. 

tu'bular,  a.  Tube-shaped  ;  having,  consist- 
ing of,  contained  in,  tube(s),  as  t.  boiler  (in 
which  heat  or  water  to  be  heated  passes 
through  many  tubes),  t.  bridge,  rectangular 


TUBULE 


954 


TUMBLING 


tube  through  which  railway  &c.  passes;  (of 
sound  in  breathing)  like  sound  of  air  passing 
through  tube.  So  tu'bulosE1,  tu'bulous, 
aa.    If.  foil.  +-ARi] 

tu'bule,  n.  Small  tube.  Hence  tirbuli- 
comb.  form.    [f.  L  tubulus  dim.  as  tube] 

tuek1,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Gather  (material)  into 
flat  folds  for  stitching  ;  draw  or  thrust  or  roll 
the  parts  of  (cloth  &c.  up,  in)  close  together,  as 
t.  in  the  loose  ends,  tucked  up  his  shirt-sleeves 
(so  as  to  leave  arms  bare) ;  draw  together  into 
small  compass,  as  tucked  his  legs  under  him 
like  a  tailor,  bird  tucks  his  head  under  his 
wing;  cover  (person,  oneself)  snugly  &  com- 
pactly up  or  in,  as  tucked  himself  up  in  bed  ; 
stow  away  (thing  in  corner  &c,  away,  &c); 
(of  spare  material  &c.)  be  disposed  of  by  tuck- 
ing away ;  empty  (seine)  by  means  of  smaller 
one ;  (slang)  hang  (criminal)  up ;  t.  in  (slang), 
eat  heartily  (at  food  or  abs.).  (N.)  flat  fold, 
often  one  of  several  parallel  folds,  in  fabric 
fixed  in  place  by  stitches  as  ornament  or  to 
dispose  of  spare  stuff,  as  make  a  t.  in  sleeves 
(when  too  long) ;  (Naut.)  part  of  vessel's  hull 
where  after  planks  meet ;  (slang)  eatables  esp. 
pastry  &  sweets,  t.-in,  -out,  full  meal,  t.-shop 
(where  t.  is  sold);  t.-net,  -seine,  small  net  for 
taking  fish  from  larger  one.  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME 
tukken  f.  LG  tukken,  to-,  cf.  G zuckenSc  touch] 

tuck2,  n.  (archaic).  Blast,  flourish,  of  trum- 
pet ;  (Sc.)  t.  (beat)  of  drum.  [f.  Picard  toquer 
var.  of  F  toucher  touch] 

tu'eker,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  piece 
of  lace,  linen,  &c,  covering  neck  &  shoulders 
of  woman  in  17th  &  18th  cc.  (best  bib2<£  t); 
part  of  sewing-machine  used  in  making  tucks ; 
(slang)  food,    [tuck  l  +  -er  *] 

tu'cket,  n.  (archaic).  Flourish  on  trumpet, 
[f.  It.  toccatayrelnde  (toccare  touch,  ct.-ADK)] 

tu-cum  (too-),  n.  Brazilian  palm  with  fibre 
used  for  cordage  &c.    [Braz.] 

-tude,  suf.  forming  abstract  nn.  f.  L  adjj.  & 
p. pp.,  usu.  ending  in  -ti-  (desuetude,  consue- 
tude, for  -suetituae);  in  wds  direct  f.  L  (alti- 
tude), thr.  F  (aptitude,  attitude),  or  on  L  anal. 
(correctitude).    [F,  f.  L  -tudinem,  nom.  -tudo] 

Tu'dor,  a.  Of  the  (period  of  the)  Tt.,  Eng- 
lish sovereigns  from  Henry  VII  to  Elizabeth, 
as  T.  (late  perpendicular)  style  in  architecture, 
T.  rose,  five-lobed  flower,  T.  flower,  trefoil 
ornament,  used  in  T.  style.  [Owen  T.  of  Wales, 
grandfather  of  Henry  VII] 

Tuesday  (tuz-),  n.     Third  day  of  week; 


shrove  T.    [OE  Tiwes  dxg  (Tiwes  genit.  of 
Tito  god  of  war,  cogn.  w.  L  deus  god,  GI 
Jupiter  +  dxg  day] 


tu'fa,  n.  Rock  of  rough  or  cellular  texture 
of  volcanic  or  other  origin.  Hence  tufA'- 
ceous  a.    [It,  as  foil.] 

tuff,  n.  Kinds  of  volcanic  f ragmental  rock ; 
t.-cone  (of  ashes  &c.  round  volcanic  opening). 
(f.  F  tuft.  It.  tufo,  tufa,  f.  L  tophus  soft  sandy 
stone] 

tuft,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Bunch,  collection,  of 
threads,  grass,  feathers,  &c,  held  or  growing 
together  at  the  base,  'whence  tu'ftv2  a. ; 
(Anat.)  bunch  of  small  blood-vessels ;  imperial 
(beard);  titled  undergraduate  [from  t.  formerly 
worn  on  cap];  t.-hunter,  -hunting,  one  who 
seeks,  practice  of  seeking,  society  of  titled  per- 
sons. ( Vb)  furnish  with  t.  or  tt. ;  make  depres- 
sions at  regular  intervals  in  (mattress  &c.)  by 
passing  thread  through  ;  grow  in  tt.  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  F  touffe  prob.  of  Teut.  orig.,  cf.  Sw.  dial. 
tuppa,  G  zopf] 

tug,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Pull  with  great  effort  or 
violently ;  make  vigorous  pull  at ;  tow  (vessel) 
by  means  of  steam-t.,  (of  steam-t.)  tow  (vessel); 


(fig.)  drag  (subject  &c.  in  &c.)  forcibly.  (X.) 
tugging,  violent  pull,  as  gave  a  t.  at  the  bell ; 
violent  or  painful  effort,  esp.  fig.,  as  felt  a  great 
t.  at  parting,  parting  was  a  L,  had  a  great  t. 
to  persuade  him ;  (also  tugboat)  small  power- 
ful steam- vessel  for  towing  others ;  loop  from 
saddle  supporting  shaft  or  (in  double  harness) 
trace,  t.-spring,  spring-frame  to  which  this  is 
fastened  to  lessen  jerk  in  starting  &c;  (Min- 
ing) iron  hoop  to  which  a  tackle  is  fixed ;  t.  of 
war,  contest  in  which  each  of  two  groups  of 
persons  holding  same  rope  tries  to  pull  the 
other  across  line  marked  between  them,  su- 
preme contest,  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME  toggen  f.  OX  tog 
rope,  cogn.  w.  tow  *  &  tuck  l] 

tu'ism,  n.  Doctrine  that  all  thought  is  ad- 
dressed to  a  second  person,  esp.  to  one's  future 
self  as  this.     [f.  L  tu  thou  +  -ism] 

tui'tion  (-shn),  n.  Teaching,  esp.  as  a  thing 
to  be  paid  for ;  fee  for  this.  Hence  tui'tion.vu 
tui'tionARY !,  aa.  [OF,  f.  L  tuitionem  (tueri 
tuit-  watch,  guard,  see  -ion)] 

tu'la-wo-pk,  n.  =  niello.  [Tula,  in  Russia] 

tu-lchan,  -in,  (-ch-),  n.  (Sc).  Calf-skin 
stuffed  with  straw  put  beside  cow  to  make  her 
give  milk ;  t.  bishops,  titular  bishops  in  whose 
names  revenues  of  Scotch  sees  were  drawn  by 
lay  barons  after  Reformation.    [?] 

tu'lip,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  with  brilliant  bell- 
shaped  flowers  of  various  colours ;  bell-shaped 
outward  swell  of  muzzle  of  gun ;  t.-root, 
disease  of  oats  causing  base  of  stem  to  swell ; 
t.-tree,  N.-Amer.  tree  with  flowers  like  large 
greenish-yellow  tt.,  marked  with  orange  inside. 
[f.  F  tulippe  t  Ital.  tulipa(no)  f.  Turk,  tul- 
bend  turban] 

tulipoma'nia,  n.  Craze  for  tulips,  esp.  that 
in  Holland  about  1634.  Hence  tulipoMA- 
niac  n.    [prec.  +  -o-  +  -mania] 

tulle  (tobl,  or  as  F),  n.  Fine  silk  net  used  for 
veils  &  dresses.    [T.,  city  in  France] 

tu'lwap  (-er),  n.  Sabre  used  by  some  X.- 
Indian tribes.    [Hind.] 

turn,  n.  Sound  of  banjo  or  similar  instru- 
ment,   [imit.] 

tu'mble,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Fall  (down,  over, 
off  from,  &c.)  suddenly  or  violently ;  (of  waves, 
sick  person,  &c.)  roll,  toss,  up  &  down  or  from 
side  to  side ;  move,  walk,  run,  in  headlong  or 
blundering  fashion  (came  tumbling  along,  tum- 
bled up  the  stairs,  tumbled  into  or  out  of  bed) ; 
perform  acrobatic  feats  ;  pull  about,  disorder, 
rumple,  (clothes,  hair,  &c);  overturn,  fling 
headlong,  throw  or  push  (down,  out,  in,  &c.) 
roughly  or  carelessly  ;  bring  down  (bird,  hare, 
&c.)  by  shooting ;  polish  (castings  &c.)  in  tum- 
bling-box; t  in,  fit  (piece  of  timber)  into  an- 
other, (Xaut.,  also  t.  home,  of  ship's  sides)  in- 
cline inwards  above  extreme  breadth,  (slang) 
go  to  bed ;  t.  to  (slang),  understand,  grasp, 
(idea  &c).  (X.)  fall,  as  had  a  slight,  nasty,  &c, 
t. ;  somersault  or  other  acrobatic  feat ;  untidy 
or  confused  state,  as  things  were  all  in  a  t;  t.- 
bug,  kinds  of  dung-beetle ;  t.-doum,  dilapidat- 
ed, [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  OE  tumbian  +  -le(3),  cf.  Du. 
tuimelen,  G  taumeln,  tummeln,  stagger] 

tu'mbler,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or  esp.:  one 
who  turns  somersaults  &c,  acrobat ;  kind  of 
pigeon  that  turns  somersaults  during  flight;  toy 
figure  of  sitting  mandarin  &c.  contrived  to  rock 
when  touched;  flat-bottomed  stemless  drink- 
ing-glass  (formerly  with  rounded  bottom  so  as 
not  to  stand  upright),  whence  tU'mblePFUL 
n.;  kind  of  spring-latch,  usu.  one  of  several,  in 
lock ;  piece  attached  to  hammer  in  gun-lock  & 
released  by  trigger,    [-er  *] 

tu*mblingr,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  t.-barrel,  -box, 
•wheel,  revolving  box  or  barrel  containing  em- 


TUMBLY 


955 


TURBULENT 


ery-powder  &c.in  which  castings &c.  are  cleaned 
iy  friction  against  each  other  or  the  walls  of  the 
box ;  t.-bob,  weighted  lever  reacting  when  lifted 
to  a  certain  point,    [-ing  a] 

tirmbly,  a.    Rough,  lumpy,  [tumble,  -y  2] 

tu'mbrel,  -il,  n.  (Mil.)  two-wheeled  covered 
cart  for  carrying  tools,  ammunition,  &c. ;  dung- 
cart  ;  (improp.)  cart  conveying  victims  to  guil- 
lotine in  French  Revolution,  [f.  OF  tumb(e)rel 
{tomber  fall,  of  Teut.  orig.,  cf.  tumble] 

tu'mid,  a.  (Of  parts  of  body  &c.)  swollen, 
inflated,  so  tume'scENCE  n.,  tumE 'scent  a.; 
(fig.,  of  style  &c.)  inflated,  bombastic.  Hence 
or  cogn.  tumi'dnv,  tu*midNESS,  nn„  tir- 
midLY2adv.  [f.  I,  tumidus  (tumere swell,  -id1)] 

tu*mif^,  v.t.  &  i.  (Cause  to)  swell,  inflate, 
be  inflated,  (lit.  &  fig.).  So  tumeFA'OENT  a. 
(path.),  tumeFA'CTioN  n.  (path.),  [f.  F  tume- 
fier  ult.  f.  L  tumefacere  (tumere  swell,  see  -FY)] 

tirmmy,  n.  (nursery).    =  stomach,    [-y  3] 

tu'mour,  n.  Local  swelling  esp.  from  morbid 
growth ;  malignant  t.  (tending  to  recur  after  re- 
moval &  cause  death,  opp.  to  benign  t).  [f.  F 
tumeur  f.  L  tumorem  (tumere  swell,  -or1)] 

tu'm-tum,  n.  W.-Ind.  dish  of  boiled  plan- 
tains beaten  soft  in  a  mortar  ;=  tom-tom  (drum); 
(Anglo. -Ind.)  light  vehicle,  dog-cart.  [perh. 
imit.  of  beating  sound] 

tu'mult,  n.  Commotion  of  a  multitude  esp. 
with  confused  cries  &c;  noisy  uprising  of  mob 
&c;  uproar  ;  confused  &  excited  state  of  mind, 
as  the  t.  within  him  had  subsided.  Hence  or 
cogn.  tumu'ltuARY1,  tumultuous,  aa., 
tumu'ltuousLv  -  adv.,  tumuituousxEss 
n.    [f.  F  tumulte  f.  L  tumultus  (as  foil.)] 

tu'mulus,  n.  (pi.  -li).  Sepulchral  mound  often 
enclosing  masonry.  Hence  or  cogn.  tu'mu- 
1ar(y)  !  aa.    [L  (tumere  swell)] 

tun,  n.,  &  v.t.  Large  cask  for  wine,  beer,  &c, 
esp.  formerly  as  measure  of  capacity  (252  wine 
gallons);  brewer's  fermenting- vat ;  (v.t.)  store 
(liquor)  in  t.  [(vb  f.  n.)  OE  tunne,  cf.  Du.  ton, 
G  tonne,  ON  tunna] 

tu'ndra  (too-),  n.  Mossy  &  often  marshy 
plain  in  N.  Russia.    [Russ.] 

tune,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Melody  with  or  without 
harmony,  air,  as  psalm,  hymn,  -t.;  correct  in- 
tonation in  singing  or  playing,  due  adjustment 
of  instrument  for  this,  as  piano  is  out  of  t, 
sings  oxd  oft.,  must  learn  to  sing  in  t;  agree- 
ment, concord,  harmonious  relation,  as  in,  out 
of,  t.  with  one's  surroundings  or  company; 
suitable  mood  (/or  purpose  &c);  change  one's  t., 
sing  another  t,  assume  a  different  style  of  lan- 
guage or  manner,  e.g.  change  from  insolent  to 
respectful  tone ;  to  the  t.  (serious  or  exorbitant 
amount)  of  £5  &c.  (Vb)  put  (violin,  piano,  &c.) 
in  t.,  whence  tu*nERML2)  n. ;  (fig.)  adjust, 
adapt,  (thing  to  standard,  purpose,  circum- 
stances, &c.) ;  be  in  harmony  (with,  lit.  &  fig.) ; 
(poet.)  produce  (music),  as  lark  tunes  his  song ; 
express, celebrate,  in  music ;  t.  up,  (of  orchestra) 
bring  instruments  to  common  pitch,  begin  to 
play  or  sing,  (facet.,  of  child)  begin  to  cry. 
Hence  tu'nABLE  a.,  tu'nableNESS  n.,  tu*n- 
abi. v  2  adv.    [(vb  f.  n.)  AF  tun  f.  L  as  tone] 

tu'neful,  a.  Melodious,  musical.  Hence 
tu*nefulLY  2  adv.,  tu'nefulNESs  n.    [-ful] 

tu'neless,  a.  Not  in  tune  ;  unmelodious : 
(of  mus.  instrument)  not  played,  silent,    [-less] 

tu'ng-sten,  n.  A  steel-grey  heavy  metallic 
element.  Hence  tu'ng-st a te  * (3)  n. ,  tu'nerstic, 
tu'ngstous,  aa.  (chem.).  [Sw.  (tung  heavy 
+  sten  stone)] 

tu'nic,  n.  Ancient  Greek  or  Roman  short- 
sleeved  body-garment  reaching  about  to  knees ; 
woman's  loose  blouse  or  coat  gathered  or  belted 
at  waist;  military  surcoat;  (colloq.)  undress 


military  coat  esp.  of  private  ;  (Anat.,  Zool.)  na- 
tural covering  e.g.  of  ascidia,  (Bot.)  loose  mem- 
branous skin  of  an  organ,  whence  tu'nicATE3 
a.,  &  n.  (zool.) ;  (Eccl.)  =  foil.  [f.  OF  tunique  f. 
L  tunica] 

tu'nicle,  n.  Fine  or  delicate  tunic  (esp.  Bot. , 
Zool.) ;  (Eccl.,  esp.  R.-C.  Ch.)  short  vestment  of 
deacon  at  eucharist  &c,  (pi.)  this  &  dalmatic 
worn  by  bishop,    [f.  L  tunicula  dim.  as  prec] 

turning",  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  t.-crook,  hook  for 
varying  pitch  in  cornet  &c. ;  t.  -fork,  two-pronged 
steel  fork  designed  to  give  particular  note  (esp. 
middle  C)  when  struck ;  t.-hammer,  hammer- 
shaped  wrench  for  altering  tension  of  strings 
in  piano  &c.  by  turning  the  pegs  (t.-pegs,  -pins) 
to  which  they  are  attached,    [-ing  jJ 

tu'nnel,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (-11-).  Artificial  sub- 
terranean passage  through  hill  &c.  or  under 
river  &c;  subterranean  passage  dug  by  bur- 
rowing animal ;  (Mining)  adit  or  level  open  at 
one  end ;  main  flue  of  chimney ;  t.-borer,  kinds 
of  machine  for  making  tt.;  t.-net,  fishing-net 
wide  at  mouth  &  narrow  at  other  end.  (Vb) 
make  a  t.  through  (hill  &c);  furnish  with  t.; 
make  one's  way  (through,  into,  &c),  make  one's 
way,  by  tunnelling,  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  tonnel  dim. 
of  tonne  tun] 

tu'nny,  n.  Large  oceanic  scombroid  fish 
used  as  food.    [f.  F  thon  f.  L  f.  Gk  thunnos] 

tup,  n.  Male  sheep,  ram  ;  striking  face  of 
steam-hammer  &c.  [ME  tuppe,  cf.  S w.  &  Norw. 
tupp  cock,  Da.  top  cock's  crest,  ON  toppr  top  *J 

tuque  (-k),  n.  Kind  of  Canadian  cap.  [Canad. 
F  form  of  toqueJ 

tu  quo'que,  n.  The  retort  So  are  (or  did  &c. ) 
you^  JL,  =  you  too] 

Tura'nian,  a.  Of  the  Asiatic  languages  that 
are  neither  Semitic  nor  Indo-European,  esp.  of 
the  Ural-Altaic  group  of  languages.  [Turan, 
mythical  founder  of  Turkish  race,  +  -ian] 

tup'ban,  n.  Oriental  man's  head-dress  of 
scarf  wound  round  cap ;  modification  of  this, 
esp.  early-19th-c.  European  woman's  head- 
dress; modern  woman's  or  child's  hat  with 
narrow  or  no  brim;  spire  of  univalve  shell; 
t.-shell,  kinds  of  gasteropod  or  shell;  t.-stone, 
Mohammedan  pillar  tombstone  with  t.  carved 
on  top ;  t.  -top,  kind  of  mushroom.  Hence  tur*- 
banED 2  a.  [f .  MF  turbant  f.  It.  turbante  f. 
Turk,  tulbend,  prop,  d-,  f.  Pers.  dulband  perh. 
of  Hind,  orig.] 

tup'bapy,  n.  Right  of  digging  turf  on  an- 
other's ground ;  place  where  turf  or  peat  is  dug. 
[f.  OF  torberie  f.  LL  turbaria  (OHG  zurba 

TURF,  See  -ARY  !)1 

tup'bid,  a.  (Of  liquid  or  colour)  muddy,  thick, 
not  clear;  (fig.)  confused,  disordered.  Hence 
turbi'diTY,  tup'bidNESS,  nn.,  tup*bidLY2 
adv.  [f.  L  turbidus  disturbed  (turbare  disturb 
f.  turba  crowd,  tumult,  see  -id  *)] 

tup'binate  (-at),  a.  Shaped  like  a  top  or  in- 
verted cone,  so  tup*biniFORM,  tup*binoiD, 
aa.;  (Anat.,  esp.  of  some  nasal  bones)  of  scroll- 
like formation  ;  whirling  like  a  top.  So  tup*- 
binAL  a.,  tuPbinATiON  n.  [f.  L  turbinatus 
(as  foil,  see -ate2)] 

tup'bine,  n.  Kinds  of  water-wheel  driven  by 
impact  or  reaction  or  both  of  a  flowing  stream 
of  water;  air  t,  wheel  of  similar  form  driven 
by  wind  or  by  air  from  tube ;  steavi  t.  (driven 
by  steam  jets) ;  t.  boat  &c.  (driven  by  tt.).  [F, 
f.  L  turbo  -inis  wheel,  top,  whirlwind,  (LL) 
turbot,  (turbare,  see  turbid)] 

tup'bit,  n.  Kind  of  domestic  pigeon  with 
flat  head  &  short  beak.    [?] 

tup'bot,  n.  Large  kind  of  flat-fish  esteemed 
as  food.    [F,  as  turbine] 

tup'bulent,  a.    Disturbed,  in  commotion; 


TURCISM 


956 


TURN 


tumultuous ;  insubordinate,  riotous.  Hence  or 
cogn.  tup'bulENCE  n.,  tur'bulentLV  2  adv. 
f  F,  f.  L  turbulentus  (turba  tumult,  see  -lent)] 

Tup'eism,  n.  Religion,  manners,  &c.,  of  the 
Turks.  So  Tup'cophil,  Tup'eophiliSM, 
Tup'cophobe,  nn.    [f.  med.L  as  turk,  -ism] 

7u#-co  (ter-,  or  as  F),  n.  Algerian  tirailleur 
in  French  service.    [F] 

tupd,  n.  (not  in  polite  lang. ).  Ball  or  lump  of 
excrement.    [OE  tord] 

tup'dine,  a.  Thrush-like.  So  tup'diFORM, 
tup'dom,  aa.    [f.  L  turdus  thrush  +  -ine  1] 

tupee'n,  n.  Deep  covered  dish  for  holding 
soup  &c.  at  table,   [earlier  terreen  f.  F  terrene] 

tupf,  n.,  &  v.t.  Surface  earth  filled  with 
matted  roots  of  grass  &c. ;  piece  of  this  cut  from 
the  ground,  sod ;  (in  Ireland)  peat ;  the  t,  the 
race-course,  occupation  or  profession  of  horse- 
racing,  esp.  on  the  t.,  so  occupied;  t. -bound, 
covered  with  close  t.;  t. -drain  (covered  witht.); 
turfman,  person  interested  in  horse-racing, 
so  tup'fiTE1  n.;  (v.t.)  cover  (ground)  with  t. 
Hence  tup'flNESS  n.,  tup*fY2a.  [OE  &  Du., 
cf.  ON  &  Sw.  tor/,  Da.  torv] 

tup'gid,  a.  Morbidly  swollen  or  inflated  or 
enlarged,  whence  tupge'seiBLE  a.;  (fig.,  of 
language)  pompous,  bombastic,  inflated.  Hence 
or  cogn.  tupgre'seENCE,  tupgi'diTY,  nn., 
tupgE'scENT  a.,  tup'gldLY2  adv.  [f.  F  tur- 
gide  f.  L  turgidus  (turgere  swell,  see  -id1)] 

tup'ion,  n.  (bot.).  Young  scaly  shoot  rising 
from  ground  as  in  asparagus,  hops,  &c.  Hence 
tupioni'FEROUS  a.    [f.  L  turio  -onis  shoot] 

Turk,  n.  Ottoman,  Osmanli ;  member  of  the 
race  from  whom  the  Ottomans  are  derived; 
ferocious,  wild,  or  unmanageable  person  (now 
chiefly  facet.of  children);  Mohammedan ;  Turk- 
ish horse ;  T.  's-cap,  kinds  of  lily  &  other  plants ; 
T.'s-head,  kind  of  knot,  long-handled  broom, 
kind  of  baking-pan  for  cakes,  [f.  F  Turc  f. 
med.L  Turcus  f.  Turk.  Turk] 

tup'key,  T-,  n.  Large  (esp.  domestic)  gallin- 
aceous bird  native  of  America  related  to 
pheasant,  esteemed  as  food  &  associated  with 
Christmas  festivities;  (T-)  country  of  the 
Turks ;  t.-buzzard,  -vulture,  an  American  vul- 
ture ;  T.  carpet  (made  entirely  of  wool,  &  of 
velvety  appearance);  £.-cocfc,maleof  t.,(fig.)pom- 

?ous  or  self-important  person ;  T.  corn,  maize ; 
\  leather,  kind  treated  with  oil  before  the  hair 
side  is  removed ;  t.-poult,  young  of  t.;  T.  red,  a 

?igmentor  colour,  cotton  cloth  dyed  with  this ; 
\-stone,  kind  of  oil-stone  for  sharpening  knives 
&c.  [f.  F  Turquie  Turkey,  whence  the  bird 
was  held  to  come  (as  prec.)] 

Tup'kish,  a.  &  n.  (Language)  of  Turkey  or 
the  Turks ;  T.  bath,  hot-air  bath  followed  by 
soaping,  washing,  rubbing,  kneading,  &c,  (also 
pi.)  building  used  for  this ;  T.  (=  turkey)  car- 
pet ;  T.  music  (produced  with  instruments  of 
percussion) ;  T.  pound  (usu.  written  £T,  as 
£T50),  coin  worth  about  18/2 ;  T.  towel  (rough 
with  long  nap  usu.  of  uncut  loops),    [-ish  !] 

Tup'koman,  n.  Member  of  any  of  various 
Turkish  hordes  in  Turkestan,  Afghanistan, 
Persia,  &  Russia ;  T.  carpet,  rich-coloured  kind 
with  soft  long  nap.    [f.  turk  +  man] 

tup'malin(e).    See  tourmalin. 

tup*mepie,n.  E.-Ind.  plant  of  ginger  family : 
powdered  root  of  this  as  dye-stuff,  stimulant,  & 
condiment  esp.  in  curry-powder ;  t.-paper  (satu- 
rated with  t.  &  used  as  test  for  alkalis),  [f.  F 
terre-merite  perh.  corrupt,  of  Arab,  as  curcuma] 

tup'moil,  n.,  &  v.t.  Agitation,  trouble  ; 
(vb,  archaic,  chiefly  in  p.p.)  agitate,  trouble, 
[perh.  f.  moil  with  intensive  tur-  tra-] 

turn  \  v.t.  &  i.  Move  (t.  &  i.)  on  or  as  on  axis, 
give  rotary  motion  to,  receive  such  motion,  as 


crank  turns  wheel,  wheel  turns,  t.  the  key  in  the 
lock,  t.  the  tap,  tap  will  not  t.,  he  turned  on  his 
heel(s),  t.  person  round  one's  finger,  everything 
turns  (depends)  on  his  answer ;  execute  (somer- 
sault &c.)  with  rotary  motion ;  change  from  one 
side  to  another,  invert,  reverse,  (fig.)  revolve 
mentally,  as  turns  everything  upside  down  or 
inside  out  (into  state  of  confusion),  whole  ivorld 
has  turned  topsy-turvy,  umbrella  turns  inside 
out,  turned  the  body  with  its  face  upwards, 
turned  (inverted)  comma,  turned  period  ('),  t. 
turtle,  t.  the  table.9  on,  t.  over  pages  of  book 
(to  read  on  other  side),  t.  over  new  leaf,  not  t.  a 
hair,  dress  must  be  turned  (the  soiled  outside 
becoming  the  inside),  t.  one's  coat,  have  turned 
the  matter  over  &  over  in  my  mind ;  give  new 
direction  to,  take  newdirection,  adapt,  be  adapt- 
ed, as  t.  your  face  this  way,  (Mil.)  left,  right,  L, 
change  front  to  left,  right,  river  turns  to  the 
right,  turned  his  flight  northwards,  scarcely 
know  where  or  which  way  to  t.  (fig.  what  course 
to  follow,  where  to  seek  help),  turned  to  God  in 
her  trouble,  t.  one's  back  *  on,  t.  a  deaf  ear  to, 
t.  the  edge  of  (knife  &c,  fig.  remark  &c),  blunt, 
t.  your  attention  to  this,  have  often  turned  my 
thoughts,  thoughts  have  often  tumed,to  the  svib- 
ject,  can  t.  his  hand  to  (learn  to  do)  any  thing, 
turns  even  his  errors  to  account  (profits  by 
them),  all  turns  (tends)  to  his  profit,  tide  turns 
(at  ebb  or  flow) ;  move  to  other  side  of,  go  round, 
flank,  as  t.  the  corner,  t.  the  scale,  cause  it  to 
sink,  fig.  decide  question  in  suspense,  t.  (the flank 
or  position  of)  an  army,  pass  round  so  as  to  at- 
tack it  from  flank  or  rear,  t.  person's  flank,  out- 
wit him,'defeat  him  in  argument  &c. ;  be  turned 
(have  passed  the  age)  (of)  hO  &c. ;  cause  to  go, 
send,  put,  as  was  turned  adrift  in  the  world,  t. 
it  out  into  a  basin,  never  turned  (away)  a  beggar 
from  his  door ;  change  (t.  &  i.)  in  nature,  form, 
condition,  &c,  change  for  the  worse,  (cause  to) 
become,  as  turned  water  into  wine,  has  been 
turned  into  a  joint  stock  company,  fear  he  will 
t.  crusty,  has  turned  traitor,  Mohammedan, 
botanist,  joy  is  or  has  turned  to  bitterness,  t. 
(translate)  it  into  French,  how  would  you  t.  this 
passage  ?,  milk  will  t.  (sour),  thunder  will  t. 
milk  (sour),  turned  pale  at  the  thought,  very 
thought  turns  me  pale,  sight  of  raw  meat  turns 
(nauseates)  my  stomach,  stomach  turns  at  the 
sight,  success  has  turned  his  head  (intoxicated 
him),  head  has  turned  with  success,  head  turns 
(with  giddiness),  overwork  has  turned  his  brain; 
shape  (object)  in  lathe,  (of  material)  lend  itself 
(easily,  well,  &c.)  to  treatment  in  lathe ;  give 
(esp.  elegant)  form  to,  as  can  t.  a  compliment, 
could  t.  a  Latin  verse  in  my  day,  well-turned 
phrase,  exquisitely-turned  wrist.  Spec,  uses 
with  advv.  &  prepp. :  T.  about,  t.  so  as  to  face 
in  new  direction.  T.  against,  become  hostile 
to.  T.  down :  fold  down  ;  place  (playing-card) 
face  downwards ;  reduce  flame  of  (gas,  lamp, 
&c.)  by  turning  tap  &c.  T.  in;  fold  inwards; 
incline  inwards,  as  his  toes  t.  in ;  (colloq.)  go  to 
bed.  T.  off:  check  passage  of  (water,  gas,  &c.) 
by  means  of  tap  &c. ;  achieve,  produce,  (epigra  m, 
piece  of  work);  dismiss  (servant  &c.)  from 
employment;  (slang)  hang  (criminal),  marry 
(couple).  T.  on  (adv.):  give  free  passage  to 
(water  &c.)by  turning  tap;  (colloq.)  give  free 
scope  to,  as  t.  on  the  waterworks,  begin  to  cry. 
T.  on  (prep.):  depend  upon  ;  face  hostilely,  be- 
come hostile  to.  T.  out :  expel ;  cause  to  point 
or  incline  outwards,  as  t.  out  your  toes ;  produce 
(manufactured  goods  &c);  t.  inside  out,  bring 
to  view,  as  made  him  t.  out  his  pockets ;  assemble 
for  duty  &c,  as  15  men  turned  out;  be  found, 
prove  to  be  the  case,  as  this  turns  out  to  be  true, 
he  turned  out  a  humbug,  it  turns  out  that  he  was 


TURN 


957 


TUSSOCK 


never  there,  we  shall  see  how  things  t.  out.  T. 
over:  cause  to  fall  over,  upset;  transfer  the 
conduct  of  (thing  to  person) ;  do  business  to  the 
amount  of,  as  turns  over  £500  a  week.  T.  round : 
face  about;  adopt  new  opinions  or  policy.  T.to 
(prep.),  apply  oneself  to,  set  about,(work,  doing). 
T.  to  (adv.),  begin  work.  T.  up :  (Cards)  expose 
(trump  card);  disinter,  as  plough  turns  up 
skulls ;  make  one's  appearance,  as  turned  up 
an  hour  late,  unexpectedly ;  (of  event,  oppor- 
tunity, &c.)  happen,  present  itself;  (colloq.) 
cause  to  vomit,  as  the  sight  turned  me  up.  T. 
upon,  =  t.  on.  T. -bench,  watchmaker's  portable 
lathe ;  t.-buckle,  device  for  connecting  parts  of 
metal  rod ;  t.-cap,  revolving  chimney-top ;  turn- 
coat, one  who  turns  his  coat  ;  turncock,  person 
employed  to  t.  on  water  for  mains  &c;  t.-doum, 
(of  collar)  doubled  down ;  turnkey,  person  in 
charge  of  prison  keys  ;  t.-out,  turning-out  esp. 
for  duty,  strike  of  employees,  assembly  of  per- 
sons to  see  spectacle  &c,  equipage,  quantity  of 
goods  manufactured  &c.  in  given  time ;  turn- 
over, upsetting  of  carriage  &c,  semicircular  pie 
or  tart,  amount  of  money  turned  over  in  busi- 
ness, newspaper  article  running  on  to  second 
page;  turnpi)ce,(hist.)  defensive  frame  of  pikes, 
gate  set  across  road  to  stop  carts  &c.  till  toll  is 
paid,  such  road ;  t.-screw,  screw-driver ;  turn- 
side,  giddiness  in  dogs ;  turnsole,  kinds  of  plant 
supposed  to  t.  with  the  sun ;  turnspit,  long- 
bodied  short-legged  dog  formerly  used  to  t.  spit ; 
turnstile, -posta.t  entrance  of  building  esp.  where 
admission  fee  is  charged  with  four  horizontal 
arms  that  mo  ve  rou  nd  as  person  passes  through ; 
tur'nstone,  bird  allied  to  plover ;  t.-table,  circu- 
lar revolving  platform  for  reversing  locomo- 
tives &c;  t.-up  (colloq.),  commotion,  [f.  L  tor- 
nare  turn  in  lathe  (torntis  f.  Gk  tornos)] 

turn  2,  n.  Rotary  motion,  changed  or  change 
of  direction  or  position  or  tendency,  deflection, 
deflected  part,  bend,  as  a  single  t.  of  the  han- 
dle, a  t.  of  Fortune's  wheel  (change  of  luck), 
with  a  neat  t.  of  the  wrist,  took  a  sudden  t.  to 
the  left,  complaint  took  a  favourable  t.,  milk  is 
on  the  t.  (just  turning  sour),  tide  is  on  the  t. 
(turning),  gave  a  new  t.  to  the  argument,  path 
is  full  oftt.  &  twists,  walked  along  a  t.  of  the 
river;  character,  tendency,  disposition,  for- 
mation, as  was  of  a  humorous  t.,  do  not  like 
the  t.  of  the  sentence,  the  t.  of  an  ankle ;  short 
walk,  stroll,  drive,  ride,  or  performance,  as 
take  a  t.  in  the  garden,  on  a  bicycle,  took  a  t.  of 
work,  short  tt.  (songs,  recitations,  &c,  in  music 
hall  &c);  opportunity,  occasion,  privilege, 
obligation,  coming  successively  to  each  of 
several  persons  &c,  as  it  is  your  t.  to  watch,  it 
was  now  my  t.  to  be  angry,  must  not  speak  out 
of  (before  or  after)  your  t,  will  hear  you  all  in 
t.  (succession),  we  dugbytt.  (in  rotation  of  indi- 
viduals or  groups),  takett,  work&c.  alternate- 
ly, work  t.  &  t.  about  (alternately),  went  hot  & 
cold  by  tt. ;  did  not  serventy  t.  (purpose);  did  me 
a  good,  an  ill,  t.  (service,  disservice);  (Mus.) 
kinds  of  grace  consisting  of  principal  tone  with 
those  above  &  below  it;  (pi.)  menses;  each 
round  in  coil  of  rope  &c. ;  (Print.)  inverted 
type  as  temporary  substitute  for  missingletter, 
letter  turned  wrong  side  up  ;  (colloq.)  nervous 
shock,  as  gave  me  quite  a  t. ;  meat  is  done  to  a 
t.  (enough  &  not  too  much),    [f.  prec] 

tup'nep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. :  one 
who  works  with  lathe,  so  tup^nERYU,  2,  3)  n.; 
kind  of  tumbler-pigeon,    [-er1] 

turning1,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp. :  use  of 
lathe ;  place  where  road  meets  another,  such 
road,  as  stop  at  the  next  t,  take  the  second  t.  to 
the  left ;  t. -point,  point  in  place,  time,  develop- 
ment, &c,  at  which  decisive  change  occurs,  as 


has  reached  the  t.-point,  this  may  be  the  t.- 
point  of  his  life,    [-ing  *] 

tup'nip,  n.  Biennial  plant  of  mustard  family; 
its  fleshy  globular  root  used  as  vegetable  &  for 
feeding  cattle  &c. ;  t.-top,  growing  top  of  t. 
used  as  vegetable.  [OE  has  nxp  I.  L  napus ; 
tur-  perh. » turn  or  F  tour,  w.  ref.  to  shape] 

tup'pentine,  n.,  &  v.t.  Oleoresin  secreted 
by  several  coniferous  trees  &  (Chian  t.)  by 
terebinth,  used  in  mixing  paints  &  varnishes 
&  in  medicine ;  (also  pop.  turps)  cil  or  spirit  of 
tL\  t.-tree,  terebinth.     Hence  tuppentrnic  a. 


(Vb)  apply  t.  to.     [f.  F  turbentine  f.  L  f.  Gk 
erebinthinos  (as  terebinth,  see  -ine  2)J 
tup'peth,  n.     Cathartic  root  of  an  E.-Ind. 


terebinthinos  (as  terebinth,  see  -ine  2)J 

tup'peth,  n.     Cathartic  root  of  an  L,.-, 
plant,    [f.  OF  turbith  f.  Arab.  f.  Pers.  turbid 
purge] 

tup'pitude,  n.  Baseness,  depravity.  [F,  f. 
L  turpitudinem  (turpis  base,  see  -tude)] 

tup'quoise  (-koiz,  -lew-),  n.  Opaque  sky- 
blue  or  greenish-blue  precious  stone  ;  t.-green, 
pale  colour  between  green  &  blue.  [F,  fem.  of 
turquois  Turkish  (Turc  TURK)] 

tu'ppet,  n.  Small  tower  connected  with 
main  building  whether  rising  from  ground  or 
projecting  from  wall  or  corbels;  (Mil.)  low 
flat  usu.  revolving  tower  for  gun  &  gunners 
in  ship  or  fort ;  (hist.)  square  many-storeyed 
building  on  wheels  used  in  attacking  fortified 
place ;  t.-gun  (for  use  in  revolving  t.);  t.-ship 
(with  guns  in  tt).  Hence  tu'PPetED  2  a.  [f.  F 
tourette  dim.  of  tour  tower] 

turri-eulate(d),  aa.  (conch.).  (Of  shell) 
having  a  long  spire,  [f.  L  turricula  (turris 
tower,  see  -cule)] 

tup'tle1,  n.  (Now  usu.  t.-dove)  kinds  of  dove, 
esp.  a  common  wild  kind  noted  for  soft  cooing 
&  affection  for  mate  &  young.  [OE,  f.  L  turtur, 
imit.] 

tup'tle2,  n.,  &  v.i.  Marine  reptile  encased 
as  tortoise  &  with  flippers  used  in  swimming, 
esp.  (also  green  t.)  kind  much  used  for  soup ; 
mock2-^.  ;  turn  t.  (naut.  slang),  capsize;  t- 
shell,  tortoise-shell,  esp.  dark  kind  used  for  in- 
laying, (also  t.-cowry)  large  handsome  kind  of 
cowry;  (v.i.)  hunt  for  tt.,  whence  tup'tlER1, 
tup'tliNG  *,  nn.  [f.  Port,  tartaruga  or  Sp.  tor- 
tuga  f.  LLas  tortoise,  assim.  to  prec] 

Tu'scan,  a.  &  n.  (Language,  inhabitant)  of 
Tuscany;  T.  order1;  T.  strata,  fine  yellow 
wheat-straw  used  for  hats  &c.  [f.  It.  toscano 
f.  L  Tuscanus  (Tuscus,  see  -an)] 

tush  *,  int.,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (archaic).    Pshaw. 

tush2,  n.  Long  pointed  tooth,  esp.  canine 
tooth  of  horse,    [var.  of  foil.] 

tusk,  n.,  &  v.t.  Long  pointed  tooth,  esp.  pro- 
truding from  closed  mouth  as  in  elephant, 
walrus,  &c;  t-like  tooth  or  part  in  harrow, 
lock,&c.  Hence  (-)tuskED2,tu'skY2,aa.  (Vb) 

gore,  thrust,  tear  up,  with  t.  or  tt  [(vb  f.  n.) 
iE  tusc,  tux,  cf.  OFris.  tusk,  ON  toskr] 

tu'skep,  n.  Elephant  with  developed  tusks. 
[-er  i] 

tu'ssep,  -up,  -ore,  n.  Oak-feeding  silk- 
worm yielding  strong  but  coarse  silk  ;  (also  t- 
silk)  silk  of  this  &  some  other  silkworms,  [f. 
Hind,  tassar  f.  Skr.  tassara  shuttle] 

tussi'culap,  a.  (med.).  Of  a  cough.  So 
tu'ssAL,  tu*ssivE,  aa.  (rare),  [f.  L  tussicu- 
laris  (tussicula  dim.  of  tussis  cough,  see-AR  *)] 

tu'ssle,  n.,  &  v.i.  Struggle,  scuffle,  {with 
person,  for  thing),    [as  tousle] 

t tussock,  n.  Clump,  hillock,  of  grass  &c; 
tuft,  lock,  of  hair  &c;  (also  t.-moth)  kinds  of 
moth  with  tufted  larvae  ;  t.-grass,  tall  elegant 
grass  on  boggy  ground  in  Patagonia  &c. 
Hence  tu'ssockv  2  a.  [cf.  touse  (see  tousle) 
&  Sw.  dial,  tus-s  wisp  of  hay,  &  see  -ock] 


TUT 


958 


TWILL, 


tut1,  int.,  n.,  &  v.i.  Int.  expr.  impatience, 
contempt,  or  rebuke  ;  (n.)  this  exclamation  ; 
(vb)  exclaim  t.    [cf.  tush  &  F  trut] 

tut2,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (mining).  Job ;  t.-work,  piece- 
work (cf.  tribute);  (vb)  work  by  the  job.    [?] 

tutd'men,  n.  (anat.,  pi.  -mina).  Protective 
part.    [L] 

tuta*nia,n.  Kind  of  Britannia  metal,  [trade- 
name ;  ult.  as  tuttv] 

tu'telage  (-ij),  n.  Guardianship ;  (period  of) 
being  under  this.  [f.  L  tutela  (tueri  tuit-  or  tut- 
watch)  +  -AGE] 

tu'telaiKy),  aa.  Serving  as  a  guardian,  pro- 
tective ;  of  a  guardian,  as  t.  authority,  [f.  LL 
tutelaris  (as  prec,  see  -ar1,  -ary2)] 

tu'tenag,  n.  Zinc  imported  from  China  & 
E.  Indies;  white  alloy  like  German  silver,  [f. 
F  tutenague  prob.  f.  Arab,  as  tutty]^ 

tu'top,  n.,  &  v.t.  Private  teacher,  esp.  one 
having  general  charge  of  person's  education ; 
(Eng.Univv.)  college  official  directing  studies 
of  undergraduates  &  responsible  for  discipline; 
(Law)  guardian  of  a  minor.    Hence  or  cogn. 

tU*tOPAGE(2),    tU'tOPESS1,    tU'tOPSHIP,     nn., 

tutop*iALa.,tutop*ialLY2adv.  (Vb)actas  t. 
to,  instruct,  [f.  OF  tuteur  f.  L  tutorem  (tueri 
tut-  watch,  see  -or2)] 

tu'tsan,  n.  St-John's-wort,  plant  once  held 
to  heal  wounds  &c.  [f.  OF  toutesaine  (toute  all 
f.  L  totus  +  saine  sound  f.  L  sanus] 

*utt/(tdb'te),  mus.  direction,  &  n.  All  (voices, 
instruments)  together;  (n.)music  for  these.  [It.  J 

tutti-fputti  (tdbte  frdbte),  n.  Confection, 
ice-cream,  of  mixed  fruits.    [It.,=  all  fruits] 

tu'tty,  n.  Impure  zinc  oxide  used  as  polish- 
ing powder,    [f.  OF  tutie  f.  Arab,  tutiya] 

tu'um.    SeeMEUM. 

tu-whi't  (too-),  n.,  tu-whoo'  (too-),  n.,  & 
v.i.    (Make)  cry  of  owj.   £mit.]_ 

tuyere  (tweyar*,  tooyar',  twer),  twy'er,  n. 
Pipe  through  which  air  is  forced  into  furnace 
&c.  [F (tu-),=  nozzle, cLF ttiyauv'ive 8cte\vel] 

twa'ddell  (two-),  n.  Kind  of  hydrometer  for 
liquids  heavier  than  water,    [inventor's  name] 

twa'ddle  (two-),  v.i.,  & n.  (Indulge  in) sense- 
less, feeble,  or  prosy  talk.  Hence  twa'ddlER l 
n.,  twa'ddl y2  a.    [orig.  -ttle,  var.  of  tattle] 

twain,  a.  &  n.  (archaic).  Two ;  two  persons 
or  things ;  cut  &c.  in  t.  (in  two),    [see  two] 

twang,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Cause  to)  make  ring- 
ing metallic  sound  as  of  string  of  musical  in- 
strument or  bow  when  plucked,  (contempt.) 
play  on  or  on  (fiddle  &c.)  thus,  as  the  fiddles 
twanged,  twanged  (on)  his  fiddle,  twanged  his 
bow,  whence  twa*ngr,E(3)  v.i.  &  t. ;  speak, 
utter,  with  nasal  sound;  (n.)  sound  of  tense 
string  when  plucked,  nasal  tone.  [var.  of  tang4] 

twa'nkay,  n.  Kind  of  green  tea.  [f.  Chin. 
t'un-k'i,  name  of  a  stream] 

'twas  (-6z),  contraction  of  it  was. 

twayblade,  n.  Kinds  of  orchid  with  green 
or  purple  flowers  &  single  pair  of  leaves,  \tway 
two  +  blade] 

tweak,  v.t,  &  n.  Pinch  &  twist  sharply,  pull 
with  sharp  jerk,  twitch ;  (n.)  twitch,  share  pull, 
pinch,  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME  twikken,  OE  twiccian 
twitch,  cf.  G  zwicken] 

tweed,  n.  Twilled  woollen  or  wool-&-cotton 
fabric  with  unfinished  surface  &  usu.  two  co- 
lours combined  in  the  yarn,  used  esp.  for  men's 
clothes  &  largely  made  in  S.  Scotland,  [anec- 
dot.  explained  as  corrupt.  !of  twill  (Sc.  tweel) 
encouraged  by  assoc.  with  Tweed] 

twee'dle,  n.  Sound  as  of  fiddle  ;  tweedledum 
&  tweedledee,  things  differing  only  or  chiefly  in 

name.    [perh.  var.  of  twiddle] 

'tween,  ad  v.  &  prep.    Between,  esp.  %-dccks, 

(space)  between  decks,    [abbr.] 


twee'ny,  n.  (colloq.).  Servant  assisting  two 
others  e.g.  cook  &  housemaid,    [prec.  +  -Y  3] 

tweezer,  n.,  &  v.t.  (PI.,  also  pair  of  tt.) 
minute  pair  of  tongs  for  taking  up  small  ob- 
jects, plucking  out  hairs,  &c. ;  (vb)  extract  (hair, 
thorn,  &c.)  with  tt.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  obs.  tweese. 
pair  of  tweeses,  case,  esp.  folding  case,  for  small 
instruments,  f.  F  etui] 

twelfth,  a.  &  n.  Next  in  order  after  eleventh 
(the  t.  of  August,  as  beginning  of  grouse-shoot- 
ing) ;  T.-day  (after  Christmas,  festival  of  Epi- 
phany) ;  T.-night,  eve  of  this,  celebrated  with 
various  festivities  &c;  T.-cake,  prepared  for 
T.-night;  (n.)  each  of  12  equal  parts.  Hence 
twe^fthLY 2  adv.    [OE  twelfta  (foil.,  -th 2)J 

twelve,  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  eleven,  12, 
xii ;  tlie  T.  (apostles) ;  T.  tables  ;  in  tt.  (duode- 
cimo); long,  square,  tt.,  duodecimo  pages  of 
sheet  variously  folded ;  twelvemo,  12mo,  =  duo- 
decimo ;  twe'lvemonth,  year,  as  has  been  there 
a  t.-m.,  (adv.)  this  day  t.-m.,  a  year  hence  or 
ago ;  twelvepence  (archaic  exc.  shop),  a  shilling ; 
twelvepenny,  shilling  (adj.).  [OE  twelf,  lit.  two 
over  (as  two  +  -lif  cogn.  w.  leave2)] 

twe'nty,  a.  &  n.  Twice  ten,  20,  xx ;  have  told 
him  t.  (several)  times ;  t.-one,  -two,  Sec,  or  one, 
two,  8cc.,&t.;  twenty  mo,  twenty  four  mo,  (%0mo, 
24mo),leaf  of  sheet  folded  into  20, 24,  equal  parts, 
book  made  up  of  such  leaves.  Hence  twe'n- 
tiETHa,  &  n.,  twe'ntyFOLD  a.  &  adv.  [OE 
twentig  (twegen  two,  see  -TY  2)] 

'twere,  contr.  of  it  were. 

twi-  in  comb.  =  two,  double,  in  twilight  & 
in  some  archaic  or  pseudo-archaic  forms,  as : 
-bill,  double-bladed  battle-axe,  kind  of  mattock ; 
-blade,  =  twayblade  ;  -fold  a.  &  adv.,  two- 
fold ;  -folded  ;  -forked ;  -formed. 

twice,  adv.  Two  times  (esp.  of  multiplica- 
tion), on  two  occasions,  as  t.  3  is  6,  told  him  tr, 
doubly,  in  double  degree  or  quantity,  as  t.  as 
strong,  has  t.  the  strength,  is  t.  the  man  he  ivas 
(t.  as  strong  &c);  (colloq.)  did  it  in  t.  (two  at- 
tempts or  instalments).  [ME  twies,  written 
-ce  to  show  pronunc.  (-s  not  -z),  OE  txoiges  (as 
two,  see  -es)J 

twi'cep,  n.  Compositor  who  is  also  pressman, 
[f.  prec.  +-ER1] 

twi'ddle,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Twirl  idly,  esp.  t. 
one's  thumbs  (for  lack  of  occupation) ;  trifle 
with  (object) ;  twiddling-line,  string  attached 
to  compass-gimbal  &  pulled  to  make  compass- 
card  play  freely ;  (n.)  slight  twirl,  [(n.  f.  vb)  f. 
Norw.  tvidla  var.  of  tvirla  twirl] 

twig1,  n.  Small  shoot  or  branch  of  tree  or 
plant;  (Anat.)  small  branch  of  artery  &c; 
(Electr.)small  distributingconductor;  divining- 
rod,  esp.  work  the  t.\  hop  the  t.  (colloq.),  die. 
Hence  Htwig-g-ED 2,  twi'g-LESs,  twi'grgY2, 
aa.    IOE,  cf.  Du.  twijg,  G  zweig,  cogn.  w.  two] 

twig"2,  v.t.  (colloq.).  Understand,  catch  the 
meaning  of,  (person „  words,  plan,  that  &c,  or 
abs.);  perceive,  observe,  [cf.  dial,  twig  n. 
glance,  twig  vb  twitch ;  but  perh.  f.  Ir.  tuigim 
understand] 

twrlig-nt,  n.,  &  v.t.  (lighted).  Light  from 
sky  when  sun  is  below  horizon  in  morning  or 
(usu.)  evening;  faint  light ;  (fig.)  state  of  im- 
perfect knowledge,  understanding,  &c. ;  t. 
arc(h)  or  curve  (bounding  the  brightest  region 
of  t.  where  atmosphere  receives  solar  rays  di- 
rect) ;  t.  of  the  gods  (Norse  myth.),  conflict  in 
which  gods  &  giants  destroyed  each  other ;  (vb) 
illuminate  faintly.    [ME  (twi-  +  light  i)] 

twill,  n.,  &  v.t.  Textile  fabric  in  which  weft- 
threads  pass  alternately  over  one  warp-thread 
&  under  (not  one  as  in  plain  weaving  but)  two 
or  more,  thus  producing  diagonal  lines ;  (vb> 
weave  (material)  thus  (esp.  in  p.p.).    [OE  twi- 


'TWILL 


959 


-TY 


lie,  cogn.  w.  G  zwillich,  two-threaded,  cf.  L 
m(lix  f.  licium  thread)] 

'twill,  contr.  of  it  will. 

twin,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Forming,  being  one 
of,  a  closely  related  pair  esp.  of  children  born 
at  a  birth,  as  t.  children,  brother(s),  sister(s), 
the  T.  Brothers  or  Brethren,  Castor  &  Pollux ; 
(Bot.)  growing  in  pairs ;  consisting  of  two  close- 
ly connected  &  similar  parts;  t.  boat, steamer, 
(with  two  hulls  supporting  one  deck  &  having 
paddle-wheel  between  them) ;  twinflower, 
slender  creeping  evergreen  bearing  a  pair  of 
fragrant  flowers ;  t.-screw,  steamer  with  two 
propellers  on  separate  shafts  having  opposite 
twists.  (N.)  each  of  a  closely  related  pair  esp. 
of  children  born  at  a  birth  ;  exact  counterpart 
of  person  or  thing ;  compound  crystal  one  part 
of  which  is  in  a  reversed  position  with  refer- 
ence to  the  other ;  The  Tt.,  Gemini ;  Siamese 
tt.  Hence  twi'nLiNG1,  twi'nsHiP,  nn.  (Vb) 
join  intimately  together,  couple,  pair,  (with ;  t. 
&  i.) ;  twinning-machine,  -saw,  (for  cutting  out 
teeth  of  combs,  these  being  cut  in  pairs),  [(vb 
&  n.  f.  adj.)  ME,  cf.  ON  tvinnr,  cogn.  w.  two]  * 

twine,  n..  &  v.t.  &  i.  String  of  two  or  more 
strands  of  hemp,  manilla,  &c.,twisted  together ; 
coil,  twist,  as  snaky  tt.;  interlacing,  tangle. 
( Vb)  form  (thread)  by  twisting  strands  together, 
whence  twi'nER1^)  n.;  form  (garland  &c.)  of 
interwoven  material ;  interweave ;  coil,  wind, 
(thing  about,  round,  another);  (of  plant,  snake) 
coil  itself  or  itself  (round).  Hence  twi'ning-- 
lv2  adv.  [(vb  ME  twinen  f.)  OE  twin,  cf.  Du. 
twijn,  ON"  tvinni,  G  zwirn,  cogn.  w.  two] 

twinge,  v.t.  (now  rare),  &  n.  (Affect  with) 
sharp  darting  pain,  as  conscience  twinged  him, 
a  t.  of  tooth-ache,  rheumatism,  conscience,  re- 
morse, [(n.  £.  vb)  OE  twengan,  cf.  Du.  dwingen, 
G  zwingen,  constrain,  ON  thvinga  oppress, 
cogn.  w.  thong] 

twi'nkle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  light,  star,  &c.) 
shine  with  quick  gleams,  sparkle ;  (of  eyelids, 
feet  in  dancing,  &c.)  move  rapidly  up  &  down 
or  to  &  fro ;  blink,  wink,  (one's  eyes  or  intr.  of 
person  or  eye) ;  (of  eyes)  sparkle  (at  jest  &c.) ; 
emit  (light)  in  quick  gleams.  Hence  twi'nk- 
Ier1  n.  (N.)  twitching  of  eyelid,  blink,  wink  ; 
sparkle,  gleam,  of  the  eyes,  as  a  humorous, 
mischievous,  t;  short  rapid  movement  e.g.  of 
feet  in  dancing;  quick  tremulous  light,  glim- 
mer, [(n.  f.  vb)  OE  twinclian  frequent,  of  twink 
var.  of  twiccan  twitch,  see  -le(3)] 

twi'nkling',  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  in  at.,  in 
the  t.  of  an  eye,  in  the  t.  of  a  bed  lpost,  in  a  mo- 
ment,*very  quickly,    [-ing  j] 

twirl,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Revolve  (t.  &  i.)  rapidly, 
spin,  whirl,  (often  round) ;  turn  (one's  thumbs 
&c.)  round  &round  in  purposeless  way,twiddle ; 
(n.)  rapid  or  idle  circular  motion,  flourish  or  curl 
made  with  pen  &c.  [(n.  f.  vb)  frequent,  of  OE 
thweran  turn,  see  -le(3)  &  cf.  Norw.  tvirla] 

twist,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Thread,  rope,  &c,  made 
by  winding  two  or  more  strands  &c.  about  one 
another ;  kindsof  strong  silk  thread  &  of  cotton 
yarn  ;  roll  of  bread,  tobacco,  &c.  in  form  of  t. ; 
act  of  twisting,  condition  of  being  twisted,  as 
give  it  at,  has  a  curious  t.,full  of  turns  &  tt; 
manner  or  degree  in  which  thing  is  twisted,  e.g. 
inclination  of  rifle-grooves,  whirling  motion 
given  to  ball  in  cricket  &c.  to  make  it  take 
special  curve  ;  peculiar  tendency  of  mind,  cha- 
racter, &c;  (Physics)  twisting  strain,  (angle 
showing)  amount  of  torsion  of  rod  &c,  forward 
motion  combined  with  rotation  about  an  axis; 
kinds  of  mixed  drink,  as  gin  t;  (colloq.)  ap- 
petite, as  had  a  tremendous  t;  Damascus  t, 
Erocess  of  twisting  Damascus  iron  to  form  gun- 
arrel ;  t.  of  the  wrist,  fig.  dexterity,  knack. 


(Vb)  wind  (strands  &c.)  one  about  another ; 
form  (rope  &c.)  thus;  interweave  (thing  with 
or  in  with  another) ;  give  spiral  form  to  (rod, 
column,  &c.)as  by  rotating  the  ends  in  opposite 
directions ;  receive,  grow  in,  spiral  form ; 
cause  (ball,  esp.  in  billiards)  to  rotate  while  fol- 
lowing curved  path  ;  twine  (flowers  &c.  into 
garland  &c),  make  (garland  &c.)  thus ;  make 
one's  way,  make  one's  way,  (through  crowd  &c, 
along,  &c.)in  winding  manner  ;  wrench  out  of 
natural  shape,  distort,  as  limbs  twisted  on  the 
rack,  features  twisted  with  pain,  (fig.)  wants  to 
t  my  words  into  an  admission  of  error.  Hence 
twi'stABLE  a.  [(vb  ME  twisten  f.)  OE  twist 
(in  mxst-twist  mast-rope),  f.  root  of  two] 

twi'ster,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
twisting  ball  in  cricket  or  billiards ;  girder ; 
inner  part  of  thigh  as  proper  place  to  rest  upon 
on  horseback,    [-er  j] 

twit,  v.t.  Reproach,  upbraid,  taunt,  (person 
with  fault  &c).  Hence  twi'ttingLv2  adv. 
[OE  xtioitan  (xt  at  +  witan  blame,  orig.  ob- 
serve, cogn.  w.  Goth,  -iceitjan  reproach,  witan 
know,  &  L  videre  see)] 

twitch  i,  v.t.  &  I,  &  n.  Pull  (thing  off  &c.) 
with  light  jerk;  pull  at,  jerk  at,  (person's 
sleeve  &c.)  esp.  to  call  attention  ;  (of  features, 
muscles,  limbs)  move  or  contract  spasmodic- 
ally; (n.)  sudden  involuntary  contraction  or 
movement,  sudden  pull  or  jerk.  [(n.  f.  vb)  ME 
twicchen  var.  of  twikken  tweak] 

twitch2,  n.  =quitch.    [dial,  var.] 

twite,  n.    Kind  of  linnet,  [perh.  imit.  of  cry] 

twi'tter,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  (Of  bird)  utter  suc- 
cession of  light  tremulous  sounds,  chirp ;  ut- 
ter, express,  thus;  (n.)  such  series  of  sounds, 
(colloq.,  also  twitter  a  tion  n.)  excited  state, 
[(n.  f.  vb)  ME  twiteren  (twit,  prob.  imit.,  -er5)] 

twit-twat  (-6t),  n.    House-sparrow,    [imit.] 

'twix^prep.  =  betwixt,    [abbr.] 

two  (too),  a.  &  n.  One  more  than  one,  2,  ii ; 
one  or  t,  a  few  (also  lit.);  cut,  divide,  &c,  in  t. 
(into  t.  parts) ;  put  t.&t.  together,  make  infer- 
ence from  data ;  t-cleft  (bot.),  divided  nearly 
to  the  middle  in  t.  parts ;  t.-edged,  (of  sword 
&c.)  having  an  edge  on  each  side,  (fig.,  of  argu- 
ment, compliment,  &c.)  cutting  both  ways, 
ambiguous ;  twofold  a.  &  adv.,  double,  doubly ; 
t-handed,  having  t.  hands,  (of  sword)  requir- 
ing to  be  used  with  both  hands,  (of  saw,  game, 
&c.)  to  be  worked,  played,  &c  by  t.  persons ; 
t-handled,  -legged,  -lipped,  -masted,  -petalled, 
-toothed,  &c,  (having  t.  handles  &c);  t.-line 
a.  (print.),  having  a  depth  double  that  of  the 
size  specified,  as  t.-line  pica;  twopence  (tu"pns), 
sum  of,  silver  coin  (now  only  as  maundy  money) 
worth,  t.  pence ;  twopenny  (tu'peni),  (adj.)  worth 
or  costing  twopence,  cheap,  worthless,  (n.)  kind 
of  beer,  (slang)  tuck  in  your  t.-p.  (head,  at  leap- 
frog); t.-ply,  of  t.  strands,  layers,  or  thicknesses, 
as  t.-ply  rope,  carpet;  t.-speed,  adapted  for  t. 
rates  of  speed ,  as  t  -speed  gear,  bicycle ;  t  -sided, 
having  t  sides,  aspects,  &c;  t.-tongued,  double- 
tongued,  deceitful ;  t.-way,  (Plumbing,  of  cock) 
permitting  fluid  to  flow  in  either  of  t.  chan- 
nels, (Math.)  having  double  mode  of  varia- 
tion. Hence  two'NESS  n.  [OE  twegen  masc, 
two,  fern.,  twd  or  tu  neut.,  cf.  Du.  twee,  G  zweiy 
ON  tveir,  L  duo,  Gk  duo,  Slav,  dva] 

two'some,  a.  &  n.  (Sc).  (Game,  dance,  &c.) 
for  two  persons,    [-some] 

'twould,  contr.  of  it  would. 

twy-  pref.,  var.  of  twi-. 

twyer.    See  tuyere. 

-ty1,  -ity,  -ety,  suff.  in  abstract  nn.,  repr. 
F  -U  f.  L  -tatem  (nom.  -tas).  L  adj.  or  n.  stems 
in  -i-  took  -tas  without  change,  as  felicitas, 
docilitas,  civitas ;  adj.  stems  in  -o-  changed  -o- 


-TY 


960 


TYPO- 


to  -i-  or  when  preceded  by  -i-  to  -e-,  as  aequitas, 
benignitas,  pietas  (pius),  varietas  (varius), 
satietas  (as  if  f.  satius) ;  consonantal  stems 
(nn.  or  rarely  adjj.)  sometimes  added  -i-,  as 
auctoritas  but paupert as;  nn.  f.  comparatives, 
as  priority,  seniority,  majority,  superiority, 
date  only  f.  med.L;  in  plenitas,  bonitas,  F 
dropped  -%-,  &  this  type  was  followed  in  E 
plenty,  bounty,  fealty,  loyalty,  penalty,  &c. 

-ty  2,  suf.  =  tens,  as  twenty,  thirty,  ninety,  (two, 
three,  &c.  tens) ;  OE  -tig,  cogn.  w.  ten  &  Goth. 
tijnus,  Gk  clekas  (deka  ten),  decade. 

Ty'bupn,  n.  (hist.).  Place  of  execution  in 
London ;  T.  ticket,  certificate  exempting  prose- 
cutor of  felon  to  conviction  from  parish  offices 
&c. ;  T.  tippet,  halter ;  T,  tree,  gallows. 

Tyehd'nie  (-k-),  a.  Of  the  Danish  astronomer 
Tycho_Brahe  (d.  1601)  or  his  system,    [-ic] 

tyeoo'n,  n.  Title  applied  by  foreigners  to 
shogun  of  Japan  1854-68.  Hence  tyeoo'n- 
ate](1)  n.    [f.  Jap.  taikun  great  prince] 

tying.    See  tie1. 

tyke.    See  tike. 

ty'lopod,  a.  &  n.  (Animal)  with  padded  not 
hoofed  digits,  e.g.  camel.  Hence  tyld'podous 
a.    ff.  Gk  tulos  knob  +pous  podos  foot] 

tylo'sis,  n.  (Path.)  inflammation  of  eyelids 
with  hardening  of  the  margins;  (Bot.)  kind  of 
growth  formed  in  the  cavity  of  a  duct.  So 
tylo'Tic  a.  [f.  Gk  tuloo  make  knotty  (tulos 
knob),  see  -osis] 

tylote,n.  Cylindrical  sponge-spicule  knobbed 
at  ends,    [as  prec] 

tymp,  n.  Crown  of  opening  in  front  of  hearth 
in  blast-furnace;  short  horizontal  roof-timber 
in  mine.    [abbr.  of  foil.] 

tympan,  n.  Stretched  sheet  of  membrane 
or  thin  material;  frame  for  equalizing  pressure 
in   some  printing-presses;   (Anat.,  Archit.)  = 

TYMPANUM.      [F,  f.  TYMPANUM] 

ty  mpa'nie,  a.  Like,  acting  like,  a  drunkard ; 
(Anat.)  of  the  tympanum;  t.  membrane,  drum- 
membrane  of  ear;  t.  (bone),  bone  of  car  sup- 
porting this,    [-ic] 

tympanrtes,n.  Swellingof  abdomen  caused 
by  air  in  intestine  &c.  Hence  tympanitic  a. 
[L,  f.  Gk  tumpanites  of  drum  (tumpanon,  -ite  *)] 

tympanrtis,  n.  Inflammation  of  living 
membrane  of  tympanum,    [-itis] 

tympanum,  n.  (Anat.)  middle  ear,  (also 
tympanic  membrane)  ear-drum ;  modified  end 
of  trachea  in  ducks  &c. ;  (Archit.)  triangular 
space  forming  field  of  pediment,  similar  space 
over  door  between  lintel  &  arch,  door-panel ; 
drum-wheel  for  raising  water  from  stream; 
kind  of  treadmill.    |L,  f.  Gk  tumpanon  drum] 

Tynewald  (nwold),  n.  Isle  of  Man  legisla- 
ture, [f.  ON  thing-vollr  place  of  assembly  {thing 
assembly  +  vollr  word)] 

type1,  n.  Person,  thing,  event,  serving  as 
illustration,  symbol,  prophetic  similitude,  or 
characteristic  specimen,  of  another  thing  or  of 
a  class,  as  water  may  serve  as  a  t.  of  insta- 
bility, paschal  lamb  is  a  t.  of  Christ,  tliese 
things  are  a  t.  (have  a  prophetic  significance), 
the  treatment  he  received  is  but  a  t.  of  what 
patriots  must  expect,  person  is  an  admirable 
t.  of  modern  athleticism  or  of  the  modern 
athlete;  class  of  things  &c.  having  common 
characteristics,  as  her  beauty  was  of  or  be- 
longed to  another  t,  dislike  men  of  that  t.; 
(Biol.  &c.)  plan  of  structure,  as  deviates  from 
the  t.,  main  division  of  animal  or  vegetable 
kingdom  characterized  by  this,  as  the  vertebrate 
t.,  organism  having  the  essential  character- 
istics of  its  group  (so  t.  genus,  genus  giving  its 
name  to  &  having  the  characteristics  of  a 
higher  group,  e.g.  a  family),  whence  typAL 


a.;  (Chem.)  compound  whose  structure  illus- 
trates that  of  many  others,  esp.  hydrochloric 
acid,  water,  ammonia,  &  marsh-gas;  (Fine  Arts) 
object,  conception,  work  of  art,  serving  as 
model  for  subsequent  artists ;  device  on  either 
side  of  medal  or  coin;  (Print.)  piece  of  metal 
or  wood  having  on  its  upper  surface  a  letter 
or  character  for  use  in  printing,  (collect,  sing.) 
set  or  supply  or  (with  pi.)  kind  of  these,  as 
wooden  tt.  are  or  t.  is  now  used  only  for 
posters,  ran  short  of  t.,  short  of  certain  tt., 
was  printed  in  various  tt.  (kinds  or  sizes  of  t.), 
printed  in  large  t.,  a  large-t.  Bible,  brilliant, 
diamond,  pearl,  ruby,  nonpareil,  emerald, 
minion,  brevier,  bourgeois,  long  primer,  small 
pica,  pica,  English,  great  primer,  canon,  t. 
(principal  sizes  in  ascending  order),  black  1- 
letter,  church  x-text,  clarendon,  German  2- 

text,  GOTHIC,  ITALIC,  ROMAN2,  RUNIC,  SCRIPT, 

t,  fount2  of  t;  t.-bar,  line  of  tt.  in  solid  bar 
as  cast  in  some  t. -setting  machines ;  t.-high, 
(of  woodcut  &c.)  of  proper  height  to  print  with 
t.;  t.-metal,  alloy  of  lead  with  (tin  &)  antimony 
used  for  printing-tt. ;  t.-setter,  compositor ;  t.- 
setting,  setting  of  tt.  in  proper  order  for  print- 
ing, t.-s.  machine  (for  simplifying  this  process, 
sometimes  including  the  making  of  tt.  as  they 
are  needed;  t.-wheel,  wheel  bearing  letters  in 
relief  as  used  in  some  t.-writers  &  telegraphs; 
t.-write,  print  (copy  &c.  or  abs.)  with  t.-writer; 
t. -writer,  machine  for  producing  printed  charac- 
ters on  paper  as  substitute  for  handwriting, 
(also  typisr  n.)  user  of  this.  [F,  f.  L  f.  Gk 
tupos  blow,  impress,  model,  f.  tupto  strike] 

type2,  v.t.    Be  a  type  of;  type-write,    [prec] 

typhlrtis,  n.  Inflammation  of  caecum  & 
vermiform  appendix.  Hence  typhli'tic  a. 
[f.  Gk  tuphlos  blind,  w.  ref.  to  caecum,  +  -itis] 

typhoid,  a.  &  n.  Like  typhus;  t.  (fever), 
infectious  fever  with  eruption  of  red  points  on 
chest  &  abdomen  &  severe  intestinal  irritation, 
enteric;  t.  bacillus,  germ  held  to  cause  t.;  t.  con- 
dition (of  depressed  vitality,  occurring  in  many 
acute  diseases);  t.  pneumonia  (combined  with 
t.).    Hence  typhoi'dAL  a.    [f.  typhus  +  -om] 

typhoma'nia,  n.  Muttering  delirium  char- 
acteristic of  typhus,    [-mania] 

typhd'nia,  n.  Kind  of  waking  sleep,  some- 
times attended  with  typhomania.    [f.  typhus] 

ty  phoo'n,  n.  Violent  hurricane  in  the  China 
seas  occurring  esp.  from  July  to  October.  Hence 
typhd'nio  a.  [f.  Arab,  tufan  f.  Gk  tuphon, 
-os,  whirlwind,  cogn.  w.  tuphos  smoke] 

typhus,  n.     Fever  marked  by  eruption  of 

fmrple  spots,  great  prostration,  &  usu.  de- 
irium;  malignant,  simple,  t..  severe,  mild, 
form  of  t.  Hence  typhous  a.  [L,  f.  Gk  tuphos 
smoke,  stupor] 

typie,  a.  T.  fever,  one  that  is  regular  in  its 
attacks  or  follows  particular  type.  [f.  L  f.  Gk 
tupikos  (as  type  \  see  -ic)] 

typical,  a.  Serving  as  a  type  or  character- 
istic example,  representative,  symbolical,  em- 
blematic, (of),  as  a  t.  genus,  plant,  Scotchman, 
is  t.  of  the  genus,  was  t.  of  (foreshadowed) 
Christ  s  second  coming ;  characteristic  of,  serv- 
ing to  distinguish,  a  type,  as  t.  markings,  struc- 
ture, phraseology.  Hence  typiealLY2  adv., 
typiealNESS  n.    [f.  LL  typicalis  (prec,  -al)] 

typify,  v.t.  Represent  by  a  type,  foresha- 
dow; be  a  type  of,  embody  the  characteristics 
of.  Hence  typiFiCA-noN,  typifiER1,  nn 
[as  type1  +  -fy] 

typo,  n.  (colloq.).    =  typographer,    [abbr.l 

typo-  in  comb.  (bef.  vowel  typ-)  =  type,  as: 
-graph,  machine  for  making  &  setting  type ; 
■lite,  stone  impressed  with  figure  of  animal  Sec, 
fossil ;  -logy,  doctrine,  interpretation,  of  (esp. 


TYPOGRAPHY 

biblical)  types,  so  -lo'gical  a. ;  -onym  (biol.),  name 
based  on  a  type,  so  -6'nymal,  -onp'mic,  aa. 

typd'gpaphy,  n.  Art  of  printing,  whence 
ty  po'gpaphER l  n. ;  character,  appearance,  of 
printed  matter,  as  faults  oft.,  the  t.  was  admir- 
able. Hence  typogra'phic(AL)  aa.,  typo- 
gra'phiealLY2  adv.  [f.  type  +  -o-  +  -graph y] 

typt6*logy»  n.  Spirit-rapping.  Hence  typ- 
tolcrg-iCAL  a.,  typto'log-iSTiS)  n.  [irreg.  f.  Gk 
tupto  strike  ■+-  -logy] 

tyra'nnical,  a.  Acting  like,  characteristic 
of,  a  tyrant;  arbitrary,  imperious,  despotic. 
Hence  or  cogn.  tyra'nniealLY 2,  typan- 
nousLY2,  advv.,  typa'nnicalNESS  n.,  ty- 
rannous a.  [tyrannic  (now  rare)  f.  F  tyran- 
nique  f.  L  f.  Gk  turannikos  (tyrant,  -ic)  +  -al] 

tyra'nnicide,  n.  Killer,  killing,  of  a  tyrant. 
Hence  ty  ra'nnicidAL  a.  [F,  f .  L  tyrannicida, 
-cidium,  (as  tyrant,  see  -cide)] 

ty'rannize,  v.i.  &  t.  Play  the  tyrant,  rule 
despotically  or  cruelly  (over  person  &c.) ;  (now 
rare)  rule  (person  &c. )  despotically,  [f .  F  tyran- 
niser  f.  Gk  turannizo  (as  tyrant,  see  -ize)] 

tyranny,  n.  Despotic  or  cruel  exercise  of 
power ;  instance  of  this,  tyrannical  act  or  be- 
haviour ;  rule  of  (Greek)  tyrant,  period  of  this. 
[f.  OF  tyrannic  f.  med.L  (-ia)  t  Gk  turannia,-is, 
as  foil.] 

typ'ant,  n.  Oppressive  or  cruel  ruler;  (Gk 
Hist.)  absolute  ruler  owing  his  office  to  usurpa- 
tion, Thirty  Tt.,  oligarchs  ruling  Athens  404-3 
B.c. ;  t.-bird,  -fly- catcher,  kinds  of  Amer.  pas- 
serine bird  [f.  OF  tiran(t)  f.  L  f.  Gk  turannos] 

type  K  n.  K-Ind.  preparation  of  milk  &  rice, 
[native! 

type  2.    See  ti  re  2. 

typo.    See  tiro. 

Tyrole'se  (-z),  a.  &  n.  (pi.  same).  (Native)  of 
the  Tyrol,    [-ese] 

Tyrolie'nne  (en),  n.  Dance  of  Tyrolese  pea- 
sants, song  suitable  for  this.    [F] 

typoto'xieon,  n.  A  ptomaine  produced  in 
milk  or  cheese,  [f.  Gk  turos  cheese  +  toxikon 
poison] 

Tyrrhene,  Typphe'nian,  aa.  Etruscan, 
[f.  L  f.  Gk  Turrhenos  +  -ian] 

tzap  &c.    See  czar  &c. 

tzetze.    See  tsetse. 

Tzi'gany,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  Hungarian  Gipsies 
or  their  music ;  (n.)  Hungarian  Gipsy.    [Hung.] 


U 


U,u,(u),  letter  (pi.  Z7s,U's).  U  -bolt,  -tube,  &c, 
(shaped  like  U). 

Abbreviations  (1):  United,  as  U.K.  (King- 
dom), U.S.  (States,  i.e.  of  America),  U.S.A. 
(States  of  America,  States  Army),  U.S.N. 
(States  Navy) ;  Utah,  U.T.  (Territory). 

Abbreviations  (2):  ult.(imo);  Unlv.(ersity); 
Ut.(ah). 


ubrety,  n.    Being  in  definite  place,  local  re- 
lation, whereness.    \t.  L  ubi  where,  see  -ty] 
ubiquitap'ian,  a.  &  n..  (theol.).     Of,   be- 


liever in,  the  omnipresence  of  Christ's  body. 
Hence  ubiquitap'ianiSM  n.    [foil.,  -arian] 

ubi'quity,  n.  Omnipresence ;  being  every- 
where or  in  an  indefinite  number  ofplaces  at 
same  time ;  u.  of  the  king  (law),  his  official  pre- 
sence in  courts  in  the  person  of  his  judges. 
Hence  ubrquitous  a.,  ubi'quitousLY  2 
adv.,  ubi'quitousNESS  n.  [f.  OF  ubiquite 
(L  ubique  everywhere  f.  ubi  where,  see  -ty)] 

Cibi  su'prct,  adv.  In  the  place  (in  book  &c.) 
above  mentioned.    [L,  lit.  where  above] 

u'dal,  n.  Kind  of  freehold  right  based  on 
uninterrupted  possession  prevailing  in  N. 
Europe  before  feudal  system  &  still  in  Orkney 


961 ULTERIOR 

&  Shetland  (often  attrib.,  as  u.  tenure);  udal- 
man,  holder  of  property  by  u.,  so  irdallER 1  n. 
[f.  ON  othal,  cf.  OHG  uodil  farm] 

irdder,  n.  Mammary  glands  of  cattle  &c 
esp.  when  large  &  having  more  than  one  teat. 
Hence  (-)uddePED 2  u'ddePLESS,  aa.  [OE 
rider,  cf.  Du.  uijer,  G  euter,  cogn.  w.  L  uber, 
Gk  outhar] 

udd'metep,  n.  Rain-gauge.  Hence  udo- 
me'tpic  a.    [f.  L  udus  damp  +  -o-  +  -meter] 

ug-h  (ooh  &c),  int.  expr.  disgust  or  horror. 

u'gly,  a.  &  n.  Unpleasing  or  repulsive  to 
sight,  as  an  u.  beast  of  a  bull-dog,  must  not 
make  u.  faces,  the  ugliest  house  I  have  seen, 
has  an  u.  scar  on  the  forehead ;  morally  re- 
pulsive, vile,  discreditable,  unpleasant,  unplea- 
santly suggestive,  threatening,  unpromising, 
as  u.  vices,  his  conduct  has  an  u.  look,  u.  ru- 
mours are  about,  an  u.  (awkward)  job ,  an  u. 
customer,  formidable  person,  cloud  has  an  u. 
look,  have  had  u.  weather,  an  u.  gash..  Hence 
irgliFY  v.t,  irgliLY2  adv.,  u'gliNESs  n. 
(N.)  shade  worn  as  appendage  to  bonnet  about 
middle  of  19th  c.  [f.  ON  uggligr  fearful  (uggr 
fear  cogn.  w.  awe  +  -ligr  -ly  ^ 

U'grian,  XJ'gplc,  (oo-),  aa.  Finnic,  [f.  name 
of  a  tribe  +_-ian,  -ic] 

uh'lan  (oo-,  u-V,  n.  Cavalryman  armed  with 
lance  in  some  European  armies.  [G,  f.  Pol. 
ulan  f.  Turk.  &  Tartar  oglan  son,  child] 

uka'se  (as),  n.  Edict  of  Russian  govern- 
ment, [f.  Russ.  ukazu  ordinance,  edict]] 

-ul-  in  comb.  =  -ule,  forming  derivative 
adjj.  &c.  with  or  without  dim.  sense  &  often 
preferred  to  direct  formations  from  parent 
noun  (glandular,  globulin,  nodulose). 

u'leep,  n.  Open  sore  on  external  or  internal 
surface  of  body  with  secretion  of  pus &c;  (fig.) 
moral  blemish,  corrupting  influence,&c.  Hence 
or  cogn.  u'leePED2,  irleerous,  aa.,  u'leep- 
ously  2  adv.,  irleerous ness  n.  [f.  L  ulcus 
-eris  sore,  cf.  Gk  helkos  wound,  sore  J 

irlcerate,  v.i.  &  t  Form,  convert  or  be  con- 
verted into,  affect  with,  an  ulcer  (lit.  &  fig.). 
Hence  or  cogn.  u'Icopable,  u'leer ative,  aa., 
uleePATiON  n.    [f.  L  ulcerare  (prec),  -ate3] 

-ule,  suf.  of  dimm.  f.  L  wds  in  -ulus,  -ula, 
-ulum,  as  globule  (L  globulus  f.  globus),  gran- 
ule, pustule,  &  in  mod.  wds  on  L  anal,  an- 
guillule;  also  -le,  as  angle.  In  pendule,  -ule 
has  difF.  orig. 

U'lema  (oo-),  n.  Moslem  doctors  of  sacred 
law  &  theology  esp.  in  Turk,  empire,  [f.  Arab. 
'ulema  pi.  of  alim  learned  f.  'alama  know] 

-ulent,  suf.  of  adjj.  f.  L,  repr.  L  -ulentus,  the 
normal  form  of  -lentus  -lent,  as  in  fraudulent, 
turbulent,  truculent.    Hence  n.  suf.  -ulence. 

uli'ginose,  a.  (bot.).     Growing  in  muddy 

E laces,  [f.  L  uliginosus  (uligo  -ginis  moisture 
river e  be  wet,  see  -ose1)] 

u'llage  (-ft),  n.  (commerc.).  What  a  cask 
&c.  wants  of  being  full.  [f.  Pr.  ulhage  (ulha  fill 
up  f.  L  oculus  eye,  in  sense  opening)] 

u'lmin,  n.  (chem.).  Black  gummy  substance 
found  on  elm  &  other  trees  &  in  vegetable 
mould  &c.  Hence  u'lmic,  u'lmous,  aa. 
(chem.).    [f.  L  ulmus  elm  +  -in] 

ulna,  n.  (pl.-ae).  Inner  of  two  bones  of  fore- 
arm (cf.  radius).  Hence  u'lnAR1  a.,  u'lno- 
comb.  form.    [L,  =  elbow,  cf.  Gk  dlene] 

ulo*  trie  han,  a.  &  n. ,  -ous,  a. ,  (-k).  Woolly- 
haired,  esp.  (member)  of  the  woolly-haired  di- 
vision of  mankind,  [f.  Gk  oulos  woolly  + 
thrix  trikhos  hair  +  -an,  -ous] 

u'lster,  n.  Long  loose  overcoat  often  with 
belt  orig.  of  Ulster  frieze,  whence  u'lsterED2 
a. ;  ILcustom,  form  of  tenant-right  in  U. 

ultep*iop,  a.     Situated  beyond;  more  re- 

3) 


ULTIMA 


UMPIRE 


mote,  not  immediate,  in  the  future,  in  the 
background,  beyond  what  is  seen  or  avowed, 
(u.  views,  object,  plans).  Hence  ulter'ioPLV  ~ 
adv.    [L,  compar.  of  adj.  seen  in  ultra-] 

wltima,  a.  Last,  most  remote,  (in  phrr.:  u. 
ratio,  final  argument  esp.  force,  u.  ratio  re'- 
gum,  last  argument  of  kings,  resort  to  arms,  u. 
thule).  [L,  fem.  of  ultimus,  superl.  as  prec] 

ultimate  (-at),  a.  Last,  final,  beyond  which 
no  other  exists  or  is  possible,  as  u.  result,  ana- 
lysis', fundamental,  primary,  as  u.  basis,  u. 
principles,  truths,  u.  cause  (beyond  which  no 
other  can  be  found),  the  u.  facts  of  nature  (be- 
yond reach  of  analysis).  Hence  u'ltimateLV- 
adv.,  u-ltimateNKSs  n.  [f.  L  ultimare  come 
to  an  end  (ultimus,  as  prec),  see  -ate3] 

ultima-turn,  n.  (pi.  -turns,  -ta).  Final  pro- 
posal or  statement  of  terms,  rejection  of  which 
by  opposite  party  may  lead  to  rupture,  decla- 
ration of  war,  &c. ;  ultimate  conclusion ;  funda- 
mental principle,    [neut.  p.p.  as  prec] 

w/timo,  adv.  (usu.  abbr.  uU.).  In  the  month 
preceding  that  now  current  (cf.  proximo,  in- 
stant1), as  your  letters  of  the  28th  ult.  <&  3rd 
inst.    [L,  abl.  of  ultimus,  see  ultima] 

ultimoge'nitupe,  n.  System  in  which 
youngest  son  (cf.  primogeniture)  takes  in- 
heritance, =  BOROUGH-ENGLISH,  [f.  L  ultimus 
(see  ultima)  on  primogeniture] 

u'ltpa,  a.  &  n.  Favouring,  advocate  of,  ex- 
treme views  or  measures.    [  =  foil.] 

ultpa-,  pref.  =  L  ultra  beyond,  on  the  other 
side  of,  esp.  as  living  pref.  to  adjj.  &  their  deri- 
vatives w.  sense  '  excessively,  beyond  what  is 
usual  or  natural  or  reasonable ',  as  :  -classical 
-conservatism,  -conservative ;  -cosmopolitan  ; 
-critical;  -fashionable;  -partisan; -Protestant- 
(ism) ;  -religious. 

u-ltpaist,  n.  Holder  of  extreme  opinions  in 
politics,  religion,  &c.    So  u'ltPaiSM  n.    [-ist] 

u'ltramari-ne  (-en ),  a.  &  n.  Situated  beyond 
the  sea.  (N.)  blue  pigment  got  from  lapis  lazuli ; 
artificialu.  (made  by  mixing  clay,  carbonate  of 
soda,  sulphur,  &  resin),  u.  ashes,  residuum  of 
lapis  lazuli  after  extraction  of  u.,  used  by  old 
masters  for  neutral  flesh  tints  &c.  [ultra  + 
marine  ;  n.  sense  from  fact  that  lapis  lazuli 
was  brought  from  beyond  sea] 

ultramo'ntane,  a.  &  n.  Situated  south  of 
the  Alps  ;  Italian ;  favourable  to  the  absolute 
authority  of  the  Pope  in  matters  of  faith  &  dis- 
cipline, whence  ultpamo'ntaniSM,  ultra- 
mo'ntanisT,  nn.;  (n.)  one  who  resides  south 
of  the  Alps,  person  holding  u.  views,  [f.  ultra- 
+•  L  mons  -ntis  mountain  +  -ane(1)  ;  earlier  in 
senses  '  north  of  Alps  \  '  unfavourable  to  Pope ', 
&c,  cf.  tramontane,  cismontane) 

ultramundane,  a.  Beyond  the  world  or 
the  solar  system ;  of  another  life,    [ultra] 

u'ltpa-vi'olet,  a.  (Of  invisible  rays  of  the 
spectrum)  l>eyond  the  violet  rays,    [ultra-] 

Wltra  vir'os,  adv.  or  pred.  a.  Beyond  one's 
power  or  authority.    [LI* 

ultpomoti'vity,  n.  Power  of  spontaneous 
movement,  [f.  L  ultro  of  one's  own  accord  + 
motivity] 

u'lulate,  v.i.  Howl ;  hoot.  So  u'lulANTa., 
uIuIation  n.    [f.  L  ululare,  see  -ate  3] 

-um.    See  -ium. 

u'mbel,  n.  (bot.).  Flower-cluster  in  which 
stalks  nearly  equal  in  length  spring  from  com- 
mon centre  &  form  a  flat  or  convex  or  concave 
surface  as  in  parsley.  Hence  u'mbellAL.u'm- 
bellAR1,  u*mbellATE2(2),  umbelli'FEROus, 
umbe'lllFOKM,  aa.,  u'mbellET1,  umbe'll- 
Ule,  nn.  jf.  L  umbella  sunshade  dim.  of  umbra  1 

u*mbepf  n.f  a.,  &  v.t.  Natural  pigment  like 
Ochre  but  darker  &  browner  (raw  u.,  this  in 


natural  state,  of  dark  yellow  colour,  burnt  u,, 
redder  &  deeperlin  colour),  whence  u'mbePY2 
a.;  grayling;  u. -bird (also  umbre'tte),  Afr.  bird 
allied  to  stork  &  heron  ;  (adj.)  of  u.  colour, 
dark,  dusky;  (v.t.)  colour  with  u.  [(vb  &  adj. 
f.  n.)  f.  OF  ombre  (in  pigment  sense,  short  for 
terre  d'ombre)  f.  L  umbra  shade,  kind  of  fish] 

umbi'lieal  (or  -l'kl),  a.  Of,  situated  near, 
the  umbilicus,  as  u.  cord,  rope-like  structure 
passing  from  foetus  to  placenta  ;  central ;  con- 
nected through  the  female  line,  as  an  u.  ances- 
tor.    [-AL] 

umbi'lieate  (-at),  a.  Shaped  like  a  navel, 
whence  umbilicATiON  n.;  having  an  umbili- 
cus,   [-ate  2] 

umbili'eular,  a.  Of  the  navel ;  u.  contem- 
plation, sitting  with  gaze  fixed  on  one's  navel, 
(practised  by  Indian  mystics  as  means  of  attain- 
ing great  sanctity).    [-UL-,  -ar  l] 

umbili'cus,  n.  Navel,  whence  umbili'- 
ferous,  irmbiliFORM,  aa.;  (Bot.,  Zool., 
Conch.)  navel-like  formation  ;  (Oeom.) point  in 
a  surface  through  which  all  lines  of  curvature 
pass ;  (Rom.  Ant.)  boss  at  each  end  of  stick  on 
which  MS  was  rolled.  [L,  cogn.  w.Gk  omphalos] 

u'mbo,  n.  (pi.  -os,  -ones).  Boss  of  shield,  esp. 
in  centre;  (Bot.,  Zool.,  &c.)  boss,  knob,  protu- 
berance. Hence  u'mbonAL,  u'mbonATE  2, 
umbd'mc,  aa.  [L,  gen.  -onis,  cogn.  w.  prec. 
&  w.  Gk  ambon  boss,  pulpit] 

u'mbpa,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  That  part  of  the  shadow 
of  earth  or  moon  within  which  sun  is  entirely 
hidden  ;  dark  central  part  of  sun-spot  (cf.  pen- 
umbra) ;  (Rom.  Ant.)  uninvited  guest  brought 
by  a  guest.    Hence  u'mbrAL  a.    [L,  =  shade] 

umbra'culum,n.  (bot.).  Kinds  of  umbrella- 
shaped  appendage.  Hence  umbra'culATE  2, 
umbpaculi'FEROUS,  umbpa'culiFORM,  aa. 
[L,=  umbrella,  dim.  of  prec] 

u'mbrage  (-y ),  n.  Sense  of  slight  or  injury, 
offence,  as  give,  take,  t*.;  (chiefly  poet.)  shade, 
what  gives  shade,  so  umbra'geous  a.  [f.  F 
ombrage  (ombre  shadow,  f.  umbra,  see  -age)] 

umbrella,  n.  Light  circular  canopy  of  silk 
or  other  material  attached  to  radiating  folding 
frame  sliding  on  stick  carried  in  the  nand  as 
protection  against  rain  or  (now  usu.  sunshade, 
parasol)  sun  ;  gelatinous  disk  of  jelly-fish  &c 
by  contraction  &  expansion  of  which  it  swims ; 
(also  u.-shell)  gasteropod  with  u.-like  shell ;  u.- 
bird,  kinds  of  S.-Amer.  bird  with  radiating 
crest;  u.-stand  (for  holding  closed  uu.,  usu. 
with  pan  at  bottom  to  catch  drippings);  u.-tree, 
small  kind  of  magnolia  with  leaves  in  u.-like 
whorl  at  end  of  branch,  (colloq.)  tree  so  grafted 
or  trained  that  its  branches  droop  in  u.  form. 
Hence  umbpe*lla'd[-ED  2]  a.  [f.  It  ombrella, 
um-,  dim.  of  ombra  shade  f.  umbra] 

umbrette.    See  umber. 

U'mbpian,  a.  Of  (ancient  or  modern)  Um- 
bria;  U.  school,  school  cf  painting  to  which 
Raphael  &  Perugino  belonged;  (n.)  language, 
inhabitant,  of  ancient  Umbria.    [-an] 

umbri'ferous,  a.  Affording  shade,  [f.  L 
umbrifer  (umbra,  see  -ferous] 

umiak  (ob'myak),  n.  Eskimo  boat  worked  by 
women.    [Esk.J 

umlaut  (oo'mlowt),  n.,  &  v.t  (In  Germanic 
languages)  vowel  change  due  to  i  or  u  (now 
usu.  lost  or  altered)  in  following  syllable  (e.g. 
German  mann  manner,  fuss  fiisse,  English 
man  men) ;  (vb)  modify  (form,  sound)  by  the 
u.    [G  (um-  around  +  laut  sound)] 

u'mpire,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  (Law)  third  person 
called  in  to  decide  between  arbitrators  who  dis- 
agree ;  person  chosen  to  decide  question  ;  per- 
son chosen  to  enforce  rules  &  settle  disputes  in 
cricket  or  other  game.    Hence  u*mplPAGE(3), 


'UN 


963 


UN- 


irmpiresHip,  nn.  (Vb)  act  as  u.  (for  persons, 
in  game  &c.),  act  as  u.  in  (game),  [(vb  f.  n.) 
ME  nompere  f.  OF  nomper  peerless,  not  equal, 
in  sense  third  man,  odd  man,  (non  not  +  per 
peer  *) ;  for  loss  of  n-  cf.  adder] 
'un,  pron.  (colloq. ).  One,  as  that 's  a  good  'un, 
he's  a  tough  'un,  stiff-'uns'  race. 
un-  *,  pref.  of  vbs  w.  neg.  sense  &  usu.  denot- 
ing action  contrary  to  or  annulling  that  of  the 
simple  vb.  The  pref.  being  unlimited  in  use, 
only  a  selection  of  the  existing  vbs  &  deriva- 
tive wds  is  here  given.  Adjj.  in  -able,  -ed,  & 
-ing,  are  identical  in  form  with  wds  in  UN-2, 
with  or  without  material  difference  in  mean- 
ing :  undoable,  unstrappable,  may  mean  '  that 
can  be  undone,  unstrapped ',  or  '  that  cannot  be 
done,  strapped';  unbracing  may  mean  'that 
unbraces '  or  '  that  does  not  brace ' ;  an  unbend- 
ing person  is  one  fond  of  or  averse  to  relaxa- 
tion ;  an  unboiled  rope  must  be  coiled  before 
it  can  be  uri1  coiled ;  an  unbridlED l  horse  may 
(un-1)  or  may  not  (un-2)  have  been  previously 
bridled,  in  either  case  he  is  now  un^bridlED  9. 
As  a  rule*  the  UN-2  forms  of  such  adjj.  are  cur- 
rent, the  others  not.  The  stress  in  the  foil, 
wds  is  not  marked,  being  the  same  as  in  the 
simple  vb  or  n.  or,  where  that  is  monosyllabic, 
falling  on  the  second  syllable  (undecei've,  un- 
say'); but  p. pp.  or  adjj.  in  -ed,  whether  in  un-1 
or  UN-  2,  tend  in  attrib.  use  to  take  stress  on  un- 
(cf.  -ed2),  as  an  u'nmasked  villain,  an  u'nmuz- 
zled  hound,  villain  was  unma'sked,  dog  was 
unmwzzled. 

(1)  Wds  formed  upon  a  simple  verb  &  with 
contrary  sense  (rarely  w.  intensified  negative 
sense,  as  unloose).  The  distinction  between 
some  of  these  &  the  vbs  in  the  following  groups, 
which  appear  to  be  formed  rather  on  a  noun, 
is  necessarily  arbitrary,  the  assumed  simple  vb 
(identical  in  form  with  the  noun,  from  which 
it  is  usu.  derived)  being  often  rare  or  non-ex- 
istent in  the  required  senses  of  '  furnish  with ', 
•  place  in ',  &c.  Exx.:  unanchor  v.t.  &  i.;  un- 
attire  v.t.  &  i.;  unbalance  v.t.;  unbank  v.t, 
cause  (fire)  to  burn  briskly  by  removing  ashes 
from  top;  unbar  v.t.,  remove  bar  from  (gate 
&c),  unlock,  open,  (often  fig.);  unbear v.t.,  take 
oft* or  relax  bearing-rein  of  (horse) ;  unbend  v.t. 
&  i.,  change  from  bent  position,  straighten,  re- 
lax (mind  &c.)  from  strain  or  exertion,  rid  one- 
self of  constraint,  be  affable,  whence  unbend- 
ing1 a.,  (Naut.)  unfasten  (sails)  from  yards  & 
stays,  cast  (cable)  loose,  untie  (rope) ;  unbeseem 
v.t.,  be  unbecoming  to ;  unbias  v.t.,  free  from 
bias;  unbind  v.t,  release  from  bonds  or  bind- 
ing ;  unblindfold  v.t.;  unblock  v.i.  (whist),  play 
high  card  to  avoid  interrupting  partner's  long 
suit ;  unbolt  v.t,  release  (door  &c.)  by  drawing 
back  bolt;  unbonnet  v.i.  &  t,  take  oft*  cap  &c. 
e.g.  in  salutation,  remove  the  bonnet  of ;  un- 
bosom v.i.  &  t,  disclose  one's  secret  feelings, 
disclose  (thoughts  &c);  unbrace  v.t.,  remove 
the  braces  of,  free  from  tension,  relax  (nerves 
&c.) ;  unbratd  v.t,  separate  the  strands  of :  un- 
breech  v.t,  free  the  breech  of  (cannon)  from 
fastenings  &c. ;  unbridle  v.t,  remove  bridle 
from  (horse,  fig.  person,  tongue,  &c);  unbuckle 
v.t,  release  the  buckle  of  (strap,  shoe,  &c); 
unburden  v.t,  relieve  of  burden,  relieve  (one- 
self,  conscience,  &c.)  by  confession  &c.  to  per- 
son; unbutton  v.t,  open  (coat  &c.)  by  with- 
drawing buttons  from  buttonholes  ;  unchain 
v.t;  unchristianize  v.t;  unclasp  v.t,  loosen 
the  clasp  of ;  unclench,  -inch,  v.t  &  L;  unclog 
v.t;  unclose  v.t  &  i.,  open ;  unclothe  v.t;  un- 
cock v.t,  let  down  hammer  of  (gun)  softly  so  as 
not  to  explode  charge  ;  uncoil  v.t.  &  i.;  uncord 
v.t;  uncork  v.t.,  draw  cork  from  (bottle),  (col- 


loq.) give  vent  or  expression  to  (feelings  &c.) ; 
uncouple  v.t,  release  (dogs,  railway-cars,  &c.) 
from  couples  or  couplings;  uncover  v.t  &  i., 
remove  covering  from,  lay  bare,  disclose,  take 
off  one's  hat  or  cap,  (Mil.,  of  front  line)  expose 
(the  line  behind)  by  wheeling  to  right  or  left ; 
uncreate1  v.t,  annihilate;  uncross  v.t,  re- 
move (legs,  arms,  knives,  &c.)  from  crossed 
position;  uncurb  v.t;  uncurl  v.t;  undeceive 
v.t,  free  from  deception,  whence  undeceived1 
a.;  undeify  v.t;  undo  v.t,  annul  (cannot  u.  the 
past,  our  past  actions),  untie  or  unfasten  or 
unloose  (coat,  button,  parcel),  unfasten  the  but- 
tons or  garments  or  stays  of  (person),  ruin  the 
prospects  or  reputation  or  morals  of,  whence 
undoer,  undoing,  nn.,  undone1  a.;  undomesti- 
cate  v.t;  undrape  v.t;  undress1  v.t  &  i.,  take 
off  the  clothes  or,  take  off  one's  clothes,  whence 
undressed1  a.;  unegoize  v.t;  unentangle  v.t; 
unequalize  v.t;  unfasten  v.t,  whence  unfas- 
tened 1  a.;  unfetter  v.t,  whence  unfettered 1  a.; 
unfeudalize  v.t;  unfile  v.t,  remove  (paper) 
from  file  ;  unfit  v.t,  make  unsuitable  (for) ;  un- 
fix v.t,  whence  unfixed 1  a.;  unfold1  v.t.  &  i., 
open  the  folds  of,  spread  out,  (fig.)  reveal 
(thoughts,  designs),  become  opened  out,  deve- 
lop ;  unformv.t.;  unfurl  v.t.  &  L,  spread  out 
(sail),  become  spread  out;  ungear  v.t,  strip  of 
gear,  throw  out  of  gear;  ungUd  v.t;  ungird 
v.t;  unglaze  v.t;  unha'llow  v.t,  profane,  de- 
secrate ;  unhand  v.t,  take  one's  hands  off,  re- 
lease from  ones  grasp;  unhang  v.t,  remove 
from  hanging  position,  strip  (wall  &c.)  of  hang- 
ings; unharness  v.t;  unhasp  v.t,  loose  from 
hasp  ;  unhinge  v.t,  take  (door)  off  its  hinges, 
disorder  (mind  &c),  whence  unhinged  a.;  un- 
hitch v.t;  unhook  v.t,  remove  from  hook,  open 
(dress  &c. )  by  detaching  its  hooks ;  unhoop  v.  t ; 
unhouse  v.t,  deprive  of  shelter,  drive  from 
house;  unhumanize  v.t;  unjoin  v.t.;  vnjoint 
v.t,  separate  joints  of  (fishing-rod  &c);  unkink 
v.t.  &i.;  unknit  v.t;  unknot  v.t.;  unlace  v.t.., 
loose  or  open  by  undoing  lace(s)  of  (boot,  stays, 
&c);  unlade  v.t.;  unlash  v.t  (naut);  unlatch 
v.t,  release  latch  of  (door);  unlay  v.t.  (naut), 
untwist ;  unlearn  v.t. ,  expel  from  one's  memory, 
forget  the  knowledge  of,  rid  oneself  of  (esp. 
false  or  misleading  information,  habit,  &c); 
unline  v.t,  remove  lining  of ;  unlink  v.t. ;  un- 
load v.t,  remove  load  from  (ship,  cart,  &c,  or 
abs.),  remove  (load)  from  ship  &c,  withdraw 
charge  from  (gun  &c.) ;  unlock  v.t,  release  lock 
of  (door,  box,  &c,  fig.  mind  &c),  (fig.)  disclose 
(secret  &c. );  unlodge  v.  t ,  dislodge ;  unloose  v.  t. , 
ioose;  unmake  v.t,  destroy,  annul;  unmask 
v.t.  &  i.,  remove  the  mask  from,  expose  (villain, 
villany),  take  off  one's  mask,  reveal  one's  true 
character  &c. ;  unmew  v.t.  (poet,  rhet),  release ; 
unmoor  v.t,  loose  the  moorings  of  (vessel  &c. 
or  fig.,  also  abs.),  weigh  one  of  two  or  more 
anchors  of  (vessel);  unmortise  v.t.;  unmould 
v.t,  change  the  form  of ;  unmuMe  v.t  &  i.,  re- 
move muffler  from  (face,  bellT  Sec),  remove 
muffler  &c.  from  one's  face;  unmuzzle  v.t; 
unnaturalize  v.t,  make  unnatural ;  unnerve 
v.t,  deprive  of  nerve  or  strength  or  resolution, 
whence  unnerved  a.;  unpack  v.t,  open  &  re- 
move contents  of  (package,  box,  &c,  or  abs.), 
take  out  (contents)  from  package  &c;  unpeg 
v.t,  remove  the  peg(s)  from  or  of,  open  thus  ; 
unpeople  v.t,  depopulate;  unpick  v.t, .undo 
(stitches,  garment  &c.)  by  picking,  open  with 
pick  ;  unpin  v.t,  unfasten  by  removing  pins ; 
unplaitv.t.;  unplug  v.t.;  unpreach  v.t,  recant 
in  preaching ;  unravel  v.t,  separate  (threads 
&c),  separate  the  threads  of  (material),  disen- 
tangle (lit  &  fig.) ;  unreel  v.t.  &i.,  unwind,  be- 
come unwound,  from  reel ;  unreeve  v.t.  (naut); 


UN- 


964 


UN- 


unrein  v.t.,  give  the  rein  to  (often  fig.);  unrid- 
dle v.t,  solve  or  explain  (riddle,  mystery) ; 
unrig  v.t.  (naut);  unrip  v.t.,  rip  open  or  apart ; 
unrivet  v.t.;  unroll  v.t.  &  i.,  open  (roll  of  cloth 
&c.),  (of  roll)  be  opened,  display,  be  displayed ; 
unromanize  v.t.;  unroot  v.t.,  pull  up  by  root ; 
unsa'ddle  v.t.  (often  abs.);  unsay  v.t.,  retract 
(statement),  whence  unsaid1  a.;  unscrew  v.t., 
unfasten  by  removing  screws,  loosen  (screw) ; 
unseal  v.t.,  break  the  seal  of,  open,  (letter  &c.) ; 
unseam  v.t,  rip  open  (garment  &c.)  at  seam; 
unseat  v.t,  remove  from  seat,  throw  from  seat 
on  horseback,  depose  (M.P.  &c.)  from  seat, 
whence  unseated1  a.;  unset  v.t.,  remove  (gem) 
from  its  setting ;  unsettle  v.t.,  disturb  orderly 
arrangement  of,  discompose,  disincline  to  rou- 
tine &c.  (holidays  u.  me),  derange  (intellect), 
whence  unsettled 1  a. ;  unshackle  v.  t. ;  unsheathe 
v.  t. ;  unship  v.t. ,  unload  (cargo),  disembark  (pas- 
senger), (Naut)  remove  (oar,  tiller,  &c.)  from 
place  where  it  is  fixed  or  fitted,  whence  un- 
shipped1 a.;  unsling  v.t.  (esp.  naut.) ;  unspeak 
v.t.,  retract;  unsteel  v.t.,  soften,  relax,  (resolu- 
tion, person);  unstick  v.t,  separate  (thing  stuck 
to  another);  unstitch  v.t,  undo  stitches  of ;  un- 
stock  v.t.,  deprive  of  stock,  remove  (gun-barrel) 
from  stock ;  unstop  v.t,  free  from  obstruction, 
remove  stopper  from ;  unstrap  v.t,  remove  or 
undo  the  strap(s)  of ;  unstring  v.t,  remove  the 
Strings  of,  loosen  strings  of  (harp  &c),  take 
(beads  &c.)  off  string,  weaken  (nerves),  weaken 
nerves  of  (person  &c),  whence  unstrung  a.;  un- 
swaddle  v.t;  unswathe  v.t;  unswear  v.t,  re- 
cant by  oath;  untack  v.t,  disjoin,  separate, 
(thing  tacked  to  another);  untangle  v.t;  un- 
teach  v.  t ;  untemper  v.  t ,  take  away  the  temper 
of  (metal  &c.) ;  untether  v.t;  unthink  v.t,  re- 
tract in  thought;  unthread  v.t.,  take  thread 
out  of  (needle),  find  one's  way  out  of  (maze); 
untie  v.t,  undo  (knot  &c),  undo  the  cords  &c 
of  (bundle,  package,  &c),  liberate  from  bonds, 
whence  untied1  a.;  untruss  v.t;  untuck  v.t; 
untune  v.t,  put  outof  tune  (lit.  &  fig.);  untwine 
v.t  &  L;  untwist  v.t.  &  L;  unveil  v.t  &  L,  re- 
move veil  from  (person,  one's  face),  remove  con- 
cealing drapery  from  (statue  &c.)  with  cere- 
monies ;  unvote  v.t,  retract  by  vote  (what  has 
been  voted);  unwarp  v.t,  restore  from  warped 
state ;  unweave  v.t,  take  to  pieces  (textile  fa- 
bric), separate  (woven  threads);  unwill  v.t, 
will  the  reverse  of  (what  one  has  willed);  un- 
wind v.t  &  i.,  draw  out  at  length  (what  is 
wound),  become  thus  drawn  out,  whence  un- 
wound1 a.;  unwork  v.t.,  undo,  destroy,  (fabric 
&c);  unwrap  v.t;  unwr 'inkle  v.t;  unyoke  v.t. 
&  i.,  release  (as)  from  yoke,  (fig.)  cease  work. 
(2)  Vbs  formed  on  n.  or  vb— see  (1)— &  having 
sense  4  deprive  of ',  *  separate  from '.  A  simple 
vb  sometimes  exists  in  same  sense,  e.g.  (un)- 
bone,  (un)husk,  (un)shell.  Exx. :  unapparel 
v.t;  unarm  v.t,  deprive  of  arms  or  armour, 
whence  unarmed1  a.;  unballast  v.t;  unbelt 
v.t;  unbone  v.t.;  unbootv.t,&i.;  unbowelv.tr, 
uncap  v.t.;  uncloak  v.t.;  uncowl  v.t.,  uncover 
(face)  by  removing  cowl,  unmonk ;  uncrown 
v.t, deprive  (esp.  fig.  king  &c.)  of  crown;  un- 
edgev.t.,  destroy  edge  of,  blunt;  unface  v.t, 
expose;  unfeather  v.t;  unfence  v.t;  unflesh 
v.t;  unjlower  v.t;  unframev.t.;  unfrock  v.t, 
deprive  of  frock  or  (fig.)  of  ecclesiastical  rank ; 
ungirdle  v.t.;  unglove  v.t.  &  i., deprive  of,  take 
one's, gloves ;  ungownv.t.;  ungumv.t.;  unhair 
v.t;  unhat  v.t;  unhelm  v.t;  unhusk  v.t;  un- 
lead  v.t.  (print),  remove  leads  from  (types); 
unlimber  v.t;  unman  v.t,  deprive  (esp.  ship)  of 
men,  see  also  (4);  unmantle  v.t:  unnail  v.t, 
take  nails  out  of,  unfasten  (box  &c.)  thus;  un- 
plume  v.t;  unprop  v.t.;  unring  v.t;  unrobe 


v.t.  &  i.,  undress;  unroof  v.t.;  unrumple  v.t; 
unscale  v.t,  remove  scales  of  ;  unself  v.t,  rid 
of  self,  unegoize ;  unsex  v.t,  deprive  (usu.  wo- 
man) of  the  qualities  of  the  sex;  unshell  v.t; 
unshoe  v.t.,  take  shoe(s)  off  (horse  &c.) ;  unshot 
v.t,  remove  shot  from  (gun);  unshutter  v.t; 
unsinew  v.t;  unsister  v.t;  unsolder  v.t.;  un- 
spar  v.t;  unstarch  v.t,  free  from  starch  or 
(fig.)  stiffness  or  reserve;  unstopper  v.t;  untile 
v.t;  untin  v.t;  untooth  v.t;  unturfv.t. 

(3)  Vbs  similarly  formed  with  sense  '  release 
from ',  '  take  out  of ',  '  displace  from '.  Exx. : 
unbag  v.t;  unbed  v.t;  unbitt  v.t.  (naut);  un- 
box v.t.;  uncage  v.t.;  uncart  v.t.;  uncase  v.t.; 
unchurch  v.t,  excommunicate ;  uncloister  v.t. ; 
uncoop  v.t;  undock  v.t;  unearth  v.t,  drive 
(fox  &c.)  from  an  earth,  dig  up,  (fig.)  bring  to 
light;  unfold*  v.t,  release  (sheep)  from  fold  ; 
unhive  v.t;  unhorse  v.t,  throw  from  horse, 
(of  horse)  throw  (rider),  cause  to  dismount ; 
unleash  v.t;  unnest  v.t;  unpen  v.t.;  unperch 
v.t;  unroost  v.t;  unsnare  v.t;  unspell  v.t, 
release  from  spell ;  unsphere  v.t;  unstep  v.t. 
(naut);  untent  v.t;  unthrone  v.t;  untomb  v.t. 

(4)  Occasional  vbs  formed  chiefly  f.  nouns 
with  sense  '  cause  to  be  no  longer ',  '  degrade 
from  the  position  of.  Exx.:  unbishop  v.t; 
undukev.t.;  unking  v.t.;  unlord  v.t;  unman 
v.t,  deprive  of  manly  qualities,  break  the  cou- 
rage of,  dishearten,  emasculate,  see  also  (2) ; 
unmonk  v.t.;  unpopev.t.;  unpr elate  v.t.;  un- 
priest  v.t;  unprince  v.t;  unqueen  v.t;  un- 
squire  v.t;  unvicar  v.t  [OE,  cf.  Du.  ont-,  G 
ent-,  Goth,  and-  (as  in  answer1)  cogn.  w.  Gk 

ANTI-1 

un-2,  pref.  giving  negative  sense  to  adjj. 
with  their  derivative  nn.  &  advv.,  &  to  a  mis- 
cellaneous group  of  nn.  chiefly  of  independent 
formation. 

(1)  Of  the  many  adjj.  formed  with  un-,  esp.  of 
those  in  -able,  -ed,  -ing,  for  which  cf.  UN-  \  only 
a  selection  is  here  given.  The  sense  of  un-  is 
either  simply  '  not '  (as  in  most  adjj.  in  -able, 
-ed,  -ing,  &  in  some  others,  as  unofficial)  or 
more  commonly  •  the  reverse  of ',  with  implica- 
tion of  praise,  blame,  &c.  Between  un-  &  in-2 
a  differentiation  has  been  suggested  according 
to  which  inartistic  means  'contrary  to  rules  of 
art ', '  such  as  an  artist  would  condemn ',  &  un- 
artistic  means  'not  concerned  with  rules  of 
art ' ;  &  pairs  of  words  may  be  found  that  bear 
out  the  distinction,  esp.  where  one  of  the  pair 
has  long  been  restricted  to  the  proposed  sense 
&  the  other  has  been  manufactured  or  revived 
to  supply  its  deficiencies  (immoral,  unmoral). 
But  the  purely  neutral  sense  thus  ascribed  to 
un-  is  not  that  found  in  many  of  the  most  fami- 
liar adjj.  (unbeautiful,  unfair,  ungraceful,  un- 
gracious, unkind,  unjust,  ungenerous,  untrue, 
unscrupulous,  unmanly,  unscholarly,  unlady- 
like, unchristian),  including  some  of  the  exact 
type  of  unartistic,  (unscientific,  unphilosophi- 
cal) :  when  we  say  that  a  thing  is  untrue,  we  do 
not  mean  that  it  does  not  matter  for  our  pur- 
pose whether  it  is  true  or  not,  but  that  it  is 
culpably  inconsistent  with  truth.  Apart 
from  the  adjj.  in  -able,  -ed,  -ing,  both  un-  & 
in-  more  commonly  have  this  implication 
of  blame  &c,  the  purely  neutral  sense  being 
often  given  by  non-(5).  in-2  is  preferred  to 
un-  with  certain  terminations  of  L  orig.,  e.g. 
-ate,  -ite,  -ant,  -ent,  -ble  (exc.  -able,  now  a  living 
E  suf.),  is  for  the  most  part  archaic  with  -ed1,- 
(indigested  &c,  but  cf.  inexperienced),  and  is 
not  used  with  -ing,  -ful,  -like,  -ly,  &c.  Deriva- 
tives in  -ly,  -ness,  -Uy,  &c.,  are  briefly  recorded. 
The  stress  follows  that  of  the  simple  adj. ;  but 
for  adjj.  in -erf  see  UN-1.  Exx. :  unabashed  ;  un- 


UN- 


965 


UN- 


abated ;  unabbreviated ;  unabetted ;  unabiding ; 
unable,  not  able  (to  do);  unabridged ;  unabsorb- 
able ;  unabsorbed ;  unabsorbent ;  unaccented ; 
unaccentuated ;  unacceptable ;  unaccommodat- 
ing ;  unaccompanied,  not  accompanied,  (Mus.) 
without  accompaniment;  unaccomplished,  not 
accomplished  or  achieved,  lacking  accomplish- 
ments ;  unaccordant ;  unaccountable  (-bility, 
•bleness,  -bly),  that  cannot  be  explain ed,  strange, 
not  responsible ;  unaccoutred ;  unaccredited ; 
unaccused ;  ■unaccus£omed,not  accustomed  (io), 
not  usual  (/lis  m.  silence);  unachievable;  un- 
achieved ;  unacknowledged ;  unacquainted;  un- 
acquirable  ;  unacquired ;  unacted  ;  unadapt- 
able ;  unadapted :  unaddicted ;  unaddressed ; 
unadjudged ;  unadjusted ;  unadministered ; 
unadmired ;  unadmonished ;  unadorned ;  un- 
adulterated ;  unadventurous ;  unadvisable 
(-bility) ;  unadvised  (-idly),  indiscreet,  rash, 
without  advice;  unaffable,  unaffected  (-ly, 
-ness),  free  from  affectation,  genuine,  sincere, 
not  affected  (by) ;  unaffiliated ;  unafflicted ;  un- 
aggressive; unaided;  unalarmed;  unalien- 
ated ;  unallotted  ;  unallowable  ;  unalloyed ; 
unalterable  (-bility,  -bleness,  -bly) ;  unaltered ; 
unamazed ;  unambiguous  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unambi- 
tious (-ly,  -ness) ;  unamenable ;  unamendable  ; 
un-American,  not  American,  foreign  to  Ameri- 
can customs  or  ideas ;  unamiable  (-bility, 
-bleness,  -bly) ;  unamusing ;  unanalysable ;  un- 
analysed;  unanimated;  unannounced;  un- 
answerable (-bility,  -bleness,  -bly),  that  cannot 
be  answered  or  refuted  ;  unanswered ;  unanti- 
cipated; unapocryphal;  unapostolic,  contrary 
to  apostolic  usage,  not  having  apostolic  autho- 
rity ;  unappalled ;  unapparelled ;  unapparent ; 
unappeasable ;  unappeased ;  unappetizing 
(ly);  unapplied;  unappreciated;  unappre- 
ciative ;  unapprehended ;  unapprehensive ;  un- 
apprised ;  unapproachable  (-bility,  -bleness, 
-bly) ;  unappropriated ;  unapproving  (-ly) ;  un- 
approved ;  unapt  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unarmed2 ;  un- 
armoured ;  unarranged ;  unarrayed ;  unar- 
rested ;  unartificial(-ly),  not  artificial,  natural ; 
unartistic;  unascertainable ;  unascertained; 
unashamed ;  unasked ;  unaspirated ;  unaspir- 
ing (-ly) ;  tcnassailable,  not  assailable,  (of  state- 
ment &c.)  against  which  nothing  can  be  said  ; 
unassayed ;  unassignable ;  unassimilated ;  un- 
assisted ;  unassuming ;  unattached,  not  at- 
tached, (Law)  not  seized  for  debt,  (Mil.)  not  as- 
signed to  regiment  or  company ;  unattainable 
(-ness);  unattempted ;  unattended ;  unattested  ; 
unattractive  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unaugmented ;  un- 
authentic (-ity) ;  unauthenticated ;  unauthor- 
ized; unavailable;  unavailing  (-ly),  ineffec- 
tual ;  unavenged ;  unavoidable  (-bly) ;  un- 
avowed;  unaware,  not  aware  (of,  that,  Sec); 
unawares  [-ES]  adv.  &  n.,  unexpectedly,  by  sur- 
prise, unintentionally,  as  was  taken  u.  by  his 
question,  must  have  dropped  it  u.,  (n.)  at  u.,  un- 
expectedly ;  unbacked,  not  supported,  having 
no  backers  (esp.  in  betting),  (of  horse)  unbroken, 
not  taught  to  bear  rider;  unbaptized;  unbear- 
able (-bly);  unbeaten,  not  beaten,  not  surpassed 
(u.  record  &c);  unbeauti/ul,  ugly ;  unbecoming 
(-ly,  -ness),  indecorous  (an  u.  speech),  not  be- 
fitting (person,  to  or/or  person),  not  suited  to  the 
wearer  (an  u.  hat) ;  unbefitting;  unbefriended ; 
unbegotten;  unbeknown,  -knownst  [-ES],  colloq., 
not  known,  esp.  u.  to  quasi-adv.,  without  the 
knowledge  of,  as  did  it  u.  to  him ;  unbelievable  ; 
unbelieving  (-ly),  not  believing  esp.  in  divine 
revelation;  unbeloved  (-vd);  unbending2  (-ly, 
-ness),  not  bending,  inflexible,  firm,  austere ; 
unbeneficed ;  unbeseeming  (-ly) ;  unbesought ; 
unbespoken ;  unbias(s)ed ;  unbiblical,  not  in  or 
authorized  by  the  Bible;  unbidden,  not  com- 


manded, not  invited ;  unbigoted ;  unbleached ; 
unblemished ;  unblest ;  unblooded,(of  horse  &c.) 
not  thoroughbred  ;  unblushing  (-ly,  -ness) ;  un- 
bookish ;  unborn ;  unbounded  (ly,  -ness),  not 
bounded  (by,  or  abs.),  infinite ;  unbred ;  un- 
bribable ;  unbridled,  not  bridled,  esp.  fig.  as 
u.  insolence,  tongue ;  unbroken  (ly,  -ness),  not 
broken,  not  subdued,  not  interrupted  (u.  slum- 
ber, peace),  not  surpassed  (in  u.  record),  not 
broken  in  (u.  horse) ;  unbrotherly ;  unburdened ; 
unburied ;  unbusinesslike ;  uncalled,  not  called, 
esp.  u.  for,  impertinently  obtruded,  as  the  re- 
mark was  u.  for,  his  u.-for  remark ;  uncandid 
(-ly) ;  uncanny  (-iness),  weird,  mysterious,  not 
canny ;  uncanonical  (-ly,  -ness) ;  uncanonized ; 
uncared-for,  disregarded,  neglected ;  uncarpet- 
ed ;  uncastrated ;  uncatalogued ;  uncaused,  not 
caused,notcreated,self-existent ;  uncauterized; 
unceasing  (-ly) ;  unceremonious  (ly,  -ness),  in- 
formal, familiar,  abrupt  in  manner,  wanting 
in  courtesy ;  uncertain  (-ly,  -ty),  not  certainly 
knowing  or  known  (am  u.  which  he  means,  u. 
of  his  meaning,  is  of  u.  age,  the  result  is  u), 
not  to  be  depended  on  (is  u.  in  his  aim),  change- 
able (u.  temper,  weather) :  uncertificated ;  un- 
challenged; unchancy  (chiefly  Sc),  unlucky, 
unseasonable ;  unchangeable  (-bly,  -ness) ;  un- 
charitable (-bly,  -ness),  censorious,  severe  in 
judgment;  unchartered;  unchary;  unchaste 
(-ly,  -tity);  unchastened;  unchivalrous ;  un- 
christian (-ly,  -ness),  not  Christian,  contrary  to 
the  Christian  character;  uncircumcised,  (fig.) 
heathen,  unregenerate ;  uncircumstantial,  not 
going  into  details;  uncivil  (-ly),  ill-mannered, 
rude ;  uncivilized ;  unclad ;  unclaimed ;  un- 
clean (-ness),  net  clean,  foul,  unchaste,  ceremo- 
nially impure  (in  Jewish  law) ;  unclerical ;  un- 
clothed; unclouded;  u'nco,  a.,  n.,  adv.,  (Sc), 
strange,  unusual,  (n.)  stranger,  (adv.)  remark- 
ably, very,  [dial.  var.  of  uncouth] ;  uncoined ;  un- 
coloured,  not  coloured,  (fig.)  not  exaggerated  or 
heightened  in  description  (it.  account  Sec.) ;  un- 
combed; uncome-at-able  (-kwmat-)  colloq.,  not 
accessible  or  attainable;  uncomely  (-iness) ;  un- 
comfortable (-bly) ;  uncommercial,  not  com- 
mercial, contrary  to  commercial  principles; 
uncommitted;  uncommonly,  -ness)  a.  &  colloq. 
adv.,  not  common,  unusual,  remarkable,  (adv.) 
remarkably  (an  u.  fine  girl) ;  uncommunica- 
tive (-ly,  -ness),  reserved,  taciturn ;  uncom- 
panionable ;  uncomplaining  (-ly,  -ness) ;  un- 
complaisant  (-ly) ;  uncomplicated ;  uncompli- 
mentary ;  uncompoundea ;  uncompromising 
(■ly),  not  admitting  of  compromise,  decided, 
inflexible,  unyielding;  unconcerned  (-idly),  not 
concerned  (in,  with),  easy  in  mind,  free  from 
anxiety  or  agitation;  uncondemned;  uncon- 
densed ;  unconditional  (-ity,  -ness,  -ly),  not  sub- 
ject to  conditions,  absolute,  (m.  surrender, 
refusal) ;  unconfirmed ;  unconformable  (-bly, 
-ness) ;  uncongenial  (-ly) ;  unconnected ;  uncon- 
querable (-bly) ;  unconquered ;  unconscientious 
(-ly,  -ness) ;  unconscionable  (-bly,  -ness),  wholly 
unreasonable,  not  guided  or  restrained  by  con- 
science, (Law)  u.  bargain,  contract  too  grossly 
unfair  to  be  enforced,  [prob.  f.  conscion,  formed 
as  sing,  of  conscience  taken  as  pi.] ;  unconscious 
(-ly,  -ness).  not  conscious,  as  was  u.  of  any 
change,  lay  u.  for  some  hours,  u.  cerebra- 
tion ;  unconsecrated ;  unconsidered,  disregard- 
ed; unconstitutional  (-ity,  -ly).  (of  measures, 
acts,  &c.)  opposed  to  a  country's  constitution; 
unconstrained  (-idly) ;  unconsumed ;  uncon- 
tainable  ;  uncontaminated ;  uncontemplated, 
not  expected;  uncontracted;  uncontradicted; 
uncontrollable  (-bly,  -ness);  uncontrolled  (-idly); 
uncontroversial  (-ly) ;  uncontroverted ;  un- 
conventional (-ity,  -ly),  not  bound  by  conven- 


UN- M 

tion  or  custom,  free  in  character  or  action 
or  treatment;  unconversable ;  unconversant ; 
wnco/iwrted ;  tmcoww'ftced ;  uncooked ;  w/i- 
corroborated ;  uncorroded;  uncorrupted;  un- 
countenanced ;  uncoupled ;  uncourtly ;  «n- 
cout/i  (-00-)  (-ty,  -ness),  (of  appearance,  manner, 
person)  strange  &  awkward,  clumsy,  |OE  un- 
cuth  unknown,  strange  (un-2  +  cuth  p.p.  of 
cunnan  know,  can)]  ;  uncovenanted,  not  pro- 
mised by  or  based  on  a  covenant  (u.  mercies  of 
God),  not  bound  by  a  covenant  (u.  civil  service 
in  India) ;  uncovered ;  uncoveted ;  uncreated, 
not  yet  created,  (also  archaic  uncreate2)  exist- 
ing without  being  created;  uncritical  (-ly), 
disinclined  or  incompetent  to  criticize,  not  ae- 
cording  to  principles  of  criticism ;  uncrossed, 
not  crossed  (u.  cheque  &c),  not  thwarted;  un- 
crowned (u.  king,'not  yet  crowned,  also,  having 
power  but  not  name  of  king) ;  unculled ;  un- 
cultivable;uncultivated;uncultured;uncurbed; 
uncurtailed;  uncushioned;  uncustomed,  not 
liable  to  duty,  having  paid  no  duty;  uncut, 
not  cut,  esp.  (of  book)  with  full  untrimmed 
margins;  undamaged;  undated1,  not  dated; 
undaunted  (-ly,  -ness),  not  daunted,  fearless ; 
undebated;  undebauched ;  undeceived 2 ;  un- 
decided (-ly),  not  settled  (point  is  still  u.), 
irresolute  (he  stood  u.);  undecipherable;  un- 
defended ;  undefiled ;  undefined ;  undelivered ; 
undemonstrated ;  undemonstrative,  not  given 
to  showing  strong  feelings,  reserved ;  undeni- 
able (-bly),  that  cannot  be  denied  or  disputed, 
decidedly  good ;  undenominational  (u.  educa- 
tion);undenounced;undependable;undeplored; 
undeposed;  undepravea;  undepreciated;  un- 
depressed; undescried;  undeserved  (-edly);  un- 
deserving; undesignated;  undesigned  (-edly), 
not  designed,  esp.  not  intended;  undesirable 
(-bility,  -bleness,  -bly)  a.  &  n.,  not  desirable, 
unpleasant,  inconvenient,  (n.)  u.  person;  un- 
desired,  not  desired  or  solicited ;  undesirous  ; 
undetachable ;  undetected ;  undetermined,  not 
settled,  irresolute;  undeterred ;  undeveloped ; 
undeviating  (-ly) ;  undevout  (-ly) ;  undifferen- 
tiated; undiffused;  undigested;  undignified, 
lacking or  inconsistent  with  dignity ;  undiluted; 
undiminished ;  undimmed ;  undiplomatic ;  un- 
directed ;  undiscerned ;  undiscerning  (-ly) ;  un- 
discharged; undisciplined;  undisclosed;  un- 
discomfited;  undisconcerted ;  undiscoverable 
(-bly) ;  undiscovered ;  undiscriminating  (-ly) ; 
undiscussed ;  undisguised  (-idly),  not  veiled, 
open,  (u.  reluctance  &c);  undismayed;  un- 
dispelled;  undispersed;  undisplayed;  undis- 
puted ;  undissected ;  undissembled ;  undis- 
solved ;  ^indistinguishable  (-bly,  -ness) ;  undis- 
tinguished; undistracted ;  undistressed;  un- 
distributed (u.  middle,  fallacy  resulting  from 
failure  to  distribute  middle  term);  undis- 
turbed (-idly) ;  undiversified ;  undiverted ;  un- 
divided ;  undivorced ;  undivulged ;  undomesti- 
cated;  undone  2,  not  done;  undoubted;  undoubt- 
edly adv.,  without  doubt  (implying  certainty 
on  speaker's  part,  cf.  doubtless);  undoubting 
(-ly);  undraped;  undreamed-of,  -mt-of;  un- 
dressed 2;  undrilled ;  undr  inkable ;  undue  (duly), 
excessive,  disproportionate,  (spoke  with  u. 
warmth),  improper  (u.  influence,  by  which  per- 
son, e.g.  testator,  is  induced  to  do  what  he 
would  not  of  his  own  free  will),  (of  bill  &c.) 
not  yet  due  ;  undurabU  (-bly) ;  undutiful  (-ly, 
-ness);  undying  (-ly),  immortal  (u.  fame  &c); 
unearned,  not  earned  (u.  increment,  increased 
value  of  land  due  to  external  causes  e.g.  in- 
creased population,  not  to  owner's  labour  or 
outlay) ;  unearthly  (-iness),  not  earthly,  super- 
natural, ghostly,  weird,  (u.  cry,  pallor);  uneasy 
(•uy,  -iness),   disturbed  or  uncomfortable   in 


> UN- 

body  or  mind  (you  seem  u.,  passed  an  u.  night), 
disturbing  (had  an  u.  suspicion) ;  uneatable ; 
uneaten;  unecclesiastical ;  uneclipsed;  uneco- 
nomical; unedified ;  unedifying ;  unedited ;  un- 
educated ;  uneffaced ;  uneffected ;  unelated ; 
unelected;  unelucidated ;  unemancipated;  un- 
embarassed ;  unemotional  (-ly) ;  unemphatic 
(-ally);  unemployed,  not  used,  lacking  em- 
ployment, (u.  capital,  energies,  the  u.) ;  un- 
empowered ;  unenclosed ;  unencumbered  (u. 
estate,  having  no  liabilities  on  it);  unen- 
dangered ;  unending  (-ly,  -ness),  having  no 
end;  unendorsed;  unendowed;  unendurable 
(-bly) ;  unenforced ;  unenfranchised  ;  unen- 
gaged ;  un-English,  not  (characteristic  of 
the)  English :  unenjoyable :  unenlightened  ; 
unenrolled;  unenslaved;  unenterprising  (-ly, 
■ness) ;  unentertaining  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unenthu- 
siastic;  unenumerated ;  unenviable  (-bly) ;  un- 
envied ;  unequable ;  unequal  (-ly) ;  unequalled ; 
unequipped  ;  unequivocal  (-ly,  -ness),  not  am- 
biguous, plain,  unmistakable;  unerased;  un- 
erring (-ly,  -ness),  not  erring  or  failing  or 
missing  the  mark  (u.  judgment,  wisdom,  aim); 
unescapable  ;  unespied ;  unessayed ;  unessen- 
tial a.  &  n.,  not  essential,  not  of  the  first  im- 
portance, (n.)  u.  part  or  thing ;  unestablished  ; 
unestimated  ;  unestranged ;  unevangelical ; 
unevaporated  ;  uneven  (-ly,  -ness),  not  level  or 
smooth,  not  uniform  or  equable  (makes  u.  pt%o- 
gress,  has  anu.  temper),  (of  number,  rare)  odd  ; 
uneventful  (-ly);  unexamined;  unexampled, 
without  precedent ;  unexcelled  ;  unexception- 
able (-bly,  -ness),  with  which  no  fault  can  be 
found ;  unexcised,  not  subject  to  excise ;  un- 
exclusive  (-ly) ;  unexecuted ;  unexemplified  ; 
unexercised ;  unexhausted ;  unexpensive ;  un- 
expected (-ly,  -ness) ;  unexpiated  ;  unexpired, 
(of  lease  &c.)  still  running;  unexplained ;  un- 
explored ;  unexposed ;  unexpounded ;  unex- 
pressed ;  unexpurgated ;  unextended,  not  ex- 
tended, occupying  no  space,  dimensionless ; 
unfadable,  that  cannot  fade ;  unfading  (-ly, 
-ness) ;  unfailing  (-ly,  -ness),  not  failing,  not 
running  short  (u.  supply),  not  disappointing 
one's  expectations  &c.  (u.  resource,  supporter, 
&c.) ;  unfair  (-ly,  -ness),  not  equitable  or  nonest 
or  impartial  (an  u.  advantage,  got  by  u.  means, 
u.  play) ;  unfaithful  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unfaltering 
(-ly) ;  unfamiliar  (-Uy,  -ly) ;  unfashionable  (-bly, 
-ness) ;  unfashioned,  not  brought  into  shape  ; 
unfastened 2 ;  unfathered,  (poet.)  fatherless, 
(fig.)  not  acknowledged  by  its  author  (u.  theory 
&c);  unfatherly  ;  unfathomable  (-bly):  unfa- 
thomed ;  unfavourable  (-bly,  -ness) ;  unfeasible; 
unfed ;  unfeed,  not  feed  3 ;  unfeeling  (-ly, 
-ness),  lacking  sensibility,  harsh,  cruel ;  un- 
feignedt(-£dly) ;  unfelt,  not  felt  3 ;  unfeminine ; 
unfermented  ;  unfertilized  \  unfettered  2 ;  un- 
figured,  not  marked  with  figures  (u.  muslin, 
vase) ;  unfilial  (-ly) ;  unfilled ;  unfiltered  ;  un- 
finished ;  unfit  (-ly,  -ness),  not  fit  (to  do,  for 
purpose,  for  a  doctor  &c,  to  be  one) ;  unfitted, 
not  fit,  not  fitted,  not  furnished  with  fittings ; 
unfitting  (-ly) ;  unfixed  2  •  unflagging ;  unflat- 
tering (-ly) ;  unflavoured ;  unfledged,  not  yet 
fledged  or  (fig.,  of  person  &c.)  developed  ;  un- 
fleshed ;  unflinching  (-ly) ;  unfordable  ;  unfore- 
seen ;  unforgettable ;  unforgivable ;  unfor- 
given  ;  unforgiving  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unforgotten ; 
unformed,  not  formed,  shapeless ;  unformu- 
lated ;  unfortified ;  unfortunate  (-ly)  a.  &n.,  the 
reverse  of  fortunate,  unlucky,  unhappy,  (n.)  u. 
person ;  unfounded,  without  foundation  (u. 
rumour,  hopes),  not  yet  founded ;  unfrequent- 
ed ;  unfriended,  lacking  friends ;  unfriendly 
(-iness) ;  unfruitful  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unfulfilled ; 
unfunded,  (of  debt)  floating,  not  funded  ;  un- 


UN- 


967 


UN- 


furnished,  not  supplied  (with),  without  fur- 
niture (u.  lodgings) ;  wnFUBE1*  *d  ;  ungainly 
{-iness),  awkward,  lumbering,  clumsy  [ME  un- 
geinliche  f.  ungein  {un- 2  +  gein  =  ON  gegn  ser- 
viceable, cogn.  w.  against)  +  -ly  *] ;  ungallant 
(-ly),  not  gallant  to  women ;  ungalvanized ; 
ungarbled;  ungarnered;  ungarnished,  not 
decorated ;  ungauged ;  ungenerous  {-ly) ;  un- 
genial ;  ungenteel  (-ly) ;  ungentle  (-ness,  -tly), 
harsh,  rude,  ill-bred;  ungentlemanly  i-iness), 
unworthy  of  a  gentleman,  rude,  ill-bred  ;  un- 
glazed ;  unglutted ;  ungodly  {-ily,  -ness) ;  un- 
governable {-bly),  unruly,  licentious,  wild,  vio- 
lent, {u.  passions) ;  ungraceful  (-ly,  -ness) ;  un- 
gracious {-ly,  -ness),  not  kindly  or  courteous 
(u.  reply,  reception) ;  ungraduated ;  ungram- 
matical  (-ly),  contrary  to  rules  of  grammar; 
ungrateful  (-ly) ;  ungrounded,  (of  statement 
&c.)  unfounded  ;  ungrudging  (-ly) ;  unguarded 
(-ly),  not  guarded,  incautious,  thoughtless  (an 
u.  expression,  admission) ;  unhackneyed  ;  un- 
hallowed; unhampered;  unhandsome  (-ly, 
•ness),  (of  appearance,  conduct,  &c.)  not  hand- 
some ;  unhandy  (ily,  -ness),  awkward  to  han- 
dle, inconvenient,  (of  person)  clumsy ;  un- 
hanged ;  unhappy  (-ily,  -iness),  not  happy,  un- 
lucky, wretched ;  unharmed;  unHATCi&>3ed  ; 
unhealthful  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unhealthy  (-ily,  -ness); 
unheard,  not  heard  (u.  of,  unprecedented); 
unheeded ;  unheedful  i-ly);  unheeding ;  un- 
helpful (-ly) ;  unhemmed ;  unheralded ;  unhe- 
roic;  unhesitatitw  (-ly);  unhidden;  unhisto- 
ric(al) ;  unholy  (-ily,  -iness),  not  holy,  impious, 
wicked  ;  unhonoi-ired ;  unhuman,  not  human  ; 
unhung ;  unhurt ;  unidea'd,  having  no  ideas ; 
unideal,  not  ideal,  prosaic,  ordinary,  dull,  in- 
ferior ;  unidentified  ;  unilluminated  ;  unillus- 
trated;  unimaginable;  unimaginative  {-ly, 
-ness) ;  unimpaired  ;  unimpassxoned ;  unim- 
peachable (-bility,  -bleness,  -bly)  ;  unimpeded  ; 
unimportant  (-ance) ;  unimposing ;  unimpres- 
sionable ;  unimpressive  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unim- 
proved, (esp.  of  land)  not  improved;  unim- 
pugned  ;  unindexed  ;  unindicated  ;  uninflam- 
mable ;  uninfiated ;  uninflicted ;  uninflu- 
enced ;  uninfluential ;  uninformed ;  uninha- 
bitable ;  uninhabited ;  uninitiated ;  uninjured ; 
uninspired ;  uninstigated  ;  uninstructed  ;  un- 
instructive ;  uninsulated ;  uninsured ;  unintel- 
ligent (-ly) ;  unintelligible  (-bility,  -bly) ;  unin- 
tentional (-ly)  ;  uninteresting  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unin- 
termittent  (-ly) ;  unintermitting  (-ly);  uninter- 
pretable ;  uninterred ;  uninterrupted  (-ly) ;  un- 
inventive  (-ly) ;  uninvestigated ;  uninvited  ; 
uninviting  (-ly),  unattractive,  repellent;  tin- 
invoked  ;  uninvolved  ;  unirrigated ;  unisolat- 
ed;  unissued;  unjaundiced;  unjust  (-ly),  con- 
trary to  justice,  not  just;  unjustifiable  (-bly, 
-ness) -}  unkempt,  uncombed  (u.  hair),  rough, 
unpolished,  [ME  kempt,  kembed,  p.p.  of 
kemben  comb,  OE  cemban];  unkind  (-ly, 
•ness),  not  kind,  harsh,  cruel ;  unkingly ; 
unkneaded;  unknightly  (-iness);  unknow- 
able (-bility,  -bleness,  -bly);  unknowing  (-ly), 
not  knowing,  unconscious,  (of  or  abs.); 
unknown  a.  &  n.,  not  known  (he,  his  purpose, 
what  he  wanted,  that  district,  was  u.  to  me,  a 
youth  to  fame  u.,  ofu.  ingredients,  x  &y  denote 
u.  quantities  in  equation  &c),  (n.  or  abs.  adj.) 
we  all  dread  the  u.,  equation  of  two  uu.;  unla- 
beled;  unlaboured,  (of  style  &c.)  easy,  spon- 
taneous ;  unladylike ;  unlamented  ;  unlawful 
(-ly,  -ness) ;  unlearnea,  not  learned  ;  unlearnt, 
-ned  (pr.  -nd),  not  learnt ;  unleavened  (lit.  & 
fig.);  unlettered,  illiterate;  unlicensed;  un- 
licked,  not  licked  into  shape,  unmannerly  ;  un- 
like (-ness)  a.  &  prep.,  not  like  (is  u.  both  his 
parents,  the  two  are  u.,  portrait  is  utterly  u., 


u.  signs,  +  &  — ,  plays  quite  u.  anyone  I  have 
heard  before)  ;  unlikely  (-ihood,  -iness),  impro- 
bable, unpromising,  (u.  tale,  errand) ;  unlimit- 
ed (-ly,  -ness),  boundless,  unrestricted,  very 
freat  or  numerous  (has  u.  scope,  possibilities, 
is  powers  are  u.,  u.  expanse  of  sea,  drinks  u. 
coffee) ;  unliquidated  ;  unlit ;  unlocated  ;  un- 
looked-for, not  expected ;  unlopped ;  unlovable; 
unloved ;  unlovely  (-iness),  not  amiable  or  at- 
tractive ;  unloverlike ;  unloving  ;  unlucky  (-ily), 
not  lucky  or  fortunate  or  successful,  napless, 
wretched,  unsuccessful,  bringing  bad  luck,  ill- 
timed,  ill-contrived,  (u.  toss  of  coin,  always  u. 
at  cards;  u.  fellow,  asked  in  an  u.  hour,  single 
magpie  xs  u.,  his  u.  efforts  to  please,  an  u.  ex- 
pedient) ;  unmade  ;  unmaidenly  ;  unmailable, 
that  must  not  or  cannot  be  sent  by  post ;  un- 
maimed  ;  unmaintainable  ;  unmalleable  (-bili- 
ty) ;  unmanageable  (-bly,  -ness),  not  (easily)  to 
be  managed  or  manipulated  or  controlled  (u. 
child,  material,  situation) ;  unmanful  (-ly) ; 
unmanlike,  not  like  a  man,  esp.  womanish  or 
childish ;  unmanly  (-iness) ;  unmannerly 
(-iness),  rude,  ill-bred;  unmarked,  not  marked, 
not  noticed  ;  unmarketable ;  unmarriageable 
(-ness);  unman-ied;  unmartial,  unwarlike: 
unmasculine,  not  masculine  or  manly ;  unmas- 
ticable  ;  unmatchable  ;  unmatched ;  unmated ; 
unmaterial,  not  consisting  of  matter ;  unma- 
tured  ;  unmeaning,  (-ly,  -ness),  without  mean- 
ing, senseless ;  unmeant,  not  intended ;  un- 
measured, not  measured,  (poet)  immeasurable; 
unmechanical ;  unmeet  (-ly,  -ness)  archaic, 
not  fit  (to  do,  for  purpose) ;  unmelodious  (-ly, 
-ness) ;  unmelted ;  unmendable  ;  unmention- 
able (-ness)  a.  &  n.,  not  worthy  or  admitting  of 
mention,  (n.  pl„  facet.)  trousers  ;  unmerchant- 
able ;  unmerciful  (-ly}  -ness) ;  unmerited ;  un- 
methodical ;  unmetrical(-ly),  not  metrical, vio- 
lating requirements  of  metre ;  unmilitary  ; 
unmindful  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unminted ;  unmirthful 
(-ly) ;  unmistakable  (-bly),  that  cannot  be  mis- 
taken or  doubted,  clear ;  unmitigated,  unquali- 
fied, absolute,  (u.  blackguard,  lie);  unmixed; 
unmodern;  unmodified;  unmodulated;  un- 
molested ;  unmoral  (-ity),  non-moral ;  unmort- 
gaged; unmotherly;  unmounted,  not  mounted 
(u.  police,  picture,  jewel) ;  unmourned ;  un- 
moved, not  moved,  not  changed  in  purpose,  not 
affected  by  emotion  ;  unmown ;  unmurmuring 
(-ly),  not  complaining ;  unmusical  (-ity,  -ly),  not 
pleasing  to  the  ear,  unskilled  in  or  indifferent 
to  music ;  unmutUated ;  unnamable ;  uw 
named  ;  unnational ;  unnatural  (-ly,  -ness), 
contrary  or  doing  violence  to  nature,monstrous, 
(u.  crimes,  vices),  lacking  natural  feelings  (u. 
parent,  child),  artificial,  forced,  affected ;  un- 
naturalized, not  naturalized  ;  unnavigable ; 
unnecessary  (-ily)  a.  &  n.,  not  necessary,  more 
than  is  necessary  (with  u.  care),  (n.,  usu.  pi.)  u. 
thing(s) ;  unneedful  (-ly) ;  unnegotiable  ;  un- 
neighbourly (-iness) ;  unnoticed ;  unnourished; 
unnumbered,  not  marked  with  number,  not 
counted,  countless ;  unobjectionable  (-bly) ;  un- 
obliging ;  unobliterated ;  unobscured ;  unob- 
servant ;  unobserved ;  unobstructed ;  unob- 
tainable; unobtrusive  (-ly, -ness);  unoccupied; 
unoffending,  harmless,  innocent ;  unoffered ; 
unofficial ;  unofficinal ;  unopened ;  unopposed; 
unordained  ;  unorganized ;  unoriginal,  not 
possessing  originality,  derived ;  unornamental, 
not  ornamental,  unsightly  ;  unornamented  ; 
unorthodox ;  unostentatious  (-ly,  -ness) ;  un- 
owned ;  unpacified  ;  unpaged,  with  pages  not 
numbered  ;  unpaid,  (of  sum,  bill,  debt,  or  per- 
son) not  paid  (the  great  u.,  u.  magistrates  or 
justices) ;  unpaired  ;  unpalatable  (-bly) ;  un- 
paralleled, having  no  parallel  or  equal ;  un-> 


UN- 


968 


UN- 


pardonable  (-bly,  -ness);  unpared;  unparent- 
al,  unworthy  of  a  parent ;  unparliamentary 
(-ily,  -iness),  contrary  to  parliamentary  usage 
(u.  language,  often  facet.);  unpatented;  un- 
patriotic (-ally) ;  unpatronized  ;  unpaved  ;  im- 
pawned ;  unpeaceful ;  unpedantic ;  unpedi- 
greed  ;  unpeeled  ;  unpensioned  ;  unperceived ; 
unperforated  ;  unperformed ;  unperjured ;  «n- 
persuadable ;  unpersuaded ;  unpersuasive;  un- 
perturbed; unperused;  unperverted;  unphiloso- 
phical  (-ly,  -ness),  not  according  to  philosophi- 
cal principles,  wanting  in  philosophy;  unpicked, 
not  selected,(of  flowers)  not  plucked;  unpictur- 
esque  ;  unpiloted  ;  unpitied ;  unpitying  (-ly) ; 
unplaced,  not  placed  esp.  in  race  or  list ;  un- 
plagued ;  unplaned ;  unplanned  ;  unplanted ; 
unplastered;  unplastic;  unplated;  unplaus- 
ible  (-bly) ;  unplayable ;  unpleasant  (-ly),  not 
pleasant,  disagreeable;  unpleasantness  n.,  in 
adj.  senses,  also,  misunderstanding,quarrel,  the 
late  u.  (U.S.  facet.),  the  civil  war ;  unpleasing 
(-ly);  unpliable(-bly) ;  unpliant  (-ly) ;  unplough- 
ed  ;  unplucked ;  unplumbed ;  unpoetical  (ly, 
-ness) ;  unpointed,  having  no  point,  not  punc- 
tuated, without  vowel  points  (in  Hebrew  &c), 
(of  masonry)  not  pointed;  unpolished;  unpoli- 
tical, not  concerned  with  politics ;  unpolled, 
not  polled  (u.  elector,  vote) ;  unpolluted  ;  un- 
popular (-ity,  -ly),  not  popular,  esp.  not  liked 
by  the  public ;  unportioned,  portionless ;  un- 
possessed, not  possessed,  not  possessed  of;  un- 
posted, uninformed,  (of  letter)  not  posted ;  un- 
practical (-ity,  -ly),  (of  person,  plan,  method, 
&c.)  not  practical;  unpractised,  not  experi- 
enced or  skilled,  not  put  into  practice ;  un- 
praised ;  unprecedented,  for  which  there  is  no 
precedent,  unparalleled  ;  unprefaced ;  unpre- 
judiced; unprelatical;  unpremeditated  (-ly), 
not  previously  thought  over,  not  deliberately 
planned,  unintentional ;  unpreoccupied  ;  un- 
prepared (-ness),  not  prepared  (found  every- 
thing u.,  was  u.for  this  objection,  delivered  an 
u.  speech);  unprepossessing;  unprescribed ; un- 
presentable, not  presentable,  not  fit  to  be  pre- 
sented to  company,  not  fit  to  be  seen ;  unpre- 
suming ;  unpresumptuous;  unpretending  (-ly); 
unpretentious  (-ly, -ness);  unpreventable ;  un- 
priced, with  the  price(s)  not  fixed  or  marked  or 
stated  (u.  goods,  catalogue);  unpriestly;  un- 
primed ;  unprincely ;  unprincipled,  lacking  or 
notdictated by  good  moral  principles  (u.  person, 
conduct) ;  unprinted ;  unprivileged ;  unprized, 
not  valued  ;  unprobed ;  unproclaimed ;  unpro- 
curable ;  unproductive  (-ly,  -ness);  unprofaned ; 
unprofessional  (-ly),  not  pertaining  to  one's  pro- 
fession, not  belonging  to  a  profession,  contrary 
to  professional  etiquette  &c,  (knows  nothing  of 
u.  matters,  ask  any  u.  man,  u.  conduct);  un- 
profitable (-bly,  -ness);  unprogressive  (-ness),  not 
progressive,  conservative ;  unprohibited ;  un- 
prolific;  unpromising;  unprompted,  sponta- 
neous; unpromulgated;  unpronounceable ; un- 
propagated;  unprophetic;  unpropitious  (-ly, 
-ness) ;  unproportional,  not  proportional ;  un- 
proposed ;  unprosperous  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unpro- 
tected; unprotested;  unprovable;  unproved, 
-en ;  unprovided,  not  supplied  (with  money  &c), 
not  prepared;  unprovoked,  (of  person  or  act) 
without  provocation ;  unpruned;  unpublished, 
not  made  public,  (of  MS  &c.)  not  published ; 
unpunctual  (-ity,  -ly);  unpunctuated ;  unpun- 
ishable ;  unpunished ;  unpurified ;  unquailing 
(•ly);  unqualified  (-ly),  not  competent,  not  legally 
or  officially  qualified,  not  modified,  (am  u.  to 
serve,  an  u.  practitioner,  gave  his  u.  assent) ; 
unquarried ;  unquelled ;  unquenchable  (-bly); 
unquenched ;  unquestionable  (-bly,  -ness),  that 
cannot  be  questioned  or  doubted;  unquestioned, 


not  disputed  or  doubted,  not  interrogated  ;  un- 
questioning (-ly),  asking  no  questions  (u.  obe- 
dience &c,  yielded  without  questions  asked); 
unquiet,  restless,  agitated,  (u.  spirit,  times); 
unquilted ;  unquotable ;  unquoted ;  unransom- 
ed ;  unrazored,  unshaven ;  unreachable  ;  un- 
read, (of  book  &c.)  not  read,  (of  person)  not 
well-read ;  unreadable  (-ness) ;  unready,  not 
ready,  not  prompt  in  action  ?  unreal  (-ity,  -ly), 
illusive,  sham,  visionary  ;  unrealizable  ;  un- 
realized ;  unreaped ;  unreasonable  (-bly,  -ness), 
not  reasonable,  exceeding  the  bounds  of  reason 
(u.  demands,  conduct,  Sec),  not  guided  by  or 
listening  to  reason ;  unreasoned,  not  rationally 
thought  out;  unreasoning  (-ly),  not  using  or 
guided  by  reason ;  unrebuked  ;  unrecallable ; 
unrecalled;  unreceipted;  unreceiveU;  unreci- 
procated ;  unreckoned ;  unreclaimed  ;  unrecog- 
nizable (-bly);  unrecognized  ;  unrecompensed ; 
unreconciled;  unrecorded;  unrectified;  unre- 
deemed, not  redeemed,  (of  promise)  not  fulfilled, 
(of  bills  &c.)  not  recalled  by  payment,  not  taken 
out  of  pawn,  (of  faults  &c.)  not  mitigated  or 
relieved  (by  merits  &c.  or  abs.);  unredressed ; 
unrefined,  not  refined  (u.  sugar,  manners) ;  un- 
reflecting (-ly);  unreformable ;  unreformed ;  un- 
refuted  ;  unregal ;  unregarded  ;  unregenerate ; 
unregistered,  unregretted ;  unregulated ;  unre- 
hearsed; unrelated;  unrelaxed;  unrelenting 
(-ly,  -ness) ;  unreliable  (-bility,  -bleness,  -bly) ; 
unrelieved ;  unreligious,  not  concerned  with 
religion ;  unremembered ;  unremitting  (-ly),  not 
abating,  incessant,  (u.  care,  exertions) ;  unre- 
munerative,  not  profitable  ;  unrenewed ;  un- 
renounced  ;  unrepealed ;  unrepentant  (-artce) ; 
unrepining  (-ly) ;  unreplenished  ;  unreported  ; 
unrepresentative ;  unrepresented ;  unreproach- 
ful ;  unreproved  ;  unrequited,  not  requited  or 
returned  (u.  affection);  unrescinded;  unresent- 
ed ;  unresenttng  (-ly) ;  unreserved  (-Idly,  -ness), 
without  reservation  (u.  compliance  &c),  open, 
frank,  (an  u.  nature),  not  reserved  (u.  seats) ; 
unresisted ;  unresisting  (-ly) ;  unresolved,  not 
having  formed  a  decision,  not  sol ved  or  cleared 
up  (u.*  doubts,  problem),  not  separated  into 
constituent  parts ;  unrespected ;  unresponsive 
(-ness);  unrestful  (-ly,  -ness);  unresting  (-ly); 
unrestored ;  unrestrainable  (-bly) ;  unrestrain- 
ed (-idly,  -ness);  unrestricted  (-ly);  unretarded ; 
unretentive;  unrevenged;  unreversed;  unre- 
vised  ;  unrevoked  ;  unrewarded ;  unrlietorical ; 
unrhymed ;  unrhythmical,  without  (satisfac- 
tory) rhythm  ;  unridable  ;  unridden ;  unright- 
ed;  unrighteous  (-ly,  -ness),  not  upright  or 
honest  or  just,  evil,  wicked ;  unripe  (-ness),  not 
ripe  (lit.  &  fig.);  unrisen;  unrivalled,  having 
no  equal,  peerless ;  unromantic  (-ally) ;  un- 
roofed ;  unroyal  (-ly),  unlike  or  unworthy  of  a 
king ;  unruffled ;  unruled,  not  governed,  not 
ruled  with  lines  ;  unru'ly  (-iness),  lawless,  re- 
fractory, [un-  +rule  +  -ly1];  unsafe  (-ly,-ness), 
dangerous;  unsaid2;  unsaintly;  unsalable 
(-bility,  -bleness) ;  unsalaried ;  unsalted ;  un- 
sanctified;  unsanctioned;  unsanitary,  un- 
healthy; unsated;  unsatisfactory  (-ily,  -iness); 
unsatisfied;  unsatisfying  (-ly) ;  unsaved,  not 


saved  (esp.  in  religious  sense) ;  unsavoury  (-ily, 
-iness),  uninviting,  disgusting,  (an  u.  dish, 
smell,  theme) ;  unsayable ;    unscalable,   that 


cannot  be  climbed;  unscannable,  that  can- 
not be  scanned  (u.  verses) ;  unscared ;  un- 
scarred ;  unscathed ;  unscented ;  unscheduled ; 
unscholarly ;  unschooled  ;  unscientific  (-ally) ; 
unscoured  ;  unscourged  ;  unscreened;  unscrip- 
tural  (-ly),  not  in  accordance  with  Scripture ; 
unscrupulous  (-ly,  -ness),  having  no  scruples, 
shameless,  unprincipled ;  unsculptured,  not 
covered  with  sculpture,  (Zool.)  smooth ;  un- 


UN- I 

sealed ;  unsearchable,  beyond  the  reach  of 
search ;  unsearched,  unseasonable  (-bly,  -ness); 
unseasoned ;  unseated 2,  not  provided  or  fur- 
nished with  seat(s) ;  unseaworthy  (-iness) ;  un- 
seconded ;  unsectarian  {-ism),  free  from  sec- 
tarian limitations ;  unsecured ;  unseduced  ; 
unseductive  ;  unseeing,  blind,  unobservant ; 
unseemly  (-iness)  a.  &  (archaic)  adv. ;  unseen  a. 
&  n.,  not  seen  (the  u.,  the  world  of  spirits),  u. 
(translation),  translation  of  unprepared  pas- 
sages as  school  exercise ;  unseizable;  unselect, 
promiscuous,  mixed ;  unselected ;  unselfish 
(-ly,  -ness),  regardful  of  others'  interests  rather 
than  of  one's  own ;  unsensational  (-ly) ;  un- 
sent ;  unsentenced ;  unsentimental ;  unsepa- 
rated ;  unserviceable  (-bly,  -ness) ;  unset,  not 
set  (s»m,  gem,  trap,  broken  leg,  isu.);  unsettled2, 
not  settled,  liable  to  change,  open  to  further 
discussion,  not  paid,  having  no  fixed  abode,  (of 
lands)  not  occupied  by  permanent  inhabitants, 
(his  mind  is  still  u.,  u.  weather,  the  point,  the 
bill, isu.);  unsevered ;  unshackled  ;  unshaded ; 
unshadowed ;  unshaken,  not  shaken  esp.  in 
resolution  ;  unshapely ;  unshared ;  unshaven ; 
unshed;  unsheltered;  unshipped2;  unshock- 
cd ;  unshod ;  unshorn,  not  shorn  or  shaven  ; 
unshown ;  unshrinkable,  that  will  not  shrink 
(u.  flannel) ;  unshrinking  (-ly),  unhesitating, 
fearless,  firm ;  unshrunk ;  unshut :  unshutter- 
ed ;  unsifted  ;  unsighted,  not  sighted,  not  fur- 
nished with  sights,  (ship  is  still  u.,  u.  gun); 
unsightly  (-iness),  repulsive  to  the  sight,  ugly ; 
unsigned ;  unsinged  ;  unsisterly  (-iness) ;  un- 
sized, not  stiffened  with  size ;  unskilful  (-ly, 
-ness) ;  unskilled,  not  possessing  or  requiring 
skill  or  special  training  (u.  labour,  simple 
forms  of  manual  labour) ;  unslaked ;  unsleep- 
ing, unslumbering,  (fig.)  watchful ;  unsmoked ; 
unsociable  (-bility,  -bleness,  -bly);  unsocial; 
tmsoiled ;  unsolaced  ;  unsold  ;  unsoldierly  ; 
unsolicited;  unsolicitous ;  unsolid  (-ity);  un- 
solvable ;  unsolved ;  unsophistical ;  unsophis- 
ticated (-ness),  artless,  innocent,  simple,  not 
adulterated,  not  artificial;  unsoothed;  unsort- 
ed;  unsought;  unsound  (-ness),  not  sound, 
diseased,  morbid,  rotten,  ill-founded,  erro- 
neous, fallacious,  unreliable,  (u.  lungs,  fruit, 
doctrine,  policy, argument;  ofu.  mind,  insane); 
unsounded,  unfathomed ;  unsoured ;  unsown ; 
unsparing  (-ly,  -ness),  profuse,  lavish,  (u.  praise, 
u.  of  or  in  praise,  u.  in  his  efforts),  merciless ; 
unspeakable  (-bly,  -ness),  that  words  cannot  ex- 
press, good,  bad,  &c,  beyond  description  (u. 
joys,  an  u.  bore) ;  unspecified ;  unspeculative ; 
unspent ;  unspilt ;  unspiritual  (-ity,  -ly) ;  un- 
spliced  ;  unspoiled,  -It ;  unspoken ;  unspon- 
taneous,  forced,  artificial ;  unsportsmanlike 
(colloq.  also  unsporting) ;  unspotted,  not  spot- 
ted or  (fig.)  contaminated;  unsquared;  un- 
stable ;  unstaid ;  unstained,  not  stained  (esp. 
fig.);  unstamped,  without  stamp  (u.  deed,  let- 
ter) ;  unstarched ;  unstartled  ;  unstated  ;  un- 
statesmanlike ;  unstatutable  (-bly),  not  warrant- 
ed by  statute ;  unsteadfast  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unsteady 
(-ily, -iness),  not  steady  or  firm,  shaking,  reeling, 
changeable,  fluctuating,  of  irregular  habits, 
(an  u.  hand,  walked  with  u.  steps,  ladder  is  u., 
was  u.  in  his  adherence,  u.  winds,  is  notori- 
ously u.,  dissipated) ;  unstigmatized ;  unsti- 
mulated ;  unstinted ;  unstirred ;  unstocked, 
not  stocked  (with,  or  abs.);  unstopped;  un- 
stored ;  unstrained,  not  forced,  not  subjected 
to  strain,  not  put  through  a  strainer  ;  unstra- 
tified;  unstressed,  not  pronounced  with  stress; 
unstudied,  easy,  natural,  spontaneous,  (u.  ease, 
eloquence) ;  unstuffed  ;  unstung ;  unsubdued  ; 
unsubjugated ;  unsubmissive  (-ly,  -ness) ;  un- 
subscribed ;  unsubstantial  (-ity,  -ly) ;  having 


9 UN- 

little  or  no  solidity  or  reality  {u.  air,  visions, 
forms,  an  u.  building) ;  unsubstantiated,  not 
confirmed  or  established  (u.  rumours) ;  unsuc- 
cessful (-ly) ;  unsugared  ;  unsuggestive  ;  un- 
suitable (-bility,  -bleness,  -bly) ;  unsuited,  unfit 
(for  purpose),  not  adapted  (to) ;  unsullied ;  un- 
summed ;  unsummoned  ;  unsung,  not  sung  or 
(poet.)  sung  of  ;  unsunned,  not  lighted  by  sun  ; 
unsupple ;  unsupplied ;  unsupportable  (-bly, 
-ness) ;  unsupported ;  unsuppressed  ;  unsure  ; 
u%surgical ;  unsurmised ;  unsurmounted ;  un- 
surpassable (-bly) ;  unsurpassed  ;  unsurren- 
dered ;  unsurveyed ;  unsusceptible ;  unsuspect- 
ed (-ly) ;  unsuspicious  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unsustain- 
able ;  unsustained ;  unsicalloioed ;  unsivayed, 
not  controlled  or  influenced ;  unsweetened ;  un- 
swept ;  unswerving  (-ly) ;  unsworn,  not  sworn 
(u.  oath,  witness) ;  unsymbolical ;  unsymme- 
trical  (ly),  failing  in  or  not  characterized  by 
symmetry ;  unsympathetic  (-ally) ;  unsympa- 
thizing  (-ly);  unsystematic  (-ally) ;  untainted; 
untalented ;  untamable  (-ness) ;  untamed  ;  un- 
tanned ;  untarnishable ;  untarnished ;  un- 
tasked ;  untasted ;  untaught,  (of  person  &c.  or 
subject  &c.)  not  taught, : ignorant;  untaxed; 
unteachable  (-ness) ;  untearable ;  untechnical ; 
untempered,  not  tempered  (u.  mortar,  steel, 
severity):  untempted;  untenable  (-bility, 
-bleness) ;  untenantable,  not  fit  to  be  occu- 
pied ;  untenanted ;  untended ;  untendered, 
not  offered;  unterrified;  untested;  untether- 
ed ;  unthanked ;  unthankful  (-ly,  -ness) ; 
unthatched;  unthinkable,  that  cannot  be 
thought  or  conceived,  (colloq.)  unlikely;  un- 
thinking (-ly),  thoughtless;  unthought,  not 
thought,  esp.  u.-of;  unthoughtful  (-ness);  un- 
thrashed ;  unthreadable ;  unthreaded ;  un- 
threshed ;  unthrifty ;  unthwarted ;  untidy  (-ily, 
-iness) ;  untied  2 ;  untiled ;  untillable ;  unfilled ; 
untimbered ;  untimely  (-iness)  a.  &  adv. ;  un- 
timous  (Sc);  untinctured ;  untinged ;  untired ; 
untiring  (-ly) ;  untithed,  not  subject  to  tithes ; 
untitled ;  untold,  not  told,  not  counted,  beyond 
count  (u.  gold) ;  untormented ;  untorn ;  untor- 
tured;  untouched;  untoward  (archaic),  per- 
verse, refractory,  awkward,  unlucky,  (an  u. 
generation,  accident) ;  untraceable ;  untraced ; 
untracked,  not  followed  by  means  of  or  marked 
with  tracks ;  untragic,  not  tragic  or  suited  to 
tragedy ;  untrained,  not  trained  or  practised  or 
instructed,  not  prepared  by  exercise,  diet,  &c, 
for  race  &c. ;  untrammelled ;  untransferable, 
that  cannot  or  must  not  be  transferred ;  un- 
translatable (-bility,  -bleness,  -bly);  untrans- 
mutable ;  untransportable ;  untravelled,  that 
has  not  travelled ;  untried ;  untraversable ;  un- 
trimmed ;  untrodden ;  untroubled,  not  trou- 
bled, calm ;  untrue  (-uly),  not  true,  contrary  to 
the  fact,  false,  not  faithful  or  loyal  (to  person, 
principle,  &c),  deviating  from  correct  stan- 
dard; untrussed  (u.fowl  &c);  untrustworthy 
(-iness) ;  untruthful  (-ly,  -ness) ;  untuned  ;  un- 
tuneful  (-ly) ;  unturned,  not  turned  (leave  no 
stone  u.) ;  untutored,  not  taught  or  schooled  ; 
unurged ;  unused ;  unusual  (-ity  rare,  -ness,  -ly), 
not  usual,  remarkable ;  unutilized ;  unutter- 
able (-bly),  above  or  beyond  description  (u.  tor- 
ment, joy,  &c,  an  u.  fool) ;  unuttered ;  unvac- 
cinated ;  unvalued,  not  esteemed  or  prized,  not 
estimated  or  priced ;  unvanquished ;  unvaried ; 
unvarnished,  not  varnished  or  embellished  (u. 
surface,  the  u.  truth) ;  unvarying  (-ly) ;  un- 
venerable ;  unvenerated ;  unvenomous ;  unven- 
tilated ;  unveracious ;  unveriiiable ;  unverified ; 
unversed,  not  versed  or  skilled  (in) ;  unvexed  ; 
unvictualled  ;  unvindicated  ;  unviolated  ;  un- 
visited ;  unvitiated ;  unvoiced,  not  spoken  or 
uttered,  (Phonet.)  not  voiced  ;  unvouched,  not 

31* 


UNANCHOR 


970 


UNCTION 


vouched  (usu.  for) ;  unwak(en)ed  ;  unioanted  ; 
unwarlike ;  unwarmed;  unwarned ;  unwarped; 
unwarrantable  (-bly,  -ness),  indefensible,  un- 
justifiable, improper ;  unwarranted,  unauthor- 
ized, not  guaranteed ;  unwary  (-ily,  -iness) ; 
unwaslied,  not  washed  (the  great  u.,  the  rab- 
ble) ;  unwatched ;  unwatchful  (-ness) ;  un- 
watered,  not  watered  or  diluted  or  supplied 
with  water  (u.  milk,  horse,  capital) ;  unwa- 
vering (ly) ;  unweaned ;  unwearable ;  unwea- 
ried ;  unweary ;  unwearying  (-ly),  not  growing 
weary,  persistent,  (u.  efforts  &c.);  unwedded; 
unweeded ;  unweighea ;  unwelcome  ;  unwel- 
comed  ;  unwell,  not  in  good  health,  indisposed  ; 
wntwejo*  (rhet.,  poet.),  not  wept  for ;  unwetted  ; 
unwhipped ;  unwhitened ;  unwhitewashed ;  m»- 
wholesome  (-ly,  -ness) ;  unwieldy  (-ily,  -iness), 
difficult  to  move  or  manage  from  size  or  weight 
or  shape  [f.  un-  +  obs.  wieldy  (wield  +  -Y  2)] ; 
unwifely  ;  unwilling  (-ly,  -ness),  not  willing  or 
inclined  (to  do,  for  thing,  for  thing  to  be  done, 
that,  or  abs.);  unwinged;  unwinking,  not 
winking,  vigilant ;  unwise  (-ly),  foolish,  impru- 
dent ;  unwished,  not  wished  (usu.  for) ;  un- 
withdrawn;  unwithering;  unwithered;  un- 
witnessed ;  unwitting  (-ly),  not  consciously  or 
intentionally  [see  wit1];  unwomanly;  univon; 
unwonted ;  unwooded ;  unwooed ;  unworkable ; 
unworkmanlike ;  unworldly  (-iness),  not  world- 
ly, spiritual,  (u.-minded,  &c.);  unicorn,  that 
has  not  been  worn  or  impaired  by  wear ;  un- 
xcorshipped ;  unworthy  (-ily,  -iness),  not  worthy 
or  befitting  the  character  (of),  discreditable,  un- 
seemly; umvound2;  unwounded;  unwoven; 
unwreaked ;  unwrinkled ;  unwritable ;  unwrit- 
ten, not  written  (u.  law,  resting  originally  on 
custom  or  judicial  decision,  not  on  written 
statutes  &c.) ;  unwrought ;  unwrung,  not  wrung 
(withers  u.);  unyielding  (-ly,  -ness),  firm,  ob- 
stinate ;  unyoked ;  unyouthful ;  unzealous. 

(2)  Nouns  are  occasionally  formed  either  direct- 
ly on  a  simple  noun  (unbelief,  unfriend,  unre- 
pair) or  by  back-formation  or  otherwise  on 
corresp.  adj.  Exx. :  unbelief,  incredulity,,  dis- 
belief esp.  in  divine  revelation  or  in  a  particular 
religion,  so  unbelie'ver ;  uncha'stity ;  uncircum- 
ci'sion,  not  being  circumcised,  (N.T.)theu.,  the 
Gentiles ;  unconcer'n,  freedom  from  anxiety, 
indifference,  apathy;  unconstrai'nt,  freedom 
from  constraint ;  undre'ss2,  ordinary  dress  opp. 
to  full  dress  or  uniform,  loose  negligent  dress, 
(often  fig.  &  attrib.) ;  unea'se  (archaic),  un- 
easiness, distress,  discomfort ;  unemployment, 
lack  of  employment;  unfai'th  (rare),  want  of 
faith;  unfriend  (archaic),  enemy;  unpre'ju- 
dice,  freedom  from  prejudice  ;  unrea'son,  lack 
of  reason,  nonsense,  folly  (abbot  of  U.);  un- 
repcm'*,  dilapidation,  want  of  repair;  unreser've, 
absence  of  reserve,  frankness ;  unre'st,  lack  of 
rest,  disturbed  or  agitated  condition  of  person 
or  nation  (the  u.  in  Turkey  ;  unrestrai'nt ;  un- 
righ't  (archaic),  wrong,  injustice;  unsucce'ss, 
want  of  success,  failure ;  unsuspi'cion  (rare) ; 
unsy'mmetry,  absence  or  violation  of  symme- 
try; unthri-ft  (archaic),  prodigal(ity);  untruth, 
being  untrue,  falsehood,  lie,  (the  manifest  u.  of 
this  statement,  told  me  anu.);  unwi'sdom,  lack 
of  wisdom,  folly,  imprudence.  [OE  &  G,  cf.  Du. 
on-,  cogn.  w.  L  in- 2  &  ne,  Gk  a(n)-,  we-] 

unanchop.    See  un-  Ml). 

unanimous,  a.  All  of  one  mind,  agreeing 
in  opinion,  as  we  were,  themeeting  was,  u.  (for 
reform,  as  to  the  policy  to  be  pursued,  in  pro- 
testing, &c.) ;  (of  opinion,  vote,  &c.)  formed, 
held,  given,  with  one  accord.  Hence  or  cogn. 
unanl-mix v,  una'nimousNESS,  nn.,  una*- 


nimousLY2  adv.  [f.  L  unanimus,  -mis, 
(unus  one  +  animus  mind)  +  -ous] 

unapparel,  unarm,  unarmed1,  see 
un-  M2) ;  unattire,  un-  Ml) ;  unbag,  un-  M3) ; 
unbalance,  un-MI);  unballast.  un-M2); 
unbank,  unbar,  unbear,  un-MI);  un- 
bed,  un- i(3) ;  unbelief,  unbeliever,  un-2 
(2);  unbelt,  UN-M2);  unbend,  unbend- 
ing- !,  UN-  Ml). 

unberu'fen  (dbnbirdb-),  a.  Unsummoned 
(in  E  use  as  deprecating  Nemesis  after  boast- 
ful remark  &c).    [G] 

unbeseem,  unbias,  unbind,  see  un-M1)  ; 
unbishop,  UN-M4);  unbitt,  un-M3);  un- 
blindfold,  unblock, unbolt,  un-  Ml);  un- 
bone, un-  M2) ;  unbonnet,  un-  Ml) ;  unboot, 
un-M2);  unbosom,  un-M1);  unbowel,  un-1 
(2) ;  unbox,  un-  M3) ;  unbrace,  unbraid, 
unbreach,  unbridle,  unbuckle,  un- 
burden, unbutton,  un-MI);  uncage, 
un-  i(3) ;  uncap,  un-  M2) ;  uncart,  uncase, 
UN-M3). 

uncate.    See  uncinate. 

unchain,  see  un-MI);  unchastity,  un-2 
(2);  unchristianize,  un-MI);  unchurch, 
UN- M3). 


u'neia,  n.  (Rom.  ant. ;  pi.  -ae).  Twelfth  part, 
jsp.  (as  coin  or  amount)  of  as  ;  ounce ;  inch.  [L] 
u'neial  (-shl),  a.  &  n.    Of,  written  in,  a  kind 


of  majuscule  writing  found  in  MSS  of  4th  to 
8th  c.  with  characters  partly  resembling  mo- 
dern capitals ;  (n.)  u.  letter  or  MS.  [f.  L  unci- 
alls  (prec,  see  -al),  in  sense  inch-high,  large] 

u*ncinate,a.  (Also  uncate)  hooked,  crooked. 
So  unei'FEROUS,  u*neiFORM,  u'ncinAL,  aa. 
[f.  LL  uncinatus  (uncinus  hook  f.  L  unctis 
hook,  see -ate2)] 

uncircumcision,  see  un-2(2);  unclasp, 

UN- Ml). 

uncle,  n.  Father's  or  mother's  brother; 
aunt's  husband ;  (U.S.,  as  familiar  mode  of  ad- 
dress) U.  Tom's  Cabin  &c,  U.  Sam,  govern- 
ment or  typical  citizen  of  U.S. ;  (slang)  pawn- 
broker ;  talk  to  (person)  like  a  Dutch  u.  (with 
kindly  severity).  Hence  u'nclesHip  n.  [AF, 
f.  L  avunculus  maternal  uncle  (avus  grand- 
father, see  foil.)] 

-uncle,  suf.  in  nn.  of  L  orig.  or  on  L  anal., 
repr.  L  -unculus,  -la,  a  special  form  of  -cuius 
-cule  prob.  resulting  from  frequent  use  of 
-cuius  w.  stems  in  -on-,  as  sermunculus  (ser- 
mon-), carbunculus  (carbon-),  oratiuncula, 
quaestiuncula,  &c,  and  its  extension  to  other 
stems  (avunculus,  st.  avo-,  furunculus,  st. 
fur-).  E  has  also  -uncule  (homuncule),  &  L  -cuius 
is  sometimes  kept  (ranunculus). 

unclench,  -inch,  see  un-MI);  uncloak, 
un- M2);  unclog,  un-MI);  uneloister,  un-1 
(3) ;  unclose,  unclothe,  uncock,  uncoil, 
un- Ml);  unconcern,  unconstraint,  un-2 
(2);  uncoop,  un-M3);  uncord,  uncork, 
uncouple,  uncover,  un-MI);  uncowl, 
un- M2);  uncreate,  uncross,  un-MI);  un- 
crown, UN- M2). 

u'netion,  n.  Anointing  with  oil  or  unguent 
for  medical  purposes  or  (in  R.-C.  &  Gk  Ch.)  as 
rite  or  ceremonial  (extreme  u.)  ;  thing  used  in 
anointing,  unguent,  (fig.)  soothing  or  flattering 
words  or  thought  or  circumstance ;  fervent  or 
sympathetic  quality  in  words  or  tone  caused 
by  or  causing  deep  religious  or  other  emotion ; 
simulation  of  this,  affected  enthusiasm,  gush  ; 
excessive  suavity;  keen  or  lingering  enjoy- 
ment in  narration,  gusto,  (told  the  story  with 
much  u.).  [OF,  f.  L  unctionem  (ungere  unct- 
anoint,  see  -ion)] 


For  adjj.  in  un-  not  given  see  UN- 2(1). 


UNCTUOUS 


971 


UNDER- 


u'nctuous,  a.  Full  of  (esp.  simulated)  unc- 
tion ;  greasy,  esp.  (of  minerals)  having  a  soapy 
feel  when  touched.  Hence  u'nctuousLv- 
adv.,  vrnctuousNESS  n.  [f.  F  onctueux  f.  L 
unctus  -us  anointing  (as  prec),  see  -ousj 

uncurb,  uncurl,  see  un-](1). 

u'ndate,  u'ndated2  (forw.1  see  un-2),  aa. 
Wavy ;  (Bot.)  =  undulate2,  [f.  L  undare  rise 
in  waves  (unda  wave),  see  -ate  2] 

u*nd£  (-a),  a.  (herald.).  Wavy.  [f.  F  ondb  as 
prec.l 

undeceive,  undeceived  I,  undeify,  see 

UN- HI). 

u'ndep,  prep.,  adv.,  a.  In  or  to  a  position 
lower  than,  below,  as  it  lay.  fell,  u.  the  table, 
assembled  u.  (at  the  foot  or)  the  castle  wall, 
struck  him  u.  the  left  eye,  nothing  new  u.  the 
sun  (anywhere),  u.  foot  ],  u.  hatch  les,  u.  one's 
nose,  u.  (in  &  covered  by)  water,  u.  one's  wing  ; 
within,  on  the  inside  of,  (surface  &c),  as  in- 
serted a  knife-blade  under  the  bark,  was  seen 
to  blush  u.  his  dusky  skin,  with  a  good  meal  u. 
his  belt  (in  his  stomach),  u.  the  lee  of;  inferior 
to,  less  than,  as  no  one  u.  a  bishop,  incomes  u. 
£160,  cannot  be  done  u.  (at  less  cost  than)  £5, 
total  falls  u.  what  was  expected,  speak  u.  one's 
breath  (in  a  whisper) ;  in  the  position  or  act  of 
supporting  or  sustaining,  subjected  to,  under- 
going, liable  to,  on  condition  of,  subject  to,  go- 
verned or  controlled  or  bound  by,  in  accord- 
ance with,  in  the  form  of,  in  the  time  of,  as 
sank  u.  the  load  (lit.  &  fig.),  u.  a  cloud,  groan- 
ing u.  tyranny,  is  now  u.  repair,  u.  examina- 
tion,'a  few  acres  u.  (planted  with)  corn,  u. 
fire  \  u.  (propelled  by)  sail,  u.  way,  u.  arm  2s, 
forbidden  u.  pain  of  death,  a  criminal  u.  sen- 
tence of  (condemned  to)  death,  have  sat  u.  (at- 
tended sermons  of)  famous  preachers,  country 
prospered  u.  him  or  his  rule,  might  succeed  u. 
other  conditions,  is  u.  a  delusion,  was  u.  the 
impression,  u.  the  circumstances,  u.  the  rose,  = 
suB^rosa,  u.  favour1,  u.  (attested  by)  one's 
hand  &  seal,  was  u.  a  vow,  known  u.  an  as- 
sumed name,  appears  u.  various  forms,  u.  pre- 
tence of  ignorance,  lived  u.  the  Stuarts.  (Adv. ) 
in  or  to  a  lower  place  or  subordinate  condition, 

as  BRING,  KEEP1,  KNOCK  *,  KNUCKLE,  GO  1,  U., 

a  cloth  should  be  spread  u.  (usu.  underneath, 
beneath).  (Adj.)  lower  (now  largely  merged 
in  foil.),  as  the  u.  jaw,  u.  layers,  u.  servants ; 
u.  dog  (slang),  dog,  person,  who  has  the  worst 
of  an  encounter.  Hence  u'ndePMOST  a.  [OE 
(adv.  &prep.),  cf.  Du.  onder,  G  unter,  ONundir, 
cogn.  w.  L  infra  below] 
under-,  pref.  =  prec.  prep,  or  adv.  or  adj. 

1.  As  prep,  governing  the  noun  to  which  it  is 
prefixed,  w.  sense  '  below ',  under-  forms  a  few 
advv.  &  adjj.,  as :  underfoot  adv.,  under  one's 
feet;  underground;  underhand;  u'nder- 
proofa,.,  with  less  alcohol  than  proof  spirit. 

2.  Under-  is  prefixed  to  vbs  &  their  derivatives 
w.  adv.  or  prep,  force  in  sense  'beneath ', '  lower 
than',  4  below  ,  as :  underbi'd  v.t.,  make  lower 
bid  than  (person);  undercut1  v.t.,  cut  away 
material  of  (design  &c.in  carving)  so  as  to  make 
it  stand  out  in  relief,  (Golf)  hit  (ball)  so  that  it 
rises  high  &  does  not  roll  far  on  alighting ;  un- 
derdrawn l  v.t.,  drain  (ground)  by  forming  chan- 
nels beneath  it ;  underlay'  v.t.  &  i.,  lay  some- 
thing under  (thing),  esp.  (Print.)  lay  paper  un- 
der (types)  to  raise  them,  (Mining,  intr.)  incline 
from  the  vertical ;  u'nderlay  n.,  bit  of  paper 
for  underlay ing  types,  (Mining) = hade  ;  under- 
let v.t.,  let  (house  &c.)  below  true  value,  sublet; 
underline1  v.t.,  draw  line  under  (word)  to  se- 
cure emphasis  or  to  indicate  italics;  under- 
mentioned a.;  underpi'n  v.t,  place  support  of 
masonry  &c.  under  (wall,  overhanging  bank, 


&c);  underplay  v.i.  (whist),  play  low  card 
while  retaining  high  one  of  same  suit ;  wnder- 
play  n.,  underplaying;  underprop  v.t.,  put 
prop  under ;  under  quo  te  v.  t. ,  quote  lower  prices 
than  (person),  quote  lower  prices  than  others 
for  (goods  &c);  underru'n  v.t.  &  i.,  run  oi 
pass  under;  underscore'  v.t., = underline1;  un- 
dersell v.t.,  sell  cheaper  than  (person) ;  u'nder- 
seller  n.;  underset1  v.t.,  support  (masonry  &c.) 
by  prop ;  u'ndershot  a.,  (of  wheel)  worked  by 
water  passing  under  it,  =  underhung  ;  under- 
sig'nea  a.,  J,  we,  the  u.,  (whose  signatures  ap- 
pear below) ;  undertru'mp  v.t.,  play  lower 
trump  than  (person,  trump  played). 

3.  under-  in  sense  'insufficiently',  'incom- 
pletely ',  is  prefixed  to  vbs  (used  esp.  in  p.p.)  & 
to  some  adjj.,  w.  their  derivatives.  Adjj.  & 
p. pp.  tend  in  attrib.  use  (cf.  UN-1,  -ed  2)  to  take 
stress  on  first  syllable  {beef  was  underdone, 
hate  u'nderdone  beef;  anu'nder-exposed  or  u'n- 
der-expo'sed  negative).  Exx.:  undera'ct  v.t., 
act  (a  part,  or  abs.)  inadequately  ;  underbred 
a.,  ill-bred,  vulgar;  undercharge  v.t.,  charge 
too  little  for  (thing)  or  to  (person),  put  insuffi- 
cient charge  into  (gun  &c);  u'ndercharge  n., 
insufficient  charge;  under-deve'lop  v.t  (pho- 
tog.);  underdo'  v.t,  cook  insufficiently,  esp.  in 
p. p. underdone;  under-do'sev.t.;  under-draiv 
v.t,  depict  inadequately ;  under dress  v.t.  &  i., 
dress  too  plainly  or  too  lightly ;  underestimate 
v.t,  form  too  low  an  estimate  of;  underesti- 
mate (-at),  -ation,  nn.;  under-expo'se  v.t,  un- 
der-exposure n.,  (photog.);  underfeed  v.t.  &  i.; 
under-fired  a.,  (of  pottery)  not  baked  enough ; 
undergrow'n  a.;  underma'n  v.t,  furnish  (ship 
&c.)  with  too  few  men ;  underma'sted  a.;  un- 
derpay v.t,  pay  (workmen  &c.)  inadequately ; 
unaer-produ'etion  n.,  production  less  than  is 
usual  or  required ;  underrate  v.t,  underesti- 
mate; under-re'ekon  v.t;  under-ri'pe  a.;  un- 
dersi'zed  a.,  of  less  than  the  usual  size,  dwarfish; 
understate  v.t;  understatement  n.;  under- 
stock v.t,  supply  (farm,  shop,  &c.)  with  insuffi- 
cient stock ;  under-ti'med  a.,= under-exposed ; 
undervaluation  n.;  underval'ue  v.t 

4.  Under-  in  adj.  relation  with  noun  replaces 
or  is  interchangeable  with  under  a.,  in  senses 
'  situated  beneath  ',  '  subordinate '.  In  the  less- 
established  compounds  the  hyphen  is  usu.  re- 
tained &  the  stress  variously  placed  on  either 
component  or  on  both.  Exx.:  under-agent  n.; 
u'naerbrush  n., = undergrowth ;  u'nder-clay  n., 
clay  bed  under  coal ;  under-clerk(ship)  nn. ;  u'n- 
derclothes,  u'nderclothing,  nn.,  clothes  worn 
under  others  esp.  next  to  skin  ;  underdrain2  n., 
drain  placed  underground ;  u'nderflow  n.,  cur- 
rent flowing  beneath  surface ;  u'ndergarment 
n.,  garment  worn  under  others ;  u'ndergrowlh 
n.,  shrubs  or  small  trees  growing  under  larger 
ones ;  under-king  n.,  inferior  or  subordinate 
king;  under-lease  n.,  lease  granted  by  lessee 
for  shorter  term  than  his  own  ;  wnderline2  n., 
advance  announcement  of  production  of  sub- 
sequent play  at  foot  of  play -bill ;  u'nderlinen 
n.,  linen  or  (loosely)  other  undergarments ;  u'n- 
derplot  n.,  subordinate  plot  in  play  or  novel ; 
u'nder-secretary(ship)  nn.;  under-servant  n.; 
u'nderset2  n.  (naut),  undercurrent  in  contrary 
direction  to  that  of  wind  or  surface  water;  un- 
der-sheriff n.,  sheriff's  deputy ;  under-shirt  n.; 
u'ndershrub  n.,  plant  like  shrub  but  smaller; 
u'nderskirt  n.;  wndersleeve  n.,  sleeve,  esp.  de- 
tached one,  worn  under  another  ;  u'ndersoil  n.; 
u'nderstrapper  n.,  inferior  agent,  underling; 
understratum  n. ;  under-tenant  n.,  tenant's 
tenant;  under-tenancy  n.;  u'nderiint  n.,  sub- 
dued tint ;  wndertone  n.,  subdued  tone  esp.  in 
speaking,  thin  or  subdued  colour ;  u'ndertow  n., 


UNDKRACT 


972 


UNDERVALUATION 


backward  flow  of  wave  breaking  on  beach,  = 
underset',  u'nderwear  n.,  (clothes  meant  for) 
wearing  underneath  ;  u'nderwing  n.,  kinds  of 
moth  with  conspicuous  markings  &c.  on  u. 
wings ;  u'nderwood  n.,  = under growth  ;  u'nder- 
world  n.,  antipodes,  infernal  regions. 

underact,  see  under-  3;  under-agent, 
under-  4;  underbid,  under-  2;  under- 
bred, under-  3 ;  underbrush,  under-  4 ; 
undercharge,  under-  3;  under-clay, 
underclothes,  underclothing-,  under-  4. 

u'ndercurrent,  n.  Current  below  the  sur- 
face ;  (fig.)  unperceived  influence  or  feeling  of 
different  or  contrary  tendency ;  (Mining)  large 
shallow  box  beside  main  hydraulic  sluice  serv- 
ing to  aid  in  saving  gold,    [under-  4] 

undercut1.    See  under-  2. 

u'ndercut2,  n.  Under  side  of  sirloin;  up- 
ward blow  in  boxing,    [under-  4] 

under-develop,  underdo,  under- 
dose, see  under-  3;  underdrain1  v.t.,  un- 
der- 2,  underdrain  *  n.,  under-  4 ;  under- 
draw, underdress,  underestimate, 
underestimation,  under-expose,  un- 
der-exposure, underfeed,  under- 
fired,  under-  3 ;  underflow,  under-  4  ; 
underfoot,  under-  1;    undergarment, 

UNDER-  4. 

undergo*,  v.t.  Be  subjected  to,  suffer,  en- 
dure esp.  with  firmness,  as  has  undergone 
many  trials,  underwent  a  rapid  change,  an 
operation.    [OE  uaDEK(gdn  GO)J 

undergra'duate,  n.  Member  of  university 
who  has  not  taken  hisfirstdegree  (of  ten  attrib. ). 
Hence  undergra'duatesHip  n.    [under- 4] 

underground,  adv.,  a.,  n.  Beneath  sur- 
face of  earth  ;  (adj.,  in  attrib.  use  u'n-,  &  n.) 
situated  u.,  as  theu.  (railway),    [under-  1] 

undergrown,  see  under-  3;  under- 
growth, under-  4. 

under  ha'nd,  adv.  &  a.  (in  attrib.  use  u'n-). 
Clandestine(ly),  secret(ly),  not  above-board; 
(Crick.,  of  bowling)  (performed)  with  hand 
underneath  both  elbow  &  ball,  as  bowls  u.,  u. 
bowling,    [under-  1,  4] 

underhu-ng  (attrib.  u#n-),  a,  (Of  lower  jaw) 

f (rejecting  beyond  upper  jaw ;  having  u.  jaw. 
under-  21 

under-king,  see  under-  4;  underlay 
v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.,  under-  2 ;  under-lease,  un- 
der- 4  ;  underlet,  under-  2. 

underlie*,  v.t.  Lie,  be  situated,  under  (stra- 
tum &c.  or  abs.) ;  (fig.,  of  principle  &c.)  be  the 
basis  of  (doctrine,  law,  conduct,  &c,  or  abs. 
esp.  in  part),    [under-  2] 

underline1  v.t.,  see  under-  2;  under- 
line '2,  underlinen,  under-  4. 

u'nderling,  n.  Subordinate  (usu.  con- 
tempt).   [ME  (-lino  i)] 

underman,  undermasted,  see  under- 
3 ;  undermentioned,  under-  2. 

undermi'ne,  v.t.  Make  mine  or  excavation 
under,  wear  away  base  or  foundation  of,  as  ri- 
vers u.  their  banks,  u.  the  walls ;  injure  (person, 
reputation,  influence,  &c.)  by  secret  means; 
injure,  wear  out  (health  &c.)  insidiously  or 
imperceptibly.  Hence  undermi'nER1  n. 
[under-  2] 

underneath,  adv.  &  prep.  At  or  to  a  lower 
place  (than),  below  (not  in  fig.  senses).  [ME 
undirneth  (under,  cf.  beneath)] 

underpay,  see  under-  3;  underpin, 
underplay  v.i.,  &  n.,  under-  2;  under- 
plot, under-  4 ;  under-production,  un- 
der- 3 ;  underproof,  under-  1 ;  under- 
prop,     underquote,    under-     2;     un- 


derrate, under-reckon,  under-ripe, 
under-  3;  underrun,  underscore,  un- 
der- 2;  under-secretary(ship),  under- 
4 ;  undersell(er),  under-  2 ;  under-ser- 
vant,  under-  4;  underset1  v.t,  under-  2; 
underset'2  n.,  under-sheriff,  under- 
shirt, under-  4;  undershot,  under-  2; 
undershrub,  under-  4 ;  undersigned, 
under-  2 ;  undersized,  under-  3 ;  under- 
skirt, undersleeve,  undersoil,  un- 
der- 4. 

understand,  v.t.  &  i.  (p.p.  archaic  -stand- 
ed).  Comprehend,  perceive  the  meaning  of, 
(words,  person,  or  language  &c),  as  docs  not 
u.  what  you  say,  do  you  u.  me?,  French?; 
grasp  mentally,  perceive  the  significance  or 
explanation  or  cause  or  nature  of,  know  how 
to  deal  with,  as  do  not  u.  why  he  came,  what 
the  noise  is  about,  the  point  of  his  remark, 
quite  u.  your  difficulty,  cannot  u.  him,  his  con- 
duct, his  wanting  to  go,  thoroughly  under- 
stands children,  could  never  u.  mathematics, 
(abs.)  you  don't  u.  (the  situation  &c.) ;  infer 
esp.  from  information  received,  take  as  im- 
plied, take  for  granted,  as  Iu.  that  doors  open 
at  7. SO,  that  they  are  almost  destitute,  him  to  be 
or  that  he  is  a  distant  relation,  I  quite  imder- 
stood  that  expenses  were  to  be  paid,  no  one 
could  u.  that  from  my  words,  what  did  you  u. 
him  to  say  (u.  from  his  words)  ?,  (expr.  uncer- 
tainty or  surprise  or  indignation)  do  Iu.  (you  to 
say)  that  or  am  I  to  u.  that  you  refuse  ?,  (intro- 
ducing warning  or  threat)  now  u.  me,  he  gave 
me  or  I  was  given  to  u.  (I  thought  he  said  or 
meant)  that  it  was  done ;  supply  (word)  men- 
tally, as  the  verb  may  be  either  expressed  or 
understood.    10E  vtiDEn(standan  stand)] 

understanding l,  a.    Intelligent    [-ing2] 

understanding'-,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.: 
intelligence,  as  has  an  excellent  u.,  men  with- 
out u.;  power  of  apprehension,  power  of  ab- 
stract thought,  (often  opp.  to  reason) ;  agree- 
ment, harmony,  union  of  sentiments,  conven- 
tion, thing  agreed  upon,  as  must  come  to  an  u. 
toith  him,  disturbed  the  (good)  u.  between  them, 
had  a  secret  u.  with  other  firms,  consented 
only  on  this  u.,on  the  distinct  u.  that,    [-ing  ]  j 

understate(ment),  understock,  see 
under-  3 ;  understrapper,  under-stra- 

tum,  UNDER-  4. 

u'nderstudy,  n.,  &  v.t  One  who  studies 
theatrical  part  in  order  to  play  it  at  short  notice 
in  absence  of  the  usual  actor ;  (vb)  study  (part) 
thus,    [under- 4] 

undertake,  v.t.  &  i.  Bind  oneself  to  per- 
form, make  oneself  responsible  for,  engage  in, 
enter  upon,  (work,  enterprise,  responsibility) ; 
accept  an  obligation,  promise,  (to  do) ;  (archaic) 
engage  with  (person)  in  combat, argument,  &c: 
guarantee,  affirm,  as  /  wile  u.  that  he  has  not 
heard  a  word,  that  you  shall  or  will  be  no 
loser  by  it;  (archaic)  be  guarantee  for  (person, 
fact);  (colloq.) manage  funerals.  [ME  under- 
(taken  take)] 

undertaker,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  one 
who  manages  funerals;  (Hist.)  influential  per- 
son who  undertook  to  procure  particular  legis- 
lation esp.  to  procure  supplies  from  Commons 
if  king  would  grant  some  concession,    [-er  ]] 

undertaking,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.:  work 
&c.  undertaken,  enterprise,  as  a  serious  u.; 
management  of  funerals,    [-ing1] 

under-tenant,  under- tenancy,  see  un- 
der- 4 ;  under-timed,  under-  3 ;  under- 
tint, undertone,  undertow,  under-  4 ; 
undertrump,  under-  2;    undervalua- 


For  adjj.  in  un-  not  given  see  un-2(1).  For  other  words  is  under-  see  under-, 


UNDERVALUE 


973 


UNION 


tion,  undervalue,  under-  3;  under- 
wear, under wing\  underwood,  un- 
derworld, UNDER-  4. 

underwrite,  v.t.  &  i.  Execute  &  deliver 
(policy  of  insurance  esp.  on  marine  property), 
practise  marine  insurance,  whence  u'nder- 
wrltER l  n. ;  engage  to  buy  all  stock  in  (company 
&c.)  not  bought  by  the  public ;  write  below,  as 
the  underwritten  names,  [under-  2] 
undi'ne  (en),  n.  Female  water-sprite  who 
by  marrying  a  mortal  &  bearing  a  child  might 
receive  a  soul.  Hence  undi'nAL  a.  [f.  hunda 
wave  +  -ine  l] 

undo,  see  un-M1);  undock,  UN-M3);  un- 
doer,  undoing-,  undomesticate,  un- 
done1, UN- Ml). 

u'ndose,  a.  (en torn.).     Wavy,  undulating, 
[f.  L  undosus  (unda  wave,  see  -ose1)] 
undrape,  undress1  v.t.  &  i.,  see  -un^I); 
undress- n.,  un-2(2)  ;  undressed1,  un-MI); 
unduke,  UN-M4). 

u'ndulate  K  v.i.  Have  wavy  motion  or  look. 
Hence  u'ndulatingLY  2  adv.  [as  foil.) 
u'ndulate2  (-at),  a.  Wavy,  going  alternate- 
ly up  &  down  or  in  &  out,  as  leaves  with  u. 
margins.  Hence  un'dulateLY2  adv.  [f.  L 
undulatus  {unda  wave,  see  -ul-,  -ate2)] 
undula'tion,  n.  Wavy  motion  or  form, 
gentle  rise  &  fall,  each  wave  of  this;  set  of 
wavy  lines;  (Path.)  sensation  of  undulating 
movement  in  the  heart,  [as  prec.  +  -ation) 
u'ndulatory,  a.  Undulating,  wavy;  of,  due 
to,  undulation ;  u.  theory  of  light  (that  light 
is  propagated  through  the  ether  by  wave- 
motion  imparted  to  the  ether  by  molecular 
vibrations  of  the  radiant  body),  so  undula*- 
tloniST(2)  n.    [oryI 

unearth,  see  un-M3);  unease,  un-2(2);  un- 
edge,  un-M2);  uneg-oize,  un-MI);  unem- 
ployment, un-2(2);  unentangle,  un- 
equalize,  un-MI);  unface,  UN-1(2);unfaith, 
un- 2(2);  unfasten,  unfastened1,  un-MD; 
unfeather,  unfenee,  un-M2);  unfetter, 
unfettered1,  unfeudalize,  unfile,  unfit, 
unfix,  unfixed  \  un-  Ml) ;  unflesh,  un- 
fiower,  un-M2);  unfold1,  un-MD;  unfold2, 
UN-J(3);  unform,  un-MD;  unframe,  u» -1c2); 
unfriend,  un-2(2);  unfrock,  un-M2);  un- 
furl, ungear,  ungild,  ungird,  un-MD; 
ungirdle,  un-M2);  unglaze,  un-MD;  un- 
glove,  ungown,  un-  M2). 
u'ngual  (-gw-),  a.  Of,  like,  bearing,  a  nail 
or  hoof  or  claw.  So  ungui'eulAR1,  ungul'- 
cuIate2,  [-cule,  usu.  without  dim.  force], 
ungui'FEROUS,  u'nguiFORM,  aa.  [f.  L  un- 
guis claw,  nail,  4-  -al] 

u'nguent  (-gw-),  n.  Any  soft  substance  used 
as  ointment  or  for  lubrication.  So  u'nguent- 
ary  l  a.  [f.  L  unguentum  {unguere  anoint)] 
u'ngula,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Hoof,  claw,  talon, 
whence  u*ngulATE2(2)a. ;  hooked  instrument 
for  extracting  dead  foetus;  cone,  cylinder,  with 
top  cut  off  by  plane  oblique  to  base.  Hence 
u'ngulAR^.  [L,  dim.  as  ungualI 
ungum,  unhair,  see  un-](2)  ;  unhallow, 
unhand,  unhang,  unharness,  unhasp, 
un-MD;  unhat,  unhelm,  UN-M2);  un- 
hinge(d),  unhitch,  un-  ](1) ;  unhive,  un-  i 
(3) ;  unhook,  unhoop,  un-  Ml) ;  unhorse, 
un-M3);  unhouse,  unhumanize,  un-MD; 
unhusk,  un-  x  (2). 

uni-  in  comb.  =  L  unus  one,  as:  -artt'cidate, 
single-jointed  ;  -a'x(i)al,  having  a  single  axis, 
whence  -a'xially  adv. ;  -ca'meral,  of  only  one 
chamber  (u.  legislature) ;  -ca'psular,  of  one 
capsule ;  ce'llular,  one-celled  ;  -colour(ed),  of 


one  colour  ;  -cor'nous,  one-horned  ;  -co'state, 
single-ribbed;  -cu'spid  a.  &  n.,  (tooth)  of  one 
cusp  ;  -cycle  (ft*-),  single-wheeled  velocipede  : 
-flor'ous,  bearing  one  flower ;  -fo'liate,  having 
one  leaf  ;  -lateral,  one-sided  (u.  leaves,  leaning 
to  one  side  of  stem,  u,  contract,  binding  one 
party  only),  whence  -laterally  adv. ;  -literal, 
consisting  of  one  letter;  -locular,  -lo'culate, 
(bot.,  zool.),  single-chambered  ;  -parous  (uni'-), 
producing  one  at  a  birth,  (Bot)  having  one 
axis  or  branch ;  -partite,  not  divided  ;  -pert 
(u--),  single-footed;  -per'sonal,  (of  Deity) exist- 
ing only  in  one  person,  (of  verb)  used  only  in 
one  person  ;  -pla'nar,  lying  in  one  plane  ;  -po~- 
lar,  (Biol.,  of  cell  &c.)  having  only  one  pole, 
(Electr.)  showing  only  one  kind  of  polarity, 
whence  -pola'rity  n. ;  -ra'diate(d),  having  only 
one  arm  or  ray  or  process  ;  -ser'ial,  set  in  one 
row  ;  -se'xual,  of  one  sex,  not  hermaphrodite, 
having  stamens  or  pistil  but  not  both,  whence 
-sexua'lity  n.,  -se'xually  adv. ;  -su'leate,  (bot., 
zool.),  single-grooved;  -valent  (uni*-)  (chem.), 
having  a  combining  power  of  one,  wbence  -va- 
lence, -valency,  nn. ;  -valve  (u*-)  a.  &  n.,  (mol- 
lusk)  of  one  valve ;  -vocal  (uni*-)  a.  &  n.,  (wordV 
of  only  one  proper  meaning,  (Mus.)  having  a 
unisonous  sound,  whence  -vocally  adv. ;  -voca- 
tion, agreement  of  name  &  meaning. 

U'niat,  -ate,  (u-),  n.  Member  of  any  com- 
munity of  Oriental  Christians  that  acknow- 
ledges Pope's  supremacy  but  retains  own  litur- 
gy &c.    [f.  Russ.  uniyatu  f.  L  unus  one] 

u'nicorn,  n.  Fabulous  animal  with  horse's 
body  &  single  straight  horn  (in  Deut.  xxxiii.  17 
mistransl.  of  Heb.  re'em,  a  two-horned  animal); 
heraldic  representation  of  this,  with  goat's 
beard  &  lion's  tail ;  (also  u.-fish,  -whale,  sea-u.) 
narwhal ;  kind  of  single-horned  beetle  ;  cater- 
pillar with  horn-like  prominence  on  back  (u.- 
moth,  of  this);  pair  of  horses  with  third  horse 
in  front,  turn-out  with  these ;  (also  u.-shell) 
kinds  of  gasteropod  with  spine  on  lip  of  shell, 
[f.  L  UNi(corras  f.  cornu  horn)] 

u'niform,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Not  changing  in  form 
or  character,  the  same,  unvarying,  as  present  a 
u.  appearance,  of  u.  size  &  shape,  keeps  a  u. 
temperature,  behaved  with  u.  moderation,  u. 
acceleration  (not  varying  with  time);  (of  tax, 
law,  &c.)  not  varying  with  time  or  place ;  con- 
forming to  same  standard  or  rule ;  (n.)  u.  dress 
worn  by  members  of  same  body,e.g.  by  soldiers, 
sailors,  policemen ;  (vb)  make  u.,  clothe  in  u. 
Hence  u'niformLY2  adv.  [(n.  &  vb  f.  adj.) 
f.  F  uniforme  f.  L  UNi(/ormts  -form)] 

unifor'mity,  n.  Being  uniform,  sameness, 
consistency ;  Act  of  U.  (for  securing  u.  in  pub- 
lic worship,  esp.  that  of  1662) ;  doctrine  of  u. 
(that  u.  has  prevailed  in  physical  causes  & 
effects  in  all  ages,  opp.  to  catastrophism), 
whence  uniformitAR*iAN(iSM)  nn.  [f.  LL  uni- 
formitas  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

u'nify,  v.t.  Reduce  (things  or  abs.)  to  unity 
or  uniformity.  Hence  or  cogn.  uniFiCATiON, 
u-nifiER  »,  nn.    [f.  med.L  vm(ficare  -FY)] 

Unige-nitus  (u-,  -j-),  n.  (hist,).  Bull  of  Cle- 
ment XI  directed  against  Jansenism  in  1713. 
[mod.L,=only-begotten,  first  wd  of  the  bull] 

u'nion,  n.  Uniting,  being  united,  coalition, 
junction,  as  effected  a  u.,  the  u.  of  the  parts  was 
imperfect,  u.  try  first  or  second  intention,  the 
U.  (of  England  &  Scotland  in  1706,  also,  of  Great 
Britain  &  Ireland);  matrimony,  marriage  ;  con- 
cord, agreement,  as  lived  together  in  perfect  u. ; 
a  whole  resulting  from  combination  of  parts  or 
members,  esp.  (1)  the  U.S.,  (2)  the  United  King- 
dom, trade-m.  ;  postal  u. ',  two  ormore  parishes 


For  other  words  in  uni-  see  uni-. 


UNIONIST 


974 


UNLOOSE 


consolidated  for  administration  of  poor-laws, 
(in  full  u.  workhouse)  workhouse  erected  by 
suchu.;  association  of  independent  (esp.  Con- 
gregational or  Baptist)  churches  for  purposes 
of  co-operation ;  part  of  flag  with  device  em- 
blematic of  u.  normally  occupying  upper  corner 
next  staff  {flag  hoisted  u.  down,  with  u.  below 
as  signal  of  distress);  U.  Jack  or  flag,  national 
ensign  of  United  Kingdom  formed  by  u.  of 
crosses  of  St  George,  St  Andrew,  &  St  Patrick ; 
kinds  of  joint  or  coupling  for  pipes  &c. ;  shallow 
vat  in  which  beer  is  left  to  clear ;  u.-cord,  kind 
of  white  cord  for  stay-laces.  [F,  f.  LL  unio 
unity  (unus  one,  see  -ion)] 
)  u'nionist,  n.  Member  of  a  trade-union,  ad- 
vocate of  trade-unions ;  person  opposed  to  rup- 
ture of  legislative  union  between  Great  Britain 
&  Ireland,  opponent  of  home  rule  in  Ireland, 
as  liberal  u.,  (attrib.)  u.  party,  principles; 
(U.S.  Hist.)  one  who  during  the  civil  war  op- 
posed, secession.  SoirnioniSM  n.,unioni*s- 
tic  a.    [-ist] 

uni'que  (-ek),  a.  &  n.  Unmatched,  unequalled, 
having  no  like  or  equal  or  parallel,  as  his  posi- 
tion xoas  u.,  this  vase  is  so  far  as  is  known 
w.,  (vulg.)  the  most  u.  (remarkable)  man  lever 
met;  (n.)  u.  thing.  Hence  uni'queLY2  adv., 
uni'queNESS  n.  [F,  f.  L  unicus  (unus  one)] 

u'nison  (-zn,  -sn),  a.  &  n.  (Mus.)  coinciding 
in  pitch,  whence  or  cogn.  uni'sonAL,  uni*- 
sonANT,  unl'sonous,  aa.,  uni'sonANCE  n.; 
u.  string  (tuned  in  u.  with  another  string  & 
meant  to  be  sounded  with  it).  (N.)  unity  of 
pitch,  interval  between  one  tone  &  another  of 
same  pitch;  interval  of  an  octave;  state  of 
sounding  at  same  pitch,  esp.  in  u.;=u.  string ; 
concord,  agreement,  as  acted  in  perfect  u.  [(n. 
thr.  F  unisson)  f.  med.L  VNi(sonus  sound)] 

u'nit,  n.  Individual  thing  or  person  or  group 
regarded  for  purposes  of  calculation  &c.  as 
single  &  complete,  each  of  the  individuals  or 
groups  into  which  a  complex  whole  may  be 
analysed,  as  take, the  family  as  the  u.  of  society : 
quantity  chosen  as  a  standard  in  terms  of 
which  other  quantities  may  be  expressed,  as 
abstract  u.,  the  number  one  (1),  C.O.S.  system 
of  uu.  (in  which  centimetre,  gramme,  second, 
are  the  uu.  of  length,  mass,  &  time),  electrical, 
magnetic,  thermal,  u.    [shortened  f.  unity] 

unitap'ian,  n.  &  a.  ( U-)  one  who,  member 
of  a  Christian  body  that,  denies  the  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity,  whence  Unitap'ianiSM  n., 
Unitar'ianizi;  v.t. ;  advocate  of  unity  or  cen- 
tralization e.g.  in  politics.  (Adj.)  of  the  Uu., 
as  U.  Church ;  =  foil,    [-arian] 

irnitary,  a.  Of  a  unit  or  units,  as  u.  method, 
a  rule  in  arithmetic  used  for  same  purpose  as 
rule  of  three ;  marked  by  uni(formi)ty.   [-ary  *] 

uni'te,  v.t.  &  i.  Join  (t.  &  i.)  together,  make 
or  become  one,  combine,  consolidate,  amalga- 
mate, as  u.  the  parts  with  cement,  give  the  parts 
time  to  u.,  the  two  nations  gradually  (became) 
united,  oil  will  not  u.  with  water,  United  state1^, 

United  kingdom,  United  Irishmen,  Irish  so- 
ciety formed  in  1791  for  purposes  of  parliamen- 
tary reform  &c,  United  Provinces,  Holland, 
Zealand,  &  5  other  provinces  united  in  1579 
&  forming  basis  of  republic  of  Netherlands, 
United  Brethren,  the  Moravian  sect ;  agree, 
combine,  co-operate,  (in  sentiment,  conduct, 
doing).  Hence  uni'tedLY  2  adv.,  u'nitiVE  a. 
[f.  L  unire  -it-  (unus  one)] 

u'nitism,  n.  =  monism,    [ism] 

u*nitize,v.t.  Reduce  to,  treat  as,  a  unit,  [-ize] 

u'nity,  n.  Oneness,  being  one  or  single  or 
individual,  being  formed  of  parts  that  consti- 


tute a  whole,  due  interconnexion  &  coherence 
of  parts,  as  disturbs  the  u.  of  the  idea,  pictures 
lack  u.,  national  u.;  thing  showing  such  u., thing 
that  forms  a  complex  whole,  as  a  person  re- 
garded asau.;  (Math.)  the  number  one,  factor 
that  leaves  unchanged  the  quantity  on  which 
it  operates;  the  dramatic  uu.,  uu.  of  time,  place, 
&  action,  limitation  of  supposed  time  of  drama 
to  that  occupied  in  acting  it  or  to  a  single  day, 
use  of  same  scene  throughout,  &  abstention 
from  all  that  is  irrelevant  to  development  of 
single  plot;  harmony,  concord.between  persons 
&c,  as  dwell  together  in  u„  at  u.  with ;  (Law) 
joint  tenancy  of  different  tenants,  joint  posses- 
sion by  one  person  of  different  rights,  [f.  OF 
uniU  f.  L  unitatem  (unus  one,  see  -ty)] 

universal,  a.  &  n.  Of  or  belonging  to  or 
done  &c.  by  all  persons  or  things  in  the  world 
or  in  the  class  concerned,  applicable  to  all  cases, 
the  terror  was  u.,  met  with  u.  applause,  has 
the  u.  sanction  of  philosophers,  the  rule  does 
not  pretend  to  be  u.,  u.  agent  (empowered  to  do 
all  that  can  be  delegated),  u.  provider,  u.  com- 
pass (with  legs  that  may  be  extended  for  large 
circles),  u.  coupling  or  joint  (allowing  connected 
parts  to  move  in  any  direction),  u.  legatee  (to 
whom  the  whole  of  a  property  is  bequeathed), 
u.  proposition  (in  which  predicate  is  affirmed 
or  denied  of  the  entire  subject).  Hence  or  cogn. 
universa'liTY,  univepsalizATiON,  nn., 
univep*saliZE(3)  v.t.,  univep*salLY2  adv. 
(N.) :  (Logic)  u.  proposition  ;  (Philos.)  general 
notion  or  idea,  thing  that  by  its  nature  may  be 
predicated  of  many.  [f.  F  universel  f.  L  uni- 
versalis (as  universe,  see  -al)] 

univen'salist,  U-,  n.  One  who  holds,  esp. 
member  of  an  organized  body  of  Christians  who 
hold,  that  all  mankind  will  eventually  be  saved. 
Hence  or  cogn.  univep'saliSM  n.,  univer- 
sali'stic  a.    [-ist] 

u'nivepse,  n.  All  existing  things  ;  the  whole 
creation  (&  the  Creator) ;  all  mankind  ;  (Logic) 
all  the  objects  under  consideration,  [f.  F  uni- 
vers  f.  L  universum  neut.  of  vm(versus  p.p.  of 
vertere  turn)  combined  into  one,  whole] 

univep'sity,  n.  Educational  institution  de- 
signed for  instruction  or  examination  or  both 
of  students  in  all  or  many  of  the  more  impor- 
tant branches  of  learning,  conferring  degrees 
in  various  faculties,  &  often  embodying  col- 
leges &  similar  institutions  ;  members  of  this 
collectively ;  team,  crew,  &c,  representing  a 
u.,  as  the  u.  had  four  wickets  to  fall ;  U.  ex- 
tension ;  U.  Test  Act  (abolishing  subscription 
to  Thirty -nine  Articles  &c.  as  requisite  to  tak- 
ing of  degree,  1871).  [f.  L  universitas  whole, 
universe,  corporation,  (as  prec,  see -ty),  under- 
stood also  w.  ref.  to  number  of  subjects  taught] 

universo'logy,  n.  Science  of  all  created 
things ;  science  of  all  that  is  of  human  interest. 
Hence  univepsolo'g'iCAL  a.,  universo'lo- 

fiflST  n.     [f.  UNIVERSE  +  -O-  +  -LOGY] 

unjoin,  unjoint,  see  un-  Hi) ;  unking1, 
UN-M4);  unkink,unknit, unknot,  unlace, 
unlade,  unlash, unlatch,  unlay,  un-  l(l); 
unlead,  UN-M2);  unlearn,  un-MD;  un- 
leash, UN-  M3). 

unless,  conj.  If  not,  except  when,  as  shall 
(not)  go  u.  I  hear  from  him,  u.  absolutely  com- 
pelled, always  walked  u.  I  had  a  bicycle ;  u. 
&  until  (verbose  for  until  in  condit.  use,  cf.  if 
&  when),  [earlier  onless  (on + less)  ;  u.  I  hear 
=  on  less  provocation  than  my  hearing,  short 
of  my  hearing,  cf.  F  a  moins  que  or  de] 

unlimber,  see  un-  H2) ;  unline,  unlink, 
unload,  unlock,  unlodg-e,  unloose,  un-1 


For  adjj.  in  un-  not  given  see  un-2(1).  For  other  words  in  uni-  see  uni-. 


UNLORD 


975 


UP- 


(1);  unlord,UN-i(4);  unmake,  un- Ml) ;  un- 
man, un-1(2,  4);  unmantle,  un-1(2);  un- 
mask, unmew,  un-  i(l) ;  unmonk,  UN-  i(4); 
unmoor,  unmortise,  unmould,  un- 
muffle,  unmuzzle,  un-i(1);  unnail,UN-i(2); 
unnaturalize,  unnerve(d),  un-'(1);  un- 
nest,  un-1(3);  unpack,  unpeg:,  UN-i(l); 
unpen,  un-1(3);  unpeople,  un-MI);  un- 
perch,  un-  i(3) ;  unpick,  unpin,  unplait, 
unplug*,  un- Ml);  unplume,  UN-i(2);  un- 
pope,  un-  i(4);  unpreach,  un- i(l) ;  unpre- 
judice,  un- 2(2);  unprelate,  unpriest, 
unprince,  un-  i(4) ;  unprop,  un-  i(2) ;  un- 
queen,  un-1(4);  unravel,  un-1(1);  unrea- 
son, un-2(2)  ;  unreel,  unreeve,  unrein, 
un- i(l);  unrepair,  unreserve,  unrest, 
unrestraint,  un-2(2):  unriddle,  unrig-, 
un- Ml);  unright,UN-2(2);  unring,  un-1(2); 
unrip,  unrivet,  un-1(1)  ;  unrobe,  un-1(2)  ; 
unroll,  unromanize,  un-  i(l) ;  unroof, 
un-  i(2) ;  unroost,  un-  i(3) ;  unroot,  un-1(1)  ; 
unrumple,  un-1(2);  unsaddle,  unsaid », 
unsay,  un-1(1);  unscale,  un-1(2);  un- 
screw, unseal,  unseam,  unseat,  un- 
seated i,  un-  i(l) ;  unself,  un-  i(2) ;  unset, 
unsettle,  unsettled1,  un-M1);  unsex, 
un- i(2);  unshackle,  unsheathe,  un-1(1); 
unshell,  un-M2);  unship,  unshipped1, 
un- i(l);  unshoe,  unshot,  unshutter,  un- 
sinew,unsister,UN-M2) ;  unsling,UN-i(l); 
unsnare,  UN-M3);  unsolder,  unspar, 
un- i(2);  unspeak,  un-1(1);  unspell,  un- 
sphere,  un-M3);  unsquire,  un-1(4);  un- 
starch,  un-  i(2) ;  unsteel,  un-  i(l) ;  unstep, 
un-  i(3);  unstick,  unstitch,  unstock,  un- 
stop, un- Ml);  unstopper,  un-M2);  un- 
strap, unstring,  unstrung,  un-  i(l) ;  un- 
success,  unsuspicion,  un-2(2);  unswad- 
dle,  unswathe,  unswear,  UN-i(l);  un- 
symmetry,  un-2(2);  untack,  untangle, 
unteach,  untemper,  un-1(1)  ;  untent, 
un-  i<3) ;  untether,  unthink,  unthread, 
un- Ml);  unthrift,  un-2(2);  unthrone,  un-1 
(3) ;  untie,  untied  i,  un-1(1). 
unti'l,  prep.  &  conj.     =  till2.     [altered  £. 

UNTO,  Cf.  TILL2] 

untile,  untin,  see  un-  i(2). 

u'nto,  prep,  (archaic).  =  to  *  (in  all  uses  ex- 
cept as  sign  of  infinitive),  [f.  OFris.  und  to, 
cogn.  w.  un-  i  &  Gothic  and-,  +  to  i] 

untomb,  see  un-1(3);  untooth,  un-1(2)  ; 
untruss,  UN-i(l);  untruth,  un-2(2);  un- 
tuck, untune,  un-M1)  ;"  unturf,  un-j(2); 
u ntwine,  untwist,  unveil,  un-  Ml) ;  un- 
vicar,  u.v-'ill:  unvote,  unwarp,  un- 
weave, un  will,  unwind,  UN-  i(l) ;  unwis- 
dom, un- 2(2) ;  unwound1,  unwork,  un- 
wrap, un  wrinkle,  unyoke,  un-  i(l). 

up,  adv.,  prep.,  a.,  &  n.  To  or  in  a  high(er) 
place,  position,  degree,  amount,  value,  &c,  to 
or  in  a  capital  or  university  or  place  further 
north  or  otherwise  conventionally  regarded  as 
high(er),  as  bird  flew  up  to  the  eaves,  high  up 
in  tlie  air,  what  is  he  doing  up  there  ?,  horse 
might  have  won  toith  a  better  jockey  up  (in  sad- 
dle), lives  four  floors  up,  a  few  feet  further  up, 
flames  mount  up,  total  mounts  up,  tide  is  com- 
ing up,  water  came  up  to  his  chin,  a  hundred 
up  (on  scoring-board,  scored  in  game),  sums  up 
to  £5,  lives  up  to  (spends  all)  his  income,  up  to 
the  mark  i,  am  not  up  to  (fit  for)  travelling, 
custom  is  traced  up  (back)  to  the  Stuarts,  up 
to  date2,  lift  up  your  head,  as  far  up  (north) 
as  Aberdeen,  Oxford  men  just  going  up,  stayed 
up  (at  Oxford.  &c.)/or  the  vacation,  ran  up  to 
toivn  (London)  for  the  day,  was  had  up  (before 
magistrate)  on  a  charge  of  drunkenness,  sailed 
up  (towards  source)  as  far  as  the  river  was 


navigable,  corn  is  up  (at  high  price),  is  high  up 
in  the  school,  went  up  three  places  in  class,  ran 
up  a  bill,  have  looked  for  it  up  &  down  (in  every 
direction) ;  to  the  place  in  question  or  in  which 
the  speaker  &c.  is,  as  child  came  up  &  asked 
me  the  time,  went  straight  up  to  the  door,  sure 
to  turn  i  up  late ;  to  or  in  erect  or  vertical 
position  (lit.  &  fig.)  esp.  as  favourable  to  acti- 
vity, out  of  bed  or  lying  or  sitting  or  kneeling 
posture,  in(to)  condition  of  efficiency  or  activity, 
as  sprang  up  from  his  seat,  stand  up,  (with 
get,  stand,  Sec.  understood)  up  !,  up  with  you, 
get  up,  up  with  it,  put  it  up,  was  (already)  up 
early  this  morning, was  (still)  up  late  last  night, 
must  be  up  &  doing,  Home  Secretary  is  up 
(has  risen  to  speak,  is  speaking),  stir  up  sedi- 
tion, get  up,  screw  up  your  courage,  wind  up 
watch,  beer  is  not  up  (is  flat),  nation  is  up  in 
arms  (armed  &  ready  to  fight  lit.  &  fig.,  often 
against),  whole  of  the  west  was  up  (in  rebellion 
&c),  his  blood  is  up  (anger  or  spirit  roused),  is 
well  up  (instructed)  in  mathematics,  what  is  up 
(going  on)  ?,  what  tricks  have  you  been  up  to 
(playing)  ?,  up  to  snuff  K  do  not  feel  up  (equal) 
to  icork,  this  cigar  is  not  up  to  much  (is  poor) ; 
(expr.  complete  or  effectual  result  &c.)  eat, 
drink,  burn,  dry,  tear,  up,  speak  up  (loudly), 
hunt  up,  find  by  hunting,  follow  up,  praise  up, 
save  up,  accumulate  by  saving,  pack,  put1, 
bind,  store,  lock,  chain,  tie,  fasten,  fix,  nail, 
seal,  up  (securely),  time  is  up  (exhausted),  giveI 
up,  hurry  up,  make  i  lip,  cheer  up,  clear  up, 
it  is  all  up  with  him,  his  case  is  hopeless  ; 
HARD-wp.  (Prep.)  to  a  higher  point  of,  on  or 
along  in  ascending  direction,  as  climbed  up  the 
ladder,  up  the  hill,  smoke  goes  up  chimney, 
sailed  up  (towards  source  of)  the  river,  walked 
up  (towards  higher  or  more  centra)  part  of,  or 
simply  along)  the  street,  up  hill  &  down  dale, 
up  &  down  in  every  direction,  taking  the 
country  as  it  comes ;  at  or  in  a  higher  part  of, 
as  lives  further  up  the  road,  somewhere  up  the 
river,  saw  him  sitting  half-a-mile  up  the  hill, 
up  a  tree,  up  the  spout.  (Adj.)  moving,  slop- 
ing, going,  towards  a  higher  point  or  to  the 
capital,  as  up  stroke,  line  (of  railway),  train. 
(N.)  ups  &  downs,  rises  &  falls,  undulating 
ground,  alternately  good  &  bad  fortune.  [OE 
up(p)  adv.,  cf.  Du.  op,  G  auf,  cogn.  w.  Gk  hupo 
under  &  w.  over] 

up-,  pref .  =  prec.  1.  Adv.  pref.  to  vbs  (esp.  in 
p.p.)  &  vbl  nn.,  chiefly  archaic,  poet.,  or  rhet., 
exc.  a  few  given  separately  (upbraid  &c),  as: 
upbear'  v.t.,  hold  up,  sustain  aloft,  esp.  in  p.p. 
upborne;  upbi'ndv.t.;  upbla'ze v.i.;  upbring- 
ing n.  (mod.),  bringing  up,  education  ;  upca'st 
v.t.;  upcast  n.,  casting  up,  upward  throw, 
(Mining)  shaft  through  which  air  passes  out  of 
mine  ;  upgrowthn.,  growing  up,  development, 
what  grows  up;  upheap  v.t.;  uphea'val  n. 
(mod.),  heaving  up,  esp.  (Geol.)  of  part  of  earth's 
crust;  uphea've  v.t.  &  i.;  upkeep  n.  (mod.), 
(cost,  means,  of)  maintenance  ;  uplift  v.t.;  up- 
rai'se  v.t.;  uprear'  v.t.;  upri'se  v.i.;  uprising 
n.,  rising,  esp.  from  bed,  rebellion,  riot ;  uproo't 
v.t.  (mod.),  tear  up  by  roots  (lit.  &  flg.) ;  uptake 
n.,  lifting,  (Sc.)  understanding,  apprehension, 
as  quick  in  the  u.:  upthrow  n.,  throwing  up- 
ward, esp.  (Geol.,  Mining)  upward  displacement 
of  rock  on  one  side  of  fault ;  upthrust  n.  geol., 
=  upheaval;  uptur'nv.t.,  turn  up  (ground  in 
ploughing  &c).  2.  Pref.  with  prep,  force  form- 
ing advv.  &  adjj.  f.  nn.,as:  up-country  ad  v.  & 
a.,  toward  the  interior,  inland,  as  marched  u.-c.% 
u.-c.  districts ;  uphi'll  adv.,  sloping  upwards, 
along  hill  or  slope  in  upward  direction,  as 
road  runs  u.,  riding  u.;  uphill  a.,  sloping  up- 
wards, (fig.)  arduous,  difficult,  laborious,  as  u. 


UPANISHAD 


976 


URCHIN 


work  ;  upstair's  adv.,  u'pstair(s),  a.,  on,  to,  an 
upper  storey ;  up-strea'm  adv.,  wp-stream  a., 
{moving,  done)  against  the  current.  3.  W.  adj. 
force,  as  :  u'pland  a.  &  n.  (sing,  or  pi.),  (of)  the 
higher  or  inland  parts  of  a  country ;  u'pstroke, 
upward  line  made  in  writing. 

upa'nishad  (oopah-,  oopa-),  n.  Each  of  a 
series  of  Sanskrit  philosophical  treatises  form- 
ing a  division  of  the  Vedas.    [Skr.] 

u*pas,  n.  (Also  u. -tree,  antiar)  Javanese  tree 
yielding  milky  sap  used  as  arrow-poison  &  for- 
merly believed  to  be  fatal  to  whatever  came 
beneath  its  branches,  (fig. )  pernicious  influence, 
practice,  &c. ;  poisonous  sap  of  this  &  other 
trees.    [Malay,  =  poison] 

upbra'id,  v.t.  Chide,  reproach  (person  &c. 
with, for,  fault,  &c. ,  or  abs. ).  Hence  upbrai'd- 
ing  i  n.,  upbpai'ding-LY  2  adv.  [OE  vr(breg- 
dan  braid2),  prob.  orig.  =  lay  hands  on] 

upho'ld,  v.t.  Hold  up,  keep  erect,  support ; 
give  support  or  countenance  to  (person,  prac- 
tice, &c);  maintain,  confirm,  (decision,  ver- 
dict).   Hence  upho'ldER J  n.    [up-] 

uphd'lster,  v.t.  Furnish  (room  &c.)  with 
hangings,  carpets,  furniture,  &c. ;  provide 
(chair  &c.)  with  textile  covering,  padding, 
springs,  &c,  cover  (chair  &c.  with,  in,  tapestry 
&c).  [back-formation  f.  foil.] 

upho'lsterer,  n.  One  whose  trade  it  is  to 
upholster ;  u.-bee,  kind  that  furnishes  its  cell 
with  regularly  cut  bits  of  leaves  &c.  So  up- 
ho*lstERY(l,  2)  n.  [earlier  uphold(st)er  broker, 
lit.  one  who  holds  up  goods  for  inspection  (up- 
hold, -ster)  w.  superfluous  -er  *] 

u'phnoe  (-6),  n.  (naut.).  Long  wooden  block 
with  holes  through  which  cords  are  rove  for 
adjusting  an  awning,  [f.  Du.  juffrouw  young 
lady,  (naut.)  ornamental  pulley  &c,  (jong 
young  +  vrouw  woman)] 

upo'n,  prep.  =  on  (on  &  upon  are  perhaps 
always  idiomatically  interchangeable ;  on  is 
perhaps  the  commoner  word  esp.  in  colloq.  use ; 
upon  is  perhaps  preferred  when  the  prep,  fol- 
lows its  object,  as  had  no  evidence  to  go  upon, 
nothing  to  depend  upon,  not  enough  to  live  upon, 
but  cf.  which  table  did  you  leave  it  on?;  other 
idiomatic  preferences  are  perhaps  rightly 
shown  in  upon  my  word,  on  the  whole,  tier 
upon  tier  of  seats,  fell  upon  him  unawares, 
had  him  on  toast,  came  at  once  on  receiving 
your  message,  take  it  on  trust,  will  go  on  the 
chance,  went  on  the  spree,  thrown  upon  his  own 
resources,  stretched  upon  the  rack),  [formerly 
also  as  adv. ;  OE  uppon  (up  +  on>] 

irppep,  a.  &  n.  Higher  in  place,  situated 
above,  as  u.  lip,  u.  storey  (of  house,  also  fig.  = 
brain,  as  something  wrong  in  his  u.  storey),  u. 
(right-hand  side  of)  keyboard,  u.  case  2,  have  or 
get  the  u.  hand  (mastery),  u.  works  naut.,  parts 
of  ship  above  water  when  she  is  balanced  for 
voyage ;  higher  in  rank,  dignity,  &c,  as  the  u. 
servants,  the  U.  House,  House  of  Lords,  the  u, 
ten  {thousand),  the  aristocracy,  the  U.  Bench 
(hist.),  Court  of  King's  Bench  during  exile  of 
Charles  II ;  (n.)  u.  part  of  boot  or  shoe,  as  be  on 
one's  uu.  (poor,  in  difficulties),  (pi.)  cloth  gaiters. 

[ME(UP  +  -ER3)] 

u-ppermost,  a.  &  adv.  Highest  in  place  or 
rank,  so  u'pmost  a.;  (adv.)  on  or  to  the  top,  as 
said  whatever  came  u.  (first  suggested  itself*, 
[prec.  +  -most,  formed  on  aftermost] 

uappish,a.  Self-assertive,  pert.  Hence  u*p- 
pishLY 2  adv.,  irpplshNEss  n.  [f.  up  +  -ish  i] 

irppig-ht  (inpred.  use  also  upri't),  a.  (&  adv.). 
Erect,  vertical,  as  an  u.  post,  posture,  piano  2, 
(pred.  a.  or  adv.)  stood  u.,  set  it  u. ;  righteous, 


strictly  honourable  or  honest,  whence  u*p- 
pig-htLY2  adv.,  irppifflitNESS  n.  [OE  up- 
(rmt  right)] 

U'ppoap,  n.  Tumult,  violent  disturbance, 
clamour.  Hence  uppoap'ious  a.,  uppoap'i- 
ously2  adv.,  uppoap'lousNESS  n.  [f.  Du. 
oproer  (op  up  4-  roeren  stir,  move,  cf.  G  riihren, 
ON  hrxra,  OE  hreran)] 

upse't1,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Overturn,  be  over- 
turned, as  carriage  (was)  u. ;  disturb  the  com- 
posure or  temper  or  digestion  of,  as  the  news 
quite  u.  him,  ate  something  that  u.  him ;  shorten 
&  thicken  (metal,  esp.  tire)  by  hammering  or 
pressure  ;  (n.)  upsetting,  being  upset,    [up-] 

irpset'2,  a.  U.  price,  lowest  selling  price  of 
property  in  auction  &c,  reserve  price,    [up-] 

vrpshot,  n.  Final  issue,  conclusion  ;  general 
effect,  the  long  &  short,  (of  a  matter),    [up-] 

xrpside-down,  adv.  &  a.  With  the  upper 
part  under,  inverted,  in  total  disorder,  as  every- 
thing was  (turned)  u.,  an  u.  arrangement,  [al- 
tered f.  ME  up  so  down,  lit.  up  as  if  down  ;  cf. 

TOPSY-TURVY] 

u'pstapt,  n.  Person  who  has  risen  suddenly 
from  humble  position  (often  attrib.) ;  person 
who  assumes  arrogant  tone,    [up-] 

irpwapd,  a.,  irpwapd(s),  adv.  Directed, 
moving,  towards  a  higher  place  (lit.  &  fig.),  as 
an u.  glance, prices  showanu.  tendency,  whence 
vrpwapdLY2  adv.  (Adv.)  in  u.  direction,  as 
look,  move,  u.,  followed  the  stream  u.  (towards 
source) ;  children  of  6  years  old  &  upwards 
(more) ;  found  upwards  o/(more  than)  UO  speci- 
mens.   [-ward(s)] 

uraemia,  n.  (path.).  Morbid  condition  of 
blood  due  to  retention  of  urinary  matter  nor- 
mally eliminated  by  kidneys.  Hence  urae'mic 
a.    [f.  Gk  ouron  urine  +  haima  blood] 

upae'us,  n.  Serpent  as  head-dress  of  Egyp- 
tian divinities  &  kings,  [f.  Gk  ouraios  of  the 
tail  (oura)\ 

Up'al-Alta'ie  (ur),  a.  Of  (the  people  of)  the 
Ural  &  Altaic  mountain  ranges ;  (Philol.)  of  a 
family  of  Finnic,  Mongolian,  &  other  agglutina- 
tive languages  of  N.  Europe  &  Asia. 

upa'nium,  n.  Heavy  white  metallic  element 
found  in  pitch-blende  &c.  Hence  upa'nic, 
up'anous,  aa.  (chem.).  [f.  uranus  (in  compli- 
ment to  Herschcl)  +  -ium] 

urano-  in  comb.  =  Gk  ouranos  heaven,  as : 
-graphy,  descriptive  astronomy,  so  -gra'phic(al) 
aa.,  -graphist  n. ;  -logy,  astronomy ;  -metry, 
measurement  of  stellar  distances,  map  showing 
positions  and  magnitudes  of  stars. 

UP'anus  (Or-),  n.  (Gk  My th.)  son  of  Ge  (Earth) 
&  father  of  Cronus  (Saturn),  the  Titans,  &c. ; 
planet  discovered  by  Herschel  in  1781,  outer- 
most of  solar  system  except  Neptune.  [Gk,  ■ 
heaven,  Uranus] 

up'ban,  a.  Or,  living  or  situated  in,  a  city  or 
town,  as  u.  districts,  population,  u.  sanitary 
district  (subject  to  u.  sanitary  authorities),  ff. 
L  urbanus  of  the  city,  refined,  polished  (urbs 
urbis  city,  see  -an)] 

upba'ne,  a.  Courteous,  suave,  elegant  or 
refined  in  manner.  Hence  upba'neLY  2  adv. 
[as  prec] 

upba'nitL 

(archaic)  polished  wit  or  humour,  [f.  L  urbani- 
tas  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

up'ceolate  (-at),  a.  (bot.).  Pitcher-shaped, 
with  large  body  &  small  mouth,  [f.  L  urccolus 
dim.  of  urceus  pitcher  +  -ate2] 

UP'chin,  n.  Roguish  or  mischievous  boy; 
boy,  youngster;  (usu.  sea-u.)  =  echinus;  (ar- 
chaic) hedgehog,  goblin,    [f.  ONF  herichun  f. 


y,  n.    Courtesy,  polished  manners ; 

•lis" 


For  other  words  in  up-  see  up- 


URDU 


977 


USB 


L  ericius  hedgehog  (er  hedgehog,  cogn.  w.  Gk 
kher),  see  -oon[ 

Urdu  (oordoo),  n.  Hindustani.  [Hind.,  lit. 
=camp  (language),  as  originating  between  Mo- 
hammedan conquerors  &  their  subjects] 

-ure,  suf.  forming  nn.,  repr.  F  -ure,  L  -ura, 
added  to  p.p.  stems  of  vbs  (apertura,  captura, 
censura,  dictatura),  rarely  to  others  (figura). 
Wds in  -aturalost  -t-  in  F{armatura  Farmure, 
tornatura  F  tournure,  capellatura  F  cheve- 
lure),  &  -ure,  thus  appearing  to  be  added  to 
pres.  st,  became  living  suf.  in  F  forming  nn.  or 
vbs  in  -er  not  always  of  L  orig.  (procedure,  mon- 
ture,  brochure),  many.of  which  are  adopted  in  E. 
Seizure,  pleasure,  failure,  leisure,  tenure,  are 
F  infinitives  in  -ir  assim.  to  wds  in  -ure ;  see 
also  treasure,  manure.  Senses  in  E :  (1)  vbl 
action,  (2)  its  result,  (3)  collective  body  of  agents, 
as  legislature,  (i)  term  of  (official)  agency,  as 
(rarely)  judicature. 

up'ea,  n.  (chem.).  Soluble  colourless  crystal- 
line compound  contained  esp.  in  urine  of  mam- 
mals,   [f.  Gk  ouron  urine] 

-uret,  suf.  (chem.)  of  nn.  &  their  derivatives 
indicating  combination,  now  for  the  most  part 
replaced  by  -ide.   [f.  -ur-  in  sulphur  &c.  +  -et  l] 

u pe'ter,  n.  Duct  by  wh ich  uri n e  passes  from 
kidney  to  bladder  &c.  Hence  upetepi'Tis  n. 
[f.  Gk  oureter  (oureo  make  water)] 

ure'thra,  n.  Duct  by  which  urine  is  dis- 
charged from  bladder.  Hence  upe'thPAL  a., 
upethpiTis,  upe'thPOCELE,  upethPO'TO- 
my,  nn.    [L,  f.  Gk  ourethra  (as  prec.)] 

upe*tic,  a.  &  n.    =  diuretic. 

urge,  v.t.  Drive  forcibly,  impel,  hasten, 
cause  to  proceed  with  effort,  as  urged  his  horse 
forward,  urged  him  on,  we  urged  our  flight 
northwards ;  entreat  or  exhort  earnestly  or 
persistently,  as  u.  him  to  action,  to  take  steps ; 
advocate  (measure  &c.)  pressingly ;  ply  (person 
&c.)  hard  with  argument  or  entreaty;  dwell 
persistently  or  emphatically  upon.as  in  rain  you 
xuhis  youth,  urged  the  difficulty  of  getting  sup- 
plies, argument  was  urged  in  vain.  [f .  L  urgere 
press,  drive,  cogn.  w.  Gk  (h)eirgo  repress,  con- 
strain, &  w.  wreak] 

up*geney,  n.  Being  urgent;  (Pari.)  formal 
declaration,  by  vote  of  three  to  one  in  house  of 
not  less  than  300,  that  matter  is  urgent  &  shall 
take  precedence  of  all  others.  [F  (as  prec,  see 
-enov)] 

up'gent,  a.  Pressing,  calling  for  immediate 
action  or  attention,  as  am  in  u.  need,  the  matter 
is  u.,  an  u.  demand :  importunate,  earnest  & 
persistent  in  demand,  as  was  u.  withmefor  (or 
to  disclose)  further  particulars.  Hence  ur*- 
g-entLY  2  adv.    [F  (as  prec,  see  -ent)] 

up'ie,  a.  Of  urine ;  u.  acid  (found  in  small 
quantities  in  healthy  urine  of  man  &  quadru- 
peds, chief  constituent  in  that  of  birds  &  rep- 
tiles),   [f.  Gk  ouron  urine  +  -ic] 

up*im,  n.  U.  &  thummim,  objects  of  un- 
known nature  connected  with  breastplate  of 
high  priest  (Exod.  xxviii.  30).  [Heb.  urim  pi. 
of  ur  light,  tummim  pi.  of  torn  perfection] 

up'inal,  n.  Fixed  vessel  or  receptacle  for 
use  of  persons  requiring  to  pass  urine ;  public 
or  private  place  containing  such  receptacles ; 
vessel  used  by  invalid  for  passing  water  in  bed ; 
glass  vessel  for  containing  urine  for  inspection. 
[OF  f.  med.L,  f.  L  urinalis  a.  (urine,  -al)] 

up*inapy,  a.  &  n.  Of  urine,  as  u.  organs, 
diseases ;  (n. )  reservoir  for  u.  as  manure,  [-ary  ]] 

urinate,  v.i.  Pass  urine.  Hence  UPinA- 
tion  n.    [f.  med.L  urinare  (as  foil.),  see  -ate  3] 

ur'ine,  n.  Pale-yellow  fluid  secreted  from 
the  blood  by  the  kidneys,  stored  in  bladder,  & 
discharged  through  urethra.    So  up*inous  a. 


IOF,  f.  L  urina,  cogn.  w.  Gk  ouron,  Skr.  vari 
water,  OE  wxr  sea,  see  -ine  4] 

uri  no-  in  comb.  =  prec,  as :  -logy,  study  of 
the  urine ;  -meter,  instrument  showing  specific 
gravity  of  urine,  so  -me'tric  n.,-metry  n. ;  -scopy, 
inspection  of  urine,  so  -sco'pic  a. 

up'man,  n.  Siberian  tract  of  coniferous  fo- 
rest esp.  on  swampy  land.    [Siber.] 

urn,  n.,  &  v.t.  Vase  with  foot  &  usu.  with 
rounded  body,  esp.  as  anciently  used  for  storing 
the  ashes  of  the  dead  or  as  vessel  or  measure ; 
(fig.)  anything  in  which  dead  body  or  its  re- 
mains are  preserved,  e.g.  grave  ;  vase-shaped 
vessel  with  tap  in  which  tea,  coffee,  &c,  is  kept 
hot  e.g.  by  means  of  spirit-lamp;  u.-fiower, 
kinds  of  bulbous  plant  with  u. -shaped  flower. 
Hence  UP*nFUL  n.  (Vb)  enclose  in  u.  l(vb  f. 
n.J_f.  F  urne  f.  L  urna] 

upo- 1  in  comb.  =  urino-,  as  -logy,  &c 

upo-2  in  comb.  =  Gk  oura  tail,  as  -sthene  n., 
-sthenic  a.,  (animal)  with  strong  or  highly  de- 
veloped tail. 

Ursa,  n.  U.  Major,  Minor,  Great,  Little, 
bear  i.    [L,  =  she-bear] 

up'sine,  a.  Of,  like,  a  bear,  so  up*sIform  a. ; 
(Entom.)  thickly  clothed  with  bristles,  [f.  L 
ursinus  (ursus  bear,  see  -ine  *)] 

Ur'suline,  a.  &  n.  (Nun)  of  an  order  found- 
ed in  1537  for  nursing  the  sick  &  teaching  girls. 
[f.  St  Ursula  +  -ine*] 

up'ticate,  v.t.  Sting  like  a  nettle;  whip 
(paralytic  limb  &c)  with  nettles  to  restore  feel- 
ing. So  upticATiON  n.  If.  med.L  urticare  (L 
urtica  nettle)  see  -ate3] 

upubu  (ooTdbboo),  n.  American  black  vul- 
ture,   [native] 

up'us,  n.  Kind  of  wild  bull  described  by 
Caesar,  =  aurochs.    [L,  =  Gk  ouros] 

us.    See  we. 

usage  (u'zlj),  n.  Manner  of  using  or  treat- 
ing, treatment,  as  met  with  harsh  u.,  damaged 
byroughu.;  habitual  or  customary  practice  esp. 
as  creating  a  right  or  obligation  or  standard, 
as  sanctified  by  u.,  an  ancient  u.,  contrary 
to  the  u.  of  the  best  writers ;  (Law)  habitual 
but  not  necessarily  immemorial  practice.  [ME 
&  OF,  f.  med.L  usaticum  (as  use,  see  -age)] 

u'sance  (-z-),  n.  (commerc).  Time  allowed 
for  payment  of  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  as 
the  u.  on  Indian  bills  is  U  months,  bill  drawn 
at  half  or  double  u.    [OF  as  use,  see  -ance)] 

use  ■  (us),  n.  Using,  employment,  application 
to  a  purpose,  as  should  recommend  the  u.  of 
a  file,  taught  him  the  u.  of  the  globes,  put 
it  to  a  good  u.,  is  meant  for  u.  not  ornament, 
is  in  daily  u.,  becomes  easier  with  u.,  worn 
&  polished  with  u.,  made  u.  of  (employ- 
ed) a  quibble,  pray  make  u.  of  my  telephone  ; 
right  or  power  of  using,  as  stipulated  for  the 
u.  of  the  piano,  lost  the  u.  of  his  left  arm ; 
availability,  utility,  purpose  for  which  thing 
can  be  used,  as  a  blunt  knife  is  of  u.  for  this 
work,  afoot-rule  will  be  found  of  (great)  u.,  it  is 
(of)  no  u.  talking  or  to  talk,  what  is  the  u.  of 
talking  ?,  talking  is  no  u.,find  a  u.  for  banana- 
skins,  I  have  no  u.  for  it ;  custom,  want,  fami- 
liarity, as  long  u.  has  reconciled  me  to  it,  in 
such  matters  u.  is  everything,  according  to  his 
u.  in  emergencies,  u.  &  wont ;  ritual  &  liturgy 
of  a  church,  diocese,  &c,  as  Sarum,  Anglican, 
Roman,  u. ;  (Law)  benefit  or  profit  of  lands  & 
tenements  in  the  possession  of  another  who 
holds  them  solely  for  the  beneficiary,  [f.  OF  us 
t.  L  usus  -us  (as  foil.) ;  (in  legal  sense)  AF  oesf. 
L  opus  employment,  need] 

use2  (uz),  v.t.  &  i.  Employ  for  a  purpose, 
handle  as  instrument,  consume  as  material, 
exercise,  put  into  operation,  avail  oneself  of, 


USEFUL 


978 


UTTER 


as  seldom  u.  a  knife,  should  u.  oil  for  frying, 
we  seem  to  u.  a  great  deal  of  butter,  never  u.  a 
dictionary,  learn  to  u.  your  hands,  u.  your 
wits,  must  u.  the  services  of  an  agent,  shall  u. 
every  means,  must  u.  your  opportunities,  u. 
your  discretion,  should  at  least  u.  some  mo- 
deration, may  I  u.  your  name  (quote  you  as 
authority,  reference,  Sec.)?,  do  not  fail  to  u.  (in 
argument,  pleading,  &c.)  this  damaging  fact, 
has  used  my  absence  to  poison  everyone  against 
me ;  treat  in  specified  manner,  as  has  used  me 
like  a  dog,  how  did  he  u.  you  ?,  used  me  ill,  ill- 
used  me;  (now  only  in  past,  usu.  pron.  ust, 
esp.  when  followed  immediately  by  to)  be  ac- 
customed, have  as  one's  constant  or  frequent 
practice,  as  I  used  to  take  the  bus,  does  not 
come  as  often  as  he  used  (to),  bell  used  always 
to  ring  at  one,  what  used  he  to  say  ?,  used  not 
(colloq.  didn't  u.)  to  answer ;  (now  only  in  p.p., 
pron.  as  last  sense)  accustomed,  as  am  not 
used  to  this  sort  of  thing,  to  being  called  a  liar, 
have  become  used  to  a  vegetarian  diet ;  u.  up, 
consume  the  whole  of  (material  &c),  find  a 
use  for  (remaining  material  &c),  exhaust, 
wear  out  e.g.  with  overwork.  Hence  u*s- 
able  a.,  u'ser1  [-er1]  n.  [f.  OF  user  f.  LL 
usare  frequent,  of  L  uti  us-  use] 

u'seful  (-s-),  a.  Of  use,  serviceable,  produc- 
ing or  able  to  produce  good  result,  as  u.  arts, 
ratchet-brace  will  be  found  u.,  gave  me  some  u. 
hints,  must  make  himself  generally  u.  (per- 
form miscellaneous  services);  (slang)  highly 
creditable  or  efficient,  as  a  pretty  u.  perform- 
ance, is  pretty  u.  at  Greek  iambics.  Hence 
u'sefulLY  2  adv.,  irsefulxEss  n.    [ful] 

u'seless,  a.  Serving  no  useful  purpose,  un- 
availing, as  a  mass  of  u.  erudition,  contents 
were  rendered  u.  by  damp,  protest  is  u. ; 
(slang)  out  of  health  or  spirits,  unfit  for  any- 
thing, as  am  feeling  u.  Hence  u'selessi.v- 
adv.,  irselessNESS  n.    [-less] 

u-ser-  (for  w.1  see  use2),  n.  (law).  Con- 
tinued use  or  enjoyment  of  a  right  &c. ;  right 
of  u.,  (1)  right  to  use,  (2)  presumptive  right 
arising  from  u.    [OF  (as  use  2,  see  -er  4)] 

u'sher,  n.,  &  v.t.  Officer  or  servant  acting 
as  doorkeeper  of  a  court  &c,  showing  persons 
to  seats  in  public  hall  &c,  or  walking  before 
person  of  rank,  as  (gentleman  u.  of  the)  black  * 
rod  ;  (now  contempt.)  under-teacher,  assistant 
schoolmaster.  Hence  u'shersiup  n.  (Vb) 
act  as  u.  to,  precede  (person)  as  u.,  announce, 
show  in  &c,  as  was  at  length  ushered  (in)to 
his  presence,  star  ushers  in  the  dawn,  [(vb  f. 
n.)  AF  usser,  f.  OF  (h)uissier  f.  L  ostiarius 
doorkeeper  (ostium  door,  see  -ary  l)] 

usquebaugh  (kwibaw),  n.  Whisky  ;  Irish 
cordial  made  of  brandy  &c.  [f.  Ir.  uisge  beatha 
water  of  life  (uisge  water,  whisky  1,  +  beatha 
life  cogn.  w.  Gk  bios)] 

ustula'tion,  n.  Drying  of  moist  substance 
to  prepare  it  for  pulverizing ;  burning  of  wine, 
[f.  L  ustulare  scorch  f.  urere  ust-  burn,  -ation] 

usual  (u'zhdbal),  a.  Such  as  commonly  oc- 
curs, customary,  habitual,  as  asked  the  u. 
qitestions,  with  his  u.  disregard  of  convention, 
it  is  u.  to  tip  the  waiter,  came  earlier  than 
(was)  u.,  have  forgotten  something  as  (is)  u.  or 
(vulg.  facet.)  as  per  u.  Hence  u'sualr.v- 
adv.,  u'sualNEss  a.  [f.  F  usuel  f.  L  usualis 
(as  use  l,  see  -al)] 

usuca'ption  (uz-),  n.  (civil  law).  Acquisi- 
tion of  title  or  right  to  property  by  uninter- 
rupted &  undisputed  possession  for  prescribed 
term,  [also  -capion,  f.  L  usucapio  -onis  f. 
usucapere  acquire  by  prescription  (usu  by 
use1  +  capere  capt-  take)] 

U'sufpuet  (uz-),  n.,  &  v.t.    Right  of  enjoy- 


ing the  use  &  advantages  of  another's  property 
short  of  destruction  or  waste  of  its  substance ; 
(vb)  hold  in  u.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  L  ususfructus 
use  &  enjoyment  (usus  use1  +fructus  fruit)] 

usufru'ctuary,  a.  &  n.  Of,  one  who  has, 
usufruct,    [f .  LL  usufructuarius  (prec. ,  -ary  1)j 

u'surer  (uzher-),  n.  One  who  lends  money 
at  exorbitant  interest,  [f.  OF  usurier  f.  med.L 
usurarius  (as  usury,  see  -er2)] 

usup'p  (uz-),  v.t.  &i.  Seize,  assume,  (throne, 
office,  power,  property,  &c.)  wrongfully  ;  (rare) 
encroach  (up)on.  Hence  or  cogn.  usurp a  - 
tion,  usup'per1,  nn.,  usup'pingLY2  adv. 
[f.  F  usurper  f.  L  usurpare  use,  u.,  etym.  dub.] 

usupy  (u'zheri),  n.  Practice  of  lending 
money  at  exorbitant  interest  esp.  at  higher 
interest  than  is  allowed  by  law,  whence 
usurious  (-z-,  -zh-)  a.,  usup'iousr.v-  adv., 
usup'iousNESS  n.  ;  such  interest ;  (now  usu. 
fig.)  interest,  as  the  service  was  repaid  with  u. 
[ME  &  F  usure  f.  L  usura  (use1,  -ure)] 

ut l  (dot),  n.  Key-note  of  a  scale  (now  usu. 
do3).    [See gamut] 

tit 2,  adv.  Ut  supra,  infra,  as  shown  or  stated 
above,  below.    [L] 

ute'nsil,  n.  Instrument,  implement,  esp. 
one  in  common  domestic  use,  as  kitchen,  cook- 
ing-, uu.  [f.  MF  utensile  f.  L  utensilis  fit  for 
use  (utent-  part.  st.  of  uti  use,  see  -ile)] 

u'tepine,  a.  Of  the  uterus ;  born  of  same 
mother  but  not  same  father,  as  his  u.  brother. 
[f.  LL  uterinus  (as  foil.,  see  -ine  j)] 

u'tepus,  n.  (pi.  -i).  The  womb.  Hence 
uterrTis  n.    [L] 

utilitarian,  a.  &  n.  Of,  consisting  in,  utility; 
(holder)  of  utilitarianism,    [arian] 

utilitarianism,  n.  Doctrine  that  actions 
are  right  because  they  are  useful ;  doctrine 
that  greatest  happiness  of  greatest  number 
should  be  sole  end  of  public  action,    [-ism] 

uti'lity,  n.  Usefulness,  profitableness  ;  use- 
ful thing ;  =  prec. ;  (Theatr.,  also  u.-man)  actor 
of  the  smallest  parts  in  plays,  [f.  F  utiliU  f.  L 
utilitatem  (utilis  useful  f.  uti  use,  see  -ty)] 

u'tilize,  v.t.  Make  use  of,  turn  to  account, 
use.  Hence  utllizABLE  a.,  utilizATiON  n. 
[t._L  utilis,  see  prec,  +  -ize] 

u*tl  possidetis,  n.  Principle  that  leaves 
belligerents  in  possession  of  what  they  have 
acquired.    [L,  =  as  you  possess] 

u'tmost,  a.  &  n.  Furthest,  extreme,  as  the 
u.  limits ;  that  is  such  in  the  highest  degree, 
as  showed  the  u.  reluctance ;  (n.)  one's  u.,  all 
one  can  do.  [OE  utemest,  double  superl.  of  ut 
out,  cf.  aftermost] 

Uto*pia(u-),n.  (Book  published  by  Sir  T.More 
in  1516  describing)  imaginary  island  with  per- 
fect social  &  political  system ;  ideally  perfect 
place  or  state  of  things.  [=  nowhere,  f.  Gk  ou 
not  +  topos  place] 

Uto'pian,  u-,  a.  &  n.  (Inhabitant)  of  Utopia; 
(characteristic  of  an)  ardent  but  unpractical 
reformer  &c,  whence  uto'pianiSM  n.    [-an] 

u'tricle,  n.  Cell  of  animal  or  plant ;  small 
bag  or  cavity  in  the  body,  esp.  one  in  the  inner 
ear.  Hence  utpi'culAR l  a.  [F,  f.  L  utriculus 
dim.  of  uter  leather  bag] 

u'ttep  \  a.  Complete,  total,  unqualified,  as 
u.  misery,  saw  the  u.  absurdity  of  it,  an  u.  de- 
nial; u.  barrister  (junior,  addressing  court 
from  outside  bar  within  which  K.C.  pleads). 
Hence  u*ttePLY2adv.,u*ttePMOST  a.,  u'ttep- 
ness  n.    [OE  uttera,  compar.  adj.  f.  ut  out] 

u'ttep 2,  v.t.  Emit  audibly  (cry,  groan,  sigh, 
&c);  express  in  spoken  or  written  wds  (ones 
sentiments,  a  lie,  the  truth,  &c);  put  (notes, 
base  coin,  &c.)  into  circulation.  [ME  uttren,  as 
prec. ;  OE  has  iitian] 


utterance: 


979 


VAIR 


u'tteranee,  n.  Uttering,expressingin  words, 
as  gave  u.  to  his  rage ;  power  of  speech,  as 
defective  u. ;  spoken  words,  as  his  pulpit  uu. 

[-ANCE] 

u'vula,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Pendent  fleshy  part  of 
soft  palate ;  similar  processes  in  bladder  &  cere- 
bellum. Hence  u'vuIar1  a.  [mod.  L  dim.  of 
L  uva  bunch  of  grapes] 

uxop'ious,  a.  Excessively  fond  of  one's  wife. 
Hence  uxop'Iously2  adv.,  uxop'Iousness 
n.    [f.  L  uxorius  (uxor  wife)  +  -ous] 

U'zbeg,  n.  Member  of  a  Turkish  race  in 
central  Asia,    [native] 


V,  v,  (ve),  letter  (pi.  Vs,  V's,  Vees).  V-shaped 
thing,  e.g.  joint ;  (Roman  numeral)  5,  as  IV  4, 
VI  6,  viii  8,  viiii  (now  usu.  ix)  9,  xv  15,  lv  55. 

Abbreviations  (1):  (V):  Vice-,  as  V.C.  (Chan- 
cellor) ;  Victoria,  as  V.C.  (Cross) ;  Victorian, 
V.O.  (Order),  (v) :  varia,  v.l.  (lectio) ;  verse  ; 
versus ;  vide. 

Abbreviations  (2) :  Va.,  Virginia ;  Vender- 
able,  of  Archdeacon) ;  vepb.(wra)  sap.(ientt); 
Vic(toria);  Vls.(count);  viz.,  videlicet ;  vol.- 
(ume) ;  Vt.,  Vermont ;  vv.,  verses. 

va  (vah),  mus.  direction.  Go  on,  as  va  rallen- 
tando.    [It.] 

va'cancy,  n.  Being  vacant  or  empty  or  un- 
occupied ;  emptiness  of  mind,  idleness,  listless- 
ness ;  unoccupied  post,  as  has  a  v.  on  his  staff, 
in  his  warehouse,  must  fill  the  v.  [f.  F  vacance 
f.  med.L  vacantia  (as  foil.,  see  -ancy)] 

va'eant,  a.  Empty,  not  filled  or  occupied,  as 
house  is  still  v.,  a  v.  smoking-compartment, 
have  no  v.  space,  will  amuse  your  v.  hours,  ap- 
plied for  a  v.  post  in  the  Treasury ;  not  men- 
tally active,  not  rationally  occupied,  empty- 
headed,  thoughtless, listless,  stupid,  as  his  mind 
seems  completely  v.,  received  the  news  with  a  v. 
stare,  given  up  to  v.  frivolities,  whence  va*- 
cantL v  2  adv.    [OF  (as  foil. ,  see  -ant)] 

vaca'te,  v.t.  Go  away  from  so  as  to  leave 
empty  or  unoccupied,  give  up  occupation  or 
possession  of,  (military  position,  place,  house, 
throne,  office);  annul  (law,  contract,  &c).  [f.  L 
vacare  be  empty  (cf.  vacuous),  see  -ate  3] 

vacation,  n.  Vacating  (of  house,  post,  &c. ; 
holiday,  fixed  period  of  cessation  from  work, 
esp.  in  law-courts  &  universities,  as  Christmas, 
Easter,  Whitsun,  long  or  summer,  v.  [OF,  f.  L 
vacationem  (as  prec.  see  -ation)] 

va'ccinate,  v.t.  Inoculate  with  vaccine  to 
procure  immunity  from  smallpox  or  with  mo- 
dified virus  of  any  disease  in  order  to  produce 
it  in  mild  form  &  so  prevent  serious  attack. 
Hence  vaccin ation,  vaeeina*tionisT(2), 
va-ccinatOR  Ml,  2),  nn.    [f.  foil.  +  -ate  3] 

va'ccine,  a.  &  n.  Of  cows  or  cowpox  or  vac- 
cination ;  (n.)  virus  of  cowpox  as  used  in  vac- 
cination (bovine,  humanized,  v.,  got  direct  from 
cow,  got  from  human  subject),  modified  virus 
of  any  disease  similarly  used,  whence  va*c- 
cinAL,  vacci'nic,  aa. ;  v.-farm  (where  v.  is 
cultivated  by  inoculation  of  heifers) ;  v.-point, 
pointed  instrument  used  in  inoculation,  [f.  F 
vaccin  f.  vaccinus  a.  (vacca  cow,  see  -ine1)] 

vaeernia,  n.  (med.).  Cowpox,  esp.  inocu- 
lated,   [mod.  L,  f.  prec]  i 

va'cillate,  v.i.  Move  from  side  to  side,  os- 
cillate, waver ;  fluctuate  in  opinion  or  resolu- 
tion. Hence  or  cogn.  va'eillatingLY  2  adv., 
vacillATiON  n.    [f.  L  vacillare,  see  -ate3] 

va'cuist,  n.  One  who  holds  that  there  is 
empty  space  between  the  molecules  of  matter, 
[f.  vacuum  +  -1ST] 

va'cuole,  n.  (biol.).   Minute  cavity  in  organ 


&c.  containing  air,  fluid,  &c.  Hence  va'cuo- 
Iar  i,  va'cuolATE  2(2),  aa.  [F,  dim.  of  vacuum] 

va'cuous,  a.  Empty,  void ;  unintelligent, 
expressionless,  vacant,  as  a  v.  stare,  remark. 
Hence  or  cogn.  vaeiriTY,  va'cuousNESS,  nn. 
[f.  L  vacuus  +  -ous] 

va'cuum,  n.  (pi.  -urns,  -a).  Space  entirely 
devoid  of  matter,  as  nature  abhors  a  v.;  space, 
vessel,  from  which  airhas  been  almost  exhaust' 
ed  by  air-pump  &c.  (Ouerickian,  Torricellian, 
v.,  produced  by  air-pump,  by  mercury-pump  as 
in  mercurial  barometer);  (loosely)  partial  dimi- 
nution of  pressure  below  normal  atmospheric 
pressure;  v.-brake,  continuous  train-brake  in 
which  pressure  is  caused  by  exhaustion  of  air 
from  bellows  pulling  brake-rod ;  v.-cleaner,  ap- 
paratus for  removing  dust  &c.  by  suction  ;  tv 
gauge  (for  testing  pressure  consequent  on  pro- 
duction of  v.) ;  v.-tube,  sealed  glass  tube  with 
almost  perfect  v.  for  observing  passage  of  elec- 
tric discharge.    [L,  neut.  as  prec.  used  as  n.] 

va-de-me'cum,  n.  Handbook  or  other  thing 
carried  constantly  about  the  person  (often  in 
title  of  book).    [L,  =go  with  me] 

va-gabond,  a.,  n.,  &  v.i.  Having  no  fixed 
habitation,  wandering ;  driven,  drifting,  to  & 
fro ;  (of  spider)  not  sedentary.  (N.)  wanderer, 
vagrant,  esp.  idle  &  worthless  one;  (colloq.) 
scamp,  rascal.  (Vb,  now  colloq. )  wander  about, 
play  the  v.  Hence  va*gabondAGE(2, 3),  va*- 
gabondis>i(2),  nn.,  va'gabondiSH i  a.,  va*- 
gabondizE(2)  v.i.  [(vb  &  n.  f.  adj.)  OF,  f.  LL 
vagabiindus  (vagari  wander)] 

vagap'y,  n.  Whimsical  or  extravagant  no- 
tion ;  caprice ;  freak,   [ult.  f.  L  vagari  wander] 

vagrna  (-j-),  n.  Sheath,  sheath-like  covering, 
esp.  (Anat.)  sexual  passage  in  female  from 
uterus  to  external  orifice,  whence  vaginitis, 
vag-inoTOM y,  nn. ;  (Bot )  sheath  f ormed.round 
stem  by  base  of  leaf.  Hence  va'ginAL,  va*- 
ginate(d)  [-ate  2(2)1  aa.    [L] 

va'gpant,  a.  &  n.  Wandering,  roving,  stroll- 
ing, itinerant,  as  a  v.  musician,  indulging  in  v. 
speculations ;  (n.)  wanderer,  idle  rover,  vaga- 
bond, (Law)  idle  &  disorderly  person  of  any  of 
three  grades  liable  to  various  terms  of  impri- 
sonment. Hence  va'gPANCY  n.,  va'gpant- 
ly2  adv.  [earlier  vagarant,  AF  icakerant, 
waucrant,  of  Teut.  orig.,  cogn.  w.  walk  :  alter- 
ed on  L  vagari  wander] 

vague  (-g),  a.  Indistinct,  not  clearly  ex- 
pressed or  identified,  of  uncertain  or  ill-defined 
meaning  or  character,  as  returned  only  a  v.  an- 
swer, has  some  v.  idea  of  going  to  Canada,  have 
not  the  vaguest  notion  of  his  reasons,  yields 
to  v.  terrors,  heard  a  v.  rumour  to  that  effect. 
Hence va'gueLY2 ad v.,va*gueNESS  n.  [F(ra- 
guer  wander  f.  L  vagari  f.  vagus  wandering)] 

vail  *,  v.t.  &  i.  (archaic,  poet.).  Lower  or  doff 
(one's  plumes,  pride,  crown,  &c.)  esp.  in  token 
of  submission;  yield,  give  place,  uncover  as 
sign  of  respect  &c.  [f.  F  avaler  see  avalanche] 

vail2,  ii.  (archaic;  usu.  pi.).  Gratuity,  tip ; 
present  given  for  corrupt  purpose.    [= avail] 

vain,  a.  Unsubstantial,  empty,  trivial,  as  «. 
boasts,  v.  triumphs,  distinctions ;  useless,  un« 
availing,  followed  by  no  good  result,  as  in  the 
v.  hope  of  dissuading  him,  all  resistance  was 
v.,  to  resist  is  v.,  it  is  vain  to  r.;  conceited, 
having  too  high  an  opinion  of  one's  beauty, 
ability,  &c;  in  v.,  to  no  purpose,  as  we  pro- 
tested in  v. ,  it  was  in  v.  that  we  protested ;  take1 
person's  name  in  v.;  vainglor'y,  boastfulness, 
excessive  vanity,  -whencevainglor'ious  a.,  vain- 
glor'iously  adv.,  vainglor'iousness  n.  Hence 
vai'nLY2  adv.,  vai'nNESS  n.  (rare).  [F,  f.  L 
vanus  empty,  vain] 

vaip,  n.  (herald.).  A  fur  represented  by  small 


VAKEEL. 


VALVE 


shield-shaped  figures  alternately  azure  &  ar- 
gent.   [F,  f.  L  as  various] 
vakeel,  -II  (el),  n.  (E.-Ind.).    Ambassador, 
commissioner,  residing  at  a  court ;  native  at- 
torney or  deputy.    [Hind.  (-il)) 
variance,  va'lence *,  n.    Kind  of  damask 
used  for  furniture ;  short  curtain  round  frame 
or  canopy  of  bedstead.    Hence  va'lancED  i  a. 
[prob.  f.  Faience  in  France] 
vale1,  n.     Valley  (now  chiefly  poet,  or  in 
names  as  White  Horse  V.);   small  trough  or 
channel  carrying   off  water  from  pump  &c. 
[ME  &  F  val  f.  L  vallis] 

va'le2,  int.  &  n.    Farewell.    [L,  imperat.  of 
valere  be  well,  be  strong] 
valediction,  n.    (Words  used  in)  bidding 
farewell.    So  valedi'etORY  a.    [f.  L  vALE(di- 
cere  diet-  say)  bid  farewell,  see  -ion] 
va'lence-  (for  v.1  see  valance),  n.  (chem.). 
Combining  or  replacing  power  of  an  atom  as 
compared  with  standard  hydrogen  atom,  as 
hydrogen,  carbon,  has  a  v.  of  one,  four.    [f.  LL 
valentia  strength  (as  vale2,  see  -ence)] 
Valenciennes  (-enz,  or  valensenz),  n.    Rich 
kind  of  lace ;  kind  of  pyrotechnic  composition. 
[  V.,  in  France] 

va'leney,  n.  (chem.).  Unit  of  combining  ca- 
pacity, as  carbon  has  1  vv. ;  =  valence,  [-enc  v] 
va'lentine,  n.  St  V.'s  day,  day  on  which 
St  V.  was  beheaded  &  on  which  birds  were 
supposed  to  pair,  Feb.  14 ;  sweetheart  chosen 
on  this  ;  amatory  or  satirical  letter  or  picture 
sent  to  person  of  opposite  sex  on  St  V.'s  day. 
[f.  L  Valentinus,  proper  name] 
valer "ian,  n.  Kinds  of  plant,  esp.  common  v. , 
herb  with  small  pink  or  white  flowers  &  strong 
odour  esteemed  by  cats  &  rats;  root  of  this 
used  as  mild  stimulant  &c,  whence  va'lep- 
ate!(3)  n.,  vale'Pic  a.,  (chem.).  [f.  OF  vale- 
rians, etym.  dub.J 

va'let  (-it,  -a),  n.,  &  v.t.  {-eted,  pron.  -itid, 
-ad).  (Also  v.  de  chambre,  pron.  as  F)  man- 
servant who  attends  on  man's  person ;  v.  de 
place  (de  plahs),  courier  esp.  in  France ;  iron- 
pointed  stick  used  in  training  horses ;  (vb)  act 
as  v.  to.  F(vb_f.  n.)  OF,  var.  of  varlet] 
valetudinarian,  a.  &  n.  Of  infirm  health ; 
seeking  to  recover  health ;  unduly  solicitous 
about  health;  (n.)  v.  person.  Hence  or  cogn. 
valetudinap'ianiSM  n.,  valetu'din ar y l 
a.  &  n.  [f.  F  valitudinaire  f.  L  valetudinarius 
{valetudo  -dinis  health  f.  valere,  be  well,  see 
-tude  &  -ary  ])] 

Valha-lla,  n.  (Norse  Myth.)  palace  in 
which  souls  of  slain  heroes  feasted ;  building 
used  as  final  resting-place  of  the  illustrious 
dead,  esp.  Temple  of  Fame  near  Ratisbon.  [f. 
ON  valholl,  gen.  -hallar,  hall  of  the  slain  (valr 
slain  +  holl  hall)] 

variant,  a.  (Of  person  or  conduct)  brave, 
courageous.  Hence  va'liantLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF 
va(il)lant  part,  of  valoir  be  worth  f.  L  valere 
be  strong] 

va'lid,  a.  (Of  reason,  objection,  argument, 
&c.)  sound,  defensible,  well-grounded;  (Law) 
sound  &  sufficient,  executed  with  proper  for- 
malities, as  v.  contract,  the  marriage  was  held 
to  be  v.  Hence  or  cogn.  valrdiTY  n.,  va'lid- 
ly  2  adv.  [f.  F  valvule  f.  L  validus  strong  (as 
prec,  see  -id1)] 

validate,  v.t.  Make  valid,  ratify,  confirm. 
So  validATiON  n.  [f.  med.L  validare  (as 
prec),  see -ate 3] 

vali'se  (-es),  n.    Kind  of  small  portmanteau. 

[F,  f.  LL  valisia,  etym.  dub.] 

va;lkyp  (ef),  valky-ria,  -ie,  n.     (Norse 

myth.;    pi.    -kyrs,    -kyrXes).    Each   of   Odin's 

handmaidens  who  selected  those  destined  to 


be  slain  in  battle.   Hence  valky'PiAN  a.    [f. 
ON  valkyrja  lit.  chooser  of  slain  (valr  slain  + 
-kyrja  chooser  cogn.  w.  kjosa  choose)] 
vallecula,  n.  (anat.,  bot.;  pi.  -ae).     Groove, 
furrow.      Hence    valle'eulAR  *,   valle'cu- 
Iate2,  aa.    [LL,  dim.  of  L  vallis  vale] 
va'lley,  n.  (pi.  -eys).    Low  area  more  or  less 
enclosed  by  hills  &  usu.  with  stream  flowing 
through  it ;  any  depression  compared  to  this  ; 
(Archit.)  internal  angle    formed    by   sloping 
sides  of  roof.    [f.  OF  valee  (as  vale  »,  cf.  -ade)J 
vallo'nia,  n.    Acorn-cups  of  the  v.  oak,  used 
in  tanning,  dyeing,  &  making  ink.    [f.  It.  val- 
Ionia  f.  Gk  balanos  acorn] 
va'llum,  n.    (Rom.  Ant.)  rampart ;  (Anat.) 
eyebrow.    [L] 

va'loup,  n.  (now  chiefly  poet. ,  rhet. ,  or  facet. ). 
Personal  courage  esp.  as  shown  in  fighting, 
prowess.  So  va'lopous  a.,  va'loPOUSLY2 
adv.  [f.  OF  valor  f.  L  valorem  worth,  courage 
(valere  be  strong,  see  -or1)] 
va'luable,  a.  &  n.  Of  great  value  or  price 
or  worth,  as  v.  property,  land,  furniture,  in- 
formation, assistance;  capable  of  valuation, 
as  a  service  not  v.  in  money;  (n.,  usu.  pi.)  v. 
thing(s),  esp.  small  article(s)  of  personal  pro- 
perty, as  sent  all  her  vv.  to  the  bank,  [earlier 
valiable,  f.  F  valable,  see  value  &  -able] 
valuation,  n.  Estimation  of  a  thing's 
worth,  worth  so  estimated,  price  set  on  a  thing, 
as  v.  of  land,  disposed  of  at  a  low  v.,  sets  too 
high  av.  on  his  abilities,  [f.  foil,  vb  +  -ation] 
va'lue,  n.,  &  v.t.  Worth,  desirability,  uti- 
lity, qualities  on  which  these  depend,  as  now 
learnt  the  v.  of  fresh  water,  a  friend,  quinine, 
accuracy,  regular  exercise ;  worth  as  estimat- 
ed, valuation,  as  sets  a  high  v.  on  his  time ; 
commercial,  economic,  exchange(able)  v.,  v.  in 
exchange,  purchasing  power,  power  of  a  com- 
modity to  purchase  others,  amount  of  (pop.) 
money  or  (Pol.  Econ.)  other  commodities  for 
which  thing  can  be  exchanged  in  open  mar- 
ket; pace1,  surrender,  v.;  surplus  v.,  sur- 
plus production  of  labour  after  subsistence  of 
labourer  &  family  ;  the  equivalent  of  a  thing, 
what  represents  or  is  represented  by  or  may 
be  substituted  for  a  thing,  as  v.  received  (see 
bill4  of  exchange),  got  good  v.  for  (something 
well  worth)  his  money,  paid  him  the  v.  of  his 
lost  property,  the  precise  v.  (meaning)  of  a 
word,  acute  accent  has  not  always  the  same  v., 
give  the  note  (in  music)  its  full  time-v.  (the  full 
time  indicated  by  it) ;  (Paint.)  relation  of  one 
part  of  picture  to  others  in  respect  of  light  & 
shade,  as  out  of  v.,  too  light  or  dark ;  amount, 
quantity,  denoted  by  algebraical  term  or  ex- 
pression ;  (Biol.)  rank  in  classification.  (Vb) 
estimate  the  v.  of,  appraise  (professionally, 
whence  va'lUER1  n.,  or  otherwise),  as  should 
v.  the  whole  at  £t000;  have  high  or  specified 
opinion  of,  attach  importance  to,  prize,  esteem, 
appreciate,  pride  oneself  on,  as  v.  sincerity  (be- 
yond all  things),  a  valued  friend,  values  him- 
self on  his  conversational  powers,  do  not  v. 
that  a  brass  farthing,  [(vb  f.  n.)  OF,  fem.  p.p. 
of  valoir  be  worth  f.  L  valere  be  strong] 
valueless,  n.  Worthless.  Hence  va'lue- 
lessNESsn.    [-less] 

valve,  n.  Kinds  of  automatic  or  other  de- 
vice for  controlling  passage  of  liquid  or  gas  or 
the  like  through  pipe  &c,  as  clack,  rotary, 
screw,  sliding,  throttle,  v.,  key  v.  (of  organ, 
flute,  &c),  safety-?.  ;  (Anat.,  Zool.)  mem- 
branous part  of  organ  &c.  allowing  flow  of 
blood  &c.  in  one  direction  &  not  in  another,  as 
vv.  oftlie  heart,  veins,  pulmonary  vv.,  whence 
valvuliTis  [-UL-]  n. ;  (Conch.),  each  of  two 
or  more  separable  pieces  of  which  shell  con- 


VAMBRACE 


981 


VAPOUR 


eists,  whole  shell  in  one  piece ;  (Bot)  each  of 
the  segments  into  which  a  capsule  dehisces, 
each  half  of  an  anther  after  its  opening ;  (now 
rare)  leaf  of  folding  door.  Hence  or  cogn. 
va'lvAL  (hot.),  va'lVAR1,  va'lvATE2  (anat., 
hot.),  (-)valvED  2,  valveLESS,  valvi'FEROUS, 
va'lvlFORM,  va'lvulAR 1  [-ul], aa.,  va'lve- 
let,  va'lvuLE  (anat.,  bot.),  nn.  [F,  f.  hvalva 
leaf  of  folding  door,  cogn.  w.  volvere  roll] 

va-mbrace,  n.  (hist).  Armour  for  fore- 
arm, [f.  MF  avant-bras  (avant  before,  see  ad- 
vance1, +  bras  arm  f.  L  brachium)] 

vamo'se,  v.i.  &  t.  (U.S.  slang).  Begone,  de- 
camp ;  decamp  from  (place).  [f.  Sp.  vamos  let 
us  go  f.  L  vaaimus  we  go  (vaderc)] 

vamp,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Upper  front  part  of 
boot  or  shoe;  patch  designed  to  make  old 
thing  look  new ;  improvised  accompaniment. 
(Vb)  put  new  v.  to  (boot,  shoe) ;  repair,  furbish 
usu.  up  ;  make  up  (literary  article  &c.)  out  of 
odds  &  ends ;  improvise  accompaniment  to, 
improvise  accompaniments.  Hence  va'mpEK1 
n.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME  vaumpe,  rauntpe,  f.  MF 
avant-pied  (avant  before,  see  advance  1,+pied 
foot  f.  L  pedem  nom.  pes)] 

va'mpipe,  n.  Ghost  (usu.  of  wizard,  here- 
tic, criminal,  &c.)  that  leaves  grave  at  night 
&  sucks  blood  of  sleeping  persons ;  person  who 
preys  on  others ;  (in  full  v.-bat)  kinds  of  bat, 
some  of  which  suck  blood  of  horses,  cattle,  &: 
sleeping  persons  ;  (Theatr.)  small  spring  trap  of 
two  flaps  used  for  sudden  (dis)appearances  of 
one  person.  Hence  vampi'Pic  a.  [F,  f.  G 
vampyr  f.  Serv.  vampir  prob.  of  Turk,  orig.] 

va'mpirism,  n.  Belief  in  existence  of 
vampires  ;  blood-sucking  (lit.  &  fig.),    [-ism] 

vamplate,  n.  (hist).  Iron  plate  protecting 
hand  when  lance  was  couched,  [f.  F  avant- 
plat  (as  vambrace,  see  plate)] 

van1,  n.,  &  v.t.  (Archaic)  winnowing-ma- 
chine  ;  (archaic,  poet.)  wing  ;  (vb)  test  quality 
of  (ore)  by  washing  on  shovel  or  by  machine, 
whence  va'nnER  HI,  2)  n.,  (n.)  such  test,  [(vb 
f.  F  vanner)  F,  f.  L  vannus  fan] 

van2,  n.  Foremost  division  of  army  on  the 
march  or  of  fleet  when  sailing ;  front  of  army 
in  line  of  battle  ;  (fig.)  leaders  of  a  movement, 
&c,  as  in  the  v.  of  civilization ;  va'nguard,de- 
tachment  of  army  marching  in  front  to  guard 
against  surprise  (also  fig.),  [abbr.  of  vanguard, 
f.  OF  avant-warde,  -garde  (avant  before,  see 

ADVANCE1,  WARD,  GUARD)] 

van3,  n.,  &  v.t.  Large  usu.  covered  vehicle 
for  conveying  furniture  or  other  goods;  rail- 
way carriage  for  luggage  {luggage  v.)ov  for  use 
of  guard  (guard's  v.) ;  (vb)  convey  in  v.   [abbr. 

Of  CARAVAN,  Cf.  bus,  wig] 

vana'dium,  n.  Rare  white  metallic  ele- 
ment some  salts  of  which  yield  intense  perma- 
nent black  colour.  Hence  va'nadATE  J(3)  n., 
vana'dic,  va'nadous,  aa.,  (chem.).  [f.  Va- 
nadis,  goddess  in  Scand.  myth.,  +  -ium] 

Va'ndal,  a.  &  n.  (Member)  of  a  Germanic 
race  that  ravaged  Gaul,  Spain,  N.  Africa,  & 
Rome,  destroying  many  books  &  works  of  art ; 
(fig.,  also  v-)  wilful  or  ignorant  destroyer  of 
works  of  art  &c,  whence  Va'ndaliSM(2),  v-, 
n.  Hence  Vanda'lic,  v-,  a.  [f.  L  Vandalus 
of  Teut  orig.,  cf.  G  wandeln  wander] 

vandy*ke,n.,  a.,  &  v.t  ( V-;  prop.  VanDyck) 
Flemish  painter  d.  1641,  picture  by  him  ;  each 
of  a  series  of  large  points  forming  a  border  to 
lace,  cloth,  &c. ;  (also  V.  cape,  cottar)  cape,  col- 
lar, with  vv.;  (adj.,  usu.  V-)  in  the  style  or  dress, 
esp.  with  pointed  borders,  common  in  V.'s  por- 
traits ;  (vb)  cut  (cloth  &c.)  in  vv. 

vane,  n.  Weathercock  ;  similar  device  ex- 
posed to  current  of  water  &c.  as  in  water- 


meter  ;  (also  dog-v.)  cone  or  other  device  used 
on  shipboard  as  weathercock  ;  blade  of  wind- 
mill, screw-propeller,  &c. ;  horizontal  piece 
moved  up  &  down  surveyor's  levelling-stafT  to 
line  of  sight  of  telescope ;  sight  of  quadrant 
&c.  Hence  vanED2,  va'neLESS,  aa.  [OE 
fana  small  flag,  cf.  Du.  vaan,  G  fahne,  ON 
fdni,  cogn.  w.  hpannus,  see  pane] 


vangr,  n.  (nau t ).  Each  of  two  guy-ropes  run- 
ning from  end  of  gaff  to  deck.  lDu.,=catch, 
curb,  f.  vangen  catch,  cf.  fang  j] 


va'ngee  (-je),  n.  Contrivance  for  working 
ship's  pumps  by  barrel  &  crank-brakes.    [?j 

vani'lla,  n.  Kinds  of  tall  orchid  with  fra- 
grant flowers ;  (also  v.-bean)  fruit  of  this ;  ex- 
tract obtained  from  v.-bean  &  used  for  flavour- 
ing ices,  chocolate,  &c.  Hence  vani'llATE  M3) 
n.,  vani'llic  a.,  (chem.).  [f.  Sp.  vainilla  pod 
dim.  of  vaina  sheath,  pod,  f.  vagina] 

vanillism,  n.  Eruptive  itching  skin-disease 
common  among  workers  in  vanilla,    [-ism (5)] 

va'nish,  v.i.,  &  n.  Disappear  suddenly; 
disappear  gradually,  fade  away ;  pass  away  ; 
cease  to  exist;  (Math.)  become  zero  (vanishing 
fraction,  one  that  becomes  zero  for  a  particular 
value  of  the  variable  it  contains) ;  (Perspect) 
vanishing  point,  point  in  which  all  parallel 
lines  in  same  plane  tend  to  meet,  vanishing 
line,  that  which  represents  the  line  at  infinity 
in  which  given  plane  cuts  all  parallel  planes. 
(N„  Phonet )  slight  sound  with  which  a  principal 
sound  ends  (e.g.  do,  I,  at  end  of  6,  a).  [ME 
vanissen  prob.  f.  OF  esvanir  (-ish  2)  f.  L  E(ra- 
nescere  vanish  f.  vanus  empty)] 

va'nity,  n.  Futility,  unsubstantially,  un- 
reality, emptiness,  unsubstantial  or  unreal 
thing,  as  the  v.  of  worldly  wealth,  of  poli- 
tical distinction,  of  human  achievements, 
these  things  are  v.  or  vv.,  all  is  v.,  pomps 
&  v.  of  this  wicked  world,  V.  Fair,  the  world 
(allegorized  in  Pilgrim's  Progress)  as  a  scene 
of  v.;  empty  pride,  conceit,  based  on  per- 
sonal attainments  or  attractions  or  qualities  ; 
ostentatious  display;  (O.T.)  heathen  deity,  as 
the  vv.  of  the  Gentiles,  [f.  F  vanite  f.  L  vanita- 
tern  (as  vain,  see  -tv)] 

va'nquish,  v.t  Conquer,  overcome,  (lit.  & 
fig.;  now  chiefly  rhet).  Hence  va'nquish- 
able  a.,  va'nquishER1  n.  [f.  OF  veinquir 
(ish  2)  var.  of  vaincre  f.  L  vincere] 

va'ntage,  n.  =  advantage  (now  chiefly  in 
tennis  use  &  in  v.-ground,  coign  of  v.).    [var.] 

va*pid,  a.  Insipid,  flat,  as  v.  beer,  conversa- 
tion, moralizings.  Hence  vapl'diTY,  va*- 
pidNESS,  nn.,  va'pidLV  2  adv.  [f.  L  vapidus, 
cogn.  w.  vappa  vapid  wine  &  w.  vapour] 

va'popize,  v.t  «  i.  Convert,  be  converted, 
into  vapour.  Hence  or  cogn.  vapopaBULrrv, 
vaporizA'TioN,  va*porizER  J(2),  nn.,  va'- 
pop(iz)ABLE  aa.    [-ize] 

va'pour,  n.,  &  v.i.  Moisture  in  the  air  e.g. 
mist,  (loosely)  light  cloudy  substance  e.g. 
smoke,  (Physics)  gaseous  form  of  a  normally 
liquid  or  solid  substance  (cf.  gas),  whence  va- 

pOl»i*FEROU8,     vapOPl'FIC,      Va'DOPiFORM, 

aa.,  vapopl'METER  n.;  (Med.)  kinds  of  reme- 
dial agent  to  be  inhaled,  as  v.  of  iodine  ;  unsub- 
stantial tiling,  vain  imagination ;  (archaic) 
empty  boasting;  (pi.,  archaic)  depression, 
spleen,  hypochondria,  whence  va'poupiSH  1 
a.,  va'poupishNESS  n. ;  v.-bath  (also  va- 
POPAR'IUM  n.),  bath  in  v.  or  steam,  apparatus 
or  apartment  for  this ;  v.-burner,  apparatus  for 
vaporizing  a  hydrocarbon  for  lighting  or  heat- 
ing purposes;  v.-engine  (driven  by  steam  or 
other  electric  fluid).  Hence  or  cogn.  va'por- 
ose1,  va'popous,  va'pouPY2,  aa.,  vapor- 
d'siTY,  va'poPousNESS,  nn.,  va'porous- 


VAPULATION 


982 


VARNISH 


ly2  adv.  (Vb)  emit  v.;  utter  idle  boasts  or 
empty  talk,  whence  va'pouPER1  n.  l(n.)  OF,  f. 
L  vaporem  nom.  -or,  eogn.  w.  Gk  kapnos  smoke 
&  w.  vapid  ;  (vb)  f.  L  vaporare  steam,  reek] 

vapula'tion,  n.  (facet.).  Flogging.  Sova*- 
pulatORYa.  [fAuvapulare  be  flogged +-ation] 

vaquefo  (-karo),  n.  Mex.  or  U.-S.  herdsman. 
|Sp.,  f.  med.L  vaccarius  (vacca  cow,  -ary1)] 

Vapa'ng-ian  (-j-),  n.  Norse  rover,  esp.  of 
those  who  ravaged  Baltic  coasts  about  9th  c. ; 
V.  Guard,  body-guard  of  Byzantine  emperors 
formed  partly  of  vv.  [f.med.L  Varingust.  ON 
Vxringi  lit.  confederate  (vdrar  oaths  cogn.  w. 
L  verus  true)] 

va'ree,  n.  Impure  sodium  carbonate  made 
in  Brittany,    [f.  F  varech  prob.  as  wreck] 

variable,  a.  &  n.  That  can  be  varied  or 
adapted,  as  rod  of  v.  length,  the  pressure  is  v.,  a 
word  of  v.  construction,  v.  gear  (designed  to 
give  varying  speeds,  e.g.  slow  advance  &  quick 
return) ;  apt  to  vary,  not  constant,  fickle,  un- 
steady, as  v.  wind,  mood,  temper,  fortune ; 
(Math.,  of  quantity)  indeterminate,  able  to  as- 
sume different  numerical  values  ;  (Bot.,  Zool., 
of  species)  including  individuals  or  groups  that 
depart  from  the  type ;  (Biol.,  of  organism)  tend- 
ing to  change  in  structure  or  function.  Hence 
vapiaBixiTV,  vapiableNESS,  nn.,  vapia- 
bLY 2 adv.  (N.)  v.  thing  esp.  quantity ;  (Naut.) 
shifting  wind,  (pi.)  region  between  NE  &  SE 
trade- winds.    [F,  f.  LL  variabilis  (vary,  -ble)] 

va'ria  le'ctio,  n.    Variant  reading.    [L] 

variance,  n.  Disagreement,  difference  of 
opinion,  dispute,  lack  of  harmony,  as  on  that 
point  we  are  at  v.  (among  ourselves),  at  v.  with 
the  authorities,  have  had  a  slight  v.  with  him, 
this  theory  is  at  v.  with  all  that  is  known  on  the 
subject ;  (Law)  discrepancy  between  pleadings 
&  proof  or  between  writ  &  declaration,  [f .  L 
variantia  difference  (as  foil.,  see  -ance)] 

variant,  a.  &  n.  Differing  in  form  or  in  de- 
tails from  the  one  named  or  considered,  differ- 
ing thus  among  themselves,  as  a  v.  reading  in 
some  MSS,  hO  v.  types  of  pigeon;  variable, 
changing ;  (n.)  v.  form,  spelling,  type,  reading, 
&c,  as  valet  is  a  v.  of  varlet,  difficult  to  choose 
between  these  vv.    [OF  (as  vary,  see  -ant)] 

variation,  n.  varying,  departure  from  a 
former  or  normal  condition  or  action  or  amount 
or  from  a  standard  or  type,  extent  of  this,  as 
is  not  liable  to  v.,  repeated  vv.  of  temperature, 
is  subject  to  a  v.  of  several  degrees,  estimates 
the  v.  in  value  at  20  percent ;  (Gram.)  inflexion ; 
(Astron.)  deviation  of  heavenly  body  from 
mean  orbit  or  motion  (periodic,  secular,  v.,  com- 
pensated in  short,  in  very  long,  period);  (of 
magnetic  needle) = declination  (v.-chart,  with 
lines  drawn  through  places  that  have  same  v.); 
(Biol.)  structural  or  functional  deviation  from 
type  ;  (Alg.)  (theory  of)  relation  between  quan- 
tities that  vary  as  each  other,  also,  =  permu- 
tation ;  thing  that  varies  from  a  type,  as  the 
scazon  is  a  v.  of  or  on  the  ordinary  iambic  tri- 
meter, esp.  (Mus.)  tune  or  theme  repeated  in  a 
changed  or  elaborated  form.  Hence  varla*- 
tionALa.  [OF,f.  Lt?art'a^07ie?n(VARY,-ATiON)] 

va*picated,a.  (conch.).  Having  varices.  So 
variCA-TiON  n.    [f.  varix,  see  -ate2(2)] 

vapieeila,  n.  =  CHicKEN-poar.  Hence  vapi- 
ce'llARi,  vapieeiloro,  aa.  [mod.  L,  dim.  of 
variola] 

varicocele,  n.  Tumour  composed  of  vari- 
cose veins  of  spermatic  cord,  [as  varix  +  -cele] 

va'ricose,  a.  Of,  affected  with,  designed  for 
cure  of,  varix,  as  v.  ulcer,  vein,  bandage,  whence 
vaTicosED » a. ,  varicd'srr  y  n. ;  =  varic  ated. 
[f.  Lyaricosus  (varix,  see  -ose  j)] 

var-i6g-ate,  v.t.    Diversify  in  colour,  mark 


with  irregular  patches  of  different  colours 
(chiefly  in  p.p.,  esp.  Bot.  of  leaves  partly  pale 
from  suppression  of  chlorophyll  or  of  plants  with 
such  leaves,  as, variegated  geranium).  Hence 
vapieg-ATiON  n.  [f.  L  variegare  (as  various 
+  agere  drive,  make,  cause),  see  -ate3] 
vapi*ety,n.  Being  various,  diversity,  absence 
of  monotony  or  uniformity,  many-sidedness,  as 
was  struck  by  the  v.  of  his  attainments,  of  his 
conversation,  of  the  scene,  London  has  for  me 
the  charm  of  v.,  cannot  live  without  v.;  collec- 
tion of  different  things,  as  turned  over  a  v.  of 
silks,  for  a  v.  of  reasons,  v.  entertainment  or 
show  (consisting  of  dances,  songs,  acrobatic 
feats,  &c),  v.  theatre  (for  v.  shows  &c);  (speci- 
men, member,  of  a)  class  of  things  differing  in 
some  common  qualities  from  the  rest  of  a  larger 
class  to  which  they  belong;  (Biol.)  individual 
or  group  usually  fertile  with  any  other  member 
of  the  species  to  which  it  belongs  but  differing 
from  the  type  in  some  qualities  capable  of  per- 

Eetuation,  subspecies,  as  climatic  v.  (produced 
y  climatic  influences),  geographical  v.  (con- 
fined to  given  area),  whence  vapi'etAL  a., 
vapI'etalLY  2  adv.  [f.  OF  variete  f.  L  varieta- 
tem  (as  various,  see  -ty)] 

variform,  a.  Having  various  forms,  [-form] 

vaprola(va-),  n.  Smallpox.  Hence  vapi'ol- 
ar1,  vapidiic,  variolous,  aa.  [med.L,  as 
various] 

variolation,  n.  Inoculation  with  smallpox 
virus,    [f.  prec.  +  -ation] 

vapiole,  n.  (zool.,  bot.).  Shallow  pit  like 
smallpox  mark.  Hence  vapiolate(d)  [-ate  2] 
a.  jF,  f.  variola] 

vapiolite.n.  Rock  with  concretionary  struc- 
ture causing  on  surface  an  appearance  like 
smallpox  pustules.  Hence  vapioli'tic  a.  [as 
prec^  +  -ite  l] 

varioloid,  a.  &  n.  Like  smallpox ;  (n.)  mild 
form  of  smallpox  esp.  as  modified  by  previous 
inoculation.    [r.s  prec.  +  -oid] 

vapio'metep,  n.  Instrument  for  comparing 
magnetic  forces,    [as  various  +  -meter] 

vapiop'um,  a.  With  notes  of  various  com- 
mentators, as  a  v.  (edition  of)  Horace.  [L,  gen. 
pi.  as  various] 

various,  a.  Different,  diverse,  as  the  modes 
of  procedure  were  v.,  types  so  v.  as  to  defy  clas- 
sification ;  separate,  several,  more  than  one,  as 
came  across  v.  people,  for  v.  reasons;  (vulg., 
abs.  or  quasi-pron.)  several,  as  among  the  letters 
are  v.  anent  motor-driving,  this  is  denied  by 
v.,  v.  have  assured  me.  Hence  vapiousLY2 
adv.,  vapiousNESS  n.  (rare),  [f.  L  varius 
+  -oys] 

varix,  n.  (pi.  vd'rices).  (Path.)  permanent 
abnormal  dilatation  of  vein  or  other  vessel, 
vein  &c.  thus  dilated ;  (Conch.)  each  of  the 
ridges  across  the  whorls  of  a  univalve  shell. 
[L,  perh.  cogn.  w.  varus  1  or  2] 

vapiet,  n.  (Hist.)  mediaeval  page  preparing 
to  be  a  squire ;  (archaic,  esp.  facet.)  menial, 
low  fellow,  rascal.  [OF,  earlier  vaslet,  dim.  as 
vassal] 

vap'mint,  n.  (vulg.,  facet).  Mischievous  or 
discreditable  person  or  animal,     [corrupt,  of 

VERMIN] 

vap'nish,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kinds  of  resinous  solu- 
tion applied  to  wood,  metal,  &c,  to  give  hard 
shiny  transparent  surface;  glaze  on  pottery 
&c;  artificial  or  natural  glossiness ;  superficial 
polish  of  manner ;  favourable  appearance  given 
to  misconduct  &c,  palliation,  whitewash  ;  v.- 
tree,  kinds  from  which  v.  is  obtained.  ( Vb)  ap- 
ply v.  to  (wood,  picture,  &c.,  fig.  character,  per- 
son, action,  account,  or  abs.);  varnishing-day, 
day  before  exhibition  of  pictures  on  which  ex- 


VARSAL 


983 


VECTOR 


h  ibi  tors  may  retouch  or  v.  their  pictures  alread  y 
hung,    [(vb  f.  F  verrir,  see  -ish2,  earlier  ver- 
nisser)  f.  OF  vernis  etym.  dub.] 
var'sal,  a.  (colloq.,  now  rare).  =  universal. 
[corrupt.] 

vap'sity,  n.  (colloq.).    University  (often  at- 
trib.,  as  the  v.  boat),    [corrupt.] 
varsovie'nne  (-vyen),  n.    (Music  for)  dance 
imitating  mazurka.    [F,  =  (dance)  of  Warsaw 
( Varsovie)] 

vap'ta  bed,  -et,  n.  Each  of  an  order  of  teach- 
ing_clergy  in  Armenian  Church.  [Armen.] 
vap'us1,  n.  (In  full  talipes  v.)  a  deformity 
in  which  the  foot  is  bent  inwards ;  knock-kneed 
person.  [L,= bent,  knock-kneed] 
vap'us2,  n.  =  acne.  [L] 
vap*y,  v.t.  &  i.  Change,  make  different,  mo- 
dify, diversify,  as  can  v.  the  (direction,  amount, 
&c,  of)  pressure  at  will,  seldom  varies  the  rou- 
tine, varies  the  treatment  according  to  circum- 
stances, never  varies  his  style,  style  is  not  suffi- 
ciently varied,  a  varied  scene;  (Mus.)  make 
variations  of  (theme) ;  suffer  change,  be(come) 
different  in  degree  or  quality,  be  of  different 
kinds,  as  he,  his  mood,  varies  from  day  to  day, 
climate  varies,  tried  with  varying  success, 
varies  from  the  type,  opinions  v.  on  this  point ; 
v.  (directly)  as,  v.  inversely  as,  increase,  de- 
crease, in  proportion  or  correspondingly  to 
the  increase  of,  as  attraction  of  bodies  varies 
(directly)  as  their  masses  &  inversely  as  the 
square  of  their  distances,  A  varies  as  (sym- 
bol a)  B,  A  varies  as  B  &  C  jointly  (as  their 
product),  [f.  F  varier  f.  L  variare  (as  various)] 
vas,  n.  (anat;  pi.  va'sa).  Vessel,  duct,  as 
v.  deferens,  excretory  duct  of  testis.  Hence 
va'SAL  a.  [L,  =  vessel] 
va'sculap,  a.  Of,  made  up  of,  containing, 
vessels  or  ducts  for  conveying  blood,  sap,  &c, 
as  v.  functions,  tissue,  v.  (circulatory)  system, 
v.  plants.  Hence  vascula'piTY,  vaseular- 
Iza#tion,  tin.,  va*sculapizE(3)  v.t.,  va'seu- 
laPL y  2  adv.  [f.  VASCULUM  +  -AR  J] 
va'sculose,  n.  &  a.  Chief  substance  of  ves- 
sels of  plants ;  (adj.)  =  prec.  [foil.,  -ose  2> J] 
va'sculum,  n.  (pi.  -la).  Botanist's  (usu.  tin) 
collecting-case;  (Anat.)  small  vessel,  penis. 
[L,  dim.  of  vas] 

vase  (vahz ;  archaic  vawz,  archaic  <£•  U.S. 
vas,  -z),  n.  Vessel  of  baked  clay  or  other  mate- 
rial used  for  various  purposes  but  primarily 
ornamental,  as  flower-v.;  large  usu.  sculptured 
vessel  of  marble  &c.  used  to  decorate  gate-post 
&c;  coal-v.  (vulg.  or  shop),  kinds  of  coal-scuttle 
in  ornamental  outer  case ;  body  of  Corinthian 
or  Composite  capital;  v.-painting,  decoration 
of  vv. with  pigments esp.amongancient  Greeks, 
instance  of  this.  Hence  va'seFUL  n.  [F,  f.  L 
vasum,  var.  of  vas] 

va/seline,  n.  Unctuous  substance  got  from 
petroleum  &  used  in  ointments  &c.  [f.  G 
wasser  water  +  Gk  elaion  oil  +  -ine  5] 
vis!-,  vaso-,  in  comb.  =  vas,  as :  va'siform, 
shaped  like  a  vas ;  vasoconstrictor,  -dila'tor, 
-mo'tor,  aa.  &  nn.,  (nerve,  drug)  causing  con- 
striction, dilatation,  either,  of  blood-vessels; 
vasose'nsory,  supplying  sensation  to  vessels, 
va'ssal,  n.  (Hist.)  holder  of  land  by  feudal 
tenure  (great,  rear,  v.,  holding  directly  from 
king,  holding  from  great  v.) ;  (rhet.)  slave,  hum- 
ble dependant.  [OF  &  AF,  f.  med.L  vassallus, 
vassus,  f.  Breton  gwaz  servant,  cf.  W  &  Corn. 
gwas,  Olr.  foss] 

va'ssalage  (-Ij),  n.    (Hist.)  condition,  obliga- 
tions, service,  of  a  vassal;  servitude,  depen- 
dence ;  fief ;  (rare ;  also  va'ssalRY  n.)  vassals 
collectively,    [f.  OF  vasselage  (prec,  see  -age)] 
vast,  a.  &  n.     Immense,  huge,  very  great, 


as  a  v.  expanse  of  water,  v.  plains,  shook  his  v. 
frame,  a  v.  multitude,  scheme;  (colloq.)  gave 
him  v.  satisfaction,  makes  a  v.  difference.  Hence 
va'stLY  2  adv.  (esp.  colloq.),  va'stNESS  n.  (N., 
poet.,  rhet.)  v.  space,  as  the  v.  of  ocean,  of  hea- 
ven, [f.  F  vaste  f.  L  vastus  empty,  waste,  huge] 
va'stus,  n.  (anat).  V.  internus,  extemus, 
large  muscular  mass  on  inner,  outer,  surface  of 
thigh,  [mod.  L,  =  huge  (muscle),  as  prec] 
vat,  n.,  &  v.t.  Large  tub,  cistern,  or  other 
vessel,  esp.  for  holding  liquids  or  holding  some- 
thing in  liquid  in  process  of  manufacture,  as 
fermenting,  tan,  -v.,  whence  va*tFUL  n.;  (vb) 
place,  treat,  in  v.  [earlier  fat ;  OEfaet,  cf.  Du. 
vat,  G  fass,  ON  fat,  cogn.  w.  Du.  vatten,  G 
fassen,  seize,  contain] 

Va-tican,  n.  Palace  &  official  residence  of 
Pope  on  V.  hill  in  Rome ;  (fig.)  papal  govern- 
ment; V.  Council,  oecumenical  council  held 
1869-70  &  proclaiming  infallibility  of  Pope  when 
speaking  ex  cathedra,  whence  Va'tieanis.M 
(3),  Va'ticaniST(2),  nn.  [f.  L  Vaticanus  V.  hill] 

vati*einate,v.t  Prophesy  (often  abs.).  So 
vatielnA-TioN,  vati'cinatOR2,  nn.  [f.  L 
vaticinari  (rates  prophet+canere  sing),  -ate3] 

vaudeville  (vo'dvil),  n.  Slight  dramatic 
sketch  interspersed  with  songs  &  dances ; 
variety  entertainment;  French  popular  e.g. 
topical  song  with  refrain ;  (Hist )  convivial  song 
esp.  any  of  those  composed  by  0.  Basselin,  poet 
born  at  Vau  de  Vire  in  Normandy,  d.  1418. 
Hence  vau*devilliST(3)  n.  [F,  t  Vau  or  Val 
de  Vire  Valley  of  the  Vire] 

Vaudois » (vodwah*),  a.  &  n.  (pi.  same).  (In- 
habitant, dialect)  of  Vaud  in  Switzerland.  [F 
( Vaud  +  -ois  -ese)] 

Vaudois2  (vodwah*),  a.  &  n.  (pi.  same). 
(Member)  of  the  Waldenses.  [F,  as  waldenses] 

vaudoo.    See  voodoo. 

vault  *|  n.,  &  v.t  (Archit)  arched  roof,  con- 
tinuous arch,  set  or  series  of  arches  whose  joints 
radiate  from  central  point  or  line ;  v. -like  cover- 
ing, as  the  v.  of  heaven ;  arched,  apartment ; 
arched  or  other  cellar  or  subterranean  chamber 
as  place  of  storage  (wine-v.  &c),  of  interment 
beneath  church  or  in  cemetery  (family  v.),  &c ; 
(Anat)  arched  roof  of  a  cavity.  (Vb)  make  in 
form  of,  furnish  with,  v.  or  vv.  (esp.  in  p.p.). 
Hence  vau'ltiNG  *(6)  n.  [(vb  f.  n.)ME  voute, 
f.  OF  voute,  volte,  vault,  turn,  fern.  adj.  as  n.  f. 
L  volutus  p.p.  of  volvere  roll] 

vault2,  v.i.  &  t ,  &  n.  Leap,  spring,  esp.  while 
resting  on  the  hand(s)  or  with  help  of  pole,  as 
v.  over  the  gate,  from  the  saddle,  upon  a  horse ; 
spring  over  (gate  &c)  thus;  vaulting-horse, 
wooden  horse  for  practice  in  vaulting.  Hence 
vau'ltER1  n.  (N.)  leap  so  performed,  [(n.  f. 
vb)  f.  MF  volter  as  prec] 

vaunt,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Boast,  brag ;  boast  of ; 
(n.)  boast.  Hence  or  cogn.  vau'ntER1  n., 
vau'n tingi. v  2  adv.  [(n.  f.  vb)  f.  F  vanter  f. 
LL  vanitare  (as  vanity)] 

va*vasopy,  n.  (hist).  Tenure,  lands,  of  a 
vavasour.    [-Y1] 

va'vasoup  (-or,  -er,  -oor),  (n.  hist).  Vassal 
holding  of  a  great  lord  &  having  other  vassals 
under  nim.  [f.  OF  vavassour  f.  med.L  vassus 
vassorum  vassal  of  vassals] 

veal,  n.  Flesh  of  calf  as  food,  as  v.  cutlet ; 
v.-skin,  skin  disease  with  smooth  white  tuber- 
cles usu.  on  face  &  neck.  Hence  vea'lY2  a. 
[f.  OF  veel  f.  L  vitellus  dim.  of  vitulus  calf,  cf. 
Gk  italos,  cogn.  w.  Gk  etos  year  &  L  vetus  old] 

ve'ctop,  n.  (In  quaternions  &c)  line  con- 
ceived to  have  fixed  length  &  direction  but  no 
fixed  position,  quantity  determining  position 
of  one  point  in  space  relative  to  another  (v. 
quantity,  one  that  may  be  represented  by  a  v.) ; 


VEDA 


984 


VELOCITY 


radius  v.  Hence  vectoP'iAL  a.  [L,  =  carrier 
{vehere  vect-  convey,  see  -or2)] 

Ve'da  (va),  n.  (Also  in  pi.)  ancient  Hindu 
scriptures  written  in  old  form  of  Sanskrit  (Rig, 
Sama,  Yajur,  Atharva,  -V.,  four  collections 
of  hymns  &c.  composing  the  V. ).  Hence  Ve'dic 
a.    [Skr.,  lit.  knowledge] 

Veda'nga,  n.  Each  of  certain  treatises 
auxiliary  to  Veda.    [Skr.  (prec,  anga  limb)] 

Veda'nta,  n.  Hindu  philosophy  founded  on 
the  Veda.  Hence  Veda'ntic  a.,  Veda'nt- 
ist(3)  n.    [Skr.  ( Veda  +  anta  end)] 

vede'tte  (-St),  vi-,  n.  Mounted  sentinel 
placed  in  advance  of  an  outpost.  [F  (ve-),  f. 
It.  vedetta  altered  from  veduta  fern.  p.p.  of 
vedere  see  f.  L  videre] 

veer,  v.i.  &  t.  Change  direction  esp.  (of  wind, 
of.  back2)  sunwise;  (flg.)  change  one's  mind, 
turn  round  in  opinion  or  conductor  language ; 
(Naut.)  slacken,  let  out,  as  v.  away,  out,  the 
cable  ;  =wear3;  v.  &  haul,  tighten  &  slacken 
(rope  &c.)  alternately,  (of  wind)  change  alter- 
nately, (flg.)  vacillate  in  opinion  &c.  Hence 
veeP'ingLV2  adv.  [f.  F  virer  f.  LL  virare 
turn  round,  cf.  LL  virola  ring,  L  viriola  brace- 
let, viriae  armlets] 

ve'ga  (va-),  n.  Low  moist  tract  in  Spain  or 
Cuba ;  Cuban  tobacco-field.    [Sp.,  etym.  dub.] 

vegetable,  a.  &  n.  Of  (the  nature  of),  de- 
rived from,  concerned  with,  comprising,  plants, 
as  v.  colic  (caused  by  use  of  unripe  fruit),  ivor  v, 
jelly  (=fectin),  kingdom,  marrow,  naphtha, 
oyster (=SALSiFY),physiology, sponge1.  Hence 
vegetaBULiTY  n.  (N.)  plant,  esp.  herbaceous 
plant  used  for  culinary  purposes  or  for  feeding 
cattle,  e.g.  cabbage,  potato,  turnip,  bean,  (often 
attrib.,  as  v.  diet,  soup).  [F,  f.  LL  vegetabilis 
animating  (as  vegetate,  see  -ble)] 

vegetal,  a.  &  n.  Of  (the  nature  of)  plants, 
so  ve'geto-  comb,  form ;  common  to  animals 
&  plants,  as  the  v.  functions  (of  growth,  circula- 
tion, generation,  &c);  (n.)  plant,  vegetable. 
Hence  vegeta'liTY  n.  [OF,  f.  L  vegetus  (as 
vegetate)  +  -al] 

ve'g-etalinejii.  Fibre  treated  with  sulphuric 
acid  so  as  to  resemble  ivory  or  coral,    [-ine  4] 

veg-etar'ian,  n.  One  who  uses  or  advo- 
cates a  diet  of  vegetable  food  (usu.  with  addi- 
tion of  milk,  eggs,  &c.)  to  the  exclusion  of  meat 
(often  attrib.,  as  v.  food,  diet, principles,  craze). 
Hence  vegetar-ianisM  n.    [-arian] 

ve'g-etate,  v.i.  Grow  as  plants  do,  fulfil 
vegetable  functions;  (fig.)  live  an  idle  or  mono- 
tonous life.  So  ve'getativE  a.,  ve'geta- 
tiveLY2adv.,  ve'getativeNESS  n.  [thvege- 
tare  enliven  (vegetus  lively  f.  vegere  move, 
quicken,  cogn.  w.  vigil,  vigour),  see -ate3] 

vegeta'tion,  n.  Vegetating  (lit.  &  fig.); 
plants  collectively,  plant-life,  as  luxuriant  v., 
no  sign  of  v.  for  miles  round ;  (Path.)  excre- 
scence on  surface  of  body.  [OF,  f.  LL  vegeta- 
tionem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

ve'hement  ( vee-),  a.  Showing  or  caused  by 
strong  feeling,  impetuous,  ardent,  passionate, 
as  a  v.  desire,  protest,  man  of  v.  character ;  act- 
ing with  great  force,  violent,  as  a  v.  wind,  on- 
set. Hence  or  cogn.  ve'hemENCE  n.,  ve'he- 
mentLY2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L  ve(he)mentem,  nom. 
-ns,  perh.  f.  vehere  carry  or  ve-  apart  from  + 
?nens  -ntis  mind] 

ve'hicle  (vei),  n.  Carriage,  conveyance,  of 
any  kind  used  on  land ;  liquid  &c.  used  as  a 
medium  for  pigments,  drugs,  &c;  thing,  per- 
son, used  as  a  medium  for  thought  or  feeling  or 
action,  as  used  the  pulpit,  the  press,  as  a  v.  for 
his  political  opinions,  will  not  be  used  as  the  v. 
of  your  resentment.  So  vehi'culAR l  <-h-)  a. 
If.  L  vehiculum  (vehere  carry,  see  -cule)] 


vehmgepicht  (fa'mgericht),  n.  German  sys- 
tem of  irregular  tribunals  prevailing  esp.  in 
Westphalia  in  14th  &  15th  cc.  &  trying  the  more 
serious  crimes  in  secret  night  sessions ;  such 
tribunal.  Hence  veh'mic  a.  [G,  also  /-,  f. 
feme  punishment,  tribunal,  -f  gericht  judg- 
ment, law] 

veil  ( val),  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Piece  of  usu.  more  or  less 
transparent  material  attached  to  woman's  bon- 
net or  hat  or  otherwise  forming  part  of  head- 
dress, esp.  one  serving  to  conceal  the  face  or  as 
protection  against  sun,  dust,  &c,  as  raised, 
dropped,  her  v.  (so  as  to  uncover,  cover,  face), 
took  the  v.,  became  nun  ;  curtain  (the  v.  of  the 
temple) ;  (fig.)  disguise,  pretext,  as  under  the  v. 
of  religion;  scarf  on  pastoral  staff;  (Bot.,Zool.) 
=  velum  ;  slight  huskiness  of  voice,  natural  or 
due  to  a  cold  &c.  Hence  vel'liNG1^  n.,  vei'l- 
less  a,  (Vb)  cover  (one's  face,  oneself,  or  abs. 
in  same  sense)  with  v.;  (fig.)  conceal,  disguise, 
mask,  as  veiled  resentment,  [vb  f.  OF  veiler  f. 
L  velare,  n.  f.  OF  veile,  f.  velum] 

veilleuse  (F),  n.  Shaded  night-lamp  esp.  as 
subject  for  decorative  art. 

vein(van),  n.,  &  v.t.  Each  of  the  membranous 
tubes  that  convey  blood  to  the  heart  (cf.  ar- 
tery; pulmonary  vv.,  returning  oxygenated 
blood  from  lungs  to  left  side,  systemic  vv„  re- 
turning venous  blood  from  all  parts  to  right 
side) ;  (pop.)  any  blood-vessel ;  (Entom.,  Bot.) 
rib  of  insect's  wing  or  of  leaf;  (Geol.,  Mining) 
fissure  in  rock  filled  with  deposited  matter 
(veinstone, =gangue)  ;  streak,  stripe,  of  differ- 
ent colour  in  wood,  marble,  &c;  distinctive 
character  or  tendency,  cast  of  mind  or  disposi- 
tion, mood,  as  was  of  an  imaginative  v.,  said  in 
a  humorous  v.,  other  remarks  in  the  same  v., 
am  in  the  v.  for  highplay,  am  not  in  (the)  v.  just 
now.  Hence  vei'nLESs,  vei'nLiKE,  vei'nY *, 
aa.,  vei'nLET  n.  (Vb)  fill  or  cover  (as)  with  v. 
or  vv.  (esp.  in  p.p.).  Hence  vei'nAGE(l),  vei'n- 
ing  H$),  nn.    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  Fveine  f.  L  vena] 

vela'men  (pi.  -mina),  velame'ntum  (pi. 
-ta),  nn.  Enveloping  membrane  esp.  of  brain. 
[L,  =  covering  (veil  vb,  -men,  -ment)] 

ve'lar,  a.  Of  a  veil  or  velum,  as  v.  guttttrals, 
sounds  produced  by  aid  of  soft  palate  (e.g.  gw, 
kw).    [f.  L  velaris  (velum,  see  -ar  l)] 

velatufa  (-oora),  n.  Glazing  of  picture  by 
rubbing  on  thin  covering  of  colour  with  the 
hand  as  done  by  early  Italian  painters.  [It. 
(velare  veil,  see  -ure)J 

veldt  (-It),  n.  S.-Afr.  tract  of  land  with  little 
or  no  forest,  grass  country,  [f.  Du.  veld  field] 

velita'tion,  n.  (archaic).  Slight  skirmish, 
controversy,  [f.  L  velitatio  (velitari  skirmish, 
as  foil.,  see  -ation)] 

ve'lite,  n.  (Rom.  ant.).  Light-armed  soldier. 
[f.  L  veles  -it  is] 

velle'ity,  n.  (archaic).  Low  degree  of  voli- 
tion not  prompting  to  action,  [f.  med.L  vcl- 
leitas  (velle  vb  wish,  see  -TY)] 

ve'llicate,  v.t.  &  i.  Twitch.  Hence  or 
cogn.  vellicA'TioN  n.,  ve'llleatiVE  a.  [f.  L 
vellicare  (vellere  pluck),  see  -ate3] 

ve'llum,  n.  Fine  parchment  orig.  from  skin 
of  calf ;  manuscript  written  on  this  ;  v.  paper 
(imitating  v.).  Hence  ve'llumY2  a.  [f.  OF 
velin  f.  L  vitulinus  of  a  calf  (veal,  -ine1)] 

i/e/oce  (velo'tsha),  adv.  (mus.).  With  great 
rapidity.    [It.] 

veld'cipede  (-ed),  n.  Kinds  of  light  vehicle 
impelled  by  rider  (now  chiefly  hist,  of  obs. 
types  e.  g.  hobby,  also  as  general  term  =  cycle). 
Hence  velo*eipediST(3)  n.  [f.  L  velox  -ocis 
swift  +  pes  pedis  foot] 

veld'eity,  n.  Quickness,  rate,  of  motion  usu. 
of  inanimate  things,  as  uniform,  variable,  v., 


VELOUTINB 


985 


VENOUS 


a  v.  of  S feet  per  second,  initial  v.,  v.  of  a  body 
at  starting,  esp.  (also  muzzle  v.)  of  projectile 
issuing  from  firearm.  Hence  veloei'METER  n. 
[f.  F  velocity  f.  L  velocitatem  (velox  -ocis  swift, 
perh.  cogn.  w.  volare  fly,  see  -ty)J 

velouti'ne  (-en),  n.  Kinds  of  corded  fabric 
&  of  toilet-powder.    [F] 

ve'lum,  n.  (anat.,  bot.,  zool. ;  pi.  -la).  Kinds 
of  membrane  or  membranous  covering,  esp. 
the  soft  palate.    [L,  =  sail,  veil,  f.  vehere  carry] 

ve'lure,  n.,  &  v.t  Velvet  or  similar  fabric  ; 
velvet  or  other  pad  for  smoothing  silk  hat ; 
(vb)  smooth  with  v.  [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  OF  velou(r)s 
f.  med.L  villosus  velvet,  see  villous] 

velu'tinous,  a.  (bot.,  entom.).    Velvety,  [f. 

L  as  VELVET  +  -INE  1  +  -OUS] 

ve'lveret,  n.  Bad  kind  of  velvet,  [irreg. 
dim.  of  foil.] 

ve'lvet,  n.  &  a.  Closely  woven  fabric  wholly 
(also  silk  v.)  or  partly  {cotton  v.)  of  silk  with 
thick  short  pile  on  one  side  (terry  v.,  with  pile 
uncut) ;  furry  skin  covering  a  growing  antler ; 
v.-pile,  fabric  with  pile  like  that  of  v. ;  (adj.)  of, 
soft  as,  v.  (often  in  names  of  animals  &  plants, 
as  v.  ant,  osier ;  v.  paw,  of  cat,  fig.  of  cruelty 
&c.  veiled  under  suave  manner,  v.  tread,  soft). 
Hence  ve'lvetED2,  ve'lvetY2,  aa.  [OF,  f. 
LL  velluetum  ult.  f.  villus  shaggy  hair] 

velvetee'n,  n.  Cotton  fabric  with  pile  like 
velvet ;  kind  of  velvet  made  of  silk  &  cotton, 
[prec.  +  -een  -ine  4] 

ve'lveting,  n.  Velvet  goods  collectively; 
pile,  nap,  of  velvet,    [-ing  if 

ve'nal,  n.  (Of  person)  that  may  be  bought, 
ready  to  sell  influence  or  services  or  to  sacrifice 
principles  from  sordid  motive;  (of  conduct 
&c.)  characteristic  of  v.  person.  Hence  or 
cogn.  vena'liTY  n.,  ve'nalLY2  adv.  [OF,  f. 
L  venalis  (venus,  -um,  sale,  see  -al)] 

vena'tion,  n.  Arrangement  of  veins  on  leaf, 
insect's  wing,  &c.  Hence  vena'tionAL  a.  [as 
vein  +  -ation] 

vend,  v.t.  Sell  (now  chiefly  legal,  whence 
or  cogn.  vendEE*,  ve'ndOR2,  nn.);  offer 
(small  wares)  for  sale,  so  (-)ve'ndER1  n. 
Hence  or  cogn.  vendiBi'LiTY  n.,  ve'ndiBLE 
a.,  ve'ndibLY 2  adv.  [f.  OF  vendre  t.  L  ven- 
dere  =  venumdare  (venum  sale,  dare  give)] 

ve'ndace,  n.  Small  &  delicate  fish  found  in 
some  British  &  Continental  lakes,  [f.  OF  ven- 
dese  dace,  etym.  dub.  J 

Vende'an,  a.  &  n.  (Native)  of  Vendee,  de- 
partment of  W.  France ;  (member)  of  V.  royal- 
ist party  in  1793-5.  [f.  F  Vendeen  ( Vendue,  see 
-an)] 

vendetta,  n.  Blood-feud  in  which  family 
of  injured  or  murdered  man  seeks  vengeance 
on  offender  or  his  family ;  this  practice  as  pre- 
valent in  Corsica  &c.  [It.,  f.  L  vindicta,  see 
vindictive] 

veneer*,  v.t.,  &  n.  Cover  (wood,  furniture, 
&c.)  with  thin  coating  of  finer  wood;  cover 
(pottery  &c.)  with  thin  coat  of  same  substance ; 
(fig.)  disguise  (character  &c.)  under  superficial 
polish  of  manner  &c. ;  (n.)  thin  outer  coating, 
veneering  (lit.  &  fig.) ;  v.-moth,  kinds  whose 
colouring  suggests  v.  [f.  G  fumiren  f.  F  as 
furnish] 

ve'nenate,  a.  (raed.).  Infected  with  poison. 
Hence  venen ation  n.  [f.  L  venenare  poison 
(venenum),  see  -ate  ^l 

ve'nerable,  a.  Entitled  to  veneration  on 
account  of  character,  age,  associations,  &c,  as 
v.  priest,  relics,  beard,  ruins,  river  (also  in 
Ch.  of  Eng.  as  title  of  archdeacons,  abbr.  Ven. ; 
in  R.-C.  Ch.  as  title  of  one  who  has  attained 
first  of  three  degrees  of  sanctity  but  is  not 
canonized).    Hence  veneraBi'LiTY,  ve'ner- 


ableNESS,  nn.,  ve'nerabLY  2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L 
venerabilis  (as  foil.,  see  -able)] 

venerate,  v.t.  Consider  worthy  of  &  re- 
gard with  deep  respect  or  warm  approbation  ; 
revere.  So  ve'neratOR2  n.  [f.  L  venerari, 
cogn.  w.  venus  &  Skr.  van  serve,  honour,  -ate  3] 

venera'tion,  n.  Profound  respect,  rever- 
ence ;  (Phrenol.,  often  facet.)  faculty  of  feeling 
reverence,  as  organ,  bump,  of  v.  [OF,  f.  L 
venerationem  (as  prec,  see  -ation)] 

vener'eal,  a.  Of  sexual  intercourse,  as  v. 
desire;  v.  disease,  communicated  by  sexual 
intercourse  ;  v.  remedies  (for  v.  disease),    [f.  L 

Venereus  of  venus  4-  -al] 

ve'nery1,  n.  (archaic).  Hunting,  [f.  OF 
v^nerie  (vener  hunt  f.  L  venari,  see  -ery)] 

ve'nery  2,  n.  (archaic).  Sexual  indulgence, 
[f.  L  Veneria  (venus)  fern.  adj.  as  n.] 

ve'neseet,  v.t  &L  =phlebotomize.  Hence 
venese'etiON  n.  [f.  L  vena  vein  +  secare 
sect-  cut] 

Venetian  (-shn),  a.  &  n.  Of  Venice;  V. 
blind,  window  blind  of  slats  of  wood  that  may 
be  turned  so  as  to  admit  or  exclude  light ;  V. 
carpet  (of  worsted,  usu.  with  striped  pattern) ; 

V.  ( = French)  chalk ;  V.  glass,  glassware  made 
at  or  near  Venice,  (also  Venice  glass)  cup  of  this 
said  to  be  destroyed  by  contact  with  poison  ; 
V.  lace,  kind  of  point  lace ;  V.  (solid  artificial) 
pearl ;  V.  window  (with  three  separate  open- 
ings). (N.)  native  of  Venice ;  (usu.  v-)  V.  blind, 
whence  venetianED2a.,(pl.)kind  of  tape  for 
holding  slats  of  this.  [f.  OF  Venitian  f.  L  Ve- 
netia  country  of  the  Veneti\ 

ve'ngeance  (-jns),  n.  Punishment  inflicted, 
retribution  exacted,  for  wrong  to  oneself  or  to 
person  &c.  whose  cause  one  espouses,  as  will 
exact  ample  v.,  took  a  bloody  v.  on  the  murderer 
or  for  the  murder  of  his  children,  you  lay  your- 
self open  to  his  v.;  with  a  v.,  in  a  higher  degree 
than  was  expected  or  desired,  in  the  fullest 
sense  of  the  word(s),  &  no  mistake,  as  this  is 
punctuality  with  a  v.  [F  (venger  avenge  f.  L 
as  vindicate,  see  -ance)] 

vengeful,  a.  Disposed  to  revenge,  vindic- 
tive. Hence  ve'ngefulLY 2  adv.,  ve'nge- 
fulNESS  n.    [f.  obs.  venge  vb  (as  prec.)  +  -ful] 

venial,  a.  (Of  sin  or  fault)  pardonable,  ex- 
cusable, not  very  wrong,  (R.-C.  Ch.)  not  mortal. 
Hence  venia'liTY,  ve'nialNESS,  nn.,  ve#- 
nialLY  2  adv.  [OF,  f.  LL  venialis  {venia  par- 
don, see  -al)] 

Ve'nice,  n.  (attrib.).  V.  (= Venetian)  glass ; 
V.  treacle,  =  theriac. 

i/en/fe  (fa*c/ds)  (-sh-),  n.  (law).  Writ  direct- 
ing sheriff  to  summon  jury.    [L,  =  make  come] 

ve'nison  (-nzn),  n.  Deer's  flesh  as  food.  [f. 
OF  veneisun  f.  L  venationem  hunting  (venari 
hunt,  see  -ation,  -son)1 

V&nT'te,  n.  (Musical  setting  of)  Ps.  xcv.  [L,  = 
Come  ye,  first  word  of  psalmj 

ve*nom,  n.  Poisonous  fluid  secreted  by  ser- 
pents, scorpions,  &c,  &  introduced  into  system 
of  victim  by  bite  or  sting ;  (fig.)  malignity,  viru- 
lence, of  feeling  or  language  or  conduct.  Hence 
or  cogn.  ve'nomED2,  venomous,  aa.,  ve*- 
nomousLY 2  adv.,  ve'nomous.vEss  n.  [ME 
&  OF  venim  f.  L  venenum  poison,  perh.  cogn. 
w.  VENUS] 

vend'sity,  n.  Excess  of  venous  blood  in 
organ  &c;  deficient  aeration  of  venous  blood 
in  lungs  with  afflux  of  venous  blood  into  ar- 
teries,   [as  foil.,  see  -osity] 

ve'nous,  -ose,  aa.  (anat,  zool.,  bot).  Of, 
full  of,  contained  in,  veins,  as  v.  (opp.  to  arte- 
rial) blood,  v.  congestion,  accumulation  of  v. 
blood  in  organ  &c.  Hence  ve'nousLY2  adv. 
[f.  L  venosus  (as  vein,  see  -ose1,  -ous)] 


VBNT 9i 

vent1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Hole  or  opening  allowing 
passage  outof  or  into  confined  space,  e.g.  touch- 
hole  of  gun,  hole  in  top  of  barrel  to  admit  air 
while  liquid  is  being  drawn  out,  finger-hole  in 
musical  instrument  (also  ve'ntAGE  n.),  flue  of 
chimney,  loophole  in  embattled  wall ;  =  v.- 
faucet ;  anus  esp.  of  animals  below  mammals ; 
(fig.)  outlet,  free  passage,  free  play,  as  gave  v. 
to  his  indignation,  impatience  found  a  v.;  v.- 
faucet,  hollow  gimlet  for  making  v.  in  cask  &c; 
v.-hole,  v.;  v.-peg,  peg  for  stopping  v.  of  barrel, 
also =v.-faucet ;  v.-plug,  plug  for  v.  of  gun,  also 
=v.-peg  (1st  sense).  Hence  ve'ntLESS  a.  (Vb) 
make  v.  in  (gun,  cask,  &c);  give  v.  to,  as  vented 
his  disgust  in  an  epigram,  with  a  snort,  on  the 
office-boy.  [(vb  f.  n.)f.  Ffente  (fendre  cleave  f. 
hfindere) ;  form  &  sense  influenced  by  foil.] 

vent 2,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  hunted  animal,  esp.  otter 
coming  to  surface  of  water)  take  breath  ;  (n.) 
taking  breath,  [(vb  f.  F  venter)  OF,  =  wind, 
breath,  scent,  f.  L  ventus  wind] 

ve'ntep,  n.  (Anat.)  belly,  also,  protuberant 
or  concave  partof  muscle  or  bone ;  (Law)  womb, 
mother,  as  a  son  by,  the  son  of,  another  v.  [L, 
= belly,  womb  (in  legal  sense  f.  OF  ventre)] 

ve'ntiduct,  n.  (archit.).  Air-passage,  esp. 
subterranean  one.    [f.  L  ventus  wind  +  duct] 

ve'ntil,  n.  Valve  in  musical  instrument; 
shutter  for  regulating  air  in  organ,  [f.  L  ven- 
tulus  breeze  dim.  of  ventus  wind] 

ve*n  tilate,  v.  t.  Cause  air  to  circulate  freely 
in  (room&c);  purify  by  air,  oxygenate,  (blood); 
submit  (question,  subject,  grievance,  &c.)  to 
public  consideration  &  discussion.  Hence  or 
cogn.  ventilATiON,  ve'ntilatOR  2(2, 1),  nn., 
ve'ntilatiVE  a.  [f.  L  ventilare  blow,  winnow 
[ventus  wind),  see  -ate3] 

ve'ntral,  a.  &  n.  (zool.,  bot.).  Of  the  venter ; 
on  the  anterior  side  or  surface ;  v.  (fin),  either 
of  the  posterior  pair  of  fins.  Hence  ve'ntpal- 
ly2  adv.    [F,  f.  L  ventralis  (venter,  see  -al)] 

ventre  a  terre  (F),  adv.  At  full  speed  (lit. 
with  belly  to  ground). 

ve'ntriele,  n.  (anat.).  Any  cavity  of  the 
body,  hollow  part  or  organ,  as  vv.  of  the  brain, 
riglit,  left,  v.  (of  the  heart).  Hence  ventpi*- 
cuIar1,  ventri'eulous,  aa.  [f.  F  ventricule 
f.  L  ventriculus  dim.  of  venter] 

ve'ntricose,  -ous,  aa.  Having  a  protrud- 
ing belly;  ( Bot.) distended, inflated,  [f.  venter+ 
-IC  +  -OSE1,  -ous] 

ventpi'loquism,  n.  Act,  art,  of  speaking  or 
uttering  sounds  in  such  a  manner  that  the  voice 
appears  to  come  from  some  other  source  than 
the  speaker.  So  ventriloeirtiON,  ventni*- 
loquisrd),  ventPi'loquY 1,  nn.,  ventpilo*- 
qui a  l,  ventpiloqui'stic,  ventpi'loquous, 
aa.,  ventpi*loquiZE<2)  v.i.  [f.  L  ventriloquus 
ventriloquist  (venter  +  loqui  locut-  speak)] 

ventro-  in  comb.  =  venter,  as  -dor'sal,  ex- 
tending from  belly  to  back. 

ventPd'sity,  n.  Corpulence,  [f.  LL  ventro- 
sus  (venter,  see  -OSEJ)+  -ity] 

venture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Undertaking 
of  a  risk,  risky  undertaking,  as  declined  the  v., 
ready  for  any  v.;  commercial  speculation,  as 
one  lucky  v.  made  his  fortune,  failed  in  all  his 
vv.;  (archaic)  thing  at  stake,  property  risked  ; 
at  a  v.,  at  random.  (Vb)  dare,  not  be  afraid, 
make  bold,  as  did  not  v.  to  stop  him,  I  v.  to 
differ  from  you ;  dare  to  make  or  advance  or 
put  forward,  hazard,  as  wouldnot  v.  an  opinion, 
a  guess,  a  step ;  expose  to  risk,  stake,  as  men 
who  v.  their  lives  for  the  cause,  will  v.  five 
shillings  on  it ;  (abs.)  undertake  risk ;  v.  (up)- 
on,  dare  to  engage  in  or  grapple  with  or  make, 
as  shall  v.  on  a  mild  protest,  will  you  v.  on  a 
slice  of  cucumber?  Hence  ve'ntupesoME  a., 


i_ VERDANT 

ve'ntupesomeLY2  adv.,  ve'nturesome- 
ness  n.    [aphetic  f.  adventure] 

ve'nue,  n.  (law).  Country  within  which  jury 
must  be  gathered  &  cause  tried  (orig.  neigh- 
bourhood of  crime  &c),  as  change  the  v.  (to 
avoid  riot,  prejudiced  jury,  &c.) ;  statement  in 
indictment  &c.  indicating  this.  [F,  =  coming, 
f.  venir  come  f.  L  venire] 

Ve'nus,  n.  (Rom.  Myth.)  goddess  of  love; 
(Astr.)  the  most  brilliant  of  the  planets,  second 
from  sun;  Mount  of  V.  (palmistry),  base  of 
thumb;  V.'s  basin,  bath,  common  teazel;  V.'s 
comb,  annual  of  parsley  family  with  comb-like 
fruit;  V.'s  fly-trap,  herb  with  leaves  that  close 
on  insects  &c. ;  V.'s  slipper,  =  lady 's-slipper. 
[L,  gen.  -eris] 

vepa'cious,  a.  Speaking,  disposed  to  speak, 
the  truth ;  (of  statement  &c.)  true,  not  (meant 
to  be)  false.  Hence  or  cogn.  vepa'eiousLY  - 
adv.,  vePA'ciTY  n.  [f.  L  verax  (verus  true, 
see  -acious)] 

vepa*nda(h)  (-du),  n.  Open  portico  or  gallery 
along  side  of  house  with  roof  supported  on 

Eillars.  [f.  Port,  varanda  perh.  f.  vara  rod  f. 
i  vara] 

vepa*tpine,n.  Poisonous  compound  got  from 
hellebore  &  other  plants  &  used  esp.  as  local 
irritant  in  neuralgia  &  rheumatism.  So  vepa*- 
tPATE](3)  n.,  vepa'tpic  a.,  vepa*tPiZE(o)  v.t, 
[f.  L  veratrum  hellebore  +  -ine  5] 

verb,  n.  (gram.).  Part  of  speech  that  predi- 
cates, word  whose  function  is  predication  (e.g. 
italicized  words  in  Time  flies,  Salt  is  good,  You 
surprise  me) ;  copulative  or  substantive  v.,  be  ; 

AUXILIARY,  DEPONENT,  IMPERSONAL,  (INTRAN- 
SITIVE, neuter,  reflexive,  v.  [f.  F  verbe  f.  L 
verbum  word,  verb,  cogn.  w.  Gk  eiro  speak] 

vep'bal,  a.  &  n.  Of,  concerned  with,  words, 
as  v.  distinctions,  subtleties,  criticiism),  accu- 
racy, inspiration  ;  oral,  not  written,  as  a  v. 
communication, contract,  v.  evidence ;  (of  trans- 
lation) literal,  word  for  word ;  v.  note  (diplo- 
macy), unsigned  memorandum  on  matter  that 
is  not  urgent  but  must  not  be  overlooked ; 
(Gram.)  of  (the  nature  of)  a  verb,  as  v.  inflex- 
ions, used  in  all  the  v.  senses  (of  the  verb),  v. 
noun,  noun  derived  from  verb  &  partly  sharing 
its  constructions  (e.g.  E  nouns  in  -ing1)  ;  (n.)  v. 
noun.  Hence  vep'balLY  2  adv.  [F,  f .  LL  vtr- 
balis  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

vep'balism,  n.  Minute  attention  to  words, 
verbal  criticism,    [-ism] 

vep'balist,  n.  Person  concerned  with  words 
only,  verbal  critic,    [-ist] 

vep'balize,  v.t.  &  i.  Make  (noun  &c.)  into 
a  verb,  so  vep*biFY  v.t. ;  be  verbose.  Hence 
vepbalizA'TioNn.    [-ize] 

vepbap'ium,  n.  Kinds  of  game  concerned 
with  formation  of  word(s)  from  letters.  [-ariumJ 

vepba'tim,  adv.  &  a.  Word  for  word,  as 
copied  it  v.,  a  v.  reprint.  [L  (adv.),  as  verb, 
cf.  literatim] 

verbe'na,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  of  vervain 
family,  as  lemon(-scented)  v.  [L,  =  sacred 
bough  of  olive  &c,  vervain] 

vep'biage  (-Ij),  n.  Needless  accumulation  of 
words,  verbosity.    [F  (as  verb,  see  -age)] 

vep'bieide,  n.  (facet.).  Word-butcher(y).  [as 

VERB  +  -CIDEJ 

verbd'se,  a.  Using,  containing,  more  words 
than  are  wanted,  prolix.  Hence  vepbo'seLV  a 
adv.,  vepbo'seNESs,  vepbd'sixv,  nn.  [f.  L 
vei-bosus  (as  verb,  see  -ose  J)] 

ver-bum  (sat)  sapie'nti,  sent.  (abbr. 
verb.  sap.).   A  word  is  enough  to  the  wise.    [L] 

ver'dant,  a,  (Of  grass  &c.)  green,  fresh- 
coloured  ;  (of  field  &c.)  covered  with  v.  grass &c. ; 
(of  person)  unsophisticated,  raw,  green.   Hence 


VKRD-ANTIQUE 


VERNAL 


vei»*dANCY  n.,  vep'dantLY2  adv.  [OF,  f.  L 
viridare  grow  green  (viridis),  see  -ant] 

verd-anti'que  (-ek),  n.  Ornamental  usu. 
green  building-stone  formed  chiefly  of  serpen- 
tine; green  incrustation  on  ancient  bronze. 
[OF  (verd  green  f.  L  viridis  +  antique)] 

ver'derer,  -op,  n.  (hist.).  Judicial  officer  of 
royal  forests.  [AF  verder  f.  LL  viridarius 
forester  (viridis  green)  +  -er1,  -or2] 

ver'diet,  n.  Decision  of  jury  on  issue  of  fact 
in  civil  or  criminal  cause,  as  brought  in  a  v.  of 
not  guilty,  a  v.  for  the  plaintiff,  open  v.  (report- 
ing commission  of  crime  but  not  specifying 
criminal),  partial  v.  (finding  person  guilty  of 
part  of  the  charge),  privy  or  sealed  v.  (written 
v.  delivered  to  clerk  of  court  when  court  has 
adjourned  during  deliberation  of  jury),  special 
v.  (stating  facts  as  proved  but  leaving  court  to 
draw  conclusion  from  them);  decision,  judg- 
ment, as  the  v.  of  the  public  was  in  its  favour, 
does  not  dispute  your  v.  [ME  &  OF  verdit  f. 
L  vere  dictum  thing  truly  said  (vere  truly  + 

DICTUM)] 

vep'dlgrpis,  n.  Green  crystallized  substance 
formed  on  copper  by  action  of  acetic  acid  &  used 
in  medicine  &  as  pigment  &c. ;  green  rust  on 
copper.  [ME  verdegrese,  verte  grece,  f.  AF  vert 
de  Grece  green  of  Greece  (as  verdure  +  Greece 
f.  L  Graecia)] 

veirditen,  n.  Blue,  green,  v.,  pigments  got 
from  copper  nitrate,  [f.  OF  verd  de  terre  green 
of  earth  (as  foil.  4-  terre  f.  L  terra  earth)] 

ver'dure  (-dyer),  n.  Greenness  of  vegetation, 
green  vegetation,  whence  vep'duPED2,  ver*- 
dupeLESS,  vep*dupous,  aa.;  (fig.)  freshness; 
French  tapestry  with  prominent  foliage.  [F 
(OF  verd  green,  f.  L  viridis,  see  -ure)] 

vere  in  (ferTn),  n.  Association  of  persons  or 
parties,  organized  body.    [G] 

vepge1,  n.  Extreme  edge,  brink,  border,  (usu. 
fig.),  as  drew  near  to  the  very  v.  of  the  stream, 
on  the  v.  of  70,  destruction,  betraying  his  secret ; 
grass  edging  of  flower-bed  &c. ;  wand,  rod, 
carried  before  bishop,  dean,  &c,  as  emblem  of 
office ;  kinds  of  shaft  or  spindle  in  various  me- 
chanisms; (Archit)  shaft  of  column,  edge  of 
tiles  projecting  over  gable,  v.-board,  =  barge- 
board ;  (Hist.)  area  of  jurisdiction  of  Marshal- 
sea.    [F,  f.  L  virga  twig,  rod] 

verge2,  v.i.  V.  on,  border  on,  approach 
closely,  as  path  verges  on  the  edge  of  a  precipice, 
a  solemnity  verging  on  the  tragic.  [f.X  vergere 
bend,  incline ;  sense  influenced  by  prec] 

vepgree*  (-je),  n.  Channel-Island  measure  of 
area,  four-ninths  of  acre.  [f.  F  vergte  mea- 
sured (VERGE  *)] 

veirgency,  n.  (optics).  Reciprocal  of  focal 
distance  of  lens  as  measure  of  divergence  or 
convergence  of  rays,    [f .  verge  2  +  -enc y] 

vep*grep,  n.  Official  in  a  church  who  shows 
persons  to  their  seats  &c;  officer  who  bears 
staff  before  bishop,  vice-chancellor  of  univer- 
sity, &c.  Hence  vep*firepsHip  n.  [OF,  f.med.L 
virgarius  rod-bearer  (verge  l,  -ary  1,  -er  2)] 

vepi'dieal,  a.  (facet).  Veracious.  Hence  or 
cogn.  vepi*diealLY2adv.,  vepi'dieous  a.  [f. 
L  veridicus  (verus  true  +  dicere  say)  +  -al] 

ve'Pify-,  v.t.  Establish  the  truth  of,  examine 
for  this  purpose,  as  must  v.  the  statement,  his 
figures,  am  now  verifying  the  items ;  (of  event, 
action,  &c.)  bear  out,  make  good,  fulfil,  (pre- 
diction, promise);  (Law)  append  affidavit  to 
(pleadings),  support  (statement)  by  proofs. 
Hence  or  cogn.  vepifiaBiLiTY,  vePiFiCA*- 
tion,  ve'PifiER1,  nn.,  ve'piflABLE  a.  [f.  OF 
verifier  1.  med.L  verificare  (verus  true,  see  -fy)] 

ve'Pily,  adv.  (archaic).  Really,  truly,  in  very 
truth,    [f .  very  +  -ly  2j 


verisimilitude,  n.  Probability,  likelihood, 
(of  story  &c.) ;  thing  likely  to  be  true.  So 
vepisi'milAR1,  vepisi'milous,  aa.  (rare),  [f. 
L  verisimilitudo  f.  verisimilis  probable  (veri 
gen.  of  verus  true  +  similis  like),  see  -tude] 

ve'pitable,  a.  Real,  actual,  genuine,  as  a  v. 
boon.  Hence  ve'pitabLY  2  adv.  [OF  (as  veri- 
ty, see  -able)] 

ve'pitas,  n.  (Also  bureau  viritas)  French 
ship  register  like  Lloyd's.    [F  (v£-),  f.  L  as  foil.] 

ve*pity,  n.  Truth  (of  statement  &c);  true 
statement ;  really  existent  thing,as  these  things, 
alas!  are  vv.;  of  a  v.  (archaic),  in  truth,  really, 
[f.  OF  veritet.  L  veritatem  (verus  true,  see  -ty)] 

vep*juice,  n.  Acid  liquor  got  from  crab- 
apples,  sour  grapes,  &c,  &  used  in  cooking. 
Hence  vep*juicED2  a.    [f.  OF  verjus  (verd,  see 

VERDURE,  +JUS  JUICE)] 

vep*meil  (-mil),  n.  Silver  gilt ;  varnish  used 
to  give  lustre  to  gilding ;  orange-red  garnet ; 
(poet.)  vermilion.    [OF,  see  vermilion] 

vepmi-  in  comb.  =  L  vermis  worm,  as  :  -cide, 
drug  that  kills  worms,  so  -cidal  a.;  -form, 
worm-shaped  (v.  appendix),  structurally  allied 
to  worms;  -fuge,  drug  that  expels  intestinal 
worms,  so  -fugal  a.;  -grade,  moving  like  worm, 
wriggling  along ;  -vorous  feeding  on  worms. 

vep'mian,  a.  Of  worms,  worm-like.  So 
vepmed'LOGisT,  vermeo'LOov,  nn.  [f.  L 
vermis  worm  +  -an] 

vermiee'lli,  n.  Paste  of  same  materials  as 
macaroni  made  in  slender  threads.  [It,,  pi.  of 
vermicello  dim.  f.  L  vermis  worm] 

vepmi'culap,  a.  Like  a  worm  in  form  or 
movements, as  v.  (=  VERMj/orm)  appendix  ;  of 
worm-eaten  appearance ;  marked  with  close 
wavy  lines,  [f.  med.L  vermicularis  (L  vermi- 
cuius  dim.  of  vermis  worm,  see  -ar  j)] 

vepmi'eulate,  a.,  &  v.t.  (Entom.)  having 
thick  tufts  of  parallel  hairs; = prec. ;  worm-eaten ; 
(vb)  ornament  with  wavy  lines,  [f.  L  vermicu- 
lari  be  full  of  worms  (prec),  -ate2'  3] 

vepmicula'tion,  n.  Worm-like  motion  esp. 
=  peristalsis  ;  (art  of)  vermiculating ;  worm- 
eaten  state,    [f.  L  vermiculatio  (prec,  -ation)] 

vermi'culose,  -ous,  aa.  Worm-eaten,  full 
of  worms  ;  worm-shaped,  [f.  LL  vermiculosus 
(as  vermicular,  see  -ose  1,  -ous)] 

vepmi'lion,  n.,  a.,  &  v.t.  Cinnabar ;  brilli- 
ant red  pigment  made  by  grinding  this  or  arti- 
ficially ;  (of)  this  colour ;  (vb)  colour  (as)  with 
v.  [( vb  f .  n. )  f.  OF  vermilion  vermilion,  kermes 
insect  (vermeil  vermilion  f.  L  vermiculus  dim. 
of  vermis  worm,  see  -oon)] 

vep*min,  n.  (usu.  treated  as  pi.).  Mammals 
&  birds  injurious  to  game,  crops,  &c,  e.g.  foxes, 
weasels,  rats,  mice,  moles,  owls,  &c;  noxious 
insects,  e.g.  fleas,  bugs,  lice ;  parasitic  worms 
or  insects  ;  (fig.)  vile  persons,  as  the  v.  that  in- 
fest race-courses.  So  verminous  a.,  vep*- 
minousL v  2  adv.  IME  &  F  vermine  ult.  f.  i, 
vermis  worm] 

ver'minate,  v.i.  Breed  vermin,  become  in- 
fested with  parasites.  So  vermin  ation  n. 
[f .  L  verminare  (vermis  worm),  see  -ate  3] 

vep*m(o)uth  (-ooth),  n.  Liqueur  flavoured 
with  wormwood,    [f.  G  wermuth  wormwood] 

vepna'eulap,  a.  &  n.  (Of  language,  idiom, 
word)  of  one's  native  country,  native,  indigen- 
ous, not  of  foreign  origin  or  of  learned  forma- 
tion ;  (of  disease)  =  endemic  ;  (n.)  the  language 
or  dialect  of  the  country,  as  Latin  gave  place 
to  the  v.  Hence  vepna*eulapisM(4),  ver- 
naeula'PiTY,  vepnaeulapizATiON,  nn., 
vepna*culapizE(3)  v.t.,  vepmveulaPLY 2 
adv.  [f.  L  vernaculus  native  (verna  home-born 
slave,  see  -cule)  +  -ar1] 

vep'nal,  a.    Of,  appearing  or  occurring  or 


VERNATION 9 

done  in,  spring,  as  v.  breezes,  flowers,  equinox, 
migration,  v.  (malarial)  fever,  v.  grass,  sweet- 
scented  grass  grown  among  hay.  Hence  vep*- 
nali.v  2  adv.  [f.  L  vernalis  {vermis  f.  ver  spring, 
cogn.  w.  Gk  ear,  ON  vdr,  see  -al)] 

vepna'tion,  n.  (bot.).  Arrangement  of  leaves 
(cf.  aestivation)  within  leaf-bud.  [f.  Lvema- 
tio  sloughing  of  skin  {vemare  bloom  f.  ver 
spring,  see  -ation)"' 

ver^nier,  n.  Small  movable  scale  for  ob- 
taining fractional  parts  of  the  subdivisions  on 
fixed  scale  of  theodolite  &c.  [F,  f.  P.  V.,  in- 
ventor, d.  1637] 

Verone'se  (-ez),  a.,  &  n.  (pi.  the  same).  (In- 
habitant) of  Verona,    [-ese] 

vero'niea,  n.  Kinds  of  herb  or  shrub  with 
blue,  purple,  pink,  or  white  flowers ;  cloth 
with  representation  of  Christ's  face,  esp.  one 
miraculously  so  impressed  after  being  used  by 
St  V.  to  wipe  sweat  from  Christ's  face.  [V., 
woman's  name,  ult.  f.  Gk  Berenike] 

ve'PPicule,  n.  (entom.).  Thick  tuft  of  up- 
right hairs.  Hence  veppi'eulATE  2  a.  [f.  L 
verriculum  net  {verrere  sweep)] 

veppu'ca,  n.  (path.,  zool.,  bot.).  Wart,  wart- 
like elevation.  Hence  or  cogn.  veppirei- 
form,  ve'ppucosE 1,  ve'ppueous,  veppu*- 
cuIose  i  [-UL-],  aa.    [L] 

vep'sant,  n.  Extent  of  land  sloping  in  one  di- 
rection, general  slope  of  land.  [F,  f.  L  versare 
frequent,  of  vertere  vers-  turn] 

vep'satile,  a.  Turning  readily  from  one 
subject  or  occupation  to  another,  capable  of 
dealing  with  many  subjects,  as  v.  author,  ge- 
nius, disposition,  mind;  capable  of  being 
moved  or  turned  as  on  hinge,  as  v.  spindle ; 
(Bot.,  Zool.)  moving  freely  about  or  up  &  down 
on  a  support,  as  v.  anther,  head,  antennae ; 
changeable,  inconstant.  Hence  or  cogn.  vep*- 
satileLY2  adv.,  versati'liTV,  n.  [F,  f.  L 
V3rsatilis  (as  prec,  see  -atile)] 

verse,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Metrical  line  contain- 
ing definite  number  of  feet,  as  quoted  somevv. 
of  the  Iliad,  has  a  good  v.  here  &  there,  cap2 
vv. ;  group  of  definite  number  of  vv.,  stanza; 
metrical  composition  in  general,  particular 
type  of  this,  as  wrote  pages  of  v.,  expressed  in 
indifferent  v.,  what  is  not  prose  is  v.,  a  prize 
for  Latin  v.,  blank1,  society,  elegiac,  iambic, 
trochaic,  &c,  v. ;  each  of  the  short  divisions  of 
chapter  in  Bible  (chapter  &  v.);  short  sentence 
as  part  of  liturgy ;  solo  part  of  anthem  &c. ;  v.- 
monger(ing),  maker,  making,  of  bad  vv.  Hence 
vep'seLET  n.  (Vb)  express  in  v.,  make  vv. 
[(vb  f.  n.)  OE/ers  f.  L  versus  -us  turning,  line, 
row,  verse,  f.  vertere  vers-  turn] 

versed,  a.  Experienced,  skilled,  proficient, 
{in  subject,  occupation,  &c);  reversed  (now 
only  in  v.  sine),  [adaptation  of  L  versatus  p.p. 
of  versari  be  engaged  in,  see  versant] 

vep*set,  n.  (mus.).  Short  prelude  or  inter- 
lude for  organ.    [F,  dim.  of  vers  verse] 

vep'sicle,  n.  Short  verse,  esp.  each  of  series 
of  short  verses  in  liturgy  said  or  sung  alter- 
nately by  minister  &  people,  [f.  L  versiculus 
(as  verse,  see  -cule)] 

vep*s!coloup(ed),  aa.  Variegated  ;  chang- 
ing from  one  colour  to  another  in  different 
lights,  [f.  L  ver8icolor{us)  {vertere  vers-  turn 
+  color  colour)] 

vepsi'culap,  a.  V.  division  (into  verses). 
Tas  versicle  (see  -ul-)  +  -ar1] 

vep*slfy-,  v.t.  &  i.  Turn  (prose)  into  verse ; 
express  in  verse;  make  verses.  Hence  or 
cogn.  vepsipiCATiON,  vep'siflER1,  nn.  If.  F 
versifier  f.  L  versificare  (as  verse,  see  -fy)J 

yep*slon,  n.  Book  &c.  translated  into  an- 
other language,  as  Authorized,  Revised,  V.  (of 


I VERY 

the  Bible,  made  1604-11,  1870-84;  abbr.  A.V., 
R.V.);  piece  of  translation,  esp.  into  foreign 
language,  as  school  exercise ;  account  of  a 
matter  from  particular  person's  point  of  view, 
as  now  let  me  have  your  own  v.  of  the  affair ; 
turning  of  child  improperly  placed  for  delivery 
so  that  head  or  feet  may  be  first  presented. 
Hence  vep'sionAL  a.  [F,  f.  med.L  versionem 
(L  vertere  vers-  turn,  see  -ion)] 

veirso,  n.  Any  left-hand  page  of  book  (cf. 
recto);  reverse  of  coin.  [L,  abl.  p.p.  as  prec] 

verst,  n.  Russian  measure  of  length,  3,500 
feet,    [f.  Russ.  versta] 

versus,  prep.  (abbr.  v.).  Against,  as  (Law) 
Jones  v.  Smith,  (Cricket  &c.)  Surrey  v.  Kent. 
[L,  =  towards,  against,  (vertere  vers-  turn)] 

vert1,  n.  (Law,  hist.)  all  that  bears  green 
leaves  in  forest,  right  to  cut  this ;  (Herald.)  the 
tincture  green.    [F,  f.  L  viridis  green] 

vept2,  n.,  &  v.i.,  (colloq.).  Convert  or  per- 
vert ;  (vb)  leave  one  church  for  another, 
[coined  as  neutral  form] 

vep*tebpa,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Each  segment  of 
backbone  {false  v.,  fixed,  as  os  sacrum  &  coccyx 
in  man,  true  v.,  movable ;  neither  expression 
now  used  in  human  anat.).  Hence  vep'te- 
foPAL  a.,  vep'tebpalLV2  adv.,  veptebpo- 
comb.  form.    [L  (vertere  turn)] 

vep'tebpate  (-at),  a.  &  n.  (Animal)  having 
a  spinal  column  or  a  notochord,  esp.  (member) 
of  the  division  Vertebrata,  including  mammals, 
birds,  reptiles,  amphibians,  &  fishes.  Hence 
vep'tebpated  [-ate2]  a.  [f.  L  vertebratus 
jointed  (as  prec,  see  -ate2)] 

veptebpa'tion,  n.  Formation  of,  division 
into,  vertebrae  or  similar  segments,   [-ation] 

vep'tex,  n.  (pi.  usu.  -ices).  Highest  point, 
top,  apex;  (Anat.)  crown  of  head;  (Geom.) 
each  angular  point  of  triangle,  polygon,  &c, 
v.  of  an  angle,  meeting-point  of  lines  that  form 
it.  [L,  gen.  -ids,  =  whirlpool,  head,  vertex, 
(vertere  turn)] 

vep'tieal,  a.  Of,  at,  the  vertex  or  highest 
point;  at  the  zenith  ;  perpendicular  to  plane 
of  horizon  ;  (Anat.)  of  the  crown  of  the  head  ; 
v.  angles,  each  [pair  of  opposite  angles  made 
by  two  intersecting  lines;  v.  (  =  azimuth) 
circle ;  v.  fins  (dorsal,  anal,  &  caudal) ;  v.  plane, 
plane  perpendicular  to  the  horizon.  Hence 
veptiea'liTY  n.,  vep*tIealLY2  adv.  (N.)  v. 
line,  plane,  or  circle  ;  out  of  the  v.,  not  v.  [F 
(prec,  see  -al)] 

vep*tieil,  n.  (bot,  zool.).  Whorl,  set  of  parts 
radiating  from  axis.  Hence  vepti'eillate(d) 
[-ATE2]aa.,  vepti'eillateLY2  adv.  [f.  L  verti- 
cillus  whirl  of  spindle,  dim.  of  vertex] 

vep'tigo  (or  -ti'-),  n.  Giddiness,  dizziness,  as 
subjective,  objective,  v.  (in  which  patient  feels 
as  if  he,  as  if  surrounding  objects,  were  turn- 
ing round),  essential  v.  (without  apparent 
cause).  Hence  vertiginous  a.,  vertrgin- 
ously  2  adv.,  vepti'grinousNESS  n.  [L,  gen. 
-ginis,  =  whirling,  dizziness,  (vertere  turn)] 

veptu.    See  virtu. 

Vepula*mian  (-rob-),  a.  Of  Francis  Bacon, 
Baron  Verulam,  Viscount  St  Albans,  d.  1626 ; 
of  St  Albans.  [Verulam,  ancient  city  near 
site  of  St  Albans,  +  -ian] 

vep*vain,  n.  Kinds  of  weedy  plant  with 
small  blue,  white,  or  purple  flowers,  formerly 
believed  to  have  various  virtues  &  used  as 
amulet  &c_  [f.  OF  verveine  f.  L  verbena] 

verve  ( varv),  n.  Enthusiasm,  energy,  vigour, 
in  artistic  or  literary  work.  [F,  perh.  f.  L  verba 
words,  talk,  (pi.  as  verb)] 

vep*vet,  n.  A  small  S.-Afr.  monkey  often 
employed  by  organ-grinders.    [?] 

ve*py,  a.  &  adv.    Real,  true,  genuine,  that  is 


VESICA 9 

such  in  the  truest  or  fullest  sense,  as  v.  God  of 
v.  God,  has  shown  himself  a  v.  knave,  the  veriest 
simpleton  knows  that,  must  consent  from  v. 
shamet  (somewhat  archaic  exc.  in  foil,  uses) ; 
(with  the,  this,  that,  or  possessive  adj.,  empha- 
sizing identity,  coincidence,  significance,  or  ex- 
treme degree)  this  is  the  v.  spot  I  found  it  on, 
speaking  in  this  v.  room,  the  v.  fact  of  his  pre- 
sence is  enough,  you  are  the  v.  man  I  am  look- 
ing for,  a  needle  is  the  v.  thing  {for  our  pur- 
pose), come  here  this  v.  minute,  grieves  me  to 
the  v.  heart,  the  v.  stones  cry  out,  his  v.  servants 
bully  him,  drank  it  to  the  v.  dregs ;  (with  a)  a  v. 
little  more  will  do,  give  me  only  a  v.  little ;  (adv., 
perh.  orig.  adj.,  with  superl.  adj.  often  abs., 
or  with  my  &c.  own)  in  the  fullest  sense,  as 
drank  it  to  the  v.  last  drop,  the  v.  last  thing  J 
expected,  did  the  v.  best  I  could,  did  my  v.  ut- 
most, may  keep  it  for  your  v.  own)  (adv.:  used 
with  advv.  &  non-verbal  adjj.;  with  partt  es- 
tablished as  independent  adjj.,  as  a  v.  dazzling 
effect,  effect  was  v.  dazzling,  a  v.  trying  time ; 
with  p.  pp.  in  attrib.  use  applied  to  what  is  not 
the  real  object  of  the  vbl  action,  as  wore  a  v. 
pained,  pleased,  puzzled,  troubled,  vexed,  an- 
noyed, surprised,  &c,  expression,  out  not  his 
expression  was  v.  pained  &c;  &  colloq.  with 
the  same  p.  pp.  in  pred.  use  applied  to  the  true 
object  &  fulfilling  purely  vbl  function,  as  I  was 
v.  pleased,  surprised,  annoyed,  &c.;  not  other- 
wise used  with  vbs)  in  a  high  degree,  as  that 
is  v.  easily  done,  v.  often  fails,  v.  easy,  not  v. 
much  use,  find  v.  few  instances,  gives  v.  little 
trouble,  [(adv.  f.  adj.)  ME  &  OF  verrai  ult  f. 
L  as  veracious] 

vesrca,  n.  (anat,  bot).  Bladder,  cyst,  sac, 
esp.  (whence  ve'sicocELE,  vesicotomy,  nn.) 
urinary  bladder.  Hence  ve*sicAL  a. ,  vesieo- 
comb.  form.    [L] 

vesicate,  v.t.  Raise  blisters  on.  Hence 
ve•siCANT(2),ve•sieatoRY,aa.&nn.,vesieA•- 
tion  n.    [f.  prec.  +  -ate  3] 

vesicle,  n.  (anat.,  bot.,  geol.).  Small  bladder, 
cell,  bubble,  or  hollow  structure.  Hence  vesi*- 
cuIar  i,  vesi'culATE  2,  vesiculi'FEROUs,  ve- 
si*cullFORM,vesi*culosE  K  vesiculous,  aa., 
vesiculATioN  n.,  vesiculo-  comb.  form.  [f. 
L  vesicula  dim.  of  vesica] 

vesper,  n.  ( V-)  Venus  as  evening-star,  (poet. ) 
evening ;  (pi.)  sixth  of  the  seven  canonical  hours 
in  R.-C.  &  Gk  Churches,  corresp.  to  EVEN^ong ; 
v.  (-bell),  bell  that  calls  to  v  v. ;  Sicilian  Vv.,  mas- 
sacre of  French  residents  in  Sicily  in  1282,  begun 
at  stroke  of^v.-belL    [L,  cf.  hesperus] 

ve'spertine,  a.  Of,  done  in,  the  evening ; 
(Bot,  of  flowers)  opening,  (Zool.)  flying,  in  the 
evening ;  (Astro n.)  descending  towards  horizon 
at  sunset,    [f.  L  vespertinus  (vesper)] 

ve'spiapy,  n.  Nest  of  wasps,  [irreg.  f.  L 
vespa  wasp,  after  apiary] 

vcspine,  a.  Of  wasps.  So  ve'spiFORM  a. 
[f .  L  vespa  wasp  +  -ine  *] 

vessel,  n.  Hollow  receptacle  esp.  for  liquid, 
e.g.  cask,  cup,  pot,  bottle,  dish ;  ship,  boat,  esp. 
large  one ;  (Anat.)  duct,  canal,  holding  or  con- 
veying blood  or  other  fluid,  esp.  blood-v.;  (Bot.) 
chain  of  cells  that  have  lost  intervening  par- 
titions, duct;  (bibl.  or  alius,  esp.  facet)  per- 
son viewed  as  recipient  or  exponent,  as  chosen 
v.  (Acts  i^.  15),  weaker  v. ,  woman  (1  Pet.  iii.  7),  vv. 
of  wrath  (Rom.  ix.  22).  Hence  ve'sselFUL  n. 
[AF,  f.  OF  vaissel  f.  L  vascellum  dim.  of  vas] 

vessigrion  (-Inyon),  n.  Soft  swelling  on 
horse's  leg,  wind-gall.    [F,  f.  vesica] 

vest1,  n.  (Shop)  waistcoat;  (also  underv.) 
knitted  or  woven  undergarment ;  piece,  usu. 
V-shaped,  on  front  of  body  of  woman's  gown  ; 
(archaic)  clothing,  dress.    Hence  ve'stiNG1^) 


) VETERAN 

n.  [f.  L  vestis  garment,  cogn.  w.  Gk  esthes 
dress  &  w.  wear1] 

vest2,  v.t.  &  i.  Furnish  (person  with  au- 
thority, powers,  property,  &c);  v.  (property, 
power)  in  (person),  confer  formally  on  him  an 
immediate  fixed  right  of  present  or  future  pos- 
session of  it  (vested  rights,  estate,  &c,  possession 
of  which  is  determinately  fixed  in  a  person  &  is 
subject  to  no  contingency);  (of  property,  right, 
&c.)  v.  in  (person),  come  to  him ;  (poet.)  clothe, 
[f.  OF  vestir  L  L  vestire  -it-  clothe  (as  prec.)] 

vesta,  n.  (Rom.  Myth.,  V-)  goddess  of  the 
hearth ;  (Astron.,  V-)  an  asteroid ;  (wax)  v.,  wax 
match  to  be  ignited  by  friction  (fusee  v.,  kind 
for  use  in  strong  wind).    [L,  cf.  Gk  Hestia] 

vestal,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  goddess  Vesta  or  the 
v.  virgins;  v.  (virgin),  virgin  consecrated  to 
Vesta,  vowed  to  chastity,  &  charged  with  care 
of  sacred  fire  perpetually  burning  on  her  altar, 
hence,  woman  of  spotless  chastity,  esp.  one  Who 
devotes  her  life  to  religion,  nun.  [f.  L  Vestalis 
a.  &  n.  (as  prec,  see  -al)] 

vestibule,  n.  Ante-chamber,  hall,  lobby, 
next  to  outer  door  of  house  &  from  which 
doors  open  into  various  rooms ;  porch  of 
church  &c;  (U.S.)  v.  (  =  corridor)  train; 
(Anat)  chamber  or  channel  communicating 
with  others,  esp.  v.  of  the  ear,  central  cavity 
of  labyrinth  of  internal  ear.  Hence  vesti*- 
bulAR1,  vesti'bulATE2  (anat),  ve'sti- 
bulED2,  aa.    [f.  L  vestibulum,  etym.  dub.] 

vestige,  n.  Foot-print  (now  only  fig.),  track, 
trace,  evidence,  sign,  as  vv.  of  an  earlier  civili- 
zation, found  no  vv.  of  his  presence ;  (loosely, 
w.  neg.)  atom,  particle,  as  without  a  v.  of  cloth- 
ing, has  not  a  v.  of  evidence  for  this  assertion ; 
(Biol.)  part,  organ,  now  degenerate  &  of  little  or 
no  utility  but  ancestrally  well  developed.  Hence 
vesti'g-iAL  (esp.  biol.),  vesti'giARY  *,  aa.  [f .  L 
vestigium  footstep,  etym.  dub.] 

ve'stitupe  (-tsher),  n.  (zool.).  Hair,  scales, 
&c,  covering  a  surface,    [f.  L  as  vest2,  -ure] 

vestment,  n.  Garment,  esp.  official  or  state 
robe ;  any  of  the  official  garments  of  clergy, 
choristers,  &c,  worn  during  divine  service, 
esp.  chasuble ;  altar-cloth,  [t  OF  vestement  f. 
L  vestimentum  (as  vest2,  see  -ment)] 

ve'stry,  n.  Room,  building,  attached  to 
church  &  in  which  vestments  are  kept  &  put 
on ;  chapel  attached  to  non-liturgical  church 
&  used  for  prayer-meetings  &c.;  (also  common, 
general,  ordinary,  v.)  ratepayers  of  a  parish, 
(also  select  v.)  representatives  of  these,  as- 
sembled for  dispatch  of  parochial  business ; 
(room  used  for)  meeting  or  either  of  these  bo- 
dies ;  v.-clerk,  officer  chosen  by  v.  to  keep  pa- 
rish accounts  &c. ;  vestryman,  member  of  a  v. 
Hence  ve'stPAL  a.  [f.  OF  vestiairie  f.  L  ves- 
tiarium  wardrobe  (as  vest1,  see  -arium)] 

vestpydom,  n.  (Corrupt,  inefficient)  go- 
vernment by  vestry,    [-dom] 

ve'sture  (-tsher),  n.,  &  v.t,  (poet,  rhet). 
Garments, dress, clothes; covering;  (vb) clothe, 
[f.  OF  vesteure  as  vestiture] 

vestupep,  n.  Church  official  in  charge  of 
vestments ;  sub-treasurer  of  cathedral  or 
church,    [f.  prec.  +-ER1] 

Vesu'vian,  v-,  a.  &  n.  Of  Vesuvius ;  vol- 
canic. (N.,  v-)  kind  of  fusee  match  ;  (also  ve- 
su#vianiTE  1  n.)  brown  or  green  mineral  first 
found  on  Vesuvius,    [f.  L  Vesuvius  +  -an] 

vet,  n.  (colloq.).     =  veterinary,    [abbr.] 

vetch,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  of  bean  family 
largely  used,  wild  or  cultivated,  for  forage, 
esp.  common  v.,  tare.  Hence  ve*tchY  2  a.  [f. 
OF  veche  f.  L  vicia] 

ve*tchling-,n.  Plant  allied  to  vetch,  [-ling1] 

vetepan,  a.  &  n.    (Person)  who  has  grown 


VETERINARY 9 

old  in  or  had  long  experience  of  (esp.  military) 
service  or  occupation,  as  Wellington's  vo.,  a 
v.  golfer ;  of  a  v.,  composed  of  vv.,  as  v.  service, 
troops.  Hence  veteraniZE(3)  v.t.  [f.  L  vete- 
ranus  a.  &  n.  (vetus  -eris  old,  see  -an)] 

veterinary,  a.  &  n.  Of,  for,  (the  treatment 
of)  diseases  &  injuries  of  domestic  animals,  as 
v.  surgeon,  science,  college ;  (n.,  abbr.  vet;  also 
veterinar'iAN  n.)  v.  surgeon,  [f.  L  veterina- 
rius  f.  veterinae  {bestiae  beasts)  of  burden,  per h. 
orig.  old  beasts  (vetus  -eris  old,  -ine1)] 

ve'to,  n.  (pi.  -oes),  &  v.t.  Constitutional  right 
of  sovereign,  president,  governor,  upper  house 
of  legislature,  &c,  to  reject  a  legislative  enact- 
ment (suspensory  v.,  suspending  but  not  neces- 
sarily preventing  completion  of  measure), 
whence  ve*toiST(2)  n.;  (official  message  con- 
veying) such  rejection ;  prohibition,  as  inter- 
posed his  v.,  put  a  or  his  v.  on  the  proposal ; 
(vb)  exercise  v.  against  (bill  &c),  forbid  au- 
thoritatively. [L,  =  I  forbid,  w.  ref.  to  its  use  by 
tribune  of  the  people  in  nullifying  measures] 

vettura,  (oora),  n.  (pi.  -re  pron.  -ra).  Italian 
four-wheeled  carriage.    [It.] 

vex,  v.t.  Anger  by  slight  or  petty  annoyance, 
irritate,  as  this  would  v.  a  saint,  how  vexing  !, 
whence  ve'xedLY2,  ve'xing'LY2,  advv.;  (ar- 
chaic) grieve,  afflict ;  (poet.,  rhet.)  put  (sea  &c.) 
into  state  of  commotion  ;  a  vexed  (much  dis- 
cussed) question,    [f.  F  vexer  f.  L  vexare] 

vexa'tion,  n.  Vexing,  being  vexed  ;  harass- 
ing by  means  of  malicious  or  trivial  litigation  ; 
state  of  irritation  or  distress,  as  conceive  my  v., 
in  v.  of  spirit,  annoying  or  distressing  thing,  as 
subjected  to  manyvv.  Hence  vexatious  a., 
vexa'tiousLv 2  adv.,  vexatiousNESS  n. 
[F,  f.  L  vexationem  (as  vex,  see  -ation)] 

vexi'llum,  n.  (pi.  -a).  (Rom.  Ant.)  military 
standard  esp.  of  maniple,  body  of  troops  under 
this ;  (Bot.,  also  ve'xil  n.)  large  upper  petal 
of  papilionaceous  flower ;  web  of  a  feather, 
whence  ve'xillATE2  a. ;  (Eccl.)fiag  on  or  wound 
round  bishop's  staff,  processional  banner  or 
cross.  Hence  or  cogn.  ve'xillAR(Y) l  aa.  [L 
(vehere  vect-  carry)] 

vi'a,  n.  &  prep.  V.  La'ctea,  Milky  Way ;  v. 
me'dia,  mean  between  extremes  (esp.  of  Angli- 
can church  as  placed  between  Romanism  & 
extreme  Protestantism) ;  (prep.,  also  via)  by 
way  of,  through,  as  from  Exeter  to  York  v. 
London  (also  facet,  of  connected  subjects  &c). 
[L,  =  way,  road] 

vrable,  a.  (Of  foetus  or  new-born  child)  capa- 
ble of  maintaining  life ;  (of  plant,  animal,  &c.) 
able  to  live  in  particular  climate  &c.  So  via- 
bi'litv  n.    [F  (vie  life  f.  L  vita,  see  -able)] 

vi'aduct,  n.  Long  bridge-like  structure,  esp. 
series  of  arches,  for  carrying  road  or  railway 
over  valley  or  dip  in  ground  ;  such  road  or  rail- 
way, [f.  L  via  ducta  conducted  way  (via  way 
+  ducta  fern.  p.p.  of  ducere  lead)] 

vi'al.  n.  Small  (usu.  cylindrical  glass)  vessel 
for  holding  liquid  medicines  &c;  leyden  v. 
( =  jar) ;  pour  out  vv.  of  wrath,  take  vengeance 
(Rev.  xvx.  1),  (colloq.)give  venttoanger.  Hence 
n.    [f.  OF  viole,  /-,  phial] 


hodometer.  [L  via  way  + 


vralFUL 

vi&*  meter,  n 
-meter] 

vi'and,  n.  (usu.  in  pi.).  Article(s)  of  food,  vic- 
tual^). [OF,  =  meat,  food,  f.  L  vivenda  things 
to  live  on  (neut.  pi.  gerund,  oivivere  live,  taken 
as  fern,  sing.)] 

viaticum,  n.  (Rom.  Ant.)' supplies  or  sum 
of  money  allowed  to  officer  for  journey  on  State 
service ;  eucharist  as  given  to  dying  person ; 
portable  altar.    [L  (via  way,  see  -atic)] 

vibra'culum,  n.  (pi.  -a).  Filamentous  ap- 
pendage of  some  polyzoa  serving  to  bring  food 


) VICE 

within  reach  by  lashing  movements.  Hence 
vibra'eulAR1  a.    [f.  L  as  foil. J 

vibrate,  v.i.  &  t.  Move  to  &  fro  like  pen- 
dulum, oscillate;  (Physics)  move  unceasingly 
to  &  fro,  esp.  rapidly  ;  thrill,  quiver ;  cause  to 
oscillate ;  (of  pendulum)  measure  (seconds  &c.) 
by  vibrating.  Hence  vi'brati ve, vi'bratORY, 
aa.    [f.  L  vibrare  shake,  swing,  see  -ate  3] 

vi'bratile,  a.  Capable  of  vibrating.  Hence 
vibrati'liTY  n.    [ile] 

vibration,  n.  Vibrating,  oscillation  ;  (Phy- 
sics) rapid  motion  to  &  fro  esp.  of  the  parts  of 
a  fluid  or  an  elastic  solid  whose  equilibrium 
has  been  disturbed  (amplitude  of  v.,  maximum 
departure  of  vibrating  body  from  position  of 
rest;  forced,  free,  v.,  whose  period  is,  is  not, 
modified  by  an  outside  force).  Hence  vibra*- 
tionAL  a.,  vibra*tiUNCLE  n.  dim.  [F,  f.  L 
vibrationem  (as  vibrate,  see  -ation)] 

vibra'to  (vebrah-),  n.  Pulsating  effect  in 
singing  produced  by  variation  of  emphasis  on 
some  tone.    [It.] 

vibrator,  n.  Person,  thing,  that  vibrates, 
esp.  (Electr.,  Teleg.)  kinds  of  vibrating  reed, 
(Mus.)  reed  in  reed-organ,  (Print.)  inking-roller 
with  vibrating  &  rotary  movements,    [-or2] 

vibri'ssa,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  Stiff  coarse  hair  about 
mouth  of  most  mammals  &  in  nostrils  of  man ; 
bristle-like  feather  about  mouth  of  some  birds. 
[L  (as  vibrate)] 

vi'broscope,  n.  Instrument  for  observing 
vibrations,    [-scope] 

vibur'num,  n.  Kinds  of  shrub  of  honey- 
suckle family.    [L] 

vi'ear,  n.  Priest  of  a  parish  the  tithes  of 
which  belong  to  chapter  or  religious  house  or 
layman  (cf.  rector)  ;  clerk,  lay,  secular,  v., 
cathedral  officer  singing  some  parts  ©f  service ; 
v.  choral,  clerical  or  lay  assistant  in  some  (esp. 
musical)  parts  of  cathedral  service  ;  v.-general, 
(Ch.  of  Eng.)  official  assisting  (arch)bishop  in 
ecclesiastical  causes  &c.  (usu.  his  chancellor), 
(R.-C.  Ch.)  bishop's  assistant  in  matters  of 
jurisdiction  &c;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  cardinal  v..  Pope's 
delegate  acting  as  bishop  of  diocese  of  Rome, 
v.  apostolic,__  missionary  or  titular  bishop 
(whence  viear*iATE1(l)n.),'P./ora7ie,  dignitary 
appointed  by  bishop  to  exercise  limited  local 
jurisdiction,*7",  of  (Jesus)  Christ,  Pope.  Hence 
vi'earsHip  n.  [f.  OF  vicaire  t.  L  vicarius  de- 
puted, deputy,  (as  vice-,  see  -ary  *)] 

vi'carage  (-Ij),  n.  Benefice,  residence,  of 
vicar.__  [-age] 

vicar'ial,  a.    Of,  serving  as,  a  vicar,   [-al] 

viear'ious,  a.  Deputed,  delegated,  as  v. 
authority;  acting,  done,  for  another,  as  v. 
work,  suffering,  v.  sacrifice  (of  Christ  in  place 
of  sinner).  Hence  vicar*iousLY 2  adv.,  vi- 
ear'ious ness  n.    [f.  L  as  vicar  +  -ous] 

vice1,  n.  Evil  esp.  grossly  immoral  habit  or 
conduct,  (particular  form  of )  depravity,  serious 
fault,  as  has  the  v.  of  gluttony,  drunkenness  is 
not  among  his  vv.,  v.  is  duly  punished  &  virtue 
rewarded  in  fifth  act,  has  no  redeeming  v.  (to 
relieve  overpowering  rectitude) ;  defect,  blem- 
ish, (of  character,  literary  style,  &c.);  fault, 
bad  trick,  in  horse  &c,  as  has  no  w.,is  free 
from  v.,  has  one  v.;  (now  rare)  morbid  state  of 
physical  system,a&  inherited  w.  of  constitution; 
( V-)  buffoon  in  a  morality.    [F,  f.  L  vitium] 

vice  2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Instrument  with  two  jaw8 
between  which  thing  may  be  gripped  usu.  by 
operation  of  screw  so  as  to  leave  the  hands  free 
for  working  upon  it,  as  bench  v.  (attached  to 
carpenter's  or  machinist's  bench),  instantane- 
ous-grip v.,  grips  like  a  v. ;  (vb)  secure  (material 
to  be  worked  upon,  or  fig.)  in  v.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME, 
-  screw,  winding-stair,  f.  F  vis  t.  L  vitis  vine] 


VICE 


991 


VIEW 


vice  3  (vis),  n.  (colloq.).    =  \iCK-president  Sec. 

vi*ce  4,  prep.  In  the  place  of,  as  gazetted  as 
captain  v.  Captain  Jones  promoted.  [L,  abl. 
of  *vix  vicis  change] 

vice-  (vis),  pref.  (=  prec.)  forming  nn.  w. 
sense  '  person  acting  or  qualified  to  act  in  place 
of  or  next  in  rank  to ',  w.  their  derivv.,  as : 
-a'dmiral,  admiral  of  third  grade ;  -a'dmiral- 
ty,  office  of  v. -admiral  {v. -admiralty  courts,  tri- 
bunals with  admiralty  jurisdiction  in  British 
colonial  possessions) ;  -a'gent ;  -chair'man- 
(ship);  -cha'mberlain  (esp.  deputy  of  lord  cham- 
berlain); -cha'ncellor,  (Univv.) deputy  chancel- 
lor discharging  most  administrative  duties, 
(Law,  formerly)  judge  in  chancery  division  of 
High  Court  or  Justice,  (R.-C.  Ch.)  cardinal  at 
head  of  the  branch  of  chancery  in  charge  of 
bulls  &c;  -cha'ncellor ship ;  -co'nsul(ship) ; 
-dea'n,  subdean  ;  -go'vernor ;  -ki'ng,= viceroy; 
-presidentship),  -presidency ;  pri'ncipal ; 
-quee'n  rare,  woman  acting  as  viceroy,  vice- 
roy's wife  ;  -re'gent;  -reine  (ran),viceroy 's  wif e; 
-she'riff;  -trea' surer  (ship)',  -war'den. 

vieeg'e'pent  (also  -er-),  a.  &  n.  (Person)  exer- 
cising delegated  power,  deputy,  as  regard  the 
Pope  as  God's  v.  Hence  vieege'pencY  n. 
[OF  (prec.  +  L  gerere  carry  on,  see  -ent)] 

vice'nnial,  a.  Lasting,  happening  every, 
twenty  years,  [f.  L  vicennium  period  of  20 
years  (viginti  20  +  annus  year)  4-  -al] 

vi'eeroy,  n.  Ruler  exercising  royal  authority 
in  colony,  province,  &c,  as  V.  of  India.  Hence 
vicere'gTAL,  vieeroy'AL,  aa.,  viceroy  *alTv, 
vi'ceroysHiP,  nn.  [OF  (vice-  +  roy  king  f.  L 
regem  nom.  rex)] 

vrce  versa  (-a),  adv.  or  ellipt.  sent.  (The 
same  is  true,  on  the  corresponding  supposition, 
&c.)  with  the  order  of  terms  changed,  the  other 
way  round,  as  the  man  blames  his  wife  &  v.  v. 
(she  him),  cat  stole  the  dog's  dinner  &  v.  v.  (he 
hers),  calls  black  white  &  v.  v.  (white  black). 
IL,  (vice4,  versa  abl.  fern.  p.p.  of  vertere  turn)] 

vroinageH  ij),  n.  Neighbourhood,  surround- 
ing district ;  relation  of  neighbours,  frefash.  f. 
OF  voisinage  (voisin  neighbouring  f.  L  vicinus 
f.  vicus  village,  quarter,  +  -age)] 

vici'nity,  n.  Surrounding  district ;  nearness 
in  place  (to) ;  close  relationship  (to),  [f.  OF  vici- 
nife  f.  L  vicinitatem  (as  prec,  see  -ty)] 

vi'cious  (-shws),  a.  Of  the  nature  of  vice, 
morally  evil  or  injurious,  as  v.  tendencies, 
courses,  life ;  addicted  to  vice,  as  v.  companions; 
(of  horse  &c.)  having  vices ;  (of  language,  rea- 
soning, &c. )  incorrect,  faulty,  unsound,  corrupt, 
as  a  v.  style,  a  notoriously  v.  manuscript,  v. 
circle  l ;  v.  union  (surg.),  faulty  joining  of  frac- 
tured ends  of  bone,  resulting  deformity ;  spite- 
ful, malignant,  as  v.  remarks,  criticism.  Hence 
vi'ciousLY 2  adv.,  vi'ciousNESS  n.  [OF,  f.  L 
vitiosus  (as  vice  *,  see  -ous)] 

vici'ssitude,  n.  Change  of  circumstances 
esp.  of  fortune,  as  a  life  marked  by  vv. ;  (archaic, 
poet.)  regular  change,  alternation.  Hence  vi- 
eissitirdinous  a.  [f.  L  vicissitudo  -dinis 
(vicissim  by  turns,  as  vice4,  see  -tude)] 

vi'Ctim,  n.  Living  being  sacrificed  to  a  deity 
or  in  performance  of  religious  rite;  person, 
thing,  injured  or  destroyed  in  pursuit  of  an  ob- 
ject, in  gratification  of  a  passion  &c,  or  as  result 
of  event  or  circumstance,  as  the  vv.  of  his  re- 
lentless ambition,  fell  a  v.  to  his  own  avarice, 
the  vv.  of  disease,  of  a  railway  accident ;  prey, 
dupe,  as  held  the  v.  in  his  talons,  the  numerous 
vv.  of  the  confidence  trick,  [f.  F  vietime  f.  L 
victima  cogn.  w.  Goth,  weihs  holy] 

victimize,  v.t.  Make  (person  &c. )  the  victim 
of  a  swindle  &c.  or  of  one's  ambition,  loqua- 
city, &c.  Hence  victimizATiON  n.   [-ize] 


vi'ctor,  n.  (rhet. ).  Conqueror  in  battle  or  con- 
test (also  attrib.,  as  v.  troops,  sword).  Hence 
vi'etPESS 1  n.    [L  (vincere  vict-  conquer,  -or  2)] 

victoiria,  ry  Low  light  four-wheeled  car- 
riage with  seat  for  two  Se  raised  driver's  seat  Se 
with  falling  top ;  kinds  of  gigantic  water-lily ; 
kinds  of  domestic  pigeon ;  V.  cross  (abbr.  V.C., 
pron.  ve  se),  decoration  for  conspicuous  act  of 
bravery  founded  by  Queen  V.  in  1850.  [L,  = 
victory  (as  prec.)] 

Victop'ian,  a.  &  n.  Of,  (person  esp.  author) 
living  in,  the  reign  of  Queen  Victoria  (1837-1901); 
V.  order  (founded  by  Queen  Victoria  in  1896  & 
conferred  usu.  for  great  service  rendered  to 
sovereign),    [-an] 

vietori'ne  (-en),  n.  Woman's  fur  tippet  with 
long  narrow  ends ;  kind  of  peach.  [F,  woman's 
name,  hist,  dub.] 

victorious,  a.  Conquering,  triumphant; 
marked  by  victory  (v.  day  Sec).  Hence  vle- 
top'iousLY 2  adv.,  vietop'iousNESs  n.  [f.  F 
victorieux  f.  L  victoriosus  (victoria,  -ous)] 

vi'ctory,  n.  Defeat  of  enemy  in  battle  or  op- 
ponent in  contest,  as  battle  ended  in  a  decisive 
v.,  fought  hard  for  v.,  hero  of  many  vv.,  (fig.) 
gained  a  or  the  v.  over  his  passions,  Cadmean 
or  pyrrhic2  v.,  moral  v.\  (V-)  Roman  or  Greek 
goddess  of  v.    [f.  OF  victorie  f.  L  victoria] 

victual  (-tl),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Usu.  pi.)  food, 
provisions ;  (vb)  supply  with  vv.,  obtain  stores, 
eat  vv.  Hence  victual  less  a.  [(vb  f.  n.)  ME 
&  OF  vitaille  f.  L  victualia  neut.  pi.  (taken  as 
fem.  sing.)  of  victualis  of  nourishment  (victus 
-us  food  f.  vivere  live,  see  -al)] 

victualler  (tier),  n.  One  who  furnishes 
victuals,  esp.  licenced  v.,  public-house-keeper 
licensed  to  sell  spirits  &c;  ship  employed  to 
carry  stores  for  other  ships,    [-er  l] 

victualling-,  n.  In  vbl senses ;  ».-6t«,custom- 
house  warrant  for  shipment  of  bonded  stores ; 
v.-note  (nav.),  order  authorizing  ship's  steward 
to  victual  a  seaman;  v.-offlce  (for  supplying 
provisions  to  navy);  v.-yard  (adjoining  dock- 
yard, for  naval  stores)._  [-ing1] 

vicu'g-na,  -una  (-koonya),  n.  S.-Amer.  mam- 
mal allied  to  camel  &  hun  ted  for  its  flesh  &  wool ; 
v.  wool  (commerc),  mixture  of  wool  &  cotton, 
also  wool  of  the  v.    [Sp.,  f.  Peru  v.  vicuna] 

vi'de  (or  -i),  vb  imperat.  (abbr.  v.).  (In  formal 
or  facet,  reference  to  passage  in  book  &c.)  see, 
as  v.  supra,  infra,  see  above,  below,  quod2  v., 
v.  thejpress  passim.    [L,  imperat.  of  vxdere] 

wefc /feet, adv.  (abbr.  viz., pron.  na*mli).  That 
is  to  say,  in  other  words,  namely,  (usu.  follow- 
ing words  that  promise  or  more  or  less  clearly 
require  explanation  &c.  as :  under  the  following 
conditions,  viz.  that  Sec. ;  a  permanent  board  of 
three,  viz..  Sec. ;  opp.  to  i.e.,  which  introduces 
rather  optional  explanation).  [h(viderelieetoiiQ 
may  see)] 

vidette.    See  vedette. 

vi'dimus,  n.  (pi.  -uses).  Inspection  of  ac- 
counts &c. ;  abstract  of  document  Sec.  [L,  = 
we  have  seen  (videre)\ 

vie,  v.i.  (vying).  Strive  for  superiority,  carry 
on  rivalry,  (with  another  in  quality,  in  doing). 
[ME  (en)vien  t.  OF  envier  invite] 

Vienne'se  (-ez),  a.  &  n.  (pi.  same).  (Inhabit- 
ant) of  Vienna,    [-ese] 

vi  et  armis,  adv.  (law).  With  force  &  arms, 
with  violence.    [L] 

view  (vu),  n.,  &  v.t  Inspection  by  eye,  sur- 
vey, (of  surroundings  &c.) ;  (Law)  inspection 
by  jury  of  place,  property,  &c,  concerned  in  a 
case,  or  of  dead  body  ;  power  of  seeing,  range 
of  vision,  as  stood  in  full  v.  of  (visible  to)  t/ie 
crowd,  came  in  v.  of  (where  one  could  be  seen 
from  or  see)  the  castle,  passed  from  our  v. 


VIEWLESS 9 

(sight) ;  what  is  seen,  scene,  prospect,  as  a  su- 
perb v. ;  picture  &c.  representing  this ;  mental 
survey,  as  take  a  general  v.  of  the  subject; 
manner  of  considering  a  subject,  opinion,  men- 
tal attitude,  as  takes  a  different  v.,  his  v.  is 
that  we  are  the  aggressors,  takes  a  favourable 
v.  of  her  conduct,  holds  extreme  vv.  (in  politics 
&c.) ;  intention,  design,  as  will  this  meet  your 
vo.  ?,  cannot  fall  in  with  your  vo.,  cat  has  vv. 
upon  the  larder;  in  v.  of,  having  regard  to, 
considering,  as  in  v.  of  recent  developments 
we  do  not  think  this  step  advisable,  (vulg.)  = 
with  a  v.  to  (1),  (see  also  above) ;  on  v.,  open  to 
inspection  ;  with  a  v.  to,  (1 ;  also  with  the  v.  of; 
vulg.  with  av.  of)  for  the  purpose  of,  as  a  step 
towards,  as  with  a  v.  to  extending  (vulg.  ex- 
tend) our  trade,  with  a  v.  to  further  hostilities, 
(2)  in  the  hope  or  on  the  chance  of  getting, 
with  an  eye  to,  as  said  this  with  a  v.  to  the  va- 
cant secretaryship,  (3,  vulg.)  =  in  v.  of;  to  the 
v.,  openly,  in  public ;  BiRirs-ej/e  v. ;  dissolving 
vo.  (see  dissolve)  ;  have  in  v.,  have  as  one's 
object,  also,  bear  (circumstance)  in  mind  in 
forming  judgment  &c. ;  point1  of  v. ;  private 
v.  (of  picture  exhibition,  open  only  to  exhibi- 
tors' friends,  critics,  &c.) ;  v.halloo',  hunts- 
man's shout  on  seeing  fox  break  cover.  ( Vb)  sur- 
vey with  the  eyes ;  survey  mentally,  form  men- 
tal impression  or  judgment  of,  as  subject  may 
be  viewed  in  different  ways,  does  not  v.  the 
matter  in  the  rignt  light,  he  or  the  proposal  is 
viewed  unfavourably  by  the  authorities. 
Hence  view'ABLE  a.  [( vb  f.  n.)  AF,  f .  OF  veue 
fern.  p.p.  as  n.  f.  voir  see  f.  L  videre] 

viewless,  a.  (poet,  rhet).  Invisible,  [-less] 

viewy,  a.  (colloq.).  Given  to  odd  or  fanciful 
views,  faddy.    Hence  viewiNESS  n.    [-Y  2J 

vi'giL  n.  Keeping  awake  during  the  time 
usually  given  to  sleep,  watchfulness,  as  keep 
v. ;  (usu.  pi.)  nocturnal  devotions;  eve  of  a  fes- 
tival, esp.  eve  that  is  a  fast.  [f.  F  vigile  f.  L 
vigilia  (vigil  awake  f.  L  vigere  be  lively)] 

vi'gilanee,  n.  Watchfulness,  caution,  cir- 
cumspection, so  vi'grllANT  a.,  vi'gllantLY  2 
adv.;  (Med.)  insomnia;  v.  committee,  self -or- 
ganized body  for  maintenance  of  order  &c.  in 
imperfectly  organized  community.  [F,  f.  L 
vigilantia(viguare  watch,  as  prec,  -ance)] 

vignette  ( venye't),  n.,  &  v.t  (Archit.)  orna- 
ment of  leaves  &  tendrils;  nourishes  round 
capital  letter  in  MS. ;  engraved  illustration, 
esp.  on  title-page  of  book,  not  enclosed  in 
definite  border ;  photograph  or  portrait  show- 
ing only  head  &  shoulders  with  background 
gradually  shaded  off;  (fig.)  character  sketch  ; 
(vb)  make  portrait  of  (person)  in  v.  style,  shade 
off  (portrait)  thus,  whence  vig-ne*ttER2(2), 
vig-ne*ttiST  n.    [F,  dim.  as  vine] 

vigoro'so,  adv.  (mus.).    With  vigour.    [It] 

vi'group  (-er),  n.  Active  physical  strength 
or  energy ;  flourishing  physical  condition ; 
healthy  growth,  vitality,  vital  force ;  mental 
strength  or  activity  as  shown  in  thought  or 
speech  or  literary  style,  forcibleness,  trench- 
ancy,  animation.  Hence  or  cogn.  vi'g-or- 
ous,  vi'grouPLESS,  aa.,  vi'gropousLY2  adv., 
vi'gorousNESS  n.  [f.  OF  vigueur  f .  L  vigorem 
{vigere  be  lively,  see  -or1)] 

vi'king-,  n.  Northern  sea-robber  of  8th  to 
10th  c.  Hence  vi'kingiSM(2)  n.  [f.  ON  vikingr, 
perh.  lit  warrior  (vig  wa,r +  -ingr  -ing3)  ;  OE 
has  wicing] 

vilaye't  (ay-),  n.  Province  of  Turkish 
empire.    [Turk.] 

vile,  a.  Worthless ;  morally  base,  depraved, 
shameful,  abject,  as  the  v.  trade  of  an  informer, 
sycophant's  v.  practices,  the  vilest  of  mankind ; 
(colloq.)  abominably  bad,  as  a  v.  pen,  v.  pastry. 


I VINE 

Hence  vi'leLY2  adv.,  vPIoness  n.  [OF  (vil 
vile),  f.  L  vilis] 

vi'lify,  v.t.  Defame,  traduce,  speak  ill  of; 
(rare)  degrade,  debase.  Hence  vIIIfication, 
vi'lifiER l,  nn.    [f.  LL  vilificare  (prec,  -FY)] 

vi -Upend,  v.t.  (literary).  Treat  contemptu- 
ously, disparage,  [f.  L  vilipendere  (as  vile 
+  pendere  weigh)] 

vi'lla,n.  Country  residence;  detached  subur- 
ban house.    [L,= farm-house,  cf.  vicus  village] 

vi'llag-e  (-ij),  n.  Assemblage  of  houses  &c. 
larger  than  hamlet  &  smaller  than  town.  [ME 
&  OF  f.  L  villaticus  of  a  villa  (see  -age)] 

vi'llag-ep,  n.  Inhabitant  of  a  village  (usu. 
implying  rusticity).    [-ER 2] 

vi'llain  (-an),  n.  &  a.  Person  guilty  or  capa- 
ble of  great  wickedness,  scoundrel,  as  has 
played  the  v.,  plays  the  vv.  in  melodramas, 
(colloq.,  playful)  you  little  &c.  v.  (rascal);  (ar- 
chaic) rustic,  boor;  (hist,  also  villein  a.  &  n.) 
feudal  serf,  tenant  holding  by  menial  services, 
so  vi*lla(i>nAGE,  -e(i)nage,  n.;  (adj.)  of,  done 
by,  a  v.,  as  v.  services.  [ME  &  OF  vilein  f.  LL 
villanus  farm-servant  (as  villa,  see  -an)] 

vi'llainous,  a.  Worthy  of  a  villain,  vile, 
wicked,  so  vi'llain  y  2  n. ;  (colloq.)  abominably 
bad,  as  a  v.  scrawl,  style,  hotel.  Hence  vi'l- 
lainousLY  2adv.,  vi'llainousNESs  n.  [-ous] 

villane'lle  (-el),  n.  Form  of  (esp.  French) 
poem  of  19  lines  on  two  rhymes.    [F] 

villeggiatu'ra  (-ejahtooro),  n.  Stay,  retire- 
ment, in  the  country.    [It] 

vi*llus,n.  (pi.  -i).  (Anat)  each  of  the  short  hair- 
like processes  on  some  membranes  esp.  on  mu- 
cous membrane  of  intestine ;  (Bot,  pi.)  long  soft 
hair  covering  fruit,  flower,  &c.  Hence  or  cogn. 
vi'lliFORM,  vi'lloiD,  vi'llosE1,  vi'Uous,  aa., 
villo'SiTY  n.    [L,=shaggy  hair] 

vim,  n.  (colloq.).    Vigour.    [L,  ace.  of  vis] 

vrminal,  a.  (bot).  Of,  producing,  twigs  or 
shoots.  So  vimi'nEOUS  a.  [f.  L  viminalis  (vi- 
men  -minis  twig  f.  viere  twist,  see  -men,  -al)] 

vina'ceous  (-shtts),  a.  Of  wine  or  grapes ; 
wine-red.  [f.  Lvinaceus(vinum  wine, -aceous)] 

vinaigre'tte  (-nigret),  n.  Bottle  for  holding 
aromatic  vinegar  &c,  smelling-bottle.  [F,  dim. 
of  vinaigre  vinegar] 

vi-neible, a.  (rare).  Not  invincible,  [f.  hvin- 
cibilis  (vincere  conquer,  see  -ble)] 

vinculum,  n.  (pi.  -la).  (Alg.)  line  drawn 
over  several  terms  to  show  that  they  have 
a  common  relation  to  what  follows  or  pre. 
cedes  (e.g.  a+bxc=ac+bc,  but  a+bxc=a+bc; 
a-b+c  =  a-b-c);  (Print.)  =  brace  * ;  (Anat.) 
=  fraenum.    [L,  =  bond  (vincere  bind)] 

Wn-cfe-flmes(F),  n.  Elderberry  preparation 
for  giving  rose  tint  to  white  wine.    I?] 

vindicate,  v.t.  Maintain  the  cause  of  (per- 
son, religion,  &c.)  successfully ;  establish  the 
existence  or  merits  or  justice  of  (one's  veracity, 
courage,  conduct,  character,  assertion).  Hence 
or  cogn.  vindieaBi'LiTY,  vi'ndieA'TiON, 
vi'ndieatoR2,  vi'ndieatPESS 1,  nn.,  vi*n- 
dicABLE,  vi'ndieATiVE,  aa.  [f.  L  vindicare, 
OL  also  vindicere  -diet,  (vim  +  dicare  assert, 
proclaim,  dicere  say)  lay  claim  to,  see  ^ate  3] 

vindicatory,  a.  Tending  to  vindicate; 
(of  laws)  punitive,    ^ory] 

vindictive,  a.  Revengeful,  given  to  re- 
venge; v.  (or  exemplary)  damages  (awarded 
as  punishment  to  defendant).  Hence  vin- 
di'etiveLY2  adv.,  vindi'etiveNESS  n.  [al- 
tered f.  vindicative  on  L  vindicta  vengeance 
(vindicere  vindicate)] 

vine,  n.  Climbing  \roody-stemmed  plant 
whose  fruit  is  the  grape  (under  one's  v.  &  fig1- 
tree) ;  any  plant  with  slender  stem  that  trails 


VINEGAR 


VIRGINIA 


or  climbs,  as  hop,  melon,  -v.;  v.-borer,  kinds  of 
insect  destroying  v. ;  v.-disease,  due  to  phyllo- 
xera  &c.  Hence  vi*ny  >  a.  [f.  F  vigne  f.  L 
vinea  vineyard  (vinum  wine,  cf.  Gk  oinos  wine, 
oine  vine,  L  vitis  vine,  viere  twist)] 

vi'negap,  n.,  &  v.t.  Acid  liquid  got  from 
wine,  cider,  &c,  by  acetous  fermentation  & 
used  as  condiment  or  for  pickling  (fig.,  often 
attrib.,as  type  of  sourness, as  a  v.  countenance)', 
aromatic  v.  (holding  camphor  &c.  in  solution); 
mother3  of  v.;  v.-eel;  v.-plant,  microscopic 
fungus  producing  fermentation.  Hence  vi*- 
negrariSH1,  vi'negaPY2,  aa.  (Vb)  apply  v. 
to,  make  sour  like  v.  (lit.  &  fig.).  If.  F  vtnaigre 
(vin  wine  f.  L  vinum  +  aigre,  see  eager)] 

vi'nery  (-erl),  n.    Vine  greenhouse,    [-ery] 

vi'neyard  (-nyerd),  n.  Plantation  of  grape- 
vines,   [vine  +  yard] 

vingt-(et-)un  (F),  n.  Card  game  in  which 
the  object  is  to  reach  the  number  of  21  pips 
without  exceeding  it.    IF,  =  21] 

v-ini-  in  comb.  =  L  wnwmwine,  as:  -culture, 
cultivation  of  vines,  so  -culturist ;  -ferous,  (of 
district)  wine-producing ;  -facteur  (-er),  appa- 
ratus for  making  wine ;  -ficator,  apparatus  for 
collecting  alcoholic  vapours  in  wine-making. 

vino'metep,  n.  Apparatus  for  measuring 
alcohol  in  wine.    [f.  L  vinum  wine  +  -meter] 

vin  ordinaire  (F),  n.  Cheap  (usu.  red)  wine 
as  drunk  in  France  mixed  with  water. 

vi'nous,  a.  Of,  like,  due  to,  wine,  as  v. 
flavour,  fermentation,  eloquence.  So  vino'- 
sity  n.    [f.  L  vinosus  {vinum  wine,  see  -ous)] 

vint,  v.t.    Make  (wine),    [f.  foil.] 

vi*  n tag-e  (-ij ),  n.  Season  of  gathering  grapes ; 
(wine  made  from)  season's  produce  of  grapes  ; 
v.  urines  (of  well-known  vv.) ;  (poet.,  rhet.) 
wine.  [f.  F  vendange  t.  L  vindemia  (vinum 
wine  +  demere  takeaway) ;  altered  on  vintner] 

vi'ntager,  n.    Grape-gatherer.   [prec.-ER1] 

vi'ntnep,  n.  Wine-merchant.  Hence  vi*nt- 
nERY(2)  n.  [f.  F  vinetier  f.  LL  vinetarius 
(vinetum  vineyard  f.  vinum  wine,  see  -ary  *)] 

vi'ol,  n.  Mediaeval  (usu.  6-)stringed  musical 
instrument,  predecessor  of  violin  &c.  (treble, 
tenor,  bass, v.) ;  bassv.  (mod.),  =  violoncfllo ; 
v.  class  of  instruments  (played  with  bow  & 
capable,  from  having  no  frets,  of  continuous 
gradation),  [f.  F  viole  f.  Pr.  viula  f.  LL  vitula, 
etym.  dub.,  cf.  fiddle] 

vi'ola  *  (or  ve),  n.  Kind  of  large  violin,  alto 
or  tenor  violin;  (hist.)  =prec.  (v.  dabraccio,  da 
gamba,  tenor  v.  held  in  arm,  bass  v.  held  be- 
tween legs).    [It.,  as  prec] 

vi'ola2,  n.  Kinds  of  plant  including  pansy, 
esp.  of  single  colour,  &  violet.    [L,  =  violet] 

viola'ceous  (-shws),  a.  Of  violet  colour ;  of 
violet  family,    ff.  L  violaceus  (prec,  -aceous)] 

vrolate,  v.t.  Transgress, infringe, actagainst 
the  dictates  or  requirements  of  (oath,  treaty, 
law,  terms,  conscience ;  treat  profanely  or  with 
disrespect  (sanctuary  &c.) ;  break  in  upon,  dis- 
turb (person's  privacy  &c);  commit  rape  upon, 
ravish.  So  vI'oIable  a.,  vIoIation,  vi'o- 
latOR  2,  nn.    [f.  L  violare  (vis),  see  -ate  3] 

vi'olence,  n.  Quality  of  being  violent ;  vio- 
lent conduct  or  treatment,  outrage,  injury,  as 
was  compelled  to  use  v.,  did  v.  to  (outraged, 
acted  contrary  to)  his  feelings,  our  principles ; 
(Law)  unlawful  exercise  of  physical  force,  in- 
timidation by  exhibition  of  this.  [OF,  f.  L  vio- 
lentia  (as  foil.,  see-ENCE)] 

vi'olent,  a.  Marked  by  great  physical  force, 
as  a  v.  storm,  came  into  v.  collision,  v.  blows ;  v. 
death  (resulting  from  external  force  or  from 
poison,  cf.  natural)  ;  marked  by  unlawful  ex- 
ercise of  force,  as  laid  v.  hands  onhim;  intense, 
vehement,  passionate,  furious,  impetuous,  as 

F.D, 


v.  pain,  sickness,  abuse,  controversy,  discrep- 
ancy, revulsion,  contrast,  dislike,  shock,  apt  to 
Jorm  v.  attachments,  is  of  or  was  in  a  v.  temper ; 
v.  presumption  (law),  one  resting  on  almost 
conclusive  evidence.  Hence  vi'olentL Y  2  adv. 
[OF,  f.  L  violentus  (vis,  -lent)] 

vi-olet,  n.  &  a.  Kinds  of  plant  chiefly  of  genus 
viola,  with  blue,  purple,  white,  or  other  flowers, 
as  common  blue  v.,  sweet  v.,  dog-v.;  (of)  the  co- 
lour seen  at  end  of  spectrum  opposite  red,  pro- 
duced by  slight  admixture  of  red  with  blue, 
so  violE 'scent  a.;  kinds  of  v.  butterfly;  v. 
powder,  toilet  powder  scented  with  orris  or 
other  perfume ;  v.-wood,  myall  &  other  kinds. 
[F,  dim.  of  viole  f.  L  viola2] 

violi'n1,  n.  Modern  4-stringed  instrument 
of  viol  class  held  in  left  arm  &  played  with  bow ; 
(also  violi'niSTn.)  player  on  v.,  as  first,  second, 
v.  (in  orchestra);  keyed  v.,  instrument  like  piano 
but  with  strings  vibrated  by  small  bows.  [f.  It. 
violino  dim.  of  viola1] 

vl'olln2,  n.  Emetic  substance  contained  in 
sweet  violet,    ff.  viola  2  +  -in] 

vrolist,  n.    Performer  on  viol(a).    J-ist] 

violonce'llo  (ve-,  -tshe-),  n.  (usu.  abbr.  'cello). 
Bass  violin, 4-stringed  instrumentheld  between 

Flayer's  knees.  Hence  violonce*lliST<3)  n. 
It.,  dim.  of  violone  large  viol  (viola1,  see  -oon)] 

vi'pep,  n.  Kinds  of  venomous  snake  esp. 
common  v.,  adder,  the  only  poisonous  snake  in 
Gt  Britain  ;  (flg.)  malignant  or  treacherous  per- 
son. Hence  or  cogn.  vPperiFORM,  vi'pep- 
ine  i,  vi'pepisH  J  (flg.),  vi'pepoiD,  vi'pepous 
(flg.),  aa.  [f.  OF  vipere  f.  L  vipera,  perh.  as  vi- 
viparous] 

vipa'go,  n.  Turbulent  woman,  termagant ; 
(archaic)  woman  of  masculine  strength  or  spirit. 
[L,  =  female  warrior  (vir  man)] 

vi'pelay,  n.  Kinds  of  (esp.  old  French)  poem 
with  two  rhymes  to  a  stanza  variously  arranged, 
[f.  OF  virelai  (virer  turn,  veer,+  lai  lay  *)\ 

vire'seenee.n.  Greenness ;  (Bot.)  abnormal 
greenness  in  petals  &c.  normally  of  some  bright 
colour.  So  vire'seENT  a.  [f.  L  virescere  be- 
come green  (vir ere  be  green,  see  -escent,  -ence)] 

viP'grate1,  a.  (nat.  hist).  Slim,  straight,  & 
erect,    [f.  L  virgatus  rod-like  (virga  rod,  -ate  2)] 

vip'grate2,  n.  (hist.).  A  varying  measure  of 
land.  [f.  L  virga  rod,  (LL)  measure  of  land,  -r 
-ate1,  cf.  vergee] 

Virgri'lian,  a.  Of,  in  the  style  of,  the  Roman 
poet  Virgil  (d.  19  B.C.).    [-ian] 

vip'gin,  n.  &  a.  Woman  who  has  had  no  car- 
nal knowledge  of  man,  maid,  whence  or  cogn. 
vir'ginHOOD,vIi»firi*nrTY,nn.;  member  of  any 
order  of  women  under  a  vow  to  remain  vv.;  the 
(Blessed)  V.  (Mary)  (abbr.  B.  V.M.),  mother  of 
Christ;  picture,  statue,  of  the  RV.M.;  female 
insect  producing  eggs  without  impregnation  ; 
(Astr.,  V-)  =  virgo  ;  v.'s-bower,  =  traveller's 
joy.  (Adj.)  that  is  a  v.;  of,  befitting,  a  v.,  as  v. 
modesty ;  undeflled,  spotless ;  not  yet  used  or 
tried,  as  v.  soil,  v.  clay  (not  flred);  (of  insect) 
producing  eggs  without  impregnation  ;  v.  comb 
(that  has  been  used  only  once  for  honey  &  never 
for  brood);  v.  honey  (taken  from  v.  comb,  also, 
drained  from  comb  without  heat  or  pressure) ; 
v.  queen,  unfertilized  queen  bee,  (V.Q.)  Queen 
Elizabeth,  [f.  OF  virgine  f.  L  virginem,  nom. 
-go,  etym.  dub.] 

vip'glnal,  a.  &  n.  (Archaic)  that  is  or  befits 
or  belongs  to  a  virgin,  whence  vIP'ginalLY  - 
adv.;  (n.,  hist.;  also  vv.,  pair  ofvv.)  square  leg- 
less spinet  used  in  16th-17th  cc.  [(adj.)  OF,  f. 
L  virginalis  (as  prec,  see  -al);  n.  perh.  f.  use 
by  young  women] 

Virgi'nia,  n.  One  of  the  U.S.;  tobacco  from 
V.;  V.  creeper,  a  woody  vine  cultivated  for  or- 


VIROO 8 

nament.  Hence  Vipgi'niAN  a.  &  n.  [f.  vir- 
gin (Queen)  + -ia  J] 

VlPfiTO,  n.  Sixth  zodiacal  sign ;  a  constella- 
tion.   I  L,=  virgin] 

viride'seent,  a.  Greenish,  tending  to  be- 
come green.  Hence  vipide'scENCE  n.  [f.  LL 
viridescere  (viridis  green,  see  -escent)] 

vipi'dlty,  n.  Greenness,  esp.  of  oysters  &c. 
after  feeding  on  certain  vegetable  organisms, 
[f.  L  viriditas  {viridis  green,  see  -ty)] 

vi'Pile  (also  vir-),  a.  Of  man  as  opp.  to  woman 
or  child;  of,  having,  procreative  power;  (of 
mind,  character,  literary  style,  &c.)  having 
masculine  vigour  or  strength.  So  vIpI'Iity  n. 
[OF  (-il,  -He),  f.  L  virilis  (vir  man,  cogn.  w.  OE 
wer,  ON  verr,  see  -ile)1 

virile'seent,  a.  (Of  female  animal)  assum- 
ing in  advanced  age  some  male  characteristics. 
So  virile'scENCE  n.    [f.  L  as  prec,  -escent] 

vipo'le,  n.  =  ferrule.  [OF,  f.  L  as  ferrule] 

vfp'ose,  a.  Poisonous,  full  of  virus,  so  vip*- 
ous  a.;  (Bot.)  having  fetid  smell,  [f.  L  virosus 
(virus,  see-osE1)] 

virtu*  (-00),  n.  Love  of  fine  arts;  articles 
ofv.  (interesting  from  workmanship,  antiquity, 
rarity,  &c).     [f.  It.  virtit,  virtue,  virtu] 

vip'tual,  a.  That  is  such  for  practical  pur- 
poses though  not  in  name  or  according  to  strict 
definition,  as  is  the  v.  manager  of  the  business, 
take  this  as  a  v.  promise,  constitutes  a  v.  excul- 
pation; v.  focus  (optics),  point  at  which  the 
lines  of  a  pencil  of  rays  would  meet  if  produced ; 
v.  velocity  or  displacement,  infinitesimal  dis- 
placement of  the  point  of  application  of  a  force 
measured  in  the  direction  of  that  force.  Hence 
viPtua'liTV  n.,  vlPtualLY5*  adv.  [f.  med.L 
virtualis  (irreg.  as  foil.,  see  -al)1 

vip*tue  (-u),  n.  Moral  excellence,  upright- 
ness, goodness,  as  v.  is  its  own  reward,  make  a 
v.  of  necessity,  feign  alacrity  or  sense  of  duty 
while  acting  under  compulsion ;  particular 
moral  excellence,  as  patience  is  a  v.,  she  has 
eoery  v.,  the  (seven)  cardinal  'vv.  (natural  vv., 
justice,  prudence,  temperance,  fortitude,  theo- 
logical vv.,  faith,  hope,  charity);  chastity  esp. 
of  women,  as  a  woman  ofv.;  good  quality,  as 
has  the  v.  of  being  adjustable,  of  resisting  tem- 
perature ;  inherent  power,  efficacy,  as  no  v.  in 
such  drugs ;  (pi.) seventh  order1  of  angels ;  by 
or  inv.  of,  on  the  strength  of,  on  the  ground  of, 
as  claims  it  in  v.  of  his  long  service,  xs  entitled 
to  it  by  v.  of  his  prerogative.  Hence  vip'tue- 
less  a.  [f.  F  vertu  f.  L  virtutem  nom.  -tus  (vir, 
see  virile)] 

viPtud'so,  n.  (pi.  -i,  pron.  -e).  Person  with 
special  knowledge  of  or  taste  for  worksof  art  or 
virtu ;  person  skilled  in  the  mechanical  part 
of  a  fine  art.  Hence  virtuo'siTY,  virtuo'so- 
ship,  nn.    [It.  (as  virtu,  see  -ose1)] 

vip'tuous,  a.  Possessing,  showing,  moral 
rectitude;  chaste.  Hence vip*tuousLY2adv., 
vip'tuousxEss  n.  [f.  OF  vertuous  f.  LL  vir- 
tuosus  for -tutosus  (as  virtue,  see  -ous)] 

vi'pulent  (u-,  -do-),  a.  Poisonous ;  caused 
by  or  containing  virus,  as  v.  ulcer,  so  [irreg.] 
vipuli'FEROUS  a.  (med). ;  malignant,  bitter, 
as  v.  animosity,  tone,  abuse.  Hence  or  cogn. 
vI'puIence  n.,  vi*pulentLY2  adv.  [F,  f.  L 
tirulentus  (foil.,  see  -lent)] 

vip'us,  n.  Morbid  poison,  poison  of  contagi- 
ous disease,  as  smallpox  v. ;  (fig.)  moral  poison; 
(fig.)  malignity,  acrimony.  [L,  =  poison,  cf.  Gk 
ios,  Skr.  visham] 

vis,  n.  (mech.).  V.  inertiac  ;  v.  mor'tua, 
force  that  does  no  work,  dead  force  ;  v.  vi'va, 
living  force  (=  mass  x  square  of  velocity)  of 
living  body.    [L,  =  force] 

visa.    See  vise  (etym.). 


4 VISIT 

vi'sag-e  (zij),  n.  (now  chiefly  literary).  Face, 
countenance.  Hence  -visa&ED  a.  IOF,  f.  L 
visuslook.  (videre  vis-  see),  see  -age] 

visapd.    See  visor. 

vis-a-vis  (ve*zahve"),  adv.  &  n.  In  a  position 
facing  one  another;  opposite  to.  (N.)  person 
facing  another  esp.  in  some  dances ;  kinds  of 
carriage  &  couch  in  or  on  which  persons  sit  fac- 
ing each  other.  [F,  =  face  to  face  (vis  face  f.  L 
as  visage)] 

visca'cha,  viz-  (-tsha),  n.  S.-Amer.  burrow- 
ing rodent  with  valuable  fur.    [of  native  orig.] 

vi'seera,  n.  pi.    The  interior  organs  in  the 

f:reat  cavities  of  the  body  (e.  g.  brain,  heart, 
iver),  esp.  in  the  abdomen  (e.  g.  the  intestines). 
Hence  vi'scePAL  a.,  viscepi-,  viseero , 
comb,  forms.    [L,  pi.  of  viscus  -eris] 

vi'scepate,v.t.    Disembowel,   [prec, -ate a] 

vi*seid,a.  Sticky ;  semifluid.  Sovisei'diTY 
n.  [f.  L  viscidus  (viscum  mistletoe,  birdlime, 
cf.  Gk  ixos,  &  see  -id  *)] 

vi'scin,  n.  Sticky  substance  got  from  mistle- 
toe &  used  in  birdlime,    [f.  viscum,  prec,  -in] 

vised'sity,  n.  Stickiness ;  (Physics,  of  fluids, 
semifluids,  &  gases)  internal  friction,  power  of 
resisting  a  change  in  the  arrangement  of  the 
molecules,  whence  vIsccmeter,  viseo'Mi: 
try,  viscosi'METER,  nn.  [f.  F  viscosiU  (as 
viscous,  see  -ty)] 

vis'count,  n.  Noble  ranking  between  earl 
&  baron  (esp.  as  courtesy  title  of  earl's  eldest 
son).  Hence  or  cogn.  vis'countcv,  vis*- 
countESS »,  vis'countsmp  or  vis'eountv*, 
nn.    [f.  OF  viscomte  (vice-  +  comte  count 3)] 

vi'scous,  a.  Sticky ;  (Physics)  having  vis- 
cosity. Hence  vI'scousness  n.  If.  LL  visco- 
sus  (as  viscid,  see  -ous)] 

vis£  (ve'za),  n., &  v.t.  (visid  or -e"d).  Indorse- 
ment on  passport  &c.  showing  that  it  has  been 
found  correct ;  (vb)  mark  with  v.  [p.p.  of  F 
viser  inspect  f.  L  videre  vis-  see ;  F  has  visa  n.] 

vi'sible  (-z-),  a.  That  can  be  seen  by  the  eye; 
that  can  be  perceived  or  ascertained,  apparent, 
open,  as  has  no  v.  means  of  support,  spoke  xcith 
v.  impatience ;  the  v.  church,  whole  body  of 
professed  believers ;  v.  horizon,  the  line  that 
bounds  sight ;  v.  speech,  system  of  alphabeti- 
cal characters  designed  to  represent  all  possible 
articulate  utterances.  Hence  or  cogn.  visiBi  - 
lity,  vi'sibleNESS,  nn-.v^sibLY^adv.  [OF, 
f.  LL  visibilis  (videre  vis-  see,  see  -ble)] 

vi'sion  (-zhn),  n.,  &  v.t.  Act  or  faculty  of 
seeing,  sight , as  beyond  our  v.,  has  impaired  his 
v.,  the  field  ofv.,  all  that  comes  into  view  when 
the  eyes  are  turned  in  some  direction,  reflected, 
refracted,  v.  (as  affected  by  reflected,  refracted, 
rays  of  light) ;  thing  seen  in  dream  or  trance ; 
supernatural  or  propheticapparition, phantom; 
thing  seen  in  the  imagination,  as  romantic  vv. 
of  youth,  had  vv.  of  roast  beef  &  plum-pudding; 
(vb)  see,  present,  (as)  in  a  v.  [( vb  f.  n.)  OF,  f.  L 
visionem  (videre  vis-  see,  see  -ion)] 

vi'sionapy,  a.  &  n.  Given  to  seeing  visions 
or  to  indulging  in  fanciful  theories;  existing 
only  in  a  vision  or  in  the  imagination,  imagin- 
ary, fanciful,  unpractical ;  (n.,  also  vi'sionisi' 
n.)  v.  person.  Hence  or  cogn.  vl'sionAL  a., 
vI*sionalLY2adv.,vi'sionapiNESsn.  [-ary1] 

vi'sit  (-z-),  v.t,  &  n.  Go,  come,  to  see  (person, 
place,  &c,  or  abs.)  as  act  of  friendship  or  cere- 
mony, on  business,  or  from  curiosity,  as  hare 
never  visited  us,  had  no  time  to  v.  the  Tower, 
hope  to  v.  Rome ;  go,  come,  to  see  for  purpose 
of  official  inspection  or  supervision  or  correc- 
tion; (of  disease,  calamity,  &c.)  come  upon, 
attack;  (bibl.)  punish  (person,  sin),  comfort, 
bless,  (person  with  salvation  &c).  (N.)  call  on 
a  person  or  at  a  place,  temporary  residence 


VISITANT 


995 


VIVANDI&RE 


with  person  or  at  place,  as  was  on  a  v.  to  some 
friends,  paid  him  a  long  v.,  during  his  second 
v.  to  the  East ;  formal  or  official  call  for  pur- 
pose of  inspection  &c,  as  domiciliary  v.,  right 
of  v.  (see  visitation).  Hence  vi'sitABLE  a. 
[(n.  f.  F  visile)  f.  OF  visiter  f.  L  visitare  fre- 
quent, of  visere  f.  videre  vis-  see] 

vi'sitant, a.  &  n.  (Adj.,  poet.)  visiting.  (N.) 
migratory  bird;  (poet.,  rhet.)  visitor;  (V-) 
member  of  an  order  of  nuns  concerned  with 
education  of  young  girls,    [f.  L  as  prec,  -ant] 

visitation,  n.  Official  visit  of  inspection 
or  the  like  esp.  bishop's  examination  of  the 
churches  of  his  diocese  ;  boarding  of  vessel  be- 
longing to  another  State  to  learn  ner  character 
&  purpose  (right  of  v.  or  visit,  right  to  do  this, 
not  including  right  of  search) ;  divine  dispensa- 
tion of  punishment  or  reward,  notable  experi- 
ence compared  to  this ;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  festival  in 
honour  of  visit  of  B.  V.M.  to  Elizabeth  (Luke  i. 
39) ;  (Zool.)  unusual  &  large  migration  of  ani- 
mals; Nuns  of  the  V.,  =  visitant*  ;  V.  of  the 
Sick,  office  of  Anglican  Church.  [OF,  f.  LL 
visitationem  (as  visit,  see  -ation)] 

vi'siting,  n.  Paying  visits,  making  calls; 
have  a  v.  acquaintance  with,  be  on  v.  terms  with, 
know  well  enough  to  v.;  v.-boofc  (for  names  of 
persons  to  be  called  upon) ;  v.-card,  small  card 
with  one's  name,  address,  &c,  left  in  making 
call  &c.    1-ing1] 

vi'sitop,  n.  One  who  visits  a  person  or  place ; 
one  who  visits  officially,  whence  or  cogn.  visi- 
Kat)oiriAL  aa. ;  visitors'  book,  book  in  hotel, 
boarding-house,&c.,in  which  v  v.  write  remarks. 
If.  F  visiteur f.LL  visitatorem  (as  visit,  see  -or2)] 

vi'sop  (z-),  -zor,  vi'sapd  (-z-),  -zard,  n. 
(Hist.)  movable  part  of  helmet  covering  face ; 
projecting  front  part  of  cap;  (hist.)  mask.  Hence 
vi'soPED  2,  vI'sopless,  aa.  [ME  &  AF  visere 
f.  OF  visiere  (vis  face,  see  vis-a-vis  &  -ary  ])] 

vi'sta,  n.  Long  narrow  view  as  between  rows 
of  trees ;  long  succession  of  remembered  or  anti- 
cipated events  &c,  mental  prospect  or  retro- 
spect, as  opened  up  new  vv.  or  a  new  v.  to  his 
ambition,  searched  the  dim  v.  of  his  childhood. 
HencevI*sta'd[-ED2]a.  [It.,  =  sight,  n.  &fem. 
p.p.  of  vedere  see  f.  L  videre] 

vi'sual  (-zhyoo-  or  -zu-),  a.  Of,  concerned 
with,  used  in,  seeing,  as  v.  nerve,  organ,  v.  angle 
(formed  at  the  eye  by  rays  from  the  extremities 
of  an  object  viewed),  v.  field  (of  vision),  v.  rays, 
lines  of  light  supposed  to  come  from  object  to 
eye,  v.  point,  point  in  the  horizontal  line  in 
which  the  v.  rays  unite.  Hence  visua'liTY  n., 
vi'sualLY  2  adv.  [OF,  f.  LL  visualis  (visus  -us 
sight  f.  videre  see,  see  -al)J 

vi'sualize,  v.t  Make  visible  to  the  eye,  give 
outward  &  visible  form  to,  (mental  image,  idea, 
&c);  call  up  distinct  mental  picture  of  (thing 
imagined  or  formerly  seen,  or  abs.).  Hence 
visualizATiON  n.    [-ize] 

vital,  a.  &  n.  Of,  concerned  with  or  essential 
to,  organic  life,  as  v.  energies,  functions,  v. 
power  (to  sustain  life),  wounded  in  a  v.  part ; 
essential  to  existence  or  to  the  matter  in  hand, 
as  a  v.  question,  question  of  v.  importance,  se- 
crecy is  v.  to  the  success  of  the  scheme ;  affecting 
life,  fatal  to  life  or  to  success  &c,  as  a  v.  wound, 
error;  v.  centre  (med.),  part  in  which  wound 
appears  to  be  instantly  fatal,  esp.  respiratory 
nerve-centre  in  medulla  oblongata ;  v.  force  or 
principle  (assumed  to  account  Tor  organic  life); 
v.  statistics  (of  birth,  marriage,  death,  &c). 
Hence  vi'talLY 2adv.  (N. pi.)  v.  parts, e.g.  lungs, 
heart,  brain.  [OF,  f.  L  vitalis  (vita  life,  cogn. 
w.  vivere  live  &  Gk  bios  life,  see  -al)] 

vitaUsm,  n.  (biol.).  Doctrine  that  life  ori- 
ginates in  a  vital  principle  distinct  from  chemi- 


cal &  other  physical  forces.  So  vitalisr  n., 
vitali'stic  a.    [ism] 

vita'lity,  n.  Vital  power,  ability  to  sustain 
life;  (fig.,  of  institution,  language,  &c.)  ability 
to  endure  &  to  perform  its  functions,  [f.  L 
vitalitas  (as  vital,  see  -ty)] 

vitalize,  v.t  Endow  with  life  (lit.  &  fig.), 
animate,    [-ize] 

vite'llin,  n.  (chem.).  Chief  proteid  constitu- 
ent of  yolk  of  egg.    [f.  foil.  +  -in] 

vite'llus,  n.  (pl.-i).  Yolk  of  egg,  protoplasmic 
contents  of  ovum.  Hence  vitellARY l,  vite'l- 
liNEJ.aa.,  vitolli-,  vitello-,  comb,  forms.  [L,= 
yolk,  little  calf,  dim.  of  vitulus  calf  J 

viti-  in  comb.  =  L  vitis  vine,  as :  -cide,  insect 
&c.  destructive  to  vines;  -colons,  living  on 
vines ;  -culture,  grape-growing,  so -cwltural  a., 
cu'ltur(al)ist  nn. 

vitiate  (-shT-),  v.t.  Impair  the  quality  of, 
corrupt,  debase,  contaminate,  as  constitution 
vitiated  by  excess,  vitiated  air,  blood,  mind, 
judgment;  make  invalid  or  ineffectual,  as  a 
word  may  v.  a  contract.  So  viti  a  tion,  vi  ti- 
atOR2,  nn.    [f.  L  vitiare  (as  vice  *),  see  -ate  s] 

vitpeous,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  glass ;  like 
glass  in  hardness,  brittleness,  transparency, 
structure,  &c;  v.  body  or  humour,  transparent 
jelly-like  tissue  filling  ball  of  eye ;  v.  electri- 
city. Hence  or  cogn.  vltpeo 'sit  Y.vi'tPeous- 
ness,  vitPe'seENCE,  nn.,  vitPE'scENT  a.  [f.  L 
vitreus  (vitrum  glass,  perh.  f.  videre  see)  +  -ous] 

vitrie,  a.  &  n.  Of  or  like  glass,  so  vitrlFORM 
a. ;  (n.  pi.)  glass  &  glassy  materials,  study  of 
glass-manufacture,    [f.  L  vitrum  glass  +  -ic] 

vitrify,  v.t.  &  i.  Convert,  be  converted,  into 
glass  or  glass-like  substance.    Hence  or  cogn. 

VltPiFA'CTION,  VitPiflaBI'LITY,  VitPiFIC AC- 
TION, nn.,  vi*tPifiABLE  a,  [f.  F  vitrifier  (as 
prec,  see  -FY)] 

vitriol,  n.  Sulphuric  acid  or  any  of  its  salts ; 
(fig.)  caustic  speech,  criticism,  &c;  black  v.,  im- 
pure copper  sulphate ;  blue  or  copper  v.,  copper 
sulphate ;  oil  of  v.,  concentrated  sulphuric  acid ; 
v.-throwing,  throwing  v.  in  person's  face  as  act 
of  vengeance  &c.  Hence  vltpid'lic,  vitriol- 
ine1,  aa.  [ME  &  OF,  f.  med.L  vitriolus,  neut. 
adj.  as  n.,  aim.  f.  L  as  vitreous] 

vitpiolize,  v.t.  Convert  into  a  sulphate,  so 
vi'tPiolATES  v.t,  vitpiolATioN  n. ;  poison, 
burn,  with  vitriol.  Hence  vitPiolizABLE  a., 
vitriolizATioN  n.    [-ize] 

VitPU*vian,  a.  Of  Vitruvius,  Roman  archi- 
tect of  the  Augustan  age;  V.  scroll,  scroll 
pattern  in  frieze  decorations  &c.    [-an] 

vitta,  n.  (pi.  -ae).  (Rom.  Ant.)  fillet,  garland,, 
as  decoration  of  priest,  victim,statue,&c;  lappet 
of  mitre ;  (Bot.)  oil- tube  in  fruit  of  some  plants ; 
(Zool.)  strips  of  colour.   So  vi'tt ate  2  a.   [L] 

vitulap(y),  aa.  Of  calves;  calf-like;  e. 
apoplexy  or  fever  (of  cow  in  parturition).  So 
vi'tuliNE  la,    [f.  L  vitulus  calf  +  -ar(  y)  *] 

vitu'perate,  v.t.  Revile,  abuse.  Hence  or 
cogn.  vitupePA'TiON,  vitu'pepatOR -,  nn., 
vitu'pepativE  a.,  vitvrpepativeLv2  adv. 
[f.  L  vituperare  (vitu-  cogn.  w.  vitium  vice  + 
parare  prepare),  see  -ate  a] 

viva  *  (ve'vah),  int.  &  n.  (The  cry)  long  live  — . 
[It.,  3rd  pers.  imperat.  of  vivere  live,  cf.  vivat] 

viva2.    See  viva  voce. 

vivace  (vevalrtsha),  adv.  (mus.).  In  a  lively 
manner.    [It] 

viva'cious,  a.  Lively,  sprightly,  animated, 
whence  or  cogn.  viva'ciousLY  2adv.,  viva*- 
city  n. ;  (Bot)  tenacious  of  life.surviving  winter, 
perennial,     [f.  L  vivax  (vivere  live,  -acious)] 

vivandlere  (F),  n.  Woman  attached  to  con- 
tinental esp.  French  regiment  &  selling  pro- 
visions &  liquor. 


VIVARIUM 


VOID 


&ie,  zoological  garaen  or  tne  nice,     lij  \vivus, 

3e  VIVIFY  SC  -ARIUM)J 

vf 'vat,  int.  &  n.    (The  cry)  long  live,  as  v.  rex, 
egina,  long  live  the  king,  queen.    [L,  3rd  sing. 


vivap'ium,  n.  (pi.  -ia).  Place  artificially  pre- 
pared for  keeping  animals  in  their  natural 
state,  zoological  garden  or  the  like.  [L  (vivus, 
see  vivify  &  -ARIUM)" 

VI 

re 

suhj.  of  vivete  live] 

viva  vd'ee,  adv.,  a.,  &  n.  Oral(ly) ;  (n.,  col- 
loq . ,  also  viva)  oral  examination.  [L,  =  with  the 
living  voice] 

vive  (vev),  int.  Long  live,  as  v.  le  roi  (the 
king),  qui  vive.  [F,  3rd  sing,  imperat.  of  vivre 
live  f.  L  vivere\ 

vives,  n.  An  ear  disease  esp.  of  young  horses 
at  grass,  [f.  OF  avives  f.  Sp.  avivas  f.  Arab. 
addhiba  (al  the  +  dhiba  she-wolf)J 

vi'vid,  a.  (Of  light  or  colour)  bright,  intense, 
glaring,  as  v.  flash  of  lightning,  of  a  v.  green  ; 
(of  mental  faculty  or  impression)  clear,  vigor- 
ous, strongly  marked,  as  has  a  v.  imagination, 
gave  a  v.  description,  have  a  v.  recollection  of 
the  scene.  Hence  vi'vidLY  2  adv.,  vi'vidNESS 
n.    [f.  L  vividus  (vivere  live,  see  -id1)] 

vi'vify-,  v.t.  Give  life  to,  enliven,  animate, 
(chiefly  fig.),  [f.  F  vivifier  f.  LL  vivijicare  (vi- 
vus living  f.  vivere  live,  see  -FY)] 

vi vi'papous,  a.  (Zool. )  bringing  forth  young 
alive,  not  hatching  by  means  of  egg,  (cf.  ovipa- 
rous) ;  (Bot. )  producing  bulbs  or  seeds  that  ger- 
minate while  still  attached  to  parent  plant. 
Hence  vlvipa'PiTY,  vivi'parousNESS,  nn., 
vivi'paPOUSLY  2  adv.  [f.  LL  viviparus  (vivus, 
see  prec,  +  parere  bring  forth)  +  -ous] 

vi'visect,  v.t.  Dissect  (animal,  or  abs.) 
while  living,    [f.  foil.] 

vivisection,  n.  Dissection  of  or  (loosely)  in- 
oculation or  other  experiment  practised  upon 
living  animals.  Hence  vivise'etionAL  a., 
vivise*ctioni8T(2,  3),  vPviseetOR  2,  nn.  [F, 
f.  L  vivus,  see  vivify,  +  section] 

vtvo  (ve-),  adv.  (mus.).    =  vivace.    [It] 

vi'xen,  n.  She-fox;  quarrelsome  woman, 
termagant.  Hence  vi'xeniSH1,  vi'xenLY1, 
aa.    [OE  Jixen,  f  em.  of  fox,  cf .  G  fiichsin) 

viz.    See  videlicet. 

vizard.    See  visor. 

vizcacha.    See  viscacha. 

vizi(e)p*  (-zer),  n.  High  official,  esp.  State 
minister,  in  Mohammedan  countries ;  grand  v., 
prime  minister  in  Turkish  empire  &  other  coun- 
tries. Hence  vizi(e)p*ATE  ](1),  vizi(e)p*SHiP, 
nn. ,  vizl(e)p*i al  a.  [f.  Arab,  wazir  counsellor, 
orig.  porter  (wazara  bear  burden)] 

Vlaeh  (-ahk, -ak),  a.  &  n.   Wallachian.  [Boh.] 

vo'cable,  n.  Word,  esp.  w.  ref.  to  form  ra- 
ther than  meaning.  [F,  f.  L  vocabulum  (vocare 
call,  cogn.  w.  vox  vocis  voice)] 

voca-bulary,  n.  (List,  arranged  alphabeti- 
cally with  definitions,)  of  the  (principal)  words 
used  in  a  language  or  usu.  in  a  particular  book 
or  branch  of  science  &c,  or  by  a  particular 
author,  as  a  Livy  with  notes  &  v.,  a  word  not 
found  in  the  Chaucerian  v.,  the  ever-increasing 
scienti/w  v.,  his  v.  (range  of  language)  is  limited. 
[f.  F  vocabulaire  (as  prec,  -ary1)] 

vo'cal,  a.  &  n.  Or,  concerned  with,  uttered 
by,  the  voice,  as  a  v.  communication,  v.  auscul- 
tation (of  the  sounds  of  the  voice  as  heard 
through  walls  of  chest),  v.  cords,  folds  of  lining 
membrane  of  larynx  about  the  opening  of  the 
glottis,  v.  music  (written  for  or  produced*  by 
the  voice  with  or  without  accompaniment),  v. 
thHll  or  fremitus,  vibration  of  wall  of  chest  in 
audible  speech ;  (poet,  of  trees,  water,  &c.) en- 
dowed (as)  with  a  voice  ;  (Phonet)  voiced,  so- 
nant(also)  of  vowel  character.  Hence  or  cogn. 
voca-liTY  n.,  vo*calLY2  adv.  (N.)  vowel, 
whence  voca'lic  a.;  (R.-C.  Ch.)  person  entitled 


to  vote  in  certain  elections.  [F,  f.  L  vocalis  (as 
voice,  see  -al)] 

vo'calism,  n.  Use  of  voice  in  speaking  or 
singing ;  vowel  sound,    [f.  F  \ocx\Asme  (ism)] 

vo'calist,  n.  Singer  (opp.  to  instrumental- 
ist),   [f.  F  xocAiAste  (-1ST)] 

vo*calize,v.t  &  L  Form  (sound),utter  (word), 
with  the  voice,  esp.  make  sonant,  as  f  is  vocal- 
ized into  v;  write  (Hebrew  &c.)  with  vowel 
points;  (facet.)  speak,  sing,  hum,  shout,  &c. 
So  vocalizATiON  n.    [f.  F  vocALiser  (-ize)] 

voea'tion,  n.  Divine  call  to,  sense  of  fitness 
for,  a  career  or  occupation,  as  felt  no  v.  (for  the 
ministry),  has  never  had  the  sense  of  v.,  little 
or  no  v.  to  literature;  employment,  trade, 
profession,  as  mechanical  vv.,  all  vv.  are  over- 
crowded,mistook  his  (chose  the  wrong)  v.  Hence 
voca'tion  al  a.,  vocational  l  y  2  adv.  [F,  f. 
L  vocationem  (vocare,  see  vocable  &  -ation)] 

vd'cative,  a.  &  n.  (gram.).  (Case)  employed 
in  addressing  person  or  thing.  [F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L 
vocativus  (vocare,  see  vocable  &  -ative)] 

voei'fepate,  v.t.  Utter  (words  &c.  or  abs.) 
noisily,  shout,  bawl.  Hence  or  cogn.  voei*- 
fePANCE  (rare),  vocifePATiON,  voei'fepat- 
or2,  nn.,  voci*fePANT(l)  a.  &  n.  If.  L  voci- 
ferari  (as  voice  +  ferre  bear)] 

voerfepous,  a.  (Of  person,  speech,&c.)  noisy, 
clamorous.  Hence  voei'fepousLY2  adv.,  vo- 
ci'fePOUSNESS  n.    [f.  prec.  +  -ous] 

vo'dka,  n.  Kind  of  fiery  brandy  distilled 
from  rye  &c.  &  drunk  in  Russia.    [Russ.1 

voe,  n.  (Shetland).  Small  bay,  creek,  [f .  ON 
vagr,  vo-] 

vogue  (vog),  n.,  &  v.i.  (Now  chiefly  literary) 
the  prevailing  fashion,  as  the  v.  of  large  hats, 
large  hats  are  the  v. ;  popular  use  or  recep- 
tion, as  has  had  a  great  v.;  in  v.,  in  fashion, 
generally  current ;  (vb)  v.  la  galere  (ar),  here 
goes  (lit.  let  the  galley  set  forth).  [F,  orig.= 
sway,  f.  voguer  set  sail  f.  It.  vogare  row  in  gal- 
ley f.  G  wogen  fluctuate,  cogn.  w.  weigh] 

voice,  n.,  &  v.t  Sound  uttered  by  the  mouth, 
esp.-  human  utterance  in  speaking,  shouting, 
singing,  &c,  as  heard  a  v.,  did  not  recognize 
his  v.,  cried  out  in  a  loud  v.,  has  lost  her  (esp. 
singing-)  v.,  is  not  in  v.  (proper  vocal  condition 
for  singing  or  speaking),  chest,  head  1,  -v.,  the 
v.  of  the  cuckoo,  veiled  v.  (due  to  malformation 
&c),  (fig.)  sea,  storm,  lifts  up  its  v.,  whence 
-voiced2  a.;  use  of  the  v.,  utterance  esp.  in 
spoken  or  (fig.)  written  words,  opinion  so  ex- 
pressed, right  to  express  opinion,  as  gave  v.  to 
his  indignation  in  a  pamphlet,  dog  gave  v.  to 
his. joy,  took  it  (natural  phenomenon,  calamity, 
popular  outcry,  &c.)  for  the  v.  (expression  of 
the  will,  resentment,  &c.)  of  God,  I  count  on 
your  v.  (spoken  or  written  support),  /  have  no 
v.  in  the  matter,  refused  with  one  v.  (unani- 
mously), (archaic,  rhet)  my  v.  is  for  peace; 
(Phonet)  sound  uttered  with  resonance  of  vo- 
cal chords,  not  with  mere  breath ;  (Gram.)  set 
of  forms  of  a  verb  showing  relation  of  the  sub- 
ject to  the  action,  as  active,  passive,  middle1, 
v.  ( Vb)  give  utterance  to,  express,  as  was 
chosen  to  v.  their  grievance,  believe  lam  voicing 
the  general  sentiment  when  I  say  ;  (Mus.)  regu- 
late tones  of,  tune,  (organ  &c.) ;  (Phonet)  utter 
with  v.,  make  sonant,  (esp.  in  p.p.).  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  OF  vois  f.  L  vocem,  nom.  vox,  cogn.  w.  Gk 
epos  word] 

voi'eeful,  a.  (poet).    Sonorous,    [ful] 

voi'celess,  a.  Speechless,  dumb,  mute ; 
(Phonet.)  not  voiced.    Hence  voi'celessNESS 


n.    [-less] 
vole' 


d,  a.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Empty,  vacant,  as  a  v. 
space,  interval ;  (of  office)  vacant,  as  bishopric 
fell  v.;  (esp.  Law,  of  deed,  promise,  contract 


VOIDANCE 


997 


VOLUNTARY 


&c.)  invalid,  not  binding,  as  null  &  v.;  (poet., 
rhet.)  ineffectual,  useless;  v.  of  lacking,  free 
from,  as  a  proposal  wholly  v.  of  sense,  his  style 
is  v.  of  affectation.  Hence  voi'dLY2  adv., 
voi'dNESS  n.  (N.)  empty  space,  as  vanished 
into  the  v.,  (fig.)  the  aching  v.  of  his  heart,  can- 
not fill  the  v.  made  by  death.  (Vb)  render  in- 
valid; emit  (excrement  &c);  (archaic)  quit, 
evacuate.  Hence  voi'dABLE  a.  [(vb  f.  OF 
voider)  f.  OFvoid(e)perh.  ult.  f.  L  vacuus  empty 
or  L  vtduus  bereft] 

voi'dance,  n.     Ejection  from  benefice ;  va- 
cancy in  benefice ;  voiding.    [OF  (prec,  -ance)] 
voi'ded,  a.     In  vbl  senses,  also  (Herald.,  of 
bearing)  having  the  central  area  cut  away  so 
as  to  show  the  field,    [-ed  l] 
vo-lant,  a.  (Zool. )  flying,  able  to  fly ;  (Herald. ) 
represented  as  flying;  (poet.)  nimble,  rapid. 
[F,  f.  L  volare  fly,  see  -ant] 
Volapu'k  (ook),  n.    Artificial  international 
language  invented  about  1879  by  J.  M.  Schleyer. 
Hence  Volapu*kiST(2,  3)  n.     [Volapiik  {vol 
world  -f  -a-  +  puk  speech] 
vo'lar,  a.  (anat.).    Of  the  palm  or  sole.    [f.  L 
vola  palm,  sole,+  -AR1] 

volatile,  a.   Evaporating  rapidly,  as  v.  salts, 
v.  (=  essential)  oil ;  (fig.)  lively,  gay,  change- 
able,  as  v.  xcit,   urriter,  disposition.     Hence 
or  cogn.  vo'latileNESS,  volatMiTY,  nn.    [OF 
(-il,  -He),  f.  L  volatilis  [volare  -at-  fly,  -ile)] 
volatilize,  v.t.  &  i.    (Cause  to)  evaporate. 
Hence  or  cogn.  vola'tilizABi.E  a., volatiliz ac- 
tion n.    [f.  F  volatiliser  (as  prec,  see  -ize)] 
vol-au- vent  <  F),  n.    Kind  of  rich  raised  pie. 
volca'nic,  a.  Of,  like,  produced  by,  a  volcano; 
v.  bomb,  mass  of  lava  usually  rounded  &  some- 
times hollow ;  v.  glass,  obsidian.     Hence  vol- 
ca'niCALLY  adv.,  voleani'ciTYn.    l-ic] 
volca'no,  n.  (pi.  -oes).    Mountain, hill,  having 
opening(s)  in  earth's  crust  through  which  lava, 
cinders,  water,  gases,  &c,  are  expelled  continu- 
ously or  at  intervals  (active,  dormant,  extinct, 
v.;  submarine  v.,  originating  beneath  sea  & 
rising  above  surface  by  accumulation);  v.-ship, 
ship  loaded  with  combustibles  forexplosion  on 
contact  with  another.     Hence  vo*leanrsM(2), 
vo*lcaniST(3),volcano*LOG  y,  nn.,  volcano- 
lo'giCAL  a.    [It,  f.  L  as  vulcan] 
vole1,  n.,  &  v.i.    (In  some  card-games)  win- 
ning of  all  the  tricks  in  a  deal ;  (vb)  win  all  the 
tricks,    [(vb  f.  n.)  F,  f.  voter  Ay  f.  L  volare] 
vole2,  n.    Kinds  of  mouse-like  rodent :  water- 
v.  (rat),  [orig.  v.-mouse  field-mouse, cf.ON vollr, 
Norw.  voll,  Sw.  vail,  field,  cogn.  w.  wold] 
vo'let  (a),  n.    Panel,  wing,  of  triptych.    [OF, 
=  shutter,  as  vole  j] 

vd*litant,a.  (zool.).  =  volant,  [f .  L volitare 
frequent,  of  volare  fly,  see  -ant] 
volition  (shn),  n.  Exercise  of  the  will; 
power  of  willing.  Hence  vo'lltion.w..  voli*- 
tionARY1,  volition  less,  vd'litivE,  aa., 
voli'tionalLY  2  adv.  [F,  f.  med.L  volitionem 
{velle  wish,  pres.  volo,  see  -ition)] 
vblkslied  (f-,  -let),  n.  Folk-song.  [G] 
volksraad  (f-,  -raht),  n.  (hist.).  Legislative 
assembly  of  Orange  Free  State.  [S.-Afr.  Du.] 
vo'lley,n.,&v.t.  &i.  Simultaneousdischarge 
of  missiles,  missiles  so  discharged  ;  (fig.)  noisy 
emission  (of  oaths  &c.)  in  quick  succession ; 
(Tennis,  Lawn-tennis)  return  of  ball  in  play  be- 
fore it  touches  ground  ;  (Crick.)  sending  or  ball 
full  to  head  of  wicket;  half-v.,  (Lawn-tennis) 
return  of  ball  as  soon  as  it  touches  ground, 
(Crick.)  sending  of  ball  so  that  after  touching 
ground  it  flies  towards  head  of  wicket,  (v.t.)  re- 
turn, send,  (ball  or  abs.)  thus ;  v.-gun,  machine 
gun  discharging  v.  (Vb)  discharge  (missiles, 
abuse  &c,  or  abs.)  in  v.;  (Tennis,  Crick.)  return, 


send,  (ball  or  abs.)  in  v.;  (of  missiles)  fly  in 
a  v.;  (of  guns  &c.)  sound  together,  [(vb  f.  n.) 
f.  F  volie  flight  (as  vole  1,  cf.-ADE)] 

vo'lt »,  n.  (Fenc.)  quick  movement  to  escape 
thrust;  circular  tread  of  horse,    [f.  Fas  vault1) 

vd'lt2,  n.  Unit  of  electromotive  force,  the 
force  that  would  carry  one  ampere  of  current 
against  one  ohm  resistance,    [as  voltaic] 

vo'lta,  n.  (mus.;  pi.  -te  pron.  -ta).  Una  v., 
due  &c.  vv.j  once,  twice  &c;  prima  &c.  v.,  first 
&c.time.    [It.] 

volta-  in  comb.  =  voltaic,  asr  -electric,  of 
voltaic  electricity;  -electro'jneter, -meter,  instru- 
ments for  measuring  current,  so  -metric  n. 

vo'ltag-e  (-ij),  n.  Electromotive  force  ex- 
pressed in  volts,    [-age] 

volta'ic,  a.  Of  electricity  produced  by 
chemical  action,  galvanic,  as  v.  battery,  induc- 
tion, pile2.  Hence  vo*ltaiSM(2)  n.  [f.  A. 
Volta,  Italian  physicist  d.  1827,  -f  -ICJ 

VoltaiP*(ian)ism,  nn.  Principles  of  Vol- 
taire, scepticism,    [-ian,  -ism] 

volte-face  (-tfahs),  n.  Turning  round,  esp. 
(fig.)  complete  change  of  front  in  argument, 
politics,  &c.    [F] 

vo'ltite,  n.  Insulating  material  for  electric 
wires,    [as  voltaic  -f  -ite  j] 

vd'luble,  a.  (Of  speech  or  speaker)  fluent, 
glib,  whence  or  cogn.  voIubixity,  vo'luble- 
ness,  nn.,  vo'Iudly2  adv.;  (archaic)  revolv- 
ing, rotating;  (Bot.,  also  volu'bilATE 2,  vo'- 
lubile,  aa.)  twisting  round  a  support,  twin- 
ing. [F,  f.  L  volubilis  (volvere  roll,  cogn.  w. 
Gk  eiluo,  Goth,  wahejan,  see  -ble)] 

vo'lume,  n.  Set  of  (usu.  printed)  sheets  of 
paper  bound  together  &  forming  part  or  the 
whole  of  a  work  or  comprising  several  works, 
(abbr.  vol.),  as  is  now  issued  in  3  vv.,  an  odd  v. 
o/ Punch,  library  of  12000  vv.,  speak  vv.  (for) ; 
(Hist.)  scroll  of  papyrus  &c,  ancient  form  of 
book ;  (usu.  pi.)  wreath,  coil,  rounded  mass,  of 
smoke  &c. ;  solid  content,  bulk,  whence  volu*- 
minAL  a. ;  (Mus.)  fullness  of  tone.  Hence 
-volumED2a.  [F,  f.  L  volumen  -minis  roll 
(volvere,  see  prec.)] 

volumenometer,  n.  Instrument  for  mea- 
suring volume  of  a  solid  body  by  quantity  of 
liquid  &c.  displaced.  Hence  volumeno'- 
metry  n.  [irreg.  f.  L  as  prec.  +  -o-  +  -meter] 

volu'meter,  n.  Kinds  of  instrument  for 
measuring  volume  of  gas.  Hence  volume*  - 
tnc(AL)  aa.,  volume*triealLY2adv.    [irreg. 

f.  VOLUME  +  -METER] 

volirminous,  a.  Consisting  of  many  vol- 
umes, as  a  v.  work';  (of  writer)  producing 
many  books ;  of  great  volume,  bulky.  Hence 
volumlnOsiTY,  volirminousNESS,  nn., 
volu'minousLY 2  adv.  [f.  F  volumineux  f. 
LL  voluminosus  (as  volume,  see  -ous)] 

vd'luntary,  a.  &  n.  Done,  acting,  able  to 
act,  of  one's  own  free  will,  not  constrained, 
purposed,  intentional,  as  a  v.  gift,  there  was  no 
v.  misstatement,  was  a  v.  agent  in  the  matter, 
v.  (opp.  to  compulsory)  service,  army,  v.  con- 
fession (of  criminal,  not  prompted  by  promise 
or  threat) ;  brought  about,  produced,  &c.  by  v. 
action,  as  v.  school  (supported  by  v.  contribu- 
tions), v.  waste  (of  property  by  tenant's  deli- 
berate act  or  order) ;  (of  limb,  muscle,  move- 
ment) controlled  by  the  will ;  (Law)  v.  convey- 
ance (made  without  valuable  consideration), 
v.  grantee  (in  v.  conveyance),  v.  partition  (by 
mutual  agreement,  not  by  judgment  of  court). 
Hence  vo'luntarlLY2  adv.,  vo'luntapi- 
ness  n.  (N.)  organ  solo  played  before,  during, 
or  after  service ;  advocate  of  mutual  inde- 
pendence of  Church  &  State  &  support  of 
Church  by  v.  contributions,  whence  vo'lun- 


VOLUNTEER 


998 


VOWEL 


tai»yiSM(3),  vo*luntaryiST(2),  nn. ;  (rare)  v. 
agent  or  performance,  [f.  F  volontaire  f.  L 
voluntarius  (volontas  free  will  f.  velle  will, 
choose,  part.  st.  volent-,  *-unt-,  -ary1)] 
volunteer*,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Person  who  vo- 
luntarily enters  military  or  other  service,  esp. 
member  of  any  of  the  corps  of  voluntary  sol- 
diers formerly  organized  in  U.K.  &  provided 
with  instructors,  arms,  etc.,  by  government 
(often  attrib.,  as  v.  corps,  manoeuvres) ;  (vb) 
undertake,  offer,  (one's  services,  remark,  ex- 

f Sanation,  &c,  to  do)  voluntarily,  make  vo- 
untary  offer  of  one's  services  (for  campaign, 
purpose),  be  a  v.    [(vb  f.  n.)  as  prec] 

volu'ptuary,  a.  &  n.  Concerned  with,  (per- 
son) given  up  to,  luxury  &  sensual  gratifica- 
tions,   [f.  L  volupt(u)arius  (as  foil.,  see  -ahy  j)1 

volirptuous,  a.  Of,  tending  to,  occupied 
with,  sensuous  or  sensual  gratification,  as  v. 
life,  liver,  music,  beauty.  Hence  volu'ptu- 
ously2  adv.,  volu'ptuous.VESS  n.  If.  F  vo- 
luptueux  f.  L  voluptuosus  {voluptas  -atis  plea- 
sure, see  -ous;  -u-  as  if  f.  vbl  n.  in  -us;  cf. 
sensuous,  &  virtuous)! 

volu'te,  n.  &  a.  Spiral  scroll  characteristic 
of  Ionic,  Corinthian,  &  Composite  capitals, 
whence  volu'tED2  a.;  kinds  of  (chiefly  tropi- 
cal) gasteropod  often  with  beautiful  shell, 
whence  vd'lutoiD  a.  &  n.;  (adj.,  bot.)  rolled 
up.    [F,  f.  L  voluta  (volvere  volut-  roll)] 

volu'tion,  n.  Spiral  turn ;  whorl(s)  of  spiral 
shell ;  (Anat.)  convolution,    [as  prec,  -ion] 

vd'mlt,  v.t.  &  L,  &  n.  Eject  from  stomach 
through  mouth  ;  puke,  spew;  (fig.,  of  volcano, 
chimney,  &c.)  eject  violently,  belch  forth. 
(NT.)  matter  vomited  from  stomach;  emetic; 
black  v.,  (black  substance  vomited  in)  yellow 
fever ;  v.-nut,  =  nux  vomica.,  [(n.  f.  L  vomitus 
-us)  f.  L  vomere  -it-,  cogn.  w.  Gk  emeo] 

vo'mitopy,  a.  &  n.  Emetic  (a.  &  n.),  sovo*- 
mitivE  a.;  (n.,  Rom.  ant.)  each  of  a  series  of 

f>assages  for  en  trance  &  exit  in(amphi)theatre. 
f.  L  vomitorius  a.,  -um  n.,  (as  prec,  see  -ory)] 

vomiturition  (shn),  n.  Ineffectual  at- 
tempt to  vomit,  retching;  repeated  vomiting. 
[vomit  +  L  -ur-,  desiderative,  +  -ition] 

voo'doo,  n.,  &  v.t.  Use  of,  belief  in,  witch- 
craft &  the  like  prevalent  among  W.-Ind.  & 
U.-S.  Creoles  &  negroes;  (also  v.  doctor,  v. 
priest)  person  skilled  in  this.  Hence  voo'doo- 
ism,  voo'dooiST(2,  3),  nn.  (Vb)  affect  by  v., 
bewitch,    [(vb  f.  n.)  f.  creole  F  vaudoux  prob. 

f.  VAUDOIS2] 

-vora.    See  -vorous. 

vora'cious,  a.  Greedy  in  eating,  ravenous, 
(lit.  &  fig.),  as  party  of  v.  trippers,  a  v.  appe- 
tite for  scandal,  a  v.  whirlpool.  Hence  or 
cogn.  vora'cious i, y2  adv.,  vora'clous- 
ness,  vora'ciTY,  nn.  [f.  L  vorax  (vorare 
swallow,  see  -acious)J 

-vore.    See  foil. 

-vorous,  suf.  f.  L  -vorus  (vorare  swallow) 
+  -ous,  forming  adjj.  w.  sense  'feeding  on ',  as 
carnivorous,  graminivorous ;  also  -vora,  in  L 
neut.  pi.  names  of  animals  classified  by  their 
food,  as  herbivora ;  also  F  &  E  -vore  forming 
name  of  individual  of  such  class,  as  carnivore. 

vor*tex,  n.  (pi.  -ices,  -exes).  Mass  of  whirling 
fluid,  esp.  whirlpool ;  (Physics)  portion  of  fluid 
whose  particles  have  rotatory  motion  ;  any 
whirling  motion  or  mass,  esp.  (fig.)  system, 
pursuit,  &c,  viewed  as  swallowing  up  or  en- 
grossing those  who  approach  it,  as  the  v.  of 
society,  v.  (spiral  arrangement  of  fibres  at  apex) 
of  the  heart ;  v.-ring,  v.  whose  axis  is  a  closed 
curve,  e.g.  smoke-ring  puffed  from  smoker's 
lips  or  pipe  ;  v.  theory  (that  atoms  are  v.-rings 
in  a   frictionless  ether).     Hence  voirtieAL, 


vor'ticosE1,  vorti'culAR1  [-ul-],  aa.,  voir- 
ticalLY  2  adv.    [L,  var.  of  vertex] 

vor'tical,  n.  Bell-shaped  animalcule  found 
in  stagnant  water  &c.    [dim.  f.  prec] 

vorti'glnous,  a.    Whirling,  vorticaL    [f.  L 

VERTIGO,  VOr-,  +  -OUS] 

vo'tary,  n.  Person  vowed  to  the  service  of 
(God  &c) ;  ardent  follower,  devoted  adherent 
or  advocate,  (of  system,  pursuit,  &c).  Hence 
vo'tarESS !  n.    [f.  L  as  foil.  +  -ary  l] 

vote,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Formal  expression  of 
will  or  opinion  in  regard  to  election  of  officer 
&c,  sanctioning  law,  passing  resolution,  &c, 
signified  by  ballot,  show  of  hands,  voice,  or 
otherwise,  as  shall  give  my  v.  to  or  for  the 
Unionist  candidate,  passed  without  a  dissen- 
tient V.,  CAST1  V.,  SPLIT1  One's  V.,  CASTING- 
VOTE  ;  opinion  expressed,  money  granted,  by 
majority  of  vv.,  as  ministry  received  a  v.  of 
confidence,  the  army  v.;  the  collective  vv.  given 
or  to  be  given  by  a  party  &c,  as  will  lose  the 
Labour,  Unionist,  v.,  the  floating  v.  (of  persons 
not  attached  to  a  party);  the  right  to  v.,  as 
shall  women  have  the  v.?;  ticket  &c  used  for 
recording  v.  Hence  vo'teLESS  a.  (Vb)givea 
v.  (for,  against,  person  or  measure);  enact, 
resolve,  (that),  grant  (sum),  by  majority  of  vv.; 
(colloq.)  pronounce,  declare,  by  general  con- 
sent, as  was  voted  a  failure  ;  (colloq.)  propose 
(that) ;  v.  down,  defeat  (measure)  by  vv.;  v.  in, 
elect  by  vv.  Hence  votABLE  a.,  vo'tER1  n. 
l(vb  f.  F  voter)  F,  f.  L  votum  wish,  vow,  orig. 
neut.  p.p.  of  vovere  vow] 

vo'ting",  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  v.-paper  (used  iri 
v.  by  ballot  in  election  of  M.P.  &c);  cumu- 
lative V.    [-ING1] 

vo'tive,  n.  Offered,  consecrated,  in  fulfil- 
ment of  a  vow,  as  v.  offering,  tablet,  picture. 
[F  (-if,  -ive),  f.  L  votivus  (as  vote,  see  -ive)] 

vouch  (vowtsh),  v.t  &  i.  Confirm,  uphold, 
(statement)  by  evidence  or  assertion;  answer/or, 
be  surety/or,  as  will  v.  for  the  truth  of  this,  for 
him  or  his  honesty,  can  v.  for  it  that  no  step 
was  taken,  [f.  OF  vocher  f.  L  vocare  call] 

vou'eher,  n.  In  vbl  senses,  esp.  document, 
receipt,  &c, establishing  the  paymentof  money 
or  the  truth  of  accounts,    [-er1] 

vouchsafe,  v.t.  Condescend  to  grant,  as 
vouchsafed  me  no  answer,  v.  me  a  visit ;  con- 
descend (to  do).  [earlier=guarantee,  secure  ; 
orig.  two  words] 

voussoir  (voo'swar),  a.  Each  of  the  wedge- 
shaped  stones  forming  an  arch.  [F,  orig.  =  thing 
forming  a  curve,  ult.  f.  L  volvere  roll] 

vow,  n.,  &  v.t.  Solemn  promise  or  engage- 
ment esp.  in  the  form  of  an  oath  toGod,  as  bap- 
tismal vv.  (given  at  baptism  by  baptized  person 
or  by  sponsors),  monastic  v.  (by  which  monk 
binds  himself  to  poverty,  celibacy,  &  obedience), 
lovers'  vv.  (promises  of  fidelity),  am  under  (have 
taken)  a  v.  to  drink  no  wine  ;  action,  conduct, 
&c,  promised  by  v.,  as  is  this  your  v.  ?.  ( Vb)  pro- 
mise solemnly  (thing,conduct,as  vowedatemple 
to1 'Apollo,  v.  obedience,  vengeance  against  the 
oppressor',  (archaic)  utter,  make,  a  v.;  declare 
solemnly  (that);  (archaic)  declare,  as  Iv.  you  are 
most  obliging,    [f.  OF  vou,  veu,  f.  L  as  vote] 

vowel,  n.  Each  of  the  more  open  sounds 
uttered  in  speaking,  sound  capable  of  forming 
a  syllable,  (opp.  to,  but  not  sharply  divided 
from,  consonant) ;  letter  representing  this, 
eg.  a,  e,  i,  o,  u ;  neutral  v.  (heard  in  second 
syllable  of  cousin,  reason,  haddock);  v.-grada- 
tion,  =  ablaut;  v.-mutation,  =  umlaut;  v.- 

Soint,  each  of  a  set  of  marks  indicating  vv.  in 
[ebrew  &  other  Oriental  languages.  Hence 
(-)vowellED2,  vo'welLESs.  vowellY2,  aa. 
[f.  OF  vouel  f>  L  vocalis  (littera)  vocal  (letter)] 


VOWELIZE 


WAO 


vowelixs,  v.t.  Insert  the  vowels  in  (Hebrew 
&c,  shorthand),  [-ize] 
vox,  n.  V.  bar'bara  (anat.,  bot,  &c),  hybrid 
or  incorrectly-formed  word ;  v.  huma'na,  organ- 
stop  with  tones  supposed  to  resemble  human 
voice,    [see  voice) 

voyage  (-ij),  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.    Journey,  esp. 
long  one,  by  sea  or  water;  broken  v.,  unsuc- 
cessful whaling  &c.  v.;  (vb)  travel,  traverse,  by- 
water.    Hence  voyageABLE  a.,  voyagER 1 
n.  l(vb  f.  F  voyager)  f.  OF  voiage  f.  L  viaticum] 
vraisembiable,    -semblance,   (F),    nn. 
Appearance  of  truth,  plausible  appearance. 
Vulcan,  n,    (Rom.  Myth.)  god   of   fire   & 
metal-working ;  V.  powder,  an  explosive,    [f. 
L  Volcanus,  Vu-\ 
vulcanic  &c.    See  vol-. 
Vu-lcanist,  n.  (geol.).    Holder  of  Plutonic 
theory,    [-ist] 

vu'lcanite,  n.  See  foil,  [-ite1] 
vu-lcan\ze,  v.t.  Treat  (rubber)  with  sulphur 
at  high  temperature  to  increase  elasticity  & 
strength  &  yield  hard  (vulcanite)  or  soft  flexible 
rubber.  Hence  vu'lcaniZABLE  a.,  vulean- 
Ization,  vu'lcanlzEB  Ml,  2),  nn.  [-ize] 
vu'lgar,  a.  Of,  characteristic  of,  the  common 
people,  plebeian,  coarse,  low,  as  v.  expressions, 
mind,  tastes,  finery,  an  air  of  v.  prosperity, 
the  v.  herd  i,  (abs.)  the  v.,  the  common  people ; 
in  common  use,  generally  prevalent,  as  v.  er- 
rors, superstitions,  the  v.  (national,  esp.  for- 
merly as  opp.  to  Latin)  tongue,  v.  fraction, 
the  v.  (Christian)  era.  Hence  or  cogn.  vu'l- 
gariSM(i,2),  vulga*i»iTY,  vulganizATiON, 
nn.,  vu*lgai»iZE(3)  v.t.,  vu'lgarLY ■  adv.  [f. 
F  vulgaire,  f.  L  vulgaris,  vo-,  [vulgus,  vo-,  com- 
mon people,  cogn.  w.  Skr.  vargas  troop,  Olr. 
folc  abundance,  Wgwala  fullness,  see  -ar1)] 
vulgap'ian,  n.  Vulgar  (esp.  rich)  person. 
[ian] 

Vu'lgate  (-at),  n.  Latin  version  of  the  Bible 
prepared  by  Jerome  late  in  4th  c.  [f.  L  vulgata 
(editio  edition),  fern.  p.p.  otvulgare  make  public 
{vulgus,  see  vulgar)] 

vu'lgus,  n.  (school  slang).  Greek  or  Latin 
verse-exercise  in  some  schools.  [L,  see  vulgar] 
vulnerable,  a.  That  may  be  wounded  (lit. 
&  fig.),  susceptible  of  injury,  not  proof  against 
weapon, criticism,&c.  Hence vulneraBixiTV, 
vu'lnerableNESS,  nn.  [f.  L vulnerabilis  (vul- 
nerare  wound  f.  vulnus  -eris  wound,  cogn.  w. 
vellere  pluck  8c  Gk  oule  wound,  see  -ble)], 
vu'lnerary,  a.  &  n.  (Drug,  unguent,  &c.) 
useful  or  used  for  healing  wounds,  [f.  L  vulner- 
arius  {vulnus,  see  prec.  &  -ary  *)] 
vu'lpine,  a.  Of  (the  nature  of)  a  fox,  so 
vu*lpiciDE(l,  2)  n. ;  crafty,  cunning,  [f.  L  vul- 
pinus  {vulpes  fox,  cogn.  w.  wolf,  see  -ine  *)] 
vu'lture  (tsher),  n.  Kinds  of  large  bird  of 
prey  with  head  &  neck  more  or  less  bare  of  fea- 
thers feeding  chiefly  on  carrion  ;  (fig.)  rapacious 
person ;  v.-raven,  kinds  of  thick-billed  African 
raven.  Hence  or  cogn.  vu'ltUPiNE1,  vu*l- 
turiSH  *,  vu'ltupous,  aa.  [f.  L  vultur  {vellere 
vuls-  pluck)) 

vu'lva,  n.  (anat.).    Opening,  orifice,  esp.  of 
female  genitals.  Hence  vu'Ivar1,  vu*lv ate2, 
vu'IvIform,  aa.,  vulviTis  n.,  vulvo-  comb, 
form.    [L  {volvere  roll)] 
vying*.    See  vie. 

W 

W  (du-blytfo),  letter  {pi  Ws,  W's). 
Abbreviations(l):  water.  w.c.(loset);  West(as 
point  of  compass  or  as  London  postal  district), 
W.C.  (central   postal   district),  W.I.(ndies) ; 
writer,  W.S.  (to  the  signet). 


Abbreviations  (2):  Wap.(wickshire);  Wash.- 
(ington);  Wigorn.,  bishop  of  Worcester; 
Wllts.(hire) ;  Winton.,  bishop  of  Winches- 
ter; Wisc.(onsin) ;  Wisd.(om  of  Solomon); 
Woncs.,  Worcestershire ;  Wyo.(ming). 
wabble.  See  wobble. 
wacke.  n.  Kind  of  greyish-green  or  brownish 
clay  resulting  from  decomposition  of  volcanic 
rock.  [G,  f.  MHG  wacke  kind  of  flint] 
wad  (wod),  n.,  &  v.t.  Small  lump  of  soft 
material  used  to  keep  things  apart  or  in  place 
or  to  stuff  up  opening,  esp.  disk  of  felt  &c.  keep- 
ing powder  or  shot  compact  in  gun.  (Vb)  press 
(cotton  &c.)  into  w.  or  wadding ;  line  (garment, 
coverlet),  protect  (person,  walls,  &c),  with  wad- 
ding (also  fig.,  as  well  wadded  with  conceit) ; 
stop  up  (aperture,  gun-barrel),  keep  (powder 
&c.)  in  place,  with  w.;  ram  (w.)  home.  [f.  Sw. 
vadd  wadding,  cf.  G  watte] 
wad-ding-  ( wd-),  n.  Spongy  material  usu.  of 
cotton  or  wool  used  to  stuff  garments,quilts,&c, 
or  to  pack  fragile  articles  in,  cotton-wool ;  ma- 
terial from  which  gun-wads  are  made,  [-ing  l] 
wa-ddle  (wo-),  v.i.,  &  n.  Walk  with  the 
rocking  motion  natural  to  fat  short-legged  per- 
son or  to  bird  with  short  legs  set  far  apart  as 
duck  or  goose;  hence  wa*ddling-L\  2  adv. 
(N.)  waddling  gait,  [wade  +  -le(3)] 
wa*ddy,  n.  Australian  war-club,  [native] 
wade,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Walk  through  water  or 
other  impeding  medium  as  snow,  mud,  sand 
(also  fig.,  as  w.  through  slaughter  or  blood,  make 
one's  way  by  massacre  &c;  w.  through  book, 
read  it  in  spite  of  dullness  &c);  ford  (stream) 
on  foot,  whence  wa'dABLE  a.;  wading  bird, 
long-legged  water-bird  that  wades  (opp.  short- 
legged  web-footed  swimmers);  (n.) spell  of  wad- 
ing. [OE  wadan  wade,  trudge,  cf.  Du.  waden, 
G  waten ;  cogn.  w.  L  vadere  go,  vadum  ford] 
wa'der,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  wading  bird 
(see  prec);  (pi.)  high  waterproof  boots  worn  in 
fishing,    [-er1] 

wa'di,  -y,  (wo-),  n.  Rocky  watercourse  dry 
except  in  rainy  season  (chiefly  of  Eastern  coun- 
tries).   [Arab.  (-*)] 

wa*fep,  n.,  &  v.t.  Kind  of  very  thin  sweet 
honeycomb-faced  biscuit  now  chiefly  eaten  with 
ices  {thin  as  a  w„  whence  wa'fePY2  a.) ;  thin 
disk  of  unleavened  bread  used  in  Eucharist; 
small  disk  of  dried  paste  formerly  used  for 
fastening  letters,  holding  papers  together,  &c; 
(vb)  attach  or  seal  with  w.  [f.  OF  waufre  (cf. 
gofer,  goffer)  f.  LG,  cf.  G  icabe  honeycomb, 
cogn.  w.  web,  weave] 

wa'ffle  (wo),  n.  Small  batter  cake  baked  in 
w.-iron,  special  utensil,  [f.  Du.  wafel  wafer] 
waft  (wah-,  wa-),  v.t,  &  n.  Convey  (as) 
through  air  or  over  water,  sweep  smoothly  & 
lightly  along.  (N.)  single  sweep  of  bird's  wing ; 
whiff  of  odour ;  fugitive  sensation  o/peace,  joy, 

&C.     [prob.  f.  WAVEd,  Cf .  HOIST  »,  GRAFT  1] 

wag  V  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Shake  (t.  &  I.,  of  thing 
attached  by  one  end,  as  tail)  to  &  fro,  oscillate, 
(dog  wags  his  tail,  in  sign  of  pleasure ;  tail  was 
wagging ;  tail  wags  dog,  least  important  mem- 
ber of  society  or  section  of  party  has  control ; 
w.  one's  finger  at,  in  reproof  &c;  w.  one's  head, 
in  derision  or  amusement ;  beards,  chins,  jaws, 
tongues,  are  wagging,  talk  going  on);  (archaic, 
of  the  world,  times,  &c.)  go  along  with  varied 
fortune  or  characteristics  {how  wags  the 
world  ?) ;  wagtail,  kinds  of  small  bird  {pied, 
yellow.  Sec,  w.)  with  long  tail  in  constant  mo- 
tion ;  (n.)  single  wagging  motion  {with  a  w.  of 
his  tail,  head,  &c).  if-  MSw.  wagga  fluctuate, 
cf.  OE  wagian  rock  (wegan  carry);  cogn.  w. 
weigh,  wag(g)on  &  L  vehere  carry] 
1   wag2,n.    Facetious  person,  one  given  to  jest- 


WAGE 


1000 


WALDENSES 


ing  or  practical  jokes.    Hence  wa*grgTERV(4)n., 
wa'ugriSH1  a.,  wa'grgishLY2  adv.,  wa*g- 

g;ishNEesn.  [prob.  forobs.  toag-halterga.l\ows- 
ird  (prec.  vb)J 

wage  I,  n.  Amount  paid  periodically,  esp.  by 
the  day  or  week  or  month,f  or  time  during  which 
workman  or  servant  is  at  employer's  disposal 
(usu.  pi.  exc.  in  certain  phrr. ;  gets  good  ww.; 
brings  his  uno.  home ;  at  a  w.  or  ww.  of  £1  a 
week  ;  living  w.,  ww.  that  allow  earner  to  live 
without  fear  of  starvation ;  a  fair  day's  work 
for  a  fair  day's  w.);  requital  (usu.  pi.;  the  ww. 
of  sin  is  death);  wage(s)-fund  in  Pol.  Econ.,  part 
of  community's  capital  devoted  to  paying  ww. 
&  salaries.    [OF,  =  guage  gage  *] 

wage2,v.t  Carry  on  (war,  conflict),  [earlier 
sense  declare  (war)  f.  OF  wager  (prec.)] 

wa'gep,  n.,  &  v.t.  =  bet  n.  &  v.t.  (but  not 
now  in  familiar  use);  (Hist.)  w.  of  battle,  ancient 
form  of  trial  by  personal  combat  between  par- 
ties or  champions,  w.  of  law,  compurgation. 
[f.  OF  wageure  f.  LL  wadiatura  (wadiare 
pledge,  as  prec,  -ure)] 

wa-g-g-le,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  =  wag1  (but  in  more 
familiar  use).    [-le(3)] 

wa'g-(g-)on,  n.  Four-wheeled  vehicle  for 
drawing  heavy  loads,  often  with  removable 
semicylindrical  tilt  or  cover,  usu.  drawn  by  two 
or  more  horses  (hitch  one's  w.  to  a  star,  utilize 
powers  higher  than  one's  own);  open  railway 
truck;  w.-boiler,  -ceiling,  -roof,  -vault,  shaped 
like  w.-tilt.    [f.  Du.  wagen,  cf.  OE  wagn  wain] 

wa*gr(gr)oner,  n.  Driver  of  wagon;  (the  W.) 
constellation  Auriga,    [-er1] 

wagXg^ne'tte,  n.  Four-wheeled  open  plea- 
sure vehicle  (or  with  removable  cover)  for  one 
or  more  horses  &  with  facing  side  seats.    1-ette] 

wagon-lit  (F),n.  Sleeping-caron continental 
railway. 

Waha'bi,  -ee,  (hah-),  n.  One  of  a  set  of 
Mohammedan  puritans  following  the  letter  of 
the  Koran.    [ And -el-  Wahhab,  founder  c.  1700] 

waif,  n.  Ownerless  object  or  animal,  thing 
cast  up  by  or  drifting  in  sea  or  brought  by  un- 
known agency;  homeless  &  helpless  person,  esp. 
\inowned  or  abandoned  child;  ww.  &  strays, 
odds  &  ends,  unowned  or  neglected  children. 
[OF,  f.  ON  (Icel.  veif  thing  flapping  about) ;  n. 
corresp.  to  waive] 

wail,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  (Lament,  i.  &  t.,  with) 
prolonged  plaintive  inarticulate  usu.  high- 
pitched  cry;  (fig.)  lament(ation)  in  words  (often 
over);  (of  wind  &c.)  sound  (v.  &  n.)  like  person 
wailing.  Hence  wai'lFUL  a.  (poet.),  wai'l- 
ingfLV  2  adv.    [f.  ON  vxla  (vx  int.,  see  woe)] 

wain,  n.  Wagon  (chiefly  poet,  or  agricul- 
tural); Charles's,  Arthur's,  or  the  W.,  Charles's 
wain.  [f.  OE  wxgn,  cf.  Du.  &  G  wagen;  cogn. 
w.  L  vehere  carry,  Skr.  vahana-  vehicle,  Gk 
okhos  car,  &  weigh] 

wai'nscot,  n.,  &  v.t.  Wooden  panelling  or 
boarding  on  room- wall;  (vb)  line  with  w„ 
whence  wai*nscotiNGH3)  n.  [earlier  sense 
kind  of  oakwood,  f.  Du.  wagenschot  perh.  f. 
MDu.  waeghe  wave  +  Du.  schot  boarding  cf. 
campshot;  w.  ref.  to  wavy  grain  of  wood] 

waist,  n.  Part  of  human  oody  below  ribs  & 
above  hips  (large,  small,  w.,  of  such  circum- 
ference; long,  short,  w.,  of  such  vertical  extent); 
contraction  marking  this  in  normal  figure  (has 
no  w.,  of  stout  person),  analogous  contraction 
in  middle  of  long  object,  e.g.  fiddle  or  hour- 

§lass;  part  of  ship  oetween  forecastle  &  quarter- 
eck;  part  of  garment  encircling  w.,  band  round 
w.  from  which  petticoats  &c.  may  be  suspended; 
w.-band, -belt,  worn  round  w.;  w.-cloth,  =  loin- 
cloth ;  wai'stcoat  (also  pr.  we'skwt),  garment 
reaching  down  to  w.  with  front  showing  when 


coat  is  open  &  usu.  without  sleeves  (sleeved  to., 
with  sleeves  for  extra  warmth  or  for  use  with- 
out coat  by  workmen) ;  w.-deep  or  -high  aa.  & 
advv.,  up  to  w.  Hence  -walstED2  a.  [ME 
wast  (wax2),  cf.  OHG  wahst  growth] 

wait1,  v.i.  &  t.  Abstain  from  action  or  de- 
parture till  some  expected  event  occurs,  pause, 
tarry,  stay,  kick  one's  heels,  be  expectant  or 
on  the  watch,  (often  for,  till ;  w.  a  minute ; 
shall  not  w.  here  any  longer ;  kept  me  waiting 
or  made  me  w.;  have  a  month  to  w.  yet;  w.  till 
I  come,  for  high  water  or  a  fine  day ;  every- 
thing comes  to  those  who  w. ;  always  has  to  be 
waited  for,  is  unpunctual);  await,  bide,  (is 
waiting  his  opportunity ;  you  must  w.  my  con- 
venience ;  am  only  waiting  the  signal) ;  act  as 
waiter,  as  servant  shifting  plates  &c.  at  table, 
(are  you  accustomed  to  waiting?;  often  at  table), 
or  as  attendant  (lord1,  groom,  in  waiting); 
defer  (meal)  till  some  one  arrives  (don't  w. 
dinner  for  me);  w.  (up)on,  watch  (archaic), 
await  convenience  of,  serve  as  attendant  esp. 
at  table,  pay  visit  to  (person  regarded  as  supe- 
rior), escort  (archaic),  (in  race)  purposely  keep 
close  behind  (competitor),  follow  as  result; 
waiting-room,  provided  for  persons  to  w.  in 
esp.  at  railway-station  or  house  of  consultant, 
[f.  OF  waiter  (now  guetter)  f.  waite  sentinel  f. 
OHG  wahta  whence  G  wacht  cogn.  w.  wake1] 

wait2,  n.  1.  (PI.)  band(s)  of  persons  singing 
carols  &c.  from  house  to  house  at  Christmas. 
2.  Act  or  time  of  waiting  (had  a  long  w.  for  the 
train);  watching  for  enemy,  ambush,  (lie  in  or 
lay  w.  usu.  for),  [sense  1  f.  OF  waite  see  prec; 
sense  2  f.  prec] 

wai'ter,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or  esp.:  man 
who  takes  &  executes  orders,  shifts  plates,  &c, 
athotelorrestauranttables,whencewai*tPESSl 
n.;  tray,  salver;  dumb'jc;  tide-wj.    [er1] 

waive,  v.t.  Forbear  to  insist  on  or  use, 
tacitly  or  implicitly  relinquish  or  forgo,  (right, 
claim,  opportunity,  legitimate  plea,  &c).  Hence 
wal'VER*  n.  (legal),  [f.  OF  gaiver  prob.  f.  ON 
(Icel.  veif  a  vibrate)] 

wake1,  v.i.  &  t.  (past  woke,  leaked;  p.p. 
waked,  woken,  woke).  Cease  to  sleep,  rouse 
from  sleep,  (often  up ;  also  fig.  as  spring  wakes 
all  nature,  nature  wakes) ;  be  awake  (archaic 
exc.  in  part,  or  gerund,  as  in  his  waking  hours, 
waking  or  sleeping);  cease  or  rouse  from  sloth, 
torpidity,  inactivity,  or  inattention  (usu.  up; 
w.  up,  there ! ;  wants  something  to  w.  him  up ; 
the  insult  waked  his  dull  spirit),  rise  or  raise 
from  the  dead;  (chiefly  Ir.)  hold  w.  over;  dis- 
turb (silence,  place)  with  noise,  make  re-echo; 
w.-robin,  wild  arum  or  lords-&-ladies.  [mixture 
of  OE  wacan  woe  arise,  be  born,  &  wacian 
wake,  watch,  cf.  Du.  waken,  G  wachen ;  cogn. 

W.  VIGIL,  VEGETABLE] 

wake2,  n.  (Hist)  anniversary  of  dedication 
of  church  kept  by  watching  all  night,  merry- 
making or  fair  in  connexion  with  this ;  (Ir.) 
watch  oy  corpse  before  burial,  lamentations  & 
merrymaking  in  connexion  with  it.    [f.  prec] 

wake3,  n.  Strip  of  smooth  water  left  behind 
moving  ship  (in  the  w.  of,  behind,  following, 
after  the  example  of),  [f.  Icel.  vok  opening  in 
ice,  cogn.  w.  Gk  hugros,  L  humidus,  wet] 

wa'keful,  a.  Unable  to  sleep,  (of  person's 
night&c )  passed  with  little  or  no  sleep;  vigilant. 
Hence  wa'kefulLY2  adv.,  wa'kefulNESS  n. 
[wake1,  -ful] 

wa'ken,  v.t.  &  i.  Cause  to  be,  become, 
awake  (usu.  =wake  up,  but  conveying  less  of 
abruptness).    [OE  wxenan  (wacan  wake  ')] 

Walde'nses  (wo),  n.  pi.  Puritan  sect  in 
valleys  of  Piedmont,  Dauphine,  &  Provence, 
started  c.  1170  &  much  persecuted  in  16th  & 


WALE 


1001 


WALL-EYED 


17th  cc.  Hence  Walde*nsiAN  a.  &  n.  [Peter 
Waldo  of  Lyons,  founder] 

wale,  weal,  n.,  &  v.t.  Ridge  raised  on  flesh 
hy  stroke  of  rod  or  whip ;  wale-knot  or  wall- 
knot,  made  at  end  of  rope  by  intertwining 
strands  to  prevent  unravelling  or  act  as  stopper; 
(vb)  raise  w.  on.  [orig.  sense  rod,  as  in  gun- 
wale, chainwale  or  channel2;  cf.  OFris.  walu 
rod,  Icel.  voir  round  stick;  cogn.  w.  L  volvere, 
Gk  helisso,  roll] 

Wa'ler,  n.  Horse  imported  for  Indian  army 
from  New  South  Wales.    [N.S.  Wales,  -er  H 

Wales,  n.  Principality  inhabited  by  the 
Welsh  (Prince  of  W.,  title  usu.  conferred  on 
heir-apparent  of  Great  Britain).  [OE  Wealas 
pi.  of  wealh  see  welsh  j] 

Walhalla.    See  valhalla. 

walk  i  (wawk),  v.i.  &  t.  (Of  men)  progress 
by  advancing  each  foot  alternately  nevernav- 
ing  both  off  ground  at  once  (heel-&-toe  walking, 
in  which  both  heel  &  toe  are  used,  as  required 
in  walking-races ;  w.  backwards,  sideways,  go 
in  those  directions  with  analogous  motions ;  w. 
over  course  or  to.  over,  have  walk2  over;  w. 
away  from,  easily  out-distance),  go  with  thegait 
usual  except  when  speed  is  desired  (walking 
dictionary),  (of  animals)  go  with  slowest  gait 
corresponding  to  human  w.;  travel  or  go  on 
foot  (w.  into  shop,  up  to  person,  downhill,  &c; 
please  w.  in,  invitation  to  enter ;  w.  up,  show- 
man's invitation  to  circus  &c. ;  w.  out  with  esp. 
of  servants  &c,  have  as  sweetheart ;  w.  about, 
stroll ;  walks  two  hours,  ten  miles,  a  day ; 
ghost  walks,  shows  itself ;  w.  into  slang,  thrash, 
abuse,  eat  heartily  of ;  w.  off  or  away  with, 
carry  off,  steal) ;  (archaic)  live  with  or  in  speci- 
fied principle  or  manner,  conduct  oneself,  (to. 
in  love,  humbly,  honestly,  after  the  flesh,  by 
faith,  with  God,  &c);  perambulate,  tread 
floor  or  surface  of,  (Him  that  walked  the  waves ; 
w.  the  street,  in  gen.  sense,  also  be  prostitute ; 
w.  the  hospitals,  be  medical  student ;  w.  the 
boards,  be  actor;  w,  the  plank1;  w.  the  chalk, 
prove  sobriety  to  police  &c.  by  walking 
straight  between  chalked  lines),  whence 
warkABLE  a,;  cause  to  w.  with  one,  have 
walking-race  with,  (w.  horse,  when  riding  or 
driving  or  leading  it ;  policeman  walked  the 
man  off;  Smith  will  w.  Jones  for  £100  a  side  ; 
you  have  walked  me  off  my  legs,  tired  out) ; 
icalkwQ  l-chair,  =  go  *-cart ;  walkwa  ^dress, 
for  outdoor  wear;  walkma^-fern,  N.-Amer. 
kind  with  slender-tipped  fronds  that  bow 
down  to  ground  &  take  root;  walkmQ2  gen- 
tleman, lady,  actor,  actress,  of  part  requiring 
good  presence  but  no  skill ;  wauciNG^-leaf,  in- 
sect imitating  leaf ;  walkiHG  ^-papers  or  -ticket 
slang,dismissal ;  walki  no  i-st t'cfc.carried  in  walk- 
ing; walkisQ  i-tour,  pleasure  journey  on  foot. 
(OE  wealcan  roll,  rove,  cf.  Du.  walken  press 
lats,  Icel.  volka  roll,  G  walken  full  cloth;  cogn. 
w.  Skr.  volg  go  by  leaps,  &  wallow] 

walk-,  n.  Walking  gait,  person's  action  in 
walking,  (see  prec;  go  at,  never  gets  beyond,  a 
w.;  know  him  a  mile  off  by  his  to.);  excursion 
on  foot,  stroll,  constitutional,  (go  for,  take,  a 
w. ;  across  the  hills  from  X  to  Z  is  a  good  w. ; 
to.  over,  race  in  which  from  absence  or  infe- 
riority of  competitors  winner  can  go  at  a  w.  if 
he  chooses,  easy  victory) ;  person  s  favourite 
walking  ground,  round  of  hawker  &c,  place  or 
track  intended  or  suitable  for  strollers  or  foot- 
passengers,  promenade,  colonnade,  footpath, 
(rope-to.;  sheep-10.;  w.  of  life,  calling,  profes- 
sion, occupation),    [f.  prec] 

wal'ker1,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp. :  shop- to.; 
street- w.;  (class-name  for)  bird  such  as  com- 
mon fowl  that  neither  flies  nor  swims,  also 


bird  that  does  not  hop  but  walks  on  alternate 
feet.    [-er  i] 

Wal'ker2  (waw-),  int.  (slang)  expressing  in- 
credulity &  suspicion  of  being  hoaxed  (also 
Hookey  W.).    m 

Walkyrie.    See  Valkyrie. 

wall  (wawl),  n.,  &  v.t.  Continuous  &  usu. 
vertical  &  solid  structure  of  stones,  bricks, 
concrete,  timber,  &c,  narrow  in  proportion  to 
length  &  height  serving  to  enclose  (partly)  or 
protect  or  divide  off  town,  house,  room,  field, 
&c,  surface  of  inner  side(s)  of  room,  {party  or 
partition  w.,  separating  two  rooms,  houses, 
fields,  &c;  w.  of  partition  fig.,  line  of  division, 
gulf ;  blank  w.,  without  door  or  gate  or  win- 
dow, also  without  decoration ;  run  one's  head 
against  a  w.,  attempt  impossibilities;  see 
through  brick  w.,  have  miraculous  insight; 
ww.  have  ears,  eavesdroppers  are  or  may  be 
about ;  with  one's  back  to  the  w.,  brought  to 
bay,  fighting  alone  against  odds;  RETAiNm# 
w.) ;  something  resembling  w.  in  appearance 
or  effect  (mountain-w.,  line  of  steep  hills ;  w.  of 
armed  men,  fire,  bayonets,  protection  or  ob- 
stacle consisting  of  these ;  cell-w.,  ww.  of  the 
chest,  Sec,  enclosing  tissue  or  framework  in 
Bot.  or  Anat.;  hanging,  foot,  -w.,  in  mining, 
upper,  lower,  rock  enclosing  lode);  (position 
next)  w.  as  opp.  kennel  side  of  street  footpath 
(give  one  the  w„  allow  him  cleaner  part  in  pass- 
ing ;  take  the  w.  of,  refuse  this  courtesy  to) ; 
side  as  opp.  centre  of  road  (the  weakest  goes  to 
the  w.,  is  pushed  aside,  gets  the  worst  in  com- 

Eetition) ;  w.-creeper,  kinds  of  bird :  w.-cress, 
inds  of  plant  growing  in  stony  places;  w.- 
fern,  common  polypody ;  wallflower,  fragrant 
spring  garden-plant  with  usu.  orange  or  brown 
clustered  flowers ;  w.-fruit,  of  trees  fastened 
against  w.  for  protection  &  warmth ;  w.-paint- 
ing,  on  w.  usu.  of  room,  esp.  fresco ;  w.-paper, 
for  pasting  over  room-ww.,  usu.  with  decora- 
tive printed  patterns;  w.-pepper,  kind  of 
stone-crop ;  w.-plate,  timber  laid  in  or  on  wall 
to  distribute  pressure  of  girder  &c;  w.-rue, 
small  fern  growing  on  w w.  &  cliffs ;  w.-washer, 
plate  used  with  tie-rod  in  supporting  shaky  w. ; 
hence  wail-LESS  a.  (Vb)  provide  or  protect 
with  w.  (esp.  in  p.p.,  as  walled  towns) ;  block 
up  aperture  &c.  with  w.  [OE  weal  f.  L  vallum 
rampart,  palisade] 

wa-lla(h)  (wo-),  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  Person  or 
thing  employed  about  or  concerned  with  some- 
thing, -man,  (competition  w„  Indian  civilian 
appointed  by  competitive  examination  ;  pun- 
kah w.,  servant  who  works  punkah ;  canal  w., 
ship  built  for  voyage  by  Suez  canal),  [f.  Hind. 
-wala  suf.  =  -ERi(3)] 

wallaby  (wo-),  n.  Kinds  of  smaller  kanga- 
roo.   [Austral.] 

Wa'llach  (wo-,  -k),  n.  Member  of  a  people 
now  included  in  Roumania.  Hence  Walla*- 
ehiAN  a.  &  (language  or  person)  n.  [G,  ult.  f. 
OHG  walh  foreigner,  cogn.  w.  welsh  *] 

wallaroo*  (wo-),  n.  Kinds  of  larger  kanga- 
roo.   {Austral.] 

wa'llet  (wo-),  n.  (Archaic)  bag  for  carrying 
personal  necessaries,  food,  &c,  on  journey, 
esp.  pilgrim's  or  beggar's  scrip  ;  small  leather 
case  holding  repairing  tools  for  bicycle  &c, 
fishing-kit,  papers,  or  other  small  articles, 
[etym.  dub.;  perh.  by  metathesis  for  wattle] 

wall-eye  (wawli),  n.  (Affection  of)  eye 
with  opaque  white  or  pale  iris  showing 
diseased  condition  ;  (loosely)  eye  showing  ab- 
normal  amount  of  white  owing  to  squint  &c, 
or  large  &  glaring  as  in  some  fishes,  [back- 
formation  f.  foil.] 

wail-eyed,  a.    Having  wall-eye.    [f.  IceL 


WALL-KNOT 


1002 


WAR 


vald-eygdhr  {vagi  beam  in  eye,  eygdhr  eyed.  t. 
auga  eye] 

wall-knot.    See  wale. 

Walloo'n,  n.  &  a.  Member,  language  (a 
French  dialect),  of  people  scattered  in  Belgium 
&  neighbouring  parts  of  France;  (adj.)  of  the 
Ww.  or  in  their  language,  [f.  OF  Walton  (L 
Oallus  GAUL)] 

wa'llop  (wo-),  v.t.  (slang).  Thrash,  beat,  hide ; 
(part.)  big,  strapping,  thumping.  Hence  wa*l- 
lopiNGMDn.    [?] 

wa'llow  (wo),  v.i.,  &  n.  Roll  about  in  mud, 
sand,  water,  &c.  (w.  in  money,  be  very  rich) ; 
take  swinish  or  gross  delight  in  sensuality  &c; 
(n.)  place  to  which  buffaloes  &c.  resort  to  w. 
[OE  wealivian  roll,  cogn.  w.  hvolvere] 

Wa'llsend,  (wawlz-),  n.  Kind  of  superior 
house  coal  orig.  from  W.  on  Tyne. 

walnut  (waw-),  n.  (Kinds  of  tree  yielding) 
delicate-flavoured  nut  in  pair  of  similar  boat- 
shaped  shells  {over  the  ww.  &  the  wine,  at  des- 
sert ;  timber  of  w.-tree  used  in  cabinet-making 
&  for  gunstocks.  [f.  OE  wealh  foreign,  Gaul- 
ish (cf.  welsh1),  nut] 

Walpup'gis-nig-ht  (vahlpoorg),  n.  Eve 
of  1st  May,  when  witches  meet  at  the  Brocken 
or  elsewhere  &  hold  revels  with  the  devil. 
I  Walpurgis,  female  saint  of  8th  c;  connexion 
unknown] 

wa'lrus  (waw-,  wo-),  n.  Kinds  of  large  am- 
phibious arctic  long-tusked  mammal  related  to 
seal,  morse,  sea-horse.  [Du.,  f.Scand.(Icel.ftross- 
hvalr  lit.  horse-whale,  cf.  OE  horshwxl)] 

waltz  (wawls),  n.,  &  v.i.  Dance  in  which 
partners  progress  gyrating  round  each  other 
in  embrace  (trois-temps  to.,  in  ordinary  time, 
deux-temps  w.,  faster) ;  piece  of  w. -music.  (Vb) 
dance  w.;  dance  in,  out,  round,  &c,  in  joy  &c; 
hence  wa'ltZER  J  n.  [f.  G  walzer  {walzen  re- 
volve, cf.  OE  wealtan  &  welter)] 

warn  pee*  (wo),  n.  (Tree  yielding)  grape-like 
fruit  grown  in  China  &  E.  Indies.  [Chin. 
{hwang  yellow,  pi  skin)] 

wa'mpum  (wo-),  n.  Beads  made  from  shells 
&  strung  for  money  or  decoration  by  N.-Amer. 
Indians.  [f.  N.-Amer.  Ind.  wampumpeag 
(wompi  white,  -ompeag  string  of  money)] 

wan  (wo-),  a.  Pale,  colourless,  bloodless, 
looking  worn  or  exhausted,  (chiefly  of  persons 
or  their  complexion  or  look,  or  of  sky  or  light) ; 
(archaic,  of  night,  water,  &c.)  dark,  black. 
Hence  wa'riLY2  adv.,  wa'nNESS  n.  [OE 
wann,  wonn,  dark,  black,  etym.  dub.] 

wand  (wo-),  n.  Slender  rod  for  carrying  in 
hand  or  setting  in  ground  as  temporary  mark 
(chiefly  now  of  conjurer's  or  music  conductor's 
baton,  or  of  staff  symbolizing  some  officials' 
authority),  [f.  ON  vondr,  perh.  cogn.  w.  wind  3 
w.  ref.  to  suppleness] 

wa-nder  (wo-),  v.i.  &  t.  Rove,  stroll,  go  from 
country  to  country  or  from  place  to  place  with- 
out settled  route  or  destination,  ( Wandering 
Jew}  supposed  to  be  still  living  from  when 
Christ  said  '  Thou  shalt  w.  on  the  earth  till  I 
return '  as  punishment  for  an  insult,  also  per- 
son who  never  settles  down,  also  kinds  of  climb- 
ing plant ;  wandering  cell,  abscess,  kidney,  &c, 
moving  about,  normally  or  abnormally  not  at- 
tached to  place  in  body ;  wandering  sailor, 
kinds  of  climbing  plant),  whence  wa'nderER 1 
n.;  stray,  diverge  from  the  right  way  lit.  or 
fig.,  get  lost,  depart  from  home  ;  talk  or  think 
irrelevantly  or  disconnectedly  or  incoherently, 
stray  from  subject  in  hand,  be  inattentive  or 
delirious,  {his  wits  are  wandering;  wanders 
in  his  talk) ;  traverse  desultorily  {you  may  w. 
the  world,  or  usu.  the  world  through,  &  not  find 
such  another).     Hence   wa'ndepiNG'll)    n. 


(usu.  pi.),  wa'nderingTLY 2  adv.  [OE  wan- 
drian  (wend,  -er5)] 

wanderoo*  (wo-),  n.  Kind  of  monkey  with 
leonine  mane  &  tail.    [Cingalese  wanderu] 

wane,  v.i.,  &  n.  Decrease  in  size  or  splendour 
like  moon  after  the  full,  lose  power  or  vigour 
or  importance  or  repute,  decline;  (n.)  process 
of  waning  (esp.  is  on  the  w.,  declining).  [OE 
wanian  {wan  deficient),  cf;  ON  vana  diminish 
(vanr,  see  foil.),  &  wanton] 

want1  (wah-,  wo-),  n.  Lack,  absence,  defi- 
ciency, of  (ship  rotting  for  w.  of  paint',  shows 
great  w.  of  thought,  care,  sense,  Judgment) ; 
need  of,  need  of  sustenance,  poverty,  (is  in  w. 
of  money,  a  servant,  Sec. ;  living  in  the  direst  w. ; 
w.  is  a  severe  but  efficient  teacher) ;  desire  for 
thing  as  necessary  to  life  or  happiness  or  suc- 
cess or  completion  (whence  wa'ntLESS  a.), 
thing  so  desired,  (a  man  of  few  ww.;  super- 
fluities soon  become  ww. ;  is,  supplies,  a  felt  w. ; 
can  supply  your  tow.),  [f.  ON  vant  neut.  of  vanr 
lacking,  cf.  OE  wan  (prec.)] 

want2,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  without  or  deficiently 
supplied  with,  fall  short  of,  fall  short  by  (spe- 
cified amount)  of  specified  limit,  (part.)  lacking 
in  quality  or  unequal  to  requirements  or  absent 
or  deficient,  (wants,  is  wanting  in,  judgment; 
fortunately  wants  the  power  to  do  it ;  what 
was  wanting,  what  we  unfortunately  wanted, 
was  the  will ;  wants  something,  or  wants,  of 
perfection ;  be  found  wanting,  or  wanting  to 
the  occasion,  one's  duty,  &c. ;  head  of  statue  is 
wanting;  statue  wants  thehead;  infinitive  want- 
ing, verb  has  none  ;  wants  half  a  minute  of  the 
hour,  an  inch  of  the  regulation  measurement); 
be  in  w.  (for ;  let  him  w.  for  nothing ;  must  not 
be  allowed  to  w.);  require  (thing,  -ing,  to  be  -ed, 
to  do ;  boy  wants  the  whip,  whipping,  to  be 
whipped,  to  feel  the  whip ;  it  wants  careful 
handling) ;  desire,  wish  for  possession  or  pre- 
sence of,  (to  do,  thing,  person  ;  don't  to.  to  go ; 
call  me  if  lam  wanted ;  is  wanted  by  the  police, 
of  suspected  criminal  &c;  tell  Jones  1  w.  him, 
send  him  to  me),  [f.  ON  vanta  (prec.)] 

wa'nting1,  prep.  Without,  minus,  less,  (w. 
common  honesty,  nothing  can  be  done ;  made  a 
century  w.  one  run),  [-ing2;  use  of  part, 
either  abs.,  cf.  notwithstanding,  or  in  or- 
dinary agreement] 

wa'nton  (wo-),  a.,  n.,  &  v.i.  Sportive,  gam- 
bolling, playful,  irresponsible,  capricious,  (iv. 
child,  kid,  wind,mood);  luxuriant, unrestrain- 
ed, wild,  (w.  growth,  ringlets,  profusion) ; 
licentious,  unchaste,  lewd,  (a  w.  woman ;  w. 
thoughts) ;  motiveless,  serving  no  purpose, 
random,  arbitrary,  (to.  mischief,  destruction) ; 
hence  wa'ntonLY2  adv.,  wa'ntonNESS  ik 
(N.)  unchaste  woman  or  rarely  man;  (rare) 
playful  child.  (Vb)  sport,  gambol,  move  capri- 
ciously ;  (rare)  act  lasciviously.  [ME  wantoun, 
-towen  (wan,  see  wane,  used  as  pref.  with 
sense  un-  as  in  obs.  wanhopz  despair,  OE  togen, 
p.p.  of  teon  draw,  educate,  cf.  G  gezogen)] 

wap.    See  whop. 

wapentake  (wo-),  n.  (Old  name  in  Anglian 
districts  for)  hundred  or  division  of  shire.  [OE 
wxpentxc  f.  ON  vdpnatak  (vapn  weapon,  taka 
to  touch)  w.  ref.  to  ceremony  of  touching  spear 
of  newly  elected  chief  in  sign  of  fealty] 

wa'piti  (wo-),  n.  N.-Amer.  stag  resembling 
red  deer  but  larger,  [f.  Amer.-Ind.  wapitik 
(toapi  white)] 

war l  (wor),  n.  Quarrel  usu.  between  nations 
conducted  by  force,  state  of  open  hostility  & 
suspension  of  ordinary  international  law  pre- 
valent during  such  quarrel,  military  or  naval 
attack  or  series  of  attacks,  (fig.)  hostility  or  con- 
tention between  persons,  (civil   w.,   between 


WAR 


1003 


'WARLIKE 


parts  of  one  nation  for  supremacy  ;  private  w., 
feud  between  persons  or  families  carried  on  in 
defiance  of  laws  of  murder  &c,  or  armed  attack 
made  by  members  of  one  State  without  govern- 
ment sanction  upon  another ;  holy  w„  waged 
in  support  of  some  religious  cause ;  make  or 
wage  w.,  begin  or  carry  on  hostile  operations ; 
declare  w.,  announce  that  hostilities  may  be 
expected,  often  upon  another  nation,  also  fig. 
upon  institution,  party,  custom,  &c;  so  decla- 
ration of  w. ;  drift  into  w. ;  be  at  w.,  engaged  in 
hostilities  with  enemy  or  abs.,  also  fig.;  roll 
back  tide  of  w.,  repel  invasion  ;  go  to  the  ww. 
archaic,  serve  as  soldier;  has  been  in  the  ww., 
usu.  fig.  of  person  who  has  been  mauled  physi- 
cally or  otherwise ;  on  a  w.  footing,  of  army, 
fleet,  &c,  with  full  establishment ;  w.  to  the 
knife,  struggle  to  the  bitter  end  usu.  between 
persons ;  Secretary  at  TV.,  parliamentary  head 
of  W.  Office;  art  of  w.,  strategy  &  tactics; 
trade  of  w.,  soldier's  profession  ;  sinews  of  w., 
money  for  waging  w.  or  for  effectingany  object ; 

TUG,  CONTRABAND,  COUNCIL,  HONOUR'S,  ofw.\ 

man  l-of-w.;  laws  of  w.,  those  recognized  by 
civilized  nations  as  limiting  belligerents'  ac- 
tion;  rights  of  w.,  those  similarly  permitting 
to  belligerents  certain  acts  illegitimate  in 
peace ;  the  dogs  of  w.  poet.,  havoc  attending 
w.;  ww.  &  rumours  ofww.,  prevalence  of  the 
appeal  to  force  among  nations ;  w.  of  the  ele- 
ments, storms  &  catastrophes  in  nature  ;  all 's 
FAiR2m  love  <£•  w.);  w.-cry,  phrase  or  name  for- 
merly shouted  in  charging  or  rallying  to  attack, 
party  catchword,  savages'  battle-shout;  w.- 
cloud,  position  of  international  affairs  that 
threatens  w.;  w.-dance,  indulged  in  by  sa- 
vages before  w.;  w.-god,  one  worshipped  as 
giving  victory  in  w.,  esp.  the  Greek  Ares  or 
Roman  Mars;  w.-head,  explosive  head  of  tor- 
pedo, removed  in  peace  practice;  w.-horse, 
charger  (archaic  &  poet.  exc.  in  phr.  like  an  old 
w.-h.  of  person  excited  by  memories  of  aban- 
doned pursuit  or  controversy) ;  W.  Office,  State 
department  in  charge  of  army  ;  w.-paint,  put 
on  body  by  savages  before  battle,  (fig.)  ceremo- 
nial costume,  full  fig;  w.-path,  (route  of)  war- 
like expedition  of  Amer.  Indians  {be,  go,  on  tfie 
w.-p.  fig.,  be  engaged  in,  enter  upon,  any  con- 
flict, have  taken,  take,  up  the  cudgels;  w.- 
ship,  for  use  in  w.;  w.-song,  sung  by  savages 
before  battle,  also  any  song  on  martial  theme ; 
w.-whoop,  yell  esp.  of  Amer.  Indians  in  charg- 
ing; w.-worn,  experienced  in  or  damaged  or 
exhausted  by  w.  If.  OF  werre  (now  guerre)  f. 
Teut.  (OHG  werran  embroil,  cf.  G.  verwirren 
confuse) ;  prob.  cogn.  w.  worse] 

war  2,  v.i.  &  t.  Make  w.  (archaic);  bring  or 
beat  down  by  w. ;  (part.)  rival,  competing,  in- 
con  sis  ten  t,  (warring  creeds,  principles),  [i.  prec.  ] 

war-bleMwor-),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Sing  (i.  &  t.) 
in  gentle  continuous  trilling  manner  (esp.  of 
birds,  also  of  person  or  sound) ;  speak,  utter,  in 
manner  suggestive  of  bird's  song;  relate  in 
verse;  hence  war'bling-L y 2  adv.  [f.  OF 
werbler  f.  Teut.  (G  wirbeln  whirl)] 

war'ble2  (wor-),  n.  Hard  lump  on  horse's 
back  from  galling  of  saddle ;  (tumour  produced 
by)  larva  of  bot-fly.    [?] 

war'blep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  many  kinds 
of  small  bird  including  nightingale,  blackcap, 
robin,  redstart,  &  hedge-sparrow,  some  not 
remarkable  for  song,    [-er  *] 

ward  *  (wor-),  n.  Act  of  guarding  or  defend- 
ing place  &c.  (now  only  in  keep  watch  &  w.)\ 
guard  or  parry  in  fencing  (archaic);  confine- 
ment, custody,  guardian's  control,  (archaic  ;  is 
under  w. ;  put  him  in  w. ;  to  whom  the  child  is 
in  w.)\  minor  under  care  of  guardian  or  Court 


of  Chancery ;  administrative  division  of  city ; 
separate  room  or  division  in  prison  (condemned 
&c.  w.),  or  hospital  (isolation  &c.  w.)  or  work- 
house (casual  &c.  w.);  (pi.) notches  &  projections 
in  key  &  lock  designed  to  prevent  opening  by 
wrong  key;  w.-mote,  meeting  of  city  w.  [OE 
mot  meeting] ;  w.-room,  on  man-of-war  for  com- 
missioned officers  below  commanding  officer. 
[OE  weard  masc.  watchman,  fem.  watch,  cf. 
ON  vbrdhr  in  same  senses,  G  wart  watchman  ; 
cogn.  w.  wary,  &  doublet  of  guard] 

ward2,v.t.  Have  in  keeping,  protect,  (chiefly 
now  of  God);  parry  (blow,  often  off),  keep  off 
danger,  poverty,  &c.    [f.  prec] 

-wapd(s),suf.  repr.OE  weard  f.  OE  weorthan 
become,  turn  to,  past  wearth ;  cf.  L  versus  to- 
wards, f.  the  cogn.  vertere  turn.  In  OE  compds 
of  -weard  were  orig.  adjj.,  the  adj.  used  some- 
times becoming  obs.  &  being  redeveloped  in 
later  E  f.  the  adv.,  as  in  forward,  -ward  formed 
advv.  &  prepp.  by  addition  of  -es.  In  older  E 
-ward  could  in  some  cases  be  separated  f.  its 
component,  as  in  to  usxcard.  Mod.  E  retains 
many  adjj.  &  advv.  in  -ward  as  backward,  for- 
ward, northward,  homeward,  advv.  in  -wards 
as  backwards,  inwards,  &  the  prep,  towards 
(less  usu.  -ward) ;  as  living  suf.  -ward,  -wards, 
are  used  to  form  extempore  adjj.  &  advv.,  often 
more  or  less  facet.,  as  bankwards,  bedward, 
Perthwards. 

wap'den1  (wor-),  n.  Watchman,  sentinel, 
(archaic);  guardian,  president,  governor,  o/(in 
obs.  or  existent  titles,  as  W.  of  the  Marches, 
Merton  College  &c,  the  Cinque  Ports),  whence 
wap'densHip  n.    [AF  wardein  (OF  warder 

GUARD,  -IAN)] 

warden2  (wor),  n.  Kind  of  cooking  pear, 
[perh.  f.  Wardon  in  Beds.] 

wap*dep,'n.  Sentinel  (archaic);  jailor,  whence 
wap'dPESS1  n. ;  (Hist. )  staff  of  authority  carried 
by  king  or  commander  &  sometimes  used  to  give 
signals,    [ward2, -er1] 

wardrobe  (wor-),  n.  Place  where  clothes 
are  kept,esp.  large  cabinetor  movable  cupboard 
withpegs,  shelves,  &c. ;  person's  stock  of  clothes, 
[f.  OF  warderobe  (as  warden  j,  robe)] 

wap'dship,  n.  Tutelage,  guardian's  care, 
(under  w. ;  has  the  w.  of),    [ward  l,  -ship] 

ware1  (war),  n.  Things  manufactured  for 
sale,  esp.  pottery  of  any  kind  (otherwise  usu.  in 
comb.,  as  hahgw.,  tinw.);  (pi.)  articles  that 
person  &c.  has  for  sale  (usu.  his  &c.  ww.);  (with 
distinctive  epithet)  kind  of  manufactured  ma- 
terial esp.  pottery,  named  from  inventor,  place 
of  manufacture,  or  some  characteristic  ( Wedg- 
wood, Dejft  or  Delf,  black,  Sec,  w.,  kinds  of 
pottery ;  Tunbridge  it?.,  inlaid  wood ;  warehouse 
(-s)n., building  in  which  goods  are  stored,  bond- 
ed, or  displayed  for  sale,  repository,  wholesale 
or  large  retail  store;  warehouse  (-z)  v.t.,  store 
(esp.  furniture  or  bonded  goods)  temporarily  in 
repository;  warehouseman,  owner  of  reposi- 
tory. [OE  waru,  cf.  Du.  waar,  G  waare,  prob. 
cogn.  w.  guard] 

ware2  (war),  pred.  a.  (poet.).  Aware.  [OE 
wxr  heedful,  cf.  ON  varr,  G  gewahr ;  cogn.  w. 
Gk  horao  see,  L  vereri  respect] 

ware3  (wor,  war),  v.t.  (Imperat.)  look  out 
for,  be  cautious  about,  (w.  hounas,  wire,  traps! ; 
esp.  in  hunting-field);  (colloq.,  usu.  imperat.)  de- 
cline to  have  anything  to  do  with,  bar,  avoid, 
fight  shy  of.    [OE  warian  take  heed  (prec.)] 

warfare,  n.  State  of  war,  campaigning, 
being  engaged  in  war,  (after  long  w. ;  his  w.  is 
over),    [orig.  sense  military  expedition  (fare  2)] 

wartlike,  a.  Martial,  fond  of  or  skilful  in 
war ;  military,  of  or  for  war,  (w.  preparations) ; 
bellicose,  threatening  war.    [-like] 


WARLOCK 


1004 


WASH 


wap'lock  (wor  ),  n.  (archaic).  t  Sorcerer,  wi- 
zard. [OE  w&rloga  deceiver  (wxr  truth,  cogn. 
w.  L  verus  true,  loga  liar  f.  leogan  lie52)] 
warm l  (wor-),  a.  Hottish,  of  or  at  rather  high 
temperature,  (hot,  w., tepid,  cool,  cold ;  w.  water, 
weather,  countries ;  w.  blood,  that  of  mammals 
&  birds  ranging  from  98°  to  112°,  also  fig.  pas- 
sionate or  amorous  or  emotional  disposition, 
whence  warm-bloodED2  a.;  w.  with  slang, 
spirits  &  hot  water  with  sugar),  (of  persons  &c.) 
with  temperature  of  skin  raised  by  exercise  or 
excitement  or  external  heat ;  (of  friendly  rela- 
tions or  actions  or  agents)  enthusiastic,  hearty, 
zealous,  (a  w.  partisan,  friend,  welcome,  recep- 
tion ;  w.  thanks) ;  animated,  heated,  exciting 
or  excited,  in  or  resulting  from  sanguine  or 
offended  or  indignant  or  unreserved  mood, 
(when  w.  with  wine ;  the  dispute  or  disputants 
grew  w.  j  w.  work,  keen  or  dangerous  conflict); 
(of  position  &c.)  difficult  or  dangerous  to  main- 
tain or  meet  (a  w.  corner,  hot  part  of  battle  &c. ; 
so  w.  reception  ;  make  it  or  things  w.for  one, 
create  strong  feeling  against  him);  (of  feelings 
&c.)  sympathetic,  emotional,  affectionate,  sus- 
ceptible, (has  a  w.  heart,  whence  warm- 
heartED2  a.,  warm-hear* ted ly  2  adv., 
warm-hear'ted.vESS  n.;aw.  temperament, 
susceptible  esp.  to  amorous  impressions;  w. 
descriptions  Sec.,  intended  to  appeal  to  amorous 
feelings,  indelicate);  (of  colour)  suggestive  of 
warmth,  esp.  containing  rich  reds  or  yellows ; 
(of  scent  in  hunting)  fresh  &  strong,  indicating 
recent  passage  of  quarry,  (of  seeker  in  children's 
hiding  games)  near  the  object  sought,  on  verge 
of  finding;  (of  person)  comfortably  off,  rich; 
(of  official  &c.)  no  longer  strange,  comfortably 
established,  in  office.  Hence  war'mLY  2  adv., 
warmTH1  n.  [OE  wearm,  cf.  Du.  &  G  warm ; 
perh.  cogn.  w.  L  formus,  Gk  thermos,  Skr. 
gharmos  heat] 

warm 2,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Make  w.,  excite,  (fire 
rearms  room,  person,  See. ;  wine  to  w.  the  heart ; 
w.  oneself  at  fire  Sec;  w.  person  or  his  jacket, 
thrash  him,  whence  wairmiNG1  n.  slang) ;  w. 
oneself  at  fire  &c;  become  w.  or  animated  or 
sympathetic  (often  up ;  room  is  warming  up ; 
he  warmed  up  or  warmed  as  he  got  into  his  sub- 
ject ;  my  heart  warms  to  him) ;  warming-pan, 
fiat  closed  long-handled  usu.  brass  vessel  hold- 
ing live  coals  formerly  used  for  warming  inside 
of  bed  before  it  was  occupied,  (fig.)  person  hold- 
ing office  temporarily  to  keep  it  for  another  not 
yet  of  age  &c. ;  hence  -warmER  l(2)  n.  (N.)  act 
of  warming  oneself  or  something  (must  have, 
give  it,  another  w.  first),  [f.  pi'ec. J 
warn  (worn),  v.t.  Give  notice  to,  put  on 
guard,  caution,  admonish,  (person  of  danger  or 
consequences  or  future  or  unknown  present 
circumstance,  against  person  or  thing  or  doing, 
that  something  impends  or  must  be  reckoned 
with,  that  he  is  or  has  neglected  to  do  some- 
thing, to  do,  or  abs.).  Hence  war*ning"LY 2 
adv.  [OE  w(e)arnian,  cf.  G  warnen ;  cogn.  w. 
wary,  ware2] 

war'ning,  n.  In  vbl  senses  (take  w.,  have 
one's  caution  excited,  mentally  register  danger 
&c,  actonaw.);  alsooresp.:  thing  that  serves 
to  warn  (palpitation  is  a  w.  of  heart  trouble ; 
let  this  be  a  w.  to  you) ;  give  (master,  servant) 
w„  announce  that  employment  is  to  terminate 
in  specified  (e.g.  a  month's)  time,  [-ing1] 
warpi  (worp),  v.t.  &  i.  Make  or  become 
crooked  or  perverted,  change  from  straight  or 
right  or  natural  state,  bias,  (sun  had  warped 
the  boards;  seasoned  timber  does  not  w.;  hard- 
ship warped  his  disposition  ;  judgment  warp- 
ed by  self-interest)  ;  (Naut.)  haul  (ship)  in  some 
direction  by  rope  attached  to  fixed  point,  pro- 


f'ress  thus ;  fertilize  by  inundating  with  w. 
partly  f.  ON  varpa  throw,  cogn.  w.  foil., 
partly  f.  foil.] 

warp  2  (worp),  n.  Threads  stretched  length- 
wise in  loom  to  be  crossed  by  woof ;  rope  used 
in  towing  or  warping ;  crooked  state  produced 
in  timber  &c.  by  uneven  shrinking  or  expan- 
sion, (fig.)  perversion  or  perverse  inclination 
in  mind ;  sediment  or  alluvial  deposit,  esp. 
that  left  by  turbid  water  kept  standing  on  poor 
land,  [partly  f.  OE  wearp,  cf.  ON  varp,  cogn. 
w.  G  werfen  throw,  partly  f.  prec] 

wa'rrant1  (wo-),  n.  Thing  that  bears  per- 
son out  in  or  authorizes  action  (have  no  w.  for 
what  you  do ;  his  promise  or  order,  our 
strength,  is  our  w.;  I  will  be  your  w.;  with  the 
w.  of  a  good  conscience) ;  voucher,  written 
authorization  to  receive  money  (dividend, 
treasury,  w.),  carry  out  arrest  or  distress  (a 
w.  is  out  against  him),  represent  principal  in 
lawsuit  (w.  of  attorney),  Sec;  certificate  from 
War  Office  or  Admiralty  (cf.  commission)  held 
by  w.-offlcer  or  one  of  highest  non-commis- 
sioned officers  as  gunner,  boatswain,  quarter- 
master-sergeant, [f.  OF  warant  f.  Teut.  (G 
gexvdhren  certify),  -ant] 

wa'rrant2,  v.t  Serve  as  w.  for,  justify, 
(nothing  can  w.  such  insolence),  whence  waT- 
rant  able  a.;  =  (the  now  more  usual)  guar- 
antee v.,  esp.  in  sense  answer  for  genuine- 
ness Sec  of  (goods),  &  in  /or  Fll  w.  (you)  usu. 
parenthet.  =  no  doubt,  whence  wa'rrantER1, 
waTrantOR2,  warrantEE',  nn.    [f.  prec] 

wa'rpanty,  n.  Authority  or  justification 
(usu.  for  doing  or  saying  or  supposing) ;  (Law) 
express  or  implied  undertaking  on  vendor's 
part  that  thing  sold  is  vendor's  &  is  fit  for  use 
or  fulfils  specified  conditions,  [f.  OF  warantie 
fem.  p.p.  of  warantir  warrant2] 

wa'rren  (wo-),  n.  Piece  of  ground  in  which 
rabbits  are  preserved  or  abound  (like  rabbits 
in  a  ttf.,  of  thick  population),  [f.  OF  warenne 
(warir  keep,  cogn.  w.  ware  3)] 

vwa'rrior  (wo'rier),  n.  Distinguished  or 
veteran  soldier  (rhet.,  poet.) ;  (attrib.,  of  nation 
&c.)  martial;  (of  savages)  fighting  man;  w.- 
ant,  of  kinds  that  make  slaves  of  other  species, 
[f.  OF  guerreiur  (guerreier  make  war)] 

wart  (wor-),  n.  Small  hardish  excrescence 
on  skin  caused  by  abnormal  growth  of  papillae 
( paint  one  with  his  ww.,  without  concealment 
of  blemishes),  similar  lump  on  stem  &c.  of 
plant  j  w.-grass,  -weed,  -wort,  kind  of  spurge 
with  juice  used  to  cure  ww.;  w.-hog,  kinds  of 
African  large-headed  swine  with  warty  lumps 
on  face.  Hence  war'tY  2  a.  [OE  wearte,  cf. 
Du.  wrat,  G  warze,  perh.  cogn.  w.  wort] 

war'y,  a.  Given  to  caution,  habitually  on 
the  look  out,  circumspect ;  cautious  of  doing ; 
showing,  done  with,  caution.  Hence  war*iLY2 
adv.,  war'iNESS  n.    [as  ware 2  +  - y  2] 

was.    See  be. 

wash l  (wo-),  v.t.  &  i.  Cleanse  with  liquid 
(w.  one's  face  Sec,  oneself,  or  any  object;  w. 
one's  dirty  linen  ;  w.  one's  hands  fig.,  decline 
responsibility  usu.  of),  (fig.)  purify  (w.  me 
throughly  from  mine  iniquity) ;  take  (stain, 
dirt,  &c.)  out  or  offov  away  by  washing ;  w.  up 
(plates  &c,  or  usu.  abs.),  clean  table  utensils 
after  use ;  (abs.)  w.  oneself  or  esp.  one's  (face  &) 
hands  (must  w.  before  dinner),  w.  clothes 
(washes  for  a  living);  (of  coloured  material  or 
dye)  bear  washing  without  loss  of  colour  (won't 
w.  fig.  of  argument  &c,  stand  examination), 
whence  wa'shiNG2  a.;  moisten  (roses  washed 
with  dew),  (of  river,  sea,  &c.)  touch  (coast, 
bank,  country)  with  its  waters ;  (of  moving  li- 
quid) carry  along  in  specified  direction  (chiefly 


WASH 


1005 


WATCH 


in  pass. ;  a  wave  washed  him  overboard ;  was 
washed  up  by  the  sea ;  beef  washed  down  with 
ale),  denude  (sea-washed  cliffs),  scoop  out 
{water  had  washed  a  channel),  go  splashing  or 
sweeping  over,  along,  out,  in,  or  into ;  sift  (ore) 
by  action  of  water ;  brush  thin  coating  of  wa- 
tery colour  over  (paper  in  water-colour  or  sepia 
painting,  wall),  coat  (inferior  metal)  thinly 
with  gold  &c.  Hence  wa'shABLE  a.  [OE 
wascan,  cf.  Du.  wasschen,  G  waschen;  cogn. 
w.  water,  wet] 

wash  2,  n.  Washing  or  being  washed  (give 
it  a  good  w.;  must  get  a  w.;  the  w.,  treatment 
at  laundry,  as  send  the  linen  to  the  w.),  quanti- 
ty of  clothes  just  (to  be,  being)  washed ;  visi- 
ble or  audible  motion  of  agitated  water,  esp. 
waves  caused  by  passage  of  vessel ;  soil  swept 
off  by  water,  alluvium ;  Kitchen  water  &  scraps 
given  to  pigs ;  thin  or  weak  or  inferior  liquid 
rood  (this  soup,  tea,  claret,  is  mere  w.) ;  liquid 
for  spreading  over  surface  to  cleanse  or  heal 
or  colour,  lotion,  cosmetic;  thin  coating  of  wa- 
ter-colour, wall-colouring,  or  metal,  [f.  prec] 

wash-,  comb,  form  of  wash1*2,  often  =  & 
used  as  substitute  for  washiNQ1:  w.-basin; 
w.-board,  of  ribbed  wood  for  use  in  scrubbing 
clothes  at  wash,  also  board  attached  to  gun- 
wale, port,  &c. ,  to  prevent  water  from  washing 
in,  also  board  skirting  bottom  of  room-wall ; 
w.-boiler,  clothes- washing  cauldron ;  w.-bottle, 
apparatus  for  purifying  gases  &c.  by  passage 
through  liquid ;  w.-bowl ;  w.-cloth,  piece  of 
linen  Sec.  used  in  washing  dishes  &c;  w.-day, 
on  which  clothes  are  washed ;_  w.-hand-basin ; 
w. -hand-stand,  piece  of  furniture  with  toilet 
utensils;  w.-house,  laundry;  w.-leather,  cha- 
mois or  similar  leather ;  w.-pot  (archaic  exc.  of 
pot  with  melted  tin  for  final  dipping  of  tin- 

{)late) ;  w. -stand,  =  w.-hand-stand;  w.-tub,  esp. 
or  clothes. 

wa'sher,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  fiat  ring  or 
perforated  piece  of  leather,  rubber,  metal,  &c, 
used  to  give  tightness  to  joint,  nut,  fasten- 
ing, &c.    [-ER l) 

wa'shlng,  n.  In  vbl  senses  (&  see  wash-)  ; 
esp.,  linen  &c.  sent  to  the  wash,    [-ing1] 

Washing-to'nia  (wo-),  n.  Californian palm- 
tree  named  after  George  Washington,    [-ia1] 

wa'shy,  a.  (Of  liquid  food  &c.)  too  watery, 
weak,  thin,  insipid;  (of  colour)  faded-look- 
ing, thin ;  (of  style,  sentiment,  &c.)  diffuse, 
feeble,  lacking  vigour  or  compression.  Hence 
wa'shiLY  2  adv. ,  wa'shlxESS  n.    [- y  2] 

wasp  (wo-),  n.  Kinds  of  hymenopterous 
social  or  solitary  insect  of  which  the  common 
kind  has  black  &  yellow  transverse  stripes, 
very  slender  waist,  &  powerfully  venomous 
sting  (has  a  waist  like  a  w.'s,  whence  wasp- 
waistED2  a.);  w.-bee,  -beetle,  -fly,  kinds  hav- 
ing some  resemblance  to  w.  [OE  wxps,  cf.  G 
wespe ;  for  metath.  cf.  ask,  hasp  ;  cogn.  w. 
weave,  w.  ref.  to  nests,  &  w.  L  vespa] 

wa'spish,  a.  Irritable,  petulant,  ill-tem- 
pered, sharp  in  retort.  Hence  wa'spishi.Y2 
adv.,  wa'spishNESs  n.    [-ish  j] 

wassail  (wo'sl,  wa'sl),  n.,  &  v.i.  (archaic). 
Festive  occasion,  drinking-bout ;  kind  of  liquor 
drunk  on  such  occasion  ;  w.-bowl,  -cup,  -horn, 
&c;  (vb)  make  merry,  hold  festivities,  [f.  OE 
wes  be  thou  (cf.  was  see  be),  hdl  whole,  form 
of  salutation] 

wast.    See  be. 


wa-stag-e  (-ij),  n.    Amount  wasted  or  that 

,  loss  by  waste.    (- 
waste1,  a.   (Of  district  &c.)  desolate,  desert, 


runs  to  waste,  loss  by  waste,    (-age] 


uninhabited,  uncultivated,  as  result  of  natural 
barrenness  &c.  or  of  ravages  or  catastrophe 
(layw.,  ravage;  lie  w.,  be  uncultivated;  w.  land, 


not  occupied  for  any  purpose),  (fig.)  monoto- 
nous or  presenting  no  features  of  interest  (the 
w.  periods  of  history),  superfluous,  refuse,  no 
longer  serving  a  purpose,  left  over  after  use, 
(w.  products,  useless  by-products  of  manufac- 
ture; w.  energy,  steam,  &c. ;  w.  paper,  esp. 
books  or  documents  that  fail  or  are  valueless), 
[f.  OF  wast  f.  MHG  waste  a  waste  f.  L  vastws] 

waste2,  v.t.  &  i.  Lay  waste  * ;  (Law)  bring 
(estate)  into  bad  condition  by  damage  or  neg- 
lect; expend  to  no  purpose  or  for  inadequate 
result,  use  extravagantly,  squander,  (w.  money, 
time,  food,  Sec,  or  abs.  as  w.  not,  want  not); 
wear  (t.  &  i.)  gradually  away,  wither,  (archaic, 
of  time)  pass  t.  &  i.,  (his  resources  were  wasted, 
were  rapidly  wasting;  day  wastes,  draws  to 
a  close ;  sorcerer  wasted  his  arm ;  a  wasting 
disease ;  is  wasting  away  for  lack  of  food) ; 
run  to  w.  (that  water  is  wasting),  [t.  OF  waster 
(now  gdter)  f.  L  vastare  (prec.)] 

waste3,  n.  Desert,  w.  region,  dreary  scene, 
(a  w.  of  waters,  unbroken  expanse  of  sea); 
being  used  up,  diminution  by  wear  &  tear, 
(the  w.  of  tissue  is  continuous;  w.  &  repair 
balance  each  other);  w.  material  or  food,  use- 
less remains,  refuse,  scraps,  shreds;  act  of 
wasting,  throwing  away  or  extravagant  or  in- 
effectual use  o/time,  money,  food,  &c,  (wilful 
w.  makes  woeful  want;  it  is  w.  of  time  to  argue 
further;  run  to  w.  of  liquid  or  fig.  of  affection 
&c,  be  wasted);  (Law)  injury  to  estate  caused 
by  act  or  neglect  esp.  of  life-tenant,  [as  W'aste  ]] 

waste-,  comb,  form  of  waste  1«2»3 :  w.-basket, 
for  w.  odds  &  ends  esp.  of  paper ;  w.-book  in 
book-keeping,  book  in  which  rough  preliminary 
entries  of  transactions  are  made ;  wa'steFUL 
a.,  extravagant,  given  to  or  exhibiting  waste, 
whence  wa'stenilLY2  adv.,  wa'stefulNESs 
n.,  wa'steLESS  a. ;  w.-pa'per-basket,  receptacle 
for  used  papers  &c;  w.-pipe,  for  carrying  off 
used  or  superfluous  water. 

wa*step,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  article  spoilt 
or  flawed  in  manufacture,    [-er  J] 

wa'strel,  n.  Thing  spoilt  in  making ;  stray 
child,  street  arab,  waif,  good-for-nothing  fellow ; 
(erron.)  wasteful  person,    [perh.  =prec.  +  -el] 

watch !  (wo-),  n.  Wakefulness  at  night  (now 
rare ;  in  the  ww.  of  the  night,  while  one  lies 
awake ;  pass  as  a  w.  in  the  night,  be  soon  for- 
gotten); alert  state,  being  on  the  look-out, 
vigilance,  constant  observation,  attention  to 
what  may  come,  (keep  w.,  aw.,  good  or  a  good 
w.;  w.  &  ward,  orig.  guard  by  night  &  day, 
now  emphatic  reduplication  of  w. ;  on  the  w., 
waiting  usu.  for  expected  or  desired  or  feared 
occurrence),  whence  wa'tchFUL  a.,  wa'tch- 
fulLY2  adv.,  wa'tchfulNESS  n.;  (Hist.)  man 
or  body  of  men  charged  with  patrolling  streets 
at  night,  guard  (black1  w.,  orig.  an  armed 
company);  (Hist)  one  of  three  or  of  four  parts 
into  which  night  was  anciently  divided  (first 
&c.  or  evening  &c.  w.);  four-hour  spell  of  duty 
on  board  ship  (dog-w.,  2-hr),  one  of  the  halves 
(starboard  &  port  w.  from  position  of  men's 
bunks)  into  which  ship's  crew  is  divided  to 
take  alternate  duty;  small  timepiece  worked  by 
coiled  spring  for  carrying  on  person  (stop-u?.); 
w.-case,  outer  metal  case  enclosing  w. -works ; 
w.-chain,  metal  w. -guard; w. -dog,  employed  to 
give  alarm  of  burglars  &c;  w.-fire,  at  night  in 
camps  &c;  w.^glass,  disk  covering  face  of  w.; 
w.-guard,  chain  or  string  for  securing  w.  on 
person;  w.-key,  instrument  for  winding  up  w.- 
works ;  w.-maker;  watchman,  (formerly,  &  still 
poet.)  sentinel  or  member  of  street  patrol,  (now) 
man  employed  to  look  after  empty  building 
&c.  at  night;  w.-night,  last  night  of  year  as 
celebrated  esp.  by  methodists  with  religious 


WATCH 


1006 


WATER 


services;  w.-oil,  fine  thin  kind  for  lubricating 
w.-works&c;  w.-pocket,  in  garment  esp.  waist- 
coat, or  separate  for  attachment  to  bed  &c, 
holding  w. ;  w.-spring,  kind  used  in  w.-works, 
also  mainspring  of  w.;  w.-stand,  small  pillar 
&c.  for  hanging  w.  on  ;  w.-tower,  post  of  obser- 
vation usu.  fortified ;  watchword,  (formerly) 
military  password,  (now)  phrase  expressing 
briefly  the  principles  of  a  party  &c.  (e.g.  Peace, 
retrenchment,  &  reform).  |OE«  wxcce  (wacian 
watch,  wacan  wakej)J 

watch2,  v.i.  &  t.  Remain  awake  for  a  pur- 
pose (now  rare ;  watched  all  night  by  his  side ; 
«o.  dfcpray);  be  on  the  w.,  keep  w.,  be  vigilant, 
look  out/or  opportunity  &c,  exercise  protect- 
ing care  over ;  keep  eyes  fixed  on,  keep  under 
observation,  follow  observantly,  {had  him 
watched  by  detectives  ;  if  you  don  t  w.  it  colloq., 
take  care  or  precautions) ;  look  out  for,  bide, 
await,  (opportunity;  w.  one's  time,  wait  for 
right  moment).  Hence  wa'tehER1  n.  [f.  prec.J 
wa'ter1  (waw-),  n.  Colourless  transparent 
tasteless  scentless  compound  of  oxygen  &  hy- 
drogen in  liquid  state  convertible  by  heat  into 
steam  &  by  cold  into  ice,  kinds  of  liquid  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  this  seen  in  sea,  lake,  stream, 
spring,  rain,  tears,  sweat,  saliva,  urine,  serum, 
&c,  body  of  w.  as  sea  or  lake  or  river,  (hot  & 
cold,  salt  &  fresh  or  sweet,  smooth  or  still  & 
rough  or  troubled,  hard  or  soft,  aerated, 
saline,  chalybeate,  thermal,  blue1,  holy, 
mineral,  &c,  w.;  strong  ww.  archaic,  dis- 
tilled spirits;  table  ww.,  esp.  mineral  ww. 
bottled  for  use  at  meals ;  red  w.,  bloody  urine ; 
in  smooth  w„  going  easily,  past  one's  troubles ; 
in  deep  w.  or  ww.,  floundering,  in  great  diffi- 
culties, in  affliction  ;  still  ww.  run  deep,  quiet 
manner  may  cover  depths  of  emotion,  know- 
ledge, or  cunning;  pish  2  in  troubled  ww.;  cup 
of  cold  w.,  symbol  of  charitable  intent;  get 
into,  be  in,  hot  w.,  bring  or  have  brought  trouble 
or  rebuke  on  oneself  by  indiscretion  &c. ;  throw 
cold  w.  on  scheme  &c,  discourage  or  poohpooh 
it ;  written  in  w.  of  name,  achievements,  &c, 
transient ;  keep  one's  head  above  w.,  chiefly 
fig.,  avoid  financial  ruin ;  cast  one's  bread  upon 
the  ww.,  do  good  without  looking  for  gratitude 
or  immediate  or  definite  return ;  drink  the  wiv., 
attend  spa  for  health;  brings  the  w.  to  one's 
mouth,  makes  it  w.;  fish  l  out  ofw. ;  between 
wind  &  w. ;  pour  oil  !  on  the  ww. ;  spend  money, 
shed  blood,  like  w.,  lavishly  or  recklessly;  go 
through  fire  l  &  w. ;  fire  &  w.  archaic,  symbol 
of  necessaries  of  life  not  to  be  supplied  to  out- 
law ;  hold1  w.;  make,  pass,  w.,  void  urine; 
tread  w.,  maintain  position  in  deep  w.  by  ac- 
tion of  marking  time ;  w.  on  the  brain,  knee, 
&c,  merbid  accumulation  of  serum ;  w.  be- 
witched, very  weak  tea  &c.  or  spirit-&-w.;  w. 
of  life,  spiritual  enlightenment ;  ww.  offorget- 
fulness,  Lethe,  oblivion,  death);  state  of  tide 
(high,  low,  w.;  in  low  w.  fig.,  in  depressed  con- 
dition, esp.  badly  off  for  money ;  high,  low,  -w. 
mark,  highest,  lowest  point  reached  by  tidal 
water,  also  fig.  of  best  &  worst  results  of  fluc- 
tuating process);  solution  of  specified  substance 
in  w.  (lavender,  rose,  &c,  to.,  scents ;  soda, 
lithia,  dill,  Sac.,  w.,  beverages  or  medicines); 
transparency  &  brilliance  of  gem  esp.  diamond 
(of  the  first  w.,  of  finest  quality,  often  also 
transf.  as  a  genius,  blunder,  of  the  first  w.) ; 
(Finance)  amount  of  nominal  capital  added  by 
watering;  water-  (in  compounds  of  which 
those  especially  that  distinguish  varieties  of 
plants  &  animals  are  too  numerous  to  be  given 
separately),  haunting,  growing  in,  used  or  em- 
ployed on,  &c,  the  w.,  of,  for,  worked  or  effect- 
ed by,  made  with,  containing,  using,  yielding, 


&c,  w.  W. -anchor, = drag  2-anchor;  w.-bailiff, 
customhouse  officer  at  port;  w.-bed,  rubber 
mattress  filled  with  w.  for  invalid  to  avoid  bed- 
sores; w.-bellows,  blower  made  by  suspension 
in  w.  of  inverted  valved  vessel  by  raising  & 
lowering  of  which  air  is  drawn  in  &  expelled  ; 
iv.-bird;  w.-biscuit;  w.-blister,  containing  co- 
lourless serum,  not  blood  ;  w.-boatman,  kind  of 
aquatic  bug;  w.-bome,  (of  goods)  conveyed 
by  w.;  w.-bottle,  esp.  of  glass  for  wash-hand- 
stand or  dining- table,  also  of  metal  &c.  for  sol- 
dier's kit ;  w.-brash,  form  of  indigestion  with 
copious  saliva  or  w.-vomiting;  w.-butt;  w.- 
carriaqe,  conveyance  of  goods  by  w.;  w.-cart, 
esp.  with  w.  for  sale  or  for  watering  roads ; 
w.-chute,  slope  of  boards  slippery  with  running 
water  for  tobogganing  down  ;  w.-closet,  privy 
with  arrangement  for  flushing  pan  with  w.; 
w.-colour,  pigment  mixed  with  w.  &  not  oil, 
picture  painted  with  such  colours,  (pi.  or  sing.) 
art  of  painting  such  pictures,  whence  wa*tei»- 
co1oupist(3)  n.;  watercourse,  brook,  stream  ; 
w.-cracker,  kind  of  biscuit;  watercress,  creep- 
ing w. -plant  eaten  as  salad;  w.-cure,  hydro- 
pathy; waterfall,  stream  falling  over  precipice 
or  down  steep  hillside  ;  w.-finder,  person  who 
dowses;  waterfowl  (usu.  collect,  as  pi.),  birds 
haunting  w.,  esp.  as  objects  of  sport;  w.-gas, 
got  by  decomposing  water  &  used  after  treat- 
ment with  carbon  as  illuminant ;  w.-gate, 
flood-gate,  also  gate  giving  access  to  river  &c; 
w.-qauge,  glass  tube  &c.  indicating  height  of 
w.  inside  reservoir,  boiler,  &c. ;  w.-glass,  tube 
with  glass  bottom  enabling  objects  under  w. 
to  be  observed,  also  solution  of  flint  sprayed 
over  w.-colour  painting  on  dry  plaster  to  fix  it ; 
w.-gruel;  w.-hammer,  percussion  made  by  w. 
in  pipe  when  tap  is  turned  off,  or  by  w.  in  steam- 
pipe  when  live  steam  is  admitted;  w.-hen,  = 
moorhen ;  w.  -ice,  flavoured  &  frozen  w.  &  sugar ; 
w.-inch,  quantity  discharged  in  24  hrs  through 
1  in.  pipe  under  least  pressure ;  w.-jackct,  case 
filled  with  water  &  enclosing  part  of  machine 
that  is  to  be  kept  cool ;  w.-joint,  proof  against 
leakage;  w. -junket, sandpiper ;  w.-laidol rope, 
= cable  x-laid  ;  w.-lens,  magnifying  lens  made 
of  glass-bottomed  brass  cell  filled  with  w.;  w.- 
level,  surface  of  w.  in  reservoir  &c,  also  plane 
below  which  ground  is  saturated  with  w.,  also 
levelling-instrument  made  of  glass  tube  to  be 
held  horizontal  with  two  upturned  graduated 
open  ends  in  which  the  contained  w.  must  be  at 
same  height  j  w.-lily,  kinds  of  plant  with  broad 
leaves  &  white  or  blue  or  yellow  or  red  flowers 
floating  on  surface  of  w.;  w.-line,  along  which 
surface  of  w.  touches  ship's  side  (when  loaded, 
load-w.-l.,  when  empty,  light  w.-l.),  also  one  of 
the  semi-transparent  parallel  lines  formed  in 
some  papers  in  manufacture;  waterlogged, 
(of  wood)  so  saturated,  (of  vessel)  so  filled,  with 
w.  as  barely  to  float ;  w.-main,  main  pipe  in 
w. -supplying  system ;  waterman,  boatman  ply- 
ing for  hire,  also  oarsman  good,  bad,  &c,  at 
keeping  boat  truly  balanced  &c,  whence 
wa*tei*mansHiP(3)  n.;  watermark  n.,  faint 
design  seen  in  some  paper  when  held  against 
light  indicating  maker,  size,  &c,  v.t.,  impress 
such  mark  on  in  making;  w.-meadow,  kept 
fertile  by  being  flooded ;  w.-melon,  one  of  two 
divisions  of  melon  (the  other  being  musk-melo7i) 
with  ellipse  shape,  smooth  skin,  &  watery  j  uice ; 
w.-meter'j  w.-mill,  worked  by  w. -wheel;  w.- 
monkey,  jar  with  long  narrow  neck  for  w.  used 
in  hot  countries ;  w.-motor,  w.-wheel,  turbine, 
small  motor  using  w.  under  pressure  ;  w.- 
nymph,  naiad  ;  w.-pillar,  upright  with  revolv- 
ing head  for  feeding  steam-engines  &c;  w.- 
pipe;  w.-plane,  plane  passing  through  ships 


WATER 


1007 


WAX 


w.-line  ;  w.-plate,  with  double  bottom  to  hold 
hot  w.  for  keeping  food  warm;  w.-platter, 
kind  of  w.-lily  with  upturned  edges  to  leaves ; 
w.-polo,  hand-ball  game  with  goals  played  by 
swimmers;  w.-power,  mechanical  force  got 
from  weight  or  motion  of  w.,  fall  in  stream 
capable  of  being  utilized  as  force ;  waterproof 
a.,  impervious  to  w.,  n.,  w.-p.  garment  or  mate- 
rial, v.t.,  make  w.-p.  with  rubber  &c,  whence 
watepproofER 1  n.;  w.-ram,  hydraulic  ram; 
w.-rat,=w.-vole  ;  w.-rate,  charge  made  for  use 
of  public  w.-supply  ;  w.-sail,  below  lower  stud- 
ding-sail close  over  w.;  w>.-seaJ,body  of  w.  used 
in  bent  pipe  or  about  mouth  of  pipe  to  prevent 
passage  or  escape  of  gas ;  watershed,  line  of 
separation  between  ww.  flowing  to  different 
rivers  or  basins  or  seas  [cogn.  w.  shed  J] ;  w.- 
shoot,  pipe  or  trough  throwing  off  w.  from 
house  &c;  w.-side,  margin  of  sea,  lake,  or 
river;  w.-skin,  skin  bag  for  carrying  w.;  w.- 
soldier,  aquatic  plant  with  flowers  above  sur- 
face ;  waterspout,  phenomenon  in  which  whirl- 
ing cloud  forms  a  funnel-shaped  pendant, 
which  descends  towards  sea  &  draws  up  corre- 
sponding volume  of  whirling  water,  the  whole 
forming  a  pillar  uniting  sea  &  cloud ;  w.-sprite ; 
w.-supply,  providing  &  storing  of  w.,  amount 
of  w.  stored,  for  use  of  town,  house,  &c;  w.- 
table,  string-course  arranged  to  throw  w.  off 
building ;  w.-tiger,  larva  of  certain  w. -beetles; 
watertight,  (of  joint,  boots,  cask,  compartment 
in  ship,  &c.)  tightly  enough  fastened  or  fitted  to 
prevent  ingress  or  egress  of  w.;  w.-tower,  sup- 
porting elevated  tank  to  secure  pressure  for 
distributing  w.-supply;  w.-tubeboiler,  in  which 
w.  circulates  in  tubes  exposed  to  flames  &  hot 
gases;  w.-vole,  large  vole  haunting  w.;  w.-way, 
navigable  channel,  also  thick  planks  at  outer 
edge  of  deck  along  which  channel  is  hollowed 
for  w.  to  run  off  by  ;  w.-wheel,  kinds  of  wheel 
{overshot,  undershot,  breast,  &  turbine,  wheel) 
worked  by  w.  &  working  machinery  ;  w.-witch, 
=w.-finder,  also  kinds  of  bird ;  w.-withe,  W.- 
Ind.  vine  so  full  of  sap  that  branch  broken  off 
yields  draught  of  w.;  waterworks,  establish- 
ment for  managing  w.-supply,  also  ornamental 
fountain  (turn  on  the  w.  slang,  cry,  blubber). 
Hence  wa'tePLESS  a.  [Aryan ;  OE  wxter, 
cf.  Du.  water,  G  wasser,  Gk  hudor,  L  unda 
wave,  Skr.  udan:  cogn.  w.  wet] 

wa'tep2,  v.t.  &  i.  Sprinkle  (road,  plants, 
&c),  adulterate  (milk,  beer,  &c),  with  w.;  give 
drink  of  w.  to  (horse,  &c),  (of  animals)  go  to 
pool  &c.  to  drink ;  (of  ship,  engine,  &c.  or  per- 
sons in  charge)  take  in  supply  of  w.;  (of  smart- 
ing eyes,  or  of  mouth  when  food  is  seen  or  food 
or  pleasure  eagerly  anticipated)  secrete  or  run 
with  w.;  (chiefly  in  p. p.,  as  watered  silk)  pro- 
duce irregular  wavy  damask-like  markings  on 
(material)  by  moistening  &  pressing  in  manu- 
facture:  (Finance)  increase  (company 's  debt  or 
nominal  capital)  by  issue  of  new  shares  without 
corresponding  addition  to  assets;  watering- 
cart,  with  perforated  pips  or  other  device  for 
watering  road;  watenng-plaee,  pool  &c.  at 
which  animals  w.,  also  spa,  also  seaside  place 
frequented  at  certain  seasons  by  holiday-makers 
&  invalids ;  watering-pot,  with  perforated  noz- 
zle for  watering  plants,    [f.  prec] 

wa'tery,  a.  Containing  too  much  water, 
over-moist,  sodden,  (esp.  *of  cooked  vegetables 
or  fish) ;  (of  eyes  or  lips)  suffused  or  running 
with  water ;  (of  liquids)  too  thin,  actually  or 
apparently  diluted,  resembling  water,  (fig.,  of 
expression,  talk,  style,  &c.)  vapid,  insipid,  un- 
interesting, feeble,  (of  colour)  pale,  washed 
out ;  indicative  of  rain  (a  w.  moon,  sky).  Hence 
wa'terixESS  n.    [-Y  2] 


watt  (wot),  n.  Unit  of  electric  power,  rate 
of  working  in  circuit  when  electromotive  force 
is  one  volt  &  intensity  of  current  one  ampere. 
Hence  wa'ttMETER  n.  [J.  W.  engineer  d.  1819] 
Watteau  (wo to,  orasF),  n.  French  painter 
d.  1721  ( W.  back,  arrangement  of  woman's  dress- 
back  with  broad  pleat  falling  from  neck  to 
ground  without  girdle  ;  W.  bodice,  with  square 
opening  at  neck  &  short  ruffled  sleeves). 
wa'ttle  (wo-),  n.,  &  v.t.  Wicker  hurdle; 
fleshy  appendage  under  throat  of  cock,  turkey, 
&  some  other  birds;  barbel  of  fish,  whence 
wattlED2  a.;  kinds  of  Australian  tree  with 
bark  used  in  tanning;  w.-work,  interlaced 
twigs,  wicker-work,  (Vb,  esp.  in  p.p.)  make  of 
or  provide  with  w.-work.  [OE  watel  hurdle, 
cf.  wxtla  bandage ;  sense  appendage  prob. 
through  obs.  senses  basket,  bag] 

waul,  v.i.    Squall,  cry  like  cat    [imit.] 

wave l,  v.i.  &  t.  Vibrate  or  be  stirred  with 
sinuous  or  sweeping  motions  like  those  of  flag 
or  tree  or  field  of  corn  in  wind,  flutter,  undu- 
late; impart  waving  motion  to  (w.  sword, 
brandish  it  as  encouragement  to  followers  &c. ; 
w.  one's  hand  often  to  person,  in  greeting  or  as 
signal) ;  w.  hand  or  thing  held  in  itusu.  to  per- 
son, give  direction  thus  to  person  to  do,  send 
(person)  away  thus,  summon  (person)  nearer 
thus,  direct  (person)  thus  to  do,  express  fare- 
well &c.  thus ;  give  undulating  surface  or 
course  or  appearance  to  (hair  of  head,  lines  in 
drawing,  &c),  make  wavy,  (of  hair,  line,  &c.) 
have  such  appearance,  be  wavy.  [OE  wafian 
wave  hand,  cogn.  w.  wobble] 

wave  2,  n.  Ridge  of  water  between  two  de- 
pressions or  (also  breaker)  long  body  of  water 
curling  into  arched  form  &  breaking  on  shore 
(the  ww.  or  w.  poet.  &  rhet.,  the  sea,  water) ; 
disturbance  of  the  particles  of  a  fluid  medium 
e.g.  water,  air,  ether,  into  a  ridge-&-trough 
oscillation  by  which  motion  is  propagated  & 
heat,  light,  sound,  electricity,  &c,  conveyed  in 
some  direction  without  corresponding  advance 
or  without  any  advance  of  the  particles  in  the 
same  direction,  single  curve  in  the  course  of 
such  motion  ;  temporary  heightening  of  some 
influence  or  condition  or  feeling  (a  w.  of  enthu- 
siasm, prosperity,  depression',  heat,  cold,  -w., 
rise  or  fall  of  temperature  travelling  over  large 
area) ;  undulating  line  or  outline  or  surface, 
waviness ;  gesture  of  waving.  Hence  wa've- 
less  a.,  wa*veLET  n.    [f.  prec] 

wa*vep,  v.i.  Oscillate  unsteadily,  flicker, 
quiver,  (rare  ;  chiefly  of  flame) ;  (of  troops)  fal- 
ter, become  unsteady,  begin  to  give  way  ;  be 
irresolute  or  undecided  between  different 
courses  or  opinions,  be  shaken  in  resolution  or 
belief.  Hence  wa'vePER1,  wa'vepingTLY  2 
adv.     [WAVE1,  -ER5] 

wa'vy  J,  a.  Undulating,  (of  line  or  surface) 
consisting  of  or  showing  alternate  contrary 
curves,  (w.  hair).  Hence  wa*viLY  2  adv.,  wa*- 
vIness  n.    [y  2] 

wa*vy2,-ey.n.  The  snow-goose.  [f.Amer.- 
Ind.  wawa] 

wawl.     =  WAUL. 

wax1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Sticky  plastic  yellowish 
substance  secreted  by  bees  asmaterial  of  honey- 
comb cells,  beeswax,  white  translucent  scent- 
less tasteless  material  got  from  this  by  bleach- 
ing &  purifying  &  used  for  candles,  in  model- 
ling, &  for  other  purposes,  (mould  one  like  w., 
form  his  character  on  desired  lines  or  induce 
him  to  act  just  as  desired)  ;  substance  resem- 
bling w.  in  some  respect,  as  the  secretion  of 
some  other  insects  esp.  Chinese  w„  ear-w.  or 
cerumen,  mineral  w.  esp.  ozocerite,  bee-bread, 
vegetable  w.  or  exudation  of  certain  plants, 


WAX 


1008 


■WAYS 


seal  sinflr-u;.,  cobblers'-io.;  (attrib.,  now  usu. 
preferred  to  waxen)  made  of  w.;  waxbill,  kinds 
of  small  bird  with  translucent  bill ;  w.-candle; 
w.-chandler,  maker  or  seller  of  w. -candles ;  to.- 
cloth,  floor-cloth  ;  to.  doll,  with  face  &c.  of  w., 
also  person  esp.  woman  with  pretty  but  unex- 
pressive  face ;  w.-insect,  kinds  that  secrete  w., 
esp.  that  collected  as  Chinese  w.  from  which 
superior  candles  are  made  ;  w.-light,  taper  or 
candle  of  w.;  w.-myrtle,  candleberry ;  w.-paint- 
ing,  encaustic ;  w.-palm,  S.-Amer.  palm  with 
stem  coated  in  mixture  of  resin  &  w. ;  w.-paper, 
waterproofed  with  layer  of  w. ;  w.-vink,  garden- 
plant  portulaca ;  w.-pocket,  one  of  bee's  w. -ex- 
uding apertures ;  w.-tree,  kinds  exuding  w.  or 
encrusted  with  it  by  insects ;  waxwing,  kinds 
of  bird  with  small  horny  tips  like  red  sealing- 
w.  to  some  feathers;  waxwork,  modelling-  work, 
objects  modelled,  in  w.,  esp.  dummies  of  per- 
sons with  face  &  hands  of  coloured  w.  clothed 
to  look  like  life  &  be  exhibited ;  (vb)  smear, 
polish,  encrust,  treat  surface  of,  with  w.  [OE 
weax,  cf.  Du.  was,  G  wachs) 

wax2,  v.i.  (Of  moon  between  new  &  full) 
have  progressively  larger  part  of  surface  illu- 
minated, (cf.  wane ;  w.  &  wane  also  transf.  of 
influence  &c,  undergo  alternations  of  increase 
&  decrease),  (archaic  &  poet.)  grow  or  increase; 
(with  adj.  compl.)  pass  into  specified  condition 
or  esp.  mood  or  tone  (w.  fat,  old,  merry,  face- 
tious, indignant,  pathetic,  angry).  [Aryan ;  OE 
weaxan,  cf.  Du.  wassen,  G  wachsen,  Gk  aux- 
ano,  L  augere,  Skr.  vaksh] 

wax  3,  n.  (slang).  Fit  of  anger  (is  in,  got  into, 
put  him  in,  a  w.).    [?] 

wa'xen,  a.  Made  of  wax  (being  ousted  by 
attrib.  use  of  wax) ;  presenting  surface  as  of 
wax  (esp.  of  complexion,  used  with  less  of  de- 
preciation than  waxy);  impressible  as  wax, 
plastic.    [-en5] 

wa'xy,  a.  Resembling  wax  in  some  way,  esp. 
easily  moulded  or  presenting  smooth  pale  trans- 
lucent surface ;  (of  tissue)  having  degenerated 
into  consistency  resembling  wax  (so  w.  liver 
&c);  (slang)  angry,  quick-tempered.  Hence 
wa'xiLY  2  adv. ,  wa'xiNESS  n.    [wax  1  > 3,  - y  2] 

way,  n.  Road  or  track  lit  or  fig.  provided 
for  passing  along  (HiGHto.  ;  permanent  w.,  com- 
plete piece  of  regular  railroad  track ;  six-foot 
w.,  space  left  between  each  pair  of  rails  &  the 
next  on  railway ;  covered  to.,  roofed  or  in  Fortif. 
screened  passage;  Appian,  Latin,  &c,  W., 
great  Roman  roads  in  Italy;  milky  w.\  the  w. 
of  the  Cross,  series  of  paintings  in  church  &c, 
to  receive  successive  attention  in  certain  ser- 
vices, illustrating  Christ's  progress  to  Calvary ; 
go  the  w.  of  all  the  earth,  of  all  flesh,  of  nature, 
die ;  pave  the  w.for,  take  steps  that  will  facili- 
tate or  prepare  people's  minds  to  accept  some 
change),  (pi.)  structure  of  timber  &c.  on  which 
new  ship  is  slid  down  at  launch ;  best  route  or 
route  taken  or  contemplated  between  two  places 
or  to  place,  method  or  plan  for  attaining  ooject, 
person's  desired  or  chosen  course  of  action,  (ask 
the  or  one's  w.;  farthest  w.  about  is  nearest  w. 
home,  short  cuts  are  delusive;  find  one's  or 
the  w„  reach  destination ;  lose  one's  or  the  w., 
go  astray ;  parting  of  the  ww.  usu.  fig.,  time  for 
momentous  decision ;  take  one's  w.,  go  in  some 
direction,  usu.  to  or  towards ;  go  one's  w.  or  ww. , 
depart ;  came  by  w.  of  London,  via ;  lead  the  w., 
act  as  guide  or  leader,  show  by  example  how 
thing  can  be  done;  put  oneself  out  of  the  w., 
inconvenience  oneself  to  serve  another ;  is  no- 
thing out  of  the  w.,  not  uncommon  or  remark- 
able ;  an  out-of-the-w.  corner,  remote,  inacces- 
sible ;  go  out  of  the  or  one's  w.  to  be  rude,  show 
wanton  rudeness ;  right  &  wrong  ww.  of  doing 


a  thing ;  that  is  the  w.  to  do  it ;  where  there 's  a 
will  there's  a  way;  you  will  never  manage 
it  that  w.;  will  find  or  make  a  w.;  will  do  it 
one  w.  or  another;  ww.  &  means,  methods 
esp.  of  providing  money  as  in  parliamentary 
Committee  of  Ww.  &  Means;  go,  take,  one« 
own  w.,  act  independently  esp.  against  others' 
advice;  have  one's  own  or  one's  w.,  get  what 
one  wants,  see  one's  orders  carried  out  or  de- 
sires gratified) ;  travelling-distance,  length  of 
road  &c.  (to  be)  traversed,  (India  is  a  long  w. 
off;  went  a  little,  a  good,  a  long,  some,  w.  with 
or  to  meet  him ;  is  still  a  longw.  off  perfection); 
unimpeded  opportunity  of  advance,  room  free 
of  obstacles,  ground  over  which  advance  is  de- 
sired or  would  naturally  take  place,  (give1, 
make1,  w.;  lion  in  the  w.;  stand,  be,  in  the  w. 
of,  in  one's  w.,  or  in  the  w.,  be  obstacle  to,  be 
obstacle ;  get  out  of,  in,  the  w.,  cease,  begin,  to  be 
impediment ;  get  thing  out  of  the  w.,  dispose  of, 

fet  rid  of,  settle ;  put  person  out  of  the  w.,  con- 
ne  or  secretly  kill  him ;  clear  the  w.,  remove 
obstacles,  stand  aside;  right  ofw.;  put  one  in 
the  w.  of  a  good  bargain,  of  doing,  give  him  op- 
portunity); being  engaged,  time  spent,  in  loco- 
motion lit.  or  fig.  (with  songs  to  cheer  the  w. ;  met 
him  on  the  w.  out  or  home ;  is  on  the  w.,  travel- 
ling or  approaching ;  by  the  w.,  during  journey, 
fig.  incidentally,  often  used  by  speaker  to  intro- 
duce more  or  less  irrelevant  remark);  specified 
direction  (usu.  in  adv.  phrr.  without  prep. ;  which 
w.ishe  looking,  going  ?;  look  the  other  w.,  avoid 
meeting  person's  eye,  cut  him ;  appended  colloq. 
to  names  of  places,  as  lives  somewhere  London 
to.);  custom,  manner  of  behaving,  personal  pe- 
culiarity, (the  good  old  ww. ,  old  fashions ;  stand 
in  the  ancient  ww.,  avoid  what  is  new-fangled ; 
the  w.  of  the  world,  conduct  no  worse  than  is 
justified  by  custom ;  it  is  not  my  w.  to  desert 
people  in  misfortune;  has  a  little  w.  of  leaving 
hisbills  unpaid ;  it  is  only  his  w.,  piece  of  rude- 
ness &c.  from  him  has  no  special  significance); 
scope,  sphere,  range,  line  of  occupation,  branch 
of  business,  (hunting  is  not,  does  not  lie  or  come 
or  fall,  in  my  w. ;  is  in  the  grocery  w.,  a  grocer ; 
want  a  few  things  in  the  stationery  w. ) ;  advance 
in  some  direction,  impetus,  progress,  (make  one's 
w.  home,  into  a  shop,  Sec;  make  one's  or  one's 
ownw.,  prosper;  make  the  best  of  one's  to.,  go  as 
fast  as  one  can  ;  make  to.,  advance  lit.  or  fig.; 
gather,  lose,  to.,  gain  or  lose  speed ;  give  to.  of 
oarsmen,  row  hard ;  ship  has  to.  on,  is  under  to., 
moves  through  water);  respect  (not  a  bad  fellow 
in  some  ww. ;  is  satisfactory  in  one  or  a  to. ;  no  to. 
inferior,  not  at  all) ;  ordinary  course  (did  it  in 
the  to.  of  business) ;  condition,  state,  train,  de- 
gree, (things  are  in  a  bad  to.;  toe  are  all  in  the 
same  to. ;  live  in  a  small  to. ;  is  anauthor,  builds 
ships,  in  a  small  to.,  on  small  scale ;  be  in  the 
family  to.,  with  child);  by  to.  of,  as  substitute  for 
or  form  of,  with  intention  of,  (carries  a  stick  by 
to.  of  weapon ;  did  it  by  w.  of  apology,  of  dis- 
covering the  truth  ;isbyw.  of  making  an  effort, 
represents  himself  to  himself  or  others  to  be 
doing  so).  W.-bUl,  list  of  passengers  or  parcels 
on  conveyance ;  w.-board,  thin  layer  separating 
thicker  strata ;  wayfarer,  -faring,  traveller, 
travelling,  esp.  on  foot ;  wayfaring-tree,  white- 
flowered  shrub  common  along  roadsides ;  way- 
lay'  v.t.,  lie  in  wait  for,  wait  about  for  to  rob  or 
interview;  w.-leave,  right  of  way  rented  by 
mine-owners  &c. ;  w.-shaft  in  steam-engine, 
rocking-shaft  for  working  slide-valve  from  ec- 
centric; w.-side,  side  of  road  (esp.  attrib.,  as 
w.-s.  flower 8,  inn) ;  w.-worn,  tired  with  travel. 
[OE,  also  Du.  &  G,  weg,  cogn.  w.  wain,  L  vehere 
carry,  Skr.  vaha-  road  (vah  carry)] 
-ways,  suf.  forming  advv.  usu.  of  position  or 


WAYWARD 


1009 


WEAR 


direction,  &  often  used  indifferently  with -wise; 
lengthways,  sideways,  always,  &c.   [prec,  -es] 

wayward,  a.  Childishly  self-willed  or  per- 
verse, capricious,  unaccountable,  freakish. 
Hence  waywapdLY  2  ad  v. ,  waywardNESS 
n.    [for  away  ward,  cf.  froward] 

we,  pi.  8ubj.  of  i2  (used,  besides  the  ordinary 
pron.  use,  by  royal  person  in  proclamations  &c. 
instead  of  I,  by  writer  in  unsigned  article  of 
newspaper  &c,  &  as  collective  name  for  speaker 
&  all  others  of  the  class  that  context  shows  him 
to  be  representing  for  the  moment).  [OE  w&, 
cf.  Du.  toy,  G  wir,  Skr.  vay-am] 

weak,  a.  Wanting  in  strength  or  power  or 
number,  fragile,  easily  broken  or  bent  or  de- 
feated {w.  barrier,  rope,  &c. ;  a  w.  eleven,  of  poor 
Slayers ;  offer  but  a  w.  resistance ;  w.  vessel  usu. 
g.,  unreliable  person  j  aw.  crew,  short-handed; 
w.  hand,  deficient  in  high  cards ;  the  weaker  sex, 
women ;  weakest  goes  to  wall  ;  w.  knees  usu. 
fig.,  inability  to  stand  firm,  want  of  resolution, 
whence  weak-kneED  2  a. ;  to.  ending  in  blank 
verse,  unaccented  or  proclitic  word  such  as  if 
at  end);  wanting  in  vigour,  not  acting  strongly, 
sickly,  feeble,  (w.  constitution,  want  of  power 
to  resist  disease  &c;  to.  stomach,  easily  upset ; 
w.  eyes,  sight,  easily  tired  or  not  seeing  well, 
whence  weak-eyED2,  weak-sigh  tED2,  aa. ; 
w.  heart,  acting  feebly ;  w.  mind,nead,  below 
average  in  intelligence,  verging  on  idiocy, 
whence  weak-mindED  2,  weak-headED2, 
aa. ;  so  w.  intellect;  w.  imagination ;  w.  voice, 
easily  tired  or  not  reaching  far ;  w.  demand  for 
goods  or  stocks,  slack ;  so  the  market  was  w.); 
wanting  in  resolution  or  power  of  resisting 
temptation,  easily  led,  (w.  character,  man ;  per- 
son's to.  side  or  point,  at  which  he  is  open  to 
temptation),  (of  action)  indicating  want  of  re- 
solution in  agent  (a  w.  surrender,  compliance)', 
unconvincing,  logically  deficient,  (to.  logic,  evi- 
dence; a  to.  argument);  (of  mixed  liquid  or 
solution)  watery,  thin,  (to.  tea,  brandy-&-water, 
brine) ;  (of  style  &c.)  not  nervous  or  well-knit, 
diffuse,  slipshod;  (Gram.)  inflected  by  conso- 
nantal additions  to,  not  vowel  change  in,  stem 
(in  English  esp.  of  verbs  making  past  &  p.p.  by 
addition  of  -ea).  Hence  or  cogn.  wea'ki.x  °  v.t. 
&  i.,  wea*kiSH1(2)  a.,  wea'kly  1  (-ly2)  adv. 
[back-formation  f.  weaken,  OE  wxcan  (wdc 
pliant,  weak,  cf.  Du.  xceek,  G  weich)] 

wea'kllng1,  n.   Feeble  person  &c.   [-ling  j] 

wea'kly2,  a.  Sickly,  not  robust,  ailing,  [-ly1] 

wea'kness,  n.  In  adj.  senses ;  also  or  esp. : 
weak  point  or  defect ;  inability  to  resist  a  par- 
ticular temptation ;  foolish  liking  or  inclination 
for.     [NESS] 

weal !,  n.  Welfare,  prosperity,  good  fortune, 
(chiefly  now  in  to.  &  woe,  w.  or  woe,  in  common- 
weal, &  in  for  the  public  or  general  to.).  [OE 
wela,  cogn.  w.  well3] 

weal2.    See  wale. 

weald  (we-),  n.  District  including  parts  of 
Kent,  Surrey,  Hants.,  &  Sussex,  with  geologi- 
cally interesting  characteristics ;  w.-clay,  beds 
of  clay,  sandstone,  limestone,  &  iron-stone,  form- 
ing top  of  w.  strata,  with  abundant  fossil  re- 
mains. [ME  weeld  perh.  =  wild,  perh.  var.  of 
wold] 

wea'lden,  a.  &  n.  Of  the  weald,  resembling 
the  weald  geologically ;  (n.)  series  of  lower-cre- 
taceous fresh- water  strata  above  oolite  &  below 
chalk  best  exemplified  in  the  weald,    [-en  5] 

wealth  (we-),n.  Welfare,prosperity,(archaic; 
in  health  &  to.  long  to  live);  riches,  large  posses- 
sions, opulence,  being  rich ;  abundance,  a  pro- 
fusion or  great  quantity  or  display,  of  {a  w.  of 
illustration,  wit,  fruit ;  w.  of  words  is  not  elo- 
quence).  Hence  wea*lthY2a.,  wea'lthiLY2 


adv.,  wea'lthiNESS  n.  [weal1  +  -th  »,  cf.  Du. 
weelde  luxury] 

wean,  v.t.  Teach  (sucking  child  or  animal) 
to  feed  otherwise  than  from  the  breast  (often 
from  mother  or  breast);  disengage  or  cure  from 
or  rarely  of  habit,  specified  company,  &c,  by 
enforced  abstinence  or  counter-attractions. 
[OE  wenian  accustom,  cf.  Du.  wennen,  G  ge- 
wbhnen,  accustom ;  cogn.  w.  win,  wont] 

wea*nling,n.  Ne  w- weaned  child  &c.  [-ling1] 

'weapon  (we'pn),  n.  Material  thing  designed 
or  used  or  usable  as  an  instrument  for  inflicting 
bodily  harm,  e.g.  cannon,  rifle,  sword,  spear,, 
stick,  hammer,  poker,  horn,  claw ;  action  or 
procedure  or  means  used  to  get  the  better  in  a 
conflict  (irony  is  a  double-edged  to.;  use  the  w. 
of  a  general  strike ;  tears,  the  woman's  to.). 
Hence  wea'ponLESS  a.  [OE  wxpen,  cf.  Du. 
wapen,  G  waffe] 

wear1  (war),  v.t.  &  i.  (wore,  worn).  Be 
dressed  habitually  in,  have  on,  carry  or  exhibit 
on  one's  person  or  some  part  of  it,  (wears 
green,  serge,  knickerbockers,  &c,  as  usual 
colour  &c);  is  wearing  diamonds,  on  this  occa- 
sion ;  tcorn  clothes,  that  have  been  put  on  at 
least  once  ;  to.  the  crown,  sword,  gown,  willow, 
breeches,  be  a  monarch  or  martyr,  soldier, 
lawyer,  desolate  lover,  husband-ruling  wife; 
to.  one  8  hair  long,  short,  &c;  to.  a  face  of 
joy,  sour  look,  &c. ;  to.  heart  on  sleeve ;  w. 
person  or  principle  in  one's  heart,  be  devoted  to ; 
to.  one's  years  well,  remain  young-looking), 
whence  wear'ER1  n.;  injure  surface  of,  partly 
consume  or  obliterate,  damage,  [attenuate,  or 
alter,  by  rubbing  or  use,  suffer  such  injury  or 
consumption  or  change,  come  or  bring  into 
specified  state  by  use,  rub  (t.  &  i.)  off  or  out  or 
away  or  down,  (step  worn  with  pilgrims' knees ; 
worn  clothes,  the  worse  for  wear ;  inscription 
has  been  worn,  or  has  worn,  away ;  to.  the  fresh- 
ness, the  nap,  off;  impression  soon  wears  off; 
clothes  to.  to  one's  shape,  fit  better  with  use ; 
to.  one's  trousers,  trousers  have  worn,  into  holes 
or  bagginess ;  seams  to.  white,  ragged,  thread- 
bare ;  is  worn  to  a  shadow  with  care ;  stick 
wears  down  to  a  stump ;  a  worn  or  well-worn 
joke,  stale ;  to.  out,  use  or  be  used  till  usable  no 
longer);  exhaust,  tire  or  be  tired  out,  put  down 
by  persistence,  (toom.  with  travel ;  a  wearing 
occupation,  companion,  &c. ;  to.  out  one's  wel- 
come, go  too'often  or  stay  too  long  as  visitor  &c. ; 
his  patience  wore,  or  was  worn,  out  at  last ;  suc- 
ceeded in  wearing  down  opposition);  endure 
continued  use  well,  badly,  Sec,  remain  specified 
time  in  working  order  or  presentable  state,  last 
long,  (won't  to.,  of  inferior  material,  transitory 
impression,  &c;  wears  for  years;  person  wears 
well,  retains  youthful  strength  or  esp.  look); 
(of  time)  go  slowly  or  tediously  on,  pass  (t.  &  i. 
of  time)  gradually  away,  (winter,  time,  day, 
wears  on  or  away ;  to.  away  or  out  one's  life  or 
time  or  youth  in  trifles ;  to.  through  the  day, 
get  through  it  somehow);  make  (hole,  groove, 
channel)  by  attrition  (usu.  of  incidental  or  un- 
designed action,  cf.  bore;  often  of  water); 
wearing-apparel,  clothes;  wearing-iron  or 
-plate,  piece  of  metal  attached  to  protect  sur- 
face exposed  to  friction.  Hence  wear*ABLE  a. 
[OE  werian,  cf.  ON  verja,  Goth,  wasjan ;  cogn. 
w.  L  vestis,  Gk  esthes,  clothes,  Skr.  vas  to  dress] 

wear2,  n.  Wearing  or  being  worn  on  per- 
son, use  as  clothes,  (the  best  materials  for  Sun- 
day, working,  spring,  seaside,  &c,  to.;  serges 
are  now  in  general  to.,  fashionable  ;  the  coat  I 
have  in  to.,  am  regularly  wearing) ;  thing  to 
w.,  fashionable  or  suitable  apparel,  (in  phrr.  on 
type  of  motley's  the  only  to.;  also  in  foot  &c. 
-to.  chiefly  in  trade  use  as  collective  for  things 


WEAR 


1010 


WEDGE 


worn  on  feet  &c.) ;  damage  sustained  as  result 
of  ordinary  use  (esp.  w.&tear ;  will  stand  any 
amount  of  w.;  is  the  worse  for  w.,  damaged 
by  use) ;  capacity  for  resisting  w.  &  tear  (there 
is  a  great  deal  of  no,  w.  in  it),  [f.  prec] 
wear3  (war),  v.t.  &  i.  (naut.;  past  &  p.p. 
wore).  Bring  (ship),  (of  ship)  come,  about  by 
putting  down  of  helm  (cf.  tack).  Ivar.  of  veer] 
wear  4  (wer).  =  weir. 

weary  (werl),  a.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Tired,  with 
energy  abated,  dispirited ;  sick  or  impatient  of; 
tiring,  tedious,  irksome;  hence  weaP'iLY2 
adv.,  weairiNESS  n.  (Vb)  make  w.  (esp.  of 
or  with  importunity  or  monotony),  whence 
wear*isoME  a.,  wear'isomeLY2  adv., 
wear'isomexEss  n.;  grow  w.  (esp.  of  impor- 
tunity or  importunate  person),  whence 
weap'iLESS  a.;  (chiefly  Sc.)  long  to  do  or  for. 
[OE  we"rig,  cf.  OHG  wuorag  drunk ;  cogn.  w. 
OE  wdrian  travel  (wor  swamp) ;  not  f.  wear1  ] 
wea'sand  (wez-),  n.  (archaic).  Wind-pipe 
(slit  one's  w.,  cut  his  throat).  [OE  wasend,  cf. 
OHG  weisunt,  etym.  dub.] 
weasel  (we'zl),  n.  Small  nimble  reddish- 
brown  white-bellied  slender-bodied  carnivor- 
ous quadruped  allied  to  stoat  &  ferret  (catch  a 
w.  asleep,  deceive  wide-awake  person);  w.- 
faced,  with  thin  sharp  features.  [OE  wesle,  cf. 
Du.  wezel,  G  wiesel] 

wea'ther1  (wedh-),  n.  &  a.  Atmospheric 
conditions  prevailing  at  a  place  &  time,  com- 
bination produced  by  heat  or  cold,  clearness 
or  cloudiness,  dryness  or  moisture,  wind  or 
calm,  high  or  low  pressure,  &  electrical  state, 
of  local  air  &  sky,  (April  w.,  showers  alternat- 
ing with  sunshine,  fig.  smiles  &  tears  ;  fair2, 
foul1,  dirty,  fine, soft,  w.\  favourable,  sea- 
sonable, good,  bad,  &c,  w;  under  stress  of  to., 
owing  to  storms  &c;  clerk  of  the  w.;  make 
good  or  bad  w.  naut.,  meet  with) ;  w.-beaten, 
seasoned  by  or  bearing  the  marks  of  exposure 
to  storms ;  w.-board,  supply  with  w.-boarding, 
-boards,  horizontal  boards  of  which  each  over- 
laps the  next  below  to  throw  off  rain  as  pro- 
tective casing  to  wall&c;  w.-bound,  unable  to 
proceed  owing  to  bad  w.;  w.-box,  w. -indicator 
with  figures  of  man  &  woman,  one  issuing  to 
foreshow  rain,  the  other  fine  w.;  w.-bureau, 
meteorological  office ;  w.-chart,  diagram  show- 
ing details  of  w.  over  wide  area ;  weathercock, 
revolving  pointer  often  in  shape  of  cock 
mounted  in  high  place  esp.  on  church  spire  to 
show  whence  wind  blows,  (fig.)  inconstant  per- 
son ;  w.-contact  or  -cross,  leakage  from  one  tele- 
graph wire  to  another  due  to  wet  w.;  w.-f ore- 
cast,  prophecy  of  the  day's  w.  posted  at  w.- 
bureau  or  printed  in  newspaper;  w.-glass, 
barometer;  w.-map,  =  w.-chart;  w.-moulding, 
dripstone ;  w. -proof2;  w.-prophet,  person  who 
foretells  w.;  w.-service,  organization  for  mete- 
orological observations ;  w.-stain,  discoloura- 
tion of  wall  &c.  by  exposure ;  so  w.-stained ; 
w.-station,  post  of  observation  in  connexion 
with  w.-service;  w.-strip,  piece  of  material 
used  to  make  door  or  window  proof  against 
rain  or  wind ;  w.-tiles,  arranged  to  overlap  like 
w.-boarding;  w.-wise,  able  to  forecast  w.;  w.- 
worn,  marked  by  storms  &c;  w.-vane,  =  wea- 
thercock. (Adj.,  naut.)  windward  (on  the  w. 
quarter,  beam,  bow,  &c. ;  have  the  w.  gage  or 
gauge1  of;  keep  one's  w.  eye  open  fig.,  be  on 
the  look-out) ;  hence  wea'therMOST  a. 
[earlier  sense  wind  or  storm  (still  in  the  adj.  & 
some  compds),  OE  weder,  cf.  Du.  weder,  G 
wetter;  cogn.  w.  wind1,  &  w.  Skr.  va,  Gk 
aemi,  blow] 

weather  2,  v.  t.  &  i.  Expose  to  atmospheric 
changes ;  (usu.  in  pass.)  discolour  or  partly  dis- 


integrate (rock,  stones)  by  exposure  to  air  (esp. 
in  Geol.) ;  be  discoloured  or  worn  thus ;  (of 
ship  or  its  crew)  get  to  windward  of  (cape  &c); 
come  safely  through  (storm  lit.  or  fig.) ;  make 
(boards,  tiles)  overlap  downwards,  whence 
wea'th eriNG 2  n.    [f.  prec] 

wea'therly,  a.  (naut.).  (Of  ship)  making 
little  lee-way,  capable  of  keeping  close  to  wind. 
Hence  wea'therliNESs  n.    [-ly  1] 

weave,  v.t.  &  i.  (wove,  woven  &,  chiefly  in 
some  trade  phrr.,  wove),  &  n.  Form  (thread 
&c.)  into  fabric,  (fabric)  out  of  thread  &c,  by 
interlacing,  make  fabric  thus,  work  at  loom ; 
work  up  (facts  &c),  introduce  (details),  into  a 
story  or  connected  whole,  fashion  (tale,  poem, 
&c.) ;  contrive  (plot) ;  wove(n)  paper,  with 
uniform  unlined  surface  given  by  making  in 
frame  of  crossed  wire-gauze ;  (n.)  style  of  weav- 
ing. [OE  we/an,  cf.  Du.  weven,  G  weben ;  cogn. 
w.  Gk  huphe  web] 

wea*vep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  artisan 
who  lives  by  weaving ;  (also  w.-bird)  kinds  of 
bird  remarkable  for  elaborate  or  dextrously 
made  textile  nests,    [-er1] 

weazen.    See  wizened. 

web,  n.  Woven  fabric,  amount  woven  in 
one  piece,  (also  fig.  as  a  w.  of  lies) ;  cobweb 
(with  help  of  context  only  ;  often  spider's  w.), 
similar  product  of  any  spinning  creature,  gos- 
samer, &c;  membrane  filling  spaces  between 
toes  esp.  of  swimming  bird  or  bat ;  connective 
tissue ;  vane  of  feather ;  large  roll  of  paper 
used  esp.  in  newspaper-printing  ;  thin  flat  part 
connecting  more  solid  parts  in  machinery  &c, 
e.g.  part  of  rail  way -carriage  wheel  between 
nave  &  rim ;  w.-eye,  disease  of  eye  with  film  or 
excrescence,  whence  we*b-eyED2  a.;  iv.- 
fingers,  -toesf  abnormally  or  normally  con- 
nected with  w.,  whence  web-fingrePED 2, 
we'b-tOED2,  aa. ;  w.-foot,  with  w.-toes,  whence 
web-footED2  a.;  w.-wheel,  with  plate  or  w. 
instead  of  spokes,  or  with  rim,  spokes,  &  cen- 
tre, in  one  piece  as  in  watch-wheels ;  w.-worm, 
kinds  of  gregarious  larvae  spinning  large  ww. 
to  sleep  or  to  feed  on  enclosed  foliage  in. 
Hence  webbED  2  a.  [OE  webb  (wefan  weave), 
cf.  Du.  web,  G  gewebe] 

we'bbingr,  n.  Strong  narrow  fabric  such  as 
is  used  for  horse-girths,  gymnastic  belts,  &c; 
stronger  edging  of  more  delicate  fabric,  [-ing  ]] 

wed,  v.t.  &  i.  (wedded,  wedded  or  rarely  & 
not  in  adj.  use  wed).  (Of  party,  priest,  or 
parent  &c.)  marry1  (t.  &  i.,  rhet.  exc.  in  p.p. 
wedded  in  adj.  use,  as  a  wedded  pair ;  wedded 
life,  bliss,  &c,  in  matrimony) ;  unite  (qualities 
often  separated ;  w.  efficiency  to  economy) ; 
(p.p.)  devoted  to  opinions,  pursuits,  &c,  so  as 
to  be  unable  to  abandon  them.  [OE  weddian 
to  pledge  (wed  a  pledge,  cogn.  w.  L  vas  vadis), 
cf.  Du.  wedden,  G  wetten,  wager,  &  wage, 

WAGER,  GAGE  l] 

we'dding",  n.  Marriage  ceremony  (&  fes- 
tivities) ;  silver,  golden,  diamond,  w.,  25th, 
50th,  60th  or  75th,  anniversary  of  w. ;  penny 
«\ ,  with  money  contributions  from  guests ;  w.- 
breakfast,  entertainment  usual  between  w. 
ceremony  &  departure  for  honeymoon ;  w.-cake, 
distributed  to  w. -guests  &  sent  in  portions  to 
absent  friends ;  w.-cards,  with  names  of  pair 
sent  to  friends  as  announcement  of  w. ;  w.-aay, 
day  or  anniversary  of  w. ;  w.-favour,  white 
rosette  or  knot  of  ribbons  worn  in  honour  of 
w.;  w.-garment,  qualification  for  participating 
in  something  (ref.  to  Mat.  xii.  11);  w.ring,  that 
put  on  bride's  finger  at  w. -ceremony  &  usu. 
worn  constantly  as  distinctive  mark  of  married 
woman,    [-ing1] 

wedge,  n.,  &  v.t.    Piece  of  wood  or  metal  of 


WEDGWOOD 


1011 


WEIGHT 


which  one  end  is  an  acute-angled  edge  formed 
by  two  converging  planes  used  to  split  wood 
or  rock  or  widen  opening  or  exert  force  in 
various  ways,  one  of  the  mechanical  powers 
(or  a  special  application  of  the  incline  ]d  plane), 
(thin  end  of  the  w.,  change,  measure,  action, 
&c,  that  will  lead  to  further  changes  or  de- 
velopments &  is  therefore  of  more  importance 
than  it  seems) ;  anything  resembling  a  w.  in 
being  chiefly  outlined  by  two  radial  planes  or 
lines  converging  at  acute  angle  (a  w.  of  cake 
Sec;  the  seats  are  disposed  in  ww.;  drew  up 
his  men  in  a  w.);  w.-shaped,  like  solid  w.,  also 
V-shaped;  w.-tailed,  of  birds  having  middle 
tail-feathers  longest ;  hence  we'dgewiSE  adv. 
(Vb)  split  with  w.  (rare);  fasten  by  use  of  w.; 
thrust  or  pack  (usu.  in)  tightly  between  other 
things  or  persons;  push  off  or  away  like  a  w. 
[OE  wecg,  cf.  Du.  wig,  G  wecke  kind  of  loaf] 

We'dgwood,  n.  Kind  of  semi-vitrified  pot- 
tery.   [J.  W.,  inventor  d.  1795] 

wedlock,  n.  The  married  state  (born  in 
lawful  w.,  legitimately,  of  married  parents). 
[OE  wedlac  (wed  pledge,  lac  sport  or  gift  be- 
tokening pleasure)  gift  to  bridel 

Wed'nesday  (wenz-),  n.  Fourth  day  of 
week  (ash2  W.).  [OE  wodnes  dxg  day  of 
Woden  or  Odin,  transl.  of  LL  dies  Mercurii] 

wee,  a.  Little,  very  small,  (chiefly  in  nursery 
use),  [f.  ME  we  bit,  usu.  in  phr.  a  little  we, 
prob.  var.  of  way] 

weed,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Wild  herb  springing 
where  it  is  not  wanted  (HI  ww.  grow  apace, 
gibe  at  tall  or  fast-growing  child);  cigar  (colloq.); 
the  (Indian,  soothing,  &c.)  w.,  tobacco;  lanky 
8c  weakly  horse  or  person;  w.-grown,  weedy 
or  overgrown  with  ww.;  hence  wee'dLESS, 
wee'dY2,  aa.,  wee'diNESS  n.  (Vb)  clear 
(ground)  of  ww.  (also  fig.),  cut  off  or  uproot 
ww.,  whence  wee*dERr(l,2)  n.;  sort  out  (in- 
ferior parts  or  members  of  a  quantity  or  com- 
pany) for  riddance,  rid  (quantity  or  company) 
of  inferior  members  &c.  [vb  (cf.  Du.  wieden) 
f.  n.,  OE  wiod,  cf.  OSax.  wiod,  etym.  dub.] 

weeds,  n.  pi.  Mourning  worn  by  widow 
(usu.  widow's  w.).  [earlier  sense  in  sing,  gar- 
ment, OE  wxde,  cf.  OFris.  wede,  ON  vadh] 

week,  n.  Period  of  seven  days  reckoned 
from  midnight  on  Saturday-Sunday  (what 
day  of  the  w.  is  it  ?,  is  it  Sunday,  Monday, 
Tuesday,  Wednesday,  Thursday,  Friday,  or 
Saturday?;  holv,  passion,  easter,  w.;  w. 
of  Sundays  or  ww.,  seven  ww.;  feast  of  ww., 
Jewish  festival  lasting  seven  ww.);  period  of 
seven  days  reckoned  from  any  point  (can  you 
come  to  us  for  aw.?;  this  day,  today,  tomorrow, 
yesterday,  Friday,  &c,  w.,  day  later,  earlier, 
than  specified  future,  past,  day  by  a  w.;  have 
not  seen  you  for  ww.;  aid  it  ww.  ago);  the  six 
days  other  than  Sunday;  w.-day,  any  day  other 
than  Sunday;  w.-end,  Sunday  &  parts  of  Satur- 
day &  Monday  as  time  for  holiday  or  visit,  (v.i.) 
make  w.-end  visit  &c,  whence  week-endER J 
n.  FOE  wice,  wuce,  cf.  Du.  week,  OHG  wecha ; 
pern.  cogn.  w.  OE  wice  office,  cf.  ON  vikja  to 
turn,  vixl  a  change,  G  wechsel) 

wee'kly,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  (Occurring,  issuing, 
done,  &c.)  once  a  week,  every  week ;  of  or  for 
or  lasting  a  week;  (n.)  w.  newspaper,    [-ly1'2] 

ween,  v.t.  (poet.).  Be  of  opinion  (usu.  i"  w. 
abs.  &  parenthet.  also  with  that  expressed  or 
omitted),  expect  to  get  &c.  [OE  winan,  cf.  Du. 
wanen,  G  wahnen,  fancy] 

weep,  v.i.  &  t.  (wept).  Shed  tears;  shed 
tears  for,  lament  over,  bewail;  send  forth  or 
be  covered  with  drops,  come  or  send  forth  in 
drops,  exude,  sweat,  drip,  (weeping  eczema, 
with  exudation;  weeping  pipe,  designed  to 


drip  at  intervals) ;  (of  tree)  have  drooping 
branches  (chiefly  in  part,  as  distinctive  epithet 
of  variety,  weeping  birch,  willow,  Szc);  w.  out, 
utter  with  tears ;  w.  oneself  out}  w.  one's  fill ;  w. 
away,  consume  (time)  in  weeping.  [OE  wepan 
cry  aloud  (wop  outcry),  cf.  OHG  wuofan] 

wee'per,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  also  or  esp.:  hired 
mourner  at  funeral ;  crape  hat-sash  worn  by 
men  at  funerals;  widow's  black  crape  veil;  (pi.) 
widow's  white  cuffs,    [-er1] 

wee'ver,  n.  Kinds  of  fish  (Dragon  &  Lesser 
W.)  with  sharp  dorsal  spines  inflicting  wound 
that  often  festers,  [pern.  =  obs.  wiver  serpent 
f.  L  viPERa] 

wee'vil  (-vl),  n.  Kinds  of  beetle  with  head 
extended  into  a  proboscis  feeding  on  grain, 
nuts,  fruit,  &  leaves;  any  insect  damaging 
stored  grain  similarly  to  corn-w.  Hence  (of 
grain)  wee'villED2,  wee'vil y2,  aa.  [OE  wi- 
fel,  cf.  MDu.  wevel,  G  wiebel ;  cogn.  w.  weave] 

weft,  n.  Cross-threads  woven  into  warp  to 
make  web;  (loosely)  web.  [weave  +  part,  suf.] 

weigh  (wa),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Find  weight  of 
with  scales  or  other  machine,  whence  weig-h* 


age(4)  n.,  balance  in  hands  (as  if)  to  guess  weight 
of,  (w.  sugar,  luggage;  meditatively  weighed 
his  stick  in  his  hand;  w.  out,  take  definite 


weight  of,  take  specified  weight  from  larger 
quantity,  distribute  in  definite  quantities,  by 
aid  of  scales,  as  w.  out  butter,  portions  or  Sib. 
of  butter),  ascertain  one's  own  weight  (when 
did  you  w.  last  ? ;  w.  out,  in,  of  jockey  before  & 
after  race,  fig.  w.  in  with  argument  &c,  pro- 
duce it  triumphantly);  estimate  relative  value 
or  importance  of,  compare  with  or  against  or 
abs.,  consider  with  a  view  to  choice  or  rejec- 
tion or  preference,  (w.  consequences,  pros  & 
cons,  oath  or  argument  with  or  against  another; 
w.  one's  words,  select  such  as  express  neither 
more  nor  less  than  one  means;  w.  the  claims, 
merits,  &c,  of  rival  candidates);  be  equal  to 
or  balance  (specified  weight)  in  the  scales,  (fig.) 
have  specified  importance,  exercise  pressure 
or  influence,  have  weight  or  importance,  be 
heavy  or  burdensome,  (weighs  a  ton,  6oz.,  little, 
nothing,  light,  heavy,  heavily;  w.  heavy  Sec,  or 
abs.,  upon,  be  burdensome  or  depressing  to ; 
the  point  that  weighs  with  me) ;  bring  down  by 
weight  lit.  or  fig.,  (of  counterweight)  force  up, 
(fruit  weighs  down  branch;  one  good  argu- 
ment weighs  down  six  bad  ones ;  weighed  down 
with  cares;  bucket  is  weighed  up  by  mass  of 
iron  at  end  of  lever);  raise  from  below  water 
(w.  anchor,  start  for  voyage;  w.  ship  rare, 
refloat  it  when  sunk);  w.-beam,  portable  steel- 
yard suspended  in  frame;  w.-bridge,  weighing- 
machine  with  plate  on  to  which  horse  &  cart 
can  be  driven  to  be  weighed;  w.-house,  building 
in  which  goods  can  be  weighed  officially;  w.- 
lock,  canal  lock  with  provision  for  weighing 
barges;  weighing-machine,  usu.  for  great 
weights  or  of  more  complicated  mechanism 
than  simple  balance.  (N.)  process  or  occasion 
of  weighing;  under  w.,  corruption  of  under 
way.  IOE  wegan  carry,  cf.  Du.  wegen  weigh, 
G  wegen  move,  wiegen  rock,  wdgen  weigh,  Skr. 
vah  carry,  L  vehere  carry] 
weight 1  (wat),  n.  Force  with  which  body 
tends  to  centre  of  attraction  (the  ww.  of  the 
planets);  (of  terrestrial  things)  degree  of  down- 
ward tendency  in  body  produced  as  resultant 
of  earth's  gravitation  &  centrifugal  force  (the 
w.  of  a  body  varies  with  latitude  &  altitude, 
its  mass  does  not) ;  relative  mass  or  quantity 
of  matter  contained,  downward  force,  heavi- 
ness, regarded  as  a  property  of  bodies  (superior 
both  in  size  &  in  w.;  he  is  twice  your  w.;  dead 
w.;  w.  of  metal,  total  amount  that  can  be 


'WEIGHT 


1012 


WELL 


thrown  by  ship's  guns  at  one  discharge);  body's 
mass  numerically  expressed  in  some  recognized 
scale  (what  is  your  w.?;  reached  the  w.  ofl2st.), 
scale  or  notation  for  expressing  ww.  (troy, 
avoirdupois,  w.) ;  heavy  body  (keep  papers 
down  with  a  w. ;  clock  is  worked  by  ww. ;  must 
not  lift  ww.);  piece  of  metal  &c.  of  known  mass 
used  in  scales  for  weighing  articles  (where  is 
the  ounce  w.?) ;  load  to  be  supported  (the pillars 
have  a  great  w.  to  bear),  heavy  burden  of  care, 
responsibility,    &c;    importance,  convincing 
effect,influence,preponderance,(consw£era£tows 
of  no  w.;  men  of  w.;  has  great  w.  with  me; 
the  10.  of  evidence  is  against  him).     Hence 
weig-h'tLESS  a.    [OE  gewiht  (prec.  >] 
weight2,  v.t.    Attach  a  w.  to,  hold  down 
with  a  w.  or  ww.;  impede  or  burden  with  load 
lit.  or  fig.;  treat  (fabric)  with  minerals  &c.  to 
make  it  seem  stouter,    [f.  prec] 
weigh*ty,  a.    Weighing  much,  heavy ;  mo- 
mentous, important ;  well-weighed,  evidencing 
thought,  deserving  of  consideration ;  influen- 
tial, authoritative.    Hence  weigh tiLY  2  adv. , 
weigh*tiNESS  n.  _[-y  2] 
weir,  wear,  (wer),  n.     Dam  across  river  to 
raise  level  of  water  above  it;  enclosure  of  stakes 
&c.  set  in  stream  as  trap  for  fish.     [OE  wer 
(werian  defend),  cf.  G  wehr  defence] 
weird 1  ( werd),  n.    Fate,  destiny,  (chiefly  Sc. ; 
dree  one's  w. ).  [OE  wyrd  (weorthan  be,  happen)] 
weird  2,  a.     Connected  with  fate  (the  w.  sis- 
ters, the  fates, witches);  supernatural,  uncanny, 
unearthly;  (colloq.)  queer,  odd,  old-fashioned, 
strange,  incomprehensible.   Hence  welr'dLY2 
adv.,  weir'dNESS  n.    [f.  prec.] 
weleh(er).    See  welsh  2. 
welcome,  int.,  n„  v.t.,  &  a.  Hail,  know  that 
your  coming  gives  pleasure  (often  with  adv. 
addition,  as  TV.  home,  to  Edinburgh!).     (N.) 
saying  w.  to  person,  kind  or  glad  reception  or 
entertainment  of  person  or  acceptance  of  offer, 
gift,   &c,  (bid  one  w.,  assure  nim  he  is  w.; 
wear  1  out  or  outstay  one's  w.;  give  warm  to., 
show  great  joy  at  arrival,  also  make  vigorous 
resistance).     ( vb)  say  w.  to,  greet  on  arrival, 
receive    (guest,   arrival,    news,   opportunity, 
event)  with  pleasure  or  signs  of  it.      (Adj.) 
gladly  received  (a  w.  guest,  interruption,  gift, 
rest,  denial,  sight,  &c;  w.  as  snow  xn  harvest, 
unwelcome ;  make  one  w„  let  him  feel  so) ; 
(pred.  only)  ungrudgingly  permitted  to  do  or 
given  right  to  thing,  absolved  of  thanking  or 
recompensing,  (you  are  w.  to  take  what  steps 
you  please ;  any  one  is  w.  to  my  share,  to  any 
service  I  can  do;  you  are  w.,  or  ellipt.  w.,  no 
thanks  required);  hence  we'leomeNESS  n. 
[orig.  f.  OE  wilcuma  (willa  pleasure,  cuma 
comer)  person  who  comes  to  please  another, 
changed  in  sense  by  confusion  with  well3, 
come,  cf.  Icel.  velkominn  a.  welcome] 
weld  *,  n.    Dyer's- weed,  plant  formerly  used 
to  dye  yellow,    [prob.  cogn.  w.  wold] 
weld  %  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.    Unite  (pieces  of  metal, 
esp.  iron)  into  homogeneous  mass  by  hammer- 
ing or  pressure  (usu.  when  iron  is  softened  by 
heat  but  not  melted),  make  by  welding,  (of  iron 
&c.)  admit  of  being  welded  easily  &c;  (fig.) 
bring  (recruits,  parts,  arguments,  &c.)  into  ho- 
mogeneous whole  (usu.  into) ;  hence  we'ld- 
ABLEa.,weldaBrLiTYn.;  (n.)  welded  junction, 
[var.  of  well  2  f.  sense  boil  prob.  of  Scand.  orig.] 
welfare,  n.     Satisfactory  state,  health  & 
prosperity,  well-being,  (usu.  of  person,  society, 
&c,  or  with  my  Sec),    [well  3,  fare2] 
welk,  v.i.  (archaic).     Fade,  wither,    [cf.  Du. 
&  G  welken  (OHG  welk  moist)] 
^'lkiJ?*n-(P°et->-    Sky-  [OEwolcnu  clouds, 
cf.  G  wolke  cloud  (prec.?,  walk?)] 


well1,  n.  Spring  or  fountain,  (fig.)  source, 
(poet,  or  archaic);  shaft  sunk  in  ground  & 
lined  with  stone  or  other  protection  for  obtain- 
ing subterranean  water,  oil,  &c.  (artesian  w.); 
enclosed  space  more  or  less  resembling  w.- 
shaft,  space  in  middle  of  house  from  floor  to 
roof  containing  stairs  (also  w.-staircase)  or  lift 
or  surrounded  by  stairs  (also  w.-hole)  or  open 
for  light  &  ventilation,  railed  space  for  counsel 
&c.  in  court,  receptacle  for  ink  in  inkstand, 
&c. ;  w.-deck,  space  on  main  deck  enclosed  by 
bulwarks  &  higherdecks ;  w.-dish,with  hollow 
for  gravy  to  collect  in  ;  w.-head,  source,  foun- 
tain-head ;  w.-room,  where  spa-water  is  dis- 
pensed ;  w.-sinker,  person  whose  occupation  is 
sinking  ww.;  w.-spring,=  w.-head.  [OE  wella 
cogn.  w.  weallan  well  up,  cf.  Du.  wel  spring,  G 
welle  wave] 

well2,  v.i.  Spring  (as)  from  fountain  (often 
up,  out,  forth),  [f.  prec] 
■well3,  adv.  (better,  best),  pred.  a.  (better,  best), 
attrib.  a.  (no  com  p.),  &  n.  In  good  manner  or 
style,  satisfactorily,  rightly,  (the  work  is  iv. 
done ;  that  is  w.  said ;  a  w.  situated  house ;  w. 
begun  is  half  done ;  w.  done  !,  run!,  &c,  cry  of 
commendation;  w.  met!,  greeting  to  person 
one  has  been  wanting  to  see ;  come  off  to. ,  have 
good  luck,  distinguish  oneself;  wish,  I  was  w. 
out  of  it,  without  disaster  &c;  you  did  w„  it 
was  w.  done  of  you,  to  come) ;  thoroughly.with 
care  or  completeness,  sufficiently,  to  a  consider- 
able distance  or  extent,  with  margin  enough  to 
justify  description,  quite,  (look  w.  to  yourself; 
judge  w.  &  truly ;  smack  him,  polish  it,  to. ; 
is  w.  up  in  the  list,  w.  on  in  life,  w.  advanced 
or  stricken  in  years,  w.  past  forty,  w.  among 
the  leaders  of  thought ;  as  w.,  in  addition,  to  an 
equal  extent,  not  less  truly,  as  but  he  is  a 
Christian  as  w„  he  gave  me  clothes  as  w.  as 
food);  heartily,  kindly,  laudatorily,  approving- 
ly, on  good  terms,  (love,  like,  person  w. ;  treat 
person  w.;  think  or  speak  w.  of;  it  speaks  w. 
for  his  discipline  that  he  never  punishes,  serves 
as  commendation ;  stand  w.  with  one,  be  in  his 
good  graces) ;  probably,  not  incredibly,  easily, 
with  reason,  wisely,  advisably,  (it  may  w.  be 
that  — ;  can,  cannot,  w.  manage  it ;  you  may 
w.  ask,  say,  that ;  we  might  w.  make  the  experi- 
ment; as  w.,  with  equal  reason,  preferably, 
without  worse  consequences,  as  you  might  as 
w.  throw  your  money  into  the  sea  as  lend  it  to 
him,  as  w.  be  hanged  for  a  sheep  as  a  lamb, 
we  may  as  w.  begin  at  once ;  that  is  just  as  w., 
need  not  be  regretted;  you  might  as  to.,  nur- 
sery formula  of  request).  (Pred.  a.,  often  indis- 
tinguishable from  adv.)  in  good  health  (is  she 
w.  or  ill  ? ;  will  soon  be  better ;  is  best  in  the 
winter ;  quite  w.,  thank  you :  am  perfectly  w.); 
in  satisfactory  state  or  position,  satisfactory, 
advisable,  (am  very  w.  where  lam ;  all's  w.;  it 
is  all  very  w.,  ironical  expression  of  discontent, 
or  rejection  of  comfort,  arguments,  &c ;  it  is  10. 
with  him;  it  would  have  been,  were,  w.for  him 
if;  it  would  be  w.  to  inquire ;  w.  enough,  toler- 
ably good  or  good-looking ;  as  w.,  not  unad vis- 
able,  as  it  may  be  as  w.  to  explain).  (Attrib. 
adj.,  rare)  in  good  health  (a  w.  man  should  not 
be  dawdling  xn  bed ;  the  w.  are  impatient  of  the 
sick).  (N.)  good  things  (I  wish  hxm  w.) ;  what 
is  satisfactory  (let  w.  alone,  do  not  meddle 
needlessly).  [OE  wel,  cf.  Du.  wel,  G  wohl,  cogn. 
w.  will,  w.  sense  agreeably  to  toish] 
well4,  int.  expressing  great  astonishment^., 
who  would  have  thought  it?;  well!;  w.  to  be 
sure!),  relief  (w.,  here  toe  are  at  last),  conces- 
sion (w.,  come  if  you  like ;  w.,  perhaps  you  are 
right;  w.  then,  say  no  more  about  it),  resump- 
tion of  talk  (w„  who  was  it?;  to.,  he  says  he 


WELL- 


1013 


WEST 


must  see  you),  qualified  recognition  of  point 
(w.,  but  what  about  Jones?),  expectation  (w. 
then?),  resignation  (w.,  it  can't  be  helped),  &c. 
[ellipt.  uses  of  pree.  adv.] 
well-.  1.  In  a  few  words  well-  or  well  is  an 
inseparable  pref.:  w.-being,  welfare;  w.-doer, 
•doing,  virtuous  person,  conduct:  w.-nigh 
rhet.,  almost;  w.-wisher,  person  who  wishes 
well  to  one.  2.  Well  may  precede  any  parti- 
ciple or  word  in -ED2;  when  the  combination  is 
usedattrib.  with  n.  following,itis  usu.  hyphened 
{he  is  a  w.-known  person) ;  this  is  done  in  the 
pred.  use  also  when  the  combination  ends  in 
-i  n g  2  or  -ed  2,  but  not  usu.  when  it  ends  in  -ed  x 
(the  stroke  was  w.  timed,  cf.  a  w.-timed  stroke) 
unless  it  has  acquired  a  sense  or  use  other  or 
more  restricted  than  that  of  the  separate  ele- 
ments (my  watch  is  w.  regulated',  I  do  not 
think  his  action  was  well-advised,  cf.  he  is  not 
w.  advised  by  his  friends) ;  a  list  of  the  com- 
moner combinations  follows  with  special  senses 
or  contexts  noted:  w.-advised,  prudent,  wise, 
(chiefly  of  action  taken);  w.  aimed ;  w.-appoint- 
ed,  having  all  necessary  equipment  (esp.  of  ex- 
pedition, fleet,  &c);  w.  armed;  w.  attested ;  w. 
authenticated'  w.-balanced, sane, sensible, (esp. 
of  mind) ;  w.-behaved ;  w.  beloved ;  w.-born,  of 
noble  or  distinguished  family  ;  w.-bred,  having 
good  breeding  or  manners,  (of  horse  &c. )  of  good 
orpurestock;  w.chosen,  esp.  of  wordsorphrases; 
w.-conditioned,  not  querulous;  w.-conducted, 
characterized  by  good  conduct ;  w.-connected, 
connected  by  blood  &c.  with  good  families ;  w. 
contented ;  w.  contested ;  w.  defined  ;  w.  direct- 
ed, esp.  of  blow  or  shot;  w.-disposed,  having 
good  disposition  or  kindly  feeling  to(wards) ; 
w.  done  of  meat,  cooked  through ;  w.  dressed ; 
w.  drilled ;  w.  earned ;  w.  educated ;  w.-favour- 
ed,  good-looking ;  w.fed  ;  w.  fought  ;w.  -found 
=  w.  -appointed ;  w.  founded,  having  founda- 
tion in  fact  (of  suspicion  or  other  belief  or  senti- 
ment) ;  w.  furnished ;  w.-graced,  possessed  of 
attractive  qualities ;  w.  grounded,  =  w.  found- 
ed, also  w.  trained  in  rudiments ;  w.-informed, 
having  w. -stored  mind  or  access  to  best  infor- 
mation ;  w.-intentioned,  aiming  or  aimed  (usu. 
unsuccessfully)  at  good  results;  w.-Judged, 
showing  good  judgment  or  tact  or  good  aim  (of 
action  taken);  w.-knit,  compact,  not  loose-made 
or  sprawling,  (esp.  of  person  or  his  frame);  w. 
known;  w.-ltking,  with  w.-fed  prosperous  look 
(usu.  fat  &  w.-h);  w.-looking,  of  attractive  ap- 
pearance ;  w.  loved ;  w.  made,  (esp.)  of  symme- 
trical bodily  make ;  w.-mannered,  with  good 
manners ;  w.  marked,  distinct,  easy  to  detect ; 
w.-meaning,=  w.-intentioned  (of  person  or  at- 
tempt); w.  meant,  =  w.-intentioned  (of  attempt); 
w.  oiled  (flg.,  of  expression),  complimentary; 
w.  ordered,  arranged  in  orderly  manner;  w. 
paid ;  w.  painted ;  w. pleased ;  w.-pleasing ;  w.- 
proportioned ;  w.-read,  having  read  much  [cf 
-ed i(2)],  with  mind  w.  stored  by  reading;  w. 
regulated,  under  proper  control,  not  undisci- 
plined ;  w.  remembered ;  w.-reputed,  of  good 
repute ;  w.-rounded,  complete  &  symmetrical ; 
w.-seeming,  apparently  satisfactory  or  good ; 
w.-seen  archaic,  accomplished  in ;  w.  set,  com- 
pact, firmly  knit,  (esp.  of  bodily  frame);  w.  sifted 
(esp.  of  facts  or  evidence);  w.  spent  (esp.  of  time 
or  effort);  w.-spoken,  refined  in  speech ;  w.-tim- 
bered ;  w.  timed,  opportune ;  w.  trained  ;  w.- 
tried,  often  tested  with  good  result ;  w.-trod- 
(den),  frequented ;  w.  tuned ;  to.  turned,  happily 
expressed  (of  compliment,  phrase,  verse);  w.- 
xoorn,  (esp.)  trite,  stale.  3.  W.  off,  =  fortunately 
situated  (does  not  know  when  he  is  w.  o.),  suffi- 
ciently rich,  is  two  words  when  used  pred.,  but 
hyphened  when  attrib.  (w.-off people);  w.-to-do, 


K 


= sufficiently  rich,  is  hyphened  when  attrib.,  & 
usu.  when  pred.  also. 

welladay \  -away,  int.  of  grief  (archaic  or 
facet.).    [OE  wdld  wd  woe,  lo !  woe] 

Welling-to'nia,  n.  Kinds  of  sequoia,  [named 
after  Duke  of  Wellington,  -ia  j] 

Wellingtons,  n.  pi.  Boots  coming  up  or 
nearly  up  to  knees,    [as  prec] 

Welsh  \  a.  &  n.  (Language,  the  people)  of 
Wales  ( W.  mutton,  from  small  W.  mountain 
sheep ;  TV.  rabbit,  dish  of  toasted  cheese) ; 
Welshman,  -woman,  native  of  Wales.  [OE 
wxlisc  foreign  (wealh  foreigner,  Celt,  -ish  *)] 

welsh2,  welch,  v.t.  &  i.    Decamp  without 

Tying  (winner  of  bet  on  horse-race,  or  abs.). 
ence  we'lshER1,  -eh-,  n.  [prob.  f.  prec, 
expl.  doubtful] 

welt  \  n. ,  &  v.  t.  Strip  of  leather  sewn  round 
edge  of  boot  or  shoe  uppers  to  serve  as  attach- 
ment to  sole ;  wale.  (Vb)  pro  vide  with  w. ;  raise 
wales  on,  beat,  flog.  [ME  welte,  cogn.  w.  OE 
wyltan  roll,  &  w.  wale,  welter1] 

welt  2  (v-),  n.  (German  for)  world  (w.-politik, 
foreign  policy  on  the  grand  scale ;  w.-schmerz, 
vague  yearning  &  discontent  with  regard  to 
the  constitution  of  things).    [G] 

we'ltep I,  v.i.,  &  n.  Roll,  wallow,  be  washed 
about,  be  soaked  or  steeped  or  dabbled  in  blood. 
&c;  (n.)  general  confusion,  disorderly  mixture 
or  aimless  conflict  of  creeds,  policies,  vices,  &c. 
[ME  walten  roll,  cf.  ON  velta,  G  wdlzen,+  -er5; 
cogn.  w.  waltz,  wallow] 

we'ltep 2,  a.  (horse-racing,  boxing).  Heavy- 
weight (w.  race,  stakes,  weight).    [?J 

wen,  n.  More  or  less  permanent  tumour  of 
benign  character  on  scalp  or  other  part  of  body ; 
goitre ;  (flg.)  abnormally  large  orcongested  city 
&c.  (the  great  w.,  London).  [OE  wenn,  cf.  Du. 
wen ;  prob.  cogn.  w.  Goth,  winnan  suffer] 

wench  (-ten),  n.,  &  v.L  Girl  or  young  woman, 
lass,  (esp.  of  rustics  or  servants,  or  with  playful 
depreciation,  &  colloq.;  a  strapping,  buxom, 
Scc.,w.);  (archaic)  strumpet;  (vb)  whore,  whence 
we-nchKK  1  n.  (archaic).  [ME  wenched)  f.  OE 
wencel  infant  (wancol  weak,  tottering,  cf.  G 
wanken  totter);  cogn.  w.  wink] 

wend1,  v.t.  &  i.  Direct  one's  way ;  (archaic) 
go.  [OEtoewdawturnt.  &L,  causative  of  wind3; 
the  past  was  formerly  went  (now  used  to  sup- 
ply past  of  go1)] 

Wend  2,  n.  One  of  a  Slavonic  race  of  N.-E. 
Germany  now  absorbed  in  German  Empire. 
Hence  We'ndic,  We'ndiSH,  aa.  [f.  G  Wende, 
perh.  cogn.  w.  wend  *t  wander] 

went.    See  go  l,  wend  1  etym. 

we'ntletpap,  n.  Shell-fish  with  spiral  shell 
of  many  whorls,  [f.  G  wendeltreppe  orig.= 
winding  stairs] 

wept.    See  weep. 

were.    See  be. 

were* wolf,  wep*w-,  n.  (mythol.).  Human 
being  turned  into  wolf.  [OE  were-wulf  (wer 
man,  cf.  L  vir,  wolf)] 

wept.    See  be. 

Wep'therism  (varter),  n.  Morbid  senti- 
mentality as  of  Werther  in  Goethe's  Sorrows 
of  Werther.    [ism (3)] 

Wesleyan (wezle1-, wg*zll), a.& n.  (Member) 
of  the  denomination  founded  by  John  Wesley 
(d.  1791).  Hence  Wesley aniSM  (3)  n.  [-an  ; 
the  normal  form  would  be  Wesleian(see  -ean), 
whence  the  doubtful  pronunc] 

west,  adv.,  n.,  &  a.,  (abbr.  W.).  Towards  or 
in  the  region  in  front  of  observer  on  equator  at 
equinox  who  faces  setting  sun  (w.  by  l  north 
or  sonth;  w.  of,  further  w.  than;  due1  w.; 
lies  &c.  east  &  w„  lengthwise  along  line  be- 
tween east  &   w.);  w.-north-w.,  w.-south-w., 


WESTERING 


1014 


WHAT 


advv.,  nn.,  &  aa.,  (regions)  mid  way  between  w. 
&  north- w.,  south- w.  (with  uses  &  derivatives 
corresponding  to  those  of  west,  as  w.-north- 
westerly,  w. -north-western,  w.-north-west- 
wardly;  see  westerly  &c);  hence  we'st- 
ward  adv.,  n.,  &  a.,  we'stWARDS  adv.  &  n. 
(N.)  cardinal  point  lying  W.;  western  part  of 
England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  or  Europe,  part  of 
U.S.  beyond  earlier  settled  States  or  w.  of  Mis- 
sissippi ;  =  Occident  (Empire  of  the  W.,  west- 
ern Empire) ;  western  part  of  any  country ;  w. 
wind.  (Adj. )  situated,  dwelling,  in  or  more  to- 
wards the  w.;  w.  longitude ;  w.  central,  abbr. 
W.C.,  London  postal  district;  w.  country, 
part  of  England  w.  of  line  from  Southampton 
to  mouth  of  Severn ;  W.  indies,  whence  W.- 
Indian a.;  W.  End,  richer  &  more  fashionable 
district  in  w.  of  London) ;  (of  wind)  coming 
from  the  w.;  w.-country,  of  or  from  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  w.  country ;  w.-countryman  (or 
-woman),  native  of  it ;  W.-end,  in  or  character- 
istic of  W.  End.  [OE,  also  Du.  &  G ;  prob. 
cogn.  w.  Gk  hesperos,  L  vesper,  evening] 

we'steringr,  a.  &  part.  Tending  towards 
the  west  (usu.  of  sun).  If.  obs.  wester,  ME 
westren,  vb  (prec.)] 

we'sterly,  a.  &  adv.  =foll.  (rare) ;  (of  direc- 
tion) towards  the  west ;  (of  wind)  blowing  from 
the  west  or  thereabouts,  [f.  west  as  easterly] 

we'stern,  a.  &  n.  Living  or  situated  in, 
coming  from,  the  west  ( W.  Empire,  one  of  two 
parts,  with  Rome  as  capital,  cf.  Eastern  Em- 
pire with  Constantinople,  into  which  Theodo- 
sius  divided  Roman  Empire  395 ;  W.  or  Latin 
Church,  part  of  Christian  church  that  con- 
tinued to  acknowledge  the  popes  at  the  Greek 
schism,  see  greek)  ;  =  occidental  ;  (of  wind) 
westerly  (rare) ;  hence  we*stei»nER  l(i)  n., 
we'steraMOSTa.;  (n.)  westerner,    [-ern] 

we'sting",  n.  Westward  progress  or  devia- 
tion in  sailing  or  travelling  (cf.  northing). 

l-ING  *] 

Westminster,  n.  City  forming  part  of 
London  ( W.  Abbey  fig.,  glorious  death  such  as 
would  entitle  one  to  place  among  celebrities 
there  buried). 

wet,  a.,  v.t.,  &  n.  Soaked,  covered,  dabbled, 
moistened,  or  supplied,  with  water  or  other 
liquid  (w.  sponge,  land,  road,  table,  eyes,  cheeks, 
clothes,  feet ;  am  w.  to  the  skin,  with  clothes 
soaked  through;  w.  blanket1;  w.  bargain, 
closed  with  drink ;  w.  bob  5 ;  xo.  bulb,  see  dry  ]- 
bulb  thermometer ;  w.  dock,  in  which  ship  can 
float ;  w.  pack,  wrapping  of  body  in  w.  cloths 
enclosed  in  dry  blankets  &c;  w.  plate  in  pho- 
tog.,  sensitized  collodion  plate  exposed  while 
w.);  rainy  (w.  day,  weather) ;  w.-nurse  n.,  wo- 
man employed  to  suckle  another's  child,  v.t., 
act  as  w.-n.  to  (child);  hence  we'tNESS  n., 
we*ttiSH1(2)  a.  (Vb)  make  w.  (to.  bargain, 
close  it  with  drink ;  w.  one's  whistle,  drink) ; 
hence  we'ttiNG  l(l)  n.  (N.)  moisture,  liquid 
that  wets  something;  (slang)  a  drink.  [OE 
wxt,  cf.  ON  vdtr ;  cogn.  w.  water] 

we*thep  (-dh-),  n.  Castrated  ram.  [cf.  Da. 
vxder,  G  widder;  prob.  cogn.  w.  L  vitulus, 
calf,  Gk  etos  year] 

wey  (wa),  n.  Unit  of  weight  varying  from 
2  cwt  to  3  cwt  with  different  kinds  of  goods. 
[OEwxge  weight  (wegan  weigh)] 

wh-.  In  a  few  of  the  words  beginning  thus 
the  w  is,  as  indicated  in  the  pronunc.  brackets, 
not  sounded ;  in  all  others  the  h  is  silent  in  or- 
dinary modern  usage,  but  the  correct  sound, 

=hw,  is  retained  by  the  Scotch,  Irish,  Welsh, 
&  northern  English,  &  by  purists  in  pronuncia- 


tion, as  well  as  for  the  nonce  in  unfamiliar 
wds  or  such  as  might  be  confused  with  com- 
moner wds  having  no  -h-  (whet,  whey). 
whack,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.    Strike  heavily  with 
stick  &c,  thwack,  whence  wha'ekiNG  Ml)  n.; 
(slang)  go  shares  in,  distribute.    (N.)  heavy 
blow  esp.  with  stick;  (slang)  share  (have  had 
my  w.  of  pleasure),    [imit.] 
wha'cker,  n.  (slang).    Thing  or  person  big 
of  its  kind.    [-ER 1 ;  cf.  thumper,  whopper,  &c] 
wha'eking-,  a.  (slang).     Big  of   its   kind. 
[-ing2;  see  prec] 

whale,  n.,  &  v.i.  Kinds  of  large  fish-like 
marine  mammal  some  of  which  are  hunted  for 
their  oil,  spermaceti,  whalebone,  ambergris, 
&c.  (right,  arctic,  Greenland,  or  bowhead  w., 
kind  yielding  best  whalebone ;  sperm  2,  hump- 
back, bottle-nosed,  &c,  w.;  bull,  cow,  w.,  adult 
male,  female,  w.;  very  like  a  w„  ironical  assent 
to  absurd  statement,  see  Hamlet  III.  ii.  399) ; 
w.-boat,  (on  model  of  those)  used  in  whaling ; 
whalebone,  elastic  horny  substance  growing  in 
thin  parallel  plates  in  upper  jaw  of  certain  ww., 
&  used  in  many  kinds  of  manufacture ;  w.-calf, 
young  w.;  w.-ftn,  commerc.  name  for  whale- 
bone ;  w.-head,  African  bird  allied  to  herons  & 
storks;  w.-line,  superior  rope  2;  in.  round  used 
in  whaling;  whaleman,  seaman  engaged  in 
whaling  ;  w.-oil,  train  oil  or  sperm  oil  got  from 
ww.  (Vb)  be  engaged  in  w. -fishing ;  whaling- 
gun,  for  firing  harpoon  &c.  at  ww. ;  whaling- 
master,  captain  of  a  whaler.  [OE  hwxl,  cf. 
Du.  walvisch,  G  wal,  perh.  cogn.  w.  wheel] 
wha'ler,  n.  Whaling  ship  or  man.  [-er1] 
■whang, v.t.  &L,  & n.  (colloq.).  Strike heaA'ily 
&  loudly,  whack ;  (of  drum  &c.)  sound  (as)  un- 
der blow ;  (n.)  whanging  sound  or  blow,  [imit.] 
wharf  (worf),  n.  (pi.  -ves,  -fs),  &  v.t.  Wooden 
or  stone  platform  beside  which  ship  may  be 
moored  for  (un)loading  &c. ;  hence  whap'f  age 
(1, 4)  n.  ( Vb)  moor  (ship)  at,  store  (goods)  on,  w. 
[OEAtoer/dam,orig.  sense  tuming,ct.  hweorfan 
turn,  &  Du.  werf  wharf,  ON  hvarf  turning] 
whar*fingep  (-J-),  n.  Wharf-owner,  [for 
wharf ager  (WHARFagre,  -er  x)  cf.  messenger] 
what  (-6t),  a.  &  pron.  interrog.,  exclani. ,  &  rel. 
LAdj.:  (a)  interrog.,  asking  for  selection  from 
indefinite  number  (cf.  which  from  definite  num- 
ber;  w.  books  have  you  read  ?;  don't  know  w. 
plan  he  will  try)  or  for  specification  of  amount 
or  number  or  kind  (w.  money,  men,  abilities, 
has  he?;  w.  news  ? ;  w.  matter  ?,  w.  does  it  mat- 
ter ? ;  w.  good,  xise,  is  it  ?,  w.  purpose  will  it 
serve  ? ;  w.  manner  of  man  is  he?;  I  know  w. 
difficulties  there  are,  cf.  c):  (b)  exclam.,  =  how 
great  or  strange  or  otherwise  remarkable  for 
good  or  ill  (to.  a  fool  you  are  ! ;  w.  impudence  ! ; 
w.  an  idea  ! ;  w.  genius  he  has .')  or,  before  adj. 
&  n.,=  how  (w.  partial  judges  we  are  !);  (c)  rel., 
=  the  —  that,  any  —  that,  as  much  or  many 
—  as,  (dispose  of  w.  difficulties  there  are,  cf .  a ; 
lend  me  w.  money  or  men  you  can ;  will  give  you 
w.  help  is  possible;  w.  time  archaic,  when,  while). 
2.  Pron.:  (a)  interrog.,  =  w.  thing(s)  ?,  with  many 
modifications  given  by  context,&  often  in  ellipt. 
uses  for  sentence,  some  of  which  are  here  illus- 
trated (w.  will  people  say  ?,  is  it  respectable  to 
do  it?;  What  ?}  i.e.  did  you  say  ;  w.  ho  !,  excl.  of 
greeting  or  hailing ;  w.ishe  ?,  i.e.  in  respect  of 
occupation ;  w.,  do  you  really  mean  it?,  i.e.  I 
must  have  heard  wrongly ;  w.  if  we  were  to  try  ?, 
i.e.  would  result ;  w.  for  ?,  for  w.  reason  or  pur- 
pose ? ;  w.  though  we  are  poor  ?,  i.e.  does  it  mat- 
ter ;  w.  next  ?,  no  absurdity  can  outdo  this  ;  w. 
of  or  about  —  ?,  i.e.  w.  news?,  or  how  can  you 
dispose  of  this  point? ;  well,  .w.  of  it  ?,  formula 


For  pronunciation  of  words  in  wh-  see  wh-. 


WHATEVER 


1015 


WHEN 


admitting  fact  but  not  inference  &c.  from  it ; 
w.  is  he  the  better  for  it  ?,  in  w.  way  or  to  w. 
extent ;  w.  is  your  name  ? ;  w.  not  usu.  without 
interrog.  mark,  many  other  things  of  the  same 
kind,  anything ;  w.-not,  piece  of  furniture  with 
shelves  for  knick-knacks ;  w.  like  is  he?,  pro- 
vincial for  w.  is  he  like  ?  or  what  sort  of  man  is 
he?;  w.-d'ye-call-him,  her,  it,  'em,  substitutes 
for  name  that  has  slipped  memory  ;  =  eh  after 
question  or  suggestion,  a  modern  &  prob.  ephe- 
meral use,  as  Have  you  heard  the  latest,  w.  ?, 
Come  along,  w.;  I  wonder  w.  you  are;  don't 
know  w.  he  said ;  w.  followed  is  doubtful,  cf.  c ; 
cannot  guess  w.  he  icas  attempting,  cf.  c ;  I  know 
w.,  have  a  new  idea ;  Til  tell  you  w.,  i.e.  the 
truth  or  right  course  is ;  know  w.'s  w.,  i.e.  a 
good  thing  &c.  from  a  bad  &c);  (b)  exclam.,  = 
w.  thing(s)!,  how  much!,  &c.  (w.  he  has  suf- 
fered !) ;  (c)  rel. , = that  or  those  which,  the  thing(s) 
that,  anything  that,  a  thing  that,  (w.  followed 
was  unpleasant,  cf.  a ;  did  w.  he  was  attempt- 
ing, cf.  a ;  w.  I  have  said  I  have  said ;  w.  I  know 
not  is  not  knowledge ;  givz  me  w.  you  can ;  w. 
is  called  the  general  reader ;  come  w.  will  or 
may,  in  spite  of  any  results  &c;  tell  me  w.  you 
remember  of  it ;  btit,  w.  even  you  must  condemn, 
he  was  lying ;  will  do  w.  I  can  for  you ;  use  no 
arguments  out  w.  you  believe  in  yourself',  so 
also  various  more  or  less  incorrect  colloq.  uses 
of  but  w.  for  but,  as  not  a  day  comes  but  w. 
makes  a  change,  not  a  man  but  w.  likes  her, 
not  a  day  but  w.  it  rains,  I  never  see  him  but  w. 
I  think,  I  don't  know  but  w.  I  will,  not  but  w. ; 
w.  with  —  w.  with  — ,  between  various  causes 
&c.,  as  w.  with  drink  &  w.  with  fright,  he  did 
not  know  much  about  the  facts),   [neut.  of  who] 

whatever,  whate'er  (poet;  -ar),  a.  & 
pron.  indef.  rel.  used  (1)  =  prec.  in  rel.  uses  with 
addition  of  or  emphasis  on  indefinite  sense  (w. 
I  have  is  yours ;  w.  measures  are  considered 
best;  do  w.  you  like);  (2)  in  indef.  concessive 
clauses  where  what  is  not  possible,  =  though 
any(thing),  as  w.  results  follow,  w.  happens,  w. 
friends  we  may  offend,  we  shall  have  done  our 
duty ;  (3)  ellipt  for  w.  it,  he,  &c,  may  be,  =  at  all 
after  noun  in  negative  context  (neverwhate'er), 
as  there  is  no  doubt  w.,  is  there  any  chance  w.  1, 
no  one  w.  would  accept,  cannot  see  any  one  w. ; 
(1)  vulg.  for  what  ever,    [what  +  ever] 

wha'tso  (archaic),  whatsoever  (empha- 
tic), whatsoe'er*  (poet. ;  -soar),  aa.  &  pronn. 
=prec.  (1,  2),  &  whatsoever =&\so  prec.  (3).   [sol 

whaup,n.  Curlew  (chiefly  Sc.).  [imitofcryl 

wheal1,  n.    Pimple,  pustule,  (now  rare).    [?J 

wheal 2,  n.  Mine,  esp.  tin-mine  (chiefly  Corn- 
ish).   [Corn,  hwel] 

wheat,  n.  (Highly  nutritious  seeds  of)  kinds 
of  corn-plant  bearing  dense  four-sided  spike  of 
grain  (esp.  winter  or  unbearded  w.,  summer  or 
bearded  w.,  &  German  w.  or  spelt);  w.-grass, 
couch-grass.  Hence  wheatEN.5  a.  [OE  hwxte, 
cogn.  w.  white  (f.  whiteness  of  the  grain)] 

whea'tear  (-er),  n.  Small  bird,  the  stone- 
chat  or  whitetail.  [earlier  wheatears  (white, 
arse)] 

w  h  ee'dle,  v.  t.  Coax  into  doing  or  into  good 
temper  &c,  persuade  by  flattery  or  endear- 
ments, cajole,  humour  for  one's  own  ends ;  get 
(thing)  by  wheedling  out  of  person;  cheat 
(person)  out  of  thing  by  wheedling.  Hence 
whee'dlER1  n.,  whee'dliNG2  a.,  whee'd- 
lingTLY  2  adv.  [perh.  for  weadle  f.  OE  wxdlian 
beg  (wxdl  poverty)] 

wheel  i,  n.  Circular  frame  or  disk  arranged 
to  revolve  on  axis  &  used  to  facilitate  motion 
of  vehicle  or  for  various  mechanical  purposes, 
machine  &c.  of  which  a  w.  is  an  essential  part, 
object  resembling  a  w.,  (balance,  Catherine, 


COG1,  FLY3,  MILL1,  OVERSHOT,  PADDLE,  POT- 
TER'S, ratchet,  spinning,  STEERing,  sun-<&- 
planet,  undershot,  -w.  ;  eccentric  w.,  turning 
on  axis  not  at  its  centre;  fifth  w.,  apparatus 
enabling  front  wheels  &c.  of  four-wheeled  con- 
veyance to  be  slewed,  also  see  fifth  w.;  ww. 
within  ww.,  intricate  machinery,  indirect  or 
secret  agencies ;  the  ww.  of  life,  the  vital  pro- 
cesses &c;  w.  of  life,  scientific  toy  converting 
series  of  pictures  of  successive  attitudes  into 
semblance  of  continuous  motion ;  Fortune's  w., 
w.  with  which  Fortune  is  depicted  as  symbol  of 
ups  &  downs,  also  fig.  vicissitudes ;  break  on 
the  w.,  maim  &  kill  on  mediaeval  instrument  of 
torture  that  revolved  with  victim  bound  on  it ; 
break1  butterfly  onw.:  a  fly  1  on  the  w.;  put 
spoke  in  one's  w.,  ones  shoulder  to  the  w.; 
w.  &  axle,  utilization  of  leverage  given  by 
difference  in  circumference  between  w.  &  its 
axle,  called  one  of  the  mechanical  powers ;  go 
on  ww.,  smoothly),  Fortune's  w.  (we  may  be  rich 
at  the  next  turn  of  the  w.),  steering- w.  (don't 
speak  to  the  man  at  the  w.);  motion  as  of  w., 
circular  motion,  motion  of  line  as  on  pivoted 
end  esp.  as  military  evolution,  (street-arab  turn- 
ing ww.  in  the  gutter;  theww.  &  summersaults 
of  the  gulls ;  right,  left,  &c,  w.,  words  of  com- 
mand to  company  &c.  in  line  to  swing  round 
on  right,  left,  flank  as  pivot);  wheelUARROYt 2 ; 
w.-chair,  invalid's  on  ww. ;  w.-horse,  wheeler ; 
w.-house,  steersman's  shelter;  w.-lock,  (gun 
with)  antiquated  lock  having  steel  wheel  to  rub 
against  flint  &c. ;  wheelman,  cyclist ;,  w.-seat, 
part  of  axle  fitting  into  hub ;  w.-tread,  part  of 
carriage  &c.  w.  that  touches  ground  ;  w.-win- 
dow,  circular  with  spokelike  tracery;  w.-wright, 
maker  of  ww.  Hence  (-) wheelED  2,  whee'l- 
less,  aa.  [OE  hwiol,  cf.  Da.  hiul ;  cogn.  w.  Gk 
kuklos  circle,  wheel,  &  polos  axis] 

wheel2,  v.t.  &  i.  Swing  (t  &  i.  of  line  of 
men  &c.)  round  in  line  on  one  flank  as  pivot, 
(loosely)  change  direction  lit.  or  fig.,  face  an- 
other way,  (often  round) ;  push  or  pull 
(wheeled  thing  esp.  wheelbarrow  or  bath-chair 
or  its  load  or  occupant,  or  furniture  on  castors) 
in  some  direction  ;  go  in  circles  or  curves  ;  ride 
on  bicycle  &c.    If.  prec] 

whee'ler,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  pole  or 
shaft  horse  in  four-in-hand,  tandem,  &c. 
(cf.  leader);  FOVR-wheeler;  wheelwright. 
[WHEEL1'2,  -er1] 

wheeze,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  Breathe  with  audi- 
ble friction ;  w.  out,  utter  with  wheezing. 
(N.)  sound  of  wheezing,  whence  whee'ZY2  a., 
whee'ziLY2  adv.,  whee'ziNESS  n.;  (Theatr. 
slang)  joke,  anecdote,  &c,  interpolated  by 
actor  during  performance.  [OE  hwesan,  cogn. 
w.  G  husten  cough] 

whelk  *,  n.  Kinds  of  marine  spiral-shelled 
mollusc,  some  used  as  food.  [ME  wilk,  OE 
wiloc  (prob.  cogn.  w.  Gk  helix  spiral),  with  ich- 
by  assim.  to  foil] 

whelk2,  n.  Pimple.  Hence  whelkED2  a. 
[dim.  of  WHEAL2] 

whelm,  v.t.  (poet.,  rhet.).  Engulf,  sub- 
merge, overwhelm.  [ME  whelmen,  prob. 
through  a  noun  in  -m  f.  whelven,  OE  dhwylfan 
overturn,  cogn.  w.  G  wblben  arch  over,  Gk 
kolpos  bosom] 

whelp,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Young  dog,  pup; 
young  lion,  tiger,  bear,  wolf,  &c,  cub ;  dis- 
agreeable or  ill-bred  child  or  youth.  (Vb)  pro- 
duce pups  or  cubs  or  (contempt.)  child,  give 
birth  to  (esp.  contempt,  of  human  mother); 
originate  (evil  scheme  &c).  [OE  hwelp,  cf. 
Du.  welp,  etym.  dub.) 

when,  adv.  interrog.  &  rel.,  pron.,  &  n. 
1.  Adv.:  (a)  interrog.:  at  what  time?,  on  what 


WHENCE 


1016 


WHETHER 


occasion  ?,  how  soon  ?,  how  long  ago  ?,  (w.  did, 
shall,  you  see  him  ? ;  don't  know  w.  it  was ; 
say  w.  ellipt.,  i.e.  process  is  to  begin  or  stop ; 
in  rhet  questions  equivalent  to  neg.  statement, 
as  w.  shall  we  see  his  like  again  ?,  w.  did  I 
suggest  such  a  thing  ?) ;  (b)  rel.:  (withftme  &c. 
as  antecedent)  at  which  (the  time  w.  such 
things  could  happen  is  gone ;  there  are  occa- 
sions, conjunctures,  &c.,  w.) ;  at  the  or  any 
time  that,  on  the  or  any  occasion  that,  at 
whatever  time,  as  soon  as,  (he  exclaimed  w.  he 
saw  me ;  w.  Greek  meets  Greek ;  w.  it  rains  he 
stays  at  home ;  shall  have  it  w.  you  ask  po- 
litely; also  ellipt.  like  while2,  as  he  looked  in 
w.  passing,  w.  found  make  a  note  of;  also 
introducing  exclamatory  clause  with  ellipse  of 
apodosis,  as  w.  I  think  what  I  have  done  for 
that  man!);  although,  considering  that,  (walks 
w.  he  might  ride ;  how  could  you,  w.  you  knew 
it  might  kill  him  ? ;  how  convince  him  w.  he 
will  not  listen?);  after  or  upon  which,  but 
just  then,  &  then,  (the  conflict  began,  w.  it  soon 
appeared  which  was  stronger ;  we  were  just 
coming  to  the  point  w.  the  bell  interrupted  us). 
2.  Pron.:  what  (interrog.)  or  which  (rel.)  time 
(till  w.  can  you  stay  ? ;  from  w.  does  it  date  ? ; 
since  w.  things  have  been  better).  3.  N.:  time, 
date,  occasion,  (told  me  the  w.  &  the  how  of  it). 
[OE  whxnne,  a  case  of  who.  cf.  G  wann] 
whence,  adv.  interrog.  &  rel.,  pron.,  &  n. 
From  what  place  or  source  ?  (being  ousted  by 
where  —from  in  lit.  sense  &  how,  why,  Sec,  in 
fig.;  w.  comes  it  that,  how  is  it  that;  no  one 
knows  w.  she  comes) ;  (with  place  &c.  as  ante- 
cedent) from  which  (the  source  w.  these  evils 
spring ;  now  usu. /row  which) ;  to  or  rarely  at 
or  from  the  place  from  which  (return  w.  you 
came ;  abides  w.  he  sent  me ;  comes  w.  he  came ; 
now  usu.  where  —  from,  from  where  —  from); 
whencesoever,  from  whatever  place  or  source. 
(Pron.) :  what  (interrog.)  or  which  (rel.)  start- 
ing-place (from  w.ishe?;  the  source  from  w.  it 
springs).  (N.)  source  (we  know  neither  our 
w.  nor  our  whither).  [ME  whennes  t.  OE 
hwanan  whence  (cogn.  w.  prec,  +  -an  suf.  of 
direction)  +  -es] 

whene'ver,  whene'er*  (poet, -ar),when- 
soe'ver  (emphatic),  adv.  rel.  indef.  (cf.  when 
ever).  At  whatever  time,  on  whatever  occa- 
sion, as  soon_as,  every  time  that,  [so,  ever] 
where  (-ar),  adv.  interrog.  &  rel.,  pron.,  Se 
n.  1.  Adv.:  (a)  interrog.:  in  or  to  what  place 
or  position  lit.  or  fig.,  in  what  direction,  at 
what  part,  in  what  respect,  (w.  is  Heaven  ? ;  w. 
did  you  read  that  ?,  in  what  book ;  w.  are  you 
going  ?,  now  usu.  preferred  to  whither ;  showed 
me  w.  they  were ;  w.  does  it  touch  our  interests  ? ; 
w.  are  you  looking  ? ;  w.  shall  we  be  if  prices 
fall  now  ?,  how  situated ;  don't  know  w.  to  have 
him,  said  of  person  of  elusive  character ;  often 
in  rhet.  questions  =  neg.  statements,  as  w.  is 
the  sense  of  it  ?,  w.  is  the  use  of  trying  ?) ;  (b) 
rel.  (see  also  where-)  :  (with  place  Sec  as  ante- 
cedent) in  which  (places  w.  they  sing;  also 
with  ellipse  of  noun,  as  w.  he  is  weakest  is  in 
his  facts) ;  in  or  to  the  or  any  place,  in  the  di- 
rection or  part  or  respect,  in  which  (w.  your 
treasure  is;  go  w.  you  like ;  is,  send  him,  w. 
he  will  be  taken  care  of;  w.  the  ancients  knew 
nothing  we  know  a  little ;  that 's  w.  it  is  colloq., 
that  is  the  real  reason  for  it  or  point  of  it). 
2.  Pron.:  what  (interrog.)  or  which  (rel.)  place 
(w.  do  you  come  from,  are  you  going  to  ? ;  vulg. 
in  rel.  use,  as  the  place  w.  he  comes  from).  3.  N. : 
place,  scene  of  something,  (the  ww.  &  whens 
are  important;  cf.  anyw., now., every w.).  [OE 


hwdr,  cf.  Du.  waar,  G  war(um) ;  cogn.  w.  who, 
when] 

where-.  1.  Where  is  written  in  one  word 
with  appended  prep,  as  substitute  for  the  prep, 
preceding  or  following  what  interrog.  pron.  or 
which  rel.  pron.  (whereby  shall  we  know  him  ? ; 
the  signs  whereby  he  shall  be  known ;  whereby 
I  saw  that  he  was  angry),  cf.  corresp.  com- 
pounds of  there ;  the  use  is  becoming  rare  exc. 
either  in  formal  or  poet,  or  in  facet,  or  unedu- 
cated writing  or  in  special  uses  as  noted : 
whereabout(&see2);  whereat;  where- 
by ;  wherefore  (for  what  reason  ?,  why  ?,  on 
what  account,  on  which  account :  also  as  n.  pi.  = 
reasons,  as  the  whys  &  wherefores);  where- 
from;  wherein  (also  whereinsoever^ ; 
wherein  to;  whereof;  whereon;  where- 
out ;  wherethrough ;  wh  ere  to ;  where- 
under;  whereunto;  whereupon  (still 
common  introducing  new  sentence  in  narra- 
tive) ;  wherewithal ;  the  longer  form  com- 
mon as  n.  =  money  &c.  needed  for  a  purpose ;  has 
not  the  wherewithals  do  it,  or  the  wherewithal). 
2.  Where  in  its  proper  local  use  is  qualified  in 
sense  by  additions :  whereabouts  adv.  in- 
terrog., where  within  considerable  limits  or 
vaguely  (whereabouts  is  he?;  don't  know  even 
whereabouts  to  look),  n.,  person's  or  thing's 
locality  roughly  defined;  whereas  conj., 
taking  into  consideration  or  having  as  premiss 
the  fact  that  (esp.  in  legal  preambles),  in  con- 
trast or  comparison  with  the  fact  that,  but  in 
contrast  with  what  has  been  said;  wherever, 
where'er  (poet.),  wheresoever  (emphat.), 
advv.  rel.  indef.,  in  or  to  whatever  place  &c. 
(cf.  where  ever). 

whe'rry,  n.  Light  shallow  rowing-boat  usu. 
for  carrying  passengers,  [perh.  cogn.  w.  wharf, 
whirl] 

whet,  v.t.,  &  n.  Sharpen  by  rubbing  on  or 
with  stone  Sec;  stimulate  (appetite,  stomach, 
desire) ;  whetstone,  shaped  stone  for  tool-sharp- 
ening, thing  that  sharpens  the  wits.  (N.) 
sharpening ;  small  quantity  taken  to  create  or 


creating  appetite  for  more ;  dram.  [OE  hwet 
tan  (hwxt  bold),  cf.  Du.  wetten,  G  wetzen\ 

whe'ther l  (-dh-),  a.  &  pron.  interrog.  Se  rel. 
(archaic).  Which  of  the  two.  [OE  hwxther 
(who,  -ther),  cf.  ON  hvdrr,  MHG  weder] 

whe'ther2,  conj.  (1)  introducing  indirect 
questions  of  which  the  direct  form  would  be 
answerable  with  yes  or  no  (don't  know  w.  he 
will  be  here) ;  such  questions  involve  an  alter- 
native, which  may  oe  unexpressed  as  above, 
expressed  precisely  (w.  he  is  here  or  w.  he  is  in 
London,  or  more  usu.  ellipt.  or  in  London),  or 
expressed  comprehensively  by  the  negative 
(w.  he  is  here  or  w.  he  is  not  here,  or  more  usu. 
ellipt.  or  not);  i.e.,  the  alternative  if  expressed 
has  always  or,  after  which  w.  is  usu.  repeated 
if  subj.  &  vb  are  expressed;  w. -clauses  may  be 
appended  directly  to  many  adjj.  &  nn.  as  well 
as  to  vbs  (doubtful,  uncertain,  anxious,  Sec, 
w.;  the  question  &c.  w.),  though  as  to  is  often 
needlessly  inserted;  doubt2  w.;  w.  or  no2; 
formerly  also  with  direct  questions  (it?,  shall 
we  live  or  die  ?).  (2)  used  with  following  or  or 
or  whether  (according  as  second  alternative 
has  its  subj.  &  vb  expressed,  as  in  1)  to  intro- 
duce the  protasis  having  alternatives  corre- 
sponding to  a  single  conditional  apodosis  (w.  we 
stay  or  w.  we  go,  w.  we  go  to  him  or  he  comes 
to  us,  w.  we  go  or  not,  the  result  will  be  bad) ; 
w.  or  no2;  formerly  also  when  each  alternative 
had  apodosis  (w.  we  live,  we  live  unto  the  Lord, 
&w.  we  die,  we  die  Sec. ).   [f .  prec.  ] 


For  pronunciation  of  words  in  wh-  see  wh-. 


WHEW 


1017 


WHIP 


whew  (hwu),  int.  expressing  (usu.  joe.)  con- 
sternation. 

whey  (-a),  n.  Part  of  soured  milk  that  re- 
mains liquid  when  the  rest  forms  curds ;  w.- 
faced  archaic,  pale  esp.  with  fear.  [OE  hwxg, 
cf.  Du.  wei] 

which,  a.  &  pron.  interrog.  &  rel.     1.  Adj. : 

(a)  interrog.,  asking  for  selection  from  alter- 
natives conceived  as  limited  in  number  or 
known  (cf.  what  ;  w.  way  shall  we  go  ?;  sayw. 
chapter  you  prefer):  (b)rel.,=&,  now,  although, 
since,  &c,  this  or  these,  now  rare  exc.  with  n. 
serving  to  sum  up  details  of  a  compound  or 
vague  antecedent  (a  smile  <&  a  sixpence,  w. 
equipment  is  within  most  people's  reach,  will 
suffice ;  w.  things  are  an  allegory;  the  w.,  ar- 
chaic for  w.).  2.  Pron.:  (a)  interrog.  =  w.  per- 
son^), w.  thing(s),  (w.  of  you  am  I  to  thank  for 
this  ?;  say  w.  you  would  like  best ;  w.  is  w.  ?,  w. 
of  two  &c.  given  persons&c.  corresponds  to  one 
of  given  descriptions  &c,  &  w.  to  another?): 

(b)  rel.  (cf.  that),  used  to  convert  what  would 
in  the  simplest  grammar  be  an  independent 
sentence  into  a  subord.  clause  by  being  substi- 
tuted for  a  noun  expressed  in  it  after  being  ex- 
pressed or  implied  in  the  sentence  to  which  it 
is  to  be  subordinated,  =  w.  person  or  persons 
(archaic),  w.  thing(s)  as  modified  by  context,, 
{Our  Father,  w.  art  in  heaven ;  the  river  w.,  or 
better  that, flows  through  London;  the  meet- 
ing, w.  was  held  in  the  Park,  was  a  failure ; 
he  said  he  saw  me  there,  w.  was  a  lie ;  occa- 
sionally in  clause  preceding  antecedent,  as 
moreover,  w.  you  will  hardly  credit,  he  was  not 
there  himself ;  the  w.,  archaic  for  w.;  in  the  pos- 
sessive case  whose  is  sometimes  for  convenience 


preferred  to  the  usual  of  which,  as  the  only 
place  whose  supply  of  baths  is  adequate).  [OE 
hwile  (who,  -like),  cf.  Du.  welk,  G  welcher\ 


whiehe'ver,  whichsoever  (emphat.), 
aa.  &  pronn.  rel.  indef.  used  correspondingly  to 
whatever,  whatsoever,  but  with  the  restrict- 
ed area  of  choice  that  distinguishes  which 
from  what  (cf.  which  ever),    [so,  ever] 

whi'dah-bird,  n.  Small  W.-Afr.  bird,  male 
of  which  has  tail-feathers  of  enormous  length. 
[  Whidah  in  Dahomey] 

whiff1,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Puff  of  air,  smoke, 
odour,  &c.  (w.  of  grape-shot,  a  few  discharges ; 
want  a  w.  of  fresh  air);  (Commerc.)  small 
cigar ;  light  uncovered  outrigged  sculling-boat. 
( Vb)  blow  or  puff  (t.  &  i.)  lightly.   [imit.J 

whiff  2,  n.    Kind  of  flatfish.    [?] 

whiff3,  v.i.  Fish  with  line  towing  bait  near 
surface,    [perh.  for  whip] 

whig:,  n.  &  a.  (Member)  of  the  political  party 
that  supported  the  Revolution  of  1688,  aimed  at 
subordinating  the  power  of  the  crown  to  that 
of  Parliament  &  the  upper  classes,  passed  the 
Reform  Bill,  &  has  been  succeeded  by  the 
Liberals  (opp.  Tory;  still  applied  to  those 
liberals,  &  their  opinions,  who  oppose  further 
progress  in  the  direction  of  democracy  •  dish  2 
the  ww.).  Hence  whi'gg-ERYU),  whi'gg-- 
ism(3),  nn.,  whl'g-griSHi  a.,  whi'g-gishLY2 
adv.,  whi'g-g-ishNESS  n.  [earlier  of  Scotch 
covenanters,  short  for  whiggamor  nickname 
(perh.  f.  Sc.  whig  jog,  urge  on)  of  western  Scots 
who  came  to  Leith  for  corn] 

while1,  n.,  &  v.t.  Space  of  time,  time  occu- 
pied by  or  given  to  some  action  &c,  (have  been 
waiting  all  this  w.;  go  away  for  aw.;  in  a  little 
w.,  soon;  mean%;  once  in  a  w.,  occasion- 
ally, at  long  intervals  ;  have  not  seen  him  for  a 
long  w.,  this  long  w.  past ;  happened  a  long  w. 
ago ;  that  is  enough  for  one  w.,  for  some  time  ; 
worth  w.  or  my  &c.  w.,  repaying  the  time  spent 
in  doing  it  &c;  looked  in  her  eyes  the  while  or 


whilst,  during  some  other  process ;  the  w.  or 
whilst  poet.,  during  the  time  that).  (Vb)  pass 
(time,  hour,  &c.)  away  in  leisurely  manner. 
[OE  hwil,  cf.  Sw.  hvila  rest,  G  weile;  prob. 
cogn.  w.  L  quies  quiet] 

while  2,  whiles  (archaic),  conj.  During  the 
time  that,  for  as  long  as,  at  the  same  time  as, 
please  write  while  I  dictate ;  Jones  got  98  w.  his 
partner  was  making  15  ;  w.  there  is  life  there  is 
hope ;  also  with  ellipse  of  pronominal  subject  & 
am,  is,  was,  &c,  as  w.  reading  J  fell  asleep, 
we  are  safe  w.  in  his  care,  he  retained  the 
consciousness  of  it  w.  asleep) ;  in  contrast  more 
or  less  marked  with  the  fact  that  simul- 
taneously, although,  whereas,  (chiefly  journal- 
istic) &,  (Nero  fiddling  w.  Rome  burns ;  w.  J 
have  no  money  to  spend,  you  have  nothing  to 
spend  money  on;  w.I  admit  his  good  points  I 
can  see  his  bad  ;  also  erron.  w.  admitting  &c, 
cf.  the  correct  ellipses  above ;  Jones  lost  an 
arm,  Brown  a  leg,  w.  Robinson  had  both  am- 
putated), [f.  a  case  of  prec;  for  whiles  see  -es 
&  cf.  whilst] 

whrlom,adv.  &  a.  Once,  formerly,  (archaic); 
(adj.)  quondam  (his  w.  friend).  [OE  hwilum 
instr.  pi.  (while1)] 

whilst,  conj.  &  n.  =  while2;  (n.)  the  w., 
=  tlie  WHILE1,    [while1,  -es] 

whim,  n.  Sudden  fancy,  caprice,  crotchet ; 
kind  of  windlass  for  raising  ore  from  mine ; 
whimwham  archaic  [redupl.  of  w.],  plaything, 
toy,  w.  [f.  ON  hvima  wander  with  the  eyes 
(vim,  Norw.  kvim,  giddiness,  folly)] 

whi'mbrel,  n.  Kind  of  curlew,  [whim,  imit. 
of  its  cry,  -rel] 

whi'mper,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Make  feeble 
querulous  or  frightened  sounds,  cry  &  whine 
softly;  utter  whimperingly;  hence  whi'mp- 
oper1  n.,  whi'mpering-LY2  adv.  (N.)  sound 
of  whimpering,  [for  whimmer,  cf.  G  wimmern ; 
prob.  cogn.  w.  whine,  -er  5] 

whi'msical,  a.     Capricious  ;  odd-look 
fantastic.  Hence  whimsica'liTY  n.,  whi'm- 
sicalLY2adv.    [foil., -ical] 

whi'msy  (-zi),  n.  Crotchet,  whim.  [f.  Norw. 
kvimsa  (kvim,  see  whim)  to  skip] 

whin »,  n.  Gorse,  furze,  (used  in  pi.  also) ; 
w.-chat,  kind  of  small  bird.  [prob.  r.  Norw. 
hvin  kind  of  grass] 

whin2,  whi'nsill,  whi'nstone,  nn.  Kinds 
of  basaltic  rock  or  hard  sandstone.    [?] 

whine,  v.i.  &  t,  &  n.  (Make)  long-drawn 
complaining  cry  (as)  of  dog;  (utter)  querulous 
talk;  utter  whiningly  (often  out).  Hence 
whi'nER1  n.,  whl*ningrLY2adv.  [OE  hwinan, 
cf.  ON  hvina  whiz] 

whi'ngep  (-ng-),  n.  Short  sword,  dirk,  or 
long  knife,  [prob.  cogn.  w.  prec,  w.  ref.  to 
whizzing  sound  of  sword-cut] 

whi'nny,  v.i.,  &  n.  Neigh  gently  or  joyfully; 
(n.)  whinnying  sound,    [freq.  of  whine] 

whip1,  v.t.  &  L  Move  (t.  &  i.)  with  sudden 
motion,  snatch,  dart,  (always  with  adv.  or 
prep.;  w.  behind  the  cupboard;  whipped  away 
to  Prance ;  whipped  up  her  toy  terrier;  w.  out 
sword,  knife ;  w.  off  one's  coat) ;  bind  (cord, 
stick)  with,  close  covering  of  twine,  sew 
(seam)  with  overhand  stitches;  flog,  lash,  (horse, 
boy,  &c. ;  w.  in,  off,  together,  of  managing 
hounds  with  w.,  &  transf.  followers  esp.  in 
Parliament;  w.  stream,  fish  it  with  whipping 
motion;  w.  horses  on,  urge  with  w.;  w.  fault 
out  of  person ;  w.  eggs,  beat  into  froth),  (slang) 
excel,  defeat,  (w.  creation,  beat  all);  hoist  (coal 
&c.)  with  rope  passed  through  -ovWey;  whipping- 
boy  hist,  boy  educated  with  &  chastised  for 
young  prince;  whipping-post,  to  which  persons 
were  tied  to  be  whipped;  whipping-top,  kept 


ing, 


WHIP 


1018 


WHITE 


spinning  by  blows  of  lash.  Hence  whi'p- 
piNG](l,  i)  n.  [cf.  Du.  wippen  skip,  hasten,  Sw. 
vippa  to  wag,  G  wippen  move  up  &  down ; 
perh.  cogn.  w.  L  vibrare  vibrate] 

whip?,  n.  Instrument  for  urging  on  or 
punishing  with  lash  attached  to  short  or  long 
stick;  good,  poor,  &c,  coachman  (esp.  of  four- 
in-hand  or  tandem  driver) ;  (also  whipper-in) 
hunt  official  subordinate  to  huntsman  charged 
with  management  of  hounds,  (transf.)  unpaid 
official  appointed  to  maintain  discipline  among, 
secure  attendance  of,  &  give  necessary  infor- 
mation to,  members  of  his  party  in  House  of 
Parliament,  also  written  notice(formerly  under- 
scored with  number  of  lines  representing  de- 
grees of  urgency,  cf.  FiVK-line  w.)  requesting 
attendance  on  particular  occasion  ;  (also  w.-dr- 
derry)  rope-&-pulley  hoisting  apparatus ;  w.- 
cord,  tightly  twisted  cord  such  as  is  used  for 
making  w. -lashes  {his  veins  stood  out  like  w.-c. ); 
w.-fish,  kind  with  dorsal  fin  produced  into 
filament  like  w.-lash;  w.-gin,  tackle-block  with 
hoisting  rope;  w.-hand,  hand  that  holds  w.  (esp. 
in  have  the  w.-h.  of,  be  in  position  to  control); 
w.-ray,  ray-fish  with  long  slender  tail;  w.-saw, 
narrow  saw-blade  with  ends  held  by  frame ;  w.- 
snake,  slender  kinds,    [f.  prec] 

whrpper,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  w.-in,  (now 
usu.  shortened  to)  whip2;  w.-snapper,  small 
child,  young  &  insignificant  but  presuming  or 
intrusive  person  [perh.  for  whipsnapper,  im- 
plying noise  &  unimportance ;  but  cf.  whip- 
sterIT   [-er  J] 

whi'ppet,  n.  Cross-bred  dog  of  modified 
greyhound  type  used  for  racing.    [?] 

whi'ppoopwill,  n.  American  bird  allied  te 
goatsucker,    [imit.  of  cry] 

whi'pstep,  n.  Small  child;  trifling  frivolous 
person  such  as  should  still  be  subject  to  the 
whip.     [-STER] 

whip(p),  v.i.  (part,  whir'ring),  &  n.  (Make) 
continuous  buzzing  or  softly  clicking  sound  as 
of  bird's  wings  quickly  flapped  or  cogwheels  in 
rapid  action,    [f.  Da.  hvirre  whirl,  or  imit.] 

whirl,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Swing  (t.  &  i.)  round 
&  round,  revolve  (t.  &  i.)  rapidly  {whirling 
dervish)  ;  send  (missile  &c),  (of  moving  body) 
travel,  swiftly  in  orbit  or  curve ;  convey  or  go 
rapidly  away  &c.  in  wheeled  conveyance ;  (of 
brain,  senses,  &c.)  be  giddy,  seem  to  spin  round, 
(of  thoughts  &c.)  follow  each  other  in  bewilder- 
ing succession;  (n.)  whirling  movement  {my 
thoughts  are  in  a  w.;  whirlpool,  circular  eddy 
in  sea  &c;  whirlwind,  mass  of  air  whirling 
rapidly  round  &  round  in  cylindrical  or  funnel 
shape  {sow  wind  &  reap  whirlwind,  suffer 
worse  results  of  bad  action),  [f.  ON  hvirfla, 
cf.  G  wirbeln;  cogn.  w.  OE  hweorfan  turn] 

whip'lig-ig-  (-g-),  n.  Kinds  of  spinning  toy, 
(fig.)  revolving  motion  (w.  of  time,  changes  of 
fortune);  merry-go-round;  kinds  of  water-beetle 
that  circle  about  on  surface,    [prec,  gig1] 

whisk,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Bunch  of  grass,  hair, 
Asa,  to  flap  dust  off,  flies  away,  &c  with;  in- 
strument for  beating  up  eggs  or  cream;  quick 
movement  (as)  of  w.  or  of  animal's  tail.  (Vb) 
flap  (dust,  fly,  &c.)  away  or  off',  beat  up  (eggs 
&c);  take  away  or  off  with  sudden  motion 
{waiter  whisked  my  plate  off);  convey  or  go 
lightly  &  quickly  esp.  out  of  sight  (was  whisked 
across  channel  in  aeroplane ;  mouse  whisks 
into  its  hole) ;  brandish  lightly  or  flip  or  wave 
about  {went  whisking  a  cane,  her  tail),  [vb  f. 
first  sense  of  n„  perh.  cogn.  w.  wisp  ;  cf.  Da. 
viske  wipe,  G  wischen  wipe] 

whi'skep,  n.  Hair  of  man's  cheek  (cf.  mous- 


tache, beard;  usu  in  pi.);  bristle  growing  from 
upper  lip  of  cat  &c,  set  of  such  bristles  on  one 
side.    Hence  (-)whiskePED2  a.    [prec^-ER1] 

whi'sky1,  n.  Spirit  distilled  from  malted 
barley,  other  grains,  or  sugar  &c;  whiskited 
facet.,  affected  by  w. -drinking;  w.-liver,  liver- 
complaint  from  alcoholic  poisoning,  [f.  Gael. 
uisge(-beatha)  water  (of  life),  cf.  usquebaugh] 

whi'sky2,  n.  Kind  of  light  gig  or  chaise, 
[f.  whisk,  w.  ref.  to  lightness  of  motion] 

whi'sper,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Speak  without  vi- 
bration of  vocal  chords ;  talk  with  intention  of 
being  audible  only  close  at  hand  or  to  confidant; 
inform  or  bid  (person)  thus  that  or  to ;  converse 
privately,  indulge  in  slander  or  plotting ;  put 
secretly  in  circulation  (tale,  that;  esp.  it  is 
whispered  that);  (of  leaves,  stream,  &c.)  rustle; 
whispering-gallery,  gallery,  cave,  &c,  in  which 
some  acoustic  peculiarity  causes  least  sound 
made  at  a  particular  point  to  be  audible  at  an- 
other far  off;  hence  whi'spePER l,  whi's- 
pepixG Ml),  nn.,  whi'spepingLY 2  adv.  (N.) 
whispering  speech  (always  talksin  a  w.  or  ww.)\ 
whispered  remark;  rumour  of  unknown  origin, 
mysterious  hint ;  rustling  sound.  [ONorthumb. 
hwisprian  imit.] 

whist l,  whisht,  int.  enjoining  silence  (now 
rare  exc.  in  representations  of  Irish  talk,  -sht). 
[cf.  hist,  hush] 

whist2,  a.  (archaic).    Silent,    [f.  prec] 

whist3,  n.  Card  game  of  mingled  skill  & 
chance  for  four  or  exceptionally  three  or  two 
persons  (long,  short,  it?.,  with  ten,  five,  points  to 
game;  dummy,  double  dummy,  bridge2,  w.; 
rubber2  ofw.;  w.  drive,  progressive  w.  party, 
[earlier  whisk  (whisk,  w.  ref.  to  whisking  off 
of  cards  from  table),  afterwards  changed  w.  ref. 
to  the  silence  usual  in  the  game] 

whi'stle  (-si),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Make  with  the 
lips  or  with  instrument  for  the  purpose,  or  (of 
birds  &c.)  with  the  voice,  or  (of  missile,  wind, 
&c.)  by  rapid  motion,  the  shrill  sound  of  breath 
forced  through  small  orifice  formed  with  lips 
(boy,  bird,  steam-engine  or  its  driver,  wind,  bul- 
let, whistles ;  w.  for  a  wind,  of  becalmed  sailors, 
whence  may  w.  for  it,  vainly  wish ;  let  one  go 
w„  disregard  his  wishes;  whistling,  in  names 
of  kinds  of  bird  &  animal,  as  Whistling  eagle, 
marmot);  act  as  informer,  peach ;  summon  or 
give  signal  to  (dog,  attendant)  by  whistling 
(w.  down  the  wind  metaph.  f.  hawking,  let  go, 
abandon);  give  (tune  &c)  by  whistling.  (N.) 
whistling  sound  or  note ;  instrument  for  pro- 
ducing such  sound  (penny  w.,  tin  pipe  with  six 
holes  giving  notes;  steam  w.,  sounded  by  jet 
of  steam;  pay  for  one's  w.  of  anecdotic  orig., 
pay  high  for  some  caprice) ;  throat  (wet  one's 
w.).  [OE  hwistlian  make  hissing  sound,  cf. 
ON  hvisla  whisper ;  imit.] 

whi-stlep,  n.  In  vbl  senses;  esp.:  kind  of 
marmot ;  kinds  of  bird,    [-er  1] 

whit1,  n.  Particle,  least  possible  amount, 
(usu.  in  wo  to.,  not  or  never  a  w„  not  at  all).  [OE 
wiht  wight,  whit] 

Whit2,  Whi'tsun,  aa.  Whitsunday,  se- 
venth Sunday  after  Easter,  commemorating 
day  of  Pentecost ;  Whit  Monday,  Tuesday, 
those  following,  Whit  week,  that  containing, 
Whit  Sunday ;  Whitsuntide,  Whit  Sunday  & 
following  days;  Whitsun  week,  Whit  week. 
[  Whitsun  short  for  Whitsunday's ;  Whit  Sun- 
day =  white  Sunday,  so  called  because  christen- 
ings, &  therefore  white  robes,  were  common 
on  it] 

white  \  a.,  &  v.t.  Resembling  a  surface  re- 
flecting sunlight  without  absorbing  any  of  the 


For  pronunciation  of  words  in  wh-  see  wh-, 


WHITE 


1019 


WHOLE 


visible  rays,  of  the  colour  of  fresh  snow  or  com- 
mon salt  or  the  common  swan's  plumage,  hav- 
ing some  approach  to  such  colour,  pale,  less 
dark  than  other  things  of  the  same  kind,  char- 
acterized by  presence  of  some  w., {white-  in  many 
-ED2  compounds  used  esp.  in  naming  animals 
&c,  as  w.-backed,  -beaked,  -bearded,  -bellied, 
-breasted,  -crested,  -crowned,  -eyed,  -faced,  -foot- 
ed, -fronted,  -headed,  -necked,  -rumped,  -tailed, 
-throated,  -winged);  (of  water,  air,  light)  trans- 
parent, colourless ;  (fig.) innocent,  unstained,  of 
harmless  kind ;  of  w.  men  (see  w.  man  below;  w. 
culture,  civilization,  Sec);  w.  alloy,  any  of  the 
cheap  imitations  of  silver ;  whitebait,  small  fish 
prob.  the  fry  of  several  kinds  eaten  fried  in  quan- 
tities when  about  2  in.  long ;  whitebeam,  small 
tree  with  silvery  underleaf ;  w.  bear,  polar  bear; 
JVhiteboy,  member  of  18th-c.  illegal  agrarian 
association  in  Ireland  wearing  w.  frocks  at 
nightly  meetings  &  outrages ;  w.  corpuscle,  = 
LEUcocyte;  w.  crow1,  currant,  elephant; 
w.  ensign,  flown  by  ships  of  British  navy,  cf. 
red  ensign ;  to.  feather1;  w.-fish  commerc, 
other  than  salmon,  also  of  whiting  &  haddock 
i  n  particular;  w.  flag4,  friar,  frost,  grouse1; 
w.-gum,  eruption  on  infant's  neck  &  arms ;  w. 
hands  lit,  as  sign  of  exemption  from  labour, 
fig.  innocency  or  integrity ;  so  w.-handed  ;  w. 
heart-cherry,  pale  heart-shaped  kind ;  w.  heat1 
(lit.,  &  fig.  of  passion  &c;  so  w.-hot);  w.  horses, 
waves  with  w.  crests  at  sea ;  W.  House,  official 
residence  of  U.S.  president;  w.  lead1,  lie1; 
w.  light,  colourless,  e.g.  ordinary  daylight,  also 
fig.  of  unprejudiced  judgment;  w.-lipped,  esp. 
with  fear ;  w.-livered,  cowardly  ;  w.  magic;  w. 
man,  member  of  one  of  the  paler  races  chiefly 
inhabiting  or  having  inhabited  Europe,  &  char- 
acterized by  a  certain  type  of  civilization  (cf. 
black,  brown,red, yellow,  man),  (colloq.) person 
of  honourable  character,  good  breeding,  &c; 
w.  meat,  poultry,  veal,  rabbits,  pork ;  w.  metal, 
=  w.  alloy;  whitesmith,  worker  in  tin,  also 
polisher  or  galvanizer  of  iron  ;  w.  squall,  sudden 
tropical  storm  at  sea  announced  only  by  line 
of  w.  water  approaching ;  w.-thom,  hawthorn 
(cf.  black  Hhorri);  w.-throat,  kinds  of  small 
songbird ;  whitewash  n.,  solution  of  quicklime 
or  of  whiting  &  size  for  brushing  over  walls, 
ceilings,  &c,  to  give  clean  appearance,  also  fig. 
means  employed  to  clear  person  or  his  memory 
of  imputations,  (v.t.)  cover  with  whitewash, 
attempt  to  clear  reputation  of,  (pass.,  of  insol- 
vent) get  fresh  start  by  passage  through  bank- 
ruptcy court;  w.  wine,  of  amber  or  golden  colour 
(opp.  red);  w.  witch,  using  power  for  beneficent 
purposes  only;  hence  whi'teLY2  adv.  (rare), 
whitEN6  v.t  &  i.,  whi'teNESS  n.,  whit- 
iSHM2)a.  (Vb;  archaic)  make  w.  [OE  hwit, 
cf.  Du.  wit,  G  weiss,  Skr.  cveta] 

white2,  n.  W.  or  nearly  w.  colour ;  kinds  of 
w.  pigment  {Chinese  &c.  w.);  w.  clothes  or  ma- 
terial {dressed  in  w.) ;  albuminous  part  round 
yolk  of  egg ;  visible  part  round  iris  of  eye ;  = 
w.man  (mean3  w.);  kinds  of  butterfly ;  (Med.; 
pi.)  LEUCOrWioea.    [f.  prec] 

Whiteehapel  cart,  n.  Light  two-wheeled 
spring-cart  used  by  shopkeepers  for  sending 
goods  round.    [  Whiteehapel  in  London] 

whitening  <-tn-),  n.  =  whiting1,  [whiten 
(white1),  -ing1] 

whither  (-Idh-),  adv.  interrog.  &  rel.  (chiefly 
archaic),  &  n.  To  what  place  or  point?  (now 
usu.  where  ?,  where  —  to  ?,  how  far?,  &c,  but 
cf.  I  see  w.  your  question  tends),  whence  whi*- 
thenwARD  adv.;  (rel.,  with  antecedent  place 
&c.)  to  which  (now  usu.  to  which,  where),  (with- 
out antecedent)  to  the  or  (also  w.-soever)  any 
place  to  which  (now  usu.  where);  (n.)  destina- 


tion {our  whence  &  our  w.;  no  w.  archaic,  to 
no  place).  (OE  hwider  (as  whether)) 
whiting-1,  n.  Chalk  prepared  by  drying, 
grinding,  &c,  for  use  in  whitewashing,  plate- 
cleaning,  &c.  [white1  vb,  -ING1^)] 
whiting*2,  n.  Kind  of  sea-fish  much  used  as 
food ;  w.-pout,  fish  with  some  resemblance  to 
w.  &  an  inflatable  membrane  over  part  of  head. 
[white1  a.,  -ING3] 

whitleather,  n.     White  leather  dressed 
with  alum  instead  of  being  tanned,    [white1] 
whitlow,  n.  Inflammatory  tumour  on  finger 
esp.  about  the  nail,     [corrupt  of  quick-flaw 
sore  in  the  quick,  by  confusion  with  whit  = 
white  as  in  whit2  &  prec] 
Whitsun.    See  whit2. 
whittle  -.  n.  (archaic).    Long  knife,  esp.  such 
as  is  used  by  butchers.  [MEMwnteJf.OE  thwitan 
pare,  -le(1)1 

whittle2,  v.t  &  i.  Trim,  carve,  slice  off 
pieces  from,  (wood)  with  knife;  shape,  thin 
down,  cut  repeatedly  at,  piece  of  wood  with 
knife  ;  reduce  amount  or  effect  of  by  repeated 
subtraction  (usu.  down,  away),  [f.  prec.] 
whity,  a.  Inclining  to  white  (usu.  in  comb, 
with  other  colour-name,  esp.  w.-brown).  [-Y2] 
whiz,  whizz,  v.i.,  &  n.  (Make)  sound  given 
by  friction  of  body  moving  at  great  speed 
through  air.    [imit  J 

who  (hoo),  pron.  pers.  interrog.  &  rel.  (obj. 
whom  pr.  hoom ;  poss.  whose  pr.  hooz).  1.  In- 
terrog.: What  person(s)?,  which  person(s)?,what 
sort  of  person  sin  regard  to  position  orauthority?, 
{w.  said  so  ?;  whom  or  colloq.  w.  do  you  mean  ? ; 
told  him  w.  they  icere,  whom  or  colloq.  w.  to  look 
out  for;  whose  son  is  he?;  w.  would  have  thought 
it?,  no  one  would ;  w.  are  the  Joneses  ?  I  should 
like  to  know ;  w.  am  I  that  I  should  object  ?). 
2.  Rel.:  (Person  or  persons)  that  {the  man  whom 
you  saw  ;  those  for  whose  benefit  it  was  done  ; 
any  one  w.  chooses  can  apply ;  there  is  no  one 
w.  we  can  believe  is  competent,  often  incorrectly 
whom) ;  (archaic)  the  or  any  person(s)  that  {who 
breaks  pays ;  whom  the  gods  love  die  young ; 
as  w.  should  say,  like  a  person  w.  said,  as 
though  one  said) ;  &,  but,  though,  since,  if,  &c, 
he,  him,  they,  &c.  {sent  it  to  Jones,  w.  passed  it 
on  to  Smith ;  is  flirting  with  Dick,  whom  she  de- 
tests). [Aryan  ;  OE  hwd,  with  neut  hwaet,  gen. 
hwaes,  dat  hwdm,  instr.  hwi ;  cf.  Du.  wie  who, 
wat  what,  wiens  whose,  wien  whom,  G  wer 
who,  was  what,  wessen  whose,  wen  &  wem 
whom,  L  quis,  Skr.  kas ;  the  rel.  senses  are 
later  than  the  interrog.] 
whoa.    See  wo. 

whoe*vei\  who'so  (archaic),  whosoe'vei* 
(emphat),  whoe'er*  &  whosoe'er*  (poet. ; 
-ar),  (hob-),  pronn.  pers.  indef .  rel.  (cases  as  with 
who  ;  whomsoever  or  the  incorrect  w.  is  usu. 
substituted  without  special  emphasis  for  whom- 
ever, &  whosesoever  somet  for  whose-ever), 
used  (1)  as  mod.  equivalent  of  archaic  who  in 
indef.  rel.  sense  (w.  comes  will  be  welcome; 
stopped  whomsoever  or  w.  or  whomever  he  saw; 
return  it  to  whose-ever  or  whosesoever  address 
isonit);  (2)  in  indef.  concessive  clauses = though 
any  one  {w.  else  objects,  I  do  not ;  whose-ever  it 
is,  I  mean  to  have  it ;  whomsoever  or  w.  or 
whomever  I  quote,  you  retain  your  opinion) ; 
(3)  vulg.  for  who  ever,  [who,  so,  ever] 
whole  (hoi),  a.  &  n.  (Archaic)  in  good  health, 
well,  {they  that  be  w.  need  not  a  physician) ;  in 
sound  condition,  uninjured,  not  broken,  intact, 
{hope  you  will  come  back  w.;  get  off  with  a  w. 
skin ;  there  is  not  a  plate  left  w. ;  has  swallowed 
a  raisin  w.) ;  integral,  consisting  of  one  or 
more  units,  without  fractions,  (10.  numbers,  in- 
tegers);   undiminished,  without  subtraction, 


WHOLESOME 1< 

(bread  made  of  w.  meal,  not  deprived  by  bolt- 
ing of  some  constituents) ;  (with  a  in  sing.)  not 
less  than  (spent  w.  years  of  misery ;  went  up  a 
w.  tone;  lasted  three  w.  days;  w.  regiments 
were  cut  down;  talked  a  w.  lot  of  nonsense) ; 
(with  the,  his,  &c.)  all  that  there  is  of  (the  w. 
truth,  world,  duty  of  man ;  do  thing  with  one's 
w.  heart,  heartily,  with  concentrated  effort  &c, 
without  doubts  &c  whence  whole-heart- 
ED^a.,  whole-heap'tedLY  2  adv.,  whole- 
hear  •  ted  x  ess  n.;  the  w.  priesthood,  city,  &c, 
all  members  or  inhabitants  of  it ;  committee 
of  the  w.  House  ;  go  the  w.  hog  *) ;  w.-coloured, 
all  of  one  colour;  w.-hoofed,  with  undivided 
hoofs  ;  w.-length,  (portrait)  representing  person 
from  head  to  foot ;  wholesale  n.  (chiefly  attrib.), 
selling  of  articles  in  large  quantities  to  be  re- 
tailed by  others  (a  w.-s.  dealer;  sells  by  w.-s.; 
w.-s.  prices),  adj.  &  adv.,  on  the  w.-s.  plan, 
(transf.)  on  large  scale,  (our  business  is  w.-s. 
only;  sells  w.-s.;  a  w.-s.  slaughter  took  place  ; 
sends  out  begging  letters  w.-s.);  hence  who'le- 
ness  n.  (N.)  thing  complete  in  itself ;  all  that 
there  is  of  something  (of  ten  of;  the  golden  rule 
contains  the  w.  of  morality ;  on  or  upon  the  w., 
takinginto  consideration  everything  that  bears 
on  the  question,  after  weighing  pros  &  cons 
&c);  organic  unity,  complete  system,  total 
made  up  of  parts,  (nature  ts  aw.;  the  w.  &  the 
parts).     [OE  hdl  hale  *,  cf.  G  heil,  Du.  heel ; 

COgn.  W.  HEAL,  HOLY] 

wholesome,  a.  Promoting  physical  or 
moral  health,  salubrious,  salutary,  not  morbid, 
(w.  food,  air,  exercise,  advice,  neglect,  excite- 
ment). Hencewho*lesomeLY2adv.,who*le- 
someNESS  n.    [prec,  -some] 

who'lly  (-1-11),  adv.  Entirely,  without  abate- 
ment, (J  am  w.  yours) ;  exclusively,  without 
admixture,  (a  w.  bad  example),    [whole,  -ly  2] 

whom.    See  who. 

-whoop  (h).    Var.  of  hoop  2 

whop,  v.t.  (slang).  Thrash,  (fig.)  defeat,  over- 
come, whence  who'ppiNG  HI)  n.;  (part.)  very 
large  of  its  kind  (esp.  a  whopping  lie),  whence 
who'ppER  ^_n.   [also  w(h)ap,  wop ;  etym.  dub.  ] 

whore  (hor),  n.,  &  v.i.  (not  in  decent  use). 
Prostitute,  strumpet,  (the  scarlet  W.);  w.- 
master,  -monger,  fornicator ;  hence  whore*- 
DOMn.  (Vb,  of  man)  practise  fornication;  (fig., 
archaic,  esp.  go  a-whoring  after  strange  gods 
&c.)  practise  idolatry  or  iniquity.  [ME  hore 
f.  ON  hora  adulteress,  cf.  Du.  hoer,  G  hure; 
perh.  cogn.  w.  L  carus  dear] 

whorl,  n.  Ring  of  leaves  or  other  organs 
round  stem  &c.  of  plant ;  one  turn  of  a  spiral ; 
disk  on  spindle  steadying  its  motion.  Hence 
whorlED  2  a.  [prob.  for  whorvel  f.  OE  hweor- 
fan  turn,  -le(1)  ;  cogn.  w.  wharf,  whirl] 
*  whortleberry  (wer-),  n.  =  bilberry.  [OE 
horta] 

whose.  Possessive  case  of  who,  used  also  as 
case  of  which  2b  ;  whose-ever,  whosesoever,  see 

WHOEVER. 

whoso,  whosoever.    See  whoever. 

why1,  adv.  interrog.  &  rel.,  &  n.  (pi.  whys). 
On  what  ground  ?,  for  what  reason  ?,  with  what 
purpose?,  (w.  did  you  do  it?;  cannot  think  w. 
you  came  ;  often  ellipt.,  as  You  are  late ;  why?, 
esp.  in  w.  so  ?,  demand  for  grounds  of  statement 
or  view) ;  on  account  of  which  (the  reasons  w. 
he  did  it  are  obscure).  (N.)  reason,  explana- 
tion, (cannot  go  into  the  whys  &  wherefores 
now).    [OE  hwi  instr.  of  who,  what] 

why5*,  int.  expr.  surprised  discovery  or  re- 
cognition (w.,  it  is  surely  Jones! ;  w.,  what  a 
bruise  you  have  got!;  w.,  of  course,  that  was 


0 WIDE 

it),  protest  at  simplicity  of  question  &c.  ('  What 
vi  twice  two?'  w.,  four.  W.,  a  child  could 
answer  that),  pause  for  reflection  (lJs  it  true  ? ' 
4  W.,  yes,  I  think  so'),  objection  (w.,  what  is 
the  harm  ?),  introduction  of  apodosis  (if  silver 
will  not  do,  w.,  we  must  try  gold),  &c.  [ellipt. 
uses  of  prec.  interrog.] 

wiek »,  n.  (Piece  of)  fibrous  or  spongy  ma- 
terial by  which  lamp  or  candle  flame  is  kept 
supplied  with  melted  grease  or  oil.  [OE  wice, 
cf.  MDu.  wiecke,  Da.  vaege] 

wiek  %  n.  Town,  hamlet,  district,  (rare  exc. 
in  place-names  as  Hampton  W.  or  other  com- 
pounds as  bailiwick).    [OE  wic  f.  L  vie  us] 

wi'eked,  a.  Sinful,  iniquitous,  vicious, 
given  to  or  involving  immorality,  (w.  bible, 
edition  of  1632  with  not  omitted  in  seventh 
commandment),  offending  intentionally  against 
the  right ;  spiteful,  ill-tempered,  intending  or 
intended  to  give  pain,  playfully  mischiev- 
ous, roguish.  Hence  wi'ekedLY5*  adv., 
wi'ckedNESS  n.  [f.  obs.  wikke  evil,  cogn.  w. 
OE  wicca  wizard,  &  weak,  +-ed  1  as  if  p.p.] 

wi'cker,  n.  Plaited  twigs  or  osiers  as  ma- 
terial of  baskets,  chairs,  mats,  protective 
covers,  &c.  (usu.  attrib.,  as  w.  chair),  whence 
wi'ekerED2  a.;  w.-work,  (things  made  of)  w. 
[earlier  sense  pliant  twig,  prob.  f.  Scand. 
(MSw.  wika  to  bend,  Da.  veg  pliant) ;  cogn.  w. 

WEAK,  WICK1] 

wi'cket,  n.  Small  door  or  gate,  esp.  one  be- 
side or  in  the  compass  of  a  larger  one  for  use 
when  the  latter  is  not  open  (also  w.-door,  -gate); 
turnstile  entrance;  aperture  in  door  or  wall 
usu.  closed  with  sliding  panel ;  door  closing 
only  lower  half  of  doorway  ;  (Cricket)  one  set 
of  three  stumps  &  two  bails  (keep  w.,  be  w.- 
keeper  or  fieldsman  stationed  close  behind 
batsman's  w.;  keep  one's  w.  up,  succeed  in  not 
being  put  out),  also  the  ww.  as  defended  by 
one  batsman  (5  ww.  doivn,  five  men  out; 
match  won  by  2  ww.,  with  three  of  winning 
side  still  not  out),  also  good  &c.  state  of  the 
pitch  (play  began  on  a  perfect  w.).  [ME  &  AF 
wiket,  mod.  F  guichet,  perh.  f.  OHG  wisken 
whisk  (place  to  slip  out  at);  cricket  w.  orig. 
resembled  gate,  being  2  ft  wide  by  1ft] 

wide,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  Measuring  much  or 
more  than  other  things  of  same  kind  across  or 
from  side  to  side,  broad,  not  narrow,  (w.  door, 
road,  river,  brim,  margin,  cloth,  interval); 
(appended  to  measurement)  in  width  (a  strip 
3ft  w.);  extending  far,  embracing  much,  of 
great  extent,  (has  a  w.  range ;  w.  fame,  known 
to  many ;  the  w.  world,  all  the  world  great  as 
it  is ;  a  w.  domain,  large ;  is  ofw.  distribution, 
occurs  in  many  places;  a  w.  generalization, 
covering  many  particulars ;  there  is  a  w.  differ- 
ence between ;  also  ad  v.,  as  the  principle  ranges 
w.,  &  esp.  in  far  &  w.),  whence  wi'deLY2 
adv.;  not  tight  or  close  or  restricted,  loose, 
free,  liberal,  unprejudiced,  general,  (w.  knick- 
erbockers ;  w.  culture,  not  specialized ;  takes 
w.  views ;  hazard  a  w.  guess,  one  allowing 
margin  for  errors  of  detail ;  give  w.  berth  to, 
not  go  too  near,  keep  clear  of,  avoid) ;  open  to 
full  extent  (staring  with  w.  eyes ;  also  adv.  or 
pred.  a.,  as  yawned  w.,  open  your  mouth  w., 
window  is  w.  open,  person  is  w.  awake) ;  at 
considerable  distance  from  a  point  or  mark, 
not  within  reasonable  distance  of,  (w.  ball  in 
cricket,  also  w.  n.,  ball  judged  by  umpire  to 
pass  wicket  beyond  batsman's  reach  &  count- 
ing one  to  his  side ;  gave  an  answer  quite  w. 
of  the  mark  or  purpose;  also  adv.  or  pred.  a., 
as  is  bowling,  shooting,  w.,  arrow  fell  w.  of 


For  pronunciation  of  words  in  wh-  see  wh- 


WIDGEON 


1021 


WILL 


target) ;  w.-awake  a.  colloq.,  wary,  knowing ; 
w.-awake  n.,  soft  w. -brimmed  felt  hat;  w.- 
spread,  widely  disseminated,  (esp.  of  beliefs  or 
impressions).  Hence  wi'dEN6  v.t.  &  i„  wi'd- 
ish  '(2)  a.    [OE  wid,  cf.  Du.  wijd,  G  weit  far] 

wi'dgeon  (-jn),  n.  Kinds  of  wild  duck, 
[ult.  f.  L  vipio  kind  of  crane ;  cf.  F  vigeon, 
vingeon,  gingeon] 

wrdow  (-6),  n.,  &  v.t.  Woman  who  has  lost 
her  husband  by  death  &  not  married  again 
(grass w.;  w.'s weeds;  also  attrib.,  as  w>. lady, 
woman) ;  hence  wi'downooD  n.  (Vb)  kill 
husband  or  mate  of,  deprive  of  husband  or 
wife  or  mate,  make  into  w.  or  widower,  (usu. 
in  p.p.;  the  widowed  father,  mother,  Sec), 
(poet.)  bereave  of  friend  &c.  [OE  widwe,  cf. 
Du.  weduwe,  G  wittwe ;  cogn.  w.  L  viduus 
bereft,  Gk  eitheos  bachelor,  Skr.  vidhava] 

wi'dower,  n.  Man  who  has  lost  his  wife  by 
death  &  not  married  again.    [prec.j-ER1] 

width,  n.  Measurement  from  side  to  side; 
comprehensiveness  or  liberality  of  mind, 
views,  &c;  piece  of  material  of  certain  w. 
{shall  want  three  ww.  of  it),    [wide,  -th  j] 

wield,  v.t.  Control,  sway,  hold  &  use,  man- 
age with  the  hands  or  otherwise,  (w.  power, 
the  sceptre,  a  kingdom  &c.  chiefly  poet.,  wea- 
pon lit.  or  fig.).  [OE  geweldan  {wealdan  rule, 
cf.  OX  valda,  G  walten) ;  perh.  cogn.  w.  L 
valere  be  strong] 

wife,  n.  (pi.  -ves).  Woman,  esp.  one  who  is 
old  &  rustic  or  uneducated  (now  rare  exc.  in 
old  wives'  tale,  foolish  or  superstitious  tradi- 
tion, &  in  comb,  as  fish  He.,  housewife, 
midwife)  ;  married  woman  esp.  in  relation  to 
her  husband  (usu.  my  Sec.  w.,  thew.  of,  or  with 
epithet  as  will  make  a  good  w.;  wedded,  law- 
ful, w.,  emphatic  phrr.  in  contrast  w.  mistress, 
concubine,  Sec ;  all  the  world  &  his  w. ;  have, 
take,  tow.,=  as  w.).  Hence  wPfeHOOD,  wi'- 
fle[-Y  3],  nn.,  wi*feLESs,  wi'feLiKE,  wWoly1, 
aa.  [OE  wif,  cf.  Du.  wijf,  G  weib,  all  neut.  nn., 
etym.  dub.] 

wig1,  n.  Artificial  head  of  hair  formerly 
much  worn  as  ornament,  &  still  to  conceal 
baldness  or  disguise  appearance  or  as  part  of 
official  dress  esp.  of  judge  or  lawyer  or  of  serv- 
ant's livery  (there  will  be  ww.  on  the  green,  a 
free  fight).  Hence  (-)wiggED 2,  wi'gLESS, 
aa.    [short  for  periwig] 

wig2,  v.t.  Rebuke  sharply,  rate,  (chiefly  in 
thevbln.).    Hence  wi'ggiNG^l)  n.    [?] 

wi'gan,  n.  Stiff  canvas-like  material  used 
for  stiffening.    [  Wigan  in  Lancashire] 

wight  (wit),  n.  (archaic  or  facet.).  Person, 
being,  (esp.  luckless,  wretched,  Sec,  w.).  [OE 
wiht  creature,  person,  thing,  cf.  Du.  wicht 
child,  G  wicht  fellow ;  doublet  of  whit  J] 

wi'gwam  (or  -6m),  n.  N.-Amer.  Indian's 
tent  or  hut  of  skins  or  mats  or  bark,    [native] 

wild,  a.,  adv.,  &  n.  Not  domesticated  or 
cultivated  (chiefly  of  animals  &  plants,  &  esp. 
of  species  allied  to  others  that  are  not  w.;  in 
the  commoner  combinations  w.  Se  the  n.  are 
hyphened,  or  treated  as  one  wd  with  accent  on 
w. ;  w.  beast,  plant ;  w.  man,  savage  ;  w.  ass  ; 
w.-boar ;  w.-duck ;  wildfowl ;  w.  vine ;  wildcat 
lit.,  also  fig.  as  a.  or  attrib.  of  finance  or  com- 
mercial speculations,  reckless,  unsound  ;  wild- 
goose  lit.,  also  in  w.-g.  chase,  absurdly  impossi- 
ble enterprise  ;  w.  horse,  also  in  be  drawn  by  w. 
horses,  form  of  torture  &  death  ;  w.  hyacinth, 
bluebell;  w.  oats;  w.  scenery  Sec,  of  conspi- 
cuously desolate  appearance;  woodnotes  w., 
spontaneous  &  artless  poetry);  (of  horses, 
game-birds,  &c.)  shy,  given  to  shying,  easily 
startled,  hard  to  get  near  ;  unrestrained,  way- 
ward, disorderly,  irregular,   out  of  control, 


unconventional,  (a  w.  fellow ;  settled  down 
after  a  w.  youth ;  w.  work,  lawless  doings ; 
hair  hanging  in  w.  locks ;  living  in  w.  times  ; 
room  is  in  w.  disorder ;  runw.,  grow  uncheck- 
ed or  untrained) ;  tempestuous,  violent,  (a  w. 
wind,  night,  Sec);  intensely  eager,  excited, 
frantic,  passionate,  distracted,  mad,  (is  w.  with 
excitement,  to  try  it ;  w.  about  person  or  sub- 
ject, enthusiastically  devoted  to;  w.  delight, 
excitement,  enthusiasm,  grief,  rage  ;  w.  looks, 
appearance,  See,  indicating  distraction  ;  drive 
w.,  madden) ;  haphazard,  rash,  ill-considered, 
ill-aimed,  disturbed  by  excitement,  (a  w.  guess, 
shot,  blow,  venture;  w.  opinions,  bowling; 
also  as  adv.,  as  shoot,  talk,  w.);  wildfire,  = 
Greek  fire1  (report  spreads  like  w.-f,  very 
fast);  hence  wi*ldiSHM2)  a.,  wi'ldLY2  adv., 
wi'ldNESS  n.  (N.)  desert,  w.  tract.  [OEwilde, 
cf.  Du.  &  G  wild ;  prob.  cogn.  w.  will  w.  orig. 
sense  wilful] 

wildebeest  (weldebast),  n.  The  gnu.  [S.- 
Afr.  Du.  (prec,  beast)] 

wi'lder,  v.t.  (poet.).  Bewilder,  [prob.  short- 
ened f.  wildern  see  foil.] 

wi'lderness,  n.  Desert,  uncultivated  &  un- 
inhabited tract,  (voice  in  the  w.  &c,  unregarded 
advocate  of  some  reform,  w.  ref.  to  Matt.  iiL  3 
&c. ;  wandering  Sec  in  the  w.,  of  political  party 
out  of  office,  w.  ref.  to  Numb.  xiv.  33  Sec);  part 
of  garden  left  wild;  unlimited  number  or 
quantity  of.  [for  wildernUKSS  (obs.  wildern  a 
desert  f.  OE  wilder  wild  animal  +  -en  5)] 

wi'lding,  n.  Plant  sown  by  natural  agency, 
esp.  wild  crab-apple,  or  fruit  of  such  plant  (also 
attrib.).    [-ing3J 

wile,  n.,  &  v.t.  Trick,  cunning  procedure, 
artifice,  (usu.  in  pi.).  (Vb)  lure,  entice,  away, 
into,  Sec  (also  incorrectly  for  while  l  vb).  [OE 
wil  prob.  f.  OF  guile] 

wi'lful,  a.  For  which  compulsion  or  igno- 
rance or  accident  cannot  be  pleaded  as  excuse, 
intentional,  deliberate,  due  to  perversity  or 
self-will,  (w.  murder,  waste,  ignorance,  dis' 
obedience);  obstinate,  self-willed,  headstrong, 
refractory.    Hence  wi'lfulLY  2  adv.,  wi'lful* 

NESS  n.     [WILL,  -FUL] 

will  J,  v.t.  &  aux.  (pres.  /,  he,  we,  you,  they, 
w.  or  '11,  thou  wilt  or  'It ;  past  &  condit.  /,  he, 
we,  you,  they,  would  pr.  wood  or  'd,  thou 
wouldst  pr.  wobdst  or  wouldest  or  'dst ;  neg. 
forms  will  not  or  won't,  would  not  or  wouldn  t, 
or  'd  not ;  no  other  forms  or  parts  used).  1.  (used 
irrespective  of  person  with  more  or  less  of  orig. 
sense  of  volition) :  Desire  (thing ;  archaic ;  what 
wilt  thou  ?;  what  would  they  ?);  want  or  desire 
or  choose  to  (the  haven  where  I  would  be  ;  come 
when  you  w.);  wish  that,  rarely  that  (usu.  in 
condit.  with  optative  effect  j  /often  omitted  ; 
it  shall  be  as  you  w.;  said  U  should  be  as  we 
would ;  would  or  /  would  I  were  a  bird !; 
would  it  were  otherwise  !;  would  God  I  had 
died!, i.e.  if  only  God  had  wished,  or  perh.  ellipt. 
for  /  would  to  God ;  I  would  to  heaven  I  was 
dead ;  would-be,  prefixed  as  adj.  or  adv.  to  wd 
describing  character  that  person  vainly  aspires 
to  or  that  thing  is  meant  to  have,  as  a  would- 
be  gentleman,  smart  saying) ;  consent  or  be 
prevailed  on  to  (w.  orwould  not  go  any  further; 
wound  would  not  heal;  would  you  pass  the 
salt  ?;  would  not  do  it  for  £100) ;  refuse  to  be 
prevailed  on  not  to  (boys  w.  be  boys ;  accidents 
w.  happen;  you  w.  have  your  way;  he  w., 
would,  get  in  my  light) ;  be  accustomed  or  ob- 
served from  time  to  time  to  (w.  sit  there  for 
hours ;  now  &  then  a  blackbird  would  call ;  w. 
succeed  once  in  ten  times) ;  be  likely  to  turn 
out  to  (this  w.  be  Waterloo,  I  suppose  ;  I  don't 
know  who  it  would  be).    2.  As  tense  &  mood 


-WILL 


1022 


WIND 


auxiliaries  w.  &  would  are  used  (a)  in  2nd  & 
3rd  person  (1st  having  shall,  should)  to  form  a 
plain  future  or  conditional  statement  or  ques- 
tion (you  w.  hear  soon  enough ;  they  would 
have  been  killed  if  they  had  let  go ;  w.  or  would 
you,  they,  be  able  to  hear  at  such  a  distance  ?, 
but  cf.  shall  5) ;  (b)  in  1st  person  (others  hav- 
ing shall,  should)  to  form  a  future  or  condi- 
tional statement  expressing  speaker's  will  or 
intention  (Iwillnot  be  caught  again ;  we  would 
have  come  if  you  had  given  us  longer  notice) ; 
(c)  alternatively  with  shall,  should,  in  sentences 
of  type  a  changed  in  reporting  to  1st  from 
other  person  (you  say  Iw.,  said  I  would,  never 
manage  it,  reporting  'You  w.  never';  now 
more  usu.  shall,  should)  or  from  first  to  other 
person  (he  said  he  would  never  manage  it,  re- 
porting '  I  shall  never ') ;  (d)  in  reporting  1st 
pers.  sentences  of  type  b  (you  promised  you 
would  not  be  caught  again).  [OE  willan,  cf. 
Du.  willen,  G  wollen ;  cogn.  w.  L  velle  wish,  & 
Skr.  vr  choose,  also  w.  well,  weal,  wild, 
&  G  wahl  choice] 

will2,  n.  Faculty  by  which  person  decides 
or  conceives  himself  as  deciding  upon  &  ini- 
tiating action  (mind  consists  of  the  under- 
standing &  the  w.;  freedom,  of  the  w.,  free-will, 
power  of  determining  one's  choice  of  action 
independently  of  causation) ;  (also  w.-power) 
control  exercised  by  deliberate  purpose  over 
impulse,  self-control,  (has  a  strong,  weak,  Sec, 
w.);  deliberate  or  fixed  intention  (the  w.  to  live 
in  a  patient  is  the  surgeon's  best  ally ;  did  it 
against  my  w.,  of  my  own  free  w.;  where 
there 's  a  w.  there 's  a  way ;  my  poverty  but  not 
my  w.  consents) ;  energy  of  intention,  power 
of  effecting  one's  intentions  or  dominating 
other  persons,  (do  thing  with  a  w.,  energetic- 
ally ;  has  a  w.  that  overbears  all  opposition) ; 
contents  of  the  w.,  what  is  desired  or  ordained 
by  person,  (thy  w.  be  done ;  what  is  your  w.  ?, 
what  do  you  wish  done?;  have  one's  w.,  get 
thing  desired;  worked  his  wicked  w.  upon 
them);  arbitrary  discretion  (esp.  at  w.,  when- 
ever one  pleases;  tenant  at  w.,  who  can  be 
turned  out  without  notice;  w.-worship  ar- 
chaic, religion  constructed  to  suit  oneself);  dis- 
position towards  others,  wishing  of  good  or  ill, 
(good,  ill,  w.,  usu.  as  compd  wds);  directions 
written  in  legal  form  for  disposition  to  be 
made  of  person's  property  &  minor  children 
after  his  death  (often  last  w.  &  testament; 
nuncupative  w.,  see  nuncupate  ;  make  one's 
w.).  Hence  -wIIIed2,  wMI-less,  aa.  [OE 
willa  (prec.)] 

will3,  v.t.  Have  as  contents  of  one's  w.,  in- 
tend unconditionally,  (God  wills,  willeth,  will- 
ed, that  man  should  be  happy ;  can  we  w.  what 
we  are  told  tow.?;  he  who  wills  success  is  half 
way  to  it),  (abs.)  exercise  w.-power  (has  no 
power  to  w.;  willing  <&  wishing  are  not  the 
same) ;  instigate  or  impel  or  compel  by  exer- 
cise of  w.-power  (you  can  w.  yourself  into  con- 
tentment ;  mesmerist  wills  patient  to  think 
himself  well ;  willed  the  genie  into  his  pre- 
sence) ;  bequeath  by  w.  (shall  will  my  money  to 
a  hospital),    [f .  will  *» 2] 

wi'llet,  n.    N.-Amer.  snipe,    [imit.  of  cry] 

wi'lling,  a.  Not  reluctant,  cheerfully  ready, 
(to  do,  or  abs. ;  do  not  spur  a  w.  horse) ;  of, 
given  &c.  by,  w.  person  (w.  hands,  help,  sec). 
Hence  wi'llingLY2  adv.,  wi'llingNESS  n. 

[WILLI,  -ING2] 

will-o'-the-wisp,  n.  =  ignis  fatuus, 
jack  l-o'-lantern ;  also,  person  of  uncertain 
whereabouts  or  appearances,  [abbr.  of  Wil- 
liam ;  wn'sp =handful  of  (lighted)  tow  &c.l 

wi'llow1  (-6),  n.     Kinds  of  tree   &   shrub 


with  pliant  branches  growing  usu.  near  water 
in  temperate  climates,  many  of  which  yield 
osiers  Se  some  timber  used  for  cricket  bats  & 
other  purposes  (wear  the  w.,  mourn  loss  or 
absence  of  one's  beloved,  formerly  indicated 
by  garland  of  w.  leaves ;  w.-pattem,  conven- 
tional design  of  Chinese  type  done  in  blue  on 
white  china  &c.  introduced  in  England  1780) ; 
cricket-bat  (handle  the  w.,  bat) ;  w.-herb,  kinds 
of  plant,  the  commonest  with  leaves  like  w.  & 
pale  purple  flowers.    [OE  welig,  cf.  Du.  wilg] 

wHlo w  2,  v.  t.  &  n. ,  wi'lly,  n.  Clean  (fibrous 
material)  by  beating,  picking,  &c,  with  ma- 
chinery ;  (n.,  also  w„  willowing,  -machine)  ma- 
chine for  willowing.  [f.  prec,  orig.  sense  beat 
with  w.  rods] 

wi'llowy,  a.  Abounding  in  willows  ;  lithe 
&  slender.    [-Y2] 

willynilly.    See  nill. 

wilt1.    See  will1. 

wilt 2,  v.t.  &  i.  Wither  (t.  &  i.  of  plant,  leaf, 
flower),  (make)  droop,    [perh.  var.  of  welk] 

Wi'lton,  n.  (Also  TV.  carpet)  kind  of  Brus- 
sels carpet  with  loops  cut  open  into  thick  pile 
made  at  town  of  W. 

wi'ly,  a.  Full  of  wiles,  crafty,  cunning.  Hence 
wrliLY2  adv.,  wi'liNESS  n.    [wile,  -y2] 

wi'mple,  n.  Covering  of  linen  &c.  worn  by 
nuns  &  formerly  by  other  women  arranged  in 
folds  about  head,  cheeks,  chin,  &  neck.  [OE 
winpel  perh.  f.  wind2,  pell  covering  f.  L  pal- 
lium cloak ;  cf.  Du.  &  G  wimpel  streamer] 

win,  v.t.  &  i.  (won  pr.  wun),  &  n.  Secure  as 
result  of  fighting  or  competition  or  (often  of 
person)  betting  &  gaming  or  of  effort  (w.  victory, 
fortress,  prize,  honour,  fame,  fortune,  one's 
blue2,  wife;  w.  one's  spurs,  be  knighted,  fig. 
get  recognition  as  expert  at  something ;  won 
£5  of  him  at  cards  Sec,  whence  ,wi,nniNG1(2)s 
n.  pi.;  w.  one's  way,  progress  by  struggle  &c; 
w.  one's  bread,  earn  livelihood,  chiefly  now  in 
BKEAD-winner ;  w.  ore  Sec, get  it  from  mine); 
be  victorious  in  (w.  battle,  game,  bet,  race ;  w. 
the  field,  be  victorious  in  battle  or  fig.;  w.  the 
toss),  (abs.)  w.  race,  contest,  money,  Sec  (w.  by 
a  head1,  in  a  canter,  handxs  down,  by  two 
Sec  lengths,  easily.  Sec;  winnwGl-post,  mark- 
ing end  of  race  ;  the  winning  horse,  side.  Sec; 
w.  at  cards ;  let  those  laugh  who  w.),  (part.)  de- 
termining victory  (the  winninghit,  stroke,card, 
Sec);  make  one's  way  to  (w.  the  shore,  summit, 
Sec);  make  one's  way,  come  or  (with  compl.) 
become  by  successful  effort,  ( w.  home ;  w.  through 
the  day,  through  all  difficulties;  w.free,  clear, 
Sec);  persuade,  induce  to  do,  gain  over,  (you 
have  won  me ;  won  him  to  consent ;  soon  won 
his  audience  over) ;  exercise  increasing  attrac- 
tion upon  (a  theory  that  wins  upon  one  by  de- 
grees), (part,  as  adj.)  charming,  attractive,  (a 
winning  smile,  winning  manners,  personality, 
Sec),  whence  wi'nningTLY 2  adv.;  winning 
hazard  i;  hence  (-)winnER 1  n.  (X.)  a  success 
or  victory  in  a  game  (has  had  three  ww.  &  no 
defeats).  [OE  winnan  fight,  toil,  cf.  Du.  win- 
nen,  G  gewinnen;  cogn.  w.  L  Venus  Se  wish] 

winee,W\i.,  &  n.  Show  bodily  or  mental  pain 
or  distress  by  slight  start  or  loss  of  composure, 
flinch,  (often  under  pain,  the  knife,  an  allusion, 
Sec);  (n.)  act  of  wincing,  [cf.  OF  guincirt  OSax. 
wenkian  cogn.  w.  wink] 

wi'neey,  n.  Strong  material  of  wool  &  cot- 
ton or  wool  used  for  SKirts  &c.    [perh.  corrupt. 

Of  LINSEY-WOOLSEY] 

winch  (-tsh),  n.  Crank  of  wheel  or  axle ; 
hoisting-machine,  windlass.  [OE  ;  orig.  sense 
bend,  bent  thing,  cogn.  w.  wink,  winkle] 

'wind  i  (rhet.  &,  esp.  in  rhyme,  poet,  wi-),  n. 
Air  in  more  or  less  rapid  natural  motion,  breeze 


WIND 


1023 


WINDY 


or  gale  or  blast,  (north  &c.  w.,  coming  from  N. 
&c;  fair,  contrary,  w.,  helping,  hindering, 
ship's  course ;  hot ,  cold,  whistling,  variable,  &c. , 
ww.\  constant  w.,  that  always  blows  in  same 
direction  at  same  place ;  periodical  w.,  recur- 
ring at  known  periods ;  w.  rises,  begins  to  blow 
or  gets  stronger ;  sound,  scent,  is  carried  by, 
comes  on,  the  w.;  capful,  slant,  of  w.;  ill 
w.;  be/ore,  down,  the  w.,  helped  by  its  force; 
whistle  down  the  w.;  between  w.  &  water ; 
sail,  be,  close  to  or  near  the  w.,  as  nearly  against 
it  as  is  consistent  with  using  its  force,  fig.  ven- 
ture very#  near  indecency  or  dishonesty ;  in  the 
w.'s  eye,  in  the  teeth  of  the  w.,  directly  against 
it ;  go  like  the  w.,  swiftly ;  there  is  something  in 
the  w.,  there  are  signs  that  some  step  is  being 
secretly  prepared ;  find  out  how  the  w.  blows 
or  lies,  what  developments  are  likely  or  what 
is  the  state  of  public  opinion ;  take  the  w.  out  of 
one's  sails,  frustrate  him  by  anticipating  his 
arguments,  using  his  material,  &c. ;  sow  w.  & 
reap  whirlu?.;  raise  the  w.  fig.,  obtain  money 
needed);  windward  position  ovweather-QAVCb1 
(take  or  get  the  w,  of):  (pi.)  the  four  cardinal 
points  (came  from  the  four  ww.,  from  all  direc- 
tions); mere  empty  words,  unmeaning  rhetoric; 
artificially  produced  air-current,  air  stored  for 
use  or  used:  as  current,  (collect.)  part  of  band 
consisting  of  w. -instruments,  (organ  stops  when 
the  w.  is  exhausted ;  was  knocked  down  by  the 
w.  of  the  blow ;  the  strings  were  drowned  by  the 
xv.,  the  wood  w.,  i.e.  flutes  &c,  by  the  brass) ; 
smell  conveyed  on  w.,  indication  of  thing's 
whereabouts  or  existence,  commencing  pub- 
licity, (get  w.  of,  smell  out,  begin  to  suspect, 
hear  rumour  of ;  take  or  get  w.,  be  rumoured) ; 
gas  generated  in  bowels  &c.  by  indigestion, 
flatulence,  (break  w.,  release  it  by  anus;  baby 
&c.  is  troubled  withw.);  breath  as  needed  in 
exertion,  power  of  fetching  breath  withoutdiffi- 
culty  while  running  or  making  similar  con- 
tinuous effort,  spot  below  centre  of  chest  blow 
on  which  temporarily  paralyses  breathing,  (hare 
lost,  let  me  recover  or  get,  my  w.;  has  a  good, 
bad,  w. ;  broken  w.,  see  BKOKEN-winded  ;  second 
w.,  recovery  of  w.  in  course  of  exercise  after 
initial  breathlessness ;  have  one's  w.  taken,  be 
paralysed  by  blow  in  the  w. ;  hit  him  in  the  w. ). 
Windbag,  wordy  orator ;  w.-bound,  unable  to 
sail  for  contrary  ww.;  w.-chest,  box  for  com- 
pressed air  in  organ ;  w.-colic,  pain  caused  by 
flatulence;  w.-eutter,  upper  lip  of  mouth  of 
flue-pipe  in  organ  j  w.-egg,  unfertilized  egg  in- 
capable of  producing  chicken  ;  windfall,  fruit 
blown  down,  fig.  unexpected  good  fortune,  esp. 
legacy ;  w. -fanner,  =windhover;  w.-ftower  poet. , 
the  plant  anemone ;  w.-gall,  soft  tumour  on 
horse's  fetlock-joint ;  w.-gauge,  anemometer, 
also  instrumentshowing  amount  of  w.  in  organ, 
also  apparatus  attached  to  sights  enabling  al- 
lowance to  be  made  for  w.  in  shooting ;  wind- 
hover, kestrel ;  w.-instrument,  musical  instru- 
ment in  which  sound  is  produced  by  current  of 
air,  as  organ,  flute  ;  windmill,  mill  worked  by 
action  of  w.  on  sails  (fight  windmills,  tilt  at 
imaginary  foe  or  grievance,  w.  ref.  to  Don 
Quixote) ;  windpipe,  breathing-tube,  trachea ; 
w.-row,  line  of  raked  hay,  corn-sheaves,  peats, 
&C  made  to  allow  of  drying  by  w.;  w.-sail, 
canvas  funnel  conveying  air  to  lower  parts  of 
ship ;  w.-spout,  waterspout,  tornado,  or  whirl- 
wind; w. -tight;  windward  a.  &  n.,  (region) 
lying  in  the  direction  from  which  the  w.  blows, 
exposed  to  the  w.,  (look  to  w.-w. ;  the  w.-w.  side  ; 
get  to  w.-w.  of,  avoid  smell  of,  also  get  weather 
gauge1  of  or  fig.  advantage  over).  Hence 
wi'ndLEss  a.  [OE.  also  Du.  &  G  ;  cogn.  w.  L 
ventus,  Skr,  vcttas,  &  see  weather  *] 


wind  2,  v.t.  Sound  (horn,  bugle,  blast,  call> 
by  blowing  (wi- ;  winded  or  by  confusion  w. 
foil,  wound) ;  detect  presence  of  by  scent  (wi- ; 
winded ;  hounds,  deer,  w.  the  fox,  stalkers ; 
winded  his  tobacco  half  a  mile  off) ;  breathe, 
make  breathe  quick  &  deep  by  exercise,  ex- 
haust w.  of,  renew  w.  of  by  rest,  (wi- ;  winded ; 
give  horse  a  gallop  to  w.  him ;  am  quite  winded 
by  the  climb ;  rested  to  w.  the  horses),    [f.  prec.} 

wind  3,  v.i.  &  t.  (wound  pr.  wow-),  &  n.  Go 
in  circular,  spiral,  curved,  or  crooked  course, 
meander,  (path,  river,  winds  ;  herd  winds  o'er 
the  lea  ;  creeper  winds  round  pole  ;  winding 
staircase,  spiral) ;  make  one's  or  its  way  &c. 
circuitously,insinuate  oneself  into, (brook  winds 
its  way ;  wound  himself  or  his  way  into  my 
affections) ;  coil  (t.  &  i),  wrap  closely  (t.  &  Ljy 
surround  with  coil,  embrace,  (w.  cotton  on  reel, 
wool  into  ball,  &c;  also  with  off  adv.  or  prep. 
=  unwind ;  w.  person  round  one  s  fingers,  exer- 
cise complete  domination  over;  wound  the 
blanket  round  him,  her  arms  round  the  childr 
thechild  inher  arms;  windiHQl-sheet,  in  which 
corpse  is  wound  ;  w.  pegtop,  coil  string  round 
it ;  serpent  winds  itself  or  winds  round  victim) ; 
hoist  or  draw  by  use  of  windlass  Sec.  (w.  ship 
out  of  harbour,  ore  up  from  mine) ;  =  w.  up 
(clock  &c);  w.  ship,  reverse  positions  of  bow 
&  stern ;  w.  up,  coil  the  whole  of  (w.  up  piece  of 
string),  tighten  coiling  or  coiled  spring  or  fig. 
tension  or  intensity  or  efficiency  of  (w.  up 
strings  of  fiddle;  w.  up  clock  &c;  is  winding 
himself  up  for  an  effort  or  to  do  it  ;  the  admin- 
istration needs  winding  up,  is  slack ;  person  is 
wound  up  to  fury;  expectation  was  wound  up 
to  a  high  pitch),  bring  to  a  conclusion,  conclude 
t.  &  i.,  (wound  up  his  speech,  or  wound  up,  by 
declaring ;  shot  his  wife  &  child  &  wound  up 
by  stabbing  himself;  w.  up  company,  arrange 
its  affairs  &  dissolve  it ;  company  winds  upr 
ceases  business,  goes  into  liquidation,  whence 
wi'ndiNG  ]-up  n.);  hence  wi'ndER  i(l,  2)  n.„ 
wi'nding'LY  2  adv.  (N.)  bend  or  turn  in  course; 
single  turn  in  winding  clock,  string,  &c;  w.-upr 
conclusion,  finish.  [OE  windanr  cf.  Du.  &  G 
winden] 

wi'ndag-e  (-Ij),  n.  Difference  between  pro- 
jectile's &  gun-bore's  diameter  allowing  escape 
of  gas;  (allowance  for)  influence  of  wind.ia 
deflecting  missile,    [-age] 

wi'ndlass,  n.,  &  v.t.  Machine  for  hauling 
or  hoisting  on  wheel-&-axle  principle ;  (vbK 
hoist  or  haul  with  w.  [f.  ON  vindildss  (vindill 
winder,  ass  beam)] 

wi'ndlestraw,  n.  Old  stalk  of  kinds  of  grass. 
[OE  vindelstreow  straw  for  plaiting  (wind3,, 
straw)] 

wi'ndow  (-6),  n.  Opening  in  wall  or  roof  of 
building,  ship,  carriage,  &c,  usu.  filled  with 
glass  in  fixed  or  sliding  or  hinged  frames  to 
admit  light  &  sometimes  air  to  room  &c.  (blanks 
blind,  false,  w.,  mouldings  or  recess  as  for  w„ 
without  aperture ;  bow-window  ;  bay  3,  case- 
ment, DORMER,  FRENCH,  LATTICE.ORIEL,  SASHa, 

w.);  w.-box,  slide  for  weights  in  sash-w.,  also 
box  on  w.-sill  in  which  flowers  are  grown. 
Hence  HwlndowED*  a.t  wi'ndowLESS  a. 
[f.  ON  vindauga  (wind  \  eye1)] 

Wi'ndson  (-nzer),  n.  Town  in  Berks.  (W.. 
chair,  all  of  wood  with  curved  support  for  back 
&  arms ;  brown  W.  soap,  brown  scented  kind  ; 
W.  uniform,  blue  coat  with  red  collar  and  cuffs 
worn  at  Windsor  by  the  royal  family,  and  by 
others  having  royal  grant). 

wi'ndy,  a.  Wind-swept  (w.  hill-top,  plainr 
situation) ;  in  which  wind  is  high  (w.  night, 
weather,  crossing) ;  wordy,  verbose,  empty,  (w. 
eloquence,  logic,  speaker) ;  generating  or  char> 


WINE 


1021 


WIRE 


acterized  by  flatulence.  Hence  wi'ndiLY2 
adv.,  wi'ndlNESS  n.  [-Y2] 
wi'ne,  n.  (Kind  of)  fermented  grape-juice 
(is  a  sound  w.;  dry  l  or  sweet,  still  1  or  spark- 
ling, white  l  or  red,  w.;  green  w„  in  first  year ; 
port  w.,  port;  comet  w.;  Adam's  w.,  water; 
good  w.  needs  no  bush  l ;  new  w.  in  old  bottles, 
new  principle  too  powerful  to  be  restrained  by 
ancient  forms;  take  w.  with,  pledge  &  be 
pledged  by  at  table;  spirit  of  w.;  tear2s  of 
strong  w. ;  over  the  walnuts  &  the  w. ;  w. 
whey,  beverage  of  w.  &  curdled  milk;  in 
w.,  exhilarated  or  drunk  with  w.) ;  (at  univer- 
sities) party  for  w. -drinking  after  dinner  (ww. 
have  gone  out  of  fashion) ;  fermented  drink 
resembling  w.  made  from  specified  fruit  &c. 
(cowslip,  currant,  gooseberry,  orange,  palm, 
w.) ;  (Med.)  solution  of  drug  in  w.  (quinine  w.; 
w.  of  opium) ;  winebag,  wineskin,  or  winebib- 


ber ;  winebibber,  tippler,  drunkard ;  so  wine- 

inebottle,  gla 
also  wineskin ;  winebowl,  lit.,  also  drinking 


bibbing  a.  &  n.;  winebottle,  glass  bottle  for  w., 


habits  &c. ;  w.-carriage,  wheeled  utensil  for  cir 
culating  w. -bottle  at  table ;  w.-cooler,  vessel  in 
which  w. -bottles  are  cooled  with  ice ;  winecup, 
as  winebowl;  winefat  archaic,  winepress; 
toineglass,  any  glass  for  drinking  w.  from,  esp. 
of  size  used  for  sherry,  often  as  measure  (also 
wineglassful)  of  medicine  to  be  taken, = four 
tablespoons ;  ip.-marc  ;  w.-palm,  kind  from 
which  w.  is  made  ;  winepress,  in  which  grapes 
are  squeezed ;  wineskin,  whole  skin  of  goat  &c. 
sewn  up  &  used  to  hold  w.;  w.-stone,  tartaric 
deposit  in  w.-casks  ;  w.-vault,  cellar  in  which 
w.  is  kept,  also  bar  &c  where  it  is  retailed. 
Hence  wi'neLESs,  wi'nY  2,  aa.  [OE  win  f.  L 
vinum,  cf.  G  wein,  Du.  wijn,  Gk  oinos  wine, 
oine  vine ;  cogn.  w.  withe,  orig.  =  twiner] 

wing-,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  One  of  the  limbs  or  or- 
gans by  which  the  flight  of  a  bird,  bat,  insect, 
angel,  &c,  is  effected,  part  in  non-flying  bird 
or  insect  corresponding  to  w.,  supporting  part 
of  flying- machine,  (clip  one's  ww.,  limit  his 
movements  or  ambitions  or  expenditure ;  come 
on  the  ww.  of  the  wind,  swiftly ;  fear  addsww. 
to  one's  course,  accelerates ;  take  under  one's 
w.,  treat  as  protege  ;  money  takes  to  itself  ww., 
disappears) ;  (facet.,  esp.  of  wounding)  arm ; 
more  or  less  separate  projecting  part  of  some- 
thing, esp.  of  building  or  battle  array  (the  north 
v  w.  was  added  in  the  17th  century ;  cavalry  were 
massed  on  left  w.;  ww.  in  theatre,  sides  of 
stage,  pieces  of  side  scenery) ;  winged  flight, 
wings,  (on  the  w.,  flying,  travelling,  in  motion  ; 
take  w.,  start  flying) ;  w.-beat,  one  complete  set 
of  motions  with  w.  in  flying;  w.-case,  horny 
cover,  a  modified  fore-w.,  protecting  some  in- 
sects' flying  w.;  w.-covert,  one  of  small  feathers 
covering  insertion  of  bird's  flying  feathers ;  w.- 
footed  poet.,  swift;  w.-sheath,=  w.-case;  w.- 
spread,  measurement  across  ww.  when  ex- 
tended; w.-stroke,=  w.-beat;  hence -wingED2, 
wi'ng'LESS,  aa.,  wi*ngx,ET  n.  (Vb)  equip 
with  ww.,  enable  to  fly  or  mount,  send  in  flight, 
lend  speed  to,  (w.  arrow  with  eagle's  feathers 
or  at  the  mark ;  vengeance  winged  the  shaft ; 
winged  words,  going  like  arrows  to  mark, 
significant ;  ambition  wings  his  spirit ;  fear 
winged  his  steps;  winged  horse,  Pegasus, 
poetry;  winged  god,  Mercury ;  winged  Victory, 
statue  of  goddess  of  victory  with  ww.);  travel, 
traverse,  on  ww.  (bird  wings  its  way,  wings 
to  its  mate,  wings  the  air) ;  wound  (bird)  in  w., 
(person)  in  arm.  [f.  Norw.  vengja,  cf.  Da.  vinge, 
cogn.  w.  Goth,  waian  blow,  Skr.  va  blow] 

wink,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Close  &  open  eves, 
blink,  close  &  open  (eyes  or  eye),  (of  eye)  close 
&  open,  (like  winking  slang,  very  quickly  or 


vigorously);  momentarily  close  one  eye  to 
awaken  attention  of  or  convey  private  intima- 
tion to  person  (usu.  at  person) ;  (of  light,  star, 
&c.)  twinkle,  shine  intermittently;  w.  at,  shut 
one's  eyes  to,  purposely  avoid  seeing,  affect  not 
to  notice,  connive  at,  (abuse,  transgression, 
&c).  (N.)  act  of  winking,  esp.  as  signal  &c. 
(nod  is  as  good  as  w.  to  olina  horse ;  tip  one 
the  w.  slang,  give  him  signal  or  intimation ; 
could  not  get  a  w.  of  sleep ;  did  not  sleep  a  w. 
all  night;  forty  ww.,  nap).  [OE  wincian,  cf. 
ON  vanka,  G  winken  beckon ;  cogn.  w.  wench, 
wince,  winkle] 

wi'nkle,  n.  Edible  sea  snail,  periwinkle. 
[OE  -wincla,  cogn.  w.  winch  &  prec] 

winnow  (-6),  v.t.  Fan  (grain)  free  of  chaff 
&c,  fan  (chaff  &c.)  away  or  out  or  from;  sift, 
separate,  clear  of  refuse  or  inferior  specimens 
or  falsehood,  clear  (refuse  &c.)  out  or  away, 
examine,  sort,  weed  out ;  (poet.)  fan  (air  with 
wings),  flap  (wings),  stir  (hair  &c).  Hence 
wi'nnowERMl,  2)  n.   [OE  windwian  (wind1)] 

wi'nsome,  a.  (Of  person  or  his  appearance, 
manner,  smile,  &c.)  charming,  winning,  attrac- 
tive, engaging,  bright.  Hence  wi'nsomei,v  2 
adv.,  wrnsomeNESS  n.  [OE  wynsum  (wynn 
joy,  cogn.  w.  win,  -some)] 

wi*ntei\  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t  Season  between 
autumn  &  spring,  three  or  four  coldest  months 
of  year  (in  northern  latitudes  Nov.  or  Dec.  to 
Jan.  or  Feb.,  or,  Astron.,  from  Dec.  solstice  to 
March  equinox ;  hard,  mild,  w.,  with,  without, 
much  frost),  (attrib.)  occurring,  used,  &c,  in  or 
lasting  for  the  w.  (w.  apple,  cough,  solstice, 
&c;  w.  sleepf  hibernation;  w.  quarters,  esp.  to 
which  troops  retire  for  w.;  w.  garden,  glass- 
covered  space  with  plants  &c  used  as  lounge); 
(Rhet.,  Poet.)  year  of  life  (a  man  of  50  ww., 
50  years  old) ;  w.-green,  a  genus  of  plants  green 
through  w.;  w.-lodge  bot.,  bud  or  bulb  pro- 
tecting plant's  embryo  through  w. ;  w.-lide 
poet.,  w. ;  hence  wi'nterLESs,  wi'ntePLY2, 
aa.  (Vb)  spend  the  w.  at,  in,  &c;  keep  or  feed 
(plants,  cattle)  during  w.  [OE,  Du.,  &  G ;  pern, 
cogn.  w.  wet,  water,  &  L  unda  wave] 

wi'ntry,  a.  Having  the  temperature,  stormi- 
ness,  or  aspect  appropriate  to  winter,  cold, 
windy,  cheerless,  (w.  weather,  day,  sun,  scene); 
(of  smile,  greeting,  &c.)  lacking  warmth  or  in- 
terest or  vivacity.  Hence  wi'ntpiNESS  n.  [-Y2] 

wipe,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Clean  or  dry  surface  of 
by  rubbing  with  cloth,  paper,  hand,  &c.  (w.  table, 
dish,  face,  hands,  &c. ;  w.  one's  eyes,  dry  tears, 
cease  weeping;  w.  one's  eye  slang,  steal  march 
on  him,  get  advantage  by  anticipating  him ; 
w.  out  bath  or  other  hollow  utensil);  get  rid  of, 
clear  away  or  off,  take  up,  wash  out ,  by  wiping 
(w.  away  or  w.  your  tears ;  w.  up  slops ;  w.  out 
stain,  or  fig.  disgrace,  insult,  &c,  esp.  by  ven- 
geance); w.  out,  utterly  destroy,  annihilate, 
(their  very  name,  the  whole  army,  was  wiped 
out);  (slang)  take  or  aim  sweeping  blow  or 
stroke  at  (wiped  at  me  with  his  sword).  (N.) 
act  of  wiping  (give  this  plate  aw.);  (slang) 
sweeping  blow  (fetched  or  took  a  w.  at  him; 
fetched  him  aw.);  (slang)  handkerchief.  [OE 
wipian,  cf.  EFris.  wip,  LG  wiep,  wisp] 

wire,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Piece  of)  metal  drawn 
out  into  form  of  thread  or  slender  round  or 
square  or  tapelike  flexible  rod  (platinum, 
silver,  copper,  &c,  w. ;  BAKB^d,  live1,  w.; 
telegraph  Sec.  ww. ;  private  w.,  telegraph  w. 
reserved  for  person's  exclusive  use;  was  sent 
fbr,  sent  congratulations,  by  w.,  by  telegraph; 
pull  the  ww.,  control  puppets  by  ww.  or  usu.; 
fig.,  manage  political  party  or  movement  by 
secret  influence);  telegraphic  message  (sent  me 
a  w.) ;  w.-cloth,  -gauze,  -netting,  fabrics  woven 


WIRELESS 


1025 


WITCtt 


or  twisted  of  w.;  w.-cutter,  tool  for  cutting  w.; 
w.-dancer,  person  performing  on  stretched  w.; 
wiredraw,  draw  (metal)  out  into  w.,  (fig.)  refine 
or  apply  or  press  (argument,  point,  &c.)  with 
idle  or  excessive  subtlety  (esp.  in  p.p.);  w.-edge, 
false  edge  that  turns  back  when  blade  is  over- 
sharpened;  w.  entanglement,  arrangement  of 
barbed  or  other  w.  set  up  to  prevent  rapid 
attack  of  enemy ;  w.-gun,  cannon  made  by 
coiling  flat  w.  round  tube;  w.-haired,  with 
stiff  or  wiry  hair  (esp.  of  dogs);  w.-heel,  disease 
of  horse's  foot;  w.-puller,  politician  &c.  who 
pulls  the  ww. ;  w.-rope,  made  by  twisting  ww. 
together  as  strands;  w.-worm,  kinds  of  destruc- 
tive larva;  w.-wove  of  paper,  =  wove  (weave). 
<Vb)  provide,  fasten,  &c,  with  wire(s);  string 
<beads)  on  w.;  snare  (bird)  with  w.;  telegraph 
{w.  me  the  result',  wired  to  him',  was  wired 
for) ;  (slang)  w.  in,  operate  vigorously,  put  all 
one's  force  into  some  continuous  effort.  [OE 
wir,  cf.  ON  vvrr,  Sw.  vira  to  twist,  L  viriae 
armlets ;  cogn.  w.  withe] 

wireless,  a.  &  n.  Without  wire(s),  esp.  in 
w.  telegraphy  ;  (n.)  w.  telegraphy,    [-less] 

wir*y,  a.  Made  of  wire  (poet.);  tough  & 
flexible  as  wire,  (of  persons)  sinewy,  untiring, 
whence  wIp'Ily 2  adv.,  wIp'Iness  n.    [-Y 2] 

wis,  v.i.  pres.  1st  sing,  (pseudo-archaic).  / 
know  well  (parenth.).  [supposed  pres.  of  wist 
(wit1),  obs.  ywis  certainly,  cf.  G  gewiss,  being 
read  as  /  wis) 

wi'sdom  (-z-),  n.  Being  wise,  (possession  of) 
experience  &  knowledge  together  with  the 
power  of  applying  them  critically  or  practi- 
cally, sagacity,  prudence,  common  sense ;  wise 
sayings  (pour  forth  w.;  W.  of  Solomon,  abbr. 
Wisd.,  TV.  of  Jesus  the  Son  of  Sirach  or  Ecclesi- 
asticus,  books  of  Apocrypha) ;  w.-tooth,  molar 
usu.  cut  after  20  years  of  age  (cut  one's  w.-teeth, 
gain  discretion).    [OE  wisdom  (wise  *,  -dom)] 

wise l  (-z),  a.  (Of  persons)  having,  (of  action, 
course,  speech,  opinion,  &c.)  dictated  by  or  in 
harmony  with  or  showing,  experience  &  know- 
ledge judicially  applied,  sagacious,  prudent, 
sensible,  discreet ;  naving  knowledge  (w.  after 
the  event,  of  person  who  has  failed  to  foresee ; 
came  away  none  the  wiser,  knowing  no  more 
than  before ;  where  ignorance  is  bliss  'tis  folly 
to  be  v\);  (archaic)  having  occult  power  or 
knowledge  of  mysterious  things  (w.  man,  wiz- 
ard ;  w.  woman,  witch,  fortune-teller,  also  mid- 
wife) ;  suggestive  of  wisdom,  oracular,  (with  a 
w.  shake  of  the  head ;  w.  saw,  proverbial  say- 
ing). Hence  wi'seLY  2  adv.  [OE  wis,  cf.  Du. 
wijs,  G  weise ;  cogn.  w.  wit1] 

wise2 (-z),  n.  Way,  manner,  guise,  (in solemn 
&c.  w.  archaic;  esp.  in  some,  no,  any,  w.,  on 
this  w.).  [OE  wise  (wisian  show  way,  orig. 
make  wise,  see  prec),  cf.  Du.  wijs,  G  weise) 

-wise,  suf.=prec,  forming  advv.  of  manner 
as  in  clockwise  with  motion  in  direction  of 
clock  hands,  crosswise  with  cross  arrangement, 
lengthwise  with  length  arranged  in  given  di- 
rection, with  regard  to  length,  nowise  in  no 
way,  not  at  all. 

wrseacre  (-zaker),  n.  Sententious  dullard, 
[f.  MDu.  wijs-segger  f.  G  weissager  by  pop. 
etym.  as  if  =  wise  sayer  f.  MHG  wizago  (=OE 
witiga  f.  witan  see  cogn.  w.  witan  wit1)  seer] 

wish,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Haveasadesire  or  aspira- 
tion (Mat-clause  with  that  usu.  omitted,  or  obj. 
&  compl. ;  w.  Ihad  never  been  born,  were  or  was 
a  bird,  may  live  to  see  it ;  w.  you  would  be  quiet ; 
it  is  to  be  wished  that,  is  desirable  that ;  Iw.it 
may  not  prove,  fear  it  will ;  could  not  w.  it 
better;  w.  oneself  dead,  home,  at  home,  &c;  w. 
person  happy,  away;  w.  one  at  the  devil  or 
further,  w.  he  were  away);  want  with  the 

F.D. 


kind  of  desire  that  tends  to  affect  result  (to  do, 
person  or  thing  to  do,  person  or  thing  -ed,  or 
rarely  with  simple  obj.  esp.  pronoun  ;  I  w.to 
go,  you  to  do  it,  it  finished  or  to  be  finished ; 
what  do  you  w.  ?;  they  say  they  w.  peace,  an 
interview) ;  be  well  or  ill  inclined  to  or  to 
(wishes  me  well,  well  to  all  men,  wishes  nobody 
ill),  whence  -wishER1  n.;  say  one  hopes  for 
(joy,  luck,  pleasant  journey,  sorrow,  &c.)  in 

Person's  favour  or  against  him  (ind.  obj.  or  to ; 
w.  you  joy,  w.  success  to  each  &  all) ;  have  or 
express  desire  for  (has  nothing  left  to  w.  for ; 
would  not  w.  for  anything  better) ;  wishing- 
bone,  merrythought  (longer  part  of  it  when 
broken  between  two  persons  entitling  holder 
to  magic  fulfilment  or  any  w.) ;  wishing-cap, 
magic  cap  securing  to  wearer  fulfilment  of  any 
w.  (N.) :  (expression  of)  desire  or  aspiration, 
request,  implied  command,  (w.  is  father  to 
thought,  we  believe  thing  because  we  w.  it 
true ;  if  ww.  were  horses  beggars  might  ride  ; 
has  a  great  w.  to  go  to  sea,  whence  wi'shFUL 
a.  to  do ;  good  ww.,  hopes  felt  or  expressed  for 
another's  happiness  &c. ;  cannot  grant  your  w. ; 
he  disregarded  or  disobeyed  my  ww.);  thing 
desired  (have  got  my  w.).  [n.  f .  vb,  OE  wyscan, 
cf.  Du.  wenschen,  Gwunschen ;  cogn.  w.  win] 

wi'sh-wash,  n.  Washy  drink  or  talk,  [re- 
dupl.  of  wash  2] 

wi'shy- washy  (-wo),  a.  Thin,  sloppy,  (of 
soup,  tea,  talk,  &c).    [redupl.  of  washy] 

wisp,  n.  Small  bundle  or  twist  of  straw  &c. 
[earlier  wips  (cf.  hasp,  ask)  cogn.  w.  wipe,  cf. 
LG  wiep,  Norw.  vippa] 

wist  _See  wit  >. 

Wistaria,  n.  Kinds  of  pale-purple-flowered 
leguminous  tree.  [C.  Wistar,  American  ana- 
tomist, -ia  l] 

wi'stful,  a.  Affected  with  or  betraying 
vague  yearnings  or  unsatisfied  desire  to  under- 
stand (of  persons  or  usu.  of  eyes,  look,  voice, 
mood,  &c).  Hence  wi'stfulLY 2  adv.,  wi'st- 
fulNESS  n.  [perh.  for  whistful  (whist1!2), 
with  addition  of  earlier  senses  of  wish/uJ] 

wit  K  v.t.  &  i.  (archaic ;  pres.  /,  he,  wot,  thou 
wottest ;  past  wist ;  inf.  wit ;  part,  witting ; 
other  parts  not  used).  Know  (God  wot,  knows ; 
I  wot,  know  well ;  to  w.,  that  is  to  say,  namely ; 
witting,  not  unconscious  or  unintentional, 
whence  wi'ttingL y 2  adv.).  [OE  witan,  cf. 
Du.  weten,  G  wissen ;  cogn.  w.  L  videre  see, 
Gk  eidon  I  saw,  oida  know,  Skr.  veda  know] 

wit2,  n.  (Sing,  or  pi.)  intelligence,  under- 
standing, (has  not  the  w.,  tlie  ww.,w.  enough,  to 
see  ;  remedy  is  past  the  w.  of  man  to  devise ; 
out  0/ one's  ww.,  mad,  distracted  ;  has  his  ww. 
about  him,  is  observant  or  of  lively  intelli- 
gence ;  has  quick,  slow,  &c,  ww.,  a  nimble  w„ 
whence  -wittED2  a.;  at  one's  w.'s  end,  utter- 
ly at  a  loss;  live  by  one's  tow.,  by  ingenious 
hand-to-mouth  shifts ;  the  five  ww.  archaic,  the 
senses  or  the  mind),  whence  wi'tLESS  a., 
wi'tlessLY2  adv.,  witlessNESS  n.;  (power 
of  giving  sudden  intellectual  pleasure  by)  un- 
expectedcombining  or  contrasting  of  previous- 
ly unconnected  ideas  or  expressions  (possessed 
of  both  w.  &  humour  ;  pages  sparkling  with 
w.),  whence  wittY2  a.,  wi*ttiLY2  adv.,  wi*t- 
tlNESS  n.    [OE  witt  knowledge  (witan  wit1)] 

■wit3,  n.  Wise  man  (archaic);  witty  person 
(see  prec),  person  who  talks  wittily,  whence 
wi'tLiNG  i(2)  n.    [OE  wita  (witan  wit  i)] 

witch,  n.,  &  v.t.  Woman  or  (now  rarely)  man 

Eractising  sorcery  (white  w.,  using  powers  for 
eneficent  purposes  only ;  witches'  sabbath), 
(fig.)  fascinating  or  bewitching  woman ;  ugly 
old  woman,  hag;  witchcraft,  sorcery,  use  of 
magic ;  w.-doctor,  =  medicine  l-man ;  w.-meal, 

33 


WITCH 


1026 


"WITHOUT 


pollen  of  club  l-moss.  (Vb)  bewitch,  fascinate, 
charm,  esp.  fig.,  whence  wi'tchERY(4, 5)  n., 
wi'teniNG2  a.,  wi'tehingXY  2  adv.  [OE 
wicca  masc,  wicce  fern,  (wiccian  practise  sor- 
cery, perh.  orig.  =  avert,  cf.  ON  vikja  push 
aside,  OE  wican  give  way,  cogn.  w.  weak)] 

witch-.    See  wych-. 

wi'tenagemo'ti-g), n. (hist.).  Anglo-Saxon 
national  council  or  parliament.  [OE  witena 
gen.  pi.  of  wita  wit3,  gemdt  meeting] 

with  (-dh,  -th),  prep.  In  antagonism  to, 
against,  (fight,  quarrel,  struggle,  dispute,  ar- 
gue, compete,  vie,  w.) ;  in  or  into  company  of  or 
relation  to,  among,  beside,  (come,  go,  walk,  eat, 
live,  spend  the  day,  mix  t.  &  i.,  meet,  w.;  king 
is  expected  w.  or  together  w.  queen  &  court ; 
numbered  w.  the  transgressors ;  compare  w. ; 
have  nothing  to  do  w. ;  deal  w.;  w.  God,  dead  & 
in  heaven  ;  have  w.  you  archaic,  I  accept  your 
offer  or  challenge ;  so  done  w.  you) ;  agreeably 
or  in  harmonious  relations  to  (I  feel,  think, 
sympathize,  w.you;  also  with  neg.  wds  in  opp. 
sense,  as  I  disagree  w.  you ;  he  that  is  not  w.  me 
is  against  me :  vote  with  the  Liberals ;  blue 
does  not  go  with  green ;  one  w.,  part  of  same 
whole  as) ;  having,  carrying,  possessed  of, 
characterized  by,  (vase  w.  handles,  man  w. 
sinister  expression ;  walking  w.  a  gun ;  went 
out  w.  no  hat  on ;  w.  child  or  young,  pregnant); 
in  the  care  or  charge  or  possession  of  (have  no 
money  w.  m&;  leave  child,  parcel,  w.  nurse, 
porter ;  it  rests  w.  you  to  decide ;  the  deal,  de- 
canter, next  move,  is  w.  you);  by  use  of  as  instru- 
ment or  means  (cut  it  with  a  knife ;  have  no  pen 
to  write  w.;  walks  with  a  crutch;  damnw. 
faint  praise) ;  by  addition  or  supply  or  acqui- 
sition or  possession  of  as  material  (Jill  it,  over- 
flowing, w.  water ;  laden  w.  baggage ;  blessed 
w.  beauty ;  adorn  w.  frescoes);  in  same  way  or 
direction  or  degree  or  at  the  same  time  as 
(changes  w.  the  seasons  ;  varies  directly  or  in- 
versely, increases,  w.;  rise  w.  the  sun ;  w.  that, 
thereupon,  simultaneously ;  begin  w.,  take  as 
starting-point) ;  because  or  by  operation  of, 
owing  to,  (trembles  w.fear ;  is  down  w.  fever ; 
stiff,  silent,  w.  cold,  shame) ;  displaying  or  so  as 
to  display,  under  favourable  or  unfavourable 
circumstances  of,  (heard  it  with  calmness  ; 
fought  w.  courage  ;  won  w.  ease,  difficulty,  a 
good  deal  to  spare;  shot  well  w.  a  good, 
wretched,  light);  in  regard  to,  concerning,  in 
the  sphere  of,  in  the  mind  or  view  of,  (be  patient 
w.  him;  bear,  do,  or  put  up,  w.,  tolerate,  be 
indulgent  to ;  my  dealings  w.  the  natives ; 
what  do  you  want  w.me?;  away,  down,  up,  to 
thz  devil,  &c,  w.  him,  take  or  send  or  put  him, 
he  may  go,  away  &c;  can  do  anything,  nothing, 
w.  him,  influence  or  utilize  him  in  any,  no,  direc- 
tion ;  w.  God  all  things  are  possible  ;  is  it  well 
w.  thee  ?;  it  is  holiday  time  w.  us ;  the  first 
object  w.  him  is ;  has  great  influence  w.  the 
House) ;  so  as  to  be  separated  from  (part,  break, 
dispense,  w.) ;  despite,  notwithstanding,  the 
presence  of  (w.  all  his  learning,  he  is  the  sim- 
plest of  men ;  w.  many  admirable  qualities, 
the  best  of  intentions,  he  failed  completely). 
[OE,  shortened  f.  wither  against,  cf.  G  wider 
again st,  ON  vidh,  Da.  ved,  Sw.  vid ;  the  sen- 
ses of  obs.  mid  with  have  passed  to  it] 

witha*l  (-awl),  adv.  &  prep,  (archaic).  With 
it,  in  addition,  moreover,  as  well,  at  the  same 
time;  (prep.,  always  after  its  expressed  or 
omitted  obj.)  with  (hath  nothing  to.  what  shall 
he,  fill  his  belly  w.).    [prec,  all] 

withdraw,  v.t.  &  1.  Pull  aside  or  back  (w. 
curtain,  one's  hand);  take  away,  remove,  (boy 
from  school,  coins  from  circulation,  horse  from 
race,  troops  from  position,  favour  &c.  from  per- 


son) ;  retract  (offer,  statement,  promise ;  cries 
0/ '«?.',  demands  that  speaker  shall  unsay  some- 
thing as  unparliamentary  &c);  retire  from 
presence  or  place,  go  aside  or  apart ;  with- 
drawing-room  archaic,  drawing-room.  Hence 
withdpaw*AL(2)  n.  [with  in  obs.  sense  to- 
wards (oneself,  &  so  away  from  others),  draw1] 

wi'the  <-dhi,  or  widh),  wi'thy  (-dhl),  n.  (pi. 
-thes  pr.  -dhiz,  or  -ths).  Tough  flexible  branch 
esp.  of  willow  or  osier  used  for  binding  bundles 
of  wood  &c.  [OE  withig,  cf.  MDu.  wiede,  G 
weide,  willow ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  itea  willow,  L  vi- 
men  twig,  vitis  vine] 

wi'ther  (-dh-),  v:t.  &  i.  Make  or  become  dry 
&  shrivelled  (often  up),  deprive  of  or  lose  vigour 
or  vitality  or  freshness  or  importance  (often 
away),  decline,  languish,  decay,  (has a  withered 
arm ;  flowers  &  beaidy  w.;  age  cannot  w.  her; 
the  individual  withers,  ceases  to  be  important)*, 
blight  with  scorn  &c.  (w.  one  with  a  look  usu. 
joe),  whence  wi'thepiNG2  a.,  wi'theping1- 
ly2  adv.    [ME  widren  expose  to  weather1]' 

wi'theps  (-dh-),  n.  pi.  Ridge  between  horse's 
shoulder-blades  (my  w.  are  unwrung,  imputa- 
tion &c.  does  not  touch  me),  [named  as  the 
part  that  resists  or  takes  strain  of  collar  £  OE 
wither  against,  see  with] 

withhold,  v.t.  (-held).  Refrain  from  put- 
ting in  action,  refuse  to  grant,  (w.  one's  hand 
archaic  for  hold,  not  take  action ;  w.  one's  con- 
sent, support,  the  light  of  one's  countenance, 
&c).    [with  as  in  withdraw,  hold] 

withi'n,  adv.,  n.,  &  prep.  Inside,  to  or  at  or 
on  the  inside,  indoors,  internally,  (chiefly  ar- 
chaic; clean w.  &  without;  go  w.,  into  house 
or  room;  stay  to.,  not  go  out  of  doors;  is 
Mr  Jones  w.  ?,  at  home ;  beauty  without  &  foul- 
ness w.;  make  me  pure  w.,  in  spirit ;  Bishops- 
gate  w.,  inside  the  walls).  (N.)  the  inside  (as 
seen  from  w.).  (Prep.)  to  or  on  or  in  the  inside 
of,  enclosed  by,  (w.  doors,  in  or  into  house ;  safe 
w.  the  walls  ;  wheels  w.  wheels);  not  beyond, 
not  too  far  for,  not  transgressing,  so  as  not  to 
pass  or  exceed,  subject  to,  (live,  keep,  w.  one's 
income;  w.  the  meaning  of  the  Act  &c,  covered 
by  it ;  immorality  w.  the  law,  not  illegal ;  keep 
it  w.  bounds ;  a  task  well  w.  his  powers ;  run- 
ning w.  himself,  without  putting  forth  whole 
power;  is  true  w.  limits);  not  too  far  for,  near 
enough  to  affect  or  be  affected  by,  not  farther 
off  than  (of  with  sense  from,  or  abs.),  (is  w. 
reach,  sight,  call,  near  enough  to  reach  or  be 
reached  &c;  often  of,  as  w.  sight  of  port ;  is  w. 
three  miles  of  a  station ;  was  w.  an  ace  of  de- 
struction); in  a  time  no  longer  than,  before  ex- 
piration or  since  beginning  of,  (of  with  sense 
from,  or  abs. ;  shall  have  it  w.  an  hour ;  w.  a 
year  of  his  death,  w.  a  year,  all  was  changed ; 
have  seen  him  w.  these  three  days).  [OE  within- 
nan  on  the  inside  (with,  inn  an  adv.  in)] 

withoirt,  adv.,  n.,  prep.,  &  conj.  Outside,  to 
or  at  or  on  the  outside,  out-of-doors,  externally, 
(chiefly  archaic ;  white  within  &  w. ;  stands  dis- 
consolate w.,  outside  the  house  &c. ;  listening  to 
the  wind  w.  (N.)  the  outside,  external  sources, 
(as  seen  from  w.;  the  suggestion  came  from  w.). 
(Prep.)  outside  of  (met  us  w.  the  gates ;  negotia- 
tions within  &  w.  the  House ;  is  w.  the  pale  of 
civilization;  things  w.  us,  all  that  is  not  our- 
selves); not  having,  not  with,  with  no,  devoid 
of,  lacking,  in  want  of,  free  from,  with  freedom 
from,  not  reeling  or  showing,  in  or  with  absence 
of,  less,  (came  w.  a  hat;  a  rose  w.  a  thorn ;  am 
w.  friends  or  money ;  did  it  w.  difficulty  or  being 
discovered ;  act  w.  hesitation ;  cannot  live  w. 
her,  go  away  w.  thanking  you ;  is  absolutely  iv. 
fear,  anxiety ;  cannot  make  omelette  w.  break- 
ing eggs ;  w.  health  happiness  is  impossible ;  do, 


WITHSTAND 


1027 


WOMAN 


go,  w„  dispense  with,  also  ellipt.  dispense  with 
something  implied  ;  COLD  w.\  w.  doubt,  admit- 
tedly, certainly;  w.  fail1,  prejudice,  re- 
serve2; w.  end,  infinite,  eternal;  goes  w.  say- 
ing, is  too  well  known  or  obvious  to  need  men- 
tion). (Conj.;  archaic  or  vulg.)  unless.  [OE 
withutan  (with,  utan  adv.  out)] 

withstand,  v.t.  &  i.  (-stood).  Resist,  op- 
pose, (person,  force,  hardship,  wear,  &c);  make 
opposition  (poet.).  [OE  withstand(wiTH,STAm>)] 

■withy.    See  withe. 

w i'tness,  n. ,  &  v.  t.  &  i.  Testimony,  evidence, 
(bearw.  to  or  of,  state  one's  belief  in,  state  facts 
tending  to  establish),  thing  stated  by  way  of 
evidence  (myw.  is  not  true ;  archaic),  confirma- 
tion (stands  there  in  w.  of  the  event ;  call  to  w. , 
appeal  to  for  confirmation) ;  thing  or  person 
whose  existence,  position,  state,  &c,  serves  as 
testimony  to  or  proof  of  (is  a  living  w.  to  my 
clemency);  (also  eye-w.)  spectator  of  incident, 
bystander,  person  present  at  event;  person 
giving  sworn  testimony  in  law-court  or  for  legal 
purposes (w.  often  used  for  the  w.) ;  person  at- 
testing genuineness  of  signature  to  document 
by  adding  his  signature ;  w.-box,  enclosure  in 
law-court  reserved  for  ww.  (Vb)  state  in  evi- 
dence (noun,  that,  &c. ;  archaic) ;  give  evidence 
(against,  for),  serve  as  evidence  (usu.  against, 
for,  to ;  to.  or  as  w.  my  poverty,  of  which  let  my 
poverty  be  the  proof);  be  a  or  the  w.  (archaic ; 
w.  Heaven  !,  I  call  Heaven  to  w. ) ;  indicate,  serve 
as  evidence  of,  (a  deathly  pallor  witnessed  his 
agitation) ;  see,  be  spectator  of ;  sign  (document) 
asw.    [OKwitnes  (wit1,  -ness)] 

wi'tticism,  n.  Witty  remark,  jest,  (usu.  in 
disparaging  sense),  [for  wittyism  (wit2,  -ism) 
on  anal,  of  Gallicism  Sec] 

wittingly.    See  wit1. 

wi'ttol,  n.  (archaic).  Man  who  winks  at  wife's 
infidelity,  [prob.  orig.  name  of  bird  (also  witwal, 
woodwall),  the  green  woodpecker,  whose  nest 
is  utilized  by  cuckoo ;  cf.  cuckold] 

wive,  v.t.  &  i.  (now  rare).  Provide  with,  take, 
wife.    [OE  wifian  (wife)] 

wi'vewi,  wyf-,  n.  (herald.).  Winged  two- 
legged  dragon  with  barbed  tail.  [f.  AF  wyvre, 
OF  wivre,  r.  L  viperc*;  for  -n,  cf.  bittern] 

wives.    See  wife. 

wi'zard,  n.  Magician,  sorcerer,  male  witch ; 
person  who  effects  seeming  impossibilities ;  con- 
jurer. Hencewi*zai»dRY(4,5)n.  [ME  wisard 
(wise  \  -ARD)] 

wi'zened,  wi'zen,  wea'zen,  a.  Of  shri- 
velled or  dried-up  appearance  (chiefly  of  person 
or  his  face  or  look),  [f.  OE  wisnian  become  dry, 
cf.  ON  visna  wither  (visinn  withered) ;  cogn. 
w.  L  virus,  Gk  ios,  Skr.  vish-a-i  poison] 

wizier.    See  vizir. 

wo,  who'a,  int.  Stop  (chiefly  to  horses) ;  gee- 
wo ;  wo-back,  int.  used  in  backing  horses. 

woad,  n.  (Plant  yielding)  kind  of  blue  dye. 
[OE  wad,  cf.  Du.  weede,  G  waid ;  cogn.  w.  L 
vitrum,  Gk  isatis] 

wo'bble,  wa'bble  (wo-),  v.i.,  &  n.  (Of  top 
orrevolving  body)  revolve  with  changing  incli- 
nations, rock;  (of  person,  missile,  &c.)  go  un- 
steadily, vibrate  from  side  to  side,  swerve,  stag- 
ger ;  (fig.)  vacillate,  waver,  act  inconsistently, 
be  inconstant,  whence  wo'bblER1  n.;  (of  voice 
or  sound)  quaver,  pulsate ;  (n.)  rocking  move- 
ment, change  of  direction  or  policy,  swerve, 
piece  of  vacillation,  [wa-,  now  rare,  is  the 
earlier  form,  f.  obs.  w(h)ap,  var.  of  ME  quap- 
pen  palpitate  cogn.  w.  quaver,  +  -le(3H 

woe,  n.  (chiefly  poet,  or  facet.).  Affliction, 
bitter  grief,  distress,  (weal&w.,  prosperity  & 
adversity ;  w.  is  me,  alas ;  w.  be  to,  a  curse 
upon;  w.  worth2  the  day),  (pi.)  calamities, 


troubles;  woebegone  (-awn,  -on),  dismal-look- 
ing [P-P.  of  OE  began  (by,  go)  surround].  Hence 
woe'FULa.,  woe'fulLY2  adv.,  (often  facet., 
as  woeful  ignorance,  woefully  disappointed). 
[OE  wd  int.,  orig.  cry  of  pain,  cf.  Du.  wee,  G 
wch,  intt.  &  nn.,  L  vae  int.] 

wold,  n.  Piece  of  open  uncultivated  country, 
down  or  moor  land.  [OE  weald,  wald,  forest, 
cf.  G  wald,  Du.  woua;  cf.  weald] 

wolf  (wdb-),  n.  (pi.  ~ves),  &  v.t.  Erect-eared 
straight-tailed  harsh-furred  tawny-grey  wild 
gregarious  carnivorous  quadruped  allied  to 
dog  preying  on  sheep  &c.  or  combining  in  packs 
to  hunt  larger  animals  (cry  w.  too  often,  raise 
false  alarms  till  genuine  ones  are  disregarded ; 
have,  hold,  w.  by  the  ears,  be  in  situation 
where  one  can  neither  retreat,  advance,  nor 
stop ;  keep  to.  from  door,  avert  starvation  ;  w. 
in  sheep  s  clothing,  hypocrite) ;  rapacious  or 
greedy  person,  whence  wo'lfiSH1  a. ,  wo'lfish- 
LY2adv.,  wo'lfishNESS  n.;  (Mus.)  discord  in 
certain  chords  of  keyboard  instrument  due  to 
system  of  tuning  or  temperament;  w.-dog, 
kinds  of  dog  kept  to  guard  sheep  from  ww., 
also  dog-&-w.  hybrid ;  w.-fish,  large  voracious 
kind;  w.-hound,  Russian  breed  of  dog;  w.'s- 
bane,  monk's-hood,  aconite ;  w's-claws,  -foot, 
club-moss;  w.'s-flst,  puff-ball,  [OE  fist  fart]; 
wolfskin,  (mat,  cloak,  &c,  made  of)  w.'s  skin; 
w.'s-milk,  kind  of  spurge ;  w. -spider,  tarantula; 
w.-tooth,  supernumerary  pre-molar  in  horse. 
(Vb)  devour  or  swallow  greedily  (often  down). 
[Aryan ;  OE  wulf,  cf.  Du.  &  G  wolf,  Gk  lukos, 
L  lupus,  Skr.  vrka- ;  f.  root  welg  tear] 

wo'lfram  (wdb-),  n.  Ore  yielding  tungsten, 
native  tungstate  of  iron  &  manganese ;  (now 
rare)  tungsten.    [G  (wolf,  ra(h)m  cream)] 

wo'lverene,  -ine  (en),  n.  American  car- 
nivorous mammal  allied  to  the  glutton,  called 
also  carcajou  &  skiink-bear.  [irreg.  dim.  of 
wolf,  pern,  after  MHG  wblfelin] 

wolves.    See  wolf. 

wo'man  (wdb),  n.  (pi.  wo'menvr.  wi),  &  v.t. 
Adult  human  female  (every  w.  is  to  him  alady; 
w.'s  or  women's  rights,  position  of  legal  equa- 
lity with  men  demanded  for  women ;  there 's  a 
w.  in  it,  way  of  accounting  for  man's  inexplic- 
able conduct ;  w.  with  a  past,  with  some  scan- 
dal attaching  to  her  past  life ;  w.  of  the  world, 
experienced  in  society,  not  raw  &  innocent ; 
play  the  w.,  weep  or  show  fear ;  make  an  hon- 
est w.  of,  marry  after  seducing ;  tied  to  w.'s 
apron-strings,  controlled  like  child  by  her; 
single  w.,  spinster;  the  scarlet  w.;  wise1  it?.); 
(without  article)  the  average  or  typical  w.,  the 
female  sex,  any  w.,  (how  does  w.  differ  from 
man?',  man  born  ofw.,  mortal  man ;  is  an  ex- 
cellent thing  in  w.;  w.'s  wit,  instinctive  in- 
sight or  resource ;  w.'s  reason  l ;  O  TV.,  in  apo- 
strophes) ;  queen's  or  great  lady's  female  at- 
tendant, lady  in  waiting,  (archaic ;  sent  one  of 
her  ww.  to  ask) ;  man  with  feminine  character- 
istics (is  a  w.  in  tenderness ;  the  old  ww.  in  the 
cabinet ;  all  the  old  ww.  of  both  sexes) ;  the  fe- 
minine emotions  (all  thew.  in  her  rose  in  rebel- 
lion '}  stirred  the  w.  in  him ;  has  much  of  the  w. 
in  his  composition) ;  (attrib.)  female  (to.  doctor, 
friend,  counsellor ;  councillor ;  w.  suffrage,  ex- 
tension or  possession  of  political  suffrage  to  or 
by  ww.) ;  (as  suf.;  chiefly  in  terms  correl.  to 
compounds  in  -man)  w.  concerned  or  dealing 
or  skilful  with  (countryw.,  shopw.,  horsew., 
churchw.,  chairw.,  ferry w.,  applew.,  needlew., 
&c;  also  by  close  comb,  with  adj.,  as  gen- 
tlew.)',  w. -hater, misogynist;  womankind, ww. 
(one's  w.-k.  or  ww.-k.,  the  ww.  of  one's  family) ; 
womenfolk,  ww.,  one's  womankind ;  hence 
wo'm'anHOOD  n.,  wo'manLESS,  wo'man- 


WOMANISH 


1028 


WOODEN 


like,  aa.  (Vb)  make  behave  like  a  w.,  cause 
to  weep  &c. ;  address  as '  w.', '  my  good  w.\  &c., 
speak  of  as  4w.'  (not  'lady').  [OE  wifman 
(wife,  man)  i.e.  woman  person] 
wo'manish.  a.  (Of  man  or  his  feelings, 
conduct,looks,&c )  like  women  or  their  ways  &c. 

Jusu.  con  tempt.),  effeminate.  Hence  wo'man- 
shLY  2  adv.,  wo'manishNESs  n.    [-ish l] 
wo-manize,  v.t.  &  i.    Make  womanish ;  (of 
men)  be  licentious,  frequent  prostitutes,  [-ize] 
wo'manly,  a.    (Of  woman  or  her  feelings, 
conduct,  &c.)  having  or  showing  the  qualities 
befitting  a  woman,  not  masculine  or  girlish,  (a 
truly  w.  woman',    w.  modesty,  compassion, 
tact,8cc).    Hence  wo'manliNESS  n.    [-ly1] 
wo'mb  (wobm),  n.  Organ  in  woman  &  other 
female  mammals  in  which  child  or  young  is 
conceived  &  nourished  till  birth,  uterus,  (fall- 
ing of  the  w.,  prolapsus  ;  fruit  of  the  w.,  chil- 
dren ;  also  fig.,  as  in  the  w.  of  time,  of  future 
events  &c).    [OE  wamb,  womb,  belly,  cf.  Du. 
warn,  Da.  vom,  G  wampe,  wamme] 
wo'mbat,  n.    Australian  marsupial  mam- 
mal about  size  of  badger,    [f.  native  womback] 
women.    See  woman. 
vron.    See  win. 

wo'nder1  (wu-),n.  Miracle,  prodigy,  strange 
or  remarkable  thing  or  specimen  or  perform- 
ance or  event,  {signs  &  ww.,  miracles ;  work 
ww.,  do  miracles,  succeed  remarkably ;  whence 
wo'nder-wopkER1  n.;  the  child  is  a  w., 
marvellously  precocious  &c;  did  ww.,  had  re- 
markable success ;  seven  ww.  of  the  world, 
sights,  of  which  one  was  the  pyramids,  socalled 
in  antiquity;  a  nine-days'  w.,  event  of  pass- 
ing interest ;  what  w.,  it  is  no  w.,  no  w.,  that, 
naturally,  inevitably,  of  course,  one  cannot  be 
surprised  or  might  have  guessed  that,  that  usu. 
omitted ;  so  he  refused,  &  no  w.;  is  a  w.  of 
delicate  workmanship);  emotion  excited  by 
what  surpasses  expectation  or  experience  or 
seems  inexplicable,  surprise  mingled  with  ad- 
miration or  curiosity  or  bewilderment,  (were 
filled  with  w.;  looked  at  him  in  silent  or  open- 
mouthed  w.) ;  w.-land,  fairyland,  a  country  of 
surprising  fertility  &c;  w.-struck,  -stricken, 
filled  or  dumb  with  w.  -  [OE  wundor  portent, 
cf.  Du.  wonder,  G  wunder;  perh.  cogn.  w.  OE 
wandian  turn  from,  revere,  cf.  wend1,  wind8] 

wo'nder2,  v.i.  &  t.  Be  filled  with  w.,  feel 
surprise,  (usu.  at,  rarely  to  see  &c,  or  abs.; 
shall  never  cease  to  w.  at  it ;  can  you  w.  at  it?; 
Iw.  at  you  to  child  &c,  am  shocked  by  your 
conduct ;  wondered  to  hear  your  voice ;  the 
kind  of  person  that  never  wonders),  whence 
wo'ndering'LY2  adv.,  wo'ndePMENTn.;  be 
surprised  to  find  that  (that  usu.  omitted :  Iw. 
he  didn't  kill  you) ;  be  curious,  desire,  to  know 
(w.  why  pain  exists,  who  invented  gas-lamps, 
what  the  time  is,  how  to  proceed,  Sec),  [f.  prec] 

wo'nderful,  a.  Marvellous,  surprising,  ex- 
ceeding what  was  expected,remarkable,  admir- 
able.   Hence  wo'ndepfUlLY2  adv.   [-ful] 

wo'ndrous,  a.  &  adv.  (poet,  rhet.).  Won- 
derful; hence  wo'ndPousLY2  adv.,  wo*n- 
dPOUSNESS  n.  (Adv.,  qualifying  adjj.  only) 
wonderfully  (w.  kind  &c. ).  [corrupt,  on  -ous  of 
obs.  wonders  formed  w.  -ES  f.  obs.  wonder  adj. 
made  by  back-formation  f.  obs.  wonderly  OE 
wunderlic  (wonder1,  -ly!>2)  orig.  adi.  &  adv. 
but  taken  for  adv.  only] 

wont  i  (wo-,  wu-),  pred.  a.  Accustomed  to  do 
(usu.  after  is,  was,  are,  &c. ;  as  he  was  w.  to  say). 
[mixture  of  ME  wone  (OE  gewun)  accustomed 
w.  ME  woned  p.p.  of  wonen  dwell,  be  used  to] 

wont2  (wo-,  wu-),  v.aux.  (poet.;  pres.  ind., 
wont,  wontesi,  wonts  or  wont,  pi.  wont ;  past 
ind.,  wont,  wontest,  wont,  pL  wont,  or  wonted 


for  wont).  Be  accustomed  (usu.  to  do),  [prop. 
past,=  woned,  of  ME  wonen  see  prec] 
wont3  (wo-,  wii-),  n.  What  is  customary  in 
general  or  habitual  to  a  person  (use  &  w.,  estab- 
lished custom ;  according  to  his  w.\  it  is  myw. 
to),  [p.p.,  see  prec] 
won't.    See  will  V. 

wo'nted  (wo-,  wu-),  attrib.  a.  Habitual  to 
person,  (rarely)  usual,  (heard  vie  with  his  w. 
courtesy ;  met  with  the  w.  obstacles),  [f.  wont 
p.p.  see  wont1  w.  erron.  addition  of  -ed1] 
woo,  v.t.  Ask  in  marriage,  pay  amorous 
court  to,  ask  the  love  of,  whence  woo'er1  n.; 
pursue,  seek  to  win,  (fame,  fortune,  &c);  (abs.) 
go  courting,  conduct  oneself  as  wooer ;  coax, 
importune,  try  to  persuade,  (person  usu.  to  do 
or  to  compliance  &c ).  Hence  woo'ing-L  y  2  adv. 
[ME  wowen,  cf.  OE  dwogian  (woh  bent)] 

woo'but,  ou'blt  (oo-),  n.  =  woolly-  bear. 
[ME  wolbode  (wool,  OE  budda  beetle)] 

wood,  n.  Growing  trees  occupying  consider- 
able tract  of  ground,  forest,  (also  pi.  in  same 
sense,  as  came  upon-  a  clearing  in  the  ww. ;  can- 
not see  w.for  trees,  details  impede  general  vie  w ; 
don't  halloo  till  you  are  out  of  the  w.,  assume 
too  soon  that  difficulties  are  over),  whence 
(-) woodED2  a. ;  fibrous  substance  between  pith 
&  bark  of  tree,  whether  growing  or  cut  for  tim- 
ber or  fuel ;  the  cask  or  unbottled  storage  of 
wine  &c  (in,  from,  the  w.);  (Mus.;  also  w.-wind) 
the  wooden  wind-instruments  of  a  band  &c; 
w.-agate,  showing  grain  of  w.;  w.-anemone,  the 
wild  flowering  anemone  ;  woodbine  or  -bind, 
wild  hpneysuckle;  w.-block,  die  usu.  of  box- 
wood from  which  woodcuts  are  taken ;  wood- 
cock, kinds  of  game  bird  related  to  snipe ;  w.- 
craft,  knowledge  of  forest  conditions  esp.  as 
applied  in  hunting  &c;  woodcut,  (print,  usu.  as 
illustration  in  book  or  newspaper,  taken  from) 
engraving  made  on  w. ;  w.-cutter,  man  who  cuts 
w.,  engraver  of  woodcuts;  w.-engraver,  maker 
of  woodcuts,  kinds  of  boring  insect;  w.-fibre, 
fibre  got  from  w.  esp.  as  material  for  paper ; 
w.-gas,  carburetted  hydrogen  got  from  w.;  w.- 
ibis,  kind  of  N.-Amer.  stork  \  woodland,  wooded 
country,  woods,  (often  attrib.,  as  w.-l.  scenery, 
the  w.-l.  choir,  birds);  w.  leopard,  kind  of  moth : 
w.-louse,  kinds  of  small  wingless  many-legged 
insect ;  woodman,  forester,  w.-cutter ;  w.-notes, 
spontaneous  poetry ;  w.-nymph,  dryad,  kinds 
of  humming-bird  &  moth ;  w.-opal,  silicified  w.; 
w. -paper,  made  of  w.-pulp ;  w.-pavement,  wood- 
en clocks  used  as  paving  of  road ;  woodpecker, 
kinds  of  bird  that  cling  to  tree-stems  &  tap 
them  to  discover  insects ;  w.-pie,  great  spotted 
woodpecker ;  w.-pigeon,  ringdove ;  w.-pulp,  w.- 
fibre  reduced  to  pulp  as  material  for  paper ; 
woodruff,  kinds  of  plant,  sweet  w.-r.  grown  esp. 
for  fragrance  of  leaves  when  dried  or  crushed ; 
woodsman,  dweller  in  ur  frequenter  of  ww.; 
w.-sorrel,  kinds  of  acid-juiced  plant ;  w.-tar,  got 
from  w.;  w.-warbler,  kinds  of  bird;  w.-wasp, 
kinds  that  hang  nest  in  tree  or  burrow  in  rotten 
w.;  w.-wool,  fine  pine  shavings  used  as  surgical 
dressing  or  for  packing ;  woodwork,  things  made 
of  w.,  esp.  the  wooden  part  of  a  house  &c 
Hence  woo'dLESS  a.  [OE  wudu,  cf.  ON 
vithr,  OHG  witu,  also  Gael,  fiodh,  W  gwydd\ 

Wdbdbupy-type,  n.  (Picture  produced  by) 
process  transferring  photograph  from  harden- 
ed gelatine  to  soft  metal,    [inventor] 

woo'dchuck,  n.  Kind  of  N.-Amer.  marmot, 
[corrupt,  of  Amer.-Ind.  wejack] 

woo'den,  a.  Made  of  wood  (w.  head,  stu- 
pidity, whence  woo  den-  h  ead  i;  d  2  a. ,  wood- 
en-hea*dedNESS  n. ;  w.  horse,  by  use  of  which 
Troy  was  taken ;  w.  spoon  ;  w.  walls,  warships); 
stiff,  clumsy,  without  animation,  inexpressive, 


WOODY 


1029 


WORK 


(to.  motions,  manners,  stare,  face,  &c.),  whence 
woo'denLY 2  adv.,  woo'denNESs  n.    [-en  5] 

woo'dy,  a.  (Of  region)  abounding  in  woods, 
well- wooded ;  of  the  nature,  consisting,  of  wood 
(the  w.  parts  of  a  plant ;  to.  stem,  tissue);  (rare) 
found  in  woods  (to.  nightshade).  Hence 
woo'diNESS  n.    [-y2] 

woof,  n.  =  weft.  [ME  oof  f.  OE  owef  (a-  1, 
wef=  web)  =  that  which  is  woven  on  (to  the 
warp);  cf.  abb] 

wool,  n.  Kind  of  hair  distinguished  by  fine- 
ness &  wavy  structure  &  scaly  surface  forming 
fleece  of  sheep,  goat,  alpaca,  &c,  &  occurring 
mixed  with  ordinary  hair  in  coat  of  some  other 
animals  (carding  or  short,  combing  or  long,  w., 
less,  more,  than  4  in.  long  &  prepared  by  differ- 
ent processes  for  spinning ;  dyed  in  the  w.,  be- 
fore spinning  or  weaving ;  much  cry  &  little  to., 
disappointing  result,  fiasco ;  go  for  w.  &  come 
home  shorn,  have  tables  turned  on  one),  whence 
-woolED2a.;  woollen  yarn,  worsted,  (spent  an 
hour  matching  urw.;  Berlin  to.,  fine  dyed  w.  for 
knitting  &c);  woollen  garments  or  cloth  (safest 
to  wear  w.);  soft  short  under-fur  or  down  ;  ne- 
gro's hair,  (facet.)  any  person's  hair;  kinds  of 
w.-like  substance  (cotton  J-to.;  mineral  to., 
made  from  molten  slag  subjected  to  strong 
blast  &  used  for  packing  walls  &c);  w.-ball,  esp. 
lump  of  concreted  w.  sometimes  formed  in 
stomach  of  sheep  &c;  w.-carding,  -combing, 
processes  by  which  short,  long,  w.  is  prepared 
for  spinning ;  w.-dyed,  dyed  in  the  w.,  sec  above ; 
w.-fat,  -oil,  lanolin ;  w.-fcll,  skin  of  sheep  &c. 
with  fleece  still  on ;  w. -gathering,  absent- 
mindedness),  inattentive  (mood);  w.-hall,  w.- 
merchants'  exchange  or  market ;  w.-pack,  (for- 
merly) 240-lb.  bale  or  w.,  also  fleecy  cloud ;  wool- 
sack, w. -stuffed  cushion  on  which  Lord  Chan- 
cellor sits  in  House  of  Lords  (reach  &c.  the  w.-s„ 
become  Lord  Chancellor ;  take  seat  on  the  w.-s., 
open  proceedings  in  House  of  Lords);  w.-work, 
embroidery  with  Berlin  ww.  imitating  tapestry. 
[OE  wull,  cf.  Du.  tool,  G  wolle ;  cogn.  w.  Skr. 
urna,  &  pern.  Gk  lenos,  L  lana] 

w'oo'llen,  a.  &  n.  Made  of  wool.  (N.)  w. 
fabric,  as  blanket,  flannel,  cloth ;  w.-draper,  re- 
tailer of  ww.;  hence woollenETTE(2).n.  [-en5] 

woo'lly.  a.  Bearing  or  naturally  covered 
with  wool  or  wool-like  hair  (the  w.  flock ;  w.- 
bear,  kinds  of  hairy  caterpillar;  a  w. puppy, 
head);  resembling  or  suggesting  wool  (w.  hair, 
clouds;  w.  voice,  husky),  (paint.)  lacking  in 
definition  or  luminosity  or  incisiveness  (w. 
texture,  style,  See).  Hence  woo'HIness  n.  [-v2] 

woo'lsey  (-zl),  n.  Fabric  of  cotton  &  wool ; 
linsey-woolsey,    [abbr.  of  linsey-woolsey] 

woora'li,  woorar'a.    =  curare. 

wootz,  n.  Special  kind  of  steel  made  in 
|  India  &  imported  into  Europe  &  America  for 
"  edge-tools.    [?] 

wop.    See  whop. 

word l  (werd),  n.  Any  sound  or  combination 
of  sounds  (or  its  written  or  printed  symbol)  re- 
cognized as  a  part  !  of  speech,  conveying  an 
idea  or  alternative  ideas,  &  capable  of  serving 
as  a  member  of,  the  whole  of,  or  a  substitute 
for,  a  sentence  (coin,  play  upon,  torture,  ww.; 
is  not  the  w.  for  it,  not  an  adequate  descrip- 
tion ;  have  no  ww.  to  express  my  gratitude  &c. ; 
takes  ww.  for  things ;  ww.  are  the  wise  man's 
counters  &  the  fool's  money;  in  a  or  one  w., 
briefly,  to  sum  up ;  translate  or  repeat  w.  for 
w.,  literally  or  verbatim);  speech  (honest  in 
to.  &  deed;  bold  in  w.  only;  by  w.  of  mouth, 
[orally);  thing  said,  saying,  remark,  conversa- 
tion, (usu.  in  pi.;  takeone  at  his  w.,  act  on  as- 
sumption that  he  means  what  he  says ;  fair  or 
good  ww.,  complimentary,  conciliatory,  flatter- 


ing, &c;  high,  hard,  warm,  hot,  sharp,  &c., 
toto.,  angry  talk;  big  ww.,  boasting,  bluff; 
burning  ww.,  enthusiastic,  inspiring,  excited, 
&c;  wild  &  whirling  ww.,  not  well  weighed  • 
hard  ww.  break  no  bones,  fine  ww.  butter  no 
parsnips,  ww.  are  but  wind,  depreciations  of 
talk  as  compared  with  action  ;  sowio.  orthings 
ww.  &  deeds ;  household  w.;  have  ww.  with 
quarrel  with  ;  they  had  ww.,  quarrelled ;  have 
aw.  with,  converse  briefly  with  ;  so  aw.  with 
you  as  demand  for  interview ;  suit  the  action 
to  the  w.,  do  at  once  what  one  has  threatened 
&c.;  on  or  with  the  w.,  as  soon  as  something 
has  been  said ;  aw.&a  blow,  impetuous  per- 
son s  procedure  ;  proceed  from  ww.  to  blows ; 
waste  ww.,  talk  vainly  ;  a  w.  in,  out  of,  season, 
well,  ill,  timed  advice  or  interference ;  have  the 
last  w.,  not  let  opponent  in  altercation  speak 
last;  the  last  w.  on  a  subject,  pronouncement 
including  latest  views  &  likely  to  be  definitive ; 
a  truer  w.  was  never  spoken ;  have  a  w.  to  say, 
something  worth  hearing;  man  of  few  ww., 
taciturn  ;  hasn't  a  w.  to  throw  at  a  dog,  is  un- 
sociably  or  superciliously  taciturn  ;  say  a  good 
w.  for,  commend,  defend ;  give  person  one's 
good  w.,  recommend  him  for  post  &c;  eat  one's 
ww.,  retract,  apologize  under  compulsion  ;  to. 
of  command,  w.  or  phrase  giving  direction  esp. 
to  soldiers  being  drilled ;  a  w.  to  the  wise, 
transl.  of  verbum  sapienti;  God's  W.,  the 
scriptures ;  so  the  W.  of  God,  &  see  below) ; 
news,  intelligence,  a  message,  send  w.  of; 
send  w. ;  w.  came  that  or  of) ;  one's  promise, 
assurance,  or  responsible  statement  (give  per- 
son, give, pledge,  pass,  one's  w.,  make  promise 
or  rarely  statement;  keep,  break,  one's  w.;  1 
give  you  my  w.  for  it,  promise  it  shall  be  or 
state  that  it  is  so ;  so  ellipt.  my  w.  upon  it ; 
upon  my  w.,  on  my  honour,  also  as  excl.  at 
something  that  shocks;  w.  of  honour,  promise 
or  statement  made  upon  one's  honour1;  a 
man  of  his  w.,  a  promise-keeper ;  be  as  good  as 
one's  to.,  fulfil  or  exceed  what  one  has  pro- 
mised ;  his  w.  is  as  good  as  his  bond,  may  be 
relied  on) ;  command,  order,  password,  motto, 
(his  w.  is  law ;  give  the  w.  to  do  or  for ;  act 
promptly  at  the  to. ;  must  give  the  w.  before  you 
canpass;  sharp 's  the  w.,  exhortation  to  hurry); 
the  W.  (of  God),  Christ  as  mediator  or  mani- 
festation of  God  to  man ;  w.-blind,  -deaf,  in- 
capacitated by  kinds  of  brain  trouble  from  at- 
taching meaning  to  ww.  seen  or  heard ;  to.- 
book,  vocabulary  ;  w.-painter,  -ting,  graphic  or 
picturesque  writer,  writing  ;  w.-pcrfect,  know- 
ing part,  piece,  &c,  by  heart ;  w.-picture,  piece 
of  w. -painting ;  w.-play,  verbal  fencing,  also 
play  on  ww.,  pun,  &c;  w.-splittcr,  -ting,  (maker 
of)  oversubtle  verbal  distinctions;  w.-square, 
set  of  words  so  chosen  that  when  they  are 
written  under  each  other  the  letters  read  down- 
ward in  columns  give  same  words,  e.g.  rat,  ado, 
too.  Hence  wop'dLESS  a.  [cf.  Du.  woord,  G 
wort;  cogn.  w.  L  verbuto,  Gk  eiro  speak] 

word2,  v.t.  Put  into  ww.,  phrase,  select 
ww.  to  express.  Hence  wor'diNG  i  n.  [f.  prec.J 

wop'dy,  a.  "Verbose,  given  to  or  expressed 
in  many  words,  diffuse ;  in,  consisting  of, 
words  (to.  warfare).  Hence  wor'diLY 2  adv., 
wop'diNEsa  n.    [-Y2] 

wore.    SeewEAR1*3. 

work1  (werk),  n.  Expenditure  of  energy, 
striving,  application  of  effort  to  some  purpose, 
(set  to  w.,  begin  or  make  begin  operations ; 
has  got  to,  is  at,  w.  at  last;  all  w.  &  no  play; 
never  does  a  stroke  of  w. ;  never  liked,  will  do 
no,  w.),  (Physics)  exertion  of  force  in  over- 
coming resistance  or  producing  molecular 
change  (co  nvert  heat  into  to. ;  unit  ofxo. ,  lifting 


WOBK      * 


of  lib.  for  1ft;  internal  w.,  exerted  on  mole- 
cules of  a  body);  task  (to  be)  undertaken,  mate- 
rials (to  be)  used  in  task,  (the  w.  of  converting 
the  heathen ;  have  one's  w.  cut  out  for  one,  no 
light  task,  as  much  as  one  can  do  ;  bring  your 
w.  downstairs,  i.e.  sewing-materials,  lesson- 
books,  &c.) ;  thing  done,  achievement,  thing 
made,  book  or  piece  of  literary  or  musical  com- 
position, literary  or  other  product  of,  specimen 
of,  (Theol.,  usu.  in  pi.)  meritorious  act  as  op- 
posed to  faith  or  grace,  (mighty  ww.,  miracles ; 
a  good  day's  w.,  much  accomplished  ;  the  ww. 
of  God,  nature ;  honest  man  the  noblest  w.  of 
God ;  the  ww.  of  Cicero,  his  writings ;  a  learn- 
ed, historical,  w.,  book;  a  w.  of  art,  fine  pic- 
ture, building,  poem,  &c;  is the  w.  of  the  devil; 
ww.  of  mercy,  charitable  actions ;  covenant  of 
wxo.,  O.-T.  dispensation ;  ww.  of  suPEReroga- 
tion) ;  doings  or  experiences  of  specified  kind 
(sharp,  bloody,  wild,  w. ;  thirsty,  dry,  w. ;  make 
short  w.  of,  quickly  accomplish  or  get  rid  of  or 
overcome) ;  employment,  esp.  the  opportunity 
of  earning  money  by  labour,  laborious  occupa- 
tion, (is  out  of,  is  in  regular,  wants,  is  looking 
for,  w.;  many  hands  make  light  w.;  do  you 
want  the  w.  or  the  wages  ? ;  rich  men's  luxury 
makes  w.  for  the  poor) ;  (usu.  in  pi.,  &  in  comb, 
or  with  adj.)  piece  of  fortification,  structure 
for  defence,  (the  ww.  are  impregnable;  ad- 
vanced, detached,  defensive,  ww.  or  w.;  out- 
works, earthworks);  (pi.)  operations  in  build- 
ing &c.  (vublicww.,  such  operations  done  by 
or  for  the  State ;  Board  of  Ww.  &  Public 
Buildings;  clerk  of  the  ww.) ;  (pi.)  acting  or 
operative  part  of  machine  (usu.  of;  the  ww.  of 
a  watch  Sec;  something  must  be  wrong  with 
the  ww.);  (pi.,  often  with  sing,  constr.,  usu.  in 
comb,  with  attrib.  n.)  manufactory  (the  owner 
of  an  iron,  a  glass,  -ww. ;  the  ww.  will  be  closed 
from  1st  Oct. ) ;  (articles  having)  ornamentation 
of  kind  specified  by  adj.  or  by  usu.  hyphened 
attrib.  n.,  things  or  parts  made  of  material  or 
with  tools  &c.  so  specified,  (covered  with  ela- 
borate w.;  rustic,  embossed,  beaten,  frosted, 
Sec,  w.;  woodw.,  ironw.,  stonew.;  fancy, 
needle,  stucco,  relief,  poker,  -w.);  (Naut.) 
upper  ww. ;  workaday,  fit  for  or  used  or  seen 
on  workdays,  ordinary,  practical,  (now  chiefly 
inthis workaday  world);  w.-bag,  -basket,  -box, 
holding  materials  &  implements  for  w.,  esp. 
for  sewing ;  workday,  day  other  than  Sunday 
or  festival ;  workhouse,  public  institution  for 
reception  of  paupers  in  parish  or  union  of 
parishes ;  workman,  operative,  man  hired  to 
do  manual  labour,  person  good,  bad,  skilled, 
Sec,  at  his  job  (an  ill  workman  quarrels  with 
his  tools) ;  workmanlike,  characteristic  of  a 
good  workman ;  workmanship,  person's  rela- 
tive skill  in  doing  task,  relative  finish  or  execu- 
tion seen  in  manufactured  article  or  w.  of  art, 
one's  making  (we  are  God's  or  of  God's  work- 
manship); w.-people,  workmen  or  workwomen; 
w.-room,  in  which  work  is  done ;  workshop, 
room  or  building  in  which  manufacture  is 
carried  on  ;  w.-table,  with  drawers  for  sewing- 
materials  &c;  workwoman,  female  operative. 
Hence  wop'Icless  a.  [Aryan ;  OE  wearc,  cf. 
Du.  &  G  werk,  Gk  ergon,  Pers.  warz  gain] 
work2,  v.t.  &  i.  (worked;  also  wrought  pr. 
rawt  archaic  exc.  as  specified  below).  Engage 
or  be  engaged  in  bodily  or  mental  w.,  carry  on 
operations,  make  efforts,  be  a  craftsman  in 
some  material,  (men  mustw.;  w.  away  or  on, 
continue  to  w.;  w.  double  tides  ;  is  working  at 
Greek,  history,  social  reform ;  works,  worked 
or  wrought,  in  brass,  leather,  oils,  distemper  ; 
person  ts  hard  to  w.  with,  impracticable  ;  is 
working  for,  against,  the  cause) ;  (of  machine, 


1030 


WORKER 


plan,  &c.)  operate,  act,  do  its  appointed  work, 
(of  person)  put  or  keep  (machine  &c.)  in  opera- 
tion, keep  (person,  horse,  machine,  &c.)  going 
or  at  w.,  exact  toil  from,  (charm,  drttg,  pump, 
scheme,  works  or  will  not  w.;  w.  ship,  type- 
writer ;  works  his  men  &c.  too  hard,  to  death); 
(of  wheel  &c.)  run,  revolve,  go  through  regular 
motions,  (strap,  handle,  wheel,  works  on  a 
wheel,pivot,  axle;  w.  freely,  stiffly,  Sec);  carry 
on,  manage,  control,  (w.  mine,  scheme ;  works 
the  coach  from  London  to  Brighton,  has  charge 
of  it ;  my  partner  works  the  Liverpool  district; 
is  worked  by  wires,  electricity,  Sec);  have  in- 
fluence or  eifect,  exercise  influence  on,  (often 
torought ;  now  let  it  w.,  leave  it  to  produce  its 
effect ;  w.  upon  person  or  his  mind  &c. ;  all 
these  things  have  worked  together  for  good; 
the  appeal  wrought  powerfully  upon  him ;  w. 
the  oracle)  ;  bring  about,  effect,  accomplish, 
produce  as  result,  (often  wrought ;  w.  wonders, 
cures,  mischief,  a  change ;  w.  one's  will,  accom- 
plish one's  purpose  often  upon  person  or  thing ; 
will  w.  it  if  J  can  slang,  bring  it  about);  be  in 
motion,  be  agitated,  cause  agitation,  ferment 
lit.  &  fig.,  (face,  features,  worked  violently ; 
loaves  w.  to  &  fro ;  thoughts,  conscience,  work- 
ing within  him ;  yeast  began  to  w.;  to  be  wroth 
with  one  we  love  doth  w.  like  madness  in  the 
brain);  make  way  or  make  (way  &c.)  or  cause 
to  make  way  slowly  or  with  difficulty  or  by- 


shifting  motions  (usu.  with  adv.  or  prep.),  gra- 

by: 
(stockings,  shirt,  w.  down,  up ;  needle  worked 


dually  become  (loose,  free,  tight,  &c.)  by  motion, 


out  eventually  from  her  arm;  ferrule  has 
worked  off,  loose;  w.  your  knife  through  the 
card,  your  point  in ;  grub  works  its  way  into 
or  out  of;  wind  has  worked  round;  ship  is 
working  eastwards;  some  influences  w.  up- 
wards, some  downwards,  in  society,  angler 
works  up  stream);  knead,  hammer,  fashion, 
into  shape  or  desired  consistency  (ty.  dough, 
clay,  Sec;  butter  should bwthoroughly  worked; 
wrought  iron,  forged  or  rolled,  not  cast) ;  arti- 
ficially &  gradually  excite  into  (worked  his  au- 
dience, himself,  into  enthusiasm,  a  rage) ;  do, 
make  by,  needlework  or  the  like  (reads  to  them 
while  they  w.;  w.  pattern, initials,  8ec,  on  linen 
&c;  is  working  a  shawl) ;  solve  (sum)  by  ma- 
thematical processes ;  purchase  (one's  passage) 
with  labour  instead  of  money ;  w.  in,  find  place 
for  (illustration,  subject,  &c),  admit  of  being 
introduced ;  w.  off,  get  rid  of,  get  over,  find 
customers  &c.  for,  (works  off  his  bad  temper  on 
his  servants ;  has  worked  off  his  debauch  ;  w. 
off  8000  copies ;  works  off  old  jokes  on  us) ;  vs. 
out,  find  (amount  &c.)  or  solve  (sum)  by  calcu- 
lation, (of  amount  &c.)  be  calculated  at  (works 
out  at  £6  10s.),  (of  sum)  give  definite  result 
(will  not  w.  out),  exhaust  with  w.  (person, 
mine,  Sec,  is  quite  worked  out),  accomplish  or 
attain  with  difficulty  (w.  out  one's  salvation), 
provide  for  or  plan  all  details  of  (has  worked 
out  a  scheme  of  invasion) ;  w.  up,  bring  gradu- 
ally to  efficient  state,  elaborate  in  description 
(often  wrought),  advance  gradually  to  (climax), 
excite  (persons,  expectations,  &c.)  by  degrees 
(often  wrought ;  his  wrought-up  nerves ;  is  in 
a  highly  wrought-up  state,  nervous,  hysteri- 
cal), mingle  (materials)  into  whole,  acquire 
familiarity  with  (subject)  by  study.  [OE  wierc- 
an,  wyrcan,  past  worhte  (prec.)] 

wor'kahle,  a.  That  can  be  worked,  that 
will  work,  that  is  worth  working,  practicable, 
feasible.  Hence workaBrLiTV,  wo'rkafole- 
ness,  nn.,  wor'kabtv  2  adv.    [-ableI 

wop'ker,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  (also  to.-bec, 
-ant,  Sec)  undeveloped  female  of  various  social 
insects,    [-er1! 


WORKINQ 


1031 


WORSE 


wop'king1,  ii.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also  or  esp.: 
way  thing  works  or  result  of  its  working  (the 
ww.  of  his  face,  conscience,  fancy);  mine,  quar- 
ry, &c.,  or  part  of  it  in  which  work  is  being  or 
has  been  done  (wasfoundin  a  disused  w.) ;  w.- 
day,=  work '-day,  also  hours  of  the  twenty- 
four  devoted  to  work ;  w.  capital,  expenses, 
those  required  by  or  devoted  to  actual  carrying 
on  of  business ;  w.  drawing,  plan,  serving  as 
guide  for  building  or  construction  ;  w.-out,  cal- 
culation of  results,  elaboration  of  details,  [-ing1] 

wop'king  2,  a.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.,  engaged 
in  manual  labour  (w.-man;  thew.-class).  [-ing2] 

world  (wer-),  n.  Time  or  state  or  scene  of 
existence  (the  or  this  w.,  mortal  life :  the  other 
or  next  w.,  the  w.  to  come,  life  after  death  ;  the 
lower  w.t  hell,  Hades;  Prince  of  this  w.,  the 
devil ;  we  bring  nothing  into  the  w.,  at  birth  ; 
bring  child  into  the  w.,  beget  or  bear  it :  make 
the  best  of  both  ww.,  reconcile  secular  &  spiri- 
tual interests ;  the  end  of  the  w.,  cessation  of  all 
mortal  life  by  destruction  of  universe  or  other- 
wise ;  w.  without  end,  for  ever) ;  secular  inter- 
ests &  occupations  (the  w.,  the  flesh,  &  the  devil, 
kinds  of  temptation  ;  forsake  the  w.) ;  the  uni- 
verse, all  creation,  everything,  (the  creation  of 
the  w.;  the  best  of  all  possibleww.;  in  the  w.,  at 
all,  that  exists,  &c,  as  who,  how,  what,  in  the 
w.  was  it?,  nothing  in  the  w.;  for  all  thew.  like, 
precisely  like ;  carry  the  w.  before  one,  have 
rapid  &  complete  success) ;  everything  that  ex- 
ists outside  oneself  (the  external  w.,  all  pheno- 
mena ;  the  w.  of  dreams,  things  as  they  seem 
in  dreams ;  would  not  do  it  for  the,  to  gain  the 
whole,  w.\  she  is  all  the  w.  to  me  ;  would  give 
the  w.  to  know);  the  earth,  heavenly  body 
supposed  to  resemble  it,  its  countries  &  their 
inhabitants,  all  people,  the  earth  as  known  or 
in  some  respect  limited,  (go  round  the  w. ;  to  the 
w.'s  end,  to  furthest  attainable  distance;  a 
universe  ofww.;  are  there  other  ww.  than  ours?; 
federation  of  the  w.,  combination  of  all  peoples 
in  one  State ;  citizen  of  the  w.,  cosmopolitan  ; 
all  the  w.  's  a  stage ;  make  a  noise  in  the  w.,  be 
widely  talked  of ;  all  the  w.  knows,  it  is  gener- 
ally known  ;  makes  the  whole  w.  kin  ;  the  wise 
old  w.,  general  experience  &  custom  ;  w.  poli- 
tics, movement,  tendency/,  affecting  or  seen 
among  many  peoples ;  the  Old  W.,  Europe, 
Asia,  &  Africa,  part  known  by  ancients  to  ex- 
ist; the  New  W.,  America ;  the  Roman  &c.  w., 
as  much  of  the  w.  as  concerned  Rome  &c. ;  the 
Anglo-Saxon,  English-speaking,  &c,  w.);  hu- 
man affairs,  their  course  &  conditions,  active 
life,  (so  wags  the  w.;  how  goes  the  w.  with  you?; 
know,  see,  the  w.,  have,  acquire.experience;  man 
of  the  w.,  experienced  practical  tolerant  person  ; 
begin  the  w.,  start  one's  career ;  all's  right  with 
the  w.,  expression  of  optimism  ;  take  the  w.  as 
it  is,  as  one  finds  it,  be  adaptable  ;  let  the  w. 
slide,  not  try  to  influence  events,  also  disregard 
convention  &  public  opinion);  average  or 
respectable  or  fashionable  society  or  people  or 
their  customs  or  opinions  (the  great  w.,  fashion- 
able society ;  all  the  w.  &  his  wife,  all  with 
pretensions  to  fashion  ;  what  will  the  w.  say  ?. 
dare  we  defy  opinion?;  live  out  of  thew.,  avoid 
society) ;  all  that  concerns  or  all  who  belong 
to  specified  department  or  class,  sphere,  do- 
main, (the  literary,  scientific,  sporting,  animal, 
ancient,  w.;  the  w.  of  letters,  art,  sport) ;  a  vast 
or  infinite  number  or  amount  or  extent  (a  w. 
of  meaning,  banknotes,  trouble,  faults ;  aw.  of 
waters,  expanse  of  sea;  a  w.  too  wide  &c,  by 
far) ;  w.-old,  (usu.  byexag.)  old  as  creation  ;  w.- 
weary,  tired  of  existence ;  w.-wide,  spread  over 
the  w.,  known  or  found  everywhere ;  w.-lan- 
guage,  that  was  or  will  be  or  is  meant  to  be 


universal,  also  spoken  in  more  than  one  part  of 
w.  IOE  weoruld  (wer  man,  cogn.  w.  L  vir  see 
virile,  eld),  cf.  Du.  wereld,  G  welt] 

wop-Idling-,  n.    Worldly  person,    [-ling*] 

wop'ldly,  a.  Temporal,  earthly,  (w.  goods, 
property) ;  exclusively  or  preponderantly  con- 
cerned with  or  devoted  to  the  affairs  of  this 
life,  esp.  to  pursuit  of  wealth  or  pleasure  (w. 
wisdom,  esp.  prudence  in  advancing  one's 
own  interests  ;  w.  people,  life,  &c);  w.-minded, 
intent  on  w.  things,  whence  wopldly-mrnd- 
edNESS  n.;  w.-wise,  having  w.  wisdom.  Hence 
wop'ldliNESS  n.    [ly  J] 

worm1  (werm),  n.  Kinds  of  invertebrate 
limbless  or  apparently  limbless  creeping  ani- 
mal, esp.  such  as  are  segmented  in  rings  or  are 
parasitic  in  the  intestines  or  tissues  (also  in 
compd  names  of  larvae,  insects,  lizards,  &c, 
with  some  resemblance  to  ww.,  as  silk,  glow, 
slow,  -w.;  dog,  child,  has  ww.,  internal  para- 
sites ;  food  for  ww.,  of  person  when  dead ;  a  w. 
will  turn,  the  meekest  will  resist  or  retaliate 
if  pushed  too  far ;  the  iv.  of  conscience,  gnaw- 
ing pain  of  remorse ;  so  where  their  w.  dieth 
not ;  am  a  w.  to-day,  out  of  sorts  &  spiritless, 
w.  ref.  to  Ps.  xxii.  6) ;  insignificant  or  con- 
temptible person ;  spiral  part  of  screw,  spiral 
cartridge-extractor,  spiral  pipe  of  still  in 
which  vapour  is  cooled  &  condensed;  liga- 
ment under  dog's  tongue;  w.-cast,  tubular 
mass  of  earth  voided  by  earth- w.;  w.-eaten, 
gnawn  by  ww.,  full  of  w. -holes,  (fig.)  anti- 
quated ;  w.-fishing,  with  w.  for  bait ;  w.-gear, 
arrangement  of  toothed  wheel  worked  by  re- 
volving spiral ;  w.-hole,  left  in  wood,  fruit,  &c., 
by  passage  of  w.;  w.-holed,  w.-eaten  (lit.);  w.- 
seed,  (Levantine  plant  bearing)  seed  used  to 
expel  intestinal  ww.;  w.-wheel,  wheel  of  w.- 
gear.  Hence  wop'mY2  a.,  wop'miNESS  n. 
POE  wyrm,  cf.  Du.  worm,  G  wurm ;  cogn.  w. 
L  vermis,  Gk  (h)romos] 

worm2,  v.t.  &  i.  Insinuate  oneself  into 
(favour, person's  confidence,  Sec);  convey  one- 
self,  progress,  make  one's  way,  with  crawling 
motion  (wormed  himself  ov  his  way  or  wormed 
through  the  bushes) ;  draw  (secret  &c.)  by  crafty 
persistence  out  (of  person) ;  cut  w.  of  (dog) ; 
rid  (garden-bed  &c.)  of  ww.    [f.  prec.l 

wop'mul  (wor),  n.  =  warble2,  [perh. 
assim.  to  worm] 

wop'mwdbd  (wer-),  n.  Kinds  of  perennial 
herb  with  bitter,  tonic,  &  stimulating  qualities 
used  in  preparation  of  vermouth  &  absinth  & 
in  medicine ;  bitter  mortification  or  its  cause. 
[OE  wermod,  cf.  Du.  wermoet,  G  wermuth, 
etym.  dub.,  w.  assim.  to  worm,  wood] 

worn.    See  wear  K 

wo'PPit  (wu-),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.    =  foil.  (vulg.). 

wo'ppy  (wu),  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  (Of  dogs)  bite 
(rat,  sheep,  dog)  repeatedly,  shake  or  pull 
about  with  the  teeth  (w.  problem  &c.  out,  as- 
sail it  again  &  again  till  it  is  solved ;  w.  the 
sword  in  fencing,  try  to  fluster  opponent  by 
small  movements  in  quick  succession ;  tease, 
harass,  importune,  be  continuously  or  inter- 
mittently troublesome  to,  allow  no  rest  or 
peace  of  mind  to  (w.  oneself,  take  needless 
trouble ;  is  much  worried,  full  of  uneasiness  ; 
wears  a  worried  look,  looks  anxious  or  trou- 
bled); give  way  to  anxiety,  let  the  mind  dwell 
on  troubles,  fret ;  w.  along,  manage  to  advance 
in  spite  of  obstacles ;  hence  wo'ppImext  n., 
wo'PPyingL y  2  adv.  (N.)  hound's  worrying 
of  quarry ;  (usu.  in  pi.)  care(s),  thing(s)  worry- 
ing person ;  cares,  worried  state,  over-anxiety ; 
hence  wo'ppIless  a.  [OE  wyrgan,  cf.  Du. 
worgen,  G  wiirgen,  strangle ;  cogn.  w.  wring] 

wopse  (wers),  a.  &  adv.  comp.,  &  n.   More 


WORSHIP 


1032 


WRAP 


bad  or  badly  ;  (as  pred.  a.)  in  or  into  less 
good  health  (is  it),  today,  is  getting  w.),  in  less 
good  condition  or  circumstances  {is  none  the 
w.  for  it).  (N.)  w.  thing(s)  (have  w.  to  tell ;  but 
w.  followed,  remains);  the  w.,  defeat  in  contest 
(have,  put  to,  the  w.,  be  defeated,  defeat). 
Hence  wop'SEN6  v.t.  &  i.  [OE  wyrs  adv., 
toyrsa  adj.,cf.  OSax.  wi?-s,  wirsa,  Goth,  wairs, 
wairsiza,  the  last  retaining  the  compar.  suf.  & 
corresponding  to  Eobs.  or  vulg.  worser ;  perh. 
cogn.  w.  G  wirren  twistl 

wop-ship  (wer-),  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  (Archaic) 
worthiness,  merit,  recognition  given  or  due  to 
these,  honour  &  respect,  (men  ofw.,  worthies; 
win,  have,  w.,  reach,  enjoy,  high  repute ;  so 
still  in  your,  his,  W.,used  to  or  of  certain  ma- 
gistrates, or  to  show  respect  for  person  of 
higher  station  or  ironical  pretence  of  this), 
whence  woP'shipFUL  a.,  wop'shipfulLY  2 
adv.,  wor'shipfulNESsn.;  reverent  homage 
or  service  paid  to  God  (public  w.,  the  hours  of 
io.,  forms  ofw.,  &c,  church  services;  place  of 
w.,  church),  adoration  or  devotion  comparable 
to  this  felt  or  shown  towards  person  or  prin- 
ciple (an  object  of  w.;  regarding  her  with  w. 
in  his  eyes  ;  the  w.  of  rank,  wealth,  intellect, 
uthletics).  ( Vb)  adore  as  divine,  pay  religious 
homage  to;  idolize,  regard  with  adoration, 
(worships  the  ground  she  treads  on);  attend 
public  w.  (where  docs  he  w.?),  whence  wop*- 
shippER J  n ;  be  full  of  adoration.  [OE  weorth- 
scipe  (WORTH  l,  -SHIP)] 

worst  (wer-),  a.  &  adv.  sup.,  n.,  &  v.t.  Most 
bad,  badly.  (N.)  w.  part,  feature,  state,  pos- 
sible assumption,  event,  possible  issue,  or  action 
(thew.  of  the  storm  is  over;  thew.  of  it  is  that  — ; 
saw  him  at  his  w.;  when  things  are  at  the 
or  their  w.\  at  w.,  at  tlie  to.,  our  lives  are  safe ; 
get  the  w.  of  it,  be  worsted ;  have,  put  to,  the  w., 
be  defeated,  defeat ;  the  w.  has  happened ;  be 
prepared  for  the  w ;  if  the  w.  comes  to  the  w.,  if 
the  w.  happens ;  do  your,  let  him  &c.  do  his 
&c,  w„  expression  of  defiance.  (Vb)  get  the 
better  of,  defeat,  outdo,  best.  [OE  wyrst  adv., 
wyrsta  adj.  (worse,  -est)  ;  the  vb  may  be  f. 
worse  with  -t  as  in  amongst,  whilst] 

wop'sted  (wdbs-),  n.  Woollen  yarn  (often 
attrib.,  as  w.  sock).    [Worste(a)d  in  Norfolk] 

wort  (wert),  n.  1.  Plant,  herb,  (rare  exc.  in 
comb.,  as  spleen,  stitch,  -w.).  2.  Infusion  of 
malt  before  it  is  fermented  into  beer,    [sense 

1  f.  OE  wyrt,  cf.  G  wurz,  cogn.  w.  root;  sense 

2  f.  OE  -wyrt,  perh.  a  specialized  use  of  wyrt, 
but  cf.  G  wurze] 

worth1  (werth),  pred.  a.  (governing  noun 
like  trans,  part.)  &  n.  Of  value  equivalent  to 
(is  to.  much,  little,  nothing,  about  2/6 ;  is  little 
w.  poet.,  w.  little ;  bird  in  hand  is  w.  two  in 
bush ;  what  is  the  house  w.  ? ;  the  rarer  it  is  the 
more  it  is  w.);  deserving,  worthy  of,  bringing 
compensation  for,  (w.  one's  salt,  earning  one's 
keep  by  good  service;  w.  doing,  hearing, 
notice,  the  trouble,  while  l,  aneffort,  troubling 
oneself  about,  &c;  w.  it  colloq.,  w.  while  ;  to 
reign  is  w.  ambition ;  game  not  w.  candle)  ; 
possessed  of,  having  property  amounting  to, 
(is,  died,  w.  a  million ;  spent  all  he  was  w.  on 
it ;  for  all  one  is  w.  slang,  with  one's  utmost 
efforts,  without  reserve).  (N.)  what  a  person 
or  thing  is  w.,  value,  merit,  high  merit  or  excel- 
lence, (of  great,  little,  no,  w.;  persons  of  w.; 
true  w.  often  goes  unrecognized),  whence 
wop'thLESS  a.,  wop'thlessLY 2  adv., 
wop'thlessNESS  n. ;  coin's  equivalent  of 
commodity  (give  me  a  shilling's,  half-a 
crown's,  w.  of  stamps ;  also  in  comb,  as  penny 


,  two-j)ennyw.  or  -pennorth,  three-ha'porth 

}.).  [OE  wyrthe  a.,  wyrth  n.,  cf.  Du.  waard(e), 

G  werth ;   cogn.  w.  W  gwerth  price,  L  vereri 


respect,  &  ware2] 

worth '^  (werth),  v.t.  3rd  sing,  subjunct.  (ar- 
chaic). Befall  (only  in  woe  w.  the  day  =  cursed 
be),    [f.  OE  weorthan  become,  cf.  G  werdt  n  ] 

worthy  (werdhl),  a.  &  n.  Estimable,  having 
some  moral  worth,  of  a  fair  degree  of  merit, 
respectable,  (a  w.  man ;  has  lived  a  w.  life ;. 
often  with  patronizing  effect,  cf.  honest,  as  / 
asked  the  w.  rustic  whether);  deserving  of  or 
deserving  of  or  deserving  to  be  or  do  (is  w.  of  or 
rarely  w.  remembrance  or  being  remembered ; 
is  w.  to  be  remembered,  take  the  lead ;  also  in 
comb,  as  praise,  blame,  -w.);  corresponding  to 
the  worth  of  or  of,  adequate,  appropriate,  of 
sufficient  worth  or  merit,  (in  words  w.  of  or  w. 
the  occasion ;  is  not  w.  of  or  w.  my  sword,  steel ; 
has  found  a  w.  adversary,  received  a  w.  re- 
ward);  hence  wop*thiLY2adv.,  wop'thiNESS 
n.  (N.)  w.  person,  person  of  some  distinction  in 
his  country,  time,  &c,  (esp.  in  pi.,  as  the  Ww.  of 
England ;  an  Elizabethan  &c.  w.).    [-Y  2] 

wot.    See  wit  K 

would.    See  wi  ll  K 

wound1  (woo),  n.,  &  v.t  Injury  done  by  cut 
or  stab  or  blow  or  tear  to  animal  or  vegetable 
tissues  including  &  usu.  going  beyond  the  cut- 
ting or  piercing  or  breaking  or  tearing  of  the 
skin  or  bark  or  other  integument,  (fig.)  injury 
done  to  person's  reputation  &c.  or  pain  inflicted 
on  his  feelings,  (poet.)  pangs  of  love,  (receive, 
inflict,  make,  heal,  a  to.;  incised,  punctured, 
contused,  lacerated,  10.;  open,  incur able ,<  fes- 
tering, mortal,  w.);  w.-wort,  kinds  of  plant 
supposed  to  have  healing  properties;  hence 
wou'ndLESS  a.  (Vb)  indict  w.  on  (often  fig., 
esp.  wounded  vanity,  feelings ;  willing  to  to., 
spiteful).  [OE  wand,  cf.  Du.  wond,  G  wunde 
wound,  wund  wounded ;  perh.  cogn.  vv.  win] 

wound2.    See  wind2*3. 

woupa'li.    See  curare. 

wove(n).    See  weave. 

wp-.    In  all  words  beginning  thus  w  is  silent. 

wrack,  n.  Kinds  of  sea- weed  cast  up  &  used 
for  manure  &c. ;  =  rack.    [=  wreck] 

wraith,  n.  Person's  double  or  apparition  seen 
shortly  before  or  after  his  death,  [perh.  va r.  of 
wreath  ;  but  cf.  Sc.  dial,  warth  ghost  &  Norw. 
vardyvle  guardian  spirit] 

wrangle  (ra'nggl),  v.i.,  &  n.  Brawl,  (engage 
in)  loud  or  vulgar  or  confused  argument  or 
altercation  or  quarrel,    [cogn.  w.  wring,  -le(3)] 

wpa*nglep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also,  (Camb. 
Univ.)  person  placed  in  first  class  of  mathema- 
tical tripos  (person  in  2nd,  3rd,  class  being  called 
senior,  junior,  o'ptime;  senior  w„  first  in  first 
class  when  it  was  arranged  in  order  of  merit), 
whence  wra'ng-lersin  p  n.  [er  * ;  spec,  sense 
f.  obs.  sense  of  vb  dispute  publicly  on  a  thesis] 

wrap,  v.t.  &  i.,  &  n.  Enfold,  enclose  or  pack 
or  conceal  in  folded  or  soft  encircling  material, 
(often  up ;  w.  it  in  paper,  cotton-wool ;  w.  up 
parcel ;  mountain,  affair,  is  wrapped  in  mist, 
mystery;  wraps  up  his  meaning  in  tortuous 
sentences,  allegory),  (p.p.  with  wp)  engrossed  or 
included  (mother,  country's  prosperity,  is 
wrapped  up  in  her  child,  its  shipping) ;  w.  up, 
put  on  ww.  (mind  you  to.  up  well  if  you  go  out); 
arrangeordraw(pliantcovering)rowndora6ot/£ 
person  or  thing  (wrapped  her  shawl  closer  a  bo  ut 
her),  whence  wpa'ppiNG^S)  n.;  overlap  (intr.; 
the  edges  should,  do  not,  w.);  (n.,  usu.  in  pi.) 
shawl(s),  rug(s),  cloak(s),  neckerchief(s),  &c, 
as  addition  to  ordinary  clothes,    [perh.  cogn, 


For  pronunciation  of  words  in  wr-  see  WR-. 


WRAPPAGE 


1033 


WRIST 


w.  warp  ;  cf.  obs.  wlappen  in  same  sense,  cf. 

LAP2] 

wra'ppage  ( -Ij),  n.    Wrapping(s).    [-age] 

wra'ppep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  (garment 
resembling)  dressing-gown;  paper  enclosing 
newspaper  or  similar  packet  for  posting;. de- 
tachable paper  cover  of  book ;  outer  tobacco- 
leaf  of  superior  quality  enclosing  cigar,    [-er  *] 

wrapt.    =  rapt. 

wrasse,  n.  Kinds  of  thick-lipped  strong- 
toothed  bright-coloured  rock-haunting  sea-fish, 
[perh.  f.  W  gwrachen] 

wrath  (raw-),  n.  Anger,  indignation,  (poet., 
rhet.,  or  joe;  vessels,  children,  of  w.,  persons 
destined  to  divine  chastisement ;  slow  to  w.,  not 
irascible).  Hence  wra'thFUL  a.,  wra'th- 
ftilLY2  adv.    [OE  wrxtho  (wroth)] 

wreak,  v.t.  Avenge  (wrong,  wronged  person ; 
archaic);  give  play  or  satisfaction  to,  put  in 
operation,  {vengeance,  rage,  Sec,  usu.  upon  ene- 
my &c;  rarely  desire  &c.,  as  w.  one's  thoughts 
upon  expression,  find  adequate  expression  for 
them).  [OE  wrecan  avenge,  cf.  Du.  wreken,  G 
rdchen;  orig.  sense  drive,  cogn.  w.  wrack, 
wreck,  L  urgere  urge,  Gk  eirgo  hem  in] 

wreath  (reth),  n.  Flowers  or  leaves  strung 
or  woven  or  wound  together  into  ring  for  wear- 
ing on  head  or  for  decorating  statue,  building, 
coffin,  &c,  carved  imitation  of  such  w.;  similar 
ring  of  soft  twisted  material  such  as  silk ;  curl 
of  smoke,  circular  or  curved  band  of  cloud, 
(poet.)  circle  of  dancers  or  spectators.  [OE 
wrxth  bandage,  cogn.  w.  writhe] 

wreathe  (-dh),  v.t.  &  i.  Encircle  as  or  with 
or  as  with  a  wreath ;  form  (flowers,  silk,  &c.) 
into  wreath ;  wind  one's  arms  &c.  or  (of  snake 
&c. )  itself  round  person  &c. ;  make  (garland); 
(of  smoke  &c. )  move  in  shape  of  wreaths,  [f .  prec.  ] 

wreck,  n. ,  &  v. t.  &  i.  Kui n ,  destruction ,  dis- 
ablement, esp.  of  ship  (save  ship,  one's  fortunes, 
from  w.;  gale  caused  many  ww.;  the  w.  of  the 
Hesperus,  of  his  life);  ship  that  has  suffered  w., 
greatly  damaged  or  disabled  building  or  person, 
disorganized  remains  or  sorry  remnant  of, 
(shores  are  strewn  with  ww.;  person,  building, 
is  aw.;  is  but  a  or  the  w.  of  his  former  self); 
goods  &c.  cast  up  by  the  sea  (w.  of  the  sea  be- 
longs to  the  Crown) ;  w.  -m aster,  officer  appointed 
to  take  charge  of  goods  &c.  cast  up  from  wrecked 
shin.  (Vb)  cause  w.  of  (ship,  train,  hopes,  under- 
taking, person  or  his  fortunes),  (p.p.)  involved 
in  shipwreck  (wrecked  sailors,  goods);  suffer  w. 
(rare ;  this  is  the  obstacle  your  hopes  will  w.  on). 
[OE  vrxc  expulsion,  cf.  Du.  wrak  wreck,  ON 
rek  things  cast  ashore ;  cogn.  w.  wreak] 

wre'ekage  ( -ij ),  n.  Wrecked  material,  rem- 
nants, fragments,    [-age] 

wre'ckep,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  also :  man  who 
tries  from  shore  to  bring  about  shipwreck  with 
a  view  to  profiting  by  wreckage  or  who  steals 
such  wreckage ;  person  employed  in  recovering 
wrecked  ship  or  its  contents,    [-er1] 

wren,  n.  Kinds  of  very  small  cock-tailed 
short- winged  European  songbird  (often  Jenny 
W.).    [OE  wrenna,  cf.  ON  rindill] 

wrench,  n.,  &  v.t.  Violent  twist  or  oblique 
pull  or  tearing  off,  (fig.)  pain  caused  by  parting, 
(gave  a  w.  to  his  ankle,  at  the  door-handle; 
leaving  home  was  a  great  w. ) ;  implement  made 
to  grip  &  turn  nuts,  bolts,  &c. ;  (vb)  twist  or 
pull  violently  round  or  sideways,  injure  or  pull 
off  or  away  by  twisting,  (wrenched  the  door 
open,  his  horse's  head  round,  his  ankle,  fowls 
head  off,  opponent's  sword  from  him);  pervert, 
wrest,  (facts  &c).  [OE  wrenc  guile,  cf.  G  rank 
intrigue ;  cogn.  w.  wrong,  wrinkle,  wring] 

wrest,  v.t.,  &  n.  Twist,  deflect,  distort, 
pervert,  (wrests  the  law  to  suit  himself;  w.  the 


facts,  sense  or  words  of  a  passage,  &c.) ;  force 
or  wrench  away  from  person's  grasp  (wrested 
his  sword  from  him);  (n.)  key  for  tuning  harp 
&c;  w.-block,  part  or  piano  holding  w.-pins,  to 
which  strings  are  attached.  [OE  urrxstan,  cf. 
ON  reista,  Da.  vriste;  cogn.  w.  writhe,  wrist] 

wrestle  (re'sl),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Grapple  with 
&  try  to  throw  adversary  esp.  in  sporting  con- 
test under  code  of  rules  (with  or  abs.);  have 
wrestling-match  with;  contend,  grapple,  do 
one's  utmost  to  deal,  with  evil,  temptation, 
duty,  task,  problem,  &c;  w.  with  God  or  in 
prayer,  pray  fervently;  hence  wre'stlER1, 
wre'stliNG1,  nn.  (N.)  wrestling-match ;  hard 
struggle,    [prec,  -le(3)] 

wretch,  n.  Very  unfortunate  or  miserable 
person ;  despicable  person,  person  without  con- 
science or  shame  (often  as  term  of  playful 
abuse).    [OE  wrecca  outcast  (wrecan  wreak)] 

wre*tehed,a.  Miserable, unhappy, afflicted; 
inferior,  of  bad  quality  or  no  merit,  contemp- 
tible, unsatisfactory,  causing  discontent  or  dis- 
comfort or  nuisance,  confounded,  (w.  weather, 
health,  horse,  inn,  accommodation,  poetry,  poet, 
Sec);  (with  nn.  of  condemnation)  great,  severe, 
excessive,  (w.  insufficiency,  stupidity,  Sec). 
Hence  wre*tehedLY  2  adv.,  wre'tehed- 
ness  n.    [prec.  +  -ed  1,  cf.  wicked] 

wrick,  rick,  v.t.,  &  n.  Slightly  sprain  or 
strain  (neck,  back,  joint) ;  (n.)  sprain  or  strain 
(have  a  w.  in  my  neck;  gave  my  back  a  w.). 
[ME  wrikken  twist,  cf.  Du.  wrikken  stir  to  & 
fro ;  cogn.  w.  wring] 

wri'sgle,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  worm  &c.) 
move  body  with  short  twistings,  (of  animals 
or  persons)  make  wormlike  motions,  (fig.)  be 
slippery,  practise  evasion;  make  way  along, 
through,  out,  in,  Sec,  by  wriggling  (often  fig., 
as  w.  out  of  a  difficulty) ;  move  oneself,  one's 
body,  tail,  hand,  Sec,  with  wriggling  motion  ; 
make  one's  way  by  wriggling;  (n.)  wriggling 
movement,  [frequent,  of  obs.  wrig  move  about, 
cogn.  w.  prec,  see  -LE(3);  cf.  Du.  wriggelen] 

•wright  (rit),  n.  Workman,  maker,  (now 
rare  exc  in  comb,  as  ship,  wheel,  play,  -w.,  or 
with  help  of  context  as  the  wheel  must  go  to 
the  w.  for  repair).  [OE  wyrhta  (wyrht  work  f, 
wyrcan  work2)] 

wring,  v.t.  (wrung),  &  n.  Squeeze,  squeeze 
&  twist,  twist  forcibly,  break  by  twisting,  per- 
vert sense  of,  torture,  (w.  person's  hand,  press 
it  with  emotion ;  w.  one's  hands,  squeeze  them 
together  in  sign  of  great  distress;  w.  out  or 
w.  clothes,  press  water  from  them  by  twisting ; 
wringing  wet,  so  wet  as  to  need  wringing; 
w.  neck  of,  kill  chicken  Sec;  has  wrung  the 
words  from  their  true  meaning;  soul  was 
wrung  with  agony) ;  extract  by  squeezing,  get 
out  by  pressure  or  importunity,  extort,  (w. 
water,  groan,  consent,  money,  from  or  out  of 
or  out) ;  hence  (-)wring-ER  l(2)  n.  (N.)  squeeze 
(gave  my  hand,  give  those  clothes,  a  w.).  [OE 
wringan,  cf.  Du.  wringen,  G  ringen] 

wri'nkle  \  n. ,  &  v.  t.  &  i.  Furrow-like  crease 
or  depression  or  ridge  in  the  skin  (esp.  of  the 
kind  produced  by  age)  or  other  flexible  sur- 
face ;  nence  wri'nklY  2  a.  (Vb)  produce  ww. 
in  (often  up ;  he  wrinkled  his  forehead;  wrinkled 
with  age);  assume  ww.,  show  wrinkled  appear- 
ance, [frequent,  form,  see  -le(3),  cogn.  w.  prec. 
&  wrench] 

wri'nkle2,  n.  Piece  of  serviceable  informa- 
tion not  generally  known,  tip,  dodge,  (is  full  of 
ww.;  gave  me,  put  me  up  to,  a  w.  or  two).  [OE 
wrenc  trick,  cogn.  w.  wrench,  -le(1)J 

wrist,  n.  Joint  connecting  hand  with  fore- 
arm ;  (effect  got  in  fencing,  ball-games,  sleight- 
of-hand,  &c,  by)  working  of  the  hand  from 

33* 


WRISTLET 


1034 


WRY 


the  w.  alone  (his  wonderful  w.;  that  was  all 
w.);  (Mech.,  also  w.-pin)  stud  projecting  from 
crank  &c.  as  attachment  for  connecting-rod ; 
wristband  (-zb-),  band  usu.  of  folded  &  starched 
linen  forming  or  concealing  end  of  shirt-sleeve, 
cuff;  w.-drop,  paralysis  of  fore-arm  muscles 
from  lead-poisoning.  [OE,  f.  writhe  with  suf. 
-t ;  orig.  hand-wrist  =  hand-turner ;  cf .  ON 
rist  instep,  G  rist  instep,  wrist] 
wri'stlet,  n.  Band  or  ring  worn  on  wrist  to 
strengthen  or  guard  it  or  as  ornament,  brace- 
let, handcuff,  &c.  [-let] 
writ1,  n.  Holy,  sacred,  w„  the  bible;  form 
of  written  command  in  name  of  sovereign, 
State,  court,  &c,  issued  to  official  or  other 
person  &  directing  him  to  act  or  abstain  from 
acting  in  some  way  (w.  of  attachment,  habeas 
corpus,  subpoena,  &c. ;  serve  w.  on  one,  deliver 
it  to  him ;  w.  runs  in  district  &c,  is  theoreti- 
cally valid  or  is  actually  respected).  [OK  gewrit 
a  writing  (write)] 
writs.    See  foil. 

write,  v.i.  &  t.  (wrote,  archaic  writ',  written, 
archaic  writ).  Trace  symbols  representing 
word(s)  esp.  with  pen  or  pencil  on  paper  or 
parchment,  trace  (such  symbols),  trace  the 
symbols  that  represent  or  constitute  (word, 
special  script,  &c),  (fig.)  stamp  marks  indi- 
cating (quality  or  condition)  on  or  in  or  over 
person's  face  &c,  (w.  well,  legibly,  disgrace- 
fully, &c. ;  writes  a  good,  niggling,  &c,  hand, 
produces  good  &c.  writing;  cannot  read  or  w.; 
can  w.  his  alphabet,  the  Greek  letters,  Greek ; 
write  your  letters  separate;  w.  one's  name; 
has  honesty  written-  in  his  face ;  a  paper 
written  all  over,  covered  with  writing;  a  notice 
is  written  up  on  the  wall;  w.  thing  down, 
record  or  take  note  of  it  in  writing ;  w.  out, 
w.  the  whole  of,  w.  in  full ;  w.  out  fair,  make 
fair  copy  of ;  name  is  written  in  book  of  life, 
included  in  the  list  of  the  saved ;  written  in  or 
on  water,  unrecorded ;  writ  large,  aggravated, 
esp.  w.  ref.  to  intended  remedy  that  reproduces 
former  evils  in  greater  degree);  fill,  draw  up 
or  fill  in,  with  writing  (has  written  three 
sheets;  to.  cheque,  certificate,  application,  &c; 
w.  up  the  books,  reports,  '&c,  make  entries 
bringing  them  up  to  date);  compose  for  written 
or  printed  reproduction  or  publication,  put  into 
literary  form  &  set  down  in  writing,  be  engaged 
temporarily  or  permanently  in  such  composi- 
tion, compose  books  &c.  well  &c,  (is  writing 
a  book,  article,  his  life,  poetry,  a  novel,  report, 
letter,  &c.  j  w.  off,  compose  with  facility;  writes 
cleverly,  like  an  angel;  writes  a  little,  in  or  for 
the  papers,  for  a  living,  &c.) ;  w.  &  send  letter 
(to  person  or  abs.,  also  commerc.  or  vulg.  with- 
out to ;  writes  home  once  a  week ;  have  written 
to  him ;  we  wrote  you  last  week ;  will  write  off, 
or  w.,forafresh  supply) ;  send  or  convey  (per- 
son or  to  person  news,  that,  how,  &c.)  by  letter 
(w.  me  all  the  news,  the  result,  how  you  got 
home ;  wrote  to  his  mother  that  he  was  bullied); 
state  in  writing  or  print  (Herodotus  writes,  it 
is  written,  that);  describe,  put  down,  in  writing 
as  (writes  himself  esquire;  w.  me  down  an  ass); 
w.  down,  disparage  in  writing;  w.  off,  cancel, 
recognize  in  writing  the  non-existence  or  an- 
nulment of,  (bad  debts,  sums  absorbed  by 
depreciation,  &c);  w.  out  refl.,  exhaust  by 
writing  (has  written  himself  out,  has  no  ideas 
&c.  left);  w.  up,  praise  in  writing,  also  elaborate 
account  of  (incident  &c).  [OE  writan,  cf.  Du. 
njten  &  G  reissen  tear;  orig.  sense  score,  cut) 
wrrter,  n.  In  vbl  senses ;  esp.:  clerk  in  cer- 
tain offices,  whence  wrrtersmp  n.;  author; 


manual  teaching  how  to  write  specified  lan- 
guage (French  &c.  w.) ;  w.  to  tlie  signet,  abbr. 
W.S.,  Scotch  solicitor;  w.'s  cramp  or  palsy, 
muscular  affection  incapacitating  for  writing. 

[-ERl] 

writhe  (ridh),  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  Twist  or  roll 
oneself  about  (as)  in  acute  pain,  squirm ;  twist 
(one's  body  Sec.)  about;  shrink  mentally,  be 
stung  or  bitterly  annoyed,  (under,  at,  insult 
&c;  with  shame  &c);  (n.)  act  of  writhing.  [OE 
writhan,  cf.  ON  ritha,  OHG  ridan] 

wri'ting,  n.  In  vbl  senses  ;  also :  written 
document ;  piece  of  literary  work  done,  book, 
article,  &c,  (the  ww.  of  Plato);  put  thing  in 
w.,  write  it  down  ;  w.-case,  containing  w. -ma- 
terials; w.-desk,  desk;  w.-ink,  opp.  printing- 
ink  ;  w.-paper,  paper  for  w.  on,  esp.  cut  to  size 
usual  for  letters  ;  w.-table,  KNEEi-hole  or  other 
table  kept  for  w.  at.    [-ing  *] 

written.    See  write. 

wrong,  a.  (more,  most),  n.,  ad\.  (no  comp.), 
&  v.t.  Out  of  order,  in(to)  bad  condition,(sowie- 
thing  is  w.  with  him ;  my  liver  is  or  has  gone 
or  has  got  w.) ;  contrary  to  law  or  morality, 
wicked,  (knows  the  right  from  the  w.;  lying  is 
w.);  other  than  the  right  or  the  more  or  most 
desirable  (always  does  the  w.  thing  ;  took  the 
w.  way ;  the  w.  answer,  move ;  in  the  w.  box, 
awkwardly  placed,  in  a  difficulty,  at  a  disad- 
vantage ;  is  w.  side  out,  inside  out ;  has  hold 
of  the  w.  end  of  the  stick,  has  inverted  a  theory, 
position,  &c;  on  the  w:  side  of  U0  &c,  older 
than  ;  w.  side  of  the  blanket;  w.  fount,  abbr. 
wf.,  notice  to  compositor  that  letter  or  wd  is 
not  of  right  fount  2);  mistaken,  in  error,  (a  w. 
opinion,  guess,  decision,  hypothesis ;  I  think 
you  are,  can  prove  you,  w.);  w.-headed,  per- 
verse &  obstinate;  hence  wro'ngLY2  adv. 
(N.)  what  is  morally  w.,  w.  action,  (the  differ- 
ence between  right  &  w. ;  can  two  ww.  make  a 
right?;  do  w.,  sin,  offend,  transgress,  whence 


wro'ng-doER1,   wro'ngdoiNG ] 


king 


can  do  no  w.,  maxim  expressing  principle  of 
ministerial  responsibility  in  constitutional  mon- 
archy) ;  injustice,  unjust  action  or  treatment, 
(do  w.  to ;  suffer  w.;  has  done  me  a  great  w.; 
you  do  me  w.,  malign  me ;  complains  of  her 
ww.) ;  position  of  or  responsibility  for  having 
caused  quarrel,  made  the  mistake,  been  the 
offender,  &c.  (you  were,  they  are  both,  in  the 
w.;  put  one  in  the  w.,  show  or  make  it  appear 
that  he  was  the  offender);  hence  (of  actions) 
wro'ngFULa.  .wro'ngf ulLY2adv. ,  wro'ng- 
fulNESS  n.  (Adv.,  usu.  placed  last)  amiss,  in 
w.  direction,  with  incorrect  result,  (aim,  guess, 
answer,  do  sum,  sort  things,  w.;  you  told,  led, 
mz  w.;  go  w.,  take  w.  path,  esp.  fig.  of  woman 
failing  in  chastity).  (Vb)  treat  unjustly,  do  w. 
to,  (his  deeply  wronged  wife);  mistakenly  at- 
tribute bad  motives  &c.  to  (J  assure  you  you 
w.  me).  [OE  wrang  n.  f.  ON  (Icel.  rangr  awry, 
Da.  vrang  wrong  a.) ;  cogn.  w.  wring] 

wrote.    See  write. 

wroth  (ro-,  ro-),pred.  a.  (rhet,  poet.,  or  joe). 
Angry.  [OE  wrath  (writhe)  =  perverted  in 
temper,  cf.  Du.  wreed cruel,  OHG  reid  twisted] 

wrought.    See  work  2. 

wrung.    See  wring. 

wry,  a.  (-ier,  -iest,  or  -ycr,  -yest).  Distorted, 
turned  to  one  side,  skew,  (w.face,  mouth,  gri- 
mace expressing  disgust;  Jias  a  w.  nose) ;  wry- 
bill,  kind  of  plover ;  wrymouth,  kinds  of  fish ; 
w.-mouthed,  ironically  flattering  &c;  wryneck, 
bird  allied  to  woodpeckers  able  to  turn  head 
over  shoulder.  Hence  wry'NESS  a.  [f.  MJJj 
ivrien  to  twist,  cogn.  w.  wrick,  wriggle] 


For  pronunciation  of  words  in  wr-  see  WR-. 


WYANDOTTE 


1035 


wy< 
Wy 


wyandotte  (-6t),  n.  American  breed  of 
fowl,    [name  of  Amer.-Ind.  tribe] 

wych-,  wieh-,  witch-,  (tsh),  preff.  in 
names  or  trees,  as  w.-alder,  -elm,  -hazel,  f.  OE 
wice  a  kind  of  tree ;  orig.  sense  drooping,  cogn. 
w.  WICKER. 

ye,  n.    Letter  Y ;  thing  so  shaped. 
"ykehamist  (wlka-),  a.  &  n.    (Pastor pre- 
sent member)  of  Winchester  college.   [William 
of  Wykeham,  founder,  -ist] 

wynd,n.  (Sc).  Alley  in  Scotch  towri.  [perh. 
var.  of  wind3  n.] 

wy  vera.    See  wivern. 

X 

X  (eks),  letter  (pi.  Xs,  X's).  (As  Rom.  numeral) 
10,  as  IX  9,  xv  15,  lx  60,  XC  90,  MX  1010,  DXL 
510;  (Alg.;  x)  first  unknown  quantity  (cf.  A,  T), 
(transf.)  incalculable  or  mysterious  factor  or 
influence  (X-ray *s)  ;  XX or  double-x,  XXX or 
triple-X.  {ale),  ales  of  certain  strength  (from 
brewers  marks  on  casks). 

Abbr.:  (x)  =  EX  (i.e.  not  including  right  to) 
inx-cp.  (coupon),  x-d.(ividend),x-i.(interest), 
x-n.(ew  shares);  Xmas,  Christmas,  Xt(ian), 
Christ(ian),   (prop.   =  Gk  letter  khi,  ch,  see 

CHIASMUS). 

Xanthi-ppe  (z-,  -ti-  or  -thi-),  n.  Shrewish 
wife.    [X.,  wife  of  Socrates] 

xantn(o)-  (z-),  comb,  form  of  Gk  xanthos 
yellow :  xa'nthate,  a  salt  of  xantnic  acid ; 
aa'nthein(e),  soluble  part  of  yellow  colouring- 
matter  in  flowers ;  xa'nthic,  yellowish  (x.  acid, 
ethyl-disulpho-carbonic  acid  with  yellow  salts  ; 
x.  flowers,  typically  yellow  &  never  passing  in- 
to blue  but  only  into  red  or  white,  opp.  cyanic 
flowers  with  blue  as  typical  &  red  or  white  as 
alternative  colours) ;  xa'nthin,  insoluble  part 
of  yellow  colouring-matter  in  flowers,  also 
colouring-matter  of  madder,  also  a  substance 
related  to  uric  acid  occurring  in  blood,  urine, 
liver,  &c;  xantho'chroi  n.  pi.  (ethnol.),  blonds 
or  fair  whites  (cf.  melanochroi),  so  -chro'ic, 
-chroous,  aa.;  xanthome'lanous  (ethnol.),  with 
black  hair  &  yellow  or  brown  or  olive  skin ; 
xa'nthophyll,  yellow  colouring-matter  of  au- 
tumn leaves  (cf.  chlorophyll) ;  xa'nthous  (eth- 
nol.), yellow  or  Mongoloid. 

xe'foee  (ze-),  n.  Small  three-masted  Mediter- 
ranean vessel  with  some  square  &  some  lateen 
sails,  [cf.  It.  sciabecco,  zambecco,  perh.  f.  Turk. 
sumbeki  cf.  Pers.  sumbuk] 

xenela'sia  (z-,  gz-),  n.  (Gk  hist.).  Spartan 
system  of  excluding  &  expelling  aliens.  [Gk 
(-ne-),  f.  xenos  stranger,  elauno  drivel 

xen(o)-  (z-,  gz),  comb,  forms  of  Gk  xenos 
strange(r) :  xe'nial,  of  hospitality  or  relations 
between  host  &  guest:  xeno'gamy  bot.,  cross- 
fertilization. 

xer(oO|-  (z-),  comb,  forms  of  Gk  xeros  dry: 
xera'nsis  [Gk,  f.  xeraino  dry  up],  desiccation, 
drying  up;  xera'nthemum,  kinds  of  annual 
with  everlasting  composite  flowers ;  xero'phi- 
lous  bot.,  adapted  to  hot  &  dry  climate. 

xiph(i,  -o)-  (z-),  comb,  forms  of  Gk  xiphos 
sword :  xiphoid,  sword-shaped  (x.  appendage, 
cartilage,  or  process,  or  x.  as  n.,  lower  end  of 
sternum) ;  xiphister'num,  xiphoid  appendage. 

xo'anon  (gz-,  z-),  n.  (Gk  ant.;  pi.  -ana).  Pri- 
mitive usu.  wooden  image  of  deity  supposed 
to  have  fallen  from  heaven.  [Gk  (xeo  scrape)] 

xy'lem  (z-),  n.  (bot.).  Woody  tissue  (opp. 
phloem),    [foil.,  &  as  phloem] 

xyl(o)-  (gz-,  z-),  comb,  forms  of  Gk  xulon 
wood:  xyloba'lsamum,  (decoction  of)  dried 
twigs  of  balm-of-Gilead  tree;  xy'locarp,  (tree 
with)  hard  woody  fruit,  so  -car'pous  a.;  xylo- 


graph, a  (esp.  15th-c.)  wood-engraving,  also  a 
decorative  pattern  got  by  mechanical  repro- 
duction of  wood-grain,  so  -graphy,  -grapher, 
-gra'phic;  xylonite,  =  celluloid  n.;  xylo'pha- 
gous,  (of  insects)  feeding  on  wood  [-phagous]  ; 
xylophone,  musical  instrument  of  wooden 
bars  graduated  in  length  &  vibrating  when 
struck  or  rubbed. 

xystep  (z-),  n.  (surg.).  Instrument  for  scrap- 
ing bones,    [f.  Gk  xuster  (xuo  scrape)] 

xystus  (gz-,  z-),  n.  (pi.  -ti).  Covered  portico 
used  by  athletes  for  exercise  in  classical  anti- 
quity ;  garden  walk  or  terrace.  [L,  f.  Gk  xustos 
orig.  =  polished  (prec.)] 


Y  (wi),  letter,  (pi.  Fs,  Y's).  (Alg.;  y)  second 
unknown  quantity  (cf.  x,  b)  ;  Y-shaped  ar- 
rangement of  lines,  piping,  roads,  &c,  forked 
clamp  or  support,  (often  attrib.,  as  Y-branch, 
-cartilage,  -joint,  ligament ;  Y-cross,  Y-shaped 
cross  esp.  on  chasubles  suggesting  figure  of 
crucified  Christ;  Y-level,  surveying-level 
mounted  on  Ys ;  Y-moth,  kind  called  also  gam- 
ma with  mark  like  Y  or  gamma  on  wings ;  Y- 
track,  Y  of  railway-line  with  two  branches 
running  into  main  track  enabling  engine  to  re- 
verse direction  by  running  down  one  branch 
into  stem  &  returning  up  the  other. 

Abbr.  (1) :  (Y.)  young,  Y.M.C.A.,  Y.W.C.A., 
(men's,  women's,  Christian  association). 

Abbr.  (2) :  yd,  yard ;  ye  (pr.  as  the)  the  (y  a 
survival  in  corrupt  form  of  obs.  \>,  symbol  for 
th ;  still  used  as  archaism) ;  Yorks.(hire) ;  yl 
(pr.  as  that)  that  (conj.;  as  ye  above). 

y-,  pref.  common  in  ME  &  still  found  in  a  few 
archaicf  orms  (yclad  clad,  yclept,  ywis  surely), 
repr.  OE,  Du.,  &  G  ge-  as  pref.  of  p.pp.,  col- 
lective nn.,  &  other  wds ;  the  same  element  is 
seen  under  different  forms  in  alike,  among, 

AWARE,  EITHER,  ENOUGH,  HANDIWORK. 

-y ],  suf.  of  abstract  nn.  &  of  adjj.,  repr.  ori- 
ginal L  -ius  -ia  -ium,  added  directly  to  stem  as 
in  remedium  remedy,  furia  fury,  or  to  another 
suf.  as  in  wds  in  -orius,  -arius ;  also  repr.  L 
■id  f.  Gk  -id.  The  suf.  being  unaccented  in  L, 
-i-  was  in  normal  F  absorbed  into  the  accented 
syllable,  as  in  gloire,  piremptoire,  victoire, 
precaire,  or  disappeared,  as  in  remede;  but 
learned  formations  also  occur  in  -ie  &  are  com- 
mon in  mod.  F,  as  in  furie,  centurie ;  &  L  or 
mod.L  wds,  whether  thr.  F  or  not,  have  in  E 
the  corresponding  -y,  as  victory,  glory,  remedy, 
primary,  peremptory ;  but  many  adjj.  add  a 
new  suf.  as-ous,-AL,  (meritorious,  monitorial). 

-y2,  suf.  forming  adjj.  f.  nn.,  repr.  OE  -ig; 
used  freely  as  a  living  suf.,  w.  senses  full  of, 
composed  of,  having  the  character  of,  as  bony, 
thorny,  milky, slangy ;  also  appendedwith  sense 
of  -ish1(2)  to  adj.  of  colour  when  it  is  to  be 
used  as  comb,  form  (whity-brown,  pinky-white 
Sec] ;  also  forming  adjj.  chiefly  poet.  f.  other 
adjj.  without  change  of  sense  (paly,  steepy, 
lanky,  stilly).  Mute  -e  is  dropped  before  -y 
(icy,  stony) ;  a  single  final  consonant  of  mono- 
syllables, if  preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  is 
doubled  (knobby,  finny,  but  beery,  downy) ;  in 
wds  of  more  than  one  syl.  treatment  varies,  as 
scoundrelly ;  fidgety ;  in  clayey,  skyey,  -e-  is  in- 
serted to  divide  the  ys.  In  tardy  -y  is  of  differ- 
ent origin. 

-y  3,  suf.  w.  dim.  sense  added  to  monosyllabic 
personal  names  (Johnny,  Jenny,  Annie)  or 
animal  names  (piggy,  doggie)  or  other  nouns 
(lassie,  cooky)  &  somet.  forming  nn.  f.  mono- 
syl.  adjj.  (darky  nigger,  fatty),  with  implica- 
tion of  affection  or  familiarity ;   the  -y  form 


1036 


YEAR 


somet.  supplants  the  parent  n.  in  ordinary  use 
(baby) ;  for  -y ,  after  Sc. ,  -ie  is  common ;  for  treat- 
ment of  final  consonants  &  mute  -e  see  prec. 

-y4,  suf.  in  nn.  repr.  F  p.p.  termm.  -e\  -ie,  & 
ult.  L  -atus,  -ata,  -atum,  cf.  -ade(1,  3),  -ado. 
So  deputy  (F  depute,  =  -atus),  army  (F  armie, 
=  -ata),  assembly  (OF  asemblee,  =  -ata),  deli- 
very (AF  delivrie,  =  -ata),  ditty  (OF  diti  f.  L 
dictatum), treaty (Ftraitii.Jjtractatum) ;  other 
wds  are  formed  by  anal.,  as  expiry,  entreaty. 

yacht  (yot),  n.,  &  v.i.  Light  sailing-vessel 
kept,  &  usu.  specially  built  &  rigged,  for  racing ; 
vessel  propelled  by  sails,  steam,  electricity,  or 
motive  power  other  than  oars,  &  used  for  pri- 
vate pleasure  excursions,  cruising,  travel,  &c; 
y.-club,  esp.  for  y. -racing;  yachtsman,  person 
who  yachts,  (Vb)  race  or  cruise  in  y.;  hence 
yacn#tiNG x  n.  [f.  Du.  jacht,  jagt,  cf.  jagen  to 
hunt ;  named  f.  its  speed] 

ya'gep  (g-),  n.  Member  of  certain  German 
military  corps  esp.  of  riflemen,  [f.  G  jager 
orig.  =  hunter  (jagen  hunt)! 

yah,  int.  of  derision. 

yahoo*  (ya-),  n.  Brute  in  human  shape 
(Gulliver's  Travels) ;  coarse  person  of  bestial 
passions  &  habits,  jmade  by  Swift] 

Yahveh*  (-va)  n. ,  Yah*  vist  n. ,  Yah  vi'stie 

a.      =  JEHOVAH,  JEHOVIST(tc). 

yak,  n.  Long-haired  humped  grunting  wild 
or  domesticated  ox  of  Tibet,  [f.  Tibetan  gyak] 
yam,  n.  (Edible  tuber  of)  kinds  of  tropical 
climbing  plant,  [f.  Port,  inhame  f.  S.-Afr.] 
Ya'ma  (yah-),  n.  Hindu  god  of  departed 
spirits  &  judge  of  the  dead.  [Skr.] 
ya'men,  -un,  (yah-),  n.  Chinese  mandarin's 
official  residence  (the  Tsung  li  v.,  Chinese 
Foreign  Office).  [Chin,  (ya  general's  marquee, 
mun,  gate)] 

Yank,  n.  (slang).  Yankee,  [abbr.l 
Ya'nkee,  n.  Inhabitant  of  New  England ; 
Federal  soldier  or  inhabitant  of  northern 
States  in  American  civil  war;  (in  Eng.  &  Eu- 
rop.  use)  inhabitant  of  U.S.,  American ;  (at- 
trib.)  of  or  as  of  the  Yy.  (Y.  notions,  American 
appliances  &c);  Y.  Doodle,  American  tune  & 
song  regarded  as  a  national  air ;  ya'nkeefied,  of 
acquired  Y.  character  [-fy].  Hence  Ya'nkee- 
dom,  Ya*nkeeiSM(2,  4),  nn.  [peril,  orig.  pi.  f. 
Yengees  Indian  corrupt,  of  English  or  of  F 
Anglais  Englishman] 

yap,  v.i.,  &  n.  Bark  shrilly  or  fussily;  (n.) 
shrill  or  fussy  bark,  [iniit.] 
yard1,  n.  The  unit  of  long  measure, =3  ft, 
36  in.,  or  1/1760  mile  (abbr.  yd ;  100  yy.,  esp.  flat- 
race  distance;  square,  cubic,  y.);  y. -length  of 
material  (5  yy.,a  y.-&-a-half,  of  cloth);  cylin- 
drical spar  tapering  to  each  end  slung  horizon- 
tally (square  y.)  or  slantwise  (lateen  y.)  across 
mast  to  support  sail  (lower,  topsail-,  topgal- 
lant-, royal,  y.,  according  to  sail  supported; 
man  the  yy.,  place  men,  stand,  along  yy.  as 
form  of  salute) ;  (archaic)  penis ;  y.-arm,  either 
end  of  sail-y.;  y. -measure,  rod,  tape,  &c,  a  y. 
long  &  usu.  divided  into  feet,  inches,  &  quar- 
tersor  fifths ;  y. -stick,  -wand,  rigid  y. -measure. 
[OE  gyrd  stick,  cf.  Du.  garde,  G  gerte] 
yapd2,  n.,  &  v.t.  Piece  of  enclosed  ground, 
especially  one  surrounded  by  or  attached  to 
building(s)  or  used  for  some  manufacturing  or 
other  purpose  often  specified  by  combination 
with  another  word  (church1,  court1,  dock4, 

FARM1,  KALE,  RICK1,  TIMBER,  -y.t  VINEYARD  J 

brick-y.,  where  bricks  are  made ;  cab-y.,  where 
cabs  are  kept;  railway-y.,  space  near  station 
where  rolling-stock  is  kept,  trains  made  up, 
&c;  stock-y.,  where  cattle  are  penned ;  tan-y., 
tanning-ground) ;  y.-man,  -master,  man  work- 
ing in,  manager  of,  railway-y.  (Vb)  put  (cattle) 


into  stock-y.,  so  yap*dAGE(4)  n.  [doublet  of 
garden  ;  OE  geard,  cf.  Du.  gaard,  G  garten, 
L  hortus,  Gk  khortos] 

yarn,  n.,  &  v.i.  Any  spun  thread  esp.  of 
kinds  prepared  for  weaving,  knitting,  or  rope- 
making  (y.-beam  or  roll,  an  which  warp-threads 
are  wound  for  weaving);  (colloq.,  esp.  naut.) 
story,  traveller's  tale,  anecdote,  rambling  dis- 
course, (spin  a  y.,  yy.,  tell  yy.;  vb,  spin  yy.). 
[OE  gearn,  cf.  Du.  garen,  G  garn ;  cogn.  w.  Gk 
khorde  cord] 

ya'rrow  (-6),  n.  Common  perennial  herb 
with  pungent  smell  &  astringent  taste,  milfoil. 
[OE  gaeruwe,  cf.  Du.  gerw,  G  garbe] 

ya'shmak,  n.  Veil  worn  by  Moslem  women 
in  public.    [Arab.] 

ya'taghan  (-gan),  n.  Mohammedan  sword 
without  guard  or  cross-piece.    [Turk. J 

yaw,  v.i.,  &  n.,  (naut.).  (Of  ship)  fail  to  hold 
straight  course,  fall  off,  go  unsteadily  ;  (n.)  de- 
viation of  ship  from  course,  [f.  ON  jaga  orig. 
=hunt,  cf.  Du.  &  G  jagen] 

yawl1,  v.i.,  &  n.,  (rare).  Howl,  yell.  [ME 
goulen,  cf.  Du.  jolen ;  imit.] 

yawl2,  n.  Kinds  of  small  boat,  esp.  ship's 
jolly-boat  with  four  or  six  oars  ;  kind  of  small 
yacht  of  cutter  class,  [f.  Dn.jol,  cf.  Da.  jolle ; 
jollyboat  is  perh.  of  same  orig.] 

yawn,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Of  chasm  &c.)  gape,  be 
wide  open,  (a  yawning  gulf,  rent,  &c. ;  hell 
yawns  for  him),  (of  person  or  animal)  open  the 
mouth  wide  as  effect  of  drowsiness,  boredom, 
&c.  (n.,  act  of  yawning) ;  utter  or  say  with  a 
y.  (yawned  goodnight ;  '  What  is  the  use  V  he 
yawned).  Hence  yawningLY2  adv.  [OE 
geonian,  ginian,  gdnian,  cf.  ON  gina,  MDu. 
gienen,  L  hiare] 

yaws,  n.  pi.  Framboesia.  [perh.  f.  an  Afr. 
yaw  raspberry] 

yele'pt,  a.  (archaic,  facet.).  Called  (so-&-so). 
[Y-,  obs.  clepe  call,  OE  clipian,  -ed  *] 

ye  (ye  or  yl  ace.  to  emphasis),  2nd  pers.  pron. 
pi.  (cf.  thou,  you)  now  only  poet.,  archaic,  reli- 
gious, or  facet,  or  colloq.,  &  almost  exclusively 
(after  confusion  in  15th-18th  cc.)  as  subjective 
case  (blessed  are  ye  when  men  shall  hate  you ; 
ye  zephyrs  gay ;  ye  gods!,  int.;  ye  gods  &  little 
fishes!  facet.;  go  it,  ye  cripples!,  facet,  encou- 
ragement ;  also  written  or  spoken  for  you  in 
some  familiar  phrr.,  as  How  d'ye  do  ?,  What 
d'ye  think  ?,  Thank  ye,  I  tell  ye).  [Aryan ;  OE 
ge,  fire,  cf.  Du.  gij,  Gihr,  Goth,  jus,  Gk  humeis, 
Skr.  yuyam] 

yea  (ya),  particle  &  n.  (archaic ;  pi.  yeas). 
Yes  (let  your  communication  be  y.,y.,  nay,  nay, 
yes  and  no  without  oaths ;  yy.  &  nays  archaic, 
ayes  &  noes,  affirmative  &  negative  votes ;  y. 
&,  &  moreover) ;  indeed,  nay,  (ready,  y.  eager). 
[OE  gea,  cf.  Du.  &  Gja,  Gk  e  surely] 

yean,  v.t.  &  i.  Bring  forth  (lamb,  kid),  bring 
forth  lamb  or  kid.  [earlier  aiso  can,  OE  ian- 
ian,  perh.  cogn.  w.  ewe] 

yea'nling,  n.    Young  lamb  or  kid.    [-ling  l] 

year,  n.  Time  occupied  by  the  earth  in  one 
revolution  round  the  sun  (also  astronomical, 
equinoctial,  natural,  solar,  tropical,  y.\  365d. 
oh.  48'  46"  in  length)  or  (astral  or  sidereal  p., 
longer  by  20'  23")  by  the  sun  in  recovering  its 
previous  apparent  relation  to  the  fixed  stars  or 
(Platonic  or  Great  or  Perfect  y.,  estimated  by 
ancient  astronomers  at  about  26000  yrs)  by  the 
celestial  bodies  in  recovering  their  relative  posi- 
tions at  the  Creation ;  period  of  days  (esp.  com- 
mon y.  of  365  or  leap-y.  or  bissextile  y.  of  366 
reckoned  from  1st  Jan.)  used  by  community  for 
dating  or  other  purposes  commencing  on  a  cer- 
tain day  &  corresponding  more  or  less  exactly 
in  length  to  the  astronomical  y.  (also  legal,  civil. 


YEARLING 


1037 


YET 


calendar,  y. ;  lunar  y.,ot  12 lunar  months ;  luni- 
solarj/.;  new  !,  old,  y. ;  Gregorian,  Julian,  y., 
as  fixed  by  Gregorian,  julian,  calendars ;  sab- 
batical y.;  y.  of  grace,  of  our  lord  ;  in  the  y. 
1910 ;  in  the  y.  1,  lit.,  &  =  very  long  ago ;  from  y. 
to  y.,  y.  by  y.,  as  yy.  go  by,  each  y.;  y.  in  y.  out, 
right  through  the  y.,  continuously);  period  of 
the  same  length  as  a  civil  y.  commencing  at  any 
day  {Christian,  Church,  ecclesiastical,  y.,  round 
of  sacred  seasons  reckoned  from  &  to  Advent ; 
the  fiscal  y.,  reckoned  from  1st  April  for  taxing 
purposes;  the  school  y.,  y.'s  school  terms  usu. 
reckoned  from  beginning  of  autumn  term; 
a  y.  &  a  day,  period  specified  in  some  legal 
matters  ;  was  away  for  two  yy.;  it  is  yy.  since 
we  met) ;  (pi.)  age,  time  of  life,  (young  for  his 
yy.,  bearing  age  lightly;  in  yy.,  old);  y.-book, 
annual  publication  bringing  information  on 
some  subject  up  to  date ;  year-long,  lasting  a  y. 
IOE  ge(a)r,  cf.  Du.  jaar,  Gjahr,  ON  dr ;  cogn. 
w.  Gk  horos,  hora,  season] 

year'lingv  n.  &  a.  Animal  more  than  one  & 
less  than  two  years  old ;  (Racing)  colt  a  year  old 
dating  from  1st  Jan.  of  year  of  foaling ;  (adj.)  a 
year  old,  having  existed  or  been  so-&-so  for  a 
year,  (y.  heifer,  bride),    [-ling  l\ 

year'ly.a.  &adv.  (Occurring  &c.)  once  a  year 
or  every  year  or  by  or  for  the  year,  annual(ly). 
[ly  i»  2J 

yearn  (yern),  v.L  &  (impers.,  archaic)  t.  Be 
filled  with  longing  or  compassion  or  tenderness 
(for  or  after  rest,  home,  affection,  &c.;  to  do; 
towards  or  to  person  &c),  whence  yeap'niNG * 
n.,  year'niNG2  a.,  yeap'ningLY2  adv.;  it 
yearns  me  archaic,  I  y.  or  am  troubled.  [OE 
giernan,  cf.  ON  girna,  6  begehren,  desire ;  cogn. 
w.  Gk  khairo  rejoice,  L  hortari  exhort] 

yeast,  n.  Yellowish  frothy  viscous  substance 
consisting  of  fungous  cells  developed  by  germi- 
nation in  contact  with  saccharine  liquids  &  pro- 
ducing alcoholic  fermentation,  used  in  brewing 
beer,  making  wine,  distilling  spirit,  &  raising 
bread  &c;  y. -powder,  substitute  for  y.  used  in 
bread-making.  [OE  gist,  cf.  Du.  gest,  G  gischt ; 
cogn.  w.  Gk  zed  boil] 

yea'sty  (or  yes-),  a.  Frothy  like  yeast  (y. 
waves  &c);  in  a  ferment,  working  like  yeast, 
(a  y.  conscience,  turmoil,  imaginings) ;  wordy, 
superficial,  (a  y.  fellow ;  y.  talk,  professions). 
Hence  yea'stiNESS  n.    [-v  2] 

yelk.    See  yolk. 

yell,  v.i.  &  t.,  &  n.  (Make,  utter  with)  shrill 
cry  of  painorangerorfright,high-pitchedshout, 
or  uncontrollable  burst  of  laughter  (yelled  with 
pain,  fury,  delight,  laughter ;  y.  out  an  oath, 
orders;  yelled  curses,  my  name,  a  refusal, 
defiance ;  with  yy.  of  horror  Sec);  (U.S.  Univv.) 
organized  cry  used  by  students  e.g.  in  encou- 
raging their  representatives  in  athletic  con- 
tests.   [OE  gellan,  cf.  Du.  gillen,  G  gellen] 

ye-llow  (-6),  a.  (-er,  -est)  &  n.,  &  v.t.  &  C  Of 
the  colour  between  green  &  orange  in  the  spec- 
trum, coloured  like  buttercup  or  primrose  or 
lemon  or  sulphur  or  gold,  (with  many  names  of 
plants,  animals,  &c,  as  y.  rattle,  wagtail,  ochre, 
jaundice ;  often  also  in  comb,  with  parts  of  body 
&c,  as  y.-bill,  -head,  -legs,  -root.'rump,  -seed, 
-shanks,  -tail,  -throat,  -top,  -wood,  forming  ani- 
mal &  plant  names ;  y.  boy  slang,  gold  coin ;  y. 
cartilage,  elastic  kind  forming  artery- walls  &c. ; 
y.  fever,  or  Jack,  tropical  fever  with  jaundice  & 
black  vomit ;  y.  jacket,  state  garment  in  China 
for  royal  persons  &  subjects  selected  for  high 
honour ;  the  sere  &  y.  leaf;  y.  men,  races,  &c, 
Chinese,  Mongols,  &c,  xanthochroi;  y.  metal, 
brass  of  60  parts  copper  &  40  parts  zinc ;  the  y. 
peril,  the  danger  that  the  y.  races  may  over- 
whelm the  white  or  overrun  the  world ;  the  y. 


press,  sensational  newspapers  esp.  of  chauvin- 
istic tendencies  orig.  of  U.S.  newspapers  urging 
war  with  Spain  1898 ;  y.  spot,  point  of  acutest 
vision  in  retina);  (fig.,  of  looks,  mood,  feelings, 
&c.)  jealous,  envious,  suspicious;  yellowback, 
cheap  novel  (from  y.  paper  formerly  used  for 
covers);  y.-gum,  infants'  black  jaundice;  y.- 
(h)ammer,  bunting  with  y.  head  &  neck  & 
breast  [OE  amore,  cf .  G  ammer ;  h-  by  conf  us.  w. 
hammer  but  now  usu.] ;  hence  ye'llowiSH  1(2), 
ye'llowY2-,  aa.,  ye'llowLY2  adv.  (rare), 
ye'llowNESS  n.  (N.)  y.  colour;  kinds  of  y. 
pigment ;  kinds  of  moth  &  butterfly ;  the  yy. , 
(archaic),  jaundice,  also  jealousy,  (U.S.)  a  peach- 
disease.  ( Vb)  turn  y.  (paper  yellowed  with  age ; 
the  yellowing  leaves).  [OE  geolu,  cf.  Du.  geel, 
G  gelb,  L  helvus;  cogn.  w.  Gk  khloros,  Skr. 
hari-,  &  w.  gall1] 

yelp,  v.L,  &  n.  (Utter)  cry  (as)  of  dog  in  pain 
or  in  eager  anticipation.  [OE  gilpan  boast,  cf. 
ON  gjdlpa  yelp] 

yen,  n.  (pi.  yen).  Japanese  monetary  unit= 
about  2/li.  [Jap.,  f.  Chin,  yuen  round,  dollar] 

yeo'man  (yo-),  n.  (pi.  -men).  (Hist.)  person 
qualified  by  possessing  free  land  of  40/- annual 
value  to  serve  on  juries,  vote  for  knight  of  shire, 
&c. ;  small  landowner,  farmer,  person  of  middle 
class  engaged  in  agriculture ;  member  of  the 
yeomanry  force ;  y.('s)  service,  help  in  need  ;  y. 
of  the  guard,  BEEFeater.  Hence  yeo'manr,v  • 
a.  [ME  yoman,  yeman,  prob.  f.  OE  gd  village 
(cf.  OFris.  gdman  villager),  man] 

y  eo'manry,  n.  Yeomen ;  volunteer  cavalry 
force  raised  from  farmers  &c.    [-ry] 

-yep,  suf.  seen  in  lawyer,  sawyer,  bowyer, 
arising  f.  the  use  in  ME  of  the  suf.  -ien  in  place 
of  -en  in  causal  vbs  &  vbs  formed  on  nn.  Thus 
OE  lufu  n.  love  gave  lufian  vb  &  in  ME  lovien, 
whence  lovier  n.  as  var.  of  lover.  Lawyer,  saw- 
yer,  bowyer,  are  formed  on  this  anal,  direct  f. 
the  nn.  law  &c. 

yereum.    See  mudar.    [f.  Tamil  erakku] 

yes,  particle  equivalent  to  affirmative  sen- 
tence, &  n.  (pi.  yises).  The  answer  to  your  ques- 
tion is  affirmative,  it  is  as  you  say  or  as  I  nave 
said,  your  request  or  command  will  be  complied 
with,  the  statement  made  or  course  intended  is 
correct  or  satisfactory,  (y.  &,  y.  or,  forms  for 
substituting  stronger  phr.,  as  I  could  endure, 
y. ,  &  enjoy  it,  he  would  beat  me,  y.,  or  you  either ; 
y.  ?,  indeed  ?,  is  that  so?) ;  (in  answer  to  summons 
or  address)  I  am  here,  I  hear  or  am  attending  to 
you,  (y.  ?,  what  more  have  you  to  say  ?).  (N.)  the 
word  or  answer  y.  (say  y.,  consent ',  confine  you  r- 
self  to  y.  &  no  or  yy.  &  noes).  [OE  gise,  gese, 
perh.  =  gea  swd  yea  so] 

yestep-  in  comb.  (1)  in  yesterday  n.  &adv., 
(on)  the  day  before  today  (he  arrived  y.;  is  but 
ofy.,  of  recent  origin  ;  the  day  before  yesterday, 
n.  &  adv. ;  often  attrib.,  as  yesterday  morning); 
(2)  chiefly  poet,  with  sense  of  yesterday,  in 
compds  serving  as  nn.  &  advv.  for  which  or- 
dinary usage  prefers  yesterday  —  or  last  —  ;  so 
-mom(ing)  (usu.  yesterday  morning),  -eve, 
-even(ing),  (Sc.)  yestreen,  (usu.  yesterday  even- 
ing), -night  (usu.  last  night) ;  (3)  poet.  w.  sense 
last  past  in  -year  n.  &  adv.  (usu.  last  year). 
[OE  geostra  usu.  in  geostran  dxg  yesterday,  cf. 
Du.  gisteren,  G  gestern ;  cogn.  w.  L  hesternus, 
Gk  khthes,  Skr.  hyas ;  for  -ter  see  -ther] 

yet,  adj.  &  conj.  As  late  as  now  or  then.with 
continuance  to  this  or  to  that  time,  still,  (there 
is  y.  time  ;  is  he  y.  alive  ?  j  there  is  life  in  the 
old  dog  y.;  much  y.  remains  to  le  done  ;  there 
is  one  y.  missing;  his  hands  were  y.  red  with 
blood;  his  y.  unfinished  task;  I  seem  to  see 
him  y.;  while  it  teas  y.  morning) ;  (w.  neg.  con- 
text) so  soon  as  now  or  then,  by  this  or  by  that 


YEW 


1038 


YOU 


time,  so  far,  in  the  immediate  future,  (it  is  not 
time  y. ;  is  he  dead  y.  ?;  they  have  not  y.  heard ; 
I  have  never  y.  lied ;  the  largest  y.  found ; 
haven't  you  learnt  y.  that  fire  burns  ? ;  need 
you  go  yJ;  it  will  not  happen  just  y.;  these 
things  are  not  y.);  again,  in  addition,  (y.  once 
more  or  y.  once  ;  another  &  y.  another;  y.  a- 
gain;  more  &yctmore),  (with  nor)  either  (won't 
listen  to  me  nor  y.  to  her) ;  before  the  matter 
is  done  with,  before  all  is  over,  in  the  time  that 
still  remains,  (he  will  win,  I  will  be  even  with 
you,  y.) ;  (w.  compar.)  even  (a  y.  more  difficult, 
easier,  tasJc);  nevertheless,  and  in  spite  of  that, 
but  for  all  that,  (though  they  curse,  y.  bless 
thou;  &,  having  nothing,  y.  hath  all;  it  is 
strange,  &  y.  it  is  true ;  strange  &  y.  true ; 
the  logic  seems  sound,  but  y.  it  does  not  con- 
vince me) ;  as  y.,  up  to  now  or  then  (esp.  w.  sug- 
gestion that  the  statement  would  not  be  true  of 
later  time ;  it  has  worked  well  as  y.;  a  con- 
science as  y.  clear).  (Conj.)  but  at  the  same 
time,  &  v.,  (y.  what  is  the  use  of  it  all  ? ;  faint 
y.  pursuing ;  a  rough  y.  ready  helper),  [OE 
git,  cf.  OFris.  ieta,  Qjetzt] 

yew,  n.  (Wood  of)  kinds  of  slow-growing 
dark-leaved  evergreen  tree  (also  y.-tree)  often 
planted  in  graveyards  &  used  formerly  for 
making  bows  &  still  in  cabinet-making.  [OE 
xvo  cf  Ct  cibcl 

Y'gr(g-)dpasil,  n.  (Scand.  myth.).  Tree  whose 
roots  &  branches  bind  together  heaven  &  earth 
&  hell.    [ON,  ygg(r)  Odin,  drasill  horse] 

Yi'ddish,  a.  &  n.  (In)  a  modified  or  mixed 
form  of  German  used  by  German  Jews.  [f.  G 
jiidisch  Jewish] 

yield,  v.  t.  &  i. ,  &  n.  Produce  or  give  or  bring 
as  fruit  or  result  (earth  yields  her  increase ; 
land  yields  good  crops ;  investment  yields  50°/o  ; 
tax  yields  a  handsome  revenue,  little ;  sinyields 
bitter  fruit),  (abs.,  of  land  &c.)  repay  cultiva- 
tion &c.  well,  poorly,  &c,  (n.)  amount  yielded 
or  produced,  output,  return  ;  give  up,  deliver 
over,  surrender  (trans.),  resign  (trans.),  comply 
with  demand  for,  concede,  (y.  fortress  &c. ;  y. 
oneself  prisoner ;  y.  possession,  one's  pride  of 
place ;  y.  precedence  to ;  y.  the  palm,  be  sur- 
passed; y.  submission,  consent,  submit,  con- 
sent ;  y.  up  the  ghost,  die ;  y.  the  point,  concede 
it  in  argument);  surrender  (intr.),  make  sub- 
mission to,  give  consent  or  change  one's  course 
in  deference  to,  comply  with  demand  (whence 
yie'ldiNG2  a.,  yie'ldingLY2  adv.),  be  inferior 
or  confess  inferiority  to,  (town  yielded  without 
awaiting  assault ;  y.  to  superior  force,  persua- 
sion; courage  never  to  submit  or  y.;  Iy.to 
none  in  appreciation  of  his  merits).  [OE  giel- 
dan  pay,  cf.  Du.  gelden,  G  gelten  be  worth] 

-yl,  suf.  (chem.)  used  to  form  wds  denoting  a 
radical,    [f.  Gk  hull  material,  substance] 

yo'del,  v.t.  &  i.  (-dell-,  -del-,  -dl-),  &  n.  Sing 
(t.  &  i.),  make  melodious  inarticulate  sounds, 
warble,  with  changes  between  falsetto  &  ordi- 
nary notes  in  the  manner  of  Swiss  &  Tyrolese 
mountaineers;  (n.)  yodelling  cry,  match  of  yo- 
delling,   [f.  G  dial,  jodeln) 

yo'ga,  n.  Hindu  system  of  philosophic  medi- 
tation &  asceticism  designed  to  effect  the  re- 
union of  the  devotee's  soul  with  the  universal 
spirit.    [Hind.  f.  Skr.,=  union] 

yo'gi  (-gl),  n.  Devotee  of  yoga.  Hence  yo'g"- 
ism(3)  n.    [Hind,  (prec.)] 

yo*-heave-ho%  yoho%  intt.  used  by  sailors 
in  heaving  together. 

yoicks  int.  &  n.,  yoick  v.i.  &  t.  Fox-hunt- 
er's halloo ;  (vb)  cry  yoicks,  urge  (hounds)  on 
&c.  with  it.  I?] 

yoke,  n.,  &  v.t.  &  i.  Wooden  cross-piece 
fastenedover  necks  of  two  oxen  &c.  &  attached 


to  the  plough  or  waggon  that  they  are  to  (help 
to)  draw,  (Rom.  Hist.)  uplifted  y.  or  arch  of 
three  spears  symbolizing  it  under  which  de- 
feated enemy  was  made  to  march  (send,  pass 
intr.,  under  the  y.),  (fig.)  sway  or  dominion  or 
servitude  (submitted  to  his  y. ;  the  heavy  y.  of 
opinion ;  had  never  endured  the  y.),  (fig.)  bond 
of  union  esp.  the  marriage  tie ;  pair  of  oxen  &c. 
(y.  of  land  archaic,  as  much  as  one  y.  of  oxen 
can  plough  in  day) ;  piece  of  timber  shaped  to 
fit  person's  shoulders  &  support  pail  &c.  at  each 
end ;  separately  made  shoulder-piece  of  shirt 
or  coat  or  blouse,  or  waist-piece  of  skirt,  from 
which  the  rest  is  suspended ;  cross-bar  on  which 
bell  swings  ;  cross-bar  of  rudder  to  whose  ends 
ropes  are  fastened  ;  coupling-piece  of  two  pipes 
discharging  into  one  ;  kinds  of  coupling  or  con- 
trolling piece  in  machinery;  y.-bone,  cheek- 
bone connecting  bones  of  head  &  face  ;  yo'ke- 
fellow,  yo'kemate,  partner  in  marriage,  work, 
&c;  y. -lines,  -ropes,  with  which  rudder- y.  is 
worked.  (Vb)  put  y.  upon ;  couple  or  unite 
(esp.  pair)  in  marriage  or  otherwise,  link  (one 
to  another) ;  (intr.)  match  or  work  together  (to- 
gether, with,  or  abs. ;  do  not  y.  well).  [ Aryan  ; 
OE  geoc,  Du.juk,  Gjoch,  lijugum  (cf.  jungere 
join),  Gkzugon,  Skr.  juga] 

yo'kel,  n.  Rustic,  country  bumpkin,  [perh. 
f.  prec,  =  ploughman] 

yolk  (yok),  (now  rare)  yelk,  n.  Yellow  part 
of  egg ;  sebaceous  secretion  from  skin  of  sheep, 
wool-oil ;  y.-bag,  -sac,  membrane  enclosing  y. 
of  egg.  Hence  (-)yolkED  2,  yol'kY  2,  aa.  [OE 
geoloa  (yellow)] 

yon,  a.,  adv.,  &  pron.  Yonder  (a.  &  adv.; 
archaic  or  poet,  or  provincial;  (pron.;  archaic 
&c.)  yonder  person  or  thing.  [OE  geon,  cf.  G 
jener,  ON  enn ;  cogn.  w.  Gk  hos  that] 

yo'ndep,  a.  &  adv.  (Situated)  over  there,  in 
the  direction  towards  which  I  am  looking  or 
pointing,  within  or  conceived  as  within  view 
but  distant.    [ME  (prec. ,  -ther)  ] 

yore,  n.  Old  times  (now  only  in  ofy. ,  former- 
ly, in  or  of  old  days).  [OE  geara  of  years  (gear 
year)  formerly  used  as  adv.  without  of] 

York !,  n.  Y.  &  Lancaster,  rival  royal  houses 
&  parties  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses  (Jr.  -fa-Lan- 
caster rose,  parti-coloured  kind). 

york2,  v.t.   Bowl  with  yorker.   [back-form.] 

yorker,  n.  Ball  so  bowled  as  to  pitch  imme- 
diately in  front  of  batsman's  block  (also  tice). 
[prob.  f.  York,  as  introduced  in  Yorkshire,  -er  *] 

Yop'kist,  a.  &  n.  (Adherent)  of  family 
descended  from  Edmund  Duke  of  York  son  of 
Edward  III,  or  of  the  White-rose  party  fight- 
ing for  it  in  Wars  of  the  Roses,    [-ist] 

Yop'kshire,  n.  County  (Y.  flannel,  un- 
dyed ;  Y.  grit,  stone  used  in  polishing  marble  ; 
Y.  pudding,  batter  baked  under  &  eaten  with 
meat  esp.  beef ;  Y.  stone,  kind  used  in  build- 
ing; Y.  terrier,  small  shaggy  toy  kind). 

you  (u  or  yob  ace.  to  emphasis),  2nd  pers. 
pron.  sing.  (w.  pi.  vb)  &  pi.  (archaic  &c.  subj. 
pi.  ye  ;  archaic  &c.  sing,  thou,  thee ;  possess. 
your,  yours).  The  person(s)  or  thing(s)  ad- 
dressed (y.  are  mad,  an  angel,  all  fools ;  who 
sent  y.?;  I  choose  y.  three ;  the  rest  of  y.  can 
stay  here ;  y.  &  Iov  me ;  are  y.  there  7,  opening 
of  telephone  conversation ;  you're  another 
vulg.,  retort  to  one  who  calls  names ;  somet. 
expressed  w.  imperat.,  as  don't  y.  go  away, 
begin  y.  or  y.  begin ;  as  voc.  w.  n.  in  apposition 
= exclamatory  statement,  as  y.fooll:  y.  dar- 
ling!, somet.  w.  y.  appended  also,  as  y.  idiot  y.!; 
as  voc.  calling  attention,  as  y.  there,  what  is 
your  name  ?);  (archaic  for)  yourself  (get  y.  gone, 
begone  ;  y.  should  find  y.  a  wife  ;  sit  y.  down); 
(in  general  statements)  one,  any  one,  all  con- 


■^v 


YOUNG 


ZED 


cerned,  every  one,  a  person,  (y.  never  can  tell; 
what  are  y.  to  do  with  a  child  like  this?;  it  is 
bad  at  first,  but  y.  soon  get  used  to  it ;  there's  a 
shot  for  y.!).  [OE  eow  ace.  &  dat.  of  ye,  sup- 
planting ye  f.  more  frequent  use  of  obj.  case,  & 
thou  &  thee  (cf.  similar  substitutes  in  F,  G,  It.) 
as  more  courteous  form] 

young  (yu-),  a.  (-er,  -est,  pr.  -ngg-)  &  n.  (only 
in  collect,  sing.).  Not  far  advanced  in  life  or 
growth  or  development,  of  recent  bh'th  or 
origin  or  formation,  not  yet  old,  still  vigorous, 
immature,  youthful,  inexperienced,  (ay.  child, 
man,  animal,  plant,  nation,  institution  ;  a  y. 
family,  of  y.  children ;  a  y.  person,  servants' 
phr.  for  unknown  y.  woman  of  lower  classes ; 
the  y.  person,  those  whose  innocence  must  be 
shielded  from  the  indecent  in  talk  &  literature ; 
y.  people,  esp.  the  marriageable ;  my  &c.  y.  man 
or  woman,  sweetheart;  the  night,  year,  cen- 
tury, is  yet  y.,  still  near  its  beginning ;  old 
head  on  y.  shoulders ;  y.  &  old  ;  you  y.  rascal 
&c,  usu.  in  playful  address  to  child  ;  a  y.  man 
in  a  hurry,  esp.  ardent  reformer ;  y.  for  his 
years  ;  men  are  now  y.  at  fifty ;  an  old  man 
but  a  y.  convert ;  y.  blood  l ;  younger  son,  esp. 
member  of  noble  family  poor  owing  to  primo- 
geniture ;  y.  things,  often  indulgently  &c.  of 
persons ;  is  y.  in  crime,  unpractised  ;  y.  Jones, 
esp.  Jones  the  son  ;  y.  'un,  youngster,  often  as 
voc.;  in  my  y.  days,  while  I  was  y.;  y.  love, 
ambition,  &c,  felt  in  or  characteristic  of  youth ; 
the  younger  before  or  after  name  of  person  to 
be  distinguished  from  another,  as  the  younger 
Pitt,  Teniers  the  younger ;  so  they,  pretender; 
y.  England,  Ireland,  Italy,  Turks,  &c,  esp.  as 
names  of  political  parties  claiming  to  speak 
for  the  rising  generation ;  youngers  somet.  as 
n.  pi.  opp.  elders,  as  is  kind  to  his  youngers). 
Hence  you*ngiSH1(2)  a.,  you'ng-LiNG1  n. 
(poet.).  (N.)  offspring  esp.  of  animals  before 
or  soon  afterbirth  (withy.,  pregnant ;  cares  for, 
deserts,  its  y.).  [Aryan;  OE  geong,  Du.jong, 
Gjung,  W  ieuanc,  hjuvenis,  Skr.  yuvan] 

yoirngster,  n.  Child,  esp.  active  or  lively 
boy.    [-STER] 

yoirnkep  (yu-),  n.  Youngster  (archaic  or 
colloq.);  =  junker,  [f.  Du. jonker  (jong  young, 
heer  sir)]_ 

your  (ur,  yor,  yer,  ace.  to  emphasis),  attrib.  a. 
Of,  belonging  to,  spoken  of  by,  done  to  or  by, 
you  (y.  danger,  hat,  expectations ;  so  this  is  y. 
immaculate  saint ! ;  y.  dismissal  of  him,  by 
him ;  y.  father  &  mine ;  y.  &  my  father,  fathers ; 
cf.  foil.) ;  (colloq.  &  chiefly  archaic,  now  usu. 
w.  depreciatory  implication)  much  talked  of, 
well  known,  familiar,  (no  one  so  fallible  as  y. 
expert  in  handwriting ;  y.  facetious  bore  is 
the  worst  ofall)^_  [OE  eower  genit.  pi.  of  ye] 

yours  (urz,  yorz),  pron.  &  pred.  a.  The  one(s) 
belonging  to  or  of  yoxL(my  father  &y.\  y.&my 
father,  erron.  for  your  & ;  my  father  is  not  y. ; 
I  like  y.  better ;  y.  is  the  only  way ;  am  no 
child  of  y.\  that  cough  of  y.\  some  friends  of 
y.\  you  &y.,  you  &  your  family,  property,  &c; 
y.  is  to  hand,  your  letter  has  come ;  so  y.  of  the 
11th  &c);  (adj.)  belonging  to  you,  at  your  ser- 
vice, (it  is  y.  if  you  will  accept  it ;  ever  y.,  y. 
truly,  faithfully,  obedient^,  &c,  episto- 
lary formulae  preceding  signature;  y.  truly 
facet.,  I,  as  but  y.  t.  was  not  taking  any,  I  refused 
&c).    [prec.,  -es,  see  ours] 

youpse'lf,  pron.  (pi.  -ves).  (Emphat.)  you  in 
person,  in  particular,  in  your  normal  state,  & 
not  another  or  others,  or  alone  (usu.  in  apposi- 
tion w.  you  except  in  commands,  &  either  next 
after  it  or  later,  rarely  substituted  for  it; 
please  see  to  it  y.  or  yy.;  you  y.  said  so  or  you 
said  so  y.;  y.  have  said  it  archaic,  poet.,  &c: 


by  y.,  alone,  as  why  are  you  sitting  by  y.?,  also  ' 
unaided,  as  you  cannot  do  it  by  yy.;  it  is  y.  I 
want,  not  your  money;  how's  y.?  slang,  how 
are  you?,  esp.  after  answering  similar  inquiry ; 
you  are  not  quite  y.  tonight,  are  out  of  humour 
&c.);  (refl.)  the  person(s)  previously  described 
as  you,  or  to  whom  a  command  is  addressed 
(have  you  hurt  y.?;  you  seemed  pleased  with 
yy.;  ask  yourself  whether  it  is  not  true). 
[your,  self] 

youth  (Q-),  n.  (pi.  pr.  udhz).  Being  young, 
adolescence,  (the  vigour  or  enthusiasm  or 
weakness  or  inexperience  or  other  characteris- 
tic of)  the  period  between  childhood  &  full 
manhood  or  womanhood,  (has  all  the  appear- 
ance of  extreme  y.;  in  my  hot,  raw,  vigorous, 
&c.,  y.;from  y.  onicards ;  y.'s  a  stuff  will  not 
endure ;  the  secret  of  perpetual,  of  keeping 
one's,  y.;  the  y.  of  the  world,  early  times), 
whence  you'thFUL  a.,  you'thfulLY2  adv., 
you'thfulNESS  n.;  young  man  (as  a  y.  of  20 ; 
promising,  lanky,  &c,  yy.) ;  young  men  & 
women  (the  y.  of  the  country ;  loves  to  be  sur- 
rounded by  y.;  our  y.  are  infected  with  com- 
merciality).    [OE  geoguth  (young,  -th2)] 

yowl,  var.  of  yawl1. 

ytter'bium,  yttrium,  nn.  (chem.).  Two 
rare  metals.  Hence  yttep'bic,  yttnc, 
yttrious,  aa.,  yttpo-  comb.  form.  [Ytterby 
in  Sweden,  -ium] 

yu'cea,  n.  Kinds  of  American  white-flow- 
ered liliaceous  plant.    [Sp.,  f.  Amer.-Ind.] 

yule,  n.  The  Christmas  festival  (also  y.- 
tide;  y.-log,  burnt  on  Christmas  Eve).  [OE 
geol,  cf.  ON  jol,  etym.  dub.] 


Z  (zed),  letter  (pi.  Zs,  Z's,  zeds),  (Alg.)  third 
unknown  quantity  (cf.  c,  x). 

Abbr.:  Zeeh.(ariah),  Zeph.(aniah),  O.T. 
books. 

za'ffpe  (-er),  za'ffep,  n.  Impure  oxide  of 
cobalt  used  in  making  cobalt-blue  &  as  blue 

f)igment  in  enamelling  &  porcelain-painting, 
f.  F  zafre  f.  Arab.] 

za'ny,  n.  (Hist.)  attendant  clown  awkwardly 
mimicking  chief  clown  in  shows,  merry-an- 
drew ;  (mod.)  person  given  to  buffoonery,  fool- 
ish jester,  half-witted  person,  [f.  F  zani  f.  It. 
zanni  abbr.  of  Giovanni  John] 

Zanzibar*!  (-ari),  n.  &  a.  (Native)  of  Zanzi- 
bar. 

za'ptieh  (-a),  n.  Turkish  policeman.  [Turk.] 

Zapathustp-.    See  Zoroastr-. 

zare'ba,  n.  Hedged  or  palisaded  enclosure 
for  protection  of  camp  or  village  in  the  Soudan 
&c.    [f.  Arab.  zariba(t)  pen] 

zeal,  n.  Earnestness  or  fervour  in  advanc- 
ing a  cause  or  rendering  service,  hearty  &  per- 
sistent endeavour.  So  zea'lous  (zel-)  a., 
zea'lousLY2  adv.  [earlier  &  OF  zele  f.  L  f. 
Gk  zelos] 

zea'lot  (zel-),  n.  Uncompromising  or  ex- 
treme partisan,  fanatic,  (Z-,  one  of  a  Jewish 
sect  resisting  the  Romans  a.d.  6-70).  Hence 
zea*lotRY(4)  n.  [f.  OF  zelote  f.  L  f.  Gk  zelotes 
(prec,  -ot2)] 

zebee(k),  var.  of  xebec. 

ze'bpa,  n.  Kinds  of  striped  quadruped  (true 
or  mountain  z.,  Burchell's  z.,  quagga)  allied  to 
ass  or  horse ;  (attrib.,  &  in  comb.  w.  names  of 
animals  &c.)  striped  like  z.  (z.  markings,  z.- 
caterpillar,z.-woodpecker,  z.-wood,  &c).  Hence 
ze'bpiNEi  a.    [Port.  f.  W.-Afr.] 

ze'bu,  n.  The  E.-Ind.  humped  ox.  [F  (zi-), 
ult.  f.  Tibetan  mdzopo] 

zed,  n.    Letter  Z.    [f.  F  zede  f.  L  f.  Gk  zeta] 


J 


ZEDOARY  1040 


ZONE 


ze'doapy  (-6a-),  n.  Kinds  (long,  round,  z.) 
of  aromatic  gingerlike  substance  made  from 
rootstock  of  E.-Ind.  plants  &  used  in  medicine, 
perfumery,  &  dyeing,  [f.  OF  zedoaire  ult.  f. 
Pers.  zadwar] 

xei'tgeist  (tsitgi-),  n.  Spirit  of  the  times, 
drift  of  thought  &  feeling  in  a  period.    [Gj 

Zela'nian,  a.  (zoogeog.).  Of  New  Zealand, 
[mod.  L  (Nova)  Zelania(New)  Zealand,  -an] 

ze/o'so,  mus.  direction.   With  fervour.   [It.] 

ze'mindar,  n.  (Anglo-Ind.).  (Hist.)  district- 
governor  &  revenue-farmer  under  Mogul  em- 
pire ;  (mod.)  Bengali  landed  proprietor  paying 
land-tax  to  British  government.  [Pers.  (zemin 
land,  -dar  -holding)] 

ze'mstvo,  n.  Local  elective  assembly  regu- 
lating affairs  of  district  in  Russia.    [Russ.] 

zena'na  (-ah-),  n.  Part  of  house  in  which 
women  of  high-caste  families  are  secluded  in 
India  (z.  mission,  of  women  visiting  zz.  to 
spread  medical  &  other  reform  among  inmates). 
[Pers.  (zen  woman,  cf.  Gk  gune)] 

Zend,  n.  Ancient  language  of  the  Iranian 
family,  allied  to  Sanskrit,  named  from  the 
Zend-Avesta  (Avesta  or  text  &  Zend  or  com- 
mentary) or  Zoroastrian  scriptures. 

ze'nitn,  n.  Point  of  heavens  directly  above 
observer  (opp.  nadir)  ;  (transf.)  highest  point, 
time  or  place  of  greatest  power  or  prosperity 
or  happiness  ,(is  at  his,  Us,  the,  z.) ;  z.-distance, 
arc  intercepted  between  any  body  &  z.,  com- 
plement of  body's  altitude.  Hence  ze'nitn  al 
a.  [OF  f.  OSp.,  f.  Arab,  semt  (er-ras)  way  (of 
the  head)] 

ze'phyp,  n.  The  west  wind  personified  (Z-) ; 
balmy  breeze,  light  wind ;  athlete's  thin  gauzy 

i'ersey  for  running,  rowing,  boxing,  &c.  in  ; 
:inds  of  dress-material,  [f.  F  zbphire  f.  L  f. 
Gk_zephuros  west  wind] 
zep'o,  n.  Figure  0,  cipher;  no  quantity  or 
number,  nil;  starting-point  in  scales  from  which 
positive  &  negative  quantity  is  reckoned  (z.  in 
thermometers,  freezing-point  of  water  or  other 
point  selected  to  reckon  from ;  absolute  z.  in 
temperature,  point  at  which  the  particles  whose 
motion  constitutes  heat  would  be  at  rest,  esti- 
mated at  -273*7°  C.) ;  lowest  point,  bottom  of 
scale,  nullity,  nadir.  [OF  f.  It.,  contr.  of  zejiro 
f.  Arab,  as  cipher] 

zest,  n.  Piquancy,  stimulating  flavour,  (esp. 
fig.;  adds  a  z.  to) ;  keen  enjoyment  or  interest, 
relish,  gusto,  (entered  into  it  with  z.).  [earlier 
sense  shred  of  lemon-peel;  OF, = skin  of  walnut 
kernel,  f.  L  f.  Gk  skhistos  cleft  (skhizo  cleave)] 
zete'tic,  a.  (rare).  Proceeding  by  inquiry. 
[f.  Gk  zetetikos  (zeted  seek,  -ic)] 
zeug'ma,  n.  (gram.).  Figure  of  speech  in 
which  a  verb  or  adjective  does  duty  with  two 
nouns  to  one  of  which  it  is  strictly  applicable 
while  the  word  appropriate  to  the  other  is  not 
used  (e.g.  kill  the  boys  &  sc.  destroy  the  luggage, 
with  weeping  eyes  &  sc.  grieving  hearts;  cf. 
syllepsis).  Hence  zeugma'tic  a.  [Gk(genit. 
-atos),  f.  zeugnumi  yoke,  -m] 
Zeus,  n.  (Gk  ant.).  King  of  the  Olympian 
gods.    [Gk] 

zibet,  n.  The  Asiatic  or  Indian  civet,  [f.  It. 
zibetto  as  civet] 

zi'gzag,  a. ,  n. ,  ad  v. ,  &  v.  i.  (-gg-).  With  abrupt 
alternate  right  &  left  turns,  with  alternating 
salient  &  re-entrant  angles,  with  motion  as  of 
tacking  ship,  (a  z.  line,  course,  road,  fence, 
trench,  flash  of  lightning);  (n.)  z.  line  or  (esp. 
for  mounting  steep  hill)  road  or  (in  sieges)  set 
of  trenches ;  (adv.)  with  z.  course ;  (vb)  go  z.  [F, 
f.  G  zickzack  (redupl.  f.  zacke  prong,  cf.  tack)] 
zinc,  n.,  &  v.t.  A  white  metal  much  used  in 
I    the  arts  esp.  as  component  of  brass  &  German 


silver,  as  roofing  material,  as  coating  for  sheet 
iron  (cf.  galvanize),  in  electric  batteries,  &  in 
relief-printing  blocks  (flowers  of  z.  or  z.  oxide, 
powder  used  as  white  pigment  &  in  kinds  of 
ointment  &  cement);  hence  (spelt,  before  -i-, 
with  -c-  or  -k-  or  -ck-)  zi'neic,  zinei'FEROUS, 
zi'neom,  aa.,  zi'neiFY  v.t.,  zineiFiCA-TiON 
n„  zi'neous  (esp.  of  negative  pole  of  voltaic 
battery),  zi'nkY2,  aa.,  zinco-  comb.  form. 
(Vb ;  -c-,  -ck-,  or  -k-),  coat  with  z.  [f.  G  zink 
etym.  dub.] 

zinco,  n.  (pi.  -os),  &  v.  =  zincograph.  [abbr.l 
zrncode,  n.    Positive  pole  of  voltaic  cell 

(Cf.  PLATINODE).     [ZINC,  &  as  PLATINODE] 

zi'ncograph,  n.,  &  v.i.  &  t.  Zinc  plate 
with  design  etched  in  relief  on  it  for  printing 
from,  picture  taken  from  it;  (vb)  etch  (t.  &  i.) 
on  zinc,  reproduce  (design)  thus.  So  zinco*- 
graphy,  zinco'GRAPHER,  nn.,  ZinCOGRA- 
phic  a.    [ZINCO-,  -graph] 

zi'ncotype,  n.    =  prec.  n.    [as  prec,  type] 

Zi'ng-aro  (-ngg-),  n.  (pi.  -?•£).    Gipsy.    [It.] 

zi'nnia,  n.  Kinds  of  composite  plant  with 
showy  rayed  flowers  of  deep  red  &othercolours. 
[J.  G.  Zinn  German  botanist,  -ia  j] 

Zi'on,  n.  (Holy  hill  of)  ancient  Jerusalem ; 
the  Hebrew  theocracy ;  the  Christian  Church ; 
the  Heavenly  Jerusalem  or  kingdom  of  heaven, 
whence  Zi'on  wards  adv.;  (name  for)  noncon- 
formist chapeL   [Gk,  f.  Heb.  Tsiyon  orig.  hill] 

Zi'onist,  n.  Ad  vocate  of  colon  izing  of  Pales- 
tine by  modern  Jews.    So  Zi*oniSM(3)n.  [-ist] 

zip'con,  n.  A  silicate  of  zirconium  of  which 
some  varieties  (hyacinth,  jargon2)  are  cut 
into  gems.  [f.  Arab,  zarkun  cinnabar  f.  Pers. 
zargun  gold-coloured] 

zireo'nium,  n.  A  metal  found  chiefly  in 
zircon.  Hence  ziped'nic  a.  (z.  acid),  zip'eon- 
ate!(3)  n.    [-ium] 

zi*thep(n),  n.  Simple  stringed  instrument 
with  flat  sounding-board  played  on  table  &c. 
Hence  zi'thepiST(l)  n.    [G  (as  cither)] 

Zo*ap,n.  Place  of  refuge,  sanctuary.  [Gen.xix] 

zo'diac,  n.  A  belt  of  the  heavens  limited  by 
lines  about  8°  from  ths  ecliptic  on  each  side, 
including  all  apparent  positions  of  the  sun  & 
planets  as  known  to  the  ancients,  &  divided 
into  12  equal  parts  called  signs  of  the  z.  (Aries, 
Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo,  Libra, 
Scorpio,  Sagittarius,  Capricornus,  Aquarius, 
Pisces)  each  formerly  containing  the  similarly 
named  zodiacal  constellation  but  now  by  pre- 
cession of  equinoxes  coinciding  with  the  con- 
stellation that  bears  the  name  of  the  preceding 
sign  (e.  g.  the  constellations  Pisces,  Aries,  are 
now  in  the  signs  Aries,  Taurus);  (transf.,  kow 
rare)  complete  course,  circuit,  or  compass.  [L 
F  zodiaque  f.  L  f.  Gk  zodiakos  f.  zo(i)dion  dim. 
of  zo(i)on  animal  (zoos  living  cf.  zao  live),  -ac] 

zodi'acal,  a.  Of,  in,  the  zodiac  (z.  light 
luminous  tract  of  sky  shaped  like  tall  triangle 
sometimes  seen  in  east  before  sunrise  or  in 
west  after  sunset  esp.  in  tropics),    [-al] 

zo'etpope,  n.  wheel1  of  life,  [irreg.  f.  Gk 
zoe  life,  tropos  turn] 

zo'ic,  a.  Of  animals;  (Geol.,  of  rocks  &c.) 
containing  fossils,  with  tracesof  animal  or  plant 
life.    [f.  Gk  zoikos  (zoon  see  zodiac,  -ic)J 

Zo'laism,  n.  Absence  of  reserve,  detailed 
realism,  in  describing  the  gross  or  immoral. 
So  zo*laiST(2)  n.,  zolaE'SQUE,  zolai'stic  aa. 
[Zola,  French  novelist  b.  1840,  -ism] 

zollverein  (tso'lferin),  n.  Union  of  States 
having  a  common  customs-tariff  against  out- 
i  iders  &  usu.  free  trade  with  each  other.    [G] 

zone,  n.,  &  v.t.  Belt  or  girdle  worn  round 
the  body  (chiefly  archaic  &  poet;  maiden  or 
virgin  z.,  symbol  of  virginity ;  loose  the  maiden 


zoo 


1041 


ZYMOTIC 


z.  of,  deprive  of  virginity) ;  encircling  band  or 
stripe  distinguishable  in  colour  or  texture  or 
character  from  the  rest  of  the  object  encircled; 
(Geog. )  any  of  Ave  divisions  of  the  earth  bound- 
ed by  circles  parallel  to  the  equator  (frigid  zz., 
N.  of  arctic,  S.  of  antarctic,  circle ;  torrid  z., 
between  the  tropics ;  North,  South,  temperate 
z.,  between  frigid  &  torrid  zz.) ;  area  enclosed 
between  two  exact  or  approximate  concentric 
circles ;  part  of  surface  of  sphere  enclosed  be- 
tween two  parallel  planes,  or  of  cone  or  cylin- 
der between  such  planes  cutting  it  perpendicu- 
larly to  axis  ;  any  well-defined  tract  of  more 
or  less  belt-like  form;  hence  zo'nAL,  zo'nARY1, 
zo'nulAK1  [-UL-],  zo'iiate2  (bot.,  zool.),  aa., 
zoTialLY2  adv.  (Vb)  encircle  as  or  with  z. 
[F,  f.  L  f.  Gk  zone  girdle  (zonnumi  gird)] 

Zoo,n.  (colloq.).  Zoological  garden,  esp.  that 
in  London.    |abbr.] 

zoo-,  comb,  form  of  Gk  zoos  living,  zoon  an 
animal  (see  zodiac),  =  of  animals,  of  animal 
life,  (soniet.  as  opp.  vegetables  &  minerals, 
somet.  excluding  man  also  or  especially);  -chem- 
istry, of  constituents  of  animal  bodies ;  dyna'- 
mics,  animal  physiology ;  -gamy,  sexual  repro- 
duction ;  -geny,  formation  of  animal  organs ; 
-geo'graphy,  zoology  dealing  with  local  dis- 
tribution of  animals,  so  -geo'grapher,  -geogra'- 
phic(al) ;  -gony,  =  zoogeny ;  -graft,  zooplastic 
graft ;  -graphy,  descriptive  zoology,  so  -grapher, 
-gra'phic(al),  -graphist;  -latry,  religious  wor- 
ship of  animals ;  -lite,  fossil  animal,  fossilized 
animal  substance ;  zoo'logy,  natural  history  of 
animals,  science  of  their  structure,  physiology, 
classification,  habits,  &  distribution,  so  -lo'giea 
(z.  garden,  public  garden  or  park  with  collec- 
tion of  animals  kept  for  exhibition),  -lo'gically, 
-logist;  -ma'gnetism,  animal  magnetism ;  -mon- 
ey, divination  from  appearances  or  behaviour 
of  animals;  -mecha'nics,=zoodynamics;  -mor'- 
phic,  dealing  with  or  represented  under  animal 
forms,having  gods  of  beast-like  form  (ct anthro- 
pomorphic),  so  -mor'phism ;  -physics,  study  of 
physical  structure  of  animals ;  -phyte,  kinds  of 
plant-like  animal,  esp.  holothunans,  starfishes, 
jelly-fishes,  sea  anemones,  &  sponges,  so  -phy- 
tic, phyto'logy,  -phytolo'gical,  -phyto'logist ; 
-plastic,  (of  surgery)  transferring  live  tissue 
from  some  animal  to  man  ;  -psychology,  psy- 
chology of  animals  other  than  man ;  -sperm, 
spermatozoon,  also  zoospore ;  -spore,  spore  ca- 
pable of  motion,  so  -spo'rici  -taxy,  classifica- 
tion of  animals ;  -thiism,  beast- worship,  so 
-thei'stic;  -tomy,  dissection  or  anatomy  or  ani- 
mals other  than  man. 

zo*oid,a.  &n.  Of  incompletely  animal  nature. 
(N.)  organic  body  or  cell  resembling  but  not  be- 


ing animal  or  plant ;  more  or  less  independent 
organism  given  by  gemmation  or  fission ;  mem- 
ber of  compound  organism,    [prec.,  -oid] 

zo'Pil,  n.  Carnivorous  quadruped  of  Africa 
&  Asia  Minor  allied  to  skunk  &  weasel  [f.  F 
zorille  f.  Sp.  zorilla  (zorra  fox)] 

Z6roa*strian,  Zarathu'str-  (-thoo-),  nn. 
aa.  (Follower)  of  Zoroaster,  Zarathustra,  or 
Zerduscht,  (adherent)  of  the  religious  system 
taught  by  him  &  his  followers  in  the  Zend- 
Avesta  based  on  the  conflict  between  Ormuzd 
god  of  light  &  good  &  Ahrimangod  of  darkness 
&  evil,  the  religion  of  the  magi  &  ancient 
Persia  still  held  by  Parsees  &  somet.  called  fire- 
worship.  Hence  Zopoa*strianiSM(3),  Zara- 
thu,str(ian)ism,  nn.  [f.  L  Zoroastres  f. 
OPers.  Zarathustra,  -ian] 

zouave  (zoo'ahv),  n.  Member  of  French  ligh  t- 
infantry  corps  orig.  formed  of  Algerians  &  re- 
taining Oriental  uniform,     [name  of  tribe] 

zounds  (zow-),  int.  (archaic)  of  indignation. 
[=(GodYs  wounds  (i.e.  Christ's  on  the  cross)] 

zueche'tta, -etto, (tsdbk), n.  R.-C. ecclesi- 
astic's skull-cap,  black  for  priest,  purple  for 
bishop,  red  for  cardinal,  &  white  for  Pope.  [It. 
(-a),  dim.  of  zucca  gourd] 

Zulu  (zoo 'loo),  n.  Member,  language,  of  a  S.- 
Af  r.  Kafir  tribe. 

zwieback  (tswe'bahk),  n.  Kind  of  biscuit 
rusk  or  sweet  cake  toasted  in  slices.    [G] 

Zwi'nglian  (tswlngg-),  a.  &  n.  (Follower) 
of  the  Swiss  religious  reformer  Zwingli  (1484- 
1531).    [-IAN] 

zy'gal,  a.  H-shaped  (esp.  of  brain-fissures), 
[as  foil.,  -al] 

zygrCo)-,  comb,  forms  of  Gk  zugon  yoke :  zyg- 
apo'physis,  one  of  the  processes  on  a  vertebra 
serving  as  articulation  with  another;  zygo- 
da'ctvla.  &  n.,  -ylous  a.,  (bird)  with  toes  dis- 
posed in  pairs,  two  toes  pointing  forward  & 
two  backward ;  zygomor'phous,  (of  flower)  di- 
visible into  similar  halves  only  in  one  plane  ; 
zygospore,  spore  formed  by  conjugation  of  two 
similar  gametes. 

zygo'ma,  n.  (pi.  -ata).  Bony  arch  of  cheek, 
yoke-bone.  Hence  zygomatic  a.  [f.Gk  zugo- 
ma  -atos  yoke(bone)  f.  zugoo  to  yoke  (prec),  -m] 

zyg-o'sis.  n.  (biol.).  =  conjugation,  [f.  Gk 
zvaosis  joining  (prec.)] 

zymo'sis,  n.  Fermentation  ;  zymotic  dis- 
ease in  general  or  any  form  of  it.  [f.  Gk  zumo- 
sis  (zumoo  ferment  f .  zume  leaven  f.  zeo  boil)l 

zymd'tie,  a.  Of  fermentation  (z.  diseases, 
epidemic,  endemic,  contagious,  or  sporadic  dis- 
eases regarded  as  caused  Dy  multiplication  of 
germs  introduced  from  without),  [f.  Gk  zumo- 
tikos  (prec.,  -otic)] 


ADDENDA 


bop'zoi,  n.  Breed  of  dogs,  the  Russian  wolf- 
hound.   [Russ.] 

du'ple,  a.  (math.,  mus.).  D.  ratio,  proportion 
of  two  quantities  one  of  which  is  double  the 
other;  a,  time  or  rhythm  (of  two  beats  to  the 


bar),    [f .  L  duplus  double  (duo  two,  -plus  f .  ple- 

ha'nerar  (ngg-h  n.    Shed  for  housing  aero- 

Slane  &c.    [F,  =  shed  for  carriages  &c,  etym. 
ub.] 


Oxford :  Printed  at  the  Clarendon  Press  by  Horace  Hart,  M.  A. 


THE 

CLARENDON  PRESS 
ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES 

The  Oxford  Dictionary 

A  new  English  Dictionary  on  historical  principles. 

Founded  mainly  on  the  materials  collected  by  the  Philological  Society,  and  edited 
by  Sir  James  Murray.     Imperial  4to. 

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Other  English  Dictionaries 

An  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionary. 

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The  Student's  Dictionary  of  Anglo-Saxon. 

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Stratmann's  Middle  English  Dictionary  of  words  used  by 
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A  Concise  Dictionary  of  Middle  English. 

From  a.d.  1150  to  a.  d.  1580 :  intended  to  be  used  as  a  glossary  to  the  Clarendon 
Press  Specimens  of  English  Literature,  etc.:  by  A.  L.  Mayhew  and  W.  W.  Skeat. 
Crown  8vo,  quarter-roan.     7s.  6d.  ($1 .  90). 

[For  Professor  Skeat's  Etymological  Dictionaries,  see  below.] 

Professor  Skeat's  Etymological  Works 

An  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  language. 

Arranged  on  an  historical  basis.  New  edition  (1910),  revised  throughout  and  reset, 
4to.  £1  18s.  net  ($11 .  00). 

A  Concise  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  language. 

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Principles  of  English  Etymology.    Crown  svo. 

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2.  The  Foreign  Element     10s.  6d.  ($2 .  60). 

Notes  on  English  Etymology. 

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of  the  Author.     Crown  8vo.     8s.  6d.  net  ($2 .  90). 

English  words  compared  with  Icelandic. 

Being  an  appendix  to  Cleasby-VigfussQn's  Dictionary.     Stitched.     2s.  (50  c). 

A  Student's  Pastime. 

Being  a  select  series  of  articles  reprinted  from  Not*$  and  Queries.  Crown  8vo. 
7s.  6d.  net  ($2 .  50). 

A  Primer  of  English  Etymology. 

Fifth  and  revised  edition.     Extra  fcap  8vo,  stiff  covers.     Is.  6d.  (40  c). 

A  Primer  of  Classical  and  English  Philology. 

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Berkshire  Place  Names. 

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By  H.  W.  F.  and  F.  G.  F. 

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price  Is.  6d.  (40  c.) 

Some  Press  Notices  of  The  King's  English 

•To  authors  and  journalists  The  King's  English  should  be  invaluable— if  they  would 
condescend  to  study  it  with  the  care  it  deserves.' — The  Author. 

*  The  book  ought  to  dispose  even  the  most  practised  writer  to  humility.  It  will 
prove  to  him  that  it  is  not  so  easy  as  he  might  think  to  keep  the  rules  of 
grammar.  'Speaker. 

'  There  can  hardly  be  an  educated  person  who  will  not  find  something  useful  in  it.* — 
Manchester  Guardian. 

4  We  have  been  reading  with  great  amusement  and  (we  blush  to  confess  it)  some 
profit  to  ourselves  .  .  .  The  King's  English.' — Academy. 

'  The  possessor  of  this  volume  may  easily  avoid  the  common  pitfalls  that  beset  the 
path  of  the  writer  of  English.'— Review  of  Reviews. 

*  The  authors  are  so  free  from  pedantry  .  .  .  that  only  the  writers  most  frequently 
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Speaker. 

*  Whatever  .  .  .  may  think  of  the  book,  it  is  very  good  reading  for  the  rest  of  us  . 

a  kind  of  comedy  of  words,  in  which  the  verbal  follies  of  our  age  are  exposed  to 
ridicule. ' — Speaker. 

*  H.  W.  F.  and  F.  G.  F.  teach  grammar  and  entertain  us  at  the  same  time.  . .  . 
Grammar  thus  presented  is  "not  harsh  and  crabbed,  as  dull  fools  suppose,"  and 
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*  Though  some  persons  might  regard  it  as  a  dry  book,  we  confess  to  having  found  it 
as  interesting  as  a  novel.' — Glasgow  Herald. 

*  I  am  afraid  to  set  pen  to  paper.'—  Illustrated  London  News  (Andrew  I >ang). 


HENRY   FROWDE 

OXFORD   UNIVERSITY   PRESS 

LONDON,  EDINBURGH,  GLASGOW,  NEW  YORK,  TORONTO 

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